IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) :/. "^ tf 1.0 I.I 1.25 1^ It 1^ 1^ Ilk 2.0 U 111.6 9 //, ^ /a /y °% > o^ Hiotogr^hic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. n Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagee Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur^e et/ou pelliculde L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage sont indiqu6s ci-dessous. Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommag6es Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restauries et/ou pelliculdes D Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque D D n □ Coloured maps/ Cartes giographiques en couleur D Colcired ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli§ avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int^rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t^ film6es. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl^mentaires; □ n n This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filrr6 au taux de reduction indiqud ci-dessous. Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages ddcolor^es, tachetdes ou piqu^es Pages detached/ Pages d6tach6es Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of print varies/ Quality in^gale de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel supplementaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t§ filmdes d nouveau de facon h obtenir la meilleure image possible. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X 1 1 1 1 / 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X Is u ifier ie ige The copy filmed hero has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library of the Public Archives of Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grAce A la ginirositA de: La bibliothdque des Archives publiques du Canada Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet6 de Texemplaire filmi, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim6e sont film^s en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol —^ (meaning "CON- TINUED "), or the symbol V (meaning "END "), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, seion le cas: le symbols — *• signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. ata ilure, 3 2X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 f L ^^e ©iecoverg of Qterf^ America. 32° Enc;i.isii 'roNi^u I'apkk. Copy No. 2^. —(Dutch.) rKINIKr' IIV lAMKS CI.Kc;.;, Al.llINK I'RKSs, HCIi II 1 1 \l I;, KNMI.ANI). n A 380 COPIES ISSUED AS FOLLOWS : 10 coriKS ON Whatman I'apkr ( I'nr iii-iriih ili.ifi-lliiifi,ii( hy /hi .liil/wr), 10 „ lAl'ANKSl; I'AI'Kk. 40 DU'ICH IIANDMADK I'Al'Kl! Bi ■BHIi THE Difiroienj of ^lorth ^nmla A CRITICAL, DOCUMHNTARY, AND HISTORIC IXVHSTIGATION, WIIH An Essav on Till-; Eaki.v Cakt(k;iatl n. WELTER, 59 RUE BONAPARTE. MDnrxrn. Jn^robucHon* f "n^IlH followini^r paircs lay claim to the share of merit that may he ± due to a spirit of clili^cMit research which took nothing at second hand where an original writer or document could b(; consuU.'d, and would not !)<• turned aside. I,y any authority, from th(- anxious pursuit and rc'solule vindication of the Truth. They are offered, therefore, with the confidence inspired hy a consciousness of good faith." We ask our r.'.uhTs to accept these words, borrowed from the t;arliest .\meric,ui history of maritim.- discoveries,' as an exact expression of the spirit in which we have prepared the present work. The discovery of th<' continent of Xorth America has Ix-en the theme of morr th.ui one al.le historian. I5ut, if we e.xcept the .arly .Scandi- navian oceanic voyage.s, which have prompted a separaf class of writings. It IS g(-nerally in subordination to compp'hensive historical narratives that the subject has been deemed worthy of analysis and discussion. I*(M-haps th(' time has not yet come for synthetic labours in the sphere; of History. It may be that th(; student of the Past must still content hims.'lf with critical .MKiuiries ; that \v must "scorn delights and live laborious days" devot-d i., patient inv.-stig;,tions, irksome, but exhaustive, leaving to another gen(M-ation of not less loyal .searchers after Truth the more difficult task and the higher honour of erecting the definite fabric. Our aim has been to smooth the w.iy to this result by simply applying to a particular branch of the subji^ct an exegetical proces.s, ample and. W(; trust, efficient. ■ .'1 M-.;i'j:,o/S.I.„,t;,,„ C,,l,„>lhy Ri.lunl lliiM.in], l'hil.„l,l| hia, iSjl, Sv,., ,.. I. VI. 1111 IXTkdlHi I II I.N. ■his i-rocrss consist, in .l,....rn,Ininj^ with .i,K-uni..ntarv pn.o^. .n.l I.y nute .nvestifrations .i„ly s.. ,;.,-th. th. liuT,.!, pnris,.. :ukI ,„.siiiv.: i„- A-T-ncrs tn !.. drawn at th. ,,n s. nt day iVuni .very authnui.- siafmcnt, witlmut rr^arcl t„ commnnly-recciv.d notions, to sswrping K'-< ■•alitics. or U) possible coiise(]iic!ucs. ''■" 'lo this ..ItVctnally. ,h,. UrU\ ..f ,.n.,uiry uas nccrssariiv o-ndned to contemporaneous data, involving, as a first step, the ol.H^atio,, to ascer- tau, the HUrinsic worth and the relative eharactc^r of such data. They were th.., examined under the various aspects which they present to a ^I'-'rnmg eye. and sedulously scrutinise.], with no attempt to ,doss over or chsguisc the arcana of the operation, no matt,:r how u.ilsome, dry ani \i.. 1500 ClIAI'TKR n. ■'■: "I- (iAs|..\u (:,„;ri:-R,.:.M., 1501 p,. r- CHAl'TKR HI. 1502 Tin; XoRTii-l'AsT C(M,vr liOOK l-IFril. 'HAl'IKR I. ,^ '-IIAI'TF.K II V.'i'lNlDN OK iiij.- I.- .,,,.. r, Tin: iNsrr.AuiTv .jr Cnt.v ^'"Al'TKR III. I'ACIK-. V. vii. 10 38. 39 45- 4^ 50. 5 1 5«- 59 62. 63 71. 7^ ;<). 77 9^. 93- 95- 9'3-ioi. Conti:nts. CIIAl'TKR IV. AMKUhv ,„.;u,.:vK,. to mk ,„>tix, r kkom .\>,a; Onx.oxs ok <^"UMi;rs, Jnnx Cm.,,-, X'ksit. vus, Coktk-Rkai. - CHAI'TKR V. 1 KnOlS I.Kl-VKI, |.|<,,M AxriKNT Ma,.. _ ---... CHAl'IKR VI. ini: Bi;, ,,:,,. siiaki:!. i;v tiik Scamsu (1mvkk> CHAI'TKR VII. Sl-M.MIN,, IT ,„. TIIK DlMi-ssK.X- . . . _ . CHAI'TKR.s VIII. .\Nu IX. XMK.,f 102 — 109. 110—115. r 1 6 — 1 22. '23—124. ' -5—1 33- '34 — 14'- '42-153. 154— '62. Clank, .ixk Kxi.j.:i„-,-iox^ BOOK .SIXTH. c:n.\i'ri;u I. iMkST Okkuiak Kn()\vkkik;k ok Im,,,k,,, CHAl'IKR II. lMR>T \oV.\,,K OK I\)N(K I.K Lko.N, | :; , :; CHAI'TKR HI. -Minor h xrKi.Kn.KVs to Fkokima, ,5,; .,-,8 . CHAI'TKR IV. ^^ "■'•"":''"" '^ '^; ^•'"■^ ^-•■■" - Mkxh-o kok F.uxcrsro i.k C^ARAV; UlSLOVKKV OK TIIK .MksSI .,,n■^ 15,9. (>()OK .Si:\- XTM. ClIA'iKR ,. -N'T.ISII, I'oRTK(,rKSK, AM) - - 174 — '79- — ■:okF..:kxk.,s: Ou.oMs.vnox ok Xova Sk<,xkv, ,52, - ,80 -,8S. BOOK i:i(,irrii. \L.\y '^3-173- K\KKl)ITIONs TO Xl \V!(>rM)l,AN', I'RKXi 11 CH.M'TKR II. CH.M'IKR I Hi.A.MIXos AM) TIIK GtKK StKKA.M. I519 - CH.M'TKR II. AvKKox> First \',,va,,k to Ciiko;^, 1521 ■ CH.M'TKR III. CiIOVAXXI |,A \'kk| XoW KM.t.X,; - Xl. :;63 — 208. Tin: I'oRTLcuKSK Charts - TiiK St. Dikv CARTO(;RAPnv CIIAI'Ti.R IV. CHAl'TKR \-. chai>ti:r \I. 26C) ^71. '/J)- (■V-e also Srhonors Globe of ,5,3, ,,^.,0, ,.j -,^ , i" of Franciscus Monachus. pn^e^ L;^s:r ""^'^ CARTOCRAIMlrAJ. Ri:-.\CT[. ,x ; CilAITKR \ii. -Mi:i;('ATuK, 1538 - I'OOK SIXOXD. J'U: l.rsiTAX.MiKKMAXK- CaKT, u .KAl'l I V ; niK Imvk Tvvv.s Tmk Imkst 'rviK TiiK Sk(i)xi) 'I'm'i: ''"lii: TiiiRii 'I" ' "K I"(»LRTII Tm.i TiiK Imitm Tvii: (-'KAI'Ti'.R 11. CilAPII.R III. CIIAI'TKR l\\ VI'K. AXI, Kix XoMKxri.ATlRK - ('ifAi'ii:R V. t'HAl'TFR \T. -,,,. I CH.M-TKR \li. '"■ I-'>n-AXo-(,no.AX„- XoMKNr,,.v,n. CHAHER VIII. F:v,„.rTrOX ok TUK LfS.TAXO-G.KN.AX,,. NoN„.:Ne-.ATUKK - - ^^Z^,^. ,p , CHAl'TER IX. 1 UK SoLTllKkX Rkckix^ . 325-334- CHAl'TER X. 1 UK V^KSl'LCCKW I)\TA - - " ■ ■ 335—352. ,p .. CHAPTER XI. I UK iNoktii-East Coast \(;\r\ ■ ■ " " " ' " ^5:>~:-,(>2. CARTOGRAPIIIA AMERICANA VETUSFISSIMA Ivn Ax„ CAKTo.;KAn,KK. ,4c,2-.,55o - . 703--;46. APPH.XDIX. Waki.kx.' Ar,,uxr^ .„■ tiik Drakkio' Comkaxv .., LoXl.nX, Mak. 11 .\KKii„ ,521. roxrKKx.xo Ski;.\>tk\x Caiiot - ;47-;5o. (»l DOkAI'IIK .\K lxiiK\ - - . , ,. 753-- 784- iMiKX 01 .XAMI s - - . . , " 1'^'^ 799- .Vl)l>Kri()X.s AXI. CoKIJ-iTloX- - - . „ „ 800 802. / tk iscoHV2 of Qtorfp America. ] BOOK FIRST. t^i S^ei (popoge of ^o^n ■ the then '""■"™'; ""'""'^ ''^' ---'.retation that' Ayala h d Lkrc.enroim, Vul,,„lar of Ulla-~ ,.,,„,■ ' >"^ne,o,a,,.„.o. ^,./.„. „,„/^,v ;;::'::x," ,ilSu.,a„r„.: Lnn,l„n, ,802, 8v„., Vt,l. I., ,, ,,5 No .,0; ^,r,,„ ,, .sv7.,..,;,„ ,.„w, ,it,c. ..iii.. ,; ,;; John Labot was an cnt.ssnry „r 0,c Kin;; „f I.>,„,o (( narlcs VIII.), f,„, in reply ,„ ,he letter of Dr. Puel,!., ■sem from London, January 2,, ,496 (lest itnfortnnatoly)' .nfornung them of Cahofs efforts ,0 .,l„ain ni.l from Ilonry Vir., they wrote: "We believe that thi. nmlertaU,„K wa. thr.vvn in the way of the Kin- of tnKlanil will, the preme.litatetl intention of ,li,tracli,M, un, frotn hi., other Imsine,ss."-IJKR..K.NK,T, „, r™/.,,,/,;:" ^"l' '•, p. SS, \,.. ,2S. I 2 Tin: DiscovKKY OK North Amkkica. \Vc know Iroin the letters p;itent granted by Henry \'1I., March 5, 1496,- and a dispatch sent from London, December 18, 1497. to the Duke of Milan, by his envoy Raimondo di Soncino, that this discoverer was John Cabot. 3 Must we also infer that John Cabot visited Spain on such an errand before Christojjher Columbus, or at the same time ? This inference is in u degree strengthened by the following passage of Pedro de Ayala's above-mentioned dis])atch : " For the last sevuii years, Bristol people h.id sent out every year, two, three or four caravels in search of the inland of Brazil and the Seven Cities, according to the fancy of this Genoese : — Los de Bristol ha siete anos que cada ano an armado dos, tres, cuatro cara^elas para ir a buscar la isla del Brazil, y las siete ciudades con la fantasia deste Ginoves." Those "seven years" give 1491 as the time when John Cabot was already settled in England ; and his visit to Spain and Portugal is therefore anterior to that year. If Ayala's informations are exact, the critic must consider John Cabot as having also entertained, if not originated, at a xcxy early date, the notion of crossing the Ocean in search of transatlantic lands, and actually endeavoured to carry it into effect with the aid of Bristol seamen. -t These deductions are not historically or chronologically improbable. The idea of reaching Asia by sailing constantly westw ird, was advocated in Italy, by Toscanelli, so early as 1474; 5 and John Cabot was yet a resident of X'enice in 1476.^ A letter just brought to light shows that Toscanelli's notions in resjjcct to transatlantic countries circulated in Italy, and that the news of the discovery accomplished by Columbus was considered as a confirmation of the theories of the Florentine astronomer. It is a dispatch from Hercules d'Este, Duke of Eerrara, addressed to his ambassador at Florence, as follows : " Messer Manfrcdo : Intendendo Nuy, che il (juondam JIastro Paulo dal Pozo a Thoscanella medico fece nota (juando il viveva de alcune Insule trovate in Ispagna, che ' RvMI-H, i'uibm, C'i/«ii/i'io«i;.<, lillfni- . . . inter i-i'j(s Aiiijliii ; ll,ig;v Comitis, 1741, folio, N'ol. V., P. IV., |.. S.). ' " .\l(.z/(.r /o.innc C.ibiito.'' Scconii dispatcli fiom Kainionclo ile' Kaiiiionili
  • canclli), lirst puijli.^hed in the Additions to the liihlidlhfa All" liiaiKi Viliiitiniima, pp. .wi-xviii. Wneliaii naturalisation paiiers of John Cabot ; Jiuii U ■■<, ha-^lii n Cdhol, ilocs. i. and ii., p. 309. -J* John Caiiot.~— Fikst Vovack. , pare siano quelle medesime che al presente sono state ritrovate per aduisi che se hanno de quele hande, siamo venuti in desiderio de vedere dicte note, se lo fe possibile. Et per6 vole.,>o, che troviate incontinent! vno Mastro Ludovico, Nepote de esse quondam Mastro Paulo, al quale pare rimanesseno li libri suoi in bona parte ed maxime questi et che lo prcguat. strectamente per nostra parte chel voglia essere contento de darvi una nota a puncmo de tuto quelle chel se trova havere apresso lui de queste Insule, perche ne nceveremo p,acere assai et ge ne restaremo obligati, et havuta che la haverite, ce la mandaret, mcontenenti. Ma vsati diligentia per havere bene ogni cosa .- compimento di quello lo ha sicome desideramo. Rrrarie 26 funis /^p^.-Mr. Manfredo. As we have just heard that the late Paul dal Pozzo Toscanelli, a physician, penned in his lifetime a note conccrnmg several islands foun. in Spain [.vV.]. which it seems, are the same which have just boon rediscovered (according ,0 nevvs received from the.e). I desire, if possible. o see sa.d notes. That is the reason why we want you to find immediately one Mr. Ludovco who .s the nephew of the late Mr. Paul, and appears to have inherited most of h,s books, and particularly those [notes]. We also wish you to request him on our part to give you an exact list of all he has with him concerning those islands • for we would be happy to obtain it, and will be thankful for the favor. And you, as soon as in possession of it, send the same at once. But do not fail to do everything in -our power to get from him all he has ; for such is our desire. Ferrari,, June 26, T494." ^ A [Kissage in Soncino's despatch may also be quoted in support of our interi)retation of the above-mentioned remark of Ayala. It is the phrase where John Cabot is made to relate, in connexion with his first tran.satlantic voyage, that when he was in Mecca, he inquired from the caravans which brought spice from afar, whence the article came ; and, behevmg in the sphericity of the earth, he inferred from their reply that It was brought originally from the West. Cabot thus gave to understand that, like Columbus, his project was prompted by the hope of finding a maritime and shorter route to the land of pearls, gold, silks and cinnamon. At all events, the desire of John Cabot to propose the undertaking to Henry VII., was certainly enhanced, if not suggested, by the success which ;ittended the first voyage of Columbus, the news of which he doubtless heard while in Bristol or London, His son Sebastian Cabot, who arrogated to himself the sole merit of having brought to a successful issue the first English westward expedition, confessed that he conceived the notion while in Hngland, upon hearing of the discovery accomplished by Christopher Columbus; it being the theme of conversation at the court of Henry \'II. y-/.\v.u.\, I. Ll„..l.,ht,,o (_olflmhn-l„,,;,n-!l,r I Dan'i, Oct.-\ov., 1SS9, p. S66. I 4 Till- DiscovKRv OK North America. '' Et se ne |).iilnva grandenientc per tutta la cortc del Re Hemico vij., .... dicendosi che era stata cosa i)iu tosto divina che huniana 1' haver irovata (]uclla via mai \m sapata, d'andare in Oriente dove nascono le spelie per il che mi nanjue un desiderio grande, anzi un ardor nel core di voler far anchcra io cjualche cosa signalata."" I'"iirthcr, Raimoiulo di Soncino states that it was upon seeing the Kings of Spain and Portugal acquire new islands, that John Cabot thought of conferring a similar boon on the King of England : " El quale visto che li serenissinii Re prima de Portogallo poi de Spagna hanno occupato isole incognite, dclibero fare uno simile acquisto per dicta Maesta."" We should also recollect that London in the fifteenth century was the residence of numerous Genoese, several of whom occupied high [jositions at the Court of the English King.'° They formed with other Italians an important colony, who met daily in Lombard Street, and frccjuented the legations which Spain, several Italian princes and the Republic of Venice kept in London. Those active and intelligent foreigners, nearly all of whom were engaged in commercial pursuits, which they carried on by sea, direct from the peninsula, must have watched the progress of transatlantic discoveries, especially as these threatened to destroy tlie trade of the Italian cities with the East. Their means of information were great. The Ihbltothcca Americana Vetustissima shows Italy to have been the principal receptacle of such Mdings ; whilst the considerable commerce carried on between that country and Great Britain, chielly by means of Genoese and Venetian galleys," was a ready vehicle of news, still in- creased by the landing of those vessels in the principal ports of Spain and Portugal. John Cabot may have learnt from those countrymen of his, the news of Columbus' achievement, and formed then and there the project of following the footsteps of the great Genoese navigator. Be that as it may, John Cabot and his three sons, Lewis, .Sebastian, and Sanctus, we do not know at what date e.xactly, filed the following petition : Rami'sio, I'rimo VdhniK. tklk Xtivi'jalioiii ; I'niir,; L'>nili)n, 1S64, Svo, \oI. I., Xcis. 617, 751, Vcru:ip, 1503, fcjliii, f. 374. 770, 771. ■ L'lii mi/ira. This implies a cuntiailiction as re- " Kawclon IIkown, /or. cil., p. Ixi,, and No. 618 ; ^anls ilic alleged ellorls of John Calxjl in Spain anil Rymkk, Fatltia, Veil. II., 1'. II., i). 941 ; IIkvd, I'lirlutjal. IliMoiri ilii Canimirii ili( Leiaid, Leipzig, 1S66, Svo, "' Rawdon liKOW.N, Cahmlar of Slatt Papei-n . . . ^'^^- •'•> !'• 7^7; /•" '-'i./mnl'U ih. I'rawt ct U'llaJie, nlfifiinj Io Kiiijliih oj'aiix, ixi-'limj tit the a/vA/ivs 0/ V- 45' I ) ;i I ,i John Caisot— Fikst Vovagk. Ha.ou:i:;^.^i:;r:r;r- ci;::: :c '7^r " '°- -- -- ^- Sancto his sonncys your «.a.:ious letu-r. p: n^, J', '' '^■"^'^' ^--^- ^^^'--V- -d be made according to the tenour her.nr ^ ^"■'"-' ''^"'^ '" ^'"^' '"^"^e to pray to god for the pros or uT cor. /re T'^"'' •'"' "'^^ '''' ^"^'"« '^-^ '>- to enduer.-- ' cont.nuarrce of your most noble and royale a.tate long add the o.,e. or Z^ .Z IZ T^IV'^I"^^' ^"^^^'^ '^^^^^ case, the letters patent first p b hshld by tS'^-'' ^^ '''''' '" '^- the Cabots- own words, their 'purpose .t.^I ^ !■'''' ''' ''''' ''" ever "^::^::::^::;z::^^ --— ^-- -'..^i-e. and ... ..... and in .hat part of the world sLve hey Lll^chtf'^ ,'""'•''' ^'''"'''''' ''^^ '^' to nil Christians."" ^ ' "''"^^ ^'^*^°'"e this time have been unknown Henry VII. granted the petition on the 5th of IMarch. 1496. '=■ Dksimoni, nhi .vipra. " i-'»r the Latin text, see Rvmkk /c ; , f/^^' l^" """1'"''^""" "^ 'h'^ mon.^rchs ro.Vn boin.' for an Kn.lish trnn.la,i.,„ IUk •>;„/"■; ""' v"' ^,7'"' '''^- ^'^^^^ states it to ,,.' f , ' c CIIAPTEK II. ''f'^O ;isc(!rt.iiii when the piojcct of tlu; Cibots was first carried into I clfect, and the precise character of the results attained, it is necessary to tlivide into two categories, aiul examine separ.itely, the testi- monies which we possess on the subject, vi;:. : the evidence furnished by witnesses who obtained or may have obtained their information from John Cabot himself; and the evidence sui)plie(.l, directly or indirectly, by his son Sebastian. The first series of proofs comprisi's threi- documents, which are : 1. An extract from a lettiT addressed from Lo.idon, August 23, 1497, by Loren/o P-iscjualigo to his brothers at Venice;' 2. A dispatch simU from London, August 24, 1497, by Raimondo ili Soncino to the Duke of Milan ; - 3. Another dispatch from and to the same parties, dat(!d in London, December 18, 1497; J Fn^m those documents we gather the following facts : The expeililion consisted orig.aally of a small vessel, manned by eighteen men: " /nio piccolo nnvii^/n e xviii persone." ^ It sailed from Bristol : " partittsi ila Bn'sto porta occidentale de questo regno "'^ a ivw months bef)re August, 1497: " sono mesi passate^ ^^ The voyage lasted three months: " e stato mexi tre siil vi'aso."7 When the ves.sel h,id reached the west coast of Ireland, it sailed towards the north, then to the east {sic. pro west), when, after a icw days, the Xorth star was to the right: " Passato Ibcrnia piii occidentale. ' Cojiia ih nil capilolo srrire. in una lillera S, r ' Kawdoii liKiiws, Col' iidar of Stah' I'njirrs n ■ L'.i)-i ir.n /'(i.«'yH((/(./(j ff'd (// Srr yi/i/ipo, (III l.t'iiflm laliinj to JCii'jti^i njlliirs (.rislin;/ in Ih'. an-hiixs o/' '('// .'■•' J;/'.'>'<', a Sir A/rl.^i , yraii-t'-<''n P(T"pia/(ijii \'> iii<' , \\t\. I., p. 2()0, N't. 217, ■|Wll'll. " .SdNClMi, scciind ^.li^lliUcll. '- I'.VSi.iIM.K.d. '< S(iN( IMi, sciMIlil ilispatcll. " rASylALIIll. '' Iliiili .11. I 8 Tin: DiscovERv of North Amicufca. TIic same may bu saitl i-oiiccriiiii^ thi; remark about slack tidc^s. It was natural that John Cabot shoiikl hav(! been surprised in se(Miig tides whiih an; only from two and three quarters to four feet, whilst in the vicinity of Jiristol they are from thirty-six to forty feet; but this diminu- tiveness is peculiar to the enlin; coast from Nova Scotia to Labrador. '^ There is ariother delail, however, which is of importance. Cabot on his return saw two islands to starboartl : "ale tornar aldrcto a visfo do txo/c." '" Those two islands were unknown before, and are very large and fertile : "due insnlc nove irrandissi'me et fnictijfere." '** The existence of islands in that vicinity is further confirmed by the fact that Cabot gave one t(^ a native of Burgundy who was his companion, and another to his barber : " uno Bor^of^iwnc compaguo di mess. Zoanne . ... It ha donato una /.sola ,■ ct ne ha donato una altra ad suo harbero." 'V What can those large islands be? This question we propose to examine afterwards. "La c terra optima et tewpcrata." The headlands clad in the pale green of mosses and shrubbery, may have conveyed at a distanc(; to a casual observer the idea of fertility. As to the climate, it was in June and July that Cabot visited those regions. Now, in Labrador, "Summer is brief but lovely."-" lie did not set; any inhabitant, and therefore we have no s|)ecific details enabling us to itlentify the race of men who inhabited the country. But the needle for making nets, and the snares for catching game, indicate the regular occujiation of the Ivskimo, whose proper home is from C;ip(; Webeck to Cajie Chudleighi ; whilst the ingenuity which the making of such implc;nients su|)poses. agrees perfectly with that race said "to have been able in the manufacture; of their tools to develo[) mechanical skill far surpassing that of savages more favourably situated." Nor should we forget "that judging from the traditions they must have maintained th(;ir present characteristic language and mode of life for at le.isl 1,000 years." '["he f'.skimos of Cabot's time may therefore be judgi;d by those of to-day. But there is a circumstance in John Cabot's conv(;rsation with the Milanrse ambassador, which is still more convincing. It is evident that '■ IKi.:', MiTMii;!.:., Siiivoy nf the H.iy^ nl I'vimly mill Mill.!-, fiT t!ie L'nitol S:;Uci Cu.i,t Survey (1S77 '), <|.iolc'i \'\ Mr. KliiJiKlc. '■ r.\'^>;i w.u-.ii. '■" >"■■■' '.■ I', l.rst ilis^i'-iirli. I'Si'.iiMi, ^cciiinl ilis|)alcli. = .Sec llie cxL'ollcul .irticlc >in Lal)r.Tilur, in llie la^l c'llilion of llic Hiniiiliijiiiliii /In'ldiiuiin ; Pi.pf. IliMi, Ex/i/orcUi'fii.i 11/ Ihi /.(iliriiilnr l'(iiin.' yoi/cij' fur llic JJi'«vr( ri/ nl' a Xinih-ireM I'w^iwi'., I'.iris, 1749, i2nio, \o\. II,, |,. 164, ^ FIRST VOYAGE CF JOHN CABOT !*97 , *"• It surpassed vvh.-Te cod then was nv.rv<.ir , """"' ""'" '" '^^^ '--'■"uh-c sea d'-no Che portaranno tanti p.ssi che nues o Z " u"'" "' '""•°^' '" '''^"» • ■ • 'luale venc una grandi.ssinu ...rcantia de pes7 h "" ."" ^'' '^'^"«"° '^ '^'-^a, dc '•ovcred w„h ashes, which arc taken Z " •^^'•'""••'""« stochfissi :-That sea It IS citar that the uxiston.^,. ,.r .. . ••ngl...Kl. Yet, howcvl ,,l.„t f„ h , '""'■"'"'"'<■■ ™'-'« no«h of New banks „f Nc.wf„„„dia„d. L aZti^l ''""'" °' "* ""X ''" <>" .he or H,.tls„n'., .Strait. M„,,„„ l'lr',™:""r -- th'^ e„t„,„e. ■•fon., m „a„y place., a living *",", ' "'"'=' "^ ""=• -''- accum„lates „„ the bank, „r .N„„hJ „ T r'T" "^ '""« '*'"""=• "hi-^h ;v"ch i, ,„„„, ,., i„ ,.a,na.ia„ : ,,"' '•J''™"-.'- " ™'l Ae sectio,, thtuileigh. which the above details L. '' "= "'^'''''^ "^ '^■='1« ■» -dicate !. •S'l.NlI.V >■", .M'Cdnil tlisiutcli. "■ '■'■"f. Ifl.M., o^,. s* u V if CHAPTER III. THE scries of documents containing evidence supplied directly by Sebastian Cabot concerning the voyage of 1497, comprises the following : 1. A description given by Pietro Martire d'Anghiera (usually called simply Peter Martyr), in his third decade.' 2. An account from some Mantuan gentleman (name unknown), furnished to Ramusio. - 3. An engraved map dated 1544. 3 Peter Martyr, relying (evidently upon Sebastian Cabot's own state- ments, says that the latter sailed towards the north; and, in July, being impeded by masses of iloating ice, altered his course, and steered west ; then southward to about the latitude of Gibraltar, and again west, until he reached an ishuid near the latitude and to the left of Cuba. He coasted those shores, which he called Baccalaos. It is plain that this descrijjtion, whether it ap[)lies to the first voyage or subsequent expeditions, does not enable us to a.scertain Cabot's landfall in 1497. Nor do we ind an\- information on that point in Sebastian's (jwn narrative, as reportetl by the IMantua gentleman, viz.: "\\'ith two [sic.) caravels .... in 1496 (.(/,■.), in the Ijeginning oi July, I sailed towards the North-West .... found that the land ran northwards .... coasted to the S6th degree, but seeing the coast tinned towanls the ]';ast, I sailed southward {su:) as fiu as Florida {sic.)'' I he description in the map above-mentioned is far more e.xijlicit, and, for this reason, rc([Liires to be e.xaminetl carefullv. ' An(;i.kkii-s (IVtr. .M.irlyr.) Ih nliii« Onniiinin >l Ofht noun /h<(u/is ti-f.s; llisilua', 153,5, f'^'io. f- 55. "■ ■' K.\Mrsi(i, J)i.-.,-(,rm mjira riirii I'mf/;//, in J'liiiin Volutin: ihlli Xrirvidlioiii ft Viwjiji, Vcnezia, 156J, fiilio, f. 574, K. ' Tlio only f(i].y known is in llic titngiaiiliical Dep.irtniem t.f ilic I'aris Xaiional I.il.rary, and has licfn u|irn.lucc'l in facsimile l.y jd.M.M'.ii, Moiiumaii^ ,U hi (lii«i,iii,hi-. Tin- ii.niion rclalinf; to ('aUii's alli'i;=""'-" "■«'•-•■• *<^ ISritish lla,, (,.,9;), J ed r /;;'■'■ '^ '"""'''■•• '^■■'- "■«' *"« - <■- '>•■- havi„g he ! " ? '" " ""k'""' ''""'""■ '■•-■ ''•-■'■' '"■'" - "•"■"'--I. -J Joh„ t„,b„t sa.Ied. go,„g „r returning, .„n„h „r the latitude „f X'alentia 1 , I , •' '''"^ ''^ variance with the very explicit ^gcnds wh.ch „.ark on all previous n,aps the regions discoven^l ^^ e H ghsh on the east coast of North America; and, as a consecL-K! uth certan, cartographical declarations set forth previously by or unde he d.rect responsibility of Sebastian Cabot. We allude to the nautical charts which were designed by the cosmographers of Charles V., and to al maps derived, more or less directly from the same. But before describing their North American delineations and legends, it is r.ecessary to give an account of what may be termed the Hydrographical Bureau at heyille, where, in the sixteenth century, those charts originated Filotage and Hydrography were taught in Andalusia at .i very eirlv period, especially by Biscayan mariners. An ordinance fVom Ferdinand and Isabella, dated March .8, ,500, confirms the regulations which until then had been followed in a school of Basque pilots established at Cadi. I he document declares the orig^ of the school so ancient that '■the memory of man runneth not to the contrary :~-c|ue de tanto tiempo que memoria de hombres iion es en contrario." ■ aca ■ //'»/ ■,,/,i/a 1/, IS il( niai-jt r/i U-,iin i/intn , „ S, ,!/.'„ j,„r /,,. Il,,j,s J Jon h', rdiininilu y Dorai l^„l„l, •■cii/,i,i(ii,i/u /nx cn/iiKiirM.^ ,/,/ io/m/Io l, tnatle in i51( 'hey were also en|omecl to m ;irk wrach been used on tneu' x'oyages the 11 tht on the copy ands, is les. 1 )avs arbours and Ihcr new lhiiit>s worthv ot beins^ nottjc f b and, th(; moment thev landed in Spain, to communicatt: the chart so amended or annotated to tlie Pilot-Maior." ,-ed new geog|-aj)hiial dat.i, they were Whenev(^r the Pilot-Major recei\ communicated to the C rown cosmf)gra])h(M-s, with whom he discussec th( expediency of inserting the smu: in the Padron Real. Hut maps or ■■\'i;vTl\ \.\\\'.\., S'-ii- ■!■ I« •:„h-r,lrt,-;,'n.-;2, foli.), lil.. i., c.ip. i., |). 2, and I'rhih m . HI., .1 >c. i\., p. 301. ?/A///-,j;, il.K-. \ii., p. J9-. ' llKi;rKi:A, Drr.i.l. I., lil,. vii., cap. i, p. 17;; wliiii- the ;;ri i, (■rTMiu-.iii-ly niiTitinnod nnilo lla- ji;ai I 507. 0,-ll' ll'lll-.llf Jl'tia r/ l.'i'lllth, nil'" lll'l 11 ;/l. /:('.;■«. I •/. A I'fKii (/■ In < 'niilrii'min,! il. /ri. /mli'i^ : \avm;i;i ri:. (•ol,,;i I ,h hi* ,•;'<;/.<, \ ul. ir.. iln'. CxKiii. p. jSj. 'Sec iiilin, llii- i»lri"liu:iiiin li' the <.''ii/'„iriiii/iin A III' /■'- miff I*' fii^fi •^iiiiif. Xa\ AKl;l-.rK, lie. i\.. vol. 111., Kjy. I I Skuastian Caisot. 15 copies of that royal pattern were not issued by the Casa de Contratacion as they are, for instance, by the U. S. Coast Survey or the English Admirahy. The Pilot-Major and certain Crown pilots, by special appoint- ment, took or caused to be taken cojjies of the Padron Real, which they sold for their own benefit, according to a tariff fixed by the Casa.^ As to the elements which served for making the first model, they were borrowed from maps then current in Spain, and not from special or actual surveys, even for the New World. And we may take for granted that the Padron Real presented entire sections which remained for a century or more totally unaltered, though sometimes erroneous in many res[)ects. But there were also configurations furnished by the Crown pilots or cosmograj .lers, and derived from their own stock of information. Those of Portuguese or Italian origin, like Americus Vespuccius and the Reinels, must have furnished data of that kind. Now, Sebastian Cabot filled the office in Spain first of Crown [)ilot, from August 15, 1515. and then of PIlc^t-lNIaidr from February 5, 15 18, until October 25, 1525, and from 1533 until at least October, 1547.9 N(.)r should we omit to state that not only by virtue of his office Sebastian was supervisor of the Chair of Cosniograi)hy in the Casa de Contratacion, and filled the professorship of nautical and cosmographic science in the institution,'" but was a member of the c(jmmission of pilots and geographers who in 151 5 we're requiretl by King bcrdinand to make a general revision of all maps antl charts." Under the circumstances, it would pnne highly interesting to compare some Sevillan official map made; while Sebastian Caljot hetld the office of Pilot-Major, with the Cabotifui ])lanis])here of 1544. Unfortunately, they have all disap[)eared. The fi)llowing fact also complicates the question. Although the Padron Real was the object of much solicituik' from the government, we find in the ordinances cnactcil bv Charles \"., ])roofs of negligence on thc' ])art ot the pilots and cosmographers to whom it had been intrusted. 'Ihuy were charged with failing to maintain the hydrography ot the New World to the rrciiiirnl standard. On llu: other ' " I'lir privilcj^ios linuadiis ii I2 ilo Julin de I512, sc concciliii :i jiian Vispiichf ["iV.] )' a luaii dc Sllli^ c|UL' piidicran s.icar Ir.isladds (Id padrnn (jciuTal do las Ilidias, y vcndfilii^. li Ins pilDlos al pixrio (|Ue dijCM-ii Ins cificialfs df la Ca.sa de Omlratacii'ii." Min'ia; MSS., \-(il. XC, ( . 105, V. ■ l\.r all tl!o^■e daU--, sec J' 11 11 •' S, hd-^li, 11 ( Vi/.c/, /i iir oriijiiK 1 1 !• iiri riiyinii." : ilmhs il'hi^loiri rrilliim ; l.p. 123, 126, 127, 331-335. 355- ' ' Navahuktk, Dist rlwioii s,il„- In Hixi'.rin ili la X(iiili:-ii. p. IJ4, mentions Seliastiaii CalicH as (irst on ilie lisi of iIk' profe-'-^ors of cosnioi^rapliy in tlie f Vimi ih ('(mti'tlfd'ifii. " lli;iti:Ki:\, Ueoad. II., lili. i., cap. xii. p. iS. i / (mmKi i6 Thk Discovmrv oi- NoKTH Amkrica. ■t h;incl, thi; sort of monopoly enjoyed first by Solis, then l3y Juan Ves- piiccius (Amcricus' nephew), who alone could dis[)ose of copies of the Pad/oil Real, induced iniauthorized pilots to make and sell clandestine duplicates, which were necessarily inferior to the original, and probably introduced additional errors. The head pilots complained, as far back as 1 5 13, of those repeated infringement.", but no remedy was applied for several years, although the counterfeit, not only departed greatly from the Paiiron, but even presented different scales of degrees.'- and, con- sequently, a variety of latitudes. At 1 ist, Charles \^, not in the pecuniary interest of his cosmographers or to increase the State revenue, but to render navigation safer, determined to cure the evil. On the 6th of October, 1526, Fernando Columbus was commissioned to order Diego Ribero and other competent cosmographers '3 to construct a sailing chart comprehending all the islands and the continent discovered and to be discovereil : " inia Carta de navegar en la qual se situen todas las Islas e Tierra tirnie cjuesthobiesen descobiertas e se descobriesen de ay adelante." '4 This royal order reniainetl nevertheless a dead letter for nine years. At last, Queen Isabella (jf Portugal, during the absence of her husband Charles W in Italy, May 20, 1535, enjoined Fernando Columbus to cause that all-important map to be e.xecuted at once : " lo acabeis con toda la breved.id, e sinon, entend.iis luego en que se efetue." '5 We do not know at what time it was ccjmpK^ted ; but when ready, the Emperor confided the chart to the presiilent and judges of the Casa dc Contrataciinu and ordered the Pilot-lNIajor and cosmographers belonging to that institution to verify it twice a month. Charles \. went further. He authorized all |irofessional cartogra])hers residing at Seville, to design and sell maps of the New World, with no other restriction than to cause the same to be first ai)pro\ed In- the Pilot-Major and the cosmographers of the Cusa. He even perniiiK-d the Pilot-Major himself, not only to sell copies of /,(., 'ir/d-iiU ImllKMli' Hill. Miii'iv: .\fSS., \'nl. \I,IV., nr,<\ aM'iiheii lo I-'cin.iixlu (.'oHMiirs. We aie ii-Mlcptic! {•I M. dc Liii.i.is, fur c'i|ii'iiis cMnicK frmn llu" iirij;ii);i! r! ili.il curiciiis ili.iloMiif ; Scu, iiifra, in cnir IlUtdiy iif llu' I.u>il;iii')-(;i.Tinaiiic Carto(;ra|iliy. '' I'liif Ciihilti II JliHi Hininiiilo C'llii.i, in llic (■',,/, ■.iV.,/ sequent Sevillan maps, and, for that matter, as they must have been given in the charts copied at the Casa dr Coiiiratiicion when Sebastian Cabot filled the offict; of I'ilot-Major, and \iscil or olherwise endorsed all such copies. We now proceed to examine ch.u'ls which doubtless reprotluce the = ' Navakkktk, Colo-noil, Veil. III., p. 306, note. •' IVniro Ruiz UK Viij.Kiias, as ((un'.ccl by Aiidn'-s ■* liihliiillitru .lull n'riiim V'-lii^lixxiiiia, ^v. 190, an>l (i.ircia m; Cksi'kdks, Ifi'iiin'n itio ili Xaiii/ncioii, infra in the CarUiinijihi'i. Mndiii!, 1006, I'nlid, f'. i.jS. Si'.liASTIAN CM!0T. 19 confipiirations of the Vadron Real, being the .icknowlcdged works of Royal Cosmographcrs iHilongiiig to the. Sevilk; Uydrographic liiiroaii. Three such maps yet exist, viz.: Carta Universal, en ijite se contiene todo lo, (jve del Miindo se a descvbi'erto fasta aora hisola tin cosmographo de Sv Majestad Anno MD.Wn/. en Sevilla.-'^ ller(.'. the; configuration of the north-east coast is identically as in the pr(u:eiling ma]) of Garcia de Toreno, except that where we read Lauorator only, th(; inscription bears in full : Tierra del lahorador, but with no allusion whatever to iMiglish voyages. The legend relating to that region is also placed by 60 north latitude, although the laml extends south to 56' N. The second map is the following : Carta [Universal en que se contiene todo lo que del viundo Se lia descuhierto fasta agora, Hisola Diego Ribero Cosmoijrapho de su niagestdd : Ai'io de. i ^2g.-' This likewise exhibits the same configurations of thi; north-e.ist co.ist, placing the Lal)ratl()r inscription Ijy 60" lat. N., I)ut with tiie most im- portant additional remark that it was discovered by the Ivnglish : " Esta tierra desrnhrieron los /ngleses." l*'inally, we possess a duplicate of that map, maile by Ribero himself which marks identical configurations in the same latituiles, but wherein the insrr'piion reads as follows: "Tierra del Labrador la qual dcscii- bricron los /ngleses dk la vii-i.a hk mkistoi,."-'"' This latter specn'cation is certainly a reference to the voyage made by John Cabot in 1.^97, as the vessel was manned chi(;tly l)y Bristol men: " sono c[uasi tulti in^lesi et da Bristo," ami sailed from that port. — " [)artitosi da Bristo." -'^ Now, what is the latitude ascribed by Ribero to those luiglish discoveries.-' From 56' to 6o' N. The maps maile by X'esconte de Maggiolo in 15.37,^° Hieronymo V'erra/zann ii in 1529, and th(; WolfenbiUtel map B,j- are, in those -" KmIii., /)/. II. i, till Atlfln, If III III! K'lrl'ii '■•,11 AiiliyH". Wuiiuai, iSCio, larj^'o folio; ./fan ii Si'liri.^lim Cahol, No. 11.. 11;'. 172-175. " li,;,i.„i. -"■' TlluMAssv, /.'N I'lipis iii'miirijilii s, I'.nis, I.S52, 8v(i, pp. iiS. 'I'lu- original is prest-rvoil al ih'' I'rop.i- ganil.i, .11 Ronii'. ami Ixars tho arms of Julius II., \iliicli means only thai it hclongcd to a mcnihor of tlie IK' I,a Kov' 1 f.'Miily, as llic I'ope of that name ilied in 1513. -' Tasc,!]- M.li:o, lllll Slljll'll. "" Iii/'io, facsimile, anil (Jrifloiimpliia, xiili ainio, 1^27. ■' J. Carson liliKVooivr, ]'irra:'iiio Ihi- \ar!ij(iliji\ New Vork, 1S74, Svo : Henry C. Mrnriiv, 'I'll' Vinj- ((;/' III' ]'irra:-aiin. New Vovk. 1S75, Svo ; t'ornelio Oksimoni, Iiilonin nl /''/■iiv «''?.■<< llioniinii \'frrn:zaiio, (lenova, iSSi, Svo, p. loi. '- J fix II il Sl'lla■^tlcll Cnlnil. ]>. iSo, ami iii/id. om Cnrtiiiji-ajiliia, "iili atnio, 1530. /! '! ] d .- ; f' : tt 30 Till l)isiii\r,uv o\- XdUTii Amikica. |);irticiil,irs, dcrivativfs troiii Scvillan plaiiisplu'rcs, more or less direct. They also plan- the Mn^lish discoveries by 56' — 60", in Labrador; the W'olfeiibiittel chart referrinj; likewise explicitly to the " }'ni;/i:si's tic ht viid tic hn'stol.'' The filiation is almost complete, and shows that in Seville the cosmographers of Lh.irles \'. never locateil the; first traiisatl.iiitic discoveries, accomplished iiiuli;r the British tlijj;, by 45 north latitude, or at thi; entr.mce of the Gulf of St. Lawrence clonic to Cape Hreton Island. On the contrary they marked those discoveries ten degrees at least further north, along the region which cartographers then called Labrador. Reverting to tlu' Sevill.ui iharts, true it is that the direct agency of Si;i)astian Cabot in the making of those; maps has not yt;t been shown, inasmuch as he w;is ab.sent from Spain when they were made. Hut in respect to the; north-east coast, the cartographers of Seville cannot but have acted constantly on information ileri\ ed from him ; as we will emleavour to demonstrate. What those northern configurations were on the Padron Real when Americus \'espuccius and Dias de .Solis supervised it, we can only guess; but the readi-r may r(;st .issured that if thi;y differi;d from Seljastian Cabot's nt)tions, he ilid not hesitate to correct them, as was his duty. When he first came to Spain, in 1512, l-'erdinand of Ar.igon (;ngaged his services chielly on account of the exclusive knowledge which he claimed to pos.sess concerning " I;i navigacion a los Bacallos;"3J that is, to the north-east coast of the New Continent. Is it not evident therefore th.it the first u.se which he maik' of his specific experience was to cause the northern regions in offici.il maps to tally with the charts which he or his fulu-r had brought from their tr.msatlantic expeditions.^ It is not less certain that iluring all tlu; time he had charge of the r,uitou Real, the HaccahK)S regions must h;ive been the object of particular attention on his iKirt. Win shouKl his successors in oftice alter those confitrura- tions, or place them in a dilferent latitutle .-^ lietween the; .Anglo- Portuguese; navigation e)f 1505,34 and John Rut's voyage- of 1527, there; h,i\e been no I'^nglish e;xpeelitions from which any .Spanish cosmogra]ilier might have elerix'eil elata unknown to .Sebastian Cabot. Lveii If, pe;rchance', John Rut "".salici.- 'jUf 1.1 lUirjjns .'s li.iM.iri'ii 'ie nii ii.iili.' e,".;lKii, ScpU'iiilK;! 121I1, 1512. .hnn it S.l.nslUii Cdhnt, Concliillii^ i i-l V\i\<. ill- I'aliMici.i Mibri' h navi i^p.riuM Nn. xiv,, |.. j;i; IlKiiiu.itA, Derail. I,, lib. i\., i-ap. ii \iK \y.\r:\\\o> (.■ i.rifi'i^U'- ^erv ini,>-," .vioio KIiil; \n\., [i. 25.). 1-Vi(liimul (if .\rai;,'ii, '.hi.'ii rtL,t.iu III' Ci^lilo, t.i>ibii "Sec hii'i-a, the f(i:n'hi lin^ eliajiUT. Skhastian Caiiot. 31 had (lisi-oviTcil any lands, the Icgciiuls in the maps whicli wt- lia\c just described could not iiliply to that navigator, as he was from Katriif and sailed from I'ortsmouth ; 35 whilst Ribero and his followers state positively that thos(! northern regions wi're first seen by marintirs from Bristol. As to the inscrii)tion which ascribes th discovery sun ply to /v niaistcr Robert Thome marchaunt to Doctor f.ey Emhassadour for A'l'iii;- //e:irv the S. to Charles the fhnperour.i'^ we notice on the same line with Xoaa terra laboratorum dicta. or ahraLlor, a lewnd w hich reads as follows erra lie c ab Anglis ])riinuin fuit inuenta :- This land was first discovered by the I'.nglish." It is inscrib(;d by about 60' north latitutle. So far as we know, the RiluM'o map is the first in which th(! legend goes beyoiul stating that the discoxcry ^^'i Labrador was accom- plished bv the L.nglish, ami specifies that they were Lnglishnieii tVom liristol. This detail, which must be taken as a direct allusion d the '■ I. S. l!ui:ttKi:, ('(ilinilar. No. ',-'i>;. I.ilu-i li.nu Alhitlii^ M. i'K iTu. in I'l lie ii.\s, \.'l. III., |i. S09. 'In !-. W. (.1111. 1. AW, (,'1 «lil' !i'' '/'< .'^.•/(iliii ri h'-ltir Mtirliii liihiiiiii : Niinilicii;, 1S5,;, 410, |i. 2. ■■ I. (1. Kdlll,, Dui-viiK iittinj llisltirii (if Ih' Stnh ■ / Mniiii ; I'orll.Tml, i,S()9, Svci, 1. 154. D'AvKZM'. Alhi^ hiidiuiirdiihitiKi ih h,Il : l'.)ri>, 1S71, Sv.., ji. ij; .htiii il Srlidsiif II I'nhi.'. |i. 106, llAKl.rVT. Iliril-M \'nl/(niis lolhllin:! IIk /)('v • iii-iiii III' .'mil III :( mill llii liimh luljni III i.i.iu ill! saiiii , iiiiiil 'irsi III' nil I'll I'll Eiiij!i^ftii"tii ; l..>iul"ii. 1 S.^J .Uu : .Itiiii ii Siliii^liiii I'liI'Dl, |i|.. u; .lij.l 1711. r i> V II. 33 Tim; Dimov kuv ok Noutii Amkuica. < t Cabot cxiH'dition of 1407, was douhtlcss derived fmni Sebastian himself. Diego Riljero heki dail)- intercourse with him at Stjville since 152;,, as one of the Crown cosmographers entrusted particularly with the making of nautical instruments.4" He was also his colleague at the famous council of JVulajoz in i5::4.-'' where the voyages to our north-(!ast coast must ha\i' been constantly mooted, as the intended expedition of I'.stevam Goimv to discover the North-West passage depended greatly on the ruling of that junta. The cartographical information concerning the northern latitudes hail to b'- funn'shed to the members of the council b\- RibiTo. Is it not certain that he nev(T communicated a ma|) to the Spanish or Portuguese commissioners without first submitting it to .Sebastian Cabot who s.it by his side, .md who, in the capacity of Pilot-Major, was his superior.'' Hence, naturally, conversations between those two cosmo- graphers relative to the history of the voyag(;s made by the Cabots to the north-east coast, .and details .about the agency of British mariners. .Ml thos(f facts prove that thi; names, legends .and configur.itions of the iiorthirn rxtrcmity of the Xew Continent, as inscribed .unl depicted in charts eman.iting fmm .S])anish cosmographers in general. ,uid Diego RilnTo in ]).uticu].ir. were sujiplietl directly by .Seb.istian Cabot or through his professional instrumentality, and that during half-a-century he placed his landfill many degrees further north than is the Prima vista of the Paris Caljoti.m planispJK're ot 1544. < Jf'il of tlie ^-.xniM aiiv ;i>iiiiii(iinia^ilnaqlK• inayistra ; " .all three uf wliiili are in ^ The ^elMall(lal(lry expre'^siiins which al-o Icail in ilie Latin \crsi. .11 cif ilic I,c(jenil XVII, Oo nnl e\i>l in the ihink thai Calni did nut wriU' the Kyim!-, \iz : " navi- Spanir-li test, nlanll^cri^ll nr printed. mm 24 Till-: DiscovKKV oi' North Amkkica. .1: which is ihi; dulv of the first edition of his I'Liighsh tninshitioii of the Decades of I'eter Martyr, imbHshtxl in tluit work certain "notable thyniies as tovchyni;e the Indies," which, h(; said, were, "translated owt of the bookes of Francisciis Lopt's [Cjoniaraj . . . and partly also owt of the carde made l)y Se'bastian Cabot."-^ Vhv. Cabotian i)lanisphere could be si;en at Westminster. Piirchas, after rek'rring to the voyage of 149;, sums up the eighth tabular legend, ami adds : " These are the wordes of the; great lMa[) in his iVbiiestie's priuie (lallerie."4 There was also a co[)y in the castle of the Earl of Bedford ; " Cabot's table which the Harle of Bedford hath at Chcynies," says Richard Willes.5 The map was re-engraved in 1549 by Clement Adams, schoolmaster to the King's henchmen at Greenwich. Hakluyt calls the eighth li;gend ol that chart "an i-xtract taken out of the ma[)pe of S('bastian Cabot cut i)\- Clement Adams concerning his tliscovcTy of the West Indias, which is to be seene in her Maiesties privy gallerie at W^estminster." ^ The original map of 1544 is a complete mappamundi. 't is therefore a {[uestion whether the words in I lakluyt's ca]ition : " concerning hi.-, dis- covery of the West Indias," which may rt:fer either to an extract made by Hakluvt, or to the map its(4f, do not imply that Clement Adams only eiigravi'il the p.irt relating to the New World, or a portion thereof. As to the date of 1 540, we derive! it from the marginal note of l*urchas (placcil on the? same line with the (|uotaii>., above given), \-iz.: " This map, some say, was taken out ot Sir .Si4). Cabot's map In' Clem. Adams 1549;" which we inte'r])ret to mtan that .Adams' map was said to have been extracted in the year 1541) from "the oreaf Afap in his Maiesties priuii- Ciallerie." .As Sir lluniitlirey (lilbert speaks of Cabot's majis in the jilura! tense : " His Chaiis which aye yet to be seenc; in the Queentts Maiesties priuie Ciillerie at Whitehall,"^ it may be that th- re could I)e seen both die map of 1544 or diat of 1549, and Clt-ment ..dams' edition or supposeil aiistract. Be that as it may, Natl'.an KnchiK.f" riw at Oxfoi-d in 1566 onr of those Caboti.tn maps, which bore thi- iu.^cripiion : " lM,\na figura nn' deliiii-ax'it 1549."''^ 3 l'hi:N, I'i'-mlts: l,..n,lnii. 1555. ,)!.. f. ^::|. Vol. 111., p. S07. ' wiMi.^' i-iiitii'ii i>f i:iii-.\'> ii;.U;-ouri™ CaLot. ""' "'" ■""' "'"•■'"■""'>- *" iml>l,,l,o,l f,„ ,h, ilr,, ,i„„, i„ \„| „ , ,,, .7''-»' •"'"' ,;.■';■"" ■""" '''•"'"■'"• ■■-i-Hi, KS70, ,sv„, • 20. A./l-u-m A,lnms.lK.,l„nlyi„,5,s7, |,,|,u,,, circle, nnd ,lcv,>t,„„ ,„ o,ngt,,i;,| ,„„|j^„ > '• "-'-. ■x,..|..vf.uv, p. e,,.„,l ,„1. .^,^,,-3, ,„j,.,^ 1,^,' ^^•n. ll,al 1,,.,,, „.,!, ,, ,,^, 1,,,^.^, ^,1 ro|H,l,li,l,e,|,„HM,fi.sk.jre„,l.s. . ^Uiullj ■■ IIAKLUVT ;,iso reprinlci a iegen,! tnkcn from the M..-,„.s |,r,„,e .^..l|e,.io ,, \Vt..s„„i„s,or - ( Prh.npaJ, ^n l.s,^.., IVo„, ,„.,,,,,, ,^,, h. n„,v have consultel; '«" "f Sc «s„,„, Cal„„e's .nv„ ,„a,,pes n:,.! .h-sf,n„sc. -Iraw,,, „„| „,,,„^,„ ,,^. I,. ,^^^.|^^.^ ^^1^,^^^ ^1^^ .^ ^^^^ ^.^^^ ^^^ -Vv)aa. ,„ ,ho eus„„lie„r Master Willia,,, \V,.r,l,i„,,to„ " ;." .> very w.ll,,,^; ,,. sutler the,,, ,„ l,e „verseen. "-- i) CHAPTER VI. SEBASTIAN Cabot certainly enjoyed a great reputation in Spain and in England. Ramusio's anonymous informer says that Sebastian had not his equal in Spain as a man versed in navigation and cosmography: "e cosi valente et patrico delle cose pertinenti alia navi- gatione et alia cosmographia, ch' in Spagna al presente non v' e un sue pari." ' Guide Giaweti de Fano writes to Livio Sanuto that Sebastian was held in the highest esteem in England : " all' hora honoratissimo si ritrovara."2 Ramusio, who corresponded with Sebastian Cabot, says that he was " a man of large experience, and uncommonly so in the art of navigation and the science of cosmography." 3 He enjoyed the confidence of Charles \^ during many years, as notwithstanding his disguised flight to England that prince maintained him in the office of Pilot-Major, and even increased his pension. 4 In the t;ntry of the donation of /200 which he received in March, 1551. from Edward VI., he is also called "Sebastian Caboto, the great .Seaman." 5 The elements of control which we possess do not allow us to account for the reputation which Sebastian Cabot enjoyed as a scientific mariner. Everyone is convinced now that it was his father, not he, who discovered the north-east coast of the American coniinent in 1497. The expedition to La Plata, which Sebastian commanded in person, proved an absolute failure ;(> that of Willoughby and Chancellor, planned l)y him- self in 1553, was also disastrous ; 7 and the expectations which Sebastian Cabot had caused th(; Company of Mt;rchants Adventurers to entertain ' RASir^m. I'riiiio Vnliinn , f. 374. SAMhi (M. Livio), fientjmlin tti>'ti'iilfi, \iiK'i;ia. 15^8, loli... rfclo of f, 2. ■•■Iluunio ili fjmiiile rsi)criciva, it raro ni'H'arlo del nauij^ari;, et nella scii-iua di cnsmojrratia. " — K AM r^l'i, Tti~o Volinne, X'cnctia, 1565, folio; I'refaci', \ltmi of Aiiij. • lli.|ralili of Sir riiilip ll'iliv; Xnl' t mid i^hii.rii s, I.oii'lnn, 311I M'lio, \'ol. I., p. 125. ^SiRVi'i;, Eri/isiu.siiial iii'iiwriiil'' ; ()\for(l, 1.S22, Sv.,, \-,.l. II., ],. 402. LciliT from I.iiis KwiiKi:/.. /iVn'.-Ya Triiit'ii^tt/, Rio lie Janeiro, \'ol. W., |>|i. 14-21 ; l)vii:i»i, lliildiia III iiiru/ 'Ir la-'' Jiiiliii", Ma.lrid, 1852, \'ol, 11.. \<. 176. ' ICvery one knows the lr,a[;ic end of .Sir llii;;!! \\ li.i.iifi;iiiiv, whii-li is proliably the origin of the legend of the I'hantoni Ship. Seuastian Caiiot. 27 when he promoted the voyage of Stephen Burrough were not realised.^ Notwithstanding his alleged discovery of the variations of the needle,9 and his boast that he had found a new method of ascertaining the longitude at sea,'° no invention of any sort can be justly ascribed to him; and as to the planisphere of 1544, it is a very indifferent cosmo- graphical performance." The probability is that Sebastian Cabot owed his influence and reputation to the simple fact that he claimed to know where there existed a passage; to the Pacific Ocean, first by the North- West, then by the South-West, and afterwards by the North-East ; and was shrewd enough to make Ferdinand of Aragon, Charles V., Henry VIII., Edward VI., and other influential people believe that he was actually in possession of that secret, — the great desideratum then and since of all maritime nations. '- Be that as it may, whether Sebastian Cabot was or was not a great navigator and cosmogra[)her, it is certain that we must consider- him as a dishonest man, capable of disguising the truth, whenever it was his interest to do so. The account of the discovery of the north-east coast given by Peter Martyi" is borrowed e.xclusively from Sebastian Cabot, when the latter was his guest : " Familiarem habeo domi Cabottum ipsum, et contuber- nalem interdum."'3 Yet, it contains no mention whatever of John Cabot, and the merit of the discovery is ascribed solely to Sebastian : " Scrutatus est eas Sebastianus Cabotus . . . Duo is sibi navigia propria pecunia in Britannia ipsa instruxit, et primo tendens cum hominibus tercentum ad septentrionem : — These northe seas haue byn searched by one Sebastian Cabot .... He therfore furnisshed two shippes in England at his own charges : 'And fyrst with thrt:e hundreth men, directed his course . . . ." '+ Had Sebastian ever mentioned his father's name to Peter Martyr in connection with vhat discovery, die latter would certainly have inserted it in his 1 )ecades. ' The (.■\|H'ililiim rrimmniidcil liy HrRRnciMl w.is in- Iciuli-'il fill' the (lisccivery uf tin; pus'-.ige i.' (\uli;iy. As iL'[^arfIs llie i'nmjimiy of M''rrhniif AiI'-'iUhi'i f^, ii is said to have heen crcilcil liy virtue of the charter i;raiiteil hy Oiieeii Mary, l-'eliniaiy i6th, 1555.-I,l-.\lo\, Cii/' in/nr. Vol. I. p. 65. \'et ill Sansiu'UV's Calinidiir (Eii in 149.; notii-ed (after olher>) the extent of the \ari.ation of the needle, and that it was different in various pl.aces ; Lor liook or l>n-i-'>l'm, in Navakici.i i-;, Colenioii ih Viniii:.<, \"ol. I. pp. S, 0. 'Jean Taisnii-:k, A ri>-ij iiu-e>:tiirii nml jirnfitrih/' fini>l:i I'oitCrniiii'i Hnrit/nfinii .... tr^tii^hih d infn Eiiiilliir II mi II In ri/ Uieead. [., liS. vi., f. 55, o. " Ihiili'iii, r, and 1'.|i|-.n's translation. . t \ 1 I 7, :/;. 11' t' i !l • 28 The Discovkkv of Xortii Amkkica. Also ill Sebastian's own words, as reported by the Mantua gentle- man, it was he alone who accomplished the first voyage, his father being said by him to have been dead when Henry VII. granted the required authorisation to undertake it : " Mori il p.idre in quel tempo che venne nou.i che'l signer don Christophoro Colombo Genouese havea scoperta la costa dell' Indie, et se nc parlava grandemente per tutta la corte del Re Henrico vij, che allhora regnava .... subito feci intender nuesto mio pensiero alia Maest;i del Re, il qual . . . mi armo due caravelle . . . . et corninciai a navigar ... in capo d'alquanti giorni la discopersi .... itc: — When my father died in that time when newes were brought that Don Christopher Colonus Genoese had discovered the coasts of India, whereof was great talke in all the court of King Henry the Seventh, who then raigned .... I thereupon caused the king to be advertised of my devise, who immediately com- manded two caravels to bee furnished with all things .... and I began therefore to saile .... After certaine dayes I found .... &c."''^ Now, Lorenzo Pasqualigo, who was an eye-witness of the navigator's return, and Raimondo di .Soncino, w'ho also interviewed him then, and was, moreover, his j^ersonal friend, 'f' both name him " Zoanne Caboto," and never mention Sebastian. John Cabot, .so far from being dead when the e.xpedition was fitted out, received, personally, from Henry VH. on the 13th of December, 1497, a pension, evidently as a reward for the discovery which he had just accomplished. '7 Furthermore, there was onlv one discoverer, at least on that occasion, and not several, as the PInglish King, August loth, 1497, that is, immediately upon the return of thj e.xpedition, gave from his privy purse ^ro "to hym that found the New Isle." '^ On the other hand, there can be no doubt about the identilx of the discoverer whom Henry VH. meant, as in his second letters patent, dated February 3, 1498, he .says that "the Londe and Isles of late found," were discovered " by the seid John Kabotto, Veneciaiu,. "^ Nay, it is not certain that Sebastian even accompanied his father- to the New World, although he is one oi the grantees mentioned in the letters patent of 1496, the others being his father and brothers Lewis and -Sanctius. Peter Mart)r, notwithstanding the fact that he was on friendly terms with Sebastian Cabot, and not prone to disparagement. '5 Ramiski, Vol. I., }ni\ III., and I lAKi.c V I'. " " Kl per csM-'ie io fauo amicu cle Larmiraiitc. ' "Tlic .Vdmir.il" i;. tlif ii.inio Juhn Cal»>i ihcii pci|Hi1arly wunl by. '' Ciilkcliun of I'rivy Seals, Xo. 40. citeil ny Mr. Charles Dkank, ,ht[\>y Kicliard lilhln.K], l'hilaclel|ihia, iSjl, Svo, p. 75; aiul IJKsimum, In/anio, p. 50. 1 ^ Skuastian Cakdt. 29 confesses that tlierc were Spaiiijirds who denied his havinj^^ Ix-en the discoverer of the Bacallaos region, or that he ever sailed westward : " \'.\ Castellanis non desunt, (jui CalOTttimi prinnim fuisse Baccahiorum, reper- toreni negent tantumqiie ad occidentem tetendisse minime assentientur."-° What is more, in March 1521, the twel\e. great Livery Coni]>anies of London 'laving been required by Henry \'IIL to furnish a heavy contribution towards fitting out shi[)s of discovery to be placed under the command of Sebastian Cabot, the drap-jrs, who had undertaken to settle the terms and amount for all the. parties, made rejjresentations to the King, the Lord Cardinal (Wolsey) and the Council, against the projected expedition. Their principal reason was that the intended commander, Sebastian Cabot, could not oe trusted, in th(;se very significant words : " And we thynk it were to sore avenl' to joperd V slii[)ps \v' men and goods vnio the said Hand [the Newe found Hand] vppon the singuler trust of one man callyd as we vnder- stoud Sebasiyan, whiche Sebastyan as we here say was neu' in that land hyni self, all if he maks reports of many things as he hath hard his Father and other men speke in tymes past . . . trusting to the said Sebastyan, we suppos it were no wysdom to avent' lyves and t:oods thider in suche man ..." -' Cardinal Wolsey, to whom these severe objections wert; particularly addressed, was twenty six years old when the first Knglish transatlantic expedition sailed from Bristol ; and by his [losition then in the ?vlar(iuis of Dorset's family, must have known the circumstances attending that voyage, the results of which created such a great sensation in London. -- Moreover, Sebastian Cabot was in England -3 when these representations were lodged in the hands of the comjietent authorities. That under such circumstances the Livery Companies should have venlun-d to make so bold a statement, officially, to the King, to Wolsey, anc' to the Coimcil, is a matter worthy of notice. It proves, at all events, that if Sebastian ever played any ])art in those expeditions, it must have been very insignificant. =" Anchikra, Dc. riliii-i Oiiniiiri': (I Orlit vono ill I wit" '/•('■< ; iilii "ii/irri. ■' ]\'aril(iiii Aivninit'! of !hi Dmjurs ( 'onijifdii/, Lonilcii : MSS. Vol. \'1[., f"- 87. Tliis impciilaiil ilncvi- nu'iU was fir>l niailo known liyiliolnlo Willi.niii 1 Ir.KliKK i', ill liis liijjhiy valiialile //ixlnrj/ 11/ tin linln iirmf Lii-'fij ComjiiiuitK of Liniilan. i8j7, Svo, \ol. I., p, .)io. ( Hir tc.vl is laken from a copy of the orii;iiial loconl.^, kimlly semueci ai oiiv recniesl tiy .\lis> .Mary Ton. nun Smhii. For Ibo complete ilocuiiient, sec fiifrn, Appcinli\ .\. -"-' "\'ioiili [John t'ahotj f.ue j;ianile honor e \a ^^.•^^till) \. I., p. Ho'/. ■'"Il>i riir ivanilomi ja ire anni. salvo il \ero, in InS^jllcrra." - 1 'i-p;ilcli of CoN l.VKIM. 30 TlIF. DiSCOVKRY OK NoRTII AmKRUA. What is worse, if Dit;go Garciiis, a fleet commander, and " marinero insigne." as Harcia calls him, -4 is to be truste-d, Sebastian Cabot was in- capable of leading an exi)edition of that character, as he could not make even the most elementary calculations : " no supo tomar el ruml)0."-5 But this we scarce;!)- l^elieve. In the conversation with the Mantua gentleman, Sebastian inscribed his leaving England and seeking employment in Spain to the "great tumults among the [)eople, and preparation for the war to be carried into Scotland," and mentioned the Catholic King and Queen Isabella as having entertained him at that time : — " Dove giunto trovai grandissimi tumulti di popoli sollevati, et della guerra in Scotia . . . ])er ilche me ne venni in Spagna a! Re Catholico, et alia Regina Isal)ella, i quali mi raccolsero." Hi; goes so far as to add that Ferdinand and Isabella sent him to discover the coast of Hrazil : " mi diedero buona provisione faccendoini navigar dietro la costa del Hresil, per volerla scoprire."-'' Whether the fault must be ascribed to Cabot or to his interlocutor, it is difficult to jumble together in a few sentences so many erroneous statements and anaclironisms. The great tumults among the people can only be the irruption of the Scots and inroads of the Cornish rebels, who " neere incamped to the citie."-7 This occurred in the spring of 1497, as the battle of iilack-heath was fought on the 22nd of June, 1497.-''' At that time, Cabot was on the coast of Labrador. When he returned to England in August following, the " preparation to carry war into Scot- land " had long been over, as, according to Holinshed, " King James had retired without proffer of battle," and Pedro de Ayala -9 was negotiating the truce which was iinally concluded in the month of January following.3u Cabot, so far from endeavouriny: to remove to Spain, was thi'u solicitin. iclnlivcly lo llie Jiii-<'i!/o i'hroii(i><>(jii'<) jia:ii lit hi-ttoi-ia i/tiiera-l ilt la tiller's lirsl voya(;o, ;iiul conocrniiin whom Harkos voporN h'loi-rlti : \\.v\M. 17JJ, folio, loih Icif. a (|ii.unt rcniaik from Jo;iin II.: ".AtuH-lln cnilwixaila -'" /.("■. '■'''., .\nt\ llr.KKKKA. Doonil. lU., lili. x., caii. i. , n. 27S. Soo, liowovcr, !ill>lil.l/s |)l;HHi!)le a'tL'ni|il nl del 1 W D.ival:! < linl la pes Mem cahe(,'a, Alliidi; viniliiMtinL; Sel>a^tian l>p. I3S-I42- Cal».t ilii sped : .V. |iie era manco .le hi lun pe, e a ilom ( .arcia por .-.er homem poiiei > enleiifulo e! \,io."> Uecail. I. lil'. ip. \i.. I" 57 ("'i;' Ml of 1752). If Avnla ■' R.VMlsio. \'ol. I., iilil til lira. -•" Ui'MNSMi.n Vol. II.. 1'. 7S1. Chr Lon.I ir,S6, U,\l was qiilie familiar with Coliimlnis and his di.-eovories, and the aliove <|iioted di.spatch which he sent from London concernini; John Cahot actptii eater credit still. I', lli'Mi;, llixi'iri III' Kniilaiiil, 1! ■ t. 1S54. Sv, • with ihe KinL' of .Scotland is in cimrsi ol Vol. II. eyoiiation" (Sept. gih, 1.(07). The e amltassaitor 541- lite Kinj; of Scotland ha.s arrived to conclude a Ir" The l!n) Kaudo -intwith l.opez de Carl'ajal a^ anil m- ..-.dor ti the Kin;; liKnws, (_'((/• /lAi/-, \dl. !.. \. v», 760, 763 Skijastian Caiiot. 31 .tint,r :iting lo the- .,1. I., Avain undo 11' I'll 'in a new licence from Henry VII., who granted it February 3, 1498; and preparations were immediately made for the expedition ; which set out from Bristol in April next ensuing. On the other hand, Sebastian Cabot told a different story to Peter Martyr. According to his statement, it was u[)on the death of Henry VII. that he abandoned the service of England, and removed to Spain: " Vocatus nanque ex Britannia k rege nostro catholico post Ik:nrici maioris Britannia^ regis mortem. "3' This new allegation is just as untrue as the. other. Henry VII. died April 22, 1509, and Sebastian Cabot was yet in the employ of the English government. May 12, 1512,3- with his home and wife: " su mujer i casa," still in England on the 20th of October following.33 As regards his statement that he was sent by Ferdinand and Isabella to make discoveries on the coast of Brazil, it is well to mention that Isabella died November 26, 1504, and Ferdinand January 23, 1516, while the expedition to the Brazilian coast was projected during the summer of 1524, and sailed under the command of Sebastian Cabot April 25, 1526.34 When speaking to Italians, Sebastian Cabot claimed to be a X'enctian by birth, who had been brought over to England as a child : " Cicnere Venetus, sed a parentibus in Britanniam insulam tendentibus .... transportatus pene infans,"35 he said to Peter ISIartyr. Ten years later, St'bastian likewise declared to Caspar Contarini that he was born in Venice, but reared in England : " Per dirve il tutto, io naqui a W-nctia ma sum nutrito in Ingellerra." 36 He made besides the same statements in writing to the mighty Council of the Ten : " Uno St'bastiaiio Cabotlo c/ie dice esser di cjuesta citta nostra ;' 37 which assertion is still corro- borated by other evidence, 3« and is uncjwslioiiably true. liul v> lun " I'flr. Makiak l>'.\Nc,lin'.u.\, iilii ^ii/ira. '' \. S. Hki;\vi.i<, Calijiilar ilonn-'ii,- and jbnifiii, \'i'l. II., i';'.rl ii., \\ 1456. '^ Ui.spaich from I'L-nliii.iinl of .Ar.ngon lo I.ui-. Caro ; Jtaii 1 1 S,'hr(.iti(ii Calmf, doc. .wiii, p. J32. >* IliCKKr.K.A, Het-nd. III., lil). i\., cap. iii.. p. 260; NaVAKKI IK, \'ol. \"., |i. 440. ^5 IVlcr M.MMVK, ithi siij,i-a. "''^ K.iwdon Hkown, Call Hilar, \'ol. III., No. 607; C. lU'M.o, Ln Wnt jialrin ili Xiro/i> i/i'' Coiiti c di lliovniini Cnhoto ; Chiogyia, iSSo, Svo, p. 64. •Mi. '^' RAMrsiof/oc. '-il, ), wliowai in correspondence «illi Seliastian Caliot calls liiin " Sijjnor ScKasiiano Ca'holto cilladino N'enotiano." IJisidcs, 'his Wnuli.in liirili rosiiUs from i!k' lollowing facis : He imisi iiavc Iclmi of age, thai is, at least twenty-one years old, when he was made one of the grantees of the Knglish letters patent of .March. 1496, together with his two hrotliers. ..ne . f whom, lieing n.imed alter hiiii. wa- ap|)aremly his jiuii.ir. Seliastian, theiefon', wa, already horn in 1474, at lea^l. Now his father resided 'hen at N'enice, a-, the Senate granted him ihe naturalisation ili In/iix 1 / ,xfrn. March 28, 1476, according to law, after a eontimted residence of tdteen veais in N'eniee ; " per habitalionem annontin .W. iiixta consnetimi." Docs. I. and II., in ./-roi il Si'liaMim Cidii,!, pp. 2, 309, and 313. See al>o the allusion to information which the Crown should ask of "mai.-ters and marineis iialnniUy liani within this Realm of I-:nglan Charles V. made him Pilot-i\Iajor,4- which was the highest position which a technical mariner could occujiy in .Spain, and granted him various salaries amounting to the relatively large sum for the time of 300 ducats per annum. 43 Nor should we forget that those ap[)ointments and liberalities were prom})ted chiefly by Sebastian Cabot's alleged assurances that he alone could con- duct the .Spanish Meets to some mysterious straits leading to the Moluccas. Vet, in 1522, he sent in .secrecy to \'enice an agc:nt called Hieronymo Marin, for the pur|)ose of selling the pretended secret to the Council of the Ten. We must refer to the dispatches 44 which were e.xchanged on that occasion between the Council and Caspar Contarini, the Venc;tian Ambassador in .Spain, to .see the low intrigues and falsehoods which formed the woof and warp of that audacious treachery. Sebastian Cabot returned from La Plata in disgrace. He had com- mitted nefarious acts,45 for which he was arrested on his ;irri\al in Seville in August. 1530. tried and .sentenced to two years e.xile at Onm, in Africa.4'' He was also the oljject of other prosecutions of a damaging character on that account. 47 Ch.irles V.. however, restored him to the position of Pilot-M;ijor, in preference to imminent cosmographers of S])anish '■' Klir.N'.^ ti.iiislaii..n i.f IVlc-r M^irlyr's DtrwU^, oil. ..f 1555, I', 255. " Ji-nii It Si'ln^liitii Oalmt, dnr. wii., p. 332. ■" IVler Makivr I)'.\n(;iiikk \. iihi injira. " On llic 5lli ■■f Fl-1iiii;iiv. 151S, ii|Hin iIil' iloalli, ii is s;\'[ii, ci!" jion Diaz iPl', Soi.i>. N'et ili,_. huior iliol lluou years pivviniis, in 1515. Hi.kkika. Docad. II., lili. i., c,\]i. vii., p. 12. "' Uispatcli of riiNiAKlM, in I'ri.i.i, op. lil.. p. 64. *' Kawilon Hrown, Caliiuln)-, X.i~. 557, 55S, 607. 632, 666, 670, 750. 1 115; anil Itri.i.ii. pp. 6170. ■'•'' " Sclia,>tia]i Caboto fuc prcso a pe(limijntii ile alj^iinos parii:n!e> d^' alKimas personas, que dicen que es culpailn en sus nuierles, y por otrns t|ue ileslcrn') y tambien a podi- nienlii del fiscal, por no liaber f;uardail<) las instruclcines (pie lie\i'i : y asi fne [)res(), \- dada la corle pnr carrel con lian/ai." — N.w.VKRKii;, \',il. \'., doc. xvii., ]i. t,^^. " C'oniello con ellos [Ids eapitanes, niaestres y pilolos?] niuclias .•\trocidados. " — Xavakkivi K, IJihtioli.'a Mciri- tinw \'ol. II., p. 69S. •*'' Ihiilriii, p. 699. '' Documents mentioned in the Liula ilr la h'x/i'ni- lion Ainrrnaiiiita : Mmlrid, iSSl, Svo, », Nos. 54, 55. Sfisasti.w Cahot. JO coin- :villc ill thr mish hirili, sucli as Alonso dc Chavos, l\ilro dc Midina, and Aloiiso di' Santa Cru/.. A (lociimcnl latnly ))Lihlishcd. strins to iiidicali- tliat tin- I']iii|iiTor soon had occasion to rcgrd liiis choice. On liic i3tl'i o{ Marcii, 15345^ ht' ordered thai the niaiiner in wliicii Sebasti,m Cabot pcirtonned the. duties ot I'ilot- Major, and ])articuhirly iiis modt; ot e.vaminiijg pilots for tlic purjiose of f^rranriin^ them the required licence, should bv. inciuired into. l"h(; t(jn!- ot the. order authorises us to think th.ti it was |.T()in|iteil !i\ some d( lii;([uepcy on the pari of .Sebastian Cal)ot. lie was, however, maintained in ofticc. jN'otwithstandiiiL; the I'"mpc;ror's kind treatment, .Seliastiaii rt'commenced intrigiiinL( with foreign nations; au'l in \S-17- ^"itler the same old pretence that he knew of a shorter sea route to China, managed to obtain from the Privy Council of h'dward Yl.-i'' that his services should be. secured on behalf uf England. I'n t(.'Xting doiibthr-is some private affairs in that country, he obtained trom Charles V. leaxa- to absent hiniself ; and. ap])ointing nd I'nten'm in his [)lace of Pilot-Major I )iego (iutiere/:, who WMS ,1 man of lIk; same ilk as himself repairetl to l.ontlon. ' )nce there, although still in the. employ of Spain, and receiving a salary and ,1 pen- sion from the Funperor. he accejUeil from h^dw.ird \"1., in 1548, a large annuit\ 5" and an imjiortant oHice, it it was not y(-'t the jwst of Grand - Pilot of I'^nglaiid. Thus selling again the alh^ged secrc;t for which he h,ad already received anil continued to receive pay trom aiioilier, and commiiling one more breach ot trust. .Sebastian Cabot had bec'n li\ing in h'ngl.md only a few years, enjoying high honours .and considerable emoluments, when he renewid his intrigues with the \'i netian amb.issatlor. Mere again, we must refer the reader to diplomatic tlispatches5' for details concerning this third attem])t from .Sebastian Cabot at betraying a sovereign in whose emplo)' lu; w;is, and not\\ idist-uulinij the favours which he continued to receive from him. ♦^ K'.nl (''•t.iita i> lo« Oft/i'ialt* il'' Sr-.nilld nminlaiiilolm pruj'in ytit'iiniiiirinii jtnm iiririj/iinr /o" ilerfho>i qinj i'n})itiui S>-lniMutn (Jnhofn thra ^lor •/ fxJmen th loA I'ilolii.t ; lonii^ <• ''' '/"«' mniirm /o" a txtiminwlo > I rnt)uiat'.-'-\n the ('of'-rrion 'it. fIor}tni''i}fo.-< i:it'tiifu.< tlr Jiirllai, \(il. \\.\I1., p. 479. •' Jtflii '.! S.'firt.>firn Cahof, ,li)C. x\.\i\. , 1'. j',S. 5"[I\Kii'Vi. 'I'h' Thiiil ami IahI I'ofniiii- "f iht Wti/fttjr^ . . . (IH'I nis'-oifi rit-A nf th''. Kiitjli-'h Xiifi'hi., )>. 10. 5' Kauiliiii IlKow.N, (,'(!.'• Hilar, \'ii. \'., N'ci. 711; Jidii it SJhii.ilii'ii. Cabot, iloc. x.xxv.. ji. 361 ; Win. H, TlKMU.'i.l., CoJi'iiilar, \i. 171, No. 444; Sir Tlii'inns tLvkliY, h'tjnirl 1)11 til' itoi'iimi'iili ill III' ari-liini nj I'l iiii-r, lS(.i6, |i, iS. ii ■; i» :vi Till- DisrOVEKY OK NoKTII A.MIKICA. IV r ■. I' 'I'hosc (li)cuiiU'iits exhibit likewise ihe iluplicity vvliich was so striking on siinil.ir ()ccasions.52 Such proofs of constant mk iid.icily and treason show that Sciiastian Cabot was cap.ibh' of swerving from the truth whenever it inii^hl profit him. What then wen; the interested motives which coultl [)rompl him in 15.^4 lo locale at the southern entrance of the GuU of St. Lawrence a landfall which in reality had been effected t(;n degr(;es further north ? The .ibsence of docuni •nls, and difficulty lo scrutinize the iiuier inci ntives ot anyone, com|)el us lo ansunr this ([ui.-siion only bv resorting to hypothesis. In 1544, a gri:at change had taken place relatively lo the importance ol the more norihern cnaht of the new continent. The seas which h.itiied those regions wrrr no longer a mere conuiion fishing ground frequenletl, by the snuicks of Portugal, Biscay, Brittany, Ntjrmanvl)-, and Kngland. The successful explcralioiis accomplished by Jacques Carlier, from 1534 until 1543, had been followed by the i)lanting of b'rench colonies. The site selected v.'as not Lal>rador, on which, in ail tin- maps of the lime, was inscribed the uiiin\iling legend: "No ay e;i lla cosa dc |)rovecho : Here there is nothing that can be of any use," but around the CJulf of .Si. LawiXMice and tht; isl.uid of (ape I'.reU)!!, v.liicli the reports of Carlier .uul Ivoberxal in bVancis 1. re[)resente,d to be a be,ui- tifui and l"i'riile coui'itry, with rich copper mines, line ports and the most' na\ ig.ible rivers in the world. (}omara, in a work writt(;n before 1551, and .addressed to Charles \'., s.iys of th.it region: "The French an; S(_'tlling (If will settle the coLinlry, ior it is just as good a land as France: 1 )icen que [los I'ranceses] pueblan alii o que poblanin, por ser l.m buen.i tierra como bnincia." 53 The voyagf: of .Master Hore in 1536, favoured by Henr\ \'1II., w,is iloubtle.ss j)roniptid by the news tjf Cartier's first successful resuUs ; • ^Llj.is'.inn (.';iliii{ ib.ilsDch.irjji-i! with li.ivjnjj "tL^i.ti; iin.-niinn s'lu jionsion, ihc Mitici;il.< of thp ('.is,', lic Contra- a |\iyi-t k's ic.txx) iiiiir.ivcclis h I.t vcuvi; dc Vesinicci, l.icion, — ajiiiarL'nlly .11 Ihi' suggestion of .Sel);!-.!!.!!! Cabot, 'ii>qiiVi ct i|iii I'on I'y fill coniiMint." Varmiai^kn, — .\Iati.-\ ("Bk'Kzo appealed to (Charles V., »lio iloclareil .■t<;i.. '-V/ii \'<-ipti'-'i, p. no, note. Tlir,' facis, however, that it was a char|,;e on the ollice of pilot -major, and aic as follows : When ^isi'iso'ius died, I'Vliruary ::2nd. ordered tlie five years' arrears ti^lie iiipiidaied at once, 1512. Jii.iii l)i.iz iiK Soi.is siiccee'led him ill the office of and the annuity to he p.aid iimil her de.iih. regularly, piloininjor ; hiii under the express condition that out of She died. Deceinher 26lh, 1524, without her leaving any his s.ilary, he should pay lo Maria Ci Rf/o, \KsfUCi'it:s' other heir than a sister, which is a proof that Americus during her life-lime, annually. 10.000 nirs., which VksI'I'CCII's left no chihhen. See drpoument \iv. in iJ., he di'l faithfully. Sebastian CAli'ir was appointed to the NAVAkKi';Tl';, Cnlecfion !' Kohninry Jnl, 149S, says tli.ii the " I,iimlc ami lies were founilc by the seid John [KalmUo] in oiire nanu: and by ouru coniniamlc- nicnte." Oriyinal text of ihoso letters patent first piil)- lislieil by Ricliard UmDl.K, i[i:imur of Kflia-itiaii Cahot, 1'. 75- 55 liAKI.rVT, Dirrrx rnyn\lfj< ; Lnnclon, 15S2, in the dedication to Sir I'hilip Sydney. The earliest assinuption of that char.icler whieh we have roiin, Tin; l)i>covKKV ov Nourii A.mi.uua. iri (if .Sebastian Cal)f)t, to ie.ive tlie service of (.'li.irles V and (ililain ,i hetter ])()sition in I-'iij^dand. I lie lime r (■(luired l(M- elU leavoiirs ami correspondence brings iis very near die daU w IK n lli( tlK ll IS dlthciill to see a nuTt; plaiiis; ;iere imisl Iiavi* r«.'ached London. coincitleiice ixlween those facts ; and tiny certainly consliiuie iin|iortant elements to ascertain the motives of .Sebastian Labol lor |)hu:ing hall ol the I'aiglish in a fertile country am colonised uhicli was then the •ing a rnal nation. It tollous that the placing of Cabot's l.imlfall at Cape I'lreioii was an .Llierilioiiglu. If in connection with this fact we recollect ih.ii during forty-lour years prt;vi(.ius. all the: maps locate expressly or b\ implic.ition the first discoveries of the Knglish in the New World un ilegrees furlluT north ; that witnesses of undoubted veracity ami entirely ilisiiilerested testify having heard John Cabot declare that he sailetl westward of Ire- land, without .illudiiig to a change southwarti in the course of tlu' ship, at an\' time during the vox age, \vi; feel constrained to ])lace his pn'tna ticnui vistd, in 1497, beyoml 51 15' latitude north. Taking moreover into consideration that, according to the s.ime coii- tem])orary and unimpeached evidence, John Cabot not only did not sail In his first exiietlition towards the south aft(;r he had proceeded westward from a point which was at or above 51' 15' latitude north, but on the ('oiurar\- thence stood to the northwartl, and afterwards steered in a due westi'rly direction, the- critic must place the landfall on .some point of the north coast of I.aliratlor, ])robably l)etw(;(;n the headlands of .Sandwich Hay and Cajx: Lhudleigh. The other dal;i, however spare, and vague, might lead us to sup[)ose th.il John Cabot entered Ihulson's .Strait, followed the southern border of the Mt'ta Incognita, retniced his course before going far into thar ilirection, and came out at Ca])e Chmlleigh, whence he would ha\ e sailed str.iight back tu Bristol. .\ serious objection to this latter hypothesis is the hicl that John Cabot, when homeward bound, saw two isl:'mls of considerable size to starboard. PasfpLdigo does not specily the character ol those islaiuls, as lie savs onlv : " al lurnar aldreto a visto do ixole." Sonciiio is mon; I'xpllcit. "The two islands were e.\tremely large :— due insule grandis- sime." .\ccordi:iL{ to Professor Hind, that coast of Xorth Laluador "is Sk HAITIAN CaMuT. 37 frin^n'i'il uiih .1 \,ihi iiiuhiluili- nf Islands rk 1 5'"* l)iil n.iiilir.il I'harls liiL;in u ll> mark lar^c ishs niily .it the iiui-aiu<' n\ lludsdHs Sirail. Ol the luo isliuuls ill l'i)wa\a |!a\, oiif, .\k|ialiik, is vry l.ii'i;c, Iml tin- otlur, (irc<'ii, is ralluT small. Tlicii, according Id this luiMiiliciic roiilr, Jdliii Cabdl, \vlu:n D'acliing ihc In adlaiid al L'.i\h- (luidlcif^di, would li.uc laimclu'd iiUo wlial must have looked to him to lie tlir open si'a (as Ixtwiun Clnidki^li and Ri solution Island the i^a]) is 45 miles wiilf), instead of hunj^ing the shore and douMintj the caiie, which, owing to his small cratl and the lack of i)ro\ision, he would h.ive been induced lo do in |)ri'fereMce. Is it not mori' |irol)al)le, thin, that aftir lollowinj^j up his supposed landlall in l.alirador (somewhere ahout Sandwich W.iy or Iin uclokc;), as iar west as Cape, (.'luidleij^h, he turned his prow easterly, and when on tlie east shore o r .\. 'W loundland, nustook lor m<'re islands tin- two larL^e or other peninsulas which project on th.it siile Iroiii the main body of the isle ? ic latter hy|)othesis is so much the more plausi ble that liu' east coast ot Xewloundlaiid is indented with b.i\s runnin;^, in some instances, 80 or 90 iniK'S inland, .md .it no i^reat disl.mce Irom e.ich other, i"'' I he peninsula ol .\\alon, |)ointin^4 soutli-;-ast, is e\< n .ilniosl se\ered Irom the principal portion ol the isl.md, the lonnectioii beinn .1 n.irrow isthmus, in one place hut \.hvrr miles wide. li: ), it' 5" Lieut. K(l. C'liAi rri.i,, .V; Ilii'hixi'.i hny : I,im,|.>ii, 1.S17. n-nili-r of II \'"!/it,ji to ^ ' Ki v. M. ll,\i,\i.v, /■.'ifi/r/i./i.tlin llri'itiiiii-(i, \\,]. \\ II.. ].. vS-'. ^h ■/ I ■ W ' I I 38 THK DiSCOVERV OF NoRTH AmKRICA. In fiict, it w;is those deceptive profiles which caused all cartographers of the first half of the sixteenth century to represent Newfoundland as an archipelago. ''° Even in the Cabotian map of 1544, the isle is yet broken u[) into eleven large fragments. We should also recollect that the bays there have their shores clad in dark green forests to the water's edge ; and, as Cabot says himself that he merely sighted those islands 61 without circumnavigating them, the supposed mistake is perfectly accountable. If so, the adjoining map would represent the itinerary of John Cabot in the expedition of 1497. '^ IndcL'il, the number of fragments is almost the test lo .tscertain the anticiuity of the conlimir.itions.iscrihefl to Newfounillanil in the maps of the first half of the six- teenth century. The only exception, perhaps, is the Terra Xora of Johannes Rrvscil in the mapiiainumli of the I'tolemy puhlisheil al Rome in 150S, which makes of thai rejjicm a peninsula of one piece, solilered to the .\merican continen;. Thi> partially correc! con- ception of '.he islaml reni.xincil, ncvcrilieless, unheeileil l.iy all geographers for more than lifty years afterwards. The (liscovi'ry of the Strait of Belle-Isle, liy Jacipies Cartier, imly confirmed them in that erroneous opinion. '' " 1", al tornar aldrelo a visto do ixole ma non ha vohito (lesender |)cr non perder tempo che la viluaria li manc.ava." Letter of Lorenzo t'AS()i7Ai.t(;o, addrcsseil to his hrothers, and dated London, .Vugust 3, 1497, in our Jean tl Ki'hn-'litn C\('")/, doc. viii., p. 322. I I 4 m it f I / "'I V. fir ■ h 4 ;li' li ( 11 I f h Plate III. SECOND VOYAGE OK jqhn CABOT (1498-- 1499 ?) BOOK SECOND. 4^e ^econb (^ogage of ^o^n €a6o^« 149S-1499 (?). CHAPTER I. VERY soon ifler his return, John Cabot petitioned Henry VH. for new letters patent, authorising him to visit again the country which he had just discovered. The King granted his n.'quest on the 3rd of February, 1498.' There is no ground whatever for the assertion,^ frequently repeated, that John Cabot did not command this second expedition, or that it was undertaken after his death. On the contrary, Pasqualigoj and Soncino-* mention him by name exclusively as the party to whom Henry VH. intended to entrust the lleet. Besides, this time, John Cabot is the only grantee, and the new letters patent omit altogether the names of Sebastian and of his brothers. Moreover, John explained in person to Soncino 5 his plans for the second voyage; and July 2^, 1498, Puebla and Ayala^' announced officially to the .Spanish S "reigns that the vessels had actually sailed out "con otro ginoves coniw ' ilon," which description does not apply certainly to Sebastian, but to John Cabot, as we know from corroborative evidence already stated. The lact is that the name of Sebastian Cabot a[)pears in connection with those voyages, for tlie first time, in Pt'ter Martyr's account, printed ■ liiDDLE, r)/i, lit., p. 75 i Dksimom, Iiiiiinto, p. 56. vole maml.irc XV. in .\X. ivivili." — .Soncino, in np, rii., luc. i\. " Chir.niatii Zoanne Caliiito ;" due. >:. ■^ " Kt ilice . . . Kt fa ([uesto .irgunicnm , . . Kt " HlDDi-E, ihiJ-eiii, p. So: (Tiuigf HaNCkokt, in A]<]tlrlon's Enfydop-iiUn, ailiclc un Cahol. 1 " Kl re U' lia promc^so ,i teinpci no\o nnvil .X. c nrniati come lui viir.\ . . . Kl cuinl serliiania Zuam TallKit." — rA.si,H!Al.U".o, in mir J^an tt SiUuliui Cahol, doc. viii. ■• •' I.a .Miicta (le Ro questd piimo bonn tempo gli dicello per niodo . . . ." — .SoN<-lNO, doc. \. '' " Kl Key de Inglalerra eniliio cinco naos armadas con olio i;inovcs como colon .... dizen ipie seran venjdds para el setiemlire." — ITKliLA, doc. s'n. " Kl ginoves tiro mi caniino . . . l-^l Key de Vn(;latcira uic ha falil.ido alyunas vezcs solire ello." — .\VALA, iloc. \iii. ft m ill \ t iV ii /i I I 40 Tiir DiscovERV of Xorth America. 1 1 ., '!« m It'! 1. f )■ I [ yi twcnt)' years .iltcr the evtMit ^ and taken from Seha.sti;ui's own lips ; whirli. as wr lirive shown, is not a rfcomniendation. In Kn;j;lan(l, his nanu: rev(;als itself as regaixis thi- discovery of the New World at a still later period, in John Stows Chronicle, published in 1580.^ And, although both that historian and Hakluyt'^ quote as their authority for the staKinent a mannscripi eupy of Robert^ Fabian's Chro)iii!e, everything tends to show that the name of Seliastian Cabot is a sheer inter[)olation. ihe eilation (.jiven by Stow ami Hakluyt is not to be foini;l in any of the editions of Fabian's Chronicle,^" nor in any of the MSS. quoted by .Sir Henry Fills for his eilition ; " but this, we grant, is not a tle- cisi\(' argument, as the first edition does not extend bevoad the reign of Richard Mi., vvhilsi the .idditions, which in the second year reach so lat(; as 1 509, are only !)rief notes. By comjiaring, however, xiv texts of .Stow and of Hakluyt with th(> manuscript Cronicon rcgum Atiglt'ce in the British Museum.'- which is in every respect of the beginning of the sixieenth century,'' it is easily shown that the said manuscript has been the prototy|)e either of I'.ibi.ui or of the chronicle, whatever it may in-, from whicli .Stnw and Hakluyt have derived cerning Cabot's vova^e. j-'or instance : their uitoniiation con- CKOMCON. " This ycre . . . made hjni self e.xpcrt in knowyng of the world I aust'd the' Kyiig to rnannc .i ship w' vytaii! and other necessaries for to scche an Hand whereyn the said SU'aungcr surmysed to he gretc eummodities STOW. " Thys yeare . , , profes- sing hiinselfe to he experte in knowledge of the rin^uite of the worlde . . caused the King to man and virtual a shippe ... to search for an ilan.de whiche he knewe to be replenished with rich com- modiccs . . . &c., fee.." H.\Kl.rVT. " This yeere . . . made himselfe very expert ... in knowledge of the worlde . . . caused to man and victuall a ship[)e ... to scan h fur an Ilande. whieh hee saide hee knewe well was ric he and replenished with rich com- modities . . . iSrc, &c." BliI there' is .ui important difference, vi/.: where those two last-n.amed historians insert "one .S<-I),istian dabatn," or ascribe the discovers' to f(.l.. Dim .ICRKA, !)■ ()■■'■' .. ;. III., lih. \-. li,r,„i.x. Aic.ii.i, I Tit;, !ho p.. .iu eiiiiiiiii .f c-; '-• .)/.s'. foil. viifMiu.^, J xir., t. 173. '' Mr. (lAiKDNKK, who kimllv rcfxamincil thnt valu- 77, I'hroiiirli I)/ hJiiij/aml, /mm Hni'f iiiilo the ',/ I/. 'I;. I'f Chii^i 1580. I.uinlin, 4t,i, p. S6i. lliKO'il, JJiirrs i:'„ia\]t-< liiiniihi'i f/ii 'liyiiifrl' al.'lc .MS. at our retiiiesl, wroic tn us in iS!)2 ih.it ii w.is iiiw|ui.stinnal)ly a cik\c\ of the lime, adding : " The rarly part of this chronicle i.s derived from a common source vilh ! L'ral I dur I,iindo .1- ■I. London, i5f>2, 4I1 iSiC. i5jj. lyii in chronicles, such as Ciregory': idM 1;-, K loll. The „,,yof|. lAN in llic readi nj! The latter pait has something in coimnon with Fahyan, but there is a good deal in it lor Ihe ieic;n of Henry VII. lot to 1)1 i.f till- British Museum contidus a MS. note, as id in any printed source' See Jiau ft follows : A ihitd MS. in iliv ll..n,l,ain Lihrai', \\t haMj v.iinly sought for it. ,S(7ne of tltose vessels apparently lielongetl to Lansloi 'riiirkill of London, to whom Henry VII. loaned ^20, March 22nd, 1498, " for liis ship yoini; towards the new llande." '' E.nnrjild //iVonVa, p. 116 ; Dksimoni, lulnrno a Ohmiiiii fV(/"./o (/(lioiv'sii iroprllorc il I Liiliiri'lr,r r lU aJli'i- ri'jiiiiii iliJ/' Alfa AiiKrlm, p. 61 : Ji'iii (' Si'hn^licn Viiliol, pp. 102, 25G. ''' lii-.K';t;NKoiii, Cni,i\,Jii.r, \'ol. 1., \.'. 210, p. 176; Jinii lit Sdhir"! il II (.'nhot, doc. \iii., p. 329. '" Juan nl Srhrt^t. Caliol, doc. xii., p. 328. '" Navarrrtf., Co/fi-ioii, \'o!. II., p. 122, states that La Cosa, who had acconipanicfl Alonso de Hojeda, returned to Spain "a mediados de Junio de 1500." Mr. i)i-. Ll-.iiiMNA, Juan ih la Com, Madrid, 1.S77, Svo, p. 70, says that, .according to the manuscript records of the C'aia tin Conh-ala'-ioii, it was ''en Kehrero de 1500;" Imt gives neither the text nor precipe indications to lind it. His dale, however, is certainly erroneous, as, ac- cording to Las Casas, Hliton'n ili la.i Iiiilia.i, lib. i., cap. cKv., Vol. 11. , p. 427, Hojeda and La Cosa did noi leave .he island of Hispaniola " sino cuasi en tin de I'e'irero. .■iitianle el ano de 500, y aun crco que en Mar/..." il '.(' ■^' 1. i» 1 ,1 V A w !« 42 Thk Descovkkv ok NoKTEi Amekica. S\ coast. In that celebrated chart, there is, in the proximity and west of Cuba, an unbroken coast line, delineated like a continent, and extending northward to the extremity of the map. On the northern portion of that seaboard La Cosa has placed a continuous line of British flags, com- mencing at the south with the inscription ; " Mar descubierta for ingleses ;'' and terminating at the north with "Cape of England :—(7 Hi - [1 John Cabot — Second Voyagk. 43 equinoctiale," situate south of the point reached by him in 1497. To this interpretation must be added the fact that the line of British flags in La Cosa's map, corroborates such an intention, as it indicates plainly a southward coasting. How far south then did John Cabot go in 1498? Taking the dis- tance from the equator to the extreme north in La Cosa's map as a criterion for measuring distances, and comparing relatively the points named therein with points corresponding for the same latitude on modern planispheres, the last English flagstaff in the southern direction seems to indicate a vicinity south of the Carolinas. This hypothetical estimate finds a sort of corollary in Sebastian Cabot's account, as reported by Peter Martyr. In describing his alleged north-western discoveries, Sebastian said that icebergs having compelled him to alter his course, he steered southwardly, and followed the coast until he reached about the latitude of Gibraltar : " Quare coactus fuit, uti ait, vela vertere et occidentum sequi tetendique- tamen ad meridiem, littore sese incurvante, ut Herculei freti latitudinis fere gradus . . . ."=' This statement was made at the latest in 1515. -- Several years after- wards, Sebastian Cabot again mentioned the matter in his conversation with the Mantua gentleman ; but this time he extended the exploration of the north-west coast five degrees further south, naming Florida as his terminus, and the point whence he sailed homeward : " Venni sino k quella parte che chiamano al presente Florida, et mancandomi gi^ la vettovaglia, jjresi partito di ritornarmene in Inghilterra." -3 True it is that assertions from Sebastian Cabot, particularly when calculated to enhance his merits in the eyes of others, must always be taken with a mental reservation ; but, excepting his unfilial custom of as- cribing to himself a credit which belonged to his father, we see no good reasons for rejecting his description in this instance. The statement confirms John Cabot's project as disclosed to Soncino, and is justified by the import of the expedition of 1498, which was on a much greater scale than that of 1497. It is also corroborated by Ferdinand and Isabella's order to Alonso de Hojeda, when on the eve of sailing for the Caribbean Sea, to stop ' 1 i. " IVter Mari YR, nl)i .sH;ir((. says : " Martiu mense anni futuri MDXVI. puto ad cx- " In thi; same clccaile, I'elor Martyr, alUuling to a ploraiitUim discessuruni." — Decad. III., lib. vi., f"- 56, A. projected expoiliiion in search of the N'ortli-Wesl Passage, '' Rami'sio, Vol. III., f"' 374. • 44 TlIK DlSCOM'KY OK XoUTU AmI.KUA. the pro^frcss of the I'-nghsli in their exploration of tlie ncvviyfoiiiul cor tineiit. -■> Th e letters patent which contain this injunction arc c ated J UIU.' 501 ; that is, three years after 'I'lieir Catholic Majesties had been informed by l'iic:bla and /\yala o\' the results of John Cabot's first voyage, and at a time wht n there hail yet been no other expeditions under the Ikitish flag across th(; Atlantic, except that of 149S just quoted. We must mention, however, a circumstance which at first sight might militate against .Seb.istian Cabot's exactn(!ss in this respect. Ivventy years after his conversation with l'et(T Martyr, he was sumnK)netl as a witness on behalf of Luis Columbus, who had brought suit against the Cro wn. in vintlication of certain n ights ac(]uiri'ci Dy nis g rrani Ifath er ('hristopher. Sebastian then declareil. under oath before thi; Council of the Indies, December 31, 1535, that he did not know whether the mainland con- tinued northward or not from Florida to the Bacallaos region: "que desdt; v\ rio de Santi Spiritus [the delta of the Mississip])i] en adelante, la I^'lorida e los Hacallaos, no se determina si es todo una tierra firme 6 no." -i Strictly speaking, the phra.se may be construed as implying that .Sebastian Cabot possessetl no information whatever r(,'lative to the coun- tries south of his tirsi landfall ; which, however, could not be the ca.se if, as he averred, he had followetl the coast " littore sese incur\anle," d.own to the latitude ol (iibraltar, or to that of Florida. Sebastian might nevertheless give a dubitative answer in case the ^\merican coast surveys of his time still left a ga]), hmvever insignificant, between the Gulf of Mexico and 36 latitude north. His answer, therefore, does not, in the main, absolutely contradict tht; statement reported by Wu-r Martyr. Withal, it is diflicult to reconcile its general bearing with facts which Sebastian Cabot, by virtui: of his official |)osition, was bound to know, to record, and to dis.seminate. Thus in 1535, which is the time when his deposition was taken, he could not be ignorant of the nature of the coast which lini:s the northern i)art of the (julf of Mt'xico, as in tin; .Seville map of 1527 that region bears the IcgtMul : "Tierra que aora va a poblar paiifilu dc narvaes : '\\\\'^ is the land which I'amphilo de Xarvaez is gcjing to settle;" whilst on Ribero's (1529), we also read: "Tierra de ■■' N.WAKKKll., Vi'l. III., (Inc. \.. p. So. anil infra, nir.> de Co afios," fur Sfliasti.nn CalH.i uns ix'ilainlv lib. v., chapter .v. iwenty-nnc jears old, at least, in 141)6 ; el.-e he cmild • it '5 Prohair.a, of Oecemlier 31st, 1536. It was on this figure as grantee in such an act as the letters patent issued occasion thai they i\i(iM, (y<. v'd. \ ,v John Cahot — Sicconu Vovack. 45 Gtit-iiv," which locates the; cixplonition accom]ilishc(l by Aloiiso Alvarrz Pineda in 15 19. Hfsidcs, lio liad been certainly informed of the saiHng of Antonio de Alaminos" when despatched from Vera Cruz liy Corle-s in the latter year, and which must have doubled Cape; Sable and hujj;_L;(.'d the Florida coast at least as hicfh as Georgia, consiiiering that when in tht; Bahama Chamiel, Alaminos '• metiendo se al norte."-^' He must also have been familiar with the expedition of Juan Ponce de Leon in 151,1 from 29" to 30' north latitude, -7 and then south to 25'. Nor could he f.iil to be aware of the sailing of Lucas Vascjut^z de Ayllon in 1526, along the Carolina and X'irginia coasts.-^ Finally, hv, was cognizant of thi- dis- coveries accomplished by Fsltwam Gomez in 1525, which ranged from 40' to 42" 30' north latitude, -9 and established the connection between Ayllon's and John Cabot's own explorations, at all events. This con- tinuous coast line was so well known to t;xist that it is specifically marked on the very maps entrusted Lo Sebastian Cabot, and which were not |)er- mitted to be drawn or copied without having been first approved by him as Pilot-Major. How could he then depose and say in 1535 that he illd not know whether the region extending from the Gulf of Mexico to Nova .Scotia, or to Labrador, formed part of a continent ? Wv suspect in Sebastian's dubious answer some interested motives, as usual, but which the documents do not {)ermit us yet to fathom. iV; that as it may, those contradictions are not of such a ch.u'acter as to compel thi; critic to reject the statements made by Sebastian Cabot to Peter Martyr, and to the; Mantua gentleman, concerning the coast which his father or both visited during a voyage which was necessarily accomjilished in 1498-1499. The adjoining ma[) exhibits the route probably followed on that occasion. ) I 'I ! "' I'ciiKil I'iAZ, HislovUi Vr.rdatlcra ; Madrid, 1S62, hook liv., ]>. 4S; llKKKKkA, Docad. II., lil). v., caii. xiv,, '" ri.s(iir.i,, (_i'(s,-liii-lilc i/'..s' Z' ilallii-fi tltr Kiilda-k- tiiiijeu, Simij;ardl, 1S58, 8vo, p. 521. '* " Ck-n li'iju.is mas al Xutle ile la I'lorida.'' — IIkrkkra, Decad. III., lili. \iii., cap. viii.. p. 241. " Trciiila y cinco, y trciiila y si.i.>. y lri.-MUa y ^icl.- ^lail'is norte-sur." — Xavarkkik, Vol. III., p. 153, -■' " Dcsde qiiaranla c iin [^rados liasla (niarunla e dos y miidio."-OviF.lio. IH''Uiiia (Inm-iit, \\<\. II., lil'. xxi., cap. \., p. 147. .» -i T. f I* I I I 1» i' CHAPTKR 11. TTTK cannot dismiss the |)ri-s(^nt subjt^ct without endeavouring to ascer- y 1 tain whether other e.\i)editions were not sent to the New World under the British flag, in the twenty years which followed the Cabolian voyages and discoveries. Thai such e.xpeditions were meditated and prepared does not admit of a doubt ; but, if ever accomj)lished, the results are not to be found mentioneil in chronicles or histories, nor even in any unpublished docu- ment .so far as known at this day. These, likewise, have left no r(;cord. We find, now and then, a few succinct indicatif)ns, from which the critic infers attempts of that character. !t is those brief notes which we now propose to e.xamine. On the 19th of March, 1501. Henry Vl\. granted letters patent to Richard Warde, Thomas Ashehurst, and John Thomas, Bristol merchants, who were associat(\I for the undertaking with joam and Francisco Fer- nandez and loam (".on/.ales, gentlemen of the Azores: " Armigeris in Insulis de .Surrys sub obediencia Regis Portugalia^ oriundis." ' Certain entries in the .iccount of the |)rivy purse e.xpenses of Henry VII., under th(; dates of January 7 and -September 30, 1502,2 as well as a reference in Stow's Annals undt:r the latter year to "three men taken in the New- found llandes, and who were brought unto the King," indicate that the voyage was actually carried out. On the 9th of December, 1502, letters patent to the same effect wvvc gnuited to Thomas Ashehurst, Joam Gonzales, Francisco Fernandez, and Hugh Elliott. 3 We possess no other information concerning this projected voyage. Hut the entry: "1503. Sej)!. 30. To the merchants of ISristoll th.it have 'oem- in the Newefounde Lande, ^20,"-* may refer to that e.xpedition, in which seems to have been Nicholas Thorne, the father of Robert, as he had for a companion then "a merchant of Bris- towe named Hugh I'lliot." 5 ' DlliM.K. M'lllnif, y\: 222, j 1 2-32a •■ N. 11. Nil iins, Kx'-i-pfn H!il'ir>-n liiiH^ "/ Kii'jU-'k Ifii'iiri/, i>. 126. 3 Rv.MKR, Fii'di'ra, \''>\. XIII., [i. 37. rii\ [lliith't- * KxiPf)itll /fiilorira, pp. 129, I JO. ' ll.VKl.rvr, I'l-iii'-ijtall Xariiiniinii-', Vol. I., p. 219. i1^ i John Ca.iot. — Ski'ond V()vai;i: 47 The gift made April 8, 1504, of £2 "to a |)a;st«; that goi-tli to \\\v. new Ilaiule,"^ impHes an English exi)e(Hti()n iinclertakcii in that year. We do not now feel so confident as regards the entry of Sipte in- ber (?) 25, 1505, whtTe mention is made of /"s which were given to " Portyngales that brought popyngais and catts of the mountaigne with other stuf [from the Newfounil Island] to the Kinges grace,"7 and which were taken to RichnKjnd. 'I'here are neither parrots nor catamounts in Newfoundland ; and these i)erhaps refer to animals anil oI)ji;cts brought from Brazil by some Portuguese seamen, who, on their return to Portugal, may have shipped at Lislxjii f(jr some English port, carrying with ihem their birds antl wild cats, as is freiiuently tiie case with sailors. We find then, about this time, the expedition of Sir Thomas i'ert, or Spert.** Whether the projiict dates of the years 1508-1509,9 or 151 7,'" it does not seem to have hc:en carried into effect. Towards the close of tht; month '.^S. ['"ebruary, 1521, the wardens of the Twelve Great Livery Companies (jf London, as we have already stated, were informed officially by tvvo members of the King's Council, Sir Robert Wynkfeld and Sir Wolston Hrown, that Henry V'lII. required of them five \essels for a maritime expedition : "To furnysche v. shipjis after this man'- The Kings CJrace to prepare them in lakyll ordenauncc and all other necessaries at his charge. And also the King to here the adventour of the said ship|)s, And the nierchaunts and companys to be at the charge of the vitaylling and tnennys wage of the same shipps for one hole yere and the shipps not to be above vj" ton apece. And that this Citie of London shabe as hede Reulers for all the hole realm for as many Cites and Townes as be mynded to prepare any shipps forwards for the same purpos and viage, as the Town of Bristowe hath sent vp there knowledge that they wyll prepare ij. shipps."" The promised reward for the outlay was " that x yere aft there shall no nacion haue the trate but [the said companies] and to haue respyte for there custom xv monthes and xv monthes." The required vessels were intended "for a viage to be made into the newefound Hand;" and to be commanded by "one man callyd as understoud Sebastyan," who was no one else than Sebastian Cabot, although the hitter's family name is not mentioned in the records. ' Kxi'irjita Jlistoiira, p, 131. ' Jhidem, p. 133. '^ II. K. I-'ox HofRNK, l:^ii'j/i.''h .•^lamni niiiltr Ihf. Tudora, London, 186S, AdI. I., p. 43. ^ Frolii'^liir'.t yoyn'jix, ll.ikUiyt Socifly's ifprinl>, 1867, 8vo, p. 41. "Kl'lN, Tritili.li of tht Xiicf India, London, 1553, 410, dt'dicicc. " This nnd ihc following (piolations arc taken Irom the manuscript Wntdtii.i' Aicomiln of tht iJraptiv Cunijiany if Lomltiu. See sxi^.m, p. 29, note 21, and infra, .Vlipendix A. * n\ ill \s \ \ m w f ' 1 f ■HP 48 Till. Disci )\i:kv or North AMKiacA. f ■ it A in(jt;tinu; was held March i, 1521, to consider the demand, which met with decided opposition on the part of the liveries ; the Drapers' Company assuming the leadership, and being intrusted, as it seems, with the task of speaking in the name of the " other auncy.'iunt ffeliships." On the rith of March, the rept)rt drawn up by the wardens of the Dra|)c'rs and of the Mercers, was read at a meeting of " the hole body of the tfelishi[), ryche and poure." They objected to the King's demand on the plea that as regarded the intended expedition His Majesty, the Cardinal (Wolsey), and the Royal Council, " were not duely and sub- stancially enformed in suche manner as perfite knowledge myght be had by creilihle rejiorte of maisters and mariners naturally born within this Realm of England having ex[)erience and excersided in and about the for said Hand." This evidently aimed ;it the foreign nationality of Seb.istian Cabot, whom they did not consider as being " naturally born within the realm of F.ngland." The wartlcns then expressetl the greatest reluctance to the appoint- ment of Sebastian as commander of the expedition, in most energetic terms, which we ha\e already ([uoteil, and ba.st:d u[)on their conviction thai he hail never been before to the New World, although arrogating to hiiiisijl tliscoveri(;s matU: by his father, in relating facts the knowledge of which he hekl from the latter ami other people. Finally, th(^y expressed willingness " in furnysshing of ij shippys aiul supjios to urnyssh the thryd. " i'his decision having been communicated to the auuiorities, " the commissioners bronijht aunswere fro mv lord Cardvnall that the Ki nL: woici haiie the i)remisses to !>o furth and to take effect. .And there vppoii my lord the maire was send for to spek(! w' the King for the s.ime inatier. so tli;it his grace wold hai;.- no nay there; in, liut sp;;k sh.arpv'K to the Maire t ) see it putt in execucion to the b.'st of his p.'uver. On the 26th of March, the Max'or ol Lond.on suinmoiUHl before him tile entire conip uiv at th(,' DniixTS hall, "where was w' Ljrete labo' diligence and many diui'rs w.irnvngs grunted hrst .ind last ij C mcs. marks^ ])res('ntvtl bv a byll to ilv mairr the ixth d ly of Aprill." and 200 l and desliiiali.m ol the \-oy,ig(; ? .Must die W'h.it Cf)uld 111- ihf ()l)j words: " Xewefouude Hand" be interpreted as me uiing the island of Xew- foundl.nid or an\' point (jf our .\inericaii east coast.'' We are not |in'pared to eive an affirm, itive answer. >t John C.\1!(.)T -SiruND Vovack. 49 As has l)^•eIl already stated, Sebastian Cabot, who was constantly plotting, intriguino-, ami betniying his employers, had proposed in 1522 to go to Venice, for the; |)urpose of selling to the Rei)ublic secret information relative; to a North- West Passage, which he claimc;d to have discovenid : "come e il vero chc io 1' ho ritrovata." The Council of the Ten sent the entire corrt^spondt'nce to (iaspar Contarini, the Venetian ambassador at the Court of Spain, with instructions to interview Cabot. In their conversation, the latter, to enhance the value of the i)roposed enteri)rise, said that three years before, whilst being in England, Cardinal Wolsey had made great efforts to induce him to take the command of an important expedition to discover new countries, and had actually expended 30,000 ducats in equipping the lleet : " Hor ritrovand>)mi ja tre anni, salvo il vero, in In- gelterra, cjuel Reverendissimo Cardinal mi volea far grandi partiti che io navigasse cum una sua armada per discoprir [)aesi novi la quale era (juasi in online, et haveano jireparati per spender in essa ducati 30 m."'- The words "paesi novi" do not 'ipply, we think, lo a western jiassage, but to new countrii'S which Cardinal Wolsey, hoped to discover, perhaps in the tracks of the Spanish na\'igators. Then; m.iy he an inkling of such intention in one of the arguments used by the wardens of the; l)ra[iers' com[)any against the expediency of the enterprise, when they said . •• Also we thynk it is dowbtfull that any English shi[) shalbe sufferd to laid \sic.] in Spayn and in other countres by reason of suche acts anil statuts." It was in October, 1522, that Sebastian Cabot made those statements to Contarini, and ascribed to Wolsey's pnjposals a date corrt^sponding with the ye.irs 15 19- 1520. This is sufficiently near the spring of 1521, in a general conversation, to authorise the belief that the dcmaiids of Henry \T11. were intended for the expedition which he wished lo entrust to Sebasti.m Cabot, in the three years next preceding the hitter's interview with the Venetian ambassador. The Drapers ])aid their share of the exjjenses, for the records con- t;iin a list of names and the sums which each gave on that account. '• My lord the Maire, .'-'ir John Brugge," heads it with /'S. This first list of " Masters and livery " contains seventy-eight names. There is a second list of forty-six " Bachillers," who give smaller sums ; one gives £^ 6s. 8d., the next 5 marks, then 40 shillings, down to many at 3s. 4d., 2od., and 12(1. only. But the expedition never set out from England. We " C. Uni.o, La I' ra jialri'i li,' (\mll < iSSo, \\. 64, ami ,/<«« ft Si'hnsliin Cahot, doc. xxviii., di (rioraniii I'nholo, SlinlJ r Doruiw nli, ('liiiiL;i;i,i, [i. 34S. H -r . .' f ;m ', lb • I I 11 t (I i', .it 111' 50 Tin-; Disco\i:ky ok North Amkrica. have related elsewhere '3 how Sebastian Cabot plumed himself on having declined the proffered honour, and advised Charles V. to refuse the necessary authorisation for his leaving Spain on that account. Henry VIII. was, nevertheless, anxious to carry the British ilag beyond the known regions. In 1525, he promised Paulo Centurione, a noted Genoese navigator and cosmographer, to equip several vessels for a voyage of discovery : " Et Paulo poi passo in Ingliterra, et fu ben veduto dal Re, il quale li prometteua alquanti naui [)er andare a discoprir paesi noui." The project failed on account of the untimely death of Centurione : " ma il bono l. laborioso Paulo amfalo in Londra, et ando a cercare i paesi dell' altro mondo," adds Agostino Giustiniani,'-* some- what jocularly. Centurione seems to have entertained the notion which '•^ '553 promoted the expedition of Willoughby and Chancellor: "that noble adventure of seeking for a passage into the eastern parts of the World, through the unknown and dangerous seas of the North," '5 and to the establishment of the Muscovy Com[)any in 1555. The project of Centurione is stated in these words : " Coiidur le speciarie e le altre mercanzie di Colocut e di Tauris in le parti nostre di Europa per via di Moscovia," so that even in this instance the idea cannot be said to have originated with Sebastian Cabot. '''J' nil tl Si'ha.-'/ it II Caliot, \\ Ii6. '■• ( Hi'sTfNiANr, Caxliijatii'iini Annali, Gonova. 1537, wA\o, !il). vi., f"- ccKwiii. 'JSiRYl'i;, Ilistoi-iial Mem, \'ol. II., \>. 402; Haki.i'yt, Tht Priiiiifiall Xariiintioiis, Voiaijim, and l)i'V.Tov.KT.i, Mcmoria a rin-a daoriijinalidcul'. 1717, folio, lib. iv., c,i|>, i., p. 97 i CANDino LusiTANO da X'ari;iaf;aO do Oi'eaiio Atlait/i'-o . . . . , in the (Jose KKlciRr.l, Viil'i do Iii/niiii IK Hmriqnr, Lisbra, l\i ri'ta don A(;orf.i, roiu.-i Del^nd.i, 1S51, Svo, Vul. I., 175S, 4tn. p. 2yo. -' .\iUonio (.lAi.VAM, Tinffui, (/().< diiiir.vn e dftiiay- s H. J. DE Sknna Kur.ITAS, if' moria hinlDn'ra .ivhrt radoi rniniiilioi, Li:.lio,i, 1563, ,Svo, .iml 1730, folio, p. 22. in'iiutado dixmlirlnhjito di: umn su/ipo-ila illiri ao iiortc ' I'.im'sto nil Can 111, Ari'hiro iiiii(n>i iiolai ; Vt\\2,.v\.\, f>vo, \ul. I., No. 111., p. 250 J Lt>i Cortt- LislKU, 1S45, Svo, pp. 62-73, docs. B ami c. }!'('!, p. 311. '' Op. cit., \\ Si, iloc. (i. i 1 t A Ik' •11 ji M! il 52 TliK I)lSCU\r.KV OF \oKTll Amkkh'a. living in the .Azores, continued to entertain delusions ot" tlial char:icter ; and June 21, 1473, Ruy Gon^alves tia Camera obtains letters patent con- veying to him lh(! islands which he |)ro[)oses to iliscover in ihr. ocean. 7 But about that time, tin- belief which suggesteil all those elTorts, exolvcs to its full extent, and the conviction gains ground that by sailing due west the east coast of Asia can be reached. Affonso \'. directs his chaplain, bernam Martins, to consLilt the grtat I'lorentine astronomer, Toscanelli, on the subject ; and June 2^. 1474, the hitter sends him a map antl {^\planatiorlS already |)resenting all the arguments which (Chris- topher Columbus was to ackluce ten years later to enlist I'erdinand and Isabella in his projects. ** Meanwhile, certain Portuguese still cling to their fu'st notion ; and in the ho[)e of (.liscx)vering islands in the Atlantic, solicit privileges to that effect. On the 2Sth of January, 1475, b'ernam Telle/; receives letters patent, fu'st limiting his cx[)lorations to the latitude of Ciuinea, and tht'ii, November 10, extending the right to the imaginary island of the Seven Cities. '^ Although a numbt;r of enter[)rising inhabitants of the- Azores, such, for instance, as Alvaro and Joam da b'onte, lose their entire fortunes in such ventures, '°, the Portuguese islanders are not tliscouraged, and iVntom'o Leme, of Madeira, but of Dutch origin, sets sail, and affirms on rt!turning that he has discovered three isLuuls west of Terceira." In 1484, another Mack'irean petitions Joam 11. to t'Utrust him with a cara\'el for the ])ur- pose of taking possession of an islaiul which he pretenck;d to have seen west ot the Azores.'- On the: ;,olh of J ime in that year, a countryman of his (il it be not the same; aiK'enturer), calletl Fernam l)omingU(.'z de Arco, is made governor of the island which he hopes to tiiscover in the Atlantic: Ocean.'-' Two years afterw.irds, March 3, I48(), bernam d I Imo receives frop-. (oani 11., letters patent covering not only isles, but a coniineiil t'S'en, which liimsrlf or his agents propose to lind westward. '4 .Attempts in that direction continued to be matle during several vears, as we ha\e the testimony of two witnesses to the effect that Christopher " Di; Ti-ii.uEs, tthi Miipm. "' liililiothfi-n Annri'-niia ]'tln.-il.--, c/i. <■//., il.ir. i-:., p. 77, a\v\ \il.ilf.p I.;; Vakm'.\i;i,n, I.h ]'. r'/tnh ni (•'(ittiKiliaiil Saiiilai/'ti c.liinl liy Or. .\. K. ur. .\/k\ r.no, I- Hinliul, 1S7J, Svo.) " H.iiKilona' III-; I..\s Casas, llisluriit 4 i),.; \- viNHAiiLN, (7.. -■,''., p. iifi, .l.'Cs, iv., v., and Iis76, Svu, p. 7J. (Tlii^ piiblic.ilion is (lilTeiL'Mt from tlij. vi.; C/inxtcnlie ('i'tn,plt \',,\, !..m. ;i2. iiiii- i. 1 df. ('(//I'/i, .Sunlbyo, 1864, 8vci, p. n.(. Attkmi'TS ok Tiir. I'oKTrci'i-.si:, 53 Coluinhiis aiul Martin Alonso I'inzoii went to intcrrojjjatt: one I'fdro Vdzquez dc la I'Vontcra, who claimed to have; accvjnipanied an infant of Portugal on a voyage of discovery, which, however, failed owing \.o vast fields of sea weeds (the .Sargasso Sea). '5 I-'inally, the King of Portugal, according to the testinn)ny of Juan Rodriguez de. Mafra, actually sent out one or two exped tions in search of those western lands. '^^ Under the circumstances, we can readily umlerstand why hut little attention was [)aid to the projects which Christopher Columbus prop' sed while in lasbon. The theory adxocated by the great Cenoese was not new to the Portuguese, and the reasons which he alleged in supp(jrt of the proposeil enterprise were only a repetition of what Toscanelli* had written to the King's chaplain years previous. Had Affonso \'. or Joam II. felt dis[)osed to send ve.ss>';ls westwanl in search of the (-ast coast of China, he would not have stood in need of a foreigner to com- manil the expedition.''^ The time was past when Portugal ilept:nded for maritime explorations u\)on Italian mariners. Joam de Santarem, Pedro de Kscovar, and their pilots IMartin Fernandez and Alvaro Esteves, who explorc'd the coast of Guinea in 1470-72 ; Uiogo Cam, who reached the Congo in 14S4, and afterwards 22' latitude south; Bartholomew Diaz and Joam Infante, who actually rounded the .Stormy Cape in i486; nay, Vasco tla Ciama, who then already enjoyed so great a reputation that he had received instructions in 14S7 to attt:mpt to reach India by the new route, when o.im died,'** were competent, it setims, to conduct Lusi- tanian ves.sels across the Atlantic. "J On the other hand, if the success achieved by Columl)us caused the Portuguese to regret their want of faith or tardiiu-ss, they cc:rtainly con- sidered, u])on rellection, that the discovery ol the \ew World confirmed geographical Iiyi)olhesis, however cruile, which, as we ha\c shown, h.ul been current more or less for a number of years ;it the Courts of Affonso \'. and of Joam II., as well as aiiioug the inhaliitaiUs of the '5 l)r|iiisili.iH.s 111 AImumi W'Ic/. lie -Allid ;mil .Mniisn nuiy alios )• liii-ii rundailos maiiiienis, (|iif i\o lo e^tiiuarun, (j,illc(;ci, J'i-oli(iir.ii.^ (il Nov. i, 1532, and Oi'C. 22, 1535- > picsumian en id nuuido no lialior oircis niayores dL'scu- .Sco nlso iliu .iccimnt of llu- alunipts of \inccnlo Diaz: luidoros ([iio illos." Anilrcs Hkknaiukz, llixluria dv " liLN y iMialio voces ;\ luiscar la ditdia lierra liasta cicnio /(;.•-■ llajia C'dlnliiii", Scvilla, 1S70, Svo, cap. cxviii., y lanlas If5;i:as," at l!ie cost of a wcallliy (Icnocse nici- \ ol. I., p. 358. cliani ol' Tciccira, calk-d I.ucas dr ( "a/ana ; I.As ("asas, '"(larcia liK KrsiNhi:, l.irri) ila.i ()':r(rs, I.islioa, lib. i., cap. siii.. \(il. I., p. 101. 1555, fol., f" MV. "' " ri ni di- l'.irlo.;al a\ ia ain':ido una o dr.s \rics." " .XzruAKA, \alcnliin I'KKNANnb/, &c., &c., in i;. ,\. Intcno!;aloiy of ilic piloi M,\i i;a, in \" \i;MiAiii\, /.« nr. l!i: I 1 r.M'orK 1 , Ih st'tihriiiiiiilns, i/k, rni^, 1 <-iii,(ini'KMir., op. ri>.. ca|). clxiij., f"- xcvij., seems to indicate that Joani 11. sent his amliassadors to Rome very soon after Aujju^l 17, 1492, which is the date when he heard of the death of Innocent VIII. l-'ernando de Ahueida was .adjoined t.i Pedrn ila Silva, and delivered hkcw i^e a sermon, where mention is made of the maritime discoveries aceomi'Uslicd !.y ih.- rortiit;ni-,e, Iml. of Course, only in .\ftica. />'. .1. I'.. Ail'lltioii.^, p. i, note. •I'.iiiKoN, /Ifliitr (iii'l h'ltll 0/ ihi- liomiin I'lnjiin, Huston. 1S55. Sv... ^wy. \\\\.. \ol. \'l.. |i. 161 ; Krr- r/iln Colonihiiiidiiii. |i. 177. No. aitiile on llie I'ook d I.oren/o V.M.l.A. .Vdrian I\'., in inveslinj; Henry II. with the sovcreij;nty over Ireland, said : " Onincs insid r qiiilius Sol juslili.e, f'hristus, ill\i\ii, ad jus .S.uicii Petri et .Sacrt> .Sanct;e I\celesi.e pertinent." '' The inscription on the tomti of Innocent VI II. .says : " Xo\ i oriiis sno o-vo inventi gloria;" but that I'ope dieil July J5, 141).:, whilst the New World was iliscovcred nearly three months afterwards, Octoher 1 1 12 following;. 'MifRcn \Ri), Diarlum, Tilf.vsNK's IMition, I'aris, 1SS4, Svo, Vol. II., p. So. We were in hopes that the Journal of the Master of Ceremonies of .Vlexander VI. would contain s.pnie information concernini; ("ohnnhils and his achievements, bat the di .covcrv is no' mentioned, even in the curio.is and l»ild discutsc pronounced Iv I.opiv de II \Ko in the public con-i tory whic-li was held immcdiatclv .tUcr he h.id taken the oath. AlTKMrTS OK Till". l^)KTL(il.i:Si:. :>3 Columbus rciiched BarceI()ii;i,-5 it having liccn sent to the Holy See direct from Portugal.-'^' On the other hand. Bernardino de Carvajal. who was the Sjjanish envoy since 14S4, must have communicated the information t)fficially, towards the end o( April, for the purpose of ob- taining from the Po[)e the required investiture. Xo time was lost, as the hrst bull came forth from the \'atican, May 3, 1493. When reading that document with attention, it ai)pears U) have been drafted by the Itoly Set; with no other object than to grant in geiural terms to Spain, for the newly discovered lands, rights similar to those which luul been already grantt'd or confirmed to Portugal by live or six Popes, -^ relatively to the discoveries accomplished on the west coast o( Africa. As S(n)n as issued, the bull was finind to be vague in its terms, and c.ilcul.ited on that account to create difficulties between Spain and Portugal. Whether it was at the suggestion of Bernardino de Carvajal or of Pedrcj da Silva, wc' are unable to say, but on the next day, May 4, the Po()e published a second bull.-''^ This, after reciting again the tech- nicalitii's of the firsi, omits the passage relating to l\jrtugal,-'^ inserts a tomiilimenl to Columbus, ■''" and then jjroceeds to slate where the new dominion of Spain shall commence, viz.: one hundred leagues west of the Azores, ami exti'nd in longituile from i>ole tu pole. I'\M-ilina!id ;uul Isabella's prayer to obtain the retjuireil inxestiturc is not likely to have been coupled either on their part or on that of Columbus, with suggestions concerning the est.iblishmenl of a lim of demar.'.aion ; else tlu: text ot the fu^sl bull would liave set forth niaii- lime limits. Besides, ii w,is not the interest ol Spain to circumscribe its .icliou in this resju'ct. It is not prob.ible, theretore, th.it maps or nautical ch.uls were forwarded to Rome then ; or if the ambass.idors were consulted, th.u geographical data could be found among their notes and disii.itches. .Such nuist have been also tlu' case with the bull of I '?■'! 4 VI -■■ Di'Uicniid Mai ipikkh in \\:> A>:ii]ihi' Cilomli^ Vul. ''., ]>. 117, iiuu-. ■" M.ulm \". 1.1. f.iiyi'iu: 1\'., ill UJ^^'- .^'i^•'l;l^ V., in 1454; ('.ili.MiH 111., ill 1450; ^lu^ II., in 1459; Si\!u^ IV., ill \.\S\.-J/istona 1. Mc:::uii.i.'^ il'i A'-afl-iiiin A'. i/fl< Sriiiirlds ih l.i'^hiia, Vol. IX.. 1S25. 4;", |i. 230. Till-' grc.ll IhiUdi-liDii, KcMii.r, 17.(3, l"liu. r, nl.iins only ilio liull uf Nicola.s V., \'ol. 111., I'aii 111., p. 70. •' (.)ne of llic (>rit;iii.al printed copies of that papal I mil was sold at anclion by I'utticl; ami Siniiison, May J4lh, 1S54, and Innmlit liy Kicli, Imt no one l^nows what lias lii'come of that all-important Ann rirniiiiiii, ■■ " l-'.l i|uia eliani nonmilli I'oruiyalli.u Kc,l;i-s in p.irii- i'Us .Vfric.v . . . ." N w AUKiai., Vol. II., p. 20. •" " Viniiii iitii|iic dii;iuiiii, 1.I pliiriniian coniir.ciid.iliMii, ac t.inl.i iicyo'.io apiuni." -Xm akki. I r, \"ol. II., p. 3,^. r ^ ■I [I i'! ** If Hi 56 'I'lIK DiSCOVI'KV ()!■ XoKTIl AmIRKA. Scptt'inhiT 25, 1493,3' which still more vaguely extends the (l(Miiiiii()ii of Spain : " haci.i el Occidente y i;l Mediodia." He that as it may, Portugal w.is not satistn-d with one hundred k;agiies ; and soon conimenceil negotiating with S|)ain for a further ex- tension of till' line westwaril. The read(M- is awari; that by the treaty of lordesilLis, June ", 1494, the line w,is removed thri-e hundred and seventy k'.igues west of the Cape de Verd isl,inds.3- This treaty was signed during the ahsenee of Christopher Columhus. l''erdinaiid and isahclla sent it to him l)y the first vessel, .'.5 recjuiring his approbation, as the; tre.ity disposed of his share ,is well. Hut it is a curious fact, here- tofore unnoticetl, that he ni^'cr assented to tlu' concession made ex parte to the King of Portugal, and which, in reality, deprived Columhus of "one-tenth of .ill pe.uds, precious stones, gold, silver, spices, and all otlutr articles, in whatever manner found or gaineil," in Hrazil, which was dis- covered in his life-time, six ye.u's afterwarils. The documents show tacitly, this w.uit of cons(Mit. In instituting the sort of entail calletl a Maxorncgo, I'\'l)ru,u-y 2j, 149S, the great Genoese s])eaks ol the; line of demarcation as a " raya imaginaria sohre lis islas de Cano \'erde, \' aquellas de los Azores ciix U'guas." 34 Flight years later, on the eve of his death, in the codicil of May 19, 1506, having occasion to mention the extent of his rights, he s.iys still : " My sh.ut; of the Indies are west, one hundred leagues from the Axores : — mi |),irt(; de las Indias, islas e lierr.i lirme, que son al I'oniente de una r.iya que [S, .S. A. A. | mand.u-on marcir sohre las Islas tie U)S Azores y aquellas del Cabo \'erde, ciKN leLiuas, la cual iiasa I e P a Polo." 35 Wcxv again, notwithstaiuling tlu' details contained in the lengthy treaty (jf Tortlesill.is, and the fact that the negotiators were seconded by the most learned cosmogra|)hers ,ind men versetl in navigation that could be found in the two kingdoms, 3'' there are in the documents no traces of geographical data enabling us to ascertain what were the cosmo- grajjhical notions entertainetl then on the subject by the advisers of Joam II. Vet, it would be important to know the hypothesis which tht;y formed touching the ccjnfigurations of the east coast of Asia, for >' N AVAKKKTF., Vol. II., p. 404. .Vppendi \. '■■ Ihiil' m, due. Iwv., \'ol. II., pp. I ;o 14;. 5' Las Casas, lili. i., (Mp. Iwwii., N'ul. 1.. p. i.S. " Navarkf>;i r„ dcic. <-s\vi,, V..I. II.. p. Z2U. '5 Na\ AKKF.i i;. cloc. chiii., V.L II.. p. 21 ;. '' " Miuilia^ perMiiKu .pii.- ^a'.i.in ilu c. i.mr>j;r.ili.i y uslriilo);in, pueslo i|iii; h;iliiii hartn poco.s enloEicii.s vn a(Hiellos reinos, y l.vs pLT.s()na.s do l,i mar iiiir «■ pudieron halicr ( nil pude s.ibur los noiiilirus dcllas ni <:i:.\ivu., p. 471 (i;i/i,'viri'nii LMli:iniii. tv i Attkmi'Ts ok Tin: PoKTrdri'.sK ,1/ tin' i)ur|)us(.' of ilcterminiiiti' the route which iIk; innriiUTS of l'ortii;4;il adoptctl when they ('ii;j;a!j;i:tl in that new tielil of maritime (Hscoverics. om On this jjoint we only possess circnmstantial evitU:nce, derived fr hat is known of the statt; of ge()gra|)hical science at the time, and the maps then in use, sev(>ral of which are still in existence. w ortuf'iiest.', as a in itter of course, th(Mi l)Ut for a short tiiiKt shared the error and illusions of Christoi)h('r Columlnis concerninif the geography of tlie Xe.w World. lake him, thev Itelieved that the newly- discovered countries were the i;.ist coast of Asia. 37 It is certain, theri'- fore, that as soon as informed of the event, which they kiu-vv before any one else in (".Lirope, 3** the cosmographers of Portugal sought on their charts the isles and coiuiiuMit which he claimed to have discovered, and first directed their attention t(j th(! Ocauuis IiuIkp sn/x'rioris, then, in the ()[)inion of all, embracing the eastern I'xtremity of the Asiatic regions. \Vheth(!r they consulted globes, like the one frametl by Martin Behaiin, Majorcan charts, or a iluplicate of I'Va Mauro's map, which was to Portu- guese geogra[)hers a sort of prototype ever since the year 1459, when Aftonso V. ordereil it from \'enice,39 they must have noticed how, ac- cording to those cosmographical documents, the coast south of the Mcju.ator recetli's towanls tin; west, whilst north of the Tropicus ('{iiicri, numerous isles dott(!d the sea in an easterly din-ction, almost in the latitude of and not tar from the west coast of Ireland. ■*° W'e can justly presume, then, that in endeavouring to have the line ol dem.u-cation removed much further to the west, the Portuguese kept in \-iew those fanciful geographical configurations, and hoped to accjuire rights over the "Ciulf of the 353 happv and p •osi)erous isles,"4' or similar '" " (.'liri^lov.mi Colcinil"' ll,\li;ino, i|no vviilia ilo ilc^- *"^ " lleliaim IraiispDili.' ce tjriiuiio an nord-cst, ce qui a roliriinciii.i il.is llha-, ilo ('i|iani;ii, u il'Aivilia." -Riiy IM'. iiifUn.' sur U"* ii|)ini(Mis ik's naviijateiirs a la I'm ilu quinzii'ini.' I'lNA, ('/(/•.. /I /'.(( il'i/ ItiijI). Jimm II., in ihe ('alli'i-ai,, siecic" — lluMiinl.iPi', h'xdiin ii Criliiim. lit lirrii-i iiii:l!liis t!i Ifiifdriit Porhciuf.ii , I.islma, 1792, *' " Uiscj^na/i I'/ianilio I'lrlamla, uv\\.\ c|\ialr all' iiccaso 4t'>, Vol. II., \<. 177. Riiy ik' I'iiia. Ii irn in 1440, ami si niaroa un jjran jj'ilfci, c- vi si sciivc : (juHTo de issoUe liviiii; in I.i-.li.in at !Ik' linu' of tlu' nirelin(; cf Oilumlnis ccclviii. hoalo ct forUmaie." -Dosciipliun of one of tlio wilh '.111- Kini^ o! roriut;al ai \'al|iaiaiso, was a nicniln'r maps of Marin Sannlo (Toisellns) in /.rKl..\, I>i Marr many years afterwards, \i/.: " I. for- I'oi-luijnese historians, eontains no ^peeilie details. lunate I. beate jG.S" (Mareiana, MS., (7. /!"., Cm/, ji;,!, '■' Cohimhiis e;i.,i .unlior at ('a-,.ai--. in the rai;us, "He forlunate ulii.ssime " [III. Coil, q)." "I. .Sanete Mareh 4lh, .ind had an interview uithihe Kiny of roriii- lieate. I. forUmalo isole oeeKviii." (/(/. ('ml. 493). " I'M i;.il. on tlio iith, at \'.ilpar.ii>,). nine le.ii;iies from l.islion. sant insul.v (|n;e dit'iintiir iiisiife sane' e. heat.e eeclx\-ii," in "' I )oeiniu-nt, (|;iiiicd in I'l.u-ido /fi of the year ir.lamls imisl have fcmiul (jreal creileiiee with the I'drlii- 1321, wliil>.t IV./.io wrute only hel ween 1355 anil 1367. f^iiese, especially when they read in the copy of AfTonso V. ■" The rortumiese (loveniinent sent several expeditions of Kra Maiiro's niappamuiidi, Ky the latitude of Norw.ay westward in 1493, but they were prompted solely hy a ami aliout 22 lony. W.; " in (|uesto Oceano son niolte desire to lind the countries which Colunilms h.td just dis- insule lo ipial non ho notado jier non li.aver luogo." covered."— See inj'ra, in the Chroiuiliiijy. "See the leyemls west of Ireland in the Catalan « The text is to be found in Vyfi (Jurtt-Itml, p. 44, map of Charles V. lU'ciloN and TAslir, yolifi'-i cl note I. /;'x(™iV.s-, of the -lea'/. (/<-.< /H.s (li:K |ias,nili)i so tr.-ilxilhcm ])or sy c a sua custa com navyos c liDines ile biiscar e desciibrir e acli.ir com muyto scu Iraballio c dcspcsa i>csa de sua fazouida,'' may be interpreted as alluding noi to one only, but to several previous efforts of that kiml on the part of liaspar Corte-Keal. ' The e.xpcditions .ascribed to Joam Vaz Cone-Real (liaspar's father), without a sh.adow of proof, are abso- lutely unauthentic; .-ee La Coflf - Rtal, chapter ii. , p. J3-J4. •• Siiprn, pat;e 5S. .1 'i 1 1: • I ' » to 'rill-. l)iMii\i;i;v oi' N'liUTii Ami uir.\. (i'licr.il of tin; soiitlu'rn part o( Trrajira islaiul. 5 \[i- was Ixirii inw.inls tin: niiildk: of tin- liftciMUli century, hcfort- 1455/' W'f know very littU; coiiccriiinij his t-arly life. Damiain ile doi'S says that (laspar li\(il with Kiiij; Manocl wlu 11 yrt only Duke of licja. 7 His father, joain \'a/ Lortc-Rciil, was a i^riMt laiul-sttMlcr, who aciiuircil hy imlawful mcms a vast property in tlie Azores. The |)robal)ilily is that as his cKlesi sons, Vas(|iieanes antl Miguel, filleil important ofl'ices at the Court, '"^ he tauseil (lasp.ir to remove to I'erceira for the purpose of managing his l.uuUd estate. In June, 14S0,'' we see tlaspar receive from his father ,1 l,u-ge tract of land in Terceir.i, taktii from one joam i.eon.u'des, which the heirs of the latter succeeded in recovering hack by leg.d process, July , I M li The Azor(!s, which jo.un \',is Corte-Real governed in p.u'ts ihiring tkventy-two years, first at Angra, and after 1S43 at .St. (ieorge, " were, as we havi! shown, the hotd)eil of notions about Oceanic discoNcries. (laspar was doubtless familiar from his youth with the jjrojects tormed by so many enterprising .Azoreans. Let us add that the sister ot his brother-indaw, Jt)bst di' Iliirter, was the wife; of M.irtin Hehaim, who lived at I'.iyal, in the .\/ores, from at K'ast KpSo until 1490, aiitl from i4g4 to th(! lime of his death.'- Those circumstances permit the sup- position that (l.isp.ir \\,is .imoiigsi the earliest .Xzore.iiis who .ivailed themselves of iIh' rights now possessetl by the crown of I'ortug.d, to I.umch into maritime eiilerprises .icross the oci'an ; but we know nothing of the extent or |)recise |)l,ice ot his undertakings westw.ird j)r( \ious to ' ( In l!if 171I1 iif ti-hrnar\ 1474. 'rcritii.T w.T. iliviilcil ninoU'i'ii ycnrs I'lcKr lli.m liis iii.islir, ms Kiln; M.iiiorl «.i^ iiiliMWd (aiitain>.liiiis. .\lvai,p .Maitiii> «.i.s a|i|«iiiilf(l in Ijorii |unc i, ljdq. llic lino, anil |nani Vaz CoiU'-Kcal In the ntlier. Sie " A'aM|iiiMnfs {'nrli-Kial III., was Knt^ WmvkV-^ \\\- tlu' kltcrs |ialtiit ill I'. F. DkimmuMi, Aiiikk^ iln lllm li'nilaiu ( VvUnr) ami .\liailc .\layut nf Ta\ira. .\Iij;m.-l T,i-itlin, I'uli/iruiliiH j,i/(i ('iiiiiirii Miiiioijiul il'Aiiijia Cnrlc-Ki.'al helil in 15JI llie posilinn of Cliirf LMkt ill} III riiimitii : .Xiitjra, 1.S54 64, 4 vuls., Svu, \'i>l. I., (I'lutiim iniir) ; Imt as far liaek as Oclulii-r 25, 1405, jip. 4i)0-4<)3 ; ami Lik Citili Hull, ilor. ii., p. iSo. he reci'ivfil a ponsidn for services reiiilereil lo Juain II. 'In June, 14.S0, Caspar Ccirte-keal is naineil as ' I)ioj;ii iias Ciiadas, ilaiis I iRi mmunp, li.n-. 1., duI grantee in a deed of (;ift, which woiilil h.ive been Lm Coiii -Hinl, \\. 2i(). attacUeil on the plea of lejjal incapacity to hold, in the '• I.m Corli I/ml, doc. wii. suit liroui;ht afterwards In rei'o\er the estate ciin\eyed ( I,' !* (^orti- liriil , i\t}i\ wii. ^ il he had ii-ii lieen of a^e. Let us add tliat in 1475. ( i.ispar t'orte-Keal liecanie the father of a child; Dioi^ip iiAs('ii \i.As, h'.ijii-llio ('nKfiiiiio : MS., in Dki'MMunii, cji. ■ii.. \'ol. I., p. JO. r.m! /.t.< fiirlc-Hiiil, pp. 35-37. ' naniiam DK (loKs, Chroiiiiii ilu l-'ilir. Iti i ilmii Emniirel : Lishoa, 15(16, folio, f' (15. If so, 1 i.i-par Ci rte-Ueal lu-ld ih.u position at a time when lie was " .1/r/i/co iliiD Afiirin, Vol. Ill,, p. 15. and Li-t Coiii ■ Hi III , docs. iv. and vi. '-■ K. W. <;miii.anv, (lia.hi.lili 1I1.1 S,i/alir,r.i Hillir Mitrtiii lliliiiiiii, pp. 3(1 and icid ; MiKK, llinhiiii ilijil'iitiiiliiiiir, p. 107. 1/aliel rorte-keal ((iaspar'. yoiiii^e.st siMer) married Jolisl de Iliirter 11., w hose sistei, loaniia de Macedo, liecame in I4S6 tlte wife of Martin I'.ehaim. Anliirn ili'.i Afuri s, Vol. I., p. 154, and l.t.i C't'i-I( Hull, p. 13, note 4. S f \'(i\A(ii>. di' I Hi; CiiKTi:-kr.\i,s, 6i llu: liiiu! vvluMi IclUTs patiiU were tirsi gnuitctl to liiin. lie was lIuMi already lil'ty years old, Very little could Ik: ascertained relatively to the expedition whiili (ias|)ar Corte-Real orgaiiiseil hy virtue of the letters patent of May, 1500, it was e(|iiipped, not at his sole exixiise, as 1 )e (iocs says, '3 but in i)artnership with his brother Mij^niel, '•* ami was coniposeil ol' two vessels, which set sail from Lisbon or I'roni Ttiveir.i, '5 but more likely from tile latter placi', early in the summer of 1500."^' liiit in what direction exactly tlid they steer then ; and where was the landfall? \\\' scarcely possess any det.iils on that jjoint. rastpialigo, in his description of the second voya^^e, recalls that the yi'ar previous (15011), daspar Cortc-Real was prttventeil from reaching the maiidand 011 account of the ice and snow, lie finally succeeded in landing. Where? Antonio (ialv.un says it w.is by 50' north latitude: " foy a quella tlima que est.i ilebaixo do norte em circoent.i graos d'.iltura." We do not know what were ("lalvam's means of information, lie spent nearly all his entire life in the I''ast Indies, and when the injustice of the King brought him i)ack to Portugal, in 1545, that great and gooil man liv»'d in abject poverty, the inmate of a hos|)ital '7 to the end of his lif('. I'luler the circumstances, Galvam is not likely to have hail access to the .State archives, or, if perchance hi' did, ht^ cannot hav(! consulted documents which should havt' escaped I )amiam de does, who was Custoilian-Major (Ciu.irda m'or) of the Torre do Tomlio. The probability is that he bor- rowed his geographical ;iverment in this respect from some Portuguese charts of the beginning of the sixteenth century, which all ])lace the 7'('r/ii .|iit:ill, wturi' In- «;i.', kupi m'\ cmt'cno ""1''. ilc^pi's.T lie sii;i fa.'enulA MO clilii ilcsiiil.iiuiii'iUi) ytfiis vniill ilio Imwci nf liis ilcnlli." IIakM'Yt's ;isy nil.-, ililus iiavyds (|iii' Im dim scii iriii.iun \k\:\ fll;\ li;in>hiiiuii nf l''ranciscii nr. Siui,a 'r.wAUi/'^ |iniki(;ue arnn'.ii put a piiiiR'ir.-i \c/ ([lU' ;i ■liln ti'ira niliiui." I.iiums In ( Iai vam's Trrilmld, in Tin Di.iion rii>: . . , I.diidiin, pak'Ht in lavnur of Minui'l Cnu-Kcal, jaiuiaiy Jiid, (;. Iii>li,ip, i(h)i, .(in. 1502; KrNSIMANN, Dii Eiililiikiniij Ann ri'ii'-<, p. i)J, " I'l'sriiil.. lli.trl,;,lil, ,/,» /< ila/h is ili r Knldirk-iiit- mile 120; /,i:i ('i,rf' ■li'inl (hn-. \\., p. 214. ;/(», p. jji ; Kum. Dniinii' iilanj IlislDnj nf Maine, "• " I'ailici di) portii do I.isJKia." 1>K (inKs. " I'arlio plalc viii., for one of ihose eliarls. (Iai.vam's remark : ila illia Terceira,'' CiAIAAM, Tmliiila, lir^t edilion (I.islioa, 156.5, 8v(i), f"-20 verM). ''' *'No eonietjd do \era(Mlo ann< ie mil e*niiiihent(is," savs l^apii.i''' I *!■ t InKs, " lie terra (|iie >e a(;ora rliama de >eu nome," implies as miiili. lie may liavt liorrowed Ids lalilmie from llie /li-liirid ill I11.1 liiilidti ,,{ C,ns\.\n.\ (llrsl primed in 1552), w hit li sa\s ; "en mas de ciiu-iienta i;iados." \i I I .f t .' 62 The DrscovKKv oi' North America. the prescMit work, rcicheil the east coast of Newfoundland, in the vicinity of thi; landfall named by Galvam. The latitude of 50, given by that historian, corresponds with Xotrc;- Dame Bay, in Newfoundland ; but those figures are only approximate, and mav we!! come within one or two degrees of the real positions, not only in the [present instance;, but whenever mention is made of a g -o- grajihical point in any chart of that time. The other scanty details we owe to De (loes, who sa\ s that the country was a very cold one, covered with large trees, and which, on that account, he called the green land : " hunia terra que por ser muito fresca, e de grades aruoredos, quomo he. sam todas has que jaze per aquella bada, Ihe pos nome terra verde." This description, however succinct, applies perfectly to the east coast of Newfoundland, particularly as regards the vegetation in August, '9 as ther(; " the bays frequently present scenes of much beauty, having their shore forests clad in dark green to the water's edge."-" This is all we know concerning Caspar Corte-Real's hrst authorised voyage, for the details tacked on Ijy all writers belong to his second expedition, as we shall soon show. The adjoining map exhibits the route probably followed, and the lands discovered in the first official exi)edition of Caspar Corte-Real, during the summer of the year 1500. "■" " TIkmc tlic uhitL- \mw grows li. ihe licii;lu of cli.unctei."— Kov. M. IIakxi.V, Kiii-i/,!nji,nlia llrilao- 70 (ir So fi'i'; in ^i>nK' |ii,-iCL-<, ami is 3 or 4 R-cl ill vi:-a, V"l. X\"II,, p. 3S2. J if !t i!i «« ■»**«>^ ' 11 M m^ „ r'i rf i !,'»■. t % ! •, A if if p •■'!, J SR'COHD VCYAtiF;: OF GAi'PAR COPTE'-REAL ^■:T#^t CHAPTER II. WE do not know when Caspar Cortc-Real returned from his first authorised voyage. The probabiHty is that it was in the autumn or beginning of the winter of 1500. Early in the spring of 1501 he equipped a new expedition, again in l)artnership with his brother Miguel, who was to receive one-half of the lands to be discovered : " le prometera de partir com elle la dita terra (jue asy descobrisse." ' On the 21st of April we see him embark his supplies,- and three weeks thereafter, May 15, set sail from Lisbon. 3 Cantino, 4 Pasqualigo, 5 Comara, ^ Ramusio, 7 and, by implication, Gal\am,8 state that the expedition was composed of two ships only. But we have the positive language used by King Manoel in an official document to the effect that Cias])ar Corte-Real led then a small squadron coni[)osed of three vessels: "com tres nauyos."9 This assertion is corroborated Jjy the return of one of the caravels, October 8: "A di viii. del presente " (Pasijualico, Letter), or October 9: "A di 9" (Pas- (jiAi.ico, Dispatch), and t)f a second caravel, October 11: "Cusi hora alii undece del presente" (Cantino), whilst the third vessel, which was under the command of Caspar Cortc-Real, never returned. On the other liand, hov,' is it that Cantino, who wrot^^ on the iith, does not mention the arrival of the first carav(;l two o,- three days previous.'^ Is it that the ship which he refers to is the same sj)oken of by Pasqualigo.'' This is not ]ik(!ly. Pasqualigo spc^aks of only seven aborigines brought to Lisbon, and ackls lliat fifty are ex()ected hourly by the other vessel ; whilst Can- tinii asserts that he saw, touched, and ex.uniiKxl fiflv of those s.n'amis : i A u hU W ' l.i-Ucrs patiMit (if |;imi,iry 3, 1502 ; ;inil Klw-. I MANN, p. 9J ; f.m Cnyl'-li'al, doc. \x., ji. 24. ^ /.(» Corlp-li'itil, Print Siriiiliim, \\ ". ' Relying U[>i>u n sUiU'inoiU cont.'\iiu'iI in iliu kltcr lul- ilri'S>.o(l ( )clcilier 17, 1501, liy .Mlicrlo (Amlinci Ui ilu- Duke of Kcrr.nra, wlieieiii it is said lli.Tl llien (insi>ar Giric-Ueal had lioiMi al sea nine inontlis. we tlioutjhl tlie d.ite of liis leaving Lisl«m was in lannary, 1501. documents con- sulted since, and published in our I'o^t S'tIjiIkiii, allow ns to correct the mislake. Letter of Ocloher 17, 1501 ; /.(.>■ Cor/t/oa/, p. 204. • I'Asyf.M. ten's Dispatch, Dtniii ill Mnriii Stiiinto, \dl. 1\'., p. 200. ' (ii>MAKA, Jlinlarin (i'lIKiu/ ill la.i Imli/i^, p. r77 of X'edia's edi:i(Ui. 'iAMisIo, 7'i ri'i i'oliiijf, t"'4i7, A. "■ (;a; \ AM, Tmtiiiln qui i'n)M;;as o iiulnc 1 iiiilnini iii/iltiii) . . . ed. of 156J, f" 20. verso. " Letters paiei t of Januaiy 15, 1502, in Kinsimann, p. Oj, note 120, and f.1.1 Cm h- Hull. iloc. \v. ,^l: \ . I r 64 TiiK I)isco\KKV OK North Amkkica. l! ■ 1 -- " ( iii(|u.iina . . . li ([uali io ho visti, tochi ct contcinplati." These wrrr cvidciilly the al)origiiics expected l)y the shi]) which (Mitered the port of Lishon two or three days after the first. Ihe imly rehalile and direct sources of infonnation conc(;rnin_i^ this \i)yaL(e consist of descri|)ti()iis given Jjy two (!ye-witiicsses of the return of those cara\'els. rhe\- are to he founil in the tollowing documents, viz.: I. .A budget of news fcjrwarded from Lisl>on, Octobi'r 17, 1501, to the Duke of I''err,u-a, b\- Alijerto Canlino, his envoy to the court nf Portugal. "^ :;. A ehspatch addresseil by I'ietro Pascjualigo, the Wnietian am- l)assatlor in Portugal, to his government, October i8, 1501." ,v A |)ri\ate letter written by tlu: saitl Pascjualigo on the following ila\', to his brothers in \'enice. '- 4. A planisphere drawn at Cantino's request in Lisbon, ami sent by him to the Duke of I'errara, Xovember 19, 150::.'' 1 he verv meagre accounts i{iven in the earliest historical works, such as Lopi'z de (iomara'4 and Ramusio,'5 are borrowed from the letter of l'as(|ualigo to his brothers, which was frecpiently publishetl, and translated into tour l.mguages. "' They also made use, tloubtless, of the numerous charts depicting the 'Icrra Corie-Realis. .\s to ilir works of the Portuguese historians, Antonio (ialvam, '" )amiani de (iocs, '"^ and Hi(-ronymo Osorio, "^ they cont.iin scarcely a single phrase concerning that v(3yage. De Goes iloes not even seem to be aware of the return of the two caravels: "mas no (jue nesta viagem [)assou S(' n.un sabe, iJorcpie nunca. m:us apparescij. nem ,se soube df^llt: niiua,' says ih.u writer,-" speaking of the latter ex|)edilion. Ihe acc:iiunt-. gi\en by Pas(jualigo aiul Cantino, antl tlu; documents froin the Torre d ) I'oinbo abo\e cjuoted, bear out the loUowing analy- tic. i! description di ( iaspar Corte-Real's second \'oyage ; ' Sil/mi, |p. 63, Ilnlc 4. '■ .•i-siiiiile with /,• ■■ I'nrl' H'lil, ami iiii'm, |i!:iU'. " Siijii-'i. |i. (>3, ii'i'i- f). '^ S,i/„it, |,. 63, nut.- ;. ■' Ill'iCothirii AiD'i-i'U,-! r. 'iM//,nii Knifim-tl, 1 ' 6^. "OsoKlii, l)i /■■'/».< Knminiirf/i.^, lili. ii.. |i. S4, :IM'I /finfitirfj (h /'oftinjaJ, f'*- 59, versn. -■-' Wc- mil .1 infiT from the silence of l")i: (.iui-.s in llii^ re>jiei-l tlini ilii- l^lrt^l^;ut•^e .ircliivt-s ontaiii no ollici.il account of Corlo-Rcal's Sfcond voya^'e, as thai liiitorian was ( lencral Casioiil.'n of the Torre ■io Tombn, from ivtS (1)\ Sii.vAl or 155S (l)KNrsl until 1571. The orolial'iliiy is ihit as ( Iaspar Corle-Ke.il inleiide'l Io return lioiiie soon after seii'ling liack the two caravels, hi- intention «a- to luinj; the written account himself. VOYACIKS OF THK CoRTK-RkALS. 65 \ It was a voyage of discovery towards the North : " ierra verso tramotitann . . . alle parte de tramontana." They met with enormous icebergs : " masse grandissiiue de concreta neve an dare niosse da iondc sopre il mare a galla" and then a frozen sea. These obstacles compelled them to alter their course, and steer in a north-westerly direction : " ritrovarno el mar gelato . . . cominciarno a circondare verso maestro et ponentcy After a long and laborious voyage, 2' Caspar Corte-Real sighted between the north and west an extensive country : " fra questi dtii venti, dun graiidissimo paese." The country discovered was distant from Portugal, to the west and north-west, two thousand miles, and, until then, wholly unknown: " //. M. migliu lonsi da qui \Lishoa^^ tra maestro et 'ponente qiial mai auanti fo cognita ad alcun" They saw many large rivers which Howed into the sea, and sailed up one of these about one mile : " Et correndo molti et grandi jiumi dolci per quella regione al marc, per uno de epsi, forsi una legha fra terra intranioy Lea\'ing the river, they followed up the coast between six and seven hundred miles without coming to an end : ''per la costa de la qual scor- seno forsi miglia. dc. in. dec. >ie 7nai trouoreno fin." They went ashore, and found a great quantity and variety of most excellent fruit, as well as pine and other trees extremely high : " copia de suavissimi ct diversi fructi. et alhori, et piiii de si smisurata altesa et grosseca" (Cantino). " Et plena de pint ct altri legni optimi" ( Pasqualigo, Dispatch). The country was very populous. The inhabitants lived in houses constructed with timber of great U-nglh, and covered with fish skins : " molto populata et le case de li hahitanti sonno de alcuni legni longis- simi coper tc de forauia de pelle de pcssi'' (Pasqualujo, Letter). Thi' natives bore a great resemblance to Gypsies. They were all well formed, somewhat tallir than our race, with long, tlowing locks, and painted their faces like [East-J Indians; ".Sonno de equal colore, figura, staturii, et aspecto simililirni ,1 cingani" (pAsi^iALhin, Letter). " Sono The o\prcs.^iiiiis in Uic letter of Cantino : " i|U;Uio two of the ve^els which had left Lisl)o;i May 15, were me^i cnniimii," followed by " ove Ire me>i," must he luck hnnie in llie second week ol Octoijcr follciwini;, l.iken in the sense of .\ lony voy.ige, Init which cuu'.d not after landing in the New World. .See also ihe letter have taken 'leven tnonlh.s, as he says, considering that of rAMjUAl.liin, '■ 'I t ... ■i 4 \i\ sH^ I 66 'I'lIK DiSCOVKRY OK NoKTU AmEKICA. n: ' ^'i M alqtuinto pin grandi del nostra naturalc, li capilli de muse hi j souo long hi, et pcndeno con certe inhanctate volvetiire, ct hanno il volto con giuni signi segnato, et li segni sono ccmo ijuelli de li litdiani'' (Cantino). They lived by fishing and hunting, as there were vast nimibers of animals in the country, such as extremely large deer with very long hair, wolves, foxes, tigers, and sable : " cervi gnindissi/ni vistiti di longissinio pelo, et CHsi lupi, volpc, tigri, et jehcllini'' (Cantin(j). Now, a north-western country, on the way to which you meet with icebergs in June or July, where there are large trees, particul.u-ly pine, wild fruit, deer of great size, foxes, wolves, and marten or sable ; which is watered with extensive rivers, and whose inhabitants, in the sixteenth century, had a red skin, long black hair, the face painted, and li\-ed by fishing and hunting, is a descrijition which would apply equally well to the entire northern region of America, from New England to Mudson Strait. The accounts given by Pasqualigo and Cantino are not sufficient, therefore, of themselves, to enable the critic to ascertain the landfall, or even the precise country which in 1501 was visited by Caspar Corte- Real, We are constrained, consequently, to resort to further analysis and discussion. The oldest map known which mentions the Corte-Rcals is the plani- s|-)heri: made at Lisbon for the Duke of I'errara, in 1502. It was ordered by Alberto Cantino, and accompanied the; description of (iasjiar Corte- Real's second voyage, sent by that zealous correspondent to his master. Critics must consider it, therefore, as intended to illustrate the discoveries accomi)lisht!d by that iKuigator in 1501. Emerging from the northernmost portion of the map, and descending beyond the Circulus articus, we notice a large peninsula, which, according to our motle of calculating distances, -^ based upon the leading positions and general contexture of the ma]) itself, is by about 62° north latitude, and 37 west longitude. East of this peninsula, and on a line with its apex, there is an ishuid denominated Islanda. This \;ist promontory bears the name of "A ponta d'|Asial," but is, in realitv, as I )r. Xonlen- skidkl has justly said "an inih jiendent ami wonderfully cornjct formation of Creenland, though it is l.iicl somewhat too northerly." ~i '1 AfC fVi/'^AVa/, chajjicr ii., p.iges 7J-77. frdn Imrjan af ffxUDnU: fil;Ut; Sluckhcilm, iSS.|, Svo, A. v.. N'-KiiKKSKlili P, Om in miirUhj ij!i,lkarf. 6: ami t!iij,'li-h traiT^Kilinn. NV-w Vnk, 1SS4. II ■\ Vov.u'.Ks OP' TiiK Cortk-Rkals. 67 On each side wc sec thr Portugui;se tkig, and Ijetwecn tticni, in- scrlbcil on a scroll, the following l(;gt;nd : *' Esta term he descober[tn] per maiidado do muy escelentissimo p[ri]ncepe dom Manuel Key de portu^^all atjuall se croc scr esla a ponta dasia. E os que a desr,ol)riram nam chegaro a terra mais vironla /, nam viram senain surras muyto espessas polla (juall segum a o|)inyom dos cosmofircos ^e cree scr a ponta dasia i^This land, which was discovered by order of the Most Excellent Prince Dum Manoel, King of Portugal, is that end of Asia. Those who made the discovery did not go ashore, but saw the land, and remarked nothing but very abrupt mountains. That is the reason why, following the opinion of cosmographers, it is believed to Ijc the extremity of .Xsia." '' What is that land ? Cartograijhically s[)caking, it can only he the country now called (ireenlantl. \\\- are compelled, nevertheless, to carry our investigation beyond a geographical as])ect, however convincing it may appear to all observers at first sight. Whcii (Jantino and Pasqiiaiigo wrote their accoimts, (lasi^ir Corte- Real had already accom'plishtxl a voyage in those regions, as we have statetl, and in course of which he sighted a land diff(;rent from the one when- afterwards a landing was effected. Is that the first transatlantic country de[)icte(l on the Cantino chart? If so, the configuration would belong to the cosniogra[)hical data obtained during the voyage of 1500. Our opinion is that Pasqualigo's remark a|)plies not to that peninsula, but to the country where Caspar Corte-Real ultimately landed in 1500, thouofh the landfall then was further to the south. On(; of the reasons is th.it, .iccortting to the legend in the map, if Caspar did not land then and there, it was on account of the iminviting appearance; of the country; whilst the letter of the X'enetian ambassador speaks of thv. impossibility to efiect a landing on account ot the frozen sea : " .\on posseno ariuar fin la, \)vr esser el .\l,ir agliazato." We havt; also the, fact that the land- fall in 1 501 w,is the inaccessible land of 1500, which Caspar is said to have rangeil for a very long tlistance. This, if e.xact, would place the discoverii's accom])lished in 1501 not in Newfoundland, l)ut along the eastern shori's of Baffin Hay. Nor should the reader forget that the maj) containing those delineations was made expressly to illustrate the voy.ige performed by Corte-Real in 1501, a relation of which Cantino sent to the Duke of h'crrara at the same time. We now notict;, west ot Crcenland, upon the lint; of demarcation, and near, but south ot the C'lrCHlus articus, a large isolated coimtry, :• I *. '|!' % i1 ;j { \ -' I,n Coiifl'ml, \\ 93. 1^ ' 68 TiiK Discovery ok Noktii Amkkica. ■I . ' ri Wa covered with enormous trees, ;uk1 greatly intleiiteil on its eastern coast. It is designated as the Land of the King of Portugal : " Terra del Key de Portugal/" and bears upon the; northern exireinily lh(; following legend : " Esta terra he descoherta per inandado do muy alto excelentissinio Sr priiKipe Rey dom Manucll Rey de portuguall aquall descobrio Gaspar de Corte Real rauallciro na lassa do dito Rey, oquall qua[n]do a descobrio inandou hu[in| naujo com (^ertos onies / niolheres que achou na diia terra i elle ficou com outro naujo z nu[n]ca mais vcu z crese que he jierdido z aquj ha iiniitos niastos : — This land was discovered by order of the Most High ami Kx( ellent Prince King Dom Manoel of I'ortiigall. It was fouiul by Oaspar de Corte Real, one of his noblemen, who, upon discovering it, sent [thence] a vessel with men and wonien of that country. He remained with the other vessel, but never returned [honu'|, ,i;ul the Ijelief is that he was lost. That country ( onlains much mast-timber." '•'■' This, of cours(;, is the country which Cias|)ar Corti-Real discovered after leaving Gri;enlaiid ; whert; he actually iandetl, and to which apply the descriptions given by Pascjualigo and Cantino. But what region is it in reality ? The aspect, distance, ,ind ])osition of the; afore.said pcMiinsiila and of that new land, when \iewed together on the Cantino map, correspond l)erfectlv with Greenland, anil (owing chielly to the latitude) with the east coast of Labrador as depictetl on modern plane charts. .Must we infer that Labrador is the coimtry which (Caspar Corte- Real discovered and \isiti'd before parting with two of his caravels in .Se[)tember, isoi.-" Ls it not rather the east coast of \ewf(nnulland .■* Apparently, on tin; map, it is Labrador, but certain details given by I'asquiligo and Cantino can- not apply to the latt(;r ccnmtry, whilst they answer in a remarkable degree i\\v. geography of Xewfoundland. When reading the accounts of l'a-i(jualigo and Cantino, we notice that the tlisco\'e'rers were ]),iriicularly struck with two geographical charac- teristics. One was \.\\v. great number of large rivers which ran out of the cotmtr)- into the Atlantic ( )cean : "Their oi)inion [that the newly-discovered land is a continent] is confirmed, says I'.is- (]ualig(j, l)y the multitvide of l.irge rivers wiiich they found, as no island, certainly, could Cdiit.iin so many streams and of such importance : — I^a moltitudine de fiumare griississime chc hui'-no trouate la, che ceuo de una Insula nor. liaii.i mai lante et cosi grosse." W'e also read in (.antino : " 'I'hey saw many large rivers of fresh water, whirh em])iied themselves into the sea: — et correndo laolti et grandi fiiinii dole! per ([uella r( gionc al mare." ' Ihii/iiil, y. 92. [ ! \''nAGEs OK Till-: CoRTi;- Reals. 69 I Now, one of tin- distinctive, traits of the Atlantic coast of Labrador is its lack of rivers. With (jnt; singU; e.xception, the Lahradorian lluvial basins all front to the shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and of I liaison Bay, where Caspar Corte-Real is not supposed to have l)een, at hiu.t before .Sepl( niber, 1501. Tht; only river which he could call lar^^e, when ranjjfini; the east coast, was the Ashwampi ; ant! to fnid it, lie would have had first to sail throuj^h Hamilton Inlet ami Lak(! Melville, which was cert.iinly not the case. Xewfoundland, on the contrary, is noted for its threat nunilier of extensivi' streams, particularly th(; east shore, iiesidi's the several branches of the (lander, which drain an area of 2,500 scjuare miles, and the I'.xploits, 200 miles in lenijfth, there are the Traytown, the Terra Xova, the (lambo, &c., &c., which, with their wooded \icinity, answer the de.scriptions given by I'asciualigo and C.uitino. We infer from these facts that Corte-Real did not steer due west, say from Cipe b'arewell, which would have taken him to Huds(jn ..Strait, where there is no such country as his cai>tains describetl, but south-west, iii.isniui h as his first course northward was impeded by a frozen sea : " (1 mar gelato." If so, ht; must have fallen in with the east shore of Newfoundland, between 47 and 49 north latitude, a ri'gion which strands eastward, and where we find the greatest number of rivers in the island. The other characteristic extolled by those two writers is the si/e and quality (jf the timl)er, ;is seen from the co.ist. Cahtino writes : " 'I'huy found jiine .ind other trees of such height and diameter that they would be too large to make masts, even for the largest ships afloat: — alhori et pini de si sniisurata alteza et grosseza, che serebbeno troppo per arboro de la jiiu gran nave che vadi in mare." r isqualigo says "I'hey have a large i[uantity of timber, especially pine trees, well ada[)teil to make masts and yards. The King expects to derive great advantage from this timber for shi])s : — hanno eiiam giam cofiia de legnami, et fo sopra tutto de Pini dal'are arbori et antenne de naue : per el ihe ([ueslo S. Re desegna hauere grandissimo vtile cum dicta terra si per li legni de na\e . . . ." I'in.dly, the legend on the map, although very succinct, ends with spiakiiig also of the- quantity of limber for masts: "a(;!ii ha nuiitos mastos.' Liimpare this description with what competent .uithors write about Labrador in this res])ect ; "ihe .Xtlanlic coast of Labrador is the edge of a vast solitude of rocky hills, split and blasted by I'rost and beaten by tlie waves .... Dark and yellow headlands towering above I' ri r > i' ^ 1:1 f it ' 70 III: l")is(ovi'uv (IF North Amkuita. I the waters are ever in sight, — some grim and naked, others clad in the pale green of mosses and dwarf shrubbery."'-"' On tlic other hand, sec what they say of Xcwfounilland on that point: " The bays freijuently present scenes of great beauty, having their shores forest clad in dark green to the water's edge .... The white pine grows to the height of 70 or So feet in some places, and is 3 or 4 feet in diameter." =' Thti other details which l'as(|iialii.jf<) and Cantino derived from eyc- witne.s.ses corroliorale in a ^rr.a measure the ahoxe di^ductions, althougli they apply to Lal)rador almost as well as to Newfoimdland. Those writers s,ty that the country yields a (piantity of fruit, and contains vast luimhers of tleer of largt; size, cov('red with long hair, wolves, fo,\es, and sahle, and a multitude of falcons. This corresponds with what travellers report about Xewfoundland, where the berry-bearing plants cover large areas of the islantl. whilst the caribou or nMiuleer, wolves, black, silver- gn-y, and red foxes, W(;asels or m.irteii, ami falcons, are by no means nii'j even at the present day. -'"^ Take also the de.scription. which those two Italian correspondents gave of th(' aborigines st'(Mi by Corte-Real and his companions : " They have the colour, figure, size, and aspect of (lypsies. The men wear the hair long, in flowing locks. They puncture the face, bearing eight or more marks. They are clothed with the skins of different animals ; in summer the hairy side is worn outwards, but inside in winter. Their disposition is quite gentle, and they have a strong sense of shame. The skin of the women is rather whitish, but the men are niore tawny. They live exclusively by fishing and hunting : — Questi homeni de aspeto, figura et statura somigliano cingani ; hanno signada la faza in diversi logi, chi de pin chi de manclio segni, vestiti di pelle de diversi animali, ma preci|)ue di ladrar . . . de instade uoltano el pello i suso, et de inuerno al con tiario . . . sonno niolto uergcjgnosi ( P,\.sql'.\ligo's Dispatch and Letter). — Li cai)illi de maschij sono longi, et pendeno con certe inhanelate volveture ... La dona tien un viso assai gen- tilesco, il colore de le (juale piii presto se pud dire biancho cha altro, ma il maschio e assai pill negro" (Cantino). .Mthough all the North American Indians possess several of those traits in common, yet, as a whole, the descri])tion answers the Ivskimos better than the .Micmacs, I-'tchemins, or other members of the north- eastern branch of tlu; Algonquins, who, in those days, lived in Nova Scotia and the northern borders of Canada. I. Lnf>rnd'ti\ in iIil' Kii''!f' I'tp'nli'i liritniniirft, \Ri:.\i,s. 7' The l.iicsi I ihiiofrraphical aiithoritit-s, suinmed iiji l>y Dr. Rdlurt Hrown. ajrrcc in niircsi'iitiiig the I'-skimos as ha\inj.( rciiiiiiiiccl a Ncry honini^i'iK'Oiis race lor, al least, 1,000 years; and lliat, alllidu^li scattirtd over ,111 iiiiinciisc nginn, their mode ot life presents very little dixcrsity, so nuieh so that the idiom spoken hy them, t'rf)m Ciri'enland to North- Mastern .Siheria, is, with a few exceptions, the sam< . W'e may say, therefore, til, it the i'.skimos ot to-tlay exhibit the leading characteristics of the Mskinios of the sixteenth century. They iiri' descrilu'd as follows : "The men wc.nr coarse lil.nck h.Tir, which they allow to hang loose and iinkemiit behind. , . . They are not so small as they have been represented, being (|uite up to the aveiagc of the coast Indians, from five feet lour inches to five feet ten inches, and in rare cases even six feet . . . They dress entirely in skins, and have two suits of clothes, one with the hair inside, the other with it outside. They have a pleasing, good-humoured, and not unfreijuently even handsome cast of (ountenance. Any sort of licentiousness or indecency which might give rise to public offence is rare among them. The skin is only so slightly brown that red shows In the checks of the children and young women. They are solely hunters and fishers.""* Another traveller adds; "Their face is also painted with wide strokes, three or four on each side."** The reader will doubtless recognise a very great similitude between the (U'scription of l'as(|ualigo and thai of modern ethnographers. True it is that we h.i\e no prt'cise information concerning the race of Indians who lived in Newfoinnlland when Corte-Real visited the country, and even for a century afterwards. Neither Jo'.in Rut, who landed on the south-east coast (1527), nor Jacques Cartier, who passed through the Strait of Belle-Isle (1534), nor Roberval, who was at St. John's (1541), nor .Sir Humphrey Gilbert (15H3), nor .Sylvester W'yet (1594), nor Whit- bourne (1615), all of whom mention the Newfoimdland Indians more or less, give any detail enabling us to ascertain the race 10 which they belonged. By implication, howi\'er, we may believe that thev were I'.skimos, as the entire north coast of Labrador was ,ilwa\s considered ,is the " proper home " of a large class of those aborigines. The Strait of Belle-IsK', which se|)aratc'S Xewfoundland from the continent is ex- tremely narrow ; whilst south of the island, across the entrance of the (lulf of .St. Lawrence, lived the Micmacs and sevend other tribes of the warlike Algonquin race, who were and are still their most bitter enemies. This tloes not show that (iaspar Corte-Real's l.uiiJfali, in 1 50' , was XewloLiiullaiul r.Lthcr than Labrador, as Lskimos occujiied both those i •ih\ - ■ Sci- i h. l)Uu\\\\ valiialilc arlirlc in ihc F.H'ijilo- ^nti/ia Itiifnunirtt , \''il. \'III.. p. 544. II. \V. Km \>i\\\K,AI- a^h'niin nut, ,- th It Ksl'„h^^, plntci nil i>p. "0 iuul So. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) k A {/ ^ .f^ii. /. i/.A m 1.0 I.I 1 28 1 2.5 IL25 iu 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, M.Y. MSSO (716) 872-4503 # V \\ "."i. *> ^ ^^\. ^y/'^u WrS ^>. ^ i w^^ 'M TiiK DiscovKuv OK North Amkrica. f M t i Is 'I I'i I J / two sections of the country ; but neither docs it contradict our inf<;rcnce that th(? Portuguese navig.itor landed further south than the Labradorian peninsula, on the east short; of Newfoundland, though \\(\ may afterwards have coast(!d Labrador, with his three caravels, to a pretty high latitude, as we think he did. This deduction is borne out by the King chart, 3' which is the oldest map known where Newfoundland bears a name of place, and exhibits geographical information on that point, obtained October, 1501, and Sep- tember, 1502. In that chart, the region corresponding with the Terra del Rey de Portugall of tht; Cantino planisphere is called Terra Cortereal, anil absolutely identified with our Newfoundland, notwithstanding its out- landish position, by the namir inscribed on the south-eastern extremity, viz.: — Capo Raso, or the Flat Cape. This designation has remained thenceforth attached to that headland, and it is now universally known under its |)'-esent name of Cape Race. What course did Caspar Corte-Real then follow .'* The geographical notions or illusions prevalent at the time, as exhibited in the Majorquan and Italian charts, together with the Atlantic region allotted to Portugal by the treaty of Tordesillas were, as we have shown, 3^ data which cer- tainly caused the Portuguest; to locate their sphere of operations relatively far to the north. Another reason, given by Damiam de Goes, was that southward many discoveries had already been accomplished : " proiws de ir descobrir terras pera banda do Norte, porque per;\ do Sul tinhao ja outros descubertas muitas." ii This reasoning is partially corroborated by a passage of the letter of Pasqualigo, implying that the six or seven hundrt^d miles which Caspar coastetl in the course of his second voyage, were north of the land sightetl in 1500 : r . " Credeno che sia terra ferina : laqu.il continue in una aitra terra che lanno passato fo discoperta sotto la tramontana, le qual caruelle non posseno ariuar fin la, per esser cl mare agli.i/.ati) et infinita copia de neuc : — This land is a continuation of the other land which they discovered last year, at the North, and could not [then] reach on account of the sea which was frozen, and the great (juantily of snow." He also says in his official dispatch: "Conjungersi con altra terra, la ([ual I'anno passato soto la tramontana fu discoperta da I'altre caravelle de (piesla riiajest^, licet non |)otesseno arivar a quella, per esser el mar li agia/.ato con grandissima " Tlii^ 'lUcri'^liiit; iiKip ».\s fiMini! invini; llu' pi;HT-, i)f /ii'i'')n' (|unntit.i (li nuvc, in niocin < lie iiionti (]u;il terra : That country is connected with the other land whii h la-.t year was iHscovered at the north, by His Majesty's other shi|), hut whi( h could not lie re.u tieil owin^; to the frozen sea and imnunse (luantilies of snow, t'orniing mountains such as .ire on !and. ' If Cortc-I'ical w.i-, Hot to u() sfiiitli hcciusc lie fcircil to encroach on the rights of .Spain, and was deterred also from sailini; southward on account of tlie nimieroiis discovtTies already achievt-tl in that direction, he must have ijone towards the north, and beyond the coasts which he had visited the year i)revioiis. The fact <,'f his havin^; now asctM-taiiied that the land llrst discoven;d and the land lately explored are connected, implies as iniith. Those t(;rms locate the landfall of 1501 in a more northerly region than the landfall of 1500. They also imply a ranging of the north-east co.ist uf Laljrador, perha[)S as far as Cape Chiidleigh. If so, the region explored hy (iaspar Corte-Real in the summer of 1501 is the very country which was di^covi-red l>y John Caoot four years [)r(vious, in 1497. .\ curious circumsi.uice strengthens this surmise. Pascpialigo says that one of the yoimg sa\ages brought by the caravel which returiu'd to Lisbon on the 8th or 9th of Octolier, 1501, h.ul in his e.irs two silver discs ni.idt! ct;rtainlv in X'eiiice : " haucva all' orechii' ilui tomlini de arzento, che sen/a clubio pareiio sia facti a X'eiielia," and that the com- mander ijrought thence a ])ortion of ,1 gilt sv/ord, which uiupiestionaljly came originall) Injin Italy; " uiio jx/o ile spaihi rotl;i dorata, la ()i'al certo p,ir facta in ltali;i. ' Xow, the only voyages known to have been made thilher previous to that time by I'airopeans since the .Scandina\-i,ins, are those which were icconiplisht il liy |ohn Cabot. As to the ])ri'cise locilit) of the laiidf.ill, we ha\ e no means of in- formation on thai point ; but we cut guess where Ciiispar Corte-Real directed his course after sending Iionie the two caravt'ls. Ilis intrniion, as reported by the captain whom Cantino interviewed, was to proceed .tlong the coast until he had ascertained whether the newly-discovered country w.ts a continent or an island; " I ia delibcrato andar t.uUo per (]i rlli cost;i, che vole intender<' se f|ui 11a e insula, o pur terra f' rma." I'lider the t irciim^iances, alt>r .admitting the inh fences aboM- stateil, (lasjiar doubtless explore il the coast of Labr.ulor still fur- ther north, and nnmded probably Cape Cliudlt Igh. If so, lludsoii .Sii-ait or, peril. ips liulson l.a\- IS llu- pi. It.- where he met hi.i unli^^ Iv de.iih. 1. !l. ' i .1 I'" Il li <;■ A' • Ft* ^ f i: A 1; • i| 1 1 I I I i-'l !i I! (' K 74 'I'm-; DiscoxKKv ok Noutii Amkkha. I- 'I'hc explorations of Hudson Hay hy thr Ah'tt, in 1SS5 and 1SS6, show that the ice hlockatlinj,' the cntranci-. at i'nrt LaptrriiTc, iHsappcars during the last week in August, and that the bay remains entirely free until the niiddlt; f)f OcKiber. The |)rohal)ility is that (iaspar Corte-Real enttni;iim N". Ill; avi-iil." See iit/ra, in ihc < 'artiiijrfi^ihin ^liiu fi'-tnia C. ill miraim tl lixiiiiu: — "C.tih.- In I.Hik .il Iml to I'. '«»^'"fnr~ 1502 150V i i' I '. .; 11, L ' A r,i ' I Mi ll:l 'I'l 1"^ .k i "? ,; 11 .i , :? t; I ,(l !l 1 » t I r*! Ill tit I II I i ''■ 11 LAST VOYAGE OF CASPAR CORTE REAL (1501) { i -*■ CHAI'TI-R III. C"^()Ml{IN'IN("i a li()|)c lo ri'sciif his l)n)lln'r dasiKir wiili th.' desire of accomplishiiiif also transatlantic iliscoveries, Mijjjiiel Ldrte-Real nbtaineil for himself letters patent from Kinjj; Manoel, and fitted out an expedition. The tyrant, dated |anuar\- 15, 1502, conveys lo him all the continent and islands which he may discover diirini^ the ye.ir : " toda a terra hrme e ilhas (|ue elle |)er sj nouamentir nestc anno ile (juinhemtos e dous descohrir Ihe fa/emos tlella iloacam. ' ' riie little we know concerninif this voyage is to be; foiunl in tlu' works of Damiam de CJoes- antl .Antonio (ialvam.4 The latter, in llak- liiyt's \crsion, writes as follows : " Wlicrcforc his brother, Michiiel Ci)rtcrc.il, went to secke him wiih tlnxx' ships* well ;i|iin)inlcd at his owne cnst ; aiul when they laiue vtito that (oast, and found so ninny en- trances of riuers and JKUiens, eliery ship went into her seuerall riiier, with tliis rule and order, that the)' all tiiree should mecte again the 20 day of .\ugust. The two other ships did so, and they, seiiij; that .Michael Cortereal was not come at the day appointed, noi yel afterwards in a certaine time, relumed hacke into tiie realme of I'ortug.ill, and neiier he.u,d any more newes ol him, nor yet any other memoiie. l>ut th.U (Oimtry is called the laid of Cortereal vnto this day." ' The accoimt of I )i; (Iocs trivis the date when Miiriiel set sail from Ivisbon, viz.: Mav 10, 1 S02, but limits lh( e.Kixnlition to two \-essels onlv. As to the coimtry visiti:d on that occasion, (i.ilv.ini's ilescription, howe\t r brief, shows that it was the land discovered the year previous by (.i.is|)ar Corte-Real, which, on account of its }.rreen forests, he called Tenn voile : but it must not be confounded with our ("ireenlantl.'^' \\ t; ' l.cii>i> |i.Uiiii Df l.miury 15, 1502, in Ki n^jmann, \K ijj, n.n.' 120. ' Uk I loKS, ('hriiiii'a ito lli i il'iiii Kmiviti'l, cap. Iwi., Ih iiKumn rl III i inniiilnii iliiii" iiaaitni IniKra (/oM'il of only two vessels ; " iluiis ii.ios." s Pulilio.ition of the IliMuyt Xociely, 1S62, \i. 97. '' .Accordint; in llie Sa^as, that nioinon'ory was iiaineil (ireeiilaml as far hack as 9.S6 liy l'".ric ihc- Knl. At all /. A'/l.'l/i I /»/!;/ .!//(( W' It's. .\tl.T-, /..t (.'(./-^ -/.'{«/, Xo. 9, |«gc 167. N'l. iv.; K'liir,, Di^'unry >i/ ^laim, Nu. x.; .'.ml " I )L I li 'Ks, o/i. ciV., f"- 65. v.rv t m\\ 1 111 1 m . ! if I' 1 • BOOK FIFTH. (Uni^nown (Uat?i^a^ore. ; ili CHAPTFR I. HERCl'LES dT.stf, DiiUt; of P'crrara, was an riilighK-nccl princf, who took lli«; grealist interest in niaritimi' discovctrics. In riply to the Ic'tttT of Allicrto Cantino, his envoy to the Court t)f Por- tugal, dated October i;, 1501, and wherein that zealous correspondent Iiad informed him of the successful expedition of Caspar Corle-Real to the north-east coast of the New World, he expressetl the wish to obtain a nautical chart illustrating the transatlantic voyages which up to that time hud been accomplished. Cantino ordered the map at once, from a cartographer living in Lisbon. Thai most valuablt; document has come down to us, and is now preservi-d in the I'!ste Library at Modena. ' It is a planisphere selling forth the latest geographical tlata, as it menlions ihe landfall of I'ldro Alvariz Cabnil on the coast ot I>r.i/il, anil ihe results ol the secoiul succissful voyage of Caspar Corle-Real, according to news brought lo Lisbon in the month of October, 1501. Limiting our description lo lln' section which comi)rises ihe West hulies and the region corn sp-onding ii priori wilh the north-easl coast of ihe new continent, we notice first : " The King of Castile's Antillies : — lias antilhas del Rey tie Ca.'.ulla," the ilisco\ery ol which is tluK ascribed 10 Columbus : " Descoberto por Colonbo almjrante," antl exliibiliiig the almost intire archipd.igo, frc.m Marigalante lo llie weslernmosl iNland in the grou[>, viz.: Cuba, Ik re: called, erroneous!), but as in nearly all the ma[)s (if the lime, " Illia yssabella," propi:rly situaU d north of Jamaica, and wisurly (mi a line with the " Ilha Espanhdl.i," or .Sanlo I'on-ilngo. 'I his Isabel':;, kix Cuba, is delini aU d running from east lo west, long, rather nairow, contracted in two places, its wrsi in exlninit) trending , I I M I' It w^ j !m' ' . 1 1 < V( 78 TiiK DiscovKRV 01 North Amk.kica. r I t, < n I '■ V t . I w soulhwanl, ami forming' a sort of gulf. Tht; ^(Micral appearance of the island shows that it was not horrowcd from the La Cosa chart, and, bcinj^r more floii<^Mtfd, is truer than the outline in thi; latt('r. - we now observe, ( inerjfing from the north-western border of the map, a continent, tlie southern (Mid of which projects in the directiijn of Cuba. The coast line then runs from that peninsula due north, to a point where the cartoj^rapher has waved his lines and shades to indicati; no further jijeogr.iphicai knowledg,'.3 That sea-board whicli, according to the scale inscribeil in thi' map of Nicolas tie Canerio, 4 and which will b(; our stanilard for measuring distances in the present .Motlena ma|), covers from 37 to 54 north lati- tude. 5 It is notched and indenttxl throughout with representations of gulfs, estuaries, and capes, whik; on the mainland there are meadows, clusters of trees, and several large rivers which em|)ty into the Atlantic Ocean, here called Occanus occidentalis. The entire country is stuiKh tl with geographical designations, no less than twenty-two names being given to watercourses (/vkv), ca[)es (c(il>os), lakes {/(ii^H)s), and headlands [piinfas). \\'h( 11 we comp.ire that continental outline, its shape, latitude, and relative longitude, with the northern part of tht; Western Heniis[)here as depicteil in modern maps, vv(^ notice; the e.xtraordinary resemblance which it bears to tlv i;ast coast ot North America, and cannot but deem, at first sight, that n;gion to represent the coast line, extending in reality from the I'loriila |)eninsul.i to the Delaware or Hudson River. A concUision so much at variance with commonly received notions in matters of geogra|)hical history, cannot be accepteil without being first subjected to st'ven,- tests and analysis. In fact, it subverts the general belief that the -Xllantic shores of the .Southern and Midtlle States of the present republic of Xorth Amc;rica were not sight<;d or trodden by luiro- peans (excepting tht; Northmen) bi-fore Juan I'once de Leon in 151 2 or 1513, Giovanni d>i \'errazzano in 1523, Lucas X'ascjuez de Ayllon in 1520- 1524, and I'.stevam Gomiv. in 1525. The care with which critics should vtMiture to difli'r from prevailing notions, even on the subject of ancient geography and cartography, together with the unex[)ected character of the data exhibited in th.it r(^spect in thi; Cantino chart, prom[)ts us to examine the question uiulcr all its different aspects. - .See iii/ra, the [.Lik' reprcentiiij;, in f.ioiiiille, llii; ' In/m, in the Cailoi/raj)li'a Amrrir. V^eliiHtisiiiiia. six earliest ileline.Tlions nf Ciilw. 5 [^ reality il ranges froni . tioiit 25' In about 45' N. ' See also iul'ra, tlie facsimile of the entire north-west latilinle, taking the n 'r . ' I, I i •f '1. p:*te v'l L- .__ ^_ ill ^r ;» H o o t, hi \h \ p.m ii ..*. m r }\f,'H-VjC,9t , JX^OfVEmy : -f^-^^.^p^ I: Hi il r< If! 'ill r I* LI N KNOWN NaVICATORS. 79 \L The first su])position was that the said coast h'm,' might 1)C a continuation of the eastern sea-boards of Asia, ■ — as when rollinjj; up a i)huiisi)here we bring its right and left sides contiguous. This surmise had to be rejected, for the Cantino map already sets forth clearly the Asiatic coasts in their proper place, besides exhibiting all over the latter region well- known legends and names which belong to Asia exclusively. <^ The second hypothesis consisted in viewing that region as identical with the Yucatan peninsula, which, by some unaccountable mistake of the cartographer, would have l)een inserted upside down,— -this being a sup- position already made by certain critics regarding the same configurations in the map of Waldseemiiller, which, as we will hereafter show, belongs to the same cartographical family as thi; Cantino chart, although derived from another ])rololype. To this, the first answer was that it would prove still more difficult, at the outset, to account for any direct geo- graphical knowledge of Yucatan before 1502, considering that, as far as is known, the country was not \isited by Europeans until I'rancisco Hernanilez de Cordoba returned to Cuba from his expedition to that coast in 1517.'' Even if we assume, with Herrera,^ that Yucatan was sighted by Solis and Pinzon, it brings us back only to 1506, that is, four years after the ma]) was alrt-atly in the hands of the Duke of Eer- rara. This would be simply shifting the question without sohing it. On the other hand, the fact that historians and even leading carto- graphers may not have been aware of certain maritime discoveries is, we grant, no absolute argument against the actual existence of such discoveries. Hut, in the jircstMit case, the configurations alleged to be those of Yucatan do not at all coincide with the geographical realities of that country, and the attribution based upon such a supposed wondrous error is for the present merely hypothetical. This hypothesis requires besides, on the ])art of critics, concessions which they would find it t'xtrtinely difficult to make. The idea that at the bt'ginning of the sixleenlh ci'iitury, a continental region, claimed to have been actually explored by Lusitanian or .Spanish mariners, shoukl be di'picted by a contemporaneous and skilful I'urtiiguese cartographer as * St'f iii/ni, ilie l.\if;i" fiicsimilc cif the .\^iatic coa^t in kiiowii of ilic I'Miit until I'uin.ind CiiKii;/. rL'sriicil one of the C.tntini) clinrl. tliL-only iurvivors ((Icn'iiiinii l>F .\c;t'il.Ai() in the Mumnct 'True it is thai when tlie vei^i'Iiir Vai.iuvia was of 1519. Cnrtii ili- In Jwliria 1/ JtKjhiiiiiln (U la ]'i ra wreeUeil on the reefs about Jamaica in 15.12, lie i^ciped One. ,) In n iint ihn'in Jiiaiid, July 10, 1519. in hoats with his crew 10 'S'tical.in ; Inil ii^iliini; was ' lll.lii;KHA, Ueend. I., lili. vi.,|i. 170. ¥ r '\ •I'ri t m ' V '. iii'^/fll ' r,;f ■{ 1^1 ■> ( \ \ 1 1 I) \i' •' I i i ' i .^^ Nf ■J \ t \ i i J 1 * M 80 The Discovkrv ok North Amkrica. rmiiiing up from 25 to 45', wIkmi in reality it runs down 22° to 12' or 10 latitude, anil that such an egregious mistake should continue to be imitated and copied all ovi-r Euro[)e by the most celebrated geographers for twenty-live years or more, even after Yucat.ui had been actually visitetl, conquered, anti faithfully depicted in maps, demands ampU; docu- mentary |)roofs, which,, thus far, ha\'e not been produced. Admitting, even for the sake of argument, that the thoughtless carti)gra])her shoultl have ])laced his Yucatan upside down, the great probability is that in such a case, we would not .see in th(; other Portuguese charts ,)f the time, like Kunstmaiin Xos. II. and III., and the King map, the enormous gap which they e.xhibit west and north of M.iracaybo. The theory that the tall continental region in the Ptolemies of 1508 and 15 13 was Yucatan, first became the object of discussion during the controversy which was carried on in 1S5S between Mr. d'Avezac and Adolfo de Warnhagen concerning the authenticity of the first voyage of Americus Vespuccius.9 Mr. d'A\ezac was too serious a critic not to see at a glance that the Cantinean continental n^gion in Ruy.sch's map, which then furnished the b.isis of that debate, represented a special and separate country, which in no possible way could be confound(;d with any of the islands beloneii ing group Cul),i.'° He .advanced the su[)position that it re|)i-esented Yucatan. But his hypothesis was l)aseil .altogether upon the erroiK'ous belief th.it the said continental region ap])( ared for the first t line 111 ih e m,i|)i)amuncn o f Ruysch. constructed .it Rome in 1508, that is, just in time to embrace eed discovery of the Yucat.mic iieninsula by Solis and Pinzon the th( alK \ear preceum di ' hWvKZAc, Coii-oih'raliou-^ iji'n'jr'i/ihi'jnrt .<«)• /'//i- loin ibi Itn'sil; in Itull'tin ih la Swili: ih l.li'o;imjilil' , I',iris, Xos. for .\uK«^t and Si-plciiilicr, 1S57. Varn- llAia:.N, !'( '.\VK/AC, /.f \'i>!/a:in til Aiih'rif \'i-Mjiihi nil roiii/il' ill rEi)mijiii : same lliil'' ■'ill, Nis. iox Si'i>!r:nl.iT .v.\i\ ()'-lol)er, 1S5S. " "On ser.-ili liii;n teiilc tlecroirc (jiiu' l.i ili'nomin.\tlon 1I0 ciji ili: 1;\ fill il'avril i|vii se Irouve inscritc .r I'an^li' ilc cetti' tcrre Ic plus voisiii ile I'ilc Kspa^nole. ik'sif^iic tii elTet 1l' cap orioiual ilo I'ili; ilc Ciil)a, celui ipi'oii appcUc cap Mai^y. II nVn osl rlcii, copcnlani, cl M. ilc Wirn- hajjcii fait observer .ivce raison ipie I'iledeCulia a eleou- lili ■•• siir la carle de Riiyscli.'' — ii'.\vi:zAc, /-<< Voi/w/i-i il'Aiiierh- ]'rsj)ii'-i- nil rom/ili. li ri'^'jiiiiiiir, tt /pi iin^iiri.i iiliii'ralreM imploi/'tx pur /' < iii'irlin 1 ipwiiwls (( jiiii-liijrti" ; I'aris, 1S5S. 8vo, 4S p. V, .>. I •ITiilTI Unknown N.wkiatoks. 8i " II nous semble," says Mr. d'Avc/ar, " sauf meilleur avis, que la carte de Ruysch, dont il est avere pour nous que la puljlication n'a pas devance I'annde 1508, offre probalilement en cette partie les renseignements qui avaiont pu parvenir jusqu'.'i Rome sur la ddcouverte du Yucatan par Solis et Pini;on en 1507 :— It seems to us, in the absence of better information, that Ruysrh's map, which, we are convinced, was not published before the year 1508, presents probably in that part [of the map], the intelligence which may have reached as far as Ruuic concerning the discovery of Yucatan by Solis and Pinzon in 1507."" And so as to better limit tht: I)asis of his appreciation to a discovery of Yucatan accomplisheil in 1507, tlu; erudite and painstaking ciitic quotes the passage of Marcus Heneventanus to the effect that Spanish mariners had recently discovered iMuler the tropic of Cancer another island of con- siderable siz(;: - " Habet item Oceanus insulam quamdain quam hodie Spag- nolam vocant . . . Est alia insula novit(;r a Gaditanis inventa, nondum tamen tota. Mira:; tamen magnitudinis est v;i |)ortio qiux" innotuit . . . sub tropicum Cancri . . . " '- Mr. tl'Avezac was far from imagining the that there existed an authen- tic ma[), constructed long before 1508, which represented that very region in all its details. His entire theory and argumentation naturally crumble; down, now that the Cantino chart shows the existence of that continent alreaily ascertaineil and dt-[)icted six years at least before the country which he se;i' ^■IPM I f U ' 82 TiiK DiscovKuv f)i XoKTii Amkkica. [l ' ij'? t ■ 1 II ' H )'iicat(in, and the. locality where the shi|) was taken is so near tlu; country known under the latter names that they may l>e considered as identical. This information, however, cannot have Ijeen obtaineil by Bartholomew Colunilius before the summer of 1502. as it was only during thi: fourth voyage of his brother that he visited the Honduras country, .and even the continental regions of the Ki^\w World. The description of the cargo also iiulic.iles that the vi'ssel seized was not a luiropean ship, but sonn; hulian canoe, and from which couKl not be obtained the carlographic.d d.ita used for the Cantino chart, uliich, at all events, hail long lound its way into the I'errira collection whrii ii' us w.is receivcxl 'n .Spain ot the landing of Columbus on the Honduras coast. .\ third inti;r|)relation v,as to consider that co.ist line ,is wholly imagi- n.iry, antl derived !Vom a v.igue notion, already cnterl.iineil by Cohnnijus, that, west of the islands which he had just tliscovered, there w.is ,1 con- tiiUMit abounding in gold and spin-. This might be admitted if the map e.xhibiletl tU liiu:.uions I'litinly nameless; but it is hardly possible lo share such a ])eliel when we remember ih.it aK)ng th(-' said co.ist there are as many .is twenty-two nanvs. .As Dr. Kohl jusil)- says: " 'I'liDUgh some of those names look like rorru|)Uons, still the Ljre.iter part do not look like inventions. On the contrary, they apiiear t < be such as a navigator might well have dis- tributed on an unknown coast discovered by him ... I dn not believe that the .'-Spanish, Italian, and (lerman map makers of the ti:ne of Columliu^, and soon after him, w re in tiie habit of inventing new names. They gave them as they found them ... It is proI).il)le that they weic the work of some .Spanisli navigator, perhap, a private adventurer, wiiose name lias not re.irhed us." ''' These remarks of Kohl w.'re |)rompted by the sight of llu' north- e.islern continental region and nomenclatun; on the globe constructed by .Schiiner in 1520; but they apply to the- map of Cantino just as well, for .Schiiner h.is onl)- copied in th.it respect a Portuguese ch.irl of the s.ime origin as Cantino's, as v.e will here.ifl>r demonstrate. Those nanu's and geographical d.il.i also .iltracled the .itteiuion of llumboldt, who not only anlicip.itid Kohl's re.isons, but h.id the pres- cience, so to s|ie.ik, to stale that the configuralions and nomench.lure on .Schoner's globe were, with res])ect lo .Americ.i, copies of an old chart "hidden, |)erhaps, in the archives ot Il.ily or .S|),iin," '~ suggesting, as Kolil s.iys, that they must have been borrowed from some original, b'elieved to be .uitb.entic ;uul correct. ''' Kii'.ll , Docinm ntar;/ lli^lrry nf Mnim , p. \fi2. '' I irMi;i)|.|i ! , Kxaumu trill /nc, \'..|, II.. p. _'S. U N KN( )\V N N A \I( ;.\T( )|.l that region, so early as 1494 or 1495, not, ;is the Cantino chart, vi^ m tht sn.ipe o f a contment extending straight from south to north, but, on the: contrary, in the; form of a long peninsula, running fioni east to 'vest, .ind for a very great ilistance, as he claimed to have coasttHl the region westnuifJ more than three hundred 1 thirtv-five leaf'ues antl tnirty-iive leagues: ••andiivo la costa todo della de Oriente a Occi- dente . . . pasab.i de trescii'iitos e treinta e cinco leguas,""-' — a statement which is hyperbolical, ;is the entire length of the island from east to west es, but which im[)Iii:s nevertheK;ss IS on ,1 consK Iv two hundred and thirtv-flve u.-aL^i lerable ranging of the <"uban coast. Nor, when coming to depict the point wh<;re the peninsula was sui)- posed to l)e solilered to the continent, would Columbus or his followers have m.ide the coast lint: trend due north, ami especia 11 y f. or emliracinuf at least twenlv (^''^rees of latitude. On the contni I) tfistance his coast could but run son tin '{!)■(. /, f or suet w.is fiis decided (jpinion, clearly ex- pressed in June, 1494. .Speaking of the alleged western HM'minus of Cuba, //,;W. \.ii. I. \'m1. 11., p. 14.1. tl ; i\ Un KN(nVN \a\ I( ;AT( tUS. •^5 CoUimbiis siiiil : "I'roin this point onward, the coast extends southwardly: — de a(iui ailelante va la costa tlella al nieiliodia," and he compelled all his pilij;lilo(l a pcrlinii uf tlic ^i .\nh«r^l scrip^it, ila iit si.- pro\iimim aliiiuaiidn npcrirol atiiii- I'na.-.t i^f Ciilia in July, 1504, 1 'ill imiid mily llic ijiutn's noetic."— l-4iist. clxiv.,p. 95. ( ianlcn : " \' mo llcv,', fasta cl lanlin lU- la K,iiia, ,\.\ -■ I'lilili.slicit liy \av.\ui!i:i I., \'.il. I., pp. i-i(i6. \i-r tuna."- NAV.\ui;i-,ri--., X']. I., p. 20". ^ ill \ i •I- n M^^ 111 I' '^ I, r I!' 1 r pi.!' f hi I 'I i ij If ill it I ■ 1 86 Tin; I)is(()\ i;kv ok Noinii / mkrica. prcsf.TVfHl liy I. as C'asas, who took thorn from Cohimhus' own Journal, now lost ; and also by the author of th(! //is/t n'c, who used precisely the same materials. Let us now compare the nomenclature of tlit; north-western conti- aental region in the Cantino map with the nomenclature of the island of Cuha, as we (Ind it in ihe authentic wrilin;^s of Columbus and in the works ■>( his contemprraneous historians, taking the names in the order in which they occiu' : Description of Cuba hy CoU'MHus, Hi;u- NAi.i i;/, Las Cas\>, and in the Historic: Rio and Puerto Sati Salvador Norlh-wi'st coast in tlu; map of Cantino : Rit) de las palmas Rio tlo corno C. arlear Ci. tlo hircor C. do mortinbo C. iurcar YA golfo ba\o C. do fim do abrill Cornejo Rio de e Fimdabrill or C. do Jim do nhn'l/, to any part of Cuba, iKjr of his having conceived such an elNinology. On the contrary, we have positive proofs that he nameil very dilfereiuly, for other reasons and at an earlier date than the one alleged, the eastern extremity of Cuba, or the point on that island from which he started on his survey west in April, 1494. To comi.ience with, the easternmost ca|)e of Cuba was not nann d on the; 3olh of April, 1493, but the year before, during tin- first I'xpedition, on the 5th of December, 1492. Here is the testimony of Las Casas; " Do alii [ihe I'liorto do Sant Nicolas] vido la punta 6 cabo de Ciib.i, ([ue cl Uamo cl primer viaje, cuaiulo la doacubriii : — From here he saw the headland or cape of Cuba, which he named in his first vciyaj^o, when he discovered it.''" If that cape was discovered and named in December, it is ( \itlent that it was not called on that account " The April Capt "-' Las Casas, up. r/'., lili. i.. cnp. M.iv., \\A. 11., y. 51. > iii 11 ■■) ; u\ I tr-i PI., : ;V' r i f! '?( >' ! { s < f i 88 Tin: I)is( ()vi:uv oi Noutii Amkkica. Now, what naiiK! did Columbus give to that cape? Here is the n-ply: " l,n jiunta 6 cabo de Cuba, que el llanii) ////>//« <•/ 0»iixa, y agora se llama la I'unta de H.iyatiiiuiri en Icnpua do los Indios:— The point or cape of Cuba, which he named Alp/ia tt Omixii, and is now (ailed liayaticiuiri Point in the language of the Indians." '•'" That statement of Las Casas is corroborated by the //t'siorie : "The Admiral, having saileil 107 leagues eastward along the coast of Cuba, reached its east end, whi--n's Innj^fl l aestas parli - iinr l;i priiiicia " /''Ki'lm [roi Jiiiiii lU la C'uxn, iviiiio i/" S(i.:ila Maria vo/, c pi>i liniiihre luiliil I'l Ic li.'.liia ciiscriail'i il arU' ilo (/■/ I'lierto] /tor iiiifitre cle una nao vuestra li Inn iiiareH niaioar." N \\ arkkti:, Vul. III., p. 5S6. il"l orMiio, doiiile i: 't '" I'l'! I I f It III 90 'I'm-: Disicn i;uv ok Ndutii Amkuka. ! ! it i I 'I \ their if^noraiu-t-, i)rtcntiiiU!S, of ilic lan};ii;igr i'ini)loy(.'(l in the prototypr, th(!y still scrxf to iiulicati; the source from which were horroweii impor- tant {^fo^;rapliical averments. In the present instance, the reatitr will easily transl.ite a number of names which have a positive meaning. A'io dc las J'iilmas, — tht; River of I'alms ; El golj'o bavo or hajo, — tin; Low Cape ; C. do fun do tihrill, — the Cape of the enil of April ; /\io dc don Diego,— i\\c River of Don Diego; C. dclgato, — the Harrtin Cap<; ; /unta Roixa, — tht; Red Point ; Rio do las Almadias, — tin: River of Rafts ; (\ibo Santo,' the Holy Cape; Rio dc los largartfS, — Allitjators' River s frtinr^,-— the Goats; Costa o/ta,— i\w High Cape; Cabo dc bona vcn the Cape of Good Luck; Costa del mar m-iiinoy—t\u: Coast of the Oc 'ii. sea, are designations which certainly convey a de.ir meaning, appropriate to the subject, and such as mariners an- in the habit of giving whe.i seeing certain rivers, capes, and localities for the first time. Wc; will now take the La Cosa nomenclature from four different sources, viz.: 1. The copy which was made from the original chart by .\Ie.\aii- der de Humboldt, shortly after Baron Walckenaer discovered and acquired it at I'aris, in 1S32 ; 2. The transcript taken also from the original directly, by Ramon de la Sagra himself, in 1837 ; 3. The facsimile e.xecuted for Jomard by the Polish cartographer Rembielinski, who copied the map itself before it was sent to Madrid in 1853 ; 4. A photograph taken directly from the original at Madrid in 1890, twice the real size, so as to render the names and legends still more legible. 33 As to the Cantino names, we borrow them directly from the original map, which is preserved at Modena, and has been reproduced in fac- simile in our work on the Corte-Reals. At present, let us compare those nomenclatures, beginning, for Can- tino, from south to north, and, for La Cosa, from east to west ; as it is the order in which the names would be placed in the hypothesis that the two regions are identical, and that they proceed originally from the same [)rototy[)e. " Sec our iiicsimilc of I,A Cosa's Wcsl India isl.iiuls. Ml i li I ! KN m ini ?* \| « ■.i;? « wr^ J S(( 'I*: i n \ u If; '5 hi 11 'l ■I 'i ' ii t f "I It! ■ ■' Flau- VII HE WEST INDIES IN THE MAP OF J. A COSA (1500) Eiiliirii-ed twice the or'.r;inal aiae. I i i •• Unknown Navigators. 91 Cantixo La Cosa La Cosa La Cosa La Cosa (Original) (Photo.) (Humboldt) (De la Sagra) (Jomard) Rio dc his palmas punta de cuba Ponta de cuba F ^nta de Cuba ponta de Cuba Rio do iorno clindo Sipica Clindo Cliuda C. arkar r° de la bega Miguel r°- de la bega r"- de lu bega G. do lurcor p°- %x€ psto p. sto C do mortinho C. pico C. Pico O pico C. pico C. lunar p. de s. mj. Entubi p. de S. my p. de S. mi" el j^olfo bavo p. de maici P. de Maiti p. de maiti p. de main C. do fim do abrill C. dc cuba C. de Cuba C. de Cuba Cornejo C. de espto C. de es[)itto C. de espera Rio de do die go C. bueno C. de au bueno C. ddgato C. de criiz C. de Cruz C. de onez Punfa Roixa (?) nov solor Rio dc hu Almaidas . . . ana ...(?) Matata Cabo Santo . . . sea ..,(?) Conia Conia fuma Rio df loi lijrgafos Cuba Cuba liu cabi-os . . am ...(?) C. negro magno ma ica /(?,:,'(' llllhVr costa alia r" de las piedras (?) cuba La Pieta P. del Principe del pieta cuba cabo dc' boa "oentuni annon (?) sexto baxi cansure sera fin ' Serafin C. serafin serafin cabo d. licotii. C. nwnguj C. Manguin C. mangny C. uiaugny costa del mar ii-'iano niensi (?) 1 junez 1 funics bien b.isa bien baja bien baso ceno (?) C. de bien espera ; abangelista C. Bien Espera 1 Abangelista C. de bien espero ' Abangelista oerto bordoe C. de bien espera abniiarlista Wi II ^ 1' ki-M! ,1 I I >\ it :.: iPni I lii,. w\\ \ M 4Ui »;!' h n\ ini •! -^' '. ^i tit **' * An . V. 'il ■ 1 ' . \'>V ^^^ 92 The Discoveuy of North A.mkkra. i!r I * fu As the reader will see at a glance, there is not in Lu Cosa's Cuba, any more than in the nomenclatures and descriptions of Las Casas, Bernaldez, the Historic, and Christopher Columbus himself, a single one of the twenty-two names which are inserted in the north-western conti- nental region of the Cantino chart, which region certain critics pretend to be nothing else than the island of Cuba. As we have already stated, and feel boui d to repeat, Juan de la Cosa was mate of the llagship of Christopher Columbus during the first voyage. Here are the words of Ferdinand antl Isabella, i)roving ilu: fact: " Vos Juan de la Cosa fuistcs por niacstre de una nao vucsUa a las marcs del oceano, dondo en acjuel viaje fueion descubiertas las tierras e islas dc la parte de las Indias, 94 TiiK Discovery ok Noktii Amkrica. 5. The mai)[)amLincli of the edition of the Margarita Philosophtca printed at Strasburg in 1515. 6. The set of engraved gores ascribed t(j Louis IJoulengier. and found inserted in a copy of the Lyons edition of the Cos- Diographiai iniroductio of W'aldseemiiiler. 7. The set of gores first made known by Dr. Nordenskiiild. 8. The cordiforni maj) of Aj)i.uius, dated 1520. We must add to those cartographical documents the following maps and globes, mentioned here aft<;r the former, although occupying in reality a pri-.i; iry place, because they are less known and difficult of access : 9. The mappamundi of Nicolay de Canerio, just discovered. 10. The -Schiinerean globe of Weimar Xo. 1. 11. The I'^rankfurt globe. 1 2. The Schiinerean, or C»reen globe of Paris, i;;. The Hauslab globe Xo. 2, 14. The globe of .Schoner, date I 1320.' All the maps and globes abf)ve citeil exhibit, in addition to the island of Cuba, west of and wholly independent from the latter, a con- tinental region akin to that of Cantino, and bearing names which are also found on the west coast of the Cantinean planis[)here. In the second part of the present work, we pro[)ose to show that this salient characteri'.tic of that class of maps originated with several models, differing each in certain important respects from the Cantino chart, an: n\A\>^ '»' ihc l,\i.>il.iiin-I)ii-|i|i:iii -.cIuh)!, scu Jfiui it S.'ha.^ti, II Culu.\ |i;i. i()7, jio, 210, 211), 220, No. 20, 21, 2J, 2.(, 2;. ■■ A't,-/// V„ii„'I.s I., Tn-rii Aii-'r'i'l^. iJiii.l l.y II. M\|oK. l.ini|..ii, ll.ikluyl Snoifiy, iNv;, Sv.i .■l;v7/.i()- Id'j!"., N'lil. .XXX'III.. nivl pii;lr,ri;;rly iln- iniuiUM-rlin 111.-.'. I'f Nicul,!-. Dl.^lli.N.. iL.lol />'■/'/'(, !■'"'••:, ill lln- y tlu' niakiT^ of ihi' Nordi'ii^kiol.l j;liil>e nuA Uy S.Iichut. lo ilrsijjii.iti.- a contiiiun: in i-cnilr.nlislincliipii In uiu- nl' llic islands nf llic Wi>i liiili.i ijroiip cif llu' Mnu' nniin.'. I'l I I I I I Unknown Navic.atcjks. 97 such an Austral inainlaiKl. We also see it disappear from subsequent maps until long afterwards, when the region looms up again, but this time as an alleged discovery accomplished recently by Dutch navigators. That continental laiul, nevertheless, so far from being imaginary or an inv(!ntion of cartographers, was nothing else than Australia, now justly consiilered by comjjetent judges as having been discovereil, visitetl, and namctl by unknown Portuguese mariners, — whose maps furnished the cartographical data used in the Dieppe charts, sixty or seventy years before the Dutch first sighted the shores of that extensixr counlry.'+ It behovi^s us now to ascertain whether the; belief in the existence of a contiiu-nt lying at the north-west of Cuba, as graphically expressed by leailing cosmographers of the; beginning of the sixteenth century, is controv(M-ted by authentic facts, by tht; statements of contemporary au- thorities and of the early Spanish charts ; or whether on the contrary it is not corroborat(.;d l)y other proofs, and, if so, to what extent. At the outset, the critic must concede that those disclosures of the Lusitanian maps and their Germanic derivatives, contradict entirely the notions heretofore entertained as regards the history of transatlantic mari- time discoveries ; for the general opinion is that only after Nicolas de Ovando had sent Sebastian de Ocampo to circumnavigate Cuba, in 1 50S, was it ascertained to be an island. As to the continental n^gion now represented by the south-east coast of the United States, it is also be- lieved never to have been known to exist, and trodden, or sighted by the Spanish or Portuguese until Antonio de Alaminos conducted Juan Ponce de Leon to Floriila, in 1512 or in 15 13.5 Let us examine those two points separately, commencing with the belief in the non-insularity of the island of Cuba, .alleged to have been current evervwhere until the eighth year of the sixteenth century. The only authority*^ cc:)ncerning the ]")eriplus accomplished in 1508, and said to be the first exploration ever m;ule of the entire island, is * TIk- S.itulwicli i-LiniN nii'l ihf F.il'.l.uiil i-himls A'c/otW^/'id- /,S',7'.', Wasliini;liiM, ]).(r., 4I", |i. III. prcsoiU iwluT iiu.lani:isiif llic kiiul. ''Tii.ii lliu .^iMiiianU 5 1'i;si;mf.[., (!(iliii-hUil< sZ'lta//' r.iil' >■ Kiiiiln'kinnifii, know llic Sanilwicli islamls a lony time l)C'(oi\.' Couk, p. 521, ,iml iiil'ra, liodU VI., oliap. i. tluit llioy hill n n.iiiiL' for ihem, (liat ihcy prolinMy vi^iioil '' reter Martyr l)'.\N(;iilt-:RA alhulos to llie I'sploin- them npe;il'j(lly, was p.oveil by n map which .Ailmiral ti"n only in these words : " Ciiliam, tellurem illam i|iiam .\ns(in lonii,! (Ill Ixiaid a Spanish vessel, ami on whicli iliu oh eiiis longinnlinem eoniinenliim piit.ivenmi. ir.sulam ihoM i>laiiil. were laiil down m their true position. "-- esse reperinnt." - Oeead. [., rap. \,, I". .:.( c ; wilhoiit J. (i. K"lii, Siili.-.t(iiif> nf I- /'■■liir: il licifi/ (il tin'. giving any naaie or ilaie ; I'lit in a cli.ip'.er w rillen al';er Smitfi^tii'tttu Iiisfifittlon, in Hinirnf Ajtjf niflr It) Ihc the year 1510. I % ^i^ •li 0m ) I S^ \ 98 Tin: 1Ji>c()\i;kv (ji- North A.mikica. 'U. I ^1 I, -.u ( ■ ,1^, Las Casas ; for Hcrrera, who is constantly ciuoted on tin: suhjcct, ^ has simply |)arai)hrasecl relatively to this (and to the first twenty years of his Decades) the Historia de Lis Indias of the humane, but prolix bishop of Chiapas. Accf)rding to Las Casas, the e.\[)edition was composed of two vessels, und(;r the command of Sebastian de Ocampo, who accomplished the task in eight months. Las Casas speaks only from hearsay, and somewhat doubtfully as to details : " Segun creo, fue por la parte del Xorte . . . creo que . . . ," &c.^ Yet Las Casas may have been cretlibly informed, considering that he says he was among the first Spaniards who \isited the port of Havana after its discovery by Ocam|)o. But his statement can only refer to an official exploration of the coast of Cuba, which does not preclude the possibility of the periplus having been performed before by clandestine explorers in search ot gold, dyewood, and slaves. One thing is certain : Not only the Portuguese charts of the first two or three years of the sixteenth century, but also the earliest Hispano- Amcrican maps prove that, long before Ocampo's survey, cosmographers were convinced that Cuba was an island, and so depicted it in their cartographical descriptions. There are in existence, so far as is known, only two maps exclu- sively Spanish relating to the New World, constructetl before the year 1520. 0\\^ is the planisphere of Juan de la Cosa, made at the Puerto de Santa ALiria in 1500; the other is the map added to an issue of the editio fyrinccps of Peter Martyr's First Decade, |)rinted at Seville in 151 1.9 'Phe latter is of no importance for the present, as, being three years [)osterior to Ocampo's periplus, it is natural that it should represent Cuba as an island. Put La Cosa's chart was made before October, 1500, yet Cuba is de[)icted therein as it is in reality, elongated, deeply in- dented (at Nii)e, Nuevitas, Turiguana, Cardenas, Matanzas, &c.), depressed or strangulated in two places (Manzanilla-Jbara, and .Sabanilla-falibonico), the western extremity curved, and forming at its S(juth-west end a very large bay, which is studded with islands. Nor can we say that the configuration given to Cuba by Juan de la Cosa is an anomaly. We alscj sec; that island under its true aspect, and placed likewise where it must be, on li..\' '. I!!., ;;>. 209-210. '' liililiulhfa Amtriniim ]\>uMi.'-iiiia, Nu. (36, ;inil Ail(''tiiiii' ii'c. X. I. 41. Si I J % Unknown Navicatoks. 99 Domingo in the Cantino chart, which was constructed, not in Spain but at Lisbon, so far baci< at least as October, 1502. Kuntsmann Nos. II. and III., as well as the King and Canerio charts, which are certainly of the first two or three year-' of the six- teenth century, and, consequently, older than the Ocampo e.\ploration of 1508, clearly and absolutely acknowledge the in.suliirity of ("n'>a. .\nd it should be noted that those four authentic maps, designed far away from' the Puerto de Santa Maria, .Seville, or Cadiz, exhibit Cuba in a grai)hic manner which bears inward evidence of not being mere re[)etitioiis of a single type. They differ from each other in some respects, and particu- larly from the representation in La Cosa's |)lanisphere, though [jresenting, of course, a general resemblance to the real configuration of the island. What is more, those cartographical dat.i can be shown to be the result of actual surveys, and not mere guesswork. For instance, in the Cantino chart, in Kunstmann No. II., and in the King and Canerio maps, we notice near the north-west coast of Cuba an extensive and well-defined area, dotted with numerous small crosses of the kind used by cartogra|)hers to indicate ledges of reefs or sunken rocks. The posi- tion of these crosses in the maps above mentioned corresponds with the Salt Key Bank, if not with the noted belt of cays in the QUI Bahama Channel, which extends from about .San Juan de los Remedios to Car- denas. Now, at no time did Columbus reach so far west when exploring the northern shore. Salt Key Bank is by ST longitude, and the above mentioned ledge of reefs or corals lies "^ between 77' 40' and 81' 5'. b'ven Ca[)tain Fox, who assigns to Columbus the most western point, does not allow him to have reached, in longitud,; west, further than the Boca de Guajaba {"f' T^^i), whilst Washington 'rving marks the Boca de Caravela (77' 28') ; Varnhagen, Porto (jibara (76' 46) ; and Navarrete, together with Captain Beecher, only the port of Niiie (75' 30'). At all events, if Columbus had sailed westward to such a distance he could not but ha\e noticed' those dangerous keys, and mentioned them in his Jour- nal when ranging the coast (October 31 — November 8, 1492), which is not the case. I"lven if those dots were meant for the Great Bahama Bank, Columbus saw too little of it to consider that bank as covering the t;\icnsive area marked in the Portugue.se maps. Those cartograi)hical indications prove, therefore, that both the north-west coast of Cuba and " Chan oj'llf Xurlli Allniiti- O'-taii, ]>y V.. and G. Hl.orNi'. New York, 1S51. I .1 I I; u i>i»"l V ' i I ' i1 lOO Tin; l)is((nKuv oi- Nuutii Ami:ki(a. ' • M I! i Hi i tht! Oltl Haliaiiiii Chaiiiicl were explored after Cohiinbiis first discovered that island, and also lu'Tore the years 150::- 1503. which is the latest date of the construction of the Portuguese charts which first depiit those shallow and ilangeroiis regions. Proofs of the belief in the; insularity of Cuba anti-rior to the explora- tion made by Ocampo, can be ilerived likewise from another source. Ill the City lil)rary of l'"errara," there is a manuscript collection of voyages, relating e.\clusi\ely to the New World, and containing the prin- cip.il ih,i|)ters of the J'lii'si Xovdiiieiite litrovati originally |)ublishi'd at \'icenx,i in Xovember, 1507.'- Hut the t(;.\ts are oKler than in the latter. The vo\ages of Columbus, in th.it M.S. for instance, are exiduitly taken from the first Decade of I'l'ter >rartyr, which Angelo Trivigiaiio obtained while secretary t)f the Italian legation in Spain in 1501.'' This is also the case with the Libretto and Hook i\' of the I'acsi, which ,ire both secoiubhand and from a modified transcript, while that portion (-f the I'err.ira codex is ct;rtainly older than the [lublications of Albertino \'er- cellese ,uk1 of Mailrignano, and nearer Trivigiano's original text, as can be seen from the following references. S])e,d<.ing of the pearls brought from Curiana by Pedro Alonso Xii^o in Ajiril 1500, the compiler of the manuscri[)t says : — " Ami An/.ol 'I'rivis.in, the Secn.t.iiv of the [I.cg.ation of the] Illustrious Rc])ulil;c of N't'iiicc, while in Spain, s.aw a great m.iny of those |)earls ; — Kt ,'\nzol 'I'rivisan, Sei ret.irio de la lUustrissuua Sigiioria di N'etiicsia, cssendo in Ispagiia, ne ha visto gran quantil.^ di esse."" Pescribing tlv o|K)ssum brought from the north coast of .South Americi by X'icente ^'ane.^ Pinzon, September ^^"), 1500, he remarks that "the aforesaid Mister Anzolo s.iw it dead ; -Misser Anzolo predito lo vidi' morto;"'5 neither of which personal allusions are in th(; Pufsi. nor in the Libretto Dc Tut to La yavii^utione de A'e De Spngnay'' which is unquestion.ibly the prototype of the; Vicenza book. The description of Columbus' voyages in the Ferrara MS. was writen in 1501 : -'" tjHcsto a no del 1501, die se compose (juesto trurtato,' Init the " MS. io-N\'. I'liMUliol liy I'riif. (J. l-i:uuAK(i, "• Ihiil' m, \\ 122. In the cMins|iiinilin^ |M>>;i(;e in J!i/t(:i ■>, •'•,!■, 11 11 • ,■ r., ■••■ ipse nioeuni vulisU (I'ecatl. 1., Id), ix., ver-.,, o| f" mj.. u Chrishrphc Cvlumh, V.,1. !., pp. S.S, yl, 41S ; Vol. ^.,|i, „f ,5, ,, . ,„„ |,^. ;, a(ldres.sinK himself lo Cardinal II., pp. 07, 119, 1O3. Ludovic of Akacon, noi to Ani;elo Tkivi.;ia\o. n AfVil l-KkKAKo, lor. lit., p. 116. " /;. ,4. I'., No. 32, and Aililit., No. 16. I Unknown N.w icators. lOI compilation itsiMt was made several years altfrwartls, as is shown by lh( lis, L'tlcr ol llicronynio \ laiunio writleii 11< in Dceeinhcr i so6, which has bee (iilcil. \'i't, the pala'ography of the; MS., and the fact that it contai ns no (liiciinient of a later date au thorise us to consiiler the collection as having I)een compileil aliout the year 1506-150". ("he I'err.ir.i maiiusiri|)t is also iiluininated with fiijures of American ol)jt;cts and animals, as well as small maps, among which there is 111 relation to til le i)assage coiuern- ing Cuba, a cartographical di'liiuation of that island.'' Vet, although it was depicted certainly before they receised in Italy the news that Ocampo had .ucomplished tht; periplus of Cul>a, it is ivpn'seiued in its true; in- lar form, willi the large gulf which cur\'es tiie western extremity of lln' su south co.ist. I'Mnally, let us add that those giogniphic d.ita are in a great degree corrobt)raled by Peter Martyr, who, in oiu: of the chapters of the I'irst Decatle, written in 1501,'^ says Uiat "there are many who affirm th.it they have s.iiled all around Cuba : \tn[ue enim desunt (jui se circuiss(' cumljam |.s/f] andeant dicere." "^ The insularity of Cul),i duly ascertained iluring the I'lrst few years of the sixltenlh centur) , is of paramount importance in tht; presiMit in- fjuiry, for it enables the critic to indicate oiu; ol the; various ways in which th(; knowletlge may have been actjuired at such an early ilate, of the continent west of that island. The distance between the headlands about Matanzas and the I'loritla reefs is only tW(.:nty-livc leagues, and wc: can understand how a gush of southerly wind couUl carry to the main- land ships under .sail in that channel ; and, consecjueiuly, why the south- east coast of North America can already figure in a map of the year 1500, like La C(jsa's. In fact it is the manner in which Ura/il was discoMix'd by Cabral just at that lime.-o '" I'ij^. \lii. ill tin.' MS. and iii/rri, in i1k' |i!;iU' rcpre- cNoiisistis ... V.\ i'lr.m.vn. is. K.tK'ivI. M.nii. M.Ci'i re . I.'' .•seiitini; lliL- nMcst m.ips (if Ciili.i. (i'nr.uv to ilif jnl ihapliT (if ilio first Dociiilc in tin; "Tlie wiiik w;\s inlcnik-il iot A^^■,^ni•l Sl'oK/\ ! Iiui oill'.idii of 151 1.) 'I'lie uililinn of 1533 ilncs not st.ttc the only till' lirM Iwci i'lia|ilois of iUc tirsi DiraiU' wltc year, wliilc Haki.i'V r prints crionniiisly ".Ihhd /.Tfli;.'' aililri's^c'il 1(1 liinr. 1'. .M. |)'.\N(;iiu;ka Ksvnn(.(l writing '^ I'.nd ii( ine >i\ili Ixiok <>( tlio first Dccailc, in all tli(j only in 1501, al the re(iuest of laidovic o( .\K\r,os: oditions. "(V'cidit ct iiiihi animus a scribcndo: (lucm In mine, ■" Clirinloiilii r t'd/iiiiilnis (im/ flu Haiti: nj Si, dioriji, tiii(pie iiuliti [Kitrni reyis I'rederici lilcne, ad me direela', I leiuja, lS(;o, .(to, p. 1 16. t. '] CI ll ^'■ii% ' ■ t. \ .' li ...I'-l ' » % / i I'l t U' hi .'ii '.I It 1 CHAl'Tl'R IV. ''I'^nr-' insularity of Cub i proved to have been ascertained eight or ten I years l^etore the official survey carried out by Oeanipo in 1 50S, suj^fgests another ([ucistion still more important, viz.: When was the mainland of the N(!\v World ivlieved to be a continent distinct from Asia.'' Our impression is that it datits at least ' from the; time when navi- gators commenced to search after a strait leading from the cist coast of America to the Indian sea. Taking their conception of the geography of Asia, as shown by the Lusitiuio-dermanic maps, which remained current during the first cjuarter of the sixteenth ciMitury, we find ourst^lves unable to separate the notion of ,1 western passage from the belief that the newly-discovered countries were ilistinct from Mangi and Cithay. This is clearly shown by a mere glance at the eastern hemisphere in the globe of Behaim. It exhibits the Asiatic configur.itions which were accepted as al)soliiteIy true by all cosmographers eviM* since the time of Ptolemy, and remained unquestioned for many years .after the discovery of America. There, the east coast of India and Cathay is elaborately depicted from the north pole to l)eyond thi; tropic of Ca|)ricorii, antl bears a number of names, with real king- doms, mountains, and riviM's, all ol which continue to figure in every m.i|) and glcibe constructed even after the year 1525. Anil, natur.illy enough, the east coast of Asia therein faces the western coast of the new regions whenever the latter are represented, however crudely or vaguely. Those Asiatic delineations must have be(;n constantly before the eyes of navigators, and they tlifiered so much in appearance and [)osition from the n(;wly iliscovered countries, that Cathay and Cipangu cannot but have been believed to lie far beyond, and on the other side. We have only to read the descriptions, however vague, which John Cabot and the com- panions of Caspar Corte-Real gave of the north-western lands, to see ' I'.vfii IV'lcr Martyr d'Aniiiiikka, when annimiicinj^ aii'l to the shciro of In {IhnI ii, lit: l»lii iv.< he has) : — ■ to oil'.' nf his corrL'spondeiil^i SI) oarly as Ocloljcr I, 1493, Coloiiiis (|uklani, occidiios ailrtavigavit, ail liltiis iisc|iic the (li>;<)\ cry aicoiuplishc'l l>yColimibus, says, rescrvcclly: Iiidleuin (ut ipse credit) anlipodes." — Kpisl. cw.w., " Columlius has navij;ated a-i far as the eastern antipodes p. 74, of the Amsterdam edition of 1670. ) ! I iii t Un K N( )\VN N A\ K IATOKS. 103 that they soon siispcctt-il Aim-rica to be a new workl altoj^eihcr. Tlu- apparently iiilerininahle continuation of the coast, which was tlien already apprehended, together with its little resemblance to the countries de- picteil in such glowing terms by Marco I'olo, certainly dis;.elled their illusions in this ri:spect. It may be that, it" still faintly be'lieving that Asia stretcheil as far as Occiinus occiticiitalis, they conni'cted it in their imagination with the new regions, but only by arctic lands. This would niake of America an Asiatic peninsula ; yet of such a continental character as to authorise and i:xpl.nn its |)resenc(; in maps on which cartographers nevertheless sketched out distinctly the east coast of Asia. frt)m the tropic of Capricorn to about 90' north latitudi'. 'Their constant efft)rts to cross from Occanus occidcntalis to Occanus oientdlis, must have exasperated rather than diminish a growing belief in the continental nature of the country which they were probing at all points (jf its east coast. As Humboldt justly says, "the more it became gradually recognised that the lunvly discovered lands constituted one con- nected tract, extending from i-abrador to the promontory of Paria, and as the recently found maj) of Juan de la Cosa testified, beyond the equator far into the southern hemisphere, the more intenst; became the desire of finding some [)assage either in the south or at the north." - And thus coming to consider the two notions as coeval am) closi'jy comiecled, we may, in recalling the first intimations to find a western passage, ami in giving the reasons u[)on which they were predicated, show a sort of development of the idea that America was a separate continent. Unfortunately, with the exceptien of the narratives of Christopher Columbus, we do not possess any of the (^rigiral accounts which the early navigators wrote when they returned from their explorations of th New World. We may rest assured that the relations gi\en or written l)y liastidas, by De la Cosa, by Diego de Lepe, by Caspar Corte-Real, — - not to speak of the lost Quattro gioniatc of Americus \'(:spuccius, con- tainetl geographical appreciations which their instincts as mariners, as well as professional experience, could not fail to suggt-st, although these may have been at variance with commonly rixeived notions. It is, therefore, only from the C(jnv(Tsations of those navigators, or from a few j)hrases scattered in various writings, that we can now gather a little information on the subject. ^ IlrMMiv.iii, Ci'siiiii!', \i']. II,. p. 6^2. I': II, U'' i .. i H ,^ m \i m ■Mi I ,: ! M 104 Tiiii Discovery of North America. A i\ U', ",l I' I Commencing with Christopher Columbus. True it is that, in 1494, he declanxl, and compelled his crews to ;iffirm before a royal notary that Cuba was a continent, and that it could be reached by land : " Que esta tierra fuese la tierra firme al comienzo de las Indias y fm, a quien en estas partes quisiere venir de Espana por tierra." 3 As late as 1503, he wrote to Ferdinand and Isabella that he had actually reached the province of Mango, adjoining Cathay : " Llegue a trece de Mayo en la {)rovincia de Mago, que parte con aquella de Catayo."4 Withal, the ap- pearance is that within himself he thought otherwise. Unfortunately, to acknowledge his doubts in that respect would have been belying the motives of his great enterprise, reducing materially the importance of the results obtained, and leading the Spanish government to discontinue the attempt. We have lately found positive evidence on that point. Columbus was accom[)anied on his second voyage by a Savonesian gentleman called Michael de Cuneo, who, when he returned home, wrote a detailed account of the expedition. In that e.xtremely interesting des- cription, it is stated that the Admiral's opinion as regards the continental character of the newly-discovered regioiis, and which, as we have just related, he compelled his officers and men to acknowl<;dge under oath, was far from being shared by them. Cuneo cites the case of one of his com[)anions (name not given, but who was a very distinguished abbot of Luiserna or Lucena in Andalusia, a learned cosmographer besides), who dissented altogether from Columbus regarding the idea that Cuba was a |)art of Cathay and a con^.. nt, affirming, on the contrary, that it was only an isl.uid. C(3limibus, Cuneo says, prc'vented him from retiu'ning to .Spain for fear that the fact, if disclosed to I heir Majesties, would [)rom[)t them to abandon tht; undertaking. Here is the passage in full : " E il S. .\rmirante dice che tiouara maior fortune et jjegiori il Cathayo, et di questo molto staua in argumento cum uno abbale do I.uxerna, lioino sanctissinio et richissimo, loquale solum e venuto in quelle parte per suo piacere, per uedeii; cose noue ; il (juale I' bono astro- nomo et cosinografo ; et argumentando de una costa dio:. ..li sopra, laqualle haueuemo navicate leghe DL., che per questa grande/a con terra lerma, lui ^ ' 'cva (v loe I'abbate) de non ma era die era molto grande isolo. A la (jualc sentoncia, consulo ita L fotma del nostr.i nauicamentc, le pill parte de nuy altri se accordauamo ; et per questa casone el S. Armirante non lo ha voluto lassar venire in Spagna cum nuy a cii) che demandato di parere da la Majest.\ del Re non cansasse cum la sua risposta che dicto Re non habandonasse la iiiterpresa: — .-Ynd his Lord- shij) the .\dmiral said that Cathay would afford him hcttc and worse luck. On that point there Xaxakkkik, V.il, II., i>. 145. ■• Ihiilim, WA. I., p. 304. . I Un'known N a\u;ators. lO: was much discussion with an abbot of Luxerna, who was a most pious and rich mr.n, who had ciMiie lo tiicsc parts soli'iy for his own [ilcasurt; and to see something new. Being a good astronomer and cosmographer, in argurneniing relative!) to the coast above mentioned, which we had ranged fur five hundred and fifty [l))>.l leagues, and which, on account of such a [great] size, was said to l)e a ccntinent, he (the abbot) htKl, on the contrary, that it was an island, though veiy large. Considering the character of our navigation, the majority of us weie of that oi)inion. This is the reason why '~!s lordship the Admiral would not allow him to return to Spain with u-i, fearing that, in case he was summoned before the King, his informations vvuuld prompt His Majesty to renounce the eftter|)rise.'' ' The notions of Coliinihus concrnini.; the form of the cast coast of Asia must havt; been very clear and iiositi\(' in his mind, htii such only as we find it depicted in
    er, is just as [)(jsitive : " ParticJ de (.ran Canaiia a Santo ]!)otTiingo, e de alii fueron en Ijusc.i de un estrecho donde decia I). Cristobal Colon que hahia cl especeria :— From Santo Domingo we went in search tf a Strait, leading, according to what Christoi)her Columbus said, to the place where spice was found.'" The statement of Columlnis himself uhen describing tin; route which he intended to t.ikt; on his return home, implies the same notion: "Coming by way of the (liuiges, thence to the Arabic GuH and Ethio- pia .... constantly by .sea, Columbus .said he would r.^turn by the same ocean after sailing round the whole Africa," re])orts Hernaldez."^' Now, when we take int(j consideration that Columbus locaii'd his sup- posed sti.iit about the Isthmus of Panama," it is evident th;a the' coast of tht> New World w.is not, in his opinion, identical with the co.ist of Asia. EI.se, it would iiivoh r the aljsurd supposition that Columbus believed Asia had two east coasts, (.-'Ui- facing Occirv.is Jmh'cus, the other facing Occai/us Atlantirus. I'\en if he was of opinion that the Ganges ran from west to east, >uul would carr) him from some point in Central America to the vicini'y oi P>omba\ . this notion likewise imi)lies the belief that the regions wiiich he. was then actually e.xploring stood between Europa and Asia. r In th'' relation of til^' s<.'c(Mid voyage c^f Americus \\s])uccius, first published by IS.mdini in 1745, the I'doriMitine navigator is ni.ide to .s.iy that the ir.msatlantic coiinlries which he had just visited formed a ron- " I'robanzti of Au(^ii.st JI, 1535. •> N'AVAKKF.rE, \m1. 111., p. 556. "■ Bkr.vai.dkz, nhi niprii. " "Crcia linlliU fslrcc'.io clc inai cii tl parrxje iltl piitrh del Rctrc'te, . ii., tap. iv., Vol. 111., p. 22. .See .ilsn, r<(i.7';« y detcuhriniienloH eiyjflrn/'o.i. In l)ot\ime,nto» in- iiilt. ;.. //I'.r. ik Ffjini'in. \i>\. XV. liSyi), \,. iS. ^ \^. U N KNcnvx Navicatoks, 107 tinent contic^uoLis to Asia : " Concludemmo che questa era terra ferma . . e confini dell' Asia per la parte d'oriente." '- But that letter is a for- gery, '3 and neither in the relation of the second voyage inserted in the Lettcra, nor in the accounts in the Cosmographice introductio, do we find any assertion of the sort. On the contrary, the authentic relation of his third voyage implies the belief that America is a continent entirely distinct from y\sia, and which he intemled to double at the south ; nineteen years before Magellan. Here are our reasons for the statement : In .S(;ptember, 1503, Vespuccius first declared em[)hatically that he had been to a new world: " quasque nouum mundum appellare licet," and which he could call Novus Orhis, as the ancients never had any knowledge of it : " Quando apud maiores nostros nulla de ipsis fuerit habita cngnitio et audietibus omnibus sit nouissima res." '4 He could not have used such positive expressions if the newly-discovered countries had been considered by him as a part of Asia only. He then announces the intention of returning westwar 1 for the purpose of reaching the east through the southern nigions by means of the austral winds : " Vt ad perquirendas novas regi(jnes versus meridiem a latere orientis me accin- gam per ventum qui Africus diciter." How could Vespuccius, coming from Europe, expect to reach thc^ East by navigating from I'razil south- ward, unless he believed there was a strait leading from his Novus Mundiis to the eastern hemisphere ? John Cabot said, in August, 1497, that the continental land which he had iliscovered and explortxl was the country of the Great Khan : " E dice; havt;r trovato lige 700 lontam de qui Terra ferma el ])aexe del Gram Cam." '5 But, in ex|)laining to R.iimondo di Soncino his [)rojects, December iS, 1497, when on the point of returning to the New World, he (oiucu'd the; impression that Calhay was on the other side of the newly-discovered lands : "Ma niesser Zoane ha posto raniiiio ad magior cosa perche pensa, de quello loco occu- ])ato >;ndarsune scmpro c! Lcvaiitc,'" t.iiUo clicl sia all opposito de una Isola da liii chiainata Cip.Higo, ,-osta in la regionc c(iuino('tiali.' : — Hut Mr. John is bcMit on a still greater thing, as he proi)oses, starting from tiie [mint already attained, to follow the shores more towards the '-' li\MiIM, Vilri '11 I'l .ijiiirri^ p. 76. l■'ir^t \y.\'^u nf tlio k'Nt in all the eililions of th.il Ictler 'I Camus, Minmire aiir les rnllrflii)iii ih rnya'j'^i, pp. nf Vi'spurciiis; 'Ilili. Am. Vttiisl., Ndn. 22-ji, pp. 5()-74. IJI, 132 ; \'AkNilAi;KN, Amcrlfio \'i:n/iii'-ii, p. 07. '^ Jtaii rl SelKUtieii C'ahol, iloc. viii., p. 322. '< " MuiiiUis iiiiiiiis lU- nalur.i cl morilnis iH colcris id '" " Kl I,f\ante " must he unclcrstnnd to nie.Tii the generis tjenlis (pie in noiio niundn opera el inipensis west, as t.'alioL came froin the east, to which he was turn- sereni^^inii pcir!iii;allie regis supi'iioriluH annis inuMito."- Ing his luck, on that exploring expedition. \ 1 i ' 1 1 .1, p i. \ ' I : i t l| u I r b i M ,fi i|rl b|i 1 ii 1 08 TiiK Discovery ok North Amkkica. i f • ^! i t 1; i ■■>•■■ (^ * east [/. c, west], until he gets opposite the island which he calls Cipango, situate in the ctjuinoctial region." " Otir interpretation is that John Cabot presumed the existence of a passage, and jierhaps considered either the entrance of Hudson Strait or of the strait of Belle Isle, as leading to the west coast of the country which he had recently found. If sd, h(; may have easily imagined that by following that western coast southward, he would find to the starboard the Ci[)ango island described in such glowing terms in all the maps and globes of the time.'*^ This geographical idea certainly implies that the country which he had just discovered intervened between Europe and Asia, on the west of the European continent. John Cabot doubtless found out his partial mistake during the expe- dition of 1498. After vainly trying to find the imaginary passfige, he cannot but have retraced his steps, and followed southward the east coast of the new continent with a confirmation of the idea, as his unavail- ing efforts lead us to believe, that America was not the land of pepper, nutmegs, and cinnamon. Caspar Corte-Real was also convinced that he had discovered a con- tinent, but nowhere is it stated that he thought it was Asia. In the hitter which Pietro Pasqualigo. the X'enetian ambassador, wrote to his brothers, informing them, October 18, 1501, that one of Caspar Corte- Real's vessels had just returned to Lisbon, we read this curious passage : " Per la costa de la qual scorseno forsi miglia. dc. in. dec. ne mai trouoreno fin : per el che credeno che sia terra ferma : laqual continue in una altra terra che lanno passato fo discoperta sotto la tramontana : — They have run along about six or seven hundred miles of the coast of that land [Noith America] without finding the end thereof; which leads them to 'jelieve that it is a continent. This land is a continuation of the other land which they discovered last year at the north."" In his despatch to the \'enetian Signory, Pasqualigo added: " Etiani credeno conjugersi con le Andilie, che furono discoperte per li reali di Spagna, et con la terra dei papagh, novitcr trovata per le nave di (juesto re che andorono in Calicut; — They believe, moreover, that it is connected with the .AntiUies, which were discovered for the .1 '. , i '^ Jenii ft Si'liaxliiii Cahol, lUic. x., \\ 325. tiichst Insul."— Hkiiaim's Cllolji", tS:c. '^ " C)ian(;o do tt.nclist vil yulil, Cipango di i-dclft iind ' ' A'l CoiU-fiial, doc. xviii., pp. 21 1-212, Unknown Navigators. 109 Spanish realm, and with the land of parrots [Brazil] lately found by the ships of this king [expedition of Cabral] when on their way to Calicut.'"" Consequently, from a very early period, at all events so early as Octo- ber, 1 50 1, the notion prevailed in Europe that from Ctrculus articus to Pollus antarticus, -' the newly-discovered regions formed a single coast line belonging to a regular continent, although broken by some strait which navigators had to traverse westwards to attain the Asiatic lands. And, as it is materially impossible that the explorers could have imagined that Cathay or Mangi had two east coasts, they must have been con- vinced then and there of the existence of a sea between the west coast of the New World and the eastern borders of the Asiatic continent. '"Marin Sanuto, Dian'i ; Venczia, 1881, 410, Vol. '" I'oUua antarticnn is what we read across the conti- IV., p. J, anil Lts Cortclitnl iJ leurn roywjen an nent, hy aliout 15° soulh uf the tropic of Capricorn in tho Noun.au Monih, Appemli.x, iloc. xviiiA, pp. 209-211. chart of .Ulierto Cantino. 11 1-1 I. ! \ 11 I ' !^ 1*1 S\' , .1 1 « I VI m I; I'i ?' « ' i'. • CHAPTER V. AFTER h.'iving interrot;;it(;cl historical statements, let us see now whether the cartographical dociinuints of the first years of the sixteenth century, bi-ar out (besides the prima-facie proof arising from their inserting at the west an inde[)endent continental land) the conclusions which we have just expressed, concerning the belief generally entertained that there was a continent to the west of the Antillies, distinct from Asia. In the presc'nt investigation, the line of argimients may compel us to go partially over groumls which we have already survc'yed ; but this is una\nidable from the moment that our documentary proofs have to be examined under the various aspects which tht;y present to the historian of maritime discovery. Though tin: notion of the existence of a vast and unsuspected con- tin(?ntal land inteqjosed l)etween Occanus occidcntalis and Occanus oricntalis was, in our opinion, almost general at a very early date, we must confess that it must have been extremely crude, and in many respects inexact. The efforts of the mariners who first explored tht; north-east coast of the New World were necessarily disconnt;cted, superficial, and lacking, of course, scientific |)recision. TIk; only point which they held in common was the necessary belief that tht; continent ran from north to south, in a line more or less crooktxl ; and judging, as they always did in those days, from a priori similitudes, they doubdess ascribed to the same a configuration which resembled in the main the eastern seaboard of Asia. On the other hand, it must be borne in mind that the, seafaring men who visited the continental regions of the New World, were prompted by wo other moti'/es than to gather sj/ice, gold, and precious stones. It is evident therefore that when they found themselves in such a bleak and barren country as Labrador, or in the pine forests of the north-east coast of Newfoundland, nay, on the Atlantic borders of the middle or south(;rn States, they experienced great disappointment. Bar- rels (jf pitch and turpentine ; perhaps such trees to make masts as they ■*« 1 m i \ 1 !• *; V 3 i i ! i . '^ i I'' ^. 111 'M \ IQl' i la, r 'I' f : :m 4. 1*1' li i' I Sii i| i Vi >,i 'if if' Hi I. - .'. .; •<.ir.re the cosmographical notions which he entertained as regards the east coast of Asia, as his planisphere sciircely extends eastward beyond the Arabian sea. But if the vast continental land which, in his ma]), lays adjacent the West Indies had been intended for the. iMstern coast of Asia it would bear names recalling Mangi and Cathay, whilst tb.o sea bathing those shores would not have bei^n merely a A/are oceanuSj but an Oceanus orientalis Indie. As Kohl justly says : " Co.sa draws tlie entire coast of North .\merici). from the neighbourhood of Cuba to the high northern regions, in about 70° N., with a continuous line, uninterrupted by water. He appears to have tliouglii that there was a largo cuntinL'ntal part of tliu world, back of tlie West India islands discovert-d by Columbus and liis contem[)oraries." ' The map next in order is that of Alberto Cuitino (1502). This is complete, and exhibits the entire Asiatic coast, with a precisi(jn and com- pleteness theretofore imkaown, besides a serit^s of names and legends which K:ave no doubt whatever th,it, in the opinion of the cartograph(?r, the Asiatic continent did not extend beyond, and that two oce.ms, viz.: Oceanus orientalis and Oceanus orientalis meridionalis, separated the Asia- tic world from the niiwly-discovered countries.* We have now the recently-discovered manuscrif)t mappamundi of the heretofore unknown (Genoese cartographer Nicolay de Canerio, which is undated, but seems to be only a couplt; of years later than the Cantino ' Kdlli., Ihx-mw utarij Ilistonj nf Mnin, , y. 515. ' See "iipra, facsimile c,f tlic .Asiatic ci>a.-,l. I. m :./ ' 'i I 13 Till I)is(m\i;kn (ik N'iMMii Ami. RICA. I' '•1 in.i]> CaiuTio cxliiljits alsD tlic north western continental region, but carriis it luriln r soiiili, with additional nanii s, luui licdges the entire coast betvve(Mi Spanish tiags. Tlu're, likewise, this continental land is wholly separ.Ued from ihr Asiatic world, with .i cle.irly-defnied western coast. The Ki'n^j; ch.irt, and Kiinstinann No. III., are Lusitanian work.s whii.li exhiliif th'- southern regions of the New World as continental, although till' western coast of .South Aineric.i is left bl.uik, whilst the northern section .ippears in th;; shape of a V(;ry elongated pe.ninsula, nametl, however, not //////, hut Ti'rni lic Cuba. Hert; ag.iin, thi^ eastern coast of Asia is clearly ilelineated, curved and inc!enti:d, with represen- tations of the city (jf " Guinsai," and of the Great Khan si-ated on his throne ; showing th.it, in the opinion of the map-makers, th(! configur.itions of tht! newly-discovered countries belonged to regions which were abso- lutely distinct fn^in Asi.i. Of Ruysch's ma]) (150S) \\e shall speak h;;reaftcr, although chron- ologically speaking, it is the v\X in order. The Il.iuslab globe No. 1 [circa 1509) also se[)ar.ites its Ami:rican configurations, north and south, from Asia, by a broad ocean embracing a gore 40 degrees of longitude wicK:. The Cr.icow .Sioljiiic/a map[)aniundi (i:;i.?') unites the continental norih-weiiern region of Cantino with the South AnuM'ican continent, forming a miss which, notwithst.mding its crude character, is not unlike the reality. It also delineates the west coast of the New World, on which is inscribed Terra inco^^nita, and then marks a si)ace of 50 degrees before reaching the borders of Asia. The Orhis Tvpvs VniverSiilis cf WaldseemLi'ler (i5r3) exhibits an absolutely indepeiKK-nt represi-ntation of the Asi.i.ic coast, whilst the American configurations ' I I ^■-■^fl IP fi\f < I h i :t,. ) ■ 1 ' ri M ^^ k'i V! CHAPTER VI. WE have set forth and discussed the opinion of the S])anish and J\)rtiiguese navigators, as well as of the cosniographcrs of the first quarter of the sixteenth century, C(jncerning the existence of a continental land situate to the west of the Antillies, and deemed by them to be different from the Asiatic regions. We will now slate the facts which lead us to believ(? that the Spanish government likewise, so far from con- sidering the notion as a vagary or mere surmise, was convinced, so early as the year 1501, that west of the West Indies there lay a regular continent which was not Asia. From the time of the hrst voyage of John Cabot to the east coast of thi; New World, l-'erdinand and Isabella had been informed that the discoveries accomplished by the Anglo- Venetian adventurer were in the region belonging to Spain. Pedro de Ayala and Ruy (ionzales d(; Puebla, the .Spanish ministers at the Court of Henry \TI., wrote to their govern- ment as follows : " I.o fine hiiscan es lo que V'uestras Altczas posseen . . . T-o ([ue han hallado o hiiscan cs L) quu ^'ucslras Altczas posecn, ijorque es al cabo ((ue a \'ueslras Altezas capo [,f/V pro cupo] [)or la convencion con Portugal' . . . Vo dixo [al Rey de Viiglaterra] cieya eraii las halladas por \'ueslias .Mte/.as, y aun le dia la una razon, no lo querria : — That which they are in search of is that which belongs to your Highnesses . . . That which they have found or what they arc in search of is that which your Highnesses already possess, because it is at the cape [or at the beginning of the region] which was attributed to your Highnesses by the treaty with I'ortugal ... I told the King of I'.ngland that I believed it was what had been discovered for your Majesties; but, although I gave him the reason thereof, he did not like it."- This unexpected news must have be(Mi a serious subject of imeasiness in .Spain, as it threatenetl to jeoiiardize the ]irojects ;ind hopes wluch their Catholic Majesties had predicated upon tin; acliievements of Cohnnbus. This is shown by the iv.nor of the letters patent, which they granted to Alonso de llojeda, jime 8, 1501, for his third ex[iedition to the \ew ' Tlio Ux.ity (if TiirilL^illasiif 149.1. I" 'li^ traii^l:ilicin (if the i>res(.-iit (Idaniicm, liKKCHNKom li.is (iniiitcd ihc wiiiils from " poniui: " lo " I'lirtiigal." ■-' /h'jiirliiM lie li'iii/ (!,,ii:nlrs ill- Piiihin ,t ill I'idio ih- Ai/fi/ti, in Jiriii il Siliii'iiiii Cahut, d'lcs. xii. .aiul Niii., pp. 32S .ind j2(> ■\ Unknown Navigators. 117 World. In that document he is enjoined to navigate towards a region which is expressly stated to be the country ascertained to have Ijeen discovered by the English : " Por razon que va hacia la parte donde se ha sabido que descubrian los ingleses," and to set up, gradually as he advances (necessarily by following up the coast northwardly, with the implied belief that it was connected with the north-western lands), the escutcheon of Spain : " E \-ais poniendo las marcas con las armas de SS.AA."3 As to the reason for such a course, it is still more significant : "This you shall do," say Ferdinand and Isabella, "for the purpose nf sto[iping the discoveries of the English in that direction : ^ — para que atages el descubrir de los ingleses por aquella via." 4 To urge and encourage Hojeda in the undertaking, the Spanish sovereigns made him a princely gift : " \\'c gram unto you for ever in the scuthern part of Hispaniola called La Maguana, six leagues of land .... [both] in consideration of the discoveries which you arc to accom- plish, and for [jour intended efforts] on the coast of the continent to bar the way to the English : — para lo que habees de descubrir e en la costa de la tierra firme para el atajo de los ingleses, y las dichas seis leguas de tierra scan vuestras para siempre.'" The expression which we have underscored " para el atago de los ingleses," certainly implies attempts already made by the English to con- tinue their first transatlantic ( nterprises, necessarily in a more southern direction, and liy ranging the west coast southwardly. A private craft might have sailed from IJristol in the; track of the Spanish ships, sur- reptitiously or otherwise, — although we possess no information whatever to ground such an hypothesis, — but that "-rdinand and Isaljella should have been e.xercised lo so high a degree, [)poses the meeting in their transatlantic domain of sonu; important e.xpedition sailing under the Hrilish flag. The second voyage of John Cabot, which, as he implicitly informed Raimondo di Soncino, was to be westward and then southward, -and which Sebastian Cabot told Peter Martyr had extended to the latitude of Gibraltar, — must be the very navigation the progress of which, along the southern coast of the present United States, alarmed the Catholic Kings. ^Rdtti.H ci'iliild-i y riiiiiilo hiilin foii llojidit, N.WAKKl-. Mi, \'c>l. III., dec. \., |ip. at). S8. * lliidtm. ^Iliiflim. Tli.it uxpi-'cliucin i. 'I'VMl If ii8 TlIK DiSCOVKKV OK NoRTH AmKRK'A. i \\r fl! \\'^ 1 I IS (;' ■ ^ i ■ 'I "1 [> ' This we infer from the fact that the two voyajj^es of John Cabot (149; and 149S-1499) are the only English expeditions'' to the New World known to have been undertaken previous to the letters patent granted to Hojeda in June, 1501, and which contain the above quoted reference to atteni|)ted British extensions. Munoz and Xavarrete allege that Hojeda in his first expedition met the English in the vicinity of Maraycaibo : " Lo cierto es que Alonso de M()ji,'(.la en su primer viage halh') a cicrtos ingleses jior las inmediacones de Cocjuibacoa." 7 This statement may prompt two objections, calculated at hrst sight to throw doubt upon our nroposed iilentification of John Cabot with the I-iiiglish mentioned in the above instructions given to Aloi'so lie Mojeda. 1 he tn-st ol those oliiections is that Cabot on his second voyage saileil from Mngland in April. 149S. and was expected back home in Septtinher following : " s]jerase sean x'enidos para el Setiembre," *> while Hojixla set out from .Spain only in the spring of the following year. The reply is that nowhere it is .said in the original documents that it was Ilojeda, ov any of his ships and companions, who saw the I'lnglish in American waters. Then, we do not know when John Cabot returned from his second expedition. We have proofs that it was ecpiipped on an inii)ortant scale-, numbering fivr vessels : " Fd Rey de Inglaterra em- bio cinco naos,"'' which carried stores for a whole year: " .ivitallatlos [)or im ano." "^ Besides, as the accoimt of Sebastian Cabot implies a long explor p;\U-m j;r.>illc>l imly M.iri.li l<). 1501. HllHil.K, ' Disp.itcli iif ('lonzales IF I'l El'.I \, oji. nl., ilnc. xii. Ml iiioir I'/ Citliol, [ip. 2Z2, ji2-.;2 J. " lii-.|ulch nf Peilm m. .\v.\i. \. iitil .«h/)to. ' N'.WAKKi: 1 1;, Vol. III., p. 41. " Sou iii/ia, our C"hronoloi;y (.f X'oyajjes. U N K NOWN N A\' IC. ATOKS. 119 1 i HI would be a very serious objection if there were any proofs that Hojeda, or any Spanish ship met the English actually " por las inniediacones de Cocjuibacoa. " But our searches in the Spanish archives have failed to bring to light any document to that effect; and neither Munoz nor Navarrete cjuote any authorities for their assertion. This has all the a])- pearance of an arbitrary deduction made by them from the letters patent granted to Hojcda, June S, 1501. where Coquibacoa is mentionetl, only, however, in conni:ction with his appointment as governor of that place, and without any reference whatever to the F-nglish. Nor is it said therein, or anywhere else;, that liritish seamen were seen by Hojeda, or by any Spanish commander in the vicinity of Coquibacoa. There is nothing to prevent Cabot having been met about Cuba by one of the transports or trading ships which, for the last three or four years, were already plying between Seville and the West Indies to carry supi)lies to the colonists. The latitude of Gibraltar mentioned by Cabot is, according to the old charts, nearly on a line with the point of the Floridian peninsula and the north coast of Cuba. That is likely the place where the F.nglish were seen, probably when homeward bountl. And, ;is the coast bordering the Caribbean sea was then already believed to be " a lande to reach towarde the north on the back syde of Cuba," the recommendations of the Catholic Kings are easily understood. '["aking into consideration that tlu; onlv h'nnflish navigator who could have bf(,n met there in those; tlays was John Cabot, we must ;;ssume that when detecti-d about those regions, he had reached the terminus of a coasting which commenci'tl south of NewfouiuUand (after vainK trying to fmd an outlet leading to the other side),— according to his first pro- ject, as rept)rted by Soncino. Otherwise, we should have to beliext- that, abandoning all intention of returning to the north-east coast of the Xew World, he darted directly from Bristol in a south-westerly ilireetion, to lanil fifty degrc'cs below his first landfall in \.\Q~. But the K'tters patent which Henrv \'ll. granleil him in 149S show that such a route; would have been contrary to the King's intentions, as the voyage is therein expressly described as being intended " for the Londe and lies (■' late foundt; by the seid John ;" which we know to have been Newfoundknul or thereabout. Under those terms, starting from the latter point, he could have rangeil the coast southward, .apparently without knt)wing that it would take him to th(; .Siianish possessions ; but they certainly itrecliide a primary project ['> visit tirst of all the region ol the West Indies. 1^ ;i. il '*', r.i I II 120 Till-; DiscovKKV ok North Amkrica. t 11 M 5 it it i: Let us add that if only one of the five ships of John Cabot, swifter than the rest, ami carrying the British flag, went ahead of the fleet and was met [)robing her way about the Bahamas, that would be sufficient to account for the feelings expressed in the instructions given by Ferdinand and Isabella to Hojcda. Now, what is the exact date when those monarchs speak of the con- tinent : "la costa de la tierra firme," and order Hojeda to impede the progress of the English t(jwards the south : " para que atages el descu- brir de los ingleses por aquella via?" The 8th of June, 1501 : "a ocho dias del mes de Junio ano de mil e quinientos e un aiios." And this, Ferdinand and Isal)e]la ex[)ress in a manner which implies that their knowledge of British incursions dated a year or two previous ; at all events in time for Juan de la Cosa, already renowned as the greatest .S[)anish pilot li\ing, to have cognizance of the fact when, having returned from Hojeda's first expedition, he constructed his famous planisphere "en el puerto de Santa Maria en ano de 1500." In that respect, the probability is rendered so much the greater that La Cosa, as the reader is aware, depicts a .-cady in the s.iid planis[)here, which was finished before October, 1500, a continental coast line to the west of Cuba, and carried without any break from " the sea discovered by the English : — mar descubierta por ingleses," to the Venezuelan regions and bi'vond. It is difficult not to ^'sce in that array of facts ami necessary dixluc- tions, all based u|)on authentic and contemporaneous statements, a proof that in the first year of the sixteenth century the belief was entertained in Spain, and necessarily in Portugal and England, that a contincMital region existed west and norlh-west of the Anlillies. We can even trace the continuation of that early belief uninter- ruptedly almost down to the expedition of Magellan. Gomara states thai many Spanish and Portuguese navigators, at a \ery t;arly d;ite, ranged llie coast of Labrador, to ascertain whether they could find a sea [)assa;_;e t\ ilic i'iuhh id \"nl. 111.. N.i.-. XXXI-II., pp. 124-127. acctilc In tht- (k^iru exprc>^.cil liy (he pcopU- ni Darien '■ .\ iIiMimiLiil lately imlili.slicil in the (\iki-:-i('n tli. i.i have appoiiUed ns j;nvernur \'.i>ei) .Nnne/. ile liallicia. 'inrmiitnlita iiiidilciK (l<: Iiit/inn, \'cil. .\.\,\II., p. 393, rders to the ai;reement maile with Agramonle. It is a riiyal (,'eilula of Kiny l''erilinan. 165. As could aviiil iliL'in jlvcs uf'tlio iiriviK-j,'!.'. Infra, \^. 131. the iltcrci' is in Ihc name I'f I'LTdinniiil andlsrtliclb, one = Amuiikka, Oi>ii.i E/iistol., Kpisl. clx. (lunu II, niijjht supinise that llic terms: "ahjimas peiMMias, vicimis 1495), p. 90. See also Doriimmlo" iiicilitn.^ i/r ImUnii, O miiradorcs en alyunas Cimlatlcs, \'illa.s i Luyarcs e \'(il. XXX., p. J17, for numerous petitions to he allow cil I'uertos (le nuestros Ueinos e Senorios," apply to all to make transatlantic discoveries, and to receive one half Spaniards J Imt in reality, only Isaliella's own suiijects of the profits. ■ ^ \\ I M I' ' I'M J 1 I \ m m ;• ill >l:k 9 f' ^ I ii J 136 Tiiic DiscuvKKV 01' NokTii Ami.kica. puhlishcd a new ordinance cancelling all authorisations theretofore granted wiiich could be shown to be contrary to the privileges possessed by Christo|)her Columbus.' He did not, however, long maintain such an exclusive policy, and we fmd him advocate the [)rinciple that permission should be granted to all who wished to accoiMpHsh discoveries : " Para en lo dc descobrir de nuevas tierras, paris(,cnie se dcva dar lii^encia ;i todos los que (luisicrun yr, y alargar la mano cl to dul (ininto, inoderandolo en alguna l)uena nianera, ;i fin dc que muchus se disi)ongan .\ yr : — Conctrning the discovery of new lands, it seems to me that permission ought to be given to all who want to go, and that we should ojjcn the hand as regards the King's royalty, moderating it so as to indure many to avail themselves of the leave." ' Consistently with his altereil views in this respect, Columi)us au- thorised many commanders, " muchos capitanes," to e.xplore the newly- discovered lands. This we learn from Andres Hernaldez, who was an eye-witness : " V esiando el en la corte se negocid e conrert(5 6 se di(5 licencia a otros muchos capitanes (]Ue la procuraron i)ara ir a descubrir, 6 fuoron e descubiicron diversas islas : — .\nd being at the Court, auihorisation was negotiated, agreed, and granted to many other cajjUiins, who obtained it for the purpose of going to discover, and, having gone, discovered various islands.'' » 'I'he reader will notice thai, in the course of those expeditions, di.sco- vcriis were actually accomplished. Among the captains who then obtained the required license, we must doubtless inclutle Cristobal Guerra, Diego de Le|K', Hojeda and Rodrigo de Baslidas, although in reality they held their privilege from the Crown. But three or four is a number which falls short of the e.xpression "muchos;" and we may therefore assume tiiat there were others, whose names and deeds have not come down to us. These, necessarily, need be placed among the navigators who may 1 •• Di-rcnik-nioh riniK-nionti.- hir' r\I;;im.n iicrsnnas nn se.in (ij.iihis ilu ii oiplr.i cllas [llic former ' mcrccilcs'], o bi L-1 Icii'ir (lull.ii en al^M Ic iiurjiulica la dicha pruvisimi (jik' a^i maiiilanuK dar, (|ue to apply to new infringements of that ortlinunce. Columbus himself says therein : " h'.ago juramento cpie cantitail de liomlire.s han ido a las Indias que no mereseian el agua para con Dios y con el numdo, y agora vuelven .-vlli," f" Ix.xij. That sentence is not to lie found in the Genoa codex. ■• C(tiia.-<(li: Illlilo. <)\lKl)(i s.iys : "As lont; as (liiecn Isabcll.T livol, no om- was iicnnitteil lo i;o to tlie Indies except lier own siilijefls, for they alone diMovoied the New World, \iid iioi the Arai^one^e, Calalaiis, and Valeneians." — lli->f"riii II, n, nil '/■ lui Imlin^, lili. iii., cap. i., Vol. I., p. 7,|. Ili>\i.\i;\, ///<'. l!iinhn.'< ftiHiiif (I ..'< I'' I'-iit'/if. Sec also, Soi.ciK/. AMI, l',.i;i;,n lii'ltniin, Madrid, 1648, fol., lib. iv., cap. xix., p. o;o, and the (^'.diilit of .\oveni- lier, 1504, in .\a\ MOit.ir, \ol. III., p. 5J5. We lind that, even after the death of Ualiella, when I'erdinaad of Ar.ayon administered tlie Uini,'doni, DeeeniKer 4, 1507, one Hernaldo tlrlmahli (apparenlly a native ol lienoa) was ohlij^eil to heconie a nalmaliseil snlijeel of the crown of Cf(.v/i7e, hefore he could lie allowed to trade in the Indies. -Ml.-. Iiiiilit. (Il /mlin-,. Vol. X.\WI., p. 196. " " I'or (|iianlo las islas . . . Iiieron desciiliiertas . . . a eosia ile eslos nils Keynos, ,Ve. " -[sahella's will in ])i)KMi:u, Dixirr^D.i niii',1 ,1, nisli^rin, /arat;o(,a, l6Sj, 4to, p. ^t4. " Licence i^ranted to llAsiiiiAs ; in Xavakri II"., \'ol. II., p. 245. " .An [ t'.NI.Z, Mi.Dioriai liislurira.i xohn; tit l.i •li^/iirlnu 11 llnhii mil ill / CiVHi i-i-in ill lit.i ICsjiiiiiii/i .1 I II ,s»v i-ii/oiiiiix, Madrid, 1797, Svo, p. 4. '■ " .Si-aii osailos de ir ni vayan sin nuestra liceneia a de^colirir al mar Oce.ino, ni a l.vs islas e lierradirme cpie en el ha'~ia ai,'ora son ile.scuhierlas e se de.sciihrieren.'' — NAVAUItKn., \'ol. 11., doe. cxxxix., p. 25.S. .S \ |- 1 t (i, m •'*:'l 'S\ I [• J 1 1^ f 'i • if y i> 130 Till-: DiscovKKV ok Noktii Amkkua. we see two of Columbus' own officers, one of whom, Alonso Medel, had been the master of the A'i/hi during the second voyage of discovery, elope with two armed vessels equipped by the Crown, and of which they were in command. Disregarding the orders of Columbus, and surrepti- tiously, this Medel, with Bartolome Colin, set sail for unknown regions. When they returned to Cadiz, Columbus asked Their Majesties to insti- tute legal proceedings, on the plea that the bold adventurers had been guilty, to use Navarrete's t;xpressions, of " viages arliiirarios."'-!- We do not know where those truant mariners went, but ihey certainly avoided tl transatlantic ports and coasts visited by licensed Spanish ships and officials. Later, February 4, 1 500, we see another instance of the kind, when Ferdinantl and Isabella charttT three vessels for the purpose of ovc-rtaking in the open sea two ships which had sailed unlawfully from Seville to the New World. '5 It is worthy of notice that thev bclonot'tl to a Genoese, F"r(.-, N'l'.l iIa'^ (.•clili"!!, |i. ifio, li,i~; n |)l)^itivc suueiiioiu In llie siiiin; ctVecl. \'<>1. I., 11. 177. IIki;ki;u\, Ui.'c;iiI. I., lili. \i., c;i|i. wi.. '" I lr\ti;(ii m , Kxaiif 11 n-iiiiiiic, VdI. II., p. 35S. S Iff II W'i 1 1 1 II ^7i r i h: IH i 'it'! ti Ul T CHAPTER IX. ^I'^HE conclusions which \vc hiivt: just ex|)rt:ssud arc basud, geographi- cally si)caking, upon the c-xistcncc in the Cantino chart of a north- western continental region, which, as has already been stated, corresponds with the east coast of North America, from Florida to about the Delaware or Hudscni river. Vet it must be confessed that the re- presentation is only general and approximate, with latitudes and longitudes very inexact, — not m(jre so, however, than are the configurations and positions of other parts lA' the New World in all the maps and charts of the time. To discuss the bearing of such geographical data, we must not, there- fore, take as a guide the scales which are inscribed in detail on several of them. Else we would have to |)lace, for instance, Cuba by 30 --38" north latitude, instead of 19 48'- 23 i i', which is its true situation. Ikit we may nevertheless take that island for a starting point, as it is a reality ascertainetl practically by navigators of the period. In other words, the historian of maritime discl configurations the a|)pear- ance of the Gulf of Mexico, and of the Yucatanic country. Who were the navigators, when they visited that coast, and what an; exactK' the shores embraced in those mysterious expeditions, no one can tell. True it is that in Canerio the area is bordered at the north and at the sou.Mi by Spanish llags, and that in several of the early Lusi- tano-Germanic globes the word Parias is inscribed across the new and supplementary region. But this is only an interpretation of German cos- mographers, who identified, we do not know on what grounds, the country discovered by Christopher Columbus in his third voyage, with the land which was certainly nameless on their prototype. Were it otherwise, Nicolay de Canerio, who sets forth the most numerous nomenclature to be found in that class of geographical monuments, could not have failed to insert likewise the name of Parias on his additional configuration. jNIeanwhile, it is (;nough for us to see, in the prolongation of that coast, evidence that th(! exploration of the same .sea-boards was continued in the first few years of the sixteenth century to more than 15° south of the latitude of Cuba. ■ It'll ' \ '1 \ < % riii W' r , I ■ 11(1 : BOOK SIXTH. (giminu ^ioxiU. arib t^t (Buff ^^on. 1/f I I )^ I.' 151 I-I521. CHAPTER I. TE have now reach(icl a new series of explorations to the north * coast, and tread on historical grounds; that is, where chronicles and histories contemporary of the events can be consulted. It does not follow, however, that the chain of documents is unbroken, or of such a precise character as to enable critics to trace accurately or in de- tail the progress of maritime discovery in the north-western regions. On the contrary, a number of geographical data are still hidden from our view, particularly for the period which elapsed between the origin of the facts deduced from the configurations in the chart of Canerio, and those which are tcj be derived from the rudimiMitary map of Peter INIartyr. The documents begin only with the first e.Kpedition of Ponce de Leon to I'lorida. But pniviously, eflorts, different from those which are implied bv the configurations of the 1 Aisitano-Germanic maps, were certainly made b\- Ncssels carrying the .Sjianish fiag, to [)r()l)e the .Atlantic Ocean to the north-west of Cuba, in search of new countries. The riNisons of a geographical character which [)rompted such attemjjts can (.easily be ascertained. The Castilian pilots knew of the existence of a north-western contincMit, not only by the great ma[)s of Juan dt'. la Cosa. but also by Portuguese charts ; for it is impo.ssible that map[)a- mundi of thi: type of Canlino am! Canerio, which could be so easily obtained in Lisl^on, and circulateil in Italv and Germanv, should have remained unknown to the .Spaniartls. Tht; land, however, which haunted their imagination was supposed to be t)t a difterent type altogether, as the [)robability is that, with the coneciption of the valui.; of things then pre\alent, what they knew of our east coast was but littk; alluring to V ) \ v^ !• W BiMINI AM) FlokUKX. 135 adventurers who were only in search of gold, pearls, and spice. They seem to have been led by the hope of discovering a number of imaginary islands, of which the Lucayan archipelago had given them a foretaste and idea, but surmised to be richer. And it was in their repeated endeavours to reach those insular regions that several bold mariners before Ponce de Leon, and afterwards that navigator himself, landed in IHoriila, which they then, and for a number of y(;ars, considered to be a mere islantl, though of vast size. Hut a distinction must be established at the outset. Diiferent points of the Floridean [)eiiinsula were thus explored ; the.se the Spanish pilots and cartographers believed to belong to separate islands. The " h/a Biiiiini" " Ih'iiu'ne,'" or " Beni'ny" which .seems to cor- respond with the most southern part of our Florida, was first seen and named, according to current information derived from th(; Lucayan Lulians. " Boitica," or " /Igiiaiu'o,^' ap[iears to be some point of the east coast, already surmised to belong to a continental region. " Cautio" is pmbably the same country as " Boinca." Finally, we have " Isla Florida,'' "Terra Florida" and "La Florida" visited by I'once de Leon, and embracing the entire ape.K of the i)enin- sula, with the lowest porii(Mi of the coast, east and west. Those dilferences are shown by the documents, as well as by con- tem()orary accounts which will be discussed in the ibllowing pages. The distinction between " Bimini " and " Florida " we hnd established from the start. The letters patent granted to Ponce de Leon, P'ebruary 23, 1512,' refer only to th(; projected discovery (_)f the island of Piminy or Beiiiny : "el descubrimi'iito de la isla de Peniny." When the discovery of what he calls " P'lorida " has been accom- plished. Ponce still believes that there is another island besides, called '• Benini " or " Pimini," and before returning home sends to search after it one of his captains, Juan Pi're/. de Orlubia, who afterwards brings news to Porto Rico io the citect that the sc.u'ch has proved successful. He then petitions the King oi Aragon for leave to st:ttle the; newly- discovered islands, and the new letters [)atent granted to him on that occasion e.\[)licitly refer to two separate isles: "ir a poblar a la Isla de Beniny e la Isla F"lorida." Xay, the Turin map [circa 1523), and the Weimar charts of 1527 and 1529, after naming our b'loridian [)eninsula ' Cii}>'tfnhi'-ioh '- II Juan /*otirf th Ltf-ii sohn eon. It follows that the maps which set forth to the north of Ciil)a a configuration, nametl " Bi)niiiiy exhibit cartographical data anterior to the; discoNcry of I'once de Leon. it is only when we see tlie name " Isla Florida" "La Florida" or "Terra Florida,''' that the delineation positively refers to the famous expedition of 1512 or 1513. Notwithstanding our efforts antl researches in the archives of the Indies at Seville, we have failed to fmd any document calculated to throw more light upon that period of the history of maritime discovery, and elucidate the new series of clandestine as well as of official voyages which form the subject of the present chapter. We feel constrained, however, to discuss the elements which serve to constitute the chronology of that class of expeditions, which all sailed under the Si)anish flag, and led to the possession of the country ex- tenilini'- from h'loriila to the Baccalaos. riiose elements are confuse'd, sometimes contradictory, even when borroweil from each other; whilst, in certain cases, separate expeditions are eoml)in(,'d into one. and in others a singU; one mixes details belonging to sex.ral voyages. We will now proceed to analyse; that category of explorations in the order, not of thtnr real date, but of the years ascribed to them by historians. If, when referring indirectly to that class of voyages, we accept the date of 1511, nay, the beginning of that year, given by Las Casas, the earliest refen'nce to an expetlition inulertakeii by Sp.miards, ojjenly, to the regions north of Cuba, is thi; following ; '■ I'or cstu ticiiiiH) |;il priinipii) del ano dc 1511] se junt.ih.m on comp.Tnia y ariiiahaii uno (') dos navios 6 mas, para ir ;i rebuscar los inoccnts (luc por las isletas ddiidc inoia- han .... Entre otros so juntaiuii siote vecinos de las villas de la Vega y Sanrliago, a K) <|Lic rrci', y no faltaban nierLasta, cierto, file' la tierra y costa de mar, de la que ag'ir.i Uaniamos la l''lorid,i l.legcS a este jnierto de Santo Itomingo con sii presa : At that time [in tlie beginning ot' the present year 1511] a . . K^ HfMiM AN'D Florida. 137 partiuiship was foniiL'd, aiul two or more ships were C(|uip|ie(l t(i go and ahduct the innocent [Indiums] who inhabited the small islands. Amon^; others, seven inhabitants of the towns of La Vef^a and Sanctiago, as I believe, formed such an association, and no merchants were wanting; to supply them with gooils. They e(iuip])ed two vessels, with from 50 to 60 men on board of each. .S.iiling from I'uerto de Plata, they reached the I.ucayas islands, in which nothing was found. 'I'hey then determined to go north, in search of lands . . . and they saw a certain country, where they landed. This was uncjuestionably the country and sea- board which we call Florida. . . . They returned to Santo Domingo with their booty."" Las Casas adds that this rcilativcly siicccssftil voyage u;avc Ponce dt- Leon tlu' idea of the ('.\|)i'ditioii which lie undertook soon afterwards. Such a -.i.itenient, if e.xact, woiiKl confirni the early tlate oivcn bv tht; humani; bishoj) of Chiapas for tliat predatory enttT|)rist!. This can also be said of the first phrase, sub niiiio 1512, in Herrera's often ([noted account of Ponce tie Leon's discovery of b'lorida : " 1 como havia luieva (|ue se hallaban tierras a la vanda del Norte acordo de ir a descubrir acia acpiella parte ; — Having received news that lands had been found at the North, Juan I'once de Leon decided to go and make discoveries in those [larts." ' Las Casas siijjports his narrative by a reference to I'eter Martyr, whom he represents as having mentioned the sn»ie facts : " Deste .salto Iiace mcncion Pedro ^Llrtir." In the second chapter of the Seventh Decade there is actually the following statement : " Cupiditate egitur habendi lucaios, more venatorum (jui i)er nemora montana penjue pelustria loca feras insectantur, ita quidain Hispani duobus nauigiis seiJtem virorum impensa constructis, ex oppido I'ortus plata; dicto, in Hispanioke sito latere, qua septentrionem spectat, ad Lucaias homo cui)ii causa, anno ab hinc tertio transfretarunt . . . lerunt ergo illi, vesti- garunt universas has insulas, pra^da non reperta, quod eorum ronuicini iandiu ex amussim exploratus dcpopulati fuerant. Ne consociis irrisui forent si vacui ad nis[)aniolam reuerterentur direxere proras ad Arctoon b'>otein. Aiunt plariciue mentitos, (pii sua sjxinte dixerint elegisse illud iter, sed inejuiunt ab exorta et biduo perseuerata repentina tempestate fuisse rajjtatos, ad eius terrx, quam describemus, prospectum, viso a longe celso promontorio : —Prompted by the lust of possessing [.'] the Lucayas, the Spaniards, after the mode of hunters who pursue wild beasts across forests, mountains, and svamps, sailed from the town of Porto Plata, on the north side of Hispaniola, facing the Luc:ayas, with two ships constructed at the cost of seven individuals, in search of men [/. <•., to enslave]. That occurred three years ago . . . They then scoured all those islands without finding any prey, because the neighl)ours |/. e., the Spaniards living nearer] had long before explored the said islands, and completely disi)eopled them. So as not \.o become the laughing-stock of their partners if they returned to Hispaniola with em])ty hands, they turned the prows of their vessels northward. Those who say that they Las t'ASA-i, lil>. ii.. tr-w. ^\. 457 ^.SO- ' Hkkrkka, Doi^mI. I., lib. i\., c;i|p. \., \ul. I., p. 2.(6. T I ' ^S i ^' '■ i 'i I :■/■' r/i-Jiiii m fl li', . II If i 1 i;M iPr. 1 % f T, f^ I fi ' I % f Ak lifi St |'> I' ; m % t i.V I \ >3« Tin: DiscovKkv <.)K Noktii Amiikica. sclerted surh a route of their own accord speak falsely. [On tlie contrary] they were driven thither by a storm whi( h hurst sutldenly, and lasted two days. It carried them to the land which we describe [above], and of which they had seen from afar the hi^h promontory."* But l\;t(jr .Martyr, as we liavi; ji:st .sctMi, states that tht; event oc- curred " thr(!e years " before the time when lie was then writiiifjf. The account is to be found in the Seventh Decade, which bears no thite. We know, however, from his correspondence, that on the 7th ot March, 1525,5 he had just fmishc-d writing that Decade; whilst bool< i.\. of the preceding one is dated July 14, 1524. The event, therefore, is not of the year 151 i, as Las Casas says, but must have happi;ned at least ten years later, th.it is, three years before 1524-1525, in 1521 1522. And what complicates the divergence is the remark of Peter Martyr, that in writing the above account, which is addressed to I'Vancesco Maria vSforza, he has searched the archives for unpublished documents to send to him ; thus giving Sforza to understand that his account is based upon docu- mentary proi;fs. ^ It may be replitxl that few authors have ever been addicted in a higher degree to interpolations than Peter .Martyr,7 and he may have inserted in his Sc^venth Decide, notes prepared when writing the Second. It can also be said that the account of Las Casas contains one or two particulars, such, for instance, as La V^ega and Sanctiago being the places where those adventurers lived, which, not being in Peter Martyr, might indicate that he had consulted a different source of information. Unfortunately the l)ulk of his statement is, beyond a doubt, taken from the Decades. The circumstances that when the depredators landed in that region the inhabitants tied, but the Spaniards succeeded in seizing a man and a woman, whom they took on board ; that these having returned ashore, and related how well they had been treated, the King sent to the .S[)aniards fifty men loaded with victuals; that many natives were abducted, carried to the port of Santo Domingo, and no punishment was inllictetl on the ca[)tors by the local authorities ; that the men had a whiter •• ANt.llli:i;A, Dtcail. \\\., i;i|i. ii., ji. 469, (if iIil- ''" Licit c.t miiv c'tjii sciiliam, per t'niiiilhiiii (Jilk'Tumi eclitiiin of llaliluyt. clllrii;it;Uns, vt o scriniis .irclictyponini ,ili(|iia nunihim 5" llac latins in particiilarilni.-, ri'lms Inilicis, ilc qui- cniissa, ilc his imiLMilis ad cxccllciitiam main iliiifjuiida Ims pic ipt ilium CCCV1., p. 4S0. ^Joannes V.\s.i:i's, ('liroiiii'oii rcriim im niomhiliuiii 'I'lie Seventh Decade is the only one which is dedicated to Jli., foiiic in-rcnni adco nohilcni, ut ciiis I'oiilis aqua c|n)t:i suiics iciuuitiL'scint : — Emongc the which [(\itL"yiii; lands foundc towardc the Xortlie syde of Hisp.uiiola] there is an Ilande, about throe iiiin- dreth and XXV. leagues from Hispaniola, as tiiey say whiehe haue searched the same, named MlMIM AND Im.iiUIIiA. 141 A I. /MiMi or .■l,i;H(inii>, in wliiclu' is n rontiniial spryntje of riinnyn,i;e water (if siirh mariioIouH vcrliii,', that llio water thcrof jjciiign ilionk, iicrhapiK's witli siiiiic dyctc inakcth uwkl men yiiunKO aKcync."" riic al)st'ncc (if till' lypicil word " lUiniini, " fcplafi'il luTt' by " I'niia.i or Ai^naiuo," tniablfs the i ritii" Id sec in llu; ahoxc passage, a ioitdIio- ralioii of ihr. statcinriil jirintcd on llit; verso of tlic map. linl the rcfiTfiicc lo a (lisc(>V(!ry accoiiipIisIu;il to th(' iiortli of Ilispaiiiola iiulioalcs inarilimc tiiforts crownci-l witli success in those rcLjions, ami dforts, coii- s;''liicntly, difTcrciit as to the time, ami place. 1 etcr Martyr, six years later, in his ICncliif-idioii, written in 1520 aiul |)iil)Iisheil the year followinjj;, jjjavi: an account of a iliscovery accom- plishetl to the west of the l.iica\as islands. Hut this time il is a description of the lirst voya^i; of i'oiict; de Leon, which is expressly stated to have been to " Fioritla," witht)iit mentioning; in any way, either " Heimini," " Boiiica," or " Aijfnaneo." " I'litant liaiK- esse insuUim [quum ?] loannes qiiiilaiu I'ontiiis, unius i las-sicLiLe piiu- fectiis adiuil, et jierturb.itDS reliqutt ; fugaiit alj acrolis ; Floritlaiiuiue appellaiierat, ciiiia Resuircctionis die eain insulam repererint ; uoeat Hispanus pasclia nuriduin resurrettionis diem; -It is thought that tliat island is the one which one Juan I'once, tlie commander of a small scjuadron, visited, and left .ihruptly, being driven out by the inhabitants. He called it Florida, because that island was discovered by him on the day of Resurrection, whirh in Spain they call Flowery F'.aster." '" Peter Martyr, therefore, i^ives three accoimts of disco\eries .accom- plished to the west and nortii-west of the West Imlies, .iiul, as il .seems in his opinion, in thre(; different localities and at iliffi^rent dates. '\'\\r. first, before 1512, in "Heimini;" the second, before 1514, in "Hoiiica" or " Agnaneo ;" the third, after the Iatti.:r, in thi: country which I'once de Leon calk:(l " b"lorid,i." " .VNc:iin:i; \, IVc;i.I. 1 1., en]'. \. . p. 175. iiirir!l)ii.-: iiiroluridn 1 iiniiii/i 1:1 , in tliu ll.i^li iililimi nf W ./, 1;;;, ,,r the IV'c-.uIls !"■ 71, \. 1' I i ., ^U'' ' ',A \^nm\ ^; '* I If H I. 1-f CHAPTER II. (^()MIXC"i to the actual discovery of Florida by Ponce de Leon, the account given by Peter Martyr is so brief, that the historian who next to him mentions that memorable expedition, must be first interrogated. We allude to Gonzalo Fernandez dc Ov'cdo. Oviedo was \v(;ll acquainted personally with Juan Ponce de Leon ; and as they doubtless met in S|iain in 15 15, when both returnc^d home from the West Indies,' we were led to infer that he obtained from the discov(M-(;r himself and very soon after the event, information on the subject. Unfortunately, the account which he gives in his Ilistoria General de las indias is also very meagre, antl such as could be gatheretl at that time from mere hearsay. It is as follows : " Joh.in PotK^o acordo de .irmar o fue con dos caravelas por la vanda del Norte, e descuhrio las islas de Himini, que estan en la parte septentrional de la isla Fernandina ; y estonces so divulge) aquella f.ihula de la fuente que hai^-ia rejovenesc^er o tornar nianoebos Ids honilires vicjos : esto fue el ano de mill e quinientos y dooe. . . . Tuvo noti(;ia de la Tierra-l'irme t; vidola c puso nombrc a una parte della que entra en la mar, como una manga, por espai;io dc (;ient leguas de longitud, e bien i;i"qn'^'''t-i de latitud, y llamola la Floriila. La punta 6 promonterio de la qual esta en veynte e rinco grados de la ciiui- no(;ial : — Juan Ponce decided to equi[i [an expedition] and went with two caravels northward and discovered the Bii.iini islands, which are to the north of the isle of I'ernandina [Cuba]. Then was ascertained the fabulous character of the fountain which rejuvenated or restored to youth old men. This liappeiied in the year 1512. . . . He had notice of anu saw the continent, to a part of which that advances into the sea like a wedge, he gave the name of Florida, which covers a space of 100 leagues in longiitude, and at least 50 in latitude. The point or promontory of the same is by 25' north of the eipiator."'- lU-rnal Di.iz was in the West India's soon after the discovei'v of Morida, and laiuU-tl in that country in 1517. His l)rief reference to the event, which must ha\c bi^en d(.Tiv(xl from the pilot of Ponce de Le(jn on that occasion, as he was the same who conducted tin: ship on which Diaz had taken pass.inc, contains only one or two iletails not given either by Peter Martyr or by Oviedo. ' OviEiiO Icfl tlie Ni'W WorUI in Oclulw, Ijlj, iml Ovi<.-'lo, NFailiid, 1851-1855, ,^.1., Vol. r., p. ^wi. rcacheil Seville in DccchiIilt followinj;. -.\in;i(liir I>1. !.■ s =Ovjt;i>o, lli^tui-in f.'t/ic/'n/, lih. \\i., c.\\\ xi., \\,\. Kick's in'.iivluL-tiuii I., lii- uciitioM cf t!iL- l/:^'''rla <•'. I., \i. 4SJ, n I'oNci: i)i; Lkon. — First X'ovAct:. '43 ■m y " Llcgndos ((ue fuiinos a tiena, cuica de un estero ciiie entraba en la mar, el pilolo [Anton de Alaminos] reoonocio la .^ia., y dijo que habia cstado en aquel paraje, cuando vino con Juan Ponce de Leon a Jescubrir atjuellas tierras, y alii le habian dado guerra los indios :— When we landed near an estuary opening in the sea, the pilot [Anton de Alaminos] recognized the coast, and told us that ten or twelve years previous, he had visited those parts when accompanying Ponce de Leon in the discovery of the country, and that the Indians had attacked them."' The date is erroneous, as it would give for the expedition the year 1507 or 1505. But the statement confirms the fight with the Indians, and ives the name of the i)ilot, viz.: Anton de Alaminos. Another con- temporary historian is Bartolome de I-;is Casas. His accoimt is peculiar : " Al olor, i)or venlura, desta nueva, en este tiemiio, al principio del afio de [i]5ii, debici nioverse Juan IVjnce de Leon . . . Este armo dos navios . . . y viniendo hacia el Norte desta isla Espanola, pasando las islas de los Lucayos, quiso tomar mas arriba a mano iAjuierda del viaje que los dichos dos navios habian llevado, y a pocos dias vido tierra, y est.\ fue un cabo n.uy grande que sale a la mar del Norte, hacia el Sur, mas de noventa leguas . . . llegose a leconoscella y pusole jior nombre la tierra Florida, porque debiera parecerle fresca y florida conio este en 25" . . . Esta misma tierra llamd el mismo Juan Ponce Biininc, no supe de ddnde o por qu^ causa tal nombre le puso, o de donde le vino, 6 si la llamaron asi los indios, por que no creo que yalto en tierra ni tuvo deste viaje habla con indios . . . Tor- nos^ a la isla ue Sant Juan . . . y de alii fuo .'i Castilla . . . 'I'orno de Castilla niuy favorecido con tilulo de Adelante de liii line, que xii',ii'i, /.»'. ii>., ;>iicl lili. .wwi., i'a|i. i., \..l. III., /WAX iiui.sz or L'iii .SiliilTsjoiim.il vol- siclit geli.ilit halien." — p. 621 ; \'ol. I., 1'. 4X6. rF.sriiKl., (IvHi'liii-lile ili ■: Zi iia/'i )•<, \i. $21, nolo 2. Wc '* lIl'.KKKK.v, UfiMil. 1., lil'. i\., cap. \i., Veil, I., ji. 247. iiuisi add ihat tlicie are nci liacu.s nf siicli .1 clDCiiiiU'iit, ' " lli'mia isl ilor i'in/.i;i' Schi HtlK'IK'i, »<.-ii Iki ^;l'- ci'.lu'i ill llu' anliivi's uf ilu' Iiiilii.'-, or in iho Miiiiuz col- naiieiL' .ViiijalK'ii lihrr I'oiirc's KiililccKuin; I'fMl/l iiml Ijclioii of cojiiu-. U it ^ )-l k W. \i iy 'r' .if !' ' I 146 Tin: DisrovKKv (jk Xoktii Amkkica. i el l.unes a 2S corrieron ([uince I^jguas por la misnia via, i el Miercoles anduvieron de la misma nianera ; i dL'spues, con mal tieiupo, hasta dos de Abril, corriendo a Luesnorueste, icndo desininuicndo cl Aijua hasta nueve bra^'as, a vna l.cyua de 'I'ierra, que cstaba en treinta Orados, i ocho Minutos, corriendo por luengo de Costa, buscando I'uerto, i la Noche surgieron cerca de 'lierra, a ocho braras de Agua. Y pensando que csta Ticrra era Isla, la llamaron la Florida. Salic a Tierra a tomar lengua, i posesion. \Mernes a ocho hicieron Vela, corricrun por la misnia via ; i Sabado navegaron al Sur, quarta al Sueste : i navegando por el tnismo runibo hasta los vcinte de Abril, descubrieron vnos llohios [?] de Indios, adonde surgieron Martes .\ catorcc [de Junio] acordaron de bolver a la Espanola, i a San Juan. Surgieron en vnas Isletas que son en los Baxos de los Lucayos a diez i ocho de Julio. A veinte i cinco de Julio salieron en demanda de Biinini . . . Encontraron Diego Miruelo, piloto, con vn Barco de la Espanols, (jue iba a sus Avcnturas. Salieron Sabado a seis de .Agosto, por donde havian ido. Partio el Navio de Juan Perez de Ortubia, con Anton de Alaminos por Piloto, a diez y siete de Septiembre, i Juan Ponce otro dia para su viaje, i en veinte i vn Dias Uegd a roconocer a San Juan :— /« //u- year i;r2. As Juan Ponce de Leon had news that land in the region of the north had been discovered, he determined to go and make discoveries in those parts. Leaving the island of San Juan [Porto Rico], Thursday evening, March 3rd, he sailed from the port of Saint Oermain. Sailing in the direction of the north-west, a ([uarter-wind north, they reached on Tuesday, -March Sth, among the liabucca reefs, an island called Old Man's island, by 22° 30'. The day following, they came in sight of a Lucayan islet, called Caycos, and then another, called La Vaguna, by 24''. On the iith, they arrived at .Vmaguayo island, and stopped for repairs. Thence they went to the island called Mancgua, by 24 30'. On the 14th, they reached Ouanahani, by 25' 40'. I'rum that place they shaped their course to the north-west, and on Sunday, 27th, which is the day of the commemoration of Resurrection, commonly called Llowery Ivister, they came in sight of an island, but did not go ashore ; and on Monday, 2Sth, they sailed fifteen leagues on the same tack. Wednesday [30th] they sailed in like maimer, and also, afterwards with bad weather, W.-N.-W., until April 2nd ; the water becoming so shallow as to be only nine fathoms deep, one league from the shore, by 30' S'. They continued coasting, looking for a harbour, and in the night approached the coast, with eigiit fathoms deef). Thinking that it w.is an island, they named it La I'hrida. They went ashore, and took possession [Sunday, .\\)n\ 3rd .']. Friday, Sth, they set sail in the same direction [northwardly ?], and Saturday [yth] they sailed southwardly, a quarter-wind south-east, continuing by the same rhumb until April 20th, when they landed.'' The ;icc()unt then represents Ponco tie Leon as doiih.ling the southern cape, continuinL; the co;isting among reefs anil islets ; ranning the west :i \A\ ■ l-f' ii!^ 1 I Ponce dk Lkox. — First Vovack. H7 coast of the peninsula, without stating how far ; and finally, June 14th, deciding to return to Porto Rico by the way of Hispaniola, hut not before attempting to fiiid Hiniini. "July 18th, they found themselves ayain among the Lucayan reefs. July 25th, they sailed in search of Hiniini ; and met Diego Miruelo, who, with a bark from Hispaniola, was exploring on his own accord. Saturday, August 6th, they set sail homeward ; but the ship commanded by Juan Perez de Ortubia, with Anton de Alaminos as pilot, sailed [to search after Bimini], September lytli. As to Ponce de Leon he came in sight of San Juan in twenty-one days." In the accoinit of Herrera, we commence to find names only when Ponce de Leon, notwithstanding his north-eastern coasting of at least two degrees, had advanced considerably in his southern course ; and there are but si.-c in all, viz.: Nomhrc de la Cms. Cabo de Corriciites, by 2(S' 15'. The village of Ahaioa. The island of Snn Maria, by 27'. Pola, by 26' 30'. The islets of Los Martircs, by 26' 15'. Only the latter name is to be found in the maps of the si.vcteenth century, although the Maggiollo chart of 15.27, which is the first one with names on the east coast of Florida, contains not less than nine designations facing the Atlantic. These cartographical facts show that the relation [Hiblished by llerrera remained unknown until his day. It is a question with us whether we must take that account as it stands, or whether it does not betray the introduction of foreign elements of a later date. P'or instance, the latitudes given for every locality visited cannot have been copied from the original diar\-, however technical may be the statements. They were; certainly borrowed from a map made fifteen years aftt;r the first voyage of Ponce 'j>((ji/iifi. Iii/r(tf in ilic Carfoiji'djiftiu. ■^' i I?. y PoNCK iJE Li;oN. — First Vovack 149 On the other hand, that cartographical progress alone could permit Her- rera to locate his landfalls as he did. Under the circumstances, it is impossible to state exactly where the landings of Ponce de Leon we're effected, and the subsequent itinerary given by that historian is thereby deprived of a sure basis. We now come to the date of the e.xpedition. 1 lerrera, like Oviedo, states explicitly, several times, that it was in the year 1512: " Descu- briola Juan Ponce de Leon, Ano de 151 2."'- If so, it is materially impossible that the landfall should have been on the 27th of March, which, he tells us, was Easter-day of that year : " Domingo a 27, que era Dia de Pascua de Resurreccion." In the year 15 12, Easter-day happened .Sunday, April iith. Oscar Peschel, who first noticed the contradiction, assumed that the landfall was not in 1512, but in 1513, as Easter-day occurred in the latter year on the 7th of March ; thus causing the various dates gi\ei\ in Ilerrera's account to agree. '3 Perhaps this interpretation is the correct one ; but, before accepting its consequences, we must call the attention of our readers to a document which, as it now stands, certainly leads to a different conclusion. After Ponce de Leon had accomplished his discovery, he petitioned l'"erdinand of .\ragon for leave to settle the country. This was granted to him, and we possess a document to that effect. It begins as follows: " El Rey. El asiento que se tomo por Xuestros mand.ado con vos Juan I'oncc de l,eon, para ir .\ poblar ^ la Isla do Bcniiiy \sic?\ e la Isla Florida que vos descubristes por nuestro niandado : — I, the King. The agreement which was entered into by our command with you, Juan Ponce de Leon, to go and settle the island of Jh'iitny, and the island of Florida, which you have discovered by our command . . . ." It is evident that when that document was written, Ponce de Leon had already accomi)lished the discovery of Morida. Xow, what date does it bear ? " Fecha en \'alladolid .\ veinte y seis de .Setiembre de mil e iiuinientos doce anos ; — Done at Valladolid on the twenty-sixth day of September of tlie year one thousand five hundred and twelve." " The date is not in figures, but spelled out: " docc ;' and the head- irig of that document gives it ag.iin, In Arabic numbers : " I§I2." It '■' UhKUERA, De.srriifinu, p. 15. " Orar I'KSCllKI., iihi Kiijira. '* Co/iccioit lie ilociimi itl(x iiiLiltloi (li. Iii', \\\, XXII., p. 33, Ml/) aiiiio 1512. m. ill li 1 ■.' «) Iv '^y'U'ii^ i ■ w I i III t w \--Hcr^ |i;>li.'nt arc iluly 1.iI)i.11l-i1 " !!■ n!r"li(/fi," aflKcil tn lliAt il.icument, Iivil to .1 sort of j;eot;ra|iliical whii'li K'.\'l- ii> to siiinin,L' lliat tlio mnii \v.i> not orii^inally ami clliiioloyical memoir. w .i:ll. •• t-: ^f r ^. Hi I' I n { IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 4^0 1.0 I.I 11.25 ItiKt |23 m U 11.6 'V y Photographic Sciences Corporation 73 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. I4S80 (716) 872-4503 4^ iV :\ \ % s O s h \ WP ; i P I fl' ; i( I H m 'Ml ■ V CHAPTER III. THI"!RM are now several minor expeditions which were not intended originally to explore I'lorida, hut as tht^y have ranged certain por- tions of its shores, landing even in several places during the years 151 7 and 15 iS,' that is before the second voyage of Ponce de Leon, we must describe them, however insignificant may be the details which have reached us. The earliest allusions seem to refer to some point of the south-cast coast of Florida. The readiT has already seen, according to Herrera's account, Diego Miruelo engaged in a venture similar to that of Ponce de Leon, at the same time, but wholly independent. The latter had scarcely returnc'd from his first voyage to Morida, when other Spaniards followed in his path, and abducted Indians from the main land. Ponce appealed to the Crown for redress, his rights being thereby infringed, and, in 1517, orders were sent to protect in his behalf " los indios de liimini."^ It was in 1517 that P'rancisco Hernandez de Cordova landed in Florida, when on Iiis voyage home, after ha\ing been repulsed by the Indians in Campeachy. The earliest historians who refer to that memorable expedition which initiated the series of efforts that culminated in the discovery and con- quest of Yucatan and .Mexico.J are Peter Martyr,-^ Oviedo,' Ciomara,^ ' .■Veconlini; tn ( l.ircilassu I'F. i \ Vf.i;a f f.a h'lor'iln (hi Iiira, lil). i., rha|). ii., ]>. j) anil liARiIA ( Eiimyo Cltranoloijii-o, ji. 2) I)ii(;n MiKlKl.o in 1516 fnyaj^iil in a Iriulinj; cxiicclilicm tu Mcniila, from Hliicli !k- lirMiijjlil j;ii1(1, iS:c. We liave cun>tanlly lU'i^li'cled those Iwo writers, particularly Harcia, as, in mir n|iinion, they are nnrelial>le, ami have nut hail acces.s to orit;inal iloru- jnents for thai period. The statement seems to lie de- rived from the mention of a liiihia ile Mirmlo made liy OviEDO, Vol. I., p. 143, and whieh we are inclined to ascrilje to Miruelo, the pilot of I'amphilo de Narvaez in 1527, nephew of Diejjo Miruelo. ■ " \o enibargante le suso dieho [I'once de I.eonJ aliia venido ,i su noticia <|iic aliian sacailo los rapilanes e navlos e t;enle, <|ue and.ivan por las islas de luciyos, los indios de la ilicha isla de Hiinini, la mayor parte dellos, los aliiiin llevad.o ,t la Isla l^spanola." C'nliila itiiiyiiiu d li:i> /Ktilrts (I'l roiiiiiKiK, Kdhrr In n ihimnfion ili J. P. lie /.Kill, in Dfir, iiifilil. ilr liiilin-i, \'ol. XI., p. 295. ' " 1'! .i(|ueste fue el prini,ipio de se descolirir la Nueva llspana."— (JviiiDo, lib. xvii., cap. iv., Vol. I., p. 498. ■• .\M',iili'.kA, Kiiihiriilioii,!" 6(), a, Decad. I\'., caps, i., ii., pp. 2S7-292. 5 ( )vii;i>i), iihi >iiij)ra. ' (liiMAKA, Ilixloriu ih h(i Iiiiliw, cap. liii., chapter ywaluii, page 1S5. I p HiMiNi AND Florida. ■55 Las Casas,7 and Juan Cristobal Calvct de Estrella, or the anonymous author of De Rebus gestis Ferdinandi Cortcsii,^ whoever he may be. They have all copied Peter Martyr almost literally, although the anonymous biographer of Cortez was a critical historian who seems to have been in a position to consult certain original sources, and Oviedo appears to have obtained information direct from Anton de Alaminos, who was the chief pilot of Hernandez de Cordova on that occasion, while Las Casas9 was a personal friend of the latter, who even wrote to him on the subject. Now these five historians agree in representing the expedition as sailing straight back from the Me.xican coast to Cuba, without mentioning Florida in any way : " Se tornaron estos primeros descubridores de aquella tierra A la isla Fernandina, de donde avian salido." It is with Hernal Diaz that we find the first reference to l'"lorida as having been visited by Hernandez de Cordova at that time ; but as he was an eye witness, his testimony is decisive. It may be condensed in his own words as follows : " Y luego alznmus anclas y diinus vela, siguiendo nuestro viaje para nos volver li la isla de Cuba. Parece scr el piloto Alaminos se concertcj y aconsejo con los otros dos pilotos que dosde aquel paraje donde estahamos atravesasemos li la Florida, poRjue hallaban por sus cartas y grados y alturas que estaria do alli ohra de setenta leguas, y , Vol. I., 1>. 341. ' "Cri'ii i|iii'l A C.ipilan c|vn.'(lci am trcinla y l:inl;i> lari- (Ins, muy laslimacUi, sc(;im I'l iiii.' In L'viibi'i .i mi, iriilrL' ostr.is COS1S." — Las Casas, op. n't., pp. 3O1, 362. '" Hcrn.il Diaz, Vn-daihrn HiiUirin, caps. v. and vi.. pp. 5 Ci. It is that narrative wliich IIi:kki:ka (I)ccail. II,, lil>. ii., caps, xvii-wlii., pp. 47-51) lias cc.pieil almost literally, and, as usual, without cpiotint; liis autliorlties. Hut the account of the Indians of Catoche, — with their religious ceremonies, includinu the adoration of Christian crosses, which Oviedo dislielieved, although the assertion wa. made to hiin l.y .Al. aminos himself, -is taken from I'etcr Martyr, »''(' Kiiprii. :h H I. ■ ^ Y- ^('ll ', i i ^ , I fM'i I (• H P l! t ! 1 I'i '56 TiiK DiscovKuv oi" XoKTii Amkuica. find one or two particulars enabling us to ascertain the part of Florida where the landing was effected : " Dimos vela para la Habana, y pasamos aciuel dia y la nochc, ([uc hizo buen tiempo, junto de unas isletas ijue Uaman los Martires, que son unos bajos que asi los Uaman, /os liajos de los Martira . . . mareabamos las velas y dabanios a la boniba, hasta que N. S. J. C. nos llevo ^ Puerto de Carenas, donde ahora esta poblada la villa de la Habana, que en otro tiempo Puerto de Carenas se solia llamar, y no Habana : — We set sail for Havana. On that day and following night we sailed with fair weather, coasting the islets called The Martyrs islands, on shoals called also The Martyrs' shoals . . . manceuvring the sails and pumps, until, by the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, we reached Puerto de Carenas, where now is the city of Havana, formerly called Puerto de Carenas, and not //avana."" It is evident from the above description that the landfall was on the west coast of the Floridian peninsula, scarcely higher than Cape Roman, by about 26° north latitude. In the order of dates, we should now mention the first voyage of I'rancisco de Garay, which ranged a part of the south coast of I'Morida ; but, as that expedition relates much more to the discovery of the north- west borders of the Gulf of Mexico, we leave it for awhile, so as to discuss the second and last voyage of Poncu de Leon. This investigation will prove useful, were it only to show how little is known relating to that unfortunate enterprise. Besides, our lack of information involves the important con.sequence that the early cartographical data which connect Ponce's name with the Floridian peninsula all refer, perhaps with a single exception, to his first voyage. The earliest historian who mentions those new elTorts of Ponce de Leon is 0\iedo. The beginning of his narrative is written ) as to convey the impression that he possessed authentic details on the subject : " Volvi<) .-i arniar con m.-is acuerdo y expensas, e proveyo e puso en orden riertos ii.ivios para eiurar per la Tierra-Firme en la banda del Norte, en aciuella costa e punta que entra en la mar (,icnt lugLas de longitud e (^iniiuenta de latitud, poco mas 6 menos . . . craii diis (;ientos hombres t* (.incjuenta caballos en los navios . . . e ])ass6 d aquella tierra por el mes de . . . del afio de mill e (juinientos (• veynte anos : — He recommended equip- ping with niort' care and at greater cost, and secured and fitted out several ships for the purpose of entering the continent northwards, by the toast and peninsula which projects into the sea 100 degrees of longitude and 50 degrees of latitude, more or less . . . There were aboard the said ships 200 men and 50 horses. I'he exjiedition went to that country in the month of . . . of the year 1520.'"' " \)l.\/.) Oji. III., cai>. \i., i>. 6. OviLiio, lili. ,\\\vi., ia|i. i.. Vol. 111., |i. 622. I 1, HlMlN'I AND Fl.ORinA. '57 ,■1' v 1 ■ Oviedo then states that Ponce's intention was to plant a colony, and he enters into details concerning the cattle and implements brought for the i)urposc. Hut he says : " Kl teinijle de la region era muy difcrentc c desconvoniente h. lo ijudl Uevaba iniani- nado, e los naturalcs de la ticrra 'gente niuy salvage v bcllicosa ^ feroz . . . ni en elci;ion de aciuellos frayles l- clerigos de que yba acoiiipafiado para el exeri,i(,io del culto divino L- servi^io de la iglesia, aunijue predicassen qiianto quisiesscn: -The temperature of the country was very unfavourable, and different from what he had imagined ; while the natives were extremely warlike and ferocious, and but little disposed to hearken to the monks and priests who had accompanied him to i^erform divine worship, as well as to advance the interest of the Church, although they preached much to them." Oviedo continues and concludes as follows : " Esta armada llego d aciuella tierra et ano que esta dicho ; e luego el adelantado Juhan Pon(;e, como se dcsembarco, dio '^omo hombre proveydo, orden en que la gente de su armada dcscansasse ; e quanto le pares(;io, tnoviii con su gente y entro por la tierra y tn una gua^abara <> batalla que ovo con los indios ... V en fin le desbarataron c mataron parte do los chripstianos . . . y tM salio herido de un flecha<;o nialamente, e acordo de se yr a la isla de Cuba para se curar . . . e llego al puerto de la Habana donde vivici poco:-- That exi^edition reached the country in the year aforesaid ; and when the ndelantado Ponce de l.eoii landed, he ordered, like a prudent man, that the men should rest awhile. He then advanced with them, and there was a fray or battle with the Indians. Finally the C!hrist;ans were routed, and a number killed. I'oncc came out of the fight badly wounded with an arrow . . . He decided to return to C'''-a to be cured, and arrived in the [)ort of Havana, wher.? he did not live long." The date of 1520 is erroneous. We possess two letters written by Ponce de Leon, a week before he intended leaving I\)rto Rico for that e.xpedition ; both are dated Pebruary 10, 1521. The first of these is addressed to Charles \'. After stating that he had discovered " la \'sla P'lorida," at his own cost, Ponce says that his intention is to plant there a colony and accomplish discoveries: " 'I'ambien cniiendo de descubrir mas, la costa de dicha Vsla e saber si confina con la tierra donde esta Diego Velazquez o con otra alguna . . . partire de acjui a cinc(j o seis dias : — I also intend to discover further of the coast of the said island, and ascertain wlicther it confines on the land where Diego \'elazque/. now is, or on any other [country]. I shall start from this pl.ice in five or six days.'' " " Cnc/(( ihl (iiUlri'(l(ti/o Junii I'vint th Livii n Su n jivlifnrlnii, I ijiie iliiitro ili rlum illai Iha a onlriu M(iij* !*t(ui ihti-itttilvU (Our ihsi-uhiirto a Hit *'oi*ta I }uyii- ih.sriihfy}iilnifon: jtor lo t/iif ptitifi tn* ri'ftt*>* : in Iho sioa In I'ln hlarrln i o'tmi fii «i( coiiimiii, ijin mlrin /hiniiii' iilos iiinlilitu ih Iinllni, \''A. \I„, p|i. 5052. li ( I, % i ' i.: \ i. ♦ . • ' 1 I! If r^ ;i ,-' Vs.' V II |.; j u> m ii I ' 1 1 j, f -ii' * y «5S Till', Disojv i:uv ok North America. The other letter is directed to th(; Cardinal of Tortosa (Adrian) and in the same terms, with the addition, however, that the expedition was to be composed of two ships : " con dos navios." '-^ Those two documents are dated: " Vsia dt: San Juan y cibdad.de Puerto Kico, a diez dias de Ilebrero de mil quynientos veinte y un anos : Island of San Juan and city of Porto Rico, February lo, 1521." There was a third letter, aildressed to Juan de .Samano, the secretary of Charles \'., which Merrera has seen, as well as the other two ; '5 but it is not to be found at this day. Finally, we have an official communication sent to His Majesty by the licentiate 1 )e la (iama, dated Porto Rico, I-'ebruary 15, 1521, and an- nouncing that Ponce de Leon would sail on the 20th following : " F,l .Xdclantado Jo.in I'onre de Leon parte desta Vsla a veinte deste nies, con otra Armada, a polilar a Vsla Florida a descubrir en sus comarranas :^The Adelantado Juan Tonce de Leon starts from this island [Porto Rico] on the 20th of this month, with another expedition, to settle Florida and make discoveries in the adjoining country."" rh(' n^ference to Diego Velazquez in Ponce's letter to Charle's Y. is curious, as N'olazfjucz was the governor of Cuba, and never went to those continental countries. Ponce had doubtless in view the e.xpedition of Pam- filo de Narva(,'z, which was .sent to the co;ist of Mexico by Velaztjuez in March, 1520; but the imfortunate results of which can scarcely have been known in Porto Rico when Ponce wrote the above letters. Another fact to be noted is that he iloes not seem to be aware of the first expedition of I'Vaiicisco de (iaray and of its discoveries, which, as shown by the map of 1519, connected the north-west coast of Morida with the entiri; sea-boards of th<^ Gulf of Mexico. Yet he may have .seen a chart which, like that nt Turin, dejjicts the Isla Florida, and leaves a break of ten degrees of longitude before tracing the shores of the Gulf, which in the latter map begin only witii the vicinity of the Rio del Hspiritu .Santo, or our Mississip|)i river. The next account is that of Gomara, who, with his usual inaccuracy, relates that the expedition was composed of three ships, equiii|)ed in Seville, whence Ponce de Leon sailing, about the year 1515, went to Guadalupe, then to Boriquen, and finally to I'lorida, where he was killed bv the Indians. '7 " '''irlri ilil (ulilaiiliuln Ji"ni I'mir, ,1, I.I lilt nl C'lr- il'itfif ilr Ttn-finn^ jii/ifirnfln inin-^ilrn nt af*- ni'ion ii -^ns Idnjin «' /•(■i/i'iiw .- ill ilic Cukri-inii ili iloruiHtiitox inHililnn, mill s.TtiR* vuliimc, p:i^t' 47. "■ Ilr.KKKHA, IVcad. in., lili. i., cap. xiv., p. 24. '■' Culif'-iitii ill: ihrumi'iilni iiinlilot S9 Las Casas, as wc have shown, '^ is not better informed, considering that he places the second expedition of Ponce de Leon under the year 1 51 2, '9 and as having been fitted out in Santo Domingo: " vinose A esta isla y puerto de Sancto Domingo, donde se rehizo de gente y navios." The account of Oviedo involves contradictions when compared with the other narratives. The latter limits the action of I'once de Leon to a mere landing, and re-embarkment soon afterwards. If so, the monks and priests who accomi)anied him cannot have had time to endeavour to evangelise the Indians, as Oviedo says. His mistake as to the date, and the filling-up of his narrative with generalities, lead us to think that he knew little concerning the second e.xpedition of Ponce de '-eon ; and it is not worth while for the critic to attempt to find in his narrative any elements to ascertain where the lantlfall was on that occasion. As to Herrera, he evidently follows Oviedo for his meagre details, adding, however, that Ponce de Leon was wounded in the thigh: " herido en vn inuslo."-° We hdvr. endeavoured to find in other authors some data which could enable us to learn at least thi- duration of that unfortunate e.Kpcdition. They are very scanty. Tonjuemada, who was in a position to obtain certain details through the accounts which the monks who accompanied the "concjuistadors " sent to the ])rincipals of their order, contains the following [)hrasc : " l.lego a esta sazon vn nauio (i la Villa Rica, que di(,en era de Juan I\>nce, que con dos auia ydo d la Florida, y venia !)ien bastecido con poluora .... : — .Xt that lime there arrived at' Villa Rica [Vera Cruz] a ship, which was said to be one of the two that had gone to I'lorida with Juan I'once. It was well supplied with gun powder. . . .''" Torquemada does not give a date, but his "esta sazon," refers to about the close of the sii-ge of Me.xico by Cortt:z. We find a similar statement in Hernal Diaz, but he says that the ship belonged to an e.\pedition of X'azquez de Ayllon : " 'I'anibien se nos habia acabado'ya la ]iolvora en todos trcs reales, y en a(|ucl iiistante habia venido li la N'illaRica un navio quo era de una armada de un licenciado Lucas Vazquez de Ayllun, (|U(; se i)erdi6 y desharato en las islas de la Florida, y el navio aport6 A acjuel puerto, y vt ,1 en <'l ticrtos soldados y polvora. . . . We had exhausted our gun- .s'li/ua, cliaptiT i., |jii. i j6, 137. Las ("asas, /li"!., lil'. ii.,iap. xx., Vi.l. 111., p. 461. IIkkUKKa, III ■iniiirwil, p. 15. " ToKf.U'EMAiPA, .l/oiKii'/Hm iiitli'iiKi, lid. iv., cip. Mviii., Viil. 1., p. 614, 111 ilic I'llitiun of 1615, wild pnili.itply tndU llic s;ati.'M\t'iU fruin lllKUlRA. [i. (I r I if s' 1 t 1 1 I li' ;p ^ i6o TiiK Discovery ok North America. powder in the three camps, but a ship had just arrived at Villa-Rica, a ship which belongiiJ to an expedition of a licentiate [called] Lucas Vazquez de Ayllon, which had bien def.'ated and lost in the Florida islands. The ship brought to that part a number of soldierj, and gunpowder." " Diaz also places that event during the siege of Mexico, about two weeks before the taking of Guatemuz and of his Heutenants as prisoners, which occurred October 13, 1521. On the other hand, we will show that at the latter date, Ayllon had sent to Florida only one expedition. It was composed of two .ships; but if, as some believe, only one reached that port, as the other, according to the same authorities, foundered at sea with a cargo of Indian slaves, it certainly cannot be the ves.sel which landed at V^era Cruz. Diaz, therefore, has mistaken the two names. This inter[)r(. tation is so much the more likely when we see how vague were his notions about Ponce de Leon, whom he sent to Florida so far back as 1505. The date, however approximate, given for the arrival of the ship at Vera Cruz compels the critic to place the defeat of the second expedition of Ponce de Leon somewhere in the middle of July, 152 1. ;\nd, as he sailed from Porto Rico certainly on the 20th of I<'ebruai\ preceding, we feel authorised to consiiler the enter[)rise as having occupied about five months. This shows that the bokl adventurer did more than .sail out, land, fight, and immediately return to the West Indies. Else, it would make him spend from P'ebruary 20th to about July 15th simply to go from Porto Rico to his landing place in I*"Iorida, whatever it may be. These deductions will perhaps aiil us to surmise ])lausibly where he dis- embarked, and was routed on that occasion. To sum up ; the accounts and documents which have reached us concerning the second exi)edition of Ponce de Leon to Florida afford only this modicum of facts or positive inferences : Ponce de Leon fitted out in Porto Rico an expedition composed of two ships, carrying men and horses. The object was to plant a colony in I'"lorida, and, at the .same time, a.scertain wheth'_r that country was an island, or a continental land connected with the Mexican regions just conquered by Cortes. It sailed from Porto Ric(i direct from I'lorida, February 20, 1521, and effected a landing at some point on the coast of the peninsula ; but " Iii.'rnal Diaz, diaiilor rlv., p. lyj. R I 'HI V hi HiMIM AN 1 1 Im.okiha. I6l th(! S|),ini;ircls were assailcil by the; Indians, who killeil many of them and wounded I'oncc; dt: L(;on in the thigh with an arrow. The survivors were ol>ligcd to rtscMubark ; one of the ships going to Vera Cruz, while the other, with Ponce de I ,eon on board, saileil for Cuba, where he died from iiis wound, cither in Havana or in I'uerto Principe, soon afterwanls. The expechtion occupied, from the time; it sailed out of Porto Rico to that of its return to the West Indies, at k'ast five months. Xow, where, ditl Ponce de Leon in that voyage effect his llrst land- ing ; on the east or on the west co.ist, antl if it be on the latter, at what point.' I lave we. any means of answering those iin])ortant cjuestions? Do the scanty details which we have; just summed up afford any clue, or permit deductions of a positivt: charactc-r ? Let us interrogate thi; few facts within our reach. Ponce de. Let)n says himself that he intended to ascertain w^hether Florida was joined with the. lands which were then being e.xplored or occupied by the onU-r of \'elaz(jue/. That means the coast bordering on tht'. Gulf of Me.vico. Consequently, it was towards the western bor- der of the l""loridian |)eninsula that I'once de Leon directed his course, and where he must have first landed. The ex[)edition had a two-foKl obj(;ct. One was, as we have just seen, exclusively geographical. TIk; other consisted in colonising P'lorida. It is evident that the latter oI)ject must have bei:n initiated before at- tempting the former ; as it would not b«; practical to undertake! a voyage of tlisiMvery with the cumbersome imi)lements, cattle, men. «Jvc., intended for planting a colony. We must therefore assume that Ponce- de Leon's lu'st preoccupation, when hv found himself ranging the western coast of l""l()rid,i, was to imd an eligibU: s])ot, where Ik; landed as soon as |)ossible. Colonists, as well as live stock, couUl not be kept long on board in those days ; and the work was rendered still more difficult by there being fifty horses on deck, according to Oviedo. .\n im|)ortant l\;ature in the present discussion is the fact that the expeilition lasted, at ItMst, five months. .Allowing three weeks for the voyage from P(>rto Rico to the apex of th(; I'loridian peninsula, that is, from I'Cljruary 20th to M.irch 15th, and assuming that .after his repulse he .sailed immetliately homeward, -at the sanu; time as the caravel which, landing at \'era Crux at the eiul of July, must have left I'^lorida about w L, i 'h ft \i .1, til ) ^l i I I" m 162 'rilK DlSt'OV i:UV OK NoKTll Amkkk A. th(! 15th nf the latter nioiuh,-' — we have a space of four inoiitlis spent on the western coast of I'loriila. 1 lisloriaiis. thinfore, are niisiaken when they represent that enterprise as having consisteil simply in a tr.iject, a disembarkment, a fight, and a prompt return home. That being the case, we may aclv.ince a plausible hypothesis to ex- plain how those four months wt're employed. It is to this i-ffect : Police tie I.eon landeil, first in oiu; place, in Chatham Hay or in Charlotte Harbour, for insi.mce, — then in another place, Tampa or Wakasasse perhaps, thinking on both occ.isions to have fouiul the proper locality for a .settlement. Being each time disappointeil, he re-embarked and continued to range the coast northwards. It was probably thiring these temporary sojourns that the priests and monks, whom lie hail with him, endeavoured to evangelise the Iiulians. as Oviedo reports. We may then suppose that this coasting led the Spaniarils to the mainland on the north-west of the b'loridian peninsula, which Tonce de Leon had already visited, — as is shown by the m,i[) of Garay, — perhaps as far as the Bavd ife Juan Ponce, when- it is not improbable that the great i)attle which resulteil in his defeat was fought. This would explain in a measure the early presence of that designation, which is almost th(? only one to be found in the first cartographical tlelineations of b'lorida. •• The .-iriiv.il Ml \\'i;i CVii.r of one of I'oiu'o ilc I.icnV i!i.\l vessel f,ir s.\iliiit; from I'loiiil.i t' Wt.t C'lii/, nil. I two sliips. shows lli.li his (lefe.il on llie coast of 1 loiiiln less, if she r.nnie across the (ii;lf,--as I lerii.indez ile Cor- caii se.ireely have occurred more than two weeks previous; >lova (H.l in 1517— iiisiead of rangiiiy ihe coast. .Sec the ihal is, al'oiit July Isih. We lluis allow lifieen days lo pucedinj; chapter. li \i ,1 k' CHAl'Tl'R IV. COFA'AL with the iixpcditidiis which we h.ivc jiisi ilisciisscJ then; is oiu- t;in!)r;icing only ;i lamlfiill in l''li)rida. hiii which provcil not less consiilcrablc by its consequences, since it resiiUed in the dis- covery ami exploration of thi- northern shores of the (iulf of Mexico. In this iiujuiry we imist first examine the narrative of a contem- poraneous historian, Hartolomc de las Casas ; not so much on account of its intrinsic merit as hec.uise it has hei-n copieil by Ilerrera, whose intluence can be traced in all the writings which have since been intended to relate that important event of the history of maritime discovt^ry. According to those two histt>rians. the coasts of our States of .Ala- bama. Louisiana, and Ttixas, were rangi-d for the first time, and the Mississippi River was discovered by a Spanish expedition led by Diego de Camargo, acting for b'rancisco de Garay, in the year 151S. llert! is the narrative of Las Casas: " Kr.Tiicisco de Ci.ir.'iy . . . dcterniino de cnvi.ir ;i iin hid.ilgo, II.tiii.kIo Diego de Ci- margo, A. descubrir e continu.ir el descubriiniento que (irij.ilwi h.ibia hecho, con uno 6 con dos navios ; cl cual dcscubrio la jirovincia de ramico, o, por niejor decir, coinenzo de alii donde ("irijalva se habia tornado, (jue I'uc desde I'anuco, y anduvo navegando por la costa cien legiias hacia la Florida, y finalmonte atribuyo a su desciibriniiento desdo la provincia y rio de Panuco : — Krancisco de (laray determined to send a gentleman, callcil Diego de Camargo, with one or two shi|)s, to make discoveries and continue tln)se ot' (Irijalva . . . This gentleman discovered the province of Tanuco, or, to speak more accurately, commenced where drijalva had left off, which was from I'anuco onward, and ranged the coast one hundred leagues, as far as Florida. Finally, he made his discovery start from tiie I'anuco river." ■ Las Casas does not state a date for that expedition, but gives us to imderstantl that it occurreil in 151S. which year is set forth explicitly by Ciomara. It also appears from his statements that the sailing was from south to north, commencing at I'anuco, ending in I'lorid.i. and imder the command of Camargo. m I. V \ I s u ;:i> !' l,\i C'A^AS, lil'. ill. viii,, \\'\. \\ ., |i. 460. I mi ii :j; 4 I I I f H r m.> h' 1 if' ii* I t 'V 164 'riir. |)i-M()Vi;uv OK N'uKTii Amikita, I'hosi; ihrii" nsscrtiuiis arc: i.'rroiicoiis. Ill the AVi// i^eiiiilii iuithnrisiiig I-'raiicisco tic Cjaray lo colonise the |)n)\iiirL- of Ainiclu'l, Chark's \^ (or the Kcgi-ius actiiij^ in liis al)s<'nct;), state that Ciaray ('(iiiiiiixd in the year 1519, at his own cost, four vessels,- which he sent to (!isco\ei a western passage; that thi-y sij^'hted I'lorida, ami, not heinj,' ahli: to aiK inci- in that ilirection, tiirneil the prows west- wards, antl coasteil more than three hiuulreil leagues, until they fell in with l-'eniaiul Corti's : i " Kl aiV) dc (luiiiicntos dicz y tuiLVc vos arinastcs iiiatri) navios . . . )' l')s cmbiastes para tjuc fucscn ;i descubrir algund golfo o t-stri'du) en la tierra firnie . . . ti)|)aroii la ticrra Florida, y rcciiiiDrida y vista qui-iicmnla costcar para i)asar adclante, b no pudicron . . . fiiolcs for/ado volvcr rostcando la tierra h.Via cl poniontc . . . ct tanto andovioron hasta ;iy^llial llurc «i.n> i.iily "lies iin\iiis: tlircc siii].-.:" I'ilt adds ih.it llii' i.\|-iditi.'ii nuiidit-rrd tMohiiiidrtd and M.vcnly men, with ImrM^. Vi iiUiihm Jli't'.iia, caji. l.\. \>. 52. ( ioMAk.v, lli'lniiti i!< lim liiilins, p. 1S2, and Cvxijiii-'lii il: M, Jinj, j,. jaj, a\-'< rcl.itr.-. llie I'lt^l atlvonliircsdf (JaiMv, I iii viry iif:H..,)^ly. Sic al.M] cdiiiiiii, Svii, \']\ ij, 29, 47, and 51. ' Zi'id/ luliilii ilriiiiio I'wii/lnil li Fi- Onray para puUlur la jirui-iifiu ili Ami' In I, m la I'liilajirmc qiif ffiit H'ti'iim arnifi'liis jiftr sii rtuiita /lara Im-frar ml i.^lix'lio lailiia nniHU'iilo. Ji 11 n/os ti .... ilini de .... ijilildi ilto.l 1' ninl' i' nil Hi'iii". — Na\ AKKMr, Hernando CoKlI.s, Ciuia S'ljiimln, in Wdia's Madrid \'ul. III., N". 45, p. 147. (Iakav's l'"iusr \'(iVA(ii:. I 6! i '\ cost of I'raiicisco tie (iaray. As the; Hishop of Chiapas is not tin: only historian wiio has crreil in that respect, \vc will estaMish the rhronoIdLjy of Garay's similar enterprises, t.ikinff as a basis th(! narratives of Hernal Diaz, who was an eye-witness. lie says: "Toiianios en el (amino :i ruatru Lspafujles ([iic vciiian a luinar poscsiun en aiiuella ticrra por i''r,incisco do (laray, los ruales cnviaba un capitan que estaba jioblandt) do poios dias hahia en el rio j;cnt, vi/. : Jolun Lojie/. m-; ToKUAlVA; (if 151S. Ucrnal DiAZ, c.-ips. xiv., xv. anil xvi., \\. 14. lili. .xviii., cap. i., \'i>l, I., p. 5S2. lie also remarks iliat ^ licrnal Diaz, caps. lix. and l\. Il is lliis accumn Krancisco dc (laiay was married li> a relative of Diego which lias been copied or abridged liy I ItKKl.KA, Decad. Ci'luinbus,~of liis wife Dona M.uia m; Toi.i;"i, we 11., lib. vi., cap. i., ]i. 135. bhoidd say. m. 1 <■ I' / ,, i \ - 1 \A \> ■■ V'.ii B ',■' ,1^ ■« i: i^ >'i '# I 1,1 h II r''ti r' i. -I 1 I 'il llJ i^r i; ; li 166 Tin; HiscoVKKv ok Noktii Amkuica. ilesiiihrii-si': -And as Ciaray had at Court friciuls who toiiUl obtain for him what lie wislicd,. he si'iu his niajordoino, called Torralva, to negotiate and obtain the oHicc of Adelantado and Ciovernor of [tlie country extending] from the San I'edro and San I'ablo river to all which he might discover beyond."' l)i,i/ licic is misl.ikcii. The aullidrisatioii by virtiic of which (lar.iy iiiulirtook liis ("list cxiK'tlilion was ^iaiU<-(l lo him i)y the I'riots of the Diilir yA the niofoiiyiiiitcs, who govcnicil th S. Ciefoiiiino, iiuestros gol^criiailores qui- huTOM lie las liuhas.""'^ lor the tl.itc y^'i the ahovi'-ilcsciilHnl <"VciU, Di.iz' iiarr.itivc allows lis onlv to say that il occtiricil lu-lwccii July Olh ami the ciul of Aiigi;st, 151Q.'' Cortes, who relat<"s the saiiK- facts (without giviiij; the ii.itr.e of the captaiiiV enables lis, however, to (ix ,1 more precise date, vi/..: eijrht or ten d.iys after the 1 ch of August, 1519,'" that is, the List week in th.U niontli. We now ha\ e the second e\|)edition yi^ Ciaray, which is related by ni.iz, ,is follows : " \'inieron cartas ;i Cortes como Iiabia aportado un n.ivio de los que el Fr.incisco dc Ciarav, habia cnviado .i jHihlar .1 Paniico, e ((iic venia jior canitan uno ([ue se decia Ftilano Camargo, y que habian dicho que otro ca|>itan que el Caray habia enviado ;i jioiilar a ranuco, que so decia I'uiano Alv.ue/ Pinedo, (jue los indios del I'anuco lo habian nuierto . . . y que este Camargo, vieiulo el mas suceso, se emi),irci') . . . y se vino a soi-orrer ;i aqucl inierto . . . y mas dijeron, que el capilan Camargo h,ibia sido fraile dominico : — l.etleis were received by Cortes informing him that one 'if the vessels sent by Oaray to colonise rantici) had arrived in port |of Segura dc la Krontera], and that it was commanded by one t'.imarg.i ; that the other captain sent by Caray to colonise I'anuco, called Alvarez Pinedo, had been killed by the Indians ; and that Cama';^'o, '.clug the ill success [of the expeduioii|, had re emliarked, to seek relief in this port'. It was also said that Camargo had been a Miiminican friar."" bnither on, Pia/ adils : " Va he dicho otias veces que los indios ile Pamno . . . mataron el capitan Pineda y a toilos los soldados y caballos ijue tenia, cxcepto obra de sesenta soldados IliniiNi.ii, .Hid lU'in.ii.lino hi. M AN.' VNihO, Hul >ti,\ii^o .IS 11 may -srcni, ihcy (li«i nnt U'siilc in tlu' WlsI Iiiilios : " riioir .ii'Ui.il roiilomc was tlio numaslcry iif I..I Mcjunila, siliiati'il Iho lo.ii;in.> I'lom Muliii.i lU'l I'.unpo [ill .Spain] ;-- I.ns ciiales iclij;iti>os Miliaii i-i.ii y roiilir en cl monasiorio ilo l.i Mi'jnr.vila, nui' os il.i- K(;ii,is ill" .Meiliiu liol I'aiiiii.i."- Hoin.il I)l.\.'., iM|>. Iv., \\ 4S. 1 1 l.'lh.wsth.il (lai.iy liail In «-ii.l In Spain f.n llic .uillmiisa- linn iiuiilinnfil in tlu' palrnt. liciii.il UlA.', Ill'liiiiii Vnihiil: III, cip... Ki ami l\i. .\\i.iiii:u \, IV'i ,ul. \'. iMp. i.. p. ,iJ7, sa\s niily " Mh.xix," «itliniit nu'nlinning llic innnlli. "t'oKris, Siiiiiiiiiii iniiii Ji iiiiirioii, IM. jn, ii;jo: liAV.VMios i-clii. p. 54. \\i' liiiil till- '-.inu- a.inuni in (^viKUo, lib. xwiii., lap. iii., \\i|. III., p. zttl, Iml laUcn liU'ially limn Cnrlis. " Dornal 1)1 A/, rliaptii t^wiii., pa[;i 144, ti CiAKAv's l'*iNsr Vi)\Ai;i:. 167 III luicito (Ic la \ ilia Kica (on mi navio, y por Alonso Alvanv, i'inedo alone belongs the merit of having discovered and ranged, betore any other Spanish captain, the shores of the (iiilf of Mexico which now form part of the United States. Hilt there is another (piestion (piitt; as interesting. Ilow was the exploration accomplished, from north to soLith, or from south to north ; and did l*in<'do in 1519 range, the Gulf shore once or twice? There is a divergenci; on that |)oiiU between the wording of the |>atenl of 1521, and Ci.iray's sworn declarations in 1523. The ilescription of the voyage of 1519, in the letters patent, is as follows : " Andiivieron ocho 11 luicve nieses . . . entre otra ticrra haja estcril ipiL' desciilirieron to])nron la tierra Klorida . . . y reconocida y vista ([iiisieron la costear para ])asar adclante, e no pudieron, porcine le salia la tierra por la i)roas en derec ho ilcjnde nacc el sol, y por csto y por el viento que les lue sitniprc contrario, y por la niudia corriente que ansi misiiio hallaron, fueles forzado volvcr rosteando la tierra hat ia el ponienle, jior la cual cosla fucron iniiy liicii mirando la tierra, puertos, e rios i^ gente della, c todo lo deiiias (]uc se dehia miror, e tanlo andovieron liasta ipic toparon con Hernando f!ort('s e los espanolcs i|iic con " Hcrnal Diaz, cli.iiilcT cKii., !>. 21.!. pnsud, nut u! iliirti-i-n, Ijul ol i irvtn >lii|p^; "II'iiko " ('i.AVI(;i:iiii, iSVm-i'n ./r J/<.i»/.(i, \ III. lll.,|>. Ijl. n.-wins suisciciitcis liimilitcs" (/M: Hwe»^.■l i/i.r///i,,«, \i.l. " " Supi' (■■■Mill .tI |iiu'itci (Ic \'crn Cm/ Imliin llci;[i(|(i WWIlI., |i. |i'xi), wiili cmr Iliii;M Mnri'iln (./.■ /mi unn r:\i.i\. Ill the la.^t e.speililii'ii, «liii li, i ily uf Mevirn, appariiilly frnni pnemncnia, ijiirint; lhi>. liiiie, (iaray C'iiiiinaiiileil in pi.i-011, ami was roiu- < 'hi i -I mas week (•plli.wini;. Div/, np. rlf., r:'p. il\ii. }'■ ■' I * •'': f. m ; !i f: f i,H i> i*' > ( n 4 1 n ; f HI 1) I] «,t^. •,i' I \\'y 'It! u If, \r- 1 68 Tin: DiscovKKv ok North Amkkica. cl estahan en la misma costa, 6 Ucgados alli amojonaron el tdrmino hasta donde habian descubierto, ^ en todo lo que descubrieron e costcaron, que fueron mas de tres cientas leguas, se tomo posesion en nuestro nombre, 6 fecho todo csto, se tornaron con los dichos navios h;irias otras, y entraron por un rio que hallaron may grande y muy caudaloso, a la entrada del cual diz que hallaron un grande pueblo, y estovieron en cl mas de cuarenta dias los navios dando carena, y la gente de la tierra muy pacifica con los espanoles que en la dicha armad.i iban, tratando con ellos y dandoles de lo cjue tenian en tcrmino dc seis leguas que entraron ()or el dicho rio arriba. Los dichos navios hallaron cuarenta pueblos de una parte y de otra : — They sailed eight or nine months .... Among other lands low and barren which they discovered, they came across the country of Florida found by Ponce de Leon ; and having sighted and noticed the same, endeavoured to range it, so as to advance further. 15ut they were unable to do so, on account of the land which barred the way in e.xtending uastwarilly. I"or that reason, and owing to constant head winds and strong currents, they were roni[)elled to alter the course of the shi|)S, and followed the coast towards the west, examining carefully the country, harbours, rivers, inhabitants, and all that which deserved to be noted on the said coast. They thus continued sailing until they met with Fernand Cortes and the Spaniards who were in the same locality. When there, they marked the limit of the country which they had discovered ; and wherever they made discoveries and coasted, which extended over more than three hundred leagues, they took possession in our name. They then turned hack with the said ships, and entered a river which was found to be very large and very deep, at the mouth of which they say they found an extensive town, where they remain-'d forty days and careened their vessels. The natives treated our men in a friendly manner, trading with them, and giving what they possessed. The Spaniards ascended a distance of six leagues up the river, and saw on its banks, right and left, forty villages."'"' Siriclly siieaking, the .sense of that description is that Garay's Hen- tenant struck the coast of Florid. i. In endu'avoiiring to proceed he was imjiedeii by .i coast Hue which trended eastwardly, and driven away by head wimls and currents. Consequently, he changed the course of his four ships, ami crossed the Gulf of Me.xico due west. He then coasted westward and south-westward, until he fell in with Cortes in the Mexican region. Returning home, he followed the coasts of Texas and Louisiana as fir as one of the passes of the Mississippi river, which he ascended for s;;v;ral leagues. Thence; \u: sailed back to Jain.iica. .\ docununi of thr Archi\es of the Indies contradicts in a measure tint statement. It is the; sworn testimony of i'Vancisco de Garay con- cerning the discoveries accom[)lished by his onlers at that time, for his own bcm fit and ;il his own cost. It is as follows : " I'ansrio Francisco de Garay . . . con liccncia de S. M. e a su propria costa, imbici C( Ti ipi.aio navio.i a descolnir tierras imcvas en su Real Servicio, las quales fueron falladas ■' Navai;ki;ii',, iihi -ii/mi. Garav's First Vf)YA(;K. 169 e descobiertas por grar.a de Dios Nuestro Senor, que lo encamind, non tocando a Tierra ni en parte alguna que otra persona obiese fallado nin descobiorto en ningund tiempo, que fue dendel Rio del Espiritu Santo, e aun mucha parte de tierra mas abaxo hacia el Norte, hacia el rio que discen de San Pedro e San Pablo, donde Uegaron los navios :— Francisco de Ciaray ai)i)eared and said that with the authorisatinn of His Majesty, and at his own cost, he sent lour ships to discover new countries for the service of the Crown ; which were found and discovered by the grace of God our Lord, who showed the way. Nor was a landing effected in any land or part already found or disclosed by any one else at any time. This was from the Kio del Espirilu Santo over a great extent of cour.'.ry, further below in the direction of the north [sic pro south] towards the river called San Pedro e San Pablo, where the ships arrived . . . ." '" The Rio del Espiritu Santo is our Mississippi. As to the Rio San Pedro e San Pablo, it is the Sant Pedro of the Cortes map, 'S the S. />"■ y S. pa"- of Ribero, '9 and the Rio de Sand Pedro y Sanct Pablo of Oviedo, -^ which they all locate south even of Tampico. That is, ac- cording to Garay, his men discovered and coasted, in 15 19, from the Mississipi)i southward to within fifty miles of the city of V^era Cruz. There is, therefore, an important difierence between Garay's statement and our understanding of the description set f(jrth in the letters patent. If we ft)ll()\v G.i.ray, his lieutenant's discoveries were accomplished in navi- gating from north to south ; whilst th(^ tt;nor of the jiatent is that the Gulf shore, at least from Texas to the Mississippi, was discovered and r.uiged only on the homeward voyage. Let us add, in support of the .alter interpretation, that the primary intention, as prom[)ted by the advice of Alaniinos, was precisely such a course : " desde el rio de San Pedro V .San Pablo : - from the river of San Pedro and San Pablo," necessarily northwards, as no disct)veries ct)uld be or were attempted south of that ]>i)int. It is lik(;wise the opinion ol Las Casas, who may have known the lettt rs [jatent, but cannot have read the Historia j'crdadera of Rernal Diaz, which was written only in 1568, and published seventy years after- wards for the first time;. Now, we still possess the; map ("liguni ") referred to by the RegeMits, and which Ganiy sent to them soon after his discovery, in 1519-1520, when he petitioned the Cnnvn for the privilege of settling the countries, ■' Tlic ili'iiat.ilion was maMc in ihi.- cniirst uf a jiulicial iiiiHiir\. .•\\i(;u>l 22 (152J?). -('"/"■■•i"" i-. iimlil. ih lhiUa.1, Vol. XXVIII., p. 500. '" Tli;U succinct Imt highly impuilanl nwy is lo lie l ■ 170 Till; DiscovKKv ov Xortm Amkkica. ')! if It' : i m ■t which had hctn discovered by his lieutenants. It is the map, or "trufa," which we have already mentioned when tlisciissing the itinerary of Ponce de I.eon 0.1 his first voyage to I'Morida. -' That document shows clearly the (\\tent of (iaray's discoveries in 1519. The i)oint where, on that map, we read the legend: " Desde acjui cotncnzo a ilescubrir I'"rancisco Garay : — l'"rom here, Fiancisco Garay com- JHcnced discovering," is east of the Rio del Espiritu santo, or Mississippi. The locality corresponds, graphically, with the vicinity of our .\ppalachi- cola. "- The line ^''cci*(/j f/'- tio'Vut' tttos iuftiiio^ iti Jii(/i(i.-, \n], scril.Ls: "(Itsile a(|iii de^culiii.'p fr. de .yaray," liy ahoiit WW. (liSKo), p. 7. Gauav's Fiust V'ovac.e. 171 or nim: months : - anduvieron ocho o niieve mcscs," the little fleet must have sailed out from Jamaica in April or March ])receding. On the other hand. th(.' first part of the voyage terminated when Garay's ships fell in with Cortes at Segiira de la Frontera, which we know from the hitter's Carta was during the last week in August. Allowing one month to go from Jamaica to the Floridian peninsula, the exi)edition ranged the con- tinental coast during about three-and-a-half months before reaching the Panuco river. Supposing now that they remained two weeks on the Mexican coast before sailing back home, they would have had from Sei>tember 15th until the middle of December for the homeward voyage. This leaves ample time for the ranging and exploration of the coast north of Panuco. Unfortunately, Carrillo does not tell us how much earlier than the 24th of December Garay's ships returned to Porto Rico. If it was a couple of months, — which is not impossible, as we can readily understand how, after the ill success of the enterprise and the action of Cortes, Garay's lieutenants should have thought more of returning home than of making discoveries, — then there is not sut^cient time let"t for such a laborious ex- ploration, which, as we have seen, includes a stay for repairs of forty days in the Mississippi river. On the other hand, Pinedo may have sent one of his ships direct from the Mexican coast to Porto Rico, in Sep- tember, to inform Garay of thosi; untoward events, and, with the other vessels, set out ranging the coast northwards, thus accomplishing in detail the discovery as far as the west coast of P'lorida. Hut there is still another element of discussion. Peter Martyr, writing from Barcelona, December i, 1519, to "The Manpieses," that is, Lopez llurtado de Mi^ndijza and Petlro P'agiardo, says that : " G;iiay contemplates seeking .ifter nuighhouriiig islands ; .and with such intent he has eciuii'iieil ships at his own cost: — cogitat Ci.iraius alias ijiirerore vicinas insulas, aJ id naves instriixit sua iinpcnsa. — CaUndiU JJiCt-mbris, mdxix."-' We are unable to say whether Peter Martyr, in giving that piece of news alludes to (iaray's first expedition, in which case he wotild be nearly a year behind time, or whether he refers to the second ex[)edition, which sailed from l\)rto Rico early in i5:!0. If it be the latter suppe)sition wiiich is correct, tor Peter Martyr to know anything on the subject so early as " .\Nliini-.K,\, /y/»'.<'r/'( IlLXIIX., 1>. jj7. '{ H \ ■ ill I^V ir. ?' 1. \ \ r i .1 i' 1 I m » ■ I M ii'iil' p m . .» ', i.r J '\J It i'r li 1 1 n 172 Tm; Dis<.()vi;uv ok Noutii Amimuca. the 1st of December the news must have been sent from I'orto Rico about October 15th, and, consequently, Pinedo would have already reached home at the latter date.-5 Counting back "eight or nine months," we have February or January 15th for the time of his departure from I'orto Rico for the Ciulf, in 1519; leaving, at most, five or six weeks only for the homeward voyage in September. These figures preclude the possibility of an exploration of the northern borders of the Gu'f of Mexico during the latter period, as it required a stay of six weeks in the Mississippi river. If so, we have here positive proofs that the discovery was accom- plished by Pinedo when going, and not when returning. Unfortunately, Peter Martyr's dates are not always to be trusted. The reader will see at a glance what complicated hypothesis must be resorted to before the critic can hope to elucidate those data, and jiresent a plausible account of the discovery which was actually accomplished by the lieutenant of Francisco de Garay in 1519. In our turn, we cannot escape the necessity of attempting to harmonize the facts and inferences, much as conjectures and suppositions are averse to our method of study. We will first consider that the descriptions set forth in the letters patent, in the judicial declarations of Garay, and in the narratives of Las Casas and Bernal Diaz, are devoid of technical pretensions. They must only be viewed as incidental and colloquial, with no other purport than to convey a general notion. On the other hand, we propose to attach paramount importance to the map of Garay 's pilots ; and, in that map, to a single legend, viz. : " Dcstfe aqui comcnso it descubrir Francisco Garay : — From here, did Garay commence discovering." Our theory, then, is as follows : Garay sent his caravels to accomplish discoveries north of the country occupied by Cortes. They sailed from Jamaica in I''ebruary or March, 1 5 19, and directed their course, not north by the Windward Passage, but west, passing between Yucatan and the western coast of Cuba. Bearing -3 Str.inyv.- to say, in llic il:iys nf Ovicdu it rcii'.iitiii no li.ilicinus cIl' jii/yar lo que raras vi'i .e haco, :.ino Id mure time to return fruni tli.Mi to j;,) to tlio Nc« WorUI : ()iic es mas onlinario: — The return vo). ^v r<'i|iiirL-s more " I,a vuella iIcmIc a(|uellas |iarti-. a e^tas suelcs sir ilc liuie, lilly-'//'i i/iri'iiilii n IhO'i'j /Irmi'l}!!, citoi! fri)iii lliu (iriyin.il m.^mlscri|lt hy C. HuTKl.llo iJl Lalkuda Loiio, ill tlic .l/t7«o//f(< Ij'OiiomliciM da Acaileinia iln^i Sikniias ,t<: Lishua, \ol. VIII., ]. 33S. Tin: l'()UTU(.UKsr, in Nova SroriA. '75 no aulIiLiitic traces of such settlements have yet been foiiiul ihiii;, and no historian mentions Portuguese colonies in that region. '1 he I^nglish in 1501,3 1502,4 1503,5 1504,^' and 1505:7 the Bretons at an early period, *"> and the Xormands frequently, although we can only fix the dafs of 1509,9 1524,'° and 1527," sent fishing expeditions to Newfoundland. This implies numerous landing places and stations, which must have heen n.imed ;uvd figured on n-uipM. \\\, the ciUue nomen- claturi' for the east coast of the island in charts made during the first half of the sixteenth ct-ntury, whethi.T in Portugal, Spain, 1*" ranee, or Italy, is exclusively Portugue.se ; a fact which shows the paramount action of the followers of Gaspar Corte-Rcal in Newfoundland. With the exception of the letters i)atent already menlioneil, tw(j or three documents only, concerning Terra Nova, h.ive been found thus far in the Torre do Tombo. As they belong to a later date, we will examine them at the end of the present chapter. Meanwhile, it is incumbent on us to see whether there are iiot some other data enabling tiie historians of geography to establish a chronology of the discoveries made by the Portuguese in Newfoundland and the North American continent. The earliest maps may be examined to that effect, but without ho[)ing to obtain positive results. The reader should bear in mind that we have scarcely any original charts of the fifteenth or sixteenth century. What our collections can show are maps made then uiuiuestionably, but from other maps, which themselves may have been mere copies. This un- toward fact is demonstrated by the number of meaningless designations which mar every cartographical document of that time. Whether they are the work of Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, or I'rench cartogra])hers, or even ])ilots. the new regions exhibit names that are plainly corruptions of words which belonged originally to one of the Latin languages, and must have been intelligible on the prototy[)es. The ignorance or care- lessness of copyists to whom the work was entrusted, it does not matter where or by whom, is the principal cause of geographical errors ;uul enigmas, which the critic cannot ever hope to solve entirely. ' l-eltiTs patiiit t;rantiil Maul) 121I1, 1501, to W.inlc, Ashdmrst nnil iillitrs, ExiLipta lli.-lM.K, Mniioir itj' Cnliot, pp. 222, 312-320. * I.tltirs patc-nl grantcil In A>liehnr>t, Coiizale^ ft al-.., Kymi-.k. t'liiliiii, \(.l. W.paif. iv., p, iSo: Hakmn i', i'riiiiijKtJI Xariiidi'vii", \<'\. 1.. ji. 219: .Tiiil f:'.i''( rj'ld //^^^^<■(■■■r(, p. \2i). ^Kx"i-^ilii Ui-tiiiiit, pp. 126, 130, Irj- imjilkalion. ' 1 hill' III, )■. iji, alsci liy iiniilicalioii. " Jliiiliiii, p. 133, as a aiiisofniL'ticc. " Sec iii/iti, cliaplL-r ii. . 01 h : • i;o Tni: DisuQVKuv ol North Amkueca. •f CKfl' n • li ■ Another (Irawhiick is cliic- to tin; iii\avoul;iI)l(: circumstance, that a great cIcmI ilfijciuletl on tlic model, wliich may havt; lieeii more succinct than another. 'I'hen tlie absence of certain nannis can also he ascrilied to vohmtary omissions, rather than to discoveries not yet accompHshcil at thi' lime when the map was being ilesignetl. We will, nevertheless, in- terrog.ite that class of document which, ho\vt;ver approximate, is a resource not to be neglecleil. As Dr. Asher justly remarks, " Tht; Portuguese, after the time of the Corte-Rnils, continued their surveys of the northern coast, most likely for no other purpose than to discover advantageous fisheries. They seem to have advancetl slowly, step by step . . . with the ancient ma|)s, we can trace their progress." '- It is this |)rogress which wc. will attempt to show by me.ins of the configurations and no- menclatures ascribeil to NewfouiuUand, chiell)- by the earliest IVjrtuguese cartograi)hers. The t'lrst map known on which is named a i)oint of the coast of Newfoundland is the King chart, '-' drawn about the years 1502-1503. l'nfortunat(;ly, although the coast line in that chart is represented as run- ning north-easterly to its 65° latitude (which, of course, is a great deal too far north), only one name is givcMi ; but it is the typical C(7/>o raso, placed, relatively, whiTe it should be, and where modern ma[)s still main- tain it, viz.: at the south-eastern extremity of the island. We then find another .anonymous chart, which is preserved in the archives of th(' Bavarian army at Munich. Kunstmann, wh(j first made it known,* fixes its date in the year 1504 or 1505. Peschel '5 ascribes to it that of 1502 or 1503. Without attempting to explain the meaning, or to correct the orthography of those names, wc: give them as they occur in th.it chart, beginning at the north : Bn.xos Jo nieih,^^ l)y S5-^'^ ///ill cmcofporadti, ''"^ by 53° 50'. /Iha dc frey liiis,^'-) by 52° 50. '■•(1. M. AsilK.R ; Iltiiry lliuhnii, tht Sarijatnr, Lcnilin, 1S60; Svn, Inlriid., ji. xcvi. 'i >i;t." ■'iljirn, nnr f.icsimilc of the Kin;; chart. " J)ie ICiil(l'i-k)(ii'j Ainirifan, p. 129. KtNSTMASN is of opinion that it was clesigncil by the same rarlo. graphor who sij;iicr hnirns iln mulin, viz. : the central or midillc rcif-. The wort! Unxnn or Ual.mi, so often inseriheil on ror'.'.'juese ami Spanish maps, does not mean precisely "reefs." It is an hyilrograpliic.al term applidl to small sand hanks, i>r 10 reefs covered l>y water. '" Those latitudes are taken from the scale which runs throuj^h the map, and occupies a positior nearly corrc-.- pimdinj; with the line of deniarcation as fixed liy the Treaty of Tordesillas. '' /Iha immrtmrniln. — Crooked island? "' The Island of Kather I.uis. Koiii is of opinion that C'npi' f'rifh is an Knylish corruption aud contraction of the l'oriu};ncse wor (.'ape of the Holy Cl.ost. '^ " Cipe looU ,it 1110 anil avoid luc," ■' l'n,i,i irnonm, or Cape of t'oiueplion, that is, of tlu- Conceptii^i of the \ir(;in (Oecemlier Klh). If that naiiu' is Corle-Ke.'.lean.it must have ln'i-n j^iveil liy (iaspar Corle- Keal ilurin^; his first evpeililiou, aliliou^;h «e ilo not know the exael ilate of his return. Only the ilate of his ile- |iartuie foi llic sei'ond voyai;e is now known (after .\pril 21, 1501; /.'s Corli /,\(il, I'li.il Stri/ilinii, pp. 91 II, liut from tliis he never came liaek, whilst his eai'laiii^ reitiaineil away from April or May until Octolier. V 11 ■ f ,: Vi i W': •i,« , 1'. ■*' M il'i .78 Till; DisfovKKV oi- XouTii Amtkica. rcs! I l* I'; |)Iacttl it 1))' his laliliuU' of 55°, which dm Ruind's map cf)rrrs|K)inls with a locality south of Ctiho t/e bona vfiiiurn. It seems r.illuT to In: in tin; vicinity of one of thr |U!iiinsulas which proji-ct castwan! from the main body of thr islaiul, perhaps half-a-de^ree south of IUlI«;-lsI«' Strait. In the order of approximate dates, the next cartojjjraphical ilocument is the chart signed by Pedro Keinel. This is |)reserved in the Munich Royal and State Library, and was likewise publishetl by Kunstmami. -'^ Kohl assigns to it -'J th»' date of 1505. I'eschel consiilers tin; map as being of the year preceding. .5° The new names in that map, which we find inscribed on Xev • .,, '- lane!, are the following. North of //hi7 do frei hiisji^ beginning with the name northern. ■. . Y. da fort HUH, y- by bo 50'. Y. dos seines 37 (sic), by 56° 50'. >'. dd ioi-nientn,ii by 59 60'. C. das ^anias,i>^ \)y ^6\ C. do iHarco,^-^ \)\ 59. C. de boaventiira.y) by 55° 55'. Sam .lo/iini.ii by 5S' 50'. Y. dc boaventura,'^" by 55' 50'. Sam /'edro,i*' by 58. C. do inarco,-^' by 54 50. We now notice, .south of the /iayn de Santc Ciria, by }'. dos bocalhas,^- by 52 50'. Then, south of Cabo dc cofepicion,'^i by 52, we read: ^j C. da cspcra,-^^ by 50 50. A', da patas,^'^ by 51 25'. ■ .I'/'o ■.III- Kiililifkiiii'J'ii I,!' iiliiilHf Ann liiii, ]il.nlc i. -' IhMiiiiiiiittiiij llixlnry III' Mniin , |ilali ix., p. 17I*. ■ Hisrh'nhli ill Xi iliilfi I-. \K jJ2. Ccirn'iriiint; tlic KkINKI.S, si'L' JkIII iI Srliri'liill Ciilinl, p. 162. ■' AV( I i> thu lillf j.;ivLii li> fri.ir», .Tinl means " hroilicr ; ' 1ml whi'M iIk' fri.ir is in (inlcrs nr a i)ti<;M,/iti is trarislali'il liy " fatluT." • I. ink i^ln^ll. '' Sliirniy islaivl " We think llial here a ce'lilla ha^ lieen iiniitled, which involves the translatiim mil iif Cape iif Mark, Init of " The Cape of Mari'h." In the Rilieiro map, we rend in llie same '. icinily, (-'. ili- Mniro, which corresponils to the f'lilni ill Mairii {!nv Marzo) of Ovil-.lMi, lib. sxi., cap. .\., A', de Sam /raiicist/iio,-^'' ijy 51'. C. /vV/i-0,47 by 50." y a telle i|ii.intile iroyseniiN, cpie Ions les nairresile hrance s'en poiirroieiil charter sans (pi'on sen a()erce»l, ce (lit le Capilaine lacipies (Jiiarlier, el je le croy liien, poiir en avoir veil pre(|iie de seniMaMes. " — I.kscarhoI , /fiil. iliK hi XiirnlliJ'iiiiiii , Paris, 1012, Svo, p. 225. Dm S(tiitM is clearly a niistake for flit-i ffcr/*. ■*" iJeer or .Siaj; Capo. ^' Cape of (iood laick. * The Island of (iood Luck. '' This is a repetition, unless here we shoulil read llie r. without a ceililla, in which case ii wouM iiiciii " The Cape of Mark." •'■' Codfish Islanil. Aceordinj,' to l.l.si- \uiior, uhi Miijini, "I'ile de liacaillos " was not Ni «!■ Hindi, uid, Iml \ nl. II., p. 149, inakinj; of that point a " Ca|H' of Cape Hrelon island. March," as we have already in the Cantino chart on the northeast coast, the "Cape of the Knd of April." (iiiMARA, //ill. ill- lw< lidliiis, p. 162, placed the Cithn ill. Marzit liy 60 north latitude, which is nearly the latitude ascrilied here. 15 St. John. * St. I'eler. ■" l;iids Island. " He aiix Oysea*i.\. I'.n cette ile il ■" This cape is called by I\K1NI;1. a bay ('') and spelled by him Uit I'diiii-iiii'i, which is a modern l'orluj;uese form. " (.'ape of Hope. Koiii. is of opinion that Cd//. Sjmr i>r .s'y.iac is a Corruption and contraclion of I'lilio di: JCs- jiini. If so, it nnisi be located by about 47' Ju' lal. *' Duck's River. ''' The .San I'rancisco River. '- The Low or l',> Cape. ll - -t 'I'll!'. l'i)iSii/ir(i, chaplLT v., p. IIJ, ami plale. '' Till' I'll '/on (';\|>i;. 5' KnrhuH, -tin Kncky ll.iy. 5- The I.ai},'!' Uivcr ? 51 ('api' dl'itic roitii,^in.'>c'. 'I i^i 'i':ir I i;,';i '♦ / ^ ^m r- 'VV 1(11 fv t (ii ' .1) I'f.ii! I ','";l' III I ciiArri'-R II. T arc ri^lll'' iV'w maps )f the intermediary period which we still pesse'ss disconnected as regaitls each otlu^r, very succinct, ami l)ear no in- scription worth mentioning in connection with the present iiuiiiiry. The portolano of W-sconte dc Maggiolo. dateti I-"ebriiary ii, i5ri, ;ilonc should be noticed here, on account of the, legend inscribed across a region intended, ajiparently, fur Xewiountlland : Tcrru dc carte rcalc dc portui^al, and Terra dc pescarid. This designation we sh.ill thencetortii read on almost every map, sometimes modified, liowever, under the term ol Bucca- /iiiis or Coil fish, which indicates the object then of nearly all maritime t'uterprises in that direction ; as for many years the discovery of north- western trans.itlantic countries resulted from mere fishing e.\i)editions. The fact is that to tind food for e\eryone w.is, in thosi; tla\s in a hi"-iier degu'e th.in now, the great economical jiroblein ; inasmuch as the injunctions of the Roman Catholic Church reiulered it necessary to abstain from eating tlesh several days in the week. The news that lishing banks could l)t; reached after "a voyage of not mort; than fifteen ilays," where; •• ih. sea is covered with cod-fish, which are caught in \ast lUimbtM-s simnlv l>v divim"- a basket into the water,"' must haxc soon circulated extensively in thi' seajjorts of WesK'rn I'.urope, and would induce many mariners to visit at once such a fortunate s|)ot. 'I"ln; only indications which we have been abk' to gathiM" conctM'ning th art; th( )]lowi uiz '■ ose early fishing or exjMoring expeditions, A \-ovage made I)y |ehan i )enys and a pilot, calleil (iamart, about thirty-three years before \^yh th.it is, c/rc,/ 1506.- C.amart is said to h.ive been of Rouen, while th(> \cssi;l belonged to llonlleur; ami, as Ramusio, in relating a voyagi' accomplishetl to Ih-.izil about 1511), speaks ' Disiniiclios of I'f.in. I'K Av\l.\. July 25. i.ioS. an. I K.iimunao hi Si-«Nc in". \iit;ii-t -;•(■ i-l"": •'"'" '' Si'htlsfiill Cllh'il. |il>. ,!J,5. _\2l). - " Smiio tiiiM j.i .r.iii I 111- Ml iiiiuili.i liilnlUui, ilcl ilu.iU- cni C.ii'il.uio (liiui.uini 1 )i.iiii-,ii), ,V ii I'lluii.. C.iiii.ittn Ii K'Un.. i.,.m;mirn!c v'.'.inli'.." Kil.iti.ni nl" a r.ui-, iSS;. Su.. p. wiii L;rc;i', Kn iiih ca|ilaiii fmiii l)iii)|)i-. in R.^\^•^|ll, \',,|. 111., f'- 4^,5, 1, anil !■• 4J('>, P. llio t;ie.U i-:i|.;.nn is ji an 1' M<\il'.N 1 IIU. liiil iIh' nlaliiin was wiillrn liy ricrre (KiiiNiiN. Sec Ml. I'll. Siiii-i k.k's intr.icliuli.'n i" I.e. Dixniiir!' lit III Xitffiiihi'ii ill Jmii't 1,'iiinil I'nnin iilii <', i Tin: PoKircri'SK in Nova S(1)Ti.\. i8i of a iiavi;^ator of the naim; of l)(Miys, who was from Hoiilliair : " vno lie //oiiflciir cilia nnitfl Pioiisio di Uon/lciii-," it has Ix^cii iiifiTrcd that those two I>cnys wen; one aid the same. Nothiiij^ whatever is known roiiceriiintf the said e.xpechtion, and tht! res<,-arc.ies -> institiitetl in the ar- cliives of Honlleur have: proved fruitless. W'v fnid recoriled, May 17, 1502, one lehan I )('nis,-- profession not named, — and before 151S, Jehan Denys, senior, Jc^haii Denys, junior, and Jehan Deiiys, son of Jeiian, all three topjetheT. 'I'his only shows Jehan Denys to have l)een llonlieur nanvs ; hut it is only in 1597 th.it we hnd a "Jehan Denys, mestier de la mer. " Kaniusio then mentions 4 the expedition sent by Jehan An^o (the father of the great ship-owner), in 150S, under the command of Thomas Aubcrt. The v(!ssel was named Lc J'cnsic, and s.iiled from 1 )ieppe, carrying, it seems, the In'st colony sent by I'rancc to the east coast of Xortii America. The year following (1509), a Xorman vessel brought from tiie nc-wly- tlisco\(red r;gions "ex ea insula, ipue terra noua decit, ' se\cn Indians, who were landed at i\ouen.5 The lirittons were doubtless among the first se'afarers who, I'ng.iging in the venturi', '' followeil the <-x.unple ot the I'aiglish and Portuguese. Thus f.u', however, no contempor.n-y ilocuments hav(' been ])roduced to corroborate absolutely, in that respect, the statements of Ramusio, or the traililions reported by modern I'Vench authors. 7 .Still, the; jjrobability is that In the; main tlu'se rt'pose on facts ; but, as our in(|uiry is limited to iKicumentary proofs, we can only ciuote, in sup])ort of the brench claims, two documents. One is a partlon granted to a sailor, wherein mention i /. made ot the shi]) Ln JiKjiii'tlc, Irom 1 )ahouet (now I'lcui uf, 4i ■m If ■' H'[iisti-< .V tit !tt i-'iiit'it'fti tit hi i 'httritf ; M i:nitt s tht ' " i ),'U.t inra c st.Ua sc. ijn-rM il.i J 5 anni in ([U.! cine 'til-tl/itiiititit il'A titjt . ,(■,.. ,i-.'. We an- imlcliii-d fur lliusi.' 1 nulla (miIl' chc currc loiianlc rl imncnlf pur li Hrcimiii iiivoli^aliiins 1.1 \|. (liaikH Ukiakii. who lias kiiully el Noniiamli, per la (pial i\in>a c rliiiui'ira l|lu■^la lirrra i-xaiuiiiuil al our mnu^l the anliivc^ al lluiiluair. ilcapo delli llri-lloni." K\\ir,iii, \'nl. 111., (■■ .) ;_•. * " Neil' aniin 1508 VII iiaiiiliu tli I)ii)ip:i ikiln la ' 1 )KsM.\Kytlhr/., Ksi .\N( KM N, N'lll.l, \i'., ,\i-. It I'liisL-e, il ipialr era j;ia ili (iioaaii Ain;ii paiire ilel Moii- i> iiileiition.illy thai we omit the lirief aceuimt-, i;ivi'ii liy si^iKir 1') ("apilrinii ,V X'i'^eniite ili I iieppa \ '.unli't, ^eiitlit father I^l^^.■ (ir\III.I.\ ( Kl Ot't itttrit ilhisl rtnlit, in '!k; maeslio niier patron lii lieiia iiaiie inae-ioi Tlioinasi) Krenel. lraii-.l,-ni'in, Avij;nim- Paris, 175S, 12". Vol. II., Aiihert, it 111 11 priniii die cnmhis.e (pii le (;enli .lei .let to p. Jl I jaml hy \ inceiit II. Hi AM" ( /.' < I'tii/iitit .< I'tinit n.r, pause." Kami'SIO, iilii sii/nn. It is w.irlhy of mention I'aris, 1(140, .po, Part III., p. I13). 'I he veraeity ..f those that l.ii I't litre is the naiiio of ..ne of the two .^hips of auih.irs is of a .loiihtlnl eharacter, ami they .|uote n.> raniuiilier's evpe.lili.in to Siiinatni, iin.lertaken at the autlii>rities for their statements. .\s t.i tin- |ilirase of c.i4 of Jean .\ngt> in 1529. \V^ 1 1 1 ii.i : " liritones el Normani anno a Chrislo nalo ■• l'.tsi:iiifs .i|- ("rsAKi;A, <'hi-ttii:,i,it, I'.uis, 1512, 41. f' 172. li'thl'ttti. Aiii.i-i--. \'tiii~i.. N... 71. M.I .1. r. int.. has terms invenere." f /'' i''''/''. /'/(tltiii. A tt'/nit III, ,l,,n, in. , iyj^,("' lS5)it i* l.ikeii Iroiii K,uim-~i 1. l.".» ! 1 ! i \ 'h wn ' 1 1 ; !!;l*i ; " fH{ i l:(l! 'i i i'lil i^!^ iS: The Discoverv ok North America. in Cotes dii Nord), which, in September, 1510, had gone to Rouen to " vendre dii poisson [ff/o/ues or cod-fish] qu'ils avaient ete querir et pecher es partie de la Terre Neiive."** The other document is the (jedula from Queen Juana, already quoted, whereby, in October, 151 i, one Juan de Agramonte obtained leave to go with two vessels to ascertain all about Newfoundland : " para ir a saber el secreto de la tierra nueva," on condition that two of his pilots should be Brittons brought direct from Hrittany : " Ecebto que dos pilotos que llevaredes sean bretones . . . vos habeis de ir por los pilotos que con vos han de ir al dicho viaje a Bretana."9 The earliest map known bearing a legend which confirms the action of the Brittons on the north-east coast is not older than the year 1520.'° In it, south of the regions ascribed to the Corte- Reals, on the northern extremity of No\a Scotia, we read that this land was discovered by the Brittons : " tera que foij descuberta por bertomes." Hence the legend on all subsequent maps : " Tierra dc los Bretones" and the name, still in use, of Cape Breton. Although this shows that fishermen from Brittany frequented Cape Breton island at an early [)eriod, it must not be inferred that any portion of the i)eninsula was colonised by them, or that the ermined banner, either t)f Anne or of her daughter, the Good Oueei (Claude de France), floated on its shores, otherwise than to mark fishing stations. P2ven then. Nova Scotia, with an area of 21,000 square miles, [presents an e.xtent of coasts numerous points of which rival seamen could occupy and call their own, without being aware of a previous possession, and without considering themselves as infringing on the rights of others. This can be e.vempli- iied by the action ot the Portuguese who followed in the track of Gasjtar Corte- Real. During the tirst (|uarter of the sixteenth century, a gentleman from X'ianna in Portugal, called Joam .\lvares Fagundes, t)btaineil from King Maiioel letters patent conceding to him the seignory over the isles and lands which he should disccn'cr Ijevond the .\tlantic. P'ao'undes carried the project into execution, aiul on his return claimed to have found, on the north-east coast of the .New World, a mainland and islands theretofore ' .\. UK i.A lioruKKlK, Mi'fdiiii' .I if /li-'hiir' •' tlic ships uf \'a/iniLV lie .XNllim, were cilleil, tlie one irArrh,'oli>;ii' Uf luiiiii:.<, Rciinc^, iJS.sS, IJ, \'ol. II.. I:'/ Union, llio otlior, AV ISnIun [iratiilt ; 0\IP.i)0, lili. jiajjo 154. i., c.T|i. xxii., \'(il. I\ .. p. 537. '' Siijini, c\\.\\\ vi., |i. IJI. U i> luilicLaMc tlial Ivm. of '■ Kc.Nsl.M.VNN Nu. 1\"., ;\nil tile II uie .Vtl.i.-. \., \\- H ;"iW» Tin: PoRTrdi'KSK in Nova Scotia. ■S3 unknown. The King thereupon conveyed those countries to Fagundes, by letters patent dated March 13, 1521. The description of the country conveyed by that grant is very iin- jjortant at this juncture, and requires to be carefully analysed. King Manoel, after recalling the limits assigned for the explorations which Fagundes intended to undertake when he first applied for letters patent, viz.: regions north of the boundaries of Brazil, " recites that Fa- gundes has now returned to Portugal, after having discovered certain lands and islands, namely : " A terra que se dix ser fifirnie que he des a demarcaf^am de Castella que parte da banda do suU com a nossa demarca^.im atee viir partir com a terra que os Corte Reaes dcs- cobriron que hee da banda do norte aas tres ilhas na baya d'.-\uguada na costa de nordeste e sudueste e as ilhas a que ellc poz nome Fagundas sam estas, a saber — Sam Joam e Sam Pedro e Samta Ana e Santo Antonio, e as ilhas do arcepellcguo de Sam Panteliom com a ilha de pitiguoem e a ilhas do arcepellcguo das onze mill virgeens. E a ilha de Santa Cruz que esta no pee do banco. E outra ilha que se chama tanbem de Santa Ana que foy vista et non apadroada."" The defective; punctuation of that document, and the ambiguity of se\'eral words, render the meaning rather obscure. Our interpretation is as follows : " .\nd whereas Fagundes has shown, by the testimony of credible witnesses, that he has discovered the following lands and islands, viz.: The land, said to be continental, commencing at the boundary of Castile, — which boundary is south of our own, — and extending as far as the land discovered by the C(3rte- Reals, which latter land lies at the north. Also, the three islands in the Bay of Auguada, which bay is on the north-eastern and south-western coast ; .Mso, the isles which he has named Fagundas, viz.; Saint John, Saint Peter, Saint .Vnn, .S.iint .\nthony, and the islands of the archipelago of the Eleven Thousand Virgins ; Also, the island of the Holy Cross, which is near the bank ; -Mso, another island, likewise called Saint -•Vnn, which was sighted, but where no balize has been placed. Now, all these lands and islands We hereby grant unto him." This continental land we take to be Cape Breton island togetlier with Xova Scotia, then sujiposed to be connected, as the Gulf " Caiiso I %\A M " " \'. (|UL' Horn |ic"lc>>o ir nfiii sc culcndessL' cst.i scyiuiV.L's . . ." Loiters patL'nl piililislHu ,y i:. A. nii niLiTiT' il.i piiiniira tern iln Ifrasill (Id liancb i!ci iKirle HKlTENCOfK't', />(«''o'in/;i().7(iv, ,/«, ;-m.< i iiiiniiii^ia lo:< ili'S ciintra o still sonant pera ii iinrle ^oytiiido vinios per I'ortmjiir.Heit mi Itrnu ih- L'/tmni'ir iios <.ii// k X I'. ,• o ilito alvar.i elle ffoy a descobrir e <)ia iios fie/ cerlo pi)r .V 1'/. Lisl>i;a (iSSi), 410, Vol. I., p. ijji 55. teslenitinltas ilitios ile ffee i|!k.' ello aeliara as terras e \\h:\< " Ihii',m, '5 1 1 ■ -mr iwi t w IS r! h ■ I • ik I .it m 'It I 1^'' 184 TlIK DiSCOVKRV OK NouTit Amkru'a. had not, at this time, been yet noticed. '3 Our hypothesis is borne out, as we beHeve, by the following facts and details : In an old genealogical manuscript we read that " Joam Alvarez l'"a- gundes discovered Terra Nova, or the country now called Cabo Bretdo, which the King [Manoel] granted to him, and where he established cod- tishtries, which became a large; source f)f profit to Portugal." '4 Now, I'agundes was, as we have saiil, a native of V'ianna ; and in the Tratado (lits lilhis A'ovas of Francisco de Sousa, written in 1570, we fnul that bctwfn 1520 and 1525, "certain gentlemen : //yw^«5 Jiiinli^os, U|)on in- forir„ition received concerning Terra A^ova dc Bacalhao, det(;rmined to go and colonise a part of that country. Accordingly, they equipped a shi[) and a caravel. But, the country where they went being very cold, the prows of their \-essels were turned southward. After they had landed, e\ery ship was lost, and news of their doings and whereabouts could hv. brought home only by l^asque mariner::; who fref[uent those regions. And that country is in Cajje Breton, on a coast which leads northward to a handsome bay much peophHl." '5 The Tratado confirms the genealogical document ; aiul when the abo\-(; cjuoted statements in those two works are com[)ared with the tlescription in ihc letters patent granted to Fagundes, but little doubt remains that the: continental region therein mentioned lies south of Newfoundlaml, and is consequendy, both Cajie Breton island and Nova Scotia. 'I'his interpre- tation is further confirmed by the ma[) of Lazaro Luiz, designetl in 1563, v.here, on a very large peninsular region south of Newfounillaiid, and bordering at the north an extensive bay and river, which correspond pre- cisely with the Gulf and River of St. Lawrence, we read : " La terra l)(io laurador cjue (.lescobrio Joam Aluerez." 'f' .\t present we must determine what is that Aiti^uada Bay, containing three islands not nami'tl, which the King of Portugal also conceilcs to I'aLruiules. tL'ir.i \n\n (I'l li.n';\Iliao ^0 ili-Icniiinixrain a ir p'lMiar almiiMc jiarU; dclla, coiim dc foiln turain t'ln miia nan c Iclroii [I'ns-.ai;i.' mi Dclriiit (lu la liayc di: (.'uinpsi-nu, i|ui iiina caravi-lla, c, |Kir acliarcin .i terra imiiin I'ria, ildiido '■ JALii iii iIk- time cif 1,! -.lAKIint llie Cm nf CaiiM wn^ yet ^eairely known: " l)e]uiis laiil d'annees ce separe I'ilo ile liacaillns — Cape lirelun iiland, fur I.e> carliot, — do la terre feriiie] n'e^l point a peine reenneii." //)'-'. i!i In S'diivrlli l-'iniii-r, p. 22S. '* Cnmninnicaled liy Mr. I'.rneslu no Camd. of San Mii,'nel. I'lir eilalinn-. of the >.anie char.acter taken fp>in MSS. in the .\grella lilirary, see SmsA's Tntlnilo, y. ja '' " 1 lavera 45 anno- im 50 que ile \ ianiia se ajinilaran Cello- honien- I'ldalgos, e pela inrorniai;.io (pie liverani t\.\ iao deterininailo^, enrrerani para a I'o^la de I.este Oeste te darein na de Nordeste-Sudoe-te . . . e islo e' no eaho iinilo of llie map of I.a/aro I.fis lia-, beeiv adiled to .Mr. hK lil.l ri'.M OIM 's al")\e ipaoled «ork. 1 '• i m TlIK I'ORTI'CUKSI; IN N()\A ScOTIA. I '^5 Tlie expression " ii;i cost;i de nordeste e sudueste " is to the efiect that tho bay runs from the north-east to the south-west, and the name Baya ti' A u^rum^a. matins the Watering Bay, or bay where vessels take in fresh water. These definitions, when i:)rought in connection with the genealogical manuscript above quoted, where mention is made of a "hand- some bay much peo[)led," and lying north of the country discovered by Fagundes, forces upon us the conviction that what is meant by Auguada Bay is the Ckilf of St. Lawrence, whilst the place where the Portuguese vessels went in to fill their casks with fresh water is the entrance of the St. Lawrence River. As to the three islands in that bay, they may belcjng to the Mag- dalen group, or to Anticosti and Prince lulward's islands, or only two or three of the projecting peninsuhis in the latter, all of which Fagundes could .scarcely fail to see when sailing in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on his way to the Watering Bay. '7 We have now to ascert;iin the position of the other islands enu- merated in the letters patent granted to I'^agundes. Here again we are disposed to locate them in or at the entrance of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, but subject to a certain interpretation of the term /7/uj as generally con- ceived by the early n;ivigators, and of which we have already h.id occasion to speak several times when endeavouring to identify the islands mentioned by John Cabot. The reader cannot fail to notice, in tht; Gulf of St. Lawrence, several islands, and also numberless cai)es and headlands projecting into the sea on the south coast of N(;wfoundIand and on the north-east coast of Xova Scotia, which, in maps tlrawn after 1521, bear designation.;; recalling the names set forth in the letter,-, ])atent granted to b'agundes. At that time, erroneous gtiographical conceptions, arising from surveys necessarily superficial and incorrect, vitiated all charts and nautical des- criptions. To those impatient seamen, whose small craft could not carr\- provisions ior a long voyage and leave nxMii fiir the e.\])ectrd cargo, almost every im|M)rtant cape or promontory was immediattily eallerl an island. Not having sufficient time to e\|)lore the lu deterreil 'le existence ot isles where, in realit)-, .^ .,......,.._.,,. ,.,,,,^ ,.,, K ,^|,n/n, w.^. iieailland, or bemg by rocks or shallow waters from approaching the shore, the\- contnuicil their course convinced of the existence of isles wht '■ \\u uniiic iK.u iiiviil;u- icf;icms in iIil- Cull' nl' Si. ami I'linoi; IMwciril's islaiul-., are colmneil wlli^u, liki- L.uvrLiict', CMiic>.poi\(ling Willi ihc ()ilc.\ii>, .\iuic.i>ii. lliu esc-iitclicon iif I'lirtuyal placftl uvur I..iljnul..r. ' w '> ( I ■1,4 ^iil"' if 1' -'}»■ I" iip III I', i':(r ft t , i. / 11 li if 1 86 TiiK DiscovKKv ov XouTn Ami-uica. it was a tlecply-iiulented coast of the mainlaiul, or some elonj^ated pro- montory. We have only to examine, on maps of the sixteenth century, the numberless fragments made to represent Newfoundland, or the many imaginary islands which line the north-eastern shores of the Atlantic, to fmil proofs of such cosmographical errors, which it required years to dispel and thrust out of charts a h1 sailing directions. Reverting to Fagundes, "e shall only say that several maps, derived more or less directly from For uguese models, inscribe localities cited in the letters patent granted to lim in 1521 ; and it is worthy of notice that none of those names figjre on earlier charts. This circumstance tends to confirm the statement ascribing the discovery of those islands to the \'ianna navigator. The first map mentioning I""agundes' designations is the })ortolano designed by the Genoese cosmographer, V'esconte de Maggiolo, at Genoa, December 20, 1527.'^ West of Cdpo /uisso, and on the same coast line, there is a p. de crux, which may be a modification of the lllta de Santa Cniz, described as being near the bank, and we notice also a cluster of islands named Vnze mil Virgencs, which is certainly the Illins do aire- pdlcguo das once mill virgeens. In the map of Hieronymo da Verrazano, drawn about the year 1529, there is within a gulf, near the south-west end of Newfoundland, an Isla dc Saiicto Ioa)uii. '9 The chart of the Portuguese Gaspar \'iegas, dated 1534, gives XI. viergens (the 11,000 virgins) and $"■ />"• {Santo Pedro St. Peter.) The first of these lies west of Capo Rasso, close to its coast. The second is on the mainland, corresponding with some point of Cape Breton island. We have shown elsewhere -° that the Dieppe maps, such as the Har- leyan and the two Descelliers, [)roceed for their north-eastern configurations from Portuguese prototypes. For this reason, it is necessary for us to see whether they reproduce any of the Fagundes names. The Harleyan, which we consider the oldest of those ciiarts {circa 1542), inserts one, viz.: St. Ann, which is applied to an island on the south-west coast of Newfoundland. " C .■ini:\m\'>v.s\\\as\. Alto Htomlo inlnrnoaOiovaiini York, 1S74, Svo. We ncitice also twd names «c~t of Vtrra:-^niin. Appeniliv III., ((Jenoa, fine ninio), for Cape Race, Imt they are iininlelliijil'le. a copy of ilie cast coast, and facsimile iit/rn. "" Jtan tl Seficwtkii Cahoi, Nos. 20, 2J, 24, pp. 197, "J. C. liKKVODRT, Vtrra-.iino the. Xariijatiir, New 211-220. I M I VI-. ' 'h -;l ■|'Hr. VOYAGE ".V FAGUNTES (1521 ; '/ 1^£ I I' 'd ! \ ^ i ' 1 ii i:. N rll I Ijii it il. VI, r Tin; P(iKTL-(;rKSK in Nova Scotia. 187 In the pliinisphere of Sebastian Cabot (1544), who borrowed his Xorth- American region from a Franco-Lusitanian ma]), which itself contained data for XewfoLindland older than those used by V'iegas,-' one of the b'agundes names is insertt;d, viz.: onsemilyogines, placeil on a clustei of islands where the \I. virgenes of Maggiolo and V'iegas occur. The i'ortuguese portolano of Joao Freire, bearing the d ite of 1546,-- but which must be more ancient, if we jii. de x. {Pointe de la Croix, for (Uibo or llha de Santa Crux), and ys. S. Pierre (for /Uta de Sam Pedro). These data, added to the' information furnished by the declarations of l^'rancisco de Sousa and Lazaro Luis above mentioned, authorise the critic to locate the discoveries or explorations of I'agundes in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the peri[)lus of which he certainly accomplished, and also along the coast of Xova Scotia, north and south. But what is still more worthy oi notice is the fact that this is the identical region known under the name of Noranbega (Ramusio), which Jehan Alfonce declared-j (1544) to be a late discovery of the Portuguese: " nouuellement descou- uerte par les Portugalois," and hence the verses of Jehan Mallart (1547): " O quel meschof et quelle ingratitude Ont commis ceulx qui scavent longitude, Qui nont voulu descrire onques leur stille, Car I'"rance feust inaintenant h ses ysles, Ou portugays ont place i)rimer; ine." '' Applying now the liturgical data, which we have already employed to ascertain the time when certain localities of the Brazilian coast were first sighted, we find that Sam Joao may have been discovered June 21, Samta Ana, June 26; Sanio Antonio, July 13; Sam Panleliom, July 27; Sam Pedro, August i ; Santa Cm:;, September 14, and the archipelago of the I'-leven Thousand Virgins (" Passio S. Ursuke et Sanctanim un- decim millium virginum martyrum ") only October 21, all of which before the year 1521. " Tliis is shown liy ilii; i>h\iul uf NL'ttloiuullaiul lieiiii; •' Voijmjt* niianliirriix ilii Cajiilaiiie Ian .•l//<"./i(>, reproscnteil, imi of une piece, but in a jjrcat many fias;- I'diiiLis, 1559, p. 53 ; Not'-.-i «Hr la Xoitnlli rmmi^ incnts, as in early charts. Xn. 2, |i. 6. -'-' Jian it Si'haitkn Cahot, \o. 25, p. 220. •* lioitli'-r riim', in J'dii >( >i':l>a->l. C'ahol, pp. 22", 229. ■'r r I. ' 1 1 t i- I ' 1 » M4 i ' »i \ 1,^ • I I V w H n (. 'vr profitalilc, ami w.is ahaiuloiud, pmliahly at an early ilate. We tliiiiU that one of the reasons of the failure may have. ])een the fierce tribes of Indians who then occiiiiicd the coiintr\. jehan Alfoiice, speakine;, in 1544, as an eye-witness of the a!)origiiu:s, says: "Ia'S gens lie cesti; coste ct lU; Cip a Hreton sont maulvaise t;v'ns, puissuis, grand/ lleschiers : The inhabitants of that coast and of Cape Hreton arc b.ul peoi)le, powerful, and great archers."-^' Ri'vi-rting to ihc motive of the present digression, vi/.: the fact that countries already iliscovered were afterwards visited hy other na\ igators, who claimed, nevertheless, to be thi: first discoverers, the litters jjatent granted to Fagiiniles may be citc-d as an exami)le of such I'rroneous at- tributions. Th.it docunnMit. as we ha\e seen, positively ascribes to him the discovery of Xova Scotia anil Cape Breton island, notwithst:uuling jirexious \oyages accomplished thither by the Hrittons,- -as is pro\ed by the configurations in Kunstmann Xo. 1\', -and even by the Portuguese long Ixfore I'aguiules visited that country. Our affirmation results from the continuation of the east coast .south of Cape Race, dotted besides with Lusitanian ll.igs, and the delineation of the Ciulf of St. Lawrence, .i to be found in Kunstmann Xo. I., which is a map certainly anterior to 1521. 1 it I The adioining geographical outline exhibits the probable extent of l*"agundes' explorations in thi' New World. =5 " !•: ilupois lie csl.ir (1 (liti) U'si.iiiKiUo [llie Hill .if Dim.i \icil.\iuc w.is at llie linn' iiicmi.Micil ilv.' «ifo of Jw.id .Mvari's Kapuiiik>] fell.) foi ilcscolirir a Term N.iva, Jiifin ho(i, No. of June, l.^^^.S, Xutt 1 fUr la XuiinlU rmini , \'. 7. BOOK EIGHTH. 1; C^icora anb t^t (Baef Coc^&t, \' 1519-1521— 15J6. CHATTKR 1. T II 1; (i r I. 1' S T K 1: A M . }, TTTI'' caiiiKH tK;scr!bc the cxploralioiis of our cast coasl, ' luirih of I'l' I'kirida, withoul first iiUMitioniiu^' the voyajjjr Iroin XCra Cm/ to Spain which Anton dc Alaininos accomplisht'il in 1519, liy tin; onlcr t)!' I'crnaiul Cortes. It is t^cncrally hrlicvfd to havr initiated or fncourao;rcl the early official Spanish expixlitions to tiiosc parts, hy niakini; known tht; cxislcnci.' of a clear sea-way between the West hulia islands and the continent ; and, particularly, the momentous current which carries, r.ither than iin[)edes, vessi-ls on their way from the south-west to the north-east, in other words, the Ciulf .Stream. Certain writers evin think that this great iliscovery, which has exerted such a i)aramount inlluenci- on the commercial as well as the geo<.jraphIcal history of \orth America, was meditated hy .\laminos, if not hy Cortes himself. On thos(' im|)ort.ml points we sc.uxely pos.sess any information. Tht; little we know, however, needs to he critically e.xamineil. Let us tak(!, tirst, the chroniclers anil histori.ms. Both Peti'r Martvr and Ovietlo rt;fer to that voy,iL;e, but \ agilely. 'I'he former simply says : "Nuncios ad legeiii luiUfiiclus cligunt cotluni .Mamino iiaiiilciu chi< c : TIkv chose also certeync niessengicrs to sciule to the Kvng hy tlio coiuUiLlion of Alainimis the iiylot.'"-' Although Oviedo had jiersonal inlercourst' then with Alamiims, he ' W lun living till' Unu '* .M^^t (■■•ii-.l," wi- .ilw.i)^ ii.r in ilit c ^^t 0'.>-i 1 I Ni I'.h .\!iitrif.i. -AN'.iiukx, l\,irliiriiHoii, V 73, a: I'l.-.!.!. I\'. ) it i ■ il W% . * .[' 1 i ! »1 i \ ^1, 1 1 1 I t. .1 \l)0 Tin; DiscoN Kuv or Nouni Amikk a. m% . ■ /o \. ! I I ''i ( I. ; 1, n'fcrs to that voy.if^c only on account of tlu' ^oKl and silver ornaments brouj^lu l)y llie commissioners sent to Spain l)y Cortes. ' It is in till- Co/ii/i/is/ii nl it is extremely succinct, ami as follows : " I'arlieron pucs Alonso UtTnandcz I'ortocarrcro y Franriscd do Montojo y Anton do Alaminos, ile Aiiiiiahui/tlan y Villarica, en una ra/onable nave, ;i 26 dias del inos de Julio del ai'io de 1519 . . . Tocaron de raniino en el Marien de (ailia ; y diiiendo (|ue ihan ,\ la llabana, pasaron sin detenerse por la canal de liahama ; y navegaron con hartc pKJspero ticnipv) liasta llegar .\ Ksjiana ; — Alonso Hernande/ I'ortocarrero, I'rancisro de Montojo, and Anion de Alaminos, then sailed from Aquiahui/.tlan and Villa Rica [de la Vera ('ru/|, in a good ship, on the 26th day oi the month of July, 1519 . . . On the way they tourhed at Marien of Cuba. It is said that they went to Havana, anil crossed, without stopping, through the I'ahama channel. .After a prosperous passage, they arrived in Spain." ' As (iomai'a was thi; cliai)lain and secretary of Cortes, who fiirtiished him with information to write the history of his concinests, the ahove e\- tiMct shows that the " coiKiuistador " himself had no knowledi^n: of the discovery made hy Alaminos. ICIse, his historian would not have; failetl to metition a fact which reiloiinded to the credit of Cortes : having been accom|)lisln'd in the course of an expedition st'iit hy his orders. .\s to Las Cas.is, after relating the famous destruction of the licet, he merely says : "No dejando iikIs de uno [navio] en ijue fucsen los procuradores ([ue .^ (."astilia envicj . . . I'roveyi) luego enviar .\ Castilla i)rocuradores, (juc fueron, a los diehos Alonso Puerto C.iriero, de Medellin, tierra de Cortes, y a Francisco de Montejo, natural tic Salamanca . . . r.irticronse en atpiella nat) que de los barrenos se escapi), del jiuerto del I'eiion, (pie ll.nnaron l;i N'illa Rica, por el mes de Julio, el ano de 1519; llegaron ;\ Sevilla, creo, i)or Octubre . . . l which escaped the scuttling [of the rest of the fleet], from tlie Port of the CJIifT, which was called I.a \'illa Rica, in the month (jf July, of the year 1519, and arrived at .Seville, I think, in October . . . I'he said commissioners and the pilot .Alaminos went with the Court as f.ir as La Coriifia ; and it is in that trip that I, mjself, formed their personal ai (|uaiiu.ui<:e." ' Hert', again. Las Casas knows nothing of ihi; discover)-, although hi: deri\ed his intorm.ition concerning that important voyagt' from the \()y.ig(;rs ihrmselvis, including Alamino.s, the Pilot-Major. ' OVll |)l\ 111,. Xwiii., CI)!, i.. |M). 259-2(')0. 'I.\-. Ca^.V--. Ili'liiliil lU hi, /h.//i(.,, lib. Cwiii., \ nl. 1\ ., ].. .(i|S. i;;i|'. Oil 'A 'rill, (In, I Stki \M. 191 W'c (•oinincni'c to lind a f<\v details rt-Iativi" ti) the voyaj^c only in ihi- I'l'ti/iu/ffti Histotiti of Mcrnal I )iaz, wl>(» was an cyc-witiicss of tin; th'parturc of the shi|) from \'«Ta Cruz. I lit')' arc as follows : "So manili') aiiiTccljii cl nujur iiavio du loila l,i llnla, y cun (Ids pilotos, ijiu' fui; imo AntDii (Ic Alaininiis, que saliia ronio liahian (If (Icscmljarcar por la ranal de lialiaina, |ior(iiie L'l fill' cl piiinirt) (|tiu ii.ivi'ni^ jmr ai|Uilla canal: Orders were given t(i equip the liest ship in the entire licet, with two pilots, one of whom was Anton dc Alaniinos, who knew how to sail out of the canal at llahania ; for he is the first who ever sailed in that canal."* 'Ihis shows lliat lh«: Bahama canal was not (explored for tho first time on that occasion, and that the knovvl(;dg«: which Alaminos ])ossessed of those passaj^es had been ac(|iiired on a previous (.'.xpedition ; for in- stance, when lie led I'once de Leon to I'lorida. Nor can there he any confusion ])Ossil)U; hetwc^cn tlu; I'"lorida (lulf Stream, which would have; been the course followed by Alaminos if, at the outset, he had att('mpted to I'lnd a new route from Vera Cruz by the north-east, and the IJah.ima Channel, which was the name thtMi iL,d\in chielly to the sea region parallel with tin; north coast of Cuba. 7 jt is clearly the latter route which was sketched out for Alaminos, when he sailed from San Ju.in de I'llo.-i, thouj^^h with urj^tMU rc!Commeiidations to steer as far north from Cuba as lie could, to avoid being cauj^dil by Diego \'clazciuez. The commissioners who were sent to Spain were not instructed, con- sequently, to navigate by a route heretofore unknown ; but simply to avoid going to Havana, so that Diego \'elas(iu(.'z might not be informed of their voyage ,ind mission : " l,es enconicndamos niucho (jue por via ninguna enirascn en la Hahana . . injuc no alcan/ase a saber el Diego X'eia/ijuez lo (jue jiasaba : - 'I'hey were earnestly •.•.arneu not to enter Havana in any way whatever, in order to prevent Diego Velaziiue/. from being ai)prised of what was being done.'" The next time Diaz speaks of that voyage, it is in thes(; words: " Ya he dicho (pie partieron nuestros procuradcres del puerto de San Juan de Ulua en 6 [sic\ del mes del Julio de 1519 ahos, y con bucn viaje llegaron a la Habana y luego desein- bocaron la canal, l' dice (jue a(]uella futj la primera vez (jue por alii navcgaron, y en jxn 1 ' licrnal DlA/. dkl ('.\-~iimo, \'i nliuli m llhlm-ui, *■ llcrnal I)i\/. cip. liv.. p. .(S, 'Mk-.c i\i.n-i'.ns cap. liii., p. 47. .t1s(i sliiiw that what tlu-y callnl the Hali.ima iliarmtl in ■ Sl'C the foll.iwlnj; ii>te. tlio^c davs was |.araI1rl witli Ciilia. 1! .1 '^ :i. ::*,> » •, \^. 1 1 Tff 192 Till-; DiscovEKv or North Ami;ru:a. .1 i')i i I f ' f #.', ii ii tienipo Hegaron a las islas de la 'I'erceira : — I have remarked that our commissioners left the port of San Juan de Ulloa on the 6tli of July, in the year 15 19. After a good passage they arrived in Havana, and then came out of the channel. This navigation is the first which was made by that route. In a short time they reached the Terceira islands." " It follows from the above extracts that all which coiiteinpc raneous historians knew of the voyage of Alaniinos from Mexico to Spain, in 1519, is comprised in these few details, viz.: He sailed from Vera Cruz, July 26, 15 19, touched at Marien in Cuba ; from thence either cros.sed what those writers call " the Bahama Channel " throughout, w'ithout stopping {Goniara) ; or came out of that channi'l by a route said never to have been attempted before [Dias) ; and, after a quick run, arrived at Terceira (D/iu), and, in October, at Seville (Las (^nsus). It is well to note that Gomara wrote in 1551, Las Casas in 1559, and Hernal Diaz in 1568; that is, at a time when the sea-way between the Lucayas and the continent had been entirely explored, and was per- fectly depicted on maps, but not under the name of the Bahama Channel, which we have failed to discover on any chart of the sixteenth century. Nor do we find in their writings the reasons for such a statement ; and we take the latter to be nothinsr else than an inference on their part, based upon the important fact, however, that Alaminos sailed over a new- route. Xay, we are not even pre[)ared to affirm that what then went by the name of " Bahama Channel " was at all the [)assage between Florida and the Lucayan islands. i . re are reasons to think that the term ap[)lied to the sea njute, extending from west to east, betweim the north coast of Cuba and the Bahama bank. Hence the name of "Old Bahama Channel." given to the latter region in our sailing charts. It is with llerrera that we begin to see the notion assume a sort of technical character, with postulates, motives, aiul inductions ; whicli, however, h.ive no other basis than the al)ovi: 'Iav facts, likewise derived from thi^ authorities we have quoteil. Here is his narrative : " l)ii;lcs Ik-mando C\>nes el nujnr navio, i por ;:iil 'to :. Alton do .Maminos, jiorfjue hacian cucnta, por aiiartarse de Cuba, dc pasar !a Canal de r.aluana : i cste piloto era el mas experimentado dc aciuella Mar, i por acompanado fue otro i)!loto. rarticronse ;i 26 de Julio de este ano, con (juinre marineros, i tocando en el Marien dc Cuba, pasaron ,a la Habann, i descmbocaron la Canal de Dahama, i Hegaron con prospero ticinpo ,'i I',s!i;ifKi, sicndo Uv; prinicros ipie hicieron aquella navegaciun, por no dar en manos de I)icgo X'elazciuez ; i a ■> II,:J, II, c.y,: Ivl ■V)- TiiK Gui.K Stkkam. 193 i!l esto se determin6 Anton de Alaminos, juzgando con la niucha platica que tenia de los Lu- cayos, i de la Costa de la Florida, que aquellas corrientes havian de acabar en alguna parte, i fue metendiose k el Norte : i sucediole bien, porque salido de la Canal con bien, hall6 el espacioso mar, i dichosamente entrd en San I tirar por Octubre : — Cortds gave them the best ship, and, for pilot, Anton de Alaminos, tor they were warned to eschew Cuba in passing through the Bahama channel. He was the pilot best versed in navigating that sea ; and he was adjoined another pilot. They left July 26th of that year, with fifteen sailors, touched at Marien of Cuba, passed by Havana, :.nd came out of the Bahama Channel. After a pros- perous passage they arrived in Spain ; being the first who had accomplished such a navigation, so as not to fall into the hands of Diego Velazque/.. Anton de Alaminos adopted that course, judging from his great experience of the Lucayas and the coasts of Florida, that those currents must end somewhere. [Therefore] he sailed northwards, which proved favorable; for he came out of the channel successfully, found the broad sea, and, after a prosperous voyage, entered San Lucar in October.'"" We feel no hesitation in considering the above narrative as a mere interpretation based upon the statements of Gomara, of Las Casas (for the date of arrival in Spain), and of Bernal Diaz, whose work, although printed only in 1632, was known to Herrcra even when preparing the first edition of his Decades, published in 1601." But he, certainly, had not access to original maps or technical accounts. The inferences of that historian may be correct, and, upon the whole, are .such as all of us would draw a priori ; but the critic is bound to notice that they were not derived from positive geographical data. This is .so much the more important as in none of the authentic details which have reached us is there any mention of the "Costa de la Florida," nor of the "corrientes," which must have been the necessary factors in Alaminos' project of dis- covery, as set forth by Herrera. We now proceed to e.xamine the original documents themselves. The Carta tie Kelacion o. Cortes, dated Villa-Rica de la Vera Cruz, July 10, 1 519, which may have contained some allusion to the then in- tended voyage, has not yet been discovered, either in print or in MSS. The Carta de la Justicia, under the same date, which sui)plies it in a measure, merely mentions the imminent departure of the me.S!=engi;rs : " elegimos por nuestros procuradores k Alonso Fernandez Portocarrero y ;\ Francisco de Montejo, los cuales enviamos h. V. M." '- "■ IIkkukka, Ifiititrla O'lienil ih' hi hrrhon di lo< .1 rufL'rencc, Uecad. II., lib. iii., cip. \., Vol. I., p. 96, C'cuHlillaiios, Dcciil. II., HI), v., c\\). xiv., p. Ijz. of the eililinn of 1601, whiih is \.hc priueep". " Set- the list of " Aulores improsos, y ile mano," and " Cartni fie Cortiii, CLiyangos' eilition, p. 21. 3 A ' H T. ui, t 1 A • A m I ■1. • Tir 194 The Discovkkv ov North Amkkra. ( -,' 1; fi Corti's' Carta of October 30, 1520, fixes the thite of the saihng out of the ship from Veni Cruz, which was neither the 6th nor the 26th, as Gomara, Diaz, and Herrera stale, but the i6th of July, 1519: " Kn vn.i nao, que de Esta Nuev.i-Espana de Vuestra Sacra Magestad despache h diez i seiz^de Julio del ano de quinientes i dicz i nueve, einbiii .\ Vuestra Alte<;a mui larga, i par- ticular Relacion .... la qual llcvaron Alonso Hernandez I'uertocarrero, i Francisco de Montejo:— In a ship which I sent forth from this New Spain of Your S.icred Majesty, on the sixteenth of July of the year 1519, I have addressed to Vour Highness a very extensive and detailed account, which was entrusted to Alonso Hernandez Portocarrero and I'rancisco de Montejo." '» Notwithstanding positive orders, the pilot Alaminos, at the urgent request of Montejo, w(Mit to Cuba, touching at a point of the north-west coast, called Mari(Mi, where Montejo owned a plantation; but the arrival there, after the departure from Vera Cruz, was not so soon as the expression of Diaz: "con burn viage," would lead us to believe. it required more than five weeks, from July 16th to August 23rd, to cross the Gulf of Mexico. This we ktarn from the judicial petition addressed by Diego Velazquez to the King, November 19, 13 19: "En veinte e tres dias de Agosto pas.ido abia lleg.ido a un puerto escondido de la dicha Habana una caravela que venia de las dichas Thierras . . . e que venia dentro en ella un Anton de Alaminos, Piloto Mayor ques del prencyjiio que fice descobrir nquellas Thierras . . . venian un l''rancisco de Montexo e otio Alonso Hernandez de I'uerto-Carreno [.v;V]. — On the 23rd day of .Xugust last, there arrived frcni a secluded i)ort of the said H.ivana [Cuba?], a ship which came from those lands ; having on board Anton de Alaminos, rilot-Mnjor, who from the beginning, had accomplished discoveries in that region; Francisco dc Montejo, and Alonso Hernandez de I'uerto-Carreno."" .Such a voyage usually re([uiri'd from five to seven days only, s.ivs Oviedo. '5 Must we infer that it was duri.ig those five long weeks that the exploration northwards was effected ? This is scarcely admissible, as it would imoly their turning back, and sailing south one hundred leagues or more, f r no other purpose than to allow Montejo to visit his farm, and at a time when a s[)eed\' voyage to .S|)ain was absolutely re(iuired. The first indication rel.itive to the rout(; which they then ado[)ted is to be found in a letter adtiressed by Diego Velazcjuez to Lucas \',iz([uez de Ayllon, on the 37th of Noveml)er, 1519. Referring to their . 21. '■■ " \ ilcsilo clla [Sanlci Ddiiiingo] a 'I'icrral-'irmi .Ttr.ivk'san las nans oil cincn, y scis, y sii'lf dias, y mas si't;uii ,i la paiU' cl.uijc \an tjuiai'.as ;" ( l\ ii.m., Sdiniii-^n, c.iii. i., p, .|7J, ..( \cc!ia's (.■ililinii. ii i 'I'll!', (iri.K Stkkam. 195 " Thonia la derrota c syguieron su viaxe facia las Vslas de los Vucayos por parte innave- gante, non sabida nin usada por ninguno : — They set out and pursued their voyage in the direction of the Lucayas islands, through parts heretofore unknown or sailed over by anyone."" The letter which Miguel de Pasamonte wrote to the King, fnjin Santo Domingo, January 15, 1520, is somewhat more explicit: " El adelantado Diego Velazfiuez me a escripto que por el mes de Agosto pasado, aporto a la Isla Fernandina unas de las caravelas que fueron en el armada (jue ymbio it las Thierras nuevas que abia descobierto, des que ymbio por Capitan Hernando Corles e que la dicha caravela tonio agua c mantenymientos en la punta de la dicha ysla, en una estancia de uno que venio en ella cjue se disce Montexo. Disce ([ue se fycieron a la vela e tomaron su der- rota por la iiaite del Norte la via Despafia o do Ingalaterra; — The Adelantado Diego Velazquez has written to me that, in the month of August last, there arrived in the island of Fernandina [Cuba] one of the ships of the expedition which he had sent to the new regions discovered by [sic' pro for] him, and under the command of Captain Fernand Cortes ; and that the said ship took in fresh water and provisions at the extremity of the island, at a farm belonging to one of those who were on board, called Montexo. He says that they set sail, and directed their course towards the north in the direction of Spain or of England." " Diego \''elazquez, in his letter to Ayllon, gives the slight grounds upon which he bases his opinion in n-spect to the route then ado[)ted by Alaminos : " A lo ([ue se pudo colexir segund los yndios e la manera e calidad de las ])ersonas quen el dicho navio van, (jue se van a Reynosos e otras partes estraiias : — As far as can be ascertained from the Indians, and the action and character of the persons on board, they are bound for foreign parts."'* Thi! conclusion to be drawn from our tedious analysis is that we .scarcely know anything at all about the voyage: of Alaminos. It amounts simply to this : Alaminos .sailed from the western ixtriMnity of Cuba, tluring the last week of August, 1519. He sailed, not luirth, this being an impossibility, as it would have carrical him straight to .vpalachee Bay, in West Morida, but in the direction of Spain or h-nglaml ; that is, north-east, and liy adopting a new route. Tht: ri\ference to his having started towards the Lucayos islanils : "facia la;; Vslas de los Yucayos," would imply a route across one of the Providence channels; for it is to the north-east of Cul)a, ami even of liis- paniola, that the maps of the time, from Peter Martyr's to Kunstmaiui ''•Dii'iiiiii iilii: iiiidifiii (/• /h'^'(i-<, Vnl, WW., |i. j ;. '^ ('. m^ \i ■>i 1 1 u *ii/ '", I, I if J" 196 The Discovkkv ok North Amkkica. No. IV., inscribe " los lucaios;" and that part of the archipelago may not have been explored before the year 15 19. We know, however, that Alaminos was prompted, above all, by the necessity of avoiding falling into the hands of Diego Velazquez, who, immediately upon hearing of his arrival on the coast, despatched two light, fast sailing vessels to seize his ship : " De ]5resto mandd arm.ir dos navios de poco porte, grandes veleros, con toda la artil- leria y soldados que pudo haber y con dos capitancs que fucron en ellos, que se decian (Jabriel de Rojas, y el otro capitan se decia fulano de Guzman, y le mand6 tjue fuesen hasta la Habana . . . llegaron en cierlos dias a la canal de Bahama, y preguntaba los de los navios d. barcos que andaban por la mar de acarreto que si abian visto ir una nao de mucho porte, y todos dabian noticia della y que ya seria desembocada por la canal de Bahama, porcjue siempre tuvieron buen tiempo ; y despiies de andar harloventeado con aquellos dos navios entre la canal y la Habana . . . . se volvieron k Santiago de Cuba : — He ordered at once to arm two ships of small tonnage, but fast sailers, with all the artillery and soldiers which could be lodged on board, under the command of two captains, one named Gabriel de Rojas, the other [Gonzalo] de Guzman, and ordered them to go as far as Havana . . . After a few days they reached the Bahama channel, and enquired from every coasting ship and bark if they had seen a large vessel. They all replied having met such a ship, which doubtless cleared the Bahama channel, as she had fair weather. After cruising in the channel and [between] Havana, the two small vessels returned to Santiago de Cuba." " Alaminos therefore ran the risk of falling in with any ship which Velazquez might send after him, if he ventured to sail east or north-east of Havana ; as it must have been by the Windward Passage that such a vessel, coming from Santiago de Cuba, would enter what is now called the " Bahama Old Channel." It is natunil, therefore, that the skilful pilot, who, when ranging the south coast of P'lorida, first with Ponce de Leon, and then with Hernandez de Cordova, had certainly noticed the G';lf Stream and its direction, should have attempted to lloat it down, with the hope of reaching the Atlantic Ocean, north of the Antillies. But how far he sailed along the Gulf of P'lorida, or at what latitude he took his course due east, and whether he e.\plored any part of the coast of Florida, Georgia, or the Carolinas, are questions which we are wholly unable to solve. All we can say is that, although the conimissioners hail no time to lose, they may have tarried on the way and etfected a landing, inasmuch as Porto Carrero was very ill. Las Casas names the month t)f October for the return of Alaminos, but dubiously: " creo por Octubre." Oviedo, '■• Ktrnnl Diaz, ra]>. Iv., i^. 4S. M' V ^ TllK Gur.K STKKA.Nf. ,07 who WHS u witiKjss of the arrival .,f the commissioners, and went to ad- mire the gold ornaments they had brought with them, says that it was near the close of the year 15,9: ''quassi en fin del ano mill e quini-ntos e d.ez y nueve." - And. in support of a late landing in Spain, it must also be noted that the gold and valuables sent by Cortes were not ordered to be forwarded to the Casa de Contratacion of Seville before Decem- ber 5. 1519.2. Finally, Peter Martyr does not announce the coming of the messengers until the 9th of that month. ^^ This implies a lapse of at least t(;n wer!;s between the sailing from Marien de Cuba (August 27th) and arrival in the Spanish port. "■ OviKi,o. Uhi Hvjjra. by <;avangos, after MuSoz, (,},. cit., ,,. 34, note. " Manual dd Tcmnro, M.S. of the archives, quoted " A.nghiera, Kpistola DCL., j.. 35S. > riff I'h I'f 3 '• } I' i; ■\\ ■,♦ Li ? ■ m -.*•/ ] ■ ii I' I! lit CHAPTER II. Avi.i.on's Imrst \'()VAt;H. 1521. ''I'^HI'lRI'l iin: documents in existence concerning the first voyage of I Lucas X'ascjuez de Ayllon to the east coast of the New Continent,' but we have been unable to discover or to obtain copies of them, and must therefore hmit our investigations to the few ficts which may be gathereil from contemporaneous historians. In the Historia de las huh'as of Lopez de Gomara, we notice ;i chapter, entitled " Rio Jordan en tierra tie Chicora : —The River of Jordan in th<; countrv of Chicora," which beqfins as follows : "Siete vecinos de Santo Pomingo, entr.- los "Seven inhabitants of Santo Domingo, among cuales fuc uno cl licenciado l.ucas \'azquer whom was the licentiate Lucas Vazquez de de .Ayllon, oidor de aquella isla, armaron dos Ayllon, judge of that island, eijuipped two ships navies en puerto de Plata, el ano de 20, para in Puerto de Plata, to go in search of Indians ir por indios a las islas I.ucayos . . . Fueron, from the Lucayas islands. They went, but y no hallaron en ellas hombres que rescatar 6 failed to find men to seize for the purpose of saltear para atraer d sus niinas, hatos y gran- working in their mines and farms, and decided jerias. Y asi, acordaron de ir mas al norte therefore to go further north in quest of a ;i buscar tierra donde los hallasen, y no tornase country where such [Indians] could be found, vacios. Fueron pues .i una tierra que llama- so as not to return with empty hands. They ban Chicora y Ciualda[)c, la cual estd en treinta reached a land named Chicora and (lualdape, y dos grados, y es lo cjue llaman agora cabo which is by 32°, and is that which is now called de Santa Klena y rio Jordan ; algunos con Cape of Santa Elena and the River of Jordan. todo esto, dicen como el tiempo, y no la Withal some say it was by stress of weather, and voluntatl, los echo all.i." not intentionally, that they arrived there." - Gomara then relates how they enticed on board a number of Indians, after having returned two natives, a man and a woman, as decoys; that the King sent 10 the shii)s fifty of iiis men, all carrying victuals ; that thereupon ' Tin; Hon. liciiry t'. MiKi'iiv h.i-i refc-rrol t" -iu!i iittoiinicnt> a?, far hack .i.-^ l!>7.S" ".^^ wt^ learn fiom tht.- Icstinionyof IVvlru '!■■ IJ U'j", ihc iiilm "i M;Uicn/'i," >.ii>l lie hIrmi cli-cii»>ip.j; tlie l.\ii.lf'l! of .Vyll.Mi, aii^l '|U.i\cil: '• I'roceeiliiij;^ heh're 'lie .Xinli'.ors iif S:. Doniingii, \i\ virliieof a rciy.il ilecree i)f Nuv. 1525. in relalioii tn the (li^l)Utc lietween .Vyllun ami Malien/i> ciiieernini; tl'eir (liM'overy, |lre^erve^l ill MS. al Seville." —'/Vc' I'di/it'/f ()/" y^'i-ra-.-niin^ p. ijj. ■■ (iiiMAKA, IV'. ' /'., ei|i. \liii,, |i. 179. ht AvI.I.dn's l-"lkST X'dVAC.i:. 199 4 'ii! ill 1 « • 'I the Spanianls suddenly stn sail, and hnnit^ht to Santo Ooniingo a luunhc.r of ChiconMns (as slaves) ; hut that one: of the vessels foundered at sea, with all on hoard. That narrative has served as a hasis for every account written since of the first ex])edition of \^isquez de Ayllon. It has heen literally copied hy Herrera ; and modern historians have followed that chronicler. Gomara, as usual, has not consulted any original authority. His ac- count is a mere paraphrase of the second chapter of the Seventh Pecade of I'l'ter Martyr. This chapter, as we have shown, 3 has also furnished Las Casas with all the elements oi a de.scription, hased upon the same materials as tho.se used hy Gomara in the present instance, hut to which Las Casas ascrihes a date anterior to the first expedition of .Ayllon, and without coimecting him with it, directly or indirectly. The critic therefore must revert to Peter Martyr as the sole origin of all those narratives. Now, Pi:ter .Martyr does not present that expedition to the north- west of the island of Cuha as having heen accomplished in 1520, nor by Vazquez de Ayllon, nor does he place hy 32° north latitude the region then discovered or visited. The.se particulars have heen first advanced by Gomara, who mixed the details of the predatory cruise related at the beginning of the Seventh Decade, with the account of an expedition of Ayllon given also by Peter Martyr, hut which is rc:lated as if entirely distinct and independent. In fact, we have failed to find any phrase where Peter Martyr ascribes that first slave hunt, expressly or implicitly, to the Santo Domingo judge ; although he was well accpiainted with him personally, and they even con- versed together about his voyage to Cicora.. Under the circumstances, it is necessary to reproduce literally Peter Martyr's own accoimt, to show the origin of those statements. The text tt'iids rather to deprive Lucas X'aztjuez de Ayllon of the merit c:^ having sent the expedition which first landed on the shores of the Carolinas. This comi)els us to repeat the commencement of Anghiera's narrative, which we have already cited, but only to dis])rove certain allegations of the Bishop Bartholomew de Las Casas. -^ " Cujiiditate igitur hahendi lucaios, more " I'romptcii by the lust of possessing [?] the venatorum qui per nemora montana perque l.ucayas, the Spaniards, after the mode of palustria loca feras insectantur, ita ([uidani hunters who pursue wild beasts across forests, Hispani duobus nauigiis sei)tcm virorum im- mountains, and swamps, sailed from the town pensa constructis, ex oppido Tortus plat;e of Puerto de Plata, on the north side of ' Siijira, ch.ii.icr ii., \\ 1.(3. < Si(j,i(i, clmpM !. p. 137, :.rill I I [i> I-' -i' I'J ! f r f I. 1 U% 200 '^M" DiscovKRY OK North Amfrica. .h dido, in Ilispaniolac tre, qua scptcn- trioncm spcctat, a ^ aomo cupii causa, anno ah hinc t sfictarunt . . . lerunt ergo illi, vesti^ univcrsas has insulas, pr.xJa non reperta, quod eorum conuicini, iandiu ex amussim cxploratas depopulati fue- rant. Nc consociis irrisui forcnt si vacui ad Hispaniolam reuerterentur dircxere proras ad Arctoon bot)teni. Aiunt plaricjuc nicntitos, qui sua spunte dixerint elegisse illud iter, sed in- (piiunt ab exorta ct biduo porseuerata rciientina tenipestate fuisse raptatos, ad eius tcrroe, quani describeiiius, jirospcctuni, viso a longe coiso proniontorio. Quum so ad littus nostri appli- carent, miraculo stupidi monstruni aliquod ad se venire putarunt inciilae, (jubd usu naviuni ipsi careant : visendi studio primum ad littus ccrtatim concurrunt, mox a descendentibus cum scaphis aura velocius aufugerunt omnes, littusque reliquerc desertum : sequuntur ab- cuntes nostri. Pr;ceunt .aguien agiliores quidam juvencs, citatiore cursu properant, duos igna- vius currentes virum et fisuiinam [irxhendunt, ad naves perductos veslibus ornant, solvunt. Moti ea libcralitate littora complent iterum incolne. Rex eorum intcUecta nostrorum bcne- ficentio . . . Sod cjuid? Hospitii fideni violarunt Hispani tandem. Astu nantiue artibusque variis, post cuncta diligenler vestigata, opcram dederunt ut una dierum ad naves visendi causa multi concurrerent, implentur naves inspectan- ttbus ; ubi refertas viris ac fceminis habuere, anchoris evulsis velis protentis, lugentes ab- duxerunt in scrvitutem. Ita regiones eas uni- versas ex amicis reliqucrunt inimicas, et ex pacatis iierturbatas, filiis a parentibua ablatis, ab uxoriljus maritis. Sed e duabus navibus una tantum evasit, altera nusquain ultcrius visa est : submersam fuisse cum sontibus et insontibus, (jubd esset vetusta conjectantur. Id spolium fuit HispaniolsE senatui moiestissimum : im- punitos tamen rclicjuerunt Cum de prxda remittenda consuUasscnt, nil c.xecutioni man- datum est, rei difficultate animadvcrsa, deper- dita jirnecipue umi. Particularia ({uredam ex Hispaniola, facing the Lucayas, with two ships constructed at the cost of seven individuals, in search of men [i. '., to enslave]. That occurred three years ago . . . They then scoured all the said islands without finding any prey, because those living nrar had long before explored and completely dispeopled them. So as not to become the laughing- stock of their partners if they returned to Hispaniola with empty hands, they turned the prows of their vessels northward. Those who say they selected such a route of their own accord speak falsely. [On the contrary] they were driven thither by a storm which burst suddenly, and lasted two days. It carried them to the land which wc describe, and of which they had seen from afar the high promontory. As our men landed, the astonishment of the natives was very great, thinking that they were witnessing a pro- digious phenomenon, as they had never seen ships before. Impelled by curiosity, they first ran to the shore ; but, as soon as the Spaniards alighted from their boats, they fled like the wind. Some of our young men, among the swiftest, caught two of the natives, a man and a woman, whom they brought on board. Dresses were given to them, and they were set free. Moved by such generosity on our part, the natives again flocked to the shore ; and their King having been informed of our kindness . . . sent us fifty of his followers loaded with products of the country .... Finally, the Spaniards violated the laws of hos- pitality . . . They enticed the n.-itivcs on board, and, when the ships were filled with men and women, they weighed anchor . . . and carried them into slavery . . . Hut only one of the two vessels escaped ; and, as the other never was seen again, it is supposed that, being old, she foundered at sea, carrying to the bottom both the guilty and innocent. That abduction was resented in a iiigh degree by the Tribunal of Hispaniola, which, however, failed to intlict any [)unishment. The judges deliberated as to I' Avi.i.dn's Imkst V'ovAci:. 20 1 his h sapientc viro jurisperito sacerdote, qui the means of rcturnint^ [the Indians] who had dicitur IJaccalarius Alvarus i Castro, ea didici. l)ccn taken ; l)ut this was found to he impos- Is oh Utteras et nioruni honestatcm decanus est sihle, especially on account of the loss of one of efiectus antistcx' conceptionis in Hisjianiola, et the vessels. Those details were given to me hy idem Vicarius ac una hereseos incjuisitor, cui the bachelor Alvaro de Castro, who was bolii a prcBstanda est his super fides liherior . , . very able jurist and a priest . . . On this point, Ad corum patriam, unde sumus digressi ; rever- the greatest reliance should be placed in him. tamur : vel Hacchalaos anno abhinc vigesinio ... He says that several complaints were sexto ex Anglia per Cabotum repertos, aut lodged against the ravishers . . . that the liacchalais, de ([uibus late alias, contiguas, women were dressed in lions' skins, and that arhitror ess" terras illas. De illarum ctelesti the race has a white complexion . . . As to situ ritibusciuc ac provcntibus et moribus nunc the country, I think it is the land of liaccallaos, dicendum est. Sub altitudine graduum eorun- which was discovered by Cabot twenty-six years dem et sub iisdem jacere parallclis affirmant, ago or one adjoining the same. It is said to be sub quibus Hispana jacet Vandalia, vulgo in the latitude of Andalusia . . . The Spaniards Andaluzia. Regiones perlusirarunt paucorum coasted the country during a few days, landed dierum intercapedine, plxrasciue sL.iul longe in several places, and went inland after casting protento in ternim adha;rentes, ubi anchoras anchor. T'-^ two principal parts are Chicora jacere, Chicorani et Duhare primarias. and Duharhe." After (lc'scril)inti; further the ;ippear;ince of the Chicoreuns, Peter Martyr invokt!s another testiiiioin-, but only as regards the looks, habits, and customs of those Indians, as follows : " Chicoranos aiunt semifuscos esse, uti nostri " It is said that the Chicoreans are semi- sunt agricol.TC sole adusti ivstivo. C'aiiillos nigros brown, like our sun-burned husbandmen. The cingulo tenus viri nutriunt, Aemina; longiores in men let their hair, which is black, grow until giros: uterque sexus nectit comam. Sunt im- it falls to the waist. The women carry their berbes : sit ne id a natura, vel ah arte, medica- hair, which is curled, longer .... They menti aliquo gencre adhibito, vel pilos evellant have no beard. Whether it be natural, or more Tenustitan;B gentis, est in anibiguo : caused by their pulling off the hair, like utcumiue sit ostendere .se leuigatos delectantur the people of Tenustitan [.Mexico], I cannot Testem aliiim rito non minoiis inter laicos tell. I shall quote another testimony, appre- autoritatis, (juam decanus ille sit inter initiatos : ciated by laymen in as high a degree as Is Lucas Va/(]uez .Mglionus licenliatus dicitur, that of Alvaro de Castro is valued by the civis Toletanus, et ex Hispaniolx senatoribus initiated. It is the attestation of Lucas unus, eius [w'j impensie duormn navigiorum Va/cpiez de Ayllon particeps : ad nostrum rerum Indicarum sena- who came [ to Spain ] tum ab Hispaniola missus procurator, venit et on a mission from the Tribunal of Hispaniola diu eftl.ngitavil dari sibi veniam re|)etendi terras to our Council of the Indies. Having been illas, condendx in eis colonia; causa. Kx a partner in the equipment, at his own cost, Chicoranis adveclis unum adduxit secum, qui ei of two ships, he long solicited the authorisa- fanuiletur, bapti/atum appellat I-'ranciscum, ab tion of returning there to plant a colony, suo natali Chicot a cognomen induit. Dum He had brought with him, as a servant, one negociis intendens moraretur, habui alitiuando of the Chicoreans taken over [to Hispaniola], 5 Thi^ ^iiitciux' i". :ilmo>l uninlfllitjilik'. IVrlKips wu is llie same in the etlifio inim-rps mv\ m llic eclitimi slumUl read: " oiiu Matieiu" particeiis," alllioiigli it jjiveli li)' IIaki.iyI, I)r Orh, Xoni, I'aris, 15SS, Svn. wmilil nnl under it iiuicli mure correct. The alu've text '' Those or any such accinnils arc lost. 2 II n 'I m f) \' I 1 1 I I 202 TlIK DiSCOVKKY OF NuKTlI AmKKUA. convivas et Aiglionum hcrum cl Franciscuni whom he caused to be Ijaptizcd and called Chicoranum famulantcm. Non est hebes ingcnio Kratnis, with the surname of C/iicora, from is Chicornnus, nee inepte sapit, idioniaiiue sat his native land, I entertained both at my commode didicit Hispanum. (^ua; igitur Aig- house on several occasions. I shall now lionus ipse licentiatus ex sociorum relatu Uteris proceed Xo repeat the contents of the ac- mandata niihi oslendit, et ([ux Chicoranus viva counts composed by Ayllon with the relations voce fassus est miranda (luidem, ea reccnsebo. written by his companions/ and what I'ran- Demat addatcjue fidei reruni, ([uas recitabo, ex ciaco Chicorano told me ingenio (]uis(iue suo .... Chicora ergo relicta, Having left Chicora, they went to another latus aliud sinus ejus adierunt et rcgionem region called Duharhe, whose inhabitants are captarunt dictam Duharhe : hos incolas esse said by Ayllon to have a white comiiiexion, candidos ait Aiglionus, aftirmante Francisco but Chicorano asserts that it is brown. . . Chicorano sufTusco, sed (lavis demissisciue ad Their hair is fallow, and comes to the heels. talum usque crinibus. Regem habent hi Their King is of gigantic size giganteie proceritatis .... Regio est alia . . There is another country near, called huic jjropinciua nomine Xapida." Xa[)ida."' It must be confessed that the entt^rprise first described by Peter Martyr in his Seventh Decade, resembles in important particulars what we know from other and authentic sources, of the e.xpedition which Ayllon sent to our east coast in 1521. I-'or instance: The date of both is nearly the same. The letters patent of 1523, which we will soon discuss, say that it was a short time before the latter year : "nuevamente;" while Peter Martyr states that this c:vent took place "three years before writin Ayllon's e.xpedition, as well as thi; other one, was composed of two ships : " dos carabelas," and " duobiis navigiis," eciuipped in and sailing from Puerto de Plata: " e.\ oppido Portus Platre."^ The object (jf both was to kidnap Indians from the Lucayas islands: "ad Lucaias homo cupii causa," and " por yndios lucayos."'° The two e.\[)editions directed their course northward: "a la parte del norte," and " direxere proras ad Arctoon bootem." The |)art of the continent where they both landed contained provinces severally namcxl "Chicora" and "Duharhe" (P('ter Martyr); "Chicora" and " 1 )uache " (L(.;ttcrs p.itent," antl Oxiedo). Put there is a most important circumstance which, thus far, belongs only to the anonymous e.\[)edilit)n. We refer to the loss at sea of one of " Ani;iiii'.ha, 1>i Oil". Xoim, ('iin|iluli, 1530, lnl., |ilaii- wli'jif .■\ylli>ii Ciiuippeil his cxpfilitiims. It is l>,iiix Si'/iliiiiii, mil. ii., f" Mil., nnil jip. 4(iS-.(72 of (li-.,iriliLil liy I!m I^n, Siimn t/i (•'ruijiiitia, v^•l^cl of ii, ll.ikkiyl's f.lilion. a^ .1 |ionr port, hul little freiiin'iui'il : "I'M luj;;>r I's * On till! 71I1 of M.iicli, 1525, accorilinj; to his own |>ki|iiL'iVi y I'l puciti) no os liiieno, y n I'sta c;uis.\ is poco st.Ttcmrnl. Slt' xii/iia, p. 13S, cl tralo." '•'The (locmncnis pulilisln^l in ihij < 'u/k-' ion di ili,iysf Ihiiiimtiiliiiy Iliilurii nf Miilm , |i. 246) weilomH kniiw (in wlial milli'irily, lh;U " llic iliii'T iiiint of the (.Npuililidn was Dicyo Mirtkio." Our lale Iri^'ml J. Carson Hrkvoort slatcil in his \'in-a:-.aiio, pulilishuil in 1874, ih.at the other |iilot of Ayllori's ship was I'cdro 1>E t,)ri JO, anil that the vessel of ^^atienzo hail for pilot I'crnanilo Soiii.. The names of (Juejo, or (Jiioxo, ami of Solil, totjether with the remark that the two ships in .Vyllon's lir^t e\pe'liiion lielonjjeil to separate owners, inilicate also on the pan of liKKVOOR't a lpaiia : — The country of A\ linn, who di^C()vered il,and x^xvii., cap. i., \'ol. 111., ji. 62H. ii Avu.un's Imu^t \'i)VA(,i:. =05 " Y en toda la costa, ni en lo ijue fkntro de la ticrra vicron los cspanules, ni se pi.'' > ver ni aver noti(,ia dc provint^ia ni puorto, ni rio ni poblarii)n ([uc tal nonil)rc tuviusse : ni vicron tierra ni provincia iiue sc Uamasse dc los nom- bres que se cuntenian en la Lapitula^ion (|uel licen^iado tuvo con S. M., iiuo yo he visto, que son los qutl (licho indio le dcbicra avisar." " And, neither on the coast nor inland, did the Spaniards see or have notice of i>iwvinces, harbors, rivers, or population so naiiud [/'. r., Chicora]. Nor did they see any lands or provinces bearing the names inserted in the letters patent granted by His Majesty, which I have seen, and were doubtless furnished by that Indian."" The preceding i)ages were already in tyi)e when our attention was called to a succinct, but new and clear, account of Ayllon's first voyage to the east coast, written by Mr. John Gilmary Shea, '^^ and based upon documents which, so far as we know, have not yet been published. They belong to the files '9 in the suits which Matienzo brought against Ayllon, at Santo Domingo, in 1525 and 1526. Being unable at this late hour to institute researches in the Archives of the Indies, or to obtain copies of those documents, we depart from our custom of taking all historic data from original authorities, and jjorrow the narrative of l\Ir. Shea, who, moreover, is one of our few trustworthy historians. "In 1520, Lucas Vazquez de .\yllon having secured the necessary license, despatched a caravel under the command of Francisco Gordillo, with directions to sail northward through the Uahamas, and thence strike the shore of the continent. Gordillo set out on his explora- tion, and near the island of Lucayoneque, one of the l.ucayuelos, descried another caravel. His pilot, Alonso Fernandez Sotil, proceeded towards it in a boat, and soon recognised it as a caravel commanded by a kinsman of his, Pedro de Quexos, and fitted out, in part, by Juan Ortiz de Matienzo. This caravel was returning from an unsuccessful cruise among the Bahamas for Carihs, — the object of the expedition being to capture Indians in order to sell them as slaves. On ascertaining the object of Gordillo's voyage, ([^uexos proposed that they should continue the exploration together. After a sail of eight or ten days, in which tiiey ran little '"()■. li,no, uhi .vH;)ra. As Ui llic n.iiiics of Chirorn am\ (iiiuldapi , ihc follciwiiij; icniarU of 1 Ikkrkka (Dccail. III., lil). viii.iCap. viii. , p. 241) nuisl he nulcd : ".\il(in(lt' c'st.iba vn I'ucliln, que jinr llam.Trle Orilut, le ilixtTon Chirora, iKirc|ue los Cistcll.ino.s niiiicn repararon en cor- roniper poco los vocaMos, i olro Ivigar, que .se dcci.i Ouair, llaniaron OiKtlild/ir : — Tlieie is in that locality a vill.ij^c calliil Orilui, wliich tlie i^paniaiils, with llK-ir hal'il of coriup'.iny names, rail Chiinra : and anotlicr ilononiin.atcd iliinh, lliey name eville in what is called the I'alriuiiilo ( ICkIiiiUi 2, Cdji'ii I ?) from which were taken the complaint nf Maiiks/h, and certain depositions collected i>n liehalf nf .Vvi.roN in- serted in the J)oi:itiiitiili).i Innlilos ih liiilia!'. WA. XXXIW, pp. 56J-67, and .WW., p. 547-62. The^e two docmnenls arc far less interesting than lho>c which .Mr. SlIKA had the yood fortune lo secure. 'Ihey contain only two facts of iniporlance. Tlie lir^l is, that the olject of the expedition was to kidiiaji Indians from the I.ucayos, as well as to accompli:.ii } \' \fv^ t I ^ V ,. 1. U.\ 'A\l ' 5. til Wk i . .. , ^ f ' ' ■^tf if m f t \k it f 1 'r I I'* I I !<< H I) J' I (H I ff M' 2o6 TlIK DlSCOVKKY OK NoKTM AmKKICA. more than a hundred leagues, they reached the coast of the continent, at the mouth of a con- siderahlc river, to which they gave the name of St. John the Baptist, from the fact that they touched the coast on the day set apart to honor the Precursor of Christ. The year was 1521, and the point reached wa.s, according to the estimate of the explorers, in latitude 33° 30' {Testimony of Pciho df Quexos, and Act of taking possession by Que.xos). Itoats [Hit o(T from the caravels, and landed some twenty men on the shore ; and, while the ships endeavoured to enter the river, these men were surrounded by Indians, whose good- will they gained by presents. Some days later, Ciordillo formally took |)ossession of the country in the name of Ayllon, and of his associate Diego Caballero, and of the King, as (^)ucxos did also in the name of his employers, on Sunday, June 30, 15*1. Crosses were cut on the trunks of trees to mark the Spanish occui>ancy (Testimony of Altiaua). Although .\yll()n had charged (lordillo to cultivate friendly relations with the Indians of any now land he miglit discover {Answer of Ayllon to Matienw), dordillo joined with Quexos in sci/ing some seventy of the natives, with whom tliey sailed away, without any attemjit to make an exploration of the coast. On the return of the vessel to Santo Domingu, .Ayllon condemned his caiitain's act, and the matter was brought before a commission presided over by Diego Columbus, for the consideration of important affairs. The Indians were declared free, and it was ordered that they should be restored to their native land at the earliest [wssible moment. Meanwhile they were to remain in the hands of Ayllon and Malien/.o." ''" III his critical essay on llir sources oi iiiforniatioii, Mr. Shea adds the tollowinj."; iin])ortant detail : " .Vs regards the joint exploration of the vessels of Ciordillo and Quexos, the testimony of the latter helps us, as well as his act of taking i)ossession, which puts the proceeding in 152 1 ; though some of the witnesses give 1520 as the date; both parties unite in calling the river which they reached, the San Juan nautista. Herrera is wrong in calli' g the river the Jordan,- named, as he says, after the captain or pilot of one of the vessels, — since no such person was on either \ icl, and no such name appears in the testimony."'^' TIic al)ove-(iiioted tesliiiionies contradict, in an im|)ortaiit particular, the l(Nulin!^' statement of the letters patent of Jinie \2, 1523, viz.: "Dos carabelas dcscuhrieron lierra . . . :i la parte del norte, lacual dicha tierra diz que esin en treinta y cinco, y tri.'inta y seis, y treinta y siete grados : -The two caravels discovered land .... at tlie north, which land, they say, is by thirty-five, cinJ thirty-six, and thirty- seven degrees." " This technical de.scription inijilies that the two ship.s of Ayllon and Matienzo did actually range the coast extentling from ,35" to 2)7' north latitude ; that is, ,1 sjiace corres]>ondin;j[ with us to the distance between ' XiirriiHr, ,. nl ('rili<-nl /li^lnri/, cililcM l>y Jii^liii Wjnmir, \iil. II., ii|i. 23S .2J1). Xfifrfifln tmil (^I'ltirril //i^hiri/y p. 2S5. Navakkktk, Viil. III., p. 15J. ^ i ■Jll! f 11 AyLLON's ImKST VoVACiK 207 I'iiinlico Sound, in North Carolina, and Cape; Henry, in Virginia. It means tliat they did n!;t limit their ;' vion to a mere disembarknHMU in one place only, but that, on the contrary, the expedition followed the coast for a distance of at least two degrees of latitude, with st;veral landings. ^3 Now, according to the deposition of Pedro de Oue.xos, their landfall was in latitude 33" 30', at the mcjulh of a large river, which they as- cended a. certain distance. This happened on the 24th of June, 1521. l'"rom th.it place, .so far from coasting at all, shortly afterwards " they sailed away, without any attem|)t to make an exploration of the coast." -t As to the Jordan river, llerrera is douhllcss mistaken when he slates that it was s(j named after the captain or pilot of one of the shi[)"s, since IMr. .Shea has nut found such a name in the testimony. Hut th(; ex- plorers must have calhnl "Rio Jordan" a river of the newly-discovered region, as we already see a " R. Jordan" in the Ribero map, by 31 30' north latitude, carried, however, by Oviedo to 33' 40.25 Ihis name is not uncommon in thi; early charts. Kunstmann No. 2 inscribes a Rio Jordan on the Brazilian coast; the IMaggiolo f)f 1527, on the shores of Newfouiulland ; whilst the Turin map has a Kio Giordan by 36', and a Rio de Jordan by 23' .south latiluiles. lUit, as the present designation appears in cartographical documttnls only in 1529, and that, between 1520 and 1527, Ayllon sent three expeditions to our east coast, it is im|)ossible to say in the; course of which this Carolina stream was so named. If, how- ever, the first expedition sighted no other part of the coast than the mouth of a river which was then called the .St. John, it is evident that we must make the name of "Rio Jordan" tlale either from 1525 or 1526. We incline to consiiler the name of Jordan as having been given at the latter date, licing probably the landfall in the third \oyage ; else il would t'lgnre in the W'eunar chart of 1527. There remains to l)e seen whether the above tlata jxrmit ll.e critic to ascertain where the l.imlfall was in [521. Notwithstanding the discrepancy existing betwe<'n those accounts, and (lur inabilit)- to demonstrate absolutely which of the two statements is the correct one, we will l)as(; our hypoth(;sis u|)on the declaralions of I'cdro (U; ( )uexos, as summed up by Mr. .Sh(;a. Our reason fnr the prrh rcnce I'll n'f 1 1. 1 1 tl ■ 1 ,s 1 s ) I, M \.^ ■ I' •' I'l l( 1 M \i< I VK stall", alsci fli.nl llie fxpc.cliliim iliil in 'I inli icaiKMlini', |ilcras'|Ui' ■•iiiiiil loii^;i.' i.tuU-iiiiM in irii.im rmiaiii in mu' pl.ice, lull speaks only of "tlic Spanianls aillniciiUs." ,V»/»'(i, \>. if'\. liavinj; sailed , laiuliiij; in siveral '» Sm-.A, uhi fii/iid. Incaliiiis ; -— Krijiuiu's pcrliistrarunt |iaikipnini iliiiuin M H ii.imi, lili. xxx\ ii., irp. i., \'nl. I II. , ji, fijS. ,1 r i CTJi' 11 M^ 208 TiiK Discovery of North Amf.rica. is that Aylloii was interested in magnifying the efforts of his lieutenant, being, in 1523, an appHcant for new privileges from the Crown. Under the circumstances, it was a much better argument to claim an extensive search than to limit his action to a mere landing and prompt departure after having secured a cargo of Indian slaves. Quexos, on the other hand, could have no interest in diminishing his own efforts, and besides, as the declaration was made in the course of a judicial enquiry, he would have been promptly contradicted, had his assertion proved to be untrue. Now, Quexos says that he visited only one point of the coast, which was in latitude t,^ 30'. What did that latitude represent exactly in the eyes of a Spanish pilot in 1526, when those sworn testimonies were taken? W'e possess a precious document on that question. It is the Weimar chart of 1527. It records the discovery of Ayllon ; at the latter date, how- ever, he had already accomplished, personally or by his lieutenants, three voyages to the east coast ; and we must therefore endeavour to determine which of these furnished the geographical data inscribed on that chart. The second expedition of Ayllon was carried out in the spring of 1525, and Mr. Shea informs us that not less than two hundred and fifty leagues of the coast were then explored. But, as the chief object of the voyage was to prevent Ayllon's j)rivileges from becoming void for non- performance of the conditions, we are inclined to think that the report remained in the hands of the local authorities at Santo Domingo, in the form of a legal notice. Tht- third expedition set out in the middle of July, 1526. Ayllon, who had led it in person (his first visit to that country), died on the 1 8th (if October following. It was the commencement of a series of misfortunes and unsuccessful attempts at colonising in two places, which ended with internal feuils. judging from Oviedo's account, those sad events absorbed much time, and were not possibly known elsewb.ere until the survivors of the cxpediti fact that the expt;ilition was composed of two ships, which returned promptly to Santo Domingo : 3 c il' ■it i" • ' mA I 1 .'», \> 1 ■ ;-ll * , '^ 1 ¥ W] m! I I; r ■ r I k PS !■ ■Ifi f ( ^ :iO Tim: Discuvkry ok Noktii Amkkra. " Armd dos Navios en la Ciudad de Santo Domingo, i las embio, con |)ensainicnto dc a])ercibir niaiores fuert^as, si el Viage sucedia bien . . . liolvicron presto, con rclacion de (]ue havian descubierto Tierras de huenas muestras . . . por lo (pial sc dcclaro, ([ue i)ara cumplir mejor con lo capitulado, (jueria armar otro Kavio, denies de los dos, i hacer, en I'ersona, la Jornada : — He ecjuijiped two ships in the city of Santo Domingo, and sent them, with the intention of preparing a larger expedition if the voyage proved successful . . . They returned to port promptly, with the news of a discovery of lands of good appearance. Upon which Ayllon announced his intention, so as to fulfil better the conditions of his patent, to equip a ship, in addition to the other two, and lead the enterjirise in person." '•'' That inii)ortant statement escaped the attention of Navarret(^ who, like (K)mara and others, thought that Ayllon had undertaken but two exjieditions, one in 1521 and the other in 1526. It was only when the new volimie of the Coleccion dc documentos incditos de Indias appeared, in 1888, that documents commenced to be published. The.se consisted of the judicial allegations mentioned by Her- rera as regards the action brought by Matienzo against his former partner, and. particularly, of the petition which Ayllon addressed to the Audiencia or Tribunal of Santo Domingo, as he was preparing his third and last e.xpetlition. It confirmed the statement of Herrera, by giving the exact date of the return, in August, 1525, of ships which Ayllon !iad sent on a voyage of discovery : " Desde que vynieron las carabeias del descobrymiento de la dicha Thierra cjue fue por el mcs de Agosto del ano passado : — Since the arrival of the caravels from the discovery of the said country, which was in the month of August of last year." '^ The document is dated March 5, 1526. Consecjuently, the voyage alluded to, or the return of the ships, "el ano passado," occurred in 1525. And, as to the fact itself, it is corroborated by four eye-witnesses. Notwithstanding our efforts, we could find no further information con- cerning that second voyage. Here, again, light is thrown upon the subject by the documents of Mr. .Shea, who mentions the expedition as follows : "To secure his rights under the Asunfo, Lucas Va/ijuez de .\yllon despatched two cara- vels under Pedro de Quexos to the newly-discovered land, early in 1525. They re^'ained the goodwill of the natives, and explored the coast for two hundred and fifty leagues, setting up stone crosses with the name of Charles \'. and the date of talcing possession. Tlicy returned to Santo Domingo in July [August? see ahove], 1525, bringing one or two Indi.ms from each province, who might bo trained as interpreters {Inierrogatorus of Ayl/on : Tesliinoiiy <>/ Qfifxi>s)."^ "' IIkkkt.ra, llis/uriit >eenis, was a cnmpaniim of .\ylUin in the voy,ij;e ol anil before June 9, as .Vyllnn te^titieil <.m the furnier ilay, 1526, icijjether with -Vnlimii) DK Moniksinos and I'eilro ami on the latter his procurator appeared for him." Oik hk KsrKAliA. There is a reference to some writing's ri(.t p. 240, note 3. That historian also ((notes " Tesii- of Mom ksinos on the siiliject, lull we have failed to find niony of .Muii/o Despinisa 'v\'rvanles, and of Kather them in llu- Archives of the Iinlies. irf r '^ iT^ '// Mt(l ^'h #1 a !«■ 212 TiiK Discovery ok North Amkkica. Finding the land inappropriate for a colony, they determined, after a few days, to leave, and make a settlement elsewhere. What follows, in Oviedo, comprises all that can be ascertained relative to the future move- ments of Ayllon, or of his men after he died. It is in these words : " Acordaron de yrse a poblar la costa adelante ha^ia la costa ocijidental, c fueron ;i un grand rio (qu.irenta o quarenta e ^-inco Icguas de alli, pocas mas 6 menos) que se dic^-e Gualdape c alli assentaron su canipo 6 real en la costa del : — They decided to go and settle on the coast beyond, in the direction of the west coast ; and tliey went to a large river (forty or forty-five leagues from that place, more or less) called Gualdape ; and there they established their camp or settlement on the coast." We arc constrained to take Oviedo's text and figures as they stand, and endeavour to ascertain whether logical deductions can be drawn from the same. Being at the east, on a continental coast, Ayllon, strictly speaking, could direct his ships towards a western coast, " ha^ia la costa occidental," only through a water-way which was inland, and running westward. That water-way, according to Oviedo's description, pre.sented two pe- culiarities, viz.: a large river, " un grand rio," poured into it; and the entrance to that large river was distant from the point whence Ayllon set out after breaking up his first encampment : " de alli," one hundred and twenty or one hundred and thirty-five miles: "quarenta o cjuarenta e (jinco leguas." The point from which Ayllon started on this subsequent coasting exploration, we infer from Oviedo's statement to have been in the vicinity of the landfall, that is, the estuary of the Rio Jordan, which he locates ^ly 3f 40 ■ Now, taking a wide range, there are on the east coast, between 32" and 34° 30' north latitude, only three inland water-ways answering at all to the above descri[)tion, viz : The Saiitee River, by 2,?>° 7- 'I'k^I which extends over 130 miles. Georgetown Entrance, \\'\\.\\ Winyah Hay and the Great Pedce, by 2,j° 10'; extending together o\er 150 navigable miles. Cap Fear River, by 2>o SO- 'i"'^^ 250 miles Kjng. Which of these was navigated by Ayllon after leaving the Rio Jordan, and whc 1 e he made his last attempt to plant a colony .'' The first datum to notice in Oviedo's narrative is the word "costa," which he api)lies io the region explored by Ayllon. In Spanish it has no other meaninuf than a sea-coast. Avli.on's First Vovack. II I, HI If Ovicdo had used the term "orilla," instead of "custa," we should assume af once that Ayllon simply ascended a river, which the critic would have to select from the three streams above mentioi d. But the word "costa" compels us to introduce some sea const as a necessary factor in the investigation. We are also bound to place the locality beyond ^^'' 40' north latitude, that having been the starting i)oint. To understand Oviedo's meaning, we must suppose him writing with a map before his eyes, Ribero's for instance, and notice that, north of its Rio Jordan, the sea coast is made to trend considerably eastward ; which is also the case in the reality of things, if we consider the north-eastern shores of Long Hay in modern maps. This reasonable hypothesis permits us to imagine how Oviedo may call " west " the recess e.xhibited by the coast in the longitude of his Rio Jordan, relatively to the eastward trend which is seen north of the sup|)osed locality of that river. Now, the e.\tent of sea coast, from either of the two estuaries above mentioned to the entrance of Cape Vtinr River, cannot be less than one hundred miles ; taking into account the curves and windings which the ships followed closely, being in search of an eligible spot to land. We then find the mouth of the river, which, almost as high up as Wilmington, is sufficiently wide to permit the term "costa" to be applied to its shores as a continuatit)n of the sea coast below. This appro.ximate traject gives about twenty miles more, and indicates a point of Cape I'ear River, be- tween Smithville and Wilmington, as the locality where Ayllon probably made his second settlement in the summer of 1526, and where he died a couple of months afterwards. It also follows from what precedes that, in 1521 and 1526, Ayllon's expeditions did not range the sea coast beyond 33° 50' north latitude ; and that, until new documents show that there was another Spanish voyage to the east coast, at those dates, or before 1529, the names: C. lic S. Roman, Rio del Principe, C. Traffalgar, Rio del Espiritu Santo (at the north), /?. de 5" Maria, and C. dc St. J uan, inscribed for the fn-st time by Ribero, mu be attributed to the second expedition sent by Lucas Vazquez ile AylKdi, in 1525. \ \ ' J' I \ -q ' }' ;, ;, ! IM i 1! ■j* i) I I i ! II i I i- i: ^1 f; h •I i hi i ' h. ri; CHAl'TKR III. (ilOVANXI DA VkKRA/ANU. 1523— 1524. IT is almost universally adinitteil that a navigator, or corsair, called (iiovanni da \'errazano, of I'Morentine birth, sailing under the French llag by comm.uid of Francis the First, discovered, or ex[)lored. the Atlantic coast of North America, from Florida to Nova Scotia, between the years 1505 and 1524. That belief, which has been shared by all historians for three cen- turies, was based at first solely upon an account published by Ramusio in 1556, in the third volume of his celebrated Raccolia, under the following title : " Relatione di Giou.inni da Verrazzano Fiorentino della terra per lui scoperta in noma di sua Maest.\, scritta in Dieppa, adi 8. Luglio, m.d.xxiiu.;— Relation by Giovanni da Verrazano, a Florentine, of the country which he has- discovered in the name of His Majesty, written at Dieppe, on the 8th day of July, 1524." Such an o[)inion could only be strengthened when Hakluyt, in the dedication to Philip Sidney of his Divers voyages touching the discoveries of America, [)rinted in 1582, referring to the north-west passage, made the following statement : "Master John Verarzanus which had been thrise on that coast [/. e., the north-east coast of America] in an olde excellent mappe, which he gave to K.ing Henry the eight, and is yet in custody of Master Locke, doth so lay it out as it is to bee seene in the mappe annexed to the end of this boke, being made according to Verarzanus plat." I'inally, an older text than the one published by Ramusio, but printed only in 1841,' together with another document since so frecjuently (juoted as " the Carli letter." - also added weight to the belief then entertained by every one that the publication of Ramusio was genuine, the statement 'Florence N'Atioiial I.ilir.iry; i'xM.ig1i.il>ci'clihm.\ ; MS., Class XIII., Cdil. S9 : Virrnzano; — CollfHan : i>j the X^cii' I'oc.',' Iflslitrl'-ii/ iVo'wV/y, Vol. I., new series. 184". P- 55- ' /. l/'.rn (II F-niriiiilo C'ir/i a mho l'ti'l)X ; I,yi-ii~. Aiifjii..! 4. 1524. first priiucil in tlu' Kinnan jonrn.il "( history, // .SV«;/;//n/i>n', I., 257. s;iys Mr. MlUHIlv. Hut sec for a more exact text, Airhirn Sfnn'i'n Ifa/imio, ol Vieiisseiix, Vol. IX., .Appeinlix, 185J. .See also llie liililiuyraphy in J'lau it S.'Inutii.ii Oahiit, p. 279. (1 m '>! Giovanni I'A Vkkua/ano. I'S of Hakliiyt entirely reliable, and the voyage ascribed to Ciiovanui il.i Verrazano absolutely authentic. The first doubts were raised by Buckingham Smith, in 1864,3 and supported with .idditional arguments, in 1H75, by the Mon. Henry (.". iMur]ihy.4 The question has since been ably discussed />ro and con In a number of elaborate dissertations. Not being yet in possession of the new facts which we h()[)e may result from researches initiated, at our special request, by the I'Vench Government among the papers of Admiral Honnivet, and in the Parlia- mentary archives at Rouen (Hontleur and Dieppe have been exhausted), as well as in the Torre do Tombo at Lisbon, by a friend whom we have commissioned to sift through the diplomatic correspondence of Joao da Silveyra, Pedro Gomez Tei.\eira, and Diego de Gouveya, we shall abstain for the present from discussing the documents above mentioned. We propose to limit our task, just now, to an analysis and arguments based exclusively upon what might be termed extrinsic or parallel evidence. That is, we will ignore entirely the account of Ramusio and the Carli letter, although both are given as representing either the very words or the substance of the official rejjort addressed by Giovanni da Verrazano to the King of France. We will even leave aside the statements antl map of Hakluyt, which could be made important factors in a discussion almost entirely cartographical. The case would be otherwise, perhai)s, if we had before us the original of the Ramusio and Carli transcripts, and of the "olde excellent mappe " which Hakluyt ascribes to Giovanni da Verrazano ; neither of which, however, we mean to question. There is so much to be said in regard to those documents, particularly the account said to have been addressed to PVancis I. (no PVench text of which has yet been found), that we thought it interesting to see whether the problem could not be solved otherwise. Withal, the reader should know that the absence of original P'reiich documents relative to that voyage of \'erra- zano, thus far, can be easily explained ; as the documentary history of the X'alois is in course of formation. When we .see that the [lateiits of I'Vancis 1. increase from 3.500 to 18,000, hopes may yet be entertained. ■^ Iiiukini;ii:.iu SMini..-l;i hi'iiiini iiilo ihf iitilli' iili- 'Ilcmy (". MiKi'iiv. I'lit Vni/iuj' nf \',ri-:t'.:aiio : iity I'/ iltiriiiiuiils i-oiiiiriiiii'j a ili-^ronry in Xuiih a i-htijilir in llu Kni/i/ lli.tft.ry of Miii-ilinir DIx.ortry Ann fii'ii, 'liiiiiiiil to hni'c htm niiuli hy ]'ui-:cMii<' : in Aim rim : New \'i'iU, 1S75, Svn. Aii a|iin'iuii\ w;'s Nc-w York, 1S64, 4;o. piilOishcil liy tlie .lutlior in 1S76 it 1S77. ir^^ 1 1 I \ \-A , ,:fl I? I I'. if f- f f ''••i' It '• ' ■i! 1^1 216 Till". DlSCOVKUV OF NoUTII AmI'.UUA. Tlic Bibliotheca Ambrosiann at Milan possesses a inappamiindi on two sheets of vellum, one of which is devoted exclusively to the New World. That valuable map bears the following inscription : "\'Ksri)NTF. l)V. .MAIOI.I.n CdNI'OsrV HANC CARIAN. In JaNI'A anno nSV 15.7. UIK XX. DKC'KNHRIS! — V'ciicontc lie M.iinlln ciunixisrcl thi- niap at Cicnna, in the year 15 . 7, on the 20th day of December. " It is intentionally that we have placed a dot where the inscription inserts a numeral. The reason is that the entire dafe must be explained. At first sight, the figures, which are Arabic, read 158'/ ; and, for a long time, the map was believed to have been constructed in that year. The paIa;ograi)hy, however, was a cause of doi.bt and misgivings, as it seemed to be older than 1587. The fact that the Pacific coast of South America, instead of the nomenclature which dots with numerous names the same region in the maps of the second half of the sixteenth century, exhibits only the legend "Terra Incognita," ignoring even Peru and the first discoveries of Pizarro, also appeared strange in an imi)ortant cartographical document, alleged ttj be of a much later period than the atlases of Agnese, Martines, and Oliva ; not to speak of the engraved maps of Giistaldi. which circulated everywhere in Italy. Another motive for doubting prima facte the exact character of tlie date of 1587 sprung from the fact that the signature was the only trace of a Maggiollo, pre- named Ve.sconte,5 existing after the one who died between 1547 and 1551. That family of cartographers had produced a Giovanni-Antonio, and a Jacopo, both sons of the Vesconte of 151 1-1547, '^"*-' '^ Baldassare, who lived in 1 588 ; but in none of the copious Abecedaries and lists of names of the Genoese archives ^ was there any mention of a Vesconte de Mag- giolo after the year 1551. The characteristic language and orthography used in the legends, viz: "cowposuy," and "carta«," instead of "cow- posuy," and "cartaw," deserve also to be noted; the latter forms having been adopted by X'esconte de Maggiolo only towards the end of his career, as shown by his portolano of 1547. b'inally, the handvwiting and palceographical peculiarities of the legend were precisely those, not only of the Paris Maggiolo maj) of 1547, but also of the other Ambrosiana Maggiolo maj) of 1524. Was it likely that, after sixty-three years, there could exist a Vesconte de Maggiolo whose penmanshi[) and spelling re- sembled perfectly that of his sup])osed nomonymous ancestor ? ° The Vesciintc iif 15SS «a-. ]>re-nnnie(l " lialilas-.arc. " SDjim AlJn■^lillll X'ifi • Vi.ironln Md'j'jiulo rartoijvnf, ''Ah! iltll". Sifii'.l'i. Li'jiiri: ili Stiiiria I'llrln: in the liinriinli fjijinlini : tlenda, Nn. for li(lh lliu ('■cnoa, V.,1. III. (1S66), |i. ccNiii.; M.irrellM S i .\c;i.n,NO, munlh-, of I'eliriiary ami .M:\rch, 1S75, p. 71. ^^f.^JS-H. y '/(, U ■V v'i.i k> fv f ' I -^^L .1 7% ill ■■ V ' IP pill \\\ •■■!' M t li 1 ! lit I ' > I. " 'tv' 'I H . I i| i;, iiii M^ ■Ail k.>t ^ 1^ It) i i' li! ifll! ,1 w • 1 ■>!' mi''- t t H !f t ! • 11 , 'If' u It'! ■ ' I ! 'I i ill \ 11 \ Giovanni da Vkrrazano. 217 i i It was reserved for the distinguished Genoese archivist and scholar, Signer Cornelio Desimoni, to solve the question simply by comparing the two legends, viz.: Vefcontc oc MZioiio conpof iji* bnuc cirbin. ♦"3113^1111^ iinno x>iy* ly V* ^^ >^^* ^cccnbn^* Then, by bringing the figures closely together, Signor Desimoni dis- covered that the numeral S, in the date of the first legend, was only a 2, which had been altered by an oblique line being drawn across. 7 The present map, therefore, was constructed not in 1587, but in /J^/. It behoves us now to describe the configurations of the New World in that niap.^ They are ent'iely novel ; and, thus far, we have failed to find any cartographical document, whether Spanish, Portuguese, Ma- jorcan, or Italian, from which Maggiolo can have borrowed data for a single one of his delineations and nomenclature. The east coast of America is drawn at the north from what seems to be Greenland, there called " Lavoratore," as far south as the " Strcito donde pacio magaianes." The Atlantic profiles and latitudes differ from contemporaneous Sevillan charts, as, for instance, those which are pre- served at Weimar, although the general aspect and trending of the coast, north of I'Morida, indicate a complete exploration, different, however, from that of Gomez ; as graphic details and names tend to prove. The [)osi- tion assigned, in 1527, to such well-known parts as the West India islands and the neighbouring continental coast are also peculiar. Cuba appears as extending far south of the tropic of Cancer, and yet with its se[)ten- trional coast [)rojecting to about i' 30' north of the apex of Morida. The most curious part is the western seaboard of the continent* The coast is made to continue ; but, above the equator, it forms an elbow projecting far into tlie Pacific Ocean, and there turns abruptly. ' C'uviU'lio DksiMiini, ^■IZ/o .ifiiih'n Xi'^'iiiitlo iiiliiniii a iili(iliii;i:i|)liii: (;ic>imil(.', Iiltl' rcproiUicol, iif llio legcmls Giovniuii \'cryfr.znuo ; Aiijiniflir': 111.: m llic Alii in tlio tuo M:iiullii or MaygioKi nnji-. pn-.M-rvud in llio ihlla Siiri,'tn(ly. cnlleil in N.irmandy, one in ("alvailos, the other in Kure. '" X! ' I t h \^ n liM III ' ii I if' '' to form, by its 42° north latitude, that most narrow isthmus which is the distinctive trait in that scries of maps ; of which the Maggiolo i)Ianisphere of 1527 is the oldest specimen known. The great importance of this document in the present enquiry does not consist, however, cither of those or of its Atlantic configurations. Nay, the latter can hit traced back to Spanish data, based upon the voyages of Ponce de Leon, Ayllon, and even Kstevam Gomez ; as shown by the legends of the Ribero map, inscribed in the midst of geographical delineations and along minute [)rofiles, all borrowed servilely from the Weimar map of 1527. The importance lies chiefly in a series of in- scriptions of an affirmative character, which appear in the present map for the first time ; and in the nomenclature, which connects the latter with the Maggiolo map of 1527. Taking only the French typical names, we again find : Dicppa = Dieppe; Daraflor (iox Anajlor)--=WovAc\xx \ Lungavilla=\MX\«7'///rt=Tourlaville;'3 Ve}idomo= Vendome ; Navarro == La Navarre; Boniveiio — Bonn'ivet,^^ and Or/ean = Orleans. As to the claim, it is laid in the following general title and legend : " Nova Gallia sive Ivcatania. — The New Gaul or lucatania." "Vcrr.i7.ana seu Gallia Nova quale discopri 5 anni fa Giovanni di Verrazano fiorentino per ordine et comandamente del Chrystianissimo Re di Francia : — Verrazana, or New Gaul, which was discovered five years ago by Giovanni di Verrazano, a Florentine, by order and command of the Most Christian King of P'rance." Nothing can be clearer thus far. The critic now must show that there have been two men named, the one Hieronymo da Verrazano, who made the map ; the other, Giovanni da Verrazano, who is alleged to have accom])lished tlie discovery. He should also prove that both of those \'erra/anos were in the conilitions of time, place, and avocations war- ranting the acts ascribed to them, implicitly by the Maggiolo nia[), and positively by the cartographical document which we have just analysed. And. first of all. the |).irties above mentioned must l)e C()nn(;ctetl with 1'" ranee, parlicularly with Normandy, and before the year 1527. '" Tourhiri//f, .1 tuwn of Norin.imly, in llie M.ir.clio. Ailmir.il, ami favumilL' nf I'lanci:, 1. '■' ClinilL'slIiiri riKK nr. UnNNn Ei, ccitliinicil Kniuli tlu- ImltlL- of I':ivi;i in 1525. lie W.1S killfil ;il >' '-^ IlJUaLPLMWtJ'-',".- GiuvANM HA \'i;kka/.ano. 221 The Judicial archives of Rouen contain a power of attorney given to one "Jcrosme de V'arasenne," in that city, "le vcnclredi onze mai 1526: — Friday, May 12th, 1526." '5 So much for the maker of the map. '^' That document is signed "Janus Verrazanus," otherwise called in the body of the forensic act " Noble homme Jehan de V^irasenne, ca[)itaine des navires : — John [or (iiovannij de Varasenne [or da Verrazano], captain of the shi[)s." '7 There are two other documents corroborating the above, in regard to that Giovanni da Verrazano. One is a petition for a stay of proceedings (" clameur de haro "), addressed to the Tribunal at Rouen, on behalf of " Messire Jehan de Verrasane," by a merchant of that place, called Zanobis de Rousselay, '8 " Vendredi penultieme jour de Septembre, 1525: — Friday, the last but one day of September, 1525." Finally, we possess another and more special ])ower of attorney given by " Messire Jehan de Varasenne," to a citizen of Rouen : " bourgeois de Rouen," on the 12th of May, 1526. '9 In the latter, as in the first document, Verrazano is called a captain of ships, and the acts refer to an intended voyage to the Indies: " Capi- taine des navires equippez pour aller au voiaige des hides." Consequently, it cannot be doubted that, in 1525 and 1526, there resided in Normandy a sea-captain, called, in Italian, Giovanni da Verra- zano, who, in the latter year, was in command of a small fleet, " des navires." It is also shown that there and then resided, likewise, an individual, named, in Italian, Ilieronymo da X'errazano, who, moreover, was the brother and heir of Ciiovanni : " Son frere et heritier." These circumstances tend to show that the latter was in a position to obtain geogra])hical data for a map setting forth maritime discoveries accomplished bv the said (iiovanni. ■' Heme Criliijiir (/'//iV/«// 1 't itr l.ilt.-mliin , ^;lli^, No. iif Jami.iry i, 1S76. "' Tlic other .ittcirncy in fact apiiiiiiilt'd by (liovaimi cl.i Verrazano on that occasion, is "/.anol>is DK Koi'ssKI.AY." Now in the Magfjiolo map \vc notice on the coast of the re(;ion callcil Fiaitcixd, a phicccalleil, fjoiiii ile rurilay, that is " Rucelay's (lanlcn." The /■, with or without a coihlla, would convey here to an Italian the souml of tlie Trench ilonMc ».< ; whicli leails us to see in that ilcnomi- iiation a reference to Verra/ano's legal re|iresentalive in Nnrniaiiilv. lust as we see in H"iiir'tti\ inscrilicd on the \erra7an0 map, a reference to lldSNivKT. the a.hniral who necessarily supervised the eipii|ipin(^ at that lime of all maritime expeditions in a Normaiuly port, such as Dieppe, lloiitleur or Havre. C/. the intervention of CiiAlioT (who was lionnivet's successor as " .\niiral dc France "), in the contract made with Verraiano in 1526. '' Hcrue OiV(V/»c, above quoted. " Dk fosTA, \'cn-(nniin, the K.v)ilorev, New York, iSSi, 410, with facsimile of the j^lolie of L'l.l'ius. '" Our article in the Itcvuc rriliijue, on the Wirtcriiio of the I hm. 1 Iciny ('. Mii;i'iiv. f I. '■ -•ll . .1 (A 'I'ri / f j «.«?= V ' iT M In 'I ':. [/'^ 222 TiiK Discovery of North America. / '' (' ' el V "4''' The above " Voiaige des Indies " has the appearance of a private enterprise only, since Giovanni da Verrazano binds himself formally to pay back, on his return, the money which is to be expended in equipping one of the ships, viz.: " La Barque de Fescamp, dont est maistre, apres Dieu, Pierre Cauvay." But, as the map of Hieronymo claims that the discovery of the east coast was accomplished by the command and order of the King of France, we must show that Giovanni was in a position to be employed by Francis I. for such an enterprise. In the Manuscript Department of the Paris National Library there is a very old and authentic copy of an agreement for a maritime expedition.-" That enterprise was to consist of three ships equipped at the joint cost of the French government, implicitly represented by Philippe de Chabot, called in the act "Amira/ de France," and Guillaume Preudhomme, therein designated as " General \_des Finances] de Normandie," the famous Jehan Ango, of Dieppe, two other individuals, and " Jehan de Varesam prin- cipalle pillote." And, although it was ostensibly " pour faire le voiaige des espiceryes aux Indies," the real object consisted simply in cruising the ocean to seize and plunder merchantmen or galleons returning from Asia or from America. This is shown by the character of the contracting parties, and the expressions: "pour le bien prouffict et utillite de la chose publicque du royaulme de France," which would scarcely be employed if the question at stake was only to barter, and secure a cargo of pepper or of nutmegs. Further, the agreement specifies that it will be executory only after letters patent shall have been obtained from the King : " Et fera mondit .Sr. Lamyral expedier lettres du Roy en patent pour avoir licence et conge de faire le dit voiaige." Penally, it was considered as Verrazano's own expedition, since the document bears the heading : " Pour le voiaige de Messire Joan." As to the date of those stipulations, it was in April, 1526 ; since Chabot received the title of "Amiral de France," March 23, 1526 (1525 old style). 21 while Guillaume Preudhomme had ceased to be "General des F"inances," to become what we now call the Secretary of the Treasury ("Tresorier de I'Epargne") on the i8th of April following.22 I ■" It has been correctly printed liy Mr. Murphy, o;). ■' CnlaJoiiiie ile-i arles di; Frani;ni.i !■■'■■ riiljli,lieil l.y rii., nnder the I'aW n! Aiji-mmiit 0/ I'liillj./u Vhiihat n-iih M. I'u iv|-, I'aris, iSSS, in Svo, \'o|. F., Xci. 2305. m-lniii A'h; itliinis. Wo have the niii^jnal (lui-innent "MS. Deirart. of ihe I'aris Xational I.iluarv, /■'o;/i/.< lefi'te 11-. It i^ now in the Fuii'l-' Murmn, 770, I'- 60. Fmiirni.^, 25720, Silvuira, ihc rortU(;iicsc .\nibrvss;\- -■" Krancisoi 1i'AM)K.uia, Cruiiica ilo miiylo (Ulo c ilor; MS. Airhiro ih. la Turn, tin 'I'oinliu, in l,i^lJlln, iniii/lo jiodt iviu Itiy iltxltx Ihyiion ilr I'oiiinjal J). JoCio Cofpo Chioiivloijiio, I'aii /., maru ."J, dui-iiiiitnlo 6^, o III. iltxit. nomt ; I.islioa, 1C13, larye Svd, I'.in I., r. I. A 'ruLM'ilM.K, ami wliich, Imwevor, aiL' oxtroniuly iiicNMVr.|-. -' Slc /»/'//', in lliu ('(( •\\t ahouts, no document has yet been adduced showing thai on the Magi;iolo anil Verrazano maps : l.iiim.. Verrazano cannot have been ranging the east coast of 10 Ramiski, Tir-n i-oli-iiii ih It, iinn'iiatioiii tt rh;rj' ; .\inerica in I 524. See our article in the AVciic Critlijiii:, X'cnetia, 1565, f'''4l7, verso, v. for January, 1S7*. p. 20. note 3. '/fi Jj^^ i^( ■ H' ( *i 1 I 1 22S Tin: Dnc()\i:uv OK XoiMii Amikha. ^ I i| '^ i.i'.l I U H '■\\ I i ' , I, .i • map. ami stands corroboratfd, - lliouj^h it be only iiiipliiilly,- nitlicr ihaii coiitradicU'cl by tlu; other cartoi^raphical documents kiiovvii, wi- do not set; Iiow, in th(! present state of the (juestion, the authenticity of the voyage and discovery credited to the I'lorei-tine mariner by sucii an array of authorities, can Ik- (luestioneil. Thi! only serious objection is tiie fact that the I'rench Uings and government nexcr based tiieir claim to the possession of Canada on the voyage of Verrazano ; which is not t;ven mentioned in the diplomatic correspondences. 'Ihey always made the rights of ]•" ranee date no further back than the e.\|)editions of Jactpies Cartier. Tlu; reason ol such a neglect may be the ill-success o( the enterprise, as X'errazano ri'turned to I'rance without having discovered the famous Strait (which hai! been thi' sole object of the expedition), ant! without bringing any articles of value, such as gold, cotton, or suice. The fact that tin; country was reported to be fertile, could b(; no inducement, as in those days braiice was not desirous to colonise anywhere. Besides, when \'(!rrazano returned from his e.xpedition in 1525, the battle of Pavia had just been fought and lost ; I'Vancis I. was a i)risoner in .S|)ain, aiul he ilid not recovctr his liberty until 1526. We may well i)resunie that in tht; midst of such distress, but litth; attention was p.iid to the unsuccessful voyage of the bokl corsair, and still less to whatever written account he may have addressed to the King, who, then confmed in his Madrid jail, was certainly not in a position to receive such a re|)ort. Basing our data u])on the iDmenclature and positions in the Maggiolo map, which, thus far, is certaii ly the cartogra|)hical documt;nt nearest to the date given for the expedition of Verrazano, we fmd that it embraced a ranging of tile east coast ii north latitudes from about 27" i^Dieppa, its most southern new name) to about 43 (A', de In biielfa, its most northern new designation) ; that is, from some point in Morida, to a locality in Maine, at all events. 1- i i\ ! 'A chai'ti:k IV. I •' s r !•: \' AM do M i: / . i< 1524-1525. N the 27th of March, 1523, while at Vallailolid, Charles V. cntcrtHl into an agrceinciU for a voyajrc of iii;iritinii' discovery with the I*ortiigiu;se pilot Ivstevaiii ("i(jinez, who had lK;eii in his service since tht; loth of l'"ei)rnary, 151S, antl had saiKal with Maj^cilan. The expeditif)!! was to be composed of one ship only, of 50 Ions burthen, ecjuipped at the (expense of the Crown, victualled for one year, and at a niaximmn cost of 1,500 ducats (that is less than 2,000 dur un afio liasta mil y (luiiiientos ducados. . . . Vos mandarc armar a Nuestra rosta la dicha c.iravcla. " ' It is therefore inexact to say, viith Antonio Galvam,- lh.it the ct)st of the enterprise was borne by three private citizens, one of them being called Dr. Beltram. The only agency (jf the l.itler consisted in counter- signing th(; agreement, simply by virtue: ol his otticial position, jusi as three months later he affixed his signature to the letters patent granted to Lucas \'a/,(jue/, de Ayllon. One year elapsed before the project was carried into effect. It seems for a while even to have been abaiuloned, as its inteneled le.ider was appointed in b'ebruary 1524, one of the consulting mariners of the Badajo/ conference for settling the (lueslion of the Moluccas. A month • ifterwards hcnvever, March 21st, Charles Y. appointed in his place the Dominic.ui friar and mathematician Tonias Dunui, "the ser\ ices of (ionuz 111 ing wanted elsewhere." Vet again nine months passed away before the expedition set out from S])ain. The object of that voyage is not clearly expressi'd in the agreement : ' drtiiittilwinii tint- ^'■■t /uint'tcoit K-*lf hiiti (lOiiiiZ^jitlitfii^ i/iiitfi' uft> // rtiiit' >j ti''s nfiits ; in the Ihnnnuiitu.s /mm (I iliKiiihriinii iihi ihl Valnyo Orii iil'i/. Fnhu in iiifilihmdi Imliiix, \n\. \\., iip. 74-78. ViiHiiili>ri'l it riintt If /i;ic)ii (le lo (juc viilo en esl.i costa ilel coloureil inaps, J. -92. N.irt..' lI niesin.i .Thii ii!c iiiiU e (luinientosy veinley cinco ' .Vmiiiikra, J>e Orlu: Xoiio, T>cc:v\. \I., ca\i. x., .ifi'X) a Tdledii, 111 (|u.il ^e (lir.i .iilehnle, en olr.i p.irtc ami DecaU. V'lII., cap. x. mas iipDrlima."— OviElio, lih. xxi., cap. ix., \'o\. U., "OviKDO, Sinnarin ih, la Xataral hiilorin tl In-^ Iiiiiia-t, cn\>. X., |). 4S0 ; ami II!Ai< (V'l.w/i / ,,1 i,if/.) dir':/ido ,i 1,1 S. I'. /,'. .U. ././ H.i/d'"' I'ltdij,' [111. J /(i/.w,'/v, .s'-r. II KsTKVAM G(jMi:z. 231 Gomez sailed from Coruna with one ship only, as it had been sti]iu- lated in the agreement : " Cum una missum caravella dixi ad fretum aliud floridam tcllurem et Bachai los satis tritos quaTendum." '3 In what year? Navarrete cites a (jedula of February 10, 1525, appointing I'lstevani Gomez Pilot to the King, from which it has been inferred '■* that he undertook his voyage soon after. We hesitate to accept this inference, for it is necessary to ascertain first whether Navarrete does not mis- take his cedula of February 10, 1525, with that of b'ebruary 10, 1518, '5 in both of which Gomez receives the appointment of Pilot to the King ; as, according to the documents which we have examined, those pilots were not ajjpointed for more than one year at a time. Our hesitation is also prompted by the official report of the voyage of Gome;/, adtlressed to Charles V., as we find it mentioned in Oviedo, and where the date of 1524 is given, as follows: " Despues que V. Mag. esth en esta Cibdad de Toledo, Uego aqui en el Mcs de Novienibre, el I'iloto Estevan Gomez, el qual en el aiio pasado de 1524. por mandado dc V. MaR. fue a la parte del Norte : — Since Your Majesty has gone to the city of Toledo, Stephen Gomez, the pilot who, hy the order of Your M..jcsty, went north last year, 1524, returned here in the month of November." '* The above passage is to be found in Oviedo's Sumario, which was completely printed February '.5, 1526. '7 If we consider the time required to print a volume in folio, with plates, and the fact that our (juotation occurs in the beginning of the book, we are authorised to infer that it was written in 1525, and that the sentence "en el ano passado," actually refers, as therein expressly stated, to the year 1524. Vet, we niust say that Oviedo, in his Ilistoria General, written fourteen years after the Suniai'io, says that the discovery was accomplished in 1525: " Descubri(') el piloto P^steban Gomez, el ano de mille e quinientos y veinte v cinco anos."'*^ Finally, Diego Ribero, in his map of 1529, also says: " lacjual descubrio por mandado de su magestad el ano de 1525." " .\Nr.:ilKUA, Dfi-nil. \'III., rap. ^., f"- c.wii. '" Ovii.no, Hisli.ria (I'lanil, li!). wi., taji. x., V.l. '< Navarhfi I., \'iil. III., p. 179; Koiii., /)f.,-ii,ii(ii- II., p. 147. IVtcr Marivr i.i lii. ij isllo of .\iii;ust S, lary llUUiiy of Mniiii , \i. 273. 1524 (mcc, p. 474) says: " We h.ivc iiist scnl ufl' a very '5 /yi7in((i« 7'i>i(/o.s i J/f /■(•«/(-.<, in the Munu/ CI illucli' 111 expert senni.in, K:>tevam (Icmitz ; — .Mi.sinui!, i\rli> m.iri- iif copies, Vol. \, 103, f"' 84. tiiiM- perituiiL viuin ipiriidam miniine Siephanus (lumu?,'' " OVIHIX1, Sumann, cap. v. , p. 16. which is one of the mistake-, in il.ites «e find >o freipiently '■ " Se aciljo en 1.1 rilnl.iil de Tolcilo a XV. ilia> ilcl 'IKS in his works. ,s-ee i frii, p. 2^^, a correspiMnliiii; ac- do llelirer -I {■' J. 1 I I I [i Ih ^ "V I, 1 Si, '■'II .» ! /I 232 Tin; Discovery ok North America. These dates may be conciliated by admitting that (iomez sailed from Coruna at the close of the year 1524, made his landfall in the New- World in h'ebruary 1525, and was back in Spain during the month of Decemh(;r following. What may be objected to in tho.se dates are the statements of Peter IMartyr and Santa Cruz, that the voyage of Gomez lasted ten months : "is nee freto neque a se promisso Cataio repertis regressus est intra mensem decimum a dicessu." Now, as Gomez is said to have returned in November, 1525, the date of his departure, to agree with Peter M.irtyr, would require to he placed in January of that year, which, at all events, is one month earlier than the cedula from which Navarrete claims to derive the date of the .sailing out of Gomez from S[)ain. What was the extent of his discovery ? The most ancitnit data concerning his voyage of 1 524-1 525 are to be found also in the Sunnwiu of Oviedo. They are in these words : " Fuc a la p.irtc del Norte, i h.nllo mucha Tierr.i, continuad.i ron I.1 que se llama de los Bacallaos, discurriendo al Occidente, i puesta en quarenta Grados, i quarenta i vno, i asi algo mas, i algo nienos, de donde truxo algunos Indios, i los ai de cllos al presento en csta Cibdad, los ([uales son de maior estatura que los de la 'I'ierra finne, segun lo que de cllos jiaresre CLii^n, i ponjue el dicho I'iloto dice, (jue vido muchos de cllos, i (|ue son asi todos : la color es asi como los de 'rierra-firiiic, i son grandes Frechcros, i andan cubiertos de Cucros de Venados, i otros Animales, i ai en aquclla Tierra excelentes Martas Cebellinas, i otros riros enforros, i de cstas picles tru.xo algunas el dicho I'iloto : ticnen piata, i cobre, segun cstos Indios dicen, i los d.\n a entcndcr por scn.'is, i adoran cl Si)l, i hi Luna, i asi tcrnan otras idolatrias, i errorcs, como los de Tierra firn\c " Gomez went to the northern parts, where he disc ivered an extensive country, which is a continuation of the one called the Baccalaos [/. c, the cod-fish region], and continued west- ward, reaching 40' and 41°, more or less. He brought from that country several Indians, who arc at present in this city [ Seville ? ]. They are generally taller than those of the continent according to the statement of the said pilot [Gomez], who has seen many of them. Their complexion is like that of those of the main- land. They are great archers, and wear skins of wild beasts and others. The country con- tains excellent martens of the sable kind, and other fine fur-bearing animals. The said jiilot brought some of those skins. They have silver and co[)]ier, as they gave to understand by signs. They worship the Sun and Moon, and share the other idol.itries and errors of the natives on the continent . . . ." '■' hi ),i: Ovieilo speaks exidently as an ey(;-witness, and repeats what he must have heard (iomez himself say. Yi;t, in his ffistorin General, the limit reached by ("lomez is extended to 42' 30': " desde cpiarenta e uii grados hasta (juareiita e dos y medio,"--' instead of 40' -41', without alleging - 0\ ll.lui, //^^^.)■|■.I. (,'.». -nl, hi,-. ,-it. , In.-, rif. V. ,\ EsTKVAM Go.MK/,. II any fact for the addition. Nor can he be said to have Ijeen prompted by the sight of Ribero's map, as the latter locates the discoveries accom- plished by Gomez at least five degrees further north. As to Garcia de Toreno, he inscribes the name of the Portuguese navigator near a large estuary, by his 45°, and which appears to be Penobscot Bay. If so, the S[)anish cosmographers of the time seemed to place the country discovered by Gomez in Nova Scotia ; for the charts of the Sevillan Hydrography inscribe, by 45" north latitude, the " Tierra de los Bretones." As to the return of Gomez to .S[)ain, Peter IMartyr su[)plies us with additional details, but no date : i i " Nunc ad Stephanum Gomez, queni cum vna missum carauclla dixi ad fretum aliud inter floridam tellurem et Bachalaos satis tritos quKrendum. Is nee freto neque .^ se proniisso Cataio repertis regressus est intra mensem de- cimum h. discessu. Inanes huius boni hominis fore cogitatum exisitimaui ego semper et pra;' posui Stephanus hie Gomez nil iiorum assocutus (]uas se reperturum arbitra- batur, lie vacuus rediret contra leges >\ nobis dictatas, ne ([uis vUi gentium vim afferat, ab innocenlibus quibusdam seminudis populis, ma- galibus pro domibus contentis, utriusque sexus hominibus nauiiii tarciuit. Vbi accessit in por- tum Clunium, vnde vela fecerat " " I now com? to Stephen Gomez, whom, as I have said, was sent with a caravel in search of another strait between Florida and the Baccalaos, [a region] sufficiently known and frequented. Finding neither the passage nor Cathay, as he had promised, he has returned, within ten months after his departure . . . That same Stephen Gomez having obtained nothing of what he ex[)ected to discover, so as not to return with empty hands; and con- trary to the instructions which we had given him not to molest anyone whatever, filled his ship with innocent people of both sexes, half naked, who were satisfied with living in huts in lieu of houses. When he ar:ived in Corufia, whence he had set out . . . ."-'' # 1i Antonio Galvam gives a different account. According to that his- torian,-' the Count Fernando d'Andrade, Dr. Beltram, and a merchant whom he calls Christoval de Sarro (Christoval de Haro, a rich shipowner of Antwerp, who, after having had an establishment at Lisbon, removed to Sev''ie in 15 19--), su[)plied Gomez with a galliass equii)ped at their joint expense, thus making of the e.\pedition a private enterprise altogether. This assertion we have already shown to be entirely erroneous. Gomez then, sailir.g from La Coriu'ia, went to Cuba, thence to Florida, and, navigating only in the day-time to avoid shoals and reefs, steered northw.u'd a; far as the 44° latitude. l'"rom this point he returned to Spain with a cargo of kidnapped Indians, to be sold as slaves. -''''.\Ni;mi'.u\. I>oim1. Mil,, cip. x., f' cxvi., recto. •' llAl.VAM, /'"•. rii. -"■ Navakkkik, Culi:rriuii il'. riiv/,.< ilr lo\ L'sim'/o't V„I. IV,, 1., hsiv. 2 F diL In' I- < l! (t II' I '■I h' it ! i I Ml'! \ hi ^iii 2:>4 TlIK DiSCOVKKV OF NoRTIl AmKKICA. Galvam's statement may be based upon Portuguese data ; yet we find in it details which he certainly borrowed from Peter Martyr, particularly the poor pun : " Esclavos enim Hispanium idioma servos apptllat, ct gariophyllos noncupat clavos."-3 Such a paucity of facts concerning this important exfiedition, compels the critic to interrogate all sources of information, although wiili little hope of obtaining salient details. The Islario of Alonso de Santa Cruz, which has not yet been j)rinted, is one of those sources. The great .Spanish cosmographer must have known Kstevam Gomez personally in Spain, from 1521 until 1524, and during the winter of 1526. Besitles, by his official i)osition, he had access to all documents relating to the maritime expeditions sent by the Spanish government. Under the circumstances, we could not fail to consult his Islario General del Mundo, written by order of Philip II., though it was at such a late date as 1560. Thanks to Dr. A. Goldlin de Tiefenau, custodian of the Vienna Imperial Library, and Mr. Castan, director of the Besan^on Library, ^4 who, at our request, have kindly re-examined the manuscri[)ts of that work preserved in those two institutions, we are enabled to publish the passage which refers to (iomez and his voyage to the east coast. " Esteuan (lomez Piloto de ciuien arriba " Stephen Gomez, the pilot whom we liave diximos en aquella Jornada y espt;di(jioii que alre.idy mentioned" in connection with the voy- hi(,o con mandado y li(,-en(;ia de V. m'- en age and expedition which he made by the order denianda y descubiimiento del Catayo ciudad and leave of Your Majesty, in search of and to oriental de la Vndia y de acjucl jjasso, o discover Cathay, which is a city of East India, estrecho tan desseado que saliese al mar as well as the passage or strait so much desired, comuniiiente llamado del sur enel ()ual cstuuo and leading to the sea commonly called the diez mcses dentro de los quales descubrio .South .Sea. It took iiim ten months, and he jjor esta costa gran numero de y.s!as, juntas* discovered on that coast a great many islands al continente, y principalmente vn Rio muy near the continent ; and [wrticularly a very ancho y caudaloso que el lo puso noMil)re de large and deep river, which he called Deer los gamos, por los muchos ([ue alii havia sem- River, on account of the great number of those brado, todo de yslas en las ([uales en el verano animals which he found there. It is full of venian los yndios de la tierra firme a habitar en islands in which the Indians of the continent ellas |)or razon de las muchas pesquerias que come to live in summer, owing to large fisheries ''Tile wciril "c-claviis, iir slave*," Iicinc; iinilcrslcind of Sania CrI'Z, sec infra, in tiir CnrlO'inijihin, umler " cl.ivds, nr -.iiii't'," — the ImtLT li.aving hum Miii|iuM.il to ilio Mai 1536. hi.' Ilii; nauirc of tlh,' cargo broiij^lu l>y (ioMi:/. ; "|iro c-icLaiiis cla\!os esse ailucctos iir.icoii.iniln." ■•■' for an accoiiiu of the inaiuiscript . "s of the />/'/. /'j * d'liilo ; Hcsiiiion MS. •' The only oilier reference lo ( ;omi,/. in the /-''in'n, is tile CNtracl wliich we i;i\ e iiu'ni, y. 2J7. a\ Ill n' EsTEVAM GdMi:/,. junto a ellas havia de salmones y savalos y bogas y otros rauchos generos de pescados que en estas partes ay. El qual Rio cl navego por mucho espa^io creiendo fuesse el estrecho que el dcseaua hallar pero alo fin hallo esto ser vn fanioso Rio de gran concurso de aguas de donde se arguyo el gran tracto y espacio del continente que alii ay y puesto que el creiese la muy firme oppinion que ay de la Canal y passo que arriba diximos contra el continente de los bacalaos y la tierra Uamada del labrador el tuuo por cierto que no havia necessidad de esperiencjia por no ser possible poderse pasar por ella segun el impedimiento que avria de frialdad t en las partes ve/.inas laqual oppinion y desculpa de no haver in- trado a pasar por el quedo tan asentada por buena escusa que nunca se ha mas ynien- tado a i)ro(,-eder en este caso siendo cosa que tanto iniportaua al bien e seruii,:io de V. m' por (jue se pretendia por alii el gobierno y trato de las yslas de los malucos con otras niuchas (jue por alii ay del dominio y derecho de su corona real aunque este estrecho o canal y aijui se pudiese passar pues por com- paraijion de lo ciue oy se sabe que se nauega a la rredonda de escondia era possible que da un grande scrupulo que seria estreniadamente ditlcukuso para los habitadores a teniperamiento tan contrario, o distante de tan gran estremo como Iv-pana de la parte tan setentrional como esta [?j por loqual si los grandes cuidados que a V. m'- fatigan diesen lugar que su magnanimo coraCjOn ron(;ebiesen vna cosa tan vtil y neces- saria cos.i como era juntar el mar del Sur y el 0<;eano (")ridental por J aquel estrecho de tierra de Panama al Nombre de Dios pues ayuda a ello la dispusiijion del lugar de di/esiete leguas que son las doze y mas de vn Rio llano y fac^il cjue i)ucdcn subir por cl vergantines y varcos por of salmon, shads,'' and boops" [?], as well as other species of fish which are found in that part of the stream. He sailed up the river for a considerable distance, thinking that it was the strait which he desired to discover, but ascer- tained instead that it was a grand river with a very great flow of water, from which he inferred that it belonged to the continent of immense size which is there. And although firmly believing in the existence of the aforesaid canal or pas- sage close to the Cod-fish continent and the country called Labrador, he was also convinced of the inutility of proving it experimentally, as the obstacles arising from the cold temperature of the neighbouring regions would prevent the passage from being used. This opinion and plea was deemed sufficient to prevent in the future any further attempt to effect the object, although it was of great moment to Vour Majesty, being calculated to insure the govern- ment of the Molucca islands, and of many others belonging to the dominion of the Crown. Still, that strait or passage could be crossed, judging from the navigations which, we know, are being secretly carried out in its vicinity ; though it would perhaps prove extremely diffi- cult for people [who live under] a climate so much adverse and distant as is that of S[)ain from such a high northern region. If notwith- standing the great cares of Your Majesty, his magnanimous heart should conceive an enter- l)rise so useful and necessary as that of joining the South Sea with the Western Ocean by such a strait, from Panama to Nombre de Dios," the undoi taking would be facilit.iied by the space which is [only! 17 leagues, more than 12 of which are over a river navigable for brigantines and barks. 'l"he undertaking is not 72 miles'-' across land, like that of Sesostris, the King of EgyiU, then of Darius, the King of the Persians, '4 Ml I i'l ■'i . i f Jlijiritilidl ; Ucsaiiijun M.S. 'i /'nrn ; lii'sancjon -MS. '' I'rolulily Alona, mi'iihrtilfii, wliicli .iscciul llio rivers I'f tlio Miildlt; Stales in svicli v;i>l mimljcr-.. ■'■ < h -.line s|';iiuii! li>!i. -" Tliis i.s iKit tlie e.irliesl suggestion rck\tivc tn cutting a canal fii>ni the Atlantic to the I'acilic. The iilea dates so far liark as Kcrnanil Courks. ■"' Tliat canal was 200 kilometers lony. It is atliilnitei! Iiy IlKUODurcS, not to "Se.sostris," l)Ut to NKI-iof II. .1 ; 'I I > \ r ,1 If ii iii' ■ 'J I • i: 5 lUi I 'Mr''' f I :i' r ii I < ' ( !:.6 Tin: PiscovKKV of North Amkrica. manera que [no] § sesenta y dos milas de cspa(,io de tierra como intento Sosotis Rey de Egito y despues D.irio Key de los I'ersas y despiies casi la acabo 'I'olomeo iiitentando de juntar la mar bcrmeja con cl Rio Nilo de Egito loqual despues de hecha se dcxo de juntar por ciertas causas sinij iiasta (|uin/.e serian las que rrestarian de rrasgar Iioluicndo las yslas del Rio de las gamas y de las adiarentes al rontiniente vezinos son las mas como dicho tengo pobladas y princi- palmente de verano de yndias (.omo las de sant domingo dequien luego diremos y de me- jores cuerpos ellas y ellos tienen sus arcos y fletlias y l,;n(,as tostadas con que jiclean en la tierra muy templada y de mucha arbolcda que en estas partes ay como enzinas y roblcs, oUiuas hallaron so niuchas partes siluestras con huiias y muclias plantas e yeruas como las de Espana y nmcha inargarita que pensaron ser oro. truxicroii en el galeon inuchos yndius de la tierra a l-",spaha los quales pusieron en su libertad pasado este Rio e yslas al Poniente. Junto a la costa hazia la Florida se hallan muchas yslas y todas desiertas y de pocho prouecho las quales vido y descubrio el li(;en- <;iado Ayllon que era oidor de la chancilleria de Sancto Domingo yendo a poblar al con- tinente do murio el y mucha gente de la que llevo consigo y se pcrdio toda su armada como largo habraremos en nuestra general geografia. Jj estan pues todas cstas yslas en altura de quarenta y tres y quarenta y tjuatro grados y en el clima setima y su maior dia es de quinze horas y un quarto." *.] In addition to that intcrrstincr passage of tlie hUirio of Andres G S TliL" lii;saiii,i>n text inserts liere tlie word \iii, whicli «i' li.ivv aana y nuichus RiKlaiiallns, y salmcines y solliis : no han allado om ; — There are many trees ami fruits like those of Spaiti, and (luantilies of voihiriillo.i f?], .salmons and pikes [sturgeons ?] ; but no gold.' " Mineralogists rail now MarinieritL- a niira, which is somctinies yellowisli, ami found in M.issichussets. Ill which was almost accomplished by I'tolemy, and purported to unite the Red Sea with the Nile of I'^gypt, but was afterwards abandoned for certain reasons, leaving only fifteen miles unfinished. Reverting to the islands in Deer River, and the islands near the continent, they are mostly inhabited, as we have said, particu- larly in summer, by Indians like those of Santo ])()iningo, of whom we will sjieak afterwards. These are of larger frame, and likewise possess bows, arrows, and sharp lances, which they use in fighting. The country is (juite temperate, containing many [sjjecies of] trees, such as oak, birch, olive, wild vines with gra|)es in great quantity, and many plants and herbs like those of Siiain."' There is also much inargarita, '' which was [then] sup[)osed to be gold. They brought over to Spain in the galleon, many Indians,*' who were set at liberty." Passing beyond those islands and that river, westward, near the coast, there are many islands, all deserted and jioor, whicli were discovered by the licentiate Ayllon, of the Court in Santo Domingo, when he went to settle the continent, where he lost his life, with many of his followers and his entire expe- dition, as we will relate at length in our General Geography." All those islands are by 43° and 44° north latitude, in the seventh climate,'' and their longest day is 15J4 hours." extract \vc must mention a certain arcia de Cespedes, which has always lOumpe it is fiec|uemly taken for j;nld. liul (ioMrz' .!/(( /■;;'( nVri was apparently iron or copper pyriti-. '■ Regardinf; lliose Indians, see "tijuu, p. 232. " We are not convinced that the Indians brouj^ht by (ioMi-.z were set at iil)erty ; but see Am.iiikk A, iJecad. \lll., cap. X., p. 602. " It is probably the (V/coj/rnyiVi ilf ./«;v.s ili lain tl iiiiiiuld, whicli \'.\.N'KiiAS ascribe; Ir' liiiu ( I li/irmr'ui^ fl' /(fx liliro-i ((Hi lull/ m il I'niii r^n : Toledo, 1540, chapter xvi.), but which ij loM. '5 About thai seventh din. ate see i.iha our ficimilc "f the Woollen (ilobe, and (ll.AUl.ANfS, />< (.'■■njiniiliiri l.il,.,- luni^, Ireyburt;, 1533, 410. p. ij. EsTKVAM Go.MK/. ll been attributed to that cosmographcr.3^ Wc have since ascertained that it was boldly plajfiarised from the Islario of Santa Cruz. Tiiis discovery adds weight to the statement itself, which is now found to have originated not so late as the beginning of the seventeenth century, but so early as the time when the first news was received in Spain ; since it is reported by an (;ye-witness of the ri;turn of Gomez, who was also his colleague in the naval service. Besides, Santa Cruz himself ascribes explicitly the information to that navigator. The unexpected character of the facts slated, and our remarks con- cerning the plagiarism committed by Ces[)edes, prompt us to give the version and its duplicate : SANT.\ CKCZ : ci'si'K.nr.s : " En la baya que diximos llamarse dclos " P-n la baya que diximos llamarse de los bretones y en muchas cartas de navegar a los bretones y en muchas cartas de navegar ;'i los principio a (juando esta tierra se comen<;o principios, quandi) esta tierra se coincii/o :i a descubrir se puso assi asta que estevan descubrir se ponia assi, hasta que ei^tevan gomez [truxo] esta relacion algo discrepante gomez piloto truxo esta relacion algo discre- de la qual se tenia estar esta ysla no en panic de la que se tenia, (]ue es estar esta la liaya do dezian (juc estava sino junto ysla n6 en la baya do de^ian que estaua, sino a esta tierra do agora esta de la qual no junto a esta tierra do agora est;i de la ([ual hay uso que contarse a salvo que el dicho ysla no ay cosa que de contar sea, salua ql. estevan gomez piloto dize que a la pasada dicho esteuan gomez piloto dize que .i la por ella vido muchos humos en ella y senales passada por ella vido muchos humos en ella de ser habitada hay a un canal entrc ella y senales de ser habitada ha/.esse una canal y tierra firine Uaniado canal de sanct Julian entre ella y tierra firme llaniada canal de San de cinco o seis leguas de ancho." Julian di; cinco <) seys leguas de anclio." We now proceed to give the entire passage as it reads in the Islario General del Mundo of Alonso de .Santa Cruz : " Passadas las yslas de las onze mil virgines hazia la mar una gran ensena llamada baya de bretones cjue por la venida que hazen cada ano pescar a esse Haya y tierra los dichos Iketones en esta ensefiad dizen haver muchas yslas y to- das despobladas princi[)almente ay una dicha de sancta elmo a la qual le pusieron el tal nombre " Passing beyond the islands of the I'.leven Thousand Virgins,*' towards the sea, there is a large bay, called " Uay of the Brittons," because every year the Ikittons come to fish in that bay and country. The said bay is represented to contain mr.ny islands, all without inhabitants, particularly one called "Sanct Elmo,'"" so named '' Jrun it SrhdxlH ii ( 'iiliat, p. 2S5. C'RIV. m.ikus his (lL•^cril>linll fiDTU norlli tn scmili, 1 ir tli:U ■' 'llif I".U-\fii ■I'limisanit Vir^jins cunsliiiitr a mu.-'I sucli w.is the Irajcct of t Iumi /. u1ili> lie cxpliircl Ui.\1 pari archii)L'la(;o situate, in the Mai^^inlu map of 1527, close tjf the ntu'th-easl coast. to the siitith-west of Ncwfoiindlaml, and to which (JviKiii) '''The 111. ip of Cii.wKb iiieiilinncd Uie "I la Ar Sanct (\'ol. II., p. 149) ascribes the latitude of 4' J, ((11 ■/ .V<'«(vr/'» ('((I,,,/, y. 2^^. a. FT / f 11,(1 f; I ' ml ■ I. > ) 240 Tin; DiscovKuv ok North Amkkka. llow could OoiiK'z ascertain thai fact imlfss he liad ranged the coast beyoiul 44° north hititiule ? The consecjiience of those; avtTinents of (iomez, as set forth l)y Santa Cruz, is lliat the Portuguese pilot continued coasting Nova Scotia and Cape Hreton Island, as far as the entrance of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and thi're ascertained that the imaginary island n{ .St. John tliil not exist. Or, if there was such a region, that it had been misplaced ; its proper place being north, very near the mainland. The "Canal de Sanct Julian," in sucii a case, can only be the Gut of Canseau ; unexpected as the sup- position will iloubtless appear at first sight. Or we may suppose that Santa Cruz made his description simply from one of those numerous maps whicii depict their island of St. John parallel with the coast of the country, where modern geographers locate Nova Scotia. W'ith.il, the historian must accept the account ascribed to Gomez as it stands in the words of .Santa Cruz. Anil we are constrained to .say that it does not allow of any other interpretation than a voyage carried as far. at least, as the southern e.xtremity of Newfoundland, and an ex- ploration of the cast coast south of that i.sland. Hut we [)ossess. besides those written accounts, Spanish majis of the time. Do they [)ermit the critic to carry the discoveries of Gomez to such high latitudes .'' .•\ survey of that character would have resulted in geographical in- formation which the Sevillan Hydrogra[)hy could not ignore. Now, we have only to glance at the W^eimar maps to see that, as regards those north-eastern regions, S|)anish cartographers know nothing beyond the fn-st data which had been transmitted by Pedro Reinel, so far back as 1 504 (ir 1 505. This would scarcely be the case if they had ever been in ])ossession, — as they were entitled to be, — of specific details brought by b'stevain Gomez from his voyage to Cape Breton island. It is true that the famous " Ilha de Sam Joam" is not to be found in the Weimar mappamundi of I5:!; and 1529, which omission may be interpn^ted as a result of the data brought by Gomez, according to the averments of Santa Cru/. Yet, let it be said, we fuid still that imaginary island cast into the Atlantic, pandlel with the "Country of the Brittons,' or Nova Scotia, in the manuscript map ol oiu! of the Royal cosmographers, Diego Gu- tierrez; who designed it at .St;\illc, so lati; as 1550.-+- ••■' Jean (■/ Srhaill' n Caliut, \>. 2jl. '\ il %f M^ I- !l i -A\'-' •l ^^f ^.. T IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 Ifrl^ IIM lyi iiiJA 11.6 <^ ^ ^i / Photographic Sciences Corporation ,\ V :i>^ A Lv <^^> 'O^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 873-4503 I T \ F m h \ M^:\i ii i { \, 1 ' 1 ,'i I'l: •, 1, ■ . 4 PMc XI CM 1 d- CM in W ^ *"* o § g W ? H -1 O § W ^'■ M o w J > o u w v.. H' E.sTKVA.M Go.Mi:/.. 24' '3 There is another map, unpublished until now, which accompanies, in the Islario of Santa Cruz, his account of the voyage of Gomez, and of which we subjoin a facsimile, reduced only a couple of inches. The reader will notice, on the right side of that map. eight dots, the second of which, at the extremity of the north-east coast, is numbered ^5, and the seventh 40. There is also a Scala de leguas, or scale of distances, which, when apj)lied to the configurations of the map, yields about 1 20 leagues, from north to south, for the area of the country re- presented to have been discovered by Gomez. This, Alonso de Santa Cruz locates between 38° — 45° north latitude ; that is, from about the Chesapeake to some point in Nova Scotia, if we accept his latitudes as laid down. The nomenclature along the coast requires to be repeated here, to show its resemblance with that of the Weimar charts, although more complete in certain respects than in the Ribero map. Beginning at the south, in the latitude of the Bermuda islands, by about 38' 30', which Santa Cruz asserts expressly to be erroneous : " no es este el uerdadero sitio desta isia," but without giving a better position, the names are as follows : C. de san Ju [an] C. de las arenas C. de Santiago Baia de S. xpSual Rio de sant antonio Montanas Rio de i)uena madre C. de sant Ju [an] baptista Rio seco C. de arracifes Arcipieiago C. de Santa Maria C. de muchas islas Rio de las gamas Costa de medanas Golfo Rio de montaiias It should also be noted that not only the map e.xhibits no profiles recalling Cape Breton island, and (as such should be the case according to the account of Santa Cruz), the entrance of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, but it fails to extend the Gomez region as far as we see it depicted in thc' chart of Ribero. The last name given by Santa Cruz is to the " Rio de Montanas," while the Weimar charts inscribe beyond, before reaching the " Tierra de Bretones," two more names which no Spanish exploration prior to 1525 permits to attribute to any other navigator, viz.: "Sar9ales" [Zarzalcs, or m>. "s ?), and " Rio de la Vuelta." a o V \H- 24- TuE Discovery ok North A.mkkica. Must we now consider that map as based upon Gomez' t)wn. or as one constructed entirely by Santa Cruz, upon data borrowed from written accounts only? It is on a larger scale than Ribero's, but, so far as the configurations extend, we notice precisely the same profiles. Santa Cruz, however, inscribes two names, which do not figure in that region on any map of the second quarter of the sixteenth century, viz.: " Rio Seco," and " Cabo de Santa Maria, " and a third name, which appeared for the first time in the Cabot mappamundi of 1544, viz.: " Rio de las Gamas." But, as those three names are duly set forth in the description which Oviedo has given of the lost map, or padron reul, of Chaves, 43 we feel confident that the latter is the source from which Santa Cruz has bor- rowed the cartographical elements for his " Tierra qve descvbrio el piloto Estevan Gomez." If we possessed only the series of maps extending from the Weimar chart of 1527 to the present, we should not hesitate to assert that the highest northern limit reached by Gomez in his voyage of 1525, was one degree or two beyond the Penobscot ; and it is that bay which we should recognise in the vast estuary full of islands. The latter attribution is probably correct. But how can we disregard statements based upon the declarations of Gomez himself, and their unavoidable consequences relative to what the critic must interpret as an exploration of the northern shores of Cape Breton Island .'' On the other hand, Oviedo was in Toledo when tiomcz brought to the Court the account of his voyage. 44 And if the Portuguese pilot had attained the relatively high latitude of 47°, ;uul solved the geographical problem of the island of .St. John, would Oviedo, who was then engaged in writing his Surunn'o, have limited the ex])edition of Gomez to 40° — 41 ? In the present state of the question, and with no other docunvnts than those which we have quoted, the critic is unable to affirm '.at Gomez went as far north as Newfoundland. Nor, on the contrary, caii ne assert th.it the exploration did not extend beyond the coast of Maine. Withal, the fact that the expedition did not sail, as usual, from a southern port, but was equipped in and sailed from Coruna, in the most north-western part of Spain, together with other reasons,45 leads us to think that Gomez located his prospective landfall in a relativelv high latitude. Our surmise antl impression, therefore, are that he first steered *• SiK'li is ;il-ii till' caM.' witli llii.' " \-\.\ ilu Si. IMiiin •" Sir .iniini, p. JJO, Mi^l p. ;JI, nn'c lf>. '■ ]. (!. Koiii, Doiitinintmy /lisliiii/ n/ Ih- S/-it,: of' MiiiiH, pji. J77-27S. »,. ' Ji' EsTK.VAM GoMi:/. 24: in the direction of Newfoundhuid. Once there, we infer that he turned the prow of his ship southward, and, when noticing the abrupt trend of the coast westerly, he must have folIow(Hl it, with the hoi)e of finding within the Gulf of St. Lawrence an entrance to the hypothetical strait. The representations then current of the aperture, as exhibited in such maps as Reinel's portolano, the Havre Catalan atlas, and even the map- pamundi of Ruysch (which had been producetl before the members of the Badajoz Conference), must have confirmed Gomez in such an erroneous notion. It was apparently in that internal exploration, and when issuing out of the Gulf into the Atlantic, that he ascertained the real geogra- phical character of Cape Breton, as reported by Santa Cruz. And if Cape Breton Island with the Gulf of St. Lawrence do not figure in the map of Santa Cruz, nor as countries ascribed to Gomez, while his actual dis- covery is limited by his earliest historian to 42' 30', it is doubtless because the region north of that point was well known of the numerous English, F"rench, Portuguese, and even Basque fishing ships, which frequented those regions. We infer consequently tha^ the latitude given by Oviedo anil others must be taken as the limit of the regions believed by Spanish historians antl cartographers to have been discovered by Gomez, but not as the extri'me northern pt)int reached in the course of his transatlantic exploration. ■ '1 I '> 1 ' I ^ > . M w u 1. *f i ■| ', CHAPTER V. CoM'I.lSlON. TTfH have now conclucU'd the first part of our task, and reviewed a YY number of doubtful jioints in the history of the discoverv of \orth America. Several im]H)rtant problems yet remain unsolved ; and we confess that the structure of our work presents, in various jilaces, wide chasms and broken lines. The fault, however, does not rest with the author, and .should be ascribed to a lack of tlocuments. The historian of transatlantic discoveries stands in the ]H)sition of medallists who strive to re-construct the annals of ancient kingdoms. .Although coins were struck, and in- scriptions engraved, in vast numbers originally, yet many reigns, families, and [)rovinces are now represented in collections only by a few effaced medals, disconnected from the series, and, on that acct)unt, impossible to cl.issify, or even dt'scribe with accuracy. It must also be stated on our behalf that we did not propose to write a didactic history of maritime enterprises beyond the ocean, nar- rating every event and discussing all facts, with their causes, effects, and documentary proofs. Our sole object has been to investigate anew the exactness of the current allegations which, by being constantlv repeated, are now receivetl as historical truths ; ami to establish on a solid basis the principal elements of discussion. .Some of the results obtained, so fir from seeming new, may be con- sidered simply as confirming opinions shared at present by the generality of critics. Others will tloubtless create doubt and surprise, although they ,ire here presented with an array of tests and deductions deserving, we think, of the attention of analytical historians. The main points attained in this elaborate survey of all the facts and documents known can be re-capitulated as follows, — perhaps with less assurance than a desire to be succinct may undesignedly impart to our e.xpressions : I. — The discovery of the continent of North America, and the first Is" a. I COXCLL'SION. 245 IS ks k landing on its east coast were accomplished not by Sebastian Cabot, but by his father John, in 1497, under the auspices of King Henry \'1I. Book /., chapter vi., pages 2^-28. 2. — ^The first landfall was not Cape Hreton Island, as is stated in the planisphere made by Sebastian Cabot in 1544. but eight or ten degrees further north, on the coast of Laljrador ; which was then ranged by John Cabot, probably as far as Cape Chudley. Book /., chapter ii., pages 6-g, 36-3"/ . "X,. — This fact was tacitly acknowledged by all pilots and cosmo- graphers throughout the first half of the sixteenth century ; and the knowledge of it originated with Sebastian Cabot himself, whatever may have been afterwards his contrary statements in that respect. Book /., chapter iv., pages ig-22. 4. — The voyage of 149S, also accomplished under the Hritish Hag, was likewise carried out by John Cabot personally. The landfall on that occasion must be placed south of the first ; anil the e.\ploration embraced the north-ea.st coast of the present L'nited States, as far as I'lorida. Book II. y chapter {., pages 34-43. 5. — In the vicinity of the Floridian east coast, John Cabot, or one of his lieutenants, was dt^tected by some Spanish vessel, in 1498 or 1499. Book /'., chapter vi., pages 7/6-/23. 6. — The I-'nglish continued in 1501, 1502, 1504, 46 Till. DisiovKRV OK North Amkuua. S. — Tht; earliest autheiuic records of Lusitaniaii transatlantic expcHli- lioiis begin only with Ciaspar Corte-Real. who made three, and not two voyages only ; all to the; s.ime regions, as follows : 'l"he first voyage of that navigator was iiiulertaken previous to May, 1 500, in the direction of Greenland aiul Newfoundland, and proveil an .ihsoliiie failure. I'hc sei'oiul \t)yage lasted from the early part of the summer of 1500 until the autumn of that year, and embraced the east coast of Newfoundland, from its northernmost point down to Cape Race. The third expedition .set out from Lisbon early in the spring of 1501. It was composed of three vessels. One of these returned to port on the; Sth or 9th of October, the second on the iith following. As to the thinl, which was under the immediate command of (ias[)ar Corte-Real, it was ice-bound or shipwrecked, we do not know when nor where, but probably in Hudson May, during the winter of 1501-1502. The country visited during the first part of the e.xpedition sei-ms to have been the northern (^\tremity of Newfoundland and the coast of Labrador. Bool: /v., diopters i. oitJ it., pages 59-^4. 9. — The e.xpedition of Miguel Corte-Real, in search of his brother, sailed May 10. 1502, and was also lost. Cicographical data, however, must have been brought by another re.scuing expedition, which set out from Lisbon in 1503, and returned apparently in the .same year. Book //'., diopter Hi., pages /S-/^- 10. — Portugal continued to .send ships to the fishing banks ; and the region south of Newfoundland was ex[)lored, particularly by Joiio Alvares l^'agundes before; 1521. This adventurer sailed rounti the Ciulf of St. Lawrence, and ranged the east coast of Nova Sct)tia, where he even planted a colony, which ilid not thrive, ami of which no vestiges remain. Book 17/., diopters i. and ii., pages 174-188. 11. -The assertion th.it alreatly in the time of Christopher Columbus navigators and geographers believed in the existence cf a continent inter- posed between the West Indii's and Asi.i, and which was not Cathay, stands uncoiUrovertcd either by contemporary authorities, or by th<: early Si),mish charts. Nay, it is corrol)orated b\' that class of proots. Book ]'.. chapter Hi., pages oy-uo. Ul n CoN'i IA■^-I(•^•. 247 IIS [1- ly, liv 12. — The iibsolutc insularity of Ciiha was .111 .icknowKilgid fad \tars lH;fori; the |>tjrii)Kis made by Sebastian ile Ocanipo. in 1 50S. Hook v., chapter Hi., pages gy-ioi. 13. — The mainlantl of the New World was believed to be a eonlinent distinct from Cathay and from India the moment iia\ ij^ators commenced to search after a strait leadinjj; from the Atlantic Ocean to the Asiatic seas. Book v., chapter iv., pages 102-103. 14.- The idea that America w.is a mere prolongation of Asia, ceased therefore to be entertained almost immediately after the discovery of its <;ast coast. liy John Cabot, in 1497. Hy Americus Vespucci us, befort? i.SOi. Hy Ciaspar Corle-Real, before 1502. Book v., chapter iv., pages 106, loy. log. 15. — Christopher Columbus himself soon ceased to think that he had iliscovered Cathay, or the Asiatic coast. Book v., chapter iv., pages 104-106. 16. — So early as October, 1501, the notion prevailed in I'urope that from Circiilus articus to Polliis Antarticiis, tlu; n(;wly discovered land formed a single coast line belonging to a separate continent. Book v., chapter iv., page loc). 17. — The SjKUiish monarchs, at a very early date, also shart^il iIk- opinion that west of the Antillies there lay an independent coiuinent.d region, extending from north to si)uth ; and acted in consc(|ueiice. Book v., chapter vi., pages 116-iJj. iS. — Two of the earliest charts, .S|)anish anil Portuguese (1500-1502), ilepicling the discoveries of Columbus, \'es|)uccius, and Corte-Riial, si;t forth graphically the same geographical conclusions. Uook v., chapter vii., page /2j. 19.— Those maps, togethiT with a nmnber of derivatives calleil by us Lusitano-Ciermanic (which txhibil likewise a north-wc;stern continent), pro- ceed from several ditK;renl pn)loty[)es. l^ook v., chapter vii., page fjj. I > i ♦ i m i„- 1 I 'I , I, }' . II I ! ;1' iM. 348 Tin: PlsroVKUV nh NoKTII AMKKIt'A. 20. — Those contiiH'iUal coiifigiiratioiis an; ^(lographically logical, cor- rcspoiuling in form ami position with a conlintMit actually fxisting ; and prcilicatiil upon .1 trut; and conipU'ti- reprcstMit.uion of the Antillics. liooi- r., chdplcr i., pages iSg-gj ,• chapter Hi., pages gj-ioi . J I. — -The n-ality of the north-\vest(;rn region, anil its existence apart from Cathay, or from any of the isles of the West India group, was a tenet of all the cosmographers and cartographers of ICurope, with a single exception, for thirtv vears after the discovery <)f America. Book v., chapter ii., page pj,- chapter /';'/., page gy. 22. — Those geographical and cartographical averments correspond en- tirely with and confirm the belief entertained by contem[)oraneous writers concerning the existence of a continent lying west and north-west of Cuba, ever since the year 1497 ; but they do not spring from such a source. Book v., chapter iv., page 124. 23.-— This cosmographical conception may have been, with mariners, at first a mere theory, or deduction from certain physical characteristics, but it soon became an empirical credence. Book v., chapter v., pages iio-ni. 2\. — The twenty-two names, or legends, inscribed on the said con- tinental coast in a map made before 1502, show that the region was visited several times prior to that date. Book v., chapter i., pages S6, go-ga. 25. — Those north-western configurations proceed from various original ma]is now lost, and represent, in the aggregate;, fractional surveys, as well as difl'erent landings effected independently of each other. They evince a regular and empiric progression. Book v., chapter ti., pages g-f-gS- 26. — That northern continental land and its nomenclature existed in maps until they were madt; to merge in delineations brought by Spanish naviga- tors, so late as 1525; but remained recognisable for ten years afterwards. Only in 1526 dii.1 the New World suffer a cartograjjhical eclipse by being deprivi-d of its geographical entity, and brought to combine alto- gether with Asia, near the e(|uator. Book v., chapter ii., page gj.' ' >i'< ill I'.irl ^^•c•l■llll, llif ch.ipiei : h'iiinl • I'uhit'niii i. 2S. — The regions thus visited hy unknown adventurers embrace our east coast ; now found to have hi'.v.n explort-d hy Kuropeans (other than the Northmen), fourteen years, at least, befort; the Spanish official e\- ))editions which .u'e represented to have resulteil in the discovery of the continent south of Nt-wfoumlland. Hook ['., chnpter viii., f'tii^^c /j/. 2(.). — Such unknown mariners continued to range th(! coast, and iles- cended jirobablv .is far as lloniluras at the beginning of the sixtei'nth century. liooi- v.. chapter /.v.. panics /Jj-/;j. ;,o. Ih'niini, Boiucii, or Ai^ndiieo, and Ciiu/io, ,iri- different points of the i-'loridi.ui pnunsula. I'hese were visited by Si)aniar(.ls in the first decaile of the sixteenth century. Book VI., chapter /., parses / ,y-/ ,Y), / ^ij-/^/. ;, i.-Tlie first authorised (;xpedition to l'"loriil.i is that which Ponce tic L,:on led in iierson, in 1512, r.ither than in 1313. Book 17., chapter ii.. /'a^cs i.pj-i=^i. _;j. - The I. Hidings of Ponce de \ .von cannot be ascertaineil. Mis disco\iTv. howevir. einbraceil the extreme south-east of P'loriila, and, weslw,u"illy, peril, ips to 30 north l.itituile ami 'jo wc;st longitude. Book 17., chapter ii., pai^^cs z^^././*;, /5/, a/ni /^j. ;, V —Tin: point ol l'"k)rida visitt'd by brancisco Ilernande/ ile Cor- dova, in 1517. was on the west coast, by about 2ii north latituile. Book 17., chapter Hi., pat^r,- /jf>. 34. — The M cond i:xpedition of Ponct' de l.eon to b'lorida lasted longer than hisl>Mi.uis report. Its duration was from I'ebruary :;o. 1521, 2 II I I ii t . . i U U. 2 so 'I'lIK Disi OVKKV (^K XoUTII AmKKHA. * \ I. \ ',{■ hi : I II until July-August following, with four months spent on scvirai ]K)ints of th«r west coast of the Moridian peninsula. Booi- /'/., chapter Hi., pa^es 160-162. 33. — Pincdo's discovery of the north-west shores of the (iulf of Mexico, and of the Mississippi river, was accomplished when goin^ to 1'anuco, between Apiil and August, 15 19. The landfall was the western apex of Florida ; but the coasting com- menced only with Appalachee Hay, including discovery and stay in a branch of the Mississip])i river, between April anil May ; thence west- ward and southward. Book VI., chapter iv., pages //o-z/j. 36. — The accounts of the iliscovery of the (iulf Stream by .\nton de Alaminos are not based U])on specific data. The first ])art of his voyage (from \'era Cruz to Cuba, in 15 19) re- quired so much as five weeks ; but he did not then lloat down the great current. The exploration of the (iulf .Stream was not premeditated ; nor is it certain that Alaminos, on tht; occasion, sailed along the Gulf of I'Morida. Me may have taken f)ne of th(! Providence channels. Hook I'f/l., chapter i., pages igj-ig^. ^-f-j. There are no proofs that liie first predatory expedition to the country of Chicora, relateil by Lopez ile Gomara and llerrera, was sent by Lucas X'azquez tie .\yllon. Book VIII., chapter ii., page igg. 38. — It is not unquestionable that the di.scovery of Chicora was mad(! by Ayllon, or by his lieutenant. Book VIII., chapter it'., page 20 j. 39. — " Chicora " and the .seventeen other names ascribed to parts of the country discovered by the order of Ayllon, are all imaginary. Book VIII., chapter ii., page 204. 40. — .Ayllon did not send two expeditions only, but three, to the east coast of the .\ew World. The first ex[)edition (June 24, 1521) was limited to its landfall, by 33' 30 north latitude. 1; <.. \l 'A] i\ I m V i M Com I.USION. !5i The second expedition (spring of 1525) alone ranged the coast. It has fiirnish(>d all the geographical data inscribed in maps as representing Ayllon's discovery. The third e.\|)edition (July, 1525) is the only one which he U;d in person. It was confined to a very limited portion of the coast. Ihis we presume to have extended from some point north of Georgetown Kntrance to Cape Fear River. It is within the said river, probably between Smithville and Wilmington, tlial .\yllon made his last attempt at colonising the country, and died. Pook Fin., chapter it., pugcs 2oy'2o8, 312-213. 41. — The Atlantic seaboards, from Florida to Nova Scotia, have been explored by an expedition under the Royal tlag of France, before 1527. That expedition the critic discovers to be that of Giovanni da Verrazano, without even resorting to the account published by Ramusio. Authentic maps of the period afford the necessary evidence. Book VIII., chapter Hi., pas[i' 213. 42. — The expedition of I''stevam Gomez to the east coast was not a private, but an official enter|)rise. Book VIII. , chapter iv., pages 22g. 43. — It was com|)osed of one; shi[) only, which sailed from Coruna at the close of 1524, made its landfall early in 1525, and returned to .S|)ain in llie beginning of November following. (iomcz commenced his exploration at the north ; and ranged the coast from Newfoundland to within the (julf of St. Lawrence, and continued coasting soutiiward, along the Atlantic shores of the Ca[)e Hreton peninsula. 'i'hc region claimed to have been discovered on that occasion seems to be the <'cist coast, from Nova Scotia to Cape May. Book VIII., chapter iv., page 243. '1. \ [End ov Part First.] I I % 1 ii^ ii. I h r ) , ^,4 (Uew TJJorfb. Pi ( » i ' , I y, 1 4'i I' i \i i I t L If J "■11 i ., .i Hi., ^4''hh II' J hi n ^.\ T BOOK FIRST. t^t Sec supra, pp. 129-131, .inil /-(« Curt'. Heal, § viii., pp. 102-104. m ' •II n '1 '> i i •', :i\ I t 1 256 Tiir. Disfox r.Kv ok North A.mkkica. school of H;isque [)iIols, I'stablishtHl ;it Cadiz " from a time whuii the ihc'inory of man runneth not to the contrary : — que de tanto tiempo aca que memoria de hombres non es en contrario." A fact worthy of notice, in that decree, is the prominence; given already to the laws concerning voyages westwartl : " Itiyes para navegar al poniente."-^ We believe that, notwithstanding the creation in 1503,5 of the Cusn (/e Contnitacion, which was a State institution intended to concentnite all transactions relative to the iXevv World, with its own pMots and school of cosmography, the Hasiiue nautical college continued to exist for several years, aad that a number of sailing charts were constructed by its pro- fessors, particularly after the discoveries accomplished by Columbus, the Pinzons. Hojeda, 1 )e Lepe, and Bastidas. Only one of those early Spanish cartogra|)hical documents is now known to exist. It is the map of the world made by De la Cosa. ]uM\ lie la Cosa, the most famous pilot and cartogra[)her S|)ain could boast of in those days, was, as his surname "El Vijcatno" indicates, a native of Biscay. He lived at Seville and at the Puerto de Santa Maria at least sinci'. 1492 ; and he must have been influenced by the professional action and methods of his countrymen, if he was not himself, — which it is difficult to believe, — one of the promoters of cartography and nautical science at Cadiz. His famous [)lanisphere, constructed in one of the Andalusian sea i)orts during the year 1500, certainly conveys to us an adequate notion of the process and projection adopted then, and of the first ste[)s of the Sevillan Hydrography, which was destined to play such an im[)ortant part in the scientific development of the discoveries achievetl by Columbus. Before the establishment of the Casa de Contnitacion, Bishop Juan Rodriguez de b'onseca who, aided by Francisco Binelo and Juan de Soria, had the u])per hand in all matters pertaining to maritime and colonial affairs under Cliarles \'., as well as under Ferdinand and Isabella from the lime when the second expedition of Columbus was being equip[)ed, and who held his sway for more than half-a-century,^' must have exercised an imperious control over all pilots and cosmographers everywhere in Spain. It is even certain that when, by the ordinance- of January 20, ! r: ' ■ /;■ 11' ■■.■hiln it, I.'! ih iiinr-.n ,1, /.lilii i/i„ti , n Sr, ■!//', /fcr />;- /.' '/ V /).!» I'iruniitin 1/ Ilniia I^nltil, nuitir- inau'l'i ln< fnh }iiiii'ni ihl col' ijin ilr /(iVo^w ri-.c'jiiiits i ^i,,U. . i,l I , It Oil/,':. Siin.imMs ^ir.'liivLS, in Xavauri. 1 1:. Di"' rliu-ii)ii mlirt: la lliilnri'i ih la Xdu/i'-a, p. 357. ^ N WAKKIUK, Cohfi-iit}! il, I'm;;' « (/i I0.1 i,',i/)arto/i s Vol. II., line, cxlviii., ji. J85. '' Hishop KoNSKCA (lieil only Novonilicr 4, 1554. ^' 4 I Kari.v Caktockai'iiv. ^v i 1503, this CDiUroI was transferred to the administrators of the Citsa (/c Contratncioii, the dictatorial and overbearing bisho[i continued to exert a paramount influence ovjr mariners of all classes. Withal, it must not be believed that the tendency then, or at any time in Spain, was to concentrate in the hands of the government every cartographical work, and enjoy in that respect an absolute monopoly. On the contrary, we are satisfied that map-making and the science of trans- atlantic navigation were freely taught at Seville, and that cartography was always an art openly inculcated in that city as well as in Cadiz or Palos. without any interferenci; on the part of the authorities. Making and selling charts was deemed so simple an occu[)ati()n that we see, in 1501, Christopher Columbus himself who was interested more than anyone in i>reventlng transgressions of his privileges, order, without any hesitation, for the. use even of foreigners, a map of the newlv dis- covered lands, detailed and complete : " copiosa et p.n-ticular di quanto paese e stato scoperto." When, for instance, Angelo Trivigiano, the Secretary of the X'enetian Legation in Spain, wished to convey to the celebrated admiral Domenico Malipiero a correct idea of the discoveries accomplished by Christopher Columbus, he asked the latter to furnish him with a ma|i. The great Genoese at once se-nt his own co[)V to Palos to Ik; copied entirely by a pilot of that place. 7 In fact, we are loth to believe that the Spanish government ever made a mystery of the maritime tliscoveries carried out under the C.is- tilian tlag, and that no one in Spain coukt disclose any part of them without being liable to severe penalties. It would hav(,' been ini])ossibl(' to kec;p such information secret. Diil not the numerous ships e([uipped in Se\ ille, in Cadiz, and in Palos, for the West Indies, carry charts, and was it not indispensable that such maps should be as ex.ict and -as com- plete as possible .•" When once in the hands of the one hundred and eightv pilots, and more than two hundreil masters, ^'^ who at one time were 1 " \\x ■.nil iiH'/ii li'i nnnilntii n f.ir f.dv n r.ilo- i-lu' i- ^.lilin^; iliri'dicm^ rr.im .Siuin i.. S.iiiln Dcmini;'!, wl'.lcli i- uii lnco il"vo lion li.Thit.T, s.ilvii clic in.iriii.iri, ot hmuini >ii;in.il hy nuiro iluiii one lninclri.il pilot-. ChIu'iikh ih pratiolii lU' iim-l vi;i/o ilel Coliimlio, una carl.i ail Ulaiua ilmiiiii: iiIdi iimlilni ih liiiliii-<, \ol. XI.II., p. 544. In lie la Mni;nilicii.'iila \'o-tra ; la i|iial sarA lion^siiiiii fata ot llio I'inli'cfii ymis wtiirh foUowoil Vasi-o ii.v (iAM.v'-. ciipio>a. Lt particular ill c|iianlo pnoc t' -itatu scopcrlo." — iiKnior.ilik' voyaj;i.- of 141)7, tl'.i.' I'ortnuueso almiL' -ent I.cltLT from .\iii;i.'lo Tkiv Ii;iAM>, itatril (Iranaila, .Vupi-I nuiml llic Capo of C.ioil llopr anJ arro-s tin.' .Xtlanilc. 21,1501; Clu'UU'jihi ('"/iim/i. Vol. II., pp. 116124. iilVu'ialh, not Ir-- llian \\\" Iniiulri'il ami ninety four ' N.v\ AkKKIK >ay> lliat in Ihr niiiMIc of the -ixtoi'nlli ve-i-cl- : " noilc ano 1507 [«. 1.(6. ' /)'/ I'ilnlo Miii/ur y Cvmi'ji-iifos >;iiii., !• II'' viii., \ii. ■^nll c. " .Ml •;■./. MSS., \'nl. XC, ('- 105. HI). , tl'rl, hi :i v... EaULV CaKTOI'.UAI'IIV. '59 might rise from sucIt a diversity, thi; Spanish government, as far back as August 6, 150S, ordered the creation of an orficial pattern, called the Padron Real.^- To carry out the project, a commission of pilots, chosen from among the most competent men in the kingdom, was appointed. Americus Vespuccius, by virtue of his office of Pilot-Major, which had been expressly and lately created for him. '3 was called to preside over that junta. According to Herrera, '4 Juan Diaz de Solis and \'ict:nte Yanez Pi zon also received then the appointment of Pilots to His Ma- jesty, for the express purpo.se of assisting in that most useful work. The model map which those scientific and practical mariners were to establish was "to embrace aP the lands and isles of the Indies until then discovered and belonging to the Crown." It was clothed with an official character, as thenceforth no one could use any other under a penalty of 50 (/ob/as.^S Finally, all pilots wi;re enjoined to mark on that map "every land, island, bay, harbour, and other things, new, and worthy of being noted ;" and, as soon as they landed in Spain, to communicate their said chart, .so annotated, to the Pilot-Major.'^' W'e can now imagine the method employed to maintain the Patiroii Real in keei)ing with geographical discoveries, officially communicated to the Casn. The Pilot-Major kept, in the hydrographic department of that institution, a mappamundi of large dimensions, on which could easily be inscribed names, legends, and configurations. It was evidently a plane chart, traversed by tie line of demarcation, such as it had been settled between Spain and Portugal in 1494, drawn at a distance equal to five degrees of longitude west of the westernmost of the Cape dt: \'erd(; is. uids ; but at first with no indication of the degrees of latitude, except such as could be derived from its ('([uator and tropic of Cancer, as in La Cosa's great map. Afterwards it was crossed with latitudinal and, later still, also with longitudinal lines. '-' " .Sc orilciic c ha^.i un j).iilrun do lod.i-i l.as tiorras c isl.l1 lie Lis Iiidias (|iie liasla licy ic hcin dLSc«liit.'rt el ciml so U.ime ol r.idron Koal, pm el oiial Indus Ins piloUis so hayan ile rcyir i gnvornar .... (|vio liallaiido nucvas liorras I'l islas u Inhiaso miovns piiortos I'l ca!i|viior " llKKKI.KA, Do-vd. I., lil.. vii., cap. i., \..l. I.,pa^t- 177. wlicro ho orroiioously .isciihos {•• llio cod'.da llio dato "f 1507- " .M.Miil .'SjJI of ilir linu'. T\w il'ilJa .,, dnl,!,,,.,, , f C'harlos \'., as doicriliod in iho cirdiii,\iu-o nl' Philip II., cosa quo soa diiia do ponolla on ncita on ol ilicho p.idrim Novomlut ij, I5()r), woii^hod 6 i;raini ami 77() iiulliL;i. real, tpio on viniondu a t'astilla va)aii a dar su rolacii)ii The ijrain in i;iild - 22 ipiilats = iieaily 60 .\niorican cont^ ; ,^l pill. Ill mayiir." — N.WAkKl'.lK, IliiU Tiliilo, in o/: niaUiiii; Iho ilnli/a «.iiih nearly S4.O3. See Ilr.l.s>, ril., lUic. ix., Vol. III., p. joo. Moimln-i, pp. 325, 413. "The ordinaneo is dated March 22, 150S; X.wak- ''' I.'i'iI /ifiiloih l'i/ni:i iiiai/uf,roii ixI' iiiiis I'nnil'cih - ; l;Kir,, \'ol. III., doc. vii., p. 207. Na\ AUiii: IK, cji. rii. ll'i I 'J. 11 ■ If \ > :' li I : ! .1 ;•* ■ Mi 1 , U:^: ' \i I' I hi ;6o Tin: DiscovLKv ui- Xoktii Ami:kica. After iht; du.itli of Amcricus X'espucciiis (February 12, 151 J, .it tlic age of 61), his nephew, Juan \'esi)uccius, aiul Ju.m Diaz de Sohs were entrusted with the Padron Real. The ordinance is ot July 24, 1512. '7 There were two classes of special cosmogr.ipl.ers, viz.: the cosmo- graphers of the Casn dc Contratacioiu^'^ and he cosmogr.iphers of the Council t)f the indies."^ We are inclined to believe that l)oth look the title of " Cosmographer to His .Majesty :--Cosmografo di; Su Majestad ;" unless this denomination indicates a thinl class, or an honorary title given by the Iviug. Just as ihere was a Pilot-Major, they had also a Cosinograjjher- Major. The creation of those technical offices, of which we regret to be unable to fix the date -° when they were first instituted, betrays a great cartographical activity, which must have received a new im|)etus with the discoveries which were constantly made during the thirty years which followed the discovery '/ America. On the other hand, it is evident that a science which produced, so early as 1500, a work like the remark- able map of the world of Juan de la Cosa, had already l^rought forth, in the fifteenth century, cartographical monuments of importance, and that maps showing improvements both in the projection and configurations con- tinued to be constructed. Unfortunately, they have nearly all disappeared ; and there is a chasm of at least twenty years between the cliart of the great Basque [)ilot and the earliest productions which we possess of the .Sevillan Hydrography. The critic is unable, therefore, to trace the progress accomplished in that space of time, and particularly the modifications which •Spanish cartographers gradually introduced into their geographical repre- sentations of the New World. The cosmographers employed in Spain were almost of every nation. In 1515, Ferdinand of Aragon gave oniers to secure the services of the best pilots and cosmographers to be found anywhere. This, however, was not an innovation, as, in 1512, he had already given one office of that kind to Sebastian Cabot, whom he considered as an F'-.glishman.-' That king caused to come from Rome one .Antonio Maurio, -- who '■ N Wakkkm-., Hi-i ria-'iiiH lolm la lli^toiin '/r /a Xanft''a : p. 13S. '" Ittriyii/ifi'iii, 111'. i\., tiiulii wiii. '■ IlH'hm, III), il., lilulii IJ, /lyf I ami 4, ^^l^ II., !""■ 1^5-6, of llic oililion of l(>Sl. Il in.\y Ik' ih.ii ihc cosmoj;r.ipher> of the Council d.Ue only lioni I'liilip II. • Xot\\illi>l.Tnilini; our clioris, \vc liavo Ix'cn uii.\I)lo to con.-ul' the 0''''"""".'"~ !!■ 'i'' ■■> intra hi Cuiii ih hi I'uii- traUfioii ih Si I ilia y pam (Mtra.i ci.sim i/< ln-i lii'/ln.t, 1/ 'I' In iinii'ijarioii y CDiilrntwiuii ililhi.", ijuotol liy \'i:niA l.iNAi;!- in his advLTliscnK'nt to the leailei, and whieli luohaMy contains inforntalion on the suliject. ■' ".V Selustiaii t'.iliolo Int;les he heeho uiereejeci uf 't'luvatp :iiliclL'^ in •' /i'.-.ii/>i7.(. /()/( ,ii Ayt< ill lot !■• yiiii.', .1, /((^ Iii'liii.'^, lt>o Iliii'iJ-'i/i/iii'iil yol' ■< '■iKi'ifiiiihi ihi '^niiiiiKnnkri, Vol. IH., i- 2iS of ilio M,\'!iiil tliir.l C'liiioii nf i;74, C'ljilnin-t, \o,, \i-., I',\rt I'ourlli ul'ii-c pn-siiit work. n / < li M >.i f.< I Hi )^f i'l'l^ t t* il;l :62 TiiK Discovi'Uv c)i' NciKTii Amikila. Pii,i)T> To Hi> Majiistv : — Alulrcs dc S;in Martin, Juan Rt)c!rigu<.v dc Mafra. Juan V't-'spiicciiis, Aiuln's Ciarcia NiAo, l-'rancisco de Torres, V'asco Ciallego, Andres de Morales, Simon dc AIcaz;d)a de Soto- Mayor, F.stevam Goinez, and I'ranciscH) Albo. CosMotiUAi'iiKK-MAjous : — Alonso Estancjuez, I'edro Ruiz de V'illegas, and Alonso de Santa Cruz. CosMcKJKAriiKRs To His Ma.ikstv: — Diego Ribero, Diego Gutierrez (senior). I'edro Mexia. and, es])ecially, Nuno Garcia dc; 'I'oreno : " inuy grande oficial de hazer cartas, y trabaji) dt; auer los majores padrones que pudo : — A very great ade|)t in making maps, and who matle great efforts to s(;cure the l)est models possible," says Andres (iarcia de Ces- pedes, on the authority of Ruiz de \'illegas. Nor should we forgi't Ju.in de la Cosa, who, in the second voyage of Columbus had the titli- of Professor of Cartography: "Maestro tie hacer cartas." What we designate under thi' generic name of the " Sevillan Hydro- graphy " are the cartographical works, known and unknown, e.xisting and lost, of those noted get>graphers. f ( :u' ipfii f ! I' u s.. \ MUiU f CHAl'TKR II. I 'I' follows from thi-' preceding i);igL's that thert: w.is in Spain, at Icist since tin; year 1 50S, an official niap of the N(,'\v World, copies of which could be easily obtained at St^ville, at i price fixed by the Cnsit lie Contrtitacion, and which were madt; by certain cosmographers in the employ of the Castilian Crown. That official m.v\i went by tht; name of Padron Real. it was, ap- |)arently, the object of great solicitude on the p.irt of the governnunt, particularly when it was found to have bearing on |)olitical (piestions of great importance. In 1515, l*ortiigu(;se vessels visited places which .Spain claimed to be within the Line of Demarcation, ami st;ixed them. Por- tugal pretended that In.'r ships hail gone to regions which they had a right to visit, and retali,it<'d by taking seven .Spanish .ships, on the i)lea that these had crosstnl the lint;, in the vicinity of Cai)e St. Aug,istine. ' 'l"he (piestion, thi;refore, between the two kingdoms was one of fact, Vvhich could be selllL'il only by ascertaining from maps, \vher(! the Line of De- marcation actually passed. It was then that the charts were' found to be at variance ; ami the Cusa tie Coiitrntiicion pe'tition(;d lh(; King of .Spain to be authorised to call a junt.i of pilots to correct, in such an important respect, .ill cartograi)hical tlocuments. I'erdin.md of Ar.igon assiMited. suggesting, howev<'r, that it would be desirable tu'st to stmd comj)ct<'nt piTsons to iN.unine de visit the points alleg(;d to have been t.:icro,uhed upon by the Portuguese, and, as a matter of course, to ascertain their true longitude. It s('ems th.il, in those days, -Spain was not guided, as we might hav(^ believed from the ordinance of August 6, 1 50S, by ,1 Piuhoii Rcil, but by a ma|) of Andres de Morales, which, h.iving lie.en approved by Solis and other able mariners, was considered th^! best : " Pues juan Diaz de .Solis, i otros Hombre-s muy peritos en el Arte, havian aprobailo la Carta, ([ue hi(,-o el Pilotij Andres de Morales, a(iuella sc d(;bia de cre. i., c.ip. \ii., V .1. II., ; . iS. ■ IIkkri.ka, /'/(■'/• //I. ;}; y WT : I 264 Tim: Discovkkv oi- Noirrii Ammuca. I t I f ■ t 1 i (,: 1 .;.' I. I' I' •1 (: ' I , ' H \\ U'l '!). {I The Jiini.i w.is ;iiith()ris(!cl, ami the Kiiii; onlcrctl the Ciisii U> coin- |>usc' that coiiiinission with the most coinpctciit pilots ami cosmoj^raphfrs In he fmiml. It was then that the Roman Antonio Maiirio, whom wc liavi: alrcaily mentioned, was appointed a mcmlicr, together with Sehaslian Cahot. Juan W'spuccius. ami the eldest Pin/ons. According to I'"ernai»do Cdlunihus, in addition to these celehrated mariners, then' were more than one hundred pilots, m.uiy of whom were acciuaiiUeil for many years with the navigation to the Indies: "y mas di' cien jjilotos, nuichos de ellos antiguos en la navegacion dc las Indias."3 What the ri'sults of ihat gri:at commission were, ,ind what is the map which was then constructeil,4 art ([uestions which we cannot answer; the documents known being " t on the suhjecl. We tind in several ortlinanc(;s allusions which show that the act cr u 1 the /'iiiiioii Real w.is fre(|uently infringeil, and that no respect was paiil to the monopoly granted to Solis ami Juan X'espuccius relative to copyin.!; and stilling copies of the official map. Pilots in all the ports of Andalusia constructetl charts which were more or less exact, and even counterfeited the Piidroii Rail, without regarti to the rights possessi'd by Solis and Juan \'espuccius ; to such an extent that in 1513, ihey felt compelled to apply to the Court for redress. 5 This st.ite of things continued nevertheless, and, ;is it seems, for a number of years, notwithstanding the construction of a new /'aiiroii A'liu'. Maps, in fact, became altt.'reil to such a degree that the gradu.ition was of two kinds. In a \ery curious dialogue written by l'\;rnantlo Columbus, umler the title of Colihjuio sohrc las dos graduasiones diferentcs ijiic Ins cnrlns dc Iiid/'iis tiencii, we find that this untoward circumstance was due chiellv to vexati(Mis at the hands of the I'ilot-Major, who, by refiising arbitrarily to jipprove maps made (as the law permitted) out of the Cdsii, left no other alternative to pilots than to dispense with securing the reipiired certificates. 'J'his, necessarily, led to the making of cartographical works different in kiml, .uul v.irying according to the notions of those independent [)ilots ' I'Vniaiiiln Coi.rMr.i'>, Cnlnrjiiii', MS. Tlii^ ^iii.ill Culniiiiiu : " IVTiMlccicliiK', Scnur, ; ul |i.iilron i|in.' la Cas.i wurU wa^. wriltcii alH>»t tlir yi-ar 1527; as speaking; uf (ii-iie fs imiy antijjiin? — Xn us imiy aiiliL;iiii, inie ilc>piii.> till.- lliun la^t I'mlroii litnl, nmi Kurnamld s,iys ; " pncn t|iic so hizo im sc lia nilaniilo nisa luuva." Wt, since iiKis clu (licz anos a<|iii es fci'lio ; — cniislriiclfil lilllc iimrL' lliat lime, llie entire (nilf of .\Ie\icu had been explored than len years a^Jn," slmwini; that he refer- tc. the Junta l>y tlie urder of ( '. \k.\Y ; and .Vvi ion, as well as (IdMi-.z, of 1515. hail visited the coa.-ts of llie pre-ent Souihcrn State-- of * The map wa- doiililless made "ithin lwi> or three North .\inerii*a. ye.ir- afterward.-, jndtjint; fmni the e\iiression used in the ^ Mfsoz .MSS., \ ol, XC, !'"• 12;. A4 w,. A. EaUI.V C.\KTi)i;u.\l'llV. 265 ;is to to icr in ots MK/, (.•. ..f ami map makers. The passage in tlu: Coloijuio of I-'eriiaiulo Coliimlnis, wIuTf mention is made of those annoyances, is worth reproducing, as it initiates us into the workings of that nefarious practice : " Havcis do saver que todas las cartas e in- " \'ou should know (s.iys Teodosio to Kul- struniuntos dc la Navcgacion los esamina cl gencio) that all majjs and nautical instruments I'iloto maior, en esta manera : have to be examined tiy the I'iiotMajor in the Cada vez (lue cl Tiloto o maestre a de hir a following manner : tjualquier viajc de Indias cs ohligado a hacer muestra de sus aparejos al dicho I'iloto maior, para ([ue voa si estan huenos, ((ue se cnticnde Whenever the pilot or maste( is ai)out to undertake a voyage to the Indies, he must show his imi)lements to the I'ihn-Major, that carta y Agujas, Astrolabio, y Regimiento : y the latter may see whether they are in working como el dit:ho I'iloto maior demas de set com- order ; by which [implements] are meant the padre dal que hace las Cartas es su mui grande map, compass, astrolabe, and sailing directions. Amigo ; Si alguna persona hace Carta o otro .\nd as the Pilot-Major, besides being the col- istrumento algunn, al tiempo que el Piloto o league of the cartographer, is his great friend, Mae.stre, hace muestra dello el I'iloto maior, lo if any other person has constructed the map conoce (lue no es de su compadre y luego dice or instrument, the Pilot. Major, seeing that it que esta falsa y que no lo a de firmar hasta ipie lo vea vien y tienselo en su casa mucho tiempo, <|ue por ninguna via no lo quiere dar, y enfin no lo firma ni ((uisiere que i)ase, por mui bueno ((ue sea ; y al (jue lo compro porque no quiere (jue lo hizo y al i]ue lo compro ponjue no ((uiere is not the work of his companion, declares the same at once unfit fur use, and refuses his certificate, on the plea that those implements must be examined again thoroughly. He then keeps the map and instruments at his house for a long time, and finally gives neither his que liaya otro (jue haga cosa de Navegacion sino approbation nor leave to use them, however su Coni])adre, y como esto se save, no hay ([uien good they may be. The reason is that he does se ponga a hacer cosa alguna porque aunque not want any other than his companion to con- sea mui perfecto no habrea quien lo compre y struct naval objects. And as that is known, no si algun ])ili)to o maestre locompra por el mismo one cares to make such things, however perfect caso que da enemigo del piloto maior y de su they might be, as no one would buy them, for compadre, y esto digo como hombre (jue asi lo fear of the enmity of the I'llot-.M.ijor and of a visto." his < impanion. I speak as an eye-witness."" At last Charles V. determined again to remedy the evils arising from that multiplicity of maps, and, on the 6th of October, 1526, directed Fernando Columbus 7 to order from Diego Ribero, and other cosmo- graphers, a sailing chart emljracing all the islands and continent which had been discovered up to that time, and which would be fouml thence- forth. Here are the words of Queen Isabella of Portugal, Charles \'.'s wife, who governed Spain during his ab.sence : " Coliiijiiio, MiN.)/. MSS., \'ul. .\MV., f" 2, •'.7. ' TI1I1-.C j»iU.\s seem to have lieeii (jener.illy presiik'l ovei liy some ili-.tin^iiishe(l ami intluemial pcrsun, ainl not liy a profe.sional man. Tluis it was ihe Maniuis in. ilOMiKIAK «li'i presided iiver ihe junta wliidi liail heen appi'inteil liy I'liilip II. to examine the work^ and in^trii- men's nf .\fiAMS. See Nav.vrrktf., O/mi-'ii/oi, Vol. II., p. 65. I'ernando Coi.CMlii's dmilitless owed his ap|nint)iients as nuich to the liiijh position whieli he held personally al .'■Seville and to the political nienioir> which he wrote alioiit the rij^hts of the Spanish Crown to the Molucca islands, as to his scientilic attainments. The^e were respectalile, t»it there is not a particle of evider.ce showini; that he was a professional cosmo^jrapher or carloj;rapher, and that the Weimar maji of 1527, or any other maji, wa- made hy him. 3 K 1 ,- ■1 1 n I'l ,'l ' !*'< 266 The DiscovicKY ok Noktu Amkkica. it : 1 m '■■'•] Vii !. I' I h ;i:i" ri ' /'i I ! "Don Hernando Colon: bien sabeis como el Emperador Mi Senor, per una su ijcdula, fecha en Cranada a seis dias del mes de Otubre de mill e quynientos e veinte e seis alios, OS encarg6 thomasedes a Diego Rivero, Xuestro Piloto e otras personas, e fycicredes una Carta de navegar, en la qual se situen to- das las Isias e Tierra-Kirine questhobiesen des- cobiertas e se'descobriesen de ay adelante . ." " Don Fernando Columbus : You are well aware that my lord the Emperor, by one of his <;edula dated from Granada, on the sixth day of the month of October, in the year one thousand five hundred and twenty-six, charged you with ordering from Diego Ribero, our pilot, and other individuals, a sailing chart which should embrace all the islands and continent now discovered, or to be found hereafter . ."■* According to Herrera, Fernando Columbus used great diligence, and corrected geographical errors, which proved of importance : " I haviendo vsado Don Hernando Colon (por la comision que tuvo de Su Majestad) de mucha diligencia, se enmendaron i corrigieron algunos yerros que fueron de niucho provecho."9 Veitia Linage goes further, for he says that it was Don Fernando who made the man : " Hernando Colon . . . junt6 los Cosmographos y Pilotos de su Mag. y hizo vn mai)a, y padron, por el qual se haviessen de regir de alii adelante las navegaciones." '° Those statements are errop.eous. If the map was ever made, it must have been at least ten years afterwards, and under different circumstances. In the ^edula of Queen Isabella of Portugal, already quoted, which bears date May 20, 1535, after the passage above cited, we read the following lines, which are quite conclusive : " E porque fallamos que abreis enccndido en ello con el cuidado e delyxencia que con- viene, Yo vos Encargo e Mando, que si quan- do esta rresccbioredes, obieredes comenzado a " And whereas you have [heretofore] at- tended to this matter with proper care and diligence. We order and direct you that if, when you receive the present letter, what was facer lo que por la dicha Ccdula se vos ymbi6 ordered by the said ^edula [of 1526] has been a niandar, lo a "beis con toda la brevcdad, e commenced, then that you see that it be ter- sinon, entendais luego en (jue se efetue . . . minated with all possible dispatch. If, on the contrary, such is not the case, I order you to " cause it to be done at once." It was evidently in anticipation of the completion of this map, that Charles V. ordered, August 2, 1527, that the Padron Real, thenceforth called Padron General, should be con.mitted to the care of the president and judg(;s of the Casa de Contratacion, and verified by th(; Pilot-Major " Ktal Ceiliila it Don I/Kriiaittlo Colon, mamlauiloU: '/iti. Ian liieijo como louchiya dt/actr la Carta (U Xaii- ijar i]nv /lor fi'ditla ili' ij itu Olubn l.'iM xe. la i:n'-ariii). .y/ayo Jii lie I.j,ii', in the Coltn'ioti ih lUifiim'iiliin imil. ■I: holins, Vol. XXXII. (1S79), p. 512. " IlKRUKRA, Dei-.Ml. HI., |i. 294 ; I\'., p. JO. ' \'Km.\ I,iN.\i;i;, Xorli: ilt la Contratacion ih Ini liiiHa-1 oviiili nlaJiK, Siville, 1672, fol., lil). ii., c.ii). xii., |i. 146. Th.it is |iri)1w1)ly the origin of the legend which .iMiiilns the making of the .inonymous Weimar chart of 1527 to Kernaiido Culumhiis, ulio, as wo have just -.tatetl, ncvi r maile ,>ny Mich ina|i. M I > I ""V iiuaiiiU) nlgun cosmiigrafo ilo Scvilla hicicic ix., tit. xxiii., /ey iii. The i)l>jcct of this restriction swin-i nlgunas cartas, im los puetla vernier si no fueren primem to have lieen to prevent the I'ilnt-Major fnmi beiiiy in- npr()l)acli>s [Mir el I'iloto mayor, y CosnioRrafos." In tl-.e tUienced on account of his having sold such implement- Jlrfitjiilarioii lb. loK ri-yno* (/>• In" liiill(ij<. Vol. III., to the canilidales for the functions of pilot. The orilinance f" 286, of the edition of 1774. of Charles \'., requiring an investij^alion into the manner "" I'ueila hazer M.ipas y Cilolios, para si o para venilei in which .'seliaslian C.Mioi (granted licences to pilot, fuera de \i\ ciudnd de Sevilla," in the li'i-njiilnlioii, Ul>. (i»/i)-fi p. 33) may refer to soine abuse of the kind. :ii' f fs E.\KIA' CaRTOGKAI'HV. 267 and cosmogniphers of that institution twice a year. In that cedula there is an article which well shows the liberal spirit that animated the govern- ment in regard to map-making. It states that every professional cosmo- grapher residing in Seville could thereafter construct and sell maps of the New World, provided these were first submitted to and approved by the Pilot-Major and cosmographers of the Gasa de Coiitratacion.^^ We have already shown how far those functionaries succeeded in nullifying the privilege, and the strong language used by Fernando Columbus to con- demn the nefarious practice, in this respect, of the Pilot-Major. Hut what shows the limited importance given to the official map is, besides the liberty enjoyed by any cosmographer living in Seville to make charts of his own invention, though subject to being approved by the competent authorities, the fact that another ordinance of Charles V. per- mitted even the Pilot-Major himself to construct and sell maps and globes of his own manufacture, provided it was outside the city. Those ordi- nances were confirmed by Philip II.'= We still possess several original manuscript ma])s made at Seville in that space of time, particularly the one bearing date 1527, preserved at Weimar, stated to be the work of one of His Majesty's cosmograi)hers ; and another of the year 1529, which was made and signed by ^)ieg(^ Ribero, also preserved in that city. The fact that neither bears the ap- probation of the Pilot-Major (who then was, apparently, Alonso de Chaves, named to the office in the absence of Sebastian Cabot), implies that the cosmographers to His Majesty dispensed with such a certificate, although we see no such privilege mentioned in the ordinances, or the i)erfect freedom with .vhich maps were at that time being constructed and copied in Seville. It may also be that those maps are not regular sailing charts, within the meaning of the regulations of tne Cnsa, but simply maps for ordinary use. At all events, they repre.sent the state of official ge()gra[)hi- cal knowledge at the time in Spain, particularly as regards the New World, and, on that account, are to us extremely interesting. ■Y-^ ' ' ■ 1 ( //^ wir u :68 TiiK Discovery ok Noktii America. i!';fi' !'1("4 ■ i W i i; I )/: r ^A .1 , if I II:: i I ?'irf When Fernando Columbus was enjoined by Queen Isabella to proceed with the map, Diego Ribero had been dead two years ; Fernando's time was also absorbed by the great litigation which involved the rights of Don L-uis, the lineal descendant and heir of Christo[)her Columbus, to the principal privileges granted to his grandfather. '3 Appearances are, therefore, that he then ceased to occupy himself with the PaJron Real ordered in 1526. At all events, Juan Suarez de Carvajal, afterwards bishop of Lugo, who, by a cedula dated August 17, 1535, had been entrusted with the mission of inspecting the functionaries of the Cnsa de Coitratacioti, called together in 1536, a junta of pilots and cosmographers. This is evidently the one mentioned by Navarrete, ' ' and in which Alonso de Santa Cruz, who was a member of the commission, '5 presented his newly-invented instrument for ascertaining longitudes at sea. Oviedo, writing in 1536, speaks already of "the map lately corrected by order of Charles \ .: — la carta corregida nuevamente por mandado de Cessar."''^ This can only be the Padroti Real issued by the new junta. It is said to have been the work of Alonso de Chaves : " La carta moderna, fecha i)or el cosmografo Alonso ile Chaves, el an.) de mill e iiui- nientos y trcinta y seys aiios despucs que [jor el P2mperador fiieron mandados ver y exaniinar : — The recent map, made by the cosmographer .-Monso de Chaves, in the year 1536, after the Emperor had ordered them [/. <'. the members of the junta], to see and examine it."" We do ndt know whether those words of Oviedo must be interpreted as meaning that the map had been entirely con.itructed by Chaves, — which he woukl not have had sufficient time to tlo, — or that Chaves, after the death of Ribero in 1533, took his place, and continued the work initiated by the latter. That chart is lost. Fortunately, we [)o;;sess a detailed description of it, matle by <^)viedo himself''"^ from a copy in the own hand of Chi;ves : — " Del qual padron tengo una de la mano de Alonso de Chaves." The reader will fmd it described and analysed infra, in the Cartographia Amen'cann Vctustissima, of which it constitutes the last item. >< '■ Kxi'ijita t'lildiiihiiiidiin, p. iS. '' Navakkkik, Opiiv'iiloi, Vol. II., p. 63. '5 " I''iu' HIV I iIl' Ids ili|)utnvh,cl have reached t,s alter t„ulergoi„g very great n.odificatioas Ih,,.,. ,s a c„„cl„si„„, however, which appear., certai,,, wh,:„ we ontpare the- lead,„g tra.ts of those ,„aps. It is that the T„ri„ ,„appa-' n u,Kl, ,s based upon ele,„e„ts which were t,nb,ow„ to the ,-oa„ ,h .^fical cosmographers, a„d to the hoartl of the Casa tie Comrat., io,, i.lse, as no /„,/„„ a,ue.ai was constrnctetl in the four years wl ich V .p c< between the ntak.n, of the T„ri„ „,ap and of the wintar cha.-s ;;"::."■"; 'T ' """^ — O^ure as the fornter. We ha;.: thtis tace,, ot e..|,lorafons, apparently of a clandestine ch.tracter which were tlonUfes a conthtnation of sintilar voyages t.ndertaken ever th. New World was hrst discoveretl by Christopher Colu.nbtts. ..:n;i;;:;:;;.;;!::;,/!,:;,;;;':; ~r:^ ;: - :;:;';-:-;:;:" '- "" ■""""■'■'"■ - ■ I , ! ^: I ! ; -' f\ rnr ■I ■ i fli: 1 '* .I'l t ' ■)[ il ( 1' 1 t \' ?i I i M 1 I i' ■I i m « .1 i ,1 ' ^ M 270 The Discovkrv ok North Amkrica. This inference leads us also to believe that the Weimar maps only exhibit such technical information as, by virtue of the ordinances which we have quoted, pilots and masters were bound to communicate to the Pilot-Major on their return to Seville. But it is evident that these con- stituted merely a small portion of the geogra[)hical knowledge which had then been already obtained. Besides the unlawful expeditions, which, of course, made a secret of their discoveries, there were numerous shi])s, equipped on a venture by private citizens, whose captains, although pro- vided with a regular license, did not communicate to the Casa the points of the coast first visited by them, and where they had found abundance of dye-wood, or roaming Indians who could be easily kidnapped and en- slaved for the European markets. Their maps could not fail to exhibit peculiar nomenclatures and configurations, different altogether from those which were inscribed on the Padron Real. It is in that class of private charts that we should look for the origin of several important delineations, insular as well as continental, which of late years have attracted the at- tention of the historians of maritime adventure. We find no traces of the influence of the Spanish maps north of Spain and Portugal during the first quarter of the sixteenth century. And although Italy was the country where the news of the discoveries accom- plished by Columbus, \'espuccius, Magellan, and other navigators sailing under the tlag of Castile, circulated most extensively, their accounts being translated and [jrinted at Rome, V^enice, and l^'lorence. - it was only at a comparatively late period that Italian maps commenced to take notice of the New World. The atlases, portolani, or charts of Giorgio Giovanni of Venice (1494), 3 of Conte Freducci of Ancona (1497),+ even those of Andrea Benincasa (1508), 5 of Battista Genovese (1514),^ of Jacopo Russo (1520), 7 and of many other cartographers of the time, ignore the New World altogether ; and, in their delineation of the Adantic, do not go beyond the fantastic islands which mar all majjs of the fifteenth century. It is true that the Ptolemy published at Rome, in 150S, contains a mappamundi representing the newly-found regions, but it is the work of a German, Johannes Ruysch, who has chiefly copied Lusitanian maps, and even seems to have never seen a chart made in Spain. In fact, the -' miiliolfiii Aniericniin i'iliiilix.tliiin., anil Aililltioiin. In tlic WnlfiMiliiillcl Duc.il I.ilir.\ry. ' "CicciiijiiH Jo.-inis lie \"fnii'ii.^ locit Veiieciaruin, ' In llio I.ilirnr) nf the l'ii'|ini;.>iiila, .it Rumu. M.cca'.l.xxxxillj." In tlic Rny.il Library at I'lirnia. '' In the WoUliibvillol Ducal I-ihrary. * "Ointes I lectomanni ile Kri.'iliitiisile.\ncuna, 1497." •" In llie Slate Archives at Kliirence. Kaklv Cartockai'iiv " -7' hrst truly Italian map which clei)lrf>. \m, • • , '■■■ .5... by Ve,co,L .ifMaSo ph :'""'" "^ " ^•''•'•-■^' ^1 S,,anish man, wcr,. mad,. ,f.,.r 7 „ " ■"="'« '"'"■'" f™'" type as those of Kuns ',. ; J " >; ""7"';- *»"■ °f <>- »->.. hy n circuitous route, l,owever made its .7 Hydrograpliy, - inllueuce a certain family of ^ p y"' r'T' '" ''"'^V •■'-' l-K- vious, several fine planispheres conSuctll in V T" '" '■^'" ""^- fouud their way into Italian collectio n" 1. v""" 'T"""'" '"'' ->n.iral, even possessed an authen.ic^py ^V^'':Lta'^''"T Columbus h,d made himself fn ;il . i • ' "^" Chn.stopher i-nportant cartogra l-T:!;! ': ^ y f bTrZu;:;''; "^"''■'- ^T rubbish of some palace in Venice- h..^ ^>^'^"'"ed from among the found, it will be seen to .V '' '"'^ '"'' "''''''"'^ '^''^'' ■'" -'^'■■ those whicha-ebnu ^ ItT''^'^"'""^ ''^^''"^^ "^^^^^"^^"^ ^-- ^>^at reason any .Iri:;;:.:^^!^"^^^*^^' ^'^^^^ ^^'"^ ^^^ i; M I', 1 1' iL WW. !il!li ( !i. ' li ns (diild hi' ohlaiiicd iVom rorliinal, and ih.it llic i'ortuniicsf |iilols or cosniouraplnTs wlm i^a\c or sold cli.irls lo stranj^ers rorlcitrd ilicir liti-. I'licrc is sonu triilli ill the slalcmciit, liiil il a|i|»lifs only to an cxci'ptional ( asr. AiiLjcIo I ri\ ii^iano, who had so easily olitaincd Irom ( liri';to|)lier ( olninlni'. a detailed i liarl oi the New WOrld, writes, ,\iimnsl j i , 1501, that he h.id lieeii uiiaMe to t;it in l.ishon a nia|i " ol .1 i:eii,iin re((iit \<)y,iL;c to ( .ilii lit, .IS tlu' l^ini^ ol I'ortiis^.il had edicti-d the |iiii,ilt\- of dcith a!,;ainst .uuoiu' wlio should \cntiire to coininimieale ,1 niap ot that e\|(e- ditioii : de 1,1 cart. I del (jiLiI \i.i/o iioii e possihile hiveiiic, i hil \\i ha iiiesso pen. I la \it.i a chi la da lor,i. "' I hat voy.i^e was e\ idenll)- ( .ihr.il's. who had reinrned Ironi the l'"..ist Indies in the month ol )iil\' preceding, .md conliniied the |)roiniM's held li\ X'.isco d.i ( lania relati\'e to .m ahuiid.iiice ot s|)iee .uid priTions stones, which theneetorth were hroui^ht to I'ortiiisil hy .1 parti. illy new route Iroin those dist.int iceions. This restriction is only one which in. my j^oxcrii^ iiients would li.u'e imposed when in possession ot ji.u'tii iil.ir i^eoj^raphic.il dit.i concernin!^ ci'rl.iin newly-louiid countries, where there w.is hope to exercise ,1 tr.ldin;^ mono|iol\. I he prohihition, theleto|-e, .ipplied onl\- to the .Molucc.is ; and it must he s.iid th.it the .mxiety ol the rortuL;iiesi ( row n oil the sulijecl was tell diiriii;^ m.my years. ( )n th<- 31st ot Sep- lemher. is_;i,-' we see the aj,(eiil ol lo.lo III. enter into .1 coiilracl ,it Savon. I with Leone r.uu.ildo, wherel>\ the l.itler, for a compeiisalioii ot j,exxi ducats, hinds himsell not to teach aiivone the route to the Moluccas, and iioi to make .iii\ ch.irt tr.iciiis^ the w.iy to th.i',e producti\c isl.mds. ' /CKl.V, .l/'ir.ii I'nl.,, W-lKvi.l, I.Sl.S, \'..|. II., |i. ;l>.'. //. . i/ifillrn ./... Illll'llli ,r.,,..ir,/;iir il /,i/ritll .itlrnld -.' ( '. .rl.tli" I 'l;.IM. 'M. I ' I'll iiii.iii !■! ri'l iiiilil' ill lliiilii' /...r;i. I'm: iilili. S.l\ .111. |S.|i, S\... 4<' I'"..\K1.N t'AI )in 'II- ,.1 to lo ■SI' ■1'- ;it. ..r IS, I?ul llif (oloiiial polity kI I'orlii^Ml was generally a lilnral one. ( )ii llie 9th of 1 )(((inlier, i.SoS, Aincrimis V'cspuccius, in answir to a ([iHslioii addressfil lo him Ky ("ardinal Xiniene/ de (isiicros, wlio wished to allow aiuoni- to \ i'.it .md iinjiorl all olijeits of (onnncitr into thr \i\v \\ Hrld : " <|uc cada \ no tenj^a lylieitad d<' yr i lli\ar lo i|iu- (|iiis\ ere," a(kno\\- lidi^r that this was the policy of l'ortn}.;al as ri;^Mrded Imp most important African (olons : " Sej^ini ijue lo ha/e el re\ de I' )rtu^al en lo de la Mina (111 ()ro."i This implies the rij^ht to trade .md na\i,i(ate in those conn- tries, and, conseijuentl) , to own and use sailing charts. W'e have proofs, howescr, that the rortngnese ^o\irnmenl, ,1. a rule, did not in.d i^are, die I )on Michiele Selua, ( )ralor del Re, rec I'l a Roma, piitr;\ \'..S. comprendere.' ' He-, ides, our readers lia\'e seen that when .Mherlo ( antino, in iy>.', wi-.hed to ha\'e a map m.ide for the 1 )uke ol I'lrr.ira, depicting tin- maiilime dis- t;o\'eries recitnlly aci;omi)lislied hy the I'ortu^uese, he found no dithcull) whatever in h.ixing it e.xeiiiled in I.ishon. W'e slill po ,se;,s thil map, and can easily se(! depicled thereon, with appropriate lej.^ends, Xewiound l.and and Hra/il dul)' represented .is the rej^ions which (i.isjiar ' ort'- Ki-.il and I'edro ;\l\are/. ('ahral h.id just di .c;o\crecl lor the Kin;4 ol l'orlu;.;il. N.iS', it sets lorlh in det.iil ( ,ilic iii and the entire Indi.ui ')ce,ui and it. coasts with a [lerfttclion theretolore imknown ; markinj.^ even on inijiort.nil localities their clejrree of latitude, and callin;^ the attcMition of lli' re. icier lo the valu.iMe products to he ohl.iined in those Lusit.uii.in (dloui.c! marl,. Such w.is likewise' t!ie case- with the elahor.ite m.i|)p.imundi copied .ihoui the- same lime, in I'ortuL^il, we lulievc-, i)y the (ienoiM' c .irtoLjr.ipher, Ni(ola\ di' ( anei'io. If m.ips so 1-1. chorale as those of ('antino ;md < .cnerio were s'lil to ItaU, we h.ive positive jirools th.it, in the lirsl lew yi-.u":, ol iln- .ixteenth century, cartoLjraphicil momnnenls ol tJie same ch.ir.ic ter aUo found iheir w.i\' into (ierm.uiN'; and h.i\e inspired Cierman L;eoi_;raiihers durin;^ man\ yeai's. Their works conslitiilc wh.ii we call ihe l.usil.nii 1 ( iirm.mii cirlo- gr.iphy, .md lorm the suhjecl ol the loJlo\vinL( c h.ipleis. ('■1.7.1. ./. /.../.■/iv, pn^r • (. ' K.VMIMO, \m|. I., !■■• |S<. (s/././o 2S13). 2 I. if r ! 1 < ■ \ ■ I ■ f. :4 CHAPTHR V. RHXH II., Puke of Lorraine,' took the greatest interest in geography. The \'osgian Gymnasium at St. Diey, with its nucleus of scholars, was under his |)rntection, and he particularly secondetl the efforts of those who devoted themselves to scientific pursuits. Three of these, Matthews Ringmann {Philesi'us), Gaultier Lud, and Martin Waldseemiiller {llylijcomilus), resolved, before the year 1508, to publish a new edition of Ptolemy. That determination has been the starting point of a most important evolution in the cartographical histfjry of the Xew World. WaldseemiilUT, who held the Chair of Cosmography in the Gymnasium, was an able cartographer; and his associates entrusted him with the task of preparing the maps which were to accompany that important publication. Tht; Ptolemy was published at .Strasburg, after March 15, 1513,- and it containeil a number of newly-constructed ma|)s, siiveral of which have exerted considerable induence on the conceptions of the Xew World, par- ticularly among German cosmographers. Hut, previous to the issue of that valualjle work, Waldseemiiller had maile a mappamundi more important still ; as it greatly promoted, if it did not initiate, the geogra[)hical de- velopment which we have now to describe. If that first planisphere of Waldseemiiller's, which was executed to accompany the first edition of the Cosinogniphiie littrodiictio, print(;d at St. Diey,J could be discovered, the genesis, so to S[)eak, (jf the purely Lusitanian maps which reached Germany at the beginning of the sixteenth century, might be (established with a certain degree (,>f [)recision. Meanwhile, (uir belief is that the primary conhgurati(Mis and nomtm- clature atlopled iheui by Waldseemiiller, can be asccn't.iined by means of the Tiihula Tore A'ove wdiich he ilesignetl for the Ptolemy t)f 1513; as ' '• I,c line ilo L'lir.iiiiLS iiK-ccne natuiL'l iIor.i-iiKMation, rulldhornf' iir<. I'd//":/' il'i .rjiloriilioii if ili •(I'l-oiir i(-.i; I'l'iuiilmait l"mr ■ia pan ;i la ruiminn iIl's ilmincfs lc> plus I'aii^, lS67| Sv.i. pp. 13J5. curiooses ct Ics plus ililficilos a nhtcnir." — d'.\vkzac, -' liihlintli',;, Am' rii-(tii(i \'' /ii^li-^-:iiiiii. No. zg. M'Vini Ihjl'i-iiiilijl'ix W'li'/:, iii.'ilh r, -• > uiirmj' < ■! -■ i • /li'l'iil, Nos. 44-47, •.ii'l .[■ili'ioii^, No. :;4. I I'".\IU.V CARToCKArilV. -/ .■^ il is ni)l likely that he uiivxl. within a very few years, to construct the latter map, data different from those which weri; employed in makinu; the planis])here annexed to the St. Diey treatise. 4 lUit, first of all, we must demonstrate the Lusitanian orin;in of W'aldseemiiller's elfMiients, so far, at least, as his American confiujurations are concerned ; it beins: necessarv to estahlish tlie coimection between the Portuguese charts describee, in the preceding p.iges, and the important category of maps which we have called " Lusitano-Germanic." The Header is aware that when Americus X'espuccius visitetl the Brazilian country, in the track of another Portuguese expedition, he entered, September 24, 1503, a port, which in the course of a previous voyage, probably on the ist of November, 1501, had been discovered and named " The Hay of All-Saints." That name is always correctly rendered in the purely Lusitanian maps, as " A baia de todos los santos." When the Spanish geographers mentioned the transatlantic dominions of the Crown of Portugal, they also named that point of the l^razilian ctjast under its proper name. The earliest of these, Martin F.li cli.irl ; luit a^ il sets forth only Lusiuini.-rii lumos, configurations ami latitmlcs, which \vc rccoj^nisc ai;ain in other niai» liasc.l also iiiHin I'urtiiyucse nioilcls, thoiii;li of ditferent orii;in^, — such as KfYscil ami SclliiSKR, — the presiimiitiun neeils to he accepteil. ? li'ihViolh'rii. Anii.rifaiiii I' (M«'i'« ikclaraliu, Str.islmri;, 1507, folio, f. 2 ; /I. .1. I'., No. 4y. '' uni r-.'i ICaki.v Caktoc.kai'HV, 277 we know of his accomplishments, or a weakness unworthy of his high character. Our imi)ression is that Vespuccius caused his Italian account to be translated into French in Lisbon (that being R«;ne's own language), by some one who overlooked the sentences intended for Soderini. It was sent to Nancy before l""ebruary 5, 1505, which is the date of the letter of introduction Christopher Columbus gave him in Seville.'^ In that letter, the great Genoese alludes to V^espuccius' ill luck and dis- appointments. May we not infer that when the I'lorentine navigator thought of quitting the service of P(jrtugal, he sent the narrative of his four voyages to the Duke of Lorraine, i)robably as he did to the gon- falonier of Florence, and perhaps to other princes, according to the custom of the time, as a bid for some favour .'' He that as it may, the Latin version in Waldseemliller's Cosviografihitv Intiodtictio, which version is the fountain-head .ilcm navij;ali)- " " Ncjus .ivon.^ pmlilu dc cctlc ic'iiniMii ilu ciiitcv^ ile ri:ii'.i (<|iian) m;irinain vult;n ■ippcll.int) in (leriiiania mt-nie oriHinc ct nims avoiis I'lalxiri; la carte t,'i-nijralc i>li:.iiii." Ok I Kiifs, TlualniiH orhii Tennnim, Am- hydroyraphicjiic, cNlr.ayanl ilc.><|ualre cartes spcciales tmit werp, 1570, folii), in tlie CtU'i/nijin niii-lor. tahiil. ijiiHim- ce tpii a pil >e placer Mir niitre eclielle . . ." — l.KI.KW T.l.l., •phifiirum. ai'dtjrdphii: ilit Moij'ii Aiji , ljriixelle>, I.S52, S\ii, Viil. " loaiiiii.i Triihiiiiii alilxifis Sjiniilifuiieinii Ejii^liila- II., p. 143, note 299, anil I iStli map in the .Vilas. Cer- ri'Di li'liri iliin, Ilajjano.e, 1536,410; liiUiulhti a Aiiitiiv- tain critics iinai;ino llii.s map to l>e an nut ami mit original aiiit \\iii.if!.<.^iiii'i, p. 347, Nil. 213. chart of the time. i i'i ff .5' n ( TMn I ji l(. i Mi iu I ^ it Mill t I; '■D (' M i,f if I. hi i^lalc .■> THE NEV/ WORLP IN THE MAT OF 5T0BNIC2A (1512) F.AKi.v C.\rto(;kai'iiv. -79 what wore the American configurations of the great planisphere, we will go beyond Lelewell's hypothetic delineation (which, however, he only apj)lied to his understanding of Waldseemiiller's idea of the two hemi- spheres in 1513), and endeavour to proceed from the Tabula of the latter date upwards to its orlj^inal ince|)tion in 1507, and jjerhaps further still. As we will show in the next chapter, the map which Waldseemiiller made for the Ptolemy of 151 3, reproduces in the main the features of the Cantino planis[)here. liut it also exhibits a cartographical difference, — already noted, — curious and important, viz.: In that planisphere the north- '-■astern coast line is disconnected from the Gulf of Venezuela. Waldsee- miiller, on the contrary, connects it in his map, absolutely with the South American regions. At first sight this seems to be an innovation of Waldseemiiller, and to date from the time when he prepared the maps for the Ptolemy (jf 1513. It is, however, more ancient than the latter publication, as identical configurations occur in the map added to the Introductio in .Ptholoiini Cosmoi^iuipliia of Johannes de Stobnicza, which was printed the year l)revious, at Cracow in I5[2.'-+ The relationship between that Polish majipcunundi and Waldseemuller's map, or its prototype, is further shown by the inscrijjticjns : " Cabo de bona ventura," on the north coast, and on the southern, "Arca\, Caput deseado, Ciorffo hermoso, Monte fragoso," and " Ca|)ut St. Crucis." The distance between Strasburg and Cracow is considerable, and it must have required a certain time before Stobnicza heard of the existence |iliy, after the frmii thoM' cif '.lie St. l)U'y cosmin^miiher ; :\lthi;j;li cupy in tlic Imp^-rial l.ilirary at N'ieiiiia, fur Mfl.l.KR of tlicir protutypes certainly licloiigecl to the same caru;- .Vinsterdain ; aiul --iiy/i a, our own facsimile. It is the i;raphic.il family. It is also worthy of notice that .he existence of the c >ii;in'.ioiis coast line in the map of .\siaiic coast in the mappanninili of Stolmic/a i- only li.u SiODNlczA which leil tis to imatjine that this conlij;i;ralion of iho well-known i^lohe of Martin 1!i:iiaim ; wliii^V may ilale further lacU than the const rMcti.ui of W.il Isce- Allierlo Can i ino anil Martin WAi.Usi.KMfi m.k -ci f I'h \4 i! ..,:ie 1507. I'or it i^ no* ^iiown a iimch iir.pr tv.d c» e\er\ pari of .\- IM Wi\ i\i '' ( 1 , if I -fi El i ii 4 U= ". ji f f 11 - ,i. ', 'I f'? Hi •■ f 280 Till-: DiscovKRV ok Noktii A.mkrica. Those inferences enable the critic to trace the pecuHar configurations set forth in the Tabula of 15 13 beyond the latter date, and force upon us the conclusion that the great i)lanisphere which Waldseemiiller con- structed and the Duke of Lorraine caused to be engraved at his own expense to accom[iany the Cosmographiic IntrodiiCtio, exhibited the geo- graphical features afterwards reproduced by Stobiiicza and by Waldsee- miiller himself. In other words, the great planisphere, like the later geographic productions of these two cosmographers, already connected North America with South America, eastward, by a continuous coast line. Whether further discoveries of cartogra{)hical documents will carr)- the origin of that configuration to a still earlier date, we are unable to say. Meanwhile the critic must see in that first planisphere of Waldsee- miiller, now lost, and dating so far back as 1507, an important stage of the geographical evolution which gave rise to what we have termed the " Lusitano-Germanic cartography." That mappamundi having been engraved, it soon became an article of sale, and i)romptly circulated in Northern Europe. This is shown by the well-known letter of the Benedictine Trithemius, of August 12, 1507, above cited, relating that he had purchased, at Worms, a ma[)pamundi lately printed at Strasburg, and representing the newly-discovered regions. A material question remains to be solved. That is, whether the connection between the two American continents, which we have just described, originated with a Portuguese prototy[)e, or whether it is an innovation introduced by German co[)yists of Lusitanian charts, and more particularly by Waldseemuller, at an early date. This is a cjuestion we are not in a position to discuss, as no Portuguese map of the first quartiT of the sixteenth century has yet been found with that coast line unbroken. Meanwhile, the problem has advanced a certain step ; and we have at- tained the chief object of this long and tedious disq lisition in establishing a direct connection between the purely Portuguese charts, like those of Cantino, Canerio, ;uul the Kunstmann copies, and the earliest engraved specimen known of the cartograjjhy initiateil at St. Diey, under the aus- pices f)f thi' Duke iif Lorraine. i : hi '•;i :l.t i\\ CHAPTER VI. IN the year 1521, Adam Petri' published, at Basle, a small work by Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, which created a deeper impression in Cen- tral Europe than even his celebrated Decades. It was a description of the recent discoveries of Juan de Grijalva and of the first conquests of Hernando Cortes, which he had written for Pope Leo X. This book, usually quoted as Peter Martyr's Enchiridion, was immediately followed by a number of similar historic accounts, printed at Augsburg, Antwerp and Nuremberg, 2 while the translation into Latin, and publication in that city in 1524, of the Letters of Cortes, increased still more the curiosity of the public, and attracted the attention of geographers. All the maps and globes constructed beyond the Rhine continued to be Lusitano-Germanic ; that is, they e.xhibited for the New World the north-western continental regions yet separated (with two or three excep- tions) from South America by a wide gap. The glowing accounts which Peter Martyr gave of " Cozumella, lucatana, Colluacana or Olloa, being al landes lately founde, and so rich, fruteful, and pleasant, that they may in maner be compared to the earthly Paradyse," together with his remark that the discoverers "adiudged the land of Colluacana to be parte of the supposed continent," and that " the lande whiche they sawe a farre of before their fase, they supposed eyther to be annexed to owre continent, or to bee ioyned to the large North regions cauled liaccalaos : — Terram uero procul uisam a fronte, uel con'.inenti nostro annexam, uel septentrio- nalibus coniungi plagis ad Haccalaos,"3 induced one, or several cartographers to blend the newlv-discovered countries with Asia. ' Ih iir/ier »'•'< /). Caroto ripifth /hoi/i'-i, "imidqitr iiirolanim mon'ii/.i. A'. I'ttri ^fnl^fy)•i■', Kiirhiriilhii, Dominif Maniaritif, Dini Mux. C"-". Jiiliir iliin4iit)i. Hasilea', 1521, 4(0. Ilihliot. Anieriraiia VihtnliMKinin, No. no. The dedication shows th.il the tiook wa* printey Adam rKTKi, and not by Ueinrich I'ktri his son, who commenced priming only in 152S or 1529. Mr. Louis SiKliKK kindly informs us that the I.ihrary of the r.isle University possesses the copy of I'eter M artvkV Kiirhin'iliiiii, given by .\dam I'elri himself to the Car- thusian Convent of (hat city. See also Sioi'kmevkk and KkiiKR, p. 144, No. 66. ' liiliHolhna Awn'raiin 1' /Hi'Mo'ijiri, Nos. 113, 115 ; Aildilioim, Nos. 70, 72, 73. ' r.ni'.N, Thi Di'-aili^ of Ihi Xnr Wnyhlr, or ll'tvf Iiidin . . . Irannlnli^il into Eiiijlymiht, London, 1555, 4'o., II. 156, 161 J and De Iii^nilin iiiiper iiirinlis (in l>' r(/>»< 0'''ii»iVm, Basil, 1533, IV. 69 |i, 70 .\, 71 11, 72 11.). 2 M I !! I : i h: El ' ' I ' I 1 4, HI ■4 1 i 1-^ Mm Im , si 2S2 The Discovkkv of Xdrth Ami:uic.\. We find an early proof of this conception in what may be considered .IS the first known specimen of the maps of that school, viz.: the small mappamiindi printed in the treatise Dc Orhis Situ, written by the b'ran- ciscan friar, branciscus Monachus, or Frani^ois le Moyne, at Antwerp-* in 1526. That small and crude ma[)pamundi is of such importance in the history of American maps ; it is based upon retrograde notions which are so unexpected ; and it was promjned by motives much more hypothetical than scientific, that we feel bound to reproduce it in facsimile. ^ ^^^*\ /^ wi § ^^ M^f^^ ^^^ i « ATf mA , ' A 3*^. J\ S \ 1 '• \ ^ P v^»^^ ^■^M" 4= (a jr-.^# r^^^m — "^ T^. jpS fe -i 3 ^Sl S| "^ ~ 1 r^ c r M ^^ ^'^ r^l ^^ \ - - -'-F ^- A "4/ ^'WHK/^ck/ N 2^ ^ WftsKmhavSy/^ ^-^ ■ — ^-"^T^-^ ■^^^-fe^ 1 ^^^y/ ptf^^r^^ ' T^^ ^ -=7:^- -^^ -Sf ^^ ^^^"^^"^V^x^'-^^ ^ It must be said at the outset that Franciscus Monachus sets up his opinion, as regards the absolute connection alleged by him to e.xist between the New World and the Old, north of the ecpiator, in opposition to the geographical configurations which are exhibited in the Lusitano-Cjermanic map of Johannes Ruysch for the countries between Greenland ami Central .\merica. 3 The cartography of the German geographer (as commented upon liy Marcus Heneventanus) he pronounces to be, in that respect, or in so far as it disconnects Xorth America from South America about the trnpic of 'Ja[)ricorn, entirely erroneous. ' IM i , (IM si/i- w ili.tiiijiiioiii , (vl Itntti'iidi'". I). .site Mv\ ilosoriptiuii uf the I llobe. Wherein the ilehisinns 'ti-'hiijil'"'Oj)iiiii Ptiiioniiilniinm, Fmiirixri, MoiKuhi ol' I'tolemy an>l other j;ei>j;niiihers are ilis|ielleil. Also, 'jrjiiii^ Fraii'lKinitl, 1 jn'stoln mm ijiinni lic'iiltiitn. In concernini; the newly-discuvereil lamls, seas, ami islamls.'") ■]i(a I'toltiHiri, ntftiontiniiiK .^upenonim iieof/iaiihuitiiii Antwerp, «iiie niiiip (luit 1526). See liihiiot. Anino: hnHttrliinlio n/'rllihir aliwim pmlm'a ih refCH'< iiiiiin- |V/H«/i'»s(wf7, Nn. i;i ; ami iii/ra, in tlie Caitoijrajihia, fix tLfH", mnri, liKii/i'i ("A very evqtiisile under the year 1526, where we ilescrilie three "r ('•nir eili- letter I'roin iranei.s, .t nmnk o( the Kranci«ean onler, 10 t inns , if thai work, and Ajipemlix. trie most reverend Archbishop ol' Palermo, lovichinR the ' liii'ni, pa^;e 304. m EaKLV CARTOCiKArilV. 283 " Secutus est Marcus Beneuentanus, hie vcro " Then we have Marcus of Benevent. Al- quaniuis recentiorum navigationum inuentis et though he pretends to have taken into account indicijs, ac nonnullorum itinerarijs geographine the new discoveries and data, and to have turn absoluendne, turn eniendandce sedulam endeavoured to complete and correct diverse operam nauarit, nihilo tamen secius ^ niea accounts of voyages, I do not share his opinion; longe diuersus abit opinione. Nam orientis for he exhibits the sea as separating the lands terras ultra zonam Capricorni porrectas inter- situated beyond the zone of the Capricorn from fluo mari ab occidentalibus nuper repertis the regions lately discovered. The majority of regionibus disiunxit. In sunima huius multo people entertain the same belief [as Marcus maxima pars sententine sunt, vt ad occasum Beneventanus], relatively to the western coun- dudum inuentas plagas ab orientalibus finibns tries recently found, which they think are sepa- diremptas nequoris interuentu, ac disclusas rated from the eastern regions by a sea. I hold existiment. Ego contra sentio ei prwsenti a contrary opinion, and in the present descrip- descriptione demonstro nauigationes ab occasu tion, I demonstrate that all navigations which cunctas in orientis demum fines spectasse. start from the west, lead to the eastern countries, Tum generatim Asiam, Aphricam, Europam, and that, in general, Asia, Africa, Europa, and et particulatim Indiam Culuacanam, ac ad particularly the Culvacanian India," as well as Septentrionem Suedi-Ti, Russiam, Tartariam, at the north, Sweden, Russia, Tartaria, the Bac- Baccalaream, terrai-i floridam, omnes hasce calaos and Terra Florida, all of which [although] regiones spaciosissimas, et longissimo dissitas vast regions separated by very great distances, interuallo continenti tractu, et perpetuo limite are connected with each other by a continuous cohoirere, atque ipsam prseterea American! tract of country, and an uninterrupted route ; Orientalibus et Culuacanne connexam esse, and that America itself is joined to the eastern quanquam hoc postremum nondum certo nobis regions and to Calvacania ; though the latter constat, fieri tamen potest vt nunc hispanis fact is not yet proved absolutely. Perhaps this non sit ignotum." is not to-day unknown to the Spaniards.'' " In other words, Franciscus Monachiis rejects the configurations set forth by Ruy.sch in his mappamiindi ; and reproves him for separating North America from South America in the latitude of the tropic of Capricorn ; and for placing an ocean between the west coast and the Asiatic regions. He further says that this disconnection between the two American continents, and the e.xistence of a sea between the Xew World and the Old, are notions shared by the maiority of people : "In sunima huius multo maxima pars sententia- sunt." This ackiiowledgem). Nor the seventy-three M.'-^S. of the Voyages of Oimiric i>a is the word to l)e foumi in Marco 1'oi.o, any more than I'OKDKNONK, or in any of the printeil editions in any in the pseudonyniiHis compiler MamiKVIi.i.e, whose real laiijju.-iye (Henri COKDIKR, Lc< \'oya^|e^ m A^ii (in V/l'' nameisnowascertained lohavel>eenJean UK Iioi:R(;o<".NK. Mi > I' ki \ '\* h i CHAPTER VII. WE will close this summary with an account of the cartograj^hical revolution, or re-action, due to the efforts of the great Mercator, and which brought back the Xorth Pacific coast to configurations resembling those of the early maps, but, of course, greatly improved. We assume that for his ma^)pamundi of 153S and for his globe of 1 54 1,' Mercator borrowed geographical data from one and the same model. Owing to the distortions imposed by the cordiform projection and small size of the mappamundi of 1538, the great geographer has inscribed on the north-east American coast, in the latter, merely a few names. One of these, however, is typical, viz.: Terra florida. In the globe, he in- serted only " Florida" omitting, probably from want of space, the noun Terra, which is one of the touchstones of that peculiar noment'-'fure ; ^ but we find in the same region: " Caninor, Bonaventura, Costa alta, La- cobras, R. de los garlatos," and '• Comelo," which belong exclusively to that variety of the Lusitano-Germanic cartography, as is shown by the Gilt, Wooden, and Xancy Cilobes. Besides, the configurations, when re- duced to Mercator's projection of 1569, are precisely those which were adopted by the cartographers of that school, at a time when the works of the Sevillan Hydrography first made known in Central Europe the dis- coveries of Ponce de Leon, Ayllon, and Gomez. Xow, although Mercator did not yet know r ; the exploration of the Californian coast, which, by the order of Cortes, had already been carried to such an extent as to prompt the experimental belief that it continued sufficientlv far at north to make of America a continent absolutelv distinct ' A set of orii;inaI i^nrcs fur tli.At globe has been (Hib- lisheil in f;icsimilc in /.ti Sphin.i tt.rni'lri^x d >v7t,«^(.< ih Muri-alor, '/t i.' ^^ --h Portuguese have endeavouretl to r^ e "tw.'rd" " ' ""'^' ^'^ Indies and Moluccas.' ^''' ^"^ ^'^^'vvard «] the What can that Portuguese expedition be ? We know ,.nlv f attempt, since that of Caspar Corte Re>-.1 m l /''''/"^^ ""'>' of one to find a north-west oassu^e , '!" , ''' ^^'^^^^ ^^^ l^us.tanian mariners follows: "^ ^^ '' ■' '^'' ^^^'"^ ^^'^'■^h Hakluyt relates as degrees of Latitude. f„u„de a Vr , „ " nJ . " ""'' '''"^"'"' '" fi^ie-evghte -nt of ice, into which the> .'red r V"" 7 '"" ''"' '^°^'^'-' ^'"^""^ ^» ""l-^i- towarde the south . . . And th 7 ers ^ h 7""^ '"''""' '^"' ^"""^'^ '' »'-'" ^ ^-^e the South Sea [/..., the Pacific]" ""'"^ ^""'>' '''' "^"--^ ^^ "^ -V -l-n into -uc!li':t!i'::L^thi;t^:hr ;'r^ ^^'^^^"'r-- "-- ^^ -^ - -- tHis alleged vo;;^, n.^Mt t^r:^-:? ^r^^' ''^''^-' - first appeared in print. 9 1 ■ tn alter ,,8,. when the statement ' Sec -^iiprri, i>,i|,o 2S5, nci'.e 2. ' The passage to ,he Molucc. o...«nr,Is .u it is udl '''iV'' '" '"' "" '"""«"'' '" 'W- ;•'.-,'- "I i.nnilon ri'|uiii!. i'#i, 288 Till-: DiscovKuv ok North Amkuua. W\ I t I ti»i| Ji I !■ ,i •1! '; ^•l i , .1 . I There is another legend which seems to bear out such a conclusion. Immediately under the " Arcticus circulus," between 280° and 320° longi- tude, we read "Terra per Britannos inventa." In such a latitude, and taking the handicraft of the globe generally, this can only refer to the expeditions of Frobisher (1576-1578), as the delineations of the supposed strait in the I'Ecuy Globe; are precisely those of the mapi)amundi in iJeste's description of the voyages of that navigator, '° with this difference, that where one inscribes : Frobtsshers Strat'irlites, the other gives the above in- scription, which refers to the British in general terms. There are other reasons. It is true that the English sent expeditions to the north-west before 1578. These were John Rut's (1527), Hore's (1536), John Hawkins' (1565), and, at the same time, that of Gilbert and Raleigh (1578); but none of them went beyond the north coast of Labra- dor, or higher than 53° or 55° north latitude. Now, notwithstanding the com|)aratively recent time when the I'Elcuy Globe was constructed, which seems to be within the last twenty years of tht! sixteenth century, and the number of mappamundi and globes already in existence which depicted the "Oceanus occidentalis," we see its maker come to the conclusion that the New World was separated from the Old. not from seeing those cartographical documents, but from geographical treatises or accounts of voyages. Further, it is from such data that he fixes the position and breadth of the Pacific Ocean. This is shown by the following legend, which is inscribed on that oceanic sea, in the lati- tude of Upper California : " Hoc loco secvti svmvs recentiores banc partem verivsa continent! separantes : — At this place, we have followed the modern authors, who, with greater truth, separate this part from the continent." The borders and longitudes marked for the Pacific show that the data employed by the Rouen cartographer were different from those used by INIercator and others. The I'Fcuy Globe assigns to the New Workl a width of one hundred degree.s, places its west coast by 240°, and the east coast of Asia by 231°, thus giving 11" for the breadth of the Pacific. 'Mk'drye liKsiK, .1 Trill' Ditioiirit uf llu: lati ruijaiji^ Ih' Xnrlh-Wtn.ti, nmhr tht loitdml oj' M. Ffolii.thir, 01' iliiiunri'/or tli'\>niiUii'i nf a jiasswif to Cafliiii/ hi/ (imn-ull. iVilli a jinrtiiiilar laril ; Lniuloii, 1578,410. hi BOOK SECOND. CHAPTER I. Tin: FivK T VI' lis. TN the preceding pages we have frequently alluded to a class of carto- X gniphical documents called " Lusitano-Germanic." and expressed the .ntent.on of showing their influence both on the geography of the New World and map-makers in Central Europe for more than twenty- nve years. •' As the name indicates, that series of charts and globes was based upon data sent from Portugal. That is. the configurations and nomen- clatures were derived from maps constructed by Lusitanian cosmographers with information furnished at the close of the fifteenth cent.rv by Spanish or Portuguese navigators, and which soon afterwards found their way into Lorraine and Germany. ^ The prototypes have long since disappeared. We possess only what may be called •• derivatives." - more or less direct, some in man scrip others engraved, the complete filiation of which cannot be established as we do not know how many productions of that character have intervened or w^en tl^y were devised, nor precisely in what form originally. y'; the data which those derivatives set forth are so characteristic that we can almost re-construct the mother-charts and divide them into cartographical families, as follows : b"4""L\ • ¥ \ f \i * "i M •i ' i; I,:' J i -' /I n f ( , 'i CHAPTER II. TiiK First Tyi'i:, KUNSTMANN NO. 2. IT is evident that the tlrst maps which were constructed after the return of Cokmibus represented the New World (jnly in the form of an archi|)eIago, with Cuba at its westernmost point, and in the shape of an island. This insular configuration was based upon the acct)unt of the discovery written by the great Genoese, which begins with the sentence : " Vo falle niuy muchas islas : — I have found a great many islands."' Those maps, although maintaining the insular shape, called Cuba " Tierra," or a "land," owing to the expression then also used by Columbus: " con- tinuamente esta tierra era isla,"- when n.-ferring to the Island of that name, but whicli was first calleil "juana.'' ' Xul'S r ll ('iihdiiliiii-, [1. S9. ik-iiictcii ,ns a iKiK'Cl i^laI^I in all llic Liisiiann(;crnianic - Jfiiili'iii. The iL-riii " Tiurra " is iioi always iim'1 I7 maps, is iiivarialily calloil " Term Curtcrcalis ;" nn ihe tin; early S|ianiHli and l't of Cuha. inaile known and described by Dr. K. T. Il.\>iv. r : 11) ! Il \ % ' ^U -! i:l ? I \ i • ■ , r 1 * 1 i 1 4' ( I Ji.'ip; :i ; J 1 i ,'' ■ K 1 ' CHAPTER III. Tmk Skconi) TviE, THK CANllNO CHAUl. ''pHE maps of the first type have fxt-rciscd no iiiHiicnce on the carto- I grai)hers of Central Euro[)t;. What \V(; call the Lusitano-Gernianic cartography begins only with the introduction of mappamundi which belonged to the second type. % Tin: Skconi) Type. 295 We possess but one specimen of this type. It is the planisphere made at Lisbon, in 1 502, ' for the Duke of Ferrara, by order of his envoy, Alberto Cantino. Hence the name given to it of the " Cantino Chart," and " Cantino Planisphere." For a description of that most im- portant document, we must refer the reader to what has been already written on the subject in the preceding pages. We will only again remark that it is the earliest map known where the north-western continental land is made to appear ; and, as it constitutes the starting-point of our comments on the Lusitano-Germanic cartography, it is necessary at the outset to recall its geographical bearing and nomenclature. Taking, as a model, the outline placed at the head of the present chapter, that characteristic configuration, in its earliest known form, is as follows : A A is the continental land which emerges from the north-western extremity of the map, and trends eastwards. B represents its peninsula, with one of the names which serve to identify the relative positions in Lusitano-Germanic maps and globes. C is the west end of the island of Cuba, here called, as in all that class of maps, " Isabella." The Cantino planisphere exhibits no scale of latitudes. .'\11 the other maps have such a scale; unfor'. anately, it can be of no service in this analysis. F"or instance, in reality the north-western coast of Cuba is by 23° ir north latitude. In Cantino it is by 38° 30'; in King, by 37°; in Schoner, by 31°; and in Wuldseeniiiller, by T,f 30'. But, as there can be no doubt as to the intention of the makers of all those maps to represent Cuba (under the name of Isabella), and as we know the exact latitude of that island, we will adopt its most northern cape, as fixed in modern charts (23' n), for a sort of meridian and touchstone to establish the relative position of all lands and islands in that part of the Lusitano- Germanic maps and globes. ' XDvoiiibcr 19, 1502, Cam'Imi writes to the Uiike of when they hail waited in vain for his return to I.i^lion. Kerrara th.il in passinj^ throuj;h (lenoa, he left the map The name "a haia ile todos, sanctos" would carry the in that city to be forwarded to him. ( Ln Cvili -li'ifil, date as far down as September, 1502, if it were not p. 70.) On the other hand, one of the lej^ends in the inscribed in a different calligraphy, showing that it is an handwriting of the body of the maji states that (Jaspar interpolation, thongh made, in our opinion, at Lisbon, Oirik-Kkai. "is siipjioserl to have lost his life.'' Such before Cantino left Portugal on his way to Italy, in th' an opinion can have been formed only several months autumn of 1502. We give, in the following chapters, after the return of liis iirst caravels, (Icto'er 19, 1501, nrgiinients for such a deduction. u t ;; 396 TlIK DlSCOVKKV OK NoKTII AmKKICA. ii\ I i yn. By comparing together the configurations of that north-western con- tinental land in the maps which represent what we call Types 11., III., IV., and v., 2 the reader will notice and bear in mind that in Cantiiio (Type II.), the said region ends at the south with a sort of peninsula trending eastward. In Ruysch (Type III.), the peninsula constitutes the northern shore of a semi-circular gulf followed by about three degrees of southern coast. In Caverio (Type IV.), that southern coast, after e.xhibiting likewise the semi-circular gulf continues still further, and shows lower down, close to the shore, two large islands, one lozenge-like, the other somewhat triangular, both of which are also to be seen at that place in Waldseemiiller and Schciner. In Stobnicza (Type V^), the southern coast continues unbroken until it meets the northern borders of South America. As to the nomenclature, in its relatively first stage, it contains the following names, beginning with the most southerly designation inscribed on that continental land : I. — Rio de las palmas. 2. — Rio do corno. 3. — C:. arlear. 4. — G:. do lurcor. 5. — C:. do niortinbo. 6. — C:. lurcar. 7. — El golfo bavo. 8.— C:. do fim do abrill. 9.— Cornejo. 10 — Rio de do diego. II. — C:. delgato. 12. — Punta Roixa. 13. — Rio de las almadias. 14.- — Cat o Santo. 15. — Rio de los largartos. 16. — Las cabras. 17. — Lago luncor. 18. — Costa alta. 19. — Cabo de bona bentura. 20. — Canju . . . 21. — Cabo d. licOtu. 22.— Costa del mar v^iano. We must, however, call the attention of our readers to a peculiarity of the Cantino chart, as it e.xists at present. The map presents no border or margin of any kind. It is xmA likely that such an elaborate planisphere, executed for a prince, should have been left without some ornamented frame. There is, besides, a loiis^ easel stroke near the northern extremity of the line of. demarcation, which has the a[)[)earance of the lower end of an ornate capita! letter, which may have belonged to a running title. This, together with the fact that the map, when rescued from the butcher's shoj), was pasted on ' Si'i- -iipra, the plate rc-|ii\-.-i-ntin[; lliou fuui t)pi..^ loi^ctlur. \ • .\ \ Tin: SiKoNi) Tvi'i:. 29- a screen after it had been stolen from the palace of the Dukes of Vvr- rara, indicate that the map may have suffered, on the part of its last owner, an excision all around the border. If so, there was probably a scale of latitude. Nor is it impo.ssible that it should have also exlrhitcd in the supposed cut-off part, a prolongation of the coast southward, such as we see in the map of Nicolay de Canerio. The consequence of these deductions would be to make, of our second and third types, one type only, and cause the cartographical progrt-ssion above described to start from Ruysch, and not from Cantino. This, however, is only an hypothesis which other facts tend to repel. For instance, there are. both in Ruysch and Canerio, geographical repre- sentations and names showing that their prototypes differed in important respects from Cantino.3 The north-western continental land in Ruysch is al.so far less complete than we find it depicted in Canerio; and it is cer- tain, from its shape and position, that if Ruysch's prototype had presented a coast line extending, for instance, .so far south as our 10 north latitude, he would not hnvc. cut it off ten degrees. From the moment that we admit the existence of a map which ex- hibited the north-western continental region as reaching only t<. the tropic of Cancer, we are authorised to presume that there may also have, been a map which represented that land ten degrees shorter still ; inasmuch as such is, />r/ma facie at least, its latitudinal area in the map .,f Cantino. In the i^rcsent state of the enquiry, the critic is bound. therc;fore, to accept, as ix'ing within the meaning of the original cartographer, the con- figur.ition and extent of that continental land as we find them me'asured and depicted in the said ma[). ' The .\shuic cast, arc clilTeron. ; li.e n,„„.ncl..lurc Sa.la," which ,nu.st havo h.on ,laivol fn,n, Uk- arc,,,,. prc-scus als„ a nu.nhcr „ na.nos wh.ch are i„ „„e a„.l „r Tris.ao „'Ac,:^a, ,na,le U„o« n af,er his re.urn in ,506. p , , f' '.'f'': "■'■ " rr '"''"• ^'"'^^'■^^'■■^'■' ■" T''^^' '■-"K-se ,„«,,, however, n.av have l,ee„ li,„i,e,! Ki,>>ch ,, ev„leinly l,„rrc,we.l fron, a recently n,a,le I'urlu- („ ihe .\,ialie an.l .Vfriran re -i,,,,, ; ,„ if i, „ i. 1 „I„m p.e>en,a,>, as ,s evi.lence.l I,y the nan,e " Sa,la " therein sphere, n,ay have exhihi.e.l n,..re an.ienl n.ni,'.»r:,,H,ns uiscnlied, .and which 1, an ahlnevialiipii i.f "Comoro for the New WorM. 2 O mrrw ti ! ■\ [ • . . ir < I fi CHAPTER IV. The T II IK I) Tyi'k . THE MAITAMUNDI OF RUVSCH. ''J^HE only specimen of the third type which we possess is the l/ni- I versa /tor cogniti orb is tabula of Johannes Ruysch, published with the second issue of the Ptolemy of 1 507. ' The configuration of the continental land which corresponds with the north-western region of Cantino is distorted in that map, but i)erfectly recognisable. Withal, Ruysch e.xhibits a g<:ograi)hical peculiarity which must be noted and e.xplained. He depicts no island, whether named "Isabella" or otherwise, between that northern continent and Hi-spaniola. Such an omission, if interpreted strictly, would make of that land nothing hut Cuba, and reject the document among the; maps of the first type. In reality, the absence of an island between the north-western coast and Hispaniola must be ascribed either to an oversight, or to a late inno- v.ition introduced by that geographer ufjon his own responsibility, ' /lililint/.ci'a Aiiuri''aiin Wlu'li'^imn, No. jC>. i '• i u- th he :ly ch 2d la. le. id o- Tiii-: Tfirki. Tvpe. ,^^ Ruysch-s knowledge of the New World, south of Newfoundland, was cenved exclus.vely from a Lusitano-Germanic map. as we shall shortly demonstrate. to the satisfaction of our readers ^ Meanwhile, it behoves us to show the Portuguese origin of his geo- graphical data, south of what he names "Terra Nova." which, with hin does not mean the New World, or the country newly discovered, but ou; Newfoundland exclusively; in imitation of the English mariners with whom he v.s,ted that island. "Qui peninsula. Terra Nova vocata.." says his commentator. Marcus Beneventanus. To that effect, we have simply to compare first the nomenclature of the region placed in Ruysch's mappamundi. south of his Terra Nova with the names inscribed on the north-western continental land in Cantino and Canerio.= both of which are Lusitanian maps, with no admixture of foreifrn geographical elements whatever. We shall then establish a similar com- parison between Ruysch's South America and the latter continent in all the charts, now known, which circulated in Europe when he constructed nis mappamundi. We know of seven such maps. One Is Spanish, and the work of Juan de la Cosa, who designed it in Andalusia before October. 1^00 Ihe other six originated in P<,rtuga], and were delineated during the first few years of the sixt(;enth century. They are : I.— Cantino. 4-— Kmistmann No. 3. 2.-Kun.stmann No. 2. 5-— Kunstmann No. i. 3--I<'"g- 6.-Canerio. In those maps, the American coast lines of the mainland bear names I^or the north and south together, De la Cosa gives twenty-nine; Kunst- mann No. 2. forty-four; Kunstmann No. 3. twenty-three; and Canerio eighty-one. As to the few names inscribed on King and on Kunstmann i\o. I, they are of no importance just at present. Ruysch inscribes thirty-six names, 3 but not one of them is to be found either in the De la Cosa or in any other Spanish map whatever; Men h „,fi„,o qu'avni, .lossinco Ruysch imn,e.liaten.e,u Tl^ nt li v ^^77 " "'""""'• h l\u,ost ,lo rile Ks|wm,Ie.'--i,'Avi.vvc Af* rn„n.,. ■ l^"^"'"'"!") '-tli.it ihc P^rtu^uesc mn|. cm.-iinc.l ' We .„,.. r,.,,,,, U.. „esi,n.i.,ns .,,0 n.ne. L^, i„ ., , ^ ^ ^^r^^" "" ' '"^'^ ^-'^ ^'^ f^ A ■ Ih, ' ' ■ ,1 n . m 1 m hi 300 Till-: Disrox r.uv uy Noktii Amkuica. while thirty-one out of its whole miinber are lUily set forth either in Cantino, or in Kiinstmann \o. 2, or in Canerio (not to speak of Wakl- seeniiiller and Schiiner, which are tierivatives of Portuguese maps), as is shown by the following table:-* NORTH-WESTKRN CON'IINEN TAI, KKdION Cantino. C. d. licotu Cornejo C. do fim do abrill C. lurcar G. do lurcor (?) KUNSTMANN No. 2. delislco terra seccha G. de Uenetia monte retondo G. de inferno aide venada' cavo frenoso rio de arena c. de pario" de alegroza (?) rio de le aues ' RuvscM. C. Elicontii Corveo C. de fvndabril Cvlcar Anterlinoi Lago de loro C. S. Marci^ SOUTH-EASTERN COAST:' Ruvscii. lix leo terra seca golfo de vericida mens rotvndvs golfo delinferno capo formoso rio de lareno golfo de pareas canibalos in [sula] terr de pareas r. formoso r. de flagrSza r. de foco cecho r. de les aves rio grando CaNKRK}. C. dellicontir Comello Cauo do fim de abrill Cauo lurcar GorfTo do lineor I.ago del lodro Canekio. Gorffo do linferno y. de los canbales Gorffo fremoso Rio grande ■' In this as ill ilic fnllowinj; i.iblcs, wc iiiserl th.ise ii.iiue.> prLxiscly a- t!ioy njipcar on the maps, and rcyanl- less (if ihfir ihslortinns ami incnniprchcnsihilitj. 5 If, as Hu havL' seen it lately ulleyeil, wilhoul a par- ticle vtiit;iicse falirications I'lgure at all in an ahsohitcly authentic '' map of the Spanish school,"- -as the inappa- imindi of Ki'vsi'ii isatiirnied to he, — ami in the proportion I'f live at least out of »even names ? i"or .m inlerprelalioii ol' a certain numlier of the names inserted here, see iii/ru, chapter vii. • Ahh a rt iiridd : — the corupiereil villaj^e ; name ^ivu'ii l>y llojed.i, accurdin)^ to Navakkici K, \'ol. III., p. 6, on the authority of instructions and deposition.s existing amoug the files of the j;reat suit, which it would lie well to pulili^h in full. M;. de Paria. Here, in K'M.smann No. 2, there is a voluntary Kreak, implying ,irolial)ly that the carto^jrajilier iiossessed no inform. ilion coiueinini; that part of the coast. ft! KCNSTM.WN No. 2. San rocche Sancta niaria lie agoodia'" monte de S. iiincenzo" C. maria dc rajjida Capo de Sancta ►J* San michacl rio de S. francisco bafra barill rio di perera Serra de S. madlena di gratia rio de cava (or caxa ?) punta real rio de saO hieronyino rio do odio rio de nielo monte fregoso a baia de tutti santi rio de S jaconio rio do s. augustino rio de S. Helena rio de Cosines rio de uirgcne rio de -San lohan punte seguro barefres uemiege rio de brazil barossa monte de jiasqual rio de Sta lucia serra de santhome rio de arefeces bova de reis pinotulo derentio (?) rio Jordan rio de s;\o antonio punta de san uincentio rio de cananor Tm: TiiiKi) l^i'i:. lor mos. s, vmcenti caput s. crvcis r. de s. ieronimo abatia 6niv. sflctorv. r. de brasil mote pasqvale r. de s. Ivcia serra de s. antonio rio de oreferis baia de reis r. iordan r. de s. antonio r. de s. vicent r. de cananor Cam;k|i). San Rocho Sta. Maria de gracia Monte de Sam Visenso Sta. Maria de Rabida Cabo do Sta. croxe Sam Michel rio de Sam Francisco razia baril rio de pereza Serra de Sta. Maria de Gracia rio de caixa porto real rio de Sam Jeronimo rio de oido rio de niexo monte Fregoso bale de tutti li .santi rio de Sam Jacomo rio de Santo Agustino rio de Sta. Lena rio de Scoemoo rio de vergine rio de Sam Joani porto seguro barera- vermeias rio de brazil barossa mont passqual Rio de Sta. Lucia Sierra de Sam Tome rio da resens baie de reis pinachulto de tencio rio Jordam rio de Sto. Antonio porto de Sam Visenso rio de cananor ' IVrhaps we imisi k'.kI " S.iiict.i Maria do la An- tii;iia," which «.as the n.-iiMo nf l|,,jc,la-s Ibj; ship ,Uirin- his sc'Cdud cNpccliliiin. Dohlassiiii.i iin can.,, al,|ualc pcncmu nomc ol cau.. { Ku.NSTMAN.N X(i. 2., Wore also yivon hy Uincentio \i;si'i;(Xiiis. IM, |if ("I ' (' f| in } I" t < i i: y^Mli 'I ,1 ii ill.; 302 Till- DiscovEKv OK North Amkkica. Is it not a strikinti; proof of tin: Portiiguesi- origin, direct or iiulirect, of Ruysch's nomenclature that not one of those names is to Ik: read on the planisphere of Juan de la Cosa, whilst out of thirty-fivi; inscriijed by Ruysch, thirty-one, at least, figurt; on Lusitanian charts? Moreover, if his mappamundi was based upon Spanish maps, the names which he inscribes on the sea-board of Brazil, for instance, would recall the nomendaturi; of \'icente Yanez Pinzon, or of Diego de Lejje, and not that of the Portu- guese Pedro Alvarez Cabral. The famous Cape of the Holy Cross, on which De la Cosa puts the legend: " Este cauo descubrio en ai\o de mil y m [sic pro cccc.l .\cjx por Castilla syende descobridor viceiitiaiis : — This cape was discovered in the year 1499 [old style] for Castile, X'icente Yanez being the discoverer thereof" would not be cilled, on Ruysch's map : " C.iiHit S. Crvcis," but " Cabo de Santa Maria de la Consolacion," which is the name' given to that cape by Pinzon, January 26, 1500, or " Rostro llermoso," as he also, if not De Le|)e, named it. Ruysch's delineations of the South American continent embrace, like- wise, the coasts of X'^enezuela and Honduras, which were discovered by Si)anish navigators, who, of course, made maps t)f their iliscoveries. Yet it was not from these that he took his names and legeiuls for that region. This is shown by the fact that none of his designations for the Honduras, \'enezuela, and Guyana coasts are to be found among the fifty names in- serted along those sea-boards by Juan de la Cosa, who was one of the discoverers ; nor even in the nomenclature of Ribero and other official cosmographcrs, who must have followed, in that respect, though it was twenty-fne years later, the traditions of the .Spanish school. Then, where did Ruysch pick up the egregious mistake which trans- formed "A baia de todos Sanctos," or "All-Saints' Bay," into " Abatia omniimi Sanctorum," or "All-Saints' Abbey}" Not in Spanish charts, certainly, but in a Lusitano-Gei manic map, manipulated by a northern cartographer who had r<'ad the 1. v. v rsion of the four voyages of \'es- puccius, |)rinted at St. Diey in L i/raiiK-, in May, 1507, and where we see "Omnium sanctorum abbatinni," wliilst all the Spanish maps properly in- scribe, " Biiyii de todos sanctos" (Turin and Weimar charts). Another decisive proof of the Portuguese origin of Ruysch's carto- gra[)hical data is the legend which he has inscribetl across the country bearing his twenty - eight South American names, viz.: "Terra Sancte Crucis." No such designation as the "Land of the Holy Cross" was ever adopted in Spain for Brazil, or written on any map by the S[)anish >i Tin: TiiiKi) 'Pm'i:. 303 I pilots or g(.'()ji[ra|)h('rs of that tiiiv. It was originally jj^ivt-n to those regions jjy IVilro Alvarez Cabral, '- when, on the 23rcl of April, 1500, a l.mtliiig was effecteil under the Portuguese (lag on tht; coast of IJrazil : " Hn las octavas de la pasciia siguiente IK.-gi') a una tierra (jue nuevainente descu- brio, a la cual puso nomhre de Santa Cruz." '3 (jr, rather, if we follow a Portuguese original text just iliscf)Vered in the State Archivt^s at Venice : "e nas outavas ih; I'ascoa seguyente cheguou A una terra (jue novamente descobrio, a que jjos nome Santa *^," '4 as King Manoel wrote to I'er- dinand and Isabella, July 29, 1501. But the Spaniards always, and justly, claimed to have discovered that country, as I'inzon had sighted and actually taken possession of the land situatt; by 8° 19' south latitude, three months before. They consequently never accepted its Lusitanian name, and in- variably called that region " Tierra del Mrasil." The Portuguese, on the other hand, at once named it " Tkuka Sancta CkV(Is,"'5 as is evidenced by the original documents above (juoted, as well as by the King chart, and particularly Kunstmann No. 2, where we read on a s».roIl : " Terra sancta crucis," whilst, on the mainland, there is a legend which begins thus: " Ista terra q. inuenta sunt positum est nomen terra sac *^ eo quod in die sancte crucis inuenta est." Popularly it was also called " La terra dagli Papaga,"""' or "Parrots' Land," on account of those large and beau- tiful birds, 17 which Gasjiar de Lemos first brought to Portugal. It was only at a later date ''^ that it was named " Brazil," by reason of the large (juantity of dye-wood found in that country. " Caiirai,, Tiu'silay, A|iril 2i, 1500, imlici's certain ■-d weeds inilicniinf; tlie iirci\imily of lainl ; \\ Lilnesday, April 22, he sees fnnii the se.i the summit of a mountain which, on account of Ksister week, lie names " Monte I'ascoal," ami drops anchor six leagues from the coast. Thursday, .April 23, he enters the mouth of a river, from which N'icoKas CoKl.llo is sent ashore. I'rid.iy, April 24, on .account of the storm, he weighs anchor and goes north, where he finds a safe harliour and makes a stay. See I'edro Vaz 1)K Camimia's account of Cahral's voyage, ilated I'orto Seguro, May i, 15CXD, in Do Ca/.ai., Coroijrdlia ///du/i'i'fi, Vol. I., pp. 12J4, note. " llililivlhtin Aiiiti-iiuiia I'llnstisiima, Aililit., No. iS, p. 24, and N'AVARKKrii, Culfi-lini th ridij": y '/t ^i* 304 Tin; DiscovKkv ok North Amtkica. i\o\v, as all the maps which Riiysch can have cunsiiked ami taken as a basis for his cartographical rendering, invariably insert, between thi; tall continental region anc' Hispaniola, the island of Cuba (therein called " Isabella "), the omission of that island must be viiiwed altogether as a lapsus on his part. "^ Withal, Ruysch did not follow his moilel in a servile mannttr. On the contrary, he introduced a most important alteration in removing New- foundland from the broad Atlantic, where Caspar Cortc-Real had placed it, so that the region should belong to Portugal by giving it a longitude within the Portuguese line of demarcation. This Ruysch did in accor- dance with the maps of the British mariners in whose ship he visited that country. For he him.self told Marcus Beneventanus, one of the con- tributors to the Ptolemy in which the map is inserted, that he had nvide a voyage to the new regions : "Dixit, se navigasse ab Albionis australi parte, ct tamdiu quo ad subparalleluni ab sub- a;quatore ad boieam subgradum, 53 |)ervenit, et in co parallelo navi isse ad ortus littora per angulum noctis atque i)lure.s insulas lustrasse, quaruin inferius descriptioneni assignabimus : — He said that he had sailed from the south of England, penetrated to 50' north latitude, navi- gated on that parallel west in the direction of the east, somewhat northwardly, and observed many islands." '•'" But it must not be forgotten that Ruysch never sailed south of New- foundland, which he considered as the easter imost border of Asia ; whilst, in his opinion, all the countries south of Newfoundland, which southi.-rn countries he knew from Lusitanian charts, were parts of a different world altogether, concerning which Ruy.sch's notions afterwards becanK- the theme of very elaborate criticisms on the part of b'ranci.scus Monachus. Taking Ruysch's own ma[), the Belgian monk, as we have shown,-' soldered its Cantinean continental region first to its "Terra Nova" (or Newfoundland), and then, at the south, with Central America. 'I'hus did PVanciscus |)rov(; once more, that, in thi' opinion of geographers, the said continental lantl was not thi; islantl of Cuba, Init formed part of the north-western continent. " " M. ill' \'.unli.ii;i-ii fail uli-frvi-i nvic r.Ti-nn (|Uu fmin Triiiily, ('cnri'iilii'ii, 1'l.icc'nti.i ;\nii I'drtunc li;iv^. I'ile lie Ciilu a I'li.' mililico sur l.i cnrli' do Kuyscli." - See the niitlinc of NeHrniiinllaiid, xii/,r," can unly Ik- the criiuiun of the nini'|iaiMMni1i of Ki'Ysrii and of the i;l.i! e <]eeitl\ iiiileiiteil and natT"«' j>enin>tda^ which emerge cf l-'ianci^cii> MuNAi lir^. M 4: ,1 A CHAl'TF.R V. TUK FoL-KTU Tvi'E, MAI' OF CANEKIO. ''pHE oldest specimen which we know of i\n, fourth type is an ex I tremdy important mappamuncii recently discovered ' in the archive. ol th.- Hyus Nuolay dc LaneHo Janucnnsr but it bears no date whatever. "Pl.e cahgraphy, however, is of the begi,ming of the sixteenth century; and the prototype ot the nunle! copied by Canerio was certainly I,usitanian. as is 'liy.Nfr, L. liAl.l.ois, I'niversity I'mf.ssor ,.f C-,. Rrnphyal I.y.ms. It was nut yet known I,, cxi.l «|).n ■><- iiivc.li^M(,-,l thus,! an hives f.,r the Carl.igrapliy in- ■crlc 1 in ,„ir Xo/m mr In Xoiirellt France in 1872. 2 P 7f V ^ i ■ in ^1 iHili H ' \l 1 * I t i,,; \l i i 'J.' tin r \-' I 1.1! I'll « ;o6 The Discovery ok North America. shown by the identical resemblance of the configurations and nomenclature in his map with those in the chart of Cantino, which was made at Lisbon in 1502; by the leading legends, which are in the Portuguese language; and by the fact that we read on the Brazilian coast : " The Bay of All Saints," instead of " The Abbey of All Saints." This maj) also exhibits the north-western continental land, which is the distinctive trait of the cartographical series now under consideration. Its outline and details are precisely such as we see them in Cantino and in Ruysch, and bear the same nomenclature ; with this difference, however, that the southern, coast of that land, which, in Cantino, ends about three- and-a-half degrees beyond the northernmost point of Cuba, and six degrees still lower ' ^ Ruysch, is here made to extend twelve degrees further south. According to the scale inscribed by Canerio, thirty-five degrees - of that continental region were then known ; and, what is more remark- able, he places at both extremities the standard of Castile and Leon. Do those Hags indicate Spanish discoveries, or only Spanish posses- sions } They may mttan both, as we know from the despatch sent by Pedro de Ayala to I'erdinand and Isabella, giving ah account of Cabot's discoveries in 1497, that the Spanish Ambassador to the Court of Henry \TI., actually stated that the lands found by Cabot formed |)art of the transatlantic dominions of the Crown of Castile. The envoy of the Re- public of Venice, when relating the discoveries just accomplished I)y Caspar Corte-Real (1501), .ilso ex[)ressed the opinion that the country tlisc'.)vered by the latter was connected with the Spanish possessions in the New World..' If to those surmises, which must have been current then, we add the clauses of the Treaty of TordesillaS, which Portugal was the first to invoke, so as to maintain her rights to Newfoundkjmd and Brazil, the appearance of S[)anish ilags on a western continent api)ears ijuite natural, even in a Portuguusi' map. Of all the tyi)es of the Lusitano-(.jennanic cartography, that which lias exercist;d the greatest inliuence in Central Europe, is the one which was derived from the prototyjje copied i)y C.uierio. A ma|) resembling the latter in most respects, found its way into Cjermany at an early date ; for we find its chief configurations in globes which were constructed during the first ten years of the sixteenth century. The oldest of these, ' From 20 10 |;5'' north l.-titinio, .icconling t.) the ■> Lis Cortc-littU ef if.i royniji'a rin Xounaii icale mscril)eil ur, ihc nu-ip of CvNtKio. Mrniif., docs, xviii* r.- \.i]i. . V, V late XIV ^1 'J ■f \'t vl M ^ N0K.?'-!-:aS'1 coast in TFE ; C/iiii- Martin Ihluiiiii : Nurnlmi;, 1S53, larye 411). tujiht Coloinl', Vol. II., p. 95.) Tin: Fourth Tvpi:. 309 Our impression is that, of all these, the (irototype of the Nordeiiskiulil Gores has exerted the greatest influence on the second series of geographers in Middle I-Lurope, who, beginning with Schoner, have propagated the con- figuration of the north-western continental land, which extends to about 10" north latitude. In fact, it is this cosmographical interpretation, — owing chiefly to the popularity of the works of Apianus, — and not the more exact one de[)icted by Waldseemiiller and his school, which has continued the Lusitano-Germanic tradition ; at least until the broken coast line was made to merge in the complete Atlantic sea-boards, which were delineated after the then recent Spanish discoveries. The Nordenskiold gores, in admitting that they are the earliest of that category, do not date so far back as is generally believed. This is shown by the legend inscribed on the island of Hispaniola, viz.: " Insula in qua reperitur lignum Guaiacum : — Island in which is found the Guaia- cum wood." Such a notion camiot have originated in Central luirope before 1517-15 18, when the wood and bark of that tree began to be known in Germany, and were held forth as a panacea for lues venerea. Ulrich de Hutten says^ that the medicament was introduced in that country in 1517. This assertion is implicitly corroborated by Leonard Schmaus, who, writing in 1518, states'? that the substance then was scarcely known in Germany. At all events, Augsburg is the place from which the notion spread in Central Europe, apparendy through the instrumentality of Paulus Riccius,'° the i)hysician of Charles V., then exercising in that city. It was first made known in print by an anonymous pam])hlet"' published at Augsburg on the ist of December, 15 18; then by Schmaus' Lucuhratincula, issued apparently from the same press, a week or two afterwards. Ulrich de Hutten's celebrated dissertation, printed tht: year following, and so often reprinted, rendered th(; belief universal, and made of Guaiacum wood almost a ln)useb')ld word evervwhere. ' III ITKN, l)f C'uniii, eililicin clntcil " iiienso Ajirili, ' Si.'c Kkci's luttcrs in III' riKs's Ih' dnai' i, cliiiun l)Xlx,"i|iioiccI liy GOLKlNii, in hisf;re.il wink (in llutlcn, of I'clr. Viilouc, mi') sih/o /iasil., ('■ 37. Ih iikn, Viil. I., ji. 40. Soe infra, in iiiir Carlo\ir(i]ihia, the liiiwevci, says thai he acted nmlcr tlic mlvicc of a ccr'uiin map desiritieil trnh anno, 1518. Dr. SinMrR. '' l.iirnhrdliiKiila lie morho Gnlliro, in liibliolhi.cu " Ain nnpt nm iiinnn hnlt'^ ziihrnit'lu 11 fur dii. Amcrirana \'i.tii.'ired by the Lusitanian map which Rene II. comn-.unioated to him, he may be supposed to have borrowed the idea of the connection between the two continents from that important document. Unfortunately, this can oidy be an hypothesis, as above stated, so long as we have not discovered a purely Portuguese nia[) (jf the time exhibiting such a configuration. On the other hand, it is not impossible that the junction of the two continents should have been simply devised, and added Ijy the St. Diey cosmographer to the copy which he doubtless made of the Lusitanian chart that had been .sent to the I'Juke of Lorraine. There were then elements for the belief that the Souih-American continent was only a direct continuation of the Northern. In our Chronology of Maritime Voyages IVestivard, we intend to show that at least sixty-six expeditions were sent to the New World between its discovery in 1492 and 1504. The number for the two or three years I! ' Supra, Chapter V. of the Knrhj CnrtrKjitiiihy cf ifif »Vi»^ World, li r .:'r A' M *!:J )[''• i 312 '["111: DiscoN KKv ui NouTii Amkkica. following may ht- iiicroast-d to one hiiiidred. Many of these did not range the coast beyond Maracayljo, whilst others went only Uy Hra/il. But several of the licensed \esst'ls, as we have shown, which sailed for the West Indies, must have endeavoured to probe the regions south and south-west of that archipelago, and obtaiii"d information concerning the continental character of thi- coast. The clandestine expeditions must have also endeavoured to Kuid in parts where they did not run the risk of meeting ships bearing the royal flag ; and in their efforts to find dye- wood, and Indians to kidnap, may have gone beyond the West Indies. The attempts ni.ule by iitany navigators to find a strait, mentioned by Herrera,- and which pronipt<'d I'erdinand of Aragon in 1508, to send Diaz de Solis and V'icentt; Yancz Pinzon on a transatlantic voyage of discosery requiring so many [)oints of the coast to be explored, could not but have resulted in acquiring geographical notions, which, however crude, incom[)Iete, and e\en hypothetical in many respects, were dis- seminated everywhere i)y the jiilots, officers, and men on their return to F.iirope. A mere echo of those reports was certainly suflicienl to prompt cosmographers to delineatt^ a continuous coast line between the con- tinental regions exhibited in maps akin to those of Cantino or of Caneri'), which ihey always accepted as exact, and the seaboards of Venezuela, which were already de|)icted in the planisphere of La Cosa, and in all the Lusit,ini.ui charts. If we <;xcept the second edition of Waldseemiiller's Tabu/a Terrc Nove prepared by L.uirent h'ries for the Ptolemy of 1522, the r<>prints made in 1520, 15-5, '535. and 1541, together with the reproduction, slightly niodilied, apparently by the .same PVies, and inserted in the various editions of the Yslegivig dcr mercarthcn odcr Cartha Mmina (1527-1530). we find traces of the inlluence directly exercised by the cartographical productions of the ,St. l)iey ge(jgraj)her only in the Typiis i'nivcrsalis terra juxta modernornm dti-.tinctiourm ct cxtensionem per rcgna et pro- vine/as,^ inscrteil in the Margarita philnsopln'ra of Gregory Reisch, in the edition published at Strasburg in 1515.*^ This map ;dso exhibits the north-western continiiU.il region precisely as we see it depicted in Waldseemuller's Tabula. Its names and legends 'Supra, Hook 1 ifili, cliajiKi \i., Unhnoiin Xari- hijiisulf, who, oesidi'::, h:is markuil llunon .i minilior of tial'trf, \ingn 121. corrertioiis. ■ See the adjoining; ph.ic, which i^ a »c-clion of :i fai> * Hililioihri-a AiU'riiaiid \^Uii-ilimiiiui,, No. 22, .iiul iiniile of Kkisch'S (iriyinal ma\r, l.ul m.iile byScHoNKR Adililaihi, No. 45. ,Ue- XV ill's '>ru- thc Mids l...-r of piul ■.'J (lii, m ■'.' \ f '» t I r «tj;. ft ,1 i '^. r VI' in r < 1.' m (|;if ;( Kl 11 ' id. ■ i ■.^-r^JU^ii^:'^ -. .i^K^-i TiiK Imi III Tvi'i:. ^i. are very few, hiil peculiar. TFie smithfTn cniuincnt bears tlio inscription : " I'ari.'i scv Prisilia, " which iniisi Ii.ivo hwn borrowed from a map as yet unknown, considcrinjj; that ii is ihr lirst lim< wc sr.v. it on that roj^ion;' whilst the northern continent is called iht^re, and on im other map ov j^liilie known, /fotj/i'j Mela. Zoana is the Venetian form for Juana, which was (Jiie of tht: names given originally to Cub.i. 'I'aken by itself, and in connection with the locality when- it is placed, critics might be templed to interpret the c(in- figuration as designing the island of ("iiba, and infer that it was borrowetl from some original chart, notwithstanding the presence thereon of two "Isabellas" in the engravi;d copies. The meaningless a[)p(.ndage " Mel.i," ho\ve\er, betravs the fabrication. The reader is aware thai Angeli) 'j'rivigiano, the secretary of the Venetian legation in S[)aiii, oblaiiuil a copy of the original Latin te.xt which afterwards constituteti the firsl of Peter Martyr's Decades. This he translated into " xolgare," di.it is, in Italian strongly impregnated with Venetian di.ilect, ami sent the manuscript to Venice, where it was pub- lishi.'d in 1504, under the title of Libretto de tutta la navigation dc Re de Spagna.'-' In tlu; I'irst ilook, when relating Columbus' voyage of discovttry, I'elei- Martyr had wril.leii to Ascanio .Sforza : " Patefecit navigationo h;u: priiiKi, so\ tantinii insulas, at(|iic ex iis chias inaudit.x- niai; nitudinis : iiuarum allcrani Hispanii)'iain : loannam alierain vocitavit : scd loannam esse insulam non [)rt) ccrto hal)uit ; In thi.> fyrst n.avigntiori, he discouered vi. Uandcs, whereof twon were ux( echng great ; Of whiche, the one he railed //isj>anwla, and the other lohaittui. Hilt at that tyiiu- he Icnewe not peiferliy that lohanna was an Ilande."" Trivigiano also faithfully translated : " Kt in iiucsta |)riiiia navigaticjne sropersono sei insule, solo do delU' 'juali, de gran- decia inaudita, una chiambla .Si)agnola, I'alira It /oana, -1/c/ /a Zoana non ebbe ben certo che la fnssi isola."" Unfortunately, when .1 certiin text of Trivigiano's version was en- trusted to Albertino \'erc(;llese da Lisona, that jirinter committed a strange mistake. Me cut uj) the book into chapters, and S(T clumsih'. 5 Tlio iiaiiu; I'anan .ilromly occurs in the curliest In the J'/f/'Vi'ojM, No. 16. , jvigcs 21-22. of the Sdii'nere.in j^lnlics, Iml it is loc.itcil nc;ir llu: tnipic ' AN(.iiikk.\, Uccid, I., lib. I., f'- i., f. of t'ancir, whilst hiMc it is iil.ii:i.il by its jo'-^o" south " I'rof. (iiust'piK' Kerkaro, Kflmiane ihlh. m-ojitrle latinulc. f«Jle ila V. Colomho, p. 24 ; lull wo take our <|milalions '' ItihlUilhi-ni Aiii'ri'-niiii r<.'( liihlUilhv.m Amt.i-i'\ Vrhi.^l.. Addition^, Nn. 2Q. d'l "rhirhlr dtr Krdkiiiid' hi li'ii ' Dr. V'r.inz Wikskk, Zuanu Mda. Kin /jil'i-nj -ur XVI. Jnhihniidi'rtH. ■•fl-h J)t:'':llUinl '/lN .f'r 1 ^M^ . ( . T 1 I'^ID- 1 ■ ' .- , *t ■ 'i ft ! \' CHAPTER VII. Til!-: LusiTAxo-GrkMANic Nomknilatukk. II-", ;is wf have endeavoured to demonstrate, the five ty|)es exhibit a progressive genesis, it may hi; considered illogical, taking the date when the specimens in existence are supposed to have been designed or engraved, to place them in the order above given. For instance, Ruysch's mappannindi, which is dated 1 508, should be placed after that of Canerio, which is of no later year than 1504; the map of Stobnicza, printed in 1 5 1 2, should take i)recedence over the earliest of Schoner's globes, constructt'd only in 1515, &c. The contradiction is only apparent, and springs from the fact that we possess no complete series of maps. Our collections contain merely a few broken links of the great chain of cartographical documents which origi- nated during the first few years of the sixteenth century, and these are nearly all disconnected. To use a familiar illustration, the five types are not the offspring of the same parent while the genealogical tree of each ascends to periods which are not the earliest they should show. What- ever conclusions may be taken from this aspect of the case, a fact certainly results from the data above set forth : it is the belief in the existence of a continental land situate to the west and north-west of Cuba, which, as we hope to have demonstrated, was shared by all the leading geographers, long before the time when that continent first a|)peared on Spanish maps illustrating the explorations accomi)lished by Ponce de Leon, Vasquez de Ayllon, and F.stevam Gomez. The lack of intervening cartogr.iphical links does not prevent us, nevertheless, from finding, in the nomenclature of the ma[)s still existing, a proof of their progressive character. This is shown by the -adjoining comparative tables of the names inscribed in the two oldest Portuguese charts known, and three of the leading Lusitano-Germanic maps. Those names, besicles, afford data of im[)ortance in an investigation of the kind which constitutes the basis of the inrsent work. I J' f'i H 1 i 1; ,' I H 1 ill (, r t'l 1 1 , Hi I :'^ 316 Canting. Costa del mar u^iano ' cabo d. licotu ' canju ...[?] cabo de boa Ven- tura ' rosta aha ' lago luncor'' [?] las cabras " Rio '1? los largar- tos' cabo Santo' Rio de las Alina- dias" puta Roixa '" C. delgato " cornejo [?] "^ Rio de do diego" C. do fim do abriU" el golfo baxo " C. Iurcar[?]"' G. do lurcor [?] C. do mortinbo" C. arlear [?] rio do corno '" Rio de las palnias" Tin; DiscovKKv ok North Amkkica. i Cam; RIO. j Costa del mar I vsiano Cabo dellicontir j caninor , cabo de bona uentura I costa alta lago luncor lacabras Rio de . . argartos cabo santo rio de las alma- dias ponta roixa c. delgato comello rio de do diego cauo doffini de abrill el gofo bazo cauo luicar Gorffo de lineor cauo de mortinco cabo arlear rio de corno Rio de la parmas lago del lodro Ruvscii. C. Elicontii Corveo [?] C. de Fvndabril Cvlcar [?] Anterlinoi [?] Lago de I.oro*' StlluNKK. Costa d'mar \'n,inno Cabo dellicontir Caninor Cabo d' Hona \'entura Costa alta I.agoluncor Lacabras Rio de los lagactos Cabo sancto Rio delas al madias Ponta roixa Cabo del gato Comello Rio de dodiego Cauo doftim de r.bul Cauo linear 1 Cauo de mortinco 1 1 Rio de corno Rio de la parmas Lago dello dro Waldskk- MiiLl.KR. C. del mar usiano C. delicontir Cam nor [?] C. de bonauen- tuia Costa alta lago luncor larubins rio de los garlartos C. Santo rio de las Alma- dias ponta roya C. delago Comello [?] C. doffim de abril C. lurcar [?] G. doliuor [?] C. arlear [?] rio de corno rio de la parma lacco dellodro ' Coast uf llio Oceanic sea. '■ Cabo ih 1 1 nronli-u [?] ; " The Cape of the r<'nconter," or "of the nieetiiit;." Tlus inierpretatioii implie;^ either a I'l^lit with natives, or tlie falling; in with another ^hip. 3 The Cape of Luck. •The High Coast. 5 The Lake of ... . ' The (joats. ' .Mliyators River. "The Holy Cape. Cohinibus called a )ieaillancl Pitiita &inla, but it was in the island of llis|ianio!a. Xavarrkte, Vol. L, p. 129. ^ The River of the Rafts or of the Canoes. '"The Red Headland. I'niita roja is a name j;iven liy Coi.iMiifs, but to a point at the extremity of Mis- ]ianiola. Navakkktf., Vol. L, p. 129. This desiynr.tion was fre(|iiently used liy navigators everywhere. " The Cape "f tlie Cat, or perliaps we should read : Ctiho di.hjado—'Vht: Barren Headland. '•There is no such word as Coiiivjo, meaninf; "the elhcnv," either in rortufjueso or Spanish. In the latter lanjjuai^e we find only Coritijaf, tueaning " Cornice," wliich, liowever, by extension may have been taken in liie sense of "corner,'' as Ct of Xew- f / to the (lulj'u ilc Vciitfia, it was so named by llojKl'A afterwards, in tlie spiing of 15CX). -'■ The Round Mount. '' " Las islas de .-Vrqiiibacoa . . . las cuales deseubrii'i Alonso de Ilojeda." Capitulations of July 20, 1500; Navakrici K, \'ol. II., p. 252. " I,a terra de ('aipiivacoa cjue Ilojeda ilcscubrii'i." Oji. til., \'ol. III., p. Ill, -"The Island of the (liant : " Chiamo (pusla isola, lisol.i di giganti." \'i;spi'('cn;s, L^llirn, p. 22; second voyage, August, 1499. IIOJKDA al.so claimed lo have discovered the entire region. Na\ AKKi-.n., \'ol. V., p. 709, and Ovii;iio, Iliiloi-ia Xatiirnl, p. 4S0. "' Dye-wood Island. 3" The names in Cani:kio,\Vai.i>ski;muI.i.kk, >■ iiom;k and Rl'Vscu certainly mean "The Internal (.iulf;' hut we are not ipiite so certain that i'lt/ifimio, though a corruption in Cantino, h,nl originally the same meaning. "The Beautiful Cape. Caho fn 11010, Kcnstmann No. 2, Cahoftnnoio, Knciso. ''' Jiio lit: ariua, Kt.'NSTMANN, No. 2. " C. (/(' J'aria, KfNsi mann, No. 2. '* The Ccjasl of Courageous Men. '5 The River of I'(mseca. i' The extremely High or exti-emely White Mountain^. The latter is the correct meaning. I-'.Nilso writes; " Las sierras nevadas comieni,'an e'. Sancta Maria . . . ([ue ))arece encima bianco como nieve." I'hesc are apparently the white mountains of Citarma, first noticed by I!\si 1- liAS in his voyage of 1500-1502. I zur M * H I) !Hi '1 ; ' I' Nl, !|4 <, )■/ C^iii k'H 'i =^. ,j:-f;,i y'^li):;-^ )/ •* ;iS TiiK Discov;::unta de la ia ponta de la g.ilera ' ' galera Terr de pareas R. Fornioso R. de flagraza " Canibales in[sula] cabo deseado " Rio graiu'e " todo este mar he de auua dore '' cabo deseado Rio grande todo esto mar lie de agua dolce R. de foco cecho R. de les aves " Rio grando '■ The Cipe i>f I'cmls. Sci named Ijy Colimilms in August, 1498. N.WAKi;];]!'., Vol. I., ji. 25S. iVsIk-I'ux M.iml. '• "A .'Ir.\s tres islcta-. juntas [Colon] llanii'i Ins Tes- tijjo,." \,\s Casas, lil.. i, cap. cxxxxviii., Vol. II., paije 262. ' Tile Cull" of I'o.irU. .So nanieil by IIoiicuA : " Kn- Iraron en el L;olfo, ((Ue llani''" llojeila »le las I'crlas." [jAr- ("\sAs, lil>. i., cap. clxxi., \'ol. 11., p. 4j6. " Tii-ra ill: J'aria, — The country of I'aria. " !•' nie clejoron couio llaniaron a esta tierra I'aria." Coi.UMlii's, Auyiisl 3, 149S ; NA\AKRi;ri:, Vol. I., p. 250. " I'ariani ipse iracluui huncappellari .il> iiicolisilicil." Ani;m[i:ka, Kpisl. ei,x\ III., Oclolier S, 1496, p. 96. *-' The I)r,iL;on's Month. .So nanicil by Ciii.fMia's, August 13, 1498. Navakheik, Vol. I., p. 258, ami Las Casam, lib. i., cap. cxxxviii.. Vol. II,, p. 259. <' The l-'ragrant River. Here KfN-,1 \ian.n, .\o. 2, give-, til' (ilfii/rosa for (Uvi/n-vi, joy } ** Cannibals' Islaml. " Determine de andar ,i las i^las de lo, Caribales [.i/c]," Coi.fMlll'S wrote, August, 149S. Na\ AKUKii;, Vol. I., p. 247. *' Tlio lie.rdland of the Oalley. This name rta^ given by CiM.t'Min's, July _;r, 149S. Xavakuf.ii;, Vol. I., page 247. ■" Sandy C;ipe. It i, probably thj I'lin'n ■h:l Anna!, ScHliXKR. Cabo de las perlas De larapossa R. d' la reno (1. de paxi C. d' frado Terra de parias Cvrtana Rio de flagraza Canibales Las gaias La ponta dela galeia P. de Arena '"' Rio d'foroseco " Rio de les Euas rio grade \Vat.I)Si;i:- MUI.I.KK. C. de las perlas y. de la rapossa I y. de los canibales ! las gaias la ponta de las galeras C. deseado Rio grande di.seovered and nameil by Cdl.l'MlifS, Augu.st I, 149S. ■"' Ilia ill. foiiilu iti'O (?) — The Dry lied River. *" l!in ilf le aiici, Ri'Nst.mann, No. 2, — Hirds' River. •" The Desireil Ca|ie. I'erhaps Vaho ileavrwla, the Arid Cttpe. *' The name of A'/o Onimlf was given to several of the .South .\inerican rivers. OviElio says that it w.as given to the St. John's River, but after the explorations of Hastidas : " I'ero no vido el lio ile .Sanct Juan, (pie tam- bien le Hainan Rio Grande." (Ilintoria diin'ral, lib. iii., cap. viii.. Vol. I., p. 76.) Diego iii'. l.Kl'ic diicovered a "Rio Grande de Santa Catalina " (Deposition of Juan (iONZAi KS ; in XAVAKitKri'., Vol. HI., page 55J). The jiresent, however, is doubtless the .\ma/ons Ri\er : '* Rio grande (|ue se llama .Maranon" (Deposition of Luis Iiki. \'ai.i.k ; in NAVAKiiinK, Im-. ril., p. 554). 5' ".VII that sea is fresh water." That sea of fresh water is to be seen only at the mouth of the .Ama/on River. (llfMHoiiir, Kxnmen Oriliiiin-, \ol. \'., p. 62, note.) ( Jil.l'Mlifs noticed it in his third voyage; "V halle ipiel agua ilulce sienipre vencia " (Na\ arki;i i:, \ol. I., p. 25J). Ki NsiMANN No. 2giveshere: "l^hiesto lago e aipia dolce," which, together with its " a baia de tuiti santi," indicates the hand of an Italian cartogra|)her copying a I'ortuguese map, but for I'ortuguese readers, ,as the I'llu.T legends are all purely I.usitanian. .\i\ Li-M •\No-Gi:iarAM.; Xomkn, C.WTINO. ;i)Ifo fri-mosso ''» ( ANKKIO. <-"abo de Sam Jorge" nnarcsma '* san miguel Rio de sa franc" ■ (lorffb fivmoso ! sta. maria de I gracia I Alontc do sam I viceriso Cabo sta. cro.ve Sam niiclicl rio de sam Francesco Ruvs Clt. ScH(i\KK. 3:9 Mos. S. Vicenti Caput S. Crvcis porto seguro'" 1 ' rio de jjcrera j rio (ie oaixa Kiodc brasil'^' ! vazia liaril j Sam Rocho i j porto real rio de sam icroniino sh..nl,l reacl,„a.vo«, (r..„^,|,) ot.,e,-,«OMj (heamiful) ?«Mo IS often wriucn for Ha; R.de S. loronimo'" Gorfi) fremoso Sera d' S. Maria '^ S. Rochij I S. Vicenty ! I ; C. scte crucc S. Afaria d' rabida S. Michael ■■■ Rio d' S. francisco ' S- Maria rabida j R. de perera ""^ I Rio d' casa Vnzian baril ■S. maria Porto Real "' Rio S. Hieronomi W'ai.iiskk- Miir.I.Kl;. (iorfifb fremoso Mon^,. s. viccntj C Scte criicis''' s. mil hael Rio de san ancis porto seguro rio de l)rasil S- Roxho''' S. maria dc gracia '•• I'orto real />,• Oct. 19, 1492). rmo^o (Coi.i'MBUs' Journal, 29- '501- to n n,iif;c .,rr,.,.fs. I,,,,,,., |,j. ^,,,.,, ... , i^:r • ■-.v..;:;,"',^":;; A^6.«.....,,,e,,w..,hennn.or.he.-es.e.co„.n.n.,^ 5« ' ■50.. The Weimar „,.„« ,„nrl ,« -'"'^'"'-^^ "Cipcof .Si. Coorfji-. \„, vn. one ,K.„ . '^'''' '^'"^•■'I'ei'f thai nan)c ncciiis there on any other ma;, know, , . . , ■ ■• '" ('amino i( is wriir,"i wee ,„ ,He sanu- place, ahhn.,,,. ,-„ , e„r>iv,. han„ .iirtj , ^^ The Cape of the Iloly.,,Vo.s. .So name.! I,y (•„„, ,, <^Z':'- '-'■' ►•' l^ostro llermoM. " (Deposition o, I.uis " '■'^■'-''■-^ "1 :tiat name, "l-.ch is evi,lently the .ne to wh,.-h "liW 1,'iaos e 1 1 ' lal. \. I-l- OK So,-,., (/>/„,,„ ,,. 7) .„^^^,^_^ iiiL-o ; anil another hy 5- \a\. s. "The .Safe [(arli.uir. 1500. ijuri .^'-'"■'^'^■^"•'^•"■^•^'^■•-i^.la.clftoml'oL^-' ' edrahinrezposo non ■: , „ " ■ — « poso non.e f|„e o,a tent, ,u,e he Por-.- S..'«nro. '-Hakkos, Ueca.l. I., m, K..,cap. ii.', I V^ -IVar.R,ver. Perhaps ^'t. ,/,^„,„ ^ fl.pe River. Dye-wood Kiver. '■'f. h'orho, Ptolemy I'KL Xma.V. (NavAI I hese I't' certain. " I.a cosla ! nuir."_KNc,^Q nnir apparently given l.y \-Ksi'e(X- , • •, \I>;KTK, /,„■. ,-,V., p. cr.) ^ar.ous,de„t,(,ea,io„s are far from bei •■« We mas. prohahly ,eacl A rr, e,Vc,, K,ef, arracifes e lja.\os ipn enir.. en I :i'L'ccii:,s, .Sepiemher .venprohahly,,^.,.,,.,:;.,:.:- -;"-<-; ^-..' '•'Perhaps it is the Sauria Marh ,14 r ^V...,,a ? The Uaterin, Place) of K;:;. .;'^::': ll.'JM.A , fkK-,l„p ,n his sero,,.! exiK-iition l,ut 1, „ v>s.te. '" llio ih, Mtdo? The .Middle River. "■ The Mountain of .St. Mary. '" Mrinlc/ririso, froin/'i-i',7".<.' The Fri(,'iil Mount or Cliff. '' .-Ml-^aints Ahiiey, pro .Vll-.Sainis li.ay. Canlino, (anerio, Kunstinann N'o. 2, and the Weimar maps (the latter with the simple abbreviaiiiin of b), write pro|)erly A lift ill. '' Name given [irobably by Vi;sl rccii's, Oct. 21, 1501. ?-■ /^■r)./l .SV. Ililfiia, KtiNSTMAXN No. J. N'ame(;iven prob.ibly by \'!.;spi'ccn,!,, August I!, 1501. "-' A'fVi lit feixiiihru ,' Fagot-' River. "' The River of the .Maiden, or railiei, of the ti.ooo ^'ir-in^. X.iiiie (;i\; n probably by Vrsit, ,;it''>, October -M, 1501. •'> liu.<-riim Wrnl'lha: Th-' reddi.^h bar.'' Curoii ]'' r mc.llta : — The red sand bar, is the name of the reef where, it is said, the first mass w.as celebrated, April 26, 1500. "" We must probably read CaJio de. Siiiirfa Maria (not SaiKia Muita). It seems to correspond with the Cahn lie Sania Mnrin of Kt'NsrMANN No. 4, and Lopes UK Soi'/.\'s (I)iariii, p. 3..'), who places it "em aliura de irinta e quatro graos e tres (juartos (30" .|5')." "' Wan'oio (preceded by sonie noun.'), The Mu'ldy . . . '" Dye wood River (duplicate?). •'' >bianl K:isler. Diicovered and named by Cahkai. before landing, Wednesd.iy, April 22, 1500 ; " .\ho qaal monlc alto ho capitaim pos name ho Moiito I'ascoal." — V',, the ClitVof St. Thomas, in.steud of the Clilf of St. .Anthony. Net, Lopes HE SouZA (Diario, p. 1^1) cite-, by 1 y 40' lat.: " Sfrrao ilc I'iaiito Aiilonio." I ■'.; I ..» , Caxtino. LrsiTA\n-Gi:KM.\Mc .\<.\i|.:Nri,ATnaullo rio de refens baie de reis pinachullo de tencio rio de Sto. antonio rio iordam porto de sani sebastiano porto de sani visenso rio de cananor •• 'i l..\ 1 1 Kl . 321 Rl'vscii. SciKiNKK. Wai.dskk- Pagus S. jiauli MUl.LlAi. pagus S. pauli -' Rio de oreferis "' R. da refens [?] Baia de rees Pinachullo de tentio *' Baia de Reis « Rio da resens [?] p. marhullo de telro rsi R- de S. Antonio R. Jordan R. de S. Vi'cent. R- de Cananor Rio de S. Anthoni Rio de S. Antonio'^ Rio Jordan Porto d' S. sebas- tiano Porto de S. Vin- cento Rio dc cananor"' Rio iordan porto de S. Sebastiano * por. de S. vincento •" Rio de cananor*' ' The. Villa,, of St. Paul. Il i, „ne „f ,l,u only Uo Ura., .an nan.es w,ser,e,l in WaMsecmullcr's '/>/„,, 0,-/,m,- ;' J{io ,le arcf,;-,., K,..vs, ^■AN^• X,, 2 , /..,-. ,/. , ■■',/'. KiNsrMANN \„. s , The Kiver of Reefs. KUNSIMA.NN ,,. 1 f » '^' ^"' ^ ''*' '"-■'■'■' ''"'""■ ('"-■•laian.l), in. .ea,l of ror>o (|,„n) of St. Mncent. N.an,c ^J:Jy tjUL'n l,y \ Ksi'i-ccir.'!, January 22, 1502. "■ The /.'/(, ,1, Cananor, n.arke.l in ih. \Vci„,ar n.an, \ra<.i.„- V ^ ""■■ ^'^'"8^ "■■ "f 'I'-' ■* • ^"'"•■'^ '"'• •'^O"-'^'^ {W'ino, n, 2S) inserts so„th '-_ '.»-o, K,^•sr.^,..v^s■ No. 5; /..•„„,.„/« ,,, ,„„,^,.,. (l..nnnu,,),TheS„„,„,itof,heTen,p,a.ion ■ Nan,c.,.vcn pn.lahly by VKsrr.crs, [an. 7, .502. Name g,va, probably by \-ks,.,-..x„-,s, Jan. 20, .502. globe itself The reader will notice that ma were omiiieil or imperfectly rendered otherwise highly useful facsimile. ny names in (diii.i. vw's I 1 - ■■, '' Mf: i'. ' ■i:l' i \ (I /'i fl hi ( < CHArTHR \111. Evolution oi' tiik XoMKNci.ATrKi:. JV. cannot ilismiss the question of separate titles and names without ' reverting once more to the nomenchiture which imparts such a pecuhar character to the north-western continental region in the Lusitano-Germanic maps, and serves also as a touchstone to identify the charts and globes which belong to that important family of cartographical documents. Thus far, the continental land possessed, in the five types, an exis- tence sui generis, so to speak. It is now material to ascertain what became of that configuration and its special names, when the progress of geo- graphy and map-making commenced to alter the a|)pearance of charts as regards the New World ; particularly those which were designed and published in Central Europe, during the second quarter of the sixteenth century. The first question on the subject is. What was thought of those ancient profiles and designations which are so conspicuous in the mappa- mundi of Cantino, Canerio, Waldseemiiller, and SchTtner, when Spanish data, derived from accounts of the discoveries accomplished by Ponce de Leon, Grijalva, Cortes, Vasquez de Ayllon, and Estevam Gomez, first found their way into Germany and the Netherlands. Were they rejected as imaginary and spurious, as certain critics would be tem[)ted to believe a priori f The question was important, and thus far difficult to solve, considering that we had so few means of ascertaining how the old geo- graphical data and the new ones comported themselves when pitted against each other. Judging from appearances, the old names seemed to have dis- appeared at once. This first impression was erroneous. The German geographers, even the Belgian, like Gerard Mercator, never ceased to believe in the reality of the north-western continent as depicted on all the Lusitano-Germanic maps, and which, from Cantino to Schiiner, exhibited constant progress by a continuation of the coast southwardly. ] l-.ynUTU,S .„. Tl.,.; NuMKXa.Airui. •2 -> -♦ '-» -"■- "««i<^ k....w„. ,„„ ,.,^ ,; ■ ■;""-■"'" "■'"' ""-■ c.immctal in ,,,, I,,. ,•,.,„?, ""'' " "'^ W^*'" /<-'-n/.. -" ..a„K.s. ,,„., ;Lt 1 , ;;, ;."":ir"''V"""";-", ">■ "'^- *™- Hn>.ilia„ regions. „|,„c. i, I," , , """"" '^^'"""' ''>' ">- """h-n •"•J. '"> tho |M:„i„sul.-, which ,..nm„,u..s i, r , -f ■" ""^ """'' ' C. l,itar {pro I.urcar) C. liaxo C. Arltar f^- lie la I'arina C. d. I.ngi On the next globe in point of date, called tlu Caninor Costa alta R. bon[a Ventura] C. Santo Lago de iodro On the third, or Nancy Cdobe : Caniniir (-'osta alta Wooden Globe" : I'onta ro[.\a] C. lutar C. baxo C- arlear K-- Santo I'onta [mi\a] ^ ., :i li i A ::lf ' I i > ;l' » * ' !.«( 324 The Discovkky ok Noktii Amkuica. Finally, in the Globe of Mercator, dated 1541. of which there are still extant, either in gores or mounted, not less than five duplicates, we read : Caninor h( nauentura Costa alta K. (Ic los garlatos I.acoNras Conielo ' All those names belong exclusively to the Lusitano-dermanic nomen- clature, and it is evident that the lack of space alone prevented, in this instance, the globe-makers from inserting every name inscribed on the north-western continental region in Cantino, Canerio, Ruysch, or Schiiner. It must also be noted that those four globes are not direct copies from the same original, or derived from each other. The difference of origin is shown by the presence of some of those designations in one globe and not in the other, and vice versa, as well as by technical dissimilarities and details which are duly exposed and discussed in our Cartogtaphia Americana Vctustissima. Those globes, however, exhibit an extraordinary change in their American configurations. They blend absolutely the New World with the Old, and suppress, north of the equator, the ocean which, in all Lusitano-Germanic maps, separates America from Asia ; yet maintaining, as we have just shown, the north-east coast of the new regions, with its peculiar nomenclature. This unexpected geograjihical combination, and return to the first erroneous ideas concerning the cosmographic character of the New World, \\\: have already described and explained. ' In the Ijc.Tiuifiil I'rcnch |uprtiil.in(i, signcil (i. H., pl.inisphcrc, close to the rah ile Fletiride, two of those daleil 1543, .inil licarinj; the arms df .\rthiir HK CossK, iiaiiies, viz.: Cnimnn mid Itirinv. ile pnma. (Priv.itc a I'rench Marshal («hu dieil in 15S2), we slill re.td in the Ci.llection of 11. V. TiiomI'son, Ksq., London.) :;*t I '^ ■' '-li n'' \ >. 5 ! CHAPTKk IX. T 1 1 1: S c) u T 1 1 1-, K N R i: ( i I () \ s . STRICTLY .speaking, wc should limit all thes(i investigations to the east coast (jf North America, and critics may, at first sigln, tleem it irrelevant to extend our analysis so far as the Central and South American regions. Unfortunately, we possess but few conti:mporaneous data, and they are so much scattered that it is necessary to e.xamine with the utmost patience every indication which they present, however discon- nected and isolated such vestiges may seem to be. Names, in particular, when methodically interrogated, yield very useful results, which reach even distant questions. On that account, we Iieg leave, at this juncture, to expatiate on the designations and legends in- serted along the southern coasts of the New Continent in the ma])s and globes above classified. We pro|)ose, likewise, to study, both in them- selves and historically, the meridional configurations in those majis a. id globes, with the view of eliciting facts whicii may enable the critic to ascertain the origin and d;.te of the entire d(jcument, and its direct or indirect bearing on the particular question we are striving to elucidate. The Cantino chart, adf)pted here as a starting point owing to its l)ositive and early date, its relative completeness and its abundant nomen- clature, exhibits for the south-east seaboards a continuous coast line which corresponds relatively, in modern map.s, to an area i.xtending from about 1 3° north to 20' south latitudes, and from 20' to 36' west longitudes. To facilitate the present investigation, it is necessary to divide that s|>ace into two sections. The first section will include the northern coast of the South American continent, from its north-eastern angle to the westernmost point indicated in the early Lusitanian maps. The second division will cover the southern coa.st, from its most northern cape to the end of the line at the south. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 t US 112.0 41 U 11,6 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 1 91 nmr 1 m IflV fW jflB 1'^ ml F' 1 n, < t •:i i' ■f 1 i'JJ i i ' .1.' 1 •i - t 1 ¥\ •^1':'' »P^ 1 ■ ' I 1? >>^! ! I ( I 1 t 326 TiiK Discoxr.Kv ov Nouxii Amkkica. It is impossible to determine the iandfall of the Spanish and Portu- guese navigators who were the first to sight the north-east coast of Hrazil.' Nor can it be saitl positively that Cabo lic Santa Maria de la Consolacion, Cabo Rostro Hermoso, and Cabo lie S'o. Ai^osfin/to are names which apply exactly to the same locality, notwithstanding affirmative testimonies taken before the rogatory commissions in 1 5 1 5. The critic, therefore, meets at the outset with difficulties, considering that the northern coast of South America was first rangetl from east to west. I*"or the sake of convenience we will adopt as the dividing line the present Cape of St. Augustine (lat. S' ^S' .S.). The westernmost point, on the contrary, is depicted so clearly on the ancient l*ortugues(; maps that it is impossible not to recognise at once the umbel-like peninsula of Peragoana, and, in the great aperture adjoining, the entrance to the Ch'lf of IMaracaybo. As to the large island {//ha /\iqna or Tamarique) close to the gulf in those maps, it can only be the extremity of the peninsula, the eastern side of which forms the western shore of that vast bay. .\s we have already stated, the Cantino chart exhibits a continuous line along the north coast of the southern continent. But, as the carto- grapher who made that chart had a.chieved his work before October, 1502, the critic who seeks to ascertain the origin of the names, profiles, and positions inscribed thereon must circumscribe his investigations within the accounts of voyages the results of which were known in Spain or Por- tugal before that date. The first of these is the third expedition of Columbus (149S-1500). liut ht; remain(;d on that coast only from July 31 until August 15, 1498; and his exploration was confined to the mouths of the Orinoco, the Gulf of I'aria and Cumana coast, with the Margarita island as the extreme western limit then. - Ihe second and third are the expeditions of Alonso de Hojeda, which, for tht; sake of argiMiieiU, we will describe hereafter. ' A'I'ilf.i |iK \aknm.m;k.n iinmc. tliiriy Inc IhmiILukU ipr i-npes in llic >ii|)|hiscm1 vicinil) of their |iriiii\iy lanJiii;^. Krniiiiii ill ijiiflqiiii iiiiliilt ill /'liinliili-' iimiirniiliiiiH' ilii Iliiiiil ; l'.iri>, 1S5S, Svo, |i. JJ, ^ui'l liiilliliii ih hi Siti-ii'ii' ill- Casas, lili. i., cap. twxii., Vul. II., pp. 226, 2ii), 2J4. 257, 241. 243, 245, 254, 265: IVlir Makmk, Deoil. I., lili. VI.; <)\ IKDO, /lliliiria (I'liiiral, lili. iii., c.ip. iii.; Kry Oiinnii>si(in5 in .Vwakkkik, \ipI. III., iloc. Ui\.; l.clliT cif Sinuini-' Di.l \'kkii|;, in uur Chrii'i'plii Vvliinili, \\,\. II., pp. 95-101. 1. (i ... ^vi. TnK SouTiiKKN Rk(;i()Ns. 327 The fourth was the very profitable voyage of Per Alonso Nino and Cristobal Guerra ( 1 499- 1 500), 3 embracing almost the same route which Columbus had followed, except that it extended about two degrees further to the west {Chuspa, Cnnchieto?) The fifth is that of Vicente Yaflez Pinzon (1499-1500), after he had doubled northward his "Cabo de Sta. Maria de la Consolacion." This was limited to the Boca del Drago, whence he sailed straight for Hispaniola, which he reached June 23, 1500; returning to Palos on September 30 following. 4 The sixth is Diego de Lepe's first expedition westward after he had rounded his " Rostro Hermoso. " It did not reach further west than the coast of Paria. 5 The seventh is the first voyage of Rodrigo de Hastidas (October, 1500 — September, 1502). We do not know where on that occasion his landfall was. Hernaldez simply says : " Por la via que miraba al Xorte por la mano derecha de la Juana : — On. the route facing the north, to the right of Juana island^ [Cuba]." Oviedo is more explicit: "La primera tierra que tomaron fue una isla ... la llamaron Isla Verde, lacjual isla esta a la banda que hay desde la isla de (iuadalupe haqia la tierra firme: — The first land sighted was an island, which they called Green Island, and which lies on the side extending from the island of Guaileloupe to the mairiland."7 If so, Bastidas may have inscribed on his maps nanu^s over the space which, westward in the Lusitanian charts, corresponds with about ten of our degrees of latitude. But, as his discoveries then exlentled, according to Hojeda's own statement: "Desde Ouinquibacoa fasta el golfo de Uraba,"*^ the Cantino chart would certainly exhibit that por ion of the coast, as far as Darien,- which it fails to do, — if its cartographer had borrowed any data from the maps of Bastidas. 9 ch. 1 VK, iii., V..1. IiUI ' "Cri-liili.il (lui'rrn y i'eri) Alimso Niiin ilescubrienin 1.1 tierra tirnic iltnilc l.i Uica ilcl r)raj;(i dc I'aria tixla la C'lsla lie titrra firme fasia cl jjolfo ile Lis I'erlas." Uc- l'n<.iliiin iif llojKiiA, in Navarrkie, NOl. III., p. 541 ; I'cicr Martyr, Dtcail. I., cap. viii.; Paf.M iinmiiimti ritioiati, cap. cxi. ; and Honk VI. of ihc .\nli|)iKles in the Kcrrara MS.; aUn I,as Canas, lib. i., cap. chxi., Vol. H., p. 440, who gives the il.ile nf ihi'ir return, nr laniling in Gallic'ia, at Kaynna (I)c|Mi^itiiin or I'okkaI), Ifljriiary 6, 1500. * I'lifni nommtiite ritrorati, cap. cxii. ; anil Hook VII., of the -VnlijHKles in the lerrara .MS. 5 Itijrii, chapter x., [i. 337. " Hkrnai III./., lUiloria il> h.i Htyix (Vi/oZ/.v,.., cip. cxcvl . Vol. II., p. 253. 'OviKlio, Jlinloria >liwml ih /nx linlia-i, lili. iii., cap. viii., \dl. I., p. 76. " Xavarkkik, Vol. III., p. 545. '' Accordinj^ to a Rogatory CoiuniiNsion cxeciucd in Spain and addressed to Jmlye I.kiiron of IIi>paniola, .l"ly 7> 'S'S (Xavarkkik, \'iniji.i «;wi.<-t'/b W. 4\ (f.| V ^i ; i ■ 32S TiiK Discovery ok North America There have, doubtless, been other expeditions before 1 502 to the north coast of South America. F"or instance, Alberto Cantino, in one of his letters to the Duke of Ferrara, dated October 27, 1501, mentions the arrival in Catliz, on the 5th of that month, of a caravella bringing pearls and slaves. '° This indicates a voyage to the Cumana coast ; but we must confess that, in the present state of the question, it is impossible to connect that e.x|)edition with any names known ; and, until positive in- formation concerning such alleged enterprises are brought to light, we must, of course, limit our enquiry to the explorations above mentioned. The voyages which we have enumerated were calculated to yield car- tographical data embracing parts of the coast which extends from Brazil to Paria, but none could disclose any configurations beyond the latter region except the voyage of Bastidas, and even this related solely to the section extending from 70° to yf longitude west. The only voyage embracing the entire seaboard of the north coast of South America, as depicted in the Cantino chart, is the first expedition commanded by Hojeda. Tlurc are no official documents concerning that enterprise, nor is its precise date known. The year, month, and day given by modern his- torians are exclusively borrowed from Las Casas, who in turn took them from the Four Navigations of Vespuccius, assuming that the latter's first voyage and Hojeda's were one and the same. It follows that when Hum- boldt ' ' and others compare these two voyages to prove their identity, they set forth elements of comparison borrowed from one source only, and so merely repeat the printed statements of the Quatuor Amend Vesputii Nauigationes. Hence, and naturally enough, the great resemblance noted between the dates and details given in the Historia de las Indias and those of the Cosmographiw introductio. The chief authorities of Las Casas, for his description of Hojeda's first voyage, we still possess. They consist particularly of the St. Diey liAsi [l>.\> anil La ('i>s\ (1500-1502) tin- niainl.nnil boyoiul Ural 1.1 ; Vicente Vafluz I'ix/(1N (1499-1500) llie Miutli- oast 0)a>t, from Ca|)c Si. Aiiniisline tn tlic nimitli nf ilie Ania/.ona ; Diej;" UK I.k.pk (1499-1500) fmm Capu St. Aut;u>tine Miiitliwanl a^. Tar as the point l^nown in I5I5(?); Coi.iMiHS, a portion of the coast of X'era^iia ; ajul all the le-t liy I'lX/.ON ami Sol. is (1506). " " .\lli cinipie lie! prcsente, giunse nel porlo ile Calice, inia iMra^cll.i ile la Maiesl.T del Ke di Spagna, la cpiale havea mandate piu mesi fanno alle sue insule .\ntile, et ha portato sexanta schiavi, trecento cantara de hraxilio, et trecento de ver/ino, et cinijuanta niarchi de perle, dele ipiale ne son sta (lorlale alcune in (|Uesta terra, et io le ho veilute et toche, nun son niolto grosse, et non hanno chiare?.a in se, nia piii presto traniio al cohnnhino." — Ms. iJii/HV't tial/n Siiiuiiia. Camilli ria Diicnte ; St. He .Archives in Modena. " Kxainea Critinn. , \\\. IV., ii|i. 195-200. Till-: SOUTIIKKN Rl'.CIONS. 329 tt )ted and ici, et , (k-lc ink- |i:iniii< l(>. — publication just mentioned, '- which, as he believed, described that expedi- tion, but under the cover of X'^espuccius ; and the depositions taken by the Fiscal, first printed by Navarrete in 1829. '3 The only original docu- ments which the bishop of Chiai)as has consulted, outside those depositions, are a letter written by Francisco Roldan to Columbus, and one from the latter, prompted by that of Roldan. Considering that for the present discussion we propose to derive our facts, however succinct they may be, from sources other than Vespuccius' own recitals, those two letters must be looked upon as of great importance, particularly as eliciting an api)roxi- mate date for Ilojeda's first voyage. The gist of that short C(jrrespondence is as follows : In September, 1499, Columbus was informed that on the 5th of that month, four vessels had anchored in a harbour of Hispaniola, called Yd- quimo [Jacmel], and that they were under the command of Alonso de Hojeda. lie at once sent Francisco Roldan to watch their movements. In the account which the latter sent to Columbus, he stated having seen the authorisation granted to Hojiala by Bishop Fonseca; and, in the letter addressed to the Catholic Kings on the subject, mention is made of a statement from some of Hojeda's crew, to the effect that tlicy had not been away from Spain long enough to discover new countries. '4 This shows the expedition to have been a lawful one ; whilst the time when it landed at Yaquimo, im[)lies that the vessels set out from a Spanisi-. port early in the summer of 1499. Las Casas says that it was in May: " por Mayo," but we are unable to ascertain whether this date was bor- rowed from the letter of Columl)us or from Vespuccius' printi;d account. Hojeda remained on the coast of His|)aniola until February or March, '.500, '5 when he returned to Spain, where we see him in July following. "> His first expedition, therefore, absorbed from the bt^giiming of the Summer of 1499 until the Spring of 1500, only three or four months of which were employed in exploring the shores of the Caribbean sea. But a second expedition, unnoticed by historians, was initiated and carried out soon afterwards, as shown by the following documentary proofs. " Las Casas, lih. i., inp. cxI., Vol. II., pp. 268, 271- 273, 393, 395, 414; .iiiil fiT the Kogatdry Conlnli^^i^n. ihidt.iii, pp. 272, 416. 'J Navakki.tk, \'nl. III., pp. 538-591. '* " Dicen cslDs nmrinerns quo, sc(;im \:\ hri'veilA'! S h" \l\': « I ';i Vim fi hi I i t 1 M tM .h :. i; I ' I .^ '»i'i ^1 330 TiiK Discovi-.KY oi- NoKTii Amtkica. On the 8th of June, 1501, Alonso cic Hojctla was authorised to (rqm'i) ten vessels for another voyage to the New World. The letters patent recite a similar agreement entered into between Hishop Fonseca, on behalf of the Crown, and Hojeda, the year previous, July 28, 1500. And, as the said document of 1501 states that the new privilege is given to the bold adventurer because his previous ex[)edition had involved heavy ex- penditure, and yielded but little profit to him: " habia consideracion a lo que gastastes ^ servirstes en este viage que fuistes a descubrir, el poco provecho que dello ovistes," '7 referring to a voyage undertaken by virtue of the above-mentioned letters jiatent of July 28, 1500, it is evident that a second expedition was actually carried out by Hojeda between the latter date and June, 1501. The information concerning these two voyages of 1499-1500 and 1500- 1501 is very meagre, and by inference only can we ascertain what belongs to the one or to the other. It consists of the testimonies elicited in the execution of the rogatory commissions ordered by the Fiscal (which de- positions fail to nan.:; dates), and a short pa.ssage from Roldan's above- mt^ntioned letter to Columbus, written in October, 1499, which, on that account, is valuable as relating unquestionably to Hojeda's first voyage. Roldan's brief statement is in these terms : " Hago saber a vucstM senoria, como yo "I beg to inform Vour I-oriLship that on lleguO adonde cstaba Hojeda, el domingo 29 Sunday, Seiitember 29 [1499], I reached the de Setienibre yo hobe de ir 11 jilace where Hojeda was ... In (-onse/(/.« nVi(/(«i/(/c l>e ilinit infurm.iliun coiiccriiiin; IIojiUia's lirsl voj^jje. ii. " Tin; SorriiKUN Ri;(;i()Ns. 331 on the dis- cing the who :oni- nnd were r The rcfercnci' to the land lately discovered by Coliiinhus shows that the country then visited by Hojeda bordered on the Caribbean sea, where the great Genoese navigator, on the 31st of July, 149S, had first sighted the American continent. The account in the Histon'e, which seems to have been borrowed from an original document, adds that Kojeda's ex- pedition was composed of four ships : " Alonso di Ogieda, che venia con iiii nauigli da scoprire," and also that he had discovered, in the direction of the west, on the coast of I'aria, six hundred leagues of country: "ch' ei venia da scoprire per la costa di I'aria all' Occidente ih' leghe. " "^ The other iletails are furnished by depositions taken befort; the Fiscal in 1512 a-id 1515. Hojeda himself then declared that "he was the first man who, after Columbus, accomplished transatlantic discoveries, and fouml the southern continent : a I meiiodia In tierra fir me, which he coastetl for two hundred leagues before he reacheil I'aria, sailing out by the Boca del Drago. Thence he continued to range the coast as far as th(; Gulf of Pearls, landed in the Margarita islanil. sailed along the shore of the continent, discovering the entire coast from Los Frailes to the Island of Giants, the Gulf of Venice [Maracaybf)], and the province; of Qninqiiibacoa ; thus having ranged two hundred leagues east of Paria, and two hundred leagues west of that country."-" Three of Hojeda's com])anions, Diego Fernandez Colmenero. Nicolas Perez, and .Anton (iarcia, confirmetl his de- clarations, but without entering into details. In that deposition of Hojeda no date is given, and we are imable to say positively, from his statement, whether it was during the first voyage that he reached the province of Quinquihacoa, which is described as tht: western terminus of his discoveries. Happily, Hojeda addetl that he had with him, when he discovered those countries, La Cosa and X'espuccius : " Trujo consigo a Juan de la Cosa, piloto, e Morigo V'espuche." Now, La Cosa's famous planisphere is dated : " V.n el puerto de Santa Maria en ano de 1500." We have also proved that Hojeda antl his companions, S(( far as is known, alone hail then coasted west of Cumana, while the second voyage ot Hojeda cannot have been accomplished before 1501. Consftiuently, La Cosa's planis[)here must exhibit t'^- ;ntire region which was surveyed or discovered during the voyage of ,499-1500. Such is I'C of " U'mloilr, c.\\>. Kwiiii., f" 1S5, vcivi, N.WAkRKIK, \.il. III., |.. 544. m w '\\ fi 111 .'■ I m I ! * i H 1 . I t !'> I> i I ii^i .! 1 \ 1;.. 1.1, • U- i 'A 332 TiiK DiscovKuv OF NouTii Amkkica. really the case, and we fiiul that the said inaj) confirms the deposition of Hojeda, as its westernmost headland is the " Cabo de la Vela."-' What must he noticed in this short digression is that, in the course i)f Hojeda's first voyage, two hundred leagui-s were coasted east of Paria ; that, westward, the Cape de la Vela was niached ; and that l)oth Juan ile l.i Cosa and Americus Ves])uccius were on board on that occasion. To carry our investigation further it is necessary to examine .mother point. La Cosa and Vespuccius were renowned cartographers. They doubtless made maps of the countries which, under tht: leadership of Hojeda, had just been discovered by their joint agency. The planisphere of La Cosa, of course, reproduces his own data there and then obtained. Unfortunatt:ly, we have no information relative to the map designed on that occasion by Vespuccius. Hut a comparison between the planis|)here of La Cosa and the Cantino chart may, by (.'.xhibiting important differ- ences, allow us to presume that the latter was based upon data borrowed from the Florentine navigator. We will limit this comp.irative investigation, for the present, to the two hundred leagues which Mojeda claimed to have coasted west of Piiria, as, in 1500, his e.\i)edition was the only one which ranged that coast, as we have shown. Columbus, Pinzon, Le])e, and Nino having, on the other hand, visited the main points cust of Paria, it would be running the risk of intnxlucing cartogr.iiihical elements borrowed from their maps wer(; we just now to include the latter coast : Cantino Chart. La Cosa NL\r. m. de S. eufemia soto de uerbos Tam.irique c. de la V'cla ilhu Rigua aguada boacoya golfo del unficisno lago venecuela almadabra montanbis albissima m. alto c. de espcra YIha do brasill y. de brasil ■' There .iri' t»(i names inscrilicil nn La Cosa's cli.nrt, fenst-d.iy uf that saint. .\s to tin.' cillier name it must west of the Cape cle la Vela, vii. : " in. s. eiifemia," anil likely means "sato (the oUl fiuniuf .sVw'i/vkAi) de yerlas," " sato 35 Cantino Chart : I , rv . at Ua Losa IMai' : Vlha do gi'Kante , . , , >■• tJe gigantcs costa dc gente braua ^ ^ 7 " c. de la mota p. fiechado Riodcfcinseca aldea de turme [?] costa parcja Cabo de las perlas u r■>^ ,,,,"'',.- Canpina Ylha de la Rapossa , ii, i o ,, , , ' ylnas de Sana golfo de las perlas ^ i , terra dc paria ,, , ,' 10, . ■ Margalada r trcs tcstigos . ^ ,. boca dd drago '"' I'^"'"'''""''] uoca del drago Y«''''r,;.!"hr"l" ^"'"""y Sreat bctw.cn ,h„sc .w„ „„„,c„cW„... ,1, u , " >■ '■'^'"«*<^'l' "h*^^" 'h>= C.„ui„„ chart was ,„..l,. .lu-rc hatl bcc, „,. .,„.,,liti<„, tu the coast which lies hc.wcc C, i and Maracay „,== c.,ccpt the one „,a<,c by „„jc,,a i„ connc ,i.' L.I Csa ,,„il Vcspuccus. above described. Now ,,s ,he C .,„l„ claturc of the La Losa chart for the same coast, whilst givin,. beside, d.ffere„t des,g„at,„n for the san.e localities, we n.ust „resu,„e ' , C map-maker of Cantmo „sed materials other, in ,he „ ,in ,h , cn,,,l„yed by La Cosa. Whence then were jeriv d e , '""; elements for the Cuttino chart.' •■artograph.cal The Cantino chart was made in Lisbon, and befor.- October , ■„, Amertcus Vespuccus resided in that city fron, A„,ust .408 til Z .499. from .September ,500 until May ,,0,, and also in S *" .50. He was a renowne.l cartographer, 'and. w ha ^^^ accompanted Alonso de Hojeda during the c.v,«,ition i^ ^ZJ^ X','; the reg,o„ west of Paria was firs, sL,rveyed l-i„.,lb. " direct .esti„,ony of Teter Martyr d'Anghierl who st 'hhr.,:::^. ^ :.r::i*Lt ^^^ -''-■ '- -^^=" --- ves,rci:r:;:^ " The numi„ati.m i,{ IJoj,,„a as governor of C.K|ui- ,„her than hi. -CO. j„„e .0. .30.. ,ecu,t,ef .,„..„ ,,.,,!,„, <::z:t'':^-::;;;: ;;i--i:'- - ;- -■ i' .|i { 334 TllK IJlSCOVERV OK NoRTll AmK.UICA. pcritus : -Mapjics which are commonly cauled the shipman lardcs, or cardes of the sea. Of the which, one was drawen by the I'ortugalcs. whereunto Americus Vcsputiiis is said to have put his hande, heinge a man moste cvperte in this faculties, and a Fiorentyne l)i)rne." '' This was written It-ss than thrt-t! years after the ileath of V^'S|)llccillS. Nor should we forget that I'cter Martyr had known him personally and offic-illy for a niiniher of years. Do not all these facts authorise the belief th.it the famous Florentine fiirnisheil the materials, directly or indirectly, for that section of the Can- tino maj), which, therefore, may l)e said to be based upon and exhibit, thus far at all events. Vespuccian data .■* " .\N..llll.l; \, |)ic:>il. II., lili. X., ("■ 41, c. i ! ♦ I i! 1 . li ■■ hi \"' CHAI'TKR X. I' 1 1 i: V i: s 1' V c (• 1 A N I ) a t a . WH must now procf^fd to fxamine, in tht; C.uuint» map, tin; oast coast of South Aim-rica, from its most north-eastern point to its south(Tn terminus. A curious antl vahiahle means of information in ascertaining dates of certain maritime discoveries, and to infer thereby the relative positions of points inscrilied on maps, is the well-known custom ' of the old S|),inish and Portuguese mariners to give to almost every newly-found locality the name of the s.iint on whose ft;ast day it was discoveretl. - Availing our- selves, in our turn, of that i)eculiarity, we TukI that a large mimlur of designations in the charts which we havi; just described yielil the following dates, taken from the calendar of the Roman Catholic Church : S. A'o.xAo, or St. Roch (Canerio, WaldseemiiUer) August lO. /ito de S. Una, or St. Helena (Canerio, VValdseemiiller) August i8. Rio dc S. Au^ustin (Canerio, WaldseemiiUer, Schoner) .August 2S. Rio dc S. Jacinto, or lacinctus the martyr (Schoner) September 11. San J//jf7/(-/ (Cantino, Canerio, WaldseemiiUer, .Schiiner) September 19. A*, de S. lerpnymo (Canerio, Schoner) September 30. R. de S. Francisco (C.tnlino, WaldseemiiUer, Schiiner) October 4. A', rf' Virginc, or 11,000 Virgins (Canerio, Schoner) October ii. A', dc S. Lucia (Canerio, Ruysch, WaldseemiiUer, Schoner) December i,v Serra de S. Tfioma (Canerio, Waldseemuller, Schoner) December i\. Baia de Rets, or Epiphany (Canerio, Ruysch, Schoner) January 6. A', de S. Antonio (Canerio, Ruysch, WaldseemiiUer, Schoner) January 7 P. dc S. Sebastian (Canerio, WaldseemiiUer, Schoner) January 20. P. de S. Vicenlio (Canerio, Ruysch, WaldseemiiUer, Schoner) January 22. ■ More are one or two .ipplicatiiins ; M.irch 14, 1502; iiiir<|iii' lal ilLi cntr.iron til tll.i" (IIkkkkka, Hccail. II., " Al c.iIh) qvie alii sc puso por noinhie ilo L;i/.art, Ihe l.iliiiliii, wl)icl\ st.itcs lli.M he s.iileil froiii I'.iIom, Novem- liir l.S, 1490 : "Alii. xvm. Noveiiibrio " (cap. x\i\., recto of Mi.). Then the Kerr.ira MS. (|>. 117) also .-.ays : "acli lJ» 'li Noveinhre," which the I'm ^i like\vi^e copied. I'oler Maki YK, who furiii>heil lo Tkivii;iANO the proto- type of lliu-.e three te\l^. only writer : " circiter kaleiula* ilecciiiljri.> " (Dec.acl. I., cap. ix., edit, of 15H, f"- III). The ijCliila of Ucccinhcr 5, 1500 (Navarrkte, Vol. III., p. Sj.) which states : "there may l>e a year since, more Ml le.' : — piictlc h.ieer un aiio poco nia^ i< nienor," is loo valine to contradict the er iS. When I'eter Makiyk communicated it to TrivigiaN'\ lii^ memory wiii cpiitc fresh, as only one year had elapsed since the return of Tinzon, whilst it was eleven year~ allerwards that lie wrote indecisively : " circiter kalend i^ decembris," at a time when the fx.ict date, a|iparemly, was obliteralcil from his recollect ion^. * .Anciiikka (l)ecad. I., Iil>. ix., f. iii, edition 1511) prints: "Stpiimo kalendas feljrnarij," which i-. January 26. In till' I'errara M.S. we find "ali 20 di j;ener," and in the Lihretlii, " .adi xx. zcnaro." Here, as elsewhere, we tjivo the preference to Ihe Fcrrar,i MS. ami to the Libnilo, lioth having hecn written nine and seven years respectively before the first Decade was printed. ' " I'or el misino mes tic Diciembie y aHo de i4riy aiio>." — I,AS Casas, lib. i., cap. clxxiv., Vol. II., p. 45J. •W,. :lr,' •\l t a . *■ , -V, 1\^ ■-» 'i'lii; \'i sill (IAN Data. in flVfll 1500. ll.lpSCll Lii year> ..iK'iiilx-' n-ii'.K , i>ii 1511) hinu.iry ri," and owlicrc, 10 i1k- en year* lie 1499 'l'-453- I '\ His lanilfall was a heaiUaiul. apparently tin; lattcr's Cape of St. Auj^us- tint". or one not far from it. to which he gave the name of " Kostro Hrrmoso."'^' Where did he th(Mice direct his coursi; ? The I'iscal in 1515, took it for granted thi't it was southward, and that Lepe went as far as the Hmits which had been attained at the time of the execution of the Rogatory Commission. The question asked was tht- following : "Si sabcn (jue Diego de I.epc, los quo ron el fueron otro viago, descubrieron desdo la diclia punta [the Cajie of St. .^ugiistiiu'], l.i costa (iiie vuelve facia el niediodfa o el sur fasta el terniino (jue agora est.-i desculiierto ? : — Whether Diego de Lepe and those who went with him in the other vo; ^. did discover beyond that cape the coast towards the south, as far as the terminus now known ? " ' Nearly all the witnesses replied in the aftirmative ; which, if exact, would carry Lepe beyond the Rio ile la Plata. Rodriguez de la Calva and Cristobal Garcia, however, named as the southernmo.st point then reached, a Bay of Santa Julia, or a River of St. Julian.** When; is that bay or river.'' In the Mappe sent 152"/ from Siuil in Sptiviie bv inaisicr Robert Thome marchaiuit to Doctor Lev Embassadour for Kiui^ Henry the S. to Charles the EmperourP there is, at the end of the South American peninsula, a " P. S. lulian ;" but, besides the fact that /'. cannot stand for "Bay" or for "River," it is known that " I\)rl de Sainct lulian" belongs to the Magellanic nomenclature, which, ofcour.se, those witnesses cannot have known in 1515. Must we infer that mariners had befort' the latter date coasted so far south .■* That is not improbable. In a map of 1619 there is a " Rio de S. Giano," by 14° .south latitude, said therein to be " I'anciennc Riviere de St. Julien." '" .Such a coasting would cover the Braxilian e.xplorations as marked in the Cantino chart. There remains, however, to be ascertained the date when Lei)e undertook his first voyage ; as, to correspond with the above liturgical dat.i, that navigator must also have been exploring the south- east coast of Brazil from August until February. Now, Las Casas sa)s ""K corrienm en el auilueste fasta <|iie fallamn la Cai.va ; /"'•. ''iV., p. 553. ticrra, e <|iie ilieron en Ki'slrnhcrnicivi." — I)epii-.itii)n of 'llAKirvr, Dims rnynijfH tniirhiinj the iiiirnm r'f Luis DKi. Vai I r. : Navakrkik, \ii1. III., ji. 554. of Amerifa : London, 15S2, 410, and Jtnu el Sebimti' n ' Navakktik, Vol. IIL, p. 553. Calml, No. 12, p. 176. " " Todo lo i|ue desculirio .... dende el rio de ,S. ■" LlNsi'iioiKv, Xariijalioii aux Inile.t Orimlnl'i : Julian;" Deposition of Cristolul ("lARriA; /<"•. '.\vezac, " S.intn Julian ;" Deposition of .Monso ls en 13 ilc Novicmlirc ilo 1515 [?] sobre la sitiiacion iltl cabo ilc S. Ai;»stin, Jiiaii Koilrij^ucz Serranii halila del viaijo ([iio hizo, dicionilo : — Ha 16 afliis, ]ii)ci> mas u iiunos, iiue parti ilesta cimlacl [Sevilla] en clos carabollas, (]uc fiio por capilan .\loiiso Vclcz lie Menilciia." In the Hnjintio ih- <^o|lin■^ ih. cAluliui, pronKiouiit, cf'C, ili'. la i'nxa de fn Coiitralrwiou ilesiU o lie J'ehnio tic I'll,') lin^ln H i/e viarzo ilf 1.119 ; exlracleil by Mi'Siiz, but never luiblishcd. Navarkivik, Oolecfiou n hcnil- =' Ihidiin, fasc. 25, i>. 4S5. land namcil hy him the I'apu e l.^o l(ic-litie-i exactly were nixmecan tell. Harko-. -'' Ihiiliiii, and li.\RR(is, Decad. I., lib. v., f" S8 v. says that the lanilfall was liy 10' smith latitude: "cm ■'' Hakki>s, /or. ciV. , aii Uk i,a I-'ai i aha is llio iileiuic.ll " Krniicesclio ile \.\ Siiila Cremonensc " ol the I'ai ii, bill the .nlxive Idler is ilitTereiU from the oiv.- |Hililishccl ill the Viceiu.i colleelion, lili. vi., cap. cxxvii. La I'ah'ada nnd I'kei u o wrote on the same (l;iy, the former .tnnouncinjj the latter's (lescription .• "Hen die per missier Crelico sarii scrito a compimeiUo . . ." This imlicites that IhuH itseil the same authorities, but I, A Kaii Ada's letter is the most s.-»tisfactory of the two. \l^ '1 i\ TiiK Vi:si't( ( IAN Data. 'i43 ip'.il ; locsc viz., itiiie ;is ill his icltcr dated "26 zugiu» 1501," De la I'^aitada writes, " t-ri, al tardi, vcMie lino (If li navilij." As to the above statement, it is in these words : " Gionti al Capo dc IJona Speranza, el ca[)itanio comm ind(') (iiie questo, ch' e venuta [the above niejitioneil vessel], per esser nvglior de le vele, se partisse de I'altre, e venisse dar nova de essi; . . . e lo piii picolo de tiitto." We must add that both the si ip and carijo beUinged to the parties above named. We are now enabled to describe with tolerable accuracy the return to Lisbon of Cabral's ileet, as follows : The swiftest of his v(!ssels, shootini; ahead of the ri-st from the Cape of Cood Hope by order of Cabral, arrived at the port of Lisbon in the afternoon of June 25 (or 24), 1501. The l\in<^ felt uneasy conciTninsj; the remainder of the licet, now composed of only four .ships,4o seven having been lost during the voy- age, — when on the 19th of July, he rec(!ived news that four of Cabral's vessels, including the flagship, had l.uided in Cadiz, either by stre.ss of weather, 41 or to olitain supplies. Two of these then arrived in Lisbon about a week afterwards with Cabral on board, followed a couple of ilays later l)y the two ships, when Manoel wrote the above mentioned leltcT to his father and mother-in-law. The pertinence of this analysis will appear whe 1 descril)ing further on the ihiril voyage of Americus X'espuccius. On the 5th of September, 1501,4- Vicente Vanez 1'in/on was em- powered to lead an ex[iedition tor the purpose of colonisi.ig a portion of the country hv. had discovered in 1499-1500, viz.: from the Maranon to Cajie St, Augustin. The qedula of October 15, 1501, shows that serious preparations were made for the e.\[)edition, to which reference is e.\()Iicitly made therein: "para ayuda al viage ([ue agora habeis tie tornar a hacer en nuestro servicio."43 Hvit we hav(; no information whatever concerning ml the fi>ur wliicli were M tli.it lime safe )f CmVw. " The \voreil of thirteen sliips: "Con trece naos |i.irti>'i ile in the liai hour of Cadi/. l.iihon " (\AVAitKi:i 1;, Vol. III., p. 95) ; but when about *' The wor ii.iw> hul- pai.i mo t iloulile the Cape of ( looil Hope on the way to Calieul, ilun una de ellas se perdiii en la mar, e otra se aparli'i de ^KAl. sent one of these haek to Lisbon: " nie envi.i la tloia eon lienipo fortunoso," may refer lo storms en- 11 alii un navii'i a me notiticar . . ." ( rinilem. ) Seven eoimlered then. were lost al sea: " ma dl 13 che furono son perse le 7 " *' Navarkktk, Vol. III., p. 40, in tlie note, quolei (SANfici, V TllK DiSCOVKKY OK NoKTH AmKKICA. that voyage, which, at all events, coiikl yield no cartographical names and configurations south of Cape St. Augustine. A document from the State archives in Modena. now first pul)lished,44 may be interpreted as indicating that Portugal .sent to Brazil one or more several ve.ssel.s, immediately upon receiving news of the di.scovery of that country by Cabral. In the letter addressed by Alberto Cantino to the Duke of Ferrara, on the 17th of October, 1501, we read the following passage: "Mettcro un termine il quale hora ha posto in uso questo Re ; tutti coloro quali nel suo re Tio conimetlo.io cose digne de gran pena overo di inorte, tutti cjuelli fa pigliare ne al" cun ne amaza, et servandoli col tempo gli manda in questi lochi et insule ritrovate, et imponeli questo, che se mai per alcun tempo ritornarano de dende gli harano lassati per terra a Lisbona, perdonali el delicto, et fali niercede de cinque cento ducati, ma cedo io che rari ve ne ne tornarano, benche in un locho che se chiania Sancta Croce, per essere dilectevole di bona aria et de dolcissimi fructi abondante, fugirno cinque marinari dele nave del Re, et non volseno piu tornare in nave, et li restarno." '" " The King of Tortugal has published a decree to the effect that all criminals liable to severe punishments, even the penalty of death, are not to be executed, but uiii)risoned for a time, and then sent to the places and islands [lately] discovered. The condition is that, later, they will be allowed to return to Lisbon, receive a pardon for the offences committed, and 500 ducats. But I doubt whether any will ever be disposed to come back ; for five sailors, who had deserted the vessels of the King, and fled to a place called Santa Croce [Santa Cruz or Brazil *■'], on account of its wholesome air and abundance of delicious fruit, would not retu on board, and re- mained in that country." When Cantino wrote that letter, there had been in Portugal, so fir as we know at present, only two arrivals from Brazil, viz.: that of Gas|)ar de Lemos,-t7 the bearer of the news of the di.scovery of that country, who, sailing Porto Seguro the first week in May, 1500, reached Lisbon apparently a couple of months afterwards, and that of Pedro Alvarez Cabral during the last week of July, 1501. .Must we suppose that some unknown e.xpedition was sent from Lisbon to Brazil immediately after the return of Lemos to Portugal, which could have been back home before the simimer of 1501.'' The assertion of Humboldt that the letter of Vaz •'■' A portiiin of th.il letter was publislieil in dur Dotu- III) III ini'ilil lOiicfriimit I'n.ico dn (lama. /Itlalinn ndrtsM'f. il fferritle. d'lCitf, dm' dc Ftrrare^ par aou amhns/'aileur d la cour dc Portuijal ; I'aris (priv.itoly prinlcil), 1889, sni. 8v(>. ■■5 Sec "iipra, chapter x., p. 341, fur complete ilct.iils oincernini; the cxpedilioii of Caliral .iiid nninin); of lirnril. *'' DIsjiafii dniln Sjiaijiia, sidi anno L'ltit. Cninilli ria JJiiinJe. Slate .irchives in Moilen.!. " " O.ili espeilio hum n.iuio, cipitAo Cispar ile Lemos." Hakros, Deciiil. I., lib. v., c.ip. ii., f" 88. The n.imo of that comm.inder is omitteil in the letter of Vaz dk t'AMlxiiA, although the hitter's epistle to the Kin" was entrusted to I.K.MOs. Till. \'i S1I-. I IAN Data. 34; ^ de Caminha urged King Miiiioel to coiuimiti the discovery by sending other vessels to the land of Vera Cruz,-*'' would authorise such a pre- sumption, if it were exact. Unfortunately, we have failed to discover any passage to that eft'ect in \'az de Caniinha's letter, ■♦'> and as to the state- ment concerning the five sailors who (led from the I'ortugucs(> vessels, it may be e.xplained without resorting to the hypothesis of an intermediary \-oyage. In the lett«T of \'az ile Caminha we notice the following phrase: " Creo nue com estes dous desgr.idos, (]iie miuy ficam, ficam mais dous grumetcs, cjuo esta noutc so saynm desta naao no esquife fugidos, hos quaaes noni vijcram mais : — I believe that the two criminals who are to remain in the country, will not be alone. Two cabin boys ran away last night, and they have not been seen since."" This information was known in Portugal so far back as the autumn of 1500. It may have been also repeated by Cabral, who had been in Lisbon nearly three months when Cantino mailed his letter. True it is that " five sailors : — cinque marinari," is a description which does n(,t exactly coincide with " two criminals and two cabin boys : — dous desgra- dos et dous grumetes ; " but the chief circumstance in the account is the fact that a certain number of Portuguese seamen remained in Brazil in May, 1500. At all events, there is no impossibility in the flight of five sailors, and in the information h;iving been conveyed by Cabral in person. As to the decree of the King, we must consider it as having been prompted by Cabral's own description of the country which he had so fortunately and unexpectedly discovered. I l/i lin Inins. ' I name l\z UK was '\nother question is whether Caspar de Lemos may not have I)rought the cartographical data used in the Cantino chart ? In Vaz de Caniinha's letter, it is stated that a council was held al Porto Segiiro to take the following resolution : "Com hos quaaes asy a todos se nos parecia seer beem mandar ha nova do acha- mento desta terra a V. A. polo navio dos mantimentos, para milhor mandar doscobrir, c saber de la mais do que agora nos podianios saber, per hirnos de nosa viajem :— Whether it would not be desirable to send to the King, by the supply ship, news of the discovery ** "I'edro V.ii: (le C.iminlia ajinitcciir<>n oxpeilie LemiM di'oijinphit du Xoiinaii Coiiliiniit, Vol. V. p.igf 49. a;in que .S. A. piiisse Ic plus tut possilile coiuinuer cetto ■" Letter cf V.v/. 1>K Caminha, pulilislieil liy .Manuel (lecouverle en envojant d'autres vaisseaux a la tcrre ile la .\yres i>K Cazai. in his Coroiiriilia hraixlicn, p. ^^. Vera Cruz." IH; lIiMitoi.Dr, Exnmr.n Critique de In ^■' Ibiiliin. W' U' ( •1 ' .<»'! *;i i* •ii ii I M f i - ' M M^ Tin: DiscoviKv oi Noktii Amkkica. just accomplished, while the captain of that vessel would endeavour to make greater dis- coveries, and ascertain more [about the country] than we could then, being obliged to con- tinue our voyage." The riply is th.it in Vaz dc Caininha's letUir, which contains an account of the voyage homeward, there is no mention of further dis- coveries. It follows, that the maps brought by Lemos could only describe thi' portion of the Hrazilian coast about Porto Segiiro. We have now the expedition which Cabral met when on his way back to Lisbon, at Cape Verde, and mentioned by one of his pilots in these words, as reported by Ramusio : " Doue trouammo tre nauili che'l nostro Re di I'ortogallo mandaua a discoprire li terra nuoua, che noi haucuamo trouata quandu andauamo a Calicut ; — \Vc landed at the first land near Cape Verde, which is called lleseneghe, and where we met three vessels, which the King of Portugal had sent to discover the new land which we had found when on our way to Calicut." '' What is that e.xpedition to Brazil ? Several authors have ascribed it to Gonqalo Cokmio, but Humlioldt has shown the fallacy of such an opinion. 5- The little we know concerning that or any voyage of Gon^alo Coelho is contained in the following lines, written by Damiao de Goes in 1568: "No niesmo anno [M.D.iij.] mandou (Jonc^alo Coelho com seis naos .^ terra de Santa Cruz, com qre partio do porto de Lisboa aos diez dias do mes de ^unho, das ijuaes por ainda terem pouca noticia da terra, perdeo cjuatro, et as outras duas trouxe as regno, com merca- dorias da terra, que entam nam eraO outras, (jue pio vermelho, a que chamam liiasil, bogios, et papagaios: — In that same year [1503"], the King sent (ion(,alo Coelho with six ships to the country of Santa Cruz, which sailed from the port of Lisbon the tenth day of the month of June, liut owing to his poor knowledge of that land, he lost four of his vessels. He returned to this kingdom with goods from the country, consisting of red wood, called Brazil, monkeys, and parrots."'^ Pedro de Mariz, wh(j wrote in 1594, has only copied De Goes, adding an absurd statement, taken probably from Gabriel Soarez, 55 to the effect that when Coelho returned to Portugal it was Joao III. who was on the 5' X(viii»tiiii, (III ■njiilnno I'trlro Alrnrez KcnUa j„ r '* D.imiani liK CoF.s, I'liiiin'rn /'arh ilii Clmiiira ,l„ I'll Pilolo I'lirlniihi"!, in Kami'sio, Vol. I., f" 127. U< y Kmaiint, cay. Ixv., p. 170. 5" HrMBoi.iir AaoHKH CnVi^Hc di: la Gi'oijmphit ihi ss ^Vo/iVi'n ilo lira-JI, in the Ke.ii^la trimmsal, Vol. XnurfnuCo,iti„ait,\a\.\.,y. 143. MV., yy. 13-365. (ialiricl .So.tKK/ UK SorsA (crro- 51 The whdie of th.it ch.iptcr in Dk Goks is ilcvolcil to ncously callcil I'rancisco Ipa Cl'NllA) wrote so early as events which occurred " No anno M.D.iii." the year 1587. jlho [/••ft lid \, Vol. (crrii- kriy as Tin; \'r.Ma( riAN Data. 349 thri)iH; : "so aproscntou a I'-l Rey Dom JdAo III. i\uv ja lU'Stc tcinpo rcgnava." S'j This would have made Codho abstint from I'ortiij^al on that (!.\j)edition at least eighteen years, 57 as Manuel died on the 13th of December, 1521. Finally, Father Simao de Vasconcellos has simply taken his account of Coelho from Pedro de Maris, word for word, but gave him as his authority. He adds, however, the phrase that Joao III. was then on the throne, "owing to the death of Manoel." 58 The simple date, " M.D.iij.." shows conclusively that th(; vessels met by Cabral at Reseneghe, in the summer of 1501, did not belong to Gon(,alo Coelho's expedition. In 1842, Varnhagen made known 59 a diplomatic dispatch from A'varo Mendcz de Vasconcellos, the Portuguese envoy to the Spanish Court, dated Medina del Campo, December 4, 1531, and concerning a claim urged by Portugal for the possession of the Rio de la Plata. The pre- tention was predicated upon an alleged discovery of that river by one Nuno Manokl. Varnhagen being of opinion that the Rio de la Plata had been dis- covered liy Americus Vespuccius during his third voyage, assumed at once that the said Xuf\o Manoel was the commander of Ves[)uccius' third expedition. If so, we would have here a voyag': to Brazil and south of it, carried out between May, 1501, and vSeptember, 1502. There is a great deal to be said against that theory. In the first place, let us state that all we know concerning the said expedition is contained in the following three lines : " Hum.T arni.ida de dom nuno manoel que por mandado del Rey voso pnj i\uc cstaa cm gloria foy descubrir ao dito Rio [da prata] : — A fleet of Dom Nuno Manoel which, i)y the order of your late father, was sent to discover that River de la Plata.'"" No date is assigned to the event, and our only means of ascer- taining when it took place leaves a margin of tiventy-six years, as nothing -' v. I>E Makiz, Dialdijo rfe raria hiiloria, Lisbon, Iranslations) he imly paraphrases Dr. C'lOEs. 1749, 410, Dialog, v., cap. ii., Vn init)lislK'il .it I,i>lHiii, in fulio, 1730-48, 6 vols. '•■' IH''iii-i'i iiniKttr.iiicn, \'n\. XI., p. 422. '' "(J aL-companhou ilim Xuno Em.inucl sen gu.irch niiT. r.irliii I'l Ki'i do I,Ul)i)a .Tllorradc no nios Doctulno ilc'.tc .innn do mil, et (luinhenlos ut dou.-i." — I)F. (lOK-, Chi-oui'n . Kmnnofi, I'art l.,cnp. Ixiv., p. 167. *• Il;ili;in edition of the l.rttira. '' Separate Latin edition of the Third Voy.ige. 'I'm. \'k>I'i'((1 \\ l).\i\. .i5' In lacl, t)f .ill the traiisallaiuic enterprises known the only one which corresponds n ftfion' with ih*' data borrowed from the statement of Cahral's pilot, from the liturgical names inscribed on the Cantino chart, and from the period of time within which it must have been accomplisheil, is the third voyage of Amkkii is X'ksi'L'i t lus under the IVjrtuguese llag. iM'rst, as to the meeting with Cabral's lleet at Ca|)e Verde, we have shown tliat the latter reached Lisbon only at the end of July, Imt that he hail been obliged to land at Cadi/, on or about the 15th of the s.une month. "" is l.mding implies that he met with difticulties on the voyage, after ! > „ ape \'erde. \(. ".puccius, having saileil from Lisbon on the loth'^'^' or on the i4th'J7 (if May, 1501, reachtal the very place of lieseneghe (Bcsc- rhiccc*'^) in time, to all appearances, to meet Cabral there. The lattir would then have encountered the storms or other obstacles which ret.irded his arriv.il in Lisbon, and compelled him to land in .Spain, as shown by Cantino's letter, between that date; and about July 15, which is the time of his landing at Cadiz. At pre.sent, concerning the voyage of V'espuccius across the .Xtl.uilic, if we calculate the time required by that navigator to go from Lisbon to the Canaries (ten d.iys .■*), three ilays' sojourn there ; the time to reach about Cape \'erde [ficsecliicce, fifteen days ?), eleven tlays' stay at th.it point ; thence sixty-seven days to the ikazilian landfall, — all of which dat.i we borrow from the Lettera^) itself, -V'espuccius is shown to be ex.ici when stating that he anchored off the coast of Brazil on the 7th of .\ugust. According to his account, he continued the e\])loration .iloiig that co.ist, southwardly, until after I'ebruary 15, 1502, when he steered south-east. Those dates cover e.xactly the liturgical nomenclature, which hmits lescni- Nuiio IDocUiImo l)F. GOK?, ].,p. 167. '■■ " r.\rtimi) ili i\r.\o porlo ili LIsIkiili .iili. 10.
  • i> mail i|uin- ^;iiu<.>iimi i)riii\o" (Letter in Soi'KKlM) ; "A. Mill di ili'l mtse lie M.izd ilel M.ni'i'il.." ( I'd'"!, cnp, c\v.) '* " rumo Delia cosia iletliiopi.T .iil tin purto ehe si dice Ile liescyliice " pep.iintc eiliticin uf the 'I'liinl Voyage). We lea\e a>iile, as it woiilil invdlve a loii^; tli>sertatii'n al»mt ii> autln'rity, t'le letter nf VKsfiiiir^ liist puMisheil liy li.ii i>Kl.ii Mom (II Milioiit (II .\fttiio I'olo, Vol. I., p. liii.U where ncciirs the followinjj explicit statement; " irovaninM Mirlci line naxi >rloj;allii, ehVraiio.li ritoriM il'alle p.tile il'In.lia orienlale, elie sonn
  • Ani' riijo Vfjnuii ihllt isnU ii'h-^unmeiili IfOiirti ill qimltni siinl viiii/fli ; liilitiolhna Aiiv rii-niin I'l-iiitlifsiiiKi, \o. S;. •illl 35- TiiK DisrovKRV OF North Amkkica. il'i'H '! I \\< ( \vi; made the basis of the present analysis and description, that is, from our Cape St. Roque to the Port or to the River of St. Vincent. There is another name, quite ty[)ical, at this juncture, which, as has already Ijeen shown, can also be traced to Americus Vespuccius. It is the " Bay of All-Saints." We find it in print for the first time in the Italian edition of his famous Lettera, as follows : " l)ii)artimo . . . teneuamo un rcggimento del Re, chc si mandaua, che qualunche delle naui che siiierdesse della flocta, o del suo capitano, fussi a tenere nella terra, che el uiaggio passato \sic\ Discoprimo in un porto che li pone'mo nome la badia di tucte e sancti." 1 his textual punctuation renders the passage unintelligible, and we pgree with Varnhagen who proposed to read :".'... che el viaggio [)assato discoprimo," by making a single sentence of the two. The phrase thus corrected may be translated as follows : " We. departed [from Lisbon] . . . with instructions from the King, which ordered that if any of our ships became separated from the fleet or happened to lose her captain she should make for the land which we discovered in the preceding voyage, and [for] a port to which we gave [or had given] the tiame of tiie Abbey \sic\ of All-Saints." This sentence is in the account of Vespuccius' fourth voyage, which could not have been known in Portugal before June, 1504. But as it is thertMii stat(;d that the name was given to that bay in the preceding voyage, they certainly knew it in Lisbon so far back as the 7th of September, r502, when Vespuccius returned from his third e.xpedition, and in time therefore to be inserted in the Cantino chart. We have shown, in the above c ipter i.\., that the first section of the Cantino chart e.xhibits configurations and a nomenclature based upon or deri\cd from Vespuccian data. We now claim to have deirionstrated that such is likewise the case with the second section of the said chart, so far, at least, as its names and legends are concerned. i^ ■*•' ■) ! . 1 " H >L 4' ■ CHAPTKR XI. Tin: \(,kTii-EAsT Coast Acain. WE h.u. .H,w .scrtained the geographical origin of the two sections "t the Cant.n<, and other early Portuguese charts, which, together emhrace the regions extending fron. the Gulf of Maracaybo to he.r southern tennnuKS on the Brazilian coast. At present it is ne essa y o elucdate n. the san.e n.anner. if possible, the third section, whic m aces he n.>rth-east coast of a continent depicted, according to one of .t. scales (Caner.o s), as commencing at .o north latitude, -md con- unnng northward to 57 or 58"; but which, when placed on moden maps. begn.s by about 80 west longitude, and con,>rises the space between 25 and 45' north latitudes.' ' The cartographical and relative characteristics of that continental r^..n have been fully discussed in the first part of the prese,u l::;^ where we have also unestigated a number of historical data, which all apply to a continent then already believed to lie west and north-west of the Ant.lhes. lo that category belongs the relation of the first voyage o AnK.ncus Vespuccu.s, alleged to ha.- been accomplished betwe;;, May, 1497. and October, ,49s, and which our line of argument requires us til e.xainine ag.un. ' We are fully aware of the difficulties which the historian of maritime discovery encounters when e.xamining critically the account which we possess of that e.xpedition, and the impossibility to accept several of its leading statements and descriptions. Nor do we pretend to explain them away. It is not our province just at present. Hut we find ourselves in presence of a narrative which was publiclv printed and translated in the life time of all the personages mentioned H-rein by name such as King Ferdinand, King Manoel, the Gonfalonier iK.r Sodermi, Rene H.. Duke of Lorraine, and Americus Vespuccius ■AccoRlmg ... the scil. in,crilv,l in Caiuri.., tlut C.wtinn f,.,,,, j-„ c- , . , conunen.,,, .,„.„ cv.s. .„■ Uu- ,„„..,.„ .„„,,.„,., |,. , , I; !;;;: ^^ Ji' I^U ^r'' '"''''' '' '""""^- 2 V 1 > 354 The Discovkkv of North America. It I f^' n >t l'\ himself ; and when were also living those who, like the sons of Colum- bus, Alonso de Hojeda, Juan de la Cosa, and others, were entitled to enter a protest. And yet, every allegation in that account is accepted, repeated, and made the basis of numberless scientific works all over Euro[)e for several centuries, without scarcely a dissenting voice. Although the life of Vespuccius is known documentarily from the time of his birth to that of his death almost, and with an abundance of details which are not to be found in the biogi'iphies of Columbus, of John Cabot, and other great navigators of that period, no alibi can be proved or shown for the period said to have been spent in his first transatlantic voyage. Finally, there e.vists in reality a continental region west of his alleged landfall, which can be coasted northwardly for eight hundred and seventy leagues or more, as the relation ascribed to him claims to have been effected then and there. Those circumstances clothe the narrative in question with a character of prima facie evidence that no impartial critic can disregard, es[)ecially when his inquiry is limited to a comparison of geographical data. Concerning the first point, we need only recall the fact that in the opinion of bibliogra[)hers, the Lettera dcllc hole novavienle trovale, which contains the oldest narrative now known of the first voyage of Ves- puccius, was { '"r .ed at Florence by Gian Stefano di Carlo di Pavia, within a year o. .a'o after September 4, 1504, which is the tlate of its fourth and last [)art. .As to the second point, no document has yet been produced to prove that, between -May, 1497, and October, 1498, Americus \'espuccius cannot have been engaged in a maritime e.xpedition. The affirmations set forth thus far- are based altogether upon the circumstance that after the death of Juanoto Berardi, which occurred in Seville during the month of De- cember, 1495,3 Ves[)uccius received, for the HcrardI estate, from Pinelo, ■ " I'lK'^ hiiliid I'niitJTunilo on laics aiiroslns, |>ur lo nicnos liasla mayii cle 149S." Navakkki 1;, liililiolua Mnritimii, \'ol. I., ji. 57. " 1a-s (lociimeiil;. aiuhcniii|uo tniiives p.ir mon .iiicien ft ilhislrc .Tiui, iloii Juan HaiHi^ta Munoz, pai'ini les I.ihros de g.istos ile armadas, et clablis- sent ([lie W'spucc, place cii dcccinlirc 1495 a la Ictc ilc la maisiin de CDmmerce de Hcrardi, elait char(;e de larnie- incnt de iiavires pciiir la Iroisieme evpedilinn de Culondi." lIiMiioi.nr, l-'xnmiii C'rllirjui, Vol. IV., p. 267. The cihly dno\!iiienl ever ])rodiiced in thai re^pecl is llie receipt (if lanunry 12, 1496, wliicli is no proof wliatever. In a document lately p'.iMislied, Juanoto lii.HAUlU, Decomlier 15, 1495, IicIiil; al Seville, nnd on his deatli- lied, executes a notarial act concernini^ claims against t'liristopher Cmi'Miiis, and in which he calls X'k.s- I'l'ciii's his factor, friend, and executor tesianieiitary : " Amerigo Vespuchi, mi fator, . . mi alhacea, e especi.al amii^o." Dorumt'iitOfi i^^irof/i'ios thl Af^'hiro fh. la i'fiHft ill Alhii. Kos piihlira In Diiqnisa ili' llmrirk 1/ ih Alliii, Cniiilmn lie Sirmfn ; Mailrid, 1S91, Svo, p. 202. Thk Nokth-East Coast. 355 prove Linnot forth (lc:ith I)c- 'inclo, ll.UAUPl, lis iKalli- aj^.\inst U Vk.s- liuiilary : special I la ( V(«n ,-K- !/ '/- ||i. 202. the Crown Treasurer of Castile, 10,000 maravedis on account of wages due to sailors or masters of vessels fitted out for Hispaniola. The sum was paid on the 12th of January, i496,'* and the document quoted by Mufioz and Navarrete in that respect only proves that Vespuccius was in Seville at the latter date. His presence in Spain is next derived from the assertion of Hojeda that Vespuccius accompanied him in an expedition to the New World, which set out from Cadiz in the s[)ring of 1499. Hut between January, 1496, and May, 1499, there is a space of more than three years, during which no trace whatever of Americus Vespuccius is to be found in the Spanish documents. The statement that he continued in the house of Berardi is a mere supposition, based upon another hypothesis, viz., that Vespuccius su[(ervised the equipment of the caravels for the third voyage of Christopher Columbus, which sailed from San Lucar in May, 1498. The surmise is certainly erroneous. The twelve ships fitted out by the house of Berardi in consequence of the agreement of April 9, 1495, and concerning which Vespuccius gave a receipt to Pinelo, January 12, 1496, were contracted to sail four in April, four in June, and four in Septem- ber, 1.95,5 while Columbus was in Hispaniola. They were not. therefore, intended for his third expedition, which, besides, was not initiated until two years afterwards; and no one has yet shown that either Juanoto Berardi or Vespuccius was ever connected with that voyage. Nay, the; proi)abiIity is that the house went into liquidation immediately after the death of this Berardi, as, on his death-bed, we see him speak like a man who had lost all his worldly goods. In notarial instructions given to Americus Vespuccius and his other executors, to collect from Christopher Columbus 180,000 maravedis for monies advanced and services rendered to him in 1492,'' he says : " He dex.ido, por le seruir, mi trato e biuicnda, y perdido y gast.- .0 mi hacienda y do mis amigos : — 'i'o serve him [Christopher Columbus], I have abandoned my business and home, and lost and spent my property and that of my friends."' Berardi then proceeds to say that he requires that sum to [)ay debts and obligations contracted on behalf of his daughter, " and thus free his < NWARKKTK, Ciil'.'rioii (h riwjtf, Viil. HI., p. J17. ^ CraUlu ili Janolo llo-ardi loiifra Chii.itoralC'uluii, ' Op. I'it., Vol. II., Joe. Ixxxiv., p. 159. in the iinport.iiu ami already quoted Donimtiilon titfoifi- " " Trcsafios ha," and thedociiment isdateil " Sevilla, don del Archifo de la Cana de Athn, published by the marte? ipiinze dias del nics de dizicndire, ai'io de mill e Duchess of Herwick and Alba, Countess of .Siruela, at qualrocientos e nouenla e cinco aHos." M.adiid, 1S91, Svo, p. 203. K' ' 1 1 I if! t 1 ip ifM hi 356 Till; DiscmKKY ov Xdktii Ami.kka. soul and conscience : — asy cumple al descargo de mi aniina ('■ (;oiiscicncia." In fact, the tenour of the entire document indicates a ruined man, leaving behind him nothing l)ut debts, and certainly no commercial house of any kind whatever. The only names of shipowners ami merchants mentioned as having been employed to equip the third expedition of Columbus, ;;.nd for a large amount, are those of tht- Genoese Pantaleone Italiano and Martin Cen- turione. The account of fanuary 12, 1496, was extracted from the account Ijooks of e.\i)editions to the Imlies. The fact that neither Munoz nor Xavarrete, although the latter wrote three biographical sketches of Ves- puccius (published in 1829, 1 S4S, and 1852 resjjectively), make no further mention of |)ayments made either to N'espuccius or to the house of Berardi, tends to prove that iiis connection with that commercial establishment or its litjuidation ceaseil soon after the winter of 1495-1496. The sixty-eight letters addressed to Americus Vespuccius which we extracted from the C(irti'i:fgio of the Medici in 1S6S, •'^ and written from 14S8 until November, 1491, while he was yet living in Italy, show him to have been then excUisively engaged in mercantile pursuits. A docu- ment newly brought to light, dated December ^^o, 1492, and signed : " Amerigho Vespucci, merchante fiorentino in Syl)ilia," '.) as well as the receipt of January 12, 1496, show occupations of the same character. But when mention is next made of him, it is in rel.uion to the transatlantic enterprise of Alonso de Hojeda, which sailed from Cadiz on the 16th of May, 1499 ; and then he is spoken of by the chief commantler himself not as a merchant or supercargo, but apparently as a professional pilot : "Juan de la Cosa, piloto, e Merigo W^sjiuche e otrtw pilotos." 'o Ami thenceforth he appears solely either ;is a navigator or commander of mari- time expeditions, ending by being ai>pointed, March 22, 1 50S, Pilot-Major of Spain. It is not likely that X'espuccius p.i.s.sed, all at once, from the counting-room of Berardi to the helm of Hojeda's llag-ship. He must have acciuired great nautical experience before being entrusted with such a post in a lleet sailing under the royal tlag, and sent across ihv Atlantic to discover new lands. This forces upon us the belief that, between 1496 ".Slate .itcliiv<.'> in I'Iciumkx'. li.'CuimnN nf ihc l-iulnvicn n Mokci in (Ilmiiu. Scr uii I'uloiul'o ih Mi.liui, flic Iwiii., No. 251). Fiiiiir, ,1 ■I'lliili' : Mrmnin hi n f'Arntliiiiii di- (UIIktm (I'lvi, Ci)iii( r, i-diii, iif. ./ ,l,iiiitiii,\sr il Insii-iptiijii.^ •! Ihlht I.itlns: pp. 72. 127, 129, Ijo. r>.«ymiii. I'.Mr.ict from the /!■ utlittuiti il'Un lliul ' N.wakki-i K, \ Acadunia ihi l.iiiru, Konm, kSSS, Svo., p. 290. The to think ihnt IIoikha's ilcpiisiiion li:i~ lurn ciulailoil !iy Ictltr is aililrosM'il tn Corrailolo Siam',.\, the ai^on: "f 'hi; Icainol i--i!itT CitAST. .V>/ S thf Hut liiiuic th of inst;li, piliH : Aiul miiri- jMajor 111 the must such ;uuic 1496 |;;f l'( di-s 130. reasons and 1499, Vt'spuccius led a seafaring life, >uid, thorcfi)rc, 111. ly h.ivo lucn navigating from May, 1497, to October, 149S, which is the time \viisKI".MuI.l l.k's ( '■sima ilie Maii \!i ii , \i\ 11 .le |i-.rla Calici," lunvcver, dilTerence^ ;aken Ironi ilio I.alin version nf '• " L'l \ii;inli -e|>tein \ i\ eln|wis ilielni- . , .' !.; ! »". '11 \i I ■;1 I l( I ■ i ! t i.i, *l 1 k :, M^r^i' ^:i J / 358 The Discovery of North Ameuica. This land was by i6' (north latitude): " troiuimo el polo del septcn- trioiic tibare fuora del suo orisonte i6. gradi" and by 75° (west longi- tude) : ''pill occidcntalc die le isole di Canaria 75. gradi •" and there they cast anchor. They then ranged the coast northward : " naiiigamo per el maestrale, die cosi sicorreua la casta" until they reached a port, where th>' habita- tions of the natives were built on the water, like Venice : " /«. porto, done iroitamo una populatione fondata sopra lacijua come Venelia." Thence, they continued to range the coast northwardly to the 23° (north latitude) : " done alza el polo dello ori~o)ite 2j gradi." Resuming their course, they kept on coasting the shore in the direc- tion (if the north, until they had thus sailed S70 leagues : " naiiigamo alliiiigo dclla cos/a semprc a uista della terra, tatito die corremo dessa 8/0 leghc tutta uia uerso el maestrale," stopping, however, in many places : " facccndo per epsa moltc scale." Having been then navigating for thirteen months, they stopped in a harbour which they considered the best in the world, and where they remained thirty-seven days repairing their vessels prior to returning home : Erauamo gia stati /j, mesi nel uiaggio done stoma j/. giorni till porta elmiglior del monda . . . tornnrcene' per la uolta di Spagna." They then left, bound homev.-ard, steering east and north-east : " alia uolta del mare per el uento infra grcco et leuantc.'' .After various incidents and landings in islands, they finally arrived in Cadiz on the 15th of October, 1498: " giungnemo iiel porto di Calls adi /J. doctohrc 1 498." '3 The first point to ascertain is where to place the landfall of X'espuc- cius on that occasion. If the " 16 gradi " of his narrative corresponds with our 16 north latitude, there is no difticulty in coming to a con- clusion ; aiul the first landing in 1497 must be fi.xed on the shores of the Honduras Gulf From there he may have coasted northwardly along Yucatan, the Gulf of Me.xico, Florida, Georgia, the Carolinas, nay, so far as the Delaware and llud.son ; all of which can be considered as being embraced within the S70 leagues of coasts mentioned in the account of that voyage. " " \v. Oclciliiis clio, .nniv. Poniiiii Mti;i<'l.xx\i\ " l.xxxxix " (odiiiim iif Siiitomhet) ; in tlii; .St. Diey Cos- (cilili'>ii of M.iy). " Nv. Ocioliri- ilio. .Vniio ilili m.c. i r. iiioiimjihiir iiitro'hirfio. TiiK Noutii-Kast Coast. 35^) alia con- rcs ot iilong so far being Lint of Dicy Co« Unfortunately, we cannot accept as precise the latitudes, longitudes, or distances in miles and leagues expressed in the accounts of the early navigators, owing to the imperfection of their nautical instruments and modes of computation. To determine (relatively, of course,) the points which in the mind of Portuguese or Spanish pilots corresponded with such specific statt iiu'nts, the only resource is the scale set forth in their charts, together with the true ]H)sition of certain localities perfectly recognisable, such as Cuba, Maracaybo, or Cape St. Augustine. This may at least I'nable us to locate the regions appro.ximately and in respect to the whole, - though regardless of exact latitudes and longitudes. The earliest of those majjs exhibiting a scale which can be e.isily interrogated in that resjiect, are the King and Caiu-rio charts. Xow, their sixteenth degree of north latitude would fix the landfall n\ Vcs- puccius in 1497, somewhere on the coast of Guyana. Ruysch's and Waldseemiiller's Tabula carry us nearly to the same point. Starting from that position, and coasting thence wi'stw.irdly, and then northwardly for S70 leagues (as we did when predicating the inciuiry upon our nKxU^rn 16' north Latitude), we again embrace within the space said to have been navigated by X'espuccius in 1497-149S, regions answering the north-western continental coast in the Lusitano-Ciernianic charts. Here, however, we meet with a difficulty, which applies likewise to the sup|)osed landfall in Honduras. The narrative states that llie S;o leagues were navigated along the coast, always in sight of land : " naui- gamo allungo della costa sempre a uista della terra, tanto die correinnio dessa S70 leghe tutta uia uerso el m.iestrale." If so. in either hypothesis, there should not be the large gap which mars the Cantino. C.nierio, Ruysch, and Schi'mer maps west of the Ciulf ot \'ene/ui'.la or M.u'aiavho. The coast would continue w(^stward along Darien, Panama, then north- ward around Honduras, N'ucatan, ami the Cnilf of Mexico. The configuration in that part of the Lusitano-GiM'manic maps (with the exce|)tion oi the maps of Stobnicza and Waldseemiiller) does not agree therefore with the tlata set forth in the .iccount of X'espuccius' first voyage. But what is almost certain and of .some iinpori.uice in the j.itsent enquiry is that \'espuccius must have seen and tacitly approved the con- figurations of the Cantino chart, inchKling, of course, the delineation of that north-western continental land. -u :i>rii :J ir. ',1 ff/ i i Ii; t' 11' M !, i' 1'^ : ' I m 111 i «.^^^kMr' 360 Till-: DiscovKuv oi- Ncjutii Amkuica. Alberto Lantiiio ;iik1 Americus \'fS[)uccius were both Italiim by birth; they touiul themselves at thi- same time in Lisbon ;'■♦ aiul their respective IKisitioiis brought them togt;ther at the Court of Portugal, just as the map was ,il)out to be sent to Italy. It hail been ordered by an Italian prince through his diplomatic agent, whose instructions were to obtain the latest iiitorniation concerning transatlantic discovi-ries. Is it not natural to believe thai, under such circimistances, Cantino, liefore packing and torwartling the ni.i|» to I'lrnuM, shouKl show it to \'espuccius, who had just returned from his third expedition ? \Vi' may even reasonably sup|)()st; that the Inter- pol. uious were prompted by the MortMitine navigator, then and there! Withal, it would |)rove erroneous to infer that, at the close of the titteciilh cfiuury, tlu' positive notion of a continent existing west of th(? Antillits could ha\c been ilerived solely from \'espuccian data, whether e|)ist(ilar\ or c.u'tographic. exprt'sseil or implietl, antl that assertions pre- dicated upon the existence of such a continental contigur.ition in maps must sink c^r llo.it according to whether we accept or rejetl the narrative ot \ aiul idiitinents beyond the Atlantic, and that a nimiber of mariners .iwiiled tliemsel\-es ot the lea\'e ; rii.il Columbus himself finally approved of the permission, which ap- proval w.is immediately followed bv voyages across the Ocean ; Init that the T'' luiri'inents of the Spanish Crown were so severe that they inducted cert ii;i adventurers to eng.ige in clandestine expeditions, which were htte.tl out iii S|)aiii (^.uul I'ortugal) between 1493 ami 1501 ; riial the leailing condition imposed, even on licensetl seafarers, by the Sp.iiiish govtrnment was an absolute /prohibition to explore American ret^ions alrcuiv discoin'red , ami that, conse(|uently, unauthorised adventurers, espe- ci.ilK at ,1 lime when the law could not be infringed with impunity, must, '• Al iL-rt ■ < 'an I IN" U-ll l.i>liM:i .m lii^ u-luni li,'im . ^il mil on lii, Iniiitli \ii),ii.^i; l.d'iu' M.iy, 1 50J. Triii,' 11 mih 1. 'L in tlu .niuiiim nf 1502 ; |l.l^>ill^; lliicnij;li ( iciU'.i is ili.il in ihiM- t'ij^hl inonlli> lif may have ln'on aliscn! wlicu In Kli llic ni.i|i In lie furwarili'il to I'Vrraia. I'mni fiom tin.- city, Imt it i^ iioi likuly lliat lie left I'orUiijLiI konij. N.ivinilii.-r 10. 1502, lie iiil'orini'il 1 k'lviiU'^ n'l:'-! 1 until al k'a>l a fi-w wiil,~ alioi lii> ii'lurn from such an lli.it lu hail iU|iosili"i tin.' same with Kramresro Cai ani.c event lul expeilition ; ami tlial i^ Miliicienl to authorise the (/..- ''.,w. ./I'lrr/. .!oi-. \\i.. |.. 21(1). .\- to \i.s|i I . 11 -.. helief that Camimi an. I \l>irc'i lis met then al the hi 111 hoi l.i^l'on Se|.ieiiil>ii 7 or ,s. 1502. .imi ili>l not Court of Joao \\. TiiK Noutii-Kast Coast. 36 « hy the imist, TruL' 11 Icn ;il>srnt |t l'oitiii;.il .iicli .\n IH'Il ^>l I 111- i r as a rule, have avoided lands already known, or kept to themselves the- results of their unlawful voyages ; That such an interdiction necessarily led a numlx^r of those explorers, licensed and unlicensed, to direct their course not only south-westerly, hut also north-westerly, beyond the Antillies ; That notwithstanding incomplete researches in the Spanish and Por- tuguese archives, governmental as well as notarial, and the loss of a vast number of documents, we possess authentic proofs of not less than ninety vessels belonging to twenty-nine expeditions (besides those of C()IumI)us, Ves|)uccius, De I.epe, Hastidas, Hojtrda, Ciucrra, Pinzon, and La Cosa), all etpiipped before; 1504, and which sailed over the area of the West Indies, which are within ninety miles of the continental regi(jii, north-west of the Hahama bank ; that is, a distance which a gust of east or of south- east wind would have enabled any swift caravel to run over in twenty- four hours. And, in that list of vessels, there are only three or four clandestine expeditions ; whilst wv. know that these wen; numerous. Nor do we speak of the Norman aiul Brittany ships which Captain de Gonne- ville, in 1505, as .erted to have visited the West Indies: " d'empuis aucunes annees en ca," viz.: before 1503; That the map of Juan de la Cosa, com[)leted in the autumn of 1500, already de|)icts the entire coast line west and north-west of the Antillies, and wholly distinct from Cuba, or from any of the West India islands ; That in said ma[) the north-western continental land is washed by the; All.intic Ocean, which, along the sea board, bears the inscription : " Mar dcsciibierta por Ingleses : — Sea discovered by the English ;" That the region a.scribeil to the Hnglish discoverers is representetl thereon as extending at the south beyond the latitudes reached by John Cal)()t during his first ^'oyage ; That the Spanish government, already in the fifteenth century, a|)[)re- hended an extensicm southward of the I^nglish explorations ; that thest; were then actually carried out by John Cabot ; and that so early as 1501, liojeda was commissioned to sto[) such progress; That the accounts brought to Portugal by Caspar Corte-Real, or his captains, in 1501, imply the belief that from the northern regions dis- covered l)y the Portuguese, the coast continued uninterruptedly in a southern tlirection as far as the Spanish possessions ; IT^^ ■ iU 1 • I I I tl m ^ til f' I 1.4 V I 1,! I : , (I ' i'l! I I I ■ 'I ' 36a TllK DlSCOVKKV Ol' NoKTll A.MKKICA. Th.it the; numerous tMulcavours mack: bi'lorit 1502 to fiiul a strait leading to tiic. Asiatic islands .uul ct)untrics, force iijHJn impartial students of the history of maritime discovery the conviction that the navigators who first crossed ihi' Atlantic Ocean, believed at a very early period in the (;\istence to ihi; west .uul north-west of Cuba, of a continent which was ne'ther Cathay nor Asia. .All those facts present .1 soLirce of geographical information, more or less crude, yet sufficient to account for the |)resence in i'ortuguest: and Lusitano-Germanic maps, of ih.it north-western continental land, without our being obligt.d to derive; it from the .iccount of the first transatlantic voyage f>f Amcricus V(!spuccius. [Eni ) OK 1'akt Sixoxi).] ,f I,]'! u i ■ f'f *fJ l,i V V \v it A I I fart ®hiri Cartograppia (^mericana (lOduBtie^ma. •^' ii l/i ■'>-r 'I .iii I .i.i*ii m ji .*^ W ''Ml . I I htv u -I I r-(;i 'fi f MAI '1 41 PART THIRD. '461— (493—1536. rpHE following lists of maps, charts, globes, and portolani, arc diviclecl I una two parts. The first comprises cartographical documciUs the date of which ,s anterior to the discovery of the New World, ac- comphshed by Christopher Columbus in X492. The second en.braces those which were constructed from 1493 until 1536 We should perhaps have carried our descriptions to the year 154, when Bartolome Ferrelo. the pilot-major of Juan Rodriguez CabriHo returned from the expedition in the course of which he reached 43^ north at.tude._ near Cape 0,-ford in Vancouver, having thus nearly completed the periplus of the American continent ; but the nun,ber of maps and globes or those seven additional years is relatively so considerable, that .t would have enlarged the present work to excessive dimensions. We have preferred to leave the description of that class of carto,n-aphic monuments for a Third Section, which, if the sight of our eyes permit we may write at some future time. The present lists, therefore, terminau' with the great map of Alonso de Chaves, which constituted, in ,^36 the Paoron Kcal, and became the supreme authority for all Spanish navigators by order of Charles V. Unfortunately, that map is Inst • and vye have been obliged to reconstruct it with the elements furnished hy the analysis of Oviedo. ^ Strictly speaking, our cartography ought also to commence with the year ,493 ; but we have deemed it useful to mention, among the vast number of charts and atlases constructed before the return of Columbus those which, directly or indirectly, may have exercised an influence on the cogitations of cosmographers during the last quarter of the fifteenth century, when meditating about the existence of transatlantic countries mm I M i Ir . • m 1 ; V 366 TiiK DiscovKKv OK North Amki'.ica. Xor did we limit our efforts to UMipa still existing. The cartographi- cal documents which are lost deserve, likewise, to be cited or described, though it be only from incomplete mention scattered in various writings of the time. Their date, as well as the coasts which they delineated, enable the historian to link together elements serving to establish the origin and filiation of many important geographical data. We are constrained to confess that there are in existence, so far as IS known at the present day, for the twenty-five years which followed the \ discoNcry of America, no maps constructed out and out with information obtained by the cartegi.ipher, either (fe visit, or direct from original graphic notes. In other words, wc possess no prototype of that time. Even the famous chart o; Juan de la Cosa, although it is an autograph, and the work of the greatest Spanish pilot of the period, does not escape this defect in important particulars, as can be easily seen by the unintelligible names inscribed on the .:ids and coasts of the New World I'ilots then already followed the method which has never ceased to be in use with nearly all map-makers. When in possession of a clear geographical outline, they assumed that it corresponded with existing confi- gurations. Gradually, as they remarked in notes brought from transatlantic voyages new profiles and new names, they inserted them in their own general padroii. This led to .a sort of inlaid work, from which certain elements were eliminated, and others added. And as, in many instances, the map so [irepared was entrusted by the pilot himself to copyists of foreign origin, chielly Italians, who were not perfectly conversant w'th the language in which the nomenclature had been originally written, and wh^jse merit consisted only in being good caligniphers or miniaturists, there crept into tlu' map new errors, which the original informer could not, or did not cAYv. to correct. Cantino, Kunstmann No. 2, and Canerio, however invaluable in themselves, do not seem to be even maps of that secondary degree. Thi:y are mere copies of copies made by Italian artists, who prob.ibly possessed no scientific attainments, and accomplished their work very much as Baptista Agnese afterwards designed and caligraphed such a great number of atlases in N'enice. Hut the maps which we have just named are tht; most ancient of that category which have reached us; and, as thi;v in their turn became models, besides each e.xhibiting what may be ternitxl [)rogressive configurations, their importance is considerable for the present enquiry. Cautockaimiia Amkkicana Vktustissima. 5(->7 ertain ;ances, sts of 1 the wlivjse crept r aid )wever jiulary who work such e just and, lay be hr the The chiracteristics of those maps impose on us the necessity, at this juncture, to examine the question of priority lietween the t arliest specimens of the Lusitanian hydrograjihy described in the followini^ lists. As we have aheady stated, th(,'re are still in European collections five manuscrijjt charts of that kind, viz.: Cantino, Kunstmann Nos. 2 .and 3. King, and Canerio. Neither in Spain or Portugal, in public or ]irivate archives or libraries, do they possess (with the exception of the I'lani- sphere of La Cosa) a single manuscript map, or globe, repnsenling American configurations, which dates from the first htteen years ol the sixteenth century. We are bound, therefore, to limit our analysis to the above mentioned maps, Vvhich constitute, direcdy or indirectly, the origin of what we have termed the Lusitano-Germanic Cartography. Those documents certainly proceed from different types ; as we claim to have shown in the preceding chapters. Their data, which are more or less complete, seem also to belong to different epochs, though comprised within a few years. When one, for instance (Kunstmann No. 2), exhibits Brazilian configurations which are posterior to 1501, it omits a portion of the north coast of South America, which was never- theless known to have been visited, explored, and described several years before. Another (Kunstmann No. 3) delineates the discoveries of (iaspar Corte-Real, the news of which reached Lisbon in the autumn of 1501, while it excludes altogether the West Indies. .\ third exhibits the coast of Brazil according to data brought by Caspar de Lemos, or by Cabral, but imparts to its " Terra de Cuba," the form of an island, and omits the north-western continental region which is so conspicutais in Cantino and Canerio. Differences of that importance, which are due to various causes, such as a desire to inscribe exclusively the Portuguese possessions in tlv New World ; or to mark only parts visited by certain navigators ; or, simply to lack of knowledge concerning new countries which were l^eyoiul the range of action of the mariners who furnished technical elemenis for making the maps, show that we must not interrogate the gcogn'.phical ensemble to ascertain the dale. Answers spring, so to speak, from some point in particular. A touchstone of that character can be fouiul, for instance, in the extent and nomenclature of the Brazilian coast. Those charts having been originally executed for Portuguese enquirers, must be considered as I' I M V, f f i ' ■ i ■ I ( , I.; i if' ) /■. ' 11 ! M Ifl • l-/ L ill 368 The Discovery of North America. containing all that was known of Brazil when they were made. This notion, if correct, yields, necessarily, elements of a controlling character, clear and positive, yet not absolute ; as they permit us only to determine the time before which the map cannot have been designed, but not how long afterwards. One of those tests is the following : We notice in all the above-mentioned Lusitanian maps, with the ex- ception of one which purposely omits the Brazilian nomenclature entirely, the " Baya de todos Sanctos." At first sight, this name would imply a date posterior to June 18, 1504, as that is the time when Vespuccius returned from his fourth voyage ; in the account of which mention is first made, by name, of the " Bay of All-Saints." But since the Florentine navigator refers to his third expedition as being the one in course of which that bay was discovered and so named, the designation must have been known in Portugal during the month of September, 1502, when Vespuccius returned from his third voyage. It follows that all maps which inscribe on the coast of Brazil " A baya de todos Sanctos," or its equivalent in Latin or in Spanish, were, or may have been, designed after Sfptember S, 1502, but not before. There is, however, an exception, which we find in the Cantino chart. There the designation "A baya de todos Sanctos" is duly inscribed, but in a handwriting, different to the rest, except for five other names placed in the same region, and which were certainly inserted simultaneously. Those six names are in the Portuguese language, which shows that they were added to the map before it left Portugal for Italy, Otherwise, we should have to assume that the interpolation was made after the map had been lodged in the P"errara archives, since we know from Cantino's letter that it went direct from Lisbon to Genoa, at the close of October, 1502. Hut, in such a case, the additional names would he in Italian, and not in Portuguese ; for, if we can readily understand why a map copied in Portugal should be written in the language of that country, although in- tended for an Italian, we do not very well see why, when once in his possession, cursory names or legends should be added in any other lan- guage than his own. Vespuccius returned to Lisbon on the 8th of Se[)tember in that year ; and Cantino, who had not yet taken his departure from that city, hearing of the discoveries lately accomplished by his countrymen and his presence '^ Cautogkai'iiia Amkricana Vetustissima. 369 but aced ously. they e, we had letter 1502. id not ied in h in- in his lan- in Lisbon, doubtless caused those new names, which belong to the success- ful voyage of 1501-1502, to be added.' We must, therefore, infer that the Cantino chart is older than the four other Lusitanian maps referred to. When Cantino's cartographer made the map, he possessed no other Brazilian data than those which had been brought by Caspar de Lemos in the summer of 1500, or by Cabral himself in July, 1501. But these embraced only the landfall, or Porto Seguro, a few miles further north. The description given by the discoverers indicated nevertheless a con- tinuation of the coast southwardly, as a mere surmise, and not as the result of an actual exploration ; since from Porto Seguro, after remaining only ten days in Brazil, they had darted off straight across the Atlantic for the Cape of Good Hope. It was this supposition which induced the cartographer of Cantino to extend the coast line a certain distance south of Porto Seguro. What shows the hypothetical character of the pro- longation is the fact that the coast is made to trend eastward, whilst in reality it is the reverse. We also see that it was thus designed at the same time with the rest of the map, as there is no disconnection, or difference in the colouring. Further, had the cartographer been asked to continu',; the line after the map was made, he would have also inscribed the six additional names, which, on the contrary, are in a cursive and different handwriting. In the other Portuguese charts which are now under examination, the coast south of Porto Seguro shows a continuous seaboard which, according to the scale inserted in those maps, covers not less than thirty degrees of latitude ; one of these contains, on that coast line, twelve, and another thirteen names, not to be found in Cantino. That coast, which in these Lusitanian maps exhibits mouths of rivers, large bays, extensive peninsulas, and the additional nomenclature just mentioned, all of which reveal the same easel and pen as the rest of the map, betray a production of a later epoch than the Cantino chart. Yet, the data themselves may come from the same source as the six extra names in the latter ; that is, from the geographical information brought by Americus Vespuccius in September, I5'^2, since the Florentine navigat(jr claims to have coasted during the third voyage, beyond 52" south latitude : " che ci troua'mo tanto alti, chel polo del meridione Cant ■See tlK' letters addressed on the subject by .\lberto royaiiex k. Ruysch Fourth Tvi-e. Canerio Hauslab No. i Boulengier Nordenskiold Hauslab No. 2 Schijner of 15 15 Paris Green globe Schoner of 1520 Frankfort globe FlKTIl Tvi'E. Stobnicza Waldseemiiller Margarita map ' Apianus As our classification of the Lusitano-Germanic majis and globes is based upon the gradual extension southward of the north-western con- tinental land, we should have created, perhaps, one more type ; the place P lii i'1 .»; \i II M', u . 1 * .tllill i W^ V =1 wmm it h ■ 1 ' !ii^ *j« 1 , 1 'hi ^ 1 ^ ' ■11' t .t! ;,i t I P. },f'^#.JI ^:;'h: 372 TuK Discovery ok North America. of which would have been between ihe above Fourth and Fifth ; thus making the latter, the Sixth and last Type. Canerio, Hauslab No. i, and Boulengier, depict the southern terminus of that north-western continental region by 20" north latitude. But the Schiinerean globes, and the ma|)s based upon the hitter's data, carry it nearly nine degrees further in the direction of the equator. sciioNKKS (;i.or.E OF 1520. This new Fifth Type, therefore, would have comprised the following spheres and map{)amundi : Nordenskiold I'aris Green Globe Hauslab No. 2 Schoner of 1520 Schoner of 1515 Frankfort Globe .-Xpianus' Mappamundi ■i i !. \~^ Cartoguai'iiia A.mkkicaxa Vetustissima. J/ 3 But we were apprehensive to complicate the subject by creating too many categories. Nor were we convinced that this new prolongation of the coast was not a devise of Schoner or of some other early German cartographer, who, identifying with the north-western continental land, both the American continent and the septentrional region discovered by Vesp iccius, made room for the Farias country. Kunstmann No. 3, is a map exclusively Portuguese, in so far as its delineations for the New World are made to embrace only the discoveries accomplished under the royal Hag of Portugal ; and as it contains no data relative to the West Indies, nor to Spanish voyages to the mainland, we omit it from the above divisions. Else we should have been compelled to create a special type for a map which is suii generis, so to speak, and never became the prototype of any chart or globe. The same reason applies, in a great measure, to the Leonardo da Vinci gores, so called. Nomenclatures are so important to ascertain the origin, filiation, and approximate dates of maps, that we have reproduced every name which occurs in the charts, portolani, mappamundi, and maps of all kinds which are described in the following Cartographia Americana Vetustissima. But those names are given only when they appear for the first time in that class of documents, so far as this class has reached us. The geogra[)hical index at the end of the work, will indicate the original chronicles or histories of the discovery of America where the same names arc men- tioned. Certain designations have been omitted from our lists, although frequently seen in charts of the time. The reason is that they were not intended to be strictly geographic, and are mere designatives used for a purpose, which is of no avail in the present enquiry. It is evident that when the cartographer or pilot inscribed on his sailing chart " here is a ledge of reefs," or "there are low lands," etc., he did not mean to create a geographical name. His only object was to mark certain peculiarities, exclusively for his own use or that of other pilots, and which in a general cartography convey no useful information. The original maps may have set forth several of those words with the addition of some tern^ which rendered them entirely geographical ; but, at the present time, the critic is generally unable in that respect to separate the grain from the chaff. ■'.]■ "i '\ 1 . 1 i 1 'i^r:|:,. ; ^\\ r )a j .:« t: t. ;ii 1: ' ^jfi' > m 'I'l !• I Al iM m » ,1 i,!f ' kt- V ¥ I Ijii- Pi'' I ■| Jin r I i i III I :i 11.^1 I, . f! S S '( J/- THK DiSCOVKKY OF NoKTH AMERICA. The isolated substantives or adjectives which we have excluded chiefly the following : Arecifes or Aguada „ Ancon „ Alacranes ,, Arena ,, Ba.xa „ Baxos , Camarona ,, Culata ,, Costa tesa ,, Costa ,, Desionecida „ Farralpnes ,, Golfo „ La^o „ Lucayos ,, I.agiina „ Malabrigo „ Motas „ Afedanps shoals. watering place. small gulf. crabs. sands. low. reefs. lobsters. depression. abrupt coast. coast. unknown. sand banks. gulf. lake. keys. lagoon. bad shelter. hummocks downs Martireno or Matas „ Montaiias „ Pescarias „ Playa ., Put-rto „ Po/ueila „ Place! „ Re/us;io , Reparo „ Rescate „ Sar sales, or Zarsales... ,, Sierra alta ,, Sierras „ Salinas „ Tortui^as „ Terra anegada ,, Terra liana , Terra plana „ Terra bassa „ sea-eels. bushes. mountains. fisheries. beach. port. small. sand bank. refuge. reparation trade. moors. high mountain. mountains. salt pits turtles. land overflowed. low land. i m I I 1:1 fl 1 y Car^ograp^g* SECTION FIRST.— FII'TKEXTH CENTURY. 1461. No. I. Lai:uan.\'s .Mi:i).\i.. I^HE belief in the existence of another continent different from the three parts of the world then known, assumed various forms. 'J"he present, which we are unable to connect with any of the cosmo- graphical notions .set forth in the geographical treatises of the fourteenth and fifteenth centurie.s, is probably the most curious of all. It is e.xhibited on the verso of a bronze medal giving the effigy of Charles IV. of Anjou, Count of Maine, and brother of Rene of Anjou, King of Sicily. That prince was born in 14 14, and died in 1475. As to the medal, it was engraved by the celebrateil Italian artist, Francesco ' Ir ' 1 'i^ii Ih| ' ;•'.( ! .'i! >\i Ttl ..i| ' .^1 ii«|i'i''i i: %iA >£ m MaVi f i, P ! mmm M W i ii i>! ' ! P .1 f:P :1 V S< ■; Wf|f^^' . 1 1 hi' ;* ■ !' ' ' i 1 I b%-^i> h < -1 fu r I 0/" TiiK Discovi'.Kv OK NouTii Amkkica. Lauraiia. anci, in the opinion of Mr. Aloiss Heiss, about the time when he executed other medals for members of the family of Rene, in 1461. It is described by that learned numismatist as follows : Rtao .- " KaROI.VS . CF.NOMANI.K . COMKS . FII.IVS . FRATKK . KKGV.M . ALVPNVS . RKdlS . I'ATER . KKCNI . I'AKDENTIA . CONSII.IOyVP: . KAROLO . VII. . IMPERA . ANTE. BustC ?l droite coiffii d'un bonnet, revotu d'un hoqueton avec collet fount- : — Chari.ks, Coitnt of Maine, .SON AND IIROIHER OF KINCS, WARD OF THE KiNCi, THE FATHER OK THE COUNTRY, IIV HIS PRUDENCE AND COUNSEL, ChARLES VII HEING ON THE THRONE. The bust OM the reCtO bears a cap; is dressed in a cassock without sleeves, with a fur collar." rerso : " Franciscvs . lavrana . FECIT. Une mappemonde entouree d'eau, avec une tete de vent a chacun des points cardinaux ; les diflerentes parties du monde sent distinguees par les mots EVROi'A . asia . africa . iiRVM.E. Bronze. Diaml-tre 70 mm.: — Executed hv Francesco Laurana. A mappamundi surrounded by water, with an Eolian head at each of the four cardinal points. The different parts of the world are severally denominated : EVROI'A . ASIA . AFRICA . HRV.M.E. Bronze. Diameter 70 millimeters." ' That curious medal, of which there is only one specimen known to e.xist, is preserved in the Numismatic Department of the Paris National Library, and was recently acquired at a public sale. It is worthy of notice that the prince in honour of whom the medal was engraved is the grandson of Rene, in whose service Christopher Columbus claimed to have been ; and the uncle of Rene, Duke of Lor- raine, under whose patronage Waldseemiiller wrote the Cosmograplihv in- trodiictio and designed the maps for the Ptolemy of 15 13. Those Anjou princes, like the dukes of Ferrara, all showed a taste for geography. Not only had King Rene caused several mappamundi to be painted on the walls of his residence at Angers and Chanze, but Antonio Marcello presented to him the Latin translation of Strabo which Guarino of Verona had recently completed. It was to his son John, Duke of Cala- bria, that Antoine de la Salle dedicated the strange historico-geographical work quaintly entitled La Salade,- containing a curious mappamundi, which, however, does not exhibit Brumcg, or " The Foggy Continent." As to Rene II., we have already recalled his zeal for the science of cosmography. ■ jMoiss Ill'.iss, A,'"( mtdailUuri iIh la Ilnnnifsanre, Svo, Vol. I., page 40. Oiir facsimile is a " frotti," or Paris, I,SS2, folio; Alfred ARMANI), /><;< m,'ilaUle.ura pencil rubbing, kindly furnislied us by Mr. IlF.lss. itiiil,:H.i '/>.i ijitlii-.i'iii' If >i(izii'me Kierh-i ; I'aris, l8Sj, ' liihliothci.a Americana VttunL, Additions, No. 66. la- lal r Ito CARTocuAriiiA Amf.ricana Vktl'stissima. 377 1463. No. 2. CtKACiozo Benincasa. Map of the Atlantic Ocean, taken from the atlas executed by Gracioso Benincasa oi' Ancona in the year 1463. "This map is remarkable because it has in the latitude of Spain //le Island of ^ Antilia,' nearly as large as I'ortugal, and two other large islands to the west and north of it, named ' Rosellia ' and ' Salvaga,' which islands appear in the same or a somewhat varying manner and shape on many other maps, and may be considered as the first indication of larger coun- tries to be found to the west of Europe!^ — Kohl.' It is to lie regretted that no mention should have been made of the library where the abo\e atlas is to be found at the [)resent day, or where Kohl has cojiied the map. The only atlas of Gracioso Benincasa reported to have been designed in 1463, is the one which was sold with the library of Matteo Pinelli at London in 1789.4 Ziirla5 and Santarem '^ also mentioned that atlas, but not de visu. Both derived their information from Morelli. VVe accept, of course, Kohl's description and facsimile as absolutely authentic ; regretting only that we are unable to see the original, as further elements of discussion might perhaps be derived from some other parts of the map. Meanwhile, it must be said that the representation of what has been justly termed the " Fantastic islands of the Atlantic Ocean in the Middle Ages," particularly the Antilia, differs here from its ajipearance in other ma[)s of the time. In the present map, for instance, not only is the Antilia of considerable dimensions, but it assumes the shape of a parallelogram, and bears seven names, besides the general one, viz.: Anna Antioul Anselli Ansetti Ansolli Ansoldi Cori That configuration and its nomenclature are no longer to be found in the maps which Graciozo Benincasa designed in 1466, 1467,7 and 147 1.'' ' liepnil iijioii rill- L'liitrd Slnli.t CtCiirajihiral Siirrri/.t went oflhr. oiu hmi(h-i'illh ma-iiliaii ; Washington, 1SS9, 4t(i, Viil. I., p. 49S, willi a facsin\ile. ■* " C.Tile N.-aitidK' <|iiattrii desognate da (iracin^o Benincasa Aiironitani) in Vcney.ia, I'anni) 1463 ; in f"- picciolo." .MoKKMl's rinelli Catalogue, \o\. V., page 101, No. 3905. 5 ZlTRi.A, })i Marnt /Wo, Vnl. II., page 351. ' San I'AKKM, Eumi lur I'hisloire. dc la Oonmoiirajihii , Vol. I., p. xlii. ' Paris National I.ilirary, Cioogr. Department, ami a (laleless .as well as anonymous one lately purchased, and preserved in the MS. Department. " San 1 AKKM, Atlas, plates 48-50. 2 Y III m1 I i' i 1 . t 1 t t ! , ' , 1 ' i 1 ' I 1 1 % ■ 1 ,■ V'H, ! I . il '■'' .. )l}^^^^' i ■ I V lA<'-''«i if J !|f ,;'• ) // ss 'I' H'i I ('.•, V: I km- hi *'^^^! ift, 378 The Discovkky ok Noktii Amkkica. Ikit we may well imagine how such an important delineation may have strengthened the belief in the existence of transatlantic lands, and prompted so many maritime efforts westward. The fact is that the numerous attempts which we have tlescril)ed, 'J as well as the theories of mariners, were not due so much to ratiocination of an abstract character, fables, or legends, as to the graphic descri])tion of those islands to be seen in charts, since, at least, the second half of the fourteenth century. '° Ikit the notion became more general when the Antilia commenced to figure in portolani, towards 1424." All those isles, with their fanciful names and localities, were certainly believed by every pilot and sailor to be positively existing. The Portuguese derived their credence on the subject from the map which I)om Pedro, the son of Joao I., brought from Italy in 1428. Tos- canelli goes even so far as to mark, in his chart of 1474, the islands and countries where navigators crossing the Atlantic may find a refiige in case of bad weather. Martin Alonso Pinzon claimed to have seen depicted on one of the Vatican maps '- the transatlantic regions which he afterwards discovered in company with Christopher Columbus. We could mention a number of other instances, but these arc sufficient to authorise the inser- tion in the present Cartography of Benincasa's map. No. 1474. TOSCANKLLI. I\Iap made by Paol del Pozzo Toscanelli (►Ji 1482), and sent by him to Affonso v., King of Portugal, June 25, 1474. "Mito ergo sue Maiestati cartam manihus meis factam in qua designantur litora vestra et insule ex quibus incipiatis iter facere versus occasum senper " : — I send to His Majesty a map which I have designed with my own hands, and on which I have marked the coasts and islands which may serve to you as a starting point when you undertake that navigation, in steering always westward." ' .S'»/)ra, liiidk Third, chapter i., ]i. 51 ; and Lci Pn'- curaturn, in Chrinlophc Colomh, Vol. I., pp. 307-329. "> Mu'dice.in .Vtlas of 135 1 : H.M.DKI.I.I, JJtl I'ovttilauo malin.o, in his .SVon'rt ild Milhne, pp. cliij.-dxxij., nnd map 5 of the atlas. " " L'iio .\nlilia, qiic Ton voit dessince sur line carte conservee dans la Ijibliothetjue gr.ind-ducale de Weiniai', ct qui flit composi'e en 1424 par iin losnioyrapho an- cimilain dont le noui est efface." n'.VvKZAC, Ilva ile I'Afriqiie, p. 24. " Infra, No. 8. '3 Origin.il Latin text of ToscANKl.i.['.s letter to Ker- nam M.VKIINS, liibliolhera Amnriiaita Vctii^tinKimti, Adilit., p. xvi. Concerning that letter, see Infra, p. 381. l^k ik^..^!'^. .j.v^VA,'\i Cauto(;uai'Iiia Amkrk ana Vktustissima. 379 Before 1484. No. 4. ToSCANKLLI. Diiplicatt: of the above mentioned map sent by Toscanelli, with a letter, to Christopher Columbus : " Copia misa christofaro colonbo [stc] cvm Vila carta navigacionis." This ma[) was crossed with longitudinal lines indicating the distances from east to west, and with horizontal ones showing the distances from north to south. The interval between those lines was called a "space," and each space measured from east to west 250 Italian miles. •■♦ From Lisbon to the city of Oulnsay there were 26 such spaces, which 26 spaces represented, in the opinion of Toscaneili, about one- third of the surface of the entire globe. '5 Oi. diat map were marked, adjoining the coast of Portugal, islands which we assume to have been the Azores, and, west of the same, that is. on the o[)posite shores of the Atlantic Occ^an, the province of Mango, near Cathay, and the Empire of the Great Khan, the extremity of which bore the name of Zaitam. Nearly in the middle of the Atlantic, was the imaginary Antilla island, 10 spaces distant from the island of Cipango.'^ Finally, the map stated "how much it was necessary to deviate from the jjole and from the equinoctial line." This primitive and original chart was in the possession of Las Casas when he wrote his History of the Indies, '7 and apparently until the time his death, which occurred in 1566. It doubtless belonged originally to the library of I'^ernando Columbus ; and we are of opinion that it was given to Las Casas by the Dominican friars, who were yet in charge of that library as residuary legatees, when he was ordained bishop in their monastery of .San Pablo, at Seville, in 1 544. There is a minute description of the map in Book I., chapter i.., of Las Casas' Historia General de las Indlas, to which we refer the reader. in " The llnli.in mile «as equal t(i 14S1 meters. Tlie early Siiaiii>.li navigators considered the iiaiiticiil le.iyiie as e(|ual to four miles: " Voluiil letiuam llisiiani millia lia-.-;imm (;u.itiior continero mari pr.osertini : terra vero, tria." Anhiiikra. D.vncl. II., cap. x., p. 174. 'S Las Casas says ; "Tenia en circuito 2,400 millas, que sun 600 Icgu.as," Ilittoria Ueih'rnJ, lib. i., cap. I., Vol. I., p. 3()0. ''' It WDuM prove iistl'iil to compare the ahove figures with those which arc to be found in a manuscript uf ToscANKl.i.i (Florence N.ational Library, Codirc. .Uaij/ia- /"('A/aHo, Class XI., Xo. 121) which we have examined on the inilications furnished us by Dr. Ijusl.avo UziF.i.i.i. See his interesting paper, Dtlla ijraiidi-a dilla, lerra st'rnudo Paolo ihl I'o-zo Ton'ctiitlli, Uoma, 1873, Svo. '' " La carte de nuuear cpie le invio, yo, que esta his- toria escriU) lengo en mi poder." Las Casas, /oi". riV., \'ol. I., pi>. 96, 316, and 360. I / I t ,, 1 . /I '' ) I ^1 h\l > 1 i 1 1 . 1 1 * "■ * / ■ ■ ifi'jl I' f . i'i^ ' 11 hi ' ■ 'if! •1 \ &■ 5|-i!i^! " 1 n lit . Vi, 380 The Discovery ok North America. But if the map itself is irretrievably lost, we still have the letter which Toscanelli sent to Columbus at the same time. It is to be found among the manuscript annotations added by the great Genoese to the few books which he possessed, and are now preserved '^^ in the Colombina Library, where they have been an object of curiosity for three centuries, '9 with- out anyone suspecting until May 8, 1871, that they contain the original Latin text of Toscanelli's important epistle, theretofore supposed to have been originally written in Italian.-° That letter is so inseparable from the geographical data which led to the discovery of the New World ; it has played so great a part in the evolution of American cartography in its incipient stage, and it serves in such a high degree to comprehend the lost map of Toscanelli, that we feel constrained to reproduce it in connection with the present chapter. As the reader is aware, Columbus wrote a letter to Toscanelli, which is lost. We know, however, that it was a request for information con- cerning the " Land of Spice," which he thought possible to reach direct from Europe by sea. Judging from the Florentine's reply, Columbus desired more particularly to ascertain what route he should take, the dis- tance to sail over, the stations on the way, landfalls and landing places. Toscanelli replied-' by sending him the above-mentioned ma]), together with a copy of a letter which he had formerly addressed to Fernam Mar- tins, the chaplain of the King of Portugal, in answer to just such a request. The letter written to Martins was dated from Florence, June 25, 1474, but Columbus only received communication of it years afterwards. In the note accompanying the package, Toscanelli says that the original letter had been written : " antes de las guerras de Castilla : — before the w 3 in Castile." Consequently the copy was sent after September 24, 1479, when the treaty of peace between S[)ain and Portugal was signed. -- That letter was translated into Spanish probably by Fernando Columbus when engaged writing the Life of his father. That translation " It is trnUMMiheil ill the own liaiidwriling (if Cliiistn- pIiL'r C(M.iMiir> (111 the lly-luaf of the edition of the Ilixtnria >i rum vlih/iic ijixlnnim of .Kiieas Silvius (I'lOioi.oMiM), printed al \enice in 1477 liy Jdiiann of Cologne and .MANtni;N of lierii.>heim. See Hihlio- thtfd Ami rirann i'lfii.'ffinsinut, A'Uiitions, pp. w.-xviii. "' Christnjihe Colomh, son orifjiiie., hch myn'jfK, id fnmille, tt sr-K ileKcendanl^, Voh I., p. 129. ■"".Mr. II. II ... . Vo conocia li.ice alios cl tevto latino de la carta de Toscanelli, pero no le dalia inipor- lancia, creyiiulo que (I orijinal era tl itatiaito. \. le ha dado gran interes y nos ha sacado de niiesto error, por lo ([ue le dehen estar agradecidos lo, alicionados . . .--Josc' M. I'liUNANliKZ Y Vfi.asco; Ilililiotecario .Mayor de la liiblioteca Colomliina. Sevilla, die. 2}. 7J." Cf. the liulUtin ill. In Sorietii lie (I'roijriijihie ile Pant, for Xoveinlier 1S74, pp. 525526. -' For an earlier version, in Spanish, of Toscanelli's letter to CoUinilms, see Las Casas, I/islorin ih. /«> Inilian, lili. i., cap. ii.. Vol. I., p. 92. -' Hf.RNAI.IiKZ, l/isliiria ili: Ids I'li/tn Cnlnlii'iyi, chap, .\li., Vol. I., p. Iig. i U Ii f i ■'\! ■■) CAKTOGRArillA AMERICANA VeTUSTISSIMA. ?8l has been inserted by Las Casas in his Historin General de las Indins, but it is far from lacing literal. Certain geographical descriptions, bor- rowed apparently from Toscanelli's map, explanations which are regular commentaries, and personal details, of which we do not know the source, have been intercalated. Several passages are also inserted not in their proper place. It follows, that the critic can no longer remain satisfied with the Italian version first published in the Historie in 1571, and which was the only one known, until the Spanish translation from which it had been taken was printed with Las Casas' work in 1875. Nor is the latter version any more satisfactory, as it contains the same defects. The original Latin te.xt "I that letter is as follows : " Copia tiiisa c/iristofaro colonho per paiilum Jisicum aim vna carta naiiigacionis. Ferdinando martini canonico vlixiponensi paulus phisicus salutem. a [de?] tua valitu- dine de gracia et familiaritate cum rege vestro " Copy sent to Christopher Colonbo by Paul the physician, with a nautical chart. To Ferdinand Martins, a canon in Lisbon, Paul the physician, greeting : I have learnt with pleasure that your health genero[siss]imo [etj magnlficentissimo principe is good, and that you are on terms of intimacy iocundum mihi fuit intelligere. cum tecum with your very generous and very magnificent allias locutus sum de breuiori via ad loca sovereign. On a previous occasion I have aromatum per maritimam nauigacionem quam spoken to you of a sea route to the land of sit ea quam faoitis per guineam, querit nunc spice, shorter than the one which you [/. e., S[erenissimus] rex a me quandam declaracionem the Portuguese] take by the way of (luinea. ymo potius ad occulum ostensionem vt etiam That is the reason why the Most Serene mediocriter doti illam viam capcrent ct intelli- King'^ asks of me to-day information on aie geren\ Ego autcm quamvis cognoscam posse subject, or, rather, an explanation sutlicio itly hoc ostendi per f rniam spericam vt est mun- clear to enable men, even but litt'c learned, dus tamen dcterminaui, pro faciliori intelli- to understand the existence of such a route. gencia ac etiam pro faciliori opera, ostendere. Although I know that it is a consequence of viam illani per quam carte nauigacionis fiunt the spherical form of thj earth, I have decided, illud declarare. .Mito ergo sue Maiestati car- nevertheless, so as to be better understood and tarn nianibus mcis factam in (]ua designantur to facilitate the enterprise, to demonstrate in litora vestra et insulc ex quibus incipiatis iter constructing a nautical chart th.u tlic said faceie versus occasum senpcr et loca ad (jue route is proved to exist. I therefore send to debeatis neruenire et qu.mtum a polo vel a His Majesty a map which has been drawn linea equinotiali debeatis declinare et per quan- witii my own liands, and on whicli are marked turn sjiacium siue per cjuot miliaria debeatis your coasts and the islands which may be peruenire .ad loca fertilissima omnium aroma- taken as a starting point, when you undertake tum et gemarum, et non miremini si voco the voyage, by steering constantly tow.uxls the occidentales partes vbi sunt aromata cum west.-' Vou will also find thereon the indi- -' .\i tunmi \'., surn.iniL'd "The -Vfrican," ►{« 14S1. -J I.As Casas lun' (Vol. I., p. 93) m.\k'j-. llie folluwiiii; iiiU'ipol.uicin : "en l.i ciial o-ta piiiLiilo toilii cl lin ik'l I'oniL'ntc, iDiiKviiilo ilosile Irlanila al Auslio lii^la lI I'm il.j Criiino.T. . . coll las i>la,s," Thcac Jctail- n-.ay ln' acMcil 10 liii clcscri|)tion of ilic map. I < II n Jl , 1 ■ ' ' 1 1 i\ r, . ) % viii, ♦' .1 1 ' ' . I' w '■■; •11 \ •'li! f fi'^' Wi\ I'r 'I i 382 TllK DiSCOVKUY OK NoRTII AmEUICA. comniuniter dicantur orientales, quia naui- gantibiis ad occidentem senper ille partes inueniuntur per subterraneas nauigaciones. Si enim per terrani et per superiora itinera, ad orientem senper* reperirenturf linee ergo recta in longitudine carte signate ostendunt distan- ciam ab orientem | versus occidens, que autem transuersc :;unt, ostendunt spacia a meridie versus septentrionem. notaui autem in carta diuersa loca ad que peruenire potestis pro maiori noticia nauigancium siuc ventis vel casu atiquo alibi quam existimarent venirent ; partin § autem vt ostendant incolis ipsos habere noticiam aliquam patrie illius, quod debebit esse iocundum satis, non considant|| autem in insulis nisi mercatores aserit. ^T ibi enim tanta copia nauigancium est cum mercmioniis vt in toto reliquo orbe non sint sicuti in vno portu n.jbilisini'-, vocato zaiton.** aserunt enim centum naues piperis magne in eo portu sin- gulis annis deferri, sine aliis nauibus portanti- bus allia aromata. patria ilia est jjopulatisima ditisima nuiltitudine prouinciarum et rcgnorum et ciuitatum sine numero, sub vno ]irincipe qui dicitur magnus Kan quod nomen significat in latino rex regum, cuius sedes et residencia est vt pluriiinim in prouincia Katay. antiqui sui desiderabant consorcium christianorum iam sunt .200. anni, tt miscerunt 1 J: ad papam et postulahant pluriuios dotos in fide vt illumina- rentur ; scJ qui missi sunt, inpediti in itinereSS redierunt. cliani tempore Eugenii-'' venit vnus ad eugijnium qui dc beniuolentia magna erga -l;.is I.c'^c, l,oi;i ( ) ■* K i'JUtC. ■ I Hit It f. A -niuir ? M a;:, m 1'. IJl, C.\\i 105. Ii '.liu orii; n.il Wf rc.)il HI 111 ■ i>ft} mi M.riinl. M \r,' I) I'lii.o, |irM|.i_L;iiL'. cation of the countries which you must fall in with ; how much you will have to deviate from the pole, and from the equinoctial line ; and finally, the space, that is to say, the number of leagues you have to sail over to reach the country, which is so rich in spice and precious stones of all sorts. Do not be surprised if I call the country of spices a utestern country, whilst it is the custom to call it eastern. The reason is that in making the voyage by sea, in the hemisphere which is opposite our own, that country will always be found on the west side. If, on the contrary, the land route is adopted, in crossing the higher hemisphere it will always be found in the east. The longi- tudinal lines traced on the map show the dis- tance from east to west ; the horizontal ones show the distance from south to north. I have also marked, for the use of navigators, several countries where you may touch in case contrary winds or some accident should drive mariners to some other coast than the one intended. I wanted to enable them to show the aborigines that we were not without posses- sing some knowledge of their country, which must please them. Only merchants, as we are informed, settle in those islands ; for there is such a great concourse of navigators with goods that the port of Zaiton alone, which is famous, contain^ a greater number of them than all the rest of the world together. It is asserted that every year one hundred large vessels, loaded with pepper, arrive in that port ; without speaking of the other ships which bring different kinds of spice. That country is very riuch peojjled, and very rich. It is composed of a multitude of provinces, kingdoms, and innunierai)le cities, all of wlnch are under the sway of a single prince, called "The Grand Khan." That title means, in Latin, " The King of Kings.'' His residence is mostly in the [irovince of Cathay. His an- -s NVrc-.irily l'.i|ic Kr.ii.vi; I\'. (1431.14471, and not Tope Ei'okm: III., muiUioiT.vl l.y .M.-\Krii rm.o, cli. 55. Cartoguai'iiia Americana Vetustissima. -•S- j"^^ ' '^ 1 ! ,: ; 11 1 * k > I ill 1 ^^! f -in i christianos afirmabat et ego secum longo ser- mone locutus sum de multis, de magnitudine edificiorum regalium et de magnitudiue fluui- um* in latitudine et longitudine mirabili et de inultitudine ciuitatum in ripis fluuium.t vt in vno flumine .200. circiter ciuitates siut consti- tute, et pontes marmorei magne latitudinis et longitudinis vndique colonpnis ornati. hec pa- tria digna est vt per latinos cjueratur, non solum ([uia lucra ingencia ex ea capi posunt auri argenti gemarum omnis generis et aronia- tum (jue nuniiuam ad nos deferuntur, verum propter doctos viros philosofos et astrologos peritos et quibus ingeniis et artibus ita potens et magnifica prouincia gubernentur | ac etiam bella conducant. hec pro aliquantula satisfac- tione ad suam peticionem, quantum breuitas temporis dedit et occupaciones mee conceps- cerunt, il paratus in futurum regie maiestati quantum volot latius satisfacere. J lam nobilisimani cippangu sunt decern spacia.* est enim ilia insula fertilisima aur[o] margaritis et gommis, et auro solido cooperiunt tenpla et donios regias, itaque per ygnota itinera non magna maris spacia transcundum. multa for- tasse cssent aperitus t declaranda, sed diligens considcrator per hec poterit ex sc ipso reliqua pros[)i(crc. vale dilectisimc. * Thu llistorit (('■ iS) inakf here tlic following inter- pi>l:itiiin: " clic fanno duo mil.i et cin(|noceiUii init^li,), cioe 'liii;entii, et venticinciue Iot;hi." t Aperlius. X Con 1 1 hero says : " I'iu oltre di (nicsla provinci.i di Mall};!. ~e no tmvia vn' altr.i cho e la niit;liiir di time I'altro del iiioiidci nnminata il Catain ... el la pricipal eiil.'i, et la pill iiohil si cliiania Canilulu . . . iiella quale i' pusl.) il pal.nzzd del Re." I'm;/;/'" 'li Xirolo ili Cuiili, ,i.t/V/i) /loi' ^f^■■■'^' r I'o'jjio ; in Ramisio, ithi sujira. "The City of the Heavens." They relate marvellous things relative to the multitude of objects [of art?] found there, and the amount of its revenues. That space is about one-third of the entire globe. } The city is in the pro- vince of Mango, near that of Cathay, in which is the royal residence. From the Antilia island, which you know, to the famous island of Ci- pango there are ten spaces. That island yields quantities of gold, pearls, and precious stones. The temples and palaces of the King are in- laid with plates of gold. It will not be neces- sary, therefore, to cross very extensive spaces over the sea on an unknown route. Perhaps I should have given more n.inute details on many things, but a careful observer can, of himself, sui)ply much of what may be wanting. Good-bye, Dearest." That important Icttor must not be considered simjily as a familiar communication of which Toscanelli had kept a C0[)y for ten years or more. It was evidently based upon some scientific paper, which embodied notions shared by a certain class of thinkers in quarters where the [)ro- blems of Cosmography were freciuently mooted, and whose writings have not .ill come down to us. We are even justified in su[i[)osing that the idea of the e.\istence of tran.satlantic lands which could be easily rt^ached l)y steering westwartl, had been the subject of conversations in the Italian cities. This is shown by the fact, re[)orted in the first chapter of the present work,-^ that the Duke of I'Y'rrara viewed the discovery accom- plisht d by Columbus as a confirmation of the ideas advanced by Tos- canelli ; and in 1404. requested his ambassador at I'dorence to institute researches among the papers of the Florentine astronomer, thin in the possession of his ne[)hew Ludovico, and to secure any note or writing on the subject. It would certainly be a strange circumstance that Her- cules d'F.ste should hiive known at such an early date of Toscanelli's geographical theories, if ihey had not been discussed vwv sinc(^ '-1^74- Il will soon be shown, moreover, that those ideas were not confined to I'liirence or to berrara. W'e insert in the following pages an elaborate letter from a Nuremberg .savant, who, not knowing yet that Columbus had carried the project into e.xecution, pro[)osed it to the King of I'ortugal ; ' ' '' 1 '" Sii I'la, i'ai;e- 2 .an Ig •r- :k1 CARTOCiKArillA AmF.KK ANA VkTUSTISSIM A. 385 and precisely with the s;iine re.isoiis which are set fortli in the above epistle of Toscanelli. Documents of that kind may yet come to light in the archives of Italy and Germany, showing that the human mind had advanced step by step to that great conception, and was ripe for its accomplishment in 1492; even if mere chance, as with Cabral's discovery of Brazil seven years later, did not reserve it for a lucky gust of the east wind. -9 No. 5. CoMMiu's' Gi.oni:. Globe which Christoi)her Columbus sent to Toscanelli through Lorenzo Girardi, from Lisbon, together with the letter requesting from the I'loreii- tine astronomer information as to the means to reach Cathay by the west : " Acordo de escribir al dicho ^Llrco Paulo [.?/V] fisico, y enviole una es- fera. tomando por medio a un Lorenzo Hirardo [i-/V]." 3° The His/on't'i' write the latter name correctly, and adtl that the globe was a small one : "Col nie/o d'un Lorenzo Ciir.irdi Fiorcnlino, chc er.i in Lisbona e gli niando un.n picciol.i sfer.i : — By tlie ch.Tnnel of one Lorenzo Ciir.irdi, a Florentine, who was in Lisbon and sent him a small sjihere." No. 6. Hartiioi.omkw Coi.rMurs. iNLips which, according to the Chancellor .Antonio Ciallo, Bartholomew Columbus made in Lisbon, as a professional cartographer : "Sed Bartholoni.'eus minor natu in Lusitania demum Ulyssijiona; constiterat, ubi intentus quKtsui t.ibellis [lingendis operam dedit, quels ad iisum Nauticum justis illineationibus, et pro- portionibus servatis maria, ]iortus, littora, sinus, insulx effigiantur :— Bartholomew Columbus, the younger brother of Christopher, having settled in Portugal, and ultimately at Lisbon, de- voted himself to making charts for the use of mariners, which depicted with exactness the seas, harbours, roasts, gulfs, and islands.'"'" ■' The iliM.'ovi'ry y liarllio- wliicli \w iliil lU't su>|n.'Cl, c.\rriiil him im.\wari.> lo l!i.i/il, loiuiu DiA/. in I4S(>. prompluil JOAi") II., the Kiiij; of .March 22 or 24, 1500. rottujial, to soiiil nivural c^pwlitimis to the liulian >cas '" I.as Casas, ii/i. rit., lili. i., cap. xii., \'ohimo I., I>y tlie now route ; anii it was for one of those voyages l^aj^e 92. that Vasco iia IIa.ma prepared sailing; ilirections, in " lli^iorii 'hi S, l>. Ftrnnmlo Colomho, cap. vii., which he warned Caiikai. to a\oiil certain tr.aile wimls f"- 15, verso. ("oncrrninf; (liKAKlil, see CVini'o/i/i' from the soiill- east, ami the cahiis which prevailed in l'i'h»iih, \ol. I., pp. 12S, 2<>S, 303, 304. the Cinlf of (iiiineii. These instructions leil Caiikai. to " C A 1.1.0, l)r ynriiintioiir Culuinhi, in .MfKAioKl, lean fiiither to the west; ami the eipiatoiiiil ciirrcnis lf(tl. Sn-i/il., WA. Will., col. 302. 2 Z ;i i i\:,j I- ii » , I ^1 1 , 1 • 1 1: 1 ■ V I i 'I'll' \ \ h WfW 1 ,11 i I ii , I r m\ ] 386 The Discovery ov North America. Las Casas, who possessed many specimens of the cartographical skill of the two brothers, says that, as a map and globe-maker, Hartholomew was superior to Christopher : " En mi poder est.-in muchas cosas de las manos de anibos ... en hacer 6 pintar cartas de navcgar, y esferas . . . presume que en algunas cosa destas le excedia : ^ — I have in my possession many things in the handwriting of both . . . and as regards making or painting nautical charts and spheres ... I thinlc that in some of these [Bartholomew] was the most skilful of the two." We may fairly suppose that some of lho.se maps set forth either his own or his brother's notions about transatlantic lands, considering that, according to Antonio Gallo, already quoted : " Si quis -'Kthiopum meridionalibus littoribus relictis in pelagus ad manum dexteram Occidentem versus cursum dirigeret, ut is procul dubio continentem terrani aliquando obviam esset habiturus ; —He demonstrated to Christopher that by starting from the south coast of Ethiopia, and steering westward on the right in the open sea, a continent would certainly be reached." " 1488. I M ^i'r^M t"VV I 'I ' I it,' :f. ■h ii f \t N i\(). B.VKTllOI.OMKW CoLUMIiUS. Map of the world made in London by Bartholomew Columbus for Henry VII. According to Las Casas. 35 who seems to mention it (/e visit, as he speaks of a certain portion of the epigraph as being badly written, incorrectly spelled, and illegible: " de muy mala e corrupta Ictra y sin ortografia, y parte dellos que no pude leer," the map contained the following verses : Terrarum quicumque cupis atque a;quoris oras Noscere : cuncta decens hrec te pictura docebit. Quan [«V] probat et .Strabo, Ptholomeus, Plinius atque Isidorus, non una tamcn sententia quels est. Hie etiani nuper sulcata carinis : Hispania [sit-] Zona ilia jjrius incognita genti Torrida : quK tandem nunc est notissima multis. '' I.As (ASA'-, /li-lwiii, lili. i., cap. x\i.\., \ol. 1., -5 I.AS Casas, Ifi.iloiiri, lil.. i., cap. K\ix., ',ul. t., p. 224, .iml cap. ci.. \..l. II., p. So. p,i(;e 225. Wo copy 1 . ..-;iy ijic punr leM cf the ■M;Ai.r..i, /„.■. ,//. M.idrul oditicm. I{ . !''^ [M 'I ^ lie CAUTOCiRAPIIIA AmKUICANA VkTUSTISSIMA. 387 Pro authore seu pictore. Gennua cui patria est, nomen cui Bartholomeus Columbus de terra rubea : opus edidit istud Londonijs : anno doinini millesimo quatercentessimo octiesque uno Atque insupcr anno octavo : decimaque die mensis Februarii. Laudes Christo cantentur abunde. The version of that piece of indifferent poetry, as given by the Historic, 3^ is somewhat different. It was compost'd of two parts, the first of which being as follows : Terraruin quicunque cupis feliciter eras Noscere, cuncta decens doctfc pictura docebit, Quam Strabo affirniat, Ptolemaeus, Plinius, atque Isidorus : non vna tamen sententia quisque. Pingitur hie etiam nuper sulcata carinis. Hispanis Zona ilia, prius incognita genti, Torrida, qua; tandem nunc est notissima multis. Then, a Httle lower : Pro auctorc, siue pictore. lanua cui patrix [«V] est nomen, cui IJartholomaeus Columbus de Terra rubra opus edidit istud Londoniis Anno Domini 1480, atque insuper anno Octauo, decimaque die cum tertia mensis Februarij. Laudes Christo cantentur abunde. " Whomsoever you may be, who desires to know the earth and the seas, this picture will give you the detail thereof in full ; which has already been related by Strabo, Ptolemy, Pliny, and Isidor [of Seville]. Yet their information differs. Here is represented the torrid /.one recently navigated by the Spanish [wV]" vessels, until then unknown, and now well known. " .As to the author or painter, Cenoa is his native country, his name is Bartholomew Columbus of 'I'oiia Rubra ; he has executed this work at London, in the year of our Lord 1480, and, besides, the year 8, and the tenth day, with the ,5d of the month of February." That is, for those who are not compelleil to distort words in order to construct poor vcr.se: "On the 13th day of the month oS. February, i48J'. ''' Ilislorif, c^^\ \\., ("■ JI, versi>. Wc take our text for the .seconil series of verses from the table of crrnla in the edition of 1571. J' This is evidently an allusion to the discovery of the Cape of Cood Ilnpe whieh liatlholonieu DiA/- h.id re- cently aecoinpli^hcd (.Vngiist, i486— Oeceniler, 14S7), after crossing the torrid zone, then supposed to extern! Ihnnijjhout the ooean (Sanparkm, flisl. ili: la Cotmo- [imphii: an moyen liijc, Vol. III., p. :?I2). liut Diaz sailed under the I'ortui^uese ll.ai;, and the .'.;-'' niards had nothinjj whatever to do with this or any other similar exjieiliiinn during the fifteenth century. |IIH ■:'t I I P) ', .r.'. i: ■ ! ' u u- M 11 . Ji .'. ( '^ if I 388 The Discovery of North America. The rc.ulcr will notice that not only the wording of the Historic differs somewhat from that of Las Casas, — which should not be the case if both had copied the original document, — but Las Casas assigns the date of February loth: " decimaque die mensis Februarii," instead of February 13th: "decimaque die cum tertia mensis Februarii." Xor are we certain that their 1488 is not 1489, new style. Neither Las Casas nor the Historic give any description of the map, and the above is all th.it we know concerning it. What is said on the subject, or relative to the presence of Bartholomew Columbus in London, by Hakluyt, -'« Hacon, 39 Purchas.-^o and Herrera,•^' was entirely borrowed fiom the Historic. The offer made to England is confirmed by Christopher Columbus himself, 4- by Alessandro Geraldini,43 and by Oviedo-*4; but the original I-lnglish documents, thus far, have yielded no information whatever on that point. Bartholomew Columbus very prol^ably made maps whilst living in l*"rance. Htt says himself that when his brother returned to Spain in 1493 the latter sent f(.. him, being then living with " Madama de Hor- bon,"45 who was either Anne de Beaujeu, or Jeanne, the widow of Louis de Bourbon, 4(j the admiral. 1491. No. 8. Ro.Mi: ^L\i', jNLip consulted at Rome in 1491 by Martin Alonso I'inzon, and said to have contained indications concerning transatlantic lands. The assertion rests chieHy on the testimony given by Arias Perez Pinzon, son of Martin Alonso, before the F"iscal at Seville in 1513. It is as follows : 3" IIakiiyi', Tht Priiirijiail Xaviijatioim, cd. of 15S0. '" H.tt'oN, lliHlorit of the raiijne of Kinij Ifeiiry Ihi: Stff.nth, edition of 1622, p. 189. *" I'URCIIAS, I'tliiriiiieK, edition of 1625, I'.nrt III. " IIkkkkk.v, Dccail. I., lib. i., cap. vii., p. 11; lili. ii., cap. XV., p. 58. ■•- Nav AUUKi i:, Vol. II., pafjc 254. " Okr.vi.TiIM, Itiiterariiim nil yiijiomn srh .iijriiioc- tinli jiUi'ja euiiKlitiiaM, ytaga 203. " (MlKi)O, Iliitoria Oe.iitrnl, lil). i., cap. iv. , Vol. I., p.il^e 18. ■•5 Coleri-lou iIk tlornmeiiton iiiiililii'> jmra la IliKlni-in ill E-pann, Vol. .\VI., 1850, pp. 551, 550. *'• ChriKli>]iln, Colomli, Vol. II., pp. 104-196. CAKTOCiRAI'IUA AmEKICANA VeTUSTISSIMA. 389 " Estaba este testigo en Roma con merca- "Witness and his father were at Rome, with derias de su padre, c que fufc el dicho su merchandize, the year before the latter sailed padre a Roma aquel dicho su padre estando on the voyage of discovery. Being one day un dia en la libreria del Papa, allende de !„ the Pope's library, where his father had otras muchas veces que habia eslado por razon ^f^^^ ^^^^ ^^-^^ ^^ ^is intimate acquaintance de mucho conocimiento que tenia con un ^j^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ attendants of the Pope, that familiar, cnado del Papa, que era grande cos- , , , , , , , , . attendant, who was a great cosmographer and mografo y tenia muchas y largas escrituras, y . ,,, , - 1 .• J u 1 owned many extensive manuscripts, conveyed alli las enseno, platicando muchas veces el ' 1 > / dicho su padre y este testigo con el suso dicho '"formation to them there in the course of criado del Papa en las cosas con el mapa- numerous conversations and by means of a mundo, alli fue Informado el dicho su padre niappamundi. Thus were they made aware y este testigo de cstas tierras ([ue estaban por that there existed lands yet to be discovered, descubrir, e juntamente con mucha industria and with much skill and science in maritime e saber en las cosas de la mar cl tenia, dijo matters [the said person] told witness fre- muchas veces a este testigo como andaba e quently how he should equip two vessels, to (jueria armar dos naviiis c ir a descubrir estas go ^^d discover those lands." tierras . . ." " In executing the Rogatory Commission sent to PaU)S nearly twenty years afterwards, November i, 1532, additional testimonies were elicited on that point, I'etlro Alonso Ambrosio declaring that Martin Alonso Pin/on went to Rome at his own cost in his own bark loaded with sardines, and brought back information concerning the navigation to the Indies, which had been derived from the niappamundi of the Pop'i and from a book : — " Fue a Roma a su costa en su barco cargado de sardina, e trajo sacado del mapa mundo del I'apa e de un libro, avisos para saber la navegacion de las Indias." 4S We place no confidence whatever in those dei)ositions. Yet, the two Pinzons may have visited Rome during the pontificate of Innocent V'lll., and seen in the X'atican a mappamundi, exhibiting, like all the old charts, imaginary islands tar into the Atlantic (^cean. That of Ciraciozo Hcnin- casa, [)erhai)s. We have examined all the manuscript maps known (by outsiders) to exist in the Vatican library. As there is no general cata- logue, either of that collection of books or of the cartographical docu- ments,49 and it is extremely difficult to ascertain where the maps antl portolani can be found, we append the necessary rubrics : •" Navakkim'K, Vol. III., up. 559, 560. i-arly mamiscript lu.ips, liy Julin IIoi.mks, K.S.A. In ■''' /Vo/iaiCrt-i iif Novcmliir i, 1532. Iwn vulumcs. At f. 59, Vul. I., is inscrteil .1 c.il.iloj^uc ■"" Since the alK)ve w.is wiiticii we have fmiinl in the of M,S. charts in the Vatican library, coniniinilcati'il liy catali)gue iif manuscripts in the Hritish Museum, umler Miss E. Sw.iNN In Captain W.\siiimmi : 'I i r:- fi ri )>. •>■ i '^ u , i '1' If! m 1 1 I '!;- 1 M ! I i" '; ) I ..frt^l iffi. ' i.i'i: :■'! ,!'i( n. I" ''il i Id i f i i 390 The Discovkky ok North Amkkica. 1358, Palatiiio. 283. Urhin. 1013. 54S. AV^r/;/. .S". 340 1770, ,, MS. '/ /> 5360, Vatican. i960, 2035. „ 2972. 1362, Palatiiio. See also : Orbis totius descriptio., 1993 244. Terra none Ducis responsio ad Rcgein Catholici dc Monaresia, 5457 {atitc anno 1538?). Nowhere did we find in any of the alphabetical catalogues or rubrics, the names : Columbus, Vespuccius, or Anglerius. In the Sitcret Archives of the Vatican (Archivio Segreto della Santa Sede). now open to the public, on the inside front wall can be read this noble inscription, engraved for the first time in 1880 : 1,1:0 XIII I'OXT MAX niSTOIUAK STVDIIS lONSVI.KNS TAIiVLAKII AKCANA RIXIASIT ANNO MDCCCLXXX Unfortunately, the fact that our researches embraced particularly the last se\'i.Mi years of the fifteenth century, prevented us from obtaining any information whatever. s^J But very extensive [)romises were made to us. 1492. No. 9. Mai's of Lorkn/.o III-; Mkdici. In connection with maps of that period, we may perhaps mention the two ma[)pamundi which figure in the inventory taken after the de.ath of Lorenzo de Medici, in 1492. " Uno tondo grande dipintovi uno universale chon uno festone di nocie intaglato intorno diametro br. . . . [Valued at 50 florins]." " Uno colnio di bracia 4j4 dipintovi I'universo [Valued also at 50 florins]." Both of those maps hung in rooms of his palace at Florence. 5' - Tl) '.!.■ yc-ir^ umlirarc ihc ijrcntcr p.irt i>f the ponlili- " K. MiiN I/,, /,i < Collii-fioiii iln Meiliiin, Paris, iSSS, ca!o I'f AlvAHivlci- VI. (Rinlri;^" llnuciA). 4l<>, p|>. 62, 64. ih iiil'i CAKrocRAi'iiiA Amkuicana Victustissima. 39' 1492. I N(j. lo. Hkiiaim's Gi.oiik. Its diameter measures 530 mm. The glohi: is |)astetl over with vel- him, and the configurations exhibit Hags, figures of kings, and inscriptions, in gold and colours. It is mounted on an iron stand, with brass meri- dian and horizon, on the edge of which is inscribed the date Anno Domini' 1510 die 5 A'ovcmbris, which refers to these two metallic additions. There are numerous legends, in old German language, which have been re])roduce(l by De Murr, at a time when they were yet perftxtly legible ; although the vellum had already turned nearly black. Parts of these are omitted or imperfectly rendered in Ghillany's facsimile of the western hemis|)here. The globe was repaired in 1825, and it is after having been thus put in order, that Jomard obtained in 1847 from Baron Frederic Carl von Behaim " senior familiie," that it should be temporarily removed from that gentleman's mansion to the School of Arts of Nuremberg, to be fac-similed entirely at the expense of the French government, for the Geographical Department of the Paris National Library. That facsimile? is now on exhibition in the latter place, but v(;ry difficult to deciph'.T, on account of the fading away of the colouring. As to the original globe, it is still preserved in the archives of the Behaim family, in Nuremberg, F-gydienplatz, No. 15. The following legend, which is inscribed in (lerman on the globe, gives the history of that important geographical monument : " At the request of the wise and venerable magistrates of the noble imperial city of Nuremberg, who govern it at present, viz.: (Jabriel Nutzel, P. Volkamer, and Nicholas (Iro- land, this globe was devised and executed, according to the discoveries and indications of the Knight Martin Behaim, who is well versed in the art of Cosmography, and has navi- gated around one third of the earth. The whole was borrowed with great care from the works of Ptolemy, Pliny, Strabo, and Marco Polo, and brought together, both lands and seas, according to their configuration and position, in conformity with the order given by the aforesaid magistrates to George Holzschuer, who participated in the making of this globe, in 1492. It was left by the said gentleman, Martin Behaim, to the city of Nurem- berg, as a recollection and homage on his part, before returning to meet his wife [Johanna e Macedo, daughter of Job de Huerter, whom he married in i486], who lives in an island [at Fayal] seven hundred leagues from this place, and where he has his home, and intends to end his days." n '1 " \ i 1 k'" ilu •>\ ii :f;Hl' i Mr ■111' ♦tf ' ■ I • ( , I . I !' M l**l> i ' ' '. •j' I l« ' ^ i '5 ,' ( «' A ■!*«•. (^.,* ^tl I, i f i '■!. "U ll'i ni m 39^ Tin: r^iscoviKV ()!• NouTii Amkuica. Our iiUcrprt'tatioii of the alxive quotation is that Martin ht^haim fiirnishi-d tht; ^t'oi^raphical data aiul Icj^cnds, but that tin- ^lolx: w.is constructfd, painted, and inscribed by a gentleman 5- of tlie name of (leorge I lol/schuer. l'"or a complete geogra|)hical description of the globe, we refer the reader to tlu- following works : l)e Murr, Dift/oinatische Geschichte dcs Poring:;, bcri'ihmten Rittcrs Martin Bcluiinis, Xiirnberg, 1779, Svo.; and in French by Jansen; Paris and Strasburg, 1S02, Svo. I lumboklt, Examen Critique de V tlistoire de la Gcognipliii' du Nouvean Continent ct dcs progrcs de I'astronontie naiitiijne dans les XY' et X\'' siecles, \o\. I., pp. 257-274. Hrcusing, Xur Geschichte ■ der Geogrnphic, A'egio/nontnni/s. Martin Behaiin loid der yakobstaly, Zeitsch. der Gesellsch. f. Erdk. zu Berlin, iSoy, Svo. (jhillau)-, Geschichte des Scefahrers Ritter Martin Behaim ,• Xiirn- berg, iSs;,. 410. Lelewel, Epilogue de la Geographic du Moyen Age ; Hruxelles, 1S57. l)p. 1S4-191 ; and Kohl, Documentary History of the State of Maine, [)[). 147-150. There is a good (but ni)t a facsimile) reduced copy o{ ihi; configu- ratiiiiis antl legends in Dojipelmayr, Historische Nachricht von den A'iirn herg.'schcn Mathcniaticis und Ki'instlern ; Ni'irnberg, 1730, fol. lohan Muller, the artist who reproduced the globe for the I'Vench Ooxernment in 1847, also made a lithographed fac-simile for (Ihillany in 1N5;. In Jomard's Monuments de la Geographic, it is incomplete, and otherwise imperfect. Our chief reason for inserting Hehaim's globe in our list, 's that it e.xhil.iits the geographical notions which would have guided him it Joao II. had listened to the Hmperor Ma.ximilian's advice to go in ..earch of Cathay by a maritime route westward, and to Dr. Jerome Miinzmeister's suggestion to secure the services of Martin Behaim for that bold and gre.u undertaking. This fact, which is not generally known, is provetl by the following extremely curious letter, viz.: ?' Th'.' 1 l"l./si Mii:ii> wi-Ti.' Nurcmlicrj; ;>;>lrici.in< ; i>iic nionarcli, Kuliriniy 2, 150J. nn .nililitinnal eiculolKMii. iif lli.\i Uniily, Wuir. livoil in I'lirUigal, anil h.ivint; The arni> of tlic lloj/^cluui f.imily ate alaci painted nn rciiilcK'! >i.:vice~ to Kini; Manoki., rcccival from llial licliaim's ^lobc. I 'I ii I CAKTO(;RAriiiA Ami Kii ANA VirrrsTissiM A. :>y3 ^^ Carta i/iu iiiiiiou l[itroniino iiOntan' Joutor alf>n,1i> da iiJadi Jc norumln'r^a ('in AlhtnLniha ao scnnissimo A'tv i/i) Joham sfi^Hiiuio J<' p 'r fuxal. Sohrt o Jcscobrimcnto Jo mar Chranii (t l>rouiiicia do dram Cam dc Ca/ay firada dt latim an lin);oa.^im par matrt Aluaro da torn ; mtstrt tm tiuoloi^ia da ordain d( sam domini;os prtgador do dito Sc'i/ior ttty. Ao serenissimo c inuiciissimi) Uih^lnc Ruy dc Portugal o dos nignrucs e d.i mauritania niaritana, e inuentor prinieyro das ylhas fortu- nadas Canarias, da madeira c dos a(;ores. Hieroniiiio inontario doutos alemA inuy humil- dosamente se encomenda. I'orque atce ijuo este louuor rccebcste do serenissimo Infante di5 Anri(]ue ten tio (juc niiiica perdoaste a trabailio neni dcsijesas pera descohrir a rcdon- deza das terras e pera tiia industria fe/.este tributaries atee os poiios maritimos da Ethio- pia c ho mar ile Guine atee ho tro])ic() de Capricorno vC> suas mercadurias : assi como Ouro, Grilos de parayso, I'imenta, Kscrauos e outras cousas. Com o ho (jual ingenho gan- haste pera ti louuor immortalidade e gloria e tanibem nuiy gram iiroueito, e nam he duuida que cm breue tempos os de Ethiopia (juasi bestas em semellian(;a humana, alienados do culto diuino dispA per tua industria sua bos- tialidade e venliain a guardar a religiam catho- lica. Considcraiulo cstas cousas, Maximiliano inuictyssimo Rcy de Ramanos quis conuidar tua magestade a buscar a terra oriental tie catay niuy rica : porque Aristoteles conlcssa em fim do liuro segundo de celo ct mundo. E tanibem Seneca qnto yquinto] liuro dos na- turaes e Pedro de aliaco cardeal nniy letrado na sua ydade e outros muytos varoes esclaie- cidos cofessam iliyno ho prinripio do t)ricnte habitaucl : scr achogado assaz ao fun do occi- dente habitaucl, sun sinaes os elel'antes ipie »' MiiN/K.R or MiN/MKIsiKR ; see infra, p. 307. •'< ANniNlii, /»iV. Il'up. Xoi-a, Vol. I., paj;c 61 ; Inimccncio !•'. in Svi VA, ni''iioiiaiiu liiht'ni'jinpltirti I'oiiiiiiu" : \'i'l. 1., page 51. " -•/ letter u'huli Hieronyinui: Monelarius^ a Herman di\tor from the eity of Xiiremhr^ in Germany, sent to the Most Serene AV«t,' /)om Joi)o If. of PortUf^al, eoncerning the discovery in the Oceanic Sea and province of the Great Khan of Cathay. Translated from Latin in [the Jhrtuxi/csc] lani^iiai^e hv .Master Alvaro da Torrf,^^ a A/aster of Theotoicy, of the order of Dominicans, Preacher to our lord the said King. To the Most Serene and Invincible King of Portugal, of the Algarves and of Maritime Mauritania, [ who is ] the first discoverer of the Fortunate islands, Canaries, Madeira, and Azores, Hicronymus Monctarius, a learned German, most humbly recommends himself. As you have laudably imitated the Most Serene Infant Doni Henry, your uncle, in sparing neither efforts nor cxiiense to demonstrate the sphericity of the earth, and succeeded in bringing under your sway the i)cople of the coast of Ethiopia and of the sea of Guinea as tar as the tropic of Capricorn, with the products thereof, vi/.. ; gold, grains of Para- dise," you have won praises, immortality, and glory, together with very great profits. It cannot be doubted that within a short time the Ethiopians, who are animals almost, but with the aiipcarance of men, and entirely ignorant of divine worship, will, through your efforts, lose their bestiality, and embrace the Catholic religion. .Maximilian, the Most Invincible King of the Roiinns, noticing all those things, has re- quested Your Majesty to search for the very rich coast of Cathay, because Aristotle states at the end of Book II., l)c Caio et Mundo, and also Seneca, l>ock \'. of Xaturalium Qiiustionum, and Cardinal Peter dc .Myaco, ^' a great savant in his day, and many illustrious persons think, that the inhabitable extreme " .•lm," aii'l '■ M.ill.ii^iiclta pcppur." '" I'ictrc li'.\ll.l.v, i1k- •' K.ii;lc u!" tlio ilocKir.s "I' l''i.MK\-," wild ilicil ia 14JO. 3 A ^ , ■ 'A ii im fi 11! r Mil : I J. Ii ,;li, 'J '^ 4 : ■ if > < III'''! ■ iiJ I ^ ,,. . ., JIW Iji ^m^ hi It I ri II ' t r 'jl|:i/: il^h :■ ■■ i ' I I ■■'4 I I I it* ,U 1' i \ M «j:ff: 394 The Discovery of North America. a [/la] muitos nqui nestes dous lugares, e tam- bem as canas que a tormenta liTi(;a da praya do oriente as prayas das ilhas dos ac^ores sil tambem infindos, ponjue assy ho diga, muy certos argumentos, polios cjes [t/uafs] demos- tratiuos se proua aquella maar em puocos dias nauegar-se contra Catay oriental e nu se trouue Alfragano e outros sem speriencia os qes [fuaes] diserS soomente huma quarta parte da terra estar descoberta ao mar, e a terra segundo as tres partes estar alagada sob o mar porque nas cousas que pertencem a ha- bita^am da "■"rra mays se a de creer a espe- riencia ouauces estorias que as yniagi- na<^oes fantasticas. Por que certo sabeys que muytos autorizados astronomos negarom ser alguma habitaqam debayxo dos tropicos e equinocios. A as quaes cousas tu achaste serem vfts e falsas p [pot] tua experencia. Nam seja duuida que a terra nam esta ala. guada sob ho mar : mays pello contrayro ho maar esta immerso. K ainda a redondeza orbicular delta. Abondam tambem a ty as abasta^as e riquezas, e sam a ty marinheyros muy sabios os qes [i/uats] assy mesmo deseja gaynhar immorialidade e gl'ia [f^/on'a]. O ([uanta gloria alcan^aras se fe^eras ho oriente habitauel ser conhecido ao teu occidente, e tambem quanto proueyto os comercios te daram : O.ue [oure] mays faras as ilhas do oriente tributarias, e muytas vezes os Reys marauilhados se sogigar;! muy leuemente ao teu senhorio. Ja te louuam por grande prin- cipe OS Alemuos e ytalicos e os Rutanos, Apolonios scitos os que moram debayxo da Seca estrella do polio artico. Com ho grande ducjue de Moscauia, que nil ha muytos annos (|ue debayxo da sequedade da dita estrella foy nouamente sabida a grande Ilha de (Irulanda, bue corre por costa tre/.entas leguoas, na qual a grandisima habita<;am de gente do dito sen- horio do dito senhor duque. Mays se esta East is very near the West, as is shown by the numerous elephants found in both, ai J by the bamboo stalks which are driven by storms to the shores of the Azore islands. Numberless arguments, so to speak, prove that after sailing but a few days the east coast of Cathay could be reached. No notice must be taken of Alfragano and other inexperienced individuals who affirm that only one-fourth of the earth is above the sea, and that the other three-fourths are under water ; as in such matters we should believe experience and trust- worthy accounts rather than fantastical suppo- sitions. You know, doubtless, that several astro- nomers of great repute have denied the possi- bility of living under the tropics and in the equinoctial regions, yet you have effectually proved" that those were erroneous and ground- less affirmations. No attention should be paid to [the statement] that the greatest part of the earth is submerged, because, on the contrary, it is the sea which is smaller than the earth. Moreover, there is the fact that the earth is round. You possess ample wealth and very able mariners who are eager to acquire immortality and fame. How glorious it would be for you to (' sclose the East to your West ! How trade [with those new regions] would prove profitable ! You should also bear in mind that the eastern islands will become your tri- butaries, and that the majority of kings, carried away by their admiration, will readily place themselves urder your protection. Already the Germans, Italians, and Rhu- tenian.s, and Apollinians of Scythia, who dwell under the dry star of the Arctic pole, all sing your praises, together with those of the Grand Duke of Moscovia,'*' who, only a few years since, has found under that star the great is- land of Greenland, three hundred leagues long, M ; "■![|J '" Ily ihe ilisciivcriis .nccnnipli^hcil in .\frica. [;re.il Icrrilnrial .iccfssii'iis as f;ir .is Siln'ria ;>ii(l L.Tpuiiia, "lUAN HI., «ho ,lk.l in 1505, CL-lcl)ralccl fur his I'lU wl"> r.cvcr iliscovcraU.r o.miuurc.l Circcnh.iul. I h ', '.( CARTOCRAriiiA Amkricana V'ktustissima. 595 espeditani acabares a leuiltarteam em louuores como deos, ou outro Hercules e teeras tam- betn se te apraz pera este caminho po com- panheyro deputado do nosso ray Maximiliano ho senhor martinoh boemio singularmente pera esto acabar, e outros muytos marinheyros sabedores que nauegaram ha largura do mar, tomando caminho das ylhas dos acjores per sua industria per quadrante chilindro e astro- labio e outros ingenhos onde nem frio nem calma os anoiara : e mais nauegaram a praya oriental sob hua temperan(;a niuy temperada do aar, e do mar muytos infindos argumentos sam pellos quaes tua magestade pode ser esti- mada. Mays que aproueyta esporear a quem corre. E tu mesmo es tal (jue todalas cousas com tua industria atee a viiha examinas. E por tanto escreuer muytas cousas desta cousa he impedir aquem corre que nam achegue ao cabo. Ho todo poderoso conserue a ti em teu pro()osito e acabado ho caminho do mar d[e] teus caualleyros sejas celebra- do Co immortalidade. Vale de Noruberga villa de alta Alemanha a quatorze de Julho salutis de mil e quatrocentos e nouenta e tres annos." which, with a numerous population, is [now] under the sway of the said Duke. If you succeed in that undertaking, you will be praised as a god or as another Her- cules. At your bidding you may secure, to accompany the expedition, the envoy of our King Maximilian, [viz.:] His Lordship Martin of Bohemia, who is so well fitted for carrying out the undertaking, and also several other expert mariners, who will cross the broad sea, starting from the Azores, and who by their skill and by means of the quadrant, cylinder, astrolabe, and other instruments, and fearing neither the cold nor the heat, will sail to the East, with a favourable wind and smooth sea. All those arguments should convince Your Majesty. Hut why spur on the running cour- ser ? And this so much the less as you are yourself able to fathom all things ! To expa- tiate on the subject is to impede the runner in his course. Let the Almighty preserve you in this design ; and when the crossing shall have been effected, may your knights [sic] confer on you immortality. Farewell. From Nuremberg, a city of Upper-Germany; July 14, A.D. 1493." Ma.ximilian I. was the son of Leonora of Portugal, and therefore tilt! cousin of Joao 11. He was Emperor of the Romans from T'ebruary 16, i486, until Aui>^ust 19 following, when he became Em[)eror of Ger- many. He waged war in person against France from 1492 until May 23, 149,^ It is consetjuently prior to the spring of 1492, or between the end of May and the second week in July, 1493, that Ma.Kimilian wrote on the subjcx't to Joiio II. On the otiier hand, Martin Hehaim was at Nuremberg from 1491 until 1493,59 aiul as it was an Imperial resilience, whilst his birth and position allowed him to freiiuenr the Court, we may infer that he met Maximilian in that city; and after suggesting a transatlantic voyage of discovery, recjuested the Emperor to write to his cousin the King of !' November 22, 1491, Wolf liKllAlM ^iiciks ol" his and March 11, 1494, he writes th;\l the ye.ir prufe'lini; brother Martin as lieing then at Nureinliert;. Mariin he went to rortUL;al. — (;illl.l..VNV, oji, lit., Crkuiiili. slater in tile ^Inbe that he made it a'. Niiremlierj; ill 1492 ; /A'., l>al;e^ 105 and 106. III 1:1 iVriih' i M .r\; \ ^ {. ! 't I '\, i ' :V i I, i i ' 1 » i .;i \ \ * I !> 396 Till-: DiscijvKKV OK Xourii Amkkica. !. I f0' .1 't I, ; '■ 'i r> ' i: ' '1 '. . . h I I if'*' 'I, m it Portiigiil on the subject, apiiareiitly in 1491 or 1492. This seems to imply unsuccessful efforts in that respect on the part of Hehaim when he was at Lisbon, i)revious to 1491. Another curious coincidence is the fact that the arguments usetl by IMUnzmeister to convince Joao II., are precisely those which were ad- vanced by Toscanelli, and adduced Ijy Columbus to convince I-'erdinand and Isabella, viz.: 1st. — "Aristotle states at the end of Hook II, Dc Civ/o et Miindo, .... that the East is very near the West," alleged Miinzmeister. Columbus .said : " Dal ine occidontale doll' .Vfrica, ct della Spagna potrobbe nauigarsi jier I'Occidente al fine '/rientalc dell' India ; ct che non era gran mare i]iiello, che in mezu giaceua, secondo die affjrma .\ristotele ncl fine del secondo libro del Cielo, et del Mondo : — It is possible to sail from the western coast of .Vfrica and S|)ain westward to the easternmost part of India, ,)ecause there is no wide sea between the two ; as .\ristotle states at the end of .'iook il. of The Heavens and Earth."'" 2nd.-- " It is not true that the greatest part of the earth is submerged. On the contrary, it is th(; sea which is smaller than the earth," pretended Miinzineister. Columbus said : "El enjulo licl niundo es seis partes, l,i sepliiiia solaniente cubierta de agua : — Six parts of the world are dry land; only the seventh is submerged."''' 3rd.—" .AfU'r sailing, but a few days the coast of Cathay can be reached," alhrmed Miin/meister. Columbus said : " Si a(iuel es|)acio fucse mar, seria facil cosa navegarlo en poco dias : — If the inter- vening space is sea, then it will be easy to cross it in a few days.'"'-' 4th. — " There is also llu; fact that the e.irlh is roimd," remarked Mtin/incisier. Columbus said : '• Como todo el agua y la tierra del mundo constituyan una esfera y por consiguiente sea retlondo : -.As all the seas and lands of the world form a sphere, and the earth conse- quently is lound, it is possible to go from east to west.''''' Sth. ■ Hamboo stalks are driven by storms to the .shores of the Azore islands," wroU; Miinzmeister. . 56. " I.AS CasA>, Iw. ril., [.. 55 ; //,.(. .//i , c.ip. vi., <•'■ 12. \\y,\ Cakixhikaimiia Amkku ana X'ktixissima. i97 !l , : Hi' Columbus, relVrrinjf tn a statement of his hrother-iii-law, saiil : " Pietro Correa . . , gli disse, nell' Isola di I'orto Santo hauer vcduto vn' altru legiio, venutoui con gli s, essi venti, et che mcdesimamcnte v'erano rccate canne co.si grossc : — Pedro Correa told him [/. <•. Columbus] that in the island of Porto Santo he had seen another piece of wood driven by the same [West] wind, and in the same manner thick canes." "' Finally, both the Nuremberg doctor anil Columbus, quote in sii[)port of their assertions, the same authorities, viz.: Aristotle, Seneca, and the then celebrated Cardinal Pierre d'Ailly.^'5 As to the writer of that curious letter, his name was Jerome Miin/.er or Mtinzmeister, in Latin llieronymus Monetarius, a Nuremberg savant, who is evid(Mitly thi' "Doctor leronimus" mentioned by Martin IJehaim in the postscript of his letter '^''^' of March ii, 1494, and conse([iienily one of his i)(.rsonal frieiuls. 1 le is calletl " Philoso[>luis et meilicina- tloctor," and is thv. author of a work on the discoveries of the Portuguese in Africa. '^•7 He also wrote an account of his tr.ixcls during the years 1494- 1495 in (lermany, Prance, .Spain, anil Portugal.''^ The first of those works has been published by KiMistmann,'^'"^ who gave only an analysis of the second, and an excellent introduction. Dr. Laubmann, who, at our retjuest, hits kiiulK' examined thi- coilex containing all thi.' writings of Miinzmeister, preserved in the Royal lai)rary at .Munich, with the; view of ascertaining whether Miinzmeister mentions the tliscovery of the New World. Columbus, or lu'haim, reports neg.itively. 'Phis is iniexpecteil, as Munzmeister met Hehaim at Lisbon, as CiU) be seen by the postscriplion to the latter's ab(.)ve mentioned letter of March 11, 1494, forwanled necessarily in November or Deceml)er of that year, considering that Miin/meister left Lisbon lor home, December jntl. lie sjuaks i.nly of the house of l>ehaini's fatlur-in-l.iw, Jol) ile lluerter, in that city, and of a h.uulsonu' black slave trom the " Callolt " country in Africa, whom he possessed. It is interesting to learn that Miin/meisler, who had In en introiluced to Jo.io 11. by the Sicilian poet and jurisconsult Cataldus .\(|uila, dined four tinn's with that King, conversing all the while on Cosmogr.i[)hy. Miin/meisier ilied .August 27, 1508. " Ilisloiit, i::\\<. i\., f' 20, n ./o. ' llixlorii , i-.ips. \ii. ;iiiil i\., f"- 14, 15, jS. In tlllli.l..vNY, (ll■■l•7(/l■/l^ 1/. 1 -i>/'ri/(ri /■■■( Hilln- Miiiliii llihdinl, I'rkiiiiili , \I., p. 107. '' Ih iiirdilioiir A/riiii iiKin'liiii'i 1/ arriili iilalis riiltliiil have l)een made known north of Spain and Italy, only through the edition made at Rome by Ste[)hanus Plannck, of I)e Cosco's Latin translation of Columbus' letter, in the spring of 1493 ; as is seen by the rejirints made at IJasle, Antwerp, and Paris.7o [( j^ ;i]j^,, worthy of notici: that the famous Chronicle of Ilartmann Schedel, although its title states : " Consummatum autem duodecima mensis julii. Anno salutis nostre. 1493," 7' and was printed at NurcMnberg, does not mention at all the memorable discovery accomplished by Columbus, and known in luirope since .\pril of that year. .\s there is only one co[)y known to exist'- of the volume from which we have (-xtracted the above letter of Miinzmeister, a bililiographical description may ])r()\t' interesting to our rt'aders : I'mler a woodcut of a s[)here, with a king on one side, and a cosmographer on the other, a|)pears the following title : " TrtiitaJii da Spera do mundo tiiarca dc latim em lins^oat^i- poiiiis^ufs Com l>ua [sic pro un!a\ carta i/iie liuun i^radt doutor Ah mam maiidoii a <7 AVr de Portii;:^aU dom Joam ho sc^undo.'' Sm.iU Svo., black letter, 36 unnumbered leaves, signal, in fours, sine anno out loiv, but on the 19th leaf, in tiie border of a woodcut ^civing as title for the AVgimt/i/o da declinacam do sol, is inscribed the name : German Galliard. ' llililiii'hi'n. Aiiiirifiun l':/iist., Ni.s. i-C). Tlu->i.- ri'iniiiu wiTu all niailc IVdHi ihc lir^l l\ciin;iii cililiuii. r' ll,;,hiii, Nti. 13, PI'. jr-4i- '-■ That uni(|uc opy is prescrvi'd in tlic C'ily Lilirary nl' MM>r.\, I'l the clii-f lilii.iii;in nf wliicli, Mr. AiUoiiin lions 1.1 Mr. Aniiilul I'Vrnnmli/ Tiiom v/, for lii> reprint • 'I Mun/MR'istcr's Letter (Coinilira, 1S7S, 12 pp., privately prinieil), ami to Mr. Krnesio ix) t'.vN ro for Mis edition of tile same (I'onta I)elt;aila, 1S79, folio, 4 pp.). Tlie Cni-ln was reprinted for the first time in the Fnlhn iln I'ranciscii li.vKAlA .■■ : are indelited for facsimiles and \/(/ (of Kvora, No. ,SS, Mai-cIi 15, 1S65), lint with many minute liililiof^raphic;,'. details. We are alsli>n'"'iiiil .... /hi/uvwi/hi ]'li.iiiioiii t-r/n iini.i mwjistrl A Hftmii /.< rim f Klhori ns'iA riuihiti.-i filirarii ju r (•'tniiiiiiiiiii i/allniiliiiii. Ami Siiliilix iiosin iiii/h'iiiiii ^jnintjinitttimiinono. l^riilif Kithmhis iiiiiftii. (\\\^^xa I'ulilic l.ilirary.) :' mill iot hi III Anil ririiiiii ]'it\i.-ox»i\ the ciilo|iliuii of wliieh it is sl.ilet ie>|iei'l were the margin nf (.'iii.r.Mlir>.'own copy iif llic /;»'«;/') .l/»m//, borruwol from ricnv li'Ali.l.V, who had Inken llii-ni preserved in the Iiil)lioti-ca Colomliiiia al Seville, there from Roller Hacon. In n'Ali.l.v's Imiiijo Mniiill (caii. is a long mannscript note in hi-, own handwrilini; eon- X., (" 9, or reelo of h) we read : '' i;radiis circuilus tenc laininj; the followini,' inlerprelation : " Tneigitiir po^imu-, haliel (|iiin terr.v siili arcii sic haliel loiu". ciri'iiilus. \\ niiHa el viv.v miliaria . . . eipioeli ali a [lii' ;)n) est] 20400 miliaruni." Ik Caktockai'Iiia Amkkicana Vktustissima. 401 " Iba hablando el AIniirantc con Martin Alonso Pinion . . . sobre una carta que Ic habia enviado tres dias hacia ;i la carabela, donde segun parece tenia pintadas el Almirante ciertas islas por aquella mar: — The Admiral went to converse with Martin Alonso I'inzon . . . concerning a chart which he had sent him, to his ship, three days ago, in which the Admiral seemed to have painted certain islands in that sea.""' Las Casas says that it was the original map which Toscanelli had sent to Columbus : " Esta carta es la que le embio Paulo Fisico el Floren- tin."82 iJi,t_ as Humboldt jusdy remarks, ^^J Columbus did not sail by the latter map ; else, " he would have kept a more northern course in the parallel of Lisbon. Instead of this, he steered half the way in the lati- tude of Gomera, one of the Canaries, in the hope of more speedily reaching Zipangu (Japan) ; and subsequently keeping a less high altitude, he found himself, on the 7th of October, 1492, in the parallel of 25° 30'." 1493. N(J. 14. BkRCMANN DK Ol.l'K. Map of the islands discovered by Christopher Columbus during his first voyage. It is a rough woodcut, . 279. '1 IliMiioi.ni, CW«(i.s, l.oiicloii, 1849, \dl. II., |i. 637. " Chriildjiht Volumli, \\i[. II., |i.n);i.- 27. 3 '■ '«;f(! fi' ' ill H ." ii ■i^i ; .U-l: I 'f. '■ i:'f ■ i i(»t< ^1 i •>Ud, pwmij:^ J' -Jsa (.(lir • ! 1 i I ! I iW: i :«f I! H' (! i: III' :?' !|:ll^ ' 1 , 'i, 402 The Discovkkv ok Noktu America. N(\ 16. OuKKX Isahella's. Maps which Queen Isabella requested Columbus to make, very soon after his return, and that he was to give her before starting on his second voyage. She reminded him of it, August 4, 1493, in these words: " Las c.art.is de navegar, Nos enviad en todo caso que os partais ; — The nautical charts, which in any event you will send us before setting out.""'' The Oueen renewed her request, September 3 following, anil stated that the map or maps were to be very complete, and to contain the names of the localities discovered by him : " La carta que vos rogamos ([ue nos enviiisedes antes dc vuestra partida, nos cnvi.ad lucgo muy cunii)lida, y escritos con ella los nombres : "" — The map which we asked you to send us before your departure, forward it immediately, well completed, and write the names thereon." This re(iuest seems to have been prompted by the fact that the rela- tion (jf his voyage which Columbus remitted to the Queen failed to state the geographical position of the newly -found regions, and the degrees which he traversed to reach those countries : " Habiamos menester saber los grados del camino por donde fuistes, por servicio nuestro ([ue nos los envieis luego : "^ — It is necessary that we should know the degrees of the route over which you have sailed for our service, and that you should send it to us at once." This recommendation implies that Columbus did not communicate to Isabella the map mentioned in the introduction to his Journal. The omission to state the degrees of latitude and longitude was evidently voluntary on the part of Columbus, as the Queen in her request says : "Y si vos pareciere que no la debemos mostrar nos lo escribid : — If you do not wish that we should show it to anyone, write so." No. 17. Jaumk Fekkek. The map|)amundi which Jaume I""errer, de Hlanes, was requested by Cardinal Mendo^a, August 26, 1493, io bring with him to Barcelona : " Y traed con vos el mapa mundi y otros si teneis tocantes a cosmografia : — And bring with you the map of the world, and others if you have any such, on the subject of Cosmo- graphy." " ■"' ('(ill ri idii ill: iloriiiiii iitns utiililo^ lie Iiiilidi, Vol. '• Ciirtd moiuinin-a ili Id Itiiiia: Xav., h/h' Miyi/ri. \X.\., p.it;c ig6. "^^ Snilnniai intholirax dil iliri poita Dnnt flormli : '< N'.w AKKKIK, ^'nl. II.. lilies. Ixx. .inil Kxi., \yy. H^uccloiia, 1545, siii. 8v(i, f"-45 ; NAVAKkKrK, Vol. II., 107.1111! 109. p. 9S. Hililiot. Amerir. Vftunl., Ailililiviis, Sn. 1 54. Cartockai'iiia Amk.kicana Vktustissima. 40,'^ '1 MM 1494. No. iS. Mai's ok tmk Antilliks. Maps which were made, as we suppose, by the master map-makers who accompanied CoUimbiis during his second voyage : "Todas las personas que vienen en estos navios, entre los cuales hay maestros de cartas de niarear : — All the persons who come in those vessels, amongst whom there are masters in chart making.""' Those cartographers must have constructed charts of what had been ascertained then of the island of Cuba, as Columbus refers to [.V.cAr testi- mony concerning the extent of the region, and its trending southward : " Y porque ellos viesen como esta tierra es grandisima, y que de atiui adelante va la costa della ai mediodia : — And because they saw how that country is very considerable, and that thence the country trends southwards."* We must add that in the course of the sect^nd voyage, maps of the discovery were constructed with great care, gradually as it progressed, by order of Columluis. In the manuscript letter of Michael de Cuneo, the Savonesian gentleman who accom[)anied him, we read : "Videmo molto Isole, le quale tutte il S. Armirante le face mettere in carta distinta- mente : — ^\'e saw many islands, which His Lordship the Admiral ordered to be inscribed on the map distinctly." *' No. 19. FkANt'KSCO Mantkcna. It was a map of the. world made by I'Vancesco Mant(!gna, 9- for I'Vancesi'o (lonzaga, Manjuis of Mantua, to whom he wrote as follows : " Mantue 12 [and] 15 Ottobr. 1494 se degni farmi dar tanto chio possi vivere et servire alia Signoria Vra. pur sine a tanto che finito sia el Mapaniundo. . . . Dico che io scripsi alia Signoria Vra. et scrivo solum i)er le spese del mio vivere per- sino a tanto che finito sia il Mapamondo che sere presto :" — "Mantua, October 12 and 15, 1494 If you deign to give me what I need to sustain myself and serve Vour Highness, uniil the mappamundi is completed I write only to obtain the necessary means to live until the Mappamundi is finished, and it will be achieved " ■' N.\VAi;i:i;ii:, N'nl. 11., il.ic. hwi,, \>. 144, il.\to'l L'liivcr.sity uf liulcj;!!;!, (.'■jii. 4075. .s'»/i OK KiNc; Joam II. That map was in the King's palace at Lisbon when Dr. Jerome Miinzmeister visited the place in November, 1494. He describes it as follows : " Similiter cosmographiam in maxima et bene descripta tabula deauraia, cujus dyameter erat 14 palmarum : — On a gilt table a very large and well depicted cosmography, of 14 palms diameter." " We understand this sentence to mean that it was a mappamimdi, of ''".3369552 diameter, 96 depicted on a plane, and gilt. Who knows but that it served as a model for the configurations in Hehaim's Globe ? '* Minmrial aiMA. 405 1495. \i). 22. Jai'mf. 1'"i:i '4 m. I ■ r 1, ) ^ ^ I t ll M' M, I" ( I > M ii.iiiii '-»- \\\' v.\ I t 1 ; I 406 TiiK Discoviuv OK North Amkuica. I'aritalconc Itali.ino. \kc.). ami which sent honui information ahoiit the iliscovcrii;s acconipiishi'il liy thi-ir j^rcat countryman, V'> there is not in the rich archives of (ieiioa, a single map of that time, or, in fact, any old map of the New World whatever. Nil. 2.\. I (II IN CaIIIiT. The mention is to be found in the first I''nglish manuscript which cites the discovery accomplished by John Cabot, viz.; "/« (infKi /,' //<•///•. JV/.-This yere the Kyn^; at the besy rctiuest and supplicacion of a Straunger venisian, which by a C(uart made hyni self expert in knowyng of the world, caused the Kyng to inanne a shi]) w' vytaill and otlier necessaries for to seche an Hand . . ." '*' That " .Straunger vtMiisian " was John Cabot, and tin: above te.xt is tli<' earliest reference to his voyagi; known. The Chronicle of Robert b'abyan, as {[uoted iiy Stow.'"' says that it occurred "In anno 14 Henr. Vli.." wliile Hakluyt gives the date of "In thi; 13 yere of King lleiirie thf \'Il., 149S."'"- All those dates are certainly erroneous, as Henry \TI. asceiuled the throne of h'ngland, August 21 or 22, 14S5, and the first letters patent granted to John Cabot and his sons are dated March 5, 1496. About 1497. No. 25. \^•\.-^(■() 1).\ CJA.M.V. Map which is said to have been used by Vasco da Gama, and on which the New Continent was dep'cted in the form of an island. That ma]i still existed at Lisbon in 1847, and Vi.scount Santart-in ])ossi;ssrd a minute descri[)tioii of it,'""' which he never published and that we have vainly endeavoured to discover. • '• IVrpii'i Liilrru ilL''ni).-ii i MiTCiilanli ili Spn;.;n:i ;" '" Slow. ('Iinniir/: ■< i,;' Hiniliiiiil , I.unilcni, 15S0, 4(11, .\lle:;ii'U>i .Xl.l.Kc.KKi J I, in MikAiOKi, 0)1. ■■it., cnl. Sj7, i«i;u S62. ■.\\v\ Chri^ldjihi- L'li/oiiili, \'ul. I., p. 78. ' ' llAKl.rvr, Dirni rai/rni, ^. Sii/ii-'i, p. 40. '■ MS. ('„//, /•/>.//;«..■, A ;/■"■ (\vi. ?), r. 17; ; lii/i-li •< S\SJ.\M:\\, ISulli.lin il'- /'i Sw !,'!,: ,/, (;,'o,im)>hh .Mii>L'uni, .inil J'liii ll .•ril, 1S47, |i, jjr. w \ ^ In 1 ( Cakihxiuai'Ima Ami:uii ana Vetustissima. 407 1497. No. 26. John Caiiot. Map ami glolu; wliicli John Cabot hrought from his tirsl traiis.illaiitii" voyag(! : " Ksso mcsser /.oanc ha la dcscriptione del mondo in una carta, ct anchc in una sjihera solida chc lui ha faltu ct dcmostra dove c capitato, ct andandi) verso el Icvante ha [la.ssalo assai el paesc del Tanais ; — This Mr, John has the description of the world on a map, and likewise on a solid globe which he has made, and he shows where he landed, and that sailing eastward [sic pro westward] he has i)asscd far beyond tlie country of tiie Tanais.""" The lattiT (!xpr(!ssion indicates that his iiia|)|>aimiii(li, Wkv all plain- charts of tile, tiiiu', s(;t forth a well dt:hiu:d coast horderiii},' the eastern seaboards of Asia; and that the lands discovered in 1497 by John Cabot were not south of, but north-west of the coast of Labrailor, which he doubtless believed to continue westward, and then southward, inilil it reached the Asiatic re^dons. 1498. Xo. 27. John Cai'.ot. Ma]) ai the iirst expedition of John Cabot, antl shown by him, in London, to I'edro de Ayala, one of the two Spanish en\<)ys, before July 25, 1498: " Vo he visto la carta (juc ha fecho el inventador : — I have seen the map which the discoverer has made." '"' No. 28. J'^HN Cahot. Map describing either the first voyage, or a part of the secontl <'.\pedition of John Cabot. It is mentioned in the aforesaid dispatch of Pedro de Ayala, dated July 25th, 1498, but the language used is ambiguous : "'* ni-.]mlch of K.iimonili) HI Soncino, n«-eni))er l8, ' s HKRC,KNRorii, Cidiwlai of l..ll,i:i, l)!s/,tii.l,,.^, 1497; ill Dhsimoni, /ii/o/'Ho « Oioraind OoIkiIo, \\ 53; iiiiil Stuli /'k/ko, iiI Siniiiin-ix, \'.il. I., |i. 176, N.>. ./•nil (.1 Sch'islim Ciiliol, (Inc. .\., ]'. 324. 210 ,■ Jtim il Si'lm-iku Ciiliul, iloc, \iii., p. 329. T , 1 '' :m i^:, .^1 ■ »^'|!f 'r ; 1 )»S , hb*^' '*•'( ,:. P'^'^l 40S Till-: DiscovKRv ok North America. IH'M '^^ ki ^ if i i l^lhpi ' I f^ I ' .' ill Jj if ■■ ' 'I, J I ■ f ,1 (■,»|"'l! ! I " Ha vji:ido nucva, la una en (jue iva un otro Fray Buil aporto en Irlanda con gran tormento rotto el navio. Kl Ginoves tiro su carmino. Yo, vista la derrota que Uevan y la cantitad del camino hallo cjue es lo ([uc han hallado o buscan lo que Vuestras Alte/.as poseen, porijuc cs al cabo ijue a Vuestras Altezas cupo por la convencion con Portugal ; — (The fleet was composed of five vessels.) News have been received [to the effect] that the ship in which went one Friar Buil landed in Ireland owing to a leak caused by a great storm. The Genoese has continued his route. I have seen the direction which they took, and the extent of space found ; [and] what they have found, or are in search of, is what Your Highnesses already possess, because it is at the extremity of that which was assigned to Your Highnesses by the convention with Portugal." ''"' We think. hDwever, that "derrota" refers to the voyage accomplished in 1497, and not to the portion of the route which the ship of Father Buil had already made, when the storm compelled her to return home. If so, the de.scrijjti mi was only a continuation of that which is mentioned in the above No. 26. The same consequence applies to the closing paragraph in said dispatch of Ayala : " Asymismo al carta o mapa mundi que este ha fecho, yo no la enbio agora, que aqui la ay, y a mi ver bien falsa por dar a entender, no son de las islas dichas ; — Also as regards the chart or mappamundi that he has brought, I do not send it at present [although] I have it here, as to me I deem it quite false since it conveys the notion 'lat those are not [your] aforesaid islands." It is evidently the same alleged spurious ma[) of John Cabot which Ruy Gonzales de I'uebla (the other and leading Spanish ambassador) also states to have .seen : "Vista la derrota que Uevan alio que lo tjue buscan es lo que Vuestras Altezas poseen: — I have seen the route which they brought, and what they are in search of is [the country] which Your Highnesses possess." '"' No. C(M,L'M1!US' P.\RIA. Map of the Gulf of I'aria, made by Christojjher Columbus during his third voyage, in course of which he sighted, for the first time, the American continent, August 3rd, 1498 ; landing two days afterwards, on Sunday, August 5th. " Entretanto yo enviarc a vuestras Altezas esta escriptura y la pintura de la tierra : '"■ — Meanwhile I sh.nll send to your Highnesses that description and the picture of the country." "'■ ! iis|i:Ui-|i .pf Inly 25. I49S, 1!i.i:c;knki)I II. Cnlnultir, \'^'\. I . p. 176; ■/•'(» i> .Si'hdjitii'ii CiiIh)/, p. 329. ' " AimtliL't (ll>i';\'.cli nf ilio ..anil.' (lUi', a|i|Mri.'iilly, a» till' aIpit\'L': J'lut *t Si">ft.'>tl^n fVi/,.t/, iIiK*. \ii,, p, !2S. ' ' N.vvAKRi; IK, yVcp' Vol. I,, p. 264. I'livft iZ. CnstnUul Coluii, ■■■'• f^ '[111 CAKTOdKArniA Amkricana Vktustissima. 409 The map was actually sent, as Hojeda testified to having seen it : " Vi6 la figura que el dlcho Almirante al dicho tienipo "" envl6 a Caslilla al Ray y Keina de lo que habia descubierto : — I have seen the figure which the said Admiral at that time sent to Castille to the King and Queen concerning what he had discovered." "° Bernardf) dc Ibarra adds that it was a sailing chart, setting forth the rhumbs and winds which led Columbus to the land of Paria : " Y le envicj senalado con la dicha carta en una carta de marear los rumbos e vien- tos por duiule habia Uegado a la Paria : — And he sent it describing with the said letter in a sea chart the rhumbs and winds by means of which he had reached Paria." '" According to the same witness, that nia[) served as a model, or was copied to make others : " e oyo decir como por aquella carta se habian hecho otras," which were used by Alonso Nino, Hojeda, and other navi- gators when they visited those ])arts : " I'or ella.'; habian venido Pedro .\lonso Merino [su] c Hojeda e otros que despues han ido .\ aquellas partes : — By those [maps] have come Pedro Alonso Merino [i.e. Nino], as well as Hojeda and others who went to those parts." This assertion was confirmed by Francisco de Morales : " \'ido una carta de marear do el Almirante puso ;i Paria, y cree que por ella se go- hernaron todos : — I have seen a nautical chart, which the Admiral made [?] at Paria ; and I believe that all have sailed by the same." It was, doubtle.ss, the map which Columbus sent from Hispaniola, October iS, 1498, together with an account of his third voyage; and which is mentioned Iiy Las Casas as follows : " Knviu tambien ;i los Xeyes la pintura 6 figura de la tierra que dejaba descubierta, con las islas distintas qu: cerca estaban, y, pur escrito, todo su viaje. Por esta pintura (> debujo cpie a los Reyes envio de la dicha tierra de Paria . . . vino .Monso de Hojeda ; — He sent also to the Kings the picture or representation of the country which he had dis- covered, with the islands distinctly marked which laid adjacently, and, in writing, his entire voyage. By that i)icture or delineation of the land of Paria which he sent to the Kings, .■Monso de Hojeda went there." "'■ But the map must have been tlrawn by some one else, as Columbus was then suffering from a kind of ophthalmia. ■ • Sunn iiflc r .Vut;u>t Jl, 149S, wliicli is lliu d.Uc ul llic ri'lmii .il'Ci Mills tci S;mto Dnmini^u. " N'w AKKK.IK, ViA. III., p. 539. '" Ihiilnii, pp. 5;!;, 5S.S. "■■ [..\> Casas. UUlnria llnnrnl il- Im tii'tln^^ !i!i. c.ip. clvii., Vol. II., p. 35J. 1 T, \ ■• li n i.' '! v' (1 ' n{ M :i \.'Ur^ I I I'T ' V ti,':t i-'i '«! , M. rW'I i ' »■ 1 [ 1 \ ■ .^- \ 'i! 1- 1, r 1 1 iiif I' rl ''Mf: i 410 Till-: DiscovKKV oi" North Amkkica. It is worthy of notice that, in the opinion of Christopher Columbus, the country described in his said map was the terrestrial paradip;^ : " Creo que alii es el Paraiso terrenal," "3 No. 30. CllKISTOriIKU COLUMHUS. Maps mentioned by Columbus in the deed instituting a majorate, February 22, 1498 : " Trescientas 6 treinta e tres leguas de licrra-firnie de la jiarte del Austro al I'onientc, allende de ciento y siete de la parte del Setentrion, que tenia descubierto al primer viage con muchas islas, como mas largo se vera por mis escrituras y mcmorias y cartas de navegar ; — 333 leagues of continental lands [running] from the austral regions to the west, besides 107 at the north, which T discovered during my first voyage, together with many islands, as will be seen more at length in my writings, memorials, and naval charts," "* 1499. No. 31. Vkli;/. dk Mkndoza. Map of the portion of Hrazil alleged to have been discovered by Francisco V'elez (de ]\Iendt)za), which m ip Arias Perez Pinzon is said to have seen : " lo sabe porcjue tambien h; nK)str6 la tierra que traia debujada. " "5 It depicted Cape St. Augustine, and the coast south of that point. See s/!/>ni, page 339. Before 1500. No. \'aA/. BlSAl.LDo's. Mappamiuidi which was in the [)ossession of one Pero Vaaz Hisagudo, at Lisbon, and which Master joao, physician and surgeon of King Manoel "' Navakkkh;, Vol. 1., p. 259 ami 300. "* Ml morM ihl I'/ti^lo, No. 8S(), and Xavakkkh'., Vol. II., p. 227. Tho fciUimiiig ]>assat;c' is nrir mas : e asi me dio nuestro Scnor viioria, que conipiisie y liizo trilmtaria la (,'ento de la Kspanola ; latpial boxa 600 kgii.as, y des- cid>ri muchas Islas a los Canibales, e 700. al I'onientc de la Kspanola .... como mas largo se vera por mis escri- turas, e mcmorias, e cartas do nauegar." "5 Navakkktk. \'o1. hi., p. 555. '£ W -1 1 1 . CARTOcRAriri.v Amkricaxa VkT'JSTISSIMA. 411 of Portugal, advised the latter to consult, in a letter dated from \'era Cruz (Santa Cruz or Brazil), May i, 1500. That mappamundi described Brazil (according to the writer, who was with the discoverers of that country, as he accompanied Cabral), in the form of one of the four large islands, which in that ma[), represents the New World : " Quanto senor al sytyo desta terra niande " As regards the position of this land, let vosa alteza traer un mapamundy qua tiene Your Highness order to be brought the niappa- pero vaaz bisagudo e por ay podra ver vosa nuindi which is owned by Pero Vaaz Bisagudo, alteza el sytyo desta terra enpero a cjuel niapa- and thereby Your Highness will be able to see mundy non certyfica esta terra ser habytada o the site of this country [15razil], although that no es mapamundy antiguo e ally fallcra vosa map does not represent the latter as being alteza escrita tan byen la mina, "" ayer easy inhabited. Nor is the said mappamundi an entendynios por asenos (jue esta era ysia e old one, as Your Highness will sec depicted que eran quatro." thereon La Mina." "" It is a question with us whether Dr. Joao does not refer to a map relating to the prototype of the Cantino mappamundi. The Corte-Real region not yet figuring, on account of the date of its discovery, there would remain the tall north-western country, besides Cuba, Hispaniola, and the .southern regions. r(!])re.sented as four separate entities. The reader should also recollect that Cantino sets forth in his Africa, and prominently, the " Castello damina." "' TliL' flirt (if St. 1 loiirjje of the Mine was cDiistiuctLMl "' Carta lU ^f' -it n Jotio PIii/hI'-o if'f I'tl. />• I'trrt in 14S4. I),\ri'i-.K, Xnitkriiriiji IStifhrijriiiiiP. il-r A/riL: Cm- no l" dc Main ik l'>iiO. In the A'' >n-, ful., p. 439. N'ol. V. (1S43), p. 342. n 'ii' Me Iri- 'i if y. w M il 1/ Hi |iO I I ' I .n jj^ a Carfograppg^ SKCTION SHCOND.— SIXTEENTH CENTURY. i iV m ■I '^m$ '<■■ iiji > ^t ■f^ :M ii ijH. I .1 N i\(i. .•).i- 1500. Il'an hi: i.a Cosa. "l /f-^l' *'' i't^ world LH)n.slruclc;tl by L;i Cosa, who had been Columbus' IVI P'l^'^ ''*-^ th(j Puerto dc Santa Maria, near Cadiz, between July and the end of December, 1500. It is on i)archment, iSoo by 960 mm. Under a miniature rc^presenting Christ carried on the shoulders of .St. Christo[)her, there is the following inscription : "Ju.Tn de la cos.i la fizo en el puerto de S: mj' en afio de. 1500: — John de la Cosa made it at the Tort of Santa .Maria in the year 1500." That most important m.i[) was discoxcred in a bric-a-brac shop in Paris,' during the cholera e[)idemic of 1S32, by Haron Walckenaer. After his deatn, it w.is purchased at public sale, April 21, 1853,- by the Spanish government for 4,020 francs. It s now framed, and on e.xhibition in tht; Xaval Museum at Madriil. Notwithstanding several l.irge holes, the ma|) may be said to l)e in a gocd state of [)reservation. There is, however, a regrettable gap on the northern coast of Brazil, where .i piece two inches wide, containing names, has been torn iiH ami thrown ;iway. The planisphere does not extend eastward i)ey()iul the northern border of the Arabian sea, omitting, therefore, Ilintlostan, the Malay Peninsula, antl China. Vet it depicts the " Rio Ganges," but where we place the Intlus. All that portion of tlie map is extremely inferior, particularly when compared with the Cantino ch.trt, although there is only a difference of eighteen months between the two. Withal, it .should not be inferred ' La Koi.iiicriK, liiillfliii ih laSurii'ti' ih ai'iiji-tiphif, N'l.i. nf May, iS6j, \\ 29S. - Cal.ilo(;vio i<{ llu' WalckfiiP.Lr s;ili', I'^nis, rivili.u, i,S53, Sv.i., N, 1,004. ''j i'M CARTOcKAriiiA Amkuicana Vkti'stissima. 4>3 from such ;in importiint omission that La Cosa considurcil tht; contiiu-iit, cU.'pictcd by him \v(;st of Cuba, as itknitical with thv. cast coast of Asia, and, consequently, could not have added the Iatt(;r to his eastern confi- gurations without repeating what he had already marked in the same map. Had such been his geographical conception of the world, he would not have omitted the India t'ntrn and extt-a Gaiigcni, anil especially the Mo- lucca regions, nor to name Cathay, Mangi, and all the cities or provinces rendered famous by Marco Polo, and which, on that account, figure in all the ma|)pamundi of the fifteenth century. The lack of degrees of latitude and longitude, antl the style of the projection do not permit us to determine adecjuately for the New World the various positions. It has been attempted, however, by several savants, but with diflerent ix'sults. Where, for instance, Humboldt sei:s J the nor- thern shores of the Culf ^^'^ .St. Lawrence, Kohl recognises the south coast of Xewfoundland. l'\)r thi' former, the " Cavo de Yngleti:rra" is a cape near Belle Isle ; for the latter it is Cape Race. -I Hut as Kohl says : " Cos.! dr.iws the entire east coast of North .'\merica, from the neighbourhood of Cuba to the high northern regions, in about 70' N., with a continuous line, uninterrupted by water. He ajiiiears to iiove thought that there was u large continental part of the world, back of the ^\'est India Islands dis ' 1 f ; 1 ;l '■■■ ■ m uii f 11, L I It. IfV ji i! :0 if' :. 4'4 Tiir. DiscovKRv ok North Amkkica. The names which in now existing maps a[)[)ear here for the first time, are the following. ^' V. VL-rdc ' S. grigor Caiio de ynglaterra C. sast.inatre " Agron Caiii) de S. iohan S. nicolas NORTH-KASTERN CONTINENT Isla de la trenidat R° longo Eolte (or Fonte) Aigare (or Argair) Menistre S. luzia C"' de lisarte lusquei Requilia " C°' de S. luzia Ansro Lagofori C"' de S. Jorge Cauo descubierto On thi; continent there are two unintelligible and half-eftaced words, y\/..: "cctra si terra;" but south of the last name on the coast, and alongside : " Mar descubiera per inglese : — Sea discovered by the English." NORTH COAST OK THE SOUTHERN CONTINENT; M. de S. eufemia''' Sato de uerbos " C. de la bela Almadabra C. de espera \'encruela V. de brasil Gigan V. de ge'- M. alto C. de la niota P. flechado Aldea de tiirme Costa parej " Boca del drago M. tasado " 3. echo Canpina Vilas de sana G. de las perlas Margalada Tres or '' - Wc lulliiw f'>r ihc MoiiR'nclaluR- .T iilioloi;raiili nf the >\/i: "f ilie iiiap, mmic from tin; Drii^in.il in 18S9. liul as in iSjJ anil 1.S37 Uk' map was mcire Icj^ilile ttian i! is al (irc-ont, HO liavf ciMii|inruit mir loailini; n! the names willi llio nnmenclauire ciipied also from ihe ciri,i;inal l)y Kr.MHlKl.l.NSKl, IIl'Miini.m', ami Ramon 1>K Sacka ( Ilixiniri jihy-iifjiii ilf. I'lU lie Culm, 1S38I. Hut .is we stated Kiipra, \i. 374, we omit tlio nouns which are not followed liy an adjective, such as aijiimla ([lorlalilo water), la'jn (laUe), arra/oi for nni'i/ii (shoals or reefs), jilaia (lieach), Sc. In the nomenclaliire to which in the follow- ing tk'scriptions we la.ay have occasion to refer, the names inscrilied in any preceding; map will lie omitted; as other- wise the present work would .attain excessive dimensions. Hm this methoil will present the .advantage of settint; forth implicitly, when certain names a|ipear for the first lime in carloi^raphical documents. Those names are also printed precisely as we read lliem on the orii;in;ils. ' A prim-i this lirst series of names was borrowed by La Cosa from an English map, as it describes a region which in 15CXJ h.ad been visited only by Hritish mariners, as is shown besides by the long legend on the coast. We begin with the northernmost name, which is omitted in JiiMARli's facsimile. .See iiur facsimile, siiju'a, p. 42. " The long 1 and / are so much alike in this map, that the word may have been originally "Cape Kinistcre." ' Rio ralia, or Rio comlia? ' ' We begin with tlie westennnost name. ".Sato (the old form for Sembr.nlo) de yerbas : — Strewed with herbs. It is a reference to the fields of sea-weeds f Sitnilion, and without vouching for the etymology. It is evident that in 1500 La Cosa could not have knowledge of shipwrecks on the coast of lirazil. That w.ird is spelled dilferently in almost every map. Here wc are not sure hut il nul^l be read ha-^ra liai-ilu.-<. \'aliza (balisc), seems to enter in the original formation of the word. -' I'ltrif rnni xiniinlii iilc n In Aiii' ri'-a il< Id iitrh or J), lliiiiioii ill: III Siiiirit, in his llixloriti tixim , , . ill: Culm, I'aris, I.S37. The '>'M«/('i;n'it was engraved by L. HoUKIAKIi. • ! ■ 'r-^ \ I i 1I ' I ;?;;if i^i «»/ ' 'ill 'J'}' ) > ■ 1 1 416 TiiK DisfcnKuv OK North America. No. 34. VlCKNTK YaNI:/ PlNVoN. In rc|)ly to the; st^vciitli qiit'Stioii of thr I'^iscil. PckIfo dc Lcdesmii niadf tht! following dcclanition, which has hv.cu omitted hy Navarrcti-.-'^ "Pedro de I.edesni.T di/e ([ue vydo este te.stigo partir al dicho vicenty anes y su companya en demanda del viaje contenido en esta pregunta y que lo vido este testigo bolver y traher la figura de todo lo (lue descobryo y (lue este puesta su figura en el padron de su alteza :-'■ — Pedro de I.edesma said that he saw Vicente Vanez [Pin/.on] and his companions sail for the voyage mentioned in the (juestion [Pin/.on's, in 1499-1500], and that the said witness saw him return and bring a map of all he had discovered ; and that this map was inserted in the Padron of His Highness." N( j:)- Dk LkI'k's COMI'.WIONS. In reply to the eighth question of the Fiscal, Pedro de Ledcsma made the following declaration, which has also been omitted by Navarrete : "Pedro do I.edesma di/.e (jue al tiempo que diego de lepe fue a descobrir vydo este testigo yr las naos y la gente (jue con el yvan y las vydo buluer a esU oibdad de SeuliU saiuo al dicho diego de lepe (jue non vino y que los que con el fueron traxieron la figura de lo que descubrieron que dezian que hera desde la dicha punta contenyda de suso hasta la costa que buelve al medyo :'" — Pedro de I.edesma saith that when Diego de Lei)e sailed on his voyage of discovery, he saw the ships and men depart, and return to Seville, except the said Diego de I.epe who did not come ; and that those who had been with him brought a map of their discoveries, which marked that it was from the said point [viz. the Cape of St. .Augustine], as far as the coast which trends [volver?] southward." Ledesma adds that the map was brought as an evidence of truth, and as such, inserted in the model chart : " Lo trujieron por fee, e por este tcstimonio esta jniesto con el padron real." This declaration must refer to Le[)e's first voy.ige (Dec. 1499— Nov. 1 500), as when he returned from the second, Ledesma was in the New World, being one of C(jluml:)us' pilots in the hitter's fourth ex[)editii)n (.M,iy 1502 — Nov. 1504). No. 36. \''i;i,i:>'. DK Menmi(i/.\. It was a map of Hrazil, south of Cape St. Augustine, which .-\ri;is I 'ere/ Pinzon asserts was shown hint by Velez de Mendoza on his return to .Sj)ain : '" .\ w AhKT. IK, V.il. III.. I). 54;. in K s<^iul to Lorenzo (U Picrfnincesco de'Mcdici : " E far.\ una cartri in tigura piatia, e un Apumundo in corpo sperico, il (luale inlcndo di manilaivi per la vu di mare per un I-'rancosco I.otti nastro l''iorentino : " -I shall make a map on a plane surface, and a ni3p|>:\niiindi in the spherical form, which I ))ropose lo .send you by the sea route, to the care of ime Francesco I.otti, who is a Florentine countryiran of ours." Doubts havf been expressed concerning the audienticir.y of the leltef containing the above quoted sentence. 3' i ^r I ' 1500-1501. Ni). 3S. Amkkicus \'ksih;c( ius. Portuguese map, s.iid to have been made partly by Americus Ves- pucciiis, .uid which was owned by l^ishop Juan de Fonsecim, Vila e Lelltn d< Amrrijo I'ti/i' Firen^c, 1745. 4U1., \agc 85. '' Cami's, Mt'itioiy. -iiir In i-ollo-tiDtL J)t linj, iMi;i:.- 131, 132: Vausiiack.n, .rlwenyo \'f.ym'ii,p. 67. " Am;iiiera, 1X'c;uI. II., lib. x., f" 41, i> 3 » (11 i I -m t '■ ^•j • 'I Vim. IT TT' 1 1* 418 TiiK DiscovKuv (jk NoKTit Amkkica. i [ ( fX i^Sii'' I ! :, ( I H Mf ' i I '■♦I I ' ■ i a i ri'' ( I N n :* ic U V\ ht i} :i ft il 1' I * i . ; 1501. Ni). 39. (ji.iiiii; oi Coi.i Muus. It ;icc()ni]t.\iiicd ;i l(;Ucr wliicli Coli'inbus sent to th<.:ir Catholic Majesties from Cadiz, or from Smilla i:. 1501. 'Tun l;i < iial carta Ics cnvio cierta figura rcdi»r.da 6 esfera : "* — Wilh said ninii, he sent to Their Majesties a certain round representation or sphere." X'). 40. Coi.f.Mr.i:^' OWN M.\r. Tiiis is the 111:111 whicli CohiiiiKiis had with him .it dranaila, wiieii he rcccixcd tlie \asit.s of Aiigrlo Trivigiano, in the suininiT of 1501. " (Jui nun ce nc salvo una de ditto Cohimho, ne e homo che fio sapia f..r " There is here unly one map of Cohnnhus, and nobody in ihis place is lomjietenl in copy it." We are uiiahli; to ascrrtaiii iVoin ihe conte.xt of Jrivi^iano's letters, \vli(;ther the maj) which he caused to be m.ide, was .a copy of the on<'. then in the |)ossession of Coluni'iis. antl to which he refers, or a copy of a map which the pilots had with them at I'alos. W'c: incline to the latter mter|)retation. as the distance lj(;tween Ciranada and I'alos is rela- tively coiisiderable, and it is not likely that Colmnbus would have parted with such an im[)ortant document. Besides, owing *■< his continuous claims and rev(;nilications, it is natural that he should always havt; at hand ;i map, winch w.is a sort of voucher. Then the l.ict th.it Trivi- giano intended to ha\-( it made of large dimensions, so that it might bt^ liner ; " io fatta far del compasso gramlf," may indicate that it was not ;i servile co|)y ; imless Ave interpret the e.Kpression as mianing that he would have it executed of " the large original si/e." X'). 41, ClIKISTOl'lIKK CoLt'MUUS. It is the ma[) made ;\t Palos in iqor for the N'enetian Admiral, Domenico MaliiMero, with data furnished by Columbus, and which must have embraced the first three, voyages. I, A.-' '-AiAS, 1il>. i., c.'i)>. iii., \''>l. [., j>. 4^. " Ciri.iKfjihn Coliiiiil; V..1. II., ( . II.j. ^ I Cautockai'mia Amkrk ana Vktustissima, 419 " lo ho tcnuto tanto niezo che ho preso " I have had so much intercourse with Co- pratica, e gran aniicizia cum el Coluinbo lumbus that we are now on a footinj,' of great IVr suo mezo ho mandato a far intimacy . . . Through him I have caused to be fare a Palos, che c un loco dove non habita executed at Palos, which is a place exclusively salvo rhe m.irinari, et homini pratichi di (jucl inhabited by mariners and men familiar with that viazo [sic'] del Cokimbo, una carta ad istanza vuyage of Columbus, a map, at the reiiuest of de la M. V., la ijual sath benissimo fata et Vour Excellency, which map will be extremely coiiiosa, et ]i.uticuh)r di quanto paese e statu well done, ample, and detailed, of the countries scoperto lo fatta far del compasso already discovered I have ordered it of grandc, perchu la sia piii bella," ^'^ large size, so that it may be handsomer." Thiit miij) was |)n)bably brought to Venice by Angelo Trivigiano himself,3'' early in the winter of 1502. 1502. No. 42. Hastipas AM) La Cosa. Map (if the discoveries accompHshed on the north coast of South America, In- Roilrigo de Hastidas and Juan de la Cosa. " Arias Fcrez dice que . . . se hallaba en la I-'spafiola cuando volvio por alii liastidas con oro y joyas, y le ensenaron el dibujo do la tierra que habian descubierto ; ^ — .Arias Perez [Pinzon] says that he was at Hispaniola when liastidas arrived there with gold and jewels, and they [ I.a Cosa and I5asiidas ] showed him a delineation of the country which they had disrovercd.'' This was shortly before jS July, 1502; and the map must have de- pictt'd the coast of South America from Quinquibacoa to Uarien, and from the latter point to Puerto tlel Retrete.39 No. 43. On Coi.u.mhus' Coat ok Arms. In the !■ 'Iters patent granting arms to Columbus, May 20, 1493. he is authorised to quarter with " gilt islands on sea waves : — en el cuadro bajo a la niano derecha unas islas doradas en ondas de mar." 4° But vvh(m in 1502, Columbus caused to be made the copies of his privileges which he entrusted for safe keeping to Nicolo Oderigo, the Genoese "S/.rKl.A, Di Miii-rii Polo f. tl"jH riliri fliLjiiirifur! \\ 12, whn ac<|\iirL'il liU informiuicn frnni liAsriHAs liini- ni(i-.!niii, \'i'\. I!.. |. jdl, nutc. «' Clir!^i(ipli< (■■Idiiil.. \'..l. II., np. 116-12J. '7 NAVARltlvn.. \'i'\. III., p. 546. '" Kinalnionlo. -;i!i '' ilL'sta isl.i para Kspart.i, afid do 502, piir Julie.'' l.\- (-"asa<, !il>. ii., cap. ii., Vol. II., self: " luve imirha convorsacinii y nniistad cm K(i(lriL;i> lie Haslidas" (ihitl. p. II). " ncp. .'iV.. page 545. ■"■ Navakkkik, Vol. II.. line. XX., p. 37. \ ■ \ V, arte inferior, que significa el Occidente, sea de tierra con- tinuada, que vaya desde la una punta n la era desta tierra ; y entre aquestas puntas lleno el mar de muchas islas grandes e pequefias de di- versas formas ; porcine esta figura, segund estd blasonada en este quarto, es de la manera c^ue se pueden significar estas Indias. La qual tierra e isias han de estar muy verdes e con muchas palmas «5 arboles, porque nunca en eilas pierden la hoja sino muy pocos ; e ha de haber en esta Tierra-firme muchos matitjes e granos de oro, en memoria de las innumerables e riquissimas minas de oro que en estas partes e islas hay."" " On the right side of the shield a sea, in remembrance of the great Oceanic sea, the waves, as in nature, blue and white, with the mainland of the Indies covering nearly the circumference of this quarter, and leaving the upper part open so that the capes of that large land are shown to embrace the southern and northern portions. In the lower part, which is intended for the west, a continuous land extending from one point of the same to the other. Between those capes, a sea covered with islands, large and sm.ill, of va- rious forms, because in this quarter they are intended to represent the [ West ] Indies. That country and those islands very verdant, with many palms and trees, because they never lose their leaves, except very little. On the mainland, many gulden hues and parcels of gold, in remembrance of the in- numerable and most rich mines of gold which are found in those parts and islands." No. 44. Unknown M.xkinkks. Marine charts consulted by Christoi>htr Columbus while at Puerto del Rctrete, November 26, 1502 : " Fue lo postrero que descubri6 una tierra do fall6 un puerto muy pequeno que puso nombre el Puerto del Retrete y en algunas cartas de navegar de algunos de los marineros juntaba esta tierra con la ([ue habia descubierto Hojeda y Bastidas que es la costa de las perlas : " — The last thing which he [Columbus] discovered was a land where he found a very small port to which he gave the name of Puerto del Retrete, .... and in marine charts of several mariners, that land was connected with the one which was dis- covered by Hojeda and Bastidas, and is the Coast of Pearls." *' Cmlii'f JJiplnmatiio Cotomlio-Ameriiaiio, and fac- .similts in ChnHlo/thf. Vnhiiiili, Vol. H. *- Chrinlopht C'olonili, Vol. H., p. 168. ■" OviP.lKi, lliKl. i I !■ n II 'f ' :i ■ fc^>! 'ii i n ti i , • it ,1 I'' TlIK DlSCOVKRV OK NoRTM AmKRICA. f'"h%i U \ F ir ii It' I i'l ■ < ' ,t if^jK I I'iiizon roturncil to l';ilos4S uii the 30th of St;pteniber, 1500; Lepe, before Xovember followiiiff. Morales went with the expedition of Bastidas and La Cosa, which sailed from Cadiz apparently in October, 1500. In the a!)S(nce of more precise dates, it is not impossible that Morales should havi- oi)tained the aft)resaitl information early in October. 1500. But as all three may have met again +; at the close of the year 1502, our im- pression is that the geographical data furnished by Finzon and Lepe were communicated to Morales more probably during the latter period. No. 47. Caxtixo's. It is a i)lanisphere on vellum, coloured and gilt, measuring 2200 by 1005 mm., and bearing, in a different handwriting, the following inscription : " C.irta da nauigar per le Isole nouam** tr fouate] in le parte de I'lndia : dono .Mberto Caiitino .M S. Duca Horcolc :— Nautical chart for the islands newly found in the region of India. Gift from .Mberto Cantino to"_ His Lordship the Puke Hercules." .As we hav(! already stated, Alberto Cantino, who was the envoy (or.it(ir) of Hercules d'Este, Duke of I-'errara, to the Court of Portugal, 5o kept his master apprised of the discoveries accomplished beyond the seas uiuler the Portuguese and .Spanish (lags. The Duke having expressed a desire to obtain a map illustrating those voy.iges, Cantino ordered it from a cartographer living in Lisbon, and whom we suspect to have been an Italian artist. 5' The latter charged him by contract twelve gold ducats,5- and rcfiuireil about ten months, from December 1501, to October 1502, to execute the work. While yet in Lisbon, the probability is that Can- tino interviewed .\nn'ricus X'espuccius, who had just returned to that city from his third voy.ige, and obtained from him supplementary information, wliich we assume to be the additional names in a cursive handwriting. Cantino ha\ing occasion to return to Italy, took the map with him, left it in (ieiioa to be forwarded to Ferrara ; and from Rome, wrote to his mister the following letter : *' " I'ri'lif c.il. Oclnli." /atiiiii whuiw' n Hiniitf i\'E-rtin;al l)ir, lt,o2 ill''!/'■^ CatnliiO.i. .ip. cvcvi.. Vol. II., !>. 253). sovoral It.ilian artists who ni.ailc maps, not as carlo- As 111 |)iot;o UK I.K.rK, ho -allcil on his sivond I'vpnliliun (jra|>her>, liut as copyists anil niiiii.itiiri-l-. The ni.\p of only afliT January. 1502 (/'m-. hirili'n^, \'.il. \X.\I., Nicol.is iik ("ANKRioaml KlNsiM ANN No. 2, arocli'arly p. Iiol. Wc ilo mil know when he relurneil, mir the works of that kiml. dale of his removal to rorlu^;^!, anil of his ilealh. '' .\l«iul #29 of the lime. Sec Cornelio Dksimoni, s JImiiidiiiI iiii'ili' "III. nmii' I'luci/ i/'i Uniii'i. !!• 7Vii'(i/>; (/. 1 Va/nri, \\ iS, No. 4;; ofllie .Uowtn il'oro. \v C.\kTO(JkAriiiA Amkkicana Vktusti.s>i.ma. lot' lb " 111™" Principi ct Ex""" Uuci et Domino, Domino Herculi Duci Kerrarie et Domino meo Benefactorique observ-andissimo. Ferrarie. Per una de V. Ex. in risposta d'una mia a giorni passati a quella dri/,ata, ho mteso quanto in epsa se contiene, et maxime circha la Cliartu del navicliare : II the humilmenic a V. S. res iwndendo adviso, che dicta Charta lassai in Genoa a dicto messer Francesco Calanio ct da lui hebbi Ducati vinte striti, cioe de libre tre ciascuno. Vero c che dicta Charta in Portogallo a me de pacto facto mi costo Ducati dodice d'oro in oio. Ma astretto dal' bisogno ct non havendo ovc ricorrere fui sforzato a tuor dicti dcnari et far quanto a V. S. scrissi : la Chatta fe di tal sorte, et spero che in tal manera piacerh. a V. Ex. ciie non gli se^^ molesto haver per epsa exbursatu dicta quantitade jicrcht.' di quel piu che sopra spendera V.S, ciofe de dodice. .Si the V. Ex'" ]>iacendoli mi advisi quanto circha questo ho adoperare, et contmuamcnte fra nu- niero de suoi fidoli Servitori mi tenga. Romne die 19. novembris 1502. III. et Ex. Dub. D. V. Servitor Albertus Cantinus scripsi." " Most illustrious and most excellent I )uke and Prince, my resiiccicd Lord : I did comprehend what Vour Excellency asked of me by the letter sent in reply to the one which I wrote Y. E. some time ago, [larticularly as regard.s the nautical <'hart. Vy this humble answer I inform \'. K. th.it I have left said map in Genoa in the h.nnds of Mr. Francesco Cataneo," who has paid over to mc twenty narrow ducats, that is, ducats of three "libre" each. In truth, the map cost me in Portugal, by contract, twelve gold ducats ; but being hard pressed, and not knowing whom to ask, I was constrained to accept this sum, and to do what I have said to Y. E. The map has been so success- fully executed, ...id I hope Y. K. will be so much pleased with it, that V. E. will regret neither the amuunt expended, nor the ^uin above the twelve durats the map cost mo, for which I shall be under obligations to Your Excellency. Rome, November iglh, 1502. \'our High- ness' servant .-Mberto Cantino, who wrote this."'* I ill i The i)l;iiiispher(j duly reached its destination and was lodged in th<- archives of the House of Este, in Ferrara, where it remained until 1592. In that year the map suffered the fate of the entire ducal liiirary and collections, and .as transferred to Mr)dena when i'ope Clement \ 111. despoiled Cesare d'Este of his rUichy. The last possessor (^( that most valuable docunieni put it to a vi.ry singular use. Wishing to cover a common screen, he had thf map pasted on its folds, after cutting olT and throwing away ihe top margin, which doubtless contained a title engrossed in large gothic letters, the tail end of one of which is still vi.sible. During the popular outbreak of 1859, the pal. ice was invaded Ijy a mob and the map stolen. A few years afterwards, the librarian t^\ the 5' Kr:ince>co Catamvo 'Dclongeit to one of tlic oKlosl 1 r.inc ) (rAiANUi, ».-»> sclllnl in Ciiliz, .mil it i~ to liim 11.11 rici.in families of (ienoa. He w.is (Iciioesc .inilias'O- thai CoiiMHi";, .May 10, 1502, eiitnisleil .t copy of * St,itc archives in >toorliigaiiK : Paris, 1S83. Dt.->lMnM, Le Cartt nautirh-. itaiiaiu iM Mfilin Em , Cienova, iSSS, 8vo, pp. 32-36. " \Vc ci'mmcnce with the iiiort northerly name. *• OellincDntir (CaiiernO. fi>r I'd Kncuentro, — Ca|x' of ihemeetint;, or tjf the light } ^' Caninor, in Canerio. *" Bona Ventura, in Caaeriii : —The Cape of Gel".ngcil originally to HiKicoya, anil reail " Arcay Ivicoa." ■^ (nirlTo (le linferno, in Cantino. '" Montagna alli^.•.iln,l,s, [w], in Cantino. "' This Calxj •/» »rtn Maria !■, diflerenl from the C" lU St. mji of lum UK l.A Cosa, as the latter is placed much furthci north than the " ysla desculuena ]H.'r jxir- l.igal," that is, Hr.'uil, the news of which Jistovery re.icheii Portugal, as we have said, in June or July, 1500, liy the caravel if (laspat dk Li..mii». \^ u i,.[ iceil Cartogkaimiia Amkricaxa Vetustissima. 425 The latest geographical datum in the present map is. at the north, the legend expressing fears that Gaspar Corte-Real had perished : " e crese que he perdido." This can have been inscribed only several months at least after the return to Lisbon, in October 1501, of two of his ves- sels; and perhaj)s so late as May 2, 1502, when Miguel Corte Real "- sailed from Portugal in search of his brother. The names north and south of Porto Seguro, on the Atlantic coast, were inscribed, as already stated, after the maj) had been delivered to C.intino, but very soon afterwards, and at Lisbon. As to the north-western configuration, we are loth to believe that it appeared in Cantino for the first time. It doubtless originated with other maps, and proceeds from a type on which had been grafted data bor- rowed from fragmentary surveys brought by mariners of different nations, as we suppose, and who must have visited that coast several times in the course of clandestine expeditions. See supra, Book Fifth, pages 77-133. After 1502. X, Chronica (to ftUcissiino W^i '* 0-! nic nnil avuiil nn.-. Thi> ^Ir.ingi.' ilc- >if^.ition is .-iImi finiml in the m.ip of reilm Kkinki . " .Santa Maria ile la Rabiila. That nainc, which figures on no other map, lietrays a Si>anish origin for ihf original ilcnominalion. although in ol■ I'rolia!)ly " (lolfo F. Vasconc'KI.i OS, Xoiiiin" do Hra%il, I.islw.a, 1668, 4to, p. 75, mcntion'T an imixTtant Irilie of Inilians in Southern Br.iiil calleil " Cioayar.as. " On the other hand, the Portuguese dictionaries cite as the generic and native name of certain heaulil'ul Brazilian binls, represented liy nine sjiccies, " lioh.inhamhig." ^ M! n 11 CAkTCXikAI'llIA AmKIUiANA N'kTUSTISSIMA. 42; "Die zweite Karte Ut ein getreues Bild der Zeit, in welcher, wie oben S. 7» bemerkt wurde, man sich den Norden Amerikas aus ciner Menge grosser und kleiner Inseln beste- hend dachte. Schmeller" hat diese Karte (cod. iconogr. 133) gleichfalls. beschrieben, und hinsich- llich des ubrigan Inhaltes (S. 250) bemerkt, dass das grosse von den Portugiesen in Jahre 1506 entderkte und anfangs Insula Sancta Laurentii gonannte Kyland Madagascar ihr noch unbekannt sei." ** The new names in this maj) are the following : GREENLAN'I) AND ISLANDS ADJOINING. Terra dauens da mirla dn sontedo de farlla" De lisleo Terra seccha G. de Uenetia Monte retondo G. de inferno Aide venada "' Cavo frenoso Rio de arena C. de pario . . . de aIegro7.a Questo lago e aqua dolce "' Hio de le aues SOUTH AMERICAN CONTINENT. Sancta maria de agoodia * Rio de S. Helena Capo de Sancta ►J* Bafra barill "^ Rio di i^erera Serra de S. madlana di gratia Rio de cnxa Rio de sao hieronymo Rio do odio Rio de nielo * Monte fregojo Rio de S. jacomo Rio de S. augustino Rio de Cosmes Rio de uirgene Rio de San johan Barefres uermege " Rio de sta lucia Serra de santhome Rio de arefeces Pinotulo de rentio " Rio Jordan Rio de sa(i antonio Punta de San uincenzo Rio de cananor " The designation: "Questo i.igo e aqua dolce," and the names: •• A baia de tutti santi. Capo de Sancta "i*. San Michael, Rio di pe- reni, " and " Madlana di gratia," clearly indicate slips of the pen com- mitted by an Italian cartographer who, copying a Portuguese chart, reverts unconsciously to his mother tongue. "•J. A. SiHMKl.l.K.R. I'ffr fiiii'i^ lUttri- hniulvhrit''- lii-h-^ Stttnrl-n, in Alihanit/mi'iTH d-r I. Ci. >ih. I.: Munich. 1844. p. 252. *-' Kl"N>TMANN, />l( Killilfhlll-I Am^ri'l'-, Ji, i27. " .\piurently :\ corniMti^in ami er " lagonc," which i> siiiutimes t.ikcn in the sense "( »ea, or large extent of water. ** IVrhaps the " Nl.i ile S.-incla Maria de Agc»to," of the ( iKAN VKi.i.K manuscript Copy of the Iilano of .San 1 A Cri'Z, preserved at Hesani,"on. *' " Ib/iaturiles " in I,a Cosa. * Rio do inezii. (?) *" Or " Hareros vermego," and " Kareras vcrniei,i.s," in Canerio:— The Red liars. " Or " I'inaculo de tentio." I'roliahly the I'in.aculo de tantad of the Turin map, which may mean The Summit of the Temptation. '' Kio de [la] C.ananea, in Kunstmann No. 3. I .' 'fr I I I ( h ,i ■ n i.l, 'i :.'■ h f (' i: 438 The Discovkry of Noktu Amkkica. If ill thr, present map the Brazilian configuration and nomenclature are not anterior to those in Kunstmann No. 3, its reprosentaticui of Newfoundland certainly belongs to an older type than the outline of this island in the latter map. Instead of an elongated island running from east to west, Kunstmann No. 3 correctly ascribes a pcninsul.ir form to Greenland, and in lieu of a nameless isle cast into the broad Atlantic, it represents Newfoundland apparently soldered tc the continent, inscribes thereon six names, and delineates the beginning of a culd ha\e translated ■' L(s Vorti Hint, |int;e ifi/. *' L. (Jali.ois. i'lii Xmuilli Carle. iimiiiK Jit AT/' 'i'lle, Lf i>orlulnn ilr SiioliiK ce our .V(.'' < .11/)- In Xoiiiilli t'raiin , page 6. " Searches have been in^lilute^l a! our retpiest in the numerous Indices and ALecedario, .,f the Slate and Nota- rial archives in Genoa, for the names of Canf.rio and CaI'ERIo. Neither tt>uld be found aiivwhere. -Ji Caktocraimiia Amkkuana Vetustissima. 4^9 them into Italian. On this i)oint we must jj[ive the precise text of the two leading legends : OVER THK WEST INDIES. "Has antilhas del rey de Castella desco- "The Antillics of the Kinj; of Castile, dis- berta por collonbo [sie] ienoeize almirante covered by CoUonbo, (Jenoese [this word is not que es de las aquales ditas insullas [ilhas] in Cantino] .\dniiral, which islands were dis- se descobriram [Kt niandadu do muyto ulto covered by command of the very high ami very et podcroso principe Rey dom Fernando Rey j)owerful prince the King Doni Kernandu, King de castella." of Castile." ON THE HR.\ZII,IAN COAST. " .Xuera crus chamada iH:r nomc aquall achou " The True Cross, so called, which was dis- pedaluares cabral fidalgo da cassa del rey de covered by I'edro .Mvarc/. Cabral, gentleman of portugall e uelle adescoiero [a descobrio] por the household of the King of Portugal ; and he capitano [moor] do [dej xnii nauos que rey discovered it in navigating as chief captain of mandaua a caliqut ie nel [i en el] caracho fourteen ships which the said King was sending [caminho] induto poi [indo tapou] com esta to Calicut, and, in following his route, he found terra aqual terra secrem [se cree] esser [ser] that bind, which is believed to be a continent, terra foernie [firmc] em aquel [aqual] a muita where are many men endowed with reason, and gente de descricacam [descricam andam] nuos men and women who go naked, as brought into omes e mulieres [molheres] como quas [suas] the world. They are rather white than dark, mais [/>ro vnMs] os pario sum [sam] mais with smooth hair. The said land was discovered biancos [brancos] " '" in the year [one thousand] five hundred.' The configurations and nomenclature, everywhere in this chart, are those of the Cantino map, but they ilo not proceed from the latter, as the profiles exhibit differences, and there are adilitional names indicitiiig another prototype of a later tlate. A very im[)ortant feature in the present map is a regular scale of lati- tudes. According to that .scale, the continental region in the north-west, first delineated in Cantino, extends here from 50' to 20 north latitude ; showing a prolongation of that regit)n southward of eighteen ilegrees, less, however, than in Schiiner's first globes, and with new i)rofiles. .\s on this prolongation the Nuremberg geographer has inscribed the word " Paria.s," and as his i)rototype was certainly very like Canerio's, we are inclined to believe that the prolongation was originally inttMided to re|)re- sent the countries discovered by Columbus during his third voyage ; the first mention of which appeared in print on the loth of .April, 1504, in the Libretto de tiitta la Nauigatiouc dc Re de Spagm^'i^ but was known in '3 The «nriK liciwci'ii lir:ickoI> wc linimw fmin ilic ' ■'("oniiirucli".:;ii\ii clu' i|vii'sl.i Uti.i sr clii.iiiia>-i' |>.iri,i," srimc legeiKls in Caniimi. Liln-^iin, cnp. \\;i., f" i<). I'll ' i I ^ 1 i ^:' Mi, ■ i'' • .'!' ' , .1 ! f i [ 1 ii (i ! ■ ■ . ■!:j*l^! il, 'J ,1 r* ! !l.i "ill m w;^'i Iti In . : 1 1 ■ 1 : '- ' i H. 430 The UiscuvKKV ok Noktii Amkkica. Italy so early as the autumn r)f 1301. whfii Aiigt^lo Trivij^iaiio sent his account to Domenico Malipim-o.''? In the nomenclatun- on thi- north-wtisttrn continent, \vi; set- for the first tiini' th(j nam*; " Lago del ladro," which appears in Ruysch as " Lago '!»'l oro," and in WaUlsccniiillfr as " larro ilclloiiro ;" Init was probably inscrilxril on the prototype, " I.ago i\r.\ lailro," for " Lago del lailron," or "The Laki; of the thief," and not "Lago del om," or "The Lake of Gold."' Two other names are spelt differently, but not more intelligibly. Where Cantino writes : " G: do lurcar," and " C do mortinbo." Canerio inscribes : " Gorffo de lineor, " and " Cauo de mertineo." Finally, the preposition "of," which in Cantino is written "do," as in Portuguese, api)ears in Canerio as " de, ' in the Spanish form, whilst that north- western continent exhibits in the latter, at both ends, the standard of Castile and Leon ; which indicates in the opinion of the cartographer, Spanish possessions, and perhaps also Spanish discoveries or explorations. The southern continent extends from 12' to 35° south latitude, which is ;ibout ten degrees more than in Cantino. The nomenclature for the north coast of Brazil is as in the latter ; but on the eastern seaboard, the list com[)rises. in addition to the names in Cantino, those of Kunst- nvinn Xos. 2 and 3, with the addition of " Porto de Sto Sebastiano," and " -Alapago (pa^us) de Sam Paullo," both of which make here their first ap])earance. Newfoundland presents the configuration already seen in Cantino, and is placed in the same erroneous longitude, but bears no inscriptions whatever. Xor is the line of demarcation depicted. The Portuguese legends concerning the discoveries of the Land of the True Cross and of the Antillies, are as in Cantino, but Canerio takes care to recall the action of his countrymen by adding to the map : " descoberta por collonbo ienoeize ;" and the cross of St. George to the Canarian island of • Lansarotto." The latter, however, is a peculiarity alre.idy existing, not only in the celebrated Catalan chart of 1375, Ijut also in the recently discovered Majorcan mappamundi, which bears the inscription : " Hoc opus fecit angelino Dulcert ano .m"li:c"\\xviiii de mense augusti in ciuitate maioricarum." This map constitutes the earliest specimen known of the Fourth Type. .See Siipra, page 305. « Chrinioitht Colomh, Vnl. 11., \,. 122. \.^ . C.\uro(;K.\riii.\ Amkkh axa X'trn-^TissiMs. 43' \o. 51. TiiK Kixi; Chart. Map of the world on parchment, 940 by 590 mm., discovered in the papers of an I^nglishman called Richard King, s.iid to have been .1 traveller. It was made knuwn and first described, with a reduced fac- simile of its American part, by Dr. K. T. Hamy.98 As we have already stated, this map presents for the New World only a skeleton of Kunstmann Xo. 2. The nomenclature is limitetl to si.x names, viz.: " Terra Laboratoris," given to a narrow insular Greenland ; " Terra Cortereal," written on Newfoundland, which island is fully identified by the following inscription ; " Capo Raso," named here for the first time either in accounts or on a map ; "Terra de Cvba." on an insular region, situate between 35 and 40' north latitude of the scale inscribed on the map ; " Isabella ;" •' Terra scte crvcis." The map contains no general denomination for the New World. We believe that the Lusitano- Italian prototype which served for making Kunstmann No. 2, has also inspired the maker of the King chart. Not only the American configurations, gaps, omissions, and geo- graphical errors are the same in both, but the all-important name of "Capo Raso" also betrays either an Italian cartographer, or a model containing Italian words; the "p" in the word "capo," not being either Spanish or Portuguese. .See supni, in The First Type, Jiage 293. 1502-1504. No. Saii.oks' Maps. Those maps are referred to by Diego de Porras, in his official report of November 7, 1504, in these terms: " En algunas cartas de navegar de algunos de los marineros juntaba esta tierra con la que habia descubierlo Hojeda y Bastidas que es la costa de las perlas : — On some ol the sailing charts of certain sailors, that land [Veragua] is connected with the land discovered by Hojeda and Bastidas, which is the Coast of Pearls.'"" * l)r. K. T. IIamy, Xaliit our iihi y-iiijumomlf il^"n])lire, VatIs, 1 887, No. 4. jKnlii\ini'i nnoiiynif ih IM'J, rrrfinmm' ilvoii-trli it '' Kclalion of l)iei;i> iiK I'okk.xs, in Navakkeif, Vol. Lomlif ; in the liulhlin dt Utoijrajmie hiMoriijut tt I., p. 285. r--'\' ' <■.• 1 1 '■ t ( 1 : '1 I :| !! M:! t',| 1^. \ '1 M» li h it li 432 The Discovery of North America. > ' it ;. 1503. No. 53. Juan dk la Cosa. Two m.iri'.ime charts of the Indies, made by Juan de la Cosa, and presented by him to Queen Isabella in September, 1503, at Segovia: " Dds cartas de marear de las Indias." This reference was taken by iS'avarrete "^ from the Munoz Collection of MSS., the only source of informatio ilmost, used by Spanish savants to this day. The statement seems to have been borrowed from the Hook of Accounts of the Casa de Contratacion. si/l> nnni 1503-15 15, where is inscribed the following very interesting item: % "Que pago a Niculosa Espindola en nombre de Juan de la cossa dos mill y seiscientos y veinte y cinco mrs. por dos cartas de marear que di a la Reyna nuestra senora e para su satisfacion de los caminos que hizo en Portugal : — Pay to Nicolo Spinola '"' in the name of [or for] Juan de la Cosa, 2625 maravedis for two sailing charts which he gave to the Queen, and as [a token of her] satisfaction for the voyages which he made to Portugal." One of those two maps may be that which we mention in the next item, from the list published by D. Diego Clemencin. ;-r 111 No. 54. Queen Isahell.x's. Ma[) which Queen Isabella had in her own library, and is described the inventory of her property as follows ; " No. 25. Un mapa mundi en pargamino pintado: — A mappamundi on vellum, coloured." '"• Isabella possessed two collections of books, one of which, numbering 201 volumes, was preserved in the Alcazar of Segovia. The other col- lection contained only 52 volumes, and was entrusted to her chamberlain Sancho de Parades. The said mappamundi belonged to the latter set, "the broken remains of which," says Prescott,'°3 "have contributed to swell the magnificent library of the Escurial." We have seen in that library several important MSS. concerning Peru, but no maps whatever could be discovered. hi / Iff "*' NWARRKIK, llihliolfca .Vnrilima E*])aHo/a, Vn\. '°' Cl.EMKNCIN, Kloijlo de In AVViia rnli' Ferdiiinini and Inaliella, Vol. II., p. iSS. .i,:, ■^^'.,u II) lit Cartograimiia Americana Vetustissima. No. 55. Maps ok Columbus' Crew. 433 Those maps were seized by him, about May 1503, on the plea that they proved to be a great impediment to maritime discoveries. " Los marineros no trafan ya carta de navegar que se las habia el Almirante tornado & todas : sc decian que el yerro que se hizo al principio habia causado gran desconcierto en el descubrir : — The sailors did not have with them sailing charts, because the Admiral had seized all those which they had, alleging that the mistake committed at the outset had greatly impeded the work of discoveries."'"* About 1503. • No. 56. H I s r a N I o L A . Manuscript map of the island of Hispaniola which we found inserted in Fernando Columbus' own copy of the Peter Martyr of 151 1. preserved in the Hiblioteca Colombina at Seville. It is on vellum, measures 410 by 290 mm., and may be only a fragment of a large map of the Antillies. We noticed a number of names, several of which were given by Christopher Columbus. On the north coast : " Puerto de Plata, Isabella, Puerto Real." "" On the west coast : " Manati, Hatiei,'"* Granada, Caralmi." On the south coast ; " Salvatiera, lagaqye, Isleos blancos, Yucan . . ■ , Acya." In the interior : " I^res, Concepcion (de la Vega), Santiago (de los Caballeros), San Juan de la Magyana,'" Hagyei." Rivers : laqye, Naiba, Lyna, Tireo, Hanu, and Hatiboni." The great stream, " Rio de Santiago," is nameless ; but .several of the above mentioned towns set forth edifices. It is worthy of notice that the following names have been omitted, viz.: Xamana (or Samana), '°** Bohio (or I3oio), Albao, Monte-Cristo, Zuruquia (or Xaragua), Navidad (deserted in the year 1493), Cibao,'°9 Niti ( although the mountains about the place show the explorations attempted by Hojeda), Monte-Juan, Janico, Honao, Pani, Cabo-Franco, Punta de Brasil, Xueva Isabella (or San Domingo), all of which names are to be found in the map of Juan de la Cosa, or in the descriptions of Dr. Chanca, Oviedo, and Bernaldez. '"* OHicial rLimit cif Dicpi I'E I'orras, in N.warrktk, Vol. I., p. 287. K$ " Puerto Real " is in OviKno, Vol. I., p. 48. '"'It is " Ilnyli," naniu jjivon to the iH)rtion of the islanil first visitcil liy Col VMlils (Cll.vNCA). It is spclloil "Ayli" liy Hkrnai.dez. ''■ Caonabo was the caciipie of "La Maguana." That town is mentioned liy Ovikdo. '■" " Sam.-ina " is to Ik- founil in the Cantino chart. ' ' In the country of Cibao there w.ts a fortress named " Santo Thom.is." According to Hkrnai.DK/., " Cil>ao" means "a rocky place." Reye-i Catdlicos, cap. cxxi. 3F pr ■ I > . t ! M )i I I '? ,!;■ , I I ['n 434 The Discoveky or North America. •itl^tf! !M . I W\l ■ ! I; ,; . .i f li . I 'f^ I'i No. 0/- 1504. Vesconte he M.ukiiolo. Atlas of Vesconte de Maggiolo or Maiolo, dated 1504, e.xhibited during the Geographical Congress held at \'enice, and bearing No. 433 in its catalogue. "° We have been unable to ascertain the American configurations set forth in that atlas, which has disappeared since the death of its owner. It is the earliest work known of that Genoese cartographer, who e.xercised his art'" until 1549 or 1551. About 1504. No. 58. Grkcokio Diaz. They were maps of Paria, Uraba, Darien, and Veragua, made by the pilot Gregorio Diaz, who visited those regions with Columbus : " Anduvo todo aquello en compania del Alniirantc. Ha hecho cartas de todo ello : — He sailed over all those parts in comrany with the .Vdmiral. He has made maps of all of them." "* 1505. No. 59. Gloiu: iiEi.oNcixd TO Jri.ius II. It was .ipparently a mounted globe which Isabella d'Kste, daughter of Hercules I., Duke of Ferrara, and wife of Francesco de Gonzamia, Marquis of Mantua, ordered Florainoiito Brognolo, on the 20th of Feb- ruary, 1505, to be made by copying the one in the \',itican, or Pope's library at Rome : ■ M. Kloramonte. — Xon ce aggravara la "Mr. Floramont. — As the cost will not e.\- spesa de quaranta Ducati quando lo e.vempio ceed 46 ducats to secure a fine copy of the del Mapamondo et Zodiaco fia facto bello, et mappamundi with a zodiac, like that which is simile aquello che se ritrova in la libraria dil in the Pope's library, you may order it ; but Papa . Si che ordinati pure chel fu facto, ma let it be executed very promptly, and of the cum summa diligentia, et misura . Bene Valete . exact size. Good-bye. -Mantua, February 20, Mantuiv XX Februarij 1505.' '5o5-" "" Pf^lMOM, Alio .■'tudio Hiomlo in'onio n Oiovaniii and iii/rn, under the year 1527, fur a lUl of atbses cxe- ]'trrnr;aiin, Ap/iriitlief III., p.ige 95. culol hy this VcM-onto UK .Mahcioio. '" Jfnn it .S-Wsfifii CuIkiI, \\ 165; xujua, p. 216; "■ Nav.^kkki K, \m1. UI., pp. 5S2, 591. i! 1, \. ' 1, . \ CAkTCKJKAl'HIA AmKRIC.WA V'KTL'^TISSIMA. 435 This lt;tter of Isabella d'Este. published here for the first time, is preserved in the State archives at Mantua. We have vainly looked in the \'atican Library and Secret Archives for the globe alluded to. The reader is aware that the princes of the House of Este took a great interest in Geography. Besides Isabella's father, who ordered the Cantino map."' and took such pains to secure the geographical notes and writings left by Poscanelli, "-^ ujwn hearing of Columbus' discovery, we should not fc^rget that it was to the father o*" Hercules, Horso d'Este, that Nicholas the German [alias Nicholas Donis), dedicated or addressed,"' in 1466, his famous first twenty-seven"^ Ptolemaic maps (engraved in 1478). N'o. 60. Peiiko Rkinkl. This ma]), which is probably a .stray sheet of some important atlas or portolano, is on vellum, undated, luit hears in s -mi-gothic letters the inscription : " Pedro Reinel a fez." It is ]ireservetl in the Royal Library at Munich, and has been par- tially reproiluccd in fac-simile by Kunstmann,"" and by Kohl, "*^ who has added a detailed description of the map. Barros mentions "9 a " Pero Reinel moco d'esporas.' who. so far back as 1487, had the reputatit)n of being an experienced navigator: " homem costumado andar naquellas partes," that is, on the African coast. We are unable to say whether he is the author of the present map. We see a young Reinel established at .Seville as a cosmographer. and, in 1510, employed in constructing a sphere ("uoma") and a map of the Asiatic archipelago, which his father came in complete, bv adding the ^Kilucca islands. '-° But as we do not possess, the christian names of those Reinels, it is impossible to identify either with the Pero Reinel mentioned bv Barros, or with another P to Reinel cited bv Herrera. "1 Supra, \i. 77, ami p. 422. N . 47 '" .Sfiipra, Itixik I., chapter i., p. 2. "5 UlnlriKKimo. prinfljn. a-' dno. ilominn. Bortio. Marrhioni. Kf*f*'ii'^i. Iioitn>fii . . . roiniti '^I'rM donnvH [fur " Diimimis," or for "Doni," — hencc ih'; errone'^u': name "Donis"], Xirolarn OffKtanrn. I'aris Na'.ioiial I,il'r.-»ry, MSS., Koiuls I„iii:i. ^\i. 4,803. See nWvEZAC, Rulliliu 7( la .VcK-iVVf -U dik-jraphk. Vol. V. 11S6JI, paRc 301. '" Tho live nuxK-rn miip« were addcU several years afterw.ird^. "■ Ki ^^^M.i.«.^■, Ailivi -.t he taken literally, we think, in the »ense of erjuerry, l>ut of one l>elonginy to the hou.lnii >n from the I'ortugue.se. ■-h r, Pr m ! * I t tV :'\ i 11 ,, i k 1' I' I 'I'U ww^ 'I '! ' i .^! i I ^ ^f' * r II ^;^ ' lit li V ■»> ( I |J: :iii;i^rfi hi if 1/ 436 The Discovery ok Noktii America. llcrreni relates'-' that in 15.3:2, two Portujjjuesc cosinographers uf that name entered- the service of Cliarles \'. As they camt: expr«'ssly from Portugal, apparently lor the first tiiue in 1523, in ci)mpany with Simon de Alcazaba, who \v;is a deserter, we art; again unable tt) say whether these Reinels were also pre-named Peru. 'I'he Pero Reinel i>f Herrera was a pilot of much repute : " pilolo ile nuicha fanui. ' The present maji was doubtless made in P whilst the .said decade bi;ars the date of December, 15 14. " .\lteri Colonus vivens, cum ca [icrlusiratet loca, dedii initium : cui et frater eius Banholomajus Colonus, Hispaniola .\delantus, indicium suum addidis '*' . . . : — \Vherupon 1 lepayrt'd to the hyshoppe of Burues bcinge the chicle refuge of this nauigation. As wee were therfore secretly togyther in one chamber, we had many instrumentes perteynynge to these alTayres as globes and nianye of these mappes which are commonly cauled the ship- man's rardes, or cardes of the sea. Of ihe which, one was drawen by the Portugales . . . To an other, Colonus the .\dmiral whyle he yet lyued and searched those pl.ices had gyuen the beginnynge with his owne handes : Wherurito Hariholomeus Colonus his brother and l.ieuetenaunt had ,iddid his iudgement, for he also, had sayled aboute those coasles." The purport of the l)ook of the Decade containing the above extract, indicates that the map gave a delineation of the north coast of South America, comprising the lands visited by Christopher Columbus and his "' Hkrkkka, I^i-cail. III., liti. iv., cap. xiii., p. 1.5J. tin nomine ista redigctL'm in Eatium •setmonem . . ." '" I'EscHKl., (i(.-chichle dm ZiilaJt(i» ilir Knit,- AsiailKKA, Dccul. II., lil>. x., f''-4l, C.; and p. 172 of kumjtn, paj;o 332. ihc Pari-, llakluyt tdiii m. "'> " i;x <|Uo panrc statiw iHisliilanlilms, ut ianctilatis "* IhtiUm. :!|l "^ ' \.^ CAKTOt.KAl'IlIA AmKKIi ANA V'kTUSTISSIMA. 437 brother Bartholomew Juring the fourth voyage. It was made, conseciiieiilly. after the 7th of Xovember, 1504; but as l^irtholoiiiew went to Italy in 1506, the map was necessarily ctjmpleted between those two dates. Betv/een 1506 AND 1508. No. 6.\ M \i 111' X'lK Ai;i.A. Pictorial ilescriptioii and map f by Uarlhdiomew Columbus, between "Del 1505 essendo Bartolamio Colombo (ratcUo ill christoi)horo Colombo da poi la sua morte '^' andaio a Koma i)er haver leltere del poniifice '» al Re di Spagna chel volese esser contento di darli caravelle Confesato da uno frate Hieronimo de I'ordine di frati canonici regulari in S. Joanni Latcr;ino li dete di suo mano uno disegnio dc' liui di tal terre dove cron discri])te i lochi la con ditione el natuia et costanii et abili di quelli popoli et esendo ditto I'rate Hieronimo ijui in Venelia nel tnonasterio loro della c.lrit,^ essendo mio aniico mi dette el tal disegnio et el simile mi dette in scriijto la conditione tt popoli di »al paesi li qnali in brieve lo .Mex" ...'■'• li notero ..." '■* the Veragua cnuntry, made at R(^nu' 1 506 and I 508. "While at Rome in 1505, Hartholi^mew Columbus, brother of Christopher, wl.ero he had gone alter the lalter's de.ith, 'o obtain from the I'ope a letter to the King of Spain [piayingj to give hnii ships ... In his inter- course with one Jerome, a friar of the regular order of .St. John of I^tran, he gave him a delineation in his own hand of the coast of that country [Veragua] with a desciiption of the region, nature, customs, and dress of the people. .\nd the said monk Jerome, when al Venice, in the monastery of the Ch.irity, and being a triend of mine, gave me that drawing, and also, in writing, the description of the people . . . which I, .Mexander . . . shall give in brief . . ." We a.ssume that the ilescription containt.d a map ; such biiiv,; ilu* nieaning which must be given to " uno disegnio de' lilti di tal urre," though it may have representt^d only the coasts. '5 The ilatf of 1505 is urionei'us, as Ciiri.-'.iphtr Coi I'Mlii s ilioil in 1506. On the .■ihtr tiaml, B.u'.h.ilo- inew Coi.i/MHC- hail an ilU'yiiim.iie chilil l»irn to liiin in .Spain, on 'he Illh of Dcccailni. 150^', inukr lirciini- stances showing thai he was iit Seville in the latter year. Chriklojiht i'oliimh, \'ol. 11., p. 206 anil 466. '•* That I'oiie w;u. jDl.lls II. who occupieil the |>a\ial chair from Novenilicr 3, 1503, until his death, I'elrr.iry 20, or 21, 1513. As he wa.s iK^rn, not al Alliis.ila, Ian at .Sa\(.na in 1441, ami cimnnenn'l l)y lnMng a mere iK^atman, says Kk.\smi's {Ailfujionnn, chiliad, lii., cent, iv.. No. Sj), Uariholiniew Coii'Mi:! -, whose la;her lived in iliai place I'rom 1470 unul 14S4, ma) have met the fmiire I'ope when on a visit to his paierus. "•" We niu.sl read : " Ales.sandro /ok/i," who was the compiler oi a new eiUlion oi the I'm 11 uoramnili ri- trornti which never was piiiii.-lied. We found among his MSS. (National Library in llorence, Conii, Stkozzi, 4to, cod. 24, Class MIT., Alhiiii-o, Class XIII., cod. Si), the alxise text and a numiicr of other ilocunienls, I'lii not ihal pictorial description. '■" hi^l'i ymalidhi ili l'(trtitl. 335, and Van I>KK .\a, Hioijrajihiirh iVooriltiiI'd' I: XIX. "^ See lliu tellers of .\in;usl 12, 1507, and Xoveniher 6, 1506, in Triihkmus, Kpiiloln /nniiliuns, Ilayenx, 1536, 4I0, pp. 197 iind 209. '35 As rc(;.irds this Henry l)K IUnac, Or. CJoi.Di.iN DK TlKFENAii kindly ciUs our atlenlion 10 J. (1. Rll'RKCin, Orntio de Sociflah lilliran'n lihtnana n Cuurtiilo Ci.lli iuKlilulu, Jen.v, 1752, 4to, and ihe celc- hratcd Cudix ij,i.,/,iliirl.^ Cdiiraili i'llli-, wliidi, how- ever, conl.ains no t;eoj;raphical infornialion. We ii^;n.i to have lieen unable lo ascertain ihees.act ilale .if lits.u '•- death, as il would prove interesting; lo learn whether it w.as before May, 1507, which is the date of the first edition of the C''w»i»(//'fy)/i)ii iiitrnihtiliti. \. litKiKAKH (Dtliiiijiiiv Inliiiii . . ill (Il riiKiiiiaUUi.t : Wolfeiibutteli, 1721, Vol. U., p. 2S0), says: " (Juuin Trilliemius s\g- nificarit htiic se olim ctjnimodasse volimiina i>t,i llenrioi de Hunau, seipiitur, ut hie ante ainiuin ( 1.1 l.i \i, cjuo epistola scripta est, diem suuiit obierit," but his date of 1506 is erroneous ; HiNAt; beint; mentioned by Tkiiiik- Mlfs o.:ly .Vugu.st 10, in the year 1507, and without a reference authorising such a deduction. "* Letter .addres.sed " Vuilhelmo Veldico Moii.apio plebano in Dyrmstein, theolot^o et niathemalico," by Tri laKMiLs, (1^1. i-it., p. 197. fi 1 Ff ,TW ;if;'i' t iv.. 1 > r. 440 The Discovery ok North Amekica. No. 65. Small Itai.lvn Mai-s. Verj- small maps of "Puerto Reale," the island of "Bui hema" (s/c), Hispanioi.i, Jamaica, Cuba, and of the coast of South America, inserted in the l<"errara manuscript of the collection of voyages afterwards printed under the title of Paesi uouamente ritrovatiMii No. 66. Rem'; ok Lorraine's. Nautical chart possessed by Rene, Duke of Lorraine, and described as follows : " Charta autcm marina quatn Hydrographiam vocant per Admiralem quondam sercnissimi Portugali.ne [«V] regis Ferdinandi [«V], caeteros denique lustratores verissimis peragrationibus lustrata : ministerio Renati dum vixit, nunc pie mortui'** Ducis illustrissimi Lotharingix liberialus prrelographiosii tradita est." " The marine chart, or Hydrography so called, f-orrected by means of exact navigations [accom- plished] firsf by a late admiral of the most serene King of Portugal Ft'dinand, and lately by other explorers, which [char'] was given to be printed through the instrumentality of the illustrious Rene, in his lifetime Duke of Lorraine." '*•' This was the map which Martin Waldseemiiller must have used as a model, first for the planisphere which accompanied the Cosmographia; Introdtictio, and then for the two maps of the New World inserted in the Ptolemy of 1 5 1 3. See supra, Fart II., chapter v., pages 274-281. 1507. No. 67. WALnsEEMiiLLKk's Glcjue. Terrestrial globe of small size constructed by Martin Waldseemiiller, at St. Diey, in Lorraine, and which sold with his Cosmographia' Intro- duc/i'o, published in May and September, 1507. " Propositum in hoc libello quandam Cosmographine introductionem scribere ; quam nos tarn in solido quam piano depinximus. In solido quidem spacio exclusi strictissime : — We '^' Those small nmps, evidcnlly copied or cxtractdl from some map of the world akin to Cantino's, have lieen reproducwl in I'rofcssor Kekraro's very inexact Rela-ioiie iMte uropertc. fnllii da C. Cohimhn ; Nos. XXX., xxxvii..viii., xli., Ixxvii. -vili., Ixxxii.-iii. The ro.ider is (loiil)tless aware that the above mentioned Kerrara co|l I i y 1 1:1 »i t 442 TllK DlSCOVEKY OF NoKTII AMERICA. 1: ^ 'I'/i (!■' M It) *t fl'.Jl: I • M \ li'^iii .^ 111!' . ^ .11 i; : t 'I^Mf: vcl recognitione, curabimus ut quodvis isturuin necessary to give a guarantee or a receipt, I actutuni fiat. Sollicitassem et alios, nisi crede- shall try that one of the two be given at once, rem te id oneris et libenter subiturum et etiam I would have appealed to some one else had I (namijue poles) impetraturum. Solidum (juod not been sure that you would readil) iiccept the .id generale Ptholomei paravimus nondum im- task, and succeed, for you can do so. pressum est, erit auteni impressum infra mensis The globe [solidum ?]'" [comprising] I'tolemy spacium. Et si Ptholomei illud exemplar ad nos vcnerit, curabo ut solidum tale et alia (|ua."dam qu.i; filiis tuis prodesse ])oterunt ad te cum ipso I'tholomeo redeant. in general, which we have prepared, is not yet printed, but will be so in a month. And if the manuscrijjt I have just spoken of is sent to me, I shall sec that it be returned to you, together with that globe and some other articles "" which Vale et cura ut non frustra te soUicitasse may be useful to your sons. Farewell, and let tuamque operani invocassc videamur. E.\ Divi Deodati oppido, ipso lunae post Paschae. .Anno 1507. Martinus WualdsemuUer alias IKicomylus tibi ad vota subiectissimus," it not appear that we have apjiealed to you in vain. From the city of St. Diey, on F2aster Monday [.April 5th], 1507. Martin WualdsemuUer, alias Ilaconiylus, your humble servant." Th;it edition of Ptolemy, which was first projected by the brothers l^iitld .so early as 1 505, was to conipri.se only a Latin version of the original te.xt and maps. '44 It is generally believed that the idea of adding an account of modern discoveries originated not with the savants of the X'osgian Gymnasium, but with I'Vancesco Pico de la Mirandola, who, besides, contributed to the edition in entrusting to Ringmami a Greek manuscript of Ptolemy. Be that as it may, the notion (jf adding maps of the newly- discovered countries had been conceived a year before, as in Gaultier Ludd's Speculum Orbis, written at St. Diey in 1507, '45 the auiiior informs the Duke of Lorraine that His Highness will soon be able to see in the Ptolemy which he and Waldseemiiller were preparing for the press, a map of the countries lately found by the King of Portugal {sic pro Spain), and up to that time unknown. '4^ This map can only be the Tabula Terre Nove of the Ptolemy published in 15 13. '47 '" V>x. .'^i' when analysing that letter in his most vaUialile f/ifloirt lilti'i'aire de. I'Aliare tl /n./i'ii tin X Ve oaril," of a special map (jf the newly discovered region.s. I, Cautogkai'IIIa AMKKir.WA Vktustissima. No. 68. Ln.i.'s. 443 A roii^h and hastily made map of the newly-discovered regions, drawn up by Walter or (iaultier Ludd. " Non tamen imus inficias in extensre illius Kuropie locum congruenter poni posse quern de ignota terra per Lusitanine regem pridem ct i)ost paratum Orbis Speculum inventa propere ])aravimu.s typum : — Yet, we are not disposed to deny that in the place of the development which we have given to Europe, it would not be proper to place the represent' Ion which we hastily prepared of the unknown land discovered sometime since by the King oi' Portugal, but subseiiuently to the preparation of this Mirror of the World.""" We must also call attention to the following .sentence : "De (jua ora plura ct veriora in I'tolomeo per nos et fi.^-tinum Ilacomylum talium rerum scientissimum cum multis additanientis recognito (cuem nostris impcnsis mox Christo favente iniprimemus) : — .*\ more exact and more detailed representation of those shores may be seen in the Ptolemy, which, God willing, we will p'jblish at our expense, reviewed and greatly augmented by ourselves and l)y Martin Ilacomylus [Waldseemiiller], who is the most competent man in such matters." That .sentence well shows that Ludd's map of the New World was not the Tabula Terre Nove aft(;rwards published in the Ptolemy of 151 3. Although the St. Diey savant s[)eaks only of the lands discovered "by the King of Portugal," as the statement is made on account of the voyages of Vespuccius. we must construe it as not referring to the dis- coveries or voyages accomplished by the Portugue.se in Africa and the East Indie.s, but to the New World. As to the re\'(jlving disk which, in Ludd's Speculum Orbis, contains a stereographic mapi)amundi (of very small dimensions), it omits the trans- atlantic regions altogether. No. 69. Wai.dskkmUli.ek's Lost Map. It was a map of the world, of large size, constructed by Martin Wald- seemiiller, at .St. Diey, before the month of May, 1507, and probably printed at Strasburg by Schott. It is, doubtless, the mappamimdi which is mentioned in a letter ad- dressed by Waldseemiiller to Ringmann (Philesius), in February, 1508, and where the map is represented as being already printed, published, and admired at that date. "' Spf.dili siirrliiti'n. ie.il n'l' pofnilcutln uiqiir. in- RL-iiihart of (Iriinigcn, or GRiiMC.I-.R ; iiml quoteil liy '.Icujan-i Dnlantlin it Cmion : ,iiintcil at .Str.islmrj; Ijj- Mr. ii'.\vK/Ac, Martin ]y(Utzeiniitltr, p. 65. ^'^f \] I •. II i il till y^ ,i I i>i %'U 1 »^ . ■ ■'? , .1)'. f tl Ww^ I 444 TlIK Dl.SCOVKKY OV NfJKTll AmKKICA. i ? ' t '1^ hf " Cosinunraphiain universalem lum solidam r[uam planani non sine gloria ct l.iude \kx orbcm disscininntaiii nupcr compo!>uinuis : ck'pinximus : ct iniprussinius." "" The following sciitiiiicc from the Cosmo}rrapliiw Introduclio also refers to that map : "Totius orliis typum tam in solido ([uam in [ilano (velut prreviam qiiandam ysagogen) pro communi studiosorum uiilitatc paraverim. Qucm tune sacratissimx inajeslati, ■' " In quartan) tetr^e partem pel iiidytcs Castili;e et Lusitaniiv reijes repertam eoriniilin ipsorum posuimus (Cwmoiimphiii liitioiluflio, (■' 15). Iia or'iis terrarum regiones pr^ecipuas ilominorum insiyiilis notare studuimus" (verso of the folded leaf). '51 " (j„cm pulchre depiclum," Tri 1 lii;.MlLs, o}>. ill. '^ In the description in.scrted in tlie verso uf the folded leaf mention is maile of yellow and red crosses: "cru\ rubra," &c. ■55 Iii/ra, Xo. 70, pa^e 445. si'' ^t 1 1 , « \A : i 1) Cauto(;kai'1ii.\ Amkkkana Vktustissima. No. 70. TUITIIKMIUS' CiI.OIlK. ANI> Pl.AMSI'lll'.Ui;, Th(!S(: arc nuMUioncd by Johaiiiu.'S Tritlicmius as follows: I i 445 " Orbum tcrrn: maristiue et insulariim ciuem pulchre dcpiclum in Vuorniotia scribis esse vennlcn), inu (|uiUcm conseciui posse optarem, sed quadrnginta pro illo expendcrc Morenos, neme farile nuhi pcrsuadebit . . simul et in magna dispositione globum terrnc in piano ex- pansuni, cum insulis et rcgionibus noviter ab Americo Vesputio his[)ano inventis in mare occidentali ac versus meridiem ad paraileluni fcrme deci' uni cum (piibusdam aliis ad cam specuhlioncm pertinentinus . . . ""* " I wanted to buy the finely painted globe of the earth, seas, and islands which I wrote was for sale at Worms, but I could not be easily induced to give (or it such a price as 40 florins (There has been printed lately at Strasburg) also a globe extensively spread on a plane, with the islands and countries discovered by the Spaniard Americus Vespiiccius in the western sea, by about 10^ laUtude, and other things on the subject." We are inclined to believe that the "globe extensively spread on a plane," is the large map of Waldseemiiller above described. The " finely painted globe," may be Veldicus'. I * I It •I! l..»i' ' t at ix cl iiniis nruiii lius" fi'. I No. 71. TuiTiir.Mius' S.MAI. I, Gi.om;. Terrestrial globe of small size, bought cheaply at Worms by the same Johannes Trithemiiis in 1507. " Comparavi autein mihi ante paucos dies pro n-rc modico sphu'rain orbis," '•''" It is apparently the small printed globe of Waldseemiiller, as tlu- purchase is mentioned in a letter of August 12, 1507; and Hylacomylus says that his little sphere was published before May of that year ; while St. Diey is at no great distance from Worms. The probability is that it was a globe, made either of wood or of pasteboard, but covered with printed gores. If so, it is evident that it was neither Albert Durer, '5^ nor '5' Letter of TKiiiiKMirs. " Kx llcrliipoli iliiodecima die mensis aumisii anno chrislinnorum millesinio quin- gentcsimo scplimo." The sum w.is v<\un\ to $72 of the time: " Le freilericiis et florin do baiiiere do: Ixwiij an mark a xx. 3. pat." {Oriln)iuniic<. the |irc-,eiU Hun.iccii. It may lie the 'San Kr.inciscii" (if the Weiiii.\r charts. \ ' \;^ CARTOGRArHIA AMERICANA VeTUSTISSIMA. 449 \'i f '' t If' i ! I 1 = 3). aps ai)C go- by .• ihc No. 76. Ruvscir. Map of the World constructed by a German geographer called Johann Ruysch, and bearing the following title : " Univeisalior cogniti orbis 'J'abvla ex reccntibvs confecta observationibvs : — A more uni- versal map of the known world, constructed by means of recent observations." It first appeared as an addition t.) the issue of the Ptolemy originally published at Rome In 150S, together with a commentary written by Marcus Beneventanus, under the title of Orhis nouo descriptio. That treatise is absolutely predicated upon the aforesaid mappamundi of Ruysch. This must be noted, as it constrains us to limit our inter- pretation of the geographical configurations and legends to the map itself Marcus adds nothing whatever as regards facts and data ; nay, it is less complete, considering that he fails to mention either Cuba or the con- tinental land which the map exhibits between Newfoundland and South America. It is even doubtful whether the Celestinian monk, or any of the [)arties engaged in the publication of the Ptolemy of 1507-1508, had ever |)ersonal intercourse with Ruysch. Else we would certainly find in the elaborate description which Marcus Ikmeventanus gives of the transatlantic discoveries of the Spaniard:, and Portuguese, '7' some statement or name which should have been omitted in the map. The few personal details given by the commentator, and by Thomas Aucuparius in the [)reface, were most probably convt-yed by a letter accompanying the map when it was sent in manuscript from Germany to Rome, as we believe. If Ruysch had supervised the engra\'ing in person, the p'robability is that the nomenclature would have been entirely in Latin, or according to its original Portuguese form, instead of being so frequently Italianised, as is seen in the [)ronoun do, everywhere /ritten de, and in the words " Terra secca," "C. Glaciato," and "Capo formoso," which certainly indicate a translation of Porti^iguese names, made not by a German, but by lUi Italian, without being slips of the engraver. The basis of the entire map. was a purely Lusit.ini.ut planisphere, similar to thn^e of Cantino antl Canerio, but constructed after the former and before the latter; that is, Ijelween 1502 .uid 1504, as we liave shown rtniiicr viii., vcrsu of signal. '< 3, t.vA rhajner xiiij., vers" of '■ 6 .iml rcci k.C /. 7 3H I Jli ' .■ < .. . » I, 'mt \^i ^\\ * a I'll i ! 1^: '( i ■\ 1 ^il; i y\Mh i 1.^ ■if.- 450 The Discovkkv ok North Amkkica. in a comparative description of the continental region which is north of Central America in Portuguese charts. '72 There are in the section of the map delineating liie N(;w World, two very distinct parts, based upon data of similar origin, one of which, however, was modified in a most important respect. '73 The first part is that which represents Newfoundland. Originally, the region was delineated nearly as we see it in Cantino, and in all the Lusitano-Germanic maps. This can be seen simply by comparing the eastern profile of the " Terra del Key de portugall " in Cantino and King (which is nothing else than our Newfoundland), with the profile of the •' Terra Nova " of Ruysch, which is exactly the same region. K;\STKRN I'KOI-Il.E OF .N'E\VFOUNI)l,.'\NI1.* h ' RUV.SCH. C.\MINl', KING. Eiut as the German geographer had himself visited the northern part of Newfoundland on board an English vessel, and accjuired from experience positive data concerning the situati(jn of that peninsula, as he calls it : " qui peninsula; Terra Noua uocatie," without having the same reasons as Gas])ar Corte Real to place it in the middle of the Atlantic, within the Portuguese line of demarcation, Ruy.sch, following the charts used by his English Companions, brought Newfoundland close to the western continent. Now what w,is, in his o[>ini(Mi, the real character of the regions west <.)f and connected with Newfoundland ? Nothing else than the east coast ot Asia. The configurations of his map leave no doubt whatever on th It- po'iU. .Such likewise was the l)elief of its commtiUator; '"' A'lipr-tt, pp. 283, 298-304, 316-321. which Lusil.iniai) irartogr.iphers hail of the confujuration '■J .See the accomp.inyini; facsiinilc, iif ihc region i;^elf. The rcaili-r will h,iv>; .ils.. to t.ike We omil the .-.iiKill isK-inils wlikh clot the co.ist uf nv.o account, when eNaiiiiniiii; the co.ist in Kiiysch, the Newf'>iin'lUiv! in Kuy^ch as well .ih in the I'i)i;ug>iese (listmiion resultiin; ironi the peculiar ptojccliun which .iikI Lubitaiio-tSernunic charts; to show lx;lter the idea he h.u adopieO. V ' I I: - \) t<. *^iC. of THE NEW WORLD IN. THE MAl'PAMUNDI OF RUYSCH (1508) ii i : .*' ' 1! I t ^ M, 'I? f 1 ■' i . '1 1 ': 1 1 jll*^ ' '»' ">•(<««>-•« T ^^V'^^''^'^'^^^'! ?l'i h 'I' 1 ! J' f !'i, ) . I ! 1 . 'I -J* 1 ' li M 1 1 avs.llP, ■\ i J 1 It l,»' 'i .'iSj »^ ,M I t i 'i il #M il f-'i' t, I') )..» V i 452 The Discovery of North America. continental land, the special dimension of which is not to be found in any other map extant. Now, was the model followed by Ruysch a purely Lusitanian chart, or one made in Germany with Portuguese ele.iients ? Our opinion is that Ruysch has copied merely a Lusitano-Germanic map. Our reasons are based upon the fact that Ruysch inscribes an erroneous name, which was certainly taken from the Latin account of the Cosmographm introduction first printed at St. Diey, in Lorraine, in May 1507, viz.: "Omnium Sanctorum abbatiam." As we have frequently l)roved, none of the Lusitanian charts known commit that extraordinary mistake, which may be considered as the touchstone of Lusitano-Germanic maps. The Portuguese charts all inscribe "/4 haia de todos sattctos," and even "a haia de tutti santi," or "haik de tutti li santi" when copied by an Italian cartographer. That is, the Bay and not the Abbey of All-Saints. Notwithstanding the high compliment paid by Marcus Beneventanus to Joannes Ruysch, whom he calls : " Geographorum peritissinuis ac in pingendo orbi diligentissimus," of all the ancient maps, none have exercised so little influence over the cartography of the New World as his mappa- mundi. We have never seen its configurations reproduced anywhere ; whilst it is only mentioned twice in the first half of the sixteenth cen- tury. The first time, it was at the Junta of Badajoz, where one of the cosmogra[)hers remarked that " Catigara estaba mucho antes descubierta y puesta en su sitio e lugar por Juan Roxo Aleman, segun parece por el suplemento de Tolomeo hecho por Marco Beneventano impreso en Roma '74 el aiio 1508." The second time was when Franclscus Monachus made it the object of elaborate criticisms for having separated Newfound- land from the rest of the American continent. '75 The new names are : Terra nova '™ C. de Porlogesi ON NEWFOUNDLAND : R. Grado'" Baia de Rockas '" C. Glaciato Barbatos in[sula] ' '"* Navarrfii., \'nl. I\'., No. xNxvii., p. 355. '■^ Supra, p. 2S3, ,iinl iii/ra, 'So. 171, inh aiuw 1526. '■' Marcus Hkskventanvs ilescrilies it as a peninsula, called NewfinMidland, and larger than Peloponesus ; " Teninsiilani l ami only lime where " C. .">. Marci " i;. found inscriboil on a chart. It may l>o a remnant of Cabot's niaji, which coiiM well h.ive fi(;ureaint of X'cnice, of which |ohn Cabot was a naturali-.eil cili/en. — J'lin tt Sc'liast iaii Caliol, docs. i. anil ii., p. 309. "'" " Anterlinoi " i» another erroneous renderin;; of the name not lcs> erroneously insctil'ed in Cantino as "{'•. do lurcor," and in C.inerio as " ti. de lineor," whatever that may have been and meant ori(;inally. '^ We believe that it is the " Lajjo del ladro," of ("a- nerio, which origin.illy had probably an abbreviating sign over the 0, for " ladron. " '■"'1 Very probably the " R. de .ilegroza" of the map which we call Kunstmann No. 2. 1K4 11 Pare.as," for " I'iiria," we think. "■5 Here C.inerio inscrilies " Ciorft'o fremo.io." "^ It is here that the famous erroneous ill^c^iption ap- pears for the first time; but the lost mapiiamundi of 1507 m.ade l>y \V.\l.lisKi;Miii,i.KK must have contained it. '^' Navakki;ik, \o1. III., p. 558. '•■'■■' NA\AKKi-:n'., oji. (it., p. 559, who, li iwever, omits the 1.1st sentence, which is in the original I'nhanui. The [lersonage called simply, tirst " el Coinendadur, " and afterwards "el Coniendador Mayor," is always, with Spanish historians, " Don fray Nicola- de CiVANtni, do la orden de .Vlcantara." — Las Casas, lib. ii., cap. iii., Vol. IV., p. 17. ' ' Na\ AUKKii;, Vol. III., p. 55S. J, vv \T 1 1 - t t i' 'i a '■ k ' ■; Mi I , lA 1 , .■ : ! i ■M 1 I I' 11 ,1! . ift il 'V' ' ' i >M I V); ifi u ( 454 TiiK Disrovi Kv OK Noktii AMEuirA. 'I"hi' otlicr point concerns iIk; (iuan.ija islaiul or islands, which whrn l)rou^ht in connection with a map already di;scrilH'd,"J'^ is not without iiUinst. S|)eaking as an eye-witness of the discovery accomplinh(;d by his r.itluT, July 30, 150:, FiTnando CoKiml)us says: '•(Juindi poscia nauignndo verso terra fcriiu "Then, sailing [from Janiaira] southward alia volta del Me/.odi, giiinjjeninio a certc towards the mainland, we fell in with certain Isole ; hcnche non vi prendemmo terra, se islands; but landed only on the largest, called noil iitll.i maggiore, che si chiamaua Guanara, Ouanaja. Whence it rame that makers of nau- dal cui nome poi (luelli, che fan le carte naui- tical charts named all those islands the (iuanaja gatoiic, noinaroiio tutte (luellc Isole Isole de ' Islands, which are at a distance of about 12 Ciuanaii, le '|uali son distanti (]uasi xii leghe leagues from the continent, near the province dalla terra ferma jjresso alia prouincia, hor now called Cape of Honduras. Those islands chiatiiata Capo di Honduras ; . . . (^ueste and the country are twice set down in their nau- medcshiie Isole, et, la terra e da costoro posta tical charts, as if in reality they were distinct due voile nelle lor carte nauigatoric, come se regions. And although Cape Gracias a Dios, in effctto fosscro terre distinte ; et, essendo il and what they call Cape of . . . '"' are one and Capo ili Gratie a Dio, et il ([uale esse chia- the same thing, they make of it two separate mano Capo di . . . tutti una medesima cosa, ones. . But reason and the configuration in the essi li fanno due . . . Ma la regione, et il map clearly show this, as the same thing is disegno dellc carte cio chiaro dimostrano ; twice set forth thereon, and the island is of percioche vi si niette due volte vn ' istessa cosa, the same form and at the same distance ; for et risola di vn ' istessa forma, et in vn ' istessa they brought, when they returned home, a distan/a ; per haucr, cpiando essi tornarono, delineation of the country as it is in reality, portato ([uel paese di|)into, com ' egti L- vera- with the sim|)le remark that it lay beyond the mentc : ma diceuano, ch'ei giacea piu oltra country which had been discovered by the quello, che rAiiiiraglio haueua scoperto. Di Admiral. modi) (he due volte giace situata nella carta Consequently the same country is described una medesima terra . . ." ''' twice on the map." W'e infer from the above that Pinzon and Solis' map represented the iinrih coast of Homluras ; followed however by an exact repetition of the saiiu; westward ; with lUiplicate delineations of the point of land tle|)icted on nur charts by 15 i\. latitude, and about 8.^" W. longitude. The first of those points was nauK^d thert'in "Cape (iracias a Dios; and the second it is not now known how. We possess no map presenting such a configuration, unless it be, perhaps, the woodcut inserted in the second issue of the 151 i edition of IV'ler .Martyr's works. This rough map, which was certainly engraved betore knowledge could be i)btained in .S[)ain of the wri'ck of the regidor !/iv, carrying the coast norllnvardly, cvtMi beyond the lalltudt! ot Ciil).i. Such a conflj^iiration, at that early date, is ciTlaiiily deserving ol notice ; but we are not prepared to say that it is based ui)on g(;ographical data borrowed from the ni,ip of I'inxon .int] Soh"s. I'irsl, beciiuse tiie f.ict would doubtless be mentioned in tin; descriptif)n printed on the verso of the woodcut: and second, because it contradicts I'eter Martyr's own statements, as we propose to show in the following paL;es. The voyage depicted ori the map which was seen by Ilojeila and Garcia, is described by the leader of the expedition, \'incenle V.u^cv. Pinzoii, as follows ; "Vicente Yafiez Pinzon dice (|ut' este tcs- "Vircnte Yaiicz I'inzon says iliat with lii.in tigo L- Juan cit.' Sulis fiicrdii por inandado dc di- Soils they were bcnl hy the order ol 'I'heir S.S.A.A., e (lestul)ricron ti/du la ticrra que hasta hoy esta descuhicrta desde la isla de (juanaja fasta la provinria de Camarona, yen- do la costa de luetigu hacil cl oriente hasta la provincia cjue so llama Chabaca i I'iiiligron, que descuhrid este testigo e Juan de Solis ; 6 que asiniistno desculiricron, yendo la cosla adelanie, una gran bahia, que la pusieron la gran hahia de la JS'avidad, e que de alii dc Mii;hnesses, and that they discovered the en- lire land which thus far has been fount' be- tween the Ciuanaja island and the provirue of Camarona, in coasting, wiihuul stopping, cast- wards as far as the province c:\lled Chabaca and Pintigron, which he discovered with Juan de Solis , and that they also disc(jvi.Ted, in folkjwing the coast beyond, a largo bay, to which tlicy ijave the name ot the (Jroat Hay of the Nativity, and that thence he disi overed cubri6 este testigo'las sierr.is de Caria c otras the mountains ot Caria, and other lands still tierras de mas adelante." further."'" The purport of thai description is a \c)yage unlirely eastward from the Guanaja island to the great bay " i )( ■ la NavidatI," and beyond. Withal, the htngtiage is somewhat vague, owing tloiibtless to the abridged form in which Tinzon's depositit)n has been transmitted to us. We must therefore endeavour to elticidatc it by means of the other tesiimouics gathered by the b'i.sc.il in e.vecuting the Rogatory ("ommission at .Se\ille, on the 12th of I-Cbniary, 1513. when he collect<'d the depositi'iii of Vicente Yanez .ibove given. The witnesses interrogatetl on that jKiint vver>- Rodrigo tie Bastidas and Nicolas Perez, both of whom, howf'ver, gave only hearsay (;vidt;nce, or such information as they gathered from the sight of the map. There '" N.W ARRlilC, Vi .. 111.,]. 558. 1 il" *■'■ Ml.,*) (II 1 >f ^i^l. i:. I : ^fc 456 THK DiSCOVKKY OK NoUTM AmKKK A. was also P(;drf) de Lt-desm.i, {-vidi-ntly a pn-jiidiccd witness, and of duubllul v<;racit),"J-» but who accompanied I'inzon and Solis in that voyage. Hastidas deposed as follows : " Rdtlri^'o dc Bastidas [dice] (luc Yaficz y J'laii Diaz de Solis fueron a dcscubrir abajo de \'«;raguii, >iuf no sabe qii^ tanto doscubricron, (wro que es todo una costa con lo que cl Alniirantc descubri6 primero :— Rodri^jo dc Hastidas siys that Yafiez and Juan Oia/. dc Solis went to make discoveries below Vcra(;ua, but he dot-, not know the extent of their dis- covery, except that it forms part of the loast whioh the Admiral [Coluinlnis] first discovered."'" This languaf^e is also ambiguous, as the word "abajo" is not suffi- ciently precise to enal)!e us to ascertain therefrom wh<;ther I'inzon and Sc>lis' coasting was west or east of Veragua ; nor do the words " es toda una costa," mean juxsltively that their discovery embraced the region first found by Columbus, or that it was a coast connected with the same. The deposition of Nicolas Perez is clearer on this point : " Nicolas Perez dice que el Almirante descubri6 en aquel viaje que fue A. Veragua, hasta el cabo dc Gracias ;1 Dios, e cjue de alii adelante todo lo ([ue esta descubierto des cubrieron Yauez e Juan Diaz de Solis ; que esto lo sabe por la carta de iiuirear que trajeron estos, y (]ue por ella se rigen agora todos los que van ;l atjuellas jiartes : — Nicolas Perez says that the Admiral [Columbus] discovered in that Veragua expedition as far as the Cape Gracias a Dios, and that all that which there is of discovered lands beyond was found by Vincente Vanez and Juan Diaz de Solis , and that his knowledge is derived from the nau- tical chart which they brought with iheni, and by which all mariners who frc(]uent those parts at present guide themselves." "" We now come to llic. deposition of Pedro dc Led(*sma. His asser- tions are at variance with Pinzon's own testimony ; for the latter describes the voyage as being cushvard from the Gvianaja islands. Mere, on the contrary, we have a voyage from Veragua west-ward, locating Chabaca antl Pentigron west of the (uianaja islands, and continuing the discoveries in a west'-rn and north-western irack. ''' I'cdro (If I,Ki)K?iMA linil .iro.iiiipanied Coi.i'.Mlins in his first ;inil last voyage, liut was his cnuniy, having liccn one of thi; imitinccrs in the relielliim of Pokkas. Nor was he a truthful man, as Navarukik has shown in his OhiXirrariou II, Mihn Imlectarai'ion ihl jtiloto Ptiiro (It Li'lenma a In prenwila Kcxla del FmaJ, in \'ol. lU., page 593, of the Co!':'-riov ilc ton riagn. A striking evainple of LeiU-sma'siU>rtt;ar(l for truth is the following, reporleil'liy Navarkkti. : " lil Almirante Colon s.ilio ih: C'aliz )iara su ipiano viage, en <|Ue iha l.eile?m;i, el (lia 11 (Ic .Mayo del ano 1502, y llego ,i Sanlo Domingo cl 29 dc Junio siguienle : .>alio de alhi el 14 ■>'*• e'^'"8 "^^ '^=""« "^ 'l^*-' '^^6"' '» '^e princiiiale." '^""''■' archipelago." This conformity, however, ceases to surprise us, when we find that the authority for the statement is doubtless Pedro de Ledesma himself: " Non ostante che vn Piloto loro, detto Pietro di Ledesma, il ([uale era andato prima con r.\mmiraglio in quel viaggio di Beragua, dicessc loro, che cgli conosceua quelle regioni, e che erano di quelle, ch' ei con I'Ammiraglio hauea aiutato a scoprire ; da cui io intesi poi questo : — Pedro de Ledesma, one of the pilots of Pinzon and Solis, who had accompanied the Admiral in his voyage to Veragua, told them that he knew the country, and had been there with the Admiral when the latter discovered it. I learned this afterwards from himself."'" ' ',1 I '( \ •, 11 \ I, IVp'; \\\y\ ■" Ihiilem, p. 55S. "'" Ili-dorit iMl S. J>. Finiando Colombo, edition df 1571 ; c.ip. Ixxxix., f'- 199. •« Ihiikm. 3« ■y^\. m^ ! u . I ' i^i^ W ';'-f^ ImI .] 458 The Discovery of North America. Those testimonies show that no map was exhibited before the Fiscal, and that the alleged ranging of the coast west and north-west of the Guanaja islands rests exclusively upon the assertions of Pedro de Ledesma, and a map now, and then already lost. There is much to be said on the evidence furnished by that pilot. In the first place, it is very strange, to all readers who have studied the character of the Pinzons, esjiecially when opposed to Columbus, to find Vicente Yanez so modest, and to see him forego his claim to the dis- covery of a country extending seven degrees of latitude beyond the point wliere he himself locates the beginning of his discoveries. Then, according to his own deposition, the declaration was from jvesi to east, whilst Ledesma, on the contrary, makes it from cast to west. But we possess a description of that voyage of Pinzon and Solis, 200 written by Peter Martyr, at the time when those commissions were being execui«_^j, and who, on account of his position as a member of the Coun- cil of the Indies, -o' was in a position to be correctly informed. The celebrated chronicler first states that the exploration of the mainland undertaken by Pinzoii and Soils, commenced after they had ranged the south-west coast of Cuba. It was initiated therefote in about our 85° west longitude : " Hie Vincentius Annez meridionale Cubte " Vincentius Annez therefore, knowing nowe latus uniuersum ab oriente perlustrauit ad oc- by experience that Cuba was nn Ilande, cidentem .... Vincentius Annez cognito iam sayled on further, and found other landes experimento patenti Cubam esse insulam, pro- westward fro"< Cuba, but such as the Ad- cessit ulterius, et terras alias ad occidentem niirall had fyrst i. ached .... Wherefore, Cuba; offendit : sed tactas prius ab Ahniranto. beinge in maner encompased with this newe Quare implicitus noua terra, in Ireuam con- lande, [he turned] his course towarde the versus." '»- lefte hande.'"* ^^ ■ " .\ni;iiikra docs not mention the name of Soi.is in connection with this voy.iye; l:iit tlie il;>te whicli he .issii;ns to it : " .Vnno priore .1 ihcessii ducum Nicues;v et l''oge(l;e : — The ye.Tr preceilinj; the departure of the cap- tains Niciiesa and I lojeda," shows th.it it is the expedition of Pinzon and Soi.is. See iii/ra, p. 463, note 205. The locahties mentioned in I'cler Martyk's .iccoiml : "Chia- conns I'inliguanus," and '" Haia Natiiiitatis," complete the idenlitic.ition. Hcsides, in his first description of the region extending from Ciiianaja island to I'aria, he s,ays : " I'ereurrisse (|iior|iie fi:rimtiir ea littora occidenlalia Vincentius .Vgnes el loannes quidum Uiaz Solisiiis Ne- hrissensls." (Uecad. I., lib. x., f' 25.) '"' Wo know of the statements of Las Casas on the sul)ject of Anc.iiikra's appoinlnient, which he dates of the year 1518 only (//iWona (lintral. Vol. I\",, p. 214); Imt in the privilege granted by (^)ueen JlANA, January 6, 151 1, for printing the first edition of the U'C.des, he is already n.imed : " El protonoiario Pedro . I:r' r dd mi roiisejo." This implies that hertoeived the . ■■li.itnicr at the time of the creation of tlie Council, .\ :icli Kl says : " Instituyole el sei'ior rey I)n. I'Vrnan lo el Oalho- lico en el ai^o de 1511 " (Informc, 1726, MS.). .■Vnc- IIIKRA was appointed secretary of the Cmnicil upon its re-organisation in 1520 (Epixl. nccc, p. 474). •'"' Ani;iiikka, Decail. 11., lib. vii., f'>- 38, \. -'"' That is, upon the larljoard when sailing south from Cuba. ) i- I \( Cartogkaimiia Amkkicana Vktustissima. 459 Peter Martyr then proceeds to describe the course which Pinzon followed from that point of the mainland, in these words : "Vincentius Annez . . . illius terr.-e littora "Vincent Yanez . . . rasing the coastes of per orientem abradens, Beragune, Vraba: et that lande by the east, ouerpassinge also the Cuchibacox sinuum fauces transgrediens, ad mouthes of the goulfes of Beragua, Vraba, and regionem, quam diximus in decade Parium Cuchibachoa, he arryued at the Region v.hich appellari et Os Uraconis, nauim suam qua in the [fyrst] Decade we cauled Paria and Os uehebatur applicuit : ingressusque est uastum Draconis: At'', entered into the greate goulfe sinum, a Colono tactum, dulcium aquarum."*" of fresshe water, which Colonus discouered." ^' And as modern authors pretend -°6 that the exact locality of the Bay of the Nativity mentioned by Peter Martyr is the Gulf of Uraba, also called " Mar Dulce," it is well to give that chronicler's own notion on the sub- ject. It is to be found in the continuation of the above account, and description of the Paria country : "His iam omissis ad Paria; regulos redeamus . Hos reperit Vincentius Annez esse apud Parienses . . . &c." "Sinum eum ab Almiranto Colono primo rcpertum uocant Baiam natiuitatis, quia natalis Christi die fuerit eum ingressus °^ :— The goulfe beinge fyrste founde of the admirall Colonus, they caule, Baia Natiuitatis, bycause he entered into the same in the day of the natiuitie of Christe." As to the designations " Chabaca " and " Pintigron," they are the title and name -°^ of one of the caciques of the province of Paria : " Ad nostros cuni niuneribus uenisse e regulis quinque referunt : quorum nomina hie inserere statu! ad tantae rei memoriam, Chiaconum Chiauaccham (Chiaconos nanque suos optimates uno nomine appellant), Chiaconum I'intignanum, Chiaconum Chamailaba, Chiaco- num Polonium, Chiaconum Pot : — Fyuc of theyr princes came to owre men wyth theyr presentes, whose names I thought worthy to bee put in this historic in remcmberance of soo notable a thinge Chiaconus Chiauaccha (that is the prince of Chiauaccha, for they caule princes of kingos Chiaconos),*" Chiaconus I'intiguanus, Chiaconus Chamailaba, Chiaconus Polomus, and Chiaconus Potto." In other words, Pinzon and Solis, after having explored the south coast of Cuba, sailed from some south-western point of that island, crossed the Caribbean sea, reached the continent on the coast of Honduras by about 86' west longitude, and thence ranged the entire coast eastward as far as the Gulf of Paria. "■• Ani;iiieua, O'Ya/iC'rife'ni/Mscf'iiii'/'i',' Liln.r s/j,l!- ■'■''The first uvplnrers almost nlw.Tjs f;ave to the new milt, {"■ 38, vci VI. regions the name of their cacique. We see that custom ™5 Edf.n's version, f"- 78. in .K'arly every paye of Peter M.\K rvK ami of Ovieijo. "^ d'Avkzai', Lii Voyi'im ni'n''' Pti/nc', p. 49. ""That woril "Chiaconus" is probably the origin of °"' AsiiUlKKA, Oj>. rit., ("■ 38, t. our term "cacique." ij 'nil v. « ' m ■ 1 S':t ' '■ 'I HIm ti » J T .V' ! 460 The Discovery of North America. r ■■iW I I fj ' lit I 'I,., , ^ , Hi. 4 ' 1' i : What course did Soils and Pinzon then follow ? Did they retrace their steps, range the same coast again, but this time westward, even be- yond Honduras, as Pedro de Ledcsma asserts ? Here is the reply, once more in the words of Peter Martyr : " Icto fredere cum illis Chiaconis, Vincen- " When Vincentius had thus made a league tius Annez institutum iter suum prosequens, with these Princes, folowinge his appoynted ad orienteni regiones inuenit aquarum crcba course, he founde many regions t(rd, xxi., cap. viii. , Vol. discovery; but it is given in very vague terms: "El II., p. 140, and Vol. HI., p. 1S7. M V^ CARTO(;KArm.\ Ameuicana Vktustissima. 461 We allude to the voyage alleged to have been accomplished by Solis and Pinzon in 1506, and in course of which they arc said to havtr dis- covered and ranged the entire east coast of Yucatan. Now, we propose to show that the pretended voyage of 1506, is only the voyage which we have just analysed ; that it was not accomplished in 1 506 ; and, as the reader can easily see from the above extracts, that Solis and Pinzon did not discover Yucatan or any part thereof. The belief in that expedition and discovery, which plays such an important part in the Histories of America published in the last two hundred years, is derived exclusively from the account given by Herrera ; and Herrera, as usual, has only plagiarised Las Casas ; adding arbitrarily, however, a date and positive assertions of his own. The following exhibits the texts of those historians, which are iden- tical, almost word for word. Las Casas : Hkrreka : "Acordaron luego, un Juan Diaz de Solis "Juan Diaz de Solis, i Vicente Vanoz Pin- y Vicente Yanez Pinzon . . . de ir a descubrir zon determinaron de ir a proseguir el camino, e proseguir el camino . . . fueron a tomar el j fueron a tomar el hilo desde las Islas de hilo desde la isla 6 islas de los (iuanajes ... los Guanajos, i bolver de ellas al Levante . . . desde las dichas islas hacia el Poniente, hasta el parage de el Golfo Dulce, aunque no lo vieron, porque est;! escondido ; reconocieron la entrada, que hace la mar entre la Tierra, y dellas tornarse hacia el Oriente . . . nave- garon hacia el Poniente, desde los Guanajes, y debieron Uegar en paraje del golfo Dulce, aunque no lo vieron porque esta escondido, sino que vieron la entrada que hace la mar entre la tierra que contiene el golfo Dulce y ^"^ '^"""^"^ ^' ^'°""°' ' '^ '^^ ^""'^"' ^1"^ la de Yucatan, que es como una gran ense- " '^0'"° ^"a g''a"<^e Ensenada, 6 Bahia . . . nada o bahia grande . . . Asi que como vieron ^ como vieron aquel rincon grande, que hace aquel rincon grande que hace la mar entre las 'a Mar entre dos Tierras : la vna, (jue cst,^ .\ dos tierras, la una (jue est;i a la mano izquier- la mano izquierda, reniendo las cspaldas al da, teniendo las espaldas al Oriente, y esta es Oriente, que es la Costa, que contiene el la costa que contiene el puerto de Ciballos, Puerto de Caballos, i de adelante de el el Golfo Dulce ; i la otra de mano derecha, la Costa del Reino de lucatan, parecioles gran Baia, i por esto la llamaron, la gran Baia de Navidad, desde donde descubricron las Sierras de Caria, i bolvieron al Norte, i y adelante del el golfo Dulce, y la otra de la mano derecha que es la costa del reino de Yucatan, parecioles grande bahia, y por . . . pusieron nombre la gran bahia de la Navidad, y que de alii descubrieron la sierras de Caria . . volvieron al Norte. Y por todo esto parece que sin duda descubrieron entonces descubrieron mucha parte de el Reino de niucha parte del reino de Yucatan.' "" lucatan. " Then one Juan Diaz de Solis and Vicente Yanez Pinzon decided to go in search of and continue the route [/. <•. the route initiated by Columbus] . . . They commenced follow- ing up the same from the Guanaja island or islands . . . and thence turning against [?] the •" Las Casas, lib. ii., ca]!. xxxix., \i)1. III., p. aoi. IIf.krkka, Dec.id. I., lib. vi., cip. xvii., p. 170. i . J. tit If m ' ■ I i * 'if Mr'. pmn f'tv .1 i' ' I'' 'I ^1 1 u rt. ; ; ! i '- nt! ^ ■ .,,1 <;, 1 H' 46: THK DiSCOVEKV OF NoKTH AMERICA. East, they navigated westwards, starting [?] from the Guanajas, and must have reached the vicinity of The Gulf of Fresh Waters, but they did not see it, owing to its being hidden from view. They only sighted the entrance of the sea into the land where the Fresh Water Gulf and that of Yucatan are, which is like a large estuary or great bay. Thus noticing the considerable recess which the sea forms between those two lands, the one on the left having its back eastwardly, and is the coast where the Harbour of Horses is, beyond the Gulf of Fresh Waters ; whilst the land on the right is the coast of the kingdom of Yucatan, that recess seemed to them to be a large bay, and for that reason they named it the Great Bay of the Nativity ; and thence they discovered the Mountains of Caria . . . They returned to the North. From all that they seem beyond doubt to have discovered then a great part of the kingdom of Yucatan." The reader will sec at a glance that the above extract from Las Casas is only his own interpretation of the testimonies of Vincente Yatiez Pin/on, and of Pedro de Ledesma given before the Fiscal at Seville, in 1513, and which we have reproduced in the preceding pages. Besides, he says so himself : " Y por eso cl Vicente Yaflez en la deposicion que con juramento hizo en el dicho proceso, presentado por testigo por el Fiscal, dijo.: — Thus, Vicente Vanez, in the deposition which he made under oath, in the said law suit, as a witness before the Fiscal, said . . " ^* It follows that the Bishop of Chiapas was not better informed on the subject than we are ourselves, and possessed no other elements for his analysis. These he simply examined by the light of a map of the middle of the sixteenth century, from which he drew his statements and inferences. We leave it now to the reader to decide whether the evidence above given authorises the conclusion of Las Casas and of Herrera, in preference to our own. But it nuisi be said on behalf of Las Casas, that he only gives as a supposition : " V por todo eslo parece qtie sin duda " what Herrera sets forth a^-- a fact: " reconocieron " . . . " vieron ; " the l.itter winding up with Jie pt)sitive assurance th.it : " returning north they dis- covered a grr a portion of Yucatan : — bolvieron al Xorte, i descubrieron mucha parte de el Reino de lucatan:" where Las Casas contents himself with stating "segun los otros testigos dicen : — .according to what the other witnesses said." Now, the depositions of those witnesses, as we have shown, convey no .issurance of the sort, and, naturally enough, ignore aiKieether the name of Yucatan. There remains to fix the year of the voyage of Solis and Pinzon, described in all those depositions. -" L.\^ Casa.-,, iibi iiijira. \\ ice in Cartograpiiia Amkruana V'ktl'stissima. 46- Herrera inserts his account sub anno 1506; and that is evidently the origin of the date reported by all modern historical writers without ex- ception. But that is a pure supposition on his part. Las Casas, who is the sole authority which he could invoke, only says that Pinzon and Solis undertook their expedition after Columbus had returned to Spain from his last voyage : " Despues que el Almirante salio del aislamentio y trabajos que padecio en Jamaica, y fue ^ Castilla," that is, after the 7th of Novem- ber, 1504. That vague date is, at least, as erroneous as the one given by Herrera ;-'5 but it had to be mentioned to show that the latter pos- sessed no documentary proof whatever for his sub anno 1506. Fernando Columbus, in describing the voyage of Pinzon and Solis which we have just analysed, and is, so far as authentic documents go, the first and only one in which those two mariners were engagetl con- jointly, says that it took place in 150S: " Andarono insieme a sco[)rire I'anno mdviii ; — They set out together to discover, in the year 1508."-'^ Navarrete is more precise : " Salieron de Sanliicar el dia 29 de Junio de 150S, dia de S. Pedro y S. Pat)lo: — They sailed from Sanlucar on the 29th day of June, 1508, the day of St. Peter and St. Paul."-'' Navarrete does not cite his authority for the statement ; but the pre- cision with which it is presented, compels the critic to accept that date. As to the return of Pinzon and Solis, he only says : "Lo cierto es que regresaron ;i Castilla a fines de Octubro de 1509; — It is certain that they returned to Castile at the close of the month of October, 1509." There, Navarrete's positive assertion is erroneous, for we find in the Munoz transcripts the following entry : "En 14 Nov. 1509 ... ha venido de su viage Vicente Vafiez i Juan Dia/. de Solis: — On the 14th of November Vicente Vafiez and Juan Diaz de Solis returned from their voyage.'-^* To sum up. The genesis of the legendary voyage of 1506, in course of which Pinzon and Solis are represented to have discovered Yucatan, may be established as follows : -'5 .VnTiIUKKA iinly says: " .\nno priorc ;i lUcessu iluciim Niciies.v.' et I'ogcd.v," Imt it .imimnts also lo 150S, as Nu'fKSA ami Ilo.lKl)A sailcil out from Spain in 1509. Sec lOipra, \\ 45S, notf 200. -" Itititone, cap. Ixxxix., f" 19S, verso. -'■ N'avarrete, Vol. III., p. 474. Hkkkkka, Dccid. I., lib. vii., cap. i., p. 17717S, iintlcr the year 1507, spo.iks of ihe preparations which were being ntailc for that expedition, anil j;ives the instructions aildresscil to riN/.ON ami Solis, apparently from an original ilocitment. The latter was the naval le.-iiler, ami carried tlie light : " i que llev.ase el I'arol Juan Di.u de Solis," Cap. ix., p. iSS, under the year 1509, llKKKF.KA says : " l'.\riieron de Sevilla, el .\i\o p.isado, Juan Diaz de Si^lis i \'icenle VaiV?, rini^on, con Lis doa car-ivehos," not knowing that he had already described this voy.ige under the year 1506. We also find in that new description the origin of the error which makes Sol.is .and I'lNZON range the co.is; of lirazil in 150S, lo 40 south latitude. -■'^ MlSoz MSS., Vol. LXXV.: f">'239, 319. !i H , r 1 r ' j. 1 t t 11 ■ 1 M t r > t I.J I' I I 1f 464 The Discovkkv of North Amf.kica. Peter Martyr, in mentioning the voyage accomplished by Columbus in 1 502- 1 504, and in which he had ranged the coast of Honduras, from the longitude of the duanaja islands to Cape Gracias a Dios, and thence to near the Gulf of Uarien, first advanced the following hypothetical statement : " Pcrcurrisse quoque feruntur ea littora occidentalia Vincentius Agnes et loannes quidam Diaz Solisius Nebrissensis, multique alij : quorum res nondum bene didici ; modb uiuam, ali- quando ilia uidere licebit-'': — It is sayd also that Vicentius Agnes and one loannes Diaz of Lebrixa (with dyuers other of whose vyages I have as yet no certeyne knowleage) haue ouer runne those western coastes . . ." This prompted Gomara to repeat the statement, but with the addition of an arbitrary date : " Dicen algunos que tres anos antes, lo habian andado Vicente Vanez Pinzon y Juan Diaz de Solib : — Some say that three years before (/. e. three years before 1502, or in 1499) Vicente Vanez Pinzon and Juan Diaz de Solis ranged that coast.""' Las Casas then, adopting the assertion, and seeing that the deposi- tions before the Fiscal described a voyage to Honduras accomplished by Pinzon and Solis, but to which no date was given in the records, assumed that this voyage and the voyage mentioned by Peter Martyr, or by Go- mara, were one and the same. Noticing also that the testimonies indi- cated a continuation of the exploration towards the north-west, he followed the alleged route on some Sevillan map, like that of Chaves, and identified its "Mare Dulce," which therein is the Gulf of Uraba, --■ with the Great Bay of the Nativity referred to in Pinzon's deposition. Following up on the map the statement of the witness Ledesma, which carries the traject northward to 23' 2,0, he naturally came to the conclusion that Solis and Pinzon "'seem, doubtless, to have discovered then a great part of Yucatan." l-'inally, Herrera, fixing upon the statements and inferences of Las Casas, and noticing that they are inserted in the pages which come imme- di Am-.iiii;k.\, Dcc.icl. I., lib. x., {'■ 25, 11. "^ Go.\l.\K.\, Jdiloria ('> la-i //k/iom, p. iS;. ■•■ OviEDO, IIi-' iliain mcdlo'rit'jr do'lit ml m'liliim I'll/')''- /iV> ' anliimtlii fw, ijiwnim ;)(i/c>' im^lrix op/iotiii finii \rt;om!ii.T. linininger, 1509. ■'■■' r.\.\/i.K, .-liimi/t-- Tyjioi/r., \'o\. VI., |iai;o 44 : lli\n:oi 1M-, I'.vam)ii Critliiii: , Vol. IV., piLjc 14;. ■ ■ l''Avi;/..\r, ^[al^lul Wallzaniil/n; p. 115. "•' lUlilioth'ia Aiiuricniia y-lii'li!i''iiiin, N\>. 60. Tlic .Str.iili.ug ('i)«;)i(i;/)'((^i/ii'.i Iiilrcilitfliu iuid ilie lilobii-i .yfiiiitii .-iiv iii'l iinfrccn'.cntly fouiul lioiiinl tcigclher in .t liiiuUiv^ of ihi' lime (M.i.-.iiini.' :iiiil (.'icn-'n l.'nivci>ily ' rl! '* |i'' 1 ■. ■) 1 ,1 i i 1 i i ■ 1 1 . f I, '• ("1' ] M ' • 'i'. ^ Wf^ w i 1^1' ! i .. l\r/ ! i H ^tii ■ I •( r I % 4 M Jik fei .11 466 The Discovekv ok Noutii America. of \'esi)iicciiis, which he also pubF 1 that city in the saiiii.- year, to- gether with the Globus Mumii. Waldseemiiller's instrumentality as regards those publications of ^ ,er had not yet been shown, although the hitter's edition of the Co. .ipliiw introdiictio is a mere rejirint of the St. Diey original. At all events, the only scholar named in connec- tion with the publications of Griininger just mentioned is Johannes Adelf- fus of Miihlingen : " Joanne Adelpho Mulicho Argentinen. Castigatore {Cosm. Introduciio); "Adelpho castigatore {Globus Mundi);" " Uff ostern Johanne Adelpho castigatore [Welt Ki'/gel)." No. 80. TiiK Gkkmax " Glomus Mundi " Gloiik. Johannes Griininger also published at Strasburg, in 1509, a German translation of his Latin edition of the Globus Mundi.--^ And as the title too says : " Beschrybung der welt vnd dess gantze Erttreichs hie ange- zogt vn vergleicht einer rotunden Kuglen . . . ," we infer that it was likewise sold with a real globe. Although that globe is lost, we may perhaps get an inkling of its appearance from the small woodcut of a globe which is on the title-page of the German tract, as well as on that of the Latin edition. It e.xhibits on the south-west of Africa a land with the inscription " Niiw welt," which probably existed also on the globe. The same globe sold, possibly, with both editions ; but as there may have been one with legends and names in German, and the other with inscriptions in Latin, we make separate items of the two publications. N(j. 81. Gkokfkov Tokv. It is an oval Ptolem;ean mappamundi, engraved on wood, measuring 300 by 280 mm. South of " Tabrobana " and of the "Mare Indicum" we read, in an abbreviated form : " Hie non terra sed mare e[st] ; in tjuo mir[£c] in.ngnitudi[n] is i[n]sula; sed Phtolomeo fuerunt incognit.-E: — Here, there is no continent, but a sea Cv>ntaining marvellously large islands, unknown of Ptolemy." The above belongs to the edition of the Cosiuogniphia of /Kneas Sylvius, published at Paris by Henry Estienne in 1509, 410, --s* and was apparently engraved by Geoffroy Tory, the celebrated engraver and printer. - Ihi- 11'.// h'li'j'l, in tlic liililio/lii:<'(i Aiiin'iriiiia copies, two will) tliu maii. Sio aU^i A. lii-.Kv vuii, )" /»>(/.v>///ic(, Ailititttiinnln, No. 32. (liofmy Tory, luinlrt ft ijran iii; jm ,,iitr iin/'iiiin m- ■•'Mazarine I.ilirary, I'oiitil Pi, J.'to : ■'/"; tliice mi/al ; I'aris, 1S57, Svo, pajrcs 3 anc! .S(i. Cakto(;kai'Iii.\ Amkuicana Vktustissima. 467 Although it coiitiiins 110 American CDiifigurations, we insert the map in our Cartography, as the cjuotation is the first reference to the disco- veries of the Spaniards and of the Portuguese to be found in a French map. That legend already figures in the mappamundi which accompanies some of the early editions of the Margarita philosophica.-y The fact is that GeoftVoy Tory has borrowed both the nomenclature and configurations from the latter work, making changes only in the surrounding ornaments, which are less elaborate in his plate, especially as regards the heads of winds. w Al 1 t v\ \ > ■ About 1509. Mill, inl' 'II' No. 82. Hauslai! Glohi-; No. i. it is a set of gores, printed from a rough woodcut, intended to be pasted on a globe, measuring 1 20 mm. in diameter. The only s[)ecimen known was formerly in the collection of General Von Hauslab, and is now in that of Prince Liechtenstein, at Vienna, who caused it to be reproduced in facsimile for private distribution. A title has been added to the effect that it is probably the globe of Waldseemiiller, made to accompany the tract entitled Globus Mundt, printed in 1509. -3' But let it be said that several years before the publication of the facsimile, the present supposi- tion had assumed the form of a fact in the opinion of several savants.-32 We do not share such a belief As it has been already stated, there is no evidence that Waldseemiiller is the author of the Globus Miindi. Nor has it been shown that there is any connection between the latter work and the present Hauslab gores. The little we know or can guess concerning the globe which accom- panied the Globus Mundi is that, judging from the woodcut of a terres- trial sphere printed on the title page, the American continent bore the name of " Neiiw Welt," which is not to be seen on the Hauslab globe, wherein we find inscribed instead, Amkrka, and ap[)arently for the first time on a globe. ''^'' I'articiil.uly (;KiiMM;KK\cclilimM>f 1504^111! 150S. See NoKDKNSKlui.i), plate xxxi. -" Er-iltr ij'ilnoUer qii'a present iini(|uo, ile l.i pn.jeetiun imprimee en fii-.e.iiix, ilii Cilobe i.crro>liL-, '.\ \.\ date ile 1509, avec riii^c'ri|i;ii.n ilii iiiDt AMr.Kii \, -wt la j;ran>le terre ain>i ilcnonimee par WaUzeiniiller. " — h'AvKZAc, AUoi-iilion 11 Id Socii'lc ili; (.'I'luimjihii: ili: /'arix, N'l). of J.anuary, 1872, of the lliilliiiii. V.\KMi.\i;i'',\ also s.ays (Jo. Schiiiin- • I'. Aiiiaiiiii, Vienna, 1S72, Svo, p. 47): " Coniparanclo a nianeira ila eNecui,'ao ila t;raviira ilo dito globo, com a ila ilo frontespicio do opusculo pidilicado em 1509 soli o tiuilo lie (,'/iiliii< Miiiiili Dirluralii) . . . leconliece-se tenia a ideiUidade no Iraliallio." v '■■• ' f 1)1 \' n V I:: i ^i: \yi ! fit ^ wife'; 1'\ I mm ' 1 Hi 468 The Discovkry of Nokvii Amkkica. i I \mi \*fii ,r ■! ■ t i' I- • I 1 I -' I I. if, i' I. i i fi i Ik . I !•■! I 1 ii- ( |r 1 ' . %. 1 ■ \ Our knowledge of Waklsi-LMinillcr's notions concerning the contiguni- tions of the New Workl is based upon his Tabula Tone Novc of 1513. In that niaj), he connects altogether the northern with the soutjiern con- tinent. Here the break between the two continents is absolute, and was l)orrowed evidently from a prototype similar to that which was us(xl by Schoner in all his early globes. Xor can it be said that the continuous coast line may have been an improvement devised by W'aldseemiiller in 1513, and after the publication of those gores; as we have shown that the probability is that it e.visted so far b.ick as the publication of Wald- secmiiller's large 1507 lost mappamundi. Another reason is that those gores represent the earliest mat) known where the southern continent is made to assume the pyramidal f)rm. Had Waldseemiiller adopted such a shape in 1509, he woukl certainly have given it to America in his mai)s of 15 13. As to the date when these gores were designed, it is im[K)Ssible to say, beyond the fact that the name A.mkkica inscribed on the new con- tiiicnt implies a construction posterior to the year 1507. We place them circa 1509 simply because at that time there was great activit\- in the production of geographical works of that description in Germany, where those gores, judging from the handiwork, were certainly engraved ; but they may date of the years 1507- 1509, as well as of 1509-15 15. See a facsimile of the American portion of those gores, supra, p. 307. 1511. No. 83. Maccioi.o. Atlas of \'esconte de Maiolo, or Maggiolo, constructed at Xaples in 151 1. It is composed of ten leaves, each measuring 400 by 280 mm., and bears the following inscription : " Vesconte de maiolo cujus Janue conposuy. In neapoly de anno. 1.5.:!. die xx January: — Vesconte de Maiolo, from Genoa, composed it. In Naples, in the year 1511, on the loth day ol January." The configurations in the sixth map are peculiar. They exhibit the polar regions and a frozen sea, the shores of which extend from " Xorueyfa " to "Terra de los Ineres : — Land of the Eiudish," and '■ Term de Lavorador de rey de portugall." Further south, we notice •' Terra de corte reale de rey de portugall," and " terra dr pescaria." XX on CAKTOdUAl'llIA Ami:1U< ANA VkTUSTISSIMA. 469 As far as wc know, it is the earliest Italian portolaiio which delineates the northernmost regions of the Xew World, although they were already indicated in the mappamundi of Riiysch published at Rome in 1508, but merely as Asiatic configurations of I'toIema.'an origin. Messrs. Desiinoni,=33 d'Avezac,-34 Uzielli, and .Amat di .S. JMJippo, -35 have described atl.'ises or portolani bearing the name of X'csconte tie Maggioio, and dated respectively, 1504 (.•'—Private Library, Hologna); -3''> Naples, March 10, 1 5 1 2 (National Library, Parma); June 11, 1512 (Private Library, \'enice); Aug. 29, 1513 (Private Library, \'ienna);-37 Genoa, 15 19 (Munich Royal Library); .Aug. 10, 1524 (Ambrosiana); July (S or 7, 1525 with his son Giovaimi, (Parma National Library); Dec. 20, 1527 (Am- brosiana); Sep. 3, 1535 (State Archives, Turin): 1535 (Library of the Cathedral in Toledo .'*); -38 Feb. 5, 1536 (Pesaro, Bibliotheca Oliveriana); 1537 (Paris, Depot Hydrographique) : October 29, 1547 (Paris National Library); and Dec. 10, 1549 (Town Library, Treviso). Documents concerning that cartographer have been published by the Marquis Marcello Staglieno.-39 No. 84. Svi.vaxo. Cordiform ma[) of the world in the Ptolemy of Bernardo Sylvano of Eboli. [lublished at Venice in 1511.-4° The configurations for the New World were borrowed from a I'or- tuguese map belonging to our first type, but which was not the prototype of Kunstmann No. 2, or of the King chart. It seems to have been more like one of the maps used for making the prototype of Cantino, before the north-western continental region commenced to be inserted by ])rt)fes- sional cartographers. This is shown by the " Terra cubce," which, instead of being narrow and elongated, as in the two Portuguese charts above mentioned, assumes precisely the shape of the island of Cuba (" Isabella") in Cantino and all the Lusitano-Germanic maps. Re|)roduced in Nordenskiold's Facsimile Atlas, [)late .\.\.\iii. ="' Uksimom, EUiii-o lit Cnrlf, Nus. 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34i 35i 37- 47, "i 'he Oiontnh, Liijiixti'o, Kcl). .inil M.irch, 1S75. °" d'Avkzai', Allai lii/ilroijrajihiiiue ih I'llI, p. 8. "S UziKM.l nn.l A. M S. I'li.iri'O, Sttuli hioi/rtiji'-i f hili!io;irap''i. Vol. II. .inil .Appcndi.v, Ni'^. 159, 161, 166, 167, iSi, 1S2. 191, .inil 193. '-■^ Piiil. \o. 476, and Desi.mom, ]'' /cfiviio, Appi-ml. iii., p. <)5. "' Ll"Ksi.ii, /iirii ilmlmnJr. alt'-r Karlaiimjihi' , \\ 370. ■5' llAKNKl , Ctilal. lilir. .]fSS., col. 997. ■'"• .Sr Aci.iK.NO. (lionitih Li'iiiKtifo, hu-. i-ii. -* Hill/ lot h'i'a Ami ri'aiKi Vtliixli^yima, No. 6S, ami I.Ki KUKi I., t.ii'iyjrrijiliii ihi Moyeii Aije, Vol. II., pp. 151-156. In our opinion iht lincht L.itin m.innscripl !';i'li.niy in o\i..lcncc i> ilio ■■nj procrvcd in iho Paris N:ilion.\l I.ihrary, l.nf. ln:i:.',. It is signed : '■ K.\ o!ii- ci:;a Hcrn.irdl K'nolitc in .anno laoo." i > 'I H ■,,Otl| u i IH 1 » \^ ' i If WW n I ' Ml y ' ' J( I I ' fi't I I l;,;l, ( ) ll.i 470 TiiK DiscoM'uv OK NoKTii Amk.kica. No. 85. TiiK Caski'.t M.\ri'AMUNi>i. Conlifurm map of tin; worlil t-iigravcd 011 a casket of the Trivulziana Collection at Milan, Tlie cf)nfijfiiratioiis were borrowed from Sylvano's map. "I.a Cassettina (Icografica, vuiiuta prcsso Mcneghctti in Ruga a Rialto, ha di lunghcz/.a policri II, di larghe/,/.a pollici 7, di alte/.za poUici 5." W'c quote the above from the very interesting work of Daniele Fran- cesconi, -■+' which contains also a facsimile of the map, made by Josefo Mezzani, and engraved on co[)per by Antonio Sandi, in 1800. Jomard'.s Motiiinieitts (plate xviii.), give likewise a copy, but made from the original after it had become the property of the Marcjuis Trivulzio Rinuccini. The casket has also been reproiluced, with an extremely interesting memoir on that kind of engraving by our friend Mr. Henri L.avoix ;-4- from whom we learn that in the legenil " Pavlvs. Ageminvs. faciebat," the middle word is not a family name, as certain authors believe. Algeminn or Assiminia means a branch of the art of damasquening. w if, hi i n 11 'i •||' i < f l-t No. 86. Mai- koh Nkuksa. Sent to Diego de Nicuesa by King Ferdinand of Aragon, July 25, 151 1 : " Os ymbio una Carta Mapa para esos ijuestan en vuestra compania"': — We send you a map for those who are in company with you." We suppose that it was a map of the northern coast of South America, from Cape de la V^ela to Cape de Gracias a Dios, including the Castilla del Oro ; that being the territory granted to Nicuesa and Hojeda, for their joint expedition of 1509. But Nicuesa did not receive the map, as no one knows what became of him after November, 1510, when he- was expelled from Darien by Nunez de Halboa.-t About 1511. No. S;. 'I'liK Lknox Gi,(j1!i;. Copper globe of only 127 mm. diameter. It was found at Paris in 1S55 or 1856, and is now i)reserved in the Lenox collection at New York. •"' I'uANCKSCCiNI, Ilhiiii- di iiii' Ci-tic.lln l/d-n- -" Culfrioii ilt J)iuiiiiiiiii(i< iiiidllo.i ih. Iiiilias, Vol. mill il'oro I- ilii- nirj alh-i m'tnlti iiJC (I'jeiiiliin roll' itrri- XXXII., ]«. 2jy. -.low I'aiihtK A;i'iii!iiiii< /(('■ieliKt ; X'cnczia, -iii': niuii> '" Hkkukka, Dc'cail. I., \\ 217, ilis|inscs dI' llic Ict;L-nil (■"(/ iSoo), Svd. wliich a•|lrL■^c■llts N'iri r.s.\ .is Liiidiny s:ifc'ly in I'ulia, ■■' llenii I.-Wiiix, /-> < A::ini!iii.^h.-i, in llic O'a'.iH' ilyini; iIk'h, ai'..i linviiii,' a iiii'iuuiicm L-rcctoil tcp lii> ./'. /.' mix .1//-. I'.iiis, 1S62, p. 65. nioiiiniy. t>. % ii y 'lit' ) '^s^'' C.\uro(iu.\iiiiA Amkiulana Vktl^stissima. 47' The Encvclopcdiii Brittmnica ^-ts cont.iiiis a reduction ami description of that curious jjjiohc. Its American conrigura'Ions sliiiann Nn. 3, "ii/ini, No. 4S, |i. 425. Coui'rmfuriiim iltr .I/v/i" 'i'< I'/iiVA/' , (i. 331. : n1>.i 1!' ■ M; 1 1 It ' i\ )i '; (: " ( I! mf-ifff'^y ' i ! 1 ! ^i: !i r" il«:l 'h ^k I . hi J. 1. ! 4/2 The Discovery of Worth America. en su camara : — There is another secret. In the East, Portugal possesses much which belongs Your Majesty. The very city of Maluca, which contains 25,000 inhabitants, is held [by Por- tugal], as appears from the map of the world which Americus, who has travelled in those parts, caused to be printed, and that His Highness the Infant possesses in spherical form in his room." We extract the above from a letter written by Alonso (^uaqo to the Emperor, from Santo Domingo in the island of Hispaniola,-48 Jan. 22, 15 18. No. 90. Garcia he Toreno. Maps made by the celebrated cosmographer Nuno Garcia de Toreno, in the house of Vespuccius. and with his advice : " Nuno Garcia opina que se debe dar credito a Amerigo ... el cual fue al Cabo de San Agustin, y tom6 su derrota desde la isla de Santiago, que es al occidente del cabo Verde ... y me decia muchas veces que podia poner el cabo en 8°, haciendo yo cartas en su casa : — Nuno Garcia was of opinion that credit should be given to Americus . . . who went to Cape St. Augustine, beginning his voyage from the island of Santiago, west of Cape Verde . . . and he [Vespuccius] told me [Nunc Garcia] a number of times that I could place the Cape [S. .\ugustine] by 8', while engaged making maps in his own house."'"' 1512. No. 91. Map of the Isthmus. Map which King Ferdinand ordered Pedrarias and Balboa to make: " I.a figura de la tierra que mand6 V. A. hacer a Pedrarias y Vasco Nunez de Balboa han hecho este . . . Son lo senalados desde aquel golfo toda la costa al poniente y la tierra adentro hasta el Mar del Sur:— The map of the country which Your Majesty ordered Pedrarias [d'.\vila] and Vasco Nunez de Balboa to have made, has been executed. It contains the con- figur.ition of the entire coast from that gulf • stwards, and the country beyond as far as the Southern Sea [Pacific]."'^'" No. 92. Stoi!Nkza. Mappamundi roughly engraved on wood, measuring 380 by 270 mm. for the two hemispheres, and belonging to the Introductio in Pfholoiwi CosmotrrapJiiam of th<' Polish savant Johannes de Stohnicza, first jirinted at Cracow -5' in 1512. ■ Aiohivis (if Simniica>. Miiniw Coll.ction, Vol. -=' fiilrodiutio in I'lhohiii'i Comioijmjihiiam fum I,\.\\ I., f" 32, vi'iMi. Iiiiiicrft'i'tlv priiUfil in tlio Oo/( c- luinjilinihnx il latitiiiiiliiin rcjiontim el '■inilalvm relt- rloH >!'• ilnfiiiii' ntoi ii\KUlo.i tl' Iii'i:ri^, ^'(ll. I., p. 29(5. hriKv.n,). Cinn i-aniiiiic Sn/iphi'-n /{mlnljihl Aijrirotn ail "• Xavarkki K, 0/iiiA'»Ai<, \'. I. I., |i, 67. h'i'!''''iiiinii I'li^iiaiiintwiii .... Illl|)ro^s^ln Cracmiii.' =-' Munoz Oillcoli'in "f MSS., \'i 1. lAW., r»- 3jS. p. I'liiii.iiv.iin Uni;lcrii;in. .Amm m.p.ni.i., .)lo. li \,^ ^PIWI I'ltlll ,: I'- ll,! ad acniik- Caktocikai'iiia Amkkican.' Vktustissima. 473 It is constructed after a partial and subspherical projection truncated at the poles, to use Hrevoort's definition ; and may be considered as imitating or foreboding the invention of Mercator ; but it is not, as certain critics believe, the first map which represents the world on two hemispheres. Jaunie F'errer sent one of that sort to Ferdinand and Isabella, so far back -5= as 1495; unfortunately it is lost. The New World e.\hibits a continuous coast line from its 50° north to its 40° south latitude, just as in Waldseemiiller's later Tabula Terre Nove ; except that it ascribes the j)eninsular form to the southern regions, and separates the new continent entirely from Asia. This shape, how- ever, must not be interpreted as if it were a geographical expression altogether, but, in some respects, as a technical necessity in the early construction of globes. F"rom the moment that a complete form had to be impartetl to the southern continent, it is naturvl that cosmographers should have adopted the pyramidal one, as, judging from the representations of Africa and India then current, they were convinced that it was the necessary southern end of every continental region. The names inscribed on that maj) proceed evidently from a prototype akin to Waldseemiiller's, or belonging to the Lusitano- Germanic carto- graph) altogether.-5j They are : Cabo de bona ventura Arcay [Arcaybacoa] Caput de stado [deseado] Gorffo spemoso [fremoso] Caput S. crucis Monte fregoso Abba[tia omnium Sanctorum]. AUapego [Pagus S. pauli] Those names we have already seen either in Cantino, Canerio, or in the Kunstmann maps. We notice on the western borders " Terra incognita," which shows that Stobnicza, like all the Lusitano-Germanic cartogr,i[)hers, possessed only hypothetical reasons for delineating the Pacific coast. Simon -Starawolski, whose; work-v' is the fountain head for the little which wx: know concerning Polish writers of the namci of De Stobnicza, ■'- Skjii'i. l''ii>l Srcliijii, No. 32, \i. 405. -5' Tlic p.issagc (vLTSd iif I'" vii.) " NDii sdluni aut p. ilict.c lius |uilc-s mine sunt lacivis liislr.ilc, veniiii ci .ili.i (lU.iiUi \r.\v-, ;il) Amoii(;o vc.s|iiiti(i sagiicis iiii;cMii viro iiiveiita 0^'. i[\Kini ali ipsD AiiK'ricn cius iiivciuciru .\iiKri- jjciii (lu.im ^i amcrici tcrrani sivc americaiii appellaii vu- Uinl," sliows (111 tile pari iif SioiiNUV.A an aci|iiaiii'.aiict.' wilh the t;i;i'j;iapliical pioduclions of the St. Uiiv ( lun- nasiuin. They may have lieen ciilcil then at I'laoow, ami who was in corresponilenee wilh Vaihan'i^ (liililiot. Ainirii; ^ the iiistom in tho.se days. The notice of Starawolski may be sunnned wy almost in tlK;se words : " Adolcsccns prima laiirc.i riiiloscpphic ,i :iniH) 149.) in .Acid. Crarov .... Miniimim se in ordinc Minoruin de Ol).scrvantia vidcn.' voliiit ct sacrum habitum ipsoriim indutus." l*"or hirther details, we beg to refer to th(; Dibliothcca Aiiicn'cnita Vctiiiii, .uul siiprn, I'agc Jjo, for e\|)lanations and facsimile. ni >' I Xo. 95. J WANO-LlSITANie M.M'. It was a sailing ch.irl, m.ide by the I'ortugue.se pilot brancisco Rodriguez, and ba.sed upon a m.ip constructed by a Javanese pilot, which representeil, among s(!veral regions, the country of Brazil. The map was orderetl by the great Affonso Av Albucjuerciue : "Tambem vos vay hum pudai^o dc p.idram ([ue sc liiiui dc ua gramdo carta dum piloto de jaoa, aciuall tinlia ho cabo de booa cspcranica, purtugall e a terra de brasyll .. . .'"-'■'" After 1512. No. 94. I'lTKK M.AKTNk's. It is a map of the West Indies and Cu'ribean Sea,-5f^ ^90 Ijy :!00 mm. roughly engraved on wootl, .11U.1 insertetl m a later issue ol the first I) i. I , i'l t -?5.S^')-(/./ii/-. (./v/rK. .l/,)i()/-HW, Kdni.i, 1S06. !.•!.. |i. .)(ij. ■"■' ('(iiiiri df AjI'oiiso di A/Iukiik n/m s,,iiiilii'< ili •'■'MiclKila Wls/MKUsKKn;!!, /Iisi(ii-i/n l.ii' mlin-y honnnenlm qiir a.-oa. 'I'yii. ila .Vcail. I'lMifj ; W. Kn.kowir, 1S41, Sv.., Vol. III., iii^cs 200-205. Sro aJMi in {\w llililidllin-a Ann ririuiii tiiii- tl^xiiim, Nils. 6g nml 05, pa^i^ IJ9, l()4-i()6, an.! Aililii., Nil. 42, paijc' 56. TlRrc is an I'Mccllfiil facsiniili' iif ilio inliro map in tho alias uf NiiKlncNSKiiii.i), jiLuo wxiv. K. (l.is scicncias, 1SS4, 4(11, \ ul. I., p. 64: i|mili'il liy I Ir. IIamy, // f)( «ni, (//cj/m/i/i/f/in i/ii Itiiinl, I'aris, iSi)i, ,Svo. p. 34. Tliu k'Ufr isilaliil .\pril I, 1512. ■i" liihliitthn'ii Ann rii] small books, such as the Oceanic Decade), I have decided to add to the end of that decade the niaj) herein engraved. Thus will those who desire to have an idea lectores intelligere : decadis ipsius calceni hac sculpta slatui t.ibella fulcirc. (>ui sibi formaro horum tractuum speciem nauigationeni (jue in intellectu desiderant : hunc ibi ordineni ca- piant. In extremo tabelle margine duas pro- of the said treatises, and retrace in the mind that navigation, find there the direction. In the lower margin of the map, see two promon- niontorias cusiiides iiisjiice: has hispanus vocat torios. The Spaniards call them the Strait of strecho de Cibraltar: latina lingua fretum her- <'"'j">t^'- : '" I"«in, the Strait of Hercules. , , , • . • 1 . ■ I' thence you turn to the left, you will see culeuni. In leuam si te inde conuertens sep- ,, . „„ ' ^ • , , . seven small reefs. 1 hose are the Canaries, tern veluti scopulos videbis : he sunt canarie , , .. 1 .■ .u i- . . • 1 1 ' named by the Latins the I'ortunate islands ; insule apud latinos fortunate : licet non desint although some have a different idea of them, qui alias senliant, e fortunatis recta itur ail Starting from the Fortunate islands, we go in occidentcin et ad hispaniolam de (jua preg- a direct line towards the west, and to His- nantes sunt nostri libelli. (^uadrata ea ipie panii)la ; trom which sprung my books. The llispaniolc ab oriente vicina est: sant ioanneni appellant [I'orlo Rico|. De hac late ( m h-\ ) ' \ w lit f I, ■ "'^■^ 1 '^ h{H j ' 1 , >.'.?'• 1^1 ^h:\ I i 'J-flH; .\\ » I. > I. I 1 i:i t "ii) I, ft , ^ ■(f » 1 IW Hi 1^. 4/6 The Discovery of North America. Ad septentrionem vero miras etiam terras luirosque tractus repeerunt quorrum vestigia cerne dextrorsuz sculpta. Canibalicas autem insulas et archipelagus atque alia niulta que adiacent tnedie pretermissi [sic] : no tabellam confunderem. Hec et cetera libelli aperient ergo vale splendidissime pur- north, marvellous lands and marvellous coun- tries have been found, of which you can see the engraved representation on the right. 1 have omitted the Cannibal islands, the archi- pelago and others which are in the centre of them, so as to avoid confusion in this map. All that, and other things, my small books will explain. Farewell then. Most Splendid purate et nos ciui e.xcellentiam tuam obseruamus empurpled I-ord, and love us, who venerate et colimus diligito." ^^^ ^^.^^ship Your Excellency." A point to be noted in the map, is the prolongation of the coast, westward and northwards of the Guanaja islands, at such an early date ; for it corresponds to our Honduras. That coast bears only one name, which is not to be found on any other map in that locality, viz.: " Baya d'lagartos ; " -6o and, strange to say, it is not inscribed on a bay, but across a great promontory, which does not e.\ist in those regions. Had this configuration been borrowed from a map, it would also mark the deep recess which is our Honduras Gulf. True it is, that Oviedo, in describing the latter (under the name of " de Higueras." the Ciulf of I*"igs), states that it was discovered by \'incente Vanez Pinzon, Juan de Solis, and Ledesma ; but he is clearly borrowing the erroneous notions about the alleged voyage-*^' of 1506, with a vague and not less mistaken idea concerning the date of that expedition. .\s Oviedo adds that the dis- covery was accomplished before Pinzon discovered the Amazona river : "antes que el Vicente Yaiiez descubriesse el rio Maranon," Honduras would have been found and explored by those three navigators so far back as the fifteenth century. Withal it is not impossible that prior to 1513, those regions were visited by now unknown Spanish mariners. Such discoveries we have shown to be in i)erfect keeping with their enterprise. At all events, the map of Peter Martyr is ':he first now existing, which delineates the coast west of Maracaybo. Hut, so far as the portion beyond our Truxillo is concerned, it can be baseil only u[)on general notions derived from in- distinct or incomplete re])orts. -' ' Thciu was alrcnily .mil cunliiiva'il Ui lit;iirc- on iiia|is .T " Jtio lie l.ajjartds,'' Iml il is ilic river discovered md n.imed by Chris(ii|iher Coi.i'Miics, in \'er.i(;"a : " a ryuer which Cnhinus n.imed Larg.iitos, bycnuse it nunryshethe yre.-Jle liys.Trd.e.i whirhe in ihe Siianys>hclie tonnjje .ire caulcd Lniiinrton." I'ieUo M.inire irANCiiiKUA, Dec.ail, II., lili. ii., f" 2S, c. ■'■ Siipi-'i, Nm. 77. ;.. 460, nole21 I. In llie iMj^es 458- 460, we lir\u- ^li'iHn ih.ii IVler Mar;\r kiiowsof no(.iher voy.-i;;o I'.ndert.iken by Sni.is and I'lNznN joinlly than the expedition of 150S, which he located exjiressly e.asl of our .55 west loni;itiule, and consec|;ienily in a contrary direction of the northwest coast dipicleil in his map. Nor does he refer anywhere in his later Decades, to the \.i-c.-. of Hernandez HK Cukli.i'.A an.! (iKljAl.vA (ijl/lji.S). The fact is that neither Soi.is jior 1'in/iin ever \ i-iled iho-e -hores in I sOC). \.\ ii us ";ir IS 111- llian -.ii,f(1, |Wge 442, Li:i .'jr.iphi' .\r, ",'/' II A;/,, \'..l. II. ]wi;o 147, lor :i ciiiiipaiiHCMi wiih I'N'leiiiy' IimIl' i.r 1, 2 J i;S ir ■ revR'H Ih pi \> to in ith II. Caktogkaphia Amkuicana Vktustissima. 479 We notice only one new name, viz.: " Porto Real," as Waklsee- miiller's " Pagus S. pauli," is the " Alapago de Sam Paullo " of Canerio. A designation already given is here somewhat modified, viz.: " La punta de las galeras," in the plural. The entire map has been rei)roduced by NordenskiOld, plate xwvi. See also our reduced facsimile, limited to the north-east coast of the Xew World, and description of the Fifth Type, pages 310-312. No. 97. Waldskkmullek's Small Mappaml'N'dl It also belongs to the Ptolemy of 1513, and bears the following title: "Orbis typvs vniversalis iuxta hydrographorvm traditioncm : — Representation of the entire world, according to the teachings of hydrographers." The present completes the Tabvla Terre Nove-^'"~^\ that is, whilst the latter does not give configurations beyond 54' north latitude, the |)resent delineates as far as 90'. It follows that we notice thereon an important island or region, by 55" and 65" north latitude. Its erroneous position and eastern profile, when compared with the "Terra Corterealis" of the early Lusitanian maps, such as Cantino, King, and the name "Capo rasso " in the latter, show it to be, undoubtedly, our Newfoundland. The same map, printed from the original block,27o was inserted in the Ptolemy of 1520. It has been facsimiled by Nordenskiold, op. cit.. plate .\xxv., under the title of Ilpdrograpbia she Charta Marina. 1514. No. 98. A Rome Printed Map. Alessandro Gabloni, a Mantuan priest, proposes to the Marquis of Mantua, in a letter dated May 21, 15 14, to send him a new and much admired map of the world containing a description of the countries lately discovered by the Portuguese, and f'cently printed at Rome : -■' I'mi.KSU's, in his icltcr lo HyiacomvU's, inserted .cris : — As it is j;rantctl that the scioiico nf co-ivi(ii;raiihy in the Iiilrodiirtio maiiiiiliirlioiicni j.nr.^laiiK, printed at is nf nci small im|Miiiance, ymi, Martin, have cmnnianded •Strasburg liy (IkUmm'.f.k in 1511, coiit. ins tlie following llie :>|i|)rol)alion of many stuilimis men, in having' already reference to a map of the worlil : " Cim. cosmoj^raplii^e |'Ulilislie or!H> tyinim iledalissime piiMioa- ■'" ' ll'ihliolhi.nt Ann ri'niKt ]'< lii^li^si.-nn, N,j. jS. (1:: ! . 1' 1 I I II 4\ k ':A ill imm^ 1,1(1 i I I . 'M'l' '\ ^ Hi' i'l f ■ !',. i ii ■■I, •t -*< ij ,11 I': €l: ^ ■i^ : «",(! *'i 4 •|l ' I i- fl 1 i *. if Ti i'ki, •■ 48 o The Discovekv of North Amkkica. " I'crchc V. 111"'^' S"^ si soleva delectare vidder picture de Cosmografia per tanto es- scndo novamente stanipato in Roma una nova tabula cum la descriptione del inundo vechio e novo ritrouato dalla navigatione de jwrtugesi et essendo multo laudata me parsso mandarlla alia S. V. Ill™"' la qual supplico si voglia dignar comandnrmi perche essendo notissima a lei la fede et dcvotione che li ho la po esser certa che maggior a piacere non ])osso hauere che di gratificaila el ohedirla a lei haso la mane. . . . Rome xxj Mnij 1514. Humil S" Alex, gabion. Archidiac" Mantuanus."' " As Your Highness has [always] taken a great pleasure in cosmographical delineations, I inform Y. H. of a new map recently printed at Rome, exhibiting the old world, and the new one which has been discovered by the navigation of the Portuguese, and the same being much praised, I propose to send it to Y. H., whom I beg to command me ; for my devotion is so great that there could be no greater pleasure to me ; and 1 kiss the hand of Your Highness. Rome, May 21, 1514. Your humble servant Alexander Gabloni ; Archdeacon of Mantua." This map is otherwist; entirely unknown. The words : " novamente stampata," [irevent its lx;ing Ruysch's majipamundi, which was published at Rome, but six years before. The reference to the discoveries of the Portuguese seems to imjjly that the Molucca islands in particular are meant. Hut as Gabloni's description mentions both the Old and the New World : " el mundo vechio e novo," we may infer that the present was a mappamundi, necessarily exhibiting also America. Before 1515. No. 99. Andkks dk Morales {?). Sailing chart to the West Indies, which was approved by Juan Diaz de Solis and other special experts ; "Carta de Marear a las Indias Occidentalis, que aprobaron Juan Diaz de Solis, y otros practicos en esta navegacion." *" Juan Diaz de Solis left Spain, October 8, 15 15, for La Plata, where hi- was killed and eaten up by the Indians. The present is probably the ma[i which is said by 15arcia-73 to have been made by Morales : "Carta de niaicar :\ las Indias Occidcnlales, ciue aprobaron Juan Diaz de Solis y otros practiiiis L'li osta ii.avigiicion." Withal there is great confusion concerning that class of maps. •'' MS. in the Slate .-\rchivcs at Manlu;\. ■■"- Ill-.KKKKA, Decnd. II., lili. i., cap. xii.. p. iS. ""' H.VRi I.\, lyiiliiiiii (li la liihliulei-a Orimlnl y Or,!, deiilal, Mailiiil. 173;, fi.|., \i,l. U., cul. 1109. \ ^!il> Caktocjrai'Iiia Amkkicana Vktustissima. 481 i ' p 1. It li )iaz ' Or, I. No. 100. Bknci's Mai'I'amundi. It is mentioned by Leonardo da Vinci in one of his memoranda,-74 twice on the same sUp of paper, which shows the importance he attached to that map. The great artist first writes : " El mio mappa nondo che h Giovanni Henci : — My mappamundi which Giovanni Henci has." This sentence implies ownershiji on the [)art of Leonardo, and i)ossession on that of Benci. But two lines further he: says : " Mappamondo di Giovanni Benci : — Mappamundi of Benci." Here, the sentence when brought in connection with the first, seems to indicate that Benci was the maker of the map. The fact that it was then in the hands of Benci, shows the above cjuoted memoranda to have been pi-nned in Italy, consequently before December 1515, which is the time when Leonardo da Vinci accompanied Francis I. to France, where he died. May 2, 1519, noi at Fontainebleau, and still less in the arms of the French King, as people generally believe. Perhaps this mapjiamundi is only the set of gores which was found among the manuscri})ts of Leonardo, preserved in Her Majesty's library at Windsor, ■ and de.scribed here below. Yet, it may also be a more important map, which, notwithstanding its date, contained no American configurations whatever; as is the case with the mappamundi of Johannes Stabius, which, although of the year 1515, and constructed by the cos- mographer of the Emperor Maxhnilian I. ,=75 ignores altogether the transatlantic regions. This is so much the more possible that in the mass of writings, where the earth is the object of so many disquisitions, Leonardo da X'inci never alludes once to the discovery of America. 1515. No. loi. Tiii; " Marcauita " Map. It is a rough woodcut bearing in capital letters the following title : " Typvs vnivers.ilis terra ivxta modcrnorviii (listinctionem et extentionem per regn.i et prouinci.is : —Representation of the entire e.irth according to modern divisions . . .'' This mappamundi belongs to the edition of the Margafita Philosophica ''*). r. Kuiirru, The Liliranj M'orl," of f.ioiKirdn -"' " M.i\iniiliniii I. Iiiipor. CdMiiOfjini'lius." Ct. M. (/a Vinil, Lcmlon. iSSj, imperial Sv'i, \'iil. II., p. 224, Kukmh, Ijlh/iotlufa vttii.i ct iii>i-((, A\l\\>n(., 167S, fol.. No. 1444. ly.\Kc 350. 3 M 1 ■J 'ik Ml, :) i' 'li ■1;. ;i ' 1; IS !M M N III •N| ,| Mi'JY r t •.' ■/'!, I , I I I* I Hi I "*f* < t i ■* I i ■J 'tf 4S2 The Discovery ok North America. A'ovd of Grcjgory Rt;isch, published at Strashiirg hy GriiuiiigiT in 1515.-7^' 'IMie Vicuna Iiiii)crial Library possesses -77 ;i inanuscripl copy of that map, made by Johaiiii SchiJner. It is coloured, and presents certain dif- ferences in the lettering and abbreviations. These are corrections -v*^ made by the Nuremberg savant. Where the engraved copy calls both the large West India islands " Isabella," he names one " Isabella," and thi; other " Spagnolla." On the Hra/.ilian mainl.uid we read " Paria sive Brasilia," instead of " I'aria seu I'risilia ;" the scale of latitudes runs from 80° to 60', insteiul of 85' to 61", but it omits the equatorial line and tro[)ics. The fact that the continuous coast line is the object of no observa- tion on the part of Schiiner, leails us to believe that he made this copy after 1523, when lie conceived for the first time th(; idea of connecting North with South America. In both the woodcut and the copy the New World assumes the form of a continent running from 75' north to 55 south latitudes, bearing on the; northern continental land the erroneous and curious inscription, now elucidated, -79 of ZoAN'.v Mki.a. It is the first map of the kind inserted in the numerous editions of the Margarita. In the one which was i)ublished by Gri'minger, in 1504, there is a mappamundi, but the existence of the New World is only in- ferred by the legend : "Hie non turra scd mare est: in (juo mine niagiiitudinis Insulx-, sed Ptoleni;eo fuerunt incogniui; : — Here there is no land [continent], and only a sea, in which are wonderfully large islands, which Ptolemy has not known." In the Maygarita of 1535, the 15 15 engraved map is re[)roduced, but with the omission of the principal names. See Nordenskiold, plate .xx.wiii., .uul, supra, page 313, The Fifth Type, with facsimile of the American portion (jf Schoner's copy. N (). 10; Vi:LAS()L'iy.'s CUHA. Complete map of Ciiija, made Ijy oriler of Governor Diego Velasquez, and which was sent to the King of Spain in 1515: -"'■ /JiWiV/ifia .lw>'ri>f(»fi ['((Hs^Msiwi, Nil. 82. Slrrn.ir, p. i_;, as }v\n^ "hi ciiicm liAmUilMiflliclicn ■'' A'. Cod. I'll/. Viiiiluli, J-'iii.-j. Wl' ;iro indclilcil fur Nuli/.-liiu:!ie Scliunur's." :ui cxcullciil cii|iy of ihis niiimiscripl ina|) .mil for other -;■' Wc inli-rprcl Sciiunk.k's anivil.ilinn nL;ir the West v.ilur.Mu favours, to Ur. A. (jei .ctiuneiii," or, " ih.U Custodian of the X'ituna Iiiiperial Lil>r.iry. It is the map st-inds corrected.'' wliich vi.i^ llr^i iiieiilioiicil hy Dr. WiiCsF.K, Miiju'h'h'K- '■' WlEsi.li, Zniiiia Mihi, in Kr.rTl.i;u's ZiJl.. iS. f 1 I f I i. |i ' I I. i jl. ^ 11 } I ' i i Ml H; 'im 1 '! ^f Hi if } '! 484 TiiK DiscovKUY OK NouTii Amkkica. N <). 105. Q u i:\ K no's. It was a map of tht; country I'xtciuliiig from Cartagena to Gracias a Dios, made by order of thi; Crown, and sent to Spain l. 172176. "*'' "C'li'tnicki yfi .Autjsiniii; (lurch l'".rhart OcgliTi," ^ays Ihe colophon, which, hmvuvcr, is tiiii' aiiiin. ■'" Uiilorliiiialcly the year is diiiillcd, ami nowhere in the tr.aci, or elsewhere, ilii we find any indication enalilin^; us to supply it. The reference to Christopher DK Haro mit;ht serve for that purpose, if we knew when he com- menced tr.adint; with I'ortujjal. .Ml we know is that after residinf; hi Lislxm, IlARO removed to Spain in 1519. '• Acahan de Uegar juntos a esta Crislol.id hr. IIako y Juan Dli CAKrAiiKN.v," writes Sebastian .Vi.vakkz from Seville, July iS, 1519 (Navakkivii:, IV., 153). On the otlier hand, MuSoz cites a letter from .\ntwerp, from which must he inferred that Chrisloval UK IIako and two namesakes — one pre-named l)ief;o, — supposed to Ix; his hroilicrs, were yet residinj; at .Antwerp in 1517: "Crisliival de llaio con otri'S dos llaros, (\\u/:\ hermanos, eran moraihires y comerciantes alii" (cpuited hy Navak- KKli;, I\'., p. Ixxiv., n.). If so, lie iiuist have oln.iined the privikye of >ei[din^; ships lo lira/il, hefore coming to reside in I'orluj^al. The IIakos were Spaniards liy birth, as we lind Clirisloval (pialilied in 15jS, of " \'e, ino y ret^idor had their principal establi-shment, was the destination of the ship, as her allet;ed cominj; into the port of Lisbon is ascribed to the lack of provisions. •'" That reference and the word " item," show that the (Mrln is only an extract. Unfortunately Ihe rest of the document has not yet been found. ^, !l ■I 111 I d I Kl M 1 . ' ') , I. i ; ^ ■k I t til H 1 ) r: ll, »1 ll ! :H ,:l'' ♦i H j I i n 1 i ■ ■■ ) i : U 'Vl ! V i 486 Tine Discovery ok North America. hoch, Haben sie das Piesill mit ainem Capo, They reached the Cape of Good Hope, das ist die spitz oder ein ort, so in das mcr which is a point extending into the ocean, get, funden. Vn haben den selbigen Capo very similar to Nor/ Assril [/, Siil," s.iiil to lie a nautical dem ort .MVrie.'' The lonjj .« are often taken for //! term like the " I'oneiite levanle" of Italian seamen. ''"5 Wo borrow our (lerman text from Dr. Wikskr's Uu! we (111 not see how a cape can resemble a wind, and reprint (op. lif.), and we have used I Iimikh.ht's mucli prefer the suggestion of Mr. Von iii-,r HAr,r;N (in versi.m { Kn-ami ii Cviliqiif, Wil. 1., (p. 240-245) for lIiMlioiiii, K.rnmm rrilli/m, Vdl. I., p. 255), who making the present translation, sees in " Noft " and ".\ssril," had readings of "On" -"^ WiKsi:k, yfiitjnjhili iS!l,ii-«f , pp. 2S J2. . i' vl \\ \ i\ far CARrocKAriiiA Americana Vktustissima. 487 necessity arising therefrom. Else, we would have to assume that the Hauslab gores and the mappamundi of Stobnicza, both of which give likewise the pyramidal form to South America, also borrowed the notion from that or a similar account. What is certain, however, is the fact that Schemer has imagined from the Copia to call the alleged austral continent " Brasilie Regio," and that he is the originator of the latter erroneous designation, which continued to mar so many maps of the sixteenth century. -97 Reverting to the globe itself, it must be noted that the name Amkrica is inscribed across the southern continent. As to the con- figurations of the northern, they have been l)orrowed from the north- western continental region in a ma[) akin to Canerio ; which modified Cantino by an elongation of the coast southwards, with profiles of a peculiar kind. In Schoner that continuation bears the name of " Parian," which indicates that it was considered as representing the country dis- covered by Columbus in the course of his third voyage. In the Green globe, which is unquestionably Schonerean, instead of " Parias," we read there and on the southern continent, the name Amkrica. The nomen- clature is the same as in Canerio, omitting, however, twenty of the latter's designations. But what proves that Schoner did not work on a proto- type absolutely Canerian, is the fact that he has inserted along the American coast, not less than fifteen names which are not in Canerio, although nine oi these figure in Ruysch, viz.: Lixleo C. de frado Terra sura Terra de i)arias Monte rotonda Curtana R. de la reno Rio de flagranza G. de paxi P. de Arena The West India archi[)clago, with Cuba, called Isabella, is re[)resented in the form peculiar to all the Portuguese and Lusitano-Germanic ma|)s. In fict, Sch(")ner's American c Jiifigurations and nomenclature have been copied servilely from one of the latter, which perha[)s alreatly imparted the pyramidal form lo the southern continent, as can I>e inferred from the Mauslab globe No. i. His innovations, thus far, seem to consist of certain legends, and the insLTtion of the austral conliiu^nt, which can liave originated (jnly with a s.ivant. In fact, his " Brasilia Regio " is the Rio de foroseco Rio de les Euas S. Rochij S. Maria de rabida S. Maria '.k .1 l! '' 5-r J,, ttl"'/ 111! '1 11 I \\"ihM:i;, 17). '•//., p|i. 50-73. \ s ; 1 i |p»' •■'SI: tH'Iffl- I- 1 "i llf ) IS :( ' .t ' i ' :,if ! ; 1 f i f ( 488 The Discovery ok Nouth America. southern zone, or Antichthon of the poet Marcus Manilius, of I'omponius Mela, and of all the cosmographers of the Middle Ages, who believed in the existence of that region, south of the torrid zone, but from which it was separated by a sea. -^s At all events, it is in Schoner's globe of 15 15, that we. thus far, see an austral land for the first time. We had entertained the thought that the Nuremberg mathematician always considered America as a mere continuation of Asia. This belief was derived from the opinion which he so forcibly expressed in the Opns- citlttm of 1533. And, although unable to account for the contradiction existing between such a theory and his graphic descriptions as exhibited in the globes of 1515 "'xl 1520, the idea did not strike us that we might perhaps solve the i^roblem simjily by consulting Schoner's Liiculentissimn licscriptio, which, as already stated, he wrote to elucidate the globe of 1515; iuid it is only a icvf days since, -99 thanks to the kindness of the learned custodians of the Munich Royal Library, that we have been en- aliled to ascertain the truth. Now, we were entirely mistaken. Schoner, in 1515 and 1520, was no exception to all the cosmographers of Central Europe in those years ; and, like every one of them, he believed that the north-western continental land in the Lusitanian antl Lusitano-Germanic maps or globes represented the .\mcrican regions, ami that these regions were absolutely distinct and entirely separated, north and .south, from Asia. Here are Schoner's own words : '• Hunc in niodum terra qii.idrip.irtita cosnoscitur et sunt tres priinte ]wrtes continentes i. e. terra firma : st ' [uarta est insula iiuia onmiquaque mari circunidata conspicitur ; — In this way it is ascertained that the earth is divided into four parts, and the first three parts are continents, that is, mainlands : but the fourth [part] is an island, because we see it sur- rounded on all sides by the sea. '"' .\nd that there should be no misunderstanding as to the "Fourth Part," the above quotation is foiuid in the cha[)ter of the LiiciiU'iitissima descriptio entitled : Dc America, quarta oihis parte. Xor is that all. In examining the configuration meant to represent th<,' -\i\v Work! in the glolies of 15 15 anil 1520 the reader will notice, as we have alreatly stated, that the main part of the northern section =' Saniakkm. ///'-'. '/' !(t ('':':mii\imiihi' , \i<\. II., pp. Si. .Si), 152, i;4, iSi an.l 27S. - h i^ in.i.v-^.iry llK-rcforc t" cuhxt" in th:\t iLNpccl wli.it W'.- li.'wc wriltcii, ^itju'a, [k 115. till.- citjtiih liiif. ""' LiiiKhiili'iliiKi (If-ri/ilin, fi (.,1. 11 the third to l\ r.l t(i Cartographia Americana Vetustissima. 489 bears in large letters the name of Parias. Schoner describes that region in the above-mentioned work 3oi as follows : " Parias insula, qux non est pars vel portio prioris, sed specialis magna portio terra; hujus quartre partis mundi : — The island of Parias, which is not a part or portion of the said country, but a large special portion of the earth in that fourth part of the world'' Nor do we find anywhere in that tract any reference to a sujiposed cosmographical connection between Asia and America. Although the activity of cartographers, particularly in Germany, during the first quarter of the sixteenth century has been much greater than is generally supposed, and there were many map-makers whose names have not reached us, and who doubtless copied, counterfeited, or were inspired by models which met more or less with the favour of the public, we feel constrained, for the present, to c|ualify as " Sch()nerean globes" all those which answer the above description. But as Johann Schoner, who was born in 1477. lived until 1547, and therefore may have constructed globes during fifty years, whilst among those which can be ascribed to hi . only one is dated, we will classify these in taking as a basis the degree of finish and number of names and legends which these globes exhibit. This, we must confess, is not conclusive, as in our opinion the model used by Schemer for the globes which he constructed previous, at least, to the vear 1523, was the same for all, whilst the more complete character of the one dated 1520 is due simply to its size and a greater amount of labour which the cartographer was disposed to bestow. Ikit we could devise no better basis for our classification. The crudest and least complete (jI those SchOnerean globes is the present one, which is preserwd in the Cirand-Ducal Library at Weimar. It has bc(.:n facsimiled by Dr. W'icser, 302 wjio has also ably advocated the coimection of that glolx; with ihc LitcuL'titissiina dcscriptio. We lave no other reason for ascribing to it the date of 1515. Its diameter is 270 mm. Xo. 107. TiiK Paris Gur.KN Gi.om:. It is a wooilcn mounted globe, the surface (jf which was covered with a thick layer of paint, originally white, on which the geographical delineations were drawn in acjuarel. The configurations and colouring are artistically executed, with the seaboards deei)ly shaded, so as to give '"' Lnriil. di."''/'!):!., vui-n uf f'' 60. WiKsF.K, .lA(/;/'■ 1 ^ i ' ' ' 1, l| ill f» ,\ ii'l, Wf'-IT] 4'!' p ? 11' »\ii« % t\: hi ,'f,S ^1 ■( fi'^ 1 * 1 , 1 . i 'f 1 i.' ■ •I! ' H i • (I A\ 490 Till-: DiscovKKv ok Noktii Amkkica. the coiuint'iils and islands the a|i|)earancc; of being raised above tlie seas, which are painted in very dark <,n-een ; hence the name oi\i;n to the globe. The caligraphy is extremely neat, chuir, and of the first quarter ol the sixteenth century, about the year 1515. Certain parts, especially the tropics, still show traces of gilt. Its iliaineter measures 2.|o mm. This \aluable globe w.is ilisco\'ert'd at X'enici;, 3<'J antl purchased in 1879 I)y the geogr.iphical ile|)artmeni of the Paris X.uional Library, where it is numbered 242. The configurations and nomeiu:lature are entirely SchiHicrean ; -'°-^ but the latitudes present differences, as here, the northern section of the American continent is matle to extend from 20' to 60 , whilst in .Schiiner's globe of 1520, it covers only the space between 11' and 51 north l.uitude.s. That northern region is precistdy, in shape and in its details, like the corresj)oiuling ri'gion in Canerio and the Schr)ner(.'an globes aljove described ; that is, the coast is prolongated southward, with identical l)rofiles. Hut wliere in tlu: earliest of these [supnr, No. 104) no names ot localitiis arc: given, here we notice eight, all ol which are also in- scribed in Canerio and in W'aldseenuiller, viz.: C. ck'lii'oiUir Caniiiur (". .Triear C. (le boii.i vi'iitiiia Cost.T alta C. Santo Capo doltin il'abril I. ago dcUodro Those names, which with seven more, .also Caiitinean, are likewise on the tall northern continental section in thi; globe of Schiiner datinl 1520. A striking feature is the name .Xmkrka, inserted four times, whilst in the Weimar and Xuremberg globes we see it inscribed only once. Here, it also a]ipi:ars, for the first time, on the northern section ; ami across the southern contiiu;nt, iiist(;ad of being gi\en in its simplest form, it reads as follows: "America ab inuentore nuncup;ita." Vet the .\ntill(-s bear this legend : " Iste insule per Columbum genuensem almirantem ex mandato regis Casiv'lle invente sunt." 'Ihe conclusion is that, in the opinion of the c.'alogr.ipher, Columbus only iliscovereil the West India islaiuls ; but that the merit of the discovery of the American continent, north and south, bc'longs U) \'es[)uccius. '"' " Ki'ii M. U' I'.MiUe I^i.Tiil iwaw acliolc lo j;1ciIil' '\ (I'f'n'jrdji/ii' liittoritinn it il'srri/ilirf , I'.iiis, 1889, p. 17J. Venise, chcz uii brocanU'ur, avcc un Im asscz ini|>i'rlaiU "' It li.i-. In-in sl.ilc'4 iliat llu- ■..liil iiorthuin section lie I'.ules, tjIciliL's I'! ill^lrllmc•nlM|lli |ii"Vinaii'iU (ctisail-iin) I'lc^cnlcil licre, iiorih of ilie |io|mi- ,if c'antvr, a liroak, lie la collection il'aii patricien, le dernier ties i,liiKiM, iliviilin^ il ill two .jv tliree va--t i--Iaiiils j this is a mistake, lomlie (laif, line prol'oiule niisi-re." — (1. Maucki., L'ii 'I'lial section is all of one soliil piece, jnst as in all tlie ijlobi' mdiiiiscrit (/(: I'l'cok ile Sehtener, in liutUdu ik Sclionercaii glolics. CAkTOC.RArillA Amfriiaxa Vkti'stissima. 491 The ndiiKMiclatiire presents another ]H'culiarity. Several localities here (which is not the case with tlu- other Schiinerean globes), are designated as regions : Kegio uc Cananorinu Regio de S. Anthonio Rugio Santi Heronimi . Rcgio grande On the oilier hand, the vast austral continent, called elsewhere : " Brasilie n'L^'io " or " Hrasilia infericM',' here is nameless. As to the well known denomination : " l'aj)agalli terra," it is recalletl hy the legend : " Hie re])eriuntur ri,.jei psitaci," which indicates that the [)rotolyi)e, liki' the Cantino .uul Canerio charts, was adorned with representations of the Ara Macio, \w^\. brought to ban'ope, eidier by Ciaspar de Lenios in 1500, or by l'e(h'al\',u'ez Cabral in July, 1501. The i>resent Lrlobe, much as it resembles thosi' made bv Sehiiner, is not in our opinion, the direct work ol that geographer. Xo. loS. Till'. I*"kan'ki()KT Sc-ii<)\i;ki:a\ Gi.oi'.i:. This globe, which is ])reservt'd at l'"rankrort-on-lhe-Main, has hvi-n copied impertc'cdy, antl in the l\)rm of gores, by Jomard.3"5 These indi- cate a di.uneler of 2'jo mm. It is ln'!ie\-ed by 1 )r. W'ieser .^"'^' to be the work oi .Sclu'uur, aiul a mere duplie.ite of tlu; Weimar globe abi)\e described. This [)()int can be settled onl\- after the orisj'in.ds of bodi these trlobes shall ha\-e been com- |)ared logetlvr, although it is uii>[ue^ii()!iable that the coiifigiirations are idcailical, |)articularly tor the Xi'W W'oi'ld. No. 109. Morxiin llAr>i,Ai; ( li.i ii;i:. It is ^;6o mm. diameter, and reprodut:es the .\merican c:onfigurations of the .SelvMier globe of 1 5 1 5, except that soiuh of the apex of the southern eoiuiaent there is not, as in the lormer, thai immense r<"gion denominated by .Schtuier " lirasilie Regio." The northern section be.irs only the name "par . . . [iasj." 'I'lu' southern section is likewisi- calleil Amkkica, but exhibits in addition a number of n.uiies belonging to the Liisitanian nomenclature already described in the Iximstmanns. and set forth in the 1520 globe of Schtiner. ■■]■'. 1'. IciMAi.i'. /•• « .l/oHHHicH'i f/c /(I (iViir/ro/z/iiV ; I'm-trf ill', la iD-i.iiiiirf inoitii' ihi .V IV' ,--i<'.7. . I'.iii-, 1S5.1, lol, pl.Ucs XV. ami xvi., c-nlitlcil : UtJ" 'WlKSKR, o/i. ciV., p. 22. n 1 (.1! I |i \l Vi I ii S\ i{ I^CM ■»> h'J ■ I .1 '.♦, I I ' I If: I ; :\k \h: I ( ' , i .i» *i ii ■iii. a ! ^ 492 The Discovery of North America. The attention of the public was first called to that globe, in 1S72. by Adolfo de Varnhagen, who, from the fact that the relatively unimpor- tant town of l^rixen is therein inscribed, thought it was made in the latter place, cirar I513.j°7 Wc place that globe at random, next to SchiJner's of 1515. The American portion has been reproduced and very carefully described by Prof Luksch. 3oS No. 1 10. Mat ok Da Silva. It was a Portuguese sailing chart for the navigation to the Kast Indies ; but as the expeditions from Lisbon to the Moluccas at that time touched or could touch at some point of the Brazilian coast, their maps necessarily exhibited the configuration of Brazil : "Come [ler la carta del nauigare, che Don Michiele di Selua, Orator del Re, reco a Roma, i)otra ^'. S. comi)rendere ; — .'\s by the nautical chart which Don Michael da Silva, the ambassador of the King [of Portugal] brought to Rome, Your Lordship, can understand." That sentence is to be found in a letter addressed by Andrea Cor- .sali to Giiiliano de Medici. 309 1517. No. III. Macki. LAN's Gloiii;. Globe which Mernaiulo de Magellan had with him when he came from Portugal to offer his services to Spain for the discovery of the Strait : " Traia Hernando de Magellanes vn Globo bien pintado, adonde se mostraba bien toda la Tierra, i en el el sefialo el camino, que peiisaba llevar, i de industria dexo el Estrecho en bianco, portjue no se le pudiesen saltear : — Hernando de M.igellan had with him a globe well painted, showing the entire earth, and he showed thereby, the route which he tho ight of taking ; but intentionally he had left the strait blank, so that his secret might not be stolen from him.""" Argensola says, we do not know on what authority, that it was a planisphere painted by Pedro Reinel : " Vi. Planisferio dibuxado por Pedro Reynel."3n ■■■ " V.viiMi \>;kn, Jo. ,s',//„». /• < /'. Ajilduiis, ( Hair- iril^J: \'ii.-nii.T, 1S72, Svo., p|i. 51 and 52. ""* J. Ll'Kscil, yiirii I)i iikiiinlt iilUr KorfO'jrnjihl' , in Mitilii ihimi' II ill r K. K. (!ii)[im]ihi''ihin dLxil/srlia/' in Wifii : liniid XXl.X., No. 7 .nnd S, i>p. 364-370. '■"' Ramcsio, Vol. I., f"- 180 (L-rroneously ni.irkod 2S0), .Tnd I.rfli m ili Aiiilf'i ('(ir.'iili ii'ln ill. «/;/». Dn^a Jn- liitito ill .Miili'i : I'iiLn/c, 1516, 4M. '' ' Las C"a>as, lilstoria ili- lii'i Iiiilias, lili. iii., cap. ci., \ol. IV., p. 377, and, following; liini, IlKRld'.KA, Dccad. II., lilj. ii., cap. \i\., p. 52. Wlial adds Id llie statement of Las Casas is the fact that he conversed with Her- nando de M.viKl.l.AN just after the latter had his inter- view with the High Chancellor. '" H. L. liK .\Ki;i;Nsiit.A, Cnii'jrixin ill In-^ /«/n< Mal- I'lO, Mailrid, 1609, f"I.. p. lO. CaRTOGRAPHIA AmEUKANA VETUSTISsnrA. 493 ^\ .1 it Mill- About 1518. Xo. 112. PoRTOI.ANO OK FrAXCIS I. In France, the kings and princes of the house of Valois always mani- fested a very decided taste for literature, history, and the fine arts. They formed important collections, amongst which graphic descriptions of the World occupied a prominent place. John, Duke of I^erry, posst^sscd not less than five " bien grandes mappamondes,"3'- which, like nearly all carto- grajjhical documents of that time, have disappeared. We have found, in the royal inventories, several mentions of maps ; unfortunately, they are so succinct that it is im[)ossible to ascertain whether those maps date from after the discovery of the New World, or before. One, coming from the library of the castle of P>lois, which was fcjrmed at the beginning of the sixteenth century, and figuring in the inventory of 151S, 3'3 was apparently a portolano which, doubtless, contained Ameri- can configurations : " Dedans ung coffre carre de boys de sapin. Une Mapemonde pour naviguer, fakt on manicre de livre, couvert de vert : — In a square chest of pine wood there is a nautical map of the world, made in the shape of a book, covered with green [velvet or leather]." in a later inventory, made when the library of bVancis 1. at Blois was transferred to Fontainebleau, we also read : " Livre ou sont contenues 7 tables de nauigation"; en feullets de boys et de cuir .... Ung sphre a globe de papier qui est tout ronipu et efface et les mouements et roues toutes rompues'"': — A book, containing seven nautical charts on boards and leather. .\ si)liere [or] globe made of paper, entirely broken and effaced, with the mechanism and wheels all broken up." Catherine de Medicis possessed seven large niai)s. We will cite only the two following, which being anterior tt) 1589, do not lielung to the present list, but deser\e to be mentioned, as they are, after Cartier's, the earliest mentioned authentic maps of Canada : " Une carte figurce c^ la main de la description de la Nouvelle France . . . Une autre carte figuree a la main de la description des 'I'erres neufves et Canada ; — -A map drawn by ■'- They aro ilescrilwil in .Mr. Dki.isi.k's ailniirahlc work : Lf Cahiiiit , iS6S, 4to, Vol. III., p. 405, Nns. uji- 195. Cil.\Rl,i;s Nil. lHls^css^.'^l also a "ini.irio ilc nur." Iimiilaii'f ih la llililiolheqiit du rol Churl' ■< I'll., fait i:i( l4-''> l"ti' iinin ilii line ill liiiil/oiil. ''' .MuilKi.AN 1 , CataloijHi. lit la liililiotlHijn.tiU Fntii- ruix ler, II /jloix ; I'aii.--, lS6j, Svn, |). 43. liciu [',Uii> that hhiaiy was translVrrcd in 1544 to I'ont.iinuhlcau, wIkic u rcmaiia'd iiiilil 1595, wht;n it was icniuvcil to Talis. What was luft ni ilial si>li;iicli(l collection i^ now in the National Library, lull we have v.tinly seaicheil for tlie present article. "■' l'ari.•^ Nat. I.ilir., MSS,, No. 51J1X), an. i;j4, 1750. V il i.' 'I' I. \ 1 '■^^ 1, i !v| mm H.? 1^ i .' 1 * f i ! ■ (1 1^ ih' / I Hi I I' 1^1 hi h I 1i'.' .11; 494 TiiK DisrovKRV OK North Amkku-a. hnml of ihc descrii)tion of New IVanrc . . . Another map, drawn by hand, of the descrip- tior. (if the Nc\v[ly discovered] Lands and Canada."^" No. 113. jMai:liai;i:ciiiana jMANUstRiiT Maps. In the collection |ir('p;ired by AU;ssanclro Zorzi for ;i new edition of tlir Piicsi novaiiiL'iitc ritiovnti, preserved in the Magliabechiana Lil)rary,3"'' and from which we have extracted several important geographical docn- nienis.'i'r there is a series of manuscript majis relating to the New World, one i)f which, larger than the rest, and coloured, is inserted after f"- ^~. It was made apparently to accompany the account of Cortes' discoveries, which map bears the date of 15 17-1520. Yet this, as well as the other maps ill the manuscript are of a somewhat later period, but they were certainly constructed with early data. No. 114. Hol'i.knoikrV G()K!:s. Ihe prestjiit is a set of twelve gores, engra\ed on a copper plate measuring 180 by 390 mm., and bearing neither date nor name of place wh.eic made, or of maker. It is encircled with the following inscription : '• \iiivcrH.ili.s cosmograiihic desciiptio tain in solidn {iiieni [sit-] piano.'' ''' Those gores were found iii^i^rti^I in a copy of Waldseemiillcr's Cos- //lOi,'"'','''''''^'' Introdiiclio. printed i.))- Jean de la Place, at Lyons, sine ainuh'^^'-) but bilwcen Novembi'r 22, 15 17, which is the date when Bishop Jacques Roliirtct, to whom it is eledicated, was installed into the see of Alby, and M.iV 26, 15 iS, whiMi he died. lu'en if we sup[)ose that Jacques could assume the episco[) il title uptjn the death of Charles R(jbertet, who had resigned the, bishojiric in his fivoin- //; articulo mortis, this wotild only yield August 9, 1515,^-'^ for the date of its [)ublication. I'ogether with the twehe gores, there were inserted in that copy two copjii-r plates. One is t.-ntitled : Astrolabinin /^/n'sic/ini ,- the other: Motus )!o:\.: s/>c'rc' ct trcpidncioiiis spcrc MDXIV., and signed: "Artificio Ludo\ici '■- Tlic 'ik'sl 111.11) iifiliL kiii'l now cxiaiu i^ one in oiif '"■ CataliiijHi tb livrtx aiiinuliimul n M. II. Truxi ; own ■:. lli.c;ion: iJtirilptiiju ilt" i-o.-Ik, jiC, rwlii, illt-i ih: I'ari.-, iSSi, Xo. .VJ24, with .1 f.icsiniili? uf iIk- jjorc-i. In !■■■ "t- /'■ fVdiiir fyifl .ii_l(i)i ■inn irwj mirii/leii . . . '" /j/Wi'o//(».im .Ijd':)'/,/!/;™ IV'»>''i<<('mfi., Xn. 63, where Aii.rhiil.r/iiiniiiiiirlelimeiil . . . uh.^rnir /,ar li ■iinir Ihe work slifiiihl have lieen inserteil invler the d.Ue i>f ih Clr'iiijJiiiii (ihitec!) I'So?. — MS. 0:1 vellum, 545 liy 1517-1518, inMeail ol' 1510. J70 mm. 5™ (laJ/ia chriiliann in jirovimla^ e-rte-'inillra.-i ilis- ■' ■-' ; ('■■ii'i. Slro-.:. in ,}". ; roil. 2\, rlasi \iu. Irihiiltt : I'avi^iis, ex lypiigr.iphia rei;ia, 17 1 5. folio ; Vol. !■" /i:iJ'- III' ■(! Ahi' I'l'iiii'i \'il\i-l'nfhi)(i, .Vpiien'lis. I., columns 36, 37, nn,l 1002. / CAKTOiiUArillA .\mI;KIiA\ \ X'l.Tl'STISSIMA. -105 HoLilcngier, Allcbic-, 15 14." And as that edition of the Cosmognil^Jiitc introduclto was jjrcpan.'d for the press l)y Lcniis 15oulc!iigier of All'V, a somewhat noted astronomer, ^geometrician, and geographer of the time''-' critics have inferred that he also designed the map, at the same time as the other plates, in 1514. The three plates have not hei'ii found in a Ijook preserving il; ori- ginal binding; there is no evidence thai the g(jres and the other two plates were engraved at the same time, and Boulengier continued to write on scientific subjects until 1535, if not 1565.'-- k follows that the gores may well be of a later [)eriod than 15 14. On the other hand, as we have aln^ady stated, Louis Boulengier was the editor 3-3 of the work in which those g(3res were found, and a carto- grapher, if we may judge from the titles of two of his books.3-4 h must also be not(al that the Lyons Cusnioi^raphia' hit rod net in, just like the St. Diey edition, but in different terms (which shows that in this respect the former is not a servile c(jpy of the latter), rt;ference is made to a globe which the reader is supposed to have before him : " Habes candide lector tabellam prcinsculptam tibi lalitudineni graduum regioniuin . . . In globo vero dici i(uantitati;in ct noctis ... Sic comprehendere poles omni du rcgionc tarn per globuin quaui per scxi'gciiariuni : — \oii h.ive, Dear Reader, before you, a small ]ilate on which are inscribed the degrees of latitude of the countries ... On the globe [yt>u see] the duration of the day and night . . . 'I'hereby you will be able to asceitain [the lHJ^i^ion of] every country, by the globe as well as by the sexenniuni." " These facts authorisi; the (juestion whether Houlengier did not con- struct, or cause to be constructed, a globe to .sell with his ediiion of the Cosinogrdphiw introduction just as Waldseemiiller constructed one to accompany the cditio prince [>s (jf that work } And )et, the reference ■' See tlic works uf Hon. r.M, IKK " L.v Ckoi.\ DC Maink, liihlii,lhi-qm jmiiriii.-'f , 1772- 7j, Vol. II., p. 45, s.iys ES Kcoi.k~, '.he .■.cntence : " Venit forte miiii ad manus Cosmographia nir.gi>tn I.vid'ivici lioulan- gicrii." "* Ca/nilalioii, ih-n'riiilioii it iii'oiinqihii, n'riihi. ilii rui/diime
  • m \ ^ it '?' i f V" I I m ^i ml, 'M U ^' f^' \ ■ ■ilMll" ^n wn ■ 1 1 # rii, I ii IK !"l il i'lt It I ' /!i ) ; I- ■; I -It <■ Ii I; 5 V i A\. ■\c)6 TiiK Discovery ok Noktii Amkkica. in.iy also apply to tht- diagram engraved 3-''' on tht; recto of the folded leaf. Withal, it shouKl be noticed that Hoiilengier in his dedicatory epistle, states having added to his edition "other globes jjreviously pub- lished by others : — aiictam a ceteris globis ab aliis janidiiduni in luceni editis." Was this set of gores originally intended for one of those ghjbes, ,uul is il, consequently, in its [)resent form, a mere copy or rttprint ? If so, although tht; configurations are of an older d.ite, as we already see ihcin in Hauslab Xo. i, the gores were engraved, like the book, between 1517 .uu\ I 5 iS. 'The norlh-wcsterii continental land therein is derivc;d from ;i map akin to Cancrio, as is seen by the dee[) gulf, and the extension of the coast southward as far as 18 north latituilc. The southt;rn continent bears this inscription : " America noviter re[ierta," while the northcMMi ex- hibits a truncated one of which remains only ma a. It was originally TiKUA N(i\.\, but without any reference to our Xewfoundland. An isLind In the norlh-c;;ist of Cuba, ccMitains 3-7 the unintelligible letters c o |). N O. II NoRDl'.N'SKK")!.!) GoKKS. W'e, ascribe: the date of 15 iS on account of tlv,' legend inscribed on the isl.uul of Hispaniola, viz.: "Insula in cjua reperitur lignum Guaiacum," which can not ]ir. older than the time when Guaiacum wood began to be known in (}ermany, and to be considered as a panacea tor /iws vp/icreti. Ulrich lie Hutten s ays .^-''^ that it was in 1517, which is corrol)f)rated by Leonard Schmaus, 3-9 who. writing in 151S, states that the substance then was scarcely known in (iermany. At all events, .\ugsburg is the plact; from which the notion spread in Xorthern luirope, ap[)arently through the instrumentality of I'aulus Ricius, 33^ the physician of C^harles V., then e.xer- cising in that city. It was first made known in j)rint by an anonymous |),un[)hlet [)ublished at Augsburgj3' on the ist of December, 151S; ,ind '-"' T!u' I'aii.-, .\r^cn;il I,ilir.\ry ropy which h;>s ihc recto il l!i.u Ic.if left Ijl.mk (ii'A\ i;/.Ai , \V ihc "Terra coriL-ri.iili.i ' clisplacccl, .tihI iii>i.rU'l in the position of Hispaniola, with what « loft of llic orit;inal inscription : "Cort." '•' 11i'Iii:n, I>i, O'liniil medlrlna .^ MHniultx lhi-i:inhnsjunffliiuiili:i-l miil whl-i:hi 11 lS7(j. V.il. I., |i. 40). ./'"'■'. 410, 4 II., title within an ent;rave(l liorder, used '■ Si.iiMAis, l.ii.-iilii-Klliiiiriiln ih iiiuil«, (Inllho rt als.. for Sri[M.\f.s' tract. I'.iris National Library, '" inap tht- 'rea. by len ace; the j.xer- K)US aiul ■'. — in ihc • 55- 'inn: ,ll(.W- Dr. V/r du hl-.'h'ii r, iwt'd r !s •y. CAkTOCiUAI'MIA AmKKICAN'A VlTl'STISSIMA. 497 soon afterwards by tht; Luciibratincula of Schinaus, issuwl apparently from the same press. Ulricli tie HiitttMi's celebrated dissertation, printed the year followin'.^, and so often reprinted, rendered the belief universal, and made of Guaiacum almost a household word everywhere. It was followed by a number (jf works on that substance, printed in France and Germany, which ha\(! singularly enriched the BihliotJieca Medict'na. In this ^d()l)(; there is, as in Canerio, a continental land stretching from about 12' to 60" north latitude, corresijonding with the continent of North America, and bearing two inscri|)tions, viz. : " Term CliIju " and " Parias." The southern continent assumes a sort of pyramidal form, .uid bears the following inscriptions: Ami;kic.\, and "Terra Noua IiUK^nta est Anno 1497." Those configurations, the peculiar date of 1497, and the fact that the only two Euroi)ean cities inscribed an; Ingolstadt and .St. James of Compostella (" S. lacobus"), all of which peculiarities, save one, are also noticeable in the cordiform map of Apianus (1520), render it cer- tain thit the ]~)resent globe is either the work of the celebrateil Ingolstadt geograiiher, or that it i)roceeds from the prototype whence he has borrowed those data. As to the date of 1.I.97, the probability is that it appeared for the first time in the present gores. It was, doubtless, derived from the accounts of the first xoyage of Americus Vespuccius. He that as it may, the date of 1497 has prevailed for a long time, even where we least expect to find it, as, fur instance, in an engraved map be.iring the name of a Spanish rf)yal cosmographer of note 'Ji~ " .Vincriciv, -ivo ([uarL-e orbis p.irtis, nova et cxrictissima descriptio. .\urt. Diogo Gvticro Philippi regis llisp Cosmograiiho. Hicro. Cock excudii'. 1562."™ We read thereon the following inscription : " Qu.irta hec orbis pars geographis oinnibm us(iuc in annum 1497 incognit.i pcrniansit, iiuo tcnii)ore iussu Regis Castelke ab .Vmerico Vcspucio inuenla est, a (juo tanquam ab inuen- tore eliani noinen [.iccci)it ?]." ''■" We now jjossess three specimens of those gores, issued from the same plate; one (ex-Hauslab) in the collection of Prince Liechtenstein at \'ienna, a second in that of Dr. Nordenskiold, who has facsimiled it, 335 and the third, lately discovered, in the Geographical Department of the Paris Na- tional Library. ^^ Jean d Siliwtiin Cuhol, pp. 231-236. ""3 Aulrrrj:i.f /••/./, Stnckhiilni, 1SS4, Svo. 3 O ik¥\\ , i 1,1 » 1^ 'I i.'f^^T ' ,i' I * , i^ . 1 1 I :, /, 1 ■ i ; fj 1 ' ill 49S 'rill'; Discovi-KV OK N'VTii Amkkica, 1519. No. 1 16. Tin: Ri:i\ri.s. CiIobL' aiul maps for llu- voyage of Magfllaii, coiniinntHd \>y Rt-iiul junior, ami complctctl l)y Kciiicl senior, at Scviik', Ijfforc July 1 S, 1519. Till' trajcct from Spain to America was tracetl ;is follows : " A rrota ([uc sc cli/. (luc lian do Icvar he " ( Tlic route is ilircct from Sanlucar) to Cape dir'" ao cabo fryo ficando llie o br.i/y a I-'rio, leaving Hra/.ii on the ri^ht until the line of in.lo dir'" ate jjasar a hiiha da (larticAo c demarcation has been passed ; and thence, to daiy navegar ao eloeste e hies noroeste navigate west and west northwest str.iight to dir"^' a inahico a ([iiall terra de niakico Maliico. That country of Maluco I have seen Kii vy asentada na poma e carta (jue la depicted tin tlie gh)be and map wiiich were con- fez o f' de Keynell a ([uall nO era acabada structed here by the aon of Rt'incl, and were not (luando caa sen pay veo por ell, e seu pay t:umpleted when his father came here to finish acal)ou tudo e pos estas terras de maluco e it, and tliis was done entirely by the Litter, who ]). cste padram sc fazcm todallas as (piaees inscribed thereon the Maluco country. Ity that faz di" Ribeiro e faz as agulhas ([uadrantes model Diego Ribeiro makes all his compasses, e esi)eras, porcm no vay narmada ncm (jr. cpiadraius, and globes, but lie docs not go in the niais (i[ue] ganhar de comeer ]i. seu cngcnho. licet, for his only wish is to gain [enough] to eat Desd cste cabo frio ate as Ilhas de maluco by his skill, h'roin Cajic Frio to the Maluco ]i. esta navegacam no ha nchuas irras asenta- islands, thrcjughout their route, no lands arc das nas cartas ipie lcv;1." markeil on the maps they carry with ihiin." "" it is (Hiitc curious to notice' that llie maps (j.xhibited no ileliiieation south (){ Cape I'rio, which Riliciro locates by 22' south laliliule. Thc! coast below was wt'Il known in 1519, at least for thirteen degrees further, through the e.xpeilition of Solis to La Plata; and if we consider its peculiar form and tlangerous apjiroaches, we are at a loss to innlerstand why it was omittetl from those maps. Is it that Magellan wanted his jiilots t(,) look to him alone when advancing south of the Hra/.ilian elbow? X( I I ' (i.\K(iA hi; r()Ki;No. If/'' hi , ^.4^i. f \A Xui'io (iarcia de Toreno constructed ina|)s at least since \^^2, but we only possess one specimen of his skill as a cartogra[)her {/fi/rd, stth (iiiiio 1522, Xo. 143). The present are the charts which he executed for Magellan's \'oyage by order o( the goNi'rmncMit : '* I.i'iil SiAMl-.v or Aj.hkri.k.v, Tin jirst ini/niji w-\\ uf .\i\\i;K/' IclU'i-. .Sec- ;ilvi Ciii-i'i ..•■rii'i in iiivi'iiil Iht W'oilil hy MdiiilidK ; l.ond.Jii, ll.ikliiyt Sf ci/la I'ortuu'il jmr S, l,i,.^ii.!„ .l/.-.,,-. -. ,■' .■""ciL'.y, 1S74, .\piii.niliN X., for the iTiyiiKil 1'. 1111114111^' N'.wakkkik, Vol. I\'., p. 155. tion lH;r, its ;uul us low l)Ul sii/> tor Cakuh.kai'Iiia Amkiui ana Vktustissima. 409 " ti35 innr.tvcdis (jiie se dicron a Nufto "1125 rnnrivcdis whii'h wtio nivcn 10 Nufio (Jarcia i>ara comprnr pergaininos i)ara hacer (larcia to punhase parrhmenl to make the las cartas voo por una docena do pities do maps, viz.: 900 fur a dozen skins which were perKainin.) ipic se dieron al dicho ; 864 niara. delivered to him ; 864 maravedis for another vcdis ((ue costaron otra docena de pieles ijue do/.en skins which were also liamled to the sc dieron al dicho Nufio (Jarcia: 131 125 mara. same; i.Vi^S maravedis for seven nriutii:al vedis (lor siete cartas de m.iiear cpie hi^n por charts which ho iiiado by order of Ruy Kalero, la orden de Kiiy Falero a cinco diu:;ul<)s ; al ilie r.ite of live diirats ; 1 1,250 maravedis 11,250 maravedis i|ue se pagaron A Nui\n whiih were paid to Nui^o (.larcia for eleven (larcia de once lartas de marear (|iie hi/o sailing; charts which he made hy order of Ker- por la I'lrden de {•ernando de Manallancs • naiulu de Magellan; 13,500 maravedis for six 13,50,^ maravedis por otras seis cartas de other sailing charts which were ordered by inarear iiue hizo hacer Kiiy Kalero, con una Riiy l''doro, together with one which was sent cpie envio a S. A." to His Highness.'""' Tlicst- twciity-tivc iii;ii)s imisl h.ivt: contained ;i configLiratioii of lir.i/il, ;is Maojcllaii iiilcMiilt'iI l(j cf'ft;ct a laiKliiig in thai fegioii : " V lialilando yo con cl Magallanes, diciendole (pie caniino pensaha llevar, respondiiiine rpie bahia de ir .1 toniar el cabo de Sancta Maria, que nombramos el Rio de la Plata, y de allj segnir por It costa arriba "": — And, conversing with Magellan, I asked him what route ho inteniled to take. He replied that he would touch the ("ape Santa Maria, wliu li we call the Rio de la I'l.ila, and thence range the coast above [.ivV].''*"' Sclj.istian Alvarez says that llic laiult'all was to be Ca[)(j l'"rio ; but, jtidj^iiig tVom the latitiuU- j^iven by Kiiciso to that ptjiiit (33 ;,o), tlic ditferrnee iiuist not then h.i\f; been deemed important. 1 liose maps were distribiit -d among the pilots of the c.Kpetlitioii, and I'lgafV-tta relates that M.igellan, vhe:! ln" i-ainc out of the newly-di.scovered strait, asked tiiein how they pricked their charts: "(Ji(') ben sapeva il nostio Capitano generale, e percio, (juando ci trovainmo vellegiando in mezzo al mare, egli doinando a tutti 1 piloti, ai quali gia indicato aveva il punto a cui doveano tciidere, per qml cammino punt.isscro nolle loro Carte, respo.';ser tutii, die pnntavano falso, e cho conveiiia ajutare I'ago calaiiiitato : -When we were in the open sea, the Captain General indicated to all the pilots the p;)ints whore the) had to steer, ;ind asked thcni what route they iiointed on their maps." "'" No. I iS. l\iiii:iiio's JMi^sT Mai'.'^. .Maps made Ijy IJiego Ribeiro in 15 19 at .'•;e\ill.', from the model chart constructed by the two Reinels, fathc'r and son : "'J. T. Mi-l'l NA, Cii'irdnii tlr iiiifiini' ii/'\i iiir.dltos ""There is ilii\i|)|Ics>; it liipsu-^, vi/.: " arrl'm " f"i' parn In, Hhluriii tlf dhih, S.inti.vpi tie (.'liilu', Svm, Vul. ".ili.iji'," .is his course wa?. southward. I., |i. 13S. "" T<.'\1 i.f tho .\mhr.i.-i.»na, in .V.ior.Krii's /'/i/fi/lHa, "^ \.\> Casas, IliKloiin. lit Ian Imlin^, lil). iii., cnp. |>. -t". ,.;, passayc i^ not in ci., \'>'l. I\'.; p. ,'77. the I'.ui., MSS. ^'i '■ il I (1 *! i mI'Ii' I 11 il \'i\'»k ■ f -i iM '1 -J I f ■ il }' !l ,if h'lMU ii *«t * >■ i.il l.iNlir ;'l f 'd u SOO TliK DlSCUVKRV OK NoKTII AmKKK'A. " i'or chte [udron :.c h.icen todas las cartas que las hace Diego Kiveiro ; — l!y that model rh.irt arc made all llic majis cxecutLd by Diego Ribeiro""" Like Ciarci.i dr Torciio's thrsc were intended tor Magellan's V(iycig'e round the World, and must likewise have contair.ed the configurations of 15ra/.il, since " Cal)o Frio " was indicaieil as the proposed landfall in the New W'orld : " La derrota ([ue diz llevan, es de San Lucar derecho a C.^iho I'Vio ; " .■)-^" that is, the " Hav.i de Cabo Frio," now Kio de Janeiro.J-l.? not discovt-red therefore by Akigellan. as is generally said. Auvl, in fact, it was there that he actually l,ind(;d, December 13, 1519; but he descried land for the (irsl time, more to thi- north, "idtura 19 grados 59 minutos," on the 8th of that month. 344 No. 119. Flca'KKoUA's PoKTO Rkc). It is a map of Porto Rico, 260 b\" 160 mm., sent by Rodrigo de Figueroa to Charles V., Se])tember 12, 1519, when the qtieslion v as to transfer the city of Porto Rico to a place nearer the port : " Knibio a V, M. el debujo del asieiito con la inforniarion i ruego pioveo presto."'*' The map tle])ict at the north, a sm ill island bearing the inscription : " Isleta p.ira el pueblo, ibii en I'lla ima legu.i fuerte ; " and to the east, a peninsula, on which is inscribed : " Otra isieta cs mayor (jue la otra." It was accompanied by a letter containing a description : " Carta al Rey. con fccha en la ciudad de Sto. Domingo ,4 12 tie setiembre de 1519, haciendo una descripcion d('l asiento de la ciudad de San Ju;'.n de Puerto- Rico, su isleta y putTto. " 34i- .S Imnliaii Aharc^ ^u/mltir: July iS, 1519; Nav\h- ; KIT.. V(pI. !\'., ili'C. .\v., ]i. 155, an,1 xvpni, p. .^99. «' Ihidrm. ■"M'.ilk-il however liy .M/\ia:Ll..\N '• H;iliia cle S;\nt,T I.iici.T," i; lieini; itic frasl day 011 whicli he cnli-itil llic l)ay, accoi.liii^; to l"r.im'isci) .\i.iio .ami .\ni. l'!(;.\i r.. 1 \. "' 1^1^ l)unk of l-'r,uicisco .\i.lio ; Navakuk.jk, \'(i1. IV., p. 210. .Xl.liO aiUl.i: "V csle ilia [Jucves S ili-l I'.K's (k' Ii cionihrv] vinuis li..rra jilay-is lllana'^, y fuc il • ii.i .le la (.'iinreiiciiitl N. S.," op. ii'. Ma.M.mii.ia.ms TKANSYi.vANUh {DiMolivci-i I nxuh.^.f'itktnv.v, md. xxin. 410, 't'cto uf A 4) pLiccs the lamllall at Cape St. .Niary : " .ac intra certos dies feliei naviij^.iiione pixmimUDriniim ilclcxere, cui .'.aiicta' Mari.t iioiiu'ii indituni est," wliieli .Mai;kli,an . MuiViz Oilleciinn, \'i)l. i.XX\I.,f'i53. ■'•'■ NAVARKKri;, Uihliolcra .\fantiiim, Vul. II., p. J40, "" Kx monaiilrrio lii'iuili'l. ui rico Milli n. Coilcx ii'iiiin-ir. IJ.'i. ( 'fif/i'-. .■< inniimeripli Hihlicthi'H II: iji-i .l/y/m'i.)(M'.», \'(il, \"M., Nil. 1004, p. 27t. > I ll I '1 Cai^tocrai'Iiia A.mkrk ana Vetustissima. 501 al i^iry vlucli \,>1. J4"- " ^^!sconte de Maiollo civis Jamie composuy banc cartani in Jinua de nnno IVmiini 1 5 1 9 : — Vfscoiite do Mniollo [or Maggiolo], a citizen of Genoa, composed this map in llenoa, in the year of our Lord 1519.' This in;ii) shows only the Atlantic coast -A thf Xf;w Worltl, rrf)in Monikiras li) Uruguay; and it is very much to be regretted that the' pre- sent .itlas clf)es not contain other maps relating to the New World. 1 he portolani of \\;sconte de Maggiolo, particularly those of 1511, 1510, aiul 1527, show that lu: was a \ery conscientious cartographer, who look pains to procure the most recent and rc;lial)le geographical data. The words: pescarics (fishing stations), tci-ra plana (low lands), playia (beach), salhias (salt pits), terra hassa ''lf)w land), terra anegada (overflowed l.uid), a hadia (,i bay), arccifes (shoals or rocks), i\:c., repeated in the same regions, are also proofs that he used several regular charts, made by navigators who actually exi)lored the coasts. For the period between the Peter Mart\r map ( 1 5 i 1 ), and the Turin chart ( 1 7/7,7? 1523), Maggiolo's atlas of 1519 is invaluable, as it fills a gap in the Hydrography of the .\ew Worltl, v.hich cannot be replaced, thus far, by any other cartogra|)hical document. This map contains the most extensive nomeiiclature yet exhibited for the north and east coasts of South America. We notice in that rich list, i)ariial!y iranslatetl from a Portugue.se chart, >vhich for the Pni ilian region was akin to Kunstmann No. 2. the I'ollouing names : Las bastias"" Tera de Xagoito Bai da Vagoa'"" Rio de cama Par de (juimedio C. de Sto doniinico S. toniiis La cosera bruxada*" P. de Vgeo Ivio de aldea"'' Caho de ygeo Aldea de tiiachin Sete arnia''^ S. N'icenty C. Priste Rio sercado Aldea cemada "^ P. de tuty li Santy Rio dc la barca Rio verde C branco Rio de nauida Costa de pariciiria Terr, de fumos'"* A baia de palses C. de palme C. de nigri P. de funios Cauo corso C. de plazer Terra callida Rio de S. doniinir. C. de Spisell Rio de i>iedre"''"' Rio pliniero "^ C. bianco Uio de negros I'his map has been facsimiled by Kunstmann, jilate v. (;. de San Antonio Rio de cassia Rio reale Rio da vedna''' liassidabnlogio Rio dc raceo .■\lde.i de icorgi '"" \ baia dc voltl Rio de dragos Rio de stremo Rio de volta Ci. de patos '♦* " L.is Iwstias ; ' The I'lilisstidcs. «» f'eiliaps ihc " lioacoya ' of C.lM Rio, '*■ " L.1 oisla liiozada :" The liranihly coasl. "■ " Kio lie nldca ;" The river of Ihe \ illni;o. '5' " .Seie aini:is :" The seven arni^. -'" " AKIe.i qiieiii.Tli •" The village ilesliii)eil I'y lire. '-^ "Tieti.i tie funio.i:'' T'le Iniid iifwiiid.-,. '•"5 " Km lie pieilras ;'' The iiiel<.y river. •*5-' " Kio ptiuicro :" The priiici|ial rivei. *5' " Kio >la V. ilriia:" Tlic Ini.shy rivei. .Sunie maps have " ila veduva :" of itie willow. '• " .\lde.i de Jorge :" ( !eoi|;e', viBaj^e. .1' ^il »:, II '\^i ■S\' 1 if'l •,■'' i % 1 11 ii ^ I ;' I I n li I i'. ill I, f, I ' : ^;'; =); if ffl ^1' 502 TiiK Discovery ok North America. No. I :! I \Vo! IFMIUTTKI, M.\l' A. This map cuini irises dhIv thf West iiulifs and Central America. Our couiuer-drawini^, unfortunately, is almost liniited to " Cvba," 70 mm. in length, with the shape given in Spanish maps ni" the Turin kind. North of that island, but altogether in the insular form with a north coast, there is '■ I'lorida. It is the latter [leouliarity which leads us to .ascribe the datt' of ciira I'lg to tl\at ma|), which doubtless deserves to be studied thoroughly. it is preserved, in the Wolfenbiittel (irand-Ducal Library. No. \2:. EnCI.^o's Pt.AMSriiFRK. Map which was ortlered by M.u'tin I-'ernandez de luiciso : "Hize lia/cr vna tigur.i en piano en que puso todas las tieinis y prouincias del vniverso de que fasta oy ha auido noticia por escriuiras autenticas: — I caused to he luailc a plane chart on which were inscribed all the lands and provinces of the Universe of vhich we have any notice to this liay through authentii documents.'' *'" Knci.so pro|)osed to present that ma|)panuiadi, together with his Suiiia de Gcograjiii, to Charles V. No. 123. FuAXi. i.st'o in-: Gakav's. The original, which is pr(>served at Seville, 36° measures 4,50 by 220 mm., and bears neiiher title nor name of maker, or indication regarding it-i origin. Muno.^ mule a copy 3^' of it. on the verso of which he wrote: "G.iiay . 1519 . Traija de la costa de tierra firme, i de las tierras nuevas: — Garay . 1519 . Tracing of the coiKinental coast, and of the new countries. ' Op the folio preceding his copy of the niaij, the .Spanish .savant gives the agreement entered into between the King of Spain aiul Francisco Av. G.u'.iy in 1521 ; but his text is less \erbal and less comjjlete than the one which Nav.irrete has published. ■>'^'- Munoz, however, adds to his transcript a note of importance, viz. : " Original descripcion i pobla(.iones, 7, juntaiiiente con la figura o mapa que acompafta. Hizose este despacho, i la tlrinaron l.)s (Jovernadorcs de Esp.ina en ausencia del eniperador mas quedaron por Henai algunos blancos. f.a firma del Cardenal que despues creado Papa lue Adri.itio \'\. es asi : — Original descrii)tion and settlements, 7, together with the delineation •'■Enlim>, Siima ih. (ieo^/m/ia, Sovill;i, 1519, f^il., *" Muiloz transcripts, Vol. L.XWI. f" .346. iledicati;. vor^o ijf ay. "- N^\^■AKRr^E, Co/eci-ivii ili' fin.fs, \i.l. III., iloc. '• .Xrchivo^ of iho Imlic-, i'.nnm.xio I, t, ,|, \\\., |i|i. 14715.V CARTOGRArillA AmKKICANA VkTUSTISSI.MA. 503 9 ■ )ana. udor •llMIl il,.C. or map which accompanied it. This despatch was drawn and signed by the Regents of Spain in the absence of the Emperor, but they left certain blanks to be filled. The signature of the Cardinal, who afterwards was Pope Adrian VL, is as follows.'"*'"' This map is borck:red at the north by Florida, on which is inscribed : " La Florida que decian Himini ([ue descubrio Joan Ponce." Thence the coast runs westward, to a point where we read : " Hasta aqiii descubrio Joan Ponce;" then to another, l^earing the inscription: " Destle aqiii co- men^o de descubrir I'rancisco dc Garay." and to tlie mouth of a wide river named " Rio del Spiritu Santo, ' evidently one' of the mouths of the Mississipi)i. P'rom the latter the coast assumes the shape of a semi-circle, extending to a large projecting peninsula which can only be Yucatan, al- though nameless and absolutely connected with the mainland. This is ;ui extremely remarkable configuration in a Spanish ma|j of the year 1519, considering that the Weimar charts (1527 and 1529) still represent ^'ucat>ul as an island. The coast then continues westward as far as Darien. The new names are important, viz. : La Florida Tamahox provincia C. p". de las higucras Rio del Spiritu Santo Vera Cruz Sevilla Rio Sta. Anna Almeria Nombre de Dios 1-"1 Darien There is also a legend which must be noted, as it marks the limits of the discoveries accom|)lished in those regions, viz. : "Hasta aiiui descubryo francisco de Garay hazia el ueste y diego Vela/.iiuez hazia cl cste hasta el cabo de las higueras que descubrycron los pyn>;ones y se les ha dado la poblacion : — .\s far as this, westward, Francisco de Ciaray did discover; and Diego Velaziiuez did discover, eastward, as far as the Cape de las higueras [of figsj, which was discovered by the rin,;ons. And the privilege to settle the country was granted to them." The map inserted by Xavarrete3'''4 is a reproduction oi Munoz's copy. See supra, [). 169. X o. I 24. '•".SI'IXOSa's PkAKI.S Isi.ANMlS. Map which (lasjiar tie P's[)inosa caused to be made- of the Archi- in the westtM'n coast P mam. I. pelage of Pearls, and of (.)ther islaiuls o '• K penso que con haoor pintar el lit^em^iado Caspar de l'',spinosa [cpiiso dc<^ir quel las avias de.scubierto] una carta ;i su sabor c intitularlas islas de Sand i'ablo :— .VikI the liciiuiato C.asi>.ir de F.spinosa imagined to have a map ..lade according to his liking, and to c.jil 'Hfj islands, St. I'eter's islands."*"' ■' ' It is rnllciwcil I'V n fac>iniilL' of llic .-i[;iKmin.' of ilio "'M JVIKUO, lli^loi-in d^miiil ih /n- Iniliu-: lili. Iiilsiic \\'\K, .-VnKiAN \'I. NwiN., i-n|>. ii., \'. 1. I\'., ji. S. Sue ;>1-. .\Ni.::;r,R.\, • •• N,\\ .'.KKl.i !■:, Iihi sniu-tl. DfcMil. III., i\>p. \., I'-Oo. \A . , ,, 3-, . !■ )\\ i ! •...: 504 Till-: DiscovKuv ok Nor ii Amkkica. This map was inteiulcd to give Rspinosa the merit of the discovery, uliicli. in reality, belonged to Gon9alo dv. Badajoz. N O. I Ai.LKCKD Da \'in(I Map, It consists of a set of eight gores of small dimensions, intended for a globe. They were found in a collection of papers in the handwriting of Leonardo da X'inci, preserved in the Royal Collections at Windsor (N'os. 2;,::'' and 233'). .Mr. R. M. Major first called the attention 3'''''' to that maiipanuindi, of which he gave a facsimile, in a memoir written to prove that it had been designed by the great artist himself. The late Mar(]uis Girolanio d'Adda has shown jCv that such was not the case. Ur. W'ieser's work on Magt^llan 3<>t< exhibits its configurations of the New World as they would appear on a plane. North America is represented only by two distant islands, cal'ed resjiectively, " Terra IHorida " anil " iiacalar." The Southern continent assvmies also the insular form, but it extends chielly from c;ast to west. The northern coast does not s])read eastward further th.ui Veragua ; but westerly, it runs along the entire Brazilian region. The northern shores of South America, were borrowed from a Spanish prototype akin to the on(' used, for the; region (extending from the Cnilf (jf Uraba to the great elbow. DV the Turin map, as is shown by the following names : PRESENT GORES : Cilita Ciribiceni Arcfcp S, M.nrta 'I'an.ib.icoa I'l,iia TURIN MAP : La Cul.ata Chiribichi V^ de Arecife Tabacora for the first S. Marta I^a Praya time since the " C. S. lorgio." C. de S. On the south-east coast, we notice Cantino chart, and in the same place as in the latter. West of the Ciulf of Uralia, there are two new names, viz.: Gio\-;uini " and " Mastilca." l-"lorida representetl as an island and nameil " Terra Florida," together with a nomenclature which recalls the ckisignations of the Turin and other SjKuiish maps, lead us to su[i[iose that the i)resent is of a later date than ■''- K. Ii. M-U'""^ i" '1"-' Arrh'iuliiiji'ir, Loiiilcm, Vul. hi:n)mrilii liJIirattj t ■"•!' ivJato,m Smjijhi till, dju n ili XI,., iS.Sfi. I.eoimi-ilo (la Viiiri, Milan, 1S72, Svn, p. 12. " |i'.\li|i\, l.iniiimhi iIh Viiiii i- /a Cotnioi/ran'ri,, in ''"" Wiksf.u, .lM'/aM(!f.v-.sVras.'' tli Ulilll.lll i 1520. No. 126. Pktrl's Ai'[a\l:s'. It is a cordiform mappamundi, roughly engraved on wood, 420 by 290 mm., and bearing the following title : "Tipys orbis viiiversalis ivxta I'tolomei cosmDgr.nphi traditionein et .Xnicrici Ve.spvcii aliorvmquo Ivstratioiics a Petro .'Vpiano Lcysnico clvcvbrat[vs] .\n. Do. M.DXX.'' This map was first published with the edition of Solinus' Polyhistor given at Vienna by Gamers in 1520, jf^'J and then inserted in the Pom- ponius Mela printed at Basle in 1522.370 When those works are found bountl together in a binding of that period, the map is usually inserted between the two. In the border of the ma[), on the left of the reader, there is the: monogram of Luc Alantse, of Vienna, at whose e.xpensc the map was doubtless engraved ; and, in the corresponding corner, that of Lorenz l-'riess, of Golmar. Apianus has borrowed his geographical elements fnjni a Lusitano- Germanic map of our fourth type, and which was the same model used for the N(M\lenskiold gores. Gonsequently, the north-western continental land is akin to the same region in the Ganerio chart, the pr(Jtoty[)e, or a near derivative of which Apianus has certiiinly consulted, ;is can be .seen from the two .Spanish fiags placed at both ends of that land. The in- scription " r.irias," inscribed thereon, as in the early globes of Schoner, must j)roceed from a Ganerio modific;d, which was probably the source of the geognipliical information for the Xew World used, at first, by the Nuremberg cartograi)her. The map of .Apianus also contains the legend about Guaiacum wood,-'"' and the one which states that the (.liscovery of the. southern continent was '■" IJihli't/ln'ii Aiii'.rl'nii't ]'' i'fli'«iiiui, 'So. loS. On ihe ccuUiary, lio oxchidcs it, .is m.-y he sclmi from tlii; '"' /lii'i'iii, Xii. 112. K'yenil in his ylnli.- o\ 1520: ''ilcc t;it;nit Amiiiii, Mas- '■' It i* n mistake t'l st.ile th.\t llie inscii|>tic'n alinul licom, .Mnen, rDrL'tllanain el Cau/eiluiii el Ziii/ilieni," mi.ii.icuiii i- !■■ he fiMiivl " ill M'liie 111' Sru.iNi.K's i;li4ie>. " ineiiliniiir.i; ii" other siih^taiice. .> 1' I i I 5, a-^ J % n 1 » I'f ( ! ' 'm 1, ■ ^ ■ 1 Hi M ' 1 i. ■■ i' ■! I 3! 'I 'tl 506 TiiK Discovi'.KV 01" North Amkrica. accomplished in 1497 ; but it is worthy of iiotici; that immediately under the date of 1497 A[)ianus inscribes: "Ilaec terra cum adiacenlibus insulis inuenta est per Columbum lanuensem (;.\ mandato regis Caslella: ;" thus blending his Vespuccian data with those derived from Columbus. As to the inscription: "America prouiiicia," it is not found anywheri: else. The m.ip was apparently designed at I-an(lshut.372 Apianus continued to con- struct maps, and he seems to have had a preference for the ellii)soidal form. Thert; must have been a number of such mai^pamundi which came out of his laboratory ; but we know only of the following : 1. A/i/r 1527, to accompany llio Dcdaratw ct Usus Typi Cosmvi^raphid. (Lost). 2. 1522, Small platiisphere inserted in the work just mentioned. 3. 1524, Two diminutive maps in the Cosmographicus liber. 4. Circa 1524, Described in the hagogi. (Lost.) 5. 1530, Ingolstadt. From his own private jiress. 6. 1530, .Xntweri). Printed by I'cter de \'ales de (aildenhant. 7. .V MS. mappamuiidi made for Charles V., formerly preserved in the Escurial. (Lost.)""^ The pri\-ilege of the .Islronoiiiiniin Cti;si lilii'\ whicli is ilio carlicsl l.i.vv '"'■. 'I'l' p'.ircliri.-er l-iunil iii'^erU'l in llic liimlini;, W'irk iif Al'iAM's we kmiw, was primeil M L.iiiilsluii in wliicli w.is of the lime r row Jahri- t.',:!!; it is an extract fn.ni tho .hth- ^''-' Chi ■iiijirii. p. 392. Sec also his Dcr Knl-nlohuH ,■• ^h, ,:,lit '!■ r /••hiii.-u /i' ii Ai<^lnll:ii in Xiinilm-,/ fiii- 'Us Mn>ii:L 11'1,'iiiii i-oni Ja}iix HUJ uiidU(.riltiJ V U ,* J I i ||i -ll!i f '■•fii ' i f '^ fi mil ij. :|| "i fff," i s I'i M ,iii |! I ^ IJi It ' -I" ' it :7^ ;o8 The Discovkkv of North Amkkica. Nove." They belong to the Ptolemy published at Strasburg in 1520 by Johannes Schott,377 and wen; printed from the same blocks as those of the Ptolemy which came out of the pn^ss of Aeszler and I'ebelin in 1513. \o. 129. M.\r lOK Prkstkr John. Mappamundi sent Iiy the King of Portugal to Prester John : " Stando noi ncl liiogo di Dara, iicll' anno del i5:;4 . il rrcte nt niando il Xa;iauiondo [i/i-], the gia (juattro anni gli haucuanio poilato niandatogli da Hicgo Lopes di Sccliicia," '"' N( KlNSTMANN No. 4. Anonymous Portuguese chart. Il shows configurations of th(^ Isthmus of Panama on the Pacific siile, which can have been known only after news was received in F.urope of the expedition of \'asco Nunez de lialboa. But the .Strait of Magellan is not marked. We notice the followinL names: C. nicsquito R. domco [do me.xo }] IX VUC.VTAN : R. scgumdo (.iolfo anhufo C. de snni palg C. del golfo C. do nieo [do nicxo ?] ON THE ISIUMUS .\NI) COAST: R. pa[o]blado Punita bernieja R. deloport [del porto] Pumta d'as pedras C. misano Sam adriano C. de atla/. [?] C. del beros [?] C. nisu.lda (Nicuesa) C;. de nioxi [iuucho>?] arbo- ledas Las po[c]rlas R. salado Sam .Meixo [Ilha de] C. del peligro C. forano [?] Todos samtos C. de raxines ("r. d epimcg [?] V. fueite de bam [.'] Puerto dag[oad]a We know of no other ni.ip (with the exce[)tion of the Havre Catalan atlas, which is of a much later dale than the present,) where the name of " Caxinas," given by Columbus to what is now called the Ca[)e of Honduras, has been preser\'ed. This circumstance, together with the above long and [peculiar list of names of Spanish origin, lead us ti.) think that portions of the present are a remnant of an e.xtremely old nonnm- clature, tUn'ived [)erha|)s from Columbus' own chart ; but alter it hail passeil throutih various Portutruese mans. 379 '-■■ llihtlollwa Aniiri' ann ]'i Lt.- Mats. We clip from one of the Libri catalogues j'-^' the following item: "Two very er.ily and curious maps of the Terrestrial Cilobe, wliich must have !icen made prior to the Discovery of Peru, as the site of that country is therein called ' T./ni //iiv^i^ni/ii.' The engraver or Cosmographer has inscribed his own name, ' GiOiVK dc Bo da Vcihda^ at the top of North .\nierica. ■'These maps were certainly printed bel'ore -Magellan's celebrated circumnavigation, or the Cortes and I'izarro Conquests. .A few points only are pointed out on the .Vmerican soil. Spagnola is marked as an inland, but Isabella is in 'terra firma.' In tlie middle of the Pacific sea there is the celebrated /ipagni isola of Marco Polo." I'or another X'ciietian engraved ina|) of that time, see infra Xo. \-~, sub (iiino 1527. which cannot be the ])rt;s(nu inapj six sheets, whilst this is printed on two only, lamundi as 11 was m Xo. 133. CORTKS' GUI.F OF MkXU'O. This map is sa.id to have been sent by I'^ernand Cortes to Charles \'. together with his second letter dated X'iila Segiira de la b'rontera. October ■'" Navakki;; !"., Exannu lii''''ri.o-'-i-!li<-o (h lo^ n'ai/es nin|>> " nf iho wliole cnipiii', ui'li .1 iiiiume >|iL'c'ilu',^;ion aiidiri/o-i, in ilic Coh.'-icn ilt do'^niiitutoi iur.iiitos ilt of the inipoMs .".ssos.io! I'li every part of it." — PitKscorr, K-ipafia, Vol. I\'., 1'. 24. T'.icre i-. .i refi.Tcnce tdsoino- H'!<(orij of the Conqnt-il of .Vn'/.n, Vol. I., pp, 40, 41, thing iif the soil in CoiniS" lelicr tn Ch.irlej V., of an?! yfajni th 'rrlhuton, in L"kf,n>:an'a, Ac. \c. Oclolier 15, 1524. W'e kri'.w that the Mexicans hp.d '"'' I.il li ;;\!e of .\r.gust, 1S50. |i. 206, No. 1351. ■i '! V I . ' ri i .■ H ( i. i;i|* ; ,.•:.!: •> i . il m~ ^ f [M 51 ' * i 'li 1' Ji • ft I * vl^ t! J 'i»-,.ii' i \y. 5'■ l!ililit''ht'-n Am':ri'ntia Vtlii'\.I w >-i(tn llililioiirnphi r, Ivnilon, ciialco," in Coiii iS' Ciirta ijiiin'd. 1S54, p. S7, f T a facMniilL'. '"" Wf must (I.)ulilli.--i i\'nil " dc dos hocas," the river •'■i " Cola" is a Mexican radical. " Laotom " in Turin with two entrances, and not " boscas " as in tlic Turin u;c.\^ : " I.oatom " in Wiiniar, 1527. map, wliich conveys no meaning;. °' " La ciuil.ad dc Ccmpoal, tp'.c yo inliadv ."^eviil.i.'' '*" Sec the facsimile of that plan of Mexico, rcprodi\:ed .Sic the ."^''/nil-Ill '■nrlit if Coiso'.s. |i. 52. in the aliove ijuoleil A,iii fi'ri,: /l!f>/ioi/yaiih:.i\ ' Cartouhai'iiia A.mkuicana Vktustissima. :i I went with tlu: inappamuiuli of i5:;o, and that it was r(j|)riiU(.;(l lor a new issue ul" tile same inappaimiiuli, puhlisliecl at llie same liiiu; as ihi; I'ov.i- poniiis Mclii of X'ailiaiuis, wliicli came out of the press in 1522, .iiid where it is so often found ins(.'rled ? This im[)lies that the map of 1520 was not niaile expressly for the Solinns, or even fur the Ponipouitts Mc/a, but solii se[)arately ; as we are inclined to believe. 1521. Xo. 136. OUONTU'S ImN.I US. .Simple cordilorni mapp.unundi made for j-'rancis 1. by (Jrijntius I'inaais, according to the epistle to the reader in the single h(;art-shaped mappa- mundi, described in/ni sub aiuio 1536, which contains the following sentence: " DcciiDvs (ivintvs (■ir(it<'r n^itiir annus, i[ui) vnivcrsam Orhis torrarum dcsi^nalionuiu in hanc Imniani cordis cffigicni priniuni rcdcginius ; Idiiiiu in gratiani Cliiistianissiini ac iiutcn- tissimi I'Vancisci Francoruni Kcgis, Mcc;v;naUs noslri (■icuKjnti.ssimi : — About fifteen years have tla[)sed since I designed for llic fii?,t time tliis nia[)i)auiundi in the form of a human heait. I made it for the ixing of I'"rance, Frani:is I." And, as the pn>])al)ilit)- is that the engrav('d edition was published in 1536, its model must have been constructed in 1521. Thai date is not impossible, for I'inaais was then twenty-seven years oUl, and had already published two important mathematical W(jrks. The objections may spring from other sources. l'in;eus gives us to understand that whc;n he made the model map, I'rancis I. was his [)roieclor, and that he knew him per- sonally. Til the first point, it may be re[)lied that not very long, ap- parently, after 1521, I'"in;eus was imprisoned, and received such a seven- sentence that the University of Paris deemeil it n(jcessary to inlerfere, and appealed to the King's mother : "October 27, 1524; Incidit cjuiicstio de domino Orontio ad longa icinpiu-um ciirriiitla in- carceralo, ijuateniis Htter;e per artium facultatem ad regis Christianissimi matrem darentur pro ejus hbertate : — Mention is made of Orontius, who is incarcerated since a long time, and of the letter written by the Faculty of Arts praying that he be set at liberty having been remitted to the mother of the King."""" It may l)e alleg(xl in reply that the jtitlgment was renilered in the absence of I'"rancis I. in Italy, ;nid tluring the administration of Louise of Savoy, who was Oueen Regent since .\ugiisl, 1523. As to l'"in;eus ha.ving had personal dealings with the King so far Ijack as 1521, if we believe - ('. I:. r.lL.L; ., I'/i'Hriii iiiiir' rxilali* /'(i i i.\^- <> vJ- ^ v\ mi m 'Ml t i, 'liLi. 'Ml >• r 1l \\\ :\ '' ' ■it M [i I ' ■ vl ■ •1 * L I i \ t. M A 5' TnK Discovery ok North America. the legend iiiscriljcd on an old portrait of that mathematician, and which his most authorised biographer says "was very probably based upon family documents," it is an impossibility. The inscription states that it was Bon- nivet who introduced Finieus to Francis I., when about to invade Italy, and that the King entrusted him with the fortifications of Milan, neces- sarily in 1525.3S9 But what is the degree of authenticity of that picture, is a question which we are unable to answer. Whatever may have been the date of that first map of Finaius, it was not a novelty. The cordiform projection had already been emi)loyed by Sylvano of Eboli (151 1, supra. No. 84), and described scientifically by Johannes Werner..wo ^.\s Fineeus says that the single cordiform map of 1536 is a new edition of the present, we may judge of its general appearance. As to the American configurations, they were necessarily \ery different, and must have resembled those of the mappamundi of Apianus, or of th.it of Sylvano. Judging from the beautiful vellum manuscript and printed copies of the Ptolemy of 151 1 which belonged to the collections of Francis I.,39> and the presence of that edition in the inventories of Catherine de Medicis, as well as in libraries of the time of the Valois, the probability is that Finseus borrowed his geo- graphical data for the New World from the cordiform map of Sylvano. Finajus continued to construct cordiform ma[)|)amundi. We still possess the one published at the cost of Christian Wechel in 1531 (re- issued by the latter in 1541, after modifying the epistle to the reader, simply by inserting a new block in the old woodcut), and the single cortliform map, published sine an>io, but most probably in 1536. There was also one, which had not yet been engraved in 1551, as it is men- tioned four years before the death of Finaius in the catalogue added to the third edition of his commentaries on Euclid, among the works, "qua.' absoluta, sed nonduni audita sunt," with the following title : Xoua Orbis deif:ri[)tio rcccns adiunct.i geminis constans hemispha;rijs, ex fidclioribus ten. rum observationibus deprompta.""'- • Mr. .\. KocilAS in his vaimMe life nf KlN. ill's ( lii"'ira]thl< ilii Dnnjihiii,', ami IIhi.ikk's ^'ohci/A Bio'ii: fli'iu'ra/f ) mentions .an old porlmil of our goo- l>lacc in 1515, when I'lX.Ers (born in 1494) ".is only nineteen years old, and entirely unknown. f" Wf.knkr, f.ihfUui lie (jiia/iio)' lirrnnnii oi-hii in ^;r.T|ihcr, bearinj; a lei;end " redigee tres-prohahienient jilanrij!'i»ratiou\l}H->; Nuremberg, 1514, folio. ilapres des documents de famillc," which states that " I.'Aniiral de lionivet, gnuverneur dii Dauphine, le lit connoitre au roi Francois I''' qui IVniniena au Pienionl e! 11 : donna la charge de travailler aux fortifications ile M'l.ii;." This can refer only to lh>' second personal cn'.t.-.;ite of Kuancis I. in Iialy(i5;3l, as the fir^t took "' I'aris Nation.al Library, Latin MSS., 10764; \"an I'RAKT, CrUa/nijuf. ilex lii'ren mir Vi'lin, Vol. III., Xo. 4. "- That map, together with all the manuscripts cf KlNn's must have gone with his other works to the library of the old Sorbonnc. We have vainly sought for it ;:i llie inventories of tli^ Paris I'niversilv. \; qua; jribus i)nly Van Ito the l;ht for CaRTOGRAI'ICIA AmKUICANA VkTI'STIS'^IMA. No. 137. Chkltf.niiam Map. 5'3 Wt: find in the catalogue of Sir Thomas Phillips' collection of manu- scripts which is now being scattered, the following item : "Map of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, f. V. S. xvi. (after 1520), with some Arabic names on the African coast (in Spanish).''*" 1522. No. 13S. Smaij- Map ov AfiANrs. Diminutive map of Apianus, on the title jKige of the Decliiratio et Usus Typi Cosmographici, printed piia, .Yn. ■''•'''', 'xliUflintheia ^f. Crintii, Xn. -cV (CliclU-nh^un). Thnt m "iiist hnvc hcon piirch.i.'.oil privairly, .is it ilocs not tiymi: in tbc cnl.ilogiiu of the CVlolti s-ilf, prepareil liy I)E Hikk, I'aris, 18261S20. '"' Varmiacfn, I'oKt facf. aiix Iroin livrnimiii nitr Aiiifrlijo \''r/iHrri ; and Jo. Srhfiiier <■ P. Ajiiiiiiiii, p. 23, .-\nro in] niinorcm quam prius vnquani fuere formam redactas notificanius : — We declare that those maps were originally constructed by Martin Uacomylus [Waldsenuiller] now deceased, and that ihey have been reduced to a smaller scale than ever before." In the edition of 1513, this map measures 570 by 290 mm. Here it is only 450 by 230 mm., .md besides we notice important modificrtions. The nameless Newfoundland is suppressed ; the name America is ded, and the southern continent, instead of terminating vaguely as 1. the original map, e.xhibits a western coast which extends from 50 to 20° latitude, and imparts a p\ i-amidal form to the region. The same jjlate was u.sed ftjr the Ptolemies of 1525 and 1535, but after a band h.id been placed over the engraved border in the blocks.399 Perhaps some iletails concerning that map could be found among the thirty-six unpublished letters from I'irkheimer and Griininger written con- cerning the latter edition of Ptolemy, which are preserved in the Haller collection in the Nuremberg Library. This map has been facsimiled by .Nordenskiold, plate xxxix. liilj/i{j'lni•■ and 24,224. It fiinnc-rly hclunijoil In tliu lihrary of ///./iVii, llli. iii., c.np. ci., VdI. I V., iiayo J77. Francis I. ''' .Aftciwanls "Santo Vidio," now Monlc N'idco. *'•' " Wr/in," that is bra/il wood, or l!ra/il. ■" M A\. Tkassvi.vani'.s, D<: Molriri.i iiin'i!i.<, Coloiii.i-' ■"''1 " 1:1 c.alio do Sancta Maria, que nomhranios tl rio 1523, Ilmvc- 4 .mil 7. us nus icta; \nmx- CAKTOGKArillA AmI'.KICANA VkIUSTISSIMA. 5»7 The next voyage across the Strait was undertaken under the com- mand of Garcia Jofre de Loaysa, who sailed from Coruna, June 24. 1525, reaching the coast of Brazil, December 4, the Cape of the i 1000 Virgins. January 24, 1526, and coming out into the Pacific, May 26, following. The only names mentioned in the account of that expedition written by the priest Juan de Areizagaj-^"^ are: Bahia de la Victoria Puerto de San George The relation addressed to Charles V. by Hernando de la Torre, i^7 gives the following iidditional names : BRAZILIAN COAST : Monte de San Nicolas Baya del Salvador Rio de la Cananea Rio de San Sebastian Baya de los Mangaes Cabo del Descanso Puerto de la Sardina Angla de San Jorge Buen Puerto Bahia de los Bajos anegados l,as Barreras blancas Cabo Blanco Rio de Santa Cruz Rio de Santo Alifonso Rio de la Pera Isla de los Patos Rio de los Negros Las Arenas gordas Tierra de los Humos Bahia de los Virgines IN THE STRAIT. Puerto de S. Pedro y S. Pablo liahia Nevada P. do S. Juan de Portalatina Puerto de la Asen^-ion .\bra de San Cristoval I'uerto de Mayo Cabo Hermoso ** Puerto del Espiritu Santo Cabo de San Alifonso The Kelaciones of Andreas de Urdaneta>°9 contain no additional names, but give the date of the death of Garcia de Loaysa (July 30, 1526), and of Juan Sebastian del Cano (August 4, following). In the account oi the voyage of Simon de Alcazaba (Sept. 20, 1534 — Sept. 10, 1535), copied by Alonso Vehedor,4'o we find three new names, viz.: Rio Gallegos Cabo de Santo Domingo Puerto do Tenerccjues " Puerto de Leones," is a name which was given by Alcazaba, l-"i:b- ruary 9, 1535. Juan de Mori 4" adds a strange e.vplanation : " Un piicrto que Hainan recifc de Leones : — A port which was called The Reef of Lions." We notice ■'• Mori, besides : Cabo de .Vbreojo Punto de Lobos Rio de (''iuadalquivi[r .'] Baya Sin Kondo ■i^' Dotinitriito^ inrililnit tie /hi/iVi.v, Vul. I\'., |). 557. *°" N.wARKKrK, Vol. v., p. 241. ■•* Till' (Mivcrniii- llcrn.indo Dr. i.A Tokkk m.-ikcs of lliis CTpe lino ililtciciit fmm "Cal.o Dcscailn. " ■"'• 7)0''MHi(H/ii,« iiiiflilns ilf liiiliii'. \"ol. \'., |i|i. yij. *"' Aiiunrio HiilrO'jnlliro dr. i'liih , \'.>l. \'. \<. .| ;.|. *" Curia lit Jitait ih Mori, in K. li. Vi 1 .\K\, I.Ds Di.-'iuhnilori< ilel Halncho 'h Af'hjil/iin, I'.iii j, i>, 151. '/ 1 1 ; » i - ■ t.- ■ I 5''^ Till-: DiscnvKuv oy Noutii Ami-.kica. The n.'adfr will not fail to rrcognisc tin: iinportanci: of these nomen- clatures, taken from original accounts, as they enable us to decipher a number of illegible nami'S and legends which mar almost every map. Pi. Jvi I 1 4 m m, :!fl I.. I : Hi •lii M i ' V til M, S\\ No. 144. Garcia hi: Tokkno. Maj) of \uno Garcia de Torenf), biNiring the following title : " I'fiic fcchii en l.i nohlo vill.i dc N'.ill.idolid |)or nuno garcia de toreno piloto y m,iestro (Ic i;.nrtas de iiavet;;u de Sii inagest.nd Afio : ile . I.5.J.2." It is a magnificent planisphere on parchment, richly gilt, coloured, and ornamentetl with representatif)ns of cities and effigi<:s of Asiatic prince.s. The sea is tra\ers(d by vess(!ls bt:aring the- S|).mish tl,ig. Unfortunately, thc-re is only one-half of that map left, and it is the part describing Asia and a ))ortion of Africa. WIkmi yet entire, it must have had the dimen- sions of the Weimar m.ips. What is left measures 1360 by 770 mm. The; loss of the trans.itlantic six'tion is so much the more to be re- gretted as it doubtless exhibited the ccHifigurations of the New World, such as the Sevillan and official .Spanish cartogniphers conceived them before the evolution produced by the maps of .Sebastian del Cano. Our own impression is that it resi'mbled the Turin chart north of the equator. This map is preservetl in the King's Library in th.it city. No. 145. Giovanni Anuria \'avas>()ki;. It is an oval ])lanisphere in an ornamental bonier, with twelve heads of winds, roughly engraved on wood, coloured, measuring 520 by 370 mm., and containing in a cartouche this inscrijuion : "Opera di Ciiou.lni andrca N'auassure ditto Uadagnino." We have no other reason for adopting the date of circa 1522 than the handicraft ;uitl letti;rs, which were not engraved, but printed, and re- call the earliest tyjiographical productions known of that Venetian printer,4'- who has also published other ma[)s.4'.> Withal, it must not be forgotten "- l!\kis,ii, V..1. Mil., [,. 2^5. NAci.r.K, \ ul. XIX.. |>. 4.S2, iloiiliilc.is rtfcrs lo another X'ava-i^rirf. .Sci- also I'ANV.KK, "suji amiM 15J2, \'i:nc\. ," ICx'-' r/i/ii f,'olamc nia'i which, accuclinf; to Samakkm, ia founil in- M-rtL-il, tojjclhcr with a view of Vcnitv, also engraved liy \'a\ \^■^|>k^.. ill one ol the portcjlani nf the liarlicrinl I.ilirary .at Rome. //»cAf i'i7i>.i ««/• In priorifi' ihht iW- n.iir: rli ilrM jinyt ^itiii'^ ^iir In vftle. ocideiila/i iTAfriijui : I'ail-, 1S42, Svo, |i. ijj. The llauslal) collection at \ ienna contain^ al><> a copy of that map of Italy, anil one of >pain, which is altrihiiterl to Vavassokk. Ll'Ksni, Miifli' iliiii'j'ii ihr K. K. 'liniifajihiirlKU (I'^^ellsi'hni'l In IT" /I .■ l!>S6, p. 392. th;m re- 'r,4'- llnTilli /« <(.■- riijiii : liiMl ilt mil iinu Km II, CARTO(JK.\l'ilI.\ AmKKKANA VkTIsTISSIM A. 5>y thai ihi^ impriiU of "Giovanni Andrea Valvassori, detto (iiiiid.i^iiiiio," con- tinues to ligurc in Ijooks printed at Venice 4M so late as 1572. The American configurations consist of a narrow strip of the cast coast of Hrazil, with only these two names: "Mundiis nouus" and " I'erra S. crucis." The only two copies known of the prcsttnl map an- preserved, om- in the Geographical I)ci)artment of the I'aris National Library No. 24. |, in a frame; the other is in the library of the Staff of ilu- liavaiiaii Army, at Munich. We do not know whether the latter is also coloured. 1523. No. 146. SciioNKu's M(ii>i:l Gi.uuk. It is the globe which a Spaniard sent to sonu- gentleman (in Xiucm- berg ?), and which Schoner used lor making his own globe of 1523: "Ego tain mirifice orbis i^ervagationi nonnihil "Wishing to add something to this niarvcl- volens adiicere, ut ciuic lectu videantur mira- lous exploration of the earth,'" so that what hilia, aspectu credantur probabiliora, Globiiin seems wonderful when read shall apijear more hunc in orbis modum eftingcrc studui, exemplar likely when seen with the eyes, I have endea haud fallibile asmulatus, (luod Hispaniarum voiired to make this glob'" in following a per- solertia cuidam viro honore conspicuo trans- feet model which a S[)aniard has obiigini^ly misit " sent to a gentleman '' ' '■ No. 147. Schonkr's TiMIKU'A (il.ol;l-. In 1323, Jf)hann SclnMier wrote .1 small tract lu'aring this title: "I)e nvper svb Castilix- ac I'ortvgalia; Regibiis Serenissiniis repcrtis Insulis ac Regionibus, loannis Schoner Charolipolitani epistola et (ilobus Oeographicus, serium nauigationum anuotan- tibus : — .^n epistle from Johann Sdioner, of ("arlstadt, concerning the islands and regions recently discovered by command of the Most Serene Kings of (ilastile and Portugal, and a (leographical Globe to the use of persons wishing to annotate the course of those navigations.""' •"' Uuc Kf Kivni I ..-t I'll. I'J'llkl'ssI, Zunii Aii'lrta fl .■ii'n liiinioi>i/m'<. Extrnii 'If in <.!n-:,ill(. rla ISiuuix Artu : I'.iris, 1891, Svii, p. 28. This excellent memoir remains also a iles(ri|)lii>n of a large map nf Kranee, 760 liy 560 mm., in four .■>lieet>, nij^iavc I aivl pulilisljctl at Venice liy the present Vavassoke in 536. *'* MahKI.I.AN's Miyat;e nin! ili-.covery ol The Strait. •"" Kpistle aililressed liy SilKi.vRR In Reynier von SrkUvri'KKiiK, in Wieser, Ihi- Vnritrhol/mi. i;lnl/u.i dix Johauiifi Sihimir, ji. 17, and MwialhittiStniMt , p. 121. "' .Small Svii, 4 leaver, nn natne "f printer or il.iee ol printing, yet ihe title p.ige mentions .111 Inipeii.il piivilege for eight years. This asseition, together wilh the ainh or's name on the title, anil ileilicatinn to Keynier \ r s Sl KRV \- t'Ki!i;K, Canon of the Church of liamheig, sliow that the tr!■ Noutii America. i (' lU 1 , I ■t! \:i That tract is tlatrd from a placf which tlu; author calls ' 'l"iiiiiri[)a." in tlic year 1523: " Milli-siino quintjfiMUrsimo iiigcsiinottTtio. " I)i> we possess, either in the shape of .1 sphere, or as mere engraved gores, the globe mentioned in the above title ? There is not the sligliicst evidence, or indication of any kind, that we possess that globe, or the gores which served to make it. Gon;s of a globe 710 by 310 mm. were published in reduced fac- simile, from a |)rinteil W(KHlcut,•^'8 at Munich in i88;'. These, on several ocL.isions,*"' havi' bc, I'l^o ( ? ). T\\i- ni.tp i> .ilso in the fii!l.)wing Wdrks. *" Dr. It 111/ R. V. WiK.iKK, in the ahove tMi.ilnjrue i.( 1S85. aiul in his le.irne 1 article: Dei- yii.wholUiK (llohtiA lit" J'lhttiiilti .S'hi'lier ron /,;.'*, Wicn, l,S.S; Prij'rjuor of Malhematlc-i at A'ro- ;,)(«)■.■;, .1 rfjxwhi.iitju of hit tlUtbt of 1513 long loni ; Am ilrdiratory Itller lo Heyme.r rvn Slrej/lperck Mill the ' ;■ VKrmoiil, t!Mll FSA MA nf Ynie, e.tc. Edilnl ii'ilh nil Iiilroiluilioit mid ISilili'iiirn/ihy by (", 11, Coon;, Drjil. of I'riiilrd liookK llrilifh MiiMiim: Con: Mfin. Xeir Kifj. Hi"!. •(• • Ml: :A\ :'.' ^ t ■ t ^ '] '1 ' i 1/ 'lf| 11 (■I I 1 H •J 1''^' Platrs XVII XVUl AUTHENTIC GLOBE OF S CHONER OF 'lESS . 1 1 i , 1 li fe'! tf' I III'' Al.LKGED GLOBE OF SCHONKR OF ;5.23 '! ^'^iii • ' ' li wm^ i^ ^ \ ^ i^ j! ^ i ,t ^ ! 1 1, i ! '( i; f ':;■; ■, .1 j • i V. ; l«i * ( ' if- * 1 • i ( ! ,.( ^ 111 i I' i I (•I !■;! rjii \> 1^ CARTOORAriMA AmEIUCANA VKTUSTISSINf A. 521 '^ V A 1 V 1 Ji^ \\ which cites certain geographical names that are also on the Munich gores. The simple fact that Schtiner refers to the Epistle of Maximilianus, and that brief designations mentioned in the latter figure in the gores, is hardly a proof that these gores were made by Schoner. Maximilianus' Episde was printed at Cologne-^^o in January, 1523, and frequently since. As it ni;\uc known everywhere the great discovery of the Strait, other cosmographers and globe makers than Schoner may have used the same (.lata. In fact, for several years the geographers in Central Europe had no other means of information on the subject ; and globes constructed in or after 1523 may well have borrowed their nomenclature for the Moluccas, and for Magellan's voyage, from that Epistle, without our being obliged to limit such a borrowing to the globe made by Schoner in that year. Let us now e.xamine those gores intrinsically. They are alleged to have been drawn in 1523, and to be based upon a .Spanish ma[) sent from Spain to Germany. In reply, everyone who is conversant with Spani.sh discoveries and cartographical methods will hesitate to admit that a map made in Spain so early as 1523, could present the north-eastern configurations exhibited in those gores. The chief reason is that at Seville, in 1523, they did not yet possess such geographic data, and the Casa de Contratacion was not accustomed to mar its charts with hypothetical notions. -t^i The gores set forth a continuous coast line extending from "La Morida" to the " Bac- calaos," with that peculiar and excessive trend eastward which is one of the distinctive traits of the Spanish maps constructed after the discoveries of lilstevani Gomez (1525); the earliest specimen of which, known at this (lay, is the Weimar 1527 chart. Now there is only one Spanish expedi- tion sent to our east coast, before 1523, which could have yielded sonie cartographical information concerning the country north of the Floridian peninsula. It is the slave-hunting raid of Ayllon and Matienzo in 1521 ; and it was absolutely limited to a single [)oint of the coast, by ^^' 30' north latitude. •♦-- Nor is it likely to have been followed by an invoice l(» Spain of cartographical documents concerning such an expedition. '•^ liihlwlhirii Amn-iiniKi VelnxliMima, No. 122. thnt (ho I'iicific csi.'il in Spain notions where Ma<;ki.i.an hail lcf( it lo s.iil in search of the aUiiit IVrii ; Imt as the information, ciirt.igraphically Moluccas. Vel, in his map of 1529, the Chilian sealx)aril speaking;, was vafjiie, we ilo not yet see the Peruvian is entirely hiatik. So with the Turin map north of coast lUpicleil in the Weimar map of that ilate. In 1529, Florida, which had not yet l>een explored hy (mimi;/, hut after the e\pedilions of I'lz.vKRii and Al,M.\c;i;o, a cosmo- which was .suspected to l)e connected with the li.iccalaos. j^raphef like UiliKRo could not Imt conic to the conclusiim <■■-' Supra, pages 207, 208, 250. 3 R ( f? 1 ;! H, •i i \ i. s: . ■ m .1- ^ '^\ ;'^ ^1 i! J \i 52: The Discovery of North America. itV 1 1 ^ ■ . ' ■ .1 " ■ ': i i i True it is that the Spanish Government had been informed and be- lieved, ever since the first expedition of John Cabot, that there was west of Cuba, a continent which stretched from a high point at the north to a very low point at the south. But it laid no claim to that country, which was then considered to be barren, and chiefly within the Portu- guese line of demarcation. It is therefore only in Lusitanian charts and their Germanic derivatives, that in the first quarter of the si.\teenth cen- tury wc see the continental coast depicted, — excepting always the La Cosa planisphere of 1500, which does not seem to have found imitators in Spain; and which, besides, depicts the north-east coast in a form en- tirely different from that of the Munich gores and of the Weimar charts. And if the reader wishes to form an idea of the -appearance of Spanish mai)s made between the voyage of Magellan and the exploration of the north-east coast by Gomez, he has only to examine the elaborate Turin maj), which ignores all lands whatever north of Florida.-^-^ Be that as it may, whether the Spanish model did or did not present an unbroken coast line north of the equator, or any coast at all, we are in a [)osition to demonstrate that such a configuration as is depicted for the northe.''n region in the Munich gores, was not adopted by Schoner, nor inserted in the globe which he constructed in 1523. This is proved by his own, although very succinct, mention of that globe, as we find it in the tract above described ; and where he expressly states that his new globe differed from the preceding one made by him, only as regards the geographical facts recently disclosed by the voyage of Magellan. After describing the discovery accomplished by that great navigator, his untimely death, and the appointment of his successor to command the squadron on the homeward trip, Schoner continues as follows: " Singulis tandem peragratis, ut non locus supersit, qiicin reliquisset intentatum, uela ad Cahtiliain rcpetendam reflectit, quam ingressus est anno Cliristi Millcsimo quingentesimo se- cundo sexto die decembris [.t/V] unico nauigio, milituiii numcro decern et octo stipaius, cue- teris maris impetu absorplis. Quam uero mirabiles rcrum euentus, quam tetras homi- num .ic cieterarum animalium formas experti sint, ea Eiiistola tua dignitas abunde cognoscet, *" Ill/ill, Ni'. 14S, anil .iiljoiniiiy faoiinile. " .After sailing in various directions, so that no portion of the route should remain unex- plored, he •■" returned to Spain, arriving Decem- ber [sic] 6th, one thousand five hundred and twenty-two, with [only] one ship and eighteen men, the rest having been swallowed up by the sea. As regards their marvellous adventures, and the wonderful men and animals seen by them, Your Worship will obtain information by reading at length the Ejiistle concerning the '■■'Juan Scb.isli.-in HKi. Cano. ;\ \ Cartooraimiia Amkuicana Vetustissi.ma. 523 quse de Moluccis insulis ad Reuerendissimum Cardinalem Salizburgensem per Maximilianum Transsyluanum directa est. Ego tarn mirifice orbis peruagationi nonnihil uolens adijecere, vt quae lectu uideantur mirabilia, aspectu credantur probabiliora, Globum hunc in orbis niodum effingere studui, exemplar baud fal- libiie a:mulatus, quod Hispaniaruni solertia, cuidam uiro honore conspicuo, transmisit. Nee ob ia queni antea gloiiieraveram abolituin iri uolens, quipptJ qui es tempore', (luantum phas erat homini abdita mundi penetrare, abunde expressit, modo sese consona admis- sione patientur, quod inuenienda inuentis non obstent " Molucca islands addressed by Maximilian of Transylvania to the Cardinal Archbishop of Salzburg. Wishing to add somewhat to this mart'ellous exploration of the earth, so that what seems wonderful when read, shall appear more likely when seen with the eyes, I have tried to make this globe an imitation of a perfect model which a Spaniard has sent to a gentleman. Withal, / meant not to set aside my former globe, as it exhibited all which men then were permitted to learn regarding hidden portions of the world ; it has been faithfully reproduced, so far as con- cordant, so that things fiumerly discovered should not be at variance with those which have since been found . . . ."*'* It i.s impossible to express one's intentions in clearer language. As to the " preceding globe " to which Schoner alludes, and which, he says. was modified only in so far as was necessary to in;, rt the geographical results of Magellan's voyage, it is the globe constructed and signed by him in 1520, which we still po.ssess.-t-6 Now, what are the configurations of this globe of 1520? Taking certain countries which were beyond the range of Magellan's discovery, and which we must infer from Schemer's own declarations remained untouched, do they exhibit the continuous coast line which in the Munich gores connects North with South America, and sets forth an unbroken seaboard from Labrador to Brazil ? The globe of 1520 e.xhibits instead, at the north, the Lusitano- Germanic configuration which Schoner had adopted ever since he com- menced constructing spheres. In other words, he separates entirely the northern from the southern continent in the latitude of 10° north ; and thus remains faithful to a peculiar delineation which dates from the be- ginning of the sixteenth century. The globe of 1523 therefore must have reproduced, north of the equatorial line, the configurations of the globe of 1520; not only for the reasons which we have just derived from Schoner's own expressions, but because his model map could furnish him new data only concerning the southern continent. Magellan first sighted America when off Cape St. Augustine, by about 8° south latitude ; whence <'5 Wii>i;k, 0;). cit., p. 17. *^ Supra, No. 127, p. 506. I !i ' i\: I ■^ i! rt I if ! \ n ■J Im1 ^ ill i ' il ! \ ' v \I1 ii ^^^^ m 11 !! m i i in 524 The Discovery of North America. he navigated southwards until he reached the Strait. ■*-7 .After crossing the newly discovered passage, none of his ships ranged the Pacific coast higher than the 40''' south parallel. It follows that a Spanish map of 1522-1523, constructed to illustrate the voyage of Magellan, limited its cartographical innovations to the apex of the continent of South .America. .And we should not forget that it was the discovery of the Strait alone which prompted Johann Schfiner to modify his globe of 1520. This close chain of facts and deductions lacks, nevertheless, one more link to amount to an absolute proof, owing to a very peculiar and unexpected aberration which arose in the mind of the Nuremberg mathem tician. U[) to tliat time, as is shown by the globe of 1520, Schbner had shared the o[)inion of all cosmographers regarding the separation believed to exist, and clearly depicted in the Lusitano-Germanic majjs and spheres, between the New and the Old World, and which he had been propagating with the utmost zeal. Hut the E!pistle of Maximilianus Transylvanus caused him to alter his views entirely in that respect. By what process of reasoning he came to consider that the discovery of the new route to the Moluccas proved the existence of an absolute cosmographic connection between .America and .Asia is a mystery to us. That egregious error is set forth in the Opiisculum of 1533, but it dates from 1523, as can be seen in the third of the following extracts. He first identifies Mexico and its surrounding regions with Quinsay, after locating them in Upper India : " Unde longissimo tractu occidentem uersus ab Hispali terra est, quae Mexico at Temis- titan uocatur, in superiori India, quani priores uocauere Quinsay id est ciuitatem cceli eorum lingua : — By a very long circuit westward, starting from Spain, there is a land called Afexico and Taniititan in Ujiper India, which in former times was called Quinsay; that is, the City of Heaven, in the language of the country." '"• Then, criticising opinions ascribed to Vespuccius, Schoner says : ■•-■ .Vnil as ti> the Strait, it is not likely to h.ive licen lilaccil in tliu l!:'.y if St. Julia (Siiiiis Juliana), as in the Munich jjiirL^s. hut seven ilet;rees further south; with soiuc lei^enil recalliin; the iliacovery .nccomplisheil l)y M AiiF.l.i.AN, and which iiromineil Sc MdNKR to construct lii.- (;lolic of 1523. anil lo write his Tiniiripa tract. Still le>s Hdulil ScMoNKR have incUnled Culia aiiiony the northcrninoHt l.iicayas, and left anonymous the true de- lineation of that island. " Senotiunius " for Teinistitan, " Medera " for M.idera, " Kspaliol.T " for Espai-iola, and " lirisiliri " for Ur.asilieri, will ii ill n 1 : >'J .Ml Hp, I u ^^l^it ' :. I, # ^ '"y! ■>r I It; 1 i: : ill ■ ; (J ■ ■ ■ ■ f;l ■ i '. 1 rr 526 The Discovery of North America. ingentia flumina, multaque alia dictu miranda, America] ivas the continent of Upper India, de quibus partim supra mentioneni fecimus. SuiU autem hoc huius portionis regiones, Bachalaos, dicta a nouo genere piscium ibidem. Bergi regio magna terra florida, desertum Lop, et urbs ejusdem nominis sub gra. 213 20, 43 o- T.imacho prouincia. Sueur, sampa uel Zam- w/iich is a portion of Asia, where are immense kingdoms, great rivers, and numerous marvels, which we have described above, at least par- tially. Here are the countries of that region, viz.: Bachalaos, thus called from a new species of tish. There is also the Bergi region, a large flowery country ; the desert of Lop and the city of the same name, in 213 20, 43 o ; the pro- vince of Tamacho; Sueur*''; Sampa or Zampa'"; pa, Ciuul, Tangut, Cuschin, Cathay, quK et ^avul ; Tangut ; Cusehin ; Cathay, also called Chuhnana, S. Michxlis prouincia, Messigo, qua; chulmana ; the province of St. Michael ; Ma- sigo, which is the country of Mexico the prin- cipal city, situate on the shore of a large lake, is Temistita, in former times called Quinsay, by 226 20, 21 o longitude; the Raylmana and Ze- bequi countries ; then, towards the west, Temis- canata, Farias, Oarien, Urabe, Pariona, the Cannibals, and innumerable other regions.""- et Mtxico regio, in qua urbs permaxima in magno lacu sita Temistita, sed apud uetustiores Quinsay erat uocata, sita sub gradu 226 30, 21 o, Raylmana Tebequi regiones, deinde uer- sus ortum Temiscanata, Parias, Dariena, Vrabe, Pariona, Canibales ac aliiv quam plurima! regiones " Ami Schciner did not limit himself to printed explanations ; he con- structed globes to make his opinion clearer, one of which was made in 155;. for the Prince John Frederick of Saxony, where the two worlds, Asia and America, in accordance with those geogra[)hical ideas, are com- pletely blended together, north of the equator, while Me.xico is exhibited as a tlopendency d Cathay. The consequences of those facts are twofold : If Schoner altered his graphic representations of Asia and America for the first time in the globe of 1533, then the globe of 1523 must have exhibited north of the equator the insular configurations of the globe of 1520, and continued therefore to disconnect "Parias" and Xorth America from the South American regions. If on the contrary, Schoner introduced at once in his globe of 1523. the geographical notions which he expressly says he derived from the account of the voyage of Magellan, then that globe must have con- nected America with Asia precisely as it is between the equator and the tropic of Cancer in the globe of 1533. Now, when examining the western hemisphere in the Municl gores, we should naturally expect that, north of the equator, one or the other *" Sii, tnir the present I'rovincc of K.«i-sim. *'' Z.imp.T, Zap.!, mill C.iinp.i. *" ScHiiSER, Opwculiim [itciijrajihiriim, cap. recto of the last leaf. 4^ nm ) V Cartouraphia Americana Vetustissima. 527 of those two styles of configunitions would appear ; but we do not see either of them, nor any indication of the kind. Not only do the Munich gores delineate the entire American con- tinent unbroken, east and west, from the Baccalaos to the Strait of Magellan, but they depict the Pacific coast as a continuous line from the outlet of he Magellanic passage, to a point which nearly corresponds on modern maps with British Colombia. And there the western seaboard forms an elbow, which is made to stretch, not westward, as it should according to Schuner's e.xpre. sed notions, but eastward, continuing unin- terruptedly to the Atlantic Ocean. That is, the American continent is represented entire, and completely disconnected both from Asia and from the Arctic regions ; setting forth at its northern e.xtremity a wide channel which runs in a straight line from west to east, and connects the Pacific with the Atlantic. Then, beyond a wide ocean, westward of America, and absolutely distinct from the latter, we find another continent, bearing the usual Asiatic legends about Cathay and Mangi, e.xhibiting besides the peninsula of India. Those configurations prove conclusively that in the opinion of the cartographer who made the Munich gores, the New World did not con- sist of immense insular regions, cast into the Atlantic, far away from the South American continent, as in Schoner's globes of 1515 and 15^0. Still less did he believe that America was absolutely connected with Asia, and a mere continuation of the latter, as we see it elaborately depicted iti Schoner's globe of 1533. We subjoin to these pages an exact copy of the western hemisphere in Schoner's globe of 1533, and, opposite, a facsimile of the Munich gores ; leaving the reader to complete the comparison by resorting to Ghillany's facsimile of the globe of 1520. By placing the Munich gores between those two globes, it will be seen at a glance that the same cosmographer cannot have constructed in 1523 a sphere with gores re- sembling those of Munich; and ten years later, the globe of 1533. In the Munich gores, America, is delineated as an absolutely separate continent. In Schoner's globe, on the contrary, the west coast of America is repre- sented as continuing from the equator westward to beyond the Malacca peninsula and India without a single break ; thus making of the two worlds one solid mass ; and of the empire of Mexico a portion and tributarv of China ! H (r \ I i hi I I,.!i 'MM. f 52f< The Discovery ok North America. l-''^ I =i' .1 I •', If we did not possess Schoner's own statement as to the groundless inferences which led him to alter in 1523 his cosmographical ideas con- cerning the relative position of Asia ;rid America ; and if the Munich gores were represented to be some work made by Schoner in 1533, whilst the globe of 1533 would be considered, on the contrary, as having been constructed only in 1523, then the supposition that the Munich gores were the work of Schoner might perhaps be entertained ; — for these evince Lmquestionabiy u progress in geographical knowledge. But with the facts which we have laid before the reader, it stands to reason that Johann Schoner never did, and never could, construct in 1523 a globe exhibiting the north-western American configurations of the Munich gores , all asseverations to the contrary notwithstanding. The distinctive trait of Schoner's globe of 1533 is the blending, near the equator, of America with Asia. The Timiripa pamphlet shows that the notion originated with him !n 1523, on hearing of the discovery of the strait by Magellan, and of his having reached the Molucca islands by that route. These two postulates lead to the belief that the globe which Schoner constructed in 1523, and for which he wrote the Timiripa pamphlet, already e.xhibited that configuration. We now find an important series of globes and cordiform maps, all based upon this Asiatico-American com- bination, and which made its appearance in Central Europe between 1525 and 1531. The delineations and nomenclature of all those cartographical monuments i so similar that the critic can only consider them as deriva- ti\es from, at the most, one or two prototypes, which must be traced to Schoner's globe of 1523, although this is lost, and we can ascertain its geographical characteristics solely by deductions. For these inferences, we refer the reader to the preceding pages ; and for correlative data, to our descriptions of the Carondelet, Franciscus Monachus, Gilt, Weim.^r, Nancy, and Wooden globes, and to the cordiform maps of Orontius Finseus, m/ra, under the years 1526, 1528, 1531, and 1536. M .: Mt! No. 148. The Tl'kix M.vi*. A Planisphere on parchment, 2014 by 1000 mm., preserved in the Library of the King of Italy, at Turin. The legends and names are in Spanish and Latin, with a few in the Portuguese language. The configurations commence, at the north, with Florida, which is entirely •\vi: le groundless lI ideas con- the Munich er in 1533. y, as having the Munich ; — for these But with reason that 23 a globe inich gores , nding, near shows that liscovery of . islands by [lobe which i pamphlet, It series of rican com- ween 1525 tographical as deriva- iraced to certain its rences, we ita, to our <.t, Nancy, eus, I'n/ra, I $■ n h I ' ':i ; < ill m 4: m \4i W ' 1 . ^'.V. ' V ;d in the ames are ?e. The entirely i"i .$ i} \ > \ i I :'ii i r.-:f" pi.it f x:x ' t i: : '1 ' '! ■f.' ; i « 1 f 'i 1 1?, ^ .j'i f if I. * 1 1 m ;! ; /- ; :. 1 t 5 ' \ |, < 1^:. 4 ^' fc?" "» >t >-r » ? > ,,.,--.-»j^«-1?»'-'»rTr«'''!''*'f»-'»^«';9»ff*fff»?*«*f1»-» *"♦»■??*•?* Cm < D 2 !^' Q ,i' I X !f:1 f) li / .„ w i n ')> m H * * ! i f \ ■'1:1 tfiK\^tivienetm I '\ ; ''( V •I (iv I . W v i'' !'( 1 , I 1 r I M'!* 'f ( >;i l fr i CAKTOtlKAI'llIA AmKKK ANA VkTUSTISSIMA. 529 separated fnjin the iiiaiiilaml. The east coast bej);ins with the deha of the Mississippi, ami continues uninterruptedly to the Strait of Magellan ; thus exhibiting a coast line which, according to the scale inscribed on the map, extends from 30" north to 55* south latitudes. The sea-board then ascends on the Pacific side six degrees, terminating with a name which is not to l)e found «)ii any other chart, viz.: " Tierra de tliziembre," and is the latest datum in the present mii|), as it belongs to the nomenclature brought by Sebastian del Cano,'*33 September 6, 1522. The information about La Plata is confmed to the results of the explorations of Juan Dias do Soils. We are unable to say, from our copies, whether Yucatan is connected or not with thi' continent. The peculiar shape of the Yucatanic peninsula and its iK'arness to the mainland, coupled with the absence of the Pacific coast north of S and south of 4 southern latitudes, seem to indicate a Portuguese source for that region. Cuba, however, ends westward with an elongated coast different from the form adopted in the Lusitano-Ger- manic maps, aiul is certainly of .Sevillan origin. The city of Mexico is rcpresiMited by a circular plan, such as was known in Spain since 1520. The sea-boards on the Pacific do not extend at the south beyond the point explored before the expedition sent by Pedrarias under the command of Pascual de Andagoya, in 1522; and north, above the limit reached previous to the expedition sent by the same Pedrarias, under the command of Francisco Hernandez de Cordova (the second of that name) in 1524. Those limits, and the chasm north of Florida, prompt us to believe that the present map was constructed between the years when information was first received in S|)ain of the successful issue of Magellan's voyage, and wh».n the Spanish government received news of the above-mentioned ex- peditions of Pedrarias Davila ; that is, about 1523-1524. A very noticeable feature, betraying early cartographic data, is the e.Kcessive trend, narrowness, and peculiar sha[)e of the Brazilian elbow. It exhibits, evidently, the state of knowledge and imperfect conception of that part of the coast among Spanish cartographers, between the making of the Kunstmann Portuguese maps, and the collection of more exact data by the Sevillan Hydrogn.phy, next preceding the time when the Weimar planispheres were constructed. The i)resent Turin map is also the most valuable cartographic docu- ment of the sixteenth century which we possess for the nomenclature ; »'' Thi-, name c.tiuioI have hicn made known by Ksle- returned t^ Spain, May 6, 1521, as he only entered, Imt vain (himkz when, after aliandoniny M.vi'.El.l.AN, he did not cross the Strait. 3S ii ; f^1l I i '■ /" ), . 1^! M' f iiit i /•»/ ''in > li '■> i> ,: m .;('■ h i : 'f i j * '■! 1 1 530 The Discovery of North America. as it sets forth many names which are not inscribed on any previous map, and were certainly taken from ancient and authentic sources. This is seen by names which originated with Columbus, and that are not on the Weimar charts, as well as by a comparison between the designations around the Gulf of Mexico with those of Cortes' original map (1520). Another merit is its excellent orthography, which surpasses every cartographical document of that perio'l. This relative perfection is the sign of a near relationship with the originals. It enables us to place confidence in the spelling or pronounciation of native names (as heard by a .Spaniard or Portuguese), and to decipher the obscure portion of nearly all preceding nomenclatures which exhibit similar designations. That is the reason why we deem it necessary to reproduce the entire list, leaving out only, as we have done heretofore, mere isolated sub- stantives, such as Playa (beach), Palmas (palms), Arholedos (trees), Culata (recess or creek), Furnn (cove), Fondufu (anchorage), &c., &c. GULF OF MEXICO: Isla florid.i"' Rio del esprito s.into P" de arecife™ Rio de la palnia '"^ Rio de montanas alias Prouincia amichel Rio panuco Tamaho prouincia Laotoir San pcco'" Almeria "" Sevilla S. luzia C de S. Juan Rio de aluarado Rio de aruoledas Rio de vanderas Rio baxo Roca partida Sant anto[nio] Rio de coquakjuo Caribes'*' La rambia Rio la palnia {l>is) Rio de dos botas La victoria Rio de grijalva San pablo YUCATAN— HONDURAS : Cozumel Todos Santos Santome De las coretes*'" San Francisco Lazaro "' Baya de la cention '" San lucas Desconocida C de S. roman Xagueis Lope Santiago Maya La mada SOUTHERN CONTINENT ; Cabo de las fcgucs"" / M '^ii li (■I i( r ; 1 .. ! " , 's ' ■ 1 , ^^ Ninvlierc else on a map is Fluricla called "Isla." lu all (illici maps il is icrmed " Terra l'li)riila," or simply " l^a l-'loriila." The dislinctioil is to he noted. 453 •' I'nnla or Caho de .Krecife" — The Cape of Reefs, is so fre(|uently found that it can he said to have a»siimed the cliai'acler of a common sulistantive. We will omil il hereafter. ■"" " Kio de las palmas" in CiiRiKS. '" On the mainland, hctween San Pedro ami the Rio de Atliuledas, is the circular and nameless plan of Mexico, of the size of half a dollar. ■"'' There is a " Kio de Almeria," in a numbur of maiw. from Cantino to the Lusitano-Ciermanic i;lolies. Ilereil is the retjion called l>y the Indians " Naothlan," and made known hy I)ie(;o Ca.mari.ci in 1519. ■•" The name " Carihes " is inserted in s.i many dilfereiit places as to lead us to believe that it was j;iven wherever S|)aniards met warlike Indians. We will omii it hereafter. 44.) " 1)^. 1,,^ corrientes. " '■" It is the vill.ij;e of I.a/aro in Campeehe or " (.luiin- pe'h,' m.ade known hy Hernandez dk Cokdov a in 1517. "-' " H.aya de la Ascension." 44! " ijj. las Higucras,"-The Cape of Kii^s ? " l'ii;ueira" in the rortuj^uese lanpiace. ilin'crciU fvlicicver iRToafler. " (,iiiim- lin 1517. Cartograi'Iiia Americana Vetustissima. P" de las canoas"' La nauidad "■' C" de tres puntas P" de S. Maria De las canoas (fiis) P" de los fallados"* Costa tesa P" de los perdidos'" P" niuerto Rio de S' Maria Rio primero Tiera sola "" Costa do la oreya"' C. de gracias a dios Mote grruk ''" Cerecico Cariaco Zarabara Cacifiiii' qiieniado''' Helen ''-■ Veragua De la <;aii(jiia P" baxo P" belo P" muerto (/'is) ' Rio de las canoas Poco rosa Comogcr 1 )arien NOR TH PACIFIC : Baya do inMgles P" de cartayenia P" Vrtado (?) El cacique grande El cacique bros (?) El cacique pera (?) Baya de Varones Tiera braua G" de los reis C." de S. Maria Costa limpia P" de canacane Vuncto El Suegro '" Rio grande COAST OF VENEZUELA : Uraba Monte alto Cubon Cartayenia (ih) "' Porto de abrigo Rio grande {/>is) Santa marta Del tigre De la trairion Chichiri Tabagora Cagazaro Tucuraca Cabo de la vela I.as tortugas Cicihacoa \'notos C. de S. ronid {/'is) Tucuruca (/'is) G" triste Aldea grari-^e {/>is) P" frechato'" Val dalmerigo*" Aldea quemada C. codera Onari Cuibiri Manacap;! Portugal "" Chiribichi Cariaco {/>is) Macarapana Rio baxo (fiis) Monte speso Mar du[l]ce Almedrona Rio seco Costa fragosa C. do prazel Rio dui^e {/>is) Rio da volta Baya cerada Palinas secas Ponta degahas '"'' Las necas "' Rio de las palnias Rio da tanca Rio das canoas Rio das canoas {/'is) 53' ^■" " La C.iiion," .Is ill \W-im,u 1527, "r " Ln-^ Canoa'i." "5 The namo "La Xaiiiilrxl " reciilK the lncalily as- rrilii'd In Vinnnlc Varir?, 1'inzon, .«»/;/•«, p. 455. ""^ Thf Viiiiii iif the I-'oun.l Ones. '« The I'oiiU of the Lust Ones. "" The Solitary Laml ? I'erh.ip, " Tierra -olain ?"— The Simiiy Land. I" Sn ii.inie.l I'V C'oMMiifs ill liis fciurth voyage (\av\ukk.ik, Vol. IIL, I'.ige 5S4). The "Costa del I inja " does iioi lij;ure on any other map. "Oieja" iiiiisl l>e t.iken not in the sense ol" "ear," luit of a species of tunny fish ( Sr„mlii.r ptUimys .' ). "" West of this " lli(;h Mountain," which is proliahly one of the I'oyais (1300 f.), although in reality it is north of the Cape (liacias a Dios, begins the I'acitic coast. *" " C.iciinie fpicinado " — The Cacitiiie with a scorched arm ami face : " I'lovincia (pie se dcia Caliva, do eslaha un caciipie is) Monte redondo Terra deserta C" negro Bay a de prazel Terra fragosa P" delgada C" de guada "" C" branco Rio allaguado Baya fermosa Rio de S. agustin Baya primeira '" Terra do praira Terra do prazel P" dos baxos Ponta despichel '*' Rio das pedras Rio das Virtudes EAST COAST OF BRAZIL: Cabo fernioso Isia de S. Alexo. Rio primeiro Rio do laguo '" Rio de S. Francisco Vaazabaris "" Rio de pereira Serra. de S. Maria Rio de cagna fistola P" real Rio de S. Geronimo Rio da duvida '^' Monte fragoso Baya de todos Santos "' Rio de Santiago Rio de S. Augustin (h's) Baya cerada (dis) Rio de S. Cristoual Costa braua Terra das areas Rio de S. Elena V" Seguro Monte pasqual C" das barosas '"' Terra do prazel {l>is) Arcipelago de S. Pablo Golfo fernioso Rio paneiro "" Rio dos reys A baya da[s] voltas O pinaculo de tantaca "' Riv de Jordan P" de San Sabastian Rio de S. Vicente Cananea Rio cerado Rio delgado Rio de S. Francisco {/'is) Rio dos dragos G" do estremo De reparo (l>ts) Rio das voltas {/'is) G" das patos G'^ de S. M'' da pefia Rio dos negros Costa de acoa C" de S. M« de bO desco Rio giordan {/'is) Cabo de S. polonia Punta de las arenas Los baxos de la victoria *"' Baya de S. Mathia Cabo de S. Mathia Ponta de lobos marinos '™ ■■'"■ " Tlie River of Vicente V.iiiez Pinzon. *'" "[One] ceases to see the bottom." *'■' "Seen from afar." *^^ From that point the nomenclature is ahiiost entirely Porluguese, which shoiiM he noted. <'■• "Terra .\lle),'.ida "—The heaiie.l-up land. ♦'5 " I'Diita de la apu.ada "—The Cape of the Watering- place .' *« "The main hay." i": " Th^. Cape of St. Michael ?" '^ " Kio del l-asjo"- Lake Kiver. '•^ " V,iazal)aiis, X'asaliarris. Enseiada infamado por naufragios iKi costado lirasil."— A. DK .Mou.\KS .Sii.vA, J)iii-ii)iiariu. That etymologj- is evidently taken from the Coroifintia of 1)k Cazai. ; but wc should have first to ascertain since when his " V.asal>arris " h.is been in use, and the orijjin of the word. ^;° " Rio da dubita"— The River of Doubt, or the Uncertain Stream. It is found on no other map. "'Here the word " Haya," insteail of ".\bbatia," needs to be noticed. ■*"" In Spanish there is an adjective Jiarroaa, which mii^ht give to " C° das barosa " the mciuing of The Muddy Cape, if the woril, here presented in the plur.al number, did not indicate a substantive instead of an ad- jective, and "das" a Portuguese origin. ■"■' Rio Janeiro ? ■■"* Of the various w.iys in which that word is spelled, this is the only one permitting of a reasonable etymology, viz. ; " The Summit of the Temptation " ( TiiilnraO). *"s " Los baxos de la Victoria ' — The shoals of La \'ictoria. .\ reference probably to the dangers which M.m;ki.i,an's ship of that name encountered in ruiming amongst the shoals on the coast, February IJ, 15J0. '■'' " Punta lie los buenos marineos " — The ("ape of the (iood Sailors. I 1 ll I. I ^inH I ill 1-. r % 11 ! ■ i i 11 w-h I * f ^^!l!* Fl.Ut >■.•■ ' !'■' ' I R(. I in ! f , '! !i / '.I t • t ; I : I': f; , 1 r ! 1 f:l I H. .1) C a < w o o 5 w (- tn \\ ^ ft. O 1'; O o (- Caktogkai'hia Amkuicana Vetustissima. 533 Baya de los trabajos Baya de San Giulia Ponta de lagartos Rio de Santiago Rio de Santiago (h's) Cabo de las virgines *" Strecho de todos Santos C" deseado Tierra de diziembre "* The adjoining sketch of the Turin map is based upon our own carto- graphical notes and two counter drawings, one of which was taken at our request several years ago by the late Vicenzo Promis. No. 147. Juan Vkspcccius. Map of the world by Juan Vespuccius. It is on an equi-distant polar projection, engraved on copper, probably at Venice about 1523, measuring 373 by 273 mm., and seems to have been intended to be mounted on a cylinder. Its title, which runs along the border, is as follows : " Totivs . orbis . descriptio . tarn vetervm qvam recentivm geographorvm traditionibvs . observata novvm . opvs loanis Vespvcci Florentini macoleri [sk] regis . Hispaniarvm . niira . arte at ingenio . asolvtvm [sic]." The most recent geographical data in that map is Yucatan, represented first by an island denominated "Vchaatn"; then by a continental region called " Tera del Ivcatn." These two configurations do not seem to pro- ceed from the first exploration of that country by Francisco Hernandez de Cordova, February. 1517. but from that of Juan de Grijalva (April 8, 1 5 18 — November i following), for the island apparently designates .Santa Cruz or Cozumel. the insularity of which was recognised by Grijalva, who from thence sailed to the continent, which he coasted for 270 leagues. The news of the latter expedition doubtless reached Spain in December, 1518. The words in the title: " Hispaniarum regis," might indicate that when the map was constructed Charles V. was not yet emperor, were it not for the same expression which we find in the second edition of that map, dated 1524. The only copy known was preserved in the collection of Count Giacomo Manzoni, at Rome, but since his death it has disappeared.479 1524. No. 148. Juan Vkstuccius. Second edition of the above described sphere on an equi-distant projection. The title, which has been corrected, is as follows : '■'"Of the 1 1,000 Virf^ins.'' Name given by Mac.f.i.- side, November 28, ranged the coast till Decemlier 16, LAN, Octolicr 21, 1520: liut tn the Strait itself. when he altered his course, sailing west and north-west. •"" Mai.ki.i.AN emerged from the Strait on the I'acitic '^ Kindly communicated by Captain Ildebrando Kossi. 1^ 4! :|i ; t 111! ^ i f 1 I' 'I' 5il; Vj"1 M I n> ^l •i'i « » 1 I i , i, ^:l 534 TiiK DiscovKKV OK North Amkuica. I I :1 .- ^ i , i I ' :v Totivs . orbis . descriptio . tarn . vetervm qvani recentivm . gcographorvm . traditionibvs . ohscivata . novvni . opvs . loanis . Vespvcci . Florentini . navcleri . regis . Hispaniarvm . mira . arte . et . ingenio . absolvtvni . Erralisici . d excvsoris cvlpa 1524. The names have also been corrected. Instead of "Terra del ivcatn," we read " Terra del ivcatan." The island of Cuba is so named. •■Term del bachaglia " has been added, together with a hand pointing tow.irds the " Circvlo articho. ' The only copy of this map known is in the library of Prince Liechtenstt n, at Vienna, who caused it to be re- [irodiiced in photo-lithogra[)hy in that city in 1879 ; ami we are greats- indebted for a copy tt) His K\c 'llency. No. 149. S.M.VLL M.Vl'S OK AriANU.^. There are two, inscribed in his Cosmogniphiciis liber, printed at Landshut -t^o in 1524, and interesting chietly on account of the disposi- tion of the meridians and parallels. The one on a stereographic polar projection measures 112 mm. diameter; the other, 109 by 126, and is preceded by the words : "In hoc sequenti ty[)o totius cosmographia^ descriptio demonstratur." Both in Nordenskiiild's atlas, Nos. 57 anil 58. No. 150. AriANUs. An elli[)soidal mappamundi, succinctly described in the hagoge of the same Petrus Apianus-^^' as follows: "Tenestris conve.xitatis picturam Noua quadam et vera magisque habitation! nostra: idonea imagine : quo Geographicx picturne vsus inteliectu facilior redderctur elucubraui.'' As it is a question when and on what occasion Apianus devised or applied a certain [)rojection, it will be as well to quote another passage of tlu' above-mentioned Isagogc of that celebrated geogra[)her : '•Circa dictos polos concurrent ciuidam arcus, qui sese nieridianos circuios vocari volunt: quos ex transuerso per medium fecat e r.irt' i>.iiii|ihlcl is a- follow> : /-«;/..;/• In Typniii Co^moijrajihidim sen Mopjtam Mitii'li ( ii rofani ) qnam Apianim sflh Ilhiflri.i.'^imi S'ix-oi(ifi' />».■!< nu'inlio jirae/n iiiijtir (lemniiilari rnrnnil. l»i)irriaum Lailiiiihiil jiir Icainum Idy.-w/i- liiirijii: 4to, .liiii. ainin, 4 unniimlicrcil leaves (Cieo- girtl1hic.1l nciarlmcm of the V.\n> Nalion.il Library, r. 5,3s I , Ucservc). The iilaqueUe w,is alre.idy mentioncil \ .1 .■) iilonca Ivolunt ; graelus lite per fstatites Itantur : liarum V'"J • (Ho- |Liliiary, pnlioncil ptioii sec circulum per faciem tabula; iuxta solis cursuin tortuose exaraninius : iustis signorum chararteribus adiectis. I'ariformiior pp. commodain huic rci diuisionem in i)arte occidentis et orienlis Zodiacos apposui. Huic insuper generalem lotius C'lcniiania: Horizontom inscribere placuit : qui tanion pro vero eius polo Viennam Austria: congrue sibi vendicat." If this extract and other passages in the Isat^oi^e enable us to furni an idea of the projection and general outside a])pearance of the fllii>S(>ii.ial map|)anuintli, and ascertain that it was conslrucleil according to the prin- ciples laid out in the Cosmogrrtphictis liber, \vc have failed to find any indication regarding the ci)nrigurations of X.hv. New World. The prohahility is, however, that they were based upon the geograi)hical data of the mappa- miindi of 1520. As to the date, we presume that it may be 15:4, but for no other reason than the resemblance e.xisting between the .ibove- cjuoled description of the projection, and that which A])ianus has inst'rtetl in his CosmOi^'-f-a/>/iiLUS lihcr, published in 1524. \v\. it may also be of an earlier or of a later date, although Graese sets forih the yeai- i5-'4. not knowing, appari'ntly, that the hagoge is tlateless. It is almost certain, howevt-r, that the present map cannot b(; the one of 1520, as the latter bears the monogram of Luc Alantse, who is the \'ienna gentleman ,it whose e.\[)ense the Soli}ius of 1520, in which it is so often found, was printed : " Impensis honesti Luca- Alantse, ciuis, et Hibliopola; X'iennensis." The |)robability is that he also bore tin cost of the making of that map ; else there would be no reason for inserting his monogram in the same. Now, the map of the Isagoge is said to havt; been publishi:d urider the auspices of \X\v. Duke of Saxony: "Sub Illusir. Saxonia- Ducis auspitio [)raelo nujier demandari curauit." It is not likely that this prince would have extended his patronage to a work which w,is already due to the numiticence of a priv.ite citizen. Xo. 151. Spanish Hadajox Mai', The mention of this lost chart is interesting on account of the state- ment rt'lative to the latittides and longitudes officially ascribed to r^evenil points of the South .\merican continent : "Mayo 23, 1524. En Velves los jueccs de Castilla dijeron que conforme a la ; l.uicado traian la carta de la navegacion de Castilla hasta los .Makicos, donde principalnienie se con- tenia el cabo de S. .Vgustiu en el Hrasil, en S grados latitud S. y en 20 graeos ionyitud hacia O, de la isla de San Aiito'ao : y estaba asei tada toda la costa hasta cl estrecho de los Malucos [/.<•. the Strait of ^^.^g^■llan] cuya boca es en 52,'^ grados latitud S. y 4;.- gr.tdos mas al 0."««^ *^ X.VVAKKKin, \'ol. I\"., 1'. 364. Ii s M:|: ,..\ k „l i » ) ' < . \ J !( t Si \ \h n ill V' 'i ♦^(^;l 'I TlIK DlSCOVEKV OK NoKTH AmKKICA. The Portuguese map produced during the sittings of the junta, in opposition to the above, contained no American configurations. No. 15:2. Map ki'knishkd to Cokti^s. It was given to Cortes by his companions when he halted in the province of Coatzacuaico or Huasacualco, in October 1524. We borrow this information from l*resc()tt,4'^3 who gives it on the authority of Cortes' Carta Quinta. It seems to iia\e embraced from the Coatzacualco river to the Gulf of Honduras. No. 153. FkAXciscfj i)K Lkkma's. Charles \ . in a letter addressed to Acuna and Harretos, orders that Lerma should bring certain maps before the Badajoz junta. " Las cartas du navegar ([uc decis tiene Francisco de Lcrma, vecino desta ciudad : — The sailing charts which Francisco dc Lerma, of this city, says he h.is.""' N o. 154. FsTiAAM GoMi;/. It is a map of the famous Portuguese pilot, which was given by him to Colonel Espinoza, and is mentioned in the above letter addressed by the Emperor Charles V. to Acuna and Barnttos : " I la (julI piloto F.stevam Cionie/ diii al Coronel Espinoza." No. 155. MaI'; OK Mak(;ailii,-i, rS6m) ik Coltin-I, Ni>. 12S; piililislicil 1)y Cte. \>v. Laiiokdk, /iVck* Ardn'o- /(iiiiqKf, VH'aiimlt'. W'v notice aiiKiiit; llie liooks of hur lilirary at .Viitwerp, no work rcl.itint; 10 llio New Workl, ilic ixic-ni of (lAU riRK DE Minz, entitled M(iji])i Jfoiide, written in the lliirteentli century, and which i?. the (iroto- type of the famous Livre i/e Clenjie, or Kyinaiiji: i/ii. iiiiiiiil' . We also notice a set of 40 articles designated .as : " .Vccouslreuiens de plumes venuz des hides, presentee- de par I'empereur a .Madame a Hrvixelles le XX. ioui (I'aoust xv.xxill.: — Wearing apparel made of feathers, lull there was the following item : " Ung aullre [livre] coming from the Indies, which were |>resented to my nioien, couvers ile velom-, vent, ([ui ce nc Mappe I.ady al Hruxelles hy the Kmperor [Cll.VKl.K.s V.], Augu ide (f". xxxiii. vo,). Thi however, we lake to Ik; 20, 152J. i » ' 1 VA . , ^ V nta. m in the borrow Cortes' CO river lers that lad :— Tlic riven by Lddressi:cl d widow ;ll;i, was \'C taken of her 17- 'Sn. iili]>i Monde, i^ the prdlu- Xl.ymaiiji. iln. Icsiyi\;ilcil as: s, prcNontcc.-' lo XX. ioui uf feathers, L'lited 111 my Is v.], Annual Caktockaimiia Amkuuana Vktustissima. 53 >/ " Deux appcniondes bien vieillcs, en parche- min. Deux Mapemondes en parchenun. Ung livre, escript en latin sur parchemin, do lettres ail mole, faisant mencion des illes trouvt'es, rou- vert dc satin de Hruges verd, et dessus la dicte couverte est escript quatre lignes de lettres d'or en Latin " " Two very old mappamundi on parchment. Two mappamundi on parchment. A book written in l^iir. on parchment, mentioning the islands discovered, covered with green Bruges .satin On the cover there are four lines in Latin letters of gold ■"' No, 156. Jkssk Tiujtvkttkk. It is a map of the world, representing the entire American continent, and l)elongs to the etUtion of 1524 of the principal work of Jodociis Isennachcensis.486 As this teacher of Luther died in 1519, the elements used f(jr that map must be at least five years older than the date of the book where it was first inserted. The only copy known was offered for sale by Edwin Tross in 1868, but it has since completely disappeared, and we have vainly sought for that map in the chief European libraries. No. 157. TiiK Lakk ok Nicakacua. It is the first map of that lake, and we find it mentioned in a letter from Pero Suarez de Castilla io the licentiate Acuna, apprising him of the arrival at the court of Andres de Cere^eda, who had been sent by Gil Gonzales Davila to inform Charles V. of his discovery of a "sea of fresch water" (/. e., the lake of Nicaragua). The letter er.ds as follows : "Cere/eda lleua a S. ^L figura de todo. De la I'uebla cerca de Coria, 7 de Mayo dc 1524: — Cerczoda brings to Vour Majesty a map of the entire region. Puebla [or the village .^| near Coria, May 7, 1524.'"" In the absence of the map, which is lost, mucli geographical informa- tion can be gathered from the Itincrario y cuentas de Gil Gonzales Davila por il Tesorero Andres de Cere^ednA^^ Landing at Ada in January, 1520, Divihi crossed the Isthmus, built ships on the Pacific side, and in 1523 commenced his first exploration. In 1524, he went to Honduras (from Santo Domingo) in search of a strait. After many trials, Ddvila was arrested by Fernand Cortes without *"" JODOi'i's IsKSNAcilcK.NSis, Suiiwia in Intam phy- lireii : hoe ml philoiujihiam iiatiirniem eonformilir siiiitiilim reriv Hophiiv : que ent Theoloijia ; Krford., per Malllieiim Maikr, 1524, 410. *"' Miimi/. (•ollecli.m of MSS., Vol. I..\XV., f"- 52. *** .Mnmiel M. 1>K 1'krai.ta, Costa riea, Xiearntjiin 1/ I'niinmn en el mijln xri., an hiilnria y fuit limiln : Madrid, 1883, 8vo, pp. 27 ,51. 3 T < . I II "r !( 1,>|^ ( • < 1 s 1 U:'^^J''M- [ 'f i' ^ ' 1 1 538 TiiK 1)isc(jvi:ky of Noutii America. li.ivinp;, i)f course, accnniplishcil his object, ■♦''^'J ,iiul \v;is sent in irons to Spain, where he ilied, Ajiril 21, 1526. No. 15S. CoRTi-s' Ai.i.KCKi) Tassaci;. It was a map which I'ernand Cortes said he |)ossessed, aiul on which was indicated a passage to the I'acific, opening, on th(" Atlantic side, lieiwicn the (iiilf of Mexico and Newfoundland. "DesstMndd s.iher cl sccreto de la rosta, cjue estaba \)nt descobrir cntre el rio dc I'anuco f la l''lorida; . . . c de alii la costa de la Florida i)or la parte del Norte hasta los liacaliaos, creyendo (jue en aiiuella costa hay estrecho que passe ;i la mar del Sur. K si se halla, segiiud <;ierta figura tjue Cortes di(,e quel tiene del parage ; — Desiring to know the secret of the coast, which was to be discovered between the Panuco river and Florida . . . and thence tiie I^'lori- dian roast northward as far as the Daccalhaos, believing that on that coast there is a strait leading to the South Sea [Pacific], And it was so, according to a certain map of those regions which Cortes said he possesssed." "" This e.\tr.ictwi of Oviedo is only a faithful i)araphrase of the leiler which Cortes sent to the F.mperor, Charltts V., October 15, 1524. I'he celebrated chronicler did not, however, share those illusions, for he .said : " V'o le tengo ;i Hernando Cortes \un mejor capitan . . . que no por espcrto cosmo- grapho al ipie tal le dixo : -I considered Hernando Cortes as a better captain t' in able cosmographer." The map also tlepicted "aciuel archipielago, que de.scubrio Magallanes" (that is, the Magellanic Strait), added Cortes, 1525. No. 159. TllK MaXTI-A Pl.AMSI'lll'.Ki:. It is in Spanish, on parchment, nieastu-ing 2130 by eclll In sll.llo lllxsi; ilhisiiins conCLTiiiiii; ihe L-xistcncc of .i strait in tlii; isthmus. In his li'tler nf April, 1525, he spe.iks of "el cstruchi) iKkIdso" iI'kkai 1 a, oj). i-il., |i. 3j). TliL' stiait was then siip|«iM'il 111 osisi in the (oriii of .in outlet of the Lake of Nicaia(;iia into the i'.ioitir. "^0\lKI>c>, ll'uhirin (li m rdt Si lid llllill 2. lib. UH'l ; No tn»i If .'/•■•' iiulicatcs that the chart was coinpKlfd between November 1525, whiih is the date of the return of (iomez t(» Seville, and the eiul of the year. That is the main reason why we should ha\c been happy to study its nomenclature and conrigurations,-*'>.i althouLjh the |)robability is that they tld not ditT(;r from those of the Weimar chart of 152;. No. 160. I.oKKNV. FuiKss {?). This map belongs to the first two eilitions, at least, of the UsL'n^iiiti^ dcr Mi'r-Ciirtht'uA'i^ ascribed to I.oren/ I'Viess. of Colmar, [)rinled by Gnminger at Strasburg in 1525 and 152;. The title is: " Tabvla i)riina navigatiDtiis Aloisii Cadanivsti mcdcrain. ins. versvs." On tile west of the map there is the following inscription : " Das is/, dit erst vssfart vnd furcn nuewe laiul /.cfimdcn die andcren wcrdcn iin jirosern bucrh angc/.eight. Vnd von diser insel portus furcn sic lisboa /u." The configurations and nomenclature are those of the Tabula Tcrre Nove of Waldseemiiller ; but the cartograjjher has added to the north- west continental region " Terra de Cvba I'artis Africe," and translated Oceanus Occidentalis by "Das mer gegen nidergang." That maj) is also to be found in the editions of 1527 and 1530. No. 161. Wai.hskkmui.i.kk I'kikss. Three maps bi'longing t() the Strasburg I'tolemy -^'^5 of 1525, vi/.: Orbis 'I'ypvs X'niversalis ivxta Hydrographorvm 'I'raditioneni c.xactissime dcpicta 1522 . I.. !•'. Ocean! occide[n]talis Sen Terre Noue Tabvla. ■rabv[la Moder] Oron|landi;e et] Rvssife]. Th(!se were printed from the same blocks as those in tlii'. edition of 1522; but the printer, by placing, before [)riiuing, a band over the en- graved border (jn toi), has rendered those maps titleless. The. above titles, therefore, are borrowed from the edition of 1522. *'" Tlii> maji U preserved in the house uf the Mar(|uis |missii ailorire nib ri|ir(iiUi/iciiie della c.irl.i ii.mtic.i." 1). Kiisa r.\srn;i iiiM, at M.inliin. We rej^rel nut to lie *'* Hililinlhn-d Aiiicrlidmi Vtlii'liKiiiiKi, Ni>. IJJ ; alile to give .■> more (letaileil description: liiil repealeil Aihlilioti^, No. Sj, from the copy in the librarj' of the etlorls to olii:iin permission to copy 'In' .Vmeiican coast lihcral and enlij;hlenod Maralviati, 11., con- -aiicisco besides rivers "anal." r. U.'.lKi.M, C.\KTo., p. 11. »■' llAKI.lVl, oy/. '•(>., p. 11. /iriiKt ihW Iiiilii ()<:i(t:iitii/i, \o\. til., f"- 417) >i-cins Id 5°3 "Inciter ftcim ihu Iiiilu^' (if ihr Princijal iicrsdiis capturc.l with Juan " ((ihan riiirin, yascdii ('1 franccs," having heun sent witli •Idriii, ami (if his I)i.'atli," piihlishcd in a tianshitidii liy liiigd liK Vami'na to Cuni, in \\"ni-zin;la, liy Anilirdsin ..Ir. Henry C. Mi'Kl'llY, V'/c ['ui/itij' of \'i rm:nii was taken and 287 and 291. eaten lip liy savages (RAMt^id, Diicririn «i;,rc( In liri-a 287 and 291. 5* lli:ni( (ViViV/Hi, January i. 1S76. p. 21. \ ii'', , .V of two by the 17) ,fiin-. lo VlF.Iu"), lli.i'. •en sent wiili liy Anilirn>ii' ,oi> OviKiic, II., pngo- Cartookai'hia Amkkicana Vktustissima. ^43 Majfgiolo map of 1527. This was moc1ifie:cl, we think, in another map, as yet unknown, in which North and South America were blended to- gether about the tropic of Cancer. The derivatives of this modified map are : the Sloane map, the first map of Munster, the oval map[)amundi of Batlista Agnese, jyid the map of Michael Lok.5o7 The second variety is rc;[)resented by the planisphere of Hieronymo da Verrazano. Its deri- vativ is the globe of Ulpius.SoS The other maps and globes containing V'errazanean data, chietly in the form of legends such as " Terra Fran- cesca," and " Terra P'rancesca nuper lustrata," are : the Gilt, \ancy, and Wooden Globes, and the single cordiform mappamundi of I-'inieus. Xo. 166. Giovanni da Vkrra/ano's Gi.oin;. It is also mentioned in Hakluyt's Particular Discourse-. " An olde excellent globe in the Queene's privie gallery, at Westm'r, w'ch also seenicth 10 bo of Verrazanus makinge.""" \o. 167. OVIKDO'S XlCOVA. Maj) of the Nicoya Gulf, made by the famous chronicler himself, when living in Nicaragua. It measures 260 by 200 mm., and is inscribed : " Golpho (le nicaragua at. '* It is a cn|)|ier glol)!:, 14 inches ili.iineler, ciinstiiicloil in It.ily liy one Eviphriisynus L'l.i'U's in 1542, and dcdi- i;Uc(l Id Carilinal .Marcelln Ckrvino. It is worlhy of nntice (hat the name " Nurnianvilla" is omitted in the \'errazano map of 1529, liul found in this ylohe anil in !he Mant;iolo map of 1527. L'l.l'lfs, liesides, ^ivcs five names which are not in any other map, viz.: '• I'i.ijj^ia de t!alanii," — The lieaeh of Reeds ; " L". de Terra fcrma," — The Continental C'a|)e ; " R. do Hrai;o," — The River of the .Arm ; and " Haia dos Moros," — The Hay of Moors ; "Costa de Corsales," — The C().ist of Corsairs. These indicate the existence of another Verrazanean map, .is yel unknown, luit which ni.iy turn up in Italy. 5^ IlAKl.fYT, Paiiinilar /^mcohiw, cap. xvii., § ii. 5'" ()vi|.;iMi, /lixliiria d'tiieral, lib. .\.\i\., cap. \iii., Vol. III., p. 64; I\'., p. 4. Ksi'iNiisA did not enter the n»lf: "No entro en la eiisen.ada (;rande illo que hizo en rorlu^;al .n[Ui;l ^jraii I'ilnio iliit sc cmlKirrach.iua cuyo noinbrc no me acuerdo." — Vii,lki;as, i[iiiiied l>y .Andres Carcia \l. tit fS'^jiai'ia : Vol. I., p 265. i\\A ^: I Cartograpiiia Americana Vetustissima. 545 ',. I impor- of that )s cosmo- )hers." '" No. 2. Tomas :onio de at pilot, ise maps ) having LJorca, in his will, f Loaisa, iteresting Magellan America, VI creator e of Dv harles \'. he signs HI In ill Xail' ■ iIrtl- is men ,X\V., (■'■ 51, >,1. I., p 265. "Cxterum vt coir.pendio pergam, ad pne- "To make this present description of the sentis sphivr.-c descriptionem consummatius ab- globe'" in a complete manner I have collected soluendam, onines omnium quos quidem all the maps of the earth which I could find, nancissi potui, terrns configuraiiones contuli, although nearly all difTer from each other, quanquam maxinr. ex prte inter se discre- The most beautiful of them is that of the pantes. Omnium autem pulcherrimam sphreram illustrious Maximilian of Transylvania. But, videre contigit, prixclari illius et famigerati although it was constructed with much care Maximiliani Transsylvani, verum licet Industrie, and skill, I do not approve of it in every periteque adornata; et efficta:, non tamen respect, notwithst.inding the fact that many nieum appono calculum, vel reclamantc quam able navigators share his opinion in separating libet peritorum nautarum assensu. Etenim Cul- Calvacania "" from the eastern countries by uacanam illi ab oricntalibus oris interstitio maris a sea ; for, as I have shown above, Calva- dirimunt, at nos su|)ra ostendiinus Culuacanam cania is joined to the empire of the Great cum dom. mag. Can coniunctos habere limites." Khan.'"''" As Maximilianus Transylvanus is the author of the letter addressed from Valladolid in October, 1522, to the Cardinal of Salzburg, giving the first account which appeared in print of Magellan's voyage, thus showing a taste for geography, he may alsti ha\e been supposed to be the maker of the map. But. whether he constructed it himself, or, what is much more probable, caused a Seville or \'alladolid cartographer to make it, the data were Spanish. Y-«t its configurations must have differed in an im- portant respect from the works of the Sevillan Hydrography, as e.\hibited, for instance, in the Weimar charts. These leave absolutely blank and un- defined the west coasts of the \ew World, from the point where Magellan left it, by 50' south latitude, to 10 north latitude, and from "Guatimula" to the Arctic regions ; so that back of the eastern borders of Mexico or Calvacania, nothing whatever is depicted. Franciscus Monachus takes upon himself, in his globe, to fill that immense gap between the New World and the Old with continental lands, which stretch (hypothetically in 1526) first from the strait of Magellan to Peru, and then from Guatemala to Cathay by an unbroken line of coasts north of the equator ; thus blending America with Asia. That is an innovation of his own, although the probability is that Schoner also imagined such a connection so early as 1523. This, of course, did not exist in the map of Maximilianus, any more than in Weimar charts ; but it must have exhibited traces of an 5'5 The globe l-"r.Tncisciis Monacluis .lUiules to is cither s'^ " (_".ilv;ic.ini.i " is the n.-iiiie given to the >[esican the C.ironilelet globe or the m.ip|>annmiU inserteil in the regions, anil w.is lK>rrowev it scii." The presumption, therefore, is that the map of Maximihaniis depicted the entire \vi;st coast of America, such as we see it in tilt: Maggiolo ciiart t)f \^^: and in tiie Verrazanean maps. Xo. 171. 'i'lii': C'.vKoNmi.rT (ii.oiu:. In the letter of th.uiks addressed by Jean de Carondelet, Archbishop iif Palermo, to the l''r.uuiscan friar I'ranciscus, who had dedicated to iiim l!ie iri'atise Ih' Orhis Si/it,^'^ we notice the following sentence; "Oibis globuiii, ill quo tenx- at maria luculcnlcr dcpicta sunt, una lum cpistola a(io|)i- iiius ; — A gK)l)e of the world, in which the lands and ihe seas are elegantly depicted, tigether with an epistle, 1 accept." This we understand to refer to a globe different aiul more im|)oriant tlian the small woodcuts of a sphere in.serti'd in the lirst two editions of that treatise. " laiculenter " is certainly too strong an e.\pression tur such tliminutive and elementary contigurations .is >ire set forth in th.it poor engr.iving, and inserted in the text of a pamphlet. Taking .is a basis the woodcut in the /)e Orhis Situ, we assume that the Carondelet- I'Vanciscus "elegant globe" must h.ive shown the following geogra|)hical contigur.itions : It set forth the east coast oi the New World in a continuous line from the Labrador country to the I'loridian peninsula, which was duly labelled Terra (not Isln) Florida. Phi; gulf of Mexico was then depicteil with the addition of the now famous Calvacana, ami of ,1 strait cutting in '.wo the isthmus of H.irien. Westward, on wh.it we call the P.icitic ■ ide, the co.ist was carried north-westerlv, Imt m.ide to merge, near the (■([uator, with Asia, which itself w.is blenditd at the north with lairope. .As to the north-east coast, we can easily ascertain what was its conligmM- tion, south of Newfoundl.ind, from the following sentence : '■ Scptentrionaliimi (.lo:.criptionv;m insularum, ac iitoiiini, cum ex Marco HciU'vcntano iiuitu.itiis sum, tum vero ex iiavigationibus receptis, probalis(|ue conllavi: — I have borrowed the description of the northern islands and shores from .Marcus Hcneventanus, and ari.iii^cd the same according to the navigations accepted ,ind proved." "■" /ill'linlhi I'll Anil riidiKi r, ^i(../i-.nachus who wrote ■■" Ki'Ymh's coniH'Clion nf ihc iwn wniliK is limilcil l.i iii^i|i), ;>> I'lilit'ly ili^liiu'l I'loiii ilic .\si.ilio iniiliin'iit, of Nottf'iiindl.inil iir l.alir.iili)r ; aivl he CdiisiiU'ri'il llu' imrlli- wliicli lii> Tirra Xora was .\ iirtc pniloii^.tlhin. .Sco wi'slcrii iMminonlal ti'^ions mumIi of N\'wfi'imill.\ihl (wlilrli siifira, pp. i ij am! .)5. 551, fcr a lal.linjjr^iiiliical iloiciipliim. San An kinio, liihl'ml. rinmi-n-. I'liir., \'ol. I., p. 409. 5" " l'ranc-ibci\s Monailius, I'l fainili.i' luiiuino lI pro- ■^•'Tliia is hicown liy the inscriplion "Campcsliia fissione.'' N'alcriiis Aniikkas, llilillu/lura liO'jiia, 1643, liorni," in llie maps of Si.oank anil l-"lN.i:i's, which cor- pai^e 234. rcsponils with what Makco Poi.o says, "(j\ie en n|icllc It' V-' .' |.\ Irancisco Maclinicn.-c," /i'^/iVomf of I'lNF.i.o, plain ile larjja;" Ac iliitiMiiuHl don momti ; I'aris p. 175. " I'ranciscus Monaclius .Mcch!ini<.^^is," J. ui-i Nalj^nal Liljrary, MSS., I'r. No. 1116, cap. Ixx. )lctcd with D;irieii. iitinuing World I. I., p. 40'). which cur- (.■11 .iikMc lu mill ; Pari- l.\x. Cautoiirai'iiia Amkkk ana Vktustissima. 549 of Ciithay. The othiTs arc " Tumago " (Taniaho),5-4 " Covacala " (Cal- vacania),525 " Barag " (X'eragiia), " Dabaiba," and Ami'.kica.S-'' Small and incomplete as that map is, it presents considerable interest as being the earliest one now existing, where North America, south of the parallel of Newfoundland, is represented as a mere [)rolongation (jf Asia ; for Ruysch's mappamundi imparts that character only to the most northern American regions. It is also the first map which we ])ossess where the north-east coast, according to true geographical conceptions, exhibits an unbroken coast line from Labrador to I'Mcrida. Withal, we must not be understood to mean that a short time previous to the pub- liciitions and s{)heres of I'^ranciscus Monachus, there may not have \n'cn a glob(; uniting already the New World with the Old (jn the Asiatic side, and setting forth simihir north-eastern configurations. in describing the tract written by Johann Schciner to accomi)any his globe of 1523, now lost, we have, on the contrary, expressed the opinion that he must have introduced then geographical delineations of that character. Nay, the more we study the question, the more we become convinced that, notwithstanding the statements of Franciscus Monachus ascribing to Ruysch the origin of his cosmographical data, particularly for the north- eastern regions, he has known and been inlluenced by the now lost globe of Schoner 5-7 of 1523; which doubdess united at the east, the ciilire coast line with the seaboards of the Gulf of Mexico ; as that was a 5-'* It is Ihf "Tamahox pri)vinci.n," in Mexico, first mt'iuiiiiioil in the ninp iif (lARAY, .mcl .is " T.iniaho," in that of C11RTKS. 5-5 That name was borrowed from .Vnc.iuk.r.Vs account of Vucalan : "Cahiacam, .ili.'is (Jloan, ah accolis h.ic tellus appellant." I)i- lu-oilit iiiiptr iiireiitii, (" 69, i>, ccl. of 153J, wilh the Dccailes. It is the Ciiliaiaii ami Cu/iiwain of the Ciill (llolie, of tlie Nancy (ilohe, and of Lok's map. s-* Lki.eui'.i. in liis artificial rcpriniiictinn of tliis lilile ghiho, hleniliny the two hemisplicies in one, and maUing of the whole an elliptical mappamundi ( yrniiriti'iin jtwitai'hns (iriliitl-^/i'uiit-i-^i'anontni 1526, plate 46, of the Atlas accompanyinj; his (Intijr. ilu Moym Aije), has .added several names taken from the text of the treatise. AmoMj; these wo notice t'liliirnr'nn, which toj^ether with Ttira ftoriila, and even liirijia. althoujjh it limires already in Hl-.IIAIM (" Hergi eiiiyross Konijjreich ") and RiYScii (" Hcrt;i extrema " on the map, and cap. v. of MaRiIS Hi^.NKVKNTANts' Commentary), cotistittile ilis- tinclive traits of that class of maps. ''-' The eastern profiles of the nouhern confi^ur.riions cxtendinj; in Kivscii from his 75' to 25' north laiituile. never could yield the form (^iven to that re^;i>.n in the i;lolic of Kra • JISCL'S .\lo.NA(,lli;.s ; as can he seen by unilinj; the ..cctions in RfYscil, and impaitin^' lo the whole the projection employed by KKANt.'l:irfs. (In the other hanil, those proliles in the j;lobe of il.e latter reseiidile in a very great ilegree lho>e of S' iIoNKr's globe of 1533, which we consider to be a slightly modifi^.' copy of the same in his hist globe of 1523. Then where did KitAM'lsct's borrow the notion and form of the antarctic lands, if it be not from one of .Si.iionkr's globes ? Nay, the pyramidal shape given by FKANnscIs to the Soiuh .\merican coutinem is also Sclibiierean, anil in the altered form adopted by the Nuremberg maiheiiia- tician after 1520, as is shown by the recess and jnohle of its r.acific coast by 45" south latituile in the globe of 1533. These and other reasons would have \k'\ us to make the evolution described sitjira. pp. 2Sl-.;S4. d.ite from St IIoNKr's globe of 1523, if the Weimar copy h.id reached us in lime to comiiare the two globes. 1 ^'1 i -s ' ft 'r 1 i ' : 'if' } I : :nf I ., = t / ;^ u r, ,'! iH i ( < % I , il iii ■¥ ^ j^ |i:' iff i 550 '^■■SCOVKUV OK NOKTH AmKKICA. necessity after joi- .;stwarcl America with Asia. It should be added, however, that ' . derived the idea of the connection imagined by him to exist L a the two worlds, from the account recently published of Magellan's voyage ; S-^ whilst Franciscus Monachus clearly says that the det.iils of the conque^U of Mexico just made known, are the source from which he inferred the identity su[)posed by him to exist between Asia and America. 5-'-> The i)lendiiig of the two worlds is the distinctive trait of the globe inserted in the treatise {^{ b'ranciscns Monachus; but, as we have, already slatet!, the notion v.is entertained by Schoner, and was most probably set f)rLli grajjliically in his globe of 1523. The Carondelet globe, of which the above woodcut cm only be an abridgment, we also believe to have exhibited ili.ii novel cimliguration. Hut as these two geographical monu- ments no longer exist, and our descriptions are to a certain extent necess.irily hypothetical, we are bound, in the present state of the question, to make of the present the starting point of the chronology of the now existing specimen of that class of spheres and maps : The {'lilt gloho, rtWa 152S. The Sloane iii.ip, n'ruf 1530. Double cordiform iii^ippamundi of F"in.i;us, 1531. Schoner'j Weimar globe, 1533. The Wooden globe, an-ij 1535. The Xancy globe, d/r ), Oprifflrm Geoyraphicrm ^" Wvvkk, titirhirht' ilir Kikumli, [1. 61, yi\. \\., g. Il ^r CAUTocuAriirA Amkkicana Vkti'stissim \. 55' De orbis \\ sih' ac descriptione, ad Re \\ uerendiss. D. archupiscol'um Panormilanuiii, \\ Francisci, Monachi ordinis Fratidscani, epistola sane guA luculenta. In ,/ua \\ PtoUnuei, Mitro- rumquc supe |; riorum yeograp/iorum hal \\ lucinatio rejeliitur. \\ aliaque ; prea-lerea \\ de raeiis \\ innen \\ Us |l terris, mari, insulis. Deditione papie loannis De situ .j J'aradisi, ct dimemione miliariiim ad pro || portionem graduniii oc/i, pra-dara U et memoratu dignu n\Yn \[ sentiir j| Colo]ihon ; Excvdti'at Marlinvs Cae- |j sar, exptnsis honesti viri Rolandi liollaert, com- \\ morantis Aiitiuipuc iu.xta portam Ca- jj mere sub intersigno maio- \\ ris falamis albi. It is a i2mo, of i 1. for title and 14 unnumbered II. for text; on the verso of the l.nbt there is the niarii of the printer, with his well-known motto : Sola fides suffidl, and the date of 1525. On the V so of the title page is seen a woodcut of the eastern hemiiphere, and on the recto of the following leaf one of the western hemisphere. "" The other edition 533 was printed with the same characters, justification. Sec, as the former, and by the same printer ; presenting the same te.xt throughout, and the same woodcuts. The differences lie in the title, which is in ten lines only, instead of sixteen ; and in the eastern hemis[)here being printed on the title-page, the verso of which is blank. But this edition has been found twice bound with a work [)riiUed by the same [)rinter, of the same size and with ih(! same type, viz.; Appendi |! ^(.f loannis Sdumer !| Charolipolitani in \\ opusculum Globi Astriferi nu ';■ /■"' Ml 'I i / ^^■h" li 55-^ Tiiic Discovery ov North Amkrica. What is that austral country beginning on a line with the initial meri- dian, and in such extreme southern latitude, which Franciscus Monachus says was discovered in 1526? The latter date can only be a lapsus penncs, as no such discovery was accom[)lished in that year. As to the country itself, we have only to compare its delineation and position in Franciscus' woodcuts with the antartic land in the various globes of Schoner, to see at a glance that it can only be the region on which the Nuremberg mathe- matician has inscribed, in 1533, the legend: "Terra Australis recenter in- venta, sed nonduin plene cognita." The difference is that Franciscus makes another lapsus in inserting in his map the following statement : " Hec pars ore [sic pro orb) is nobis navigationibvs detccta nondvm existit ; — This part of the world has not yet been discovered [sic] in our navigations." Franciscus evidently meant that the country had not been entirely e.xplored or made known, since he says so e.xplicitly in his te.xt, adding even a latitude and a longitude, and configurates the region in his map. That austral land is the one which Schoner had already depicted in his globes of 1515 and 1520, and named, first " Brasilie Regio," and then " Brasilie inferior ;" but on which, in consequence of Magellan's discovery, he inscribed afterwards, — a[)parently so early as 1523, — the legend convey- ing the information that the country had been recently discovered, and was yet imperfectly known. Now, Schoner must have constructed a number of globes between 1523 and 1533; and it may be that Franciscus saw one, made in 1526, which led him to adopt the latter date as his interpretation of the " recenter inventa " in connection with the austral land. If so, the De Ofbis situ was printed in or shortly after 1526. Regarding the edition of 1565, which was published by Withagius, also at Antwerp, it presents precisely the same text as the preceding, but does not contain the above described woodcuts of a globe.535 We have been unable to ascertain anything personal concerning the author. F"ranciscus Monachus means both " Fra.^cis the Monk," and " Francois Le Moyne," which is a very common French and Brabant family name. Valerius Andreas seems to solve the question in stating that Monachus was the title of his profession and at the same time his family name : " F'ranciscus Monachus, et familiee nomine et professione." The bibliographers of the Franciscan Order shared that opinion, as in 5'- Mr. K. (lARNKTT, of the Hriiish Museum kindly edition l)y a small globe in a stand, which is printed on infurms us that the two wuodciils arc repl.iccd in this the verso of the title page. ating his nted on CARTOURArillA AMERICANA VkTUSTISSIMA. 553 the Index cognominium of the supplement to Wadding's Scriptores ordinis MinoruniM^ he figures as follows : " Monachus franciscus." Juan de San Antonio 537 says, after Ortelius and Andreas, that he was of Malines : " Mechliniensis," but adds that he is the author of a series of maps and descriptions of the Northern regions : " Regiones septentrional is in tabulas descripsit et conspiciendas dedit Ibid. Typis Silvestri a Parisijs." Now, we find no traces of a Parisian bookseller or printer of that name. There have been many Sevestres, but com- mencing only in 1583 (Lottin). On the other hand, Lasor also mentions those " tabulas," 538 adding: "Antwerp, 1565, 4to.," mistaking evidently these supposed maps with the third edition of the De Orbts Sitti. As to the Archbishop of Palermo, to whom the treatise is dedicated, it is the celebrated Jean de Carondelet, who could be addressed under that title ever since 1523,539 and even 1320,540 and who died in 1544. 1527. No. 173. Vescontp; de Ma(jgiolo. It is a planisphere in two sheets, on vellum, measuring togethei- 1700 by 600 mm., preserved in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, at Milan, and bear- ing the following inscription : "Vesconte de Maiollo conposuy banc cartan in Janua anno dfiy. 1527, die xx Decenbris.'"" In this valuable map, which has recently been shown to have been constructed not in 1587, as the altered date had led geographers to be- lieve, but in 1527, the west coast of the New World, which the Weimar charts yet leave completely blank, is carried from the Strait of Magellan to 35° north latitude, with no other break than a narrow strait cut across Honduras, but bearing this inscription : " Streito dubitoso." Although that expression was already used by Pedrarias Dairla in 1525, the strait is placed here too far north to have been derived from some Spanish map sent by Pedrarias to Charles V.; as at that time the hypothetical passage 5'" Sapplementum et eaatujatio ail ncriplores trium rex exempio sijjnem) est ah iirlie Meclilinia ad vicuiii nidiniti S. FranciM'i a ]Vathliii'jo aliinque dcwriptos ; Walhemcnscm, (|uem %'ocanl." Koiu;v, 1S06, fol., p. Ixxi. siS Lasor, Uiili: Icrrarnm orbis ncript.; I'atavii, 1713, 51' De San Antonio, BiUiot. Frannic. Unirerm ; fol.. Vol. II., p. 409, M.ilrili, 1732, fol., Vol. I., p. 409. All we couUl find "M that point is an inference borrowed from a comparison in the l)c Orbin Silu indicating a familiar !icquainl.inee with Malines and its vicinity : " Et leve iter, quale (ut 5» Koi'i'EN.s, liihliot. Bdijka, Vol. II., p. 604. "° riRKRiii, Sitilia Swra : I'.inorni., 1733, fol., f. 188, and table. 5^' See HKjim, p. 217, facsimile of map and inscription. 3 V I ) ! i tr. ll k-S lii 1! /■ JWf^'^ '■' i' ;l I |.M'>,:-''! ■' :1i m m^' ' m > . i\ 1'. \ 'IJI i. i ''III'' 'i -: jiff:;; ( < ^ * '^■(Jl 554 TiiK DiscovKKY OK NoKTn Amkkica. was supposed to be an outlet of the Lake of Nicaragua. From that strait the coast is depicted in the form of a narrow elbow commencing in the latitude of the city of Mexico, and continuing its curve so as to make of the country west of the great Mexican Gulf, and of our Southern States, particularly near the Carolinas, a relatively narrow strip of land, bordered on the west by the "Mare Indicum." It is the "little necke of land " mentioned by Hakluyt. Across the site of the present United States, we read in large letters Fkancksca, rendered still more effective by the addition of the royal flag of France with the lilies. Our theory is that the present map of Maggiolo represents closely a prototype, still unknown, on which were inscribed Verrazanian data, shortly after the return of the Florentine navigator. The designation " Francesca." the French flag, and the series of F'rench names, nearly all of which are re[)roduced in the map of Verrazano, are proofs to that effect. Yet, the latter cannot be said to be an ^mediate derivative of the prototype used by Maggiolo, as this cosmographer alone gives several F'rench names, such as " Normanvilla," and particularly another name which Hieronynio could have scarcely omitted if he had seen it. We refer to " Lorto de rucelay," which must doubtless be interpreted by " Rucelay 's garden." Now this name recalls in the highest degree that Zanobis de Rousselay, who, with Hieronymo, was the attorney in fact of Giovanni da Verrazano 542 ^t Rouen in 1525 and 1526. Acting upon the necessary presumption that both Maggiolo and Hieronymo were perfectly well informed of the results of X'errazano's voyage, we can realise the impression produced on them by the sight of the passage depicted in their model c^ "t ; and which, let it not be forgotten, already figures on the mappamundi of Franciscus Monachus engraved at the latest in 1526. Maggiolo copied the strait servilely, but mitigated the error by adding the legend : " Streito dubitoso : — This is a doubtful strait." Hieronymo, on the contrary, rejected it altogether; otherwise, he would have cast a slur upon his brother, who had been sent across the Atlantic by Francis I., to find that hypothetical passage : " con intenzione di giusta sua possa, di.scoprire il Cataio," according to the Carli letter. The importance of this map was first made known by M. Cornelio Desimoni,543 as a weighty argument in the controversy concerning the 5'-' Dociimenl in La liirne critique a/iixloirt (I 'le ^'^ DvsiMOSl, Alio hIihHo ■■ ., 556 The Discovery of North America. It is roughly engraved on wood, 440 by 270 mm., very incomplete, even for the time, and an extremely poor specimen of the Sevillan hydro- graphy. Hakluyt describes it as follows : " This carde, though little, conteyneth the vniversall whole worlde betwixte the two col- lateral lines, the one in the occidentall parte descendeth perpendicular vppon the 175 degree and the other in the oriental in the 1 70 degree, whose distaunce measureth the scale of longitude.""* The degrees are not marked in crossed lines, but Hakluyt, in the curious cosmographical dissertation accompanying his sketch of the map, indicates the manner in which we may supply this desideratum by means of a rule applied to the divisions marked in the border. The new con- tinent is given only in a summary outline, but we notice on the Pacific side an e.\tent of coasts far greater than is marked on the anonymous Weimar chart, although the latter was likewise made in 1527, and at Seville. We are inclined to think, therefore, that it was re-touched by Hakluyt. Thorne says that the mip was communicated to him by a Sevillan pilot, and begs Dr. Ley to show it only to a few jjcrsons, from fear of causing trouble on that account to the obliging mariner : "This Garde, says he, is not to be showed or communicated there with many of that Courte. For though there is nothing in it prejudiciall to the Emperour, yet it mav bee a cause of paine to the maker : as well for that none may make these cardes but certaine ap- pointed and allowed for masters.""' That is to say, the cartographer not having deemed it expedient to obtain the approbation of the Pilot-lMajor for his indifferent performance, feared to be fined on that account, according to law. This is the earliest map where Florida is called "Terra florida." The Pacific is named "Marc Australe," and the Strait of Magellan " Strictum Omnium Sanctorum." Along the north-east coast we read : " Terra nee ab Aiiglis primum fuit inuenta." The original is lost. We only possess a sort of facsimile published by Hakluyt, which has been rcjjroduced by Nordenskiold, plate xli. I'i Mi \ 'mi ■ 1 1 ; ; 1 i t! ( 1 : s ■■ , , a i ■ ' f No. 175. Luis dk C.vrdenas'. Map of New Spain, on parchment, composed of four parts, each re- presenting one of the four great lordships : " Figura de los Reynos de la Nueva Espafia en quatro partidas, de quatro grandes Sefiores." ^'^ DiverK voyages toxichiny the Diacouerit: of America, and PrinfiiuUl Navigations, Vol. I., p. 220. Ltmilon, 1582, 410 ; p. 52 uf the ILikluyt Suciuty rcprinl, "■ Ihiihm. Cartographia Americana Vetustissima. 557 Luis de Cardenas sent it to Charles V. from Seville, August 30, 1527, with an important geographical memorial.' No. 176. Venetian Printed Mai>. Mappamundi printed at Venice in 1527. It belonged to the private collection of Fernando Columbus, who describes it as follows : "Vn mapamundi en seys pliegos y al fin occidente del mundo nvevo, comien^a una escritura de tres renglones diciendo, populates esterior . Fue impreso en Venecia d 29 de Abril de 1527 . Jamaica tiene al occidente quatro islotes y no ay Yucatan.'"" This map no longer exists in the Biblioteca Colombina, and we have failed to find it in any of the European collections. No. 177. Anonymous Weimar Mai'. It is a planisphere, 2160 by 864 mm., preserved in the Grand Ducal Library at Weimar, ant! bearing the following inscription : " Carta universal en qve se contiene todo lo qve del Mvndo se a descvbierto fasta aora hizola vn cosmographo de Sv Magestad Anno M.D.xxvii en Sevilla : — Universal map containing all that which has been discovered of the World to the present. Made by a cosmographer of His Majesty, in the year 1527, at Seville." By the legend : " Tierra que aora va a poblar panfilo de narbaes : — Country which Pamphilo de Narvaez is going to settle," Kohl has shown that the map was designed before June 17, 1527, as that is the date when Narvaez sailed from Sanlucar on his expedition. It is the earliest complete specimen which we possess of a chart made with data collected in the "Casa de Contratacion"; and, on that account, of great importance; but it was certainly not drawn by Pernando Columbus, and must be ascribed simply to one of the various Crown cartographers who, at all limes in Seville, copied and sold such maps to anybody. Yet, the peculiar spelling "Juhan" instead of "Juan," which we notice in the map of Ribero, contradicts the opinion that he also made the present. The nomenclature, which is very rich, has been n-produced in all subsequent Sevillan charts. The same may be said of the configurations, until the first voyage of Pizarro to Peru caused cartographers to add a 55" C'o/d'ci'oH tie Doi-iiiiiciilos iucilitna dc luiiian, Vol. ss) Caialoi/o di', Hslaiiiiinji. De. jnetnris qna.t Colon XL., p. 273; I'Ut we take our information from the ndtji-irine.ral. MS. The orij;iniil of ihis catalogue was Mufloz transcripts, Vi 1. I.XXV., f"- 35. for sale a few years ago in London. ' III 111 V'< I iim I !!■ u '. ili ,'|!| n a ■ h \ ill I i ¥V ^1 II * ( i\: I' ) uil 558 The Discovery of North America. portion of the Pacific coast, which begins to appear with the Ribeiro map of 1529. But there are other details not to be found in the latter, such, for instance, as the course of certain rivers. The large stream in the "Country of Gomez," which is perhaps the Bay of Fundy, extends in the present map fifteen degrees further inland ; and, whilst the mighty Ama- zona (" Maranhom ") is represented by Ribeiro in the form of an outlet, however wide, the Weimar 1527 map ascribes to it a course of nearly twenty-five degrees, with sub-divisions, and a point of departure in the vicinity of high mountains, much as it is in reality. This last trait is to be noted as indicating the source of delineations found in many atlases (Agnese's) and globes (the Gilt and the Nancy globes) which have been supposed to date only from the time when Francisco de Orellana recon- noitred that immense river in 1541, by order of Gonzalo Pizarro. For a complete description, we refer to the facsimile and excellent analysis given by Kohl, 554 and limit our task to recalling the names which appear in that map for the first time, viz.: V. de la fortuna Y. de saualos C. hermosso TUrra de los bretones R. de la buelta C. de muchas islas B. de Juhan pon(,-e R. de nieves R. de Flores El c.inaueral Mo. ,s de S. Saluador Mar pequefla C. de >ii R. ael oro K. scondido La madalena R. hermosso NEWFOUNDLAND : B. de las gamas Y. del fuego Ysleos de las aues NORTH-E.\ST COAST : S. Juhan baptista R. de buena madre Montana verde Tierra del licenciado ayllon GULF OF MEXICO : R. de S. benito Ys. de lobos Villa rica Mexico R. de S. xpoual R. s.ilado R. de perdicion R. de gasacalcos R. de S. bias R. de la baila R. des bocas C. de mar^o C. de buena ventura B. de S. Antonio B. de S. xpoual R. de S. Juhan G. de cauallos La fondura Mar de la tierra C. (San?) Thome Cartage G. [C]otoche Y. de Mujeres Cozumel Cariay P. blanca 55* K.11111., ])ii hf-lilm ulliMin diueral Kaiii ii roll /,;.',-, in the JAo/m^/iVA' Cor;-t"(/)OHrhrih;l!;l' nltf Wtllkarl' m,» jnhr> iSlo, Vol. XXII-.p]!. 342-j82. .; ( .M _y Cartocraphia Americana Vetustissima. 559 Tierras de gil goncalez Dauila Las sierras dardefta Playas de cerezeda Playas de 2 rios La punta del pico R. de S. gregorio R. ciego Los puercos Rostro fragoso P. hermosso Dabaybe Caribana Aldea de resgate La canoa P" de zanba PACIFIC COAST: P. de baxos P. de flecheros C. hermosso G. S. catalina Nicaragua G. de S. lago B. de S. Vicente Y, del cafto P. de S. andres P. dc brica Y. de S. maria Y de gatos P. de cebaco P. de buonauista P. de guera Panama P. de chame Y. de parlas G. de 3 migel Acara NORTH COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA: Gochire P. seca . . . de Pescadores Higueroto Perito Portogalete G. de la aguada C. de S. Roque R. de las estrellas R. de [S.] Jorge Baxos de los pargos B. del saluador Sierra de S. lucia R. de la Judia R. del estremo R. de S. francisco Tierra de Solis BRAZILIAN COAST ; C. de S. antonio P. de S. elena Tierra de los hunios Barreras blancas B. sin fondo Arrecifes de los lobos Tierra de mar^o C. bianco R. de Juhan Serrano R. de la >}* Canpana de roldan*" Boynari Cuman[a] P, da ray a Costa de lajas R. de pal[s?Jcua Maranhom B. de St. iago R. de S. ylafonsso Estrecho de fernam de Magallanes B, de la uictoria ... del norte Arciepelago del cabo deseado Lago de los estrechos Tierra de los fuegos Sierras neuadas ■I r rii-ii %M, r liir 1528. No. 178. Benedetto Bordone. Maps inserted in Bordoiie's work originally called Libra, afterwards Isolario, and printed for the first time at Venice 556 i^ 1528. Lelewel \^ ) [ 555 Xliy gunner of ihc Conripcion in M.igi'll.in's cxjio- (lilii)n wa> CiiUcil Ro'.lan dk Akcoi'K. 55' Hilillothfa Amrriaiiin Vifii^liixinta, No. 145, .iiid AiUliliuiin, No. 107, |>a(jo 112. fr !' I' 'll, tl\ hi •I ^1 ■ ■ ■f.r 560 The Discovery of North America. expressed the opinion 557 that the present was completed so early as 1521. His grounds for such a belief were the privilege on the verso of the title page, which, having been granted by Leo X., who died June 21, 1 52 1, implies of course that the work thus copy-righted was anterior to that date, and a statement borrowed from a letter addressed to that Pope by the Bishop of Rakow, in Poland {?), where mention is made of one of the maps in the book. Lelewel's opinion, however, is liable to serious objections. In the first place, the phrase of the said bishop refers only to the map of " Norbegia," and not to the entire fsolario. Then the privilege of the Pope is given not to Bordone, but to the printer, Nicolo d'Aristotile, and embraces books in general, without mentioning the present one. On the other hand, what Bordone asked of the Senate of Venice, and this only March 6th, 1526, was simply the usual privilege for ten years. 55S Finally, the lengthy description of Mexico, together with the plan of the city of Temistitan, are clearly taken from the translation into Italian of the Carta dc Relacion of Cortes, made by Nicolo Liburnio, and printed at Venice by Bernardino de Viano de Lexona, August 20, 1524.559 Besides the small maps of American islands, there is a mappamundi where the New World represents a continuous coast line, extending from a projecting peninsula, which bears the inscription: "Terra del laboratore," to the southern border of a land named " Mondo Novo," the extremity of which is by about 30° south latitude. This termination, however, is only intended to represent the northern shores of a strait, which is abso- lutely marked in another small map, 56o containing the legend: " Stretto p[ar]te del mondo nouo." The other names are replaced by simple letters, which refer to a nomenclature on the back of one of the large maps. The one: "Terra de Santa croce ouer mondo nouo," besides the general context of the configuration, indicates a modified Spanish prototype. Our impression is tliat, originally, the map was based upon one of the Lusi- tanian charts of the kind used by Waldseemiiller ; and that, afterwards. Bordone altered it from a map somewhat similar to the model followed by Maggiolo in 1527. 5:' " Lo uescouo ill KaCDsci.-i scrive a Leone summo piintitiee hauer vedulo (fol. Ixxiii). Le p.ipe Leon X., ]irivilcgiant Ic 5 Juiii 1521, rcilittur numrul le I" ilecem- lire lie la memo .innee. lioriloiie en 1527, s'ajrcssait au Senat ile Venise pour preserver sun oiivraf;e de la contre- fai,on," Lici.iiWKi., Oi'o(jra)ihie ihi Moytii age, Vol. II., paye 114. 55" The privilege, which is on the verso of the lille in all the editions, agrees perfectly with the text of the Register, Scualo Term (reij. ~'4 ^ <"• t^", in the State archives at Venice. ^''' Uihliotlni-a Amerirana Vititsdiiiimu, N'n. 129. 5'" On the vervi of P"- vi. \ i> I (. , \,^ mi: CARTOGRArHIA AMERICANA VeTUSTISSIMA. 561 Withal, if Bordone's mappamundi is remarkable for its projection, it must be considered a poor performance in other respects. Yet F. Leandro Alberti calls Bordone (who did not generally consider himself as a geo- grapher, but as a "miniator" by profession): " prestantissimo Geographo et Cosmographo." 56 1 For another mappamundi ascribed to him, and constructed so early as 1508, see supra, No. 74. No. 179. PiETRO Coi'ro. Map of the world inserted in the Portolnno 5^2 of Pietro Coppo, a Venetian by birth, residing at Isola, near Capodistria. The Portolano was printed at Venice, in 1528, by Augustino di Bindoni. As to the map, it is oval, 130 by 70 mm. The New World is represented at the north by an archipelago, the islands in which bear respectively the following names: "Isola uerde, Cuba, lamaiqua" and "Spagnola," all placed very arbitrarily. South of these there is a continent of an extremely irregular shape, with the inscription : " Modo nouo." There are only two copies known of that Portolano, i^i and the aforesaid map is to be found only in the one which is in the British Museum. It has been facsimiled by Dr. Nordens- kiold, in his Atlas, page 103. No. 1 80. LoRiTz or Glareanus. In the library of the Munich University they possess the copy of the Cosviographicc hitroductto which belonged to Henry Loritz of Glaris, usually called Glareanus. It contains a manuscript map of the world, 240 by 140 mm., and bearing the following inscription : " Glareanus efformabat, piiigebat e spcculabatur : — Constructed, painted, and perlustrated by Glareanus." ^' .Vl.iiKKTl, Detrritl inm: ill luttn I/a/in, Bdlojjn.i, 1550, fol., f" 427, verso. ^' liihlwlh'ra Amfriraiin Vflnslisiliiia, No. 144. ''■'' Hill sec in ihe MS. ncpii rt . of tin- I'.iris N'alioiial Lil)rary, MS. Laliii 'Jiid.J, a folio vol. containing: I'llri loppi ill. lolo orhe, 102 IT. ; J)< Siiinmd loliun (irliis, 3S IT. ; Portolaiii ile li loi-hi manllmi, 23 ft".; f'trilio Smiiii/o td mo corilinlc aiiiirn Ai(timio Allicrtino, 69 (T. ; the latter incUuliiif; .in Italian version, whilst the first part of the vohinie contains what we suppose to he the original Latin text of the printed book. No map, — only a 7oiliac. Sec H". IJO-140 .inil 301-302, for the account of "Colinnlio Zcnouesc" anil of " Alonso negro (i. c. N'So) ;" which mistake betr.ays ihe Piiiki as the source of information. We are unable to say whether this work liifrers from the M.S. nientioneil by MoRF.l.l.l, Leilcra raris.iiina, p. 64, ami from the ■ ne which is preserveil in the Marciana (Criil. 146, cl. X., Latin). Oirri) figures under the year 1540 in r. A. ZlCNO, Mrinorici dr.' "rrittori Vciifti I'atiiJ, \'enezia, 1744, Ji. 24 ; but its scanty details are apparently borrowed from that rare tract Del Sito dell' Uiriii, Vene/ia, 1540, sm. 410, with a map of Istrla (Marciana, Miscell. 1474, opusc. ii.), which begins as follows: " I'iero Coppo del Sito de I'lstria a Josepho I'avstino ;'' and where he says to have been then a sexa- genarian. Coi'l'O therefore w.-is born before 14S0. 3W I 1 . n It ..( ii 4 Nl'li'l ■^i' 'I f I lie ■■' I >li mi ^ It' I r I I I h n ,' 1 1 i ■'t'lv 1 P ' ';!' 'i{m Jf 562 The Discovkry ok Noktu Amkkica. But. so far from being an original production, it is a copy, though modified, of the mappamundi of Johannes de Stobnicza {Su/>ni, No. 93). The modifications are the following : The apex of the South American continent is carried ten degrees further, and exhibits a pointed termination l)y 50" lat., and 340" longitude. The continent is greatly contracted between 20' — 30° latitude. The tall north-western continental region is preserved, but, instead of terminating entirely by 280° longitude, we notice by 60° and 30° latitude, two incipient strokes, as if Glareanus wished to indicate a continuation westward. The nomenclature includes, in addition to the names given by Stobnicza, the following : " Tropicus Cancri, Oceanus Occidentalis, Tropicus Capricorni, Gigant. Insula." The word " Parias " has been added on the north- western continental region, and the Cantinean Newfoundland, which is nameless in Stobnicza, bears here the inscription : " Litus incognitum." The name " Isabella" has been transferred from the continent to the next island, and the island adjoining the latter is called " Spagnolla." Finally, the two continents are joined together as in the original Cracow map. We are indebted to Dr. Kohler, Librarian of the Munich University, for a copy of that most interesting map, the projection of which differs so materially from the one which Glareanus advocated in his Gcogfaphia liber nniis, Basel, 1527, and so often reprinted 5f'4 that we place it after the latter date. No. 181. TuK Gilt ok Dk Bukk Gloiu:. It is a globe preserved in the Geographical Department of the Paris National Library. S^'S The sphere is made of co[)per, gilt, and very neatly engraved, while all names and inscriptions are in small capitals artistically stamped with a puncheon. The title reads as follows : " Nova et inteora vniveksi orhs descripsio." The globe bears neither date, name of maker, place where con- structed, dedication, nor coat-of-arms, and is unmounted, hanging by a string passed through a hole pierced from i)ole to pole. It is lu)liow, and has been oj)ened, but nothing could be .seen inside. The inscrip- tions are nearly all in the Latin language. The latest inscribed datum 5"^ JUhliolhn-n Amfrii-ana yitunlinsinia, No. 142. llt-nco tlio iKiinc " liiirlcm " iir " l)c I!uri> t;lol)e " somo- 5''S ('.f(i(;r:>iiliical l)cp.\rtnH'iit, Ni). 3S7 lii.s. It was tiint's ^jivcn to it, alllioiij;!) now usually i.iUcil " Lo(!liilio purchased in l8j6 for 48 francs, from Pk IU'RK, wlio ilor(5:— Tli (lilt lilolJL'," on account of its very britjlit statcil lliat it camo from the collection of Mr. liLUION. ami gilt surface. \.^ ^^mmf wm Paris datum ^^'f*^i>^^^ I \'iau xx: tub: PARIS GILT GLOBE i 1| i P i 1 1- « 1 ' : 1. '"H ^' i < '[( ^ mmm ii- ^w M h \n 1 1 ,: 1 ^. ,• 1 :' 1 :■ ll M ; '' ^1 ' i ,■ . il 1 '' Hi j'^i V \ ! ^( t , I ■ «^1|.-|' n M ' ; ■I I 1 A t \ ■> 'ii Ai mw^^^ Cartographia Americana Vetustissima, 563 is " Term francesca," given to the region now corresponding to New England, and which being followed by the words : " nuper lustrata : — lately found," leads to the conclusion that the cartographer borrowed his information in this respect from a prototype constructed not long after the return of Verrazano to France (1524). Jacques Cartier explored those shores in 1534; but if the words "nuper lustrata" did refer to his first voyage, the Pacific coast in this most elaborate and detailed globe, would, like the ma[)s of Ribeiro (1529) and others anterior to 1534, mention Tumbez or Peru, a country from which Francisco Pizarro had brought to Spain, in the spring of 1528, most marvellous accounts, immediately printed in Germany and Italy, and vases of solid gold. Nor should we forget that the designation of " Francesca," as apjjjied to the present site of New England, or of New York, was inscribed on maps, and adorned with a French flag, seven years at least before the first expedition of Jacques Cartier. For instance, as we have already shown, in the Maggiolo map of 1527, and less than five years after the latter date in the Tabula novarum instclarum, which Sebastian Munster constructed for the Novus Orbis which was published at Basle in 1532. ''Nuper lustrata" therefore, applies to a French exploration of the north- east coast of America, accomplished before 1527. This exploration can only be the transatlantic voyage of Verrazano ; as we know of no other at or prior to that period under the French flag. Nor would the mere fishing expeditions of Normandy or Breton smacks have been acknow- ledged on maps by a display of the royal standard of France, particularly across the mainland. The globe contains a number of long inscriptions, which, with the hope of finding data enabling us to ascertain further the precise time when it was constructed, we have carefully examined. Those which were supposed to throw light on that point are the following : " Qui banc insulam explorarunt ad intima nomine boniea [bimini ?] alias aganeo fonte perhennio adeo nobilem fabulantur ut eius fontis a qua epota senes reviviscant teste Petro Martire." This allusion is to be found in the Second Decade of Peter Martyr, lib. X., f"- 42, written in December, 15 14, and first published in 15 16. "Jamaica: hec et Hispaniola dicta bonam eivs partem nvnc hispani incolvnt qvi avri fodinas possident habet lignvm gviacvm." SI \ \'^ \ , % 'A 'if 'Ml '1' V fi:;\: m.' I • 1^ I ! .1 i .1 a k f\ 564 The Discovery of North America. The supposed merits of Giiaiiicuin wood, as a panacea for /ues venerea, were made known in Central Europe 5<^ during the year 15 17. " I)c his terris et insulis [Cozumel and Yucatan] lege Cortesivm .... Themixlitan oppidum svperiores memorie prodidervnt in lacu. salso coUocaivm vrbemque ne vecias claritudinc et am|)litudine multum ii te cclerc impcratoris orient, hie esse rcgiam domos magnificentessinia finitimarvm omnivm regionvm gcntivm ditionem niira svnt et prope fidem excedentia qve scriptores de huius et impcratoris ct magnitudine opis. et dominatio ne perhibet plvra lege apvd Ferd. Curtesivin." The writings of Cortes referred to are the translation into Latin of his second and third letters published at Nuremberg 5f'7 in 1524. As the reader will perceive, there is no information set forth in those legends which did not circulate all over Europe in printed books before 1527. Across the South American continent we read " America inventa 1497," which betrays the direct influence of the accounts of the four voyages of Vespuccius, as published by Waldseemiiller in his Cosmo- graphice introductio, at St. Diey in Lorraine in 1507. What corresponds novv with the Peruvian region, e.xhibits also only one name : " Cattigora Prov.," which the cartographer doubtless imagined to be American, as is seen from the word " Prov[inciaJ " added by him, but which is only a remnant of the Ptolema^an nomenclature. The vcyage of Magellan is depicted with a thread-like itinerary, on which, south of Madagascar, is inscribed : " Ilia linea ex Sibilla dvcia hispanorvm navigationem ostendit." The Gulf of Mexico is called " Sinvs S. Michaelis," and the Caribbean Sea, " I^L'ire herbidium," evidently on account of the floating beds of sea- weeds (Siu-gassuni vntans) found in those regions, and already indicated on that sea by Juan de la Cosa, under the designation of " Sato de uerbos." The course of the Amazona is traced to a very long distance, and made to issue in several wide streams from a range of high moun- tains. This representation is not, as so often stated, 5ru, Nu. IJ3, p. 510. 5'' liibliolhcva Amerkana Vuluitinniina, No 5''' Particularly as regards the manifold and extensive branches, in the Nancy Globe. CARTOGRAnilA AmKUICANA VeTUSTISHIMA. 5''>5 furnished to Pcdrarias Davila in July, 15 14, when ranging the northern coast of South America on his way to Darien : " Ibi didicere Maragonum fluuium i; montibus niualibus descendere, angerique inter labcndum magna (luminum aliorum copia in oum cadente ; propterea ingens est, quia l' lon- ginquo ad mare fluit per terras aquosas : — There owre men learned that the ryuer Maragnonus descendelh from the montaynes couered with snowe cauled Afonta NiuaUs, or Serra Niuata: And the same to bee encreased by many other ryuers whiche saule into it throughowte all the lowe and waterlye regions by the whiche it runneth with so longc a tracte from the sayde montaynes into the sea.""' A continuous belt of antarctic lands encompasses the South Pole, and bears the inscription " Regio Patalis." A feature to be noted particularly in this globe is the blending of America with Asia, north of the equator, precisely as we see it depicted in the diminutive hemispheres of Franciscus Monachus, and, as we have inferred from Schuner's description of his own globe of 1523, initiated in the latter. This resemblance makes it incumbent on the critic to ascer- tain the origin of that peculiar configuration in the Gilt Globe. In other words, was the globe, now lost, which Schuner constructed in 1523 the prototype of the "Globe dore"? We believe that the " Globe dore" is a derivative either of Schijner's globe of 1523, or of one which was constructed by him soon after that date. Our opinion is based upon the perfect resemblance existing between the configurations of the Gilt Globe and those of Schoner's globe of 1533, which we assume to be mainly a repetition of the lost globe of 1523. Another reason is that the nomenclature of the Gilt Globe is identical with that of Schoner's globe of 1533, from "Terra llorida" to the "Regio Patalis." The difference exists only in the names of the north-east coast. That is, the Lusitano - Germanic nomenclature on the coast line, from Florida to the Baccalaos, which we fmd in the Gilt Globe, is no longer to be seen in Schoner's globe of 1533. It is this omission or excision which prompts us to look for the prototype of the Gilt Globe in an early derivative of Schoner's globe of 1523, rather than in his globe of 1533 itself. The reason is that, when constructing the globe of 1523, SchiJner gives us clearly to understand that his new geographical ideas were limited to the regions south of the tropic of Cancer, and at the west, where he thought that America was joined to Asia ; thus making of the two worlds only one continental mass. This, necessarily, led him to connect, on thi; 5<^ Anuiiieka, Decad. III., lib. v,, f" 55, redo ; Eden's tran»l.-iiion, p. 117. litl ( !• \\\ \ ll (' X\ I'll: I \ Y I 1' ■' mnm \ ^' ',1 r,i » i .1 1 , /i ■ Vi' 1 ■■Hi I i ■1 A' The Discovery of Nokt?i America. Atlantic side, the vast countries which he had theretofore depicted as se[)aratc, and to set forth r.n unbroken line of coasts from Labrador to the Strait of Magellan. But he had no reason, in 1523, for modifying the Lusitaiic ' iiapic nomenclature inscribed along the north-eastern sec- tion. The pro'jubility is, therefore, that his globe of 1523 exhibited the configur.itions and names which we notice on the north-east of the globe "*^ '533> '^"^'t that it maintained the Cantinean nomenclature already exist- ing in all his former globes, which, for motives as yet unexplained, he omitted in his globe of 1533, preferring to delineate a nameless coast. We can fmd no other reason to explain the extreme resemblance which exists between the " Globe dore " and Schdner's last globe. Be that as it may, the prototype of the Gill Globe dates from about the year 1527, as can be seen from the reference to discoveries accom- plished by the French on the north-east coast of America, and which we have shown to be results of Verrazano's voyage. It became the progenitor of an important scries of globes and cordiform maps, as will be seen from the following comparative table. NORTH-EAST COAS T : C. rasvm, G. F. R. de la Parma, G. Terra francesca nuper lustrata, C. arlear, G. N. \V, G. N.*" W. F. C. litar, G. \V. Baccalearvni regio, G. N. W. F. S.'^ Los Cortes, G. N. W.'" F. Terra norula, G. N. W. F. S. C. baxo, G. N. W. F. R. de S. Spiritv, G. W. F. S. R. areticos, G. R. reates, G. F. R. arbaleda, G. W. F. 5. R. d. palma, G. F. Tamacho provincia, G.N.W.F. C. d. lago, G. W.'w GULF OF MEXICO R. panuco, G. W. F. Cham Fl., G. Sinvs S. michaelis, G. W. Acvlvacam, G. W. S. Amcel, G. F.'" S. michael, G. W. F. S. Hispania nova, G. W.'"' R. Messigo, G. \V. F. S. Themistitan, G. N. \V. F. S. Mangi, G. F. S. crvcis,"" G. Calco, G. \V. F. 6'. Sacrificiorvm insule, G. W, C. nipoal, G. W."' F. Sevila, G. F. S. Almeria, G. N. F. S. 5'° These capital loiters ,ire explained ns follows : — G. for the (Jilt CJIuhe. \. for the Nancy (iloho. \V. for the Wooden Cilohe. F. for the single cordiform map of KlN*fs. .s'. for Si'iioni:k's jrlohe of 1533. 5?' " Corte roales. '' in Nancy .ind Wooden Olohes. 5?- The Nancy Glolx; omits " niipur lustr.ita." s?' " Lago del odro," in Wooden (llohe. 5N " Anicel" and " St. Michael " .arc not one and the same, .ilthonj^h the single cordiform of KlN,i;rs inscribes " .\mcel vel S. Michael pr." In that locahty St. Michael is a very old n.ime deriveil doubtless troni the "Sinus S. Michaelis," apparently the first name given to the (Julf of Mexico. "In Sinus Sancti Michaelis a noslris apiiellato," s.ays Anohiera (Decad. III., lib. vi., f<" 56 and 57). On the other hand "-•Vmichel" is the name which w.as I'irst given to the country discovered for Iran- Cisco DE OakW in 1519. ( " I'rovincia .\michel," in Turin and Cortes maps. ) 5" " Hispania maior" in Wooden Globe. 5'" Several of those names marked G. have been omitteSiV/)TO "C. de Iliijucras." =84 " silva de Servi " in Mai-.i;I01.0. " Tvnta de 5^ "Curiana" in N.ancy (ilohe. Servi" in \errazano. It maybe the "P. de Saulo ' 5"' " Valle imbrosa"in the Maggiolo of 1527. It is of Schoni-.r. Ciiriana which IIojEDA called " Valfermoso ;" Navak- !*' Terra desierta. RKTIC, Vol. III., p. 32. 5^ " Kretum magcllanicum " in Wooden (llobe. ''' " Paricura " in Maggioi.O and Wooden Globe is ss; " Occanus Sl.Tgellanicus" in Wooden Globe. 1 l.tl s ^ ^M I ' si . i ■;* i ) I 'A tS,, r I i I '.I '!■ ■ I! I \i M * i " t 12 t( I '' •■'.:? 568 TlIK DiSCOVKKY OF NoUTlI AMERICA. the simple or in the double cordiform maps of Finseus, prove that the maker of the Gilt Globe has not copied the French cosmographer. The reader will not fail to notice also on the north-east coast, pre- cisely in the same place where they figure on the Cantino, Canerio, and VValdseemiiller maps and Schonerean globes, but coupled with designations of a much later period, the following names : " Rio de la Parma, C. Arlear, C. Litar, C. baxo, C. d. lago." Lack of space evidently pre- vented the cartographer from inserting the remainder of the Cantinean nomenclature, as several names belonging to the latter are to be found in other globes, the configurations and lists of which prove them to be of the same family as the present. The workmanship and gilding of that globe is excellent, and such as might have been executed in Italy, France, or Gern' uiy, during the first half of the sixteenth century : but from the formation of the letters, which, as we have said, were punched, and not engraved, critics are un- able to state positively where it was constructed. A lapsus from the engraver, however, permits us to consider the globe as the work of a German artist. All the names and legends are in the Latin language, with these three exceptions. Where we should read : Aqiice PaiinoniccB, Dninsviga {Brunsvicum or Mesuiiim), and Vindobona, the cosmographer has unconsciously caused the artist to inscribe, in German : Baden, Braunscliweig, and IVien. No. 182. P.VRMKNTIKK. Maps made by the Dieppe navigator, Jehan Parmentier : " Parmentier estoit bon cosmographe et geographe, et par lui ont estc composez plusieurs mappes nionde en globe et en plat et plusieurs cartes marines sur lesquelles plusieurs ont navigue seurement." ^'* Parmentier also made a maj) of the world, which Desmarquetz says was the first mappamundi constructed by a Frenchman. 589 Those maps were necessarily finished before April 28, 1529, which is the date of his sailing from Diepi)e, with Lc Sacrc and La Pensce, for a voyage from which he never returned. 59° (i(! f "■' Cli. hciiici KK, /.(.' Di.t'-niu-i ih la Xavljaliun dt ,lian rl Rduiil I'armi ulicr ; I'ari», uSSj, Svo, p. ix. 5"* I)i;sM ARi.'i'K 1/, Mi'muifi « rhronnUt'ji'iif ipniirstrrir (i /'/k'.-7. lie. J)iijjjir ; r.iris, 17S5, 121110, Vul. 11., p. 10. 5' Jean I'arint:ntii.-r ilicil DLTenilier 3, 1520, and, wilh lli^ brollicr, was buried at Sumatra : " alin rjuc lc nom desdicls l'aimentier> ne deineiire enscpvcly .luec leurs corps en la dicte isle de Sumatra," says Ckiunon (I'ar- MI'.NI IKK, Diti'ription iKiUH'Ue dr^ Afirvoillee ; I'ari^, 1531, 4to, introd.). Vet in his I'laimlc lur lc tratpa-! ill. Jean et Haout I'armcntiir, he speaks of " lc corps de Kaoul qui jccte fut en nier." 1 .Ui .'\ Cartographia Americana Vetustissima. 569 If 1529. No. 183. ZUAN PlERO HE MaRIN. Engraved mappamundi, of which no copy is known to exist. It was copyrighted by the Senate of Venice, May 10, 1529. The privilege begins as follows : " Havendo Zuan piero de marin fatto uno mappamondo cum tutte le isole loci et navi- gatione da novo trovate, opere non fatta mai da altri niai per lui solo cum el suo ingegno della quale accio che altri servino et li toglino il premio che alle fatiche sue conviene sola- mente ha supplicato alia Signoria nostra quella gratia : — Whereas John Peter de Marin having made a mappamundi with the islands, localities, and navigations [to] newly-discovered [countries], a work which, he being the first who made it, and with his own ingenuity .... Now therefore '"" This is necessarily different from the engraved mappamundi which Fernando Columbus bought at Venice in 1527 (Supra, No. 176). I <; ^ ■ij No. 184. RimciRo IN Weimar. It is a map of the World, 2173 by 891 mm., entided as follows: " Carta universal en que se contiene todo lo que del mundo Se ha descubierto fasta agora: Hizola Diego Ribero Cosmographo de Su Magestad ; Ano de 1529- La qual Se devide en dos partes conforme h la capitulation que hizieron los catholicos Reyes de espana, y El Key don Juan de portugal en la Villa de Tordesillas : Ano de 1494." It is preserved in the Grand Ducal Library at Weimar. The part relating to America has been facsimiled and published by Dr. Kohl, with an excellent introduction, to which we beg to refer the reader. 59- This map was based apparently upon data borrowed from the Padron Real kept in the Casa de Contratacion at Seville, but it must not be viewed on that account as possessing an official character. Nor do we think that it was a sailing chart used by pilots frequenting the New World. The reader should consider Ribciro's present map only as one made to give the generality of readers an idea of the geography of the world, and of the kind which that cartographer, as well as a number of others living then in Seville, designed to order, and ornamented according s'' Slate archives in Venice ; feiialo Term reg. US c. fo 13,.'. We are indebted for this curious indication to Mr. Charles EriiRUSsi ; for we could obtain nothing but empty words from the present custodlun of those archives. 5'' KoilL, Die heiden (iltesten OeneraJ ■ Karltn ron Amerika ; Weimar, lS6o, large folio, with facsimile of the portion of the two Weimar maps which relate to the New World. 3X ¥p i'^ .ill » J i-i i i 1 i 1 I ! i i \ t ■1 !l }i I i I 1 ! ! 570 The Discovery of North America. to the price paid for the same. It differs from its Weimar companion by the additions of geographical data on the Pacific coast, and several inscriptions of importance. Thus, on the " Tierra de Labrador," we read : " Esta tierra descubrieron los Ingleses no ay en ella cosa de prouecho : — This country was discovered by the English, and there is nothing in it worth having." On Newfoundland there is the following legend : "Tierra de los bacallaos laqual descubrieron los corte reales y aquy se perdieron — hasta aora no an allado cosa de prouecho mas de la pescaria de bacallaos que son de poca estima : — Tpk land of codfish discovered by the Corte Reals, and where they were lost. Up to this time nothing of value has been found there, except the fishing of codfish, and these do not amount to much." On the present New England States we notice particularly : "Tierra de Estkvam Gomez, laqual descubri6 por mandado de su mag [estad] el afio de 1525 ; ay en ella muchos arboles y fructas de los de espana y muchos Rodouallos y salmones y soUos : non han allado oro : — The Country of Estevam Gomez, which he discovered by order of His Majesty. It contains numerous trees and fruits [like those] of Spain, much rodovallo [a kind of fish], salmon, and soles. No gold has been found." On our Western States, but relating only to the east coast : "En toda esta costa del nort son los Indios de mayor estatura que no los de sancte do- mingo ni de las otras islas mantienense de maiz y pescado que ay enn mucha abundan^ia y ca^a de de [sit-] muchos venados y de otras animalias viste[n]se de pelejas de lobos y de " Everywhere on this northern coast the In- dians are taller than those of Santo Domingo and other islands. They feed on maize [In- dian corn], and fish, which they have in great abundance ; they hunt much game and other animals, and wear the skins of wolves and foxes." Raposos y surras." On the present Southern States, south of Virginia : "TiERA DE Ayllon : el qual la descubrio y boluiendo la a poblai! porque es tierra muy dispuesta par dar pan y vino y todas las cosas de espatia fallegio a quy de dolenij'ia : — The Country of .^yllon, which he discovered and went back to settle, as it is well appropriated to yield breadstuff, wine, and all things of Spain. He died here of malady." '" On the northern seaboard of the Gulf of Mexico : "TiERA DE Garay : en toda esta costa y la del li(;enciado ayllon y la tierra de esteuan gomez no se espera de allar oro como en la nueua espana por estar ya muy desuiada del tropico : — The Country of Garay : All over this coast and that of the Licentiate Ayllon, and the land of Estevam Gomez, there is no hope of finding gold [is done] in New Spain, because it is too much out of the way of the tropic." '" Octiilwr 18, 1526 : " E passo do aquost.i viila ilia tie m the Cabo de la Vela to Cumana, from 140 to 150 leagues." Inside of the Venezuelan and northern coasts of Brazil " En toda esta costa dende el Rio dulce hasta el cabo de san Roque no se a allado cosa de prouecho esta costa Ide una 0.2. vezes bojada luego que se descubrieron las In- dias y despues aca no no [sic-] a buelto a ella el Rio de maraiion es niuy grande y entran en el nauios por agua dulce y 20 leguas en la mar toman agua dulce." "All over this coast, from the Rio duke to the Cape of San Roque, nothing of account has been found. Once or twice, since the dis- covery of the Indies, the coast has been ranged, but since, no one has returned thither. The Rio de Maranon is very large, and vessels enter it to fill their casks, and twenty leagues [from coast] in the sea, they take in fresh water." In the centre of the mainland of Brazil : "Tiera del Brasil: Aqui no se alia otra cosa de prouecho mas del brisil que no les costa mas de hazerlo cortar y traerlo a las naos lo qual hazen los Indios por poca cosa comen carnes umanas seyendo enemigos. Aqui tiene el Rey de portogal en pernJbuco una fatoria donde tiene mucha cantidad de brasil cogido para las naos que van acargar." " The Country of Brazil. Here, the only thing of value is the brazil [dy-.'vood], which costs only the trouble of cutting ,\nd carrying to the vessels, which the Indians do for very little. They eat the flesh of their enemies. Here, the King of Portugal has at Pernanibuco a factory where is a large quantity of brazil- wood collected for shipping on board vessels sent for the purpose." Over the entire area of the region of the rivers of La Plata : " Esta tierra descubrio Juhan de Solis en el aiio de . 1515 . o . 16 . donde aora esta Sebastian gaboto en una casa fuete [sic pro fuerte] que alii hizo es tri muy despuesta para dar pan y vino en mucha abundan^ia el Rio es muy grandijimo y de mucha pescaria cren que ay oro y plata en la tierra adentro." " This country was discovered by Juan de Solis in the year 15 15 or 1516. There Sebas- tian Gaboto \sic\ now is, in a fort which he has constructed. It is very well appropriated for yielding breadstuff and wine in great abundance. The River is extremely large and abounding with fish. The belief is that there is gold and silver in the interior." . ii I' 1 1 ■^ 'i i • ;fil) '! f IV ll ■ 1 , ':. tr 1 ! \'f\ w. I '^i f if J:' i 'V I 572 The Discovery of North America. South of the river La Plata, near the apex of the continent " TiERA DE PATAGONES : Los que abitan en esta t[ier]ra donde alio el estrecho fernani de niagallaes son honibres de grandes cuerpos casi gigantes vistense de pieles de anlmalias la tierra es esteril y de ningun provecho. Aqui estovo fernam de magallaes seis nieses surto en el puerto de San Juliani que esta en 50 grades donde venyan los Indios a las naos los quales gustando del pan y del vino que en los naos les dieron se venian tantos que aborre^-ian no vieron aqui casas abita[n] en los cilpos ay aquy muchos abestruzes usan flechas los Indios." " The Country of Patagonians : Those who inhabit that land, where Fernam de Ma- gellan found the strait, are men of large bodies, almost giants, covered with skins of beasts. The land is steril and of no value. Here Fernam de Magellan stayed six months, es- pecially in the port of St. Julian which is by 50 degrees. There, Indians came on board, and having tasted the bread and wine which was given to them, manifested abhorrence for the same. No houses were seen. They live in the open air. There are many ostriches.'" The Indians use arrows." On the mainland, bordering the Pacific coast : " Perv : Esta tierra d' peru descubrio fran- cisco pi^arro en el ano de 1527 . aqui alio oro y plata q. Rescato la Jente es de mas Razon que las de las otras partes tienen obejas de que hazen panes tienen grandes cibdades muradas y grandes casas de ora<,'i6 donde van a adorar a sus ydoles quando no Uueue van en pro- cision a ellas." " Peru. This country of Peru was discovered by Francisco Pizarro in the year 1527. Here was found gold and silver with which they trade [?]. The natives are more intelligent than in other parts. They have sheep, with which they make clothes, and they have large walled cities and large praying houses, where they go in proces- sions to adore their idols." The new names are numerous, although the present map proceeds from the same prototype as the anonymous Weimar chart of 1527. We notice the following : NORTH-EAST COAST AND FLORIDA: R. de Mentanas R. de S. lago C. Roxo Cabo de Arenes C. Traffalgar Canico Tierra de Gomez R. del principe R. de COcibicion GULF OF MEXICO: Atalaya Tierra de Garay C. de Cacones«« R. de S. anton[io] Ostial S. p»- y S. pa.*" R. de Grijalva Tierra de gigantes R. de Capual"" R. de S. Pablo Malabrigo "' Is. de Sacrificios Rio de Xpianos C. Bravo Sierras de St. Martin Triangulo (island) Zarcas (island) s** Rht'o. Amtrienna, sm.iller than the real ostrich, which is fimnil only in Asia and Africa. 595 Mal.iljriy;o ;— Had bhcltcr. -■'' Capo of lireakcrs. ■w Sant Pedro and Sant Paulo. 5^"* The " Cempcjala " of Coktks. ^It: ^- .V '-^ \\ t We Cartograpiiia Americana Vetustissima. )/ J YUCATAN Chftpa R. de Lagartos P. de cotoche Yrua La roca [partida ?] S. Cruz AND NORTH COAST OF S. I'enedo de S. pedro Baxos de Jua de braga™" G. del aguada R. de Canas [Canoas ?] Y'^ de S. Catali[na] C. do J''- de lixboa'^ AMERICA : Rio de Uruay R. de caracana R. de parana Rio del Epiti R. de Paraguay Ys» de R" alvarez*" Y" de Xpoal Jaques" Tierra de los baxos ON P. de baxos S. petro Las uelas P" de pifias Rucan C. d' fartoa po duke R. de S. Jua Y" d' S. esteua Madalena Y. de S. THE PACIFIC C. de S. niculas B. de S. lucas S. xpOal (island) AncO d' sardinas B. d' S. mateo C. de S. franc" S. barbara C. de la buelta S. ekna""* Y. de S. tiago COAST ; R. de la cOcep^io Salinas de la (;ibdad de tunbez C. de nieues""' Ysletas de S. antonio Y" del gallo C. de S. Maria Y. de buena vista P" de mal abrigo Sierra niorena ''"' Roque 1'" y prouincia de la cibdad de chinchax No. 185. RiHiiRO IN THE Propaganda. Although this map of the world is the work of the same cartographer as the [)receding one, and also dated 1529, it presents sufficient differences to be described separately. It is on a larger scale than the Weimar copy, as it measures, from the northern extremity of Labrador to the Tierra del 'Fuego, 1 010 mm. instead of 700, for the same number of degrees of latitude. It is also greatly ornamented with trees, birds, animals, and Indians, and bears three escutcheons, viz.: Delia Rovere's, and on its right and left, Chigi's, but one of these is quartered with Rovere's. ^°6 '■" \Vc have failoil U> ascLMt.iin .iiiytliint; alioiil lli.it Ju.in I)K Ukac.a, apparently a l^^rt\lt;ut■sl.• mariner. '"° Joani UK LisiioA w.as a I'drlut^iiost' pilot, who visited lirazil so early as 1506. Diario ile Pcro L< pn, p. S7, note. '•" Rodrigo Ai.VAhEZ was one of the pilots of Sehasti.in Cahot in his expedition to La Plata. (Santa Ckuz, Islario, MS.) *"'■ Chrisloval Jacji'K/. was a Portuguese captain, who captured a nmnber of French ships olT U.ahia in 1526, and not in 1503, the year in which lie was erroneously be- lieved to have uomni.ind''d the expedition in which VesI'Uccius accomplished his fourth voyage. See J akoa- TAM (A. de .St. M.) Xovo nrim Serah'ro /irrui/icii, Rio de Janeiro, 1858, Svo,4ip. 47, 222; VAUMlAr.r.N, An jiri- infiraa jk r/or/nf i«,i (I'liloinnJircif, in the Adnioriax iln luKtit.'lo hiatori'-ne iiec/raphifo lirasikiro, 1S42, |i. 127. '^^ Rio df 5. El.Mia in Weimar of 1527. *"* Ni.'!stra Se'".ora de las Nieves, August 5, ^^ Provincia de la Sieira Morena, in the Propaganda copy. '"'' This le.ids us to think that the owner was the Mar- ipiis Agostino Cliu;i, son of Lorenio, who apparently married a UelI-A RoviiKK. ■\ \^ I! >[ I i i ; . I 'ill . .1 :! • it : m US' t^ ♦ « n: ' 5 ■;i i mmhF^ 'l f! t I f 4 'i . V. li r f' ■it ( 1:",;. M ' .I':),: nf ;l fill 574 The Discovery of Noktii America. The inscriptions differ in some respects from those of the Weimar Ribero. On the " Tiera del Labrador," we read : " Laqual descubrieron los Ingleses de la uilla de bristol," which clearly indicates the discovery accomplished by John Cabot, but ascribed by Ribero to Sebastian, who was in 1529 his superior in the service of the Castilian Crown, and from whom he certainly gathered most of his data concerning the north-eastern regions.607 On the mainland of Canada there is inscribed : " Tierra nova de Cortereal," and on the Country of Estevam Gomez : " El mantimiento de los Indios es maiz, son de grande estatura : — Maize is the food of the natives. They are of large size." Thus making of two original legends, one only. The inscription referring to Ayllon is more detailed, and reads : " Aqui yua a poblar el licen^-iado ayllon el " Here went the licentiate Ayllon to settle the qual salio de s. domingo o de p"- de plata*" donde embarco su gente e lleuaron tan pocos mantimyentos y la jente de la tiera se rety- raron [?] adentro con myedo asy que benido el invierno de hambre y de frio se murio mucha de la jente y asy estando un este trabajo acor- daron de se bolver a la espanola." country, for which he sailed from S. Domingo, or Puerto de Plata, where his men were taken on board. They took with them very little pro- visions, and the natives fled into the interior from fear. So that when winter set in many of them died of cold and hunger . . . They deter- mined to return to Hispaniola.""* This is the earliest statement which we possess of the sad fate of Ayllon, and of his last expedition to Chicora (the present Carolinas). In the Magellanic regions, the legend adds : "Unos dos dellos [Yndios] se vinieron a las naos y dixieron que los lleuesen los quales despues morieron en la mar : — Some of the Indians came on board, and asked to be carried [away, and] they died afterwards at sea." According to Pigafetta, those Indians, so far from having left of their ovn accord, were treacherously chained and kidnapped. The nomenclature in the present subject is also more ample than in the Weimar copy, combining the names in the latter with many which are in the Weimar map of 1527, bu'; giving a few new ones. We notice on what seems to be the apex of Cape Breton island, besides the "Tierra de los Bretones," a cape called " C. del breton," which may be the " C. de bertoni " of Maggiolo. In the large bay corresponding with our Gulf of St. Lawrence, mention is made of an " arcicpelago," which may refer to our " lies de la Madeleine," borrowed apparendy from some Portuguese *'■ Supra, jiages 19 and 22. '^ Out of five humirocl men, less than one hundred and '^•"' " Dedonde salii) mediado el mes de Julio del ano de fifty escaped. GviKDO, Ifiiitoria (lenerai, Mb. I., caj). mill e quinientos e vcynte y seis alios." — Ovir.lin, //w- xxii., Vol. IV., p. 337. See, mtprn. Hook Eighth, tnria Ofiifral, lib. x\xvii., cap. i., Vol. III., p. 627. chapter ii., pp. 198— 213. I iM ii their idred ami 1., cap. Eiglilh, Cartogkaphia Americana Vktustissima. 575 map of the Fagundes expeditions. On the north-east coast there is a *' Rio solo," and, on the Pacific coast, what the Weimar Ribero calls : " R. de la conception" is named here: " R. de la acension." 6'° No. 1 86. Map of Nicaragua. This first special map of Nicaragua is mentioned, but too succinctly, by Pedrarias Davila, as follows : " Como parece par la figtira que envio h. V. M. que hizo Pero Miguel y Pedro Cor^o : — As may be seen from the map [Pedrarias Davila] sent to Your Majesty, and which was made by Pero Miguel and Pedro Corgo.'"" Pedro Cor90 was the pilot of Marin Estete, and the discoverer, with Fernando de la Serna, of the Rio Chagres 612 in 1527. As to Pero Miguel, he acted an important part in Davila's war with the King of Urraca6'3 (which seems to be another name for Veragua) in 1520. No. 187. HiERONYMO da VerRAZANO. It is a map of the world, 2600 by 1300 mm., signed " Hieronemvs de Verrazano faciebat ; " and preserved, framed, in the Library of the Propaganda Fide at Rome, to which it was bequeathed by Cardinal Stefano Borgia in 1804, with his entire museum. The name of Hieronymo we have shown ^'4 to be that of the brother of Giovanni da Verrazano, who lived in Normandy, at Honfleur, or at Rouen, in 1526. The map, however, was made three years later, as it contains this legend : " Verrazana siue Gallia nova quale discopri 5 anni fa Giovanni di Verrazano fiorentino per ordine et coniandamento del Chrystianissimo Re di francia : — Verrazana or the new Gaul, which Giovanni di Verrazano, a Florentine, discovered five years ago by the order and command of the most Christian King of France [Francis I.]." That is, it was constructed five years after the voyage accom[)lished by V^errazano between the end of December 1523, and the beginning of July 1524. The fact that all the names and inscriptions are in the »'"= A rccUictd facsimile nf the entire map h.is been escoyidon, r. 5, f°- 223. De Terai.ta, op. cil., p. xi. piiblisheil lately in London. *'= Oviedo, Vol. IV., p.iges 61, 217. Navakrivie, '"' Hdmiun de la Tienn que U: cnria a Su Maijestad. liMiot. Maritima, Vol. I., p. 431, Vol. II., p. 547. Cilid.ad de Leon. 15th ol January, 1529, written by "■' IIf.rrkra, Decad. II., lib. i.\., cap. xvii. redrariaa Davila. MS. Aicliivo de Indi.is, I'apcks ^'* Jievtie Critique, Paris, No. of Jan. i, 1S76, p. 22. \\ ;i r' n ii 1 * \ . w ( 'I m\ 1 ,1 'I ■;:,» 1 \i : : •' \\ if 1 •; '' ' ■ ( 1 i:i'.! : „.,^. I ill II mi: ini /; /'i li ■ 1 <' if'. Ill '.l':,' 5/6 The Discovery ok Noktii America. Italian language, indicates that the map was not made in France nor for Frenchmen, but in Italy, where Hieronymo Verrazano probably returned after the death of his brother, who was hanged as a pirate at Colmenar de Arenas, in Castile, by the order of Charles V.,<^'5 in November 1527, without leaving any posterity." ^'^ As we have already stated, when describing the third Maggiolo map {supra, No. 173), the planisphere of Verrazano proceeds from a prototype akin to the one used by the Genoese cartographer. And, if the north- eastern configurations in both are similar to those of the Weimar charts, the nomenclature is much richer and widely different. In Maggiolo and Verrazano it abounds particularly with French names (Italianised), viz.: Diepa (Dieppe), Liingavilla (Longueville), San Germano (Saint Germain), Angole))ime (Angoilleme), Tolovilla (Tourville), Vendomo (Vendume), Orlemt (Orleans).'^'? It is also worthy of notice that while ninety-eight names are inscribed along that coast in the Verrazano chart, the map of Ribeiro, which was made at the same time, exhibits only forty-eight, not more than eight of which are to be found in the former. This disparity shows that Hieronymo Verrazano did not borrow his nomenclature directly from a Sevillan map. Nor can it be said that those names are imaginary, or were coined by him, as we find thirty-five of them in the third Maggiolo map, which was constructed two years before by a Genoese cosmographer whom we have no reason to suppose had any interest in such a deceit. '^'S Nor should we forget that Vesconte de Maggiolo could not be favourable to Francis I. in 1527, which is the year when the troops of the French King besieged the city, and after taking it, pillaged the palace. n •" Ikrnal IJlAZ, Verdada-a TtLiloria, crip, clix., (i. 206 ; liARClA, Hiiimi/o Ghroiioloiiii-o jmia la Ili^tnrin ill la Fhriila, fo. 3, and especially II. C. MCKl'llY, The Voyaiji 0/ I'frrazzavo, pp. 162-162, for amclubive ildcii- menls conimunicated by the late Uuckin(;hani Smiiii ; the Spanish text of which, however, has not been pnl>lisheil. '"> On the nth of May, 1526, (liovanni Vkkua/.ano in executing a power of attorney, calls Hieronymo Vkk- i;azano " his lirother ami heir : — Jerosnie tie Var.iscnnc son frerc et heriticr," which coiikl not be the case if Giovanni had h.ad any children then living. He soon afterwards went to sea, and as we have said, died on the gallows within the next eighteen months. '■"" We must doubtless add to the list : Uiisn (Louise, do I'lance.-), Navarro (Navarre), Lt Jiijle de imvarra (Les tils — or infants — de la >.'a\arre), hAredere (le belve- dere). MAiiCioi.O gives two additional names: Nor- mnuvilla (Normanville), and Lorto de rucelay (I.e Jardin de Rousselay). ''"' A phrase of Annibal Cako, although jocidar, >hows that, at least in 1537, Vi-.ura/,ano was already noted for his iliscoveries in the N'ew Woild, of which he had made a map: " A uoi Verr.izano, come a cercalore di nuoui mondi, e de le marauiglie d'essi, non posso ancora dir cosa degna de la nostra carta, perche non hauenio p,xssate terre, che non sieno state scoperte da uoi, o da uoslro fr.itello.^Di Castro, a li xiij. di Ottobre MDXXXVii.," in Dele lettere familiare del cotneiidalore Aiinilial Caro, \'enetia, Aldo Manutio, mdi.xxiv., 410, p. it. It should be noted that, in 1537, r.otliijig had yet appeared in print concerning Verrazano's maritime discoveries, although, under the name of Juan Ki.okin, he is mentioned by An(;hii;ka for his piratical exploits (lOpist. 774, 7S2, S04, printed in 1 530). i\ i I \> Cartographia Americana Vetustissima. 577 This is the first Italian map which inscribes the name : " Tierra America," placed here across Venezuela. Brazil is called Verzino, which is synonymous, and the site of our United States is named " Nova Gallia, sive Ivcatanet," which last word is unintelligible. The new names are the following : NEWFOUNDLAND AND NORTH-EAST Terra nova sive le molve"' Monte de trigo C. das basas*^ Rio dos ramo C. despada*" Baia de Sancta loanna Rio Santant°«' Rio della pescaria La pescaria santantonia Oranhega San Severino Bonivetto Vendomo Belvedere Monte morello C. de Monte morello Orlean Santanna Annellina sirtis C. delle basse Palavisina COAST : Tolonvilla Angolemine Lampruneta La victoria San germano"" Capo d'Olimpo*" Punta de cerui"" Comana Punta del ulivo Punta de calami Livornno C. del refugio A much reduced photo-lithograph of the entire map has been inserted in the works of Messrs. Brevoort'^-^ and Murphy on Verrazano. A wood- cut outline, which embraces the east coast from Florida to Greenland, and gives nearly all the names inscribed in that region, has been published in Signor Desimoni's Tavola parallela. See, supra, pages 219 — 221. 1530. No. 188. Gemma Frisius' Globes. They sold at Louvaine and Antwerp in 1530, with his work De prin- cipiis Astronomies et Cosmographice , on the title of which we read "Vaineunt cum Globis."'^^; Gesner ment'ons those globes with others: " lo. Schoneri, Dryandi et Gemma Frisij, Globi impress! sunt." 628 One or two of the sets of gores which we have described, the configurations and nomencla- ture of which resemble the map of Apianus, may have been intended for the present globes of Gemma Frisius. Gemma also made a map of the "' Newfoundl.-ind, or the Liiml of Cod-fish. ''^ Capo dos liaxos (?), — The Cape of Shoals '-' Capo d'Espera (?), — The Cape of Hope. '" Rio Sant Antonio. *'' ("i. de Germano, in Maggiolo. *"< Jovium Pormtorius, in Magoiolo. ''5 Selva de Cervi, in Ulpius. '^ J. Carson Brkvoor r, Xtrrazano the Narii/ator, New York, 1874, 8vo. '"' " Louanii .ipud Seruatium Zaffeniiin ct Antvcrpia; apud (ircgoriuni Bontiuni. Anno 'M.n.xxx. niensc oclob." Bihliothcra Americana Vttustimma, Addi- tions, No. 92, p. 102. *'* Gesner, PaiuUrtafnm, 1548, fo. no. 3V i » i :| :; iM^ i :l inMifi. -h i I > iiH^ ^' I I i .is '■ 1 i ill ; ' ', '■! i ' 1 ■ 1 \ Im k ^. '/') 1 I ■J 1!» 1 1 '.:!,' ■ r: t 1 1 r 1 ) ■! ' i' \ ,'« "I I ri >.v: I ( ii \) )78 TlIK DiSCOVKKY OK NoHTH AMERICA. world, which he dedicated to Charles V., aiul published at Louvainc in 1540: "Charta, sivc IMappamundi id est Orbis totius descriptio, Carolo V. dicata . Lovaiiii, i540."''-9 This geographer, whose real name was Rcgnier, and who exercised the medical profession, is said by Teissier to have had this map honoured with some correction from Charles V. himself. No. 1 89. TiiK Ingolstadt Apianus. According to Baron Nordenskiold, to whom we are indebted for this information, this map measures 552 by 394 mm. It is dedicated to one Leonard van Eyk, and bears, on top, two diminutive maps of the world, ore entitled Obscrvntio Ptolem., the other Observatio Vespu., and, we believe, as a general title : Petri Apiani Universalior Cogniti Orbis Tabula. " EUe parut S(5i)ar^ment, sortie de la presse privt-e d'Apianus, h. Ingolstadt en 1530, me- surant 21 J:); sur i^yi pouces.'""" No. 190. The Antvykkp Apianus. It is said to be precisely like the mappamundi of 1520, but to bear the following title : " Tip'i's Orbis rniversalis iv.xta rtolemei Cosmoi^raphi traditionem et amrid \sic\ Vespi'cii a/wr[u//i]i/in' liistratiimes a P(tro Apiano Leysnico ct clucubraitdo. MDXXX. Ghcdruct t'attcerpen by mo peter de vales de guldenhant" We once saw^J' that maj) inserted in a copy of the edition of Peter Martyr's Decades published at Alcala in 1530. The Heber copy63- of that work and edition, and, it seems, the Murphy one, '^33 likewise con- tained a copy of the said map. No. 191. Fkiess — Prucjgkk. It is a small globe engraved on the title-page of an extremely rare tract, which is a translation or periphrase of Lorenz Friess' Carta Marina, written by Nicolas Prugner.634 It represents the New World, and bears the inscription : " ncuw welt." ^"> l-"ori't:ss, /iiUiolhtcn htlijica, p. 331. '^ Dr. J. \'an Kakmdo.nck, Orbis Imcujo, S.iint Xicol.is, i8S6| Svo., p. 21. '" liihUolhfa Amcrirnita Vttii.ilin-iimn, No. 154, ILige 276. '3- liilitiothtca Ilthcriana, Pari VI., No. 215. ''" Murphy Cnt.ilogue of .Sale, No. 1607. "■' IIydri)[iraphiii', hoc e.il, char'.w mariinc toliusque orliix, hrcuin sed Uilitcida descriptio ; Argentorati, Joannes Grunigeriis exciulebal anno M1>XX.\. 410, 16 loaves. We are indeliled for these details to Mr. Liulwig Rosenthal, of Munich. «■ , f, CARTOGRArniA AMERICANA VEfUSTISSIMA. 579 V No. 193. LoRKXz Frif.ss. Twelve engraved maps, which are described as follows : "Twelve engraved maps which were not published till 1530. —Under tlie title of Ciir/a marina navif^atoria Portugalensium. Friess says [?] that he drew his information in these maps from original sources, but he does not name these sources, and Kohl thinks the maps indicate the work of Waldseemiiller. The main inscription on the continent is " Das niiv erfunde land.""* We are unable to state whether the above differ from the Carta Mat-ma inserted in the editions of 1525 and 1527 of the Uslegtinir der Mer-Carthern.^lf> As to the edition of 1530,^37 we have not yet seen a copy with a map. No. 193. Till'. Si.oAMc Map. In an anonymous MS. of the British Museum (Sloane MSS., 117), entitled : De principiis astronomidv, th(Te is a map consisting of two leaves, measuring each 211 by 290 mm., each leaf being folded doubh;. That map is dateless, anonymous, and incomplete of the southern con- tinent. Where the south should commence, we read : " Hie ultra 55 g. extendit." The configurations and nomenclature for its north-cast coast clearly indicate a map derived either from the last globe of Schiiner, of 1523, or from the Carondelet s[)here constructed by Franciscus Monachus, also lost ; that is, one wherein America is represented as an eastern pro- longation of Asia. The inscriptions are : Campestria bergi C. ba.xa Baccalearum regio Desertum Terra florida C. Rasum R. d. S. spu (Rio de S. Spiritu) Terra franciscana nuper lustrata Mare glaciale West of Cape Race, we read "Viridis insula." The island of Cuba is called " Cuba"; and we have heard it stated that the map had been tampered with at an oarly period. No. 194. Map Engraved on Copper. It was for sale, and described by the famous Libri as follows : " Mappemonde engraved on copper, between 1530 and 1540, by an unknown engraver. 12 by 8^ inches. Peru is marked, but not Chili. The North American continent is ex- tremely narrow."®* '35 WiNsoR, Narratiiie ami Critical Ili.^lory of ^3' fiihUothcra Amcriraiia Vtluxliinima, No. 151 ; America, Vol. II., p. 220. Adtlilamcnia, No. 90. ^^ Supra, No. 160. In the Uileijiuiij ihc configur.i- '''"Libri Ca/alooitc of Ohjccl^ of Art ami Virtue; lions ami names .ire precisely thoie of W.iklseeiniiUer. Lonilon, 1S64, No. IJ9. :i (' If; ill Ml J i\ r "1! M lii I \ \': ' \ V 1 *' 1 .|i ;i' 1 1: i:' : ■;1 ■t { ' ^ '( ^ '1 1 * •'' '':ll I ll'l 5S0 TlIK DiSCOVKKY OK NoUTlI AmKKICA. VVc art: incliiutl to think that the present map is Identical with the one which is described in the catalogue of a well-known I'aris dealer, lately deceased, as follows ; but which we have not seen : " No. 162. — 2908. C.irtc gcographique gravt'e sur une plaque de cuivre. Forme circu- laire. Cette carte est une sorte de demimappemonde embrassant rhemis|)ht're b6real de la terre. Kile parait etre suivant une projection stc'riiographicjue. Diametre du cercle o'" 259." No. 195. WolkeniiUttkl Mat H. It is a portion of a planisphere, 2210 by 750 mm., based in every respect on a map of Ribero akin to the copy in the Propaganda, but of smaller dimensions. It is also ornamentetl with representations of animals, groves of trees, and large birds. The legends have been modified in a few particulars, but worth mentioning nevertheless. Thus on the " Tiera nueva de los bacallaos," we read : " Ksta tiera fue scubierta por los portogosos no ay en ella cosa dc prouecho mas que los bacallaos que cs pescado y niuy bueno. Aqui se perdieron los corte Reales : — This •country was discovered by the Portuguese. It contains nothing of value, except cod, which is a very good fish. Here the Corte Reals lost their life." In the inscription on Labrador, after relating, like the Propaganda •copy, that it was " descubierta por los Yngleses de la uila de bristol," the legend adds the following detail, which is not found in any other map : " E por que el que dio el lauiso della era labrador de las illas de los acares le (luido estc nombre : — .Xnd .ts the one who first gave notice [of the country, or who first sighted it,] was a labourer of the Azores islands, they gave it the name [of Labrador]." It is generally suppo.sed that the designation was due to the Indians brought from the north-east coast by Caspar Corte Real in 1501, and who were sold in Lisbon as labouring slaves. Biddle was the first who advanced this etymology, which is based upon the i)assage in the letter of Pietro Pasqualigo, as published in the Paesi : " Seranno per cxcellentia da f;itiga, et gli meglior schiaui se habia hauti sin ora ; — They will prove excellent for fatigue, and the best slaves ever had.'""" A remarkable peculiarity is the large island: "I. de S. luhan," placed within the Culf of St. Lawrence, as in the Verrazano ma[), which, with the general configurations, leads us to think that the maker of the latter borrowed his profiles from the same i)rototype. The spelling of the name '" /'aeii Horameiile ritromli, lib. vi., cap. c.\xvi. y , •It ii.:ii I" Hi J . _. ndians ;ind who letter laced with latter name Cautockai'Iiia Amkku'ANA Vktustissima. 581 "Iiihan" instead of " luan," is one of Ribero's orth(^graphical peculiarities, and we are now inclined to believe that a chart made by him existed soon after 1529, which contained the said island of " S. hihan," and additional names, particularly along the coasts of South America. In this Wolfenbiittel H, we notice the following new names : (JUI,1' Angia de racones Torre blanca Villa rica lanieza Celto dulce dc cristianos St. Giles OF MEXICO AND ISTHMU.S : 1'" de lucal De la binora Triunfo de la [cruz] Dc la orosa R. dc perdidosas C. de isleos Sierras de S. Cristobal Ccrabaro Caparara Kainadu Scturnia ► I'ueblo de p. lanoato K. dc marissmas ("i. de fonseca R. de possyssion *'' Las voltas P" primero C. de honduras Aclapoco COASTS OV SOUTH Faraguohua V" dc guayinacara Sinu piari "'" I'" sanches R. de Janeyro PACIFIC COAST Ci. dc isleos P" de la candelaria C. dc la afrorita '" R. dc pablo P" de rio duro Ciolfo de S. Catalina P. bo Retrete AMERICA : Aruca prouincia Angla dc la agiiada Haya barrilles"" Y. de barbara C. del norte R. de S. Julian P" de la tonnia P" de la gal lea P" viejo C. de S. lorenico Finally, in the region of the large rivers which empty into the Rio de la Plata, we read " El Gram rio de Parana." The map is preserved in the Cirand Ducal Library at Wolfenbiittel, and was purchasetl by the Duke Augustus of Hrunswick-Lunebourg (1604—1666). Hence the mark, "94 ^^ 95- Ai'g-" No. 196. 1531. Gi.oiii-: OK Gkmma and jMikica. We only possess the privilege, which was granted t(j those two geographers at Gand by the Emperor Charles V., for ten years. ''■''^ " tiolfu (Ic l';iris," in KlHKKO, .Tii|ian.ntly I'riim llic name "Uaya" carries a nicaninj;, vi/. : "The l!ay uf famous cacii[iiL- uf llial name. Sci.' Las C'asa-., \'u1. IV., Casks." liarril means also a son of lart;e stone boUle. |iaj;e 226. ''*' Other maps have here " de perdycion." '■■' It is tlie first time tliat a |)art of this mysterious ''•'i " De la Kavorita," (loul)lless. I Jk .' I ill i: i i I ' ' \\\ ; > I I! 1 ^. 1 hI .t b \ m If I s\ ) \ ■ t '.' 3 ( 1^ 582 The Discovkkv ok North Amkkica. " L)c la part dc Gemma Phrisius et Gaspard de Mirica [Van der Heyden] nous a ^tc remonstre comme ilz aient compose et invente ingenieusemcnt certain globe en forme et figure d'une sphere cosmographique lc(iuel a I'utilittJ et proffit des estudians ils ont fait insculpter et desirans faire imprimer .... avons octroye .... pendant le temps de di.\ ans .... Gand, le xxiiij jour de may I'an de grasce mil v^- xxxj.""" This globe i.s doubtless different from the one which .sold in 1530 (supra, No. 188), as Gemmn would not have applies in May, 1531, for a privilesj;e to sell a globe which was already in the market. No. 197. Orontius I'-iN.i-.u.s. It is a double-folded homeoterical engraved mappamundi, 420 by 290 mm., divided at the equator, constructed in Paris by Orontius Fin.eus. and bearing, within a scroll, the following title : " Nova, et Integra vniversi orbis desrriptio." In a small square frame, wi; read this address to the reader: "Orontivs 1". Delph. ad Lectoreni. " Orontius F. of Dauphine to the reader. Offerimv. tibi, candide Lector, uniuersam ^y^ ^ffer thee the description of the entire orbis terranun descriptionem, Juxta reccntium ^^,,^^^^;^^ g,„i,^^ according to the most recent geographers and hydrographers, in preserving the proportion ol the equator and parallels relative to those which start from the centres, and expand on a plane in accordance with the double shape of the heart. . Accept this little gift, and thank Ch. Wechel by whose liberality Geographorum et Hydrogra[)horuni nientem, seuata tuni .Vequatoris, turn parallelorum ad eas cpiiu ex centris proportionc, goniina cordis humani formula in i)lano coextensam : quarum Ixua borealem, dextra uero australem Mundi partem complectitur. Tu igitur numusculum hoc libcraliter excipio: habetoque gratias Chris- tiano Wechclo, cuius fauore et inipen is hxc tibi and at whose cost it is communicated to thee. comniunicauimus. Vale, 1531, Mense luiio." Farewell. . . July, 1531." Below the scroll there is a coat of arms, which e.xhibits the lilies of France, quartered with three doljjhins ; that is, the e.scutcheon of Franc's, Duke of Brittany, then heir-apparent to the throne of France, ^45 ;ind who died in the year 1536. Although F"ina;us, in his adtlre.sses to the reader (1531. 1536, 1541). n(!VtT fills to ;Ulu(le to recent information obtained from hydrographers, "" I'iMM Mill, ArehifiA il-K Arl', Siicnri'r: (f ftfiti-iM : The lino Krc'iicli pdihilnmi, il^uoil 1543, .nnil liL'lon(;ini; to (i.inil, lS6j, Vol. I., p. 135. II. V. Tilo.Mi'SON, Ksi|., hears across " l.c Canailo " a ^5 .\nski.mk, Hioloin ifi'iu'itJi>;fi'iii' , \''>l. I. |ul;c i ji. tl.ig wilh Uii; saiiiL- csciitolunn, applying;, necessarily, to It is worthy o' notice tiiat ni.-itiy Kiench maps of tlu- time tile nevt Dauphins, respectively, llenr) il Charles. If. are implicitly ledicaled, like the present, not to ihe Kinj;, on the other hand, the conliforni map of 1536 hears the bill lo the Uaiiphin. Of. the Harleyan ami Descellier royal arms exclusively, it is because ils ori^^inal was made pl.mispheres {.femitt. ,SV'>a.«^'' /t Cnluit, pp. 198, 210, 21S). for Kkan'i- I., when .ihe.idy Kini;. W u^uful. '^'' "Coniimal," in KlN.ia's' siiiglj cordilonn m.\\\ '"^ " Sinus lie !li(;cr,is," ihidcin. S If? mi'H t . I i I il -' ii n W> p. I>ti ! 1 ^ v' / ! 1 1 1 \ ■ ,. 1 1 ' !i 584 The Discovery ok Noktii America. SCHONER. C. Martha C. d. gratia R. forno Vallis famosa Pariano Angla R. dulce Arbaledo P. de Santo S. Roch C. S. Crucis Maria de gra. R. Real FiN/EUS. S. martha C. de gra R. forno Vallis famosa Pariona Angla R. dulce Arbaledo P. de Saulo S. rocho S. Michael C. S. crucis Maria de gr. R. Real ScHONER. Mont, fregoso R. Brazil Barossa Pasqualis mons. R. S. Lucie C. S. Thomae R. Jordan C. S. Maria R. S. Sebas. Cananor C. Julian C. S. Crucis Mare Magellanicum Regio Patalis FiNMCUS. Monte fregoso R. Brazil Barossa Mons Pasqualis R. S. lucie C. S. thome R. lord. C. S. marie R. S. Sebast. Cananor S. Juliani C. S. Cru. Mare Magellanicum Regio Patalis Several critics have advanced the opinion that it was Schiiner wha copied Finreus. This hypothesis seemed plausible so long as geographers believed that Schoner's globe of 1533 marked his first evolution in the graphic descriptions of America. But now that the elements of the globe which he constructed in 1523 are shown to have been inferences predi- cated uptJii the voyage of Magellan ; and that those inferences caused him to consider the New World, not as one or several separate continents, as he had theretofore taught and believed, but as a mere continuation of Asia, north of the equator, ^49 Schiiner, .so far back as 1523, must have already represented America and Asia as one solid mass, precisely as in the globe of 1533. Nor is it necessary to believe that it was that globe of 1523 in particular, which Finaius took as a model. Schoner was pnr excellence a globe maker ; and it is scarcely admissible that he remained from 1523 until 1533 without constructing spheres. On the other hand, if he did execute globes during that period, they must have exhibited the configurations initiated in 1523; and it may possibly be one of those which I'inieus co|)ied. ^'5° ''' .Sec «»/'/■«, Xo. 147, p- S^S- corpore, (puis hac in re consiilciulos poiius iluximus, '5' SciloMR knew the works i)f KiNVKirs, .inil spe.iks (|ii.Tni ((uud fasliilinsa prolixilale liliri aninio sUidiosuruiu ohstrepcrcmus " {Opirn mathimntit'a^ leaf inserted i)e- tween if. c\liiii. and c.\lv.). Hut this does noi prove that SnioNKK borrowed his (;eo(;raphical infonn.ition from Fin. Ill's. The reference is to the moile of constructing l^lolies or projections, and the lirst alhision to it w.as written only in 1536, whilst the other seems to be of .-i later date still. of him in i .nnnendable terms: "Est etiain nir apud I.utetiam in ( lallijs, Oroitlius, homo multe et dilij;eiitis leclionis" ['/'alirln- a-'^lroiiomii'a, f" Ixxix., recto, in the Oji'ra miilh' malirn, Norinili., 1551, fol.) "Ilacautem in i>arte sinnm.as tribueinus doctissiniis uiris 1). Orontio Finco I)elphi[iati el O. I'eiro Appiano in descriptii .le cordis t'osin";;raphici, 1). iiero liemma- Frisio in t;lolioso \^ »^'^- CARTOdKAriiiA Amkricana Vktustissima. 585 ,,., ff^ Hi ji 11 1 ! ; The present map was engraved at the cost of Christian Wechel, a Swiss publisher in Paris. Ikit although it is sometimes found in the edition of the Novus Orbis published in 1532 in that city,^5' we are no longer inclined to think that it was engraved expressly to accompany the l-atter publication. For not only is there no edition of the Novus Orbis known to have been published by Wechel, but the map figures as a separate title in all the catalogues of the works of Orontius.^52 Besides, in 1532, the privilege was granted to the latter himself for ten years. The i^robability is that the map sold separately, and was inserted in the Novus Or bis of 1532 only by amateurs, who wished to add it to the book. The plate nevertheless does not seem to have remained the pro- perty of Orontius Fina;us ; for when Wechel, like Jean Roigny, caused copies of the Paris edition of the Pomponius Mela of Vadianus^53 to have title pages printed with his mark in 1540, he added to these the present map, after a new address to the reader in his own name had been engraved and inserted in the maj) as follows : " Excvdimvs, lector studiose, ucram & ab- " We have engraved, studious reader, this solutani totius orbis descriptionem ex optimis true and complete description v)f the entire quibusciue et Geographis et Hydrographis bona world according to the best geographers and fide coniportatam : quiE ad gemini humani cor- hydrographers, which, in imitation of a double dis imitatione in piano exprimitur ut in cor- human heart is exhibited on a plane as exactly pore sphajrico, uix possit absolutius. Ac cor as possible for a spherical body. The left heart sinistrum liorealis ; dextrum Australis plage represents in a just proportion the northern situni, apla lineamentorum proportione repre- shores, the right one, the southern shores. At sentat. Ex scuto Basiliensi M.D.XL."*" the Basle escutcheon, 1540." 1 1 ' 5 \ V ^M-»^ 1532. No. 197. Hartolomko Olivks. Atlas in the Royal University Library at Pisa, composed of eleven maps, the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth of which e.xhibit American configurations. These maps mcasare 290 by 370 mm., and one of them bears the following inscription : '5' liihtiolhi'ia Amrriiana WfiuttinH x, No. 173. '5' Iii/in, Nil. 224. '51 llihliiilhern Ann rirana Vilu.^tl.iiimn, Adililioiis, !'!'• ^ii' '34' '^"^' 126 and 127. ''^ Tlini is, the slnrc l)earin}j .is a sifjn tlie anns uf tlio iiiuiin, p. 301, Den eitneiijnen (I'lmjirimi iirx, we have shuwn th.at these signs were neith^: trade marks nur traders' signs, as they are now, liut simply marks eorres- pcimlinj; with the miinlier >if the hcmse in tlie street ; fur ill tliose days the hinises in I'aris liore no lumiher. That cily of H.isle, which was the estal)Ushmenl of Christian is the reason why we seethe same liookseller often chan^je Wechel in I'lVo lacolxio ; for in I'iro lirlliniari iifi, ihc liis sign ; which means only a removal i^f his Inisinoss to sign represented I'ejjasus. In our Exnijilii ColnmOi- some other street, or house in the same street. 3 '^ I, i :.i! ( ,i ;i( ' ; y i Mi. i ! rl i 5S6 The Discovkky ok Noutii Ami;uica. " 1532 in Messina ncl Castcllo del Salvador, Bartolomco Olives, Maiorchino : — 1532 in Messina, in the Castle of Our Lord, Uartolomew Olives, of Majorca.""" We have before us a copy of the seventh, eighth, and ninth maps. The first of these represents only Newfoundland, but in such a manner as not to allow the reader to sec whether it adheres to the mainland. We notice four new names, which are given to adjoining islands, viz.: Diablo S. Cruz Breton Illas de plasansa. Map eighth represents the Brazilian elbow, beginning with " Cabo de Palmar." Map ninth is the north-east coast of South America, beginning with New Granada. Map tenth represents Yucatan and both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts about the equator. We do not reproiluce the other new names, becau.se they seem to be interpolations of a much later date than the map itself. For instance, in map tenth the entire coast, from east to west, of " Rio de las amesonas" is traced, whilst on the mouths of the mighty stream we read : " Posterio descobrio dende su nasimiento francisco de orellana el Afio 1544." These additions may be the work of Bartoli:)nieo Olives himself, as we have ma])s of Jiis making, dated: " Yenessia adi 17 de Junnyo aiuio 1559," 1561, and wen " Ano I5 think that there have been two cartographcn's of the name of Bartolome Olives, as we have received the assurance that tht; present atlas is really dated 1532, whilst the annotation "Posterio descobrio" con- firms that date. Admitting that in 1532 Bart. Olives was only twenty-one years of age, he would have been seventy-three years old when delineating the atlas of 1584. This is not impossible, but seems to us improbable, owing to the minute and neat configurations and lettering in the same. The probability is that there were two Bartolomeo Olives, father and son. H i n \^ pi I \i vn No. 198. Basi.k " Novus Orhis." It is a map of the world, 550 by 370 mm., usually found in the A'OVHS Orbis published at Basle ^57 in 1532. The title is simply: Cosmographicvs Vnivcrsalis. *55 It was first made known Ijy I'rof. Gustavo U/lKi.l.l ; ICliHio iliijli allaiiti . . . Koni.i, 1S82, p. 241. No. 414. '5* Eleitro, Nos, 421, 428, 437, 438. ''^^ BiMiothcra Americana Vchmlin.iima. No. 171. ^.-r- \V \ I t.. CAKTOGRAniiA Amekican'a Vktustissima. 5S7 The frame is square, but the mappanuindi is oval, and in the space between the curve and angles there are finely engraved scenes, ornaments, and fantastical monsters. Within the oval, on the right of the reader, there are two frames about 80 by 90 mm., each containing a long in- scription. The first begins with the word ixdia, the second with the word scvTARVM [sic pro scvtarvm).''?!^ The New World is divided into two sections, the configurations of which re.semble those adopted by Schoner in all his early globes ; and certainly proceed from a Lusitanian prototyjie akin to Canerio. The northern part is a narrow and elongated continental land, deeply indented north of the tro[)ic of Cancel, and bearing only one legend, viz.: "Terra de Cuba." North-easterly of the same, but far in the open sea, there is a dee[)ly indented island, named " Terra Cortesia," which is Newfoundland, as depicted in the early Lusitanian charts. The southern part is also continental, drawn broad near the equator, but contracting on both sides by 20' scjuth latitude, and forming thenceforward only a narrow stri[). The names inscribed are " Parias, Canibali, America Terra Nova, I'risih'a," and then, in large capitals, asia, printed from type inserted in the blocU. This mappamundi served also for the Novus Orbis [)rinted at Basle ^'50 in 1537, but it differs from the above in the word asia being printed in smaller type. Finally, the i)late was used again for the edition of fhe Novtis Orbis published at Hasle in [555. But this time the word asia was suppressed altogether from the South American continent, and the title, which, being placed in all the editions outside, the Ix^rder could easily be changed, has been altered by the addition of a word, and reads as follows : Tvpvs cosmographicvs vniversalis, whilst the word in the small frame rt:ads : " Scytarvm," instead of " Scvtarum." It is worthy of notice that this latter issue (th.it is, with ihv. word Tvpvs added to th(! title, and the word .\si.\ suppressed in the South-American continent), is not unfrecju'.ntly found in bound cojiies of the Basle A'ovi/s Orb/s'^^''° of 1532, and e\'en in the; Cologne edition of th(; De fnsvlis iivper iuvcntis Fer- dinand i Cortesii ad Cnrolum l\ Narratiivies. That map is usually ascribed to Sebastian Munster, owing to the facts that the title of the Noriis Orbis announces a ma[) ; " cum talnila 's" If (Hir nu'iiKjiy servos us right. ^'1 llihiioih'i-ct A inericaua Vthii'li^xlma, No. 223. fjROSl.ir.K's cnvii cojiy \v;is soon at the s:ilo nf tlio lil>rary (if the Duko I'f IIAMII.I11N, ill 18S3 ; No. 1S7. <■" Tills .s proli.ilily llio roasoii wliy Or. \(1];i>k,nskioi,ii ami Mr. .NUil.l.r.K, ol' Amstonl.mi, h.ivc [nililislioil lliat i'^siio in farsiiiiilo, lioliovin^ it Wits the first oilitioii, wliilst in roality it is tlio tliinl. •iff;!.;] 4h| 1 ^ r//J /' " i! M I t li tt! f?^j in (': !1* \ M\^i;r' r f>^'" ■'1 1 '^' /: I 588 The Discovery of North America. cosmogniphica," and that the work contains a disquisition from Minister relative to a mappamundi : " Typi cosmographici et Declaratio usus," where he speaits as follows : " Non licuil quidem singularum regionum et quarumlibet insularum indicare situm, quum tabulas angustia id minime pateretur nee id etiam instituerimus : — We have found it impos- sible to indicate the position of all the regions and of all the islands, because the narrow- ness of our map did not allow of it, and that was not our object." It may be said that Munster seems to speak here as the mouthpiece of all the parties concerned in the preparation of the Novtis Orbis ; that his disquisition enables the reader to ascertain what was the e.xact character of the configurations in the map which was actually published in 1532, with the Basle edition of that work, and that the present map differs absolutely from those which Munster adopted only three or four years afterwards, first for his Tabula novaruin insularum, and then for his Typus vniversalis. In the present instance the delineations recall, as we have said, the globes of Schoner, and in the other the Maggiolo and V'errazano maps. Nor should we fail to notice that the two latter maps were already in existence since 1527 and 1529. On the other hand, it is not absolutely impossible that Munster may have drawn the present maj) in or before 1532; and, having afterwards obtained more accurate data, thrown those first confi- gurations overboard, and constructed with his new information the Tabula nouaruni insularum, and the Typus orbis vniversalis. Reverting to the mappamundi which we are now describing, its editions may be set forth under three heads, viz.: A. Title : Cosmographicvs vniversalis (without the word Typvs ?), and with ASIA in large letters. This is the first edition, and belongs to the Basle Noi'us Orbis of 1532. B. Title : also Cosmographiri's vniversalis, but the word Asia is in small characters. This is the second edition, and is invariably found in com[)lete copies of the Basle Novits Orbis of 1537. C. Title : Typus cosmographia's vniversalis, with the word Asia omitted from the New World altogether. This is the third edition, and it belongs to the Basle Nnms Orbis of 1555."" No. 200. OVIEDO'S HUVAI'.VRI. This map describes the exploration of the mouths of the Rio de Huyapari (Orinoco) by Diego de Ordaz, Alonso de Herrera, and Gero- nimo Dortal or Ortdl, which commenced from Paria, June 23, 1532. "' We must confess that in the above classitication we description of A., tli.it is, whether the word Typnn has have been guided chiefly by the liibliolhcra Americana really Ixien omitted in the title. At first sight it seems VettutUsima, and find ourselves unable to confirm our to be an omission on our jiart. \V large New 6gi 555 de lero- l>M has seems CARTO{;K.\riiiA Amkricana Vetustissima. 589 " Este notnbre Huyapari que los chripstianos dan a este famoso rio, ovo origen de los chripstianos que con el piloto Johan Barrio de Quexo avian ydo i le descubrir desde Cubagua que le llamaron assi mucho tiempo antes que el capitan Diego de Ordaz se ocu- passe en esta empresa : — That name of Huyapari given by the Christians to that famous river, owes its origin to the Christians who with the pilot John Harrio de Quexo, went from Cubagua to discover it, long before the undertaking of Diego de Ordaz."*" A facsiniile, 550 by 280 mm., is Inserted in the Madrid edition of Oviedo, and we borrow from it the following new names : R. gunaguanari Rio bininio R. de la portuguesa R. de pao R. de Nirua R. de finoco R. de tiznados Rio de guarico Pueblo de Catalina Rio de Barrancas Rio de bega R. neueri Golfo cariaco Cosa de la discordia R. amana P. de paria Rio de huyapari Rio e prouincia de arnaca Rio de carcanaca Oviedo's maps are extremely important, as being not only legibly written, which enables us to ascertain the true orthography of names in other charts, but as containing legends of an historical or descriptive character. We will here co[)y a few : " Aqui estan las pueblo e senorio de la Reyna Orocomay laqual no se sirue sino de mugeres : — Here are the village and domain of Queen Orocomay, who only employs females." " Aqui mataron a al" de herrera teniente del gou'"^ dortal : — Here they killed Alonso de Herrera, the lieutenant of Governor Dortal." "Junto a este rio en el pueblo de Catalina prendio geronimo dortal a Ju" de arguello e lo hizo a horcar por sus meritos : — Near that river, in the village of Catalina, Geronimo Dortal seized Juan de .A.rguello, and had him hanged according to his deserts." No. 201. Map ok Mexico. It is a map which was sent by the Audiencia of Mexico, July 5, 1532, to the Empress Isabella, wife of Charles V, : " La descripcion i razon desta tierra i de las personas de las Conq" i Pobe' enbiamos . ... A los Indios que diesen pintadas sus tierras i pueblas ..."*" No. Guzman's Conquests. Map mentioned in a letter sent by the Judges (" Oidores ") to the Empress, July 10, 1532. " Con la descripcion va la pintura de la tierra que N[uno] de Guzman conquisto." *" <«2 OviKno, HiKloria Genera/, lib. xxiv., cap. iii.. Vol. II., p. 216-223. «" Muftciz Transcripts, Vol. LXXIX., f"- ilS vi: "< Miiiioz iliiiltm. V \ 'n w :l ■' '■'' 'ri r^ \ i 1 iHif'i i ■' \ r I m Mi n -1,.f 1 iM'n^'W^. ■'I \' ■ \ I . (' ifl^ 1,1 M iH'ipjk; ill ) ■I'N'I' hi Mi ^lli¥\ .i.H„ ' Sri' ^ it M- i . •» f tti' s ■|^ jv |j 590 TllK DiSCOVKKV OF NuKTlI AmKRICA. For the conquests, or alleged conquest, of that ferocious " conquis- tador," see Herrera, Decad. I\'. and V., who calls him "sin servicios ni expericncia," and charges him with having falsely pretended to have dis- covered Xalisco. l'"or two years, however, he ex[)lored those regions. No. 203. JollANN ZlECI.KK. It is one of the maps forming the a|)peiuiix of the hrst edition of a collection of his works, published at Strasburg, in 1532, by I'etnis OpiIionem.'^'^5 The map is anonymous. West of Iceland there is a large continent bearing these names and legends : " Indc continiiatur littori tcrnx; Il.icc.illaos, Tcrr.i baccal.noa, Vltcriora incognita (Iron- landia, Hvctsnrgh ridiiiont." What Ziegler calls " .Schondia " embr:. 3696) uncU-r the title of Carte iltd mare JCijio ill riiiia, 1'>-IJ. This title is also on the tiack of the I'aris National Library copy (Y uoii portr, It-'-^.J, ami was likewise given liy l.lliKI ( Choirir porliou. No. 366), Init to what seems to lie tlie first edition, which, however, like the .secoml, is titleless. CARTOdKAl'llIA AmEUICANA Vf.TUSTISSIMA. 591 i \ 1 i: ; skiuld, ;i title- It is n th(i •c:s the '/fi ili:l mare ihc lack (if orli', A*'' : ] t j i/ .'iiul, in the copy before us, with the maiuiscript addition of many names and ornamei.ts. Tliere is a sketch of Rosello's map in the atlas of Santarem, who does not indicate its source. Nor have we been able to ascertain anything about that Morentine cartographer, or rather engraver.^?^ No. 205. TiiK Mak.xcavho Reoion. This map accompanied a relation sent to Charles V., concerning, apparently, the events which led to the dcrath of the German governor of Venezuela. It measures 240 by 100 mm., and exhibits the " Laguna de IVIaraycabo," the " Siera de los Bvbvres," the " Siera Nevada," and the course of the " Rio Grande." Between the southern shore of the laguna and the first chain of mountains, we read : " Aqui mataron al gouv'- ambrosio : — Here they killed Governor Ambrosio." This governor was Ambrosio Alfmger, the agent of the Welsers of Augsburg, to whom Charles V.. by way of retribution for heavy loans, had bestowed the province of Venezuela, to be held as an hereditary fief from the crown of Castile, and which they still possessed so late as 1555. He was killed by the Indians 673 in the summer of 1532. Oviedo added a copy of this map to his Historia General, because, said he, it differs materially from the one made by Alonso de Chaves : " porcjue . . . es muy diferente de la carta." It has been reproduced in facsimile, and inserted in Vol. II. of the Madrid edition of Oviedo. The new names are the following : R. Yaxo R. oryno La ramada Macayde Pauxoto Xiriguanas Pacabucys Tamara Buredes coronados Comcti Condaguas Sierra del nieve (?) Camiruas Maracaybo Tierra despoblada Pemenos Aruacanas Xuara El pasaje Pueblo viejo Catafio Paraguana 1533. No. 206. Sciionkr's Weimar Gi.ore. This globe is apparently made of wood or pasteboard, measuring 261 mm. diameter, depicted by hand, but neither signed nor dated. Supra, [)age 519, there is a copy of the western iumisphere, to which we beg '•-The only cart()Rr.ipher whose ii.-\mc approaches Lki.kwki., :v., cajis. i.-v., seems, who constructed charts so far l)ack as 14O4. \i'l. 11., p. 270-284. ) \\ hi i!| CAurocKAriiiA Amkuk ana Vktustissima. 593 ;i: V ring 261 Supra, we beg ii.,i'- • oS. to refer the r(;acler.<'74 Tht^re is a tract of Schiiner's bearing this title : " Opusnilum ("ie()grai)hicum ex divcrsorum lihris ac cartis summa ciira et dili(,'L'ntia col- lectum, acconimodatum ad rcccntcr ulalwraluin ab codem Riobuin dcscriptionis turrcnx : — Geographical trart extracted frDiii diverse books and maiis, with gieat care and diligence, and arranged for the recently elaborated globe of the description of the earth.""" It is dated "ex urbe Norica Id. Novembris Anno xx.\iii.," that is, from the city of Nuremberg, November 13, 1533; Imt we do no': know exactly when and where it was printed, as neither thi; titU^page i,or the last leaf contain printer's mark, date, or place of printing. It is very prob- able, however, that the book came out of a Nuremberg press, I'Vederick Peypus' or Johannes Petrus'. The tract is dedicated to Frederick of Saxony, and was written in elucidation of a terre.strial globe which Schoner had constructed at the same time for that prince. It is very generally believed ^'/''^ that one of the globes i)reserved in the Grand Ducal Library at Weimar (ex-Militar Bibliothek), and which we are at present describing, is a duplicate, if not the globe itself, mentioned in the above-quoted 0/)us- ctilum. We should state, however, that the Weimar sphere in (juestion bears on its stand the date of "1534." This may arise from the tract and globe having been issued probably in January, 1534, which is only six or seven weeks after the date in the text. And as to Schoner being the maker, we entirely share Dr. Wieser's opinion, justly expressed in the following remarks : " Die Uebereinstimmung zwi^chen ihin und dein Opiisculum gcographiaim Schijncr's von 1533, wclciie Schrift sich wiederholt auf einem nciien Ololius bezielU ist so gross, dass an dcni Datum und der Autorschaft gar nicht gezweifelt warden kann." Wi; can even go further, and add that the expressions used so far back as Schiiner's tract of 1523, which we have quoted and will soon re[)eat, bespoke the configurations e.xhibited in this globe. By referring to our observations concerning Schoner's globe of 1523 {supra, page 525), it will be noticed that, in the Opusculum, he makes this statement : 'M Wc ,iri' imleUlod lo llie lilieialily of His llij^liiicss the Crand-l iiiko nf Saxk Wiumar mv\ to the ci\li^;htoiiL'il klmliiess of Dr. I.hidkni-kost for tliat coiiy, and wo gladly .ivail ourselves of llie present opportviiiity to re- iterate our most sincere tliaiiUs. Dr. Wii;skk, in his valualile work on the .Strait of Maj^ell.in, liad already reproiluced llie southern liciiiisphere of the present jjlolie I'lN.Ki's in his niappuniundi of 15JI. .See, iii/irn. No. 197, pnt;e 5S2. '''' Hilili<>tlti''a Ameriraiia Veliistiniiiiut, No. 17.S. ''?" Wir.siiK, Jfruiii/liai.i-StraK,w, p. 77. The remarks of SANlAKr,.M, linllvtin ilc la Socu'U' de. (Jiv'jm/ilili , I'aris, 1847, pa(;e 322, and of IU'MIioe.ih, L'x-iinuii. (■riti(]W, Vol. II., page 28, .show that the glol)e of of ScUii.NKK, which greatly aided us in asceriaining the Siiionkr considered to .>e of 15JJ, is no other than origin of the American configurations used liy Orontius thj present. 4A Hi .■J I ■) :i i ■.'* y\ ' 1'! ' IMAGE EVALUATrON TEST TARGET (MT-S) fe {./ ^4^ i< u. i/. t 1.0 i^^vi I.I \. '- »^ iS. 11-25 i 1.4 1.6 Hiofcgraphic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 m ■s' i\ :\ \ O^ f i 'Hl^ ,1 i 1',: '> ,tl i., H J 41 1 ii I ) nil I lif';i ;! i^ ' . ! 1 ! \ ■ '• ! I V 1 594 The Discovery of Noktm America. "Modo vero per novissimas navigationes factas, anno post Christum 15 19 per Magellanum duceni navium Invictissimi Coesaris divi Caroli versus Moluccas insulas . . . earn terram in- venerunt esse continentem superioris Indiae, quje pars est Asiae : — But very lately, thanks to the recent navigations accomplished in 1519 by Magellan, the commander of the ships of Charles V. sent to the Molucca islands, it has been ascertained that the country [of America] belonged to the continent of Upper India, which is a portion of India." The most noticeable peculiarity in the globe of 1533 is the blending of the New with the Old Continent ; and, as the surprising inference just quoted is thus shown to have been the starting point of a new evolution in the cosmographical ideas of Schoner, which dates, therefore, from the time when he first heard of the discovery of the Magellanic passage, we are constrained to believe that the globe of 1523 already exhibited such a geographical configuration. A consequence to be drawn from this fact is, as we have already remarked, that it was not Schoner who copied Finaeus, but the reverse. Our theory is that this globe of 1533 is an improved reproduction of the one which the Nuremberg mathematician constructed in 1523, now lost. The later modifications were doubtless introduced in the north-east coast, but several years before 1533, a-- we find them already in the double cordiform mappamundi published by Fin^eus in 1531. The nomenclature of the present globe will be found in the comparative tables added to our description of the " Globe dore," or Gilt Globe, su/>ra No. 181, pages 566-567. 1533. No. 207. Skuastian Cahot. This manuscript map is mentioned in a letter which Sebastian Cabot wrote from Seville to Juan de Samano, June 24, 1533: "'I'engo acahada la carta que V''- me niand6, "I have finished the map which you or- no he podido antes par la muerte de mi hija dered from me. I could not do it sooner, i dolencia de mi muger i mia. owing to the death of my daughter,"" and my Vcran por ella los SS. del Consejo como wife's"" illness as well as my own. The Lords ''" In the List will .iml testament cif Willi.im MvciiKii., a Lonikm chaiilain, wlui came originally from liriyhiliol- niestun in Sussex, wliicli was oxeculeil May J, 1516, there is the fiillmvint; legacy: "Lego Kli/alieth tilie .Scl).astiani Caboto liliole mee iii"' iiij ' " This Klirabelh is i)rnl).ilily the daughter of our Cahot, and according to the above, who died in June, 1 533. If so, she w.is l)orn in r.ngland before 1512, .is that is the year when her father left tliat country to settle in Spain, where he removed his family shortly after October: "A traer su mujer i casa." {Jean ft SiHiatlien Caliol, doc. xviii., |i. 332.) (loneral .Meredith Kkad has kindly secured at our rei|uest a cojjy of the above-mentioned will, the origin.il of which is preserved in the Principal Registry of the I'robate, Divorce anil .\dmiralty Divisiim of the High Court of Justice. There arc no other authentic references known of a child of Sebastian Caiioi' ; although several families claim to descend from him. '■^ Her name was Catalina Mkdram), and she settled in Spain with her husb.ind in 1512. Cabot you or- sooner, and my -le Lords |loc. NVtii., securcil al will, the l\l Kfnisuy |i(tii of the aiilhcnlic Cahot ; loin liim. Islic sctllcil Cartograpiiia Americana Vetustissima. 595 se puede navegar per redondo per sus der- rotas como se base per una carta, i la causa porque nordestea i noruesta la guja, i como es forzoso que lo haga, i que tantas quartas ha de nordestear in noruestear antes que torna a bolverse acia el norte, i en qu^ meridiano, i con esto tendra Su. Magestad la regla cierta para toniar la longitud ..." (Carta de Sebas- tian Gaboto, que dirigio el dia San Juan de '533 "■^ Secretario Juan de Sdmano). of the Council will see by that map how one can navigate circuitously by its rumbs as marked on charts, and the cause why the needle turns north-eastward and north-west- ward, and why it is necessarily so, and how many points of the compass the needle must go over north-eastward and north-westward be- fore returning to the north, and ... the meri- dian (?). With this, His Majesty will have a sure rule for ascertaining the longitude . . .'"" That is, evidently, the map (and not the one afterwards engraved under the date of 1544) which was offered for sale after the death of Juan de Ovando, the president of the Council of the Indies, in September, J 272.680 That map has disappeared, but, if ever discovered, it will prove interesting to compare its north-eastern configurations and legends with those of the Paris planisphere of 1544. There is another one which would be not less curious to examine, should searchers have the good fortune to find it. We allude to the mappamundi in two parts which Cabot sent from London, November 15, 1554, to Charles V., by Francisco de Urista : "Asi mismo Ueva el dicho Francisco de Urista para que V. M, las vea, dos figuras que son un mnpa mundi cortado por el equinocio por donde V. M. vera las causas de la variacion que hace la aguja de marear con el polo, y las causas porque otra vez torna a volver dere- chamente al polo artico."*' No. 208. Maps by Natives. They seem to have been maps of Cuednavaca, and are mentioned in a letter addressed to the Empress Isabella, wife of Charles the Fifth, February 9, 1533 : " Los Indios de Cuednavaca [in Guatemala ?] ban venido con pinturas de los demasiados tributos, de las tierras que les toman ; — The Indians of Cuednavaca have come with maps of the countries from which they took the additional tributes."*- No. 209. Map for allotting Indians. It is referred to in a letter of June 6, 1533. addressed by the Count Manrique and others to Charles ^^: '■" .Miii\oz MSS., preservwl in the M.nliid Ac.idoniy ^' CoUi-ii. tie ilnniniiiiloi infilling para /« ff'slorln of llisliiry, Vol. LXXIX., ('■ 287, recto. (/-■ Kyiana ; Vol. III. (1843), p. 512. «*° Jtan tt Sthailieii Cahal, p. 151. '•«' Miifioz Transcripts, Vol. L.X.XIX., f' 313. k t '^1 ■ .; } \ V' ' Mi i \ 1.. A ! 1 % h |i ''H Mjllf . y ^i > n 1 ''^'!"' r '(.\ \ h i ■ Tif: 1,. U if J 1 596 The Discovery of North America. " Ha venido la descripcion e informaciones para el repartimiento i reformacion general de la Nueva Espafta. £1 obispo conviene alia: ird al punto, o esperar^ a V. M. . . ."*" Perhaps this was only a list, although Indians were usually allotted to the Spanish settlers in accordance with the locality of the estate. No. 210. BOTELHO PeREIR.\. It was a mappamundi, embracing all the discoveries which had then been accomplished, and constructed by Diego Botelho Pereira, who pre- sented it to King Joao II., when that cartographer first came to Portugal from Cochin, his native place. " Por elle ser muito curioso et prattico na Geografia, et saber fazer cartas de marear fez huS grande, em que descreveo tudo o que do Mundo era descubierto, et a uppresentou h. el Rei Doni Joao [II.] : — Being quite ingenious and versed in geography, and skilful in the making of charts, he made one describing all that which had been discovered of the world, and presented it to King JoaO." *^ 1534. No. 211. R.\.MUsio's New World. It is a map of North and South America, which measures 840 by 1070 mm., and containing a privilege worded as follows : " M.D.XXXIIII. Del mese di Dicembre. La carta uniuersale della terra ft-nna et Isole delle Indie occidt'[n]tali, cio b del mondo nouo fatta per dichiaratione delli libri dclle Indie, cauata da due carte da' nauicare fatte in Sibilia da li piloti della Maiesta Ccsarea. Con gratia €t priuilegio della lUustrissima Signoria di Venetia p[er] anni XX." The present rare map was found inserted in a bound copy of the Italian abridgment of Pedro Martyr and Oviedo, published by Ramusio, in 1534. at Venice. 685 This, together with the fact that the map is printed on thin paper, — so as to be folded more easily, — and the direct reference in the title of the book to the effect that it was made for elucidating the work itself: " F"atta per dichiaratione delli libri delle Indie." authorise the opinion that the said map may have formed part of Ramusio's Li'hri delle Indie. On the other hand, as we have e.xamined twenty-three coj^ies of that work, several of which were in their original binding, without finding that map or traces of its having been bound with any of them, it may "*• Nivinoz Tr.msoripts, Vol. I.XXIX., f" 205, rocto. ciiition of 1615, fulio, (nigc 362. "* Joiio w. iJAKKos, Qearia Ducula da Asia, Mailriil "^ JJibiiothca Aituneaiia Vetujilisgima, No. 190. i f ' CARTOGKArniA Americana Vetustissima. 597 also be that the map was published separately, by the same publisher, although made to sell with and to accompany the Libri. This valuable map, together with a smaller one inserted in Ramusio's latter work, were extracted from two Spanish charts, one of which be- longed to Peter Martyr, and was made at Seville by Nufio Garcia de Toreno ; whilst the other was the work of one of the Emperor's pilots, also residing at Seville, but whose name is not given : " Insienie con le tauoli particulari cauate da due carte da nauicare di Spagnuoli, delle qvali vna fu di Don Pietro martire . . . et fu fatta per il Piloto et maestro di carte da nauicar Nino Garzia de Loreno [sic] in Sibilia. L'altra fu fatta similimente per vn Piloto della Maesta del im|)eradore in Sibilia." The data furnished by Garcia de Toreno were necessarily anterior to 1526, since the map once belonged to Peter Martyr, who died on the 23rd or 24th of September of that year. The other elements were in- serted at a later date, as the map exhibits the Peruvian coast, which iloes not figure on the Weimar chart of 1527. On the other hand, this Peru- vian coast is carried southward only as far as the city of Tumbez. whilst the Ribeiro chart, which is dated 1529, exhibits the Pacific sta-hoard 6' further south, to what it calls the province of Chinchax. A priori, one would see in this extended configuration a proof that the Ribeiro map is of a later date than the Ramusio one, and, conseciuently, that the Litter was constructed in 152S. But a study of the facts shows that Ribeiro cannot have possessed Peruvian data older than those which were used for the Ramusio map. All the information gathered concerning tlie Peruvian coast during Pizarro's first exploration reached Europe when he brought it himself, on his landing at Sev-'le in the summer of 152S. He did not return to Peru until January, 1530, sailing southward from Panama only one year afterwards, in January, 1531. Now, the Ribeiro map is dated: " Ano de 1529." It follows that the legends marked on the same to the south of Tumbez, viz.: " C. de S. Maria, Y. de buena villa [vista ?^ P de mal abrigo, Sierra morena, V. de S. Roque," and " Prouincia de 1 1 ci!)dad de Chinchax," are points which were visited by Pizarro in 1527, aiul must be placed north of the Port of Sancta (by 9" south latitude), which was the extreme limit reached at that time. If the cartographer oi Ramusio fixes his Peruvian terminus at Tunibez^S6 ^^i^y ^' ,5' 5^ \a.i.), it is because ni' 1 ' Il ^ As the reailcr is aware, Tumlwz is the place where I'i/.akko laiideil in 1527 In ' I n i u 'I i: I r'' ill ^r ^. »i 598 The Discovery ok North America. his map being ;i mere abridgment, he thought fit to mark Tumbcz only, on account of its being the place which produced the greatest impression on the Spaniards during their first exploration of the Peruvian coast. The general context of this map shows that it belongs to the Sevillan Hydrography, and to be of the same family as both the Weimar charts. The only copy known is in the Lenoxiana copy of Ramusio's Libri. It has been reproduced by Nordenskiold, No. LX\'1I. No. 212. Raml'sio's " Si'agnvola." This map measures 190 by 260 mm., and is inserted in the above- mentioned Libri delle Indie. We notice on the north coast the designation " Isabella Vecchia," which occurs on no other map of the time. No. 213. Joachim X'adianus. Mappamundi semi-oval, 400 by 230 mm., belonging to the Epitome of \'adianus, published in folio at Zurich, in 1534,687 and bearing the following title, date, and place where printed : " Typvs cosniographicvs vniversalis. 'I'igvri .\nno. M.D.XXXIIII." In this map the configurations of the New World proceed from the same prototype as the mappamundi of the 1532 Basle Novus Orbis, if not directly from the latter; but it bears only two inscriptions, viz.: "Terra de Cuba" and "America," whilst it omits altogether the island of Cuba or Isabella, and the West Indian archii)elago. In Conrad Gesner's catalogue of the works printed at Zurich by Froschover.^ss mention is made of a map bearing this title: "Typus Cos- mographicus universalis, in tabula charta; unius." It seems to be presented as belonging to the edition of \'adianus' Epitome which was published in 1548, although the latter is only an octavo. Further on, Gesner again speaks of such a map, but adds that it is "in tabula folij magnitudine," and also to be found in Stumpf's Chronick, which was published in 1 548. We are unable to say whether those maps differ from the one of 1534. With regard to the latter, judging from the catalogue of maps bequeathed "? BihUolhfrn Ameriraiia VelVKtiinwia, Nn. 1S9. '** CatalniinA lihrornm qito-i Chriitophorui F'-oi'-ho- The 8vo tdilidn puhlishod umlcr the s.inie dale (Iocs not renin Ti'jmi /mh/ii-arit, in Gksnkr's I'iidiIh faniiii, Cdiit.iin any map, unless al'lerwarils inserled. I r/ ff.^ I f;/fi*i f'rt"f It in ity ill vi r.:^.> r. i\ .i i tiifftii iiira III f Tiijiirl, 154S, fol., among the preliminary leaves, {'■ 1 10. ch by s Cos- ;sented n;cl in again idine," 1548. 1534- leathecl l/iiM/'iim, Is, (■'■ 1 10. Cartograi'hia Americana Vetustissima. 599 to a Louvain college by Vigliiis de Zuichem in 1585,689 it could be ob- tained separately. \Vc were in hopes to find at St. Gall, where they preserve the MSS. of Vadianiis, some information concerning rhe data used for that map or for his geographical works, but the Bibliothcca Vadiana contains nothing of the kind. The present has been reproduced by Nordenskiold, No. LXVI. No. 114. GasI'AK VlECAS. It is a Portuguese manuscript chart of the Atlantic Ocean, 1000 by 580 mm., framed and preserved69o in the Geographical Department of the Paris National Library ; but it formerly belonged to the State Archives, which indicates its having been in France for many years. The map bears the following inscription : " Gasp.ir Viegas. Out"- 1534."*" This name is absolutely Lusitanian, as well as the caligraphy and nomenclature ; but, notwithstanding researches instituted in I'orlugal, we could obtain no information concerning that cartographer, or othir maps signed by him, except one cited below. Nor is he mentioned in any book. The National Library possesses three other maps, ^'9- but relating to Europe (one also signed by Viegas), which must have belonged, with the l)resent m.ip, to the same atlas. We imagine that it contained, besides, a map devoted e.xclusively to America, or a m.i|)pamuntli exhibiting ail that was known, in 1534, of the New Continent; since the chart which we are now describing tlelineates but a small portion of the New World, exhibiting only, after the style of such nautical charts, the extren^; profiU-s of the .Atlantic coasts, east and west. .At the north, there is only Xtnv- foundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, with Cape Breton islaiul. .At the south, the coast extends from two or three degrees west of the Maranham to about two degrees south of La Plata. '^"'3 That map is, nevertheless, extremely interesting on account of the date of 1534, which is the year of the first voyage of Jacques Cartier, and showing, therefore, the knowledge which the Portuguese jwssessed of '^> I'lNriiAKli, Airhin.1 itts Avli, .s'.i'. hiki, iI l.fttn<, c;.iml, iS(>j, \'.)l. II., 1). 311. '*' (ii'n^iapliicul ncparlnioiu, Xn. 1S.772. '^' Km Oiiliil'i-o or Oclobcr. '^•' Ceojjraphioal ncparlmciH, Nos. 1S.77J, 18,775, mill lS.7;S. "" " Mr. le C.ipilaino do fri'j;aio MoucilKZ (pii a etc charge i>ar Ic gouvcrnciiiont fraiiyai- ilc coiuiiuicr en ' licrfccti'Uinant Ics iravaiix dc I'Ainir.U KoussiN [on coasl (if Ura/il] a cic cinervcille coniinc mcii ile I'csacliliulc c>MU|iarative il'un parcil nionuinent gciii;raplu<|iic," -..ays Icnlinainl UKNi-i. 1? i! '1 1! 1 1i tfti 1! m n M i ;si .1' ! ii ■ ! , I. I iH /! Hi ' ( 1 ,1 ' i t(! 6oo The Discovery of North America. that region previous to the first north-eastern exploration accomplished by the St. Malo seaman. What is remarkable is the fact that Viegas gives certain exact configurations, particularly about the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which all his predecessors have ignored, and which remained unknown even to his successors duiing many years. Withal, we hesitate to recog- nise the gut of Canso in the canal which separates from the continent his great oceanic island, and consequently, in the latter. Cape Breton. That insular configuration in Viegas' map, as in \'errazano, Gutierrez, and all the maps of the time, we take to be only an imaginary island, or some portion of the mainland detached from the continent by the fancy or erroneous notions of the early cartographers. Otherwise, it would be im- possible to understand how a cosmographer, in possession of geographical data sufficiently exact to give the oudine of Cape Breton island, should have made his canal run from north to south, and omit such an island as that of Prince Edward, which covers a million-and-a-half of acres, and certainly could not be avoided by a navigator when issuing out of that gut into the great gulf. As a matter of course, Newfoundland is yet joined to the continent; and we are unable to say whether the large indenture called " R. das poblas " is intended for the Bay des Chaleurs, or for the mouth of the St. Lawrence river, and the " Rio Pria " for the latter, or for the Saguenay, The new names are : NEWFOUNDLAND AND GULF OF ST. Baia das Rojas Rio Real S Maria S. Andre B. de S. Joam Costa vista B. de Ilheo Costa Cuza '^ C. das baixas B. de diego leste" P. de S. mar^al C. da tormenta C. de piloto C. do Batal C. do Mazcato C. da Volta Rio froinoso Rio da trave^a Rio ])ria LAWRENCE : Costa cha , . R. das poblas R. da gente S. paulo S. pedro«" NORTH COAST OF S Costa aprelada "'' C. do parte C. apcelado"* Amgra d. todos los pnls "*' R. da nobo [?] B. de dos braes'* R. da corsa""' AMERICA : Costa dalloeste G. dos negros Terra de S. lucia C. Corco [Corso or Cor^o] Sierra de S. niigel B. das tartarugas *" That jiortidn of the coast has Ixjcn pulilished in roiliici'il facsimile hy Dr. Koill., Dinronry of Maint:, ])lAle xviii'i. ■ 5 " Cdsta cuxa :" — The Crooked Coast. •lA Diiyo's Hay, cast. '«" Frnni " aprazivel :" — The I'ine Coast. "" The Kine Cape. «« The Hay of All I'oints. T" The Hay of the Two Arms. '"' Rio (la Corja :— The Hay of the Himl. !'i4 { f Cartograpiiia Americana Vetustissima. 60 1 \ ! BRAZILIAN COAST: R. de S. Clara C. dos perilyo parro [?] Curpare I'or/o de S. Vicente Daia dos dragos Rio de mtia" de rourra [?] South of the Rio de la Plata, three names may prove useful to note, viz.: " C. de S. amt"- [Antonio?], Costa de correntes, C. talhado." Rio primo'" Terra cortada Tinhare [?] C. dabrolijo™ Baixos dos parguetos '*' BOa vigia G. do Ilheo . . . da) orcas [d'ajorcas ?] R. das begoares Sete ilhas Rio de S. Salvador No. 215. The Havre Catalan Atlas. It is preserved in the City Library at Havre, and is com[)osed of thirteen maps, 400 by 230 mn., on parchment, roughly designed, while the nomenclature is chiefly in the Catalan language. Five of those maps are devoted exclusively to Ameii"an regions. The configurations and names in the Newfoundland map proceed from a Lusitanian chart, like Reinel's or Kunstmann No. i, but after they had passed through a Sevillan one. This is shown by the fact that if the present map omits certain names inscribed by Reinel, it gives five which are not in the latter, viz. : " C. de boauista. Ilia de fogo, Rio fermoso. Term de bertones" and " Ilha de Juan Estevez" (" Santa Cruz" in Reinel). Now these are all inserted in the two Weimar and in the Wolfenbiittel charts, which certainly belong to Seville. And, as several of those names do not figure in Viegas, we are of opinion that the maker of the present atlas has copied, at least for his Newfoundland region, not a Portuguese, but a Lusitano-Spanish map. The Gulf of Mexico chart depicts the entire coast from Florida to " Cabo de canxines," which is the " Punta de Caxines " discovered and named by Columbus during his fourth voyage. In that portion of the map, great stress will doubtless be laid on the configuration of Yucatan, which is represented in the form of a large semi-circular island, [)Iaced nearly two degrees from the continent. This point requires investigation. The Portuguese maps connected Yucatan with the mainland at the earliest date, as is shown by Kunstmann No. 4. The separation is a ;oj «i Hi,, primo" is followed l>y " Rio Segundo," of Chaves, such as it is descrilied hy UviF.no, thjrc is omitted here as being in Kunstmann No. 4. " Baxos de Abrcojos." '"3 " C. de abroUio :" — The Rocky Coast. In the map ''•* The Shoals of small Soiihreams. 4B ^'l^ ^ 1 \ , 1 ♦ i V,, >i t. ' ^ I- t ! 6o: TlIK DiSCOVKKY OK NoKTII AMERICA. Spanisli idea, the origin of which it is (lifficuh to ascertain, as the coasting accomplished by Hernandez de Cordova in 1517, which extended from Cape Catoche to Campeche, and that of Juan de Grijalva in 15 18, which ranged the western seaboards as far as the Mexican regions, fixetl in the minds of Castilian mariners the peninsuhir character of Yucatan ; as is seen by the earnest map representing Yucatanic lands (Garay's, 15 19). lUit in the Cortes map (1524) " Yncatam " begins to appear as a com- plete island. This erroneous configuration is then adopted by the Sevillan I lydroj -aphy, and continues to figure in its m.ips for several years in the insular form, and to be placed at a relatively great distance from the sea ^Weimar No. i; Maggiolo of 1527; Verrazano, the Gilt Globe, &c.). It is only in 1529 that we begin to notice a change, when Ribero ' longates Yucatan, and narrows down the distance which separated it from the main- land ; but a strait is still maintained between the two. The conclusion is thai the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean sea, and Yucatan in the Havre Atlas proceed also from the Sevillan Hydrogra|)hy, most likely from some derivative o( the prototy[)e of Weimar No. i. The names which seem new to us are, in Florida, "Rio" instead of *' Baya de Juan I'onze " ; in Honduras, " Baya de Xagua"705; and in Mexico. " Rio de la Xaqua." The " Valireano " is perhaps the " Val dalincrigo" of the Turin and Laurentiana maps. We notice on the penin- sula of Yucatan several names which do not occur there on any other map, viz.: " Toriblanca," " Ditionado," and "Rio de S. Joan." The first two are the "Torre blanca" and " V. deseado," which in Wolfenbiittel and Weimar No. 1 are correctly inscribed on the mainland. The importance given, or about to be given, to that Atlas makes it incumbent on us to ascertain its approximate date. Wc have already given the rea.sons which lead us to believe that the maps of Newfound- land and of the Gulf of Mexico i)rocced from Sevillan charts, apparently of the year 1527. We must now examine the map of the east coast of South America, and likewise find when it was drawn. The configurations and names of the La 'Mata region in that map show a date posterior to 1529, beyond a doubt. It was Juan Uiaz de Solis who, in 1515, discovered, or was the first navigator to explore, for thirty leagues, the estuary of the mighty river. Solis named it " Rio de ''5X.ii;ii.i is a (Icsijjnation which wo find only in tlio li!i. vii.), Inii .i.i iv.-ferring to .t locality in the island n{ Decides of I'etcr Martyr i)'.\N(;niF.KA (Ucc.id. HI., Ilispaniola. Cartoc;rapiiia Amkkicana Vktustissdja. 6oj Sancta Maria";7o6 but cartographers called it, for mori- than a quarter of a century afterwards, "Rio Jordan." 7°7 Mariners, however, designated that river as the "Rio de Solis."7o8 |ts Indian name was "Hiirnai" or "Huruai."7oy fhe first time we see the denomination of "Rio de la Plata," or rather, " Rio da Prata," is in the letter of Luiz Ramirez, 7 '" dated from its banks, July lo, 1528; hut the name did not commence to appear in maps until long afterwards. 7" The present map bears none of the above nam(!S. It only inscribes at the junction of the Parana with the Uruguay, " Rios de plata." That is, the Catalan cartographer, strictly speaking, means only to convey the impression that silver is found in the several rivers which form the great estuary. We are convinced that, in reality, he had in view the name of "Rio da Prata"; but, to remain within the literal meaning of the desig- nation, we shall only endeavour to ascertain when it was alleged, for the first time, that the mighty stream drifted silver ore, or that this metal was found in the neighbouring regions. Gomara makes the name of Rio de la Plata date from Sol is, not in the course of the expedition of 1515, but of a preceding one of 1512, undertaken, he says, with one ship, and at his own cost : "Costeo legua por legua el aflo de . 12, a su propria costa . . . anduvo hasta poncrse casi en cuarenta grades . . . topo ut^ grandisimo rio que los naturales Hainan I'aranaguazu, . . . Vido en dl muestra de plata, y nombr61o della : — He ranged the coast, league after league, in the year 15 12, at his own cost . . . almost as far as 4o\ and fell in with an immense river, called by the natives Paranaguaj-u, and having in it evidence of silver, he so named it.""" Gomara, in the first place, is by far the most unreliable historian to be found in the whole list of those who have writtcMi concerning the New World. Then, the above statement is, with the exce[)tion of the name " Paranaguazu," which he has taken from Oviedo,7i3 a surmise of his own. Gomara also borrowed the account of a voyage made by Solis in 1512 from Oviedo, who has likewise been copied by Merrer.i;7'4 but '"'' Las Casas says that he cannot imagine why that river was called in his time (1561) I.a I'lata : " Scilis ilcscubriendiJ M\ui\ [30°] el rio que agura dicen de la ri.ata, no se por que occasion." He adds that Soi.is named it "el Calxi y rio de .Sancta Maria." Lib. iii., cap. l.xxxiii. , Vol. IV., p. 270. ^'^ Turin, Weimar, and Maggiolo of 1527. ?•* I'lCAFEil A, svpra. No. 143, p. 516. 705 Oviedo, lili. xxiii., cap. ii., Vol. IL, p. 174, and legend 7tli in the Cahotiaii planisphere of 1544. '"> Ktri.^ta Trlmcii-taJ, 1S52, Vol, XV., p. 14. '" Alla,L-s ofH. Ar.M>i-. (1536-1564). ''•' CoMARA, IJixloritt ill /((.i Indian, in Veili.i'> edition, page 210. ''' OviF.DO, lib. xi., cap. x., Vol. L, p. 405. '■■' OviKDO, lib. xxiii., cap. i.. Vol. II., page 167; GoMAKA, Hint, lie Ian Inili(ui, page 211 ; lll-.KkKKA. Ueead. IV., p. 169. Our impression is that (J\ iKHo, wlio.so statement is tlie fountain head in this instance, has mistaken this supposed expedition for that in which Sill. IS was associated with Vicente Vafiez I'lN/ON, and which relumed to Spain November 14, 1509 (Munoz MSS., Vol. LXX\'., f° 239). This went to lirazil, but cerlainlv not sn far south as La I'lala. i i J till r 1 i| \ 1 1 m i lil^v 'f» I 111' 'i!i I ' Hi If 1 * • }» ,i: •V' • -y ' ■■ ■ ■ I' !l !^ I i I , J ' [■ 1,1 '('ii 'I I (I: i\> I. , ■ ':i - 1 1 1 604 TiiK DiscovERv OK NoKTir America. those •'■"•e«" historians arc entirely mistaken as regards a voyage by Solis, undertaken at that time. In 1512, Juan Diaz de Solis was in Spain, where, on the 25th of March, he had received the appointment of Pilot- Major, in the place of Vespuccius. On the 30th of August following, he was at Logrofto. An 1 if it be true that at the latter dat<' a transatlantic expedition was being fitted out at Lepe, and of which Solis had to be the principal captain, it was composed of three shijjs, equipped by the Spanish government, and intended to sail only in March, 1513; "Este [one Ourives, a Portuguese, called in Spain Juan Anriquez] ine disc que armavSo OS Ires navios em Lepe, e que o Joilo I)iz [called elsewhere in the same letter, "Jolo Un de Solis, piloto"^ hia por capitJo principal . . . e ([ue aviaO de partir em Mar^o.""' Silver is mentioned for the first time in connection with the country of Solis in an averment of Diego Garcia, who in 1527 claimed to be the discoverer of the La Plata regions, and to have brought thence, fifteen years before, — that is, so far back as 1512,-a large quantity of silver: " De donde trajo gran porcion de plata."7i6 y^ j^at was a vain boast, so far as the remote time of the discovery was concerned, anil intended to forestall the forthcoming statements of Sebastian Cabot. What may b<; true, is the briiiging of silver to S[)ain, when Ciarcia returned in 1527, as Herrera, who has had access to certain official documents on the subject, 717 mentions the fact, and adds that it was the origin of the name given to the river : "'l.Tmbien Diego (larcia huvo alguna cantitad de plata de los Indios, desde donde se llanib este Rio de la Plata porque futj la priiuora que se traxo i Castilla de Us Indias : — Diego Garcia also obtained a certain quantity of silver from the Indians, hence the name of Rio de la Plata [The River of Silver] because it was the first time silver had been brought from the Indies.""" P t 1 ,'^'" 1 ■ ir ; ' ^t ■ 1 • h i ''5 Letter iif Juan Mendez de Vasconcf.i.i.os, in N'AVAKKF.ir, Vul. III., |i. 12S. ;■'' MS. of the .Archives of ibe Indies .tt Seville. Lista ill losohjrto^ tjitf cnmjirfnilt til tJrjxjyii inn Ainfri- i-aiii'ln : H, No. 761. '" IIkkukka seems to h.ive consulted Cahht's official report, now lost (I)ecad. IV., p. l68). The I'aris Jesuits " Coll^j;e de Clermont," possessed the following MS,: " HfJiiiutii (If In Entrwia dr. Sclxutian Galiolo tU liiu ilf. la I'ltita ; 4to, 59 11." When to get out of deht th.it institution was permitted, in the last century, to sell its famous collection of .\I.SS., the above figured still on the inventory ( Catniognu martuarriplimim Cod. Cullfj. Clnrnmoiilnni ; Paris, .Saugrain, 1764, 8vo, No. nr'cci.L, j). 324). The collection was then >old to CJerard Mf.kk- MAN, who, after great difticulties, and the al).-.ndonment of 37 MSS., was permitted to carry it to lloll.iiid (II. Omosi, Dnewncnl mtr la vnte tlcx matiH.i'-riti flu VoUi''jt de Clermont; I'aris, 1891, Svo, 9 pp.). Hut whin Jean Mki-kman sold his father's library in 1S24, the Caboti.in M.S. had disappeared ; as it is not mentioned in the CnliiioijiiK rodicum mnnii>in-ii>lorum i/wn reliquit vii: tii)b.; Johan Mf.kkman, 1824, .ii'»»' /wo, 8vo. We have made gre.at eflorls to discover it, but there are no tr.ices of the -MS. cither at I'.iris, Cheltenham, or The Hague, where many of Muf.rman's codices are being preserved. It is interesting to note that a portion only of what .Mkf.kman iKnight for 83,000, has since been purchased by the Koyal Lilirary at Merlin fir 375.000 marks. ''" IIf.RKF.ra, Decail. IV., lib. i., cap. i., p. 3, and lib. viii., cap. xi., p. 168. ^■.;i'lata." Sebastian Cabot in his report to Charles V., doubtless also expatiated on that circumstance, as in the seventh legend of his own map, he says that in the country thi-re are large mountains fnjin which silver is (.-xtracted in infinite quantities : " Kn las mismas sierras, s.ican infinita plata."7'9 Hesiiles, it was on seeing specimens of precious metals sent by Cabot, that Charles V. at Toledo, in October, 152S, determined t(j colonise the newly-fijund region: " \'ist;\s las muestras de los Metales, i ensaiad(. -ccjrdo de mandarle .sucorrer, para que se poblase acjuelia Tierra ilel Rio de la Plata." 720 The designation of '" Rios de i)lata," inscribed on the Havic atlas, shows therefore that the ma|) of the La Plata regions cannot have been tlesigiied, at all events, before the autumn of 1527. This is confirmed by the fact, that in the angle formed by the river called in motlern m.ips "Rio de la Pl.ita " and the Rio Uruguay, the Havre atlas inscribes " San .Salvador." Now tliat is the designation given by .Seb.isiian Cai)()t himself to the port 7-' where he constructed a fortress in 1527. Hut there are i)roofs that the Ibivre map is of a more recent date still. Let us, for instance, examine the " Rios tie plata " in that map, and ascer- tain whether such cartographical representations can date from th(! expe- dition of .Solis. Here is. tirst. Caljot's version t)f Solis' discovery : " Llam.in los Indios a cstc gran Riu el Ryo "The Indians call that great river the Huruai huruai \_si<'\ en Castcilano el Rio de la plata river. In S|)ani!>h the Silver River is so called toma este nombre del Rio liurnai [.f/V] el qual froin the Huruai river, which is a very abundant t;s un Rio inuy caudaloso (|ue entra en el uran stream which enters the great Parana river. It Rio de Parana descubriolo loan Diaz, de .Solis was discovered by Juan Diaz de Sulis, Pilot piloto mayor de los catholicos reycs de graciosa M.ijor of the Catholic Kings, of gloiious .iieinory, memoria y descubrio hasta una isla (jue el dicho and he discovered it as far as an island t(j which Joan Diaz puso nombre la islade Martin Garcia, the said Juan Diaz gave the name of the Island porque en ella entierro un marinero que se of Martin darcia, because a sailor called Martin decia Martin Garcia, la qual dicha isla esta obra Gar( ia was buried there. The island is situated treynta leguas arriba dc la boca deste Rio." thirty leagues above the mouth of the river." 'i"> Jtan a SehoKtitn Cahot, iXi^. \s%m., y. lyi. Cj. Ovirno, Vol. II., p. 172, and Unitin- j'^r Thi: "" IIkkkkka, Decnd. IV., lili. iii., c.-ip. i., p. 39. Iiir>i- I'lale, in IlAKr.rvi, I'riiirijiitJ Xnnij'itinii.i, \',,\, '" " I'.n el puerlo que ll.ini.in de S. S.alv.ndor," — III., p. 729. See also Hiddi.e, .I/fnioir o/' f'a/)fi^ pp_ llERKKkA, Decad. IV., lib. viii., cap. .\i., p. 169. The 145.149. The al)ove lUscriplion of Soils' discovery is letter of I.iiis Kamirkz was sent frcpin San Salvador. taken from the lej^end in Calxjl's i>!ani>phere. I". \ ' i ' !'l n , 1-.^^ ; I %', •J (1 ill: •|P ! ; /' .'^;/'* 606 The Discovery of North America. According to Cabot, then, the terminus of the exploration of Solis was only thirty leagues fron* the sea. That is, it was limited to a portion of the coast which did not extend even to the conflux of the Parana and Uruguay. In fact, the first maps locate the " Tierra de Solis" within the elbow between the latter river and the sea, by 33° — 35° of their own scale of latitudes (Weimar charts, and Wolfenbiittel B.). It follows that a map intended to depict the discoveries of Solis could only represent the wide estuary which we call the Rio de la Plata, and must have ignored altogether the large rivers which empty themfjcives into the latter, more than two hundred leagues from the sea. Now, what do we see depicted on the Havre Atlas ? First, the isthmus formed by the Uruguay and Parana, and the latter, carried so nigh as ' 16' latitude, with the very numerous tributaries, windings, islands, and , :culiar configurations, which only such an extensive expedition as Cabot's is represented to have been could have ascertained to exist. And what should also be noted is the fact that those geographical details are precisely as we see them depicted, for the first timf, in the map which Ribero made in 1529, and that no one else in Europe could have known before. If thus far, we have reache.l the year 1529 as the date before which those configurations cannot have been made to figure on a map, perhaps the nomenclature of the Hrazilian regions can carry us to a more recent period yet. ^ When examining the special map of Brizil in the Havre atlas, the critic notices the fulness of the list. Where Ribeiro in 1529 inscribes only forty-four names, here there are seventy-four, nearly all different from those given by that cartographer. Being a Portuguese by birth, who removed to Spain only after he had finished his cartographical education, and who continued to be apprised of the progress of geogra[)hy in Portugal, as is shown by his aiding to translate in 1524 the book of Duarte Barbosa, it is curious that he should not have been better in- formed on the subject of Brazilian explorations, if, in 1529, the rich nomenclature which marks Brazil in the Havre atlas, had already figured in maps. The surprise ceases when we notice nearly all those new- names in the map of Caspar V^iegas. And what shows further the con- temporariness of the Brazilian maps in the Havre and X'^iegas atlases, is that they both terminate their southern coast nearly at the same jraint, by 37° latitude ; although then Magellan had already crossed the great ->t! '1 ficTured Cartograpiiia Americana Vetustissima. 607 Strait, and his maps depicted the coast hne sixteen degrees further. Now, Viegas' map is dated 1534. Our concUision is that the Havre atlas proceeds from a prototype which was constructed with Lusitano-Spanish maps of about the year 1527 for the regions north of the equator, and with a purely Portuguese chart for the countries south of the same ; and as we have no reason to think that the Havre atlas, as it stands, is of a prior date than the Viegas map, we place it after the latter. The caligraphy and design are too crude to be the work of a professional cartographer ; while the astonishingly b;td spelling, and the desinence of the names, prove that it is a rough copy made by some ignorant pilot, Catalan by birth, and doubtless for his own use. Its present condition shows that it has drifted about for a long time without a cover, and suffered deteriorations, which were stopped only a few years ago, when a French brokbinder bound the stray leaves in morocco leather. Our impression is that the atlas originally contained also a majipamundi. No. 216. j\Iunsti:r's First Map. It is a map of the world, 340 by 270 mm., with this title : "Tabula nouarum insularum, quas diuersis respectibus Occidentales & Indianas uocant." We have seen the present inserted in several copies of the Basle 1532 Novns Orbis, in lieu of the mappamundi which really belongs to the latter publication. It represents both sides of the American continent, without a single bt':ak, from the Canadian regions to the Strait of Magellan. The northern part bears no special designation, but we read ■on the southern : " N()u[us] orbis," and, besides, in German type : " Die Niivv Welt." The names are the following : Cvba Antila .Hispaniola Dominica Sciona [Saona] Insula Margueri- St. Paul tarum lamica Fretum ^[agalian^ Coziimcla Mare pacillcum Insula Atlantica quam uocant Canibali Regie Gigantum Corteral Panuco Insul. Tor ucarum lucalana Francisca C. Ikitonum Terra florida Chamaho [Tamaho] Beragua Catigara Two legends should be noted, viz.: Hrasil et American!, " and " Parias abundat auro et margaritis." Nowhere is a large or small CcU-avel depicted. That nia[) was doubtless published separately. There are a number of issues or copies exhibiting differences .m I' 1 [l.l / V ■ '1 i 1 ^^ 1 t '-i :i' M ^ hi! n 5. I 6o8 The Discovery of North America. I ' I i 'ill t *■ ' 1 i, 1 •i' \ f I 1 i w III ir, ;,(, 1. » I'i 'i ^1^','fj^' introduced by means of movable types, or engraved additions for the later editions. In the Ptolemy of 1540 the title is: Nov(B insulce XVII. Nova Tabvla ; the No. XVII referring to the map itself. It lacks the Ger- man inscription, but sets forth a rough engraving of a large caravel sailing in the Pacific, close to the southern American continent. The map was faithfully reproduced in the Ptolemy of 1545, except a change in the number, which this time is XXVI. In the first edition in German of Rlunster's Cosmographia (Basle, 1544), the map bears the title of Die tiewe Inselen so zu vnsern zeiten u'urch die Kiinig von Hispania im grossen Oceno gefunden sindt ; and in the first French translation : La table des isles neufves les quelles on appelle isles d' Occident & d'Inde pour diners regardzJ-- This poor map was constructed with geographical and graphic elements borrowed, directly or indirectly, from the prototype which served to make the third map of Maggiolo and the Verrazano planisphere. But where the separation existing between America and Asia is incompletely indicated in the latter, here we find it boldly asserted by an indented coast, washed by a sea the opposite shore of which bears the names of "India su[)erior, Cathay," and " Quinsay." The affinity between this Tabula and the third Maggiolo and Verrazano maps is shown by the western delineation of the northern coast, with its elbow north of Mexico, and deep indenture back of the Carolinas ; by the relatively great distance which separates Yucatan from the main land; by Florida, called "Terra tloriiia ;" and by the name " Francisca " inscribed on the site of the United States. We ascribe this map to Sebastian Munster chiefly for the following reasons ; It is always found, and as belonging originally to the same, in all his editions of Ptolemy, 7^3 and of his Cosmographia ; then, on the title-page of Munster's first Ptolemy we read : " Succedunt tabula Ptolemaicte opera Sebastiani Munsteri nouo paratte modo. His adiecta sunt plurimse nouffi tabulte modernam orbis faciem Uteris et pictura explicantes : — There have been subjoined Ptolemaic maps which are the work of Sebastian Munster, who has prepared them in a new manner. To these were added several other new maps setting forth the new configuration of the globe by means of descriptions ..nd pictorial delineations." One of these Ptolemaic maps is evidently the oval Typvs orbis vniversalis ; whilst among the additional maps describing the world, or ''- Seli.istian MrNsiKR, Coimoijraphie Univemelle, '=' li'Miolhe.ia Amtrlraiia I'litiulls'lma, No. 240 ; Bille, Henry Pierre, 1552, folio. Adili/nmeiila, ^a. 155. I^t \ \^ Cartographia Americana Vetustissima. 609 parts of the same, under the new aspect imparted by transatlantic dis- coverers (as we understand the phrase), must be included the Novce Insula. Unfortunately, the wording does not permit us to say positively that the latter Tabula nova is also the work of Munster. We believe, neverthe- less, that he is also the maker of that map. Not only has Munster added it, as we have said, to all the editions which he published of Ptolemy and of the Cosmographia, without inserting any reference in those works to a single collaborator, but we should recollect that in the phrase: " Suc- cedunt tabula: Ptolemaicai opera Sebastiani Munsteri nouo parata; modo," he is declared to be the author of a Ptolemaic mappamundi " prepared in a new manner." What can that be unless it is the Typvs orbis vniver- salis of the Ptolemy of 1540, where the New World has been added? Now, the delineations of the American continent in the latter map, as well as the nomenclature : " Terra florida. Fretum MaglianI," &c,, have been copied entirely from the east coast of the New World in the Tabula nouarum insularum above described. This mappamundi Munster has also inserted in his Cosmographia,7-'>' but with a new title, showing that it is really the map of the world which he called Ptolemaic : " Ptolemaisch general tafel begreifend der haltein vndern weldt beschrybung : — Ptole- tneian general table, and for that reason included in the description of the world." We are unable to fi.x a positive date for the making of the Tabula nouarum insularum. Our impression is that it lies between 1534 and 1540; for we must suppose that if Vadianus, who liv^'. so near Basle (at Zurich), had known of the configurations exhibited in Munster's map of the newly discovered regions, when he published his Epitome in 1534, the St. Gall cosmographer would have adopted them in preference to the crude and erroneous Schonerian data, borrowed, apparently, from the mappamundi belonging to the Basle Novus Orbis of 1532. On the other hand, the present issue is certainly anterior to that which accompanies the Ptolemy of 1540; as in the latter there is a large caravel sailing on the Pacific, cut in the block, which is not in our present No. 216. Dr. Nordenskiold has published facsimiles both of the Typvs Orbis Universalis and of the Tabula nouarum insularum, the latter on a reduced scale, and taken not from the present, but from the Ptolemy of 1540. ■>'* Ibidem, Nos. 258, 300, .and Addit., Nos. 152, 179. 4 C !! i '"i KJM -'Hi I 'iv <.. . ! ! I* i.rv. .hf f ' i 6io The Discovery of North America. No. 217. Maggiolo's Projected Map. Map of the world, which Vesconte de Maggiolo, April nth, 1534, contracted with Lorenzo Lomellino Sorba to make, and that the latter bound himself to have engraved. It was to be " un mappamondi o carta de navigare per tutte le parti del mondo."72S No copy of that mappa- mundi, either in manuscript or engraved, has yet been discovered. 1535. No. 218. Martin Furtenbach. Globe made by Furtenbach for Raymond Fugger, which, after having figured ip the collections of the Fuggers' castle of Kirchberg, entered the l^ienna Imperial Library, it is not known in what year. " Quo eodem anno [1535] ab insigno mathematico Martino Fuitenbachis ipsi (Rayniundo Fuggero) dedicata et oblata fuit ingens ilia admirandi prorsus artificij Sphaera totius Universi machinam tam oetheream, quam elementarem accuratissime exhibens, quae nunc inter prxcipua Bibliothecte Ctesarese ornamenta jure ac merito numeratur. Exornata ea un- diquaque est varijs sublissimas sculpturaj imaginibus, et suffulta Atlanta qui dextera manu senet circinum, toto autem reliquo corpore et sinistra manus subsidio earn incurvatus sustinet. Septentrionetn versus aflixa est ferrea lamina inaurata cum hac inscriptione : r/ro Magnifico Dn. Rayniundo Fuggero, Invictissimontm Caroli V. Imperatoris, Ferdinandi primi Rfgis Romanornm a C ~'silijs, prudentissimo, studiosorum Mecxnasi, paupctum Christi asylo cantatissimo, Martinus ^ urtenbachius Ahusiaciis, Aslrophihis typum hunc Cosmographicum universalem composuit alque dedicavit Anno a nato Christo M.D. XXXV. "''*'' This globe, which was described as an object of art, of large size, in gilt copper, 7-7 could yet be seen in the Imperial Library at Vienna in 1734, but it has since disappeared, and we have vainly instituted researches in the Vienna palaces and galleries to find it. No. 217. Lyons Ptolemy. Three maps inserted in the Ptolemy prepared by Servetus, and pub- lished at Lyons by the brothers Trechsels 7-i> in 1535, viz.: First : " Orbis . Typvs . Vniversalis . ivxta . Hydrographurvm . traditionem . exactissime . depicta . 1522 . L . F." Second : " Oceani occidentalis seu Terre Noue Tabvla." Third: "Tabvla moder. Gronlandiae et Russite." ''! Desimoni, Elenco di carle, No. 33, in the OiomoUe "■'' KciiiLKH, IlUlorische Munzhchistvjuiigen; Nurcni- Ligmtico, 1875, p. 65. berg, 1729-56, 4to, Vol. VI., p. 7S, .ind IvOLLAR's '"P. Lamhkcius, Commenlariorum de Ayij. Biblio- cdilion of Lambbcius, Vind., 1766, fol.. Vol. I., col. theca CitDarca I'indobonenti ; Vindobona;, 1665, fol., 143, note A. Vol. I., pp. 6869. ^•" Jiihliutheca Americ. Vetutlisnima, No. 210, p. 34a. Cartographia Americana Vetustissima. 6ir They are simply the reductions of Lorenz Friess, and printed from the same blocks as those of the edition of 1522, with the titles in a scroll, which, as we have stated, were omitted in the edition of 1525, showing that this omission was the result of a band of paper having been placed over the blocks when printing the latter. No. 220. California. It is a map filed in the Archives of the Indies at Seville with the Ada de posesion de la Nueva Espaiia, dated May 3, 1535. The heading in the original is only : Figura de la tierra ; but the facsimile which was published at Madrid, 200 by 150 mm., bears this title: " Facsimile de la figura de la Nueva tierra de Santa Cruz (California) descubierta por Hernan Cortds 3 de Mayo d^ 1535. — Facsimile of the map of the New land of Santa Cruz (California) discovered by Hernando Cortds on the 3rd of May, 1535." We take this map to be identical with No. 297 of the Madrid "Exposicion Americanista," stated to have been " sacada del proceso que sobre la dicha tierra le promovieron Nuno de Guzman, Pedro de Alva- rado y otros." It exhibits a pretty exact delineation of the entrance to the Gulf of California, with an eastern mainland covering, according to the scale inscribed on the map, from 20° to 27° north latitude, and in reality corresponding with the Mexican region which extends from about Manzanilla to the Cinaloa river, and, in Lower California, from the present Cape S. Lucas to the vicinity of the present Spiritu Santo. The names inscribed on the islands and apex of Lower California are the following : S. felipe'-'^ S. Yago'*' S. Cruz"' On the continent we read, beginning south : De la pascva Astatam R. de S. mjgel C. de corientes Oyia metla [?] Culnacam R. de sprito Sto R. grande Perlas "* Vanderas '™ Xalisco De la Sal De los trabajos Pctatam [?] De los Remedies S. p" S. pablo T^ This name refers doubtless to the mountains of S. Felipe, so named by CORT^.s in 1535, from the day when he landed, says (JOMARA, Couquiila tit Mexico, p. 427. ?3° The name of " Santiago " was giren by Cort^.s in •535 '" "" island three leagues distant from S. Felipe ; GoMARA, loc. fit. 75' "Santa Cruz" was so named by Orturio Jimf.nez, a " gran cosmografo," who was chief pilot of Hernandi5 DE Grijalva in the expedition sent by Cortes to find traces of Diego Utrtado, and which sailed from San- tiago in Novcmoer, 1533 : " y fue .'X una isla que la puso nomlire Santa-Cru/." — Hernal Diaz, Coiiquiata, cap. cc., p. 291. Gomara, however, says that it was Cortks who gave the name to a bay in 1536. ''' Gomara thinks that the name of " Isia de I'erlas " was given byOrtufloor Fortun Jimenez; op. cit., p. 427. '" The " Hahiade Bandcras" was 50 named by Diego IlURTAKO in 1532, says Gomara, p. 426. :l: .' 1^ v' In i I )P' > 1 I ■ ■ r,J n.itf XXII THE PARIS WOODEN GLOBE ' . lie, IS Ml ) ,' i k ^-^ V'\L i Cartoc;raimiia Americana Vetustissima. 613 It is a new edition of the map wiiich was first engraved for the Margarita Philosophica nova published at Strasbiirg in 1515.7J9 The present, which belongs to the Basle edition of that work printed in iSSS-^-*" differs from its prototype by the onvs-ion of all the legends which were inscribed on the New Continent, except one, viz.: " Paria seu prisilia." The absence of the curious inscription " Zoana Mela " can scarcely be considered as a correction on the part of the cartographer, as he also omits the other names. No. 222. The Wooden Gloue. It is made of wood, hence its name; and measures 200 mm. diameter. There is a hole in the middle through which passes an iron stem fixed on the stand. This globe, which was discovered in Italy ten years ago, is covered with a thick layer of paint, over which the configurations and names have been inscribed with a pen in a cursive handwriting. The cali- graphy is very poor, and evidently not the work of a protessiona! carto- grapher. This curious gltjbe is preserved in the geographical department of the Paris National Library (No. 386). The delineations and nomenclature proceed from a map belonging to the cartographical family which, as we have said, commenced towards the year 1523 to bridge over the configurations of the New World, as set forth in the Lusitano-Germanic maps, with delineations suggested, first by the voyage of Magellan (Schoner, 1523), and then by the con- quests of Cortes (Franci-scus Monachus, 1526). This is shown by the profiles of the north-east coast, from " Terra florida" to the " Baccalearum regio," and on which we find inscribed names which are also on the north- western continental region in Cantino and Canerio. These are : Costa alta C. santo C. lutar C. baxo Ponta [n ixa] C. arlear Caninor Lago de lodro The austral lands bear an inscription somewhat surprising. The simply cordiform map of Finaeus inscribes there : " Terra australis nvper inventa, sed nondvm plene examinata : — The austral land, recently dis- covered, but not yet entirely explored." The Wooden Globe modifies the legend as follows: "Terra australis recenter inventa anno 1499 {sic), sed nondvm plene cognita." That is, it gives the date of I4gg for the ^^ Supra, p. 481, and facsimile, p. 312. ^*° Bibtiotheca Amerkana Vetitslissima, No. 208. . ' 1' ^i m 'M i 11 f , ' • .-!* ..\L _ i til; Wri i\<% , ; ill ■r' « (,.. J 1 1 i 1 i ni! I I r.^- ■1 . ''• r-i 614 The Discovery of North America. discovery of the austral region. We are inclined to think that it is a reference to the voyage of Magellan, coupled with an erroneous rendering of the date in the account of Maximilianus Transylvanus : " Soluit itaque Magellanus die decimo Augusti, Anno. M.D. xix." 74i The connection of this globe with those belonging to the class where the New World north of New Spain blends with Asia, is further shown by the names " Terra Francisca," and " Mare Catayum " given to the Gulf of Mexico. Its latest geographical datum is " Peru Provincia," and, within the borders of the latter, " S. Michaelis," that is, the colony which Pizarro planted in the valley of Tangarala in 1532, and to which he gave that name in acknowledgment of the miraculous assistance alleged to have been rendered to him by Saint Michael in his battles with the Indians of Pund.742 As the news of the foundation of San Miguel com- nienced to circulate in Europe 743 only in 1534, we ascribe to the globe the date of circa 1535. No. 223. The Nancy Globe. This valuable object of art was originally presented to the shrine of the Virgin, at Sion, by Charles IV., Duke of Lorraine, in 1663. The globe is supported by a small statue of Atlas, forming a silver gilt and enamelled groupe measuring about 490 mm. for the total height. It was mounted, if not constructed, in Germany, as on the supports, the four cardinal points are inscribed as follows : " mitnacht, mitag, ufganng," and " nidergang." It is now preserved in the Nancy Lorraine Museum, in a glass case, which prevented us from comparing the nomenclature of the original with the engraved copy. The configurations and nomenclature are based altogether upon the prototype used by the makers of the Gilt and of the Wooden Globe. The designation " Mare Cathayum," shows its near connection with the latter. Nor are the geographical data of a nearer epoch, as its most recent name is " Tangarara," in the " Perv Provincia," which, as we have said, corresponds to the colony of San Miguel, founded by Pizarro in 1532. It also inscribes on what we now call Canada: "Terra francesca." The Marafion, as in all the maps of that family, and in the Maggiolo portolano of 1527, as well as in the Weimar map of the latter date, is '*' Maximii.ianvs Transyi.vani.s, De Molvccia in- ^*' Cikza de Leon, Cronica, cap. Iv. *u/ii ; Colonia;, 1523, sm. 411), redo of Aa. ''*^ Billiot. Americ. Vetitst., Nos. 193, 195 and 196. CARTOCiRArillA AMERICANA VeTUSTISSIMA. 615 four ," and made to run south and south-west to a great distance, and to issue from a large lake fed by streams coming out of a range of high mountains. This delineation, as we have already demonstrated, 744 is anterior to Orel- lana's exploration by at least thirty years. The late Mr. Hlau gave an account of that globe and a stereographic projection, 74S in 1835. See supra, Nos. 147, 172, 181, 195, and 198. 1536. No. 224. OkONTIUS FlN/EUS. There is in the Geographical Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at Paris, 746 ji single heart-shaped mappamundi, constructed by Orontius Finaius. It is engraved on wood, 570 by 500 mm., and bears the following undated title and abridged signature of Oronce Fine : Recens et Integra orbis descriptio. Orontivs F. Delph. Regi m.ithem.iticus faciebat. Within the border, in a square frame, is this address to the reader : " Orontivs F. Delph. Regius Mathematicarum interpres : Studioso Lectori, S. D. P. Dccimvs qvintvs circiter agitvr annus, candide Lector, quo vniversam Orbis terrarum design.a- tionem, in banc humani cordis effigiem primum redegimus : Idque in gr.uiam Chrisiianissimi ac potentissimi Francisci Francorum Regis, Meccenatis nostri clementissimi. Quam dum videremus \\m Regi, Polyhistori, ac non vulgari " Oronce Fin^, of Dauphine, Royal Pfofessor of Mathematics to learned readers : .■\bout fifteen years have elapsed since I designed for the first time this mappamundi in the form of a human heart. I m.ide it for the Most Christian and Mighty Francis, the King of France, my very kind protector. As that monarch, who is an adept in history and geography, and other persons ( even Geographo, valde placere, ab omnibus quoque foreigners ) were pleased with that map, I (etiam cxteris) laudari plurimam dcsiderabam eandem Orbis descriplionem vnivcrsis Mathe- maticarum studiosis aliquando communicare. Quod, post varia fortun;B, ac studii nostri (qua3 hactenus nobis impedimento fuere) dis- crimina, tandem nostro cffecimus periculo. have imagined to communicate it to all friends of mathematics. After many untoward and various circumstances, which, to this day, have thwarted my life and impeded my studies, I decided to publish it at my own risks and peril. And having corrected and augmented this w fiupra, pages 550, 564, 565. 7*5 i[,'iiwires de la SocieU Hoy ah. de Xaii'-y, for 1835, lirintuii .It Nancy in 1836, Svo, paf^cs Ixi-xiv, and 97-107. 7*' Collection of d'An'VII.lk, I'ortfolio I., map 63. The No. 64, mentioned in our Cahof, p. 181, note 3, and ascfibed to Oronce Fine, is not the work of the Litter. It is an oval mappamundi, inserted in a fool's hood, in lieu of a human face, and bearint; among other inscrip- tions the following: " Noscote ipsum o caput ollel)uri> dignuni," and on the ear-caps : "auriculas asini quis non habet.'' The map is very ncitly engr.-ived, and exiict for the time, which is the third quarter of the sixteenth century. The New World is separated from Asia as in the m.-\p of MUNSTBR, and denominated ".\merica." The plate measures 480 by 355 ram. and is coloured. We know of no other copy of this curious map. 41 ;i' ,1* i ^ I } 1 .rji-':; ' ' 1 , t ,'l ' ■f 1 !'. I j /i » ' ■ 1 ; lit I i > II \ : i !i' ^' 6i6 The Discovery ok Noutii Amkkica. Itaiiuc, jjlurimis rercntiorvm hydrographorvm cordiforin gcograjihy by iiuans of numerous obscrvationihiH auctani & emondatam ipsius observations made by re.c-nt goograi)hcrH. I gencraphici cordis imaeinem, libi studiose lee- ..,-.. , 1 . . L • -1 therefore ofTer it to ye, studious reader, and tr", runctisqiie bonx voluntatis hommibus, cordato ac liberali prnesentamus animo I-uteciae '" "" '"'■"" ""^" dis])osed rarisiorum.'' In I'aiis." Now what was the exact date of that first manuscript map ? Imiku us speaks of Francis I. as still living. The French king died in 1547; the map, therefore, was made before 1532. Hut we can perhaps obtain an earlier year by referring to another inscription, which is engraved on the right of the readn . and which forbids an\ one to copy, counterfeit, or publish the map under a heavy penalty, by virtue of a privilege granted to Fina.nis for ten years, and enacted at Lyons : " Sub gracis mulcta, concesso a])ud Lugdunum diplomate luculenter expressa." Unfortunately, we have not the date of that official privilege, and can only derive it approximately. 747 I'rancis I. was at Lyons in 1536, 153S, 1541, and in 1542 for the last time. 748 If we take tho earliest of these dates, ami asc(,'nd fifteen years, the manuscript map referred to was made in 1521, and the printed one containing the above citation was published in 1536. Hut so as not to commit a petitio principii, it is necessary to ascertain whether a cordi- form ma[) of Fina;us was actually published in 1536. We possess .several notices of a cordiform map of Finceus, published in 1536 at Paris. Gesner, in 1 545, describes one as follows : " Ori)is totius recens et integra dcscriptio ad cordis humani effigiom, authore Orontio, imprcssa Parisijs, 1536, apud Hieronymum Gormoniium in tabula, duabus chartis opinor.""" The last sentence indicates that Gesner gives his description from hearsay. Niceron's title : ''Orbis totius recens ct integra descripfio ad cordis humani effigiem ; Parisiis, 1536,'"!^° is clearly an abridgment of Gesner's, and we may feel certain that, like him, he has not seen the map. The third notice is in the inventory of the maps bequeathed by Vig- lius de Zuichem, in 1575, to the college which he founded in Louvain,75« '*' II may have been .tIsh a general privili'ne, like the one of Juiie, 1522, which is mserleil in his cullecliun of four nialhcniatical treatises, entitled ProtomnthtMi, puli- lisheil at Paris in 1532, folio. "" We at first thought that 1542 was the date of the Lyons pi'vilcge. This would yield 1527 for the year when the m; nuscript map was first made; but the existence of a single cordiform ma|>pamundi pul>lishe. en forme de deux grands rondeaulx hemispheric- ques. 1,1 dcscrip.' »phicque dc tout le nionde." This is evidently the planisphere ot '53'. published at I'aris at the cost of Christian Wechel, and which is a double cordiform mappamundi. The other map, described as being single heart-shaped, is apparently the present. The word " ampliore " in the above description, and the mention by Thevet " L'autre description du monde, soubs vn cttur, heau- coup plus ample que la preiniere"7i^ agrees with the dimensions of those two maps ; the double-cordiform being 420 by 290 mm., while the present single heart-shaped one is 570 by 500 mm. Unfortunately, the latter, in the co|)y before us, is sine anno, and does not contain any mention of the printer, while Gesner, Niceron, and the Zuichem inventory assign to it the date of 1536; Gesner even adding that the printer was Gilles de Gourmont. This discrepancy can be explained in supposing that Gesner made his description from a catalogue of Gourmont's publications issued in 1536, — although we have no knowledge of such a catalogue, 755 — -and that the bibliographer who drew up the Zuichem inventory borrowed, as well as Niceron, the date of 1536 from Gesner. If so, the present single heart-shaped mappamundi was issued in 1536, and its manuscript model, dating back fifteen years : " Decimvs qvintvs circiter agitur annus," was made by I'inceus in 1521.756 '5- riNcilAKH, Archiee^ den Artn, Sdcnrea it Leltren; '55 The fact llial Ixioksellcrs ami printers already [nib- Gand, Vol. II., 1S63, 8vo, p. 31 1. lished catalogues of their own puhlications in the first ^ii ImUx ojKrum ah Oronlio FiHen,m\\\e Si:x prions half of the sixteenth century, is shown by the list of liliroK ijeomtlriiorum eUmtntorum Kwlidin Dtiitoiisira- books printed by .Simon dk Coi.inks, which hi> sonin- /ioiici ; Paris, S. de C01.INF.S, 1536, fnl. law, Ch.mjdikkk, issueil in 1548. (Ik.snk:;, in his 'J'TllKVEi, Let n-ain portraits it ries dei hommen l'aiidi:ctanim (Tiguri, 1548, fol.) mentions a catalogue illititrct, ijrf'-n, latins et payeiix, aiiciein it modtrma ; of the books printed by Kkoshovi^r. I'aris, 1584. fob, f" 565, r. '5=* See niipra, p. 511, No. 136. 4 D i , ■.! I :, ' 1 'i i ■ I til ,} n \ V .'V 6i8 The Discovery of North America. !'i '. . , •' 1- f 1 i, t'M _ 1 . ' i. . ii i 1 \ ' ^ 5 , ' (I \ , J i'i ■ i ' ■ ! ' . 1: : (I -'/'•' V. _\* As to the delineations for the New World, and the names in the present map, they are precisely those of the double-cordiform mappamundi constructed by Finaeus in 1531. That is, the map represents the entire east coast from the cod-fish regions to the Strait of Magellan, unbroken, and thence north-westerly until about 15° north latitude. At that point, it is made to merge into China ; thus forming beyond Mexico, a single continent with Asia, as in the 1523- 1533 spheres of Schoner, in those of the monk Franciscus, and in the Gilt, Wooden, and Nancy Globes. As we have already stated, the present map of Finceus and his double- heart mappamundi of 1531, although presenting the same geographical outlines, so far as the style of projection permits, .u'e not derived from the same model. The noioenclature of the present, shows th;it it was copied from the same prototype as the Gilt globe. We must be permitted to repeat that the famous inscription, " Terra francisca nuper lustrata," which is as conspicuous in this as in all the maps and gbbes of that cartographical family, does not refer to the voy- ages of Jacques Cartier, but to that of Verrazano, which terminated by the return of the Florentine navigator to Dieppe in July, 1524. Our assertion is !)ased upon the fact that the portolano of Vesconte de Mag- giolo, dated December 20, 1527, not only inserts on the same spot the name " I'Vancesca," but adds close to it, the royal standard of France blazoned with the lilies. In regard to the austral land, if we sketch its configuration (as given in the mappamundi of 1531), so as to give it the form which would be imparted by the projection of the present, it will be found to exhibit pre- cisely the same elements. The names: " Regio patalis " d "Brasilia regio," together with the main legend, are to be found in both. The only difference is that in 1531, Fina^us writes: "Terra australis recenter inventa, sed nondum plcne cognita," while in 1536, he adopts the phrase: " Terra australis nu[)er inventa, sed nondum plene examinata." The present map was reprinted several times 757 before 1551, and even 1544, in his life time, since he died October 6, 1555. Withal there is only one copy known of that single heart-shaped map ; but the en- graved edition given in Italy a number of years afterwards, is frequently met with. The title of the latter is as follows : ?5? " Index opervm al) OiDiilio l-'in^'o. 15. Eiusdem ;)n'oi-e.i Lihi-os Ocomctnrorum Ehmeiitinim Kurlidi.t ; orliis ainpliiir designatio, in vnic.ani luimmi cordis effigiem I'aris, Cai DENIUS, 1551, 4to. Wo do not know whether dudum coextcnsa, sapuisque iniprcsga." — In his Sex it is also in the edition of 1544. W i in the imundi entire jroken, , point, . single hose of 2S. double- raphical id from it was " Terra all the the voy- uited by 4. Our cle Mag- spot the France as given Ivould be ibit pre- Brasilie Ih. The rccenter phrase : t)3 I , and Ihal there the en- equently iiiow whether Cartographia Amkricana Vktustissima. 619 Cosmographia universalis ab Orontio olim descripta . loannes Pavlus Cinierlinvs Vero- nensis in oes incidebat . Anno 1566. The configurations and nomenclature are precisely like those of the French original, but there are great differences in the ornaments and outside legends. No. 225. Sailing Chart ok Mendez. Map obtained by Fernando Columbus from Diego Mendez : " Mando mas dos ducados de oro a los erederos de Diego Mendez de una carta de marear : — I order, besides, [to pay] two gold ducats to the heirs of Diego Mendez for a nautical chart."™ This faithful servant of Christopher Columbus seems to have died in 1536, as we possess his testament made, apparently in nrticulo mortis, June 19, 1536,759 at Valladolid. We have vainly searched for that map in the Biblioteca Colombina. No. 226. Maps ok Cuaki.ks \. In the inventory of his valuables formerly preserved at Brussels, which Charles V. caused to be drafted, May 4, 1536, we notice the following items.: "Ung long livre en bois contenant huyt feuilktz de bois, parmy les deux clouans, auquel liure est figur^ la mappa mundi." ™' This map was remitted to Fran(jois de Valieres, but we see it figure again in the inventory of 1556. In 1545, Charles V. possessed, in the Netherlands, nineteen maps which, unfortunately, are describr ! only as follows : " Dix-noef quartes et painctures de cites, villes, et chastcaulx, faicts les unes sur linge et les aultres en parchemin." "' In 1556, he owned the following maps : " — Une carte de tout le monde, raise sur toille, avecq vng grant aigle. — Une carte marine sur parchemin contenant les voyages cjue reveciiue de Baleuse [?] a fet aux Indes ; le dit evecque a donn^ h. Sa Majeste." We hive been unable to consult the inventories of maps and scientific instruments which the Emperor possessed in Spain. We know only of '58 Teslamenl of Kern.aiulo, in t\rnaiiil Colomh, -la fit, '^ I'uljli.-liod l)y Mii;ni.i.AN r. «c.i ii'ncrcK ; p. 217. '""' Pim'HAKIs Archir, < il^.-i Arln, Sritii'-t-^ it Littrcx; 75J NAVARKliii:, Vol. I., p. 329. . Vol. II., p. 71. ! t •i!' h \ I m 620 The Discovery of North America. I //.; hi I ^^ ( ! Id \ < i! f ; the following item, borrowed from the inventory which was made at Yuste after his deatli : " Dos envoltorios de cartas, de pergamino, de discrep- ciones de Santa Cruz de Indias."762 It is known, however, that, as late as 1635, there were still preserved at the Escurial a great many maps, globes, and nautical instruments, a number of which came originally from Charles V., and were the work of Apianus and other cosmogra[)hcrs : " Not! dfcsunt globi, sphterne, tabul.Te, cosmo- " There are [at the Escurial] globes, spheres, graphicx omnis generis, astrolabia metallica, cosniographical maps of all kinds, astrolabes particularia, catholica, nonnuUa ipsius Gemma made of metal, general and particular, some r'risii manu, alia Petri Appiani, alia aliorum constructed by Gemma Frisius himself, others insignium artificum ; 'annuli, armillte varias, et by Petrus Apianus, others by dilTerent skilful plurima supellex ejusdcni rationis, bene multte artists, -ings, armillary [spheres], and the like, geographica et hydrographicas descriptiones as well as many geographical and hydrographical manu pictie." descriptions painted by hand." "^ Claude Clement says, in addition to the above extract : " Hie sphnerarum, globorum tabularum atque instrumentorum niathematicoruin baud vul- garium magnus numerus. Est unum inter reliqua a Petro Apiano ejus autore, oblatum Carolo V. imperatori . . . ." ■'" No. 227. Alonso de S.vnta Cruz. His map was made by order of Charles V'., according to \'anegas : " Ora nuevamente Alonso de Santa Cruz, a pcticion del Emperador, ha hecho una carta abierta por los meridianos, desde la equinocial a los polos ; en la cual, sacando por el compas la distancia de los blancos que ha;, rl meridiano a meridiano, que da la distancia verdadera de cada grado, reduciendo la dist; ., que queda, a leguas de linea mayor."™ This was apparently an application of the method which that cele- brated cosmographcr had invented for obtaining the longitude at sea, and which he communicated to the junta of pilots and scientific mariners appointed to regulate sailing charts in 1536, and of which he was a member. 766 Oviedo seems to have made use of that map. 7^7 '^ SiMANCAs, Couti-(uluria.i, 1" ejiofa, tfii". No. 145 ; k or MS. relating to -Vinerica ; and as to curiosities from the New World, they are extremely rare. We notice, however, this curious item : " Line nappe que Ton dit estre faicte d'escaille de poisson vcnant des Indes,' This article .also figures in the inventory of rilli.ii' II, drafted in 1569. ?^' Claudius Clemknt, .Vunei sive liihtiothtca . . . e.xiractio . . . lihri i\: ; cKcesnit arntrn/a ilencriplio Keijiii' llihliolhcca S. LanreiUii tJururiaHs ; Lugduni, 1635, 4to, p. 527. ''" Siegmund Glnther, I'eler und Philipji Apian, in the Ahhandhimjtn der K. Ddhm. OciclhcJuifl der Winncvschaften, \'ol. XI. (M.ath. natur. cl. No. 4) ; Prague, 1882, p. 47. '''5 Vank(;as I)K Uusto, Lou dl/ereiirian dc Librox que ay en el Uniivrm, Toledo, 1540, 4to, c.ip. xvi. 7"* Navarkeih, Bihliot. viarilima. Vol. I. p. 27. ''■y Oviedo, Ilktoria General, Vol. II., pp. 116. S.. \) i Caktogkai>iiia Amerktana Vetustissima. 621 ( h cele- 2a, and lariners was a ilenrriptio Lugduni, (le Lihros xvi. p. 27. 116. As in the historical part of the present work, we have quoted several times the Islario General del Miindo of that celebrated cosmographer, it may prove useful to describe its manuscript copies, although the work was written only in 1560; but, let it be said, so far at least as Estevam Gomez is concerned, with information dating of the year 1526. There are three manuscripts of the hlario of Alonso de Santa Cruz ; the one which Navarrete 768 g^w in the Madrid Royal Library having disappeared within the last forty years. Two of those manuscripts are prese'ved in the Vienna Imperial Library (MSS. Cod. Pal. Vindol. Nos, 5542 and 7195). They both contain maps, and it is from the former that we have taken the text and map inserted, supra, page 242. The third manuscript is the own copy of Cardinal de Granvelle, the celebrated minister of Charles V. and of Philip IL, and is preserved in the Besan9on City Library, No. 460. It bears the ex-libris of the abbe J. B. Boisot, who in the second half of the seventeenth century bought the books which remained in the Granvelle palace at Besan9on, and bequeathed them in 1694, with his own library to that city. The learned Mr. Auguste Castan, who, at our request, has kindly ex miined that valuable MS., and compared its text with our own modern copy, tells us that it is on paper, of the 410. size, covered with parchment, of 124 leaves, and bears the following title : El yslario general de todas las yslas del mondo endres^ado ala S. C. C. Mag'- del Em- perador y Rey nuestro Senor, por Alonso de Sancta Cruz, su Cosmographo maior. Like the Vienna MSS., it contains a third and a fourth part, but no first nor second, unless the " Prologo sobre el yslario " and the "Breve introducion de Espera," are intended for those parts ; and the maps are all wanting. The descriptions which interest us are all in the fourth part, viz.: Fol. 57. — Ysla de Sanct Johan, yslas de las Fol Virgines ,, „ 58. — La Bermuda y yslas adiacentes k la „ tierra que descubrio el piloto Estevan Gomez 59. — Ysla de los Lucays 63. — La ysla espanola o sancto Domingo 83.— Cuba 88. — Jamaico o Sanctiago 90. — Sanct iohan y Barriquen 98. — La Trinidad 1 01. — Yucatan con los adiacentes 106. — Tenus Titan [sic] 113. — Yslas de los Golfos de Panama 115.— Yslas adiacentes a las provincias del Brasil 117. — Yslas adiacentes a las provincias de sanct Bicente y Cananea Fol. 120. — Tierra o estrecho de Magellanes '^ Navarretk, Cohcciou de OpiiKculon, Madrid, 1S48, Vol. II, p. 82, nolo. His LUiro de loinjitutlen, however, is slill preserved in the N.iUon.il Library at Madrid, under the rubric of Aa.07. Our iuipression is that there is a fourth manuscript of the I/ilano in some pulilic institution of .Stockholm. \^. . i ii ? H llillt Ki mwrwr IfJl .'i ' ; mii 622 ff^ 1 I'f I i\ i. i. K \ vi i 4 t '■i ■ < ^!^ ii I The Discovery of North America. No. 228. Jacques Cartier. Cartier's first voyage was from April 20 until September 5, 1534, whilst the second embraced from May 19, 1535, until July, 1536. Con- cerning the maps of Canada, his nephew Jacques Noel wrote to John Growte as follows : " I can write nothing else unto you of anything that I can recover of the writings of Captain laques Cartier, my uncle disceased, although I have made search in all places that I could possibly in this Towne ; saving of a certain booke made in maner of a sea charte, which was drawne by the hand of my said uncle, which is in the possession of master Cremeur, which booke is passing well marked and drawne for all the River of Canada."'"^ This " booke in manner of a sea chart " was evidently a portolano of the Canadian regions. Noel is called, in an official document dated January 14, 1588, " maistre pillotc de nostre ville de Saint Malo, nepveu et heritier de deffunt Jacques Cartier," which proves that the latter left no posterity. Two of Noel's sons had with them in Canada, in 1587, Cartier's above-mentioned chart. No. 229. Clamorc;an. Map of the world made by Jean de Clamorgan, "seigneur de Soane, premier capitaine de la Marine du Ponent," and presented to Francis I. " Ce grand Roy Fran(,'ois qui receut de bon ceil quehjue chose du peu de scauoir qui est en moy, alors que ie luy presentay u;:e Carte uniuerselle en forme de liurc, sus un [)oinct non accoustum<$ de la figure en plan du monde, ou estoyent les mers et terres assises en longitude et latitude, car par une seule face ne se peut demonstrer ne faire sans grandes fautes. Et commanda mondit liure estre mis en sa librairie de Fontaine-bleau." "' It follows from this that it was a plane chart, with a new style of projection, crossed with longitudes and latitudes, and forming a sort of adas. As to the date: "circa 1536," it is merely appro.ximate on our part. Clamorgan must have been already in the French navy in 1529, as the hist prince whom he served was Charles IX., to whom he dedi- cated the Chasse du Loup, where ni'jntion is made of his having occu[)ied an >nportant naval post during forty-five years : " L'espace de quarante cinq ;.ns qu'ay exerce I'estat et charge de la marine." The map was pre- sented to Francis I., who died only Marcl 31, 1547; but, as Clamorgan '** IlAKi.rvi, Prinripal Xm-i'jation.i, 1599- 1600; "° Ci.amorcan, Le Chnn.^c df Lorii [nrrexiain ,) la Vol. III., p. 242. 7naiio)i rii.'■■ ; 1 i ■ ; j .,1 .-J h, li t' '< I*' mI i ■ ■n \ \ i . . ■. V ■i:l 624 The Discovery ok Noktu Amkkica. No. 232. GuLK OK Mkxico. This map exhibits also the coasts of New Spain, and bolongt:d to Alonso de Santa Cruz. It was exhibited at Madrid 775 in 1881, and is probably all that is left of the cartographical collection mentioned in the inventory drafted after his death in 1572, although those valuable docu- ments were entrusted to his successor in office. Santa Cruz left Spain for the Rio de la Plata with Cabot in 1526, and did not return until 1530. As he was appointed cosmographer of the Casa de Contratacion, 776 ju]y -^ 1536, that map may have come into his possession, or may have been drawn during the latter period. W^e nevertheless suppose it to be of the time preceding his voyage to La Plata, as it is during the conquest of Mexico that the greatest efforts were made, by clandestine mariners as well as authorised agents, to ex- plore the Gulf of Mexico. Withal, everything depends on the technical characteristics of the map, which we have not seen. No. 233. CiLOliE OK De.SCELUERS. This globe of the Dieppe cartographer is thus mentioned : " Pour ce qui est des cartes marines, je diray avec Moris'. Dablon"^ que le sieur Pierre des Cheliers, prestre h Arques, a eu la gloire d'avoir estt5 le premier qui en a fait en France. Aussi estoit-il un si habile geographe et astronorae, qu'il fit une siihere plate au milieu de la quelle on voioit un globe qui representoit toutes les parties du monde." ™ We have no maps of Descelliers anterior to 1546, but, as we find a "Pierre Deschelliers, pretre h Arques en 1537," 779 who is evidently the same, and as all his known ma[is (three) were " faicte a Arques par Pierre Desceliers pebre," we presume that some of his cartographical pro- ductions may date as far back as 1536.780 Those which we still possess are: (i) in the collection of the late Earl of Crawford and Halcarres, dated 1546. at Dunecht House; (2) in the library of the Abbe Sigismund de Bubics, dated 1553, in Vienna; (3) in the British Museum, dated 1550. 7?5 l,!sia (h Ms ohjetOK qnr romjirciide. la Exjwui'ion Amrrirana, Ma.lriit, 1881 ; B, Nd. 272. T,'> Navakiikik, Oi>uinUoK, Vol. II., pp. 6187. "? D.\m,oN was a chronicler of tlic seventeenth I'entury, whose works arc still in MSS. ?"' David .\ssKl.lNK, Antiquitez et Chroniqnm (if la nlte de Dieppe; Dieppe, 1874, 8vo, Vol. 11., p. 326. He also speaks of "le sieur Pretot, surnommi.' le Si,-.ivant, c|iii exelloit en la |iratif|ue des glolx'S." This Trktot is perhaps the Ureton, an excellent geoijrapher of Dieppe, mcnlicined by Kalher Fo'-rnikr, Hydroiiraphi':, Taris, 1643, fol., p. 506. "^ For DKscr.l.i.lRRs' maps see Jean ct Silia-itiai Cafiol, pp 217, sfq. ^^ Di; Bk.vi'REI'AIRK, liechenhfn mii- nnxinirlioii pnhliipii : R.men, 1870, 8vci, Vol, III., n. xq-. ngt^d to , and is 1 in the le docu- in 1526, ;iphcr of amc into )d. We c. to La 4t efforts s, to ex- technical sieur Picrro en France, lilieu tie la ( we find evidently rques par lical pro- possess res, dated nnund de 1550- ThU rRKTOT i;'-oi;r:\|'her of 'lydroijraphv:, ct Sflia-itirji rhislnirtioii 197- Cartographia Americana Vetustissima. 625 No. 234. Cheltenham Mai's. In the sale catalogue of the then celebrated library of Guyon de Sardiere, there is the following too brief item : "Cartes (XII) marines de tout I'Univers, et dessin<5es en 1536 sur v^lin. In folio.""' Many of the books and manuscripts of the sixteenth century belonging to that noted bibliophile, came originally from the library which Francis 1. kept in his chateau of Anet. The above collection of maps is apparently one of the volumes which afterwards constituted No. 845 of the Meerman catalogue, viz.: "Collection de cartes de tout TUnivers vraisemblablement dressdes en 1536 et 1553 par [sic] Guyon de Sardiere [sic] et Baptiste Agnese h Venise ; 2 vols, d'une forme inegale, Merits et dessini^s sur vdlin en or et couleurs ; cuir d[ord].'" "* It is at present No. 19 12 of the Cheltenham catalogue. One of those two items is simply a portolano of Battista Agnese ; but the volume of folio size must be a different collection of maps, and we do not know whether it also found its way into the collection of Sir Thomas Phillips. No. Barherini Portolani. There are three such, all preserved in the Bibliotheca Barberiiiiana, at Rome, and they present identical configurations for the New World, in three maps, including the oval mappamundi. One of these {xh'x. 40) contains in the zodiacal ring, between March 10 and 15, this legend : " 1536. Principium Martii aiquinoctialis." Another {xlvtit. 12^) is dedicated to Henry VHII., King of England, in these words : " Henricus Octavus, Dei Gratia Anglian, Franciai et Hibernis Rex. Fidei Defensor." On the opposite page are delineated the arms of Great Britain. The last double leaf contains a miniatured representation of a library, intended for the Barberiniana. There are also the portraits of the three Barberinis who have founded or enlarged that library, and a long inscription ending as follows : " Breve sed accuratum utriusque orbis compendium observantias ()erpetuai monumentum, obsulit, Barberinae Gentis humillimus Cliens el alumnus D.D." This inscription is signed " Georgius Conneius," which has prompted the belief that he was '"' CalaJoijiie de la hiUiothique di feu J. B. Deni-i '"' Calaioijui coiiirum mantmcriptorHm 71(01 nliquil Ouyon, rhtiaJier, stiijmur de Chardiere [sic]; I'aris, vir llohli.^lli)nvll Juhaii ^tle>•mall, IS,'^. Kniirlh part iif 1759, 8vo, p. 130, No. 1253. The Hague analogue, Svo, p. 147. 4 l'- iH lt|! 't ■ Hilr ^',1' W- 'f^ll 1 i^iu'a. I ■ r I ■,•'.. t ! 1 ,) •■ 1. • - :J V. i! 'I ^i /'I " M Ml ^i FUK DiSCOVKKY OK NoUTll AmKKICA. thu inaUt;r of tlic portolaiio, and that he hail dedicated it to the; Har- bcriiiis ; but tiiis was an erroneous interpretation. The Barbttrinis mentioned in that inscription are — i" Maffei, Cardinal in 1605, and Vopc under the name of Urbain \'1II.; 2" his brother I'rancisco, Cardinal in 1627. On the other hand, the first dedication shows that the |)ortolano was dedicated to Henry VIII., who reigned from 1509 until 1547, and that it was designed, therefore, between those two dates, l-'inally, the signer of the inscription is George Conn, a Scotch theologian settled in Italy, and who was sent as nuncio to the court of Queen Henrietta, the wife of Charles I., by Pope Urbain VIII. He remained in England from 1636 until 1639, when he returned to Rome, where he died January 10, 1640.^^3 We now see from the maritime routes traced in the semi-oval mappa- mundi, as well as from the configurations and workmanship, that it is the work of Hattista Agnese, whose earliest production is of the year 1536, but who still made portolani in 1564. The present one, consequently, was executed between 1536 and 1547. The third portolano {xh'iii. S/) bears also the arms of the Harberini family, but it is evidently an addition of the seventeenth century, as that portolano was likewise drawn by Battista Agnese. Unfortunately, it con- tains no tlata enabling critics to fix the precise year when it was made. Tiic probability is that the one which contains the dedication to Henry \'lll. was given by Queen Henrietta to Conn, who presented it to Urbain VTII., after causing the portraits and external illustrations to be executed by an Italian artist when he returned to Rome in 1640. We would have included these [)ortolani exclusively in the list of Ag- nese's [)roductions, but for the i)revailing opinion that they are each of a different character and i>ri(>:in.7''^4 ** No. 236. Atl.\sks of Agnese. Baptista Agnese was a very artistic cartographer of Genoese origin, who exercised his [)rofession at Venice from 1536 until 1564. We possess adases, dated and signed by him, of 1536, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1559, 1562, and 1564. There exist others which bear neither date '"' Nil MS Ekyihk.ki's [J. V. Rossi], I'iiiai-olhera ""MVe .ire indeliteil to Mr. Mai.vano for Ir.inscripts Imri'jiimm illiifli-iiim iloitrin.; Li|)sui', 1692, 121110, of parls of ihoio portol.ini obligingly m.iilo from the pp. I32!33. origin.ils at our request. •\ a \^ it Hiir- !;irclin;il lirother diciition reigned 11 those Scotch :oiirt of I. He ) Rome, m;ippa- it is the ;ir 1536, jqueiitly, Barberini , as that ■, it con- is made. ition to ;nted it tions to 1640. of Ag- each of m ;c origin, e possess 53. 1554. ther date for transcripts aclo from the CAKTOORArHIA AMERICANA VkTUSTISSIMA. 627 nor signature, but are certainly the work of Agnesc, as the geographical configurations, nomenclature, caligra|)hy, dimensions, and ornaments, re- semble altogether those of the atlases bearing his name. Besides, there is a peculiarity common to all, which is a sure test to determine among the atlases of small size made in Italy, in the middle of the sixteenth century, those which must be attributed to that cartographer. It is this: In the oval mappamundi we invariably see routes traced or dotted, in gold or in silver, or simply coloured, indicating the itinerary followed by ships sailing from Lisbon to the East Indies, and from Cadi/ to the north and south of the New World. The adases of 1554, 1564, and that which is in the Wolfenlnittel Ducal Library, depict only two such routes. The first of thest; starts apparently from Lisbon, crosses the Adantic, reaches the American con- tinent about Darien, resumes its course on the other side, follows the south-west coast to Cape Horn, and from there traverses the entire Pacific Ocean. This bears the inscription : " El viage de andar a la maliiche :— the travelling route to the Moluccas." The other route, whicii is the homeward voyage, starts froii, the Molucca islands, crosses the Cape of Good Hope, ranges the coast of Africa, and terminates at its starting point. This reads as follows : " Ritorno de la maluche : — the return from the Moluccas." The following atlases, viz.: Correr Museum, Bodleian and Barberini (1536), Paris (1543), Marciana (1545), as will as the dateU:ss ones of Munich, Montpellier, Turin, and Philip II., so called, mark a third itinerary. This route starts from Cadiz, crosses the Atlantic, reaches the isthmus of Panama, resumes its course on the Pacific side, and follows the coast to a point south of Tonibez, and called " Pachirama." It is labelled : " I'^I viazo de Peru : — the voyage t(5 Peru." The anonymous, but dated atl;"' of 1536 of Dresden, and the dateless ones of Paris, Vienna, Stockholm, and of Baron Edmond de Rothschild, exhibit, ill addition, a fourth route. This starts from sonu; port in Xor- mandy, traverses the Atlantic, lands in Canada, where there is depicted an imaginary isthmus, resumes its courst,' on the other side, and ends in Cathay. The inscrii)tioii is : " El viazo de fransa : — the; voyage from France." In the Bodleian, instead of a narrow isthmus, between the "Terra de Baccalaos," and the "Terra de las Bretones," there is a wide passage, corresponding to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, through whicli the itinerary is made to pass. ;1 • I ;! !1 ' ( mi \ u I : M ! ^* 1' ii' 5 y* \ 1 '■! (Ifi i! i I II I, Mi:' :i h I 1^ J I !J r-' i 5 4 '<\- \S 628 The Discovery of North America. The scientific merit of the atlases of Agnese is very inferior to the artistic skill which they exhibit. In 1536, that cartographer .idopted a type for their configurations, and from which, in nearly thirty years, he but little deviated. In 1564 as well as in 1536, the Pacific coast of the New World presents the same chasm between Peru and Cape Horn ; and, to the last, he connects Newfoundland with the continent, although Gastaldi and Diegr Homen were, in his days, designing or engraving maps also at Venice, for more than fifteen years, which maps showed the insularity of the great codfish emporium. Taking for our data the alleged Philip II. atlas, v/hich is the most complete within our reach, we find that the maps which interest us are the following : MAP I. — It is an oval mappamundi containing the itineraries above described. The continent of North America is entirely separated from the Asiatic, and exhibits, westerly and north-westerly, the peculiar elbow and trend eastwards which arc so noticeable in the Mag- giolo of 1527, Verrazano, and first Munster maps. Yucatan, as in these three, has the form of a large round island, cast into the sea, at a great distance from the coast ; but it is the only one of that class .vh.i.h depicts the peninsula and vermilion sea of California. The great river of silver is denominated " Rio de la Plata," and the estuary, Para and Uruguay, are represented as in Ribero. " Cuzcho " is inscribed, but in the centre of the southern continent. At the north, we notice " Ciuola, Tatonteach, Maruta," and " Nacpa." M.\P II. — It is a map of America, North and South, exhibiting the jirofiles of the Weimar charts , also with no west coast whatever north of Mexico. Yucatan, however, is the large circular island already noticed in the mappamundi. Yet, the present is not the prototype which .\gnese has consulted for the latter; as it does not set forth the imaginary narrow isthmus depicted in the Canadian regions. Nor can it be said that in the mappa- mundi the alleged isthmus is an invention of Agnese, as it figures already in the Maggiolo of 1527, and in other maps. M.\P III. — It represents the entire Pacific coast, from a " Provincia dc siera," to a great portion of the western seaboard of the California peninsula, with a technical legend concerning the dejjth (" xi. braejas ") of the " mar uermeio." The limit is 40° north latitude of its own scale. Here again Agnese has copied a Sevillan chart, which is apparently the one he used for map ii.; but it differed from llibero's, as we read names which the latter does not contain, viz.: in Peru, " Rio de S. Miguell, C. Blanco, P. de S. Lorenzo," and C. de .Afrita " [?]. These, however, are not placed sufficiently far at the south, to indicate geograi)hical data obtained in the course of Pizarro's second expedition. In fine, the atlases of Agnese possess no other merit than to be beautifully caligraphed or miniatured, not intended for use by mariners or scholars, and altogether objects of art, destined to be offered as presents, and to adorn the libraries of the rich. Those which still e.xist and have come to our notice, are the following : ^.:< ra," to a il legend latitude [ently the Ithe latter izo," and indicate to be [ners or Iresents, Id have CAKTOOKArniA Amkrilana Vktustissima. 629 I. March 10, 1536; twelve maps. — Correr Museum, at Venice.'*' a. " 1536 die niartii." — Bodleian, Oxford. / 3. " Uaptista . agnessivs . ianvensis . fecit . venetijs . 1536 . die 13 octobr;" eleven maps and a zodiac— British Museum ; AdJi/. AfSS., No. /(^,(pJ7. 4. " /Kquinoctialis 1536;" 12 11., nine maps, an by 300 mm. — Trivukiana, Milan, Cod. aido."^ 5. 1536. Sir Thomas Phillips' Collection, Cheltenham.^' 6. 1536; twelve leaves, 290 by 190 mm. — Dresden Royal Library, No. Xf.JX. 40 (or MSS. F. 140 bl).'^ 7- '53^- — Biblioteca Barberiniana, Rome.'"" 8. " Baptista Agnese fecit, V'enetiis, 1543, die 18 febr." — Huth Collection, London. 9. "Baptista Agnese fee, Venetijs, 1543, die 18 February." — Archives of the Duke of Coburg-Gotha. "* 10. "Baptista Agnese ianuensi Die xii. Februarii Anno M.DXLIIL;" thirteen maps. — Bibl. Laurenziana, Florence, No. 241."" 11. "Baptista agnese Januensis fecit uenetijs anno Domini 1543 die 25 Junij;" twelve maps. — Paris National Library, li. 2624.'^- 12. "Baptista Agnese Januensis fecit Uenetijs 1544 . die . 5 february;" ten maps (?). — Dresden Royal Library, MSS. F. 140 a. 13. "Baptista Agnese fecit Venetijs 1545, die 8 Mali."— Marciana, Venice, MS. CI. iv., cod. 499 (o"^ 492 ?)• 14. "Baptista Agnese in Venezia al i" Settembre 1553;" thirty-two maps. — Count Donh Collection, Venice. 15. "Baptista Agnese facit [sic?] Venetiis anno Domini 1554 die 15 Julii." — ? 16. "No [sic] Baptista i)alr se [sic] fecit uenetiis anno Domini 1554 die 20 octobris rab [sic];" thirty-six maps. — ..Lirciana, Venice, Cod. Ixii. (or Class IV., cod. 6 ?) 17. 1554; sixteen maps. — Collection of Count Cio. Batt. Giustinian, Venice.'*'' 18. 1555. — In the now dispersed collection of Prince Labanoff, No. 2067. 19. 1559— Collection of Mr. S. Perez Junquera, Madrid.'-^. 20. "Baptista agnes. fecit uenetijs anno dni. 1564 die 25 mai ;" eight maps, table, and zodiac. — British Museum, Add. MSS No. 25,442. 21. 1564. — Marciana (?)''■" The following atlases of Agnese are neither signed nor dated : 22. Fifteen leaves, ten double maps. — Paris National Library, Fonds Latin, No. iH,24g.'*'' J*"! It is by mistake that under the date of March 10, 1536, the Ekni-o (Nos. 166 and 167) describes two such all.ises. There is only one, which w.as i)iirch>rsed liy Mr. Baro/.zi for the Correr Museum, where it is to be found: No. V., CloKse I'orlulani. It was discovered .it I'adua in 188 1. '** I'OKKO, Catalogo dei Codici manonrilti ilelte Trintlzlaiin, p. 357. '*' Ex-Guyon ile Sardiire Collection, No. 1912. ■** Dr. K. IIakbler kindly informs us that this Dresden atlas K-ars no inscription, but it contains on the equinoc- tial line in the plate representiny; a zodi,ac, the date of 1536. ;»!' See .•ra, No. 235, p. 625. "'^ Kohl, Documentary Hintory of Maine, p. 316, who describes de vim, both the present and that of the late .Mr. Ilir 11, under the same d.-ite. See also KoMl,, p. 298, and his plate xv., letter c. '">' It comes from the Medici family, and is very tine. 7'^ It comes from a Piccoi.OMlNi, of Sienna. ™ UziKi.i.i — .\MAT, EU.nco, No. 4S2. m " Hecho en Venecia en 1559, por Hajilista Agnose " [kiV], do we read in the LiMa ilf. Ion olijito-i de. la Exjiohx- rioii Ameriiaitiula, Madrid ; No. II, 85S. "" Matkovic, Alle IhiiuUrhrijllkhe, p. 10. '''^ Comes from Hl(;t)T, who probably i)urchased it in Italy at the close of the seventeenth century. It hears the .arms and signature of " Dominicus de Hossis." \ hi ; / , 1< a ) -■4 U4 |:]W,HH ill i ; I (■' !! m 1 \ , 1/ ^ ' 1 ■ ' (i; 1 i 1 \ i ,1 > • ! i ' . f.i' 1- ■;i i.! I, . i ■ 9 Vi ! >■ Till'; I)isc()vi;i, 59. **' It is the sni.illesl and most l)c.iutifiil of all those Atlases, with very fine mini.alnred borders, '^" Il iH alk'i;eil to have been made for Pllll.ir II.. on account of the arms of Spain heinp miniatured on the frontispiece, and of the lejjend : " I'hilippo Caroli. Any. V. Optimo i'rinc. I'rovldenlia." Srii;:i-.ii and WiTCNKU, I'orlulaii ih' Chnrlc<-Qui)i> r/niiiii! 11 I'hiliyrpt'II,: I'aris, 1S75 ; and I'ranz Wikskk, Der Porlnlau ilm Infaii/ni, Vienna, 1876. Mr. SI'ITZKr caused it to be re-mounteil, and altered its original shape and beauty. *'' TltOMAssv, Lm Pajies ijro!, No. 14, p. 133. ^' It is a small Svo. The recto of the fii--.l leaf contains the arms of Ciuido Ascanio Skokza di S.vn ia I'iora, who was cardinal from 1534 to 1564. This atlas is evidently the one cited by II. WtrrKK, Ynhrenhtrichl dut VertUn fitr Erdkiindc, Dresden, 1873, p.age 62, plate vii. *"^ One of these was made for King IIknry VIII. of Knfilanil ; see, uripra, No. 235, p. 625, for a full de- scription of both. ""^ It bears the reference : " Convcntus Vienn. fratr\ini r al. .S. I'. Au(;;ustini." *^ Paris National Library, (leographical Department, Ii. JH.'.t. liaptista AcNKsn has also made separate maps. There is one of Cyprus, which has been repro- duced by Satuas, Monvmvnia /Hilar. Kllniif. The map of Kurope, 840 by 600, preserved in the Catania University Library, and described in the Etini'ooi Mr. U/.iKi.i.i, No. 196, bears the inscription: "liaptista Agnese fecit, Venetiis 1562, die 4 Kebruarii." For further details concerning that cartographer, see Koiii,, 07). (it., pp. 292-295, and Jtan el .'^thn-i/ieu Cabol, PI.. 1 88- 1 94. ■% ' CAKTCMiKAI'llIA .\mi:KI(ANA VkTUSTISSIMA. 631 HY VIII. of a full >lc- bfi)arlnn.nt, If separate fieen repro- ■M»f('. The Ihe Catania [tifo of Mr. " liaptista Irii." I'ot Isee Koill., licit Cahol, incluccd Kohl to iilacc it l)ctwccn 15^5.1 and 1536. It resembles the delineation in the American parts of Haptista Agnusc of about this date."*" Not being ilcscrihucl as forniing jKirt of an atlas or jiortcjlano, ami bearing no date, wt; nuist considr ihe " pa Iron que aliora se hace" ( Pi-uliau-OH ih Lull Co'uit III d jibilo: MS. of the .\rchives of the Imlies). I \\ 1 ■^i! M il 1 • i I y.,. ''i'^ in ^ WWl '■' ' 'ilk y I f ;■ *' /',' N 'Mi .1 Wm The Discovery of North America. This is confirmed by the deposition of Sebastian Cabot.^" viz.: " Agora el licenciado Sudrez de Carvajal, oidor del Consejo de las Indias, ha mandado recoger todas las cartas de marear, e que se haga un padron general para la navegacion : — The licentiate Suarez de Carvajal, a member of the Council of the Indies, has now ordered that all the sailing charts should be collected, and that a general model map for navigation should be constructed." Our interpretation of those extracts is that Chaves' map was only a copy of the Padron General, and, as we will show, more or less exact, if not modified by Chaves according to his own notions. We have shown that the Padron alluded to was first ordered by Charles V., October 1526, and remained unfinished, so that May 20, 1535, Queen Isabella ordered Fernando Columbus to cause the royal cosmo- graphers to proceed with the work.8'2 Diego Ribero was referred to by name in the cedula of 1526, in a manner implying that he held a con- spicuous place among those professionals ; but what is strange, is the fact that the Queen mentions him again, apparently as if she believed he was still living in 1535, although he had the: '-*"en dead two years." 813 The probability is that upon receiving the royal order, Fernando Columbus directed Chaves, who since April 4, 1528, was "Royal Pilot, Cosmographer, and Master Map-maker," 8'4 to activate the work, in con- junction however with his numerous colleagues. We infer that they only finished the Padron commenced by Ribero ; but Chaves must have altered it, since Oviedo in his description, alludes several times to differences 8' S existing between the map of Ribero and that of Chaves. In one word, the Weimar charts do not reproduce exactly the Padron General, or the copy of it which Chaves made for Oviedo. That map was not a mappa- mundi, as, like the official model, it embraced only "the islands and continent which had been then discovered." It was evidently of very large size ^'^ *" I'rohair.a of Decemlier 31, 1536. "" Siiprn, liage 266. H'3 " I'ajrasele [viz., was paid the haKmce of salary due to him] hasta 16 Agosto 1533 en que [Ril)ero] fallecio." Muni).T Transcripts, Vol. LXXVII., f"' 165 vo. 814 " piloto, Cosmografi) i Maestro do hacer cartas, aslrolal)ios, i otras cosas para la navegacion." — Ml'Soz, qp. cil., Vol. LX.WIII., f"- 100 vo. The fact that Chaves worked upon Rihero's map, may also be in- ferreil from this phrase of OviEDO : " A eslo [la carta de Chaves] se acres^ienla lo que p-ares^e jior la carta del cosmographo Diego Rivero, dc n.a9ion portugues, el qual poco antes que falles^iessc, cstando en servi9io del Eni- perador, como cosuiographo de S. M., se le daha credito en su ofii9io, e yolecoiiuiniqu^. "-Ovikdo, op.rit., p. 149. "'5 " Uemas de lo qual [Ciiavks' map], en lo ultimo de la costa puse la opinion del cosmographo Diego Ribero . . ." — Oviedo, Vol. II., pp. 112, 118, 119, 121, 148, 150. ^'* OviKDo's map of the Gulf of Nicaragua (07). ciV., Vol. III., p. 98) which he made to correct CllAVEs', measures 14 centimeters, and required lo be at least of that dimension to embrace all the names and cartographi- cal details enumerated. r t \s landado icion : — ordered wigation only a , exact, red by ), 1535. cosmo- d to by a con- the fact he was •813 'ernando al Pilot, I in con- vey only le altered •ences ^'5 word, or the mappa- continent t size 8'6 del En>- ilnlw cteilito iV.,p. H9- en lo ultimo Tra\>ho Diego 18, II9> ">. agiia (07). cit-, ,-Ct ClIAVES', lie .11 least of d cartographi- ne I 1 Cartograi'uia Americana Vetustissima. 63s Although Oviedo seems to blend together the geographical data which he has borrowed from Chaves with those derived from other sources, we deem it useful to give his nomenclature, beginning, as he does, 8>7 with the Strait of Magellan, ^'S and following the east coast northwardly. This list has the very great advantage of giving the proper spelling of many names ; but the new appellations indicate the existence then of American maps which are now lost. From the Strait to La Rio de la Cruz Sierras hermosas Baya de los Trabaxos Rio de Johan Serrano Rio de las Piedras Rio de las Virtudes Rio de Sanct Alexo Rio de Sanct Francisco Rio de Sanct Matheo'" Puerto Real Rio de Sanct Hieronimo Rio de los Cosmos Rio de Sanct Augustin Golpho de Todos Sanctos' Rio de Sanct Jorge /{io de la MagdaUna Rio de Sancta Elena Rio de Sanct Gregorio Rio de Sanct Johan Tierra de Marcd'" Rio de Canamor (sic) Arrecife de Cobos*" B. de Bajos Anegados Brazilian Coast : Rio de Sanct Christobal Baxos de los Pargos Rio de Sancta Barbara Baxos de Abreojos Golpho de la Playa Rio de Sancta Ana Rio del Brasil Cabo de Sanct Pedro Cabo Frio Sierras de Santa Lucia Cabo de Buen Abrigo Sierras de Sanct Sebastian Rio Jordan, also del Sombrero Tierra de Jenero Golpho de los Reyes Plata : Tierra de los Humos Rio Grande de Parama («V), alias rio de la Plata Cabo Sancta Maria Rio de Culpare Rio de la India **" Bahia de la Cananea Rio Ubay Rio sin fondo Puerto de la Barca Puerto de los Patos Puerto de Sanct Sebastian Puerto de don Rodrigo de Acufia ''" Puerto del Farallon Rio poblado Rio (jerrado Rio Tibitjnari Rio Eliijuari Rio Parama, or Rio de Solis*" '^'7 OviEiio, lib. xxi., cap. i.-xi.,Vol. II,, p. 112-152. In the present insianco we insert the entire nomenclature, so as to show the names which were still in use, officially, in 1536; but those in italics .are the names which appear lur the lirst time. Ovikdo cites many others, which we have omitted, as they seem to behmg to other maps. "'^ The data for that portion of the coast were obtained chiefly from .Santa Cri'Z ; "Cuyos memoriales, como aniigo, (lomestiea e amigablemente me comunico" (OyJ. I'U., p tl4). Those names are therefore anterior to 15JO, w!i ..I Santa Ckuz returned to Spain. «iy Vnrri)," or March, in RlliRRO. "'""•. Lubos, or " of Seals," i7«V/eni. CllAVKsalso indic.itc- an " \'\-\ de Cobos," subject to '.he same cor- rection, .is th'ie is r.o such word .as "Cobo"in Spanish or Portuguese. '*•' " Uio Sanct Francisco " w.as called in ClIAVKs' map. Cabo bianco'**' " Rio Primero," while " Rio Sanct M.atheo," took the name of " Rio Segundo." These two last ;iames indicate therefore maps posterior to 1536. ''- This is a small gulf " golphete," within the " Uaya dc Todos .Sanclos. " "-' Want of space compels us to omit all the islands menticmcd (m the north and southeast co.ast. *'■' Rodrigo de .At'f.^A was one of the captains in the expedition of Loaisa, in 1525. ^'^ .-Vs there is already a " Rio (Iraiide de Parama a/jVts rio ' Also "Cocalri9es,' and "Chagre." 813 •■ Despichcl," in Turin map. "" First named "Santa Cru?.," by (Iuijai.va. "" Also called ** Dcsconov'iilo." "^5 " I'avos "—The County of Wild Turkeys. A Caktogkai'iiia Americana Vetustissima. '35 m 1 f lis Rio de Ins Palmas Rio Hermoso Rio de Sanct Benito Rio de Montanas Rio Solo Gulf ok Mexico: Cos/a de Arboledas Rio de la Magdakna Rio Escondido Rio del Oro Cabo Desierto Matas del Salvador Rio de Nieves Rio del A renal Rio de la Playa Punta del Cabo Baxo Florida and the N.-E. Coast : Punta del Canaveral Cabo de la Cruz Cabo de Sancta Elena Mar Baxa'^ Cabo Grueso Rio Seco Cabo Sanct Roman Rio de Casta/iar Rio de la Vuelta Rio Grande Cabo Breton Rio de muchas Islas Cabo de Sancta Maria Cabo de Sanct Pablo Cabo de Sanct Johan Cabo de las Arenas Rio de Buena Madre Rio Seco Cabo and Arcipielago de Sancta Maria Rio de Montanas Cabo de Mar^-o Cabo Hermoso For the latter section, we beg leave to refer the reader to the excel- lent analysis given by Dr. Kohl.837 Withal, how can we conciliate that description with the statement of Oviedo.^aS that the map of Chaves did not extend beyond 21° 15', and terminated at the Rio Sancto Spiritus ? It is well to notice that Oviedo, when about to give his geogra{)hical description of the New World, based upon the map of Chaves, states that with the advice of Ramusio, he borrowed his data regarding the Northern Regions, from the written and painted accounts of " Mi9er Olao Gotho," that is, Olaus Magnus, Bishop of Upsala. " Ha querido que aci, en este Mundo Nuevo yo sepa y vea pintada y escripta la ra(,-on de aqiiellas tierras septentrionales." ^39 He alludes also to a Tractado Sep- tentrional printed at Venice with the authorisation of Paul HI. This can only be the map printed in that city *>-i° in 1539, but it contains nothing of the New World beyond the apex of " Gruntlandie." As to Magnus' Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalihus, ^-^i it was published five years after the death of Paul HI., and, besides, it contains still less on the subject ; the map even not extending westward beyond Iceland. Another expression : " por testimonio de las letras del mtiy doto varon Micer Olao Gotho," can be interpreted as referring to information "'' " M.Tr " hero applies li> a river. ^^ Koiil., Duciiinciilrirj/ IliKlonj of Mainii,\^\>. 307-315. 83«OviKi)0, Vol. IV., p. 16, written in 1541. "I"' OviKDO, loc. cil.. Vol. II., p. 112. "^'^ Tabula 'm-ariim s, jileiitiiniialinm, in (Jscar Hrkn- NKR, Die iii'hte KaiU dc.i Ohmi Maijnits roii Yiihri 1,'iJ!), iKii-li ileni txiitiplnr iter Miinrhnnr Sinalslnhlin- thik; Cliristi.Tiia, iJiS6, Svo, .ami lli..' edilion (;iveii at Kdino by .Vntonin LMlliRl in 1572. ^*' Ki)ni;v, l555,folii), with a map of the Scanilinayian ret;ions ililTerent from the one puhlisheil in 1539. \Vc do noi know whether it is also in the Italian eililion of 1565. .' in I, -'I Si i I 'r;i r. III ^ Mi I iW 1 I m V I" \l -''I V^^:. ' '11 ) ;'W 1 :' 'y u M li'f^P'': I t il: 1 4 i 1 j 'jlR Hi ,m t, f j U'^4 1' 1 1 ' « I'll ,rf ' ';( ^!''' . ' ^ ■ hit '\4 I f J ' i, i I* 638 The Discovery of North America, After 1480. No. 241. Graciozo Benmncasa. " Portolano containing seven maps. Map V. : — .'\tlantic, showing the N.-\V. coast of Africa and N.-E. coast of S. America. Probably the work of Graciozo Benincasa of Ancona. Vellum. Enriched with gold and colours. Sixteenth cent. Folio." ' Graciozo Benincasa is not known positively to have continued to make maps after 1 480 ; as the latest dated one bears the inscription : " Gratiosus Benincasa Anconitanus composuit Ancone anno Domini i48o."5 It is true that maps and atlases ascribed to him are said to be of 1484, and "circa i489,"6 but these should be investigated again. At all events, the present map, by depicting South America, can scarcely be of a date prior to 1500; and, as Graciozo Benincasa already signed maps and porto- lani in 1435,7 he would have been nearly ninety years old when this one was executed, — which is not probable. No. 1496. • Antonio Ortiz'. The map of the V'alencian Antonio Ortiz, cited by Cladera, 8 is not likely to have contained transatlantic lands. The " Isla partida por un gran rio a la que llama Brasil," said to lie by 50°, can only have been the imaginary island of that name which figures on so many of the old portolani. No. 243. The Ventimic.lia Mai-. " Principio del XVI secolo o fine del XV. — Carta coUo stemma Usodimare, di anon- mo, che si conserva a Ventimiglia. Ved. A/fi, IV, carta clxix.'' " No. 244. Loi'Ez' (?). " Principio del secolo XVI. — Carta delineata da un Loi)ez a Fez, gih conservata in Genova, ma verso il 1868 venduta da un genovese al Museo Britannico." '° ' Calaioijue of Add. to the JfSS. in the BritUh Ovoijraphw du Moyen Aije,\o\. II., p. loS. Mi(.ieum, IS7(>-1SSI ; p. 179, No. 31,316. ' Dksimoni, GiorncUe Liiju-itico, 1875, P- 52- 5 Amat, Klenio, Vol. II., No. 67, .mil .Vppond. p. 42. '° Hesimoni, ubi Dupra. The worils "a Vez," should ' Ibidem, pp. S3, 84, 279 \x taken not for a name or place, but in the sense of ' Ibidem, p. 60. "has made it,'' as in the c.isc of the map of Joio Frkiki. " Ci.AliEK.\, Inrttliijcu-ionni, pjige xxii. ; Lelewki., (Jean ami S^hastien Cabol, page 221). \ DouHTKUL Maps. 639 i 1504. No. 245. Mac.liahixhiana Atlas. The atlas of that library, said to be of the year 1504," is neitbe anonymous nor relatively ancient. It was constructed in 1564, and the work of Jaume Olives. '■i' er is 1506. No. 246. Denvs' Saint Lawrence. " Embouchure du fleuue de St. Laurent svr vne Ecorce de Bois enuoiee de Canada.— Jehan Denys 1506 :— Mouth of the St. Lawrence river, on a piece of bark sent from Canada. — John Denys, 1506." This map exists only in the form of a fecsimile made at Paris for the Canadian archives in 1S54, from a supposed original alleged to exist in the geographical collections of the War Department, and to be pre- served "wrapped up in a piece of satin, and very carefully kept in a box." There is no such map, anywhere or in any shape, in the War Department at Paris, nor did any of the librarians or oldest employees ever hear of the map, satin, and box. The facsimile copy of that alleged facsimile is a square map, 250 by 250 mm., bearing the above title in French, and indicating a survey of the tract of country on the south side of the St. Lawrence river and its surroundings, called Gaspesia, and drawn towards the beginning of the last century. As a work of Jehan Denys, it is absolutely apocryphal. There has been, however, a Normand navigator of that name, who visited Canada •= about 1506, and who is said by Charlevoix '3 to have drawn a map of the St. Lawrence. He was from Honfleur. where existed in the sixteenth century several ftimilies called Denys ; '4 but the first mariner of that name mentioned in the archives dates only of 1597. Before 1540- 1545, a Jehan Denys, however, must have explored the Canadian regions, as in an old manuscript book of sailing directions, '5 written in the first half of the sixteenth century, there is a note from the owner, in a handwriting of the time, which is as follows : " Bullet. Soc. fie G4ofiraphie , P.iris, 1847. '- Ramusio, Iia.'colta, 1565, Vol. III., ff. 417, 423 ; Jean tt SL^hcuitien Cabot, pp. 242-251. " Ch.\ri.evoix, Hut. lie la your.-Fraiice, 1744, p. 4. '■' Charles ct Paul Brkard, Dorumnil.-i rdatif-t a la .Ua>-ine Xormande ; Rouen, 1SS9, Sv.i, pji. 4345. '5 Paris Xati0n.1l Library; .MS.S. Fr.in^ais, 24,209; recto of the Last leaf. ' .\ I . ,? ■ :: :( 1 'I ....1 ,1 tt f ,■: ft..' I V V <' : h !■!! I , lii » i i! J' l\ i:t| I i|'-4il 640 The Discovery of North America. " Soil faict memoire de la mercqae de mes bastcaux et bartjucs que je laisse en la terre neufue au Havre de Jeh[an] denys dicte Rongnoust .... : — Let a note be made of the mark of my boats and barks which I leave in Newfoundland, in the haven of John Denys, called Rongnoust " Before 1506. No. 247. CiiRi.sToiMiER Columbus. In the Epitome de la Bthltoteca Oriental i Occidental of Antonio de Leon, usually called Pinelo, there is the following item : " Autores de navegacion i sus materias . D. Christoval Colon . Declaracion de la tabla navigatoria. Hallase este breve tratado impresso con su carta : — Authors on Navigation and things pertaining to the subject. Don Christopher Columbus. Explanation of the sailing chart. This short treatise is found printed together with his letter [or map]." " This description, together with the remarks of Barcia'7 and of Navar- rete,'8 led us and others to believe that Christopher Columbus had written a description of a map constructed by himself ; which also implied the existence at a certain time of such a map. Our interpretation was still further strengthened by the bibliographical notice of a manuscript preserved in the King's Library at Madrid, which is repeatedly said to have con- tained that alleged treatise, and bearing the following explicit title : " Declaratio charts; nauigatorine Domini Almirantis: — Explanation of the sailing chart of His Lordship the Admiral." Having caused that manuscript to be copied entirely, we found that it bore the title which we have just given, and, besides, a technical heading which is as follows : " Tiene vn tratado de la Carta de nauegar, hecho por el Doctor Grajales, en el Puerto de Sancta Maria, i el vso de dos Tablas, para saber el orto del Sol, i los ocasos desde el altura de . 38 . grades, hasta la de . 48 . por el mismo : — It contains a treatise concerning the sailing chart, made [or written] by Doctor Grajales, at Puerto de Sancta Maria, together with the use of two tables to ascertain the rising of the sun, and the setting thereof, from the altitude of 38 to 48 degrees." As to the contents of the manuscript, they consist of the account which Columbus wrote of his third voyage, '9 and of the complete text '"Epitome, ill la Rlhliotera Orieulal i Occidental; '^ SAVAi^K.B.rK, BiUioteca Maritima .Ei>pailola ; M.i- M.idriil, 1629. 4tn, page 145. drill, 1S51, Vol. I., p. 376. '^ Ejiitome o •»! H a w «i I > , ) :,5 o ^''-" 6~. 1>^ - s^ Is I. ^. i f, Ik; » I • i> r r^ l^/ T/ 1^\ ., '< M. » ■ , 1 1 1 • % , i ■ilf ''* I ' f I •( 'I '11 Ml*' 1 i If 1 ■ I ! . '4' Ill'* If ? ' if I 1 ■ ' " 1 ll t. < 1 -1 ' » ' r \ A) i A DouiiTFUL Maps. 645 •A i.»; Before 1525. No. 253. In "Cartas de Indias." It is the rough and poor map, 430 by 450 mm. reproduced in that work, under the following title : Cartas de las Antillas, Seno Mejicano y Castas de Tierra Firme y de la America Setentr tonal In reality, it is intended to depict only the regions surrounding the Gulf of Mexico ; and if the Pacific coast is nameless, it is not because the cartographer knew nothing of Pizarro's explorations, but simply for the reason that there was no greater motive for entering into details about Peru than concerning the Baccalaos. A great and very truthful Spanish savant, who is the highest authority in Spain at this day for such matters, considers the present map to have been constructed "even before the discovery of the Rio de S. Juan by Pascual de Andagoya in 15 25." 39 In the first place, Andagoya discovered the Rio de S. Juan, not in 1525, but three years before, in 1522.4° In the second place, the name " Apalache," inscribed on the map, is a proof that the latter was constructed at least twelve years after the date assigned to it by the aforesaid great and very truthful Spanish Academician. Pamphilo de Narvaez is the first Spaniard who heard the name of " Apalache," and this during his second and last expedition ; as in his first voyage to the Gulf of Mexico, he did not go further north than Cempoalla, near Vera Cruz. ^' As to his second expedition, he landed in F'lorida April 11, 1528. Shortly after Easter-day, he was informed for the first time of the existence of " la provinqia que diqen Apalache," which he reached June 25, and soon afterwards died. 42 Finally, six years elapsed before anything was known of that disastrous expedition ; the first news being brought by the few survivors, when these unfortunate adven- turers were received by Melchior Diaz near Culia9an, in May 1536. But the geographical data gathered during that time, including the name of "Apalache," could not have been known in Europe until after August 15, '537> which is the date of the landing of Alvar Nunez Cabe9a de Vaca at Lisbon. 43 3' " En mi concepto hecha con anterioriilad al descu- briniicnto .'cl rio dc S. Juan per Pascual de Andafjoya (1525)-" ■t" " En el afi^ll, and a Ribero origin.'"^ " Ueni.imlo DE SoTO went in search of the province "'' Jmn d Si'Ihi."! ii- n C'lhul, p. 2.(3. In the hbrary of of Apnlnche : "en husci de Apnlachc," August II, 1540, the Duke I>K Sai.viati .it I'isa, there is a lar^je l'ortUi;uese and Johan PR ASasco reached, by sea, the p.irt of map by one Lopo II'jMKM, said to be anterior to 1543. Apalache, Noveinber 19, 1541. Ovikdo, Ilistoria Alii dell' Acad. Poiitif. dti miori Lliifei ; Knfij;uratii)ns. « WissoR, The Kohl rolkHion of early wnpn, in his ■" WiNSOR, The. Xarraliir and Critical ftixlory 0/ lilhliotjraphi-al CoutrihutionK, 1SS6, p. 12, No. 45. Amirica, Vol. II., p. 225. DouiiTFUL Maps. 647 Although the configuration of the east coast of the New World recalls the coast line of the Weimar maps, the present is not derived from any of the latter. Yucatan is connected with the continent, and the west coast is clearly delineated at about 110° W. longitude, and carried beyond 45° north latitude. We notice a river emptying into the Adantic about our Hudson, and called " R. de la Tournee." The present is evidently a Dieppe map of the Descelliers type, and apparently of a later date than 1533. Perhaps it is only the "Henry II. map," so called. 48 No. 256. Franco-Spanish Map. " Map in the British Museum,*'' which seems to have been made by a Frenchman from Spanish sources, judging from the mixture and corruption of languages u^ed. In our manuscript there is a mention of " the disembarkation of the Governor," and this, to- gether with the details of the harbolars on the west coast of Florida, where Narvaez went, leads Kohl to suppose the map to have been drawn from that commander's reports."" This is simply the map described in our yeivi cf Schnstien C(/boi,S^ as the " Mappemonde Harleyenne," under the date of "circa 1542." It is unquestionably a Dieppe map, of the school of Pierre Descelicrs, but not the work of that skilful geographer, as all his cartographical pro- ductions which have reached us, are duly signed by him and dated ; whilst the present, although of an important character, is anonymous. No. 257. The Pineli Chart (?). " Carte Nautiche nove del secolo XVI. con gran diligenza c splendidezza designate e dipinte ; in-folio." " _ No. 258. British Museum (?). " A Portolano containing seven charts on a plane scale, each i ft. 5 in. by i ft. }i in., executed on vellum, at the commencement, apparently, of the sixteenth century. The names are in the Venetian dialect. Map 7 represents the World. This one is of a later date than the other maps."" Perhaps it is only an atlas of Battista Agnese. Unfortunately, we have been unable to obtain more information. The fact that it is stated to be in the Venetian dialect must render that atlas interesting. ^' Jean d SdboKllen Cabot, No. 23, p. 210-218. s> No. 20, pp. 197-200. ■" Add. MS. 5413. ^- rinclo Catalogue, Vol. V., p. 102, No. 3906. 5°WiN.soR, The Narrative and Critiral Hiitory of 5i ijrjiish Museum, Old Roy.il Library, MS. 14 C. V. Amtnra, p. 225. Cataloijiu: of the MS. maps, Vol. I., p. 21. "w :• 111 •: i i 'm i I in. ^l m if li-l I 111 \ ' I ' . M;'^ itmt'i I ), .11 'iji . I 1. 11 J i.iil II, ' 648 The Discovery of North America. No. 259. Mai- of " Barsil." It belongs to a portolano, not of the Marciana, 54 but of the Correr Museum at Venice, 55 and it is regarding its eighth map that Professor Matkovic said : " Enthalt Nordostgestade Sudamerika's mangelhaft und phantastisch dargestellt." There is nothing " fantastic " about that map. On the contrary, it is a pretty accurate representation of the portion of Brazil which extends from the elbow to the Rio de la Plata, here called " Rio grande." We notice, in the vicinity of Cape Frio, a " Golfo de St. Augustin." A remarkable feature is the course of the Parana and Uruguay, which are made to issue from lakes and mountains. But, so far from being of the sixteenth century, it is of the year 1630. 5* Matkovic, Alle handnchri/tlidic Schijfcr-Karten ss it is labelled : Portolani, No. 21 (Ex-1321), in ihe 171 den Bihliothekcn zu Veiiediij ; page 24. Correr Museum, in Venice. 1 1 1 \ 1 1 : . * i \ $ >; »i ! 1 ! I' [End of Part Third.] m f ."■ '\ \ •' \\ \ 'I I fart ^mxtk C^ronofogg of (Utatiiime (^ogagee* '^ 111 ; , If H i;i..^: (1 fl. 1 III ■' 3t » 4 H Pi^iUif : . 'I M! i. I p j ■ if vf;:f m^' ■ li I' j ■ti!t 't ^ . if. f I- r ^^' ... ■ ^ ^ 1^. I' r .:i;-' w. •% ^ V r PART FOURTH. C^rottofogg of (ttlatiiimt (pojagea H^teitoat^* ^tiVOUn 1431 dYib 1504. I. THE reasons which prompted us to include in the preceding Carto- graphy a number of maps constructed before the discovery of the New World, are the same which must be invoked for including in the present Chronology oceanic voyages anterior to the first transatlantic expedition of Christopher Columbus. It cannot be denied that notwithstanding his extensive display of • criptural and scientific authorities, the great Genoese was also influenced by the attempts of the Portuguese ; from which, in point of history, his theories and achievements cannot be separated ; although they were not precisely of the same character. The bold sea-faring men of Portugal sought to reach insular regions supposed to be cast far away into the Ocean, whilst Columbus endeavoured to arrive at China and Japan. Still, those islands were so much believed to be on the route, that Toscanelli referred to them as landing places when Affonso V. should send an ex- pedition in search of the east coast of Asia.' What is more, the map which Columbus took with him when he started from Spain on his first voyage, contained oceanic isles depicted by himself Those were neces- sarily borrowed from charts then current : " donde segun parece tenia pintadas el Almirante ciertas islas por aquella mar." - All those notions therefore were not only co-eval, but also closely connected. • " Notavi aiitem in carta cUversa loca ail quo pervenire which Las Casas says was dL[iiclC(l in tho miiUlle ( ' 'h-,. potestis pro iiiaiori noticia navigancium sive ventia vel Atlantic on that map. c.asu aliqiio alil)i quam oxistimarent vcnirent." .See, 'Journal in Navakkktr, Co'eiviou dc los Wa'/cs y .tiipra, p. 392 anil 379, for a notice of the Antilia islaml, dcscuhrhniLUtos dc lo.i Esiianoli.-i ; Vol. II., p. 13. i 1 : ^ ,!: ii'lf a! 1 1 ^ i t ; 1 ; 1 > ^iii ' \ V 'p) f '■' / !l ':, ' < "'■ V ' -'lit r-i ■ . II ^i p ;r i Mil [,^ M? U i- 11 Ml. I i i ■ * , i ^ 1 1 ( i \ ? ■ 654 The Discovkkv of Noktii Amekica, nomenclature will be found sufficient to demonstrate how great in those days was the activity of the Spanish shipping, even at a time when mari- time adventure yielded little profit. 5 So far as the present inquiry is concerned, we only proposed to show what were the elements calculated to disclose fresh geogra|)hical data in relation to the New World. It is unquestionable that when we see so many ships sailing in such close proximity to the mainland that (from the most western Lucayas) parts of its coast could be sighted in less than a day ; that the common occurrences of maritime life, gales, head winds, and accidents of all sorts, must have frequently thrown vessels off their regular course ; besides the natural curiosity and adventurous spirit of sea- faring men, which incites them to probe unknown regions ; that the new letters patent always forbade the grantees to explore countries discovered by others, whilst those who led unauthorised expeditions necessarily avoided points of the coast where there was a risk of being seized by officers of the Crown ; all those circumstances, we think, must have resulted in ascertaining at an early period the existence of the continent of North America. Now, why the knowledge thus acquired proved of no avail at the time, or failed to be noticed in certain documents, is a question which finds a ready answer in the: suspicious origin of the reports, and more particularly in the poorness of the regions visited, so far as gold, dye- wood, and Indians who could be easily kidnapped,^ — then the sole object of the searchers, -were concerned. n 5 Voyajjcs to the Xew World liec;\mc' priilll:ililu anil rolni.-,! ami warlike race than ihv inoffensive and feclilc commenced to fultil the expectation, of the Castilian al)ori[;ines of the West Indies. If Coi.tiMiu's in his first Crown, only after the discoveries and con'Avezac, Xolii-f de.i dcrowrtrs fmtti ail Moi/ai A'jc, p. 31, note 2. Nay, so far back .as 1351, the archipelago of the Azores was .already welt depicted in GH11.1.A.NV, l>tr ICrdijlubii.-i des Martin the Medicean atlas of tliat date ; op. ciV., p. 32. '431- 1; W'^ , II f : ill • :') I '1^ If i .itHi K\% i-t •ll i ' ''li!' V P hi iiii )il I i ' (, ilk ■r,■^ m fit ■ A 1447. 656 The Discovery ok North America. No. II. Alleged Dlscovery ok the Seven Cities. In 1447, a Portuguese ship pretends to have been led by stress of weather to the Island of the Seven Cities ; which may have been, in reality, one of the Azores. It is worthy of note that such a learned cosmographcr as Pedro de Medina, so recently as the first half of the sixteenth century, should have still believed in the existence of the island of the Seven Cities, though thinking that it was no longer visible. •* Cf. G. Horn, Dt OriijinibuK Ameriraiiii, Ilnga Cimiil.; 1652, I2mi), p. 7. After 1452- No. III. Dioco de Teive. Diogo de Teive, a Portuguese nobleman, and the discoverer of the Island of Flores, .sails after 1452, one hundred and fifty leagues south- west of Fayal, to find the Antilia island, said to have been sighted by a Lusitanian vessel. This information was conveyed to Columbus by Pedro de Velasco, Teive's own pilot, in the convent of La Rabida. Cf. Historie, f". 22. Las Casas, I/inloria de laji Indian ; lib. i., cap. xiii.. Vol. L, p. lOO. Ernesto do Canto, Archivo dos Azores; Vol. I., No. 3, p. 250. Chriilojihe Colomb, Vol. L, p. 311. 1457- No. IV. Fernam, Duke ok Heja. December lo, 1457, Dom Fernao receives from his uncle, Affonso V., letters patent granting him the islands which he hopes to discover in the Atlantic Ocean. Cf. Jose DK Torres, Mtmnria a cerra da originalidmle da !^aviga^aO do Oceano Attaiitiro ; in the Rtvista dos A^oren, Ponta Delgatla, 1851, Vol. I., p. 290. Chrialophe Colomh, Vol. I., p. 314, note 3. After 1460. No. V. Alleged Di.scoverv ok the Antili.v. According to Christopher Columbus, a Portuguese vessel lands in the Antilia island in the time of Prince Henry the Niivigator. Cf. Las Casas, HiKtoria de Ian Indian, \\h. i., cap. xiii.. Vol. I., p. 100. 1462. No. VI. JOAO VOGADO. Affonso V. grants to Joao Vogado, February 19, 1462, two oceanic islands which the latter claims to have discovered. Cf. li. K. iiF, Senna Kkkitas, Memoria hi.tlonca, solirc o tntemlailn dcxrohriinnnto dt wna Kvp])Oiita iiha a norte da Terceira ; Lislma, 1845, S\o, pp. 62-73, '1"". H and c. Chrialophs Colomh, \o\. I., |i. 315, notes I and z. * .Mkiiina, Grandeza de EKpafia, .Scvilla, 1549, fol., paye 47. nii i "k ' Chronolocv ok Vovacks. No. VII. (}ijN(,Ai.o Fkknandi:/. 657 October 29, 1462, Dom I-Y-rnao rcci.-ivcs the prospective ownership of an island which Gonqalo I<,rnandez. of Tavira, reiJc^rts to have seen to the north-west of the Canaries. Vj\ Uk Sknna Kkkii as, o/,. nV., ,loc. .;. Ghrintaiihc Colomh, \\,\. I. p. J15, ,v,tc j. No. VI 11. Ruv GON/ALVKS DA CaMKKA. June 21, 1473, Ruy Gon9aIves da Camera obtains from Affonso V. letters patent conveymg to him the islands which he proposes to dis- cover in the Ocean. Cf. Dk Torres, uhi mipra. Chrialophr Colomh, Vd. I., p. 315. No. IX. Fkknam Tki.i.k/,. November lo. 1475, Fernau Tellez receives letters patent fro Affonso V. for explorations westward as far as the Seven Cities. Cf. Dk Sknna Fuehas, uhi nupra. Christophe Colomh, Vol. I., p. 316. m No. X. John Szkolnv. John Scolno (a name which Lelewel translates by Szkolny, or of Kolno, a small village of Mazovia, on the Prussian frontier), a Polish pilot, said to have been sent in 1476 to the north-west, and to have reached Estotiland and Labrador, or the country which afterwards went by the latter name. The authorities need to be examined, so as to ascertain whether they proceed from each other, or are derived from different sources. If we accept the statement of Hakluyt. Apianus already mentions Scolno." If so. it was before 1551, which is the date of the death of that German geographer; but we have failed to find the passage. He also quotes Gemma Frisius. In that case, we think that it was only a repetition of Apianus. The earliest which thus far has come to our knowledge, is Gomara. who. in 1553. stated that "Men of Norway have also been there [' Terra Laboratoris '] with the pilot John Scolno :— Tambien an ido alia hombres de Norvega con el piloto Joan Scolno." The next author whom we could find is Cornells Wytfiiet, who, writing in 1 597, makes the following statement : 4 I 1462, 1475- 1476. ! ini i mi i f ml h If 'In ^ i' Mil v'ii ! t 'I (.1 ■t.ii !l ^iy 6.s8 The Discovery ok North America. 1476. "Secundum dctectne liuius . regionis ilecus tulit Johannes Scoluus Polonus, nui anno ^'°^*°'~" reparatne Salutis M.CCCC.LXXVI. octoginta et sex annis ?i prima eius lustrationc nauigans ultra Noruegiam, Groenlandiani, Frislandiamque, Boreale hoc frctum ingressus sub ipso Artico circulo, ad Laboratoris hanc terram Estotilandiamque dilatus est : — The Pole John Scolvus is the next who had the merit of discovering that region. In the year 1476, eighty-six years after the voyage [of the Zeni] he sailed as far as the Polar Circle, after having crossed Norway, Greenland, and Frisland, and reached that northern strait, Labrador and Estotiland." Wyttliet did not coj))- Gomara, as he gives a date : " 1476," and the nationality of the pilot : " Polonus," neither of which are mentioned by the Spanish chronicler. We now have the L'Ecuy globe, which ir.scribes between 70° — 80° north latitude, and 320° longitude, the following legend : " Qiiii populi ad quos Johannes Scovvus danus pervenit. Ann. 1476: — These are the people reached by John Scovvus, a Dane." If the maker of that globe had borrowed his notions in respect to Scovvus {sic pro Scolvus, as sp' " >n his supposed prototype), he would have called him a Pole, " PoL.ius. ' How is it that on the L'Ecuy globe he is said to have Iieen a Dane : " Danu. "? Now, other writers state that .Scolno was sent by Christian 1., \ing of Denmark, and the qualification of Dane may come from that source. But George Horn is the first, to our knowledge, who makes the statement, in these words: " Joh. Scolnus Polonus auspiciis Christiani I. Regis Daniai fretum i'\nian et Terra La- boratoris detexit A. 1476," and he wrote only in 1671, which is a date certainly seventy or eighty years later than the time when the L'Ecuy globe was constructed. W'c have, therefore, an account which was derived from three different sources, pointing to the fact that these e.\isted before the second half of the si.xteenth century. As to the voyage itself, it is not an impossibility, and we can easily realise that a Danish King should have sent a vc!ssel in the track of the Scandu .vian adventurers, whose voyages were yet too recent in 1476 to be forgotten. Cf. Lki.kwki,, Ot'oijr. (In Hoyeu Aije, IH. and IV., p. io6, notes 50, 52. (iOmara, IlUtiria dc Ian Iiuliax, p. 177 of Vedia's odilion. Wvtfi.ikt, 5 Dencriplionin Plolcmaini' Aiiiimeiiliim ; I.ovanii, 1507,01!., p. 1S8 j lIOKNii's, Clyssea, Liigd. Hai.iv., 1671, p. 335. HuMHOl.lir, Examrn Criliqur, Vol. II., pp. I=;2-I55, and O'rciilaiurt! llintori.iki: Miiide.ti>ia(i-I.T); Kiobcnh.ivn, 1845, Vol. III., pp. 628-630. ' 5 Ii is liy niislaUc lliai llu' I'rt'ndi translators of Wvri'i.n- !■ (Dcniay, 1604, p. 25), and Mr. Major (Si-lect Ltlli'rn 0/ Coliimliiin, 1S47, p. xxx.) ascrilie the patronage of the undertaking to " Christian II." This King com- meneed reifjning only in 1512, while Christian I. w.as on the throne from 144S until 14S1. ' Th.it Danish work h.is been kindly examined at our request by Mr. liKl'NN, the learned director of the Copeuliagen Royal Library, who, h.iving l)een besides requested to investigate the MS. .tccounts of the reign of Christian I., replied .as follows : " II nnus -^era permis de douter de cet eve'nement, dont on ne trouvera un seul mot chez aucun de nos .anciens hisloriens. Si un tel voyage a vraiment eu lieu sous le rigne de Charles I"', son but a i\6 sans doute plutot de relrouver le (iroenland perdu que de faire des de'couvertes nouvelles. .\insi en Danemark on ne salt absolument rien (I'un voyage entre- pris sous les auspices du roi Christian I" par un I'olonais appcld Jean Scolnus." \ \^ Chronologv of Voyages. 659 No. XI, Antonio Leme. j^-g Antom-o Leme, of Madeira, but of Dutch origin, sets sails westward and on h.s return affirms having discovered three islands west of Terceira.' Of. Las Casas, lib. i., c.p. xiii., Vol. I., p. 98. GhH.toi>U Colomh, Vol. I., p. 309. No. XII. Alvaro and Joao Da Fonte. _ Two brothers. Azoreans. named Joao and Alvaro da Fonte 1 their entire fortune in searching westwards for unknown islands ose No. XIII. Thomas Llyde or Lloyd. _ ]u\y 15. 1480, Thomas Llyde or Lloyd, sails from the port of Bristol m command of vessels fitted out at the cost of John Jay, junior, in search of the imaginary island of Brazil. " 1480 die IS jullij navis . . . et Johannis "On the isth of July 1480 shins Jay ,u„,ons pendens 80 dohomn, inceperunt belonging to John Jay un or of 80 ton v.ag,u,n apud portum Bristolli. de Kyngrode burthen, sailed out of iri sol o nil a usque ad n,sulam de Brasylle in occidental! west of Ireland as far as the ishnd tf parte H.berni.'e, sulcando maria per . . et Brazil On fh. s.h V c , ',-,, . , . !<- • • . . tt iirazii. On the i8th of September (14S1 ?) „:. ■ ;'\'>'^^'^;^\-'''e'^^- -'^"'ificus n,ari. news was received that Thomas Lloyd the nanus tocus Angh. et nove venerunt Bris- most expert seaman in England, who com t n.. .e luna ,8 d,e Septembris, quod manded the expedition, after a nav^ ion of d.cta[m] nav[em] velaverunt maria per circa nearly nine months, being storn.be.Ue h.d 9 menses nee mvenerunt insulam sed per been compelled to enter a port in el d tempesta M -arts reverst sunt usque portum to allow his ships and men to rest . . . in H,bern,a pro reposicione navis et without having discovered ' the mannlarliorum."' j ■ , , „ u'^i-uvLrcu tne ' ' said island." «• -r'-.^'r"iri::;:=;:.-r'u;: "z'vtt f r^:, "- Cabot, p. 44, note 3, .in,l p. 37,. ' '' '''"' ''• '♦S- ■■'«"' ■' S. In,^,i„n No. XIV. Pkojkcteu E.xi.LDiTioN m- a Mai.k.kkvn In 1484. an inhabitant of Madeira petitions Joao II. to entrust him vvth a carave for the purpose of taking possession of an island, wh^ch he claims to have seen west of the Azores. Cf. Journal of Coi.itMurs, in Navakri-tk, Vol. I. ' We t.-ike our text from the MS. in the College of Corpus Christi, Caniliridge, No. 210, p. 195 ; Ui,,,)!)- revised at our request from the orinin.il l,y the l;ue Mr. S. S. Licwis .ind by Mr. IL Bkadsiiaw. P- 5- ' \Villi,im noroNi-.K was an antiquary, l„,rn in 141c ami who live,l therefore at the ti>.,e of the occurrence." John Jav was aKo an authentic indiviilual, conceriiin.' whcMU \A,s.MVI,i, o,, HI., p. 267, gives personal detail^';" 1480. 1484. ■i| ii T!'! <'|i 4» ! ^".' »M t !• ■ '■(• VL Ifr I' ■ ■ "r 1 1 \ ' .1 • ' : i ■ : r 1 , ' 1 t il 1484. Be FORK i486. i486. I49I TO 1498. 660 The Discovery of North America. No. XV. Fernam Dominguez de Arco. June 10, 1484, Fernao Dominguez de Arco, of Madeira, is made Governor of the island which he hopes to discover in the Atlantic Ocean. Cf. De Torres, oj). cil., p. 290. Chrinlophe Colomb, Vol, I,, p. 310, note 2. No. XVI. Pedro Vasquez de la Frontera. Pedro Vasquez de la Frontera, asserts to Columbus and Pinzon that he accompanied an Infant of Portugal in a voyage of discovery westward, which was impeded by the Sargasso sea. This voyage must have been made between i486 and 1490. The above 4Ssertion, which rests solely upon the deposition of a wit- ness in the int-jrest of the Pinzons, is nevertheless admissible, -.j he was born in 1463 ; and Alonso Gallego, in his deposition, also refers to having heard ]\Iar',in Alonso Pinzon remind Christopher Columbus of a statement made by the latter when they were together, "fT casa de Pero de Velez de la Frontera." That may be the origin of the legend about Columbus having le::rnt of the existence of transatlantic lands from an old pilot whom he had consulted. C/. Depositions of Alonso Velez de Ai.i,ii)' and Alonso Gallego; MS. /'/•o6ar«a of November I, 1532. No. XVII. Fernam d'Ulmo. March 3, i486, P^ernao d'Ulmo receives from Joao II. letters patent conceding the islands and continent which he proposes to discover westward. Cf. Hintorie, cap, ix., f" 22, under the name of Femaldolmos. Las Casas, Hisloria, lib. i., cap. xiii., Vol. I., p. lot, where he is called Ilernan DOLiNos. De '''arniiac.kn, loc. cil., p. '•', docs, iv., v., and vi, Christophe Colomb, Vol. I., p. 312, note 2. M No. XVIII. Bristol Expeditions. Tho.se expeditions are mentioned by Ayala, the Spanish Minister. " For the last seven years the Bristol people have equipped every year two, three, four caravels to go in search of the islands of Brazil and of the Seven Cities." Cf. Dispatch of Pedro DE Ayai.a to Ferdinand and Isahella, dated London, July 25, 1498. Jean it Sebaaiien Cabot, doc. xiii., p. 329. ' In *S35i Velez DE Ali.ID was alcalde mayor of Palos. ■^ ''i \,^ vm 1532. Chronology of Voyages. No. XIX. ViNCENTE Diaz. 661 Vincente Diaz, of Tavira, at the cost of a wealthy Genoese merchant of Terceira, called Lucas de Cazana, makes three or four attempts to find lands beyond the Atlantic Ocean. Cf. Las Cvsas, lib. i. cap. xiii., Vol. h, p. loi. IIrrrkra, Decaci. L, p. 5. No. XX. Expeditions of the King of Portugal. Juan Rodriguez de Mafra asserts that the King of Portugal (Joao II.i») sent one or two expeditions in search of western regions. C/. Las Casas, Vol. I., p. loi. Die Varnhagen, La Verdcukra Ouanahani, p. 109. We have now reached the period of transatlantic voyages which are of special and greater interest to the historian of maritime discovery. These, of course, begin with Christopher Columbus ; as the expeditions of the Northmen to the north-east coast of America, although, in our opinion, they are absolutely authentic, cannot be connected with the efforts and events which, so far as the real history of the New World is con- cerned, form a continuous chain, the first link of which was forged by the Latin races. In reality, there is no evidence that, south of the Baltic, mariners knew or attached any importance to the voyages of the Scandinavians, notwithstanding the fact that they were known at Rome as is shown by the Papal bulls erecting bishoprics in Greenland and the adjacent regions. And as to Columbus, he may have heard of such ex- peditions when visiting Iceland ; yet we make bold to say that, in his opinion, they related to countries very much different from the Asiatic kingdoms which he hoped to discover. Before 1492. Wl \ : f \ ' * •'' .■■ , ■I \ 'Ik i u »// \) f [k « 1 C^tonofogg of (^ogagee* SECTION SECOND. I, '■ h: M. FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 1492—1504- 1492. No. I. Columbus' First Voyage. August 3, 1492 — March 15, 1493. Columbus sights the first transatlantic land, Friday, October 12, 1492, at two a.m. On Sunday, October 28, he discovers the north coast of Cuba; and December 5, the north coast of Hispaniola. January 16, 1493, he sets sails homeward; reaches Santa Maria, in the Azores, February 18, and the mouths of the Tagus, March 4. He sails away from Portugal, March 13; and lands at Palos, March 15, at noon. The most western point reached is about yy" west longitude.' Cf. Coi.UMnt's' own Journal, aljritljjcd liy Las Casas, in Navarretk, Vol. I., pp. 1-166. Las Casas, Iliatoriade las Indias, Vol. I., pp. 261-469; Ilislorie, ff. 39-84. vJoi.UMHUs' Letter in Spanish, in M.iisonneuve's facsimile; and in Latin, Pi.annck's first edition (Bihliothtca Amerirana Vilunlinsima. No. I); Chriitlojihe Colomh, Vol. L, pp. 405-454; Vol. IL, p. l-io. The expedition was composed of three ships in all, viz.: the Sntita Maria, or Capitana (flagship), the Pinta, and the Nina. We have been unable to ascertain the tonnage of those ships,^ and only infer that they were relatively very small crafts, more or less leaky, owing to the bad work of the calkers, who ran away at Palos, when Columbus wanted to compel them to calk the ships over again.3 The masts were also worth- less.4 Two of those vessels were chartered a*^ ttie cost of the town of Palos, as a punishment for certain misdeeds. 5 ■ Supra, page 99. = The order addressed to the town of Palos (Navak- RF.IE, Vol. IL, p. 12) as well as the other dociuiients relating to the chartering of the ships, only mention " carabelas .irm.idas," and even " fuslas de armadas" {op. eit., Vol. IL, pp. 16 .'I witnoiit mentioning their tonnage. The Latter word which usually referred to oared galleys (J At., Oloanaire naulique, art. Fiisla) in- dicates vessels of small size. ' Navarreti:, Vol. I., p. 137, in the Journal, Jan. 14. * Iliidcm, Januar)' 23. 5 Iliidem, Vol. II., pp. 11-14 ; Vol. III., p. 4S0. \i Ircferrt'd to Fusia) in- |al, J:\ii. 14. 4S0. CuRONOLOfiY OK VoVAGES. 663 According to Peter Martyr, ^ the little squadron which sailed from Palos, August 3, 1492, and returned to that port, March 15, 1493, after discovering the Bahama and West India islands, numbered two hundred and twenty men. Oviedo states 7 that they were orJ.y one hundred and twenty. Las Casas limits the number still more, to ninety, ^ including civilians, among whom he comprehends gentlemen of the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella, whose names have not reached us. Ninety is also the figure which is inscribed in the epitaph engraved on the tomb of Fernando Columbus in the cathedral of Seville, and, i our opinion, the exact one. If so, not more than forty seven of the companions of Columbus on that occasion returned to Spain. No complete official list exists, and we have made the following nomenclature from the names which are mentioned in the log-book or journal of Columbus (Derrotero), '° in the records of the various rogatory commissions (Prohansas) executed by the Fiscal in Spain and in the West Indies in 15 13, 15 15 and 1535, " in the accounts of the first voyage written by Las Casas and Oviedo, and specially in the necronological roll of the 36,'- 37, '3 38, '4 39, '5 40 '6 or 43 '7 men and officers who were left, January 2, 1493, in the fort constructed at La Navidad, and who were all killed a few months afterwards by the natives, whom they had shamefully treated. As far as we have been able to ascertain, the officers of the expedition were the following : On board the Santa Maria, which was the only decked vessel : Juan DE LA CosA, of Santoiia, in Biscay, sailing master and owner. Pero Alonso Nino, of Moguer, in Andalucia, pilot. Sancho Ruiz, pilot. On board the Pinta, which was the best sailing craft of the three : Martin .Monzo Pinzon, of Palos, captain. Cristobal Garcia Xalmiento, pilot. Francisco Martinez Pinzon, of Palos, pilot. Cristobal Quintero, owner of the ship. Garcia Hernandez, caterer." ' 'Cum viris Ilisp.inis circiter ccxx Colonus cicpit." Anchif.ka, IJec.id. I., lib. i., f" i, A. ^ OviKiio, lib. i., cap. v., Vol. I., p. 22. * Las Casas, lib. i., cap. xxxiv., Vol. I., p. 260. ' " Con tres galeras y 90 pcrsonas." Exccrpta Cotom- hiiiiana, p. 24. '" NAVAkKETE, Vol. I., pp. I-l66. " Navakkeie, Vol. III., pp. 538-591 ; MSS. of tlie Archives of the Indies lU .Seville, and Munor, collection of copies in Madrid. " " xxxvi hiiomini ; " Ilistorie, cap. xxxiii., f"' 70, of the Venice edition of 157 1. '' " Treinta y siete personasj" rreamble, Navakreik, Vol. II., p. 18. '* "Octoet triginlaviros;" Anoiiieka, A^)^.s^ cxxxiii., p. 74; OviKDO, Vol. I., p. 21. 'S " Dejo treinta y nueve honibrcs ; '' Derrotero, Navakkete, Vol. I., p. 121. '^ " Uojo alii cuarcnta hoinbres;" Bernai.dez, Reyei Catoliion, cap. jxviii., V'ol. I., p. 367. '' List in Navakrei'E, Vol. II., p. 18; to uliich should be added the names of Diego de Arana, Guiierrbz, and EscovEDO. ■* Navarrete, Vol. III., p. 540, note, p. 565. 1492. n \l I! Slii Vi 1 1 1 ' ■ 1 i- -if :j ■ 'I 'M '!« li ^-^■\ IN, ■''Im Lu. ?l';t ,/ '1,1 . if .. (' I mi I ) If , I ) ■, I < i ■ i 1 1 ^: i I \ ■ i ' » ! i ! i t.i:^' *! I '} 664 The Discovery of North America. 1492- On board the NiTia, which was the smallest ship of the squadron : Vincente Yafiez Pinzon, of Palos, captain. Diego . . . . , mate.'" There were, besides, two other pilots and a mate, but we do not know to what vessels they belonged. Their names are : Bartolomc Roi.nAN, of Palos. Pedro de Ledksma. Juan Nino,™ prob.iWy of Moguer. The other officers were the following : Rodrigo Sanchez, of Segovia, supervisor.'' Diego DE Arana, of Cordova, chief of police (" .ilguazil mayor "), cousin of Beatrix Enriquez (the paramour of Christopher Cokimhus, and mother of Fernando), and of Pedro de Arana, one of the captains in the third expedition. He was made commander of the fort of La Navidad, where he was killed by the Indians'" in 1493. Rodrigo Escovedo or Descovedo, of Segovia, clerk of the expedition, apparently nephew of the monk Juan Perez. Killed also at La Navidad.°* Pedro Gutierrez, head-waiter; belonged formerly to the household of King Ferdinand. He became a lieutenant of Diego de Arana, and was killed with him at La Navidad." .... Castillo, of Seville, a goldsmith, whose services were engaged evidently to value the precious metals which Columbus anticipated to find. Killed at La Navidad. Luis DE Torres, of Murcia, a converted Jew, whom Columbus took with him as an inter- preter to act when in the presence of the Great Khan, as he spoke Hebrew, Chaldean, and some Arabic." As to the crew, it was quite mixed. There is an ordinance of April 30, 1492, suspending all criminal actions brought against any individual who was willing to accompany Columbus. -f' Besides, we have the hitter's own testimony that his wish to return to Spain as quickly as he could, was prompted by the desire to part with such bad company: "asi que por salir de tan mala compaiiia."-7 The only names of sailors, passengers and menials, which have posi- tively come down to us are the following : Cristobal del .Alamo, of the Earldom of Niebla, in .\ndalucia, sailor. Killed at Xa Navidad. Garcia .Alonso, of Palos, sailor.'* Francisco de Aranda, of Aranda in .Aragon, sailor. Killed at La Navidad. ■> Ihiihm, Vol. I., p. 49. "" Accorclini; to the depositions of I-'r.incisco de MoKAl.KS, omitted by Navakkkik, Imt wliieli is in the /'/■o?)ai/'-« of June 16, 151:;. " Navahrkii;, Vol. I., p. 12, Vol. [H., p. 494. '-' Navarrkie, Vol. I., p. 112 ; Las Casas, \'o1. H., p,ig;e 221. =' Navarre 11:, Vol, r., p. 121 ; Las Casas, Vol. I., p. 414. I'oi ilie authority concerning all the following n.inies menlirjned willi the statement : " Killed .it Navi- dad," see, N'AVAKRErK, Linta dc ta-f pcrioua.i que Colon di'ji) en la Ilia K^jmilola, doc. xiii. , in Vol. IL, p. lS-20, of the C'olcci-ion de. I'lVii/ir.v. =< Navarrkie, Vol. L, p. 112; \'ol. II., p. 613. =5 Ihlilnn, Vol. I., page 47. ''• Piitlnn, Vol. II., |)age 15, doc. i\. -7 Iliiikm, Vol. I., page 12S. -'"• Iliidri,!, Vol. III., pages 5S0, 5S9. i I > \ ■'^ i» ^ CllRONOLOGV OF VoVAGES. 665 Gabriel Baraona, of Belmonte,*" sailor. Killed at La Navidad. Juan DEL Harco, of the Barco de Avila, in Castile, sailor. Killed at La Navidad. Domingo de Hermeo, of Guipuscoa [?J. sailor. Killed at La Navidad. Juan Rodriguez Bkrmejo, of Molinos, near Seville, sailor on the Pinta. He is believed by several historians to be the first man who spied land, October 11, 1492. Disgusted with not having been rewarded according to his deserts, he abjured the Catholic religion and became a Mahomedan." This Rodriguez cannot be confounded with the sailor to whom Columbus ascribes the merit, as he calls him Rodrigo de Triana," of Lepe. Diego Kermudez, of Palos. '- Juan Calvo, of Moguer, sailor, who returned with Columbus in the second voyage.™ Diego DE Capilla, of Almaden, sailor. Killed at La Navidad. Pedro DE CoRnACHO, of Caceres, in Estramadura, sailor. Killed at La Navidad. Juan DE CuEVA, of Castuera, in the province of Badajoz, sailor. Killed at La Navidad. Diego Delgado, sailor. " Francisco Fernandez, of Segovia, sailor. Killed at La Navidad. Gonzalo Fernandez, of Segovia, sailor. Killed at La Navidad. Rui Fernandez, of Huelva, who stated that he accompanied Columbus, without specifying whether it was in the first voyage. But as the answer was given in the course of an interrogatory relating chiefly to the first expedition, we may infer that the latter is the one which he had in view. " Pedro DE FoRONDA, of Alava(?), sailor. Killed at La Navidad. Gonzalo Franco, ship-boy. Killed at La Navidad. " Diego Garcia, of Xeres, sailor. Killed at La Navidad. Francisco de Godov, of Seville. Killed at La Navidad. Jorge Gonzales, of Trigueros, in Andalucia. Killed at La Navidad. Francisco de Henao, of Avila, in Castile. Killed at La Navidad. Guillermo Ires. Perhaps we should read William Harris, of Galway, in Ireland. Killed at ]^a Navidad. Jacome .... (.?), murdered by his companions Pedro Gutierrez and Escobedo at La Navidad.'" Antonio de Jaen, of Jaen, in Andalucia. Killed at La Navidad. Rodrigo de Jerez, of Ayanionte, in Andalucia.s' Francisco Jimenez, of Seville. Killed at La Navidad. Martin de Lograsan, apparently a Castilian, of the vicinity of Guadalupe. Killed at La Navidad. Diego DE Mamisles, of Mamblas, in Castile (?). Killed at La Navidad. Hernan Perez Matheos, of Lepe, in Andalucia. Sebastian de Mavorga, of Mayorga, in the province of Badajoz. Killed at La Navidad. Alonso Veiez de Mendoza, of Seville, namesake of a noted commander. Killed at La Navidad. Diego de Mendoza, of Guadalajara, in Castile. Killed at La Navidad. Juan DE Mendoza. Killed at La Navidad. "' We do nul know whether he was from the province of .Sant.tndor or of that of Cordova. f" OviEDci, Vol. I., p. 24 ; and Gomara, HUtor'm de la-i Iiidiati, pp. 116168. 3' Navarrktk, Vol. I., p. 19 ; Vol. III., p. 571. 3» Ibidem, Vol. III., p. 579. ^1 nndcm, Vol. II., p. 147 ; Vol. III., » Ihidem, Vol. III., p. 588. ''• Ihidem, Vol. III., p. 58 1. ^ Ibidem, Vol. III., pp. 494, 522. 3' Las Casas, Vol. II., p. 13. '" Navarkktk, Vol. I., p. 47. 576. 1492. If l! i ml i\ 'i . 1! p. ,; 1! II t , I. ■ If 4 K 666 The Discovery of North America. it ^. ! i 1492. Diego i)E MoNTALBAN, of Jaen, in Andalucia. Killed at La Navldad. '~~^~ Juan MoRCii.i.o, of Villanueva de la Serena, province of Badajoz. Killed at La Navidad. Alvar Perez Osorio, of Cartrojeriz, in the province of Burgos. Killed at La Navidad. Juan PATino, of Villanueva de la Serena. Killed at La Navidad. Hernando dk Porcuna, of Cordova. Killed at La Navidad. Juan QuiNTERO, of Argenta (?).™ Gomez Rascon, sailor on the Pinta, who, with Cristobal Quintero, did all he could to thwart the expedition. . . . . DE RinERA, carpenter. Pedro DE Salcedo, servant of Columbus. As a reward, he obtained, August 3, 1499, the monoply for the sale of hams in Hispaniola. '" Tristan de San Jorge. Killed at La Navidad. Gonzalo Fernandez de Segovia, of Leon. Killed at La Navidad. Pedro DE Talavera, of Toledo (?). Killed at La Navidad. Tallarte de Lajes, an Englishman, but whose names have been evidently distorted. Killed at La Navidad. Bernardino de Tapia, of Ledesma, in Castile, a bachelor or graduate. Killed at La Navidad, Diego de Tordova, of Cabeza la Vaca, in the province of Badajoz. Killed at La Navidad. Rodrigo de Triana, of Lepe, sailor on the Pinta ; said by Columbus himself to be the first Spaniard who saw the New World : " Esta tierra vido primero un marinero que se decia Rodrigo de Triana." " Juan DE Urniga, of Urniza, in Navarre (?). Killed at La Navidad. Manuel Valdovinos, of Lcpe, in Andalucia." Born in 1459. Francisco Garcia Vallejo, of Moguer, sailor on the Pinta."' Born in 1448. Francisco de Veroara, of Seville. Killed at La Navidad. Pedro de Villa, of Puerto de Santa Maria, in .Andalucia. He is the sailor who, in the terrible night of February 14, 1493, was designed by lot to accomplish a pilgrimage to Our Lady of Loretto. " Juan DE ViLLAR, of Tarragona. Killed at La Navidad. The above lists only include seventy-seven names (with that of Columbus) out of ninety. There are therefore thirteen still missing. A number of these may perhaps be gathered from other documents, but they do not present as much certainty. For instance, Pero Ortiz testified to the truth of certain allegations regarding the first voyage of Columbus, in these words : " Lo oyo a Bartolome Colon e a Alonso Gutierrez Querido e a Juan Ortiz, los cuales fueron en la armada : — He heard it said by Bartholomew Columbus, Alonso Gutierrez Querido and Juan Ortiz, who belonged to the [first] expedition." ^ Navakkkir, Vol. III., ]). 568. Onc'Ju.in Quintkko gave his testimony on behalf of Diego Coi.umiius in I5I2or 1515, Init he was of Palos, and fiirnishei.1 only hearsay evidence; IhUhm, Vol. HI., p. 580. ♦"OVIKDO, Vol. I., p. 24; Navarrete, Vol. II., p, 240 ; Vol. III., p. 582. *' Navakrktk, Vol. I., p. 19. *' Ihiilem, Vol. III., 612. '"I Ihidem, Vol. III., pp. 564, 570, 577, 612. ■" Navarkkte, Vol. I., p. 150. La Navidad. Navidad. he could to 3. i499i the rted. Killed La Navidad. La Navidad. > be the first nero que se 1 the terrible age to Our I that of ssing. A lents, but z testified rolumbus, n Ortiz, los io Gutierrez 612. CllKONOLOGV OK VoVAC.ES, 667 If SO, we would have here three more names. Unfortunately, we know positively that Bartholomew went with his brother only in the second voyage. This discrepancy, together with the hearsay character of the deposition, which, besides, refers to a circumstance dating so far back as forty-two years previous, and is certainly biassed in favour of the Pinzons, compels the critic to mention those names with a mental reservation. The wording of the qedula of September 23, 1519,45 granting a coat of arms to the descendants of the Pinzons and others " who went on a voyage of discovery with Columbus." seems to indicate that there should be included in the list, Andres Gonzales Pinzon, Diego de Lepe, and Miguel Alonso; but the end of the sentence, "and since in certain other discoveries," gives it a general aspect, and may include, as well as refer to the voyages accompanied by Diego de Lepe in 1499—1500, c.d by the other two, with one of the Pinzons, at a later period. Six more names can be derived from the Rogatory Commission of December 22, 1535; but here, again, a doubt creeps into the mind of the critic who cares less for a long list than for an e.xact nomenclature. This commission was executed at the request of Juan Martin Pinzon, in reality against the heirs of Christopher Columbus, and to vindicate an assumed claim. The witnesses produced on that occasion all speak, of course, from hearsay, and, like those examined on behalf of the Pinzons in 1512 and 151 5, with great disregard of truth. The best that can be said, so far as the present investigation is concerned, consists in assuming that if those witnesses were capable of putting on the lips of alleged spectators false statements, it would prove much more difficult on their part to invent such spectators, more especially in the country where these alleged companions are said to have lived, though it be forty-two years previously. The new names from that source would be the following : Juan Ortiz ; on the testimony of his cousin Pero Ortiz. Gutierre Perez ; on the positive testimony of Gonzalo Martin, who went with him on the second voyage of Columbus. Alonso Gutierrez Querido ; according to the before-mentioned testimony of Pero Ortiz. Juan DE Sevilla ; on the testimony (by implication) of Cristobal Cerezo, the witness who asserted erroneously that Bartholomew Columbus accompanied his brother Christopher in the first voyage, and not less erroneously that the simple sailor Diego Bermudez, who went with the great Genoese in 1492, was the discoverer of the Bermudas, although the captain, Juan Bermudez, is the one who actually accomplished the discovery. Juan Perez Vizcaino, of Palos, calker ; also on the testimony of the said Cerezo. <5 Xavaiikete, doc. xliv.. Vol. III., p. 145. Several are further ile.sciibed infra, in the Bioijraphu-at Xohn. 1492. ill 1! } -1 1 ■.J' 1 j'ii III •'' i y^ll in mii limfi :•( ' V :ii J ' ■' ■ ' ' ( ' ;'l ., I v I < 1; •493- 668 The Discovery of North America. No. II. Truant Portuguese Expedition. A Portuguese vessel sails from Madeira, apparently on the tracks of Christopher Columbus, who had just returned : " De lu Ishi de la Mader.i cr.i partid.i una carabela Ji descubrir islas 6 tierra d otras partes que non han ido los Portugueses fasta aqui." C/. Carta metimycra tie los lieyet, Sept. 5, 1493; Navarreiic, Vol. 11., doc. Ixxi., p. 109. \u No. III. Okkicial Portuguese Expedition. Upon hearing of the departure of the aforesaid carabela from Madeira, King Joao II., sent at once three vessels, apparently to overtake her, but, in the opinion of Ferdinand and Isabella, to make discoveries in the regions recently discovered by Columbus. " Estos mensageros del Rey de Portugal nos dicen que aquel que fue en la carabela lo fizo sin mandamiento del Rey de Portogal, 6 que el Rey habia enviado en pos de ^1 otras tres carabelas para lo toniar, y podria ser que esto se ficiese con otros respctos, 6 que los mismos que fueron en las carabelas, una y otras, querrdn descubrir algo en lo que per- tenece d Nos." The reader will notice that the Catholic Kings speak of this expe- dition as having been already despatched when they wrote the above : " habia enviado," and that its purpose was to overtake the truant Portu- guese ship : " para la tomar." These three caravels should be considered therefore as different from the squadron, composed of the same number of ships, which Joao II. caused to be equipped shortly after Easter following: " Onde despois de Pascoa tevc sobre o caso outros conselhos, em que foy detriminado que armasse contra aquellas i)artes, conio logo arniou, e grossamente : e da Armada fez Capitam Moor Dom Francisco d'Almeida, que seendo ja prestes ...."*' This we take to be the expedition concerning which the Duke de Medina Sidonia wrote to Ferdinand and Isabella, who thanked him. May 2, 1493, for having kept them informed: "del armada que el Rey de Portugal ha fecho para enviar a la parte del mar Ocedno a lo que agora descubri6 por nuestro mandado el Almirante D. Christobal Colon. "47 The object of this expedition was, openly, to ascertain whether the discovery accomplished by Columbus was not an infringement on the rights of the *' Ruy DE PiNA, Chronica ddl rei Dom Joao II, in lib. iii., fap. xi., f" 57, verso, who, like Resbn'DE and the Collecfdo de lirros inedilon de Ilistoria Porlurjucza; Vasconxellos, afterwards, do nothing but to ijlagiarise Lisboa, 1792, fol., Vol. II., cap. Ixvi., p. 178; Bakros, De Pina, in all which they relate about Collimbus. Decada primeira da Asia, Lisboa, 1752, fol., Vol. I., ♦' Navakretb, Vol. II., pp. 22, 72, 76. H. i !*!• Csr»P»!!< Ciironolo(;y ok Voyagks. 669 Crown of Portugal. That is, the rights conceded to the Portuguese kings 140, by the papal bulls of Eugene IV. (,438.^). Nicolas V. (Jan. 8, 1454), "^ Cali.xtus III. (March ,5. ,456), Pius II. (,459?), and Si.xtus IV. (Jan. 2,. ,48.). 48 B,,t we do not make a separate item of this expedition, for the smiple reason that, according to Ruy de Pina. who speaks as an eye-witness, Joao II. "desistio do enviar da dicta armada." Its influence nevertheless, was great, as it led to the famous Treaty of Tordesillas. Of. NAVAkKRTH, (loc. Ixxi., Vol. [I., p. 109. No. IV. VOVAGE SUGGESTKIJ BY MAXIMILIAN. Maximilian, King of the Romans, advises Joao II. to send westward several ships to Cathay, aprarently before having heard of Columbus- departure m 1492, and of his return in March, 1493; and Jerome Mtinz- meister suggests that Martin Behaim should accompany the expedition. Cf Carta .to Dr. J.ro.ymo Mou„ario [Miisv.MK.sT,.:., of Nuremberg] „o li.y ,lO Mam ,.jundo. dated July 14, 1493. See, HUpra, p. 39J. "" ' No. V. CoLUMHus' Skcond Voyage. Septembkk 25, 1493— June ii, 1496. Sails from Cadiz, September 25, 1493; sights the first land (" De- seada I."), Sunday, November 3 ; lands on that day at the Dominica, at Guadeloupe on the 4th, and at Porto Rico on the i6th. Sets sail from Isabella, April 24, 1494; discovers Jamaica, May 13; returns to Isabella, September 29 following, and to Spain, March 10, 1496, landing at Cadiz,' June 1 1 following.49 Cf. Account of Dr. Chanca, in Navakkete, Vol. I., pp. ,98-224, and of Michaele ne Cuneo (MS. in the library of the Bologna University, discovered by Mr. Olindo GfEHRiNi). Nicolo Scvi.i.acio De InsHlin. Letters of Simone DEI. Vi;ki)E. ChrUtophe Colomb, Vol. II., pp. 52-78. ' No. VI. Maktyr, of Auzendjan. This Armenian Bishop started from Guetaria, in Biscay, April 14 1494, to "sail over the universal sea," that is, the Atlantic Ocean. He wrote a sort of account of his passage, but it is so vague that we have ^ Of all those bulls, the great Bultarium of 1743, « We regret that the lack of space prevents us from contains only the one of Cal.xtus III. (Vol. III., inserting the lis. of the companions of Cot.t^.M.u- n , " Part m p. 70.) We have not been able to find the .as well as in the third and fourth expeditions which text of the others. have reached us. ' 1494- i\ It n llU t* 11 H*j f If '• 1 ■ ^1 1 :| !^ li'i m m>i I /' .! ! ■11 ; J : ■ ' '! i\ \ 1494. 1495- 670 TiiK Discovery ok North Amfrica. been unable to ascertain where he actually went. As the voyage was prompted by the marvellous accounts which had been brought from the regions recently discovered by Christo[)her Columbus, we infer that his object was to visit the New World. Of. Saint Mariin, Helalion U'un mymit fail en Kiirnpe. rl ilnim /'ori'an allantitiue Trruluit lie I'Afmdiiien . . . P.-xris, 1827, 8vo ; ami oiir ChrUlnph OolwnliitJi I'nt Orienl, in the Gentraihtall filr Bihliotheliinrdien, of Or. IIakivvki, of llnllv; 1888, heft j. No. VII. Bartikji.umkw Coi.umiius. Three ships, which .sailed from Cadiz after April 30, 1494, and reached Isabella, June 24 following. December 3, 1494, several of those ships went back to Spain. Cf, Navakkkik, Vol. II., p. 159; Viil. III., p. 501. Coleirioit ilc docnmentoa parn In IliMoria de Kipnf\n, Vul. XVI., p. 567. ChriMnjihe Colomli, Vol. II., p. 60. According to Oviedo, 5° Bartholomew Columbus reached Isabella, August 5; Las Casas says that it was April 14, 1494; 5' but he mistakes the date of Bartholomew's appointment with that of his landing in Hispaniolu. 5= No. VI 1 1, ToRRKs' First Voyage. After August, 1494 — April, 1495. Alonso de Torres leads four ships to Hispaniola, ap[)arently in the autumn of 1494, and returns to Spain in the beginning of April, 1495, with five hundred Indians to be sold as slaves. This we believe to be the squadron which was being equipped 53 October 8, 1494. Of. Navakkkie, Vol. .11., pp. 155, 172. Hkrnai.dkz, Heyca Catoluo.i, Vol. II., p. 172. I'or a ik'scription of tlic voyage homeward, sec the MS. relation of Michael l)R Cu.neo, mtpra, p. 105. No. IX. Sosa's Voyage. Four ships commanded by Jorge de Sosa. The masters were: Juan de Sasueta, 54 Juan de Salazar, Francisco Ojuelos, and Gomez Hernandez [de la Puebla ?]. The pilots were Pero Alonso Nino, Juan de Umbria, Pedro Sanchez de la Puebla, and Domenico Martin. or. MiiBoz MS.S., Vol. LXXV., f iS6»"- 5° OviKlo, I/ittorin General ile hm Iiidia-i, lil). ii., cap. xiii. , Vol. I., p. 52. 5' Las Casas, Vol. II., p. iiS. S' IJintorie, cap. h., f"' 121, recto. " Navakkkik, Vol. III., p. 497. ^ Juan i>K SANsrETA, of San Sebastian (?). ClIKONOI.OdV OK VoVAtiES. 671 r'cir a Nav;irrctc s;iys55 that this expcilitioii was equipped by virtue of ,1 contract entered into with Bishop l-'onseca, in 1496, for the object of carrying a colony to Hispaniola, and sailed from San Lucar, February 3 of the latter year, but suffered damage in coming out of Cadiz. Perhaps the present is only the expedition which set sail under the command of Alvarez and Palomares in 1496, which see, iiifni, No. XV. No. X. Licensed Expkditions. Expeditions equipped by Sevillan mariners 56 in accordance with the ordinances of April 7 and 10, 1495 ; which contained such important prescriptions and restraints : " Que otras iran a descobrir si se les f^ice parte de lo que descobrieren. Lo que se debia observer en quanto a los que deseaban ir a descobrir nuevas tierras .... demas de las islas y Tierra Hrme .... Que qualesquier personas Nuestros subditos e naturales que quisieren, puedan ir de a,iui adelante, en cuanto Nuestra nierced e voluntad fuere, a descobrir islas y tierra firme . . . . " Peter Martyr, June 1 i, 1495, writes to Cardinal Bernardino de Car- vajal: " Diversi navium ductores ad diversa alterius hemispha^ri littora missi sunt. Quae reportabunt. per me si vixero intelliges :— Several cap- tains have been sent to different parts of the other hemisphere, and when they return he will inform him of the news brought by them." This ordinance was repealed June 2, 1497. Cf Doc. in^lit era, Kpis,. clx., p. 90. HnMnOM.r, Lxamen Ontujue, Vol. I., p. 356. Supra, pp. 124-131. No. XI. Vicente Yanez Pinzon. He contracted with the Crown, in December, 1495, for leading a maritime expedition, composed of two caravels, one called the rice.-Ue Yanc2, the other La Fraila. The contract says concerning the destina- tion : "Ir y servir d6 sus Altezas le mandaren." As Vicente Yanez was a very active and enterprising mariner, and we do not see him en^acrcd hi any other maritime expedition between 1493 and 1499. the probability IS that the present undertaking was carried into effect; and most likely in the New World. But we have failed to find any documentary proof. Cf. Navakhete, (Ioc. i., Vol. III., p. 75. ==Navakkk,t r,VyV.« „p,.-n7;,.,, in Cole.ciou de s. Las Casas, m.toria Oceral .U la, ln,lku Vol Donuntutos vmhto^ de E.tpaiXi, Vol. XV., p. 20, note. II., pp. ril-U2. '495- '■'V "11 (i: It! il ■nil r m :/f . |L, ,» I ' I! ( W'-^ tl I 'I f'i ' i V I ■ i .'. * ll hi ) <( 1 ll 4 M 41; ■"■lift 1 ''I ttf W, 1495- 1496. 672 TlIK DiSCOVKKY OF NoRT'! AMERICA. No. XII. Aguado's Expedition. August 5, 1495 — 1496. Diego Carillo was to replace Columbus in case of death, and to have the command of this expedition, composed of four ships, which left Seville, August 5, 1495, under the command of Juan Aguado, having for masters: Juan Lusero, of Moguer ; Bartolome Colin, Bartolomd de Lcca, and Fer- nando Peres, of Palos. It reached Isabella in October. The pilots were: Juan de Moguer, Ruy Perez, Francisco del Castillo, and Bartolome Roldan. Fernando Columbus was also on board. '^hese four ships were among the twelve which Juanoto Berardi contracted, April 9, 1495, to equip for an expedition to the West Indies. Las Casas is inclined to believe that they were lost in a hurricane in the port of Isabella ; but they returned to Spain, apparently at the '-lose of 1496. Cf. MrSoz MSS., Vol. LXXV., fo. iSo vo. Dnc. iiiedit. tic ludioji, Vol. XXX., p. 310. OviF.DO, Vol. I., p. 53. Las C.'.s.as, Vol. 2, |-.,i. no, 114, 125, 150. N.w hretk. Vol. II., pp. 160, 169, 17S. No. XIII. ExriiDiTioN EQUiin-ED by Vespuccius. April 9, 1495, Juanoto Berardi, the Florentine merchant established at Seville, contracted to equip twelve ships for an expedition " a las Tndias." Four of these sailed under the command of Aguado, August 5, 1495. Four others set sail in January, 1496, and constitute the present expedition ; but, in coming out of San Lucar, they were assailed by a violent storm, and driven ashore. We do not know whether the litde squadron rallied, and continued the voyage. If we mention that expedition, it is chiefly on account of the con- nection of Americus Vespuccius with its equipment. Berardi having died in December, 1495, Vespuccius administered the estate, at least in so far as giving a receipt, January 9, 1496, for certain expenses incurred by the Crown for that voyage. The contract calleil for four more ships. Whether they were actually furnished by the receiver of the Berardi firm, and formed part of the squadron which sailed under the command of Per- alonso Niiio, June 15 following, we art unable to say. This, however, we need to know, because it is die principal point of the charge brought against Vespuccius concerning the authenticity of his first trans- atlantic voyage, alleged to have been initiated in 1497. The argument presented is the simple hypothesis that the ships equipped for the third \ n ^ OVIF.DO, a las Cf. Las Casas, lib. i., cap. c\i., \'i)l. II., pp. 127 ami iSo. d'Avkzac, Les Qitali-e Voyaijeji lic Venpui-e, \i. 22, nolo. MlNOZ, Jli^toria, lib. vi., p. 252. No. XV". VovACiK OK Alvakk.s and Palo.marks. The squadron was composed of three shi[)s, viz.: La Santa Maria de Giiia, master, Garcia AK-arez ; El Lasaro, master, Juan de Tanguis {sic)\ and La Caialina/)7 belonging to F"crnandez de Alcoba. but com- manded by Francisco de Palomares. " The Cat ilma i.s called besides " nao lireuma." We ill) not know whether that expression, which we have seen several times in Spanish ilocunients, means a Hrittany vessel, or a peeuli.ir kiml of crafl. Jai, says; ".1 la lii-floua -a la maniere iles lirelims. 1,'amiral Kern. .N'avarrete, cite par le Diet, matit. esp. (1S31), preteml line tout ohjet place Ic long ihi bonl e»t mis a la lirelonne. .\insi, «n canon am.-irre le long ilii bonl est, selon les Ivspagnols, Abretmiailo" {(llosfmn. naiUiijiu, p. 340.). (^n the other h.anil, we know of instances where ship- owners who wished to send ships to the New World, have been compelled 10 go to Hrittany to engage pilots expressly for the voyage. There arc other in.stances of si'i;li " IJi-itiany ships ' being mentioned. 4 I- CiiRONoi.ociv OK VovA(;i'S. 673 expedition of Columbus, which sailed in 1498, were furnished by the r496. representatives of Juanoto Herardi as a consequence or continuation of the contract of 1495. And, as Vespuccius is seen acting in January, 1496, on behalf of that firm, or its liquidators, it is inferred (although non seqiiitur) that he remained at Seville from 1496 to 149S. All we can say on that point, is that there is no evidence whatever proving the existence of the Berardi house after January 9, 1496, or the presence of Vespuccius in Spain after the latter date. Nay, it is almost certain that the firm did not survive the death of Juanoto Berardi, but immediately went into liquidation through want of means. Gf. NAVAKRirn:, Vol. II., pp. 159, 177, 17S ; Vol. III., p. 317. Hf.Miioi.i.r, Exime.n Crilique, Vol. I\'., pp. 192-215, 267, 284-316; Vol. \'., 180, 201-213. I>'-VVKZAC, Us Qnalre VoyaijeH de. Ve-ipure, pp. 18-23. DocmnenlOK eacoijuloH dd arrhiro de la Cam d". A Ilia ; published by the Duchess of Berwick and Al.IiA, Madrid, 1S91, pp. 20I-207 ; and supra, pp. 354-356. No. XIV. Nino's First F.xi'kdition. June 15 — Octobkr 29, 1496. It consisted of two caravels and a ship, under the command of the great pilot Peralonso Nino. It is the expedition which Columbus found in the port of Cadiz, laden with provisions for the West Indies, June ii, 1496, and which sailed four days later : " partieronse cuatro dias despues quel Almirante a Cadiz habia llegado." The ships returned: "a 29 de Octubre de aquel ano de 1496," loaded with Indian slaves. IMunoz says that the little fleet sailed "el 17 de Junio." Here, again, there may be confusion with the following voyage. 'H U i "1 .1 i\ I t .-, I'/ 1'1 n ;!'i *•>■- in ;;i ; I ni !: f : I . 1 ' i ')'' 1 1 1 » ( ( V ' • ;i il h m ■i. ■ J^' f I 1496, I497. 674 TuE Discovery of North America. According to Navarretc, these vessels were equipped by virtue of a contract of March 16, 1496. Instead of "Juan de Tanguis," we should read "Juan de Afangui, vecino de Hermeo." Pedro Alonso Nino, who had just returned from his own first exi)edition {supra, No. XIV.) was the pilot of La Guia ; but Navarrete says that they sailed from Cadiz, June 16, 1496,5s which does not agree with Mufioz's date. The other jjilots were Juan de Umbria and Pero Sanchez dc- la Puebla. Cf. Miinuz MSS., Veil. I,.\XV., f"- 1S7 vo. Na\akui;ik, Vhnjff (ipun-i/on, p. 20. No. XVT. Spanish Clandestine \'uva(;e. Bartolome Colin and Alonso Medel elope from Cadiz with two vessels which had been entrusted to them. When they returned, Columb asked of the government to seize the two ships, June 22, 1497. (-'/. Xavakkktk, VuI. hi., iluc. \xv., p. 507, ami xiipra, p. 130. No. X\TI. Cakot's First A'ovace. John Cabot, by virtue of letters patent granted to him and his sons by Henry \"I1., March 5, 1496, sails from Bristol, in the beginning of May, 1497, with a small ves.sel, manned by eighteen men (Pasqualigo, Soncino), accompanied by three or four small crafts, ])rivately equipped by Bristol men (Cottonian .MS., and I'abian). Lands on the coast of Labrador (supra, p. 9), and not at Cape Breton island, as stated in the map of 1544; and returns to Bristol at the end of July, 1497. ('/. Jiiiii ct Si-hcLilitn Ciibol, Ch.Tplcrs vi. -vii. , and «>i])rii, pp. 1-3S and map. No. X\'1I1. \'i;srrccius' First \'ova(;e (?). M.w 10, 1497 — OcroiiKR 15, 1499. Sailed from Cadiz, under the Spanish flag, May ist (.Antwerp edition), loth (\'alori), or 20th (Hylacomylus and Las Casas). Reached the m;unland of the New World after a passage of twenty-seven days (Hyla- comylus), or thirty-.seven (Valori-Bandini, Canovai). Returned to Cadiz, October 15th, 1499 (Hylacomylus), or Octoljer 15th, 149S (V^alori, Canovai), bringing over two hundred Indian slaves, who were .sold on landing. Cf. Accounts in tlic Lttltrn ami Conmoijriiphiae Intrmliietio, dcscribcil in the Hihliotluca Ameriraiin ]'ilu^tiKiiima, Nos. 4446, 87, and snjim, pp. 353-360. 5" N.WARliKlK adds that the year followini;, Nino "re- of cmirse an cxpcdilicin in 1497, hut concerning wliich piiiu L'l viaye do pilolo de olra carcbela," whicli implies we have no other information. 111^ CllROXOLOdV OK VOVAC.ES. No. XIX. Si'.roNi) VovAOK ok John Caiiot. 675 John Cabot, by virtue of letters patent granted to him, " his deputie or deputies," 59 by Henry VII., February 3. 1498, sails from an English port (Bristol?), after April ist following, with five shi[is. lie apparently ranged the north-east coast from Newfoundland to I'lorida. Cf. sKjti-a, pp. 39-50. Jean ft S,lia.W\ \. No. XX. Knci.ish Exi'KDKriox. The English documents contain the following entry : " March 23, 1498. To Lanslot Thirkill, of London, upon a ]irest for his shii) going towards the new llande /20." It was a loan made by Henry VII. Did that shi|) belong to a sepanUe expedition, or only formed part of the squadron of five vessels commanded by John Cabot for his second voyage? The former siqiposition would imply that Henry \'II. encouraged a rival enterprise, just at the time when he was granting letters patent to the same effect to the Venetian navigator. Withal, it must Ix- said that Cabot was not granted any exclusive privilege, as was Columbus. Lanslot Thirkill returned from that voyage, as we see him in London In i5CM.'''o If he was with John CaI)ot In 1498, It is curious that the chroniclers of the time should convcv no Information whate\er concernlnof the results of the latter e.x[)edition. C/. A'x'rriil'i Hialijri'-a^ \t\ \. II. Nh.ii.as, p. 116. No. XXI. Cul.l, MlUs' TllIRl) X'OVACK. May 30, 149S — Nov^■.^^'.^;K 20-25, '5o°- Columbus sails from Sanlucar, May 2i^, 1498 with six (Oviedo and Las Casas) or eight (Anghiera) ships, and about two hundred men, ex- clusive of sailors. July 31, at nooii, he sights Trinidad ; and Sunday, August 5, 1498, some of his men land on the continent for the first time (at Pato Hay?) Perhaps Columbus also then and there set his foot on the: Tierra firnia (Testimonies of Conloba. Pacheco, Ouintero, and Perez). August 31, 1498, he arrives at Santo Domingo, whence he sends live ships back to S[)ain, but where he n;malns until the beginning of 5' Anil not, as in 14(36, "pro Jolianno C^Umt et filii.^ '»> Cornulio 1)KS1M(1M, Inlorno a (Jioraiini Cnhoff Miis,— I.ewcs, Sel)csty.in anil Saiicto." (Icnov.i, iSSi, Svo, p. 61. 149? 1498 TO I 500. 4^ \ ■m ■ n\ f;! W'li r n !l ■ 'i ■ ,U- i,i» nr i hi £ ! I I! ^1^1 I'l i 1 ■ I ) I. ! ■ 1_ ) ^ i, H »1 ;•■; I : I ll''lt( 1 V .^'itn .rt' .'■I,;^i*-|r ^ ■^f il! >%:■ I I: 1499. 1499 TO 1500. 676 The Discovery of North America. 1498 October, 1500, when Bobadilla sends him to Spain in irons, reaching ^° Cadiz between November 20 and as followinc;. "" Vf. Las Casas, lib. i., cap. cxxxii.; Vol. II., pp. 226, 229, 257, 241, 24J, 245, 254, 265, 434. Chrislojihe Colonih, Vol. II., pp. 79-101, IH-115. No. XXII. Coronel's Expedition. January 23, 1498 — Fkbruary 6, 1500. Two ships, viz.: Santa Crua, master, juan Bermudez ; and La Nina, or Santa Clara, master, Pedro Frances. The pilots were Francisco Nino, and Juan de Umbria; all were under the command of Pedro Fernandez Coronel. The e.xpedition .sailed out January 23, 1498, and did not return to San Lucar, until February 6, 1500. Cf. .Mufloz MSS., Vol. LXXV., f"- 191. H'lxtork, lib. Ixiiii., f'- 151, which fixes the (Late of s.iiling from Sp.iin "ncl mese di Kcbr.iio." Las Casas, Vol. II., p. 199. Navakrktk, Vol. III., )>. 510, note. No. XXI II. Jo.vO Fernandez. King Manoel of Portugal grants to Joao Fernandez, of Terceira, October 28, 1499, letters patent, "to go for the .service of God and of His Majesty to search for and discover certain islands." cf. Letters patent in Lt« CorieliKnl, p. 44. No. XXIV. HojED.Vs First Vovage. Su.MMKR OF 1499 — April, 1500. Alonso de Hojeda accompanied Columbus in the second expedition, but the present is his first independent voyage. He sailed from some Spanish port, San Lucar or Cadiz, early in the summer of 1499, and returned in the first fortnight of April, 1500. We derive this date from the deposition of Nicolas Perez, who says that Hojeda arrived in Sjjain a few days after Guerra and Nino : " Se volvieron .-i Castilla : e dende a pocos dias la Acta en que iba este testigo, asi- niismo fiic ;i Castilla, e alli se hallaron la gente de la una flota e de la otra, e i)laiicaron las cosas de sus viages ; — They [/. (. Guerra and Nii'io] returned to Castile ; and within a few days the fleet in which was deponent [viz.: Hojeda's squadron] also returned to Castile, and there the crews of both fleets met, and related to each other the events of their voyages." Now, Guerra and Nino returned to Spain sixty-one days after I-'ebruary 6th, or, on the 6th of April, as 1500 was leap year. \,^ ---ar- after Chronologv ok X'ovagks. 677 The companions of Hojeda on that occasion, whose names we have been able to ascertain, were Juan de la Cosa, Americus Ves[)iicciiis, Bartolome Roldan, Diego Martins, Juan Velazquez, Nicolas Perez, Diego Fernandez Colmenero, Anton Garcia (?), and Andres de Morales. The expedition numbered four ships {Historie). After stojjjjing at one of the Canaries, they sailed westward, reached the mainland in Paria, and thence continued to follow the coast, accomplishing discoveries,^' as far as the province of Coquibacoa and the Ca[)e de la Vela, from which they went to Hispaniola (Morales), landing at Yaquimo, September 5, 1499. They are believed to have remained on the south coast of that island until they sailed homeward, apparently at the close of February, 1500. But we find ourselves unable to reconcile the latter facts with the dei)usition of Cristobal Garcia, which is as follows ; " Dice t|ue al tiempo que Hojeda e La " He says that at the time when Hojeda Cosa viiiioron ;i dcscubrir de tierra firme, and La Cosa went to discover the continent, estaba en Santo Domingo, e aUi vinieron los he was at Santo Domingo, and there came sobrcdichos en un barquete, iiue habian per- the aforesaid [Hojeda and La Cosa] in a dido los navios, e con obra de quince o boat ; that they had lost the ships, with fifteen veinte hombres, que los otros se les habian or twenty men, and that the others were dead muerto 6 quedado." or had been abandoned." "■ The present is the voyage which many believe to be identical with the second expedition of Americus Vespuccius. Cf. Kxlr.icls of the corrcspomlL-nce liulwuen K()1.iian ami Cni.uMHl's, in Las Casas, Vol. II , iin. 39J-94. IlUtoriK, cap. Ixxxiv., f" 1S5. d'.Vvkzac, Lks Voywjts iVAmeric Vtxjiure, pp. 77-80; and xnpm, pp. 32S-329. No. XXV. Vespuccius' Sixond Vov.uik. \L\Y 16, 1499 — September 8, 1500. Sailed from Cadiz with three ships, under the Sjjanish Hag, one day in May (Hylacomylus), or the i6th (Valori-Handini), or the i8th (Canovai), 1499. Reached land after nineteen days (Hylacomylus), or forty-four (Valori-Bandini), or twenty-three (Canovai), apparently on the north-eastern coast of Brazil ; and seems to have followed the coast westward as far as the Cape de la Vela. Returned to Cadiz, September 8 (Hylacomylus, Valori-Bandini), or June 8 (Canovai), 1500. This is the voyage said to be only Hojeda's first expedition {supra. No. XXIV.). ('/'. Leilcrn, anil CoKiiionniphiite iiilmdiiclio. Hih/ii}lh), ) 1:1 ll 1 '1 M.ii i'l^ lfc;< t JKvi } u , fit* if!'!. m % t it- . I h( I m. \ '499 TO 1500. 67S The Discovery ok Noktii America. No. XX\'I. CilKKRA AND NiNO. Summer ok 1499 — April (?), 1500. Cristobal Guerra, of Seville, with Pcraloiiso Nino as pilot and part- ner/^3 sailed from the bar of Saltes (Palos) early in the summer of 1499. They had only one small craft of 50 tons (60 of to-day), manned by thirty-three men. Among them were Diego Martin Cadero, a Flemish called Juan Martin, Bartolome Perez, Juan de Noya, and Juan de Ouicedo. As to the date when they set out, we have only the vague declaration of Nicolas Perez that it was shordy after the departure of Hojeda ; con- sequently, early in the summer of 1499. Las Casas fixes May 20; but, in our opinion, this date is simply derived from his alleged identification of X'espuccius' second voyage with Ilojeda's first independent expedition. As to Herrera's date, it is, as usual, taken from Las Casas. The little we know concerning that voyage, ^n whether we read it in the Pticsi, in Las Casas, or in Plerrera, is exclusively taken from Book VTIL of Decade \. of Peter Martyr. The de[)ositions collected in the Rogatory Commissions of 15 12 and 15 15 do not add materially to his account. \Vt; gather from the latter that Guerra and Nino remained all the time on the north coast of -South America, iDetween Chuspa, Paria, and Curiana, and that their ex])edition lasted about eight months. As to the date of their return, the Ferrara MS. and the fJhrctto give only the day of the month when they set sail for home: "Alii 13 partirono para vegnir en F"spana."f'5 In the first Decade, Peter Martyr is more explicit: "Octavo idus februarii." But when did they reach Spain .^ That chronicler says : " Discedentes igitur, unum et sexaginta dies in itinere : — They consumed three scores [and one] days in theyr journey." As they started homeward F'ebruary 6th, and remained at sea sixty-one days, the date of their arrival is April 6, 1500. At all events, we know positively that Guerra and Nino were at Bayona, in Galicia, during the first fortnight of May, as, on the 20th of that month, F'erdinand and ''" N'll (inly .XNc'.Mir.R.v .mil the Papsi say that the caravel was er|iii|)piMl at the sole expense of Nino (" .Moiiso Neijro"), lull they do not even mention the nanie of (iiKUKA. '' Tile only infornialinn on that poinl from an eye- witness is ti» he 'leriveil from the ti-stiniony of Nicolas l'KKi;z, who ileelareil that (il'l'^KKA and NlNO arrived in Spain "a p'leo ilia^" liefore IIcMl'.HA (in Navakrki [■'., A'ol. III., p. 541). L'nforliinately we do not know the exaet date of the latter's return. '^s In Eehniary t)ie ides connnenccd on the I3lh. This leads ns to infer that there was an omission in the text from which Tkiviciano niadiHiis translation, or that he imiilled imintentionally the day of the ides. l!ut if Keli- ruaiy 13th is the ex.ict date, then (iL'KKRA ami NlSo arrived at liayona .Xpril 20th. \\ *!■ iiart- CilRONULOCV OK \'()VA(;i:s. 679 Isabella ordered the correnridor of liayona to seize the i)roi)erty of Giierra, and bring suit against him. Ilerrera, however, states that those two navigators actually landed at liayona on the 6th of I'ebruarv : " Ile'raron a Galicia a seis dias de I'"e])rero, del ano 1500." Mere, again, he has borrowed his date from Las Casas, although erroneously. 'Hie bishop (jf Chiapas only says that they sailed homeward on that day, and reached Galicia two months .afterwards : "A cabo do dos nicses que partieion de Curiand (lue (u6 a 6 de Fohreio de 1501 {sic fro 1500), lleg.iron a C.alicia :— Two months after they had sailed from Curiana, which was February 6, 1501 [/. <■. 1500), they reached OaHcia." This was the most prosperous voyage which had yet been undertaken, and their bringing to Spain 150 marks in weight of pearls, ^■''^ exercised a great influence over all stibseciuent expeditions to the Cumana coast. ('/. lYrr^m .MS., p. i,6. Patxi. caps, cviii.-cx. .Vn.mmkka, Dccacl. I., lil,. viii. Las C^asas, Aol. II., pp. 39J, 435-440. IlKKRERA, iJccad. I., p. 106. Xavakkktk, Vul. III., p. ,7, „.,ic, .nnd p. 541.' i\o. XXVU. \'kkxti-: Ya.vk/. Pix/un. NovK.\M!KK iS, 1499 — Ski'temher 30, 1500. Sails from the Rio de Saltes, November 18 (Ferrara MS.), or " circiter calendas decembris .-—about December ist" (Anghiera), or in December (Las Casas), with four small shi[)s. Reaches the coast of Brazil, and doubles northward the Cape Santa Maria de la Con.solacion (St. Augustine.?), January 20 {Ferrara MS.), or 26 (Anghiera), 1500. Pmzon then enters twenty leagues into the Amazona, where he has a fight with the natives; loses on the coast two of his vessels; lands at Hispaniola June 23, whence he .sails for Spain, arriving at Palo.s, Sep- tember 30 following (Ferrara MS.). His known companions were : Juan de Umbria, pilot, Anton Hernandez Colmenero, <^V Juan Ouintero, Juan dv. Jerez, Garcia Hernandez, f>« i^edro Ramirez, Manuel de \'aldovinos, Diego Penton, Juan Calvo. lil.. Cf. l!ool< VII. of ihe .\iuiptiils, ill ilie Fcnar.T MS. .Anciiikra, nccail. I., \i\j. In. f" cap. ii., Vol. n,, p. 213, rcporls I'in/on'.' :o. Ovirnn, i«n slati'iiunl anil .-up,;,, p. 33(i. « "Three score ami . xvi. poundes weight (after, viii. fy«e shWlinyes," says Richard i;[)i-.N. viices 1.) the pounde) of perles, which they houyht foi- '7 The nephew .,f Vicciue Vafiez I'in/.on ? cNchans^e of owre ihyiiges, amountinL;e to the value of "^ IIkknam.k/. was physician and clerk. 1499 TO 1500. ;i*'. i. ;l M II; k m / ,* ««, ' :1 ii id V \ I ft. ' ) / h i \ m\ 1499 TO 1500. 680 The Discovery of North America. No. XXVIII. Dk Lepk's First Vovaui:. DeCKMHER, 1499 — liEFOKK NoVKMItEK, 1500. S;iilcd from Palos with two ships nearly at the same time as I'inzon and Velez de Mendoza, early in December, 1499, and reached one of the Brazilian headlands in the vicinity of Cape St. Augustine, which he rounded southward, following the coast to the Hay or River of St. Julian. He then retraced his steps, rounded the Brazilian cape towards the north, and coasted westward as far as Paria, where he met the e.xpedition of Piiizon, and from whence he sailed home, being back at Palos before November 9, 1500. Among his companions were : the Genoese Bartolome Garcia ; Alonso Rodriguez de la Cava; the pilot, Juan Rodriguez, of Palos; a Portu- guese, called Juan Gonzales, and who must have been then only a cabin boy, being born in 1483 ; Garcia de la Monja, another cabin boy, also borii in 1483 ; Hernando Esteban, of Palos, born in 1465 ; Pedro Medel, of Palos, born in 1480; Andres Garcia Valdin, master; Luis del Valle ; Bartolome Garcia, a Genoese, servant of Diego de Lepe ; Bartolome Roldan (?) ; and Cristobal Garcia, who testified being in Santo Domingo when Alonso de Hojeda and Juan de la Cosa landed from a small barque. This deposition shows that Lepe was at Hispaniola before March, 1500. Cf. I,AS Casas, Vol, II., p. 453. Navarrf.tk, Vol. III., pp. 544, 54S, 554. Supra, pp. 336-338. No. XXIX. Velez de Mendoza's First Vovace. December, 1499— Jui.v, 1500. The expedition was composed of two caravels, commanded by Alonso Velez de Mendozaj^o with Juan Rodriguez Serrano as pilot. Anton Garcia and Luis Guerra/o were on board. It sailed at the same time as the ve.ssels of Vicente Yanez Pinzon and of Diego de Lepe, but it is .said 71 to have gone further north than these; which implies a doubling of Cape St. Augustine northwardly. Mr. d'Avezac was of the opinion, unsupported by proofs, that this was Lepe's voyage, with one of the ships belonging to the squadron of Velez de Mendoza. C/. Navakrkte, Vol. III., p. 594, and hi.s Oj)w 1 •1 1 ■ ■ 1 H ( 1" m Mff I ': 1 < 1 .1 hi 1 !/ I/I iJ' I 'I* m I 'I i,|iiiJ!.Mf;:'Hi T f ! !. i y/t ;# (# .1 'I : ill' I 682 Tmk Discovkuy ok North Amkrica. 1500- (Dorvelos') intention to make discoveries in the seas belonging to the Crown of Spain : " Ir a desciibrir con ciertos navios por nuestras mares," and invite him to come to Seville to confer. We do not know whether anything came out of the project. ('/'. Navarkkjk, Vol. III., p. 77, doc. iii. No. XXXV. Juan Antonio (Columiius i*). April 12, 1500, Bishop I'^onseca contracted with one Juan Antonio, supposed to be a relative of Christopher Columbus, and named like him (?), to equip two ships for the West Indies, and carry there fifty persons, including several friars. ('/. Navakkkik, Vol. II., p. 243, Hole. Ohristophe Culoinb, II., 392. No. XXXVI. Vki.kz Mkndoz.v's Second Vovagk. The Commander Alonso Velez de Mendoza, of Moguer, obtained, July 20, 1500, letters patent authorising an e.Kpedition of four ships: "para descubrir islas y tierra firme," excepting the regions discovered by Columbus, Nino, Guerra, and Hojeda. It must have been carried out in the autumn of 1500, as we scj him at Seville, February 15, 1301. One of the four vessels was called the Sunt Cristobal, belonging to Pedro Ramirez, and commanded by Cristobal Rodriguez Tiscareno. An apothecary called Micer ( Mr. ) Antonio, his son-in-law Alvar Ramirez (brother of Pedro), Pedro Sanchez de Ala (a servant), Alonso de Cordoba, and Miguel de Baza, all of Seville, were also connected with this second e.xpedition of Velez de Mendoza. We possess no further information concerning that voyage. Of. Muno/. M.SS., Vol. LX.W., f" 195. Xavarkei'K, Vol. III., doc. cxxxv., p. 247. Supra, p. 340. No. XXXVII. Skville Expedition. Expedition of three ships which were being equipped at Seville, in July, 1500, to sail in .September. "Qui m'armano tre navili perche nuova- mente vadia a discoprire, e credo che istaranno presti a mezzo settembre," writes Americus Vespuccius, July i8, 1500. This expedition cannot be that of Velez de Mendoza ( suprn, page 340), as his letters patent for that expedition were granted only July 20 ; and still less that of Diego de Lepe, the authorisation for the latter being dated November 15. Cy. liA.NlJl.Nl, I'lVfi e. Itlltrt di Amerigo Vi'ijnurt , p. 84. ft CiiRONOU)(;v OK Voyages. 683 No. XXXVIII. Hojkda's Skloni) Vovacik. It was undertaken by virtue of a contract entered into between Bishop l'"onseca, in the name of Ferdinand and Isaljella, and Alonso de Hojeda, July 28, 1500. All we know concerning this ex|)edition is that it yielded but little profit, and was accomplished before June i, 1501, as at the latter date Hojeda was in Granada. C'f. Appniliiitiun nl the cimlr;u:t i)f July 2S, 1500, in iliic. x. of Navarkhtk, Vol. MI., p. 85; ami lupm, pp, 329-332- No. XXXIX. Pkduo Alvarez Cahkai,. March 9, 1500 — July, 1501. Sailed from Lisbon direct for Calicut, March 9, 1500, with thirteen ships. Discovered, by mere accident, 74 April 22 following, the coast of Brazil, somewhere in the vicinity of the present Porto .Seguro, where he remained until May 2, 1500, when he pursued his voyage to Calicut, after sending back to Portugal Caspar de Lemos, to luring news of the discovery of the land which he named " Terra de Santa Cruz." He returned to Lisbon at the end of July, 1501. C/. Xola tl'una latnra ili /'nrlor/hallo '"^ carabella de cincuenta toneladas, y en el segundo, tjue fut5 por SS..-\A. lleve uno carabela de cincuenta toneladas ([uc era la cara- bela de Grageda." August 2, 1 501, mention is made of the same treasurer, Alonso de Morales, in connection with a voyage of ( aierra, which is doubtless the " There is not the slighlest foundation for Ihe report, instruc'.ons given to Caduai, before he left Li.shon. so extensively circulated in the two hemispheres, that We h ive found no traces anywhere of such instructions or documents Lately discovered in the Torre do Tombo intentions. The statement was prompted by th.at narrow prove that the discovery of Brazil was planned by Vasco minded patriotism which is a curse and the bane of his- l)A (lAMA, or some one else, and the result of positive torical studies. I5OO-I. I f I %v: ! I s ^ I I'll :-ii;s V^,h\ ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) k /. L/u ^ 1.0 I.I IL25 i 1.4 1.8 1.6 V"'? ■^ Photographic Sciences Corooration ^ &^ \ V N> Lv <* ^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ ^ U 1 % ^ s \ , ] '< \] 'M kill ' 1 500- 1 . 1500- 684 The DiscovERV ok North America. present. It must have been accomplished, consequently, between the spring of 1500 and summer of 1501, and seems to be the e.xpedition described by Las Casas. If so, it was composed of two ships, one of which being equipped at the cost of Luis Guerra (Cristobal's brother), who was on board and divA at sea. 75 They sailed from Sanlucar for Paria, whence they went to the Margarita islands and Cumana coast. The e.xpedition brought to Spain much gold with a quantity of pearls, and created great scantlal on account of the numerous Indians of both se.xes whom Cris- tobal Guerra had abducted and sold as slaves in Seville, Cadiz, &.cJ^ (.'/■ l.As Ca^as, Viil. II., pp. 443-447. Navakbkte, Vol. II., p. 295; Vol. III., p. lOI. \o. XLI. Bastid.\s' First V(nA(;i:. October, 1500— Septembkr, 1502. Rodrigo de Bastidas, 77 at the age of twenty-seven, and who until then had been a notary in Triana, the main suburb of Seville, equipped, by virtue of letters patent of June 5, 1500, two shi|)s (Bernaldez), engaged the services of Juan de la Cosa, and with him sailed westward to dis- cover " islas e tierra-firme a las partes de las Indias, o a otra cualquier parte, con tal (jue no sea de las islas e tierra-firme que fasta aqui son descubiertas por Cristobal Colon e por Cri.stobal Guerra." As he returned to Cadiz in September, 1 502, after an absence of twenty-three months,78 he sailed in October, 1500. His landfall on the continent was at some point on the Cumana coast, probably by 56° — 57° longitude. Thence he coasted westward as far as the Gulf of Darien, if not to Nombre de Dios,79 discovering from the Cape de la Vela to the Uraba or Santa Maria regions ; and. if we carry him beyond, the entire east coast of the isthmus of Panama. "Las Casas, he fit., p. 443; hiit Navakkeik, liilitinl. Marltima, Vol. II., p. 212, reprcsrnls Luis ('■iu;uuA us still living ami fighting the Indians with Juan DE lA Cosa in 15041506, mistaking Luis (lUKRKA fur Luis c;ak( lA. "'' " Truxo c vcndio niunchns tic yndios y yndias en las cilxl.iik's lie Scvilla, c Cailix, e Xerez e Cordoba." {Vor, iiiiililii.^ ill' IiiilidK, Vol. XX.XL, J). 105, document dated Dccenilier 2, I50I.) " There have been three Ron and Las Casas, all three containing impcirtant errors, whilst the two latter arc, iKJsides, written doubtfully. Vet lUsTlDAS himself in general terms [Ibid., p. 546) answered affirmatively the (|ueslion of the Fiscal, which, however, refers only to Darien. On the other hanil, Hastidas' own pilot, Juan RoDRl- c;i:e/. (Inc. eit. ) limits the discovery: "desde la parte del 8ur de Uralwi hasta el Darien" (lliiil.) ; and in the in- c|uiry held at the request of Hasi IDAS at Santo Domingo, June 22, 1521, to ascertain the services which he had rendered as a discoverer (Doe. iiifililoi (/»• ImlioM, Vol. II., pp. 366-467), mention is mside only of "la Tierra firme e Islas c el Darien, que agora se dice Castilla del Oro," omitting altogether Panama, although the latter was then .•> most prosperous colony. See the Rogatory Commission before the Fiscal. CllKONOLOGV OK VoYAGES. 685 Among his companions were the two pilots, Andres de Morales and 1500-2. Juan Rodriguez (de Mafra ?), and one Juan Buenaventura. Cf. Mufloz MSS., Vol. LXXV., f 47 .ind 195. Navarrkte, Vol. II., p. 244. Bf.knai.dkz, Ucxjt^ Caeoliron, cap. cxcvi., Vol. II., p. 253. La Casas, Vol. III., pp. 11 ami 32. Ovikdo, lliMoria dentral. Vol. I., p. 76; Vol. 11., p. 335. No. XLII. VoV.\GK TO THE Cu.MAN.V CoAST (?), Alberto Cantino in a despatch addressed to the Duke of Ferrara, October 27, 1501, reports the arrival at Cadiz, on the 5th of that month, of a Spanish ship, sent to the Antillies some time ago, which brought a cargo composed of si.xty slaves, 300 cantara (450 lbs.) of braxilio, the same amount in versino,^° and fifty marks in weight of pearls. It cannot be Guerra's second voyage, as we see him, or his men, in Spain, August 2, 1501. Cf. Can 11 no's Dispatch, anil mipra, p. 328, note 10. No. XLII I. Caspar Corte-Real's Third Voyage. With three ships equipped at his cost and that of his brother Miguel, Caspar Corte-Real sets sail from Lisbon, May 15, 1501. Two of the vessels returned to Portugal, October 9 and 1 1 following, respectively. As to the third, which was under the command of Caspar, it never came back. The probability is that the regions explored on that occasion were the north-east coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador. Cf. Le.t Corte-Renl, pp. 49-60. Jtan et Seliaslien Cubol, pp. 259-266 ; and suj)ra, pp. 63-74, ami map. No. XLIV. Second (?) Voyage ok V. Yaxez Pinzon. Letters patent issued September 5, 1501, authorise Vincente Yanez Pinzon to lead an expedition to colonise a portion of the country which he had discovered the year before, viz.: from the Amazona to Cape St. Augustine. Preparations were made to that effect, but we do not know whether the expedition ever sailed out of Spain. Judging from the order of October 15, 1501, his nephews. Arias Perez and Diego Hernandez, were in partnership with Vincente Yanez for that voyage. Cf. Navakkkik, Vol. III., p. 39, ami iloc. xvi. , p. 102. Supra, pp. 345-346. *> The reader will notice that hmxilio and lei-zinu are rima, Nos. 22-31), and another account in the Lettera, and Conmoi/raphiac Inlrailiniio. liibliotheca AmeriratM Vetimti-iKima, p. 61 ; and diipro, pp. 351-352. *' Svpra, p. 351, note 68. any point of the Uraiilian co.-ist. *■ Supra, p. 346, and the next preciiliii(; ilini. "* If it «as this expeililion which Caiikai. met .it 'J The Portuguese expedition of |oao UK N\)\A, aiioji Heseneghe, which is very prolmble, it was composed of Gali.kuo (March 5, 1501 — Septeml)er 11, 1502) sailed three ships. Ramusio, Vol. I., f" 127. direct towards the Cape of Good Hope, without touching *' ,Sep.irate account in Latin. I5OI. I5OI-2. I I f <|j|l u: !i, cl )!ii \$ i>.' 'Ill, ;.vr( h !| H ,■ L f f) , t i 1501-2. 150^- 688 The Discovery of North America. No. L. NuSo Manoki.. May, 1501 — Septkmber, 1502. Voyage to the Rio de la Plata, alleged to have been accomplished under the Portuguese flag by Nuno Manoel, between May, 1501, and September, 1502, and presumed by Adolpho de Varnhagen to be identical with the third expedition of Vespuccius. Manoel's voyage certainly took place, but all that can be said about the date is that it was before 1521. C/. Db Varniiac.bn, Primeirof nttjodafoen iliplomaticiu ; and ntpra, pp. 349-350. No. LI. Juan dk E.scalante. Juan de Escalante, of Palos, contracts with the Spanish Crown, October 5, 1501, for a voyage of discovery with three ships: "para yr a descoorir por el mar Oceano." A curious clause is that whereby he shall give the government a share of the " mostruos o serpenties e otros qualesquier animales e pescados e aves : — of the monsters, or snakes, and other animals, fishes, and birds." C/. Coleedon tie documentor ineditoH de Indian, Vol. XX.XI., p. 90. Herrera, Dec-id. I., lib. iv., c.ip. xii., p. 119, erroneously fufc anno 1501. No. LII. Supposed Landing in Brazil. The present was an expedition to Calicut, mentioned in " Chopia d'una letera venuta di Lisbona dclla tornata delle 4 charavelle di Chalicut cholle spezierie," written by Piero Rondinelli, from Seville, October 3, 1502. The fact that there was on board " verzino asai," authorises the supposition that the expedition effected a landing in Brazil on its way home. If Portuguese ships on their way to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope, first touched the Brazilian coast (as we will soon quote several instances), they may have also visited that region when bound homeward. Cf. MS. Riccardiano 1910, in the handwriting of Pietro Voclibnti, cited by Mr. UziEi.i.i, Paolo dal Pozzo Toneantlli t la cireumnariijazione. dell Africa, which is a "Per Noize" recent publication. No. LI 1 1. Hojeda's Third Voyage. January — September, 1502. According to letters pateni of June 8, 1501, Alonso de Hojeda was authorised to equip ten vessels for the purpose of visiting again the Paolo was the ClIRONOI.OC.V OK VOVACFS. 689 Diego JiMENKZ, Diego I)K MONTESDOCA, Diego 1>E MUNGUIA, countries which he had already discovered, avoiding, however, from the i50-- vicinity of "Los Frailes" to the " Farallon," and the Curiana region, but with power to discover any island or continent in the ocean: "descubrir cualesquier islas e tierra firme en el mar Oceano." July 5, 1501, he formed a partnership to that effect with Juan de Vergara and Garcia del Campos, or de Ocampo, for two years. Four vessels only were equipped, viz.: La Santa Maria de la Antii^ua, La Santa Maria de la Grenada, La Magdalcna, and Lm Santa Ana. The ships were under the civil command of : Pedro DE HojEDA, Hernando de Guevara, Juan DE Vergara, Garcia de Ocampo. The pilots and mates who actually commanded were : Bartolom^ Hernandez, Juan Lopez, Francisco Gomez, Diego Martin, Anton Vidal. We now find a number of officers, such as supervi-sors ("veedors"), and notaries (" escribanos ") : Alonso de Arce, Garcia Fernandez de Oco, Miguel de Cordoha, Diego de Conga, Juan de Guevara, Miguel Gkiego, Diego DE Entramas-aguas, Juan I.uis, Pedro Sardo, — Rios. As to the other names which have reached us. they refer to three jewellers, or smelters, for the precious metals they expected to find, sailors, carpenters, coopers, smiths, and an a[)Othecary, as follows : Alono Cakkeikro, Fernando di-: Viuues, Miguel de 'I'oko, Bartoloiiie de Segura, Francisco Gutierrtz, Pedro 1'audo, Gu'.ierre de Liehana, Pero Sanchez, Juan Sanchez, Rodrigo Vizcaino, Martin de Vergara, — Gokvai.an. The expedition sailed from Cadiz in l.uuiary, 1502; first went to the port of S.mtiago in the Cape Verde island, where Hojcda attacked and robbed four Portuguese ships: "sin haber causa ni razon alguna." Thence it repaired to Paria, which was left March 2, and whence the vessels sailed for the Margarita islands, visited the Port de la Codera, the Curiana region (which Hojeda named Valfermoso), Puerto F'lechada, the island of Giants, Coquibacoa, the province of Citarma, where they remained three months, and the Cape de la Vela (.-'). A rebellion resulted in Hojeda being put in irons, and deprived of his command. In September following they went to Santo Uomingo, where a number of lawsuits were initiated and tried. 4 N i \ iH % ^i T ] 1 r ) ( I'; .4: *i 1 ii'.^ f] •it, 'I. I' ■ ;! I iH M^ • H\ 690 The Discovery ok North America. 1502. Only a few documents concerning that voyage have been published; but Navarrete has given a very interesting abstract of the most important, which is the evidence furnished by the testimonies taken at the trials. C/, Navarrete, Vol. II., doc. xix., p, 420 ; Vol. III., pp. 38-J9, 59J, .iiul ilocs. x.-xii., xvii., xviii.-xx. No. LIV. OVANPO'S VoVAOE. Nicolas de Ovando, commander of Lares, sailed February 13, 1502, in command of an expedition for " las islas e Tierra firme del Mar Oceano, a las partes de las Indias que Nos mandamos descobrir." It consisted of thirty ships, viz.: five vessels of 90-150 tons burthen, twenty- four caravels of 30-90, and one barque of 25, carrying 2,500 men. Las Casas says thirty-two ships. One, La Rabida, was lost at sea with 120 passengers. The captain-general was Antonio de Torres. Las Casas accompanied the expedition with twelve Franciscan monks, and a prelate named Alonso de Espinal. They landed at Santo Domingo. April 15, 1502. It was not a voyage of discovery, but we presume that one or .several ships of that numerous Heet may have been engaged in exploring, in accordance with the words " que nos mandamos descobrir." Cf. Coleceion tie. iloc. iimlit. ile Iiidic^i, Vol. .\.\.\I., p. 31, Kciiiiitiir. Las Casas, Vol. III., pp. 17-19. Unpublished p.irt of Ml'Soz" HiMory, quoted by W.ishiiiglon Irvi.m;, Columhitx, Vol. II., p. 330. No. LV. Mir.uEL Corte Real. Miguel Corte Real, by virtue of letters patent of January 15, 1502, sails from Li.sbon, May 10, 1502, with two (De Goes) or three (Galvam) vessels, to discover " terra firme e ilhas," and in search of his brother Caspar ; neither of whom ever returned. (7". Supra, pp. 75-76, and Leu Corte-Knal, pp. 162-169, but corrected by me.-ins of new documents in (jax/mr Corti-lttal, la date ixarle df in. deniith-e expMllion an Xonreau Moiidt ; pp. 1316. No. LVL Diego de Lei'e's Second Vov.vge. November 15, 1500, Bishop Fonseca was authorised to grant Diego de Lepe leave to go with three ships " to the countries which he had already visited." Lepe remained an entire year without availing himself of the permission, and in the autumn of 1501, petitioned to be allowed to increase the number of ships, which wiis refused to him November 27 following ; but on the 30th of that month, the term within which he 27 he CiiuoNni.or.v ok Vovacks. 691 was to equip the expedition being about to expire was extended until 15O- December 28, 1501. Lepc did not sail even then, as January 17, 1502, he was allowed to add to his little fleet a small craft of about 30 tons, " so that he might more easily approach and discover lands." The expe- dition, most probably, did not sail until the spring of 1 502. The terms : " a la parte donde la otra vez fue," imply that on this occasion. Diego de Lepe went to the Brazilian coast. (y. Navakrktk, Vol. III., iloc. vi., p. 81. Co/pcrion lU dorumenlot infilitn* de. India*, Vol. .\XXI., pp. 100, 102, 119. No. LVII. Ju.AN Bermudf.z. Their Catholic Majesties send Captain Juan Bermudez to the West Indies, in the year 1502, with five ships. This captain may be the Juan Bermudez, commander of La Gar^a, who is said by Oviedo^G to have discovered the Bermudas, which, he adds, were first called La Gar^a, from the name of that vessel. Herrera^T simply repeat.s the statement. If so, the discovery may have been accom- plished in one of the voyages which Bermudez made for the Spanish government, and certainly before i5.'2, 1526, or 1527, which are the dates given by historians ^s for the discovery of the Bermud.is, as in the map which accompanies the second issue of the first edition of Peter Martyr, published in 151 2 or 1513, *^9 we already see the island depictt^d, and named "La bermuda." One Cristobal Cerezo^o testified, in 1535, that the discoverer of that island w.is Diego Bermudez of Palos, a companion of Columbus in his first expedition. 9' tV. MuuDj .MSS., Vol. LXXV., f"- 197 \-o. No. LVIII. Vklkz dk Mkndoza's Tiuki) Vov.xci:. February 15, 1502, Alonso Velez de Mendoza was authorised to take over to Hispaniola a colony of fifty married couples. Herrera says 9- that they were to sail with Ovando's fleet {supra, No. LIV.), implying that this expedition of Velez de Mendoza may not have been a separate one. We notice, however, that, according to the letters patent given to * OviKDO, Vol. I. p. 38. "" Koiii., Diseorery of Maine, p. 405. "' Heurkra, Uccail. III., p. 31, mdt anno 1527 ; Imt ''Supra, No. 94, p. 477. thiit (late seems ti> be given only in reference to an '^ /Voftaiiax of December 22, 1 535. attempt made by the Portuguese Hern.amlo Co.mkm.o to " Navarrktk, Vol. III., p. 579. coloni.se the island. '" IIkrrkra, Decad. I., lib. iv., cap. 12, p. 119. I if '. V • ; f'i f i » " 'iii 1 I' ' ili* ■• )»Ji : 'ii !?■'! I, '♦.. . '! ; i' ■, ' ' 1 '•^1 'i ;■■ i\ 'i!/ ir^ ..( FT I 150: 1502-3- 1502-4. 69a TlIK DlSCOVEKY OK NoKTU AmKKICA. him, a voyage of discovery was contemplated besides, as he is granted permission to visit other regions : " que puedan yr a otras islas," and there is even a clause concerning the islands and continents which he may then discover : " que si descobrieren islas y Tierra firme . . ." Of. Lctlcrs palL-nt, Dnf. iiieililos de Indian, Vol, XXXI., p. 121. Hiil sec inj'ni, Nci. LXIII. In till' s.iiiio ciilliciiiin, \'(il. .\VI., p. 57.' ihirc is a noiice of a I'laiin of Alniiso N'k.i.k/ i>i: Mi:mii>/.a for "(liiinii'nlos mil rs. i\\\c yaslo vn ilos veers en arniar cierlos iiavios," to which, however, Ihu edilor assigns the ilale 1505-1506. No. 1.IX v AURI.U;.\'S Col.ONlSINC Exi'KDITION. Luis (K; Arriaga, a gentleman of Seville, who had been with Columbus in on«' of his voyages, obtains, December 9, 1501, letters patent for the settling of four villages in Ilispaniola with two hundred .Spanish in.arried couples, " not one being Jewish or Moorish," but sailed with only forty. The terms on which the contract was modified, December 20, 1503, lead us to infer that the voyage was accomplishcil in 1502 — 1503. Cf. J>oi-. iMiUluD (l( Iiidim, Vol. .\XXI., p. iii. Las Casas, lili. ii., cap. \i., Vol. III., pp. jO-jS. No. LX, Anc;lo-A/.oki:.\n Em'Kdition. Henry VII., December 9, 1502, grants letters patent to Thomas Ashehurst, Joao Gonzales, Francisco Fernandez, and Hugh Elliott, for a voyage of discovery to parts not heretofore found by Fnglish subjects ; " in ea parte a Nobis habentibus, reperta, inventa, investigata et recu- perata non fuerunt." We infer from the fact that the King, September 30, 1503, gave ^20 as a reward "to the merchants of Bristoll that have bene in the Newefounde Launde," and from the voyage made westward by Nicholas Thorne with "a merchant of liristowe named Hugh Elliott," who is one of the grantees, that the expedition was carried out. (/. KvMK.K, I'tidcra, Vol. V., I'arl iv., p. iSo. IIaki.I'YI', /'riiinjialt Nufinulioin, NOI. I., p. 219, aiul fiiitrit, p. 46. No. LXI. CoLUMiiUs' Fourth and Last Vo\.ige. May, 1502 — NovKMiiLR 7, 1504. Wednesday, May ii, 1502, Columbus sails from Cadiz, with four small crafts, from 50 to 70 tons burthen, viz.: the flag ship, commanded by Diego Tristan ; the Saniuigo de Palos, by Francisco de Porras ; the Viscaina, by a Genoese called Bartolomti Fieschi, with Pedro de Ledesma lead Chkonologv ok Vov,u;ks. 693 as pilot (?); and the Gallego, under the command of Pedro ile Torreros. The second in general conimaiid was Hartholomevv Coluinhus. Columbus says he had with him " ciento y cincuenta personas." The rolls mention only 140 persons, eight of whom were Genoese, two I'lemish. and .)nc was from Milan. I'\'rnando Columbus accompanied his fallur, but was entitled to pay from the Crown. 93 He sighted the first land (island of '• Malinino," which is eithiu- .Santa Lucia or Martinique), June 15; the .south-west coast of Cuba, July 24, from which he sailed in search of new land.s, south-west, on the 27th ; and cast anchor at Punta de Caxinas on the continent, July ;,i. Then (unfortunately for him, as by sailing westward he would have iliscovcrixl Yucatan and Mexico,) Ik; sailed i-astward, doubled Cape C.raci.is a Dios September 12, and continued his coasting course as far as Putrto del Retrete, on the Isthmus of Panama, November 26, which i)lace was his terminus; having thus discovered (.^) the Honduras, and Veragua regions. After various adventures in the West Indies, Columbus retm-iied to Spain, sailing from IILspaniola, September 12, 1504, and landed at Sanlucar on November 7 following. Cf. NAVAkRKiK, Vol. I., pp. 277 .'96, .111(1 297-312. Anciiikka, Occad. III., cip. iv. Las Casas, lili. ii., c;ii). XX., Vol. III., p. 108 wijuilnr. Cliri-ilo/ihe Cvtomh, \ol. II., pp. 124134. No. LXH. Fkkncii V^)v.\(;ks to tiik \Vi:st Indiks. In the judicial account rentlered to the Admiralty Court sitting at Rouen, June 19, 1505, by Captain de Gonneville and his two lieutenants, Andrieu de la Mare and Anthoyne Thury, when they returned from Hrazil and the F.ast Indies, we read the following sentence : "Or passez le Tropiiiuc Capricoriie, h.nuteur prise, trouuoient cstre plu.s cloignci: dc I'.AfTrique que du pays dcs Indes ocridcntalles oil d'ciiipuis .lucuncs aniicvs en i^d los Dicpiniis et Ics Malouinois et autres Normands et Bretons vont (iiicrir du bois h tciiidre en rouge, colons, guenons et perroquets et autres denr^es." That is, for a number of years before 1505,94 the Normands and Bretons regularly visited the West Indies, from which they brought to France dyewood, cotton, monkeys, and parrots. But they did not limit their voyages to that region, as is shown by the legends inscribed on '" "A Ileiniinilo Colon por ccilula nal de 25 Kiioro Almiranle.''-Mui'i(>z .MSS., Vol. L.K.KV (?), f'>. 226. 1506, se If (liiTon 31750 mar.ivcdis por ul siR-ldoqiie hiivo " (Jonnkvii.i.k's informalum w.is necessarily obtained de h.iver del vi.ije (|iie fiic k l.-is Indias con su padre el before lie sailed from I'rance in June, 1503. 1502-4. If. ■ ', !'■ I' ' il \ r r lU 11 m i II! I 1502-4. 1503. 694 The Discovery of North America. the north-east coa. . of the American continent in the old maps : " C. do bretaos, Tierra de los bretones, Terra que foy dcscubierta por bertones." C/. d'Avk/.ac, CamjMUjnf du narire " ffjitpoir," p. 104. Ramitsio, Vol. III., f"- 432, v. CnMll.l.A, Kl Oreuoeo illuMttulo (French transl.ition, I'aris, 1758, Vul. II., p. 311). Jean et S^lmnlien Calwt, p. 371- 272 ; nnil mipra, p. 128. No. LXIlI. Vei.i:/. Mkndoza's Fourth Voyage. Although we h.ive instances of voyages undertaken a year or more after the issue of the letters patent, it is difficult to state whether the present is a new expedition, or only the one of 1502 (supra, No. LVIII.): " En virtud de licencia de SS. \. llevo Al" Velez de Mendoza, vezino de Sevilla, en un navio (jue de ai partio en Marzo 1503 veinte i nucve casados con sus mugeres, hijos i criados, i varios solderos, que por todos son 142 personas. Llevolas el navio de Al"- Nufiez a la Espafiola." C/. Miifloz MSS., Vol. lAXV., f»-22o. No. LXIV. Portuguese Clandestine Expedition. July 13, 1503, Their Catholic Majesties receive news that four Portu- guese ships had landed in the country discovered by Kodrigo de Bastidas, and brought, from there to Lisbon, Indian slaves and dyewood. It is to investigate the matter that Juan de la Cosa was sent to Portugal, where the King had him arrested. VVc are fain to believe that it was the first e.xpedition of t]^ kind which the Portuguese had sent westward. C/. Nav.\rkf.i K, Vol, III., p. 161, .nnil liMwIna Maritima, Vol. II., p. 21 1. Lihi-oi lie ruinlan ill' la Cn-^a rh Coiitrntrvion, — 15031515, k'g.ijo I, in the .Archives {if the Indies, at Seville. No. XLV. V()y.u;e tor the Queen. July 5, 1503, Queen Isabella orders the officials of the Casa de Contratacion to equip, at her own private cost, two ships to be sent to Hispaniola: " Vosotros poned luego diligencia en armar dos navios d mi costa que vayaii al dicho viaje." C/. Carta ile In lleina Calolira Ooila Itahd li lot Offii'inles ih la Coiilralarion ile Serllla, July 5, 1503. Siniancas hnj. ili- la Camara, July 5, 1503. Coleriion dn doe. inedilni iIk Eipa/la, Vol. XIII., p. 496. No. XLV^I. Guerra's Thikd Voy.vge. July 12, 1503, Cristobal Guerra contracts with the Crown to go to the Coast of Pearls, and to undertake maritime discoveries, with seven ^■l'' vl ! * CllRONULO(iY OK VoVACKS. 695 ships, i'(|iiii)|M'cl at his own cost. From Uraba, he was to sc-nd two caravels U) discover new regions : " yml)iaran las ilos caral)ellas a discover adelante." Although Giierra was still at Seville,95 Sepleniber 28, 1 50J, and we see him again in that city February 23. 1504, our impression is that the voyage was actually carried out, and as a winter cami)aign, since he contemplated the difficulties arising from the winter season : " i;! peligro de la mar en ir sobre invierno." '/' 'i'hen we know that Velez de Men- doza's first expedition was accomi)lished under similar circumstances. Moreover, he is seen, 97 I'"ibruary 23, 1504, to enter a claim for dyevvood anil other articU;s which he had I^rought from the Indies. The latter can scarcely refer to the second expedition, as I) xiv. of Navarrete'-''^ indicates a settlement of that voyage so far back as August 2, 1501. C/. Culii-iiiin ill ilnriiiiii iilim innliliii . 109. Dot: iiinlil. p. la ffl-iloria ilc KspaOn, Vul. .XIII., p. 496. No. LXVTII. Second Vova(;k ok Bkk.mudk.z. We pos.sess about this voyage only the following meagre indication : "En Nov. 1503 fueron 2 navios, matstres Uermudcz '•" i Nortes con varias mercadancias por cuenta de S. A. a la Ksp'"- " Perhaps this expedition is identical with the onr, which was equi[)ped by order of the Queen, dated July 5, 1503. {supra. No. LXV.) Cf. MuiSoz Transcripts, Vol. LXXV., (" 221, recto. '5 Navakkktk, Vol. II., doc. cxlix., p. 292. '•'' Navakkkik, Vol. III., p. loi. '^' Ibidem, p. 295. "Juan Hkkmudkz, of I'alos, apparently the discoverer " Documcnlon iiieilitou de Jiiili. 875. Jean el Sehaslien Cabot, chaptur xi., pp. 106- loS, 269-270. No. LXXII. CoEi.no's Vova(;e. Con(;alo Coelho. with six ships, sails from Lisbon, June lo, 1503, for Brazil ; loses four of his vessels, apparently on the coast of the mainland, " por aiiula tcrriii |iouca noticia da tt>rra," where he landed, and returns to Lisbon, it is not known when, with a cargo of dyewood. This is the expedition which several historians suppose to be identical with the fourth voyage of V'espuccius. Cf. lllM)!Ol.lil, Kxameii Critique, Vol. \'., pp. 120-126, 142, nml .tvpra, p. 348. "^ Excerpta hiitoiica, pp. 126, 129, 130. " '■' V Chronology of Voyages. No. LXXIII. Vespuccius' Fourth Voyage. 697 May, 1503— June, 1504. Vespuccius sailed under the Portuguese flag, but neither as commander- in-chief nor as captain of the vessel on which he was,>oi from Lisbon, May 10, 1503. Was wrecked on a Brazilian island, August 10; managed to continue his route south-westerly, 300 leagues, when he landed at the Bay of All Saints, which had been discovered in his preceding voyage. He sailed again in a southern direction, 260 leagues, reached a port by 18° south latitude, where he remained nearly five months, and from which he finally sailed homeward, arriving at the mouth of the Tagus after a voyage of TJ days, on the 28th (Hylacomylus) or i8th (Valori) June, 1504. Cf. LMera and Cosmoyraphiae Iiilrodmlio, verso of (>'■ iij. nibliol. Amerk. VetuntiKnima, pp. 61-62. No. LXXIV. Alduquerque's. April, 1503 — Sei'tember, 1504. Affonso de Albuquerque sails from Lisbon, April 6, 1503, with four ships to Cochin, for the purpose of building a fort there ; but, like Cabral, having altered his course, landed in Brazil : " Trouamo tanto auanti per mezo la terra Delia vera croce, ouer del Bresil coli nominata, altre volte di scoperta per Amerigo Vespucci," south of 8° south latitude, apparently in May following, and remained sometime in that country ; returning to Portugal on the i6th of September, 1504. Cf. Giovanni OA Kmpoli,"° Vimjijio /alio ncW Iii'lia, in Ramisio, VuI. I., f>. 145, verso. No. LXXV. Frf.xch Voyages to Br.\/.ii,. June, 1503— May, 1505. Binot Paulmier de Gonneville sails from Honfleur for the East Indies, June 24, 1503, with a ship called IJ Espoir, 120 tons burthen, having on board two Portuguese engaged in Lisbon for the voyage, and named Bastiam Moi;;.-. and Diogo Cohinto. On the 6th of January, 1504, when homeward bound, they landed in a " grande terre," situate south of the Tropic of Capricorn, which is generally believed to be Brazil, and where '°' He speaks in contemptuous terms of the commander- which he was : " navium prefectus." in-chief: " Navi dominus" and "Capit.in maggior." "" Giovanni DA Kmi'oi.i, was the agent of the Klorcn- He also mentions the captain of the ship on hoard of tine lirni of the >tARClliONl.s. 40 1503-4- 1503-5- 'i' f, i % v\ III \ h. \ %v \ if': n \ \ >i ;5tli i' 4, i i ''n I 'ii A i ^1 •i ! ' ' •! \i 698 The Discovery of North America. I593i5- they remained until July 3, 1504. Another account makes Gonneville sail direct, in August, 1503, from Cape de Verde to Brazil, and double Cape St. Augustine: "en counint d'aoust, d'empuis apres le Brcsil couru . . . et furent forces de doubler le chapo d'Augoustin ;"'°3 but he did not effect a landing until afterwards. In connection with the above, mention must be made of a statement written in 1584, but which was not derived from the same, viz.: "Na era de 1504 vieraO os franceses ao IJrasil a primeira vez ao porto da Baya e entraraO no rio do Paragua^u . . . : — The French came to Brazil in 1504, the first time to the port of Bahia, entered the Paragua9U river . . . returned to France, and again came back with three ships.""* This quotation is only intended to show French voyages to Brazil in 1504, followed by others, from which may have been derived Portu- guese maps afterwards consulted by the Dieppe cartographers. Cf. d'Avkzac, Compaijne du narire "VE-ijmir" de Jlonjteur, to03-1505, I'aris, 1869, Svo. ; and his Lcs rot/wjeK de AmMe Venpuee, pp. 1 19-121. 1504. No. LXXVI. English Expedition to Newfoundland. April 8, 1504, King Henry VII. gives /^2 "to a preste that goeth to the new Ilande." Cf. Excerpla hinlorira, p. 131, ami mipra, \\ 47. No. LXXVI I. Fourth Vov.uie of Hojeda. On September 30, 1504, Alonso de Hojeda, in partnership with one Pedro de la Cueva, receives letters patent for a voyage to Caquivacoa (sic), and thence to " descobrir por el mar Oceano otras tierras e islas." All we know concerning this expedition is that owing to the opposition of his creditors, Hojeda had not set sail on the 5th ">{ October, 1504, when the Crown ordered the Casa de Contratacion to pay his debts, which, however, had been incurred when he equipped the preceding expedition. Cf. ColeceioH de doc. inalilon de Indian, Vol. XXXI., p. 258. Navakkete, Vol. III., doc. xxii., p. iii. No. LXXVI 1 1. Cristoiial Garcia. Expedition of four ships, which Juan de la Cosa found in 1504 in the port of Cartagena, under the command of Cristobal Garcia and his "" l)'.\vi;/AC, op. ril., p. 40. "" Hei'isla liimennaJ, Vol. VI., 1844, p. 404. V t, ;!' ' Js ' m ClIRONOLOOV OF VoYAGES, 699 uncle Luis Garcia. '°5 Luis returned about that time to Spain, carrying i504- with him the slaves and dyewood gathered by La Cosa on the mainland. The other three ships were afterwards wrecked near the Gulf of Uraba. Another captain of this expedition was named Monroy, of Triana. Cf. OviEDO, HiMoria General, lib. xxvii., cap. i., Vol. II., p. 414. No. LXXIX. L.\ Cos.\'s own Sk(ieron voy.-it;e was undertaken (I..VS C"as.\s, Vol. II., p. 443). a su aller.a del quinlo del proveclio del oro e aljafar," is See Kiipra, \t. 684, note 75. not il.-vted, but pl.iced just above the entry of ii;o7. "* Navarrktk., Biltlivtcra marilima, Vol. II., p. 212, '"' Letter of Col.t'M 111 s, in Navarrktk, Vol. l.,p. 351. 1.^1 M 700 The Discovery of North America. "(If' '504- date i:iany navigators had sailed northward, ranging the coastr of the Baccalaos and Labrador. The statement is as follows : " Muchos navegaron h.icia el norte costean- " Many h.ive sailed towards the North, on do los Bacalaos y tierra del L.ibrador, como the coasts of the Baccalaos and Labrador ; mostrava aquella parte poca riqueza, no huvo hut as in those regions there was no appear- memoria dellos, ni aun de otros (jucl fueron ance of riches, there is no more account of per la parte de Paria." them than of others who went to Paria." If Herrera had in view only the expeditions of Cabot and of the Corte-R( als, he would not have used the word " muchos.'" Besides, the navigates he refers to are said to have left no traces, whilst in the days of Herrera, and long before him, the Spanish and Italian authors knew almost as much as we do concerning thv; expeditions of Cabot and Corte- Real. We quote that Spanish historian, however, only as confirming a similar statement from Francisco Lopez de Gomara. Cf. Ukkkeka, DecaJ. I., lib. vi., c.-ip. xvi., p. 169; and supra, pp. 120-122. ; i [End of Part Fourth.] i*; 'U \ •v^il! ,11. •.I: '5!i ,i i f lart 4i|ftlu 1492—1550. I ii ortwiueza, I., 203. ' Mufioi MSS., LXXV., f- 213; LXXVI., f"- 142. 3Seb. Alvarez, in Navarrete, IV., 155. AcosTA (Martin de). — Portuguese. Pilot of the San Lazaro, which discovered Lower Cali- fornia, Wednesday, Dec. 24, 1533. The expedi- tion was ordered by Cortes, commanded by Her- nando de Grijalva, and composed of three ves- sels : the Capitatia, or flag ship, the Concepcion, and the S. Lazaro, all of which sailed from San- tiago in the Pacific. Doc. ined. de Indias, XIV., 128, 303. Ilerrera, Decad. v., 158, 159. Lista de la Exponicion Americana, B. 296. AcuftA (Rodr.). — Portuguese. Companion of Garcia de Loaisa in his expedition to the Strait of Magellan, and describer of *he same. Navarrete, V., 234-238, 238-239, ,0-241. Aguiar (Pero Alfonso). — Portuguese in the employ of Castile. Considered by the Spaniards as one of the two most learned members of the Badajoz conference in 1524, As regards that all-important junta, it is interesting to read the estimate which Francisco de Mello formed of its members. Writing to the King of Portugal, April 8, 1524, the zealous envoy says: " Aycr nos vimos con los Castellanos, i oimos sus corte- sias i parte de sus mentiras y astiicias. En los poderes venian nombrados .Simon de Alca9oba por Cosmografo, i Est. Gomcr I'iloto, ausentes. Mas por Ciomez venia nombrado con expreso poder Mcstre Thomas Duran, prescnte ; i significavan querer pra Marih'ina, II., 711. Herrera, in., 132, I\'.,-}l, 109, v., 95. Juan de Mori, Il'laiioii del dmjraiiado riaje quf Simon de Alen'.nhn hi/.o al ret'onot'imi*-nto t/tf etfrerho de Mmjtl- tiinei, MS. quoted l>y Navarrelc, op. rit., II., 273. _ Alcaraz (.Vntonio de). — Portuguese. One of the cosmographers at the Badajoz junta in 1524. Munoz MSS., LX.W., 49. Herrera, Decad. III., 184. Ai.faro. — Pilot of a ship commanded by Francisco Santos, loaded with silver, which came from New Spain, and entered the port of Seville, December 24, 1548, This was considered an important event, for various reasons. Oviedo, //iV. OtnernI, lib. xxxiii., cap. Ivi., III., 556. Alonso (Sebastian). — Pilot for the Indies before iS^S- Documentos ineilitM de Inilidi, XI, H., 547. Andero (Francisco). — Pilot for the Indies before 15 25. Qp. eil. Alvarez ( Juan ). — Of Huelva. Pilot of Cortds in 15 19, and of F'rancisco Hernandez de Cordova in the expedition which sailed from Jaruco, in Cuba, for Yucatan, February 18, 1517. He had only one arm. Bernal Dias, i., 3 ; xxx., 93 ; ccv., 305. Alvares (Rodrigo).-Pilot of Sebastian Cabot in the La Plata expedition of 1526. A cluster of islets in that region was then named after him. Santa Cruz, Iilaiio, MS., f" 119, verso. Alvaro. — Of Palos. A seafaring man and soldier of Cortds. Had thirty sons in three years from Indian women. Killed in Honduras by the natives. Hernal Dias, ccv., 305. Anriquez, or Ourives ( Juan ). — Pilot in command of a ship which, with two others, one commanded by Juan de Solis, the other by a brother of the latter (Francisco de Soto), were being equipped at Lepe, August 30, 1512, to sail in March. According to the despatch of Juan Mendez de Vasconcelos, both Anriquez and Solis were disposed to betray the Spanish government, one for 200 cruzados, the other for from 1200 to 1500 reis per annum. That ex- pedition was the one intended, November 14, 1514, to "ir .\ descubrir por las espaldas de Castilla de oro." Navarrete, HI., 12S, 129. Anriquez, or Ourives, junior He accom- panied his father, whose nautical science was not superior to his own : " Seu filho, que diz que sabe tanto com' ele." Navarrete, III., uS. \,^ Biographical Notes. 705 I pm- kas Idiz Arana (Juan de). — Pilot of the expedition to Florida, which was sent to evangelise the Indians, 1519- Hernia, Dccad. VI 11., 112. Arca (Rodrigo de). — Pilot of Diego Garcia, in the expedition to the Rio de la Plata, in 1526. Ilerrcra, Uccml. III., 278. Archuleta (Juan Lopez de). — Son-in-law of Diego de P.irras. Pilot for the Indies before 1525. Visited the coasts of the continent for more than twenty years. Became supervisor of the island of Cuhagua. Gave his testimony at Madrid, August 31, 1535. Prvhninii-t of 1 531, MS. A)r. iufiliton ih Imlia.*, XI.II., 545. Arkizaua (Juan de). — Companion of Garcia de Loaisa, and describer of the first part of his ^.■(pedition to the Strait of Magellan, August 2, 1525— J""'-' '. '526. Navivrreio, \'., ilnc. i.\., 223-225. TIaena (Alonso de). — One of the pilots of the ship which, sailing from Santo Domingo for Spain, in 1538, remained on the voyage five months and a half. 0\ieara la IlUtoria de Cliilf, I., 189. Barhkro (Juan). — Spanish pilot, who abs- conded after having received from ."Vlonso Alv.irez, the agent of the King of Portugal, 20 ducats, on account of his engagement in the service of that king to accomplish discoveries on the north coast of South .\merica, in 1510. Herrera, Decail. I., 197. Barhosa (Duarte). — Portuguese. "Sobrinode Diego Barbosa, criado del obispo de Siguenza." Pilot of Magellan in 15 19. He is the author of a portolano of the Indian Ocean, written in 15 16, and translated into Spanish, in 1524, by Diego Ribero. ' He commandtu the TrinuliJ. Seliasi, .Mvarez, in Navarrete, IV., 155. .Sec alj.^ ' Loril Stanley of .-VMerley, First Voycuje round the World, p. xliv. For a lont; lime we pnssesseil of that work only the ahriilgnient into Italian published by Ramiisio, I. 288. The full original I'ortuRuese text wa.s inserted in 181 3 in the Collerfao de Xitlitian of the Lisbon .\cadeniy, II., No. vii. It is the work aseribed to Maj;ellan, from .in erroneous statement in the title of the Spanish translation found in Spain a few years ago. Barrera (.\lonso de la). — Pilot for the West Indies before 1525. ]hv. inedit. dr li,,'iaf, XI.II., 546, Bastille le Breton (Guillaume).— Captain and pilot in the first expedition of Jacques Car- tier. Born at St. Malo, January 8, 1508; died before 1540. V. Joiion lies Lonjjrais, Jcu-qtief Cnrlier, p. 128. Bautista. — Genoese pilot, who accompanied Amrique de Menezes in 1542. ,Vri'i'ii''n /lara a Ili'loria ijemirnlia dan Xncdoen nltr(iinarin(i.i, Lislvia, lSl2-l8.;i ; I\'., No. 2. Bautista Januensis. — Genoese cartographer who, in July, 15 13, made a map of the Mediter- ranean sea, which is preserved in the Wolfen- biittel Ducal Library. Bautista (Juan).— Genoese pilot, settled in Triana, who was on board the vessel of Pedro de Cifuentes. Explored the Gulf of Mexico in 15.^8. This may be the Joan Battista Ginoves, who figures among the conquerors of Yucatan, and died before 1554, leaving two sons settled in that country. Navarrete, liHiliot. mariliina, II., 15S. DocumentM ineditoH iIl Indin.^, X., 58, XI\'., 204. Bautista (Juan).— Genoese, of Sestri, who was mate of the Trinidad, and became her pilot upon the death of Joao Carvalho, in the expedition of NLigellan,' and who may be the " piloto Genoes " who wrote an account of the expedition.' ' Navarrete, I\'., 12 ; Letter of .Antonio de lirito, op. fit., p. 311. ■' VitX'jrm ijii'' J'i:% Fer)i. ih mii'jHalhden o anno ili: l,'it'> : MS. Paris National Lilu'ary, I'ortiiguese, No. 40, and Library of San Francisco in Lisbon. Cf. Atli d'llti Sorieta Liiinre di .Slorin palria, X\'., 5-74. We have placed these four Hautistas under the same head, beinp unable to ascertain whether the name belongs to several individuals or to one only. 4 1' I, ' I, ' V /I t t i ' M,\ : |Vil I -I ■SI: 11: ' > 1 'y ■ 'M i'l:'!;, I ( .1 ' fj 1 706 The Discovery of North America. Heja (I.uis Alonso de). — Portuguese pilot who intended to sail with Magellan in 15 19. Scbasl. Alvarci, in Navnrrflo, IV., 155. ]5f.kmejo or Vermejo (Rodrigo). — Of Seville. " Piloto con 30,000. Logrono, 15 de Agosto, 1521."' March 15, 1525, his services were secured as pilot - major of the expedition of Garcia de Loaisa, in the place of Lope Sanchez and Juan Vespuccius, both of whom declined.* He died in 1526.' ' Miu1c« MSS.; Ovie.lo, II., 59. ' Ilerrom, Decad. III., 184, 215, 265. ' Navarrclc, V., 4, 44, 369. Bekmudez (Juan). — Spanish pilot and com- mander of a ship, which sailed from Santo Domingo for Spain, in 1538, and remained at sea until 1539, that is, five months and a half, undergoing great sufferings. This Bermudez is doubtless different from the one who com- manded the five caravels of the expedition of 1502 (supra, p. 691). Ovieilo, IV., 535 ; .\Iunoz M.SS., LX.W., 210. BoTKLHO Pereir.\ (l)iego). — Portuguese cartographer, who made a map of the World, which he presented to JoJto II., and therefore before 1534. Supra, No. 210, p. 596. BuENO (Alonso). — Pilot for the West Indies, before 1525. DocumtHto» inediloK de Indias, XLII., 547. BuGui (Jean). — Pilot from Brittany, who went to Brazil in 1526, and was captured by Christobal Jaques. He is mentioned with other French mariners in curious affidavits relating to Loaisa's voyage, and sworn to at Pernambuco, November 3, 1528. " Tres naos, ol galco 1 de Moslicnse y Lonnria de la dicha villa, c oiro n.ivio de Normandia del rio de la Sena en un abra en la tierra del Hr.isil."' tVanijOis Guards and Francois Breton are the names of the other mariners, who were Bretons, apparently from St. Pol de Ldon. ' .Vdolfi) de A'arnliagen, At primeircu iwjodacOea de Brasit, \i. 154. Navarrele, Coleccion de lox vicujen y dtucultnmii^ntoK, v.. doc. XV., 321 323. BuiTRON (Diego Rodriguez).— Pilot for the West Indies, before 1525. Doc. iiiedilon de Indian, XLII., 545. r'AB.\u.ERo (Pedro or Juan). — Pilot and mate in the fleet of Paniphilo de Narvaez, and "almirante" of Cort(5s, in 1520. Iternal I)ia>, cxxiv., 515; cwxi., 579. CaiiE(,as or DE Grado (Joaquin). — "Hidalgo asturiano e buen piloto," who saved from ship, wreck a ship belonging to Fernandez de Oviedo, who was on board, in 1530, on the coast of Nicaragua. (Jviedo, IliMoria (leiirral d' l(H Indian, IV., 464. Cahkcjas (Johan). — "Porotro nombre llnmado Jolian de Grado, asturiano." He is the good- hearted pilot who buried the astrologer Codro, in 1529. He also accomiianied Geronimo de Valen(,uela to Panama and Nicaragua. Perhaps this Johan Cabe^as is identical with the above Joaquin Cabei,-as, also a/ias De Grado, and like- wise an Asturian. Oviedo, I., 420; IV., 9, 119, 232. Cabot (Sebastian). — .Apparently the second son of Giovanni Cabotto (a Genoese by birth, but a naturalized Venetian citizen). Born at Venice, before March, 1474. 1496, March 5. He is made a party to letters patent granted by Henry VII. to his father and brothers. 1512, May. Makes a map of Gascony for Henry VIII. 1512. Goes to Spain with Lord Willoughby. 1512, Sept. 13. Is sent for by King Ferdinand. 1512, Oct. 2. Appointed sea-captain, at a salary of 50,000 mrs. 15 1 2, Oct. (?) Returns to England to settle his affairs, and to bring his wife, Catalina Mudrano, over to Spain. 15 14, March 6 and 26, April 7, and May 11. Receives emoluments from the Spanish king. 15 15, June 13. Receives from the same king a gratuity of 10,000 mrs., viz.: " Mosen Martin Cal>rero mi camareio yo vos ni.ando qvie de i|iiates(|iiier mrs. de vueslra cargo deys e pagueys a Sebastian Caboto nvieslro capit.in ile armada do las cosas lie la yndias diez mill mrs. de (|Ue yo le hago iiierced para ayuda a sti costa. . . . Keclia en liurgos a treze dias de jiinyo de quinientos e quinze anos. Vo el Key."' ♦ '.' il M(r UlOCKAriUCAI, NoTK; 707 for II. ling, king lamU) giicys LTced (lias 15 15, August 30. Appointed pilot (with eight others, Solis being pilot-major). 1515, Nov. 18. He is consulted as to the rights of the Crown of Castile to the Moluccas.' 1516, May 7. William Mychell, a London chaplain, makes a legacy in favour of " Eliza- beth filie Sebastiani Caboto filiolc mee."' 15 18, Feb. 5. Appointed pilot-major,' viz.: " Que Si'li. Calxitc) sc;< I'iliiti) mnyiir eii liifjar ilc Jii.in Dms (le Sdlis con 50000. <\c s.ihrio. — Valhiili>liil, 5 ft'1>. 1518." 1519, May 6. Collects 35,000 mrs., the same being one-third of his annual salary. 152 1, March. The twelve great Livery Com- panies of London make representations to the King, and to Wolsey, against Sebastian Cabot being entrusted with a transatlantic ex- pedition, on the plea that he had never been to the New World, or discovered anything, and was not a man to be trusted. ' 1522, September. Sends an agent to propose his services to the Republic of Venice, whilst yet in the pay of the Spanish government. 1523, Spring. Receives a letter from Hieronymo Marin de Husignolo, the said agent, informing him of the progress of negoti.itions, and July 23, the Venetian ambassador in Spain an- nounces the imminent departure of Sebastian Cabot for Venice. 1524, Nov. 26. Charles V. compels him to pay over to Maria Cerczo, the widow of .Americus Vespurcius, the five years' arrears of the pen- sion of 10,000 mrs. which he was bound to take out of his salary, as pilot-major and successor of her husband to that office. 1524, February. John Goderyk receives ;^43 for having brought him over to England, at the request of Sir Thomas Lovell (we do not know when)." 1524, April 15. Signs the opinion asked of certain cosmographers by Charles V. as to his rights to the Moluccas. 1525, March 4. .Appointed captain-general of the fleet equipped to discover " las islas de Tarsis e Ofir e el Catayo oriental." 1525, October 25. Assigns over to his wife the life |)ension of 25,000 mrs., granted him by Charles V. 1526, April 5. Sets sail for South America. 1530, August. Returns to Spain from the Rio de la I'lata, where he remained four years. Is immediately arrested by order of the Crown. 1 53 1, May II. Receives on account of his salary as pilot-major, 7,500 mrs.' 1531, May 16. Is allowed to absent himself from the jail upon giving security. 1532, February i. Sentenced to an exile of two years in Morocco. 1532, March 15. He is sick and in prison, apparently in Spain." '533- Makes a sailing chart for the Council of the Indies." 1533, June. Loses his daughter. His wife and himself fall sick, apparently at Seville. '" '533' June 24. Writes to the Secretary of State, Juan de Samana, a letter about sailing direc- tions and the variations of the needle."" 1533. Lawsuit brought against him by Catalina Vazcjuez, the mother of Martin Mendez, his lieutenant at La Plata. 1534, March 13. The Queen-Regent of Spain orders an investigation as to his mode of e.xamining and granting licenses to pilots.'^ 1534, Oecember 11. .Addresses to the Casa de Contrat.icion a memoir concerning the neces- sity of subjecting pilots for the Indies to an examination. •535 (')■ 's seen (?) on the coast of .Astatlan (Nueva Gallicia ?) in command of a fleet. 1535, December 31. .Appears as a witness be- fore the Fiscal in the great suit brought by Luis Columbus, when he declares to be " de mas de 50 anos," which would make him a mere boy when his father undertook his famous expedition of 1497.'" 1544. Date of the large map of the World ascribed to him. Must have been made at Seville, the legends being furnished 1 Dr. Grajales, of the Puerto de Santa Maria; but tl! ' 1 1 «'.* Hr :!(,« M 1 1 If!,; ^ liii) i ■' 4f 'i ;. > ! ' ?. 'I lH ! 1- \i\ " '.\\ 708 The Discovery of North America. it was engravcJ, apparently, in Antwerp, although there are no traces of a privilege in the Books of " Octroy " of that city. 1545, November j8. Is appointed one of a commission to examine and report on the ^rft iff Navtgar of Pedro de Medina. 1547. (lives his power of attorney to Diego Gutierrez, senior, to act, in his absenc is Pilot-Major. 1547, October 9. One Perkham receives ^100 for having brought Sebastian Cabot from Spain over to England. 1548, January 6. Receives a pension from Edward VI. of 250 marks (^166 13s. 4d.)" 1549, November 25. Still in England. Charles V. claims him from the English government, as " he is the servant of the Eniperour, and hath a pencion of hym," 1550, A[)ril 21. Refuses to return to Spain. 1550. Receives a new gratuity from the English King. 1550. The patent of 1496 is renewed in his favour (?). 1551, August. Renews his intrigues to sell himself to the Republic of Venice. 'S53i May 9- Draws up instructions for the voyage of Willoughby and Chancellor. 1553, September 9. Charles V. asks Queen Mary to allow to Cabot to return to Spain. 1554, November 15. Writes from London to Charles V., giving him information as to a projected expedition of the French against Peru. " 1555, February 26. Made Governor of the Company of Merchant Adventurers. 1556, April 27. Dids farewell at Gravesend to Stephen Burrow, whose expedition was equip'./ed under his direction. 1557, May 25. Resigns the pension he had from the King of Eng'and. 1557, May 29. Part of the pension is restored to him, and William Worthington is appointed his adjunct. All traces of Sebastian Cabot disapjiear after the latter date. There is not a particle of evi- dence or probability in favour of the pretensions of his namesakes, whether in Massachussetts or in Languedoc, who claim to descend from him, or to belong to his family. ■ MS. Siniaiicas, Lihrn de la Vamcrn, 151J 16, f"- 6j. ' Navarrelf, 0/)ii*i(/()<, I., 66. ' .Vii/irn, p. 594, nolo. » Miiftoz .M.SS., I.X.W.. 2lj; L.\.\VI.,28. s \Vm. lU'rlicrl, The lliilnry of t, lirelrt great I.ierry Com- jmuim 0/ Loiiiliin ; LuikIoii, 1S37, 8v(i, I., 410. Supra, p. 47, and in/rn, .\ppcnilix .\. ' Navarrulf, III., iloc. xiv., J08. ','l)oe. ineilil. de ludian, .\.\.\II., 451, 4S5> 459. 479- "i '". " Carta li Juan de Samnno, in HelwitiiieH (/(.'(ii/rit/iA I'lTM de Initim, Mailriil, l'"i$, Svo, II., xii. '■■ />()(■. iiirdil. de /ndian, X.WII., 480-481. " l'riilminn» del Aim. I). I.uii Culnii ; Uj;, 2, doc. 7. M.S. of lliL- .\rcliivfs (if llic Indies. " Hakluyt, III., lo, '5 /*("'. iiiedit. de Kijiiina, III. (1S4J), 512. Tlic aullioiiilcs and lc.\ts for llic ihirly seven other staleinenis are to lie found in our J"tn et Seliiuiticn Cahot. Caiikera (Diego Martin). — Pilot of Columbus in his fourth voyage, 1502-1504. ' Does not figure, however, as such in the official roll. We only find one Diego Martin, sailor.' ' Oviedo, I., 78 ; II., 135. ' .Navarreie, I., 289-293, Calle (Francisco de la).— i'ilot for the Indies before 1525. VoeitmeutoK inedilon di Indian, .\LII., 544. Calvo (.\ntun). — Pilot of the ship of which Pero Fernandez Exuero, of Palos, was master, and which was wrecked between Darien and Hispaniola in 1514. " Buen hoinbre y experto en la navegacjion." Ovieilo, Ili.iloria (leneral. IV., 471. Camaciio (Diego). — Of Triana. Pilot of Hernandez de Cordova in the first expedition to Yucatan (1517), and of Cortds. licrnal Di.is, i., 3 ; ccv., 305. Camargo (.\lonso de). — Pilot who led three ships sent by Gutierre de Vargas, Bishop of Palencia, to explore the Strait of .Magellan, and which sailed from Seville in August, 1539. The method for ascertaining the longitude at sea, newly invented by Alonso de Santa Cruz, was to be tested in course of that expedition. N.ivarrctc, Ojn'snihs, II., 69, note, on the authority of Herrera. Hi; Ini^k. HlUtiUAPllICAL NoTKS. 709 Camaroo (Kranrisco). -Pilot for the West Indies before iS^S- l>i»Hmenln» inedilon iti Iiiiliai, \MI., 545. Camino (I'ero Alonso).— I'ilot for the West Indicii l)efore 1525. /hriiininlii^ iiiidiltn ilt Iiulian, XI, II., 545. Cansino (Francisco). — Pilot in 15341 when he gave his testimony concerning Peru pnd Pizarro. Ilcrri'm, Decail. \I., 57. Carauaca (Diego Sanchez).— Pilot fc . West Ir.Jies before 1525. pucniiunlo.i ilinlitun ili: Illiliilf, XI.II., 545. Caravai.i.o (Juan Lopez de). — A Portuguese pilot, but settled in Seville long before 1519. "Juan Lo[)cz de Caravallo, admittido en j6 febr. 1519."" He was, however, already em- ployed by the Sjjanish Crown, June 30, 1517." Magellan selected him as pilot for the Conctp- (ion.* He is the "Jean Carvajo"of I'igafetta, and the "Joao Carvalho" of liarros, who died at Tidore, February 14, 1522." ■ .ScliAsli.iii .VhMfL'z, in N.iv.irrL'U', l\'., 155. •' MiuViz MSS., I.XW'I., yi. ' Doruiiuiilui iiinlilonile Imliiis, XWVl., 455. ' \.ivarrcle, I\'., 17, 26, 67; lU-rrcra, Dci-ail. II., 103; III., 14- ' li.-irr.)b. Uccul. III., lib. 5, cap. 10. Caruknas (Juan de). — Pilot and captain. April 15, 1520, he was appointed inspector of ships at a salary of 12,000 mrs., and August a; following, received the appointment of pilot, " 1520, 15 lie abril. Visitaili)r do la iiaos, am 12,000. 1520, 27 iIl' .Vyostn. I'iloto e Capitaii, con Jo,ooo." .Miinoz .M.S.S., LXXVl., 140. Cardenas. — Of 'I'riana. I'ilot of Cortes. P'ell ill of sadness because he did not receive his share of the first gold obtained by Cortes, and died in Mexico. Uern.il Di.is, cl.xvi., ccv. Carreho. — " Hombre de bien e de cre- dito." Pilot in charge of a ship with a valuable cargo of sugar and hides, which he saved from being entirely lost at sea, when on his way to Spain from Santo Domingo, in a terrible storm, by invoking, with tears in his eyes, the Virgin Mary, whilst the Dtvil responded from the clouds, October 3, 1533 : " Who cares for her ? Quti la quereys? (^ue la (luereys?" Ovicilo, Jfialoria (Untral, IV., 479. Carvalho (JoJo). — See Caravallo. Card (Juan). — " .\ndaluz carmones de la or- den de Santo Domingo; in Theologia inagister." Devoted himself to the study of the ait of navi- gation, and while living in the east, at Cochin, wrtite, December 19, 1525, and December 29, irj6, to his brother-in-law. Dr. Porras, in Seville, ( the purpose of being employed by Ciiarles V. .0 teach navigation and accomplish discoveries. Navarrclf, Ctilnvioii tU finjei, IV., 372, .iml his Hihliiilfia )ninitiiita, II., 199, CxRTiKR (Jac(iues). — " Lieutenant general du Roy, capitaine et pilote dudict Syre en son en- treprinse de la descouuei le des terres de Canada." Horn at St. .Malo in 1491 ; died, ap|)arently at the same place, September i, 1557. He spoke Portuguese. Ki'.jiMnjt lie. V Klal-firil c/t Sdiiil Malo ; nriliiceii, serii (/vcinl)Lr IJ, 1540, ajiiiil l)c honyrais, nhi niijird, anil nar Xoli'n .iiir Id Suur'.ll' I'niint , N'us. I anil 7. Carvajal (Juan Suarez de). — Afterwards Bishop of Lugo. In 1536, summoned the pilots, cosmographers, and cartographers of the Crown, to meet at Seville, for the purpjse of constructing " una muy exacta carta que sirviese de padrcn para las ciue se usaban en la navogacion a las Indias occidoniales." ' 'Phis ordinance seems to be different from that of October 30, 1536, although referring likewise to " los viajes a las Indias."" In 1539, he was also member of a commission " acerca de la guarda de las orden- an<^'as que los Reies Catolicas dieron para la navegacion, i contratacion de las Indias.'' * The padron above mentioned is doubtless the map of Chaves of 1537, described uipni, p. 361, and referred to by Sebastian Cabot at the close of the year 1536. ' Navarrele, OiiimcHlun, II., 68. " N'avarrole, Hihtiot. marilima, II., 317. ' Ileirera, Uccail. \'l., 154. * I'm- bainnn of Drconiher 31, 1530. I I 1 ; ^ *ri..' fi I I 1 1 Jll'l 11 i.! I'M m\ m f II I ■ ,1- ftlilf'! ■I I Ifl 1I. at' .1' , '■ J * J '.■■ i j:::|:i''' ■■ j :k ^■kh sl'iU: ^ IH' VI 710 The Discovery of North America. CastaAeda. — See Ruiz de CASTAftEDA. " CASTAftEDA (Johan de). — Pilot-Major. " Kii estc viaRc [of Gasp.ir rle Espinosa to the Southern Sen, or I'.icitic, in May, 1520] fue por piloto mayor Johan tie Castaileda, l:ucna persona e tliestro en las cnsas de la mar." — Oviedo, JfUt. General, III., 64, 98; IV., to. Ca.stilla (Nicolas). — Pilot of the ship on which Ribero's invention for pumping water out of vessels, was experienced in 1533 on a voyage to the West Indies. Navarrete, Hint, de la 2i'autifa, 364. Castillo ( Domingo del). — Pilot of Hernando ■ Alarcon' in the expedition whir'.i Antonio de Mendoza sent to aid that o'' Vazquez de Coronado. He made a map of the Californian regions, which he visited in 1541 with Ladrillero.' ■ Kamusio, HF., 363. ' Lorenzana, HiMoria de Nueva Enparia. Herrera, Dtjad. VI., 159, 208. Castillo (Francisco del). — Pilot of Ji'.an Aguado in the expedition of August 5, 1495. Munoz MSS., LXXV., 171. Sapi-a, p. 672. Castillo (Pedro Sanchez del). — Of Palos. Pilot in 1513, and, apparently, a companion of Columbus in his second voyage (1493-1406). Te. 264, C0R90 or CoRZO (Pedro). — Pilot of Martin Estete. Discovered the Rio Chagrcs in 1527, with Fernando de la Serna. Ovicdo, IV., 61, 217. Nav.irrete, liUilio'. marilima, I.,43i ; II., 547- CoRDERo (.'\nton). — Pilot of Cortes in his expedition to the north-west coast in 1535. Was killed by a falling yard. CoRiA (Bernaldino de). — Pilot (?) of Cortes, after having been, in 15 19, in the employ of Diego Velazquez. Settled in Chiapa. Ucrnal l)i;is, Ivii., clvii. llerrcra, Dcc.-id. II., IJ2. CoRREA (Juan).— Pilot of the Finta, one of the two ships sent to the West Indies under the command of La Cosa in 1507. N.iv,irretc, HI., 162, .iml lilbtiol. marilima, II., 213. CosA (Juan de la). — Surnamed " El Viscaino," or the Biscay man, because born at Santona,' in Cantabria; but a resident of Puerto de Santa Maria, in Andalucia, at least since 1493. In 1496, he seems to have re-established his home in the place of his birth,' but in 1500 and 1503, we see him again at the Puerto de Santa Maria. He was the owner and master or mate of Colum- bus' flag ship during his first voyage : " Vos Juan de la Cosa fiiistes por macsire de una nao vuestra a las n>ire.s del oceano, donde en aquel viage fueron dcscul>ie>..ts las tierras c islas dc la parte do Lis Indias, e vos perdistcs la diclia nao: — Where.is, You, Juan de la Cosa, went to the Oceanic seas, ,is male on l)oard a vessel which belonged to you, in the eourse of which voyage were discovered the countries and islands of the Indies, and you lost said vessel . . ."' This language was used by Ferdinand and Isabella, February 28, 1494; that is, at a time when only one voyage had been accoinplished to the New World, Columbus' second expedition lasting until June, 1496. Then, the only vessel lost was the flag ship {Capitane), called either the Santa Maria, or the Marigalante, wrecked in the night of Christmas-Eve, on the coast of Hispaniola. La Cosa's vessel must have been one of the two caravels which the town of Palos was ordered to charter at its expense as a punish- ment for certain misdeeds, since the third vessel was the property of Cristobal Quintero. 1493. He accompanies Coluinbus in his second voyage, but as chief cartographer. 1494 June 12. Together with all the officers and crews of that expedition, is compelled to declare on oath, that it was possible to go by land from Cuba to China. But when out of reach of the Admiral, reuants the statement by giving to Cuba the insular form in a map- pamundi, which we still possess. 1496-1499. Remains in Spain, from June of the former year. 1499, May. Sails as chief pilot of Hojeda. 1500, June. Returns to Cadiz. 1500, June-August. Constructs at Puerto de Santa Maria, his famous map of the world, now preserved in the Madrid Naval Museum. 1500, October. Sails with Rodrigo de Bastidas, and ranges a portion of the north coast of South America. 1502, September. Returns to Spain. 1503, in the spring. Proposes an expedition to Uraba, and to construct there a fort at his own expense. * m ! \ ••. 712 The Discovery of North America. VI 1503, August. Is sent on a mission from the Spanish government to Portugal, and is im- prisoned in Lisbon during a short time.' 1503, September 3. Presents to Queen Isabella, at Segovia, two charts made by him. 1503, in the autumn, commands an expedition to Uraba, by virtue of letters patent of Sep- tember 7 preceding.' 1504-1506. Commands an expedition toDarien.' Is that the one described by Hieronymo Va- niello in his letter to the Signoria of Venice, dated Burgos, December 23, 1506, announcing the return of two ships which the King of Spain had sent on a voyage of discovery to the newly-discovered continent, under the leadership of " Juan biscaino et almerigo fiorentino"?" 1507, Sails for the Indies in command of two ships, viz.: the Huelra and La Pinta, with Martin de los Reyes and Juan Correa as pilots respectively. 1508, June 17. He is confirmed in the office of Algu.izil- Mayor, which had been first granted to him April 3, 1503.'" 1509, June 15. Obtains leave to import tw slaves into Hispaniola. 1509. Removes with his family to Hispaniola. 1509, November 10. Accompanies Hojeda in the expedition to Daricn, and having been mortally wounded by a poisoned arrow in a fight with the Indians, dies at Cartagena, February 28, 1510. Juan de la Cosa left a widow, a son," and several daughters." As a pilot exercising in the New World, he accumulated considerable pro- perty : " Como piloto avia ganado hacienda en estas partes."" In the second expedition of Christopher Columbus there was, with Juan de la Cosa, another "Juan Vizcaino," but this was a simple mariner, and " vccino de Cartaya."" ' The lisl of wilne-iSL's for the Iiiformarion of June 12, 1494, (Navarrete, II., 143) is icDrrsi.'nlwl In nienlioii hhn a.s " Vociiin del piierto de Sant.i Maria," Init of heing "dc SanlcMin." ' Navarrcte, II., 146 : III., 7, 77, 109 118, 162, 588. 'N.avarrete, Bihliol. mnrilima, II., 208, note 5, for the entire text of the document. * Dor, in- editor dp. Enpailn, XIII., 496. 'Letter of Cucrra, in Navarretc, II., 293. " Dor. inedilox de Enpana, uhi supra. ' Muiioz M.SS., LXXV., 217, 220; Dor. in- editoii de. fiidifut, XXXI., 220. ' lluinlmldt, Kxamen rriliqnr, v., 1^7. ' Navarrcte, III. , 162. "' Navarrete, HI., 118. " Herrera, Decad. I., 1S7. " Ccdula of April 2, 1511, Herrera, Decad. I., 236. " Oviedo, II., 413. '< Navarrcte, II., 148. CoRTi5s (Martin). — Born at Bujaraloi;, in Aragon, but lived at Cadiz from 1530 until his death, and where he wrote, in 1545, his cele- brated hreve compendio de la sphera y de la arte de navegar ; Sevilla, Alvarez, 1551, folio. The influence of that work was considerable with the Spanish mariners of the time. Navarrcte, U\>t. de la Xaufira, 169, and liihllotera manliina, II., 429. Cuervo ( Francisco ). — Pilot with Cortds. Returned to Spain from Vera Cruz in 1522. Doriimeiitofi inedilon de. Indiai, X., 258. "r\.-\MPiES (Diego de). — Pilot for the West Indies before 1525. Dornmi'utot incili/ui dc Iiidia-'i, XLII., 545. Daopias ( Martim ). — An able astronomer, who was expected from England to accompany d supervise the expedition which was being equipped at Lepe in 15 12, and intended to sail under the command of Dias de Solis in 1513. " .Se chama Martim Daopi.as, c diz ([' he boo eslrol.aijo, e n.io esta agora aijui, (|ue diz q' he ido a Ingialera, c 'i' esperao cada dia por ele : homen he <[' en n.'io conhe(,'o, ncm sey (juem he." ni>palch of Jo.ao Mendez de Vasconeelos, in Xavarrete, III., p. 132. Davii.a (Francisco).— Of Madrid. " Sobre- saliente " on the S. Gabriel. Companion of Garcia de Loaisa, and descriher of his expedition to the Strait of Magellan, August 2, 1525 — June 4, 1527. Navarrcte, V. ,doc. x. , 225-233. Delgado (Sebastian Rodriguez). — Pilot in the Southern Sea {i.e., the Pacific). Author of a ixHition to the King, asking that one coin- petent to correct the compass and other nautical instruments be sent to him and his colleagues. Navarrcte, liilillut. maritiina, H., 70S. ir'-i li >\ S ^ BiOGRAruicAL Notes, / 'j DiAS (Gonzalo). — Pilot to the Veragua regions. Settled in Cuba, where he gave his testimony at the request of one Andrea Colon (?), who acted as attorney-in-fact of Diego Colon, in 1515. Navarretf, III., 586. Temra I'robauza of I'cbriiary 'Ji 'S'S : M''^- 'if the Archives of the Iri'.lics. DiAS (Gregorio). — Pilot. Seems to have ac- companied Columbus in his third voyage, and made maps )f Paria, Darien, and Veragua. Navarrete, 1X1., 5K2, 591. Supra, \i. 434. DuRAN (Alonso). — Pilot for the West Indies before 1525. l)ofiuiii.iiln/i iiialiio.i ia le cose che habiamo pasaate, breve- mente scrivo a (luella et dico. Prinieramente yionjjemnio a 54. gradi alia parte del sur dell.i linea efpiinoctiale, donde trovanimo uno stretto che p.assava il Mar del Sur delle Indie, et terra ferma di tua Maesta, il quale stretto e di 100 Leghe per donde cerclummo, et in tempo di tre mesi, et 20 giorni tro- vannno molto prospcro vento, et non trovammo te>.- nes- suna se non due Isolc di3|H)pulate et piccole, et di jioi demmo in uno .\rcipellago di molle Isole molto ricche di oro, dove si niori il supradctto capitano Kerrando, et altri molli, et jicr non ]ic>ter navigar cum le tre navi per la poca gente die restannno disfacemmo una nave et cum le due navigandtj il" Isola in Isola discoprendo, insino giun- gemmo ci>n la gratia di IJioall' Isola di .\laUich et ipieslo fu dopoi la morte di I'errando su|.'r,ailetto in otto mesi donde caricammo le due N.avi di gerofani. Sapera tua .Mia Maesta che andando alle dette Isole di Mahich discoprimmo la Canfora, e Canella el I'erle. Volendoci partir dalle terre di Maluch .alia volla di Spagna, ci advedemmo che acpia inlrava in una nostra Nave lii modo che non si potova rimediare altrimenti se non si discaricava, et passando il ter.ipo die le navi navi- gavano per A .... , el Malacar, determinamnio o morire cum grandc hoiiore a serviiio di tua alta Maesla, o per venire a fare eapere a ipidla il detto discoperiniento, et cusi cum una sol Xave partimmo slando tale come I)ir> voleva, et nel viaggio discoprimmo molle Isole ricche, fra le (piali discoprimmo una banda donde nasce Lamanzio, et Noce Moscade, et Zabia donde nasce il I'epe, et Zimor onde nasce el Sandalo, et in tutte le supradette Isole si 6 un."i infinita di gengiimo. 4Q I f n t, , Ml n in*' t\ '^ If, 'f-^'/i w I i I i' I t ''•. ■ -4: If *li I ■ ti 714 The Discovery of North America. Le most re di tulle i|ueste specierie piyli.ile in le prdprie Isole portamnio per niostrave alia lua aha Maosla. Tutlc ijiiesle Isolc stanno in li liiitili ile niarcantioncs et cum queste come pur nostre lettcre, et pavimenti si - . 1 ):l^ t I ■i;.f ^i b!. I , ! We have purposely omitted the thirty-three who abandoned Magellan in November, 1520, and returned to Spain with Estevam (lomez on the San/ Anlonio without having crossed com- pletely the famous Strait As to the list of thirty-one survivors given by Herrera," we reject it, for he includes among them six, at least, who never saw their country again, viz.: Antonio Fernandez, who died August 26, 1520; " Pedro Gasco " (i. e., Pierre le Gascon, of Hordeaux), who died May 2, 1522 ; Juan de Ortega, Diego Garcia, and Pedro de Valpuesta or Val[)uerta, who died June 21 or 26 ; and M.irtin de Magal- lanes, wiia died July 26, 1522 (these latter five at Cai)e \'erde islands"). Nor do we accept Herrera's statement that " fueron h la Corte los que vinieron en la Nao," as Charles V. in his letter of Sept. 13, to Elcano, limited the number to two only : " 'I'omeis doi personas de las que han venido con vo.s." ' ScliniL'ller, Cfher iliii'jr iVl' ri h-iii'hhrit'lln'he So-- /.arteit, in Ahhainllunijiii ihr I CI. tl. .H: il. H'i'.m. IV. Ud., Munich, 1844, 269-273. = Doc. iiwdilo^ de K.ipai)a, I., 247 ; id. for a nunilicr of docs, includini; IClc.ino's will, cluuil July 26, 1526. * />')•'. in-dilii-i dt: Iitdiat, VIII., 17. X.xv.urcte, IV., ' 129,525, '96. ■ liiUiot. Amviir. Vftiist., Adilitioii.'<, |i. xxviii. * Navnrrole, IV. , 369. ■> F. T. Mivlina, Col. il-^ dn,-. p. /n Ivxt. di Cliilr, I., 17S, iSo, 202. 207-211. " N:iv,urL'tc, IV., 37S-3SS.' '■ Herrera, Dooad. III., 116. '■' .Mediii.i, iihi supra. , Enciso (Martin Fernandez de). — The first geographical describer of the New World, as author of Siima dc Giv^ni/'hii que trata de todas las pariidas y pivvincias del iniindo : en esf^ecial de las indiiis, Seville, 15 19, folio; reprinted in the same city in 1530 and 1546. Enciso's object in writing that work was to aid pilots and mariners in accomplishing discoveries. He was already settled in Santo Domingo and had ac- (juired wealth as a lawyer in 1509. Returned to Spain in 1512, and went back to America in 1514, holding the office of Algiiazil- Mayor of the Golden Castile. It is not known when or where he was born, nor when and where he died. Ilerrer.i, Docad. I., lil). vii.-x. Bibliotheca Ameri- cana Vetmtixnima, Nos. 97, 153, 273. DocumentoH intdilo.i de Iiidian, I., 441-450. / Enriqukz (Pedro), of Palos. — " Piloto de Indias," in 15 13, when he gave his testimony in Santo Domingo in favour of Diego Columbus. Navarretc, III., 581. Esi'EUDRV (Nollet), of Greslain [?]. — Colin Vasseur, the first i)ilot of Gonneville, having died at se.a, November 30, 1503, Espeudry was promoted in his place. It was in the course of a voyage to the East Indies that he effected a landing in Brasil, in January, 1504. This im- plies a route borrowed from the Portuguese after the return of Cabral. He was killed by l)irates off the coast of Jersey, May 7, 1505. l)'.\vc/ac, lirlaliiiu nitlhtntiipu ilii roi/ic/r ilu capitaint dc Cutniirillc, p. 60. EsT.\NQUES (Alonso). — The earliest Cosmo- grapher-Major whom we have found mentioned in Spain. He takes that title in his yet un- [lublished Cronica de los Reyes Don Fernando y Dona Isabel, dedicated to Philip the Hand- some, who died in 1506. M.S. in Ul>rary of Don l'.isqual C!ayani;ns. Esi'EBAN (Juan).— Pilot for the West Indies before 1525. Doctimeiitns iiiedllOH di Illdia^, .\I,II., 545. Ualeiro (Francisco). — Portuguese cosmo- grapher, brother of Ruy F'aleiro, who aided in preparing the expedition of Magellan, and in the employ of the Spanish government from M.irch 22, 1518, when he received a salary of 35,000 mrs.,' until at least May 16, when the Council of the Indies asked that he be allowed 50,000 mrs. on account of the services he could render as a cosmographer. ■ Miifuu MS.S., LX.W., 213. " Xavarrcte, V., 334, and Ills l>i.ii.rtiici'',i .rnhre la Jlintoria de. la yaiiticn, 14S, 391. Antonio, liihiioleca Uinp. imea, I., ^z^, 583. Fai.eiro (Kuy or Rodrigo). — A celebrated Portuguese cosmographer, who lived at one time at Cunilla, in Portugal ; but it is not known when and where he was born, nor the time and place of his death. He was ai)i)ointed captain of the fleet intended for the famous voyage in search of the great strait, on equal terms with 1, :.. 1: IT BiOGKAPUiCAL Notes. 717 Magellan, March 72, 15 18.1 He sent at once for his father, mother, and brother, whom we find already settled in Seville, July 18, 15 19. He must have gone himself to Portugal, for we see him arrested in that country by order of the King." Ruy Faleiro, however, did not sail with Magellan, and the vessel intended for him was given to Juan de Cartagena. He is called " Bachilter," which implies that he received a liberal education, and was not a seafaring man by profession. We do not even find that he ever navigated, although, March 22, 1523, he petitioned for a licence to lead, as Cajitain- General an expedition to the Indies at his own cost.' Legends make of him a sort of magician.' He was made a Knight of the Order of Sant lago,' and is said to have lost his mind." ■ Miinoz MSS., LXXV., f"- 213. ° Lixtade la Kxpon. Amirir., H, .S21. ' Ihidem, H, 822. * /iililiothna Aineriiaua ViliiKti-iniiiia, p. 226, iiolc 11. ' Nav.irrclc, I'mf/f-i apiii-ri/ni, p. 22. Anghicra, Kpist. Dixxix. « li.-irriK, Dec-id. III., lil). S, c.ip. 8. Oviedo, 11., 9. Ari^onsola, .■l)/(i/''.<, I., 740. N.-iv.irrete, IV., 110, .ind hia Oim-i'iilon, I., 213., Fernandez (Xntonio). — Portuguese i)ilot, who interided to sail with Magellan' in 15 19. But in the rolls, we find, of that name, only a servant of Gaspar de Quesada," who died Aug. 16, 1520, and a soldier who died ten days after- wards,^ unless these two, owing to an error in the date of their decease, were one only. ' .Sel>asl. Fernandez, in Navarrete, I\'., 155. ' Xavar- rc'lc, IV., 19. ' .Medina, tihi Kiipra. Fernandez (Bartolom(^). — Pilot of Juan Fer- nandez Cabrillo, in the expedition to northern California in 1542-1543. Ilerrera, Dccad. VI., p. 89. Fernandez (Juan). — Pilot of Pizarro ; was in Nicaragua and in the Castilla del Oro in 1 531. and Pilot-Major of Pedro de Alvarado in 1534, in Peru. (^iiinlana, KspaOole* ccUhren, chapter on I'iz.irro, J). 113. Dw. iiuUitos dt liulioji, \., 167. Fernandez (Mateo). — Pilot in 1548. Oviedi), lib. i., cap. x.\ix.. Vol. IV., 5S7. Ferreira (Cristobal), Portuguese. — Pilot of Magellan in 1519- .Scl)asUan .Vlvarez, in Niivarrelc, IV., 155. Ferrer (Miguel). — Pilot for the West Indies before 1525. I)(iniimiil()i iiinlilos ilf. India*, XLII., 547. Ferrei.o (Bartolom^, the Bartolome Ferrer of Hcrrera '). — Pilot-major of the expedition of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, which sailed from the Port of Navidad, in New Spain, June 27, 1542, in search of a strait between the Pacific (Mar del Sur) and the Atlantic (Oceano Setenlrional), and returned April 14, 1543, as commander-in- chief, Cabrillo having died in the Puerto de la Posesion, on January 3, preceding. He reached as far north as 43° latitude, if not so high as Cape Orford in Vancouver, as Humboldt says, thus nearly completing the ])eriplus of the Now World.' ■ IhiniiiK nln^ iiiidilon dt Jiidins, XI\'., 191. Ilerrera, Decad. VII., ]>. 89. ' I lumboldi, Kxameu rritiipic, I., xix. Navarrele, I'iaije de liui iioletoK Siilil 1/ .!/• //i««a, xxix.xxxvi.; I'lVyVs- niiorri/o'i, p. 32; and JlHitioteea iimriliiiia, II., 290. Fekrkk (Jaime or Jaunie). — Born at Vidreras, resided at Hlanes. .\ cosmographer by taste, and a jeweller by occupation. Wrote s;.'Veral letters and made a mappamundi relating to the New World,' which exercised a certain amount of influence over the minds of Ferdinand and Isabella, in 1495. He is sometimes mistaken for the navigator Jaume Ferrer, who lived in 1346, and with another namesake born in Mal- lorca, who (lourish'jd in 1418, and who is said' to have been sent for by the Infant Henry of Portugal, to manage the famous Naval .Vcademy of Sagres, — zci/iu/i /las never t:xist(d .' ' liilituit. Amfi-ir. Vttiisl., No. 261 ; Addilamnda, No. 154. Navarrele, II., 97-105, and liihliiil. inarilimn, II., 10-13. ' Torres-.Vmat, E^rrilun-i Cnlahiii' .^, Figuekoa (Joan Sanchez de). — Pilot at St. Marta in 1525 (?). ("Iviedo, Ifu'iloriii daum/, II., 350. FoNSECA (Francisco de). — Portuguese. Pilot who intended to sail in the expedition of Magellan in 1519. His name is not in any of of the rolls of the expedition. Seb.aslian Alvarez, in N.avarreic, IV., 155. Franco (Domingo). — " Insigne piloto o qual descubrio e escrevero Nova derrota jiara a t- m m iji Iff 1 if I »i ■"ffl ! (ji i'f rf,;^*^i: .■■ II I ,1 i' .(l^i|! * M. i. ' « > Ml i ^ :t'I '' ' tif *i' ai-.;r 718 The Discovery of North America. Navegacto do MaranhaO." It is the word "descubrio," which prompts us to insert Franco; but Barbosa, from whom we borrow this indica- tion, contains so few references of the sixteenth century that this Domingo Franco may be a pilot of a later period. liarbosa Machado, llihliot. Liisit., I., 711. Frk;«a.itien Cahot. 357. Garcia (Diego). — Commanded one of the vessels of De Soto in 153S. Does not seem to be the same as the above. Cjarcllasso de la \'ega, Florida dd Inea. Garcia ue Villalobos (Diego). — See Vil- la lodos. Gakcia (Miguel). — Examiner of pilots whilst Sebastian Cabot was unable to fill the office on account of his expedition to La Plata, in 1526. Ilerrera, Decad. III., 260. Garcia (Pero). — Pilot for the West Indies before 1525. Doritmentu.t inetliloK de Indian, XI.U., 546. BiOGRAi'nicAL Notes. 719 whilst ice on 1526. I Indies Ga:irido (Juan). — Pilot for the West Indies. Doeumenloa ineditoH (h Indian, XLII., 546. Gaytan ( Gabriel ). — Pilot for the West Indies before 1525. Dorumeiilon liieililos de Itidian, XLII., 546. Gil (Mift). — Portuguese pilot, who intended to sail with Magellan in 15 19. We give his name as we find it in the letter of Alvarez. He is not mentioned in any of the rolls of that expedition. •Sebastian .Vlvarcz, in Navarretc, IV., 155. GiNoviis (Ualtasar). — A Genoese pilot, of Porto-Maurizio, who sailed out as second mate of the Santiago, became pilot of the Victoria in the expedition of Magellan, from August 6, 1520, to April 3, 15 2 1, when he died at sea. N'avarrcle, IV., 21. Medina, nhi supra. GiNovES (Lucas). — Pilot, of Genoese origin, as we infer from his name or surname, who was with Cortds. Bernal Uiaz, ccv., 305. Go.MKZ (Estevam). — .\ccording to Barros, he immigrated from Portugal in company with Magellan, whose countryman and perhaps fellow- citizen he was ; as the former is called " Gomez de Porto," and Magellan " Vecino de Porto." Juan de Faria, however, in his letter to the King of Portugal, says : " Estevam Gomez, do Porto, que estava en Bilbao." But if they came to- gether, Gomez was already in Spain October 20, 15 1 7. He received the appointment of Pilot to His Majesty,' February 10, 1518, at a salary of 30,000 marks, and again in 1519. .Accompanied Magellan as one of his pilots, but returned to Spain without accomplishing the circumnaviga- tion of the globe. Pigafetta says that Gomez bore towards Magellan the greatest hatred for having been supplanted by him in that memo- rable expedition which he had come from Por- tugal to propose to the Spanish Crown before his alleged rival. If so, it is difficult to under- stand why he accepted to be simply pilot in that voyage, though it was on the flagship (La Trinidad). Besides, as we have just seen, according to Barros, Gomez and Magellan came to Spain together. Gomez, who had sailed from San Lucar with Magellan, October 27, 15 19 (.August 10, says Max. Transylvanus), returned abruptly to Seville on the Sant Antonio, May 6, 152 1, after having abandoned his chief in the Strait, two or three days after its discovery, October 21, 1520 (November 26, says Max. Transylvanus), having been on the homeward voyage seven months (?). Herrera states that he was arrested immediately on landing in Spain, but soon set free, as we see him already filling the post of pilot on board the squadron of Pedro Manrique, who attacked the French privateers, June 24, 1521. Estevam Gomez was one of the pilots desig- nated to act for Spain, during the conference held at B.idajoz by virtue of the agreement of February 19, 1524. But he sat only a few days, as, March 21 following, Charles V. appointed in his place the Dominican friar and mathematician, Tomas Duran. This removal was on the plea th.i, the services of Gomez were required else- where; evidently for the expedition to the north- west, which had been projected since 1523. In 1525, he commanded the famous expedi- tion sent to the north-east coast of the New World, to find a western passage supposed to exist between Florida and the Baccalaos region. For a detailed account see, supra, pp. 229-243. He was still living, December 20, 1527.' It is not known when and where he died. MiiMoz MSS., LXXV., 213 ; LXXVL, 28. .Vnghiera, Decul. VI., c.ip. X.; VIII., cap. x. Navarrele, IV., 155, 201, 202, 215, ami his OpKMUilox, I., 219-224. Ramiisid, III., C2. - Meilina, Dor. iiicdit.. III., 68. Gomez (Francisco). — Pilot of Hojeda in 1502.' He may be the same who was acting as pilot to the West Indies about 1525. Navarrcte, III., 29, note. Doc. iiiedilon dc Iiidiax, XLII., 545- GoNZALVES (Amador).— Portuguese pilot who was wrecked in 1543. Oviedo, ITiMorta Oeivral, IV., 577, Gonzalez (.\nton).— Portuguese pilot with Antonio Sedeno in 1538. Herrera, Decad. vr. , 120, Grado (Tuan). — See Cabezas. I . . 1-,/ :» ii i ■If ■ "i I , ' i ' I: r i k I? I'l'.n ti I --> fi.. ,5:.;' TiiK Discovery of North Amkkica. Grajalks. — A doctor, who lived at the Puerto de Santa Maria before 1544, where he wrote the long series of legends which were printed with the famous planisphere of Sebastian Cabot, and pasted on the right and left of the same. Tiili- oi {\w MS. iif ili.iso li'seiicis, in ilic library of the Kinj; ;ii Mjilriil ; .iml .ik/iiyi, p. 640. ('.RANiiK (Juan). — Of I'alos, who accompanied Columbus in the third and fourth expeditions, but seems to have become pilot' afterwards. He gave his testimony at Santo Oomingo in Nav.ure:..'. HI., 5S1, sSj, 5S4, ■ j.S.i. riiiKKiKO ( Andres ). — Pilot of Gonzalo Pi/arri) in 1546. N.UMirrti'. lUhliotrra iiKtritini'i, 1., S2. Gl'ii.i.KN (Felipe). — Apothecary of Seville, who is said to have invented one of the fir>i methods lor finding the longitude at sea. As he lived in that city at the same time as Sebas- tian Cabot, it is a question with us, whether the latter did not borrow from Guillen the claims to that invention which he alluded to in such a mysterious manner, many years afterwards, in his conversations with Richard Eden, (^luillen construrtod also a number of nautical instru- ments lor the navigation to the New World. Removing to Portugal in 15^5, he entered the service of JoaO III., who rewanled him very liberally. It was then, as we believe, and not in 1519, that Guillen had those controversies on scientific subjects with SiinaO Fernandez, men- tioned by Gil V^incentc' He was also a great chess ])layer and "cortador de tijora." (?) ' l)il Vi.-onlL', Coinpi/nCiio dc lod'U tin o/kyk, Lishoa, 1562, f.il., Iil>. v., p. 2;i, citoil ill lilt; iti mnrias ih fjtt. I'lD-iii'i''' ■'!. N'llf., 174. y.waiiclc, Oj>n.-( DfCcmlKT Jl, 15J5. wlicii ho w.is s.iiil to he 50 yi'.irs olil. Jean ct Sehmlir.n Caliot, No. 28, pp. 2JI-2J(). GuriKRREZ (Juan). — Pilot for the West Indies before 1525- Dor. iiitiliioH ill- Imlleui, XI, II., 547. TjERNANnE;; (Bartolome). — Pilot of Alonso de Hojeda in 1502. N.warrolc, III., 29, note. Tngknio (Diego). — Of Cartaya, in Andalucia. Led French vessels to Cumana about 1528. Ovicdo, Ifii/nria (rt'iin-ni, I., 6n. JALOHKKT (.Marc or Macd). — Pilot of the Cor- niifu in the first expedition of Jacques Cartier to Canada in 1534, and captain of the Petite JLrmine^ in the second exi)edition, 1535. He was still following the sea in 1555 .Mfii'il K.hhl', DnfuinciitoK iiirjliliii, p. 10. ' D'.Vvtv.ic, Sernnd I'"//";/'' '/«' Carlii:v, f'. 6, Jerkz (Juan de). — Of Moguer. Went with Columbus in his first' and second'- voyages. Was one of the pilots of Vicente Vanez Pinzon in the expedition of 1499- 1500. Gave his testi- mony at Santo Domingo, November 10, 1513. ' M.S. Iii/i)riiiai'ioii of Jiuic 12, 1494. "' /'roliaina of Oocomhcr 22, 1535. Nav.irrelo, III., ly, 5S,S. \V:isliint;- ton Irvinj;, Oo/ninhu.t, III., 44, (luoiint; the Koj^iiury Cimniissions, of which ho aociireil copies, which our .American friemU would ilo well to publish in full. Jimi:ni;2, and Ximenez, which see. H:; is also called ORTirno (Fortun). — Pilot-Major of Hernandez de Grijalva in 1533. Due. iiii'ilito.^ de. Indian, XII., 29S, 313. Bernal Viiir., cc, 291. \ ,\ V HlO(;U.\l'IMCAI. N()TKS. ■21 I)AV07.>C, 'S'3- 'loliainu of Roi;\tnry vtiicli our lull. H- is -Major of Ucrnal Jordan (?). — Pilot of Lucas Vasiiuoz de Ayllon's serond voyage in 1516. No such a liilot or name is to he found in the papers re- lating to Ayllon in the archives of the Indies. Hfrtor;!, DfC.xl. III., 241. J. (1. .Shc.i, »;>. i-il. T ADKii.i.ci or l,Ai)Rii.i.KRo(Juan Kernande/.). — rilot of Juan de Vadillo to D.irieii. He was tiic Pilot .Major of Pedro de .Mv.irado in 1541, and went to the Strait of M.igellan in 1558. U'e fust see his name as a ni.niiier in 15.55, having heen examined for the olVue of pilot hy Sebastian Cahot in that year Ovieilo, II., .(60. NnvarfflL', liililioleca iiinrih'iii'i, II., 22'}, 41)0, JjS, ami his Vimje ilrl Sutil, p. xliii. Lkdisma (Pedro de). -March iS, 1513, said to be thirty-seven years of age;' born, therefore, in 147(1, a))p,irently in Seville. (Iregorio Ca- macho heard him say that he accompanied Columbus in his first voyage.' If so, it must have been as ship-boy; but in 149S-1500, he was one ol the pilots of the third expedition,' and in the fourth, 1502-1504, captain of the /7ii ■.;/■/.<'.' lie figures, however, in the official roll only as " marinero.""' Ledesma then was the pilot ill the ex|)edition of Vicente Vafic/. I'inzon" ami Juan Diaz de Solis, 1508-1509. In 151 1, 15 1 J, and apparently in 1514, he was appointed i>ilol to His .Majesty : "Cciliila (U' Hurpis, 6 Ilcci-'iiilir. 151 1, iioinluMilo a I'eilro lie l.olcsnia por pilolo ^v S. .\. i-n la C'asa do Conlratacion om 2400(1 dc ipiit"" al ano. 1512. IVilio lie Loile^ma, piluio con 2.JO00 iIcmIo Mayo."' Ledesma also sailed out as jiilot in the ex- pedition which Juan Diaz de Sulis led to l,a Plata in 1515: " Car''- .sV'i. .1/(H'm i/i lit. Mirriil; mai'.^lro I'ilolo IV'ilio ilo Lcil.'Miia. l'",sla es i|ik- fue ilcsliiiaila para cl viajc lie Juan Hias ilo Solis. .Se ane^ii enlre Tiuria firnie i Cuba liolvii'uilo." " According to that extract, Ledesma was drowned between Cuba and the continent on the homeward voyage ; that is, in September, 1516, when alter the death of Solis, the expe- dition returned to Spain under the command of Francisco de Torres. Las Casas, however, was told that Ledesma had been stabbed to death in Seville." Ledesma was an unreliable man, always in the interest of the enemies of ("olum- bus and of his family.'" The alleged discovery of Yucatan by Pinzon and Solis rests exclusively upon his assertions. ' Navarrele, III., 5)1}. ' H'i'li'in, 5SS. ' Ihidrm. 5J9. * Ihiihin, 556. ' Nav.urolr, I., 294. " //I'-i/oriV, I", 199; anil mipra, p. 45J. ' Murto/ .M.S.S., 1,.\.\V., 24J, 257, 264. ' /'(I'l/i'Hi, 320. * I.as ('a>.as. III., iSo. '"Navar- rele, III., 593. Lk.on (Juan de). — Pilot for the West Indies before 1525. Diiriiniiiiliii iiifilito.'i lit Iiiiliiui, XI. II., 5.15. Lr.KMA (Juan de). — Pilot for the West Inilies before 1525. JhiUrm, Vol. .Xl.ll., 547. LiAi'io (?).- Pilot of Cieronimo de Melo, in 1531, in a voyage to the Rio de la Magdalena. llerrera, Decail. IV., 216. LisiiOA (Joilo de). — Portuguese pilot who visited the coast of Brazil, so early as 1506, says Alexandro de CiusniAo,' and after whom a Hra- zilian river was named. He is said to have conveyed information to Magellan concerning the Cape de Sta. Maria. He was, therefore, still living in 15 19. Ilerrera, Uecail. II., 230. Navarrele, llHilinli'ra iiKirihinn, II., 257. Vnriil\a|;en, Diariti ilf Stiir.ii, 87, anil li's .l/)/)i /ii/iVc (inivto, i;o. Lori'.z (Cristobal). Pilot for the West Indies before 1525. Dtifiiiiiriiltis iiiitliloi iff /»5]-" 'J'hat is the famous expedition to La Plata, equipped at San Lucar, but which sailed from Lepe, not on October 15, but in May, 1515, commanded by Juan Diaz de Solis. Mufioz MS.S., LXXV., 319, 320. Makquez (Juan). — Pilot, who gave his testi- mony concerning Pizarro in 1534. Ilerrera, Decad. VI., 57. Martel (Pedro). — Pilot with Antonio de Scdefio in 1538. Ilerrera, Decad. VI., 120. Martin (Andres). — Called " Martin de la Gorda," because he was the pilot of the ship of that name which carried Columbus to Spain in irons by order of Bobadilla, Oct. -Nov., 1500. Las Casas, Hinloriadt Ian luilitu, II., 501. ALartin (bl.^, >). — Of Palos, brother-in-law of Vicente Yafiez Pinzon. Pilot of Columbus in the third ex[)edition ;' of .\Ionso de Hojeda in 1502,'^ and of Nicuesa in 1509-1510. VVas at Panama in 1527, where he told Oviedo he had seen male sirens. We do not know wl e'her he is the Diego Martin who commanded one of the vessels of Alca^^aba in 1536, being then upwards of seventy years old.' ■ Oviedo, II., p. 466. " Navarrcle, III., pp. 29, 105. 3 Oviedo, II., pp. 160, 179. 1 X ' ^ KlOGRArillCAK NoTKS. 723 for the Martin (I)omcnico).— Pilot of the expedi- tion which was dispatched from San Lucar, in November, 1495. Muiloi: MSS., I,\\V., fo. 156. Martin (Gonzalo).— Pilot, and author of a " Derrotcro para ir de Espafta, desde San Lucar Ji las Indias," which exists in a MS. of the time of Charles V.' He sailed with Columbus in the second voyage,' and was living in 1535.' ' Nnvarrctc, liihliol. mnrilima, I., 594. ' Prohanza of Decfinlier 22, 1535. Martin (Juan). — Flemish, born in 1485. Settled in Mogucr. Pilot of Nifto and Guerra in the expeditidn of 1499. Nav.irrcit, IIF. , 542. Niipra, p. 678. Martin (Perez).— Pilot for the West Indies before 1525. DormuKnlnH incrlilns ile Indian, XLII. , 545. Martinkz (Manuel). — Pilot like the above. Ihidem, Vol. XI.II., 545. Matkos (Hernan Perez), — Of Lepe, born before 1456. Cousin of Martin Alonso I'inzon. Simple sailor' in the first, but pilot in the second" and third" expeditions of Christopher Columbus. Was still living in 1536, when he gave his testi- mony, being then settled in Santo Domingo, at the age of "mas de 80 afios." Furnished details to Ovicdo for his Historia. In the fourth voyage of Columbus there were two Matheoses, Pedro and his son Esteban, both simple sailors.* 'Ovicdo, I., 25; has Casas, I., 290, an 'i I'^ 1 1/ If I ' 1^ 'fj '^ji'i f-'h Vi . I •/ 726 The Discovery of North America. NiEntA (Pedro de). — Pilot for the West Indies before 1525. Documentor ineditOK de Ituiias, XLII., 547. Nino (Andres Garcia). — Royal pilot in 1514, 1515, and 15 16, after having already made a voyage to the American continent.' Was with Oviedo at Xaragua in Hispaniola in 1515,^ when Diego Aibitez sent him to Spain on a mission. Pilot-M.ijor of Gil Gonzales Davila in 1519 and 1521,' he discovered the Gulf of Fonseca. Was in those regions in 1524.* " De pensa- mientos no bajas," says Las Casas of this Nino. ■ Munnz MSS., LXXV., f. 320. Nav.nrrelo, IV., 155. •' Ovieilo, III., 97. ^ J)or. inedilon de liidian, .\IV , 8 (Kxpiiditinn which s.iileil from San Lucar, .Sept. 13, 1521). ■• I'cr.illa, op. rit., 32. ' 1,^^ Casas, IV., 206. ncrrora, Dccail. I., 21, II., 85, 87, III., 119, 272. Niiio (Cristobal Perez). — Of Palos. Master or pilot of the Carderera in the second voyage of Columbus ( 1 493-1496). Nav.irretc, II., 147. Nino (Francisco). — Of Moguer, son of Per Alonso.' Pilot of Columbus in his second voyage (1493- 1496) on board the Nina.'' Pilot also of Pedro Fernandez Coronel (1498-1500).' Perhaps he is the same Francisco Nino who received at Santo Domingo, September 9, 1504, from Francisco de Morillo, by the order of Christopher Columbus, a certain sum of money.* if so, he likewise accompanied him in the fourth voyage (1502-1504). He was a member of the large family of mariners of the name of Nino. Besides Cristobal Perez, Per Alonso, and An- dreas Garcia, mentioned hereafter, we notice Juan Nino, master of the JVifia in the second voyage,'' Francisco, who was ship-boy in that same cx|)edition, and who gjive his testimony at Santo Domingo, Juno 16, 1512, and an Alonso Nino who is probably Pero Alonso Nino, grand- son of the great seaman of that name. They all were from Palos or Moguer. Francisco married Isabel Gonzales de la Caballeria, by whom he had a son, namesake of his grand- father, and who settled at Tunga, in New Granada, Francisco was still living, June 2, 1557. ' Doc. inedifOH de Indian, XVI., 461. ' Prohanza of June 16, 1512. ' Miinoz MSS., LXXV., 191. Docn- mentor fHcnijidon del Archiro de la Cana de Alha, 204. 5 Testimony of K. de Morales and F". Niilo, in the above- cited I'robauza. Nifio (Juan). — .Accompanied Columbus in his first voyage, according to the unpublished depo- sition of Morales, taken June 16, 15 12. Nino (Per Alonso). — Of Moguer. Pilot of the Santa Maria in the first voyage of Colum- bus.' Was appointed pilot of the caravella of Juan Sansueta, which was to sail from San Lucar, February 3, 1496, but set out only June 15 or 16 following, returning to Spain,' October 29, 1496. Such being the case, he cannot have been, as Muiioz believed,' one of tbi pilots of the expedition of Juan Aguado, which was at sea from August 6, 1495, ""'•' ^^ close of 1496. We have the positive testimony of Rodrigo de Bastidas and of Juan Grande,* that Per Alonso Nino accompanied Columbus in his third voyage, not, however, as pilot, but as mariner only.* We infer that after the Admiral returned to Santo Domingo, August 31, 1498, several of his ships were sent back to Spain, and that Nino sailed home in one of them. Other- wire, he could not have been the pilot and partner of Cristobal Guerra," in the ftmous ex[)edition to the Coast of Pearls, as that lasted from the summer of 1499 until Feb. 6, 1500. Nino was thrown into prison when he returned with Guerra.' Mufioz calls him " P" .M" Nino de Ayanguis.'" He married Leonor de Boria, by whom he had a son, the above-menti~ned Francisco Nifio. ' Navarrcle, I., 147, 148, III., 571. ' Las Casas, TI., 127, 180! Niivarrete, VinjeK apncri/ot, 20; Supra, Chronoloijy, p. 673. 'Munoz MSS., LXX\'., 189; Paini, ca|)s. cviii.-cx. * N.-ivarrete, HI., 5S7 ; \Vasliint;ton Irviiij;, HI., p. II. s Herrera, Decad. I., pp. 105, 106. '■ Miimv, MSS., LXXV., 186, 187. Niiio (Rodrigo). — Of Toledo. Pilot in Peru with Gasca in 1548. Was heavily fined in 1550 for allowing to escape twenty-three criminals sentenced to hard labour. Documentor inedilos de Indian, .XL, 511. Vu Y \ 116 2, 1557- Prohanza of 191. DocH- ! Alha, 204. n the aliove- nbus in his shed depo- [2. . Pilot of of CoKitn- :aravella of from San t only June n,« October lannot have hi pilots of hich was at jseof 1496. of Rodrigo * that Per bus in his lot, but as the Admiral 5t 31, 1498, ) Spain, and ;m. Other- e pilot and the famous s that lasted 6, 1500. he returned P" Al" Nino or de Boria, c-menti~ned :,as Casas, TI. , , 20 ; Supra, v., 189; I'ruti, ; Waslunyton . , pp. 105, 106. Pilot in Peru ined in 1550 ree criminals BiocRAi'MicAL Notes. 727 NuiiEZ (Pedro). — Born at Alcazar de la Sal, in Portugal, in 1492. Cosmographer-Major, and professor of mathematics in the University of Coimbra (1544). He is the author of Z>ous Tratados sobre a carta de marear, inserted in his edition of the Tratado da Sphera of Sacro Busto, Lisboa, 1537, folio, and, together with a number of other scientific works, of a Roteiro do Brasil, which we have been unable to find. He was a great opponent of Orontius Finreus, and died in 1577. Navarretc, llinl. de In Xaiilira, 1 71 -174. liibliot. Americana Vetuatinsima, No. 222. NusARDO (Antonio). — Pilot for the West Indies before 1525. DoiumentoK ineditos de Indian, XLII., 545. /^i.iVES (Baitolom^). — A Majorcan cosmo- grapher, who designed several important maps of the New World, in 1532, while residing at Messina. We do not know whether he is the same Bartolomd Olives who continued to make maps until 1584. Supra, Cartoijraphiii Americava VetUKli.isima, No. 197. !>• 5§5- ORTUiio. — See Jimenez and Ximenez. PALOS (Juan Fernandez de). — Pilot for the West Indies before 1525. Documcn'o-i inatilon de Indian, XLII., 545. Pancaluo ( Leone ). — Born at Savona in 1482' (?), and, like ('olumbus, the son of a wool weaver. Enjoyed the personal confidence of Diego, son of Christopher Columbus, whom he must have known in the New World, and who sent him from Hispaniola (where he resided since 1509), January 14, 15 14, a power of attorney to settle certain matters in the province of Cicnoa.' He sailed out as mariner of the Trinidad, in the expedition of Magellan ; but must have acquired the title of pilot before his return to Spain in 1527, as the official documents of the latter date* give it to him. We find Pan- caldo settled in Savona, September 30, 1531, when he entered into a contract with the King of Portugal, whereby, in consideration of the sum of 2,000 ducats, he bound himself not to teach anyone the route to the newly-discovered region {i.e., the Moluccas), and not to construct any map of the same.* October 4, 1531, he refused to enter the service of JoSo III., on the plea of his great age and a desire to take rest, inasmuch as he had neither sons nor daughters ; "Yo soi ya viejo y no tengo hijos ni hijas y queria ya reposar y estar en tierra reposando estos pocos dias que tengo de bevir.'" But if his statement that, August 2, 1527, he was "de 45 anos'" is to be accepted, Pancaldo, in 1531, was only 49 years of age. Yet he is said ' to have perished at sea, in an expedition "all' isola delli I'iori nel rivo della Plata," commanded by Pietro Vivaldi (?), in 1535. ■ Navarrele, IV., 370. " Doc. in Chrinlophe Culomh, II., 238, 450. 1 Navarrele, IV., 12, 378. * Doc. in C"i. H. Belloro, Eloijio di L. P. in Oioruale d. Shidioso, (Jenova, No. of November 13, 1869. ' Doc. in Desi- nioni, flirt moueta, e qualtro docu7nenli re \ Bior.RArmcAL Notks •29 wpnufirr ; "1 Gonzales, all living in 1519. Diego de Lepe and Miguel Alonso are likewise mentioned as belonging to the Pinzon family. ' Navarrete, III., 550. ' O'Ave/ric, CoHniil. .<»)• I'hi^f. dii lire.i\l, 15S. ' N.iv.irrete, III., 559. PiNzoNs.— Pilots of Cortes. We have been unable to ascertain whether they are to be found among the pilots of the name of Pinzon, above or hereafter mentioned. "K t.imliion pi-.Triin o'lus sold.nlos, homlire^ do l,i mar, ciiie se ck-oian !o^ I'eii.ites, y otrns Piir.oiif-t, Ins lino, ii.iliiialc^ lie (iil>raleon y otros ilt; I'alos." liornal Ih.u, cap. ccv., p. 306. Pinzon (Andres Gonzales).-Died before 15 19. Navarrete, III., 145. Pinzon (.\rias Perez). — The eldest son of Martin Alonso.' Went with his uncle, Vicente Yaiiez, in the memorable expedition to Brazil (141/9-1500). He claimed to have accompanied his father to the library of Pope Innoconzio VIII. (before 149;), at Rome, when they were shown a map e.xhibiting transatlantic regions. Gave his testimony at Palos, October i, 15 15, when stated to be forty-five years old. If so. Arias Perez wa.s born in 1470. Not a truthful man. He made another deposition at Palos in 1532,' and seem.'; to have been still living in 1535. ' Navarrele, II f., Sj, 542, 560. -' 1'rohaii/a.i of Nov. I, 1532. Pinzon (Diego Hernandez).— Son of Martin Alonso. Accompanied his uncle, Vicente Vanez, in the voyage of 1499- 1500, and received from the Crown a reward on that account, October i, 1501. Mufio/ MS.S,, I.X.W., 195. Xavarrete, III,, 102. \Vasliint;toii IrviiiL;, III., 44. Pinzon (Diego Martin).— Was living in 15 19, and seems to be different from Diego Fernandez Pinzon, so called. Xavarrete, III., 145. Pinzon (Francisco Martinez). — Apparently the second brother of Martin .\lonso Pinzon. He was mate of the /'/«/as. I. . 260. Pinzon (Juan Martin). — Of Huolv.i, born in 1475, son of Martin .Monso. Gave his testi- mony in 1535, when he abandoned the claims of the Pinzons in favour of the Crown. How- is it that Pedro .\ri.is, who was then living, did not join in that act of renunciation ? J'ioliair.a< of .Xiii;!!,! 24 ami jS, 1^35. N.narrele, III., 145. Pinzon (.Martin .\lonso). — The eldest brother,' born about 1450. Commanded the /"/'//A/ during the first expedition of Columbus. She was a worthless vessel. j He abandoned Columbus, January 23, 1493, returned alone to Spain, hoping to forestall the .Admiral, and is said to have died of grief when, after landing at Bayonna in Galicia, he heard that Ferdinand and Isabella refused to receive him. The statement rests upon the //is/orif." Oviedo, who was ■ .en at the Court, says only* that Pinzon sailed from Bayonna de Mino for Palos, where he entered the port at the same time as Columbus, but fearing to be arrested, he jumped into a small boat and went to hide himself in a retreat, from which he came out only after Columbus had left for Barcelona, that is in April, 1493. An eye- witness, Francisro Medel, says, on the contrary, that Pinzon, landing in a state of illness, w.is taken to his own house at Palos, whence they took him to the Convent of La Rabida : " Venia mato, e lo pasaron de su casa al monesterio de la Rabida, y yo le fue a ver." '' He died liftoen or twenty days afterwards, of remorse, says Las Casas." It must be stated, however, th.-it if the Catholic Kings had had such a contemptible opinion of Martin .\lonso Pinzon as the Historic and the writers who follow in their walk (Herrera, Charlevoix, &c.) pretend, Charles V. would not have granted to his descendants, September 23, 15 19," a coat of arms, recalling the services he had rendered "en cierto viages en doscubri- miento de la isla Esixu'iola," by emblazoning the same with three caravels bearing at the stern a l:.ind which pointed to an island. .Xt'terwards the Pinjons added the device ascribed to Columbus, but modified as follows : 4 s V .'.' I ^1) ^'T if if i ') 3 if" ( i, ! 1 i;;J.|i! 'is m ii.' r ■ '! 1 ■ ■i 'if il i t ia el Cabo ile .San Vicente [.'J . . . con las isl.as questan a la lioca del ilicho Kio que .>e nonibio ' Marina tauibulu [,vi'i'J. "•' March 13, 1505, the officials in Seville were informed that the King " acordado de ymbiar a descobrir por el Mar Oceano las partes que vos diran .\merigo e Vincente Vanez Pinzon."' 'I'his was a mere cloak to conceal a voyage to the Portuguese possessions in the Indian seas, as, shortly afterwards, Piti/.on received the visit of Pedro de Miranda, sent by the King to confer regarding a proposed expedition to tiie "Country of Spice,' which was eiiuipped, but never sailed.' March 24, 1505, he was appointed commander of the fortifications to be erected in Porto Rico, at a salary of 50,000 mrs., transmissible to his descendants." .April 24, 1505, he was made Covernor of that island," with leave to plant a colony. At the same time, letters patent were granted to him for a voyage of discovery t)n the express condition that he should not go to the following regions, /lor beyond : "No iioilaysyr a las islas e ticrra liimu ilmiile Cristobal (iuerra e I'eiiro .Vlhonso [Niiio] irujernn las pcrlas, ni a la ccisla lie edition to the " Especeria," contemplated ilic year before by his father-in-law, Ferdinand of Aragon. To that effect, three shi])s ecjuippcd in Biscay were despatched to Seville, and pl.ued under the command of " Vicinti .\ncz e a .\merigo." August 3, 1506, he wrote to the ("asa de Con- tratacion to confer with Pin/on and \'esi)uccius on the subject,'' but the Casa replied, September 15, 1506, that it was impossible to be ready before February, 1507." The King of Portugal, having heard of this intended violation of the Treaty of Tordesillas, entered a protest, and the little squadron was broken up ; but at'ter the ships had reached Seville. Two of the vessels were sent to Ilispaniola in 1507, under the com- mand of Diego Rodriguez de (kajeda and of \ I m HlOC.UAI'HlCAL NOTI'-.S. 731 Juan de Subano ; the third remained to be armed and equipped by Pinzon and Solis in April, 1507, for their contemplated voyage of discovery in America.'^ These facts prove that Vicente Vancz Pinzon was in Spain in 1506, as well as during the winter of 1506-1507, and that he cannot have named in that year " The IJay of the Nativity," which is a word corresponding to Christmas Day, as he was then at Seville. They further corroborate the conclusion set forth SH/ira, pp. 453-46.4, that Pinzon did not discover Yucatan in 1506, or at any time. Navarrete speaks" of a voyage undertaken by Pinzon and Solis in 1507, with two caravels : "dirigiendose por las islas de Cabo Verde a reconocer el de San Augustin en Tierra-firme," whence they would have returned to Spain. But he quotes no authority, and our impression is that only the voyage of 1508-1509 is meant. " I'or ccdiil.i (lu liiirj^ii.;, 22 mar/xi 150S, se iionihra nuestro I'ilniu .i Viceynte V.inez !'ini,'on." '* The next day, March 23, 1508, he receives letters p.itent for a transatlantic voyage of dis- covery," sailing June 29 following, from San Lucar with Juan Diaz de Solis. That voyage, as we have shown, was accomplished eas/ of the coast of Paria, after an exploration of the south coast of Cuba. Pinzon and Solis returned to Spain,'" November 14, 1509, with a quantity of the metal called " giianines," " which seems to have been a base kind of gold. On landing, Solis was imprisoned, we do not know for what cause, whilst Pinzon received a reward.'" This is the onl\ voyage accomplished by those two mariners jointly, of which there is any trace in authentic documents. This fact should also be noted in connection with, and contrary to their alleged discovery of Yucatan in 1506. March 21, 1513, Pinzon gave his testimony in Seville, and we notice that in the deposition he is called " Capitan de SS. A. A." " Desde 3 li.isl.i 14 febr. y Abr. 4, 1514, se abonan cantiilailes a Vincente Vafiei I'in9on, piloto de S. A. dcstinados jiara el armada que va a. lierra lirine la (lual se des|iach,ava en .Sail Lucar |ii>r Mayo." "' March 21, 15 13, Vicente Yanez Pinzon de- clared himself to be*' " de mas de 50 afios de edad :— more than fifty years of age." «' On the other hand, he died before 15 19.*' But I-is Casas, who knew him personally, states that Vicente Yaficz lived many years after the disco very of .\merica. This seems to imply more than fifty-six years at the time of his death. Triana was his last home. ■ N.avarrete, I., 20; III., 406; III., 75, 102, 112, 294,321,52s. -• An^jliiera, Decad. H., vii., 3S. 'Supra, p. 671. ' Siijira, \i. 679, and Dm: iiinlilot th liiilid-i, XXX., 535. 5 0/;. al., XX.XI., 283. ''Navarrete, III., 294. ' Dm: iiiiilitoK lU Imlinn, X.VXI., 285. « 0/). I'lV., XXXI., 318. ■^/'ii'./.»i, 314. "Navarrete. III., 294: "11., 317; '-III., 321, 322. ''Navarrete, liihiini. mnrilimn, 11., 213. '* Miii-m/ MSS., I,XX\'., 239, 319. '' l^m: inrililo^ de Imlian, XXII., 5-13. "• Siipm. p. 463. '' Dor. iiialilii.i <0 Iiidin-i, .X.XXI., 513. " Herrera, Dcead. I., 189. " Miii'iuz, vhi xKprn. ™ N.ivarrete, III., 547. " Las Cas.is, I., 257. " Na\ar- rcte. III., 145, 547. PiRF.s (Luis). — Portuguese pilot in command of one of the ships of Pedro Alvarez Cabral in the discovery of Brazil, in 1500. Ilumlxildt, Exainiii n-iliipi': V., 87, mite. PiREZ (Andres). — Portuguese pilot, 1500- •i520. Author of an Arff de JVaregar, which is yet unpublished and anonymous, but on f"- 19 we read : " Ksta nauep;acam he boa & verdadeira porqiie foy csperimentada per mini andre pi[re]z em o mar nm,-ijano." (It w.is written towards the year 1517): "desde era de 1517 anno." MS. I'aris National Library, Porttii^nese, No. 40. Ponce (Martin).— Pilot for the West Indies before 1525. DnfununtOK iiinlilns ih India-', XLIL, 547, PoRTOGALETE. — Surname of a pilot not known by his real name, and who was on board a ship belonging to Pedro de Cifuentes, which explored the Gulf of Mexico in 1528. Dni-mnrntoii hirdilon dr. Iiidiri.^, X., 57. Povo (Macias del).— Of Murcia. Pilot of the flag-ship of Loaisa's expedition. Returned to Spain with Fray Andres de Urdaneta, from an expedition to the Moluccas by the way of New Spain. July 24, 1525— September 4, 1536. " V el diebo Macias el ai"io de veinte e ocho (si','), por el mes de Mayo, file proveido de piloto de la nao de Saya- vedra para la Niieva Kspat-ia. " ' ' Navarrete, V., 3')7, and liihliol. maril., I., 100, 106. ■ 1 M: t ^ t li?|! 'iifil t ;' ,i I ( * \l /o .12 TiiK Discovery of Noktii America. 'if'^ I' mm ■ I ! ; J I' t I 'I- \\ or. ' t TuKiUA (Juan dc la). — Pilot of the expedition sent 1))- Kmncisco de (!aray in 1521. Donimiiiliii imililu^ 1\'. , 155. ' D. Harros, Arana, Villa y I'laf/to (II //i.niaiiilo dr. MiKjflUiiici (friim I.onl .SianlcyV excclk-iil work), Irans- laloil in I'lirliiyiiose hy .\lr. !■'. cIl' Maijalliacs Villas licias ; Lisbon, ifiSl. RiiiNUi, (I'edro). — " Piloto Portugues de niucha fama," who came to Spain at the same time as Simon de Alcazaba, that is in 1522, and entered the service of Charles V. Perhaps he is the maker of the Munich map. If so, it must have been constructed when he lived in Portugal, for the configurations of the New- World are certainly too crude and incomplete to be of such a date as 1522. He may al.so be the Reinel junior or senior above-mentioned. IlL-rrcra, Dccail. III., ij2. Reinki. (Jorge).-- Also called " Piloto Portu- gues de mucha fama." Came with the above Pedro in 1522. If the said Pedro and Jorge are the Reinels, father and son, who made the map and globe for the Magellan expedition mentioned by Sebastian Alvarez, then Herrera errs when he places their coining to Si)ain sub anno 1522. Ihidem, Rkvuli.o (Caspar).— Cosmographer, who in- vented instruments for navigating to the Indies. By a ^edula of June 16, 1535, a commission composed of Fernando Columbus, Sebastian Cabot, Francisco Salero, and Alonso de Santa Cruz, was appointed to examine and report on those contrivances. Donimailo.i iiinlilos ik Illdia.^, XLII., 502. ..'•' Rkvk.s (Martin de los). Pilot of Columbv.s in his fourth voyage,' sajs Oviedo, although he dues not figure on the official roll ; and of La Cosa in the e::peditions of 1504-1506,1 and 1507." He was also the pilot of Balboa' in 1513, and one of the twenty-three Spaniards who first stepped into the Pacific Ocean, Oct. 29, of that year. We find him in charge of one of the ships sent by Vazquez de Ayllon to Chicora' in 152 1. He furnished information to Oviedo. ■()\ii de veynle y i|iialii) .Vfui.^ p.ii M [aili] n C.'er.lurioii enbaNadcir de la cununiydail de i;eniiva cun ynierprelacion Siijirn, pp. 569, 573. " Miii"»i/ Manuscripts, LX.XVII., 165. " Navarrete, I., cxxv., note I. RinERO (Diego). — A namesake. Pilot of Diego de Nicuesa in 1508. Ovicdo, II., 469. Roche (Juan). — Pilot of Francisco Pizarro. Gave his testimony at Toledo, May 4, 1534. Ilerrera, Decad. VI., 57. RoDAS (Miguel de). — Pilot and mate in the expedition of Magellan. Returned in the same ship with Sebastian de El Cano in the year 1522. Member of the Badajoz junta,' April 6, 1524. ■ Munoz MSS., f". 52. Hcrrera, III., 116. Rodriguez (Hernando). — Pilot for the West Indies before 1525. Docnmentn.i inediloK dr Indiufi, XLII., 547. Rodriguez (Hieronymo). — Ibidem. Rodriguez (Juan). — Of Palos, born in 1470. Pilot of Diego de Lepe, 1499-1500.' Gave his testimony at Seville in 15 13.' There was a sailor of that name and surname, but from Cibdad Rodrigo, in the second voyage of Columbus," and another, of Huelva, among the survivors of the expedition of Magellan.* ■ Navarrele, III., 553. ■■ PrnhairM of I'ehrnary 12, 1513. ' lii/oniianoii of June 12, 1494. 'Ilerrerii, Uecn.l. III., 553. Rodriguez (Mclchior). — Pilot before 1525. Rodriguez (Sebastian). — Pilot of Diego de Lepe ? RoLDAN (Uartolome). — Of Palos. Pilot of Columbus in his first and third voyages : " liartolonte Koldan, pilolo, tpie fue eon el .Mmiranle en el primer via^e(]ue se descuhrieron las IntliaH, y en el (pie desciilirii') a I'aria." ' That is, he was with Columbus, 1492- 1493, and also from May 30, 1498, until November 20, 1500. How then can he have accompanied Hojeda, from the summer of 1499 to April, 1500, according to the following deposition ? " J.acoine (iinoves salie que con Hojeda fue Hartolonic Koldan."' That this should be possible, we must assume that Roldan returned to Spain with one of the ships which Columbus sent back from Hispaniola in 1 498- 1 499. He is also said to have accom- panied Diego de Lepe : "Juan de Jerez sal)e que Barlnlonic Koldan torno con Diego de Lepe cuando fue a descuhrir la tierra firmc."i Here there is an absolute impossibility, as the voyage of Lepe lasted from December, 1499, until November, 1500. Roldan may have been with Hojeda or with Lepe, but not with both, and we are wholly unable to decide whom to prefer. Roldan had been previously the pilot of Juan Aguado, 1495-1496.' He gave his testimony in 1512 and 1513' at Santo Domingo, when he settled and lived to a very old age, leaving a large landed estate." We think that he is the favourite pilot whom Columbus took with him when, on returning from his first voyage, he paid a visit to the King of Portugal, who gave that pilot a reward of twenty ducats.' ■ N.avarrete, III., 5S3, 5S7, "588, ^iliid. ■* Muiloz MSS., LXXW, 171. 5 /'jo/OTH»rt.« of June 17, 1512, and November 10, 1513. 'Las Casas, I., 443, '466. P- f : .V vi: ^'£ v IV 15io(;i;.\i'iiiCAl. NolKS. 735 RoMJAN " r.i. Mozo " (Juan).— Pilot for the West Indies before 1525. DncumviiloK iii'ilito.i il' linliin, XI. II., 543. Romano (Antonio). — Italian cosmograijher in the service of Si)ain : "A Ids Oliciali's do Sovilla iirclini) [Kin(; Kerdinnml] <|iie su iiifiirmasc, si AiUuiiiii Kniiiaiu), i|IK' duci.iii (|iii; era imii IJncUi, Cusiiiui^riird, i M.iriiii.ro, iiodria scrvir en fsta Armada.." 'I'he ex[)edition referred to is that of Pedrarias Davila of 1514. 'I'he instructions, of which the above is an extract, are not to be found in Navarrete ; nor is there any mention of Romano in the account of Davila's expedition written by Pascual de Andagoya. l'crha[js ho is identical with the Roman Antonio .Maurio, who was imported from Rome in 1508, to aid in making the Padron Real. See iitpra, Maurio. IKircra, Doiad. I., 2S4. Ruiz CvsTAfiLUA ( liartolome ). — " Piloto mayor de la Mar del Sur." Perhaps he is none other than the famous Bartolome Ruiz, although the latter is never called " de Castaneda," but " de Estrada." Mil;'!!),' ■rr.\ii ;cripl^ (?). Ruiz dk Estkada (Bartolome). — "Piloto muy Inieno." ' In the employ of Pizarro and Almagro in 1524. Pilot-Major of their expe- dition ' in 1529; but after having exi)lored in 1526, the t'lolden Casiil.^ He is fre(iuently called only liartolome Ruiz. ' Miiricv. MSS., l.WVll., luj. -■ Di'f. in (Juiiilana, Kxjmmih^ rr/./ins, 17S. ■ (Jviudo, 1\'., II7, 232. ZaraU', lib. I., ca|). 2. Ikrieia, Dec.id. III., 249, Uccad. v.. 49. Ruiz DK LA MONJA ( Pedro ). — Pilot of Pedrarias Daviit. on board the Concepcioii, 1514. .Miinoz .MSS.. 1,.\XV., 320. Ruiz (Saucho).— Pilot of the Santa Maria during the first voyage of Columbus. Nav.irrcle, I., 14S. l.as C.isas, I., 443. Caa (Diego de). — Portuguese. A great mathe- "^ matician, well versed in nautical science, and the opponent of Pedro Nunez. Wrote De Nax'igationi', Paris, 1549, 8vo, which, however, contains nothing about llie New World, or maps concerning the same. .\nlc.niu, Itihiiul. ///»/). ..V-ii-rt, 312. Navatrclu, //i'«'. ill III Xmiiifd, 175 ; llililnii. iiiiiiiliiiiii, I., 35'). II.. 3- .Sai.ava (Sancho de), also called l-'i iava and Zki.ava. — Doctor and cosniograiiher ; member of the Badajoz junta in 1524. Mariied Maria, daughter of Gil Gonzales d'Avila. Munnz MSS., I.NXVII., 54. Amonio, Hlhl. IfiMj), Num, ][., 276. NavaircU', IV., 32K. 333 i'''^. l'"''- iiaililuii di: J inline, new series, IV., 437. Sai.kro (Francisco). — One of the experts appointed to report on the nautical instruments for navigating to the Indies, invented by daspar Revello in 1535. DuniiiHiilun iiinlilii^ ill 111111111, XI, II., 502. Samano (Juan de). — Pilot, who went to the Indies without permission before 1518.' " l^'eclvda de Mtilina ilel Rei, 15 Nov. 1519, cada ano 40,000 nirs. " ■' Seized one of Cortes' ships in 1523.' Accom- plished discoveries in Nueva Galicia by order of Nuno de Guzman in 1531.' ' Ilerrera, Dec.ad. 11., S4. - Muno/. MSS., I, XXV., f'. 213. 'Ilerrera, 111., no, MV., 192, Sanchkz (Bartolome). — Pilot for the West Indies before 1525. JhKUmLiilon iiuditoti ill. Jmlia-i, XLII., 545, 547. Sanciikz (Diego). — Ibidim. Sanch kz ( Francisco). — IbiJem. Sanchkz (Gincs). — Pilot in 1534, when he g.ivc his testimony concerning Francisco Pizarro and Peru. llerrer.i, Decad. \1., 57. Sanchez (Juan). — Pilot-Major in the fourth voyage of Columbus. Died May 17, 1504. N'avarrete, 1., 2S9. Washinj^lon Irvinij, 11., 407. SanchiiZ ( Lazaro ). — Of Triana. Born in 1495. C'ave his testimony with Sebastian Cabot,' in 1535. There was a Lazaro Sanchez among the companions of Pizarro, who in 1533, received a share of the treasures of Atahualpa.- ' /'/-o'lfor-rtuf Uec. 31, 1535. ■' Ilerrera, Decad. V., 55. Sanchez (Lope). — .'\ppointed pilot Oct. 17, 1522. The Council of the Indies, .March 18, !■! •■ H. \ I 'if Iff I ■ .;!'^i! 11 j .t.||: 'W''' III , Hi i t n 7j6 'I'lir: DiscovKuv oi- Noktii Amkkica. lit 1525, removed him on account of his refusal to go as pilot in the expedition of Garcia JofTre de Loaysa to the Strait of Magellan. Million M.s><., I.XXVI.. 279. 2S0. Ilcrrcni, IVc.i.l. III., 215. />7 MSS., I, XXV., 320. UcrrcT.n, IVcml. 11., ,?6. Santa Cruz (Alonso de). — Of Seville.' " Archicosniographus Regius sub Carolo V.," says Antonio ;' but our impression is that he held the office only under Philip II., although alreidy noted as a cosmographer in 1536. This is shown by his own testimony, given December 31 of that year, to the effect that " es cosmo- grafo y ha averiguado el padron verdadero de la navegacion de todas esta tierras [de I'aria y Cumana] con el senor liccnciado Carvajal."' He was then only cosmographer of the Casa de Contratacion. He had previously accomi)anied Sebastian Cabot in the expedition to La Plata (1526-1530), where he seems to have seen traces at Cape Frio of the establishments founded by Americus Vespuccius,' and also sirens of the sterner sex.' He is the author of a celebrated (and as yet unpublished) Islart'o, from which we have borrowed important informatior,'' and he has furnished Oviedo with geograjjhical data concerning the east coast of South .America. Santa Cruz seems to have died in 1576.' He conversed with Fernando Columbus concerning the discoveries of his father : " lo oyo decir .\ I). Fernando Col6n que dice ser Itijo de D. Cristdbal CoWn."'* Santa Cruz wrote a number of works, none of which, except one,' were ever printed, but four of them still exist in the National Library at Madrid, viz.: Orniiii'a ill ln.i Itri/, x CiiJol''-i)i F'niiiinlo •• fii'lh I (1. 24. yohilnrid '•'• iii'rct/. — \', 105, 9. Lilirn til' h/ii.iiiiii'.i, I'.-irt II. — Z, IlS. Lihro ill liiiii/itiiili^, y iiiaiii-m i/in lin.i/ii nlinm r^' Itii li'iiiilo en i-l aril: ih iinfnjar. DeilicMtwl lu I'liilip II. -Aa, 97. We have been unable to ascertain whether he ever wrote the General Geografia announced in his Islario. Perhaps it is the geographical woik mentioned by .Mcxio \'enegas, and which is lost. I''r(t, No. 227, ]). 621. ' \'iMH"^:is, Dii'i fiirln ill lilii'iiM, cap. xvi, ' .\iil(iiiiii, Hililliil. Ilinp. S'lirit. ' I'riihiiiK.ii ipf DcciniluT Jl, 1536. ' .Vildlf V'.\rnlia^;iMi, .S'h//' inijinrlnir.n il'iiii miiiinvnllo iii'illtn. \'ii.nii.i, 1S69, 8vii, i>. 41 ). M)vinlci. II , 179. ('i>liiiii1ius mnilc llif same .isstrtiiin, liul his sirens wore fcinali'. In cillirr case ihi.'y were, of nuirsi', siniplt" nianalcTs. ' Sn/ira, ]>. 2^7. ' Navarri'lc, Oiiiniiilun, II., 6|-,S6. " I'liihnmn almvi- cilcd. '' Ifilitiinii i/iii' hiut al roiiMJti ihl i-ry ilr /iw Aiiiiln ili Orrnnlinn ili: ^itri/a, in Zurila's .'\nnals, Znraj;ossa, 1610, Vol. VI, Sant Martin (.\ndrcs de).— Pigafetfa calls him "San Martino de Sevilla;' hut Kohl says that he was a Frenchman. In February, 1512, we sec him in the em]iloy of the Casa de Con- tratacion, and occupying a position among scientific mariners sufficiently high to become a candidate for th.^ post of Pilot-Major of Spain, just rendered vacant by the death of Americus Vespuccius.' " Por cc'Iiila (Ic Hiirijns, 1512, 22 do Mayi>, nonilirando a .Nndies do .S, Martin pilcilo do S. A. cun 20,000 do salario. " Idem in 15 16, 1517, and 1519,* Sant Martin accompanied Magellan as an " astrologer," says Barros.' I5y thai term must be understood " astronomer," for we Know of astronomical ob- servations made by him ..t Rio Janeiro," when the Sti/i Antonio, on the roll of which he figures as pilot, was in that [lort, Dec. 13-16, 1519. He is one of the twenty-seven members of the expedition who were treacherously murdered in the island of Matan, May i, 152 1, three days after Magellan." Sant Martin wrote two accoM its or journals of that expedition, which were in flic possession of dines de Mafra, and taken away when the Portuguese authorities imprisoned him at Lisbon " in 1523. ' I'iijafotla, Xan'tinfinii it ili urotivri'innil ili- la liiille. Siijii rleiin , MS. •■ Isold, Diiinreri/ nf Afaiiif, 213. 1 Navarrote, III., 307. < Muilnz M.SS., I, XXV., 213, 214, 217, 265. 5 Barros, Docad. III., lib. v., cap. ix. " Ilorrora, Dooail. II., 104. ? X.avarrole, in.,66; "IV., 3S7. Wo prosnnio that is the origin of the stalomonts of Ilorrora and I'inolo rnlativo to an .icrount inlitloil Del ili-i''iihriiiiii iil,i ill I I xlriflii) tlr MwiallaiiKK. >' f.* n 1'.|(m;K.\I'IIIC.\I- NiiTl'! 7i7 Ski.iL'KH'.a (I)ioj;o l.opc/ cic). -Considcrcil by the Spaniards as one of tlie two most competent niL'ml)i.'rs of the lladajo/ junta in is-v). \\w\nf. MSS., I,\\\ II., S'**. SKKKANO(Juan Rodriguez). -I'ortuj^uese pilot settled in Seville.' Antonio de Urito and I'ttcr Martyr, however, call him a Spaniard.' lie ac- companied Alonso Velez de Mendo/a ' in i.(9(;, and I'edrarias Davila in 15 14. "Ceiliihi. M^viliiil S fohr. I5l.(. ' rili.i.. i:.iii j.xxjo mrs. lie snhuin." f{e figures among the pilots of the expedition to La I'lata,' whit h was to sail in May, 1515, and commanded the Santiii,i^li.in .\lvarcv, in N;ivani'lc, IV., 155. ' Angliiorn, DfC.ul. 111., lil>. v., 54. Niivariclf, IV., 30S. ^ Ihu: iiuiUhtu ill liiilirii, WW!., 455, ami I'aiwir oi Nnv. 13, 1515, iininililinlKil. liiU c|\U)teil liy N.Wiurclc, 111., 594. ■> Munu/ MSS., l.X.W., 25, 214, 2JI, ^ i'l)- Ovit. 5, c.\\>.. 7 anil S. '' Ovir.ln, II., 15. .\n;,;liiti;\, iilii citjirn. SiLVA (J "1 de).-— Of CJraciosa in the .\zores. Pilot who was to accompany NLagellan in 1519, but went as passenger only in the Coiicepdon. Si-ltt-.li,\n .Vlvaiw, in Navaiicir, I\'., ly, ami 153. SiMor.NS (Sebastian). —rortuguese pilot, who wrote to the King of Portugal a letter concern- ing a new route to the Moluccas, but, through the Strait of ^L^gellan, April iS, 1527. Muno' MSS., 1,\\\ 11., 55- SoLADOR (Diego Sanchez). — Pilot for the West Indies before 1525. Dim iiiiv ./'"< iii'ili'o< ih liiilia-<, Xl.II., 547. SoLis (Bias de). — Juan Diaz de Solis' brother. "CecUila (le I,iii;r'>nii, 2S Scpl. 1512 nuniliiailo a lllas ilu Suli., l'il'>'.o lie la C'asa [ile C'.Milralaoinn] ci.n 25000." lllas de .Solis was the brotherin law of I'lan- cisco de Torres, by whom he was succeeded as " I'iloto de Su .Mtez.a," and died Dec. 12, 1514- Murici/ M'^s.. I. XXV., 205, ,ii.). \2^. Soils (Juan I )ias de).— A jiilot born in Por- tugal, says Dami.lo de (Iocs.' This pretendi'd Portuguese nationality may be due to a homony- mous sea cai)tain of the time, who w.is born in Portugal. January 21, 1517, the Spanish government wrote to the Casa de t^ontratacion : "Juan Diiv lie Suli^, I'lUlnniii'-., \iiui Inijrmln a i-^loi reynii^ ile Ci-liila ilevli' I'nil.i^.il, |">i nui.li,,- lainiineH y ei'i'Mii i|iii' alia lialiia liei-lm." ' (The complaint was that this Solis had equipped several vessels in Seville, and gone to Brazil, fro.e whii h he boldly returned to luiro|ie, with .\ cargo of dyewood.) Peter Martyr'' and Oviedo,' however, say that Solis was a n.-uiv.; of Lebriva, in Spain, and domiciled at Lepe.' 'The first time he appears in the e. iiiloi,, niayur en lugar pur falleeiniienM ile .\inirit;ii \e>|uulii." '^ LI is salary was 50,000 mrs., 10,000 of which he had to i)ay, and did pay, to Maria Oerezo, the widow of his predecessor.' Solis then led the expedition to La Plata, which sailed October 8, 15 1 5, according to lierrera,"' who seems to have had access to the original documents con- cerning that unfortunate voyage. We must say that Munoz states that the "armada se despa- chava en S. Lucar i>or Mayo."" This may mean that the expedition was eipiipped only in May, at San Lucar, but that it sailed from Lepe 4T < I i i I J J >l'f ► .■f.^'- WM" I I, « i ,1 !■ 1 : ,' ' • 1 ■ ir. ^ u i i^' *^if ■A 1 1)1 • U ■: ^ f ^ •, ; :i Ml- *. ■ 738 Till-: DiscoviiKY OK North Amki'ica. in October.'- He was killed and eaten up by the Indians of the Charruas tribe, before Sep- tember, 1516; when the expedition returned to Spain under the command of Francisco de Torres, his brother-in-law. We infer the date of the death of SoUs from the fact that, November 16, 15 16, .Andres de San .Martin was a candidate for the oflice lield by liini, because " agora es fallecido"; but the e.xpedition had already returned to Spain, September 4, 1516.'^ ' I)o (loos, CItronird iJo Huj M(uniil, 11., 437. • Ihu-. Uidlitns th Iiiiliiix, .\I., 21)1. ' .\ii(;liicni, Dirml. lib. \.. I . 4J. •• Osicilo, II., 167. -^ l)(ic. iimlll. (Ii /»i//n.<, NNII.,5. '.■>'«/';•«, pp. 45_5-4(']4. " Jiiao MimhIlv \'.is- coiicillo>, ill NnvaiiL'ti', III., 127-1 53. " Miifi'v MSS., I,.\\\'., 2f>5, 213, 230. ' Xnv.iiicir. III., 305. "■ llLricia Decail. II., ii. " Miino/, n^/. i,'t,, ^itj. '-' I,i\s Cnsas, IV., 270. '- Na\an'ili-, HI., 307. Soi'Ui:kt.\.- -t)f r.ilos. Pilot of Fernando Cortes at a very old age. iiruial 1 *ia/, (Tw SoTH. (Fernandez). — I'ilot of Francisco ("lOr- dillo in the exiiedition sent, in 1 521, by Lucas Vazquez de Ayllon and Juan Ortiz de Matienzo to the continent west of the liahanias. Hi\A.i.)H, t'< rm:ano llu Xdrijutui-, 70. .'-'Ilc.i, Ohl J-'/iiiii/it, 23S. Soto (Diego de). — Of 'I'riana, born in 1500. Pilot, who gave his testimony in 1535. l'i-til:(iir.ii.t uf DccciiiIkt 31, 1535. Soio (i'Vancisco de). — Spanish I'ilot, but who remained on shore. "(\ilul.i i|.' N'.illa.ii'li'l, 5 Sept. 1513 iiiiin!ii;uiilo a l-'raiU'iM'o do C'l'lci riluto con 25000 paia <|uo o^ti' on '-11 casi i sii-va 011 lo i|Ul' so lo innnilaro. I'.uooo un pilntn sin obliijaciciii do n.-\voyar. I'oi mra oodid.i do .\ranila, 2S [uliu 1515, .so ciincoilo . Niiviiiiclu, jrated pilot lat lie had ericus Ves- la casa de 5;iged as a rcia, i'ilnlo i ,000."-' ed eighteen ece, for the ,ra says that the Badajoz , is that he ressed from ;s v.* The has reached ere, bearing dnliil piir mimi LIS (Ic navot;ar :r Martyr, in of the New e IJbri dtlle we beheve, )oc., 1534. y great repu- s of hiiu : cial lie li.i/Lrlas l.ij y tialiajn de I/, inipul>li>botl, , 67. - .Mumiz \ 180. * Ajnifl (t, PP- S'**. 597- (III (:( Si'ha^lli II ^ BlOCRAPIIICAL NOTKS. 739 ToRKK (Hernando de la). — Of Burgos. Com- panion of Garcia de Loaisa, and describer of his expedition to the Strait of Magellan, August 2, 1525— June I, 1526— June 11, 1528; pro- bably the best account of all. Navairetc, V., iloo. xiv., 241 •31 3. ToRRi'.s (Francisco de). — Brother-in-law of Juan Dia/. ' and Bias de Solis.'^ "Cf'liila lie Maiisilla, 24 Xnv. 1514, n-oibiLMiiln pot niR'sIro pilotci Kranci^co ili- Torres en liigar e jior vaoalioii do sii defuiilo cuiiado Bias de .Solis eon iyual salario."- I(/em in 1515, 1516, 1518, and 1519. " He brought back to Spain the remnants of the ex- pedition of Soils to La Plata, in Sept., 1516. ' Navarrele, HI., 135. - Mm'io/ MSS., LXXV., 49, 322. ' Il;;i,m, 344. Trist.an (Diego?). — Portuguese. Pilot in the service of Spain in 152 j Munoz \!SS., LXXVH., 55. TTmiiui.\,' or DE i.A Umiiria, or nic Ungakia'^ ^ (C'lOnzalcs de). — Pilot of Cortes" in 1519, and had his toes cut off as a punishment.* He returned to Siiain in 1524. and placed himself under the protection of Fonseca. ' lieriial Diaz, Ivii., rul,(iir.(i-' of January 3, 1515. Umi!K1a (Pedro de).— Oviedo states positively that he was one of the pilots of Columbus in his fourth voyage : " Kn el ([uarto e ultimo viage . . . con quatros caravelas . . . de las ((uales eran pilotos Pedro de Umbria, e Diego Martin Cabrera, e Manin de los Reyes.'" l':iscwhere, referring to the countries discovered in the course of that expedition, he invokes the testi- mony of those pilots, as having himself heard it from them ; " Segund yo oy h los pilotos Pedro de Umbria c Diego Martin Cabrera, e- Martin de los Reyes, y a otros que se hallaron en ello."' Withal, it must be stated that Pedro de Umbria does not ap[)ear in any capacity in the oflicial roll of the expedition," which, however, mentions only one pilot, Juan Sanchez, Pilot-Major, who died May 17, 1504. Nor do we feel certain that this Pedro de Umbria is the Pedro de I'mbria who accomi>anied Diego de Nicuesa in 1508. The latter Pedro lost his life in that expedition ; consequently, Oviedo could hnve "heard" him give information only before that time, which is an early period on the part of Oviedo for collecting data concerning a history which he only commenced writing in 1532. "Hernandez de Oviedo vezino de la I'.spanola lia tenido cuidadi> y inelinacion de sereiiir la.^ eosas de Indias : ofreee llevar adelanle su Irahajo >i se le da algiin salario para el i;a-lo de reeoyer nialerias i nianlener un oheial . . ."' Then when he speaks of the Pedro de Um- bria of Nicuesa, he seems never to have heard of him before : " Alii fuesse un piloto, llamado Pedro de Umbria.'" So does Peter Martyr, when relating his death ; nor do either of them recall his supposed agency in the fourth voyage of ('olumbus. 'Oviedo, II., 135, W>T- "'■- 7S. ' Nav.\rrele, I., 2S9-29(i, * Munoz MSS., I.XX\'., 7.S, s»'i ninio 1532. Umhria (Pedro de).— We are unable to state whether the present is only the above. " Mm Herai;via was foiinde by llie vnrorliniate deslenie nf IVtrvs de Vml.ria. I'or lie, bein^e a man of promiit uy'ie and api forwardenes lo atlemple ihyii^es . . . tooke vpoii liyni the aduenture lo si'arehe llie shore to ihe inleiil to lind a wave for bis felowes. . . Hiil Vniliria willi ibe other eleiieii, were vllerlye easle away."— " .\lli fiiesse un piloto, Uamudo IV.lro de L'lnbria."" These two ipiotalions refer to the expedition of Diego de Nicuesa, S7i/' anno, 1508. ■ .\ni;hiera, Dee.id. II., 28. M jviedo, II,, 467. Ukdanlta (Andres de).— Of \'illafranca dc Cuipu/.coa, born in 149S. Accompanied Juan i "'i .< ■I ■f. ■ 4 • : l,li PI i f : ,i(, 740 'I'liK DiscoviiKV OK North iVMKRicA. I rji i i\ n nh I', ill r^ H .: ( Sebastian dc Elcaiio in the expedition of Loaisa, which he has described with tiie pilot Macias del Poyo.' He was on board the Saiuti S/iri/us, which was lost entering the Strait ol' Magellan : " .Sc in-riiin a la ciiliaila del Ivstruflit) al tMbo dc* I is Once mil X'irglncs, scis iiicscs |H)Ci) i»a> <) nicDn^ dL'-.|tiK-s .\.s (Juan). — Pilot of the vessel on which were first tried the nautical inventions of Diego Riheiro. N.naireU-, //l.<^ ili In Xdiili'iii, J64. \'.\RA (Francisco). — Of 'I'riana. I'ilot of Pedro de Vadillo in 1525 at St. ^L^rta. " lloiiilire ilie.^lro in la navet;acion, pero mny iHir>.ulo en Masfeniar. ' (Kiedo, Jliilon'a (•'iiiini! ili: lin Jinlidx, II., J50. Diiruiiii iiliix iiiiili/nti i/i Iiii/iii", .\I,II., 545, Vasql'i:z (Loien/o). — Pilot for the \\"est Indies before 1525. hv'llll'-lilijl iliulilO" ill- Illillllx, .\1.1I., 445. Vklasco. — He may be Ped'o Velasco, the pilot of Diogo de Teive in the discovery of the island of Flores, one of the Azores.' This Velasco is represented as a S|)anish captain who cxi)lored the St. Lawrence in 1506. 'I'be chief authority for the statement is doubtful. ■ -IccAi'ro (/oi .1, on .<, I., 250. l.e lilanc, /.<-■ Vtnjitiie-^ i'liiiiiii.v, Pars Ml.,6j. L'liarlevol\, Ififl. ili In Xt'iinlle Friiiir: , I., 4. Vesi'uccu'.s (.'\mcricus). — Son of a notary. Porn at Florence, .NLirch 9, 145 1.' (Jclober 19, 1476, was at 'I'rebbio, where he had t.iken refuge on account of the plague.'- We [lossess sixty- eight letters addressed to him in 1483, 14S8, 1489, 1490, and 1491 (1492 new style), at Florence." These letters arc nearly all directed "Amtri,i;/io di Sir Nasta^o [issued t'rom Mr. Anastasio] Vespuci . . . In aisa di Lorenzo di Piiio Fraihfico de' Media [in the house of Lorenzo, issued from Piero Francesco de Medici].'' They relate to business matters chicdy, showing that he was tiien employed in the commercial firm of the Medici in that city, and in direct correspondence with the head of the house, Lorenzo (cousin of Lorenzo the Magnificent), which indicates a certain position. If we accept as authentic the fragment of a letter discovered by Bandini' in a private collec- tion, Ves|)uccius was already in Spain, at Cadiz, January 30, 1493 (1492 old style).' A letter addressed by him to Corrado Stanga, the diplo- matic agent of the .Medici at Cenoa, dated l)(!ceuiber 30, 1.(93 ('49' "'^1 •'■tyle), represents him as being then settled in Seville as a nier- cliant." On the other ''and, as the last letter addressed to him in Florence (which has reached us), is that of Pasilius de Monte, dated " a di x Novembri.s 1491,"" or '492 new style, we are authoiised to infer th.'a \'espuccius emigrated to Spain in the winter of 1492-1493. In the ac- count, ascribed to hiin, of his first transatlantic voyage, there is the following statement : " I'll nintivu della iieniila una in ((uesln re^;no di Spajjn.i III [iir Iraelare nieri'atantie ; ol come se^nissi in <|'sli) pioposiiii circa di i|uatlro anni .... delilierai lasciarmi della miTcantia .... inidisposi ilandaro a iiederc parte w. I . \\ A tF\: BiocRAi'iHCAi. Notes. 741 del nvivU' . . . :--Tlie rerjMin (if my miiiiiiK to lliis kinu- (Idin cif Sii.iin was In ongaRL- in opinmurcial imisuits ; Imt artcr folliiwiny tliat iiccii\)atinn for aluml four years, 1 ilcciduil 10 leave olY l)usincss . . . ami tovisil llie dilVerenl liarts cifUie World. ''" 'I'ho account further states that he sailed on that expedition: "del porto di Calis adi 10 niaggio 1497."' His sojourn of four years in Spain would then date from ^^ay, 1-193; whilst the letter of IJandini shows Vespuccius as already in Spain, January 30 of that year. It may be rejilied, and the terms of that letter authorise the supposition, that he was then simply travelling in Spain,'" and that wc can consider him as actually settled there, within the meaning of the account, only when he wrote the letter to Stanga, viz.: " Sybilic die XXX decembris SI" CCCC" LXXXII [1493- "• «•] But, as that document affords no clue to ascer- tain how long before he had taken his domicile in Seville, wc must either see a contradiction between the statement contained in the account of the first voyage, or consider Vespuccius as liavin" removed to Spain in May, 1493. On the other hand, if the llandini fragment is ac- cepted, the date should be reaioved back to January preceding. The oljjcct of this analysis is chiefly to ascer- tain whether in one case or in the other, Ves- puccius may have met then C^olumbus in Spain. We must answer in the affirmative, as the great Genoese was at Seville (with the exception of a short time spent at Barcelona and Cordova) from March i to September 25. 'I'he expression of Columlius when speaking of the Morentine : " lie I'.as always endeavoured to be agreeable to me,' " may therefore date from the time when Columbus returned from having accomplished his great discovery," but not froni an earlier period. The analysis shows likewise that the statement so often rep'eated by historians, that Vespuccius accompanied Columbus in his first expedition, is altogether devoid of truth. We next see his name " in documents only January 12, 1496, when he ajtpears as carrying out a contract made by a Florentine merchant, established in Spain, probably at Seville, since at least i486, and called Juanoto Bcrardi. At that date, .Xmericus acts as administrator or liquidator, on account of the death of Bcrardi, which had occurred in December, i49S- It has been asserted by Navarrete and 11 um- b(jldt that Vespuccius remained at Seville, managing the llerardi firm" until at least May, 1898. This assertion, if true, would dismissal once the alleged authenticity of the voy:ige of 1497 — 1499, which, chronologically, we must now mention. T.ut as we have twice already stated," there is not a particle of evidence on that point, beyond a reference to Mut'.o/, who is represented as having found proofs to the effect that X'espuccius remained in charge of the Bcrardi firm, and as such, eciulpped the third expedition of Columbus (spring of 1498). The document where such proofs are said to have bejn discovered, is the register — Gaslos dc las Armadas dc las Iiidias — of the Casa de Contra- tacion of Seville. Now the only datum ever extracted from those books, referring directly or indirectly to .Americus \'espuccius, is the above- mentioned receipt of January 12, 1496. -And although a controversy has l)een raging for the last ninety years relative to the authenticity of the voyage of 1497, and in which Navarrete, Santarem, Varnhagen, and others took an active part, exploring even anew the archives of Seville, those records,- the mere p.oduction of which would luave decided the point definitely,— never coulu be made to yield a single name or date to substantiate the assertion ascribed to Munoz." The whereabouts of Americus Vespuccius after January 12, 1496, therefore can be ascer- tained, thus far, only from the account of his first transatlantic voyage, said to have been written by him, and in which it is stated to have been acconiplish.ed under the Si)anish fl.tg, and to have lasted frcin May 10 or 20, 1497, '•"''''' October 15, 149S or 1499. "Adi 15 doclobre 149s,'' says the Italian text ; " XV. Octobris die anno Domini Mcccclxxxix (sic /^ro Ixxx.xix),' prints tiie Coswoi^mp/iiac intrcdtutio. .\s it is % I 'ill 1''! Ill' I it lii n % IWil 74= The Discovkkv of North America. \n If. ! I I h ;l ■ ■1/ I'i a ;l. ' 1 M ^■■h said therein that the voyage occupied eighteen months : " ncl qual uiaggio stc ' mo. i8. mesi," and "in qua profectione xviii consuminavimus menses," the date of 1499 is necessarily the cor- rect one. At all events, there having been at that time so many transatlantic voyages, both legitimate and clandestine, shows that, a priori, and chronologically speaking, thus far, this first expedition of \'espuccius is not improbable. The next data are also to be derived from statements ascribed to \'espuccius, concerning his second c.\|)edition. This is represented to have taken from May 16, 1499: " adi 16. di ISIaggio 1499," until September 8, "adi 8. di Septembre," but of what year is not stated. The account, however, does not allow a duration of more than sixteen months, and the voyage therefore terminated in 1500. Still there is at the outset an impossibility, which applies either to tiie first or to the second expedition, viz., the date of May i6, 1499, for the depatture of the latter. It is certain that if Vespuccius did not return from his first voyage before October 15, 1499, he could not have sailed on the second expedition May 16 of that year. Now, we have the testimony of .'^'onso de Hojeda that Vespuccius, together with La Cosa, accompanied him in his first exploration of the .Vmericm continent : " on eslc viage, trujo con- sigo a Juan de la Cosa, c Morigo Vespuche."'' The date when that expedition sailed is not known exactly. We only know that it was in the summer of 1499,, and can fix its return before July, 1500. This voyage embraces, therefore, about fourteen months of \'cspuccius' second expedition. To account for the remain- ing spare of ten weeks, we must assume that one of the four shii)s of Hojeda did not return with the others, but about two months and a half later, and that N'espuixius was on board that ve>-el. We have next two more expeditions, but they were accomplished under the Portuguese flag, and known only by the accounts also ascribed to N'e.spuccius. The first of these lasted from May 10, 1501 : "adi . 10 . di Maggio 1501," until September 7, 1502 : "adi . 7 . Septembre del 1502." The second, from May 10, 1503 : "adi . 10 . di Maggio 1503," until June 18, 1504 : "adi . 18 . di Giugno 1504." September 4, 1504, Vespuccius was in Lisbon, where he finished writing the account of his four expeditions, or the abridgement of the same which we possess, in Italian and Latin. He is next seen in Seville, where, February 5, 1505, Christopher Columbus entrusts him with a letter for his son Diego, who was at the Court. Wc notice in that letter the following charac- teristic passage ; " l-';\lilc cull ,\nicrii;o Vespnclii, pniUidiir de.-t.i, I'l ciial va .illii il:\inail(> sobre cosas tic iiavcj^acion. Kl .sicinpre luvo ileseo iIi; mc liactr placer: cs miicliii IkmiiIhc de liien: la fcirtuna Ic ha sido ccmtraiia cnmo a olms muchos: siH tribajos no le ban aprovtchado tantn coino la ra;ron iX'i|iiioie. El va por inio y eii iiiuclici dusou dc baccr cosa que rudonde ;i mi bicn, si a siis manos est.i. ^'o non se (ie aca en que yo le empon(;a cuie .i ini aproveclie. porque non se (|iie sea lo (|ue all.i le qiiiereii. El va delciininado de li.acer por mi lodo lo a el cpie fiiese posible. Ved .alia en (Hie [luedc aprovcchar, y tiab.ajad por ello, que el lo haia todo y fablara, y lo porn.! en obia ; y sea Uido lo (|Ui- se haj'a podido decir que ttMiue a eslo, se lo lie diclio, y enforinado de la pn^a (pie a mi se ba fecbii y se liaz :— I liave spoken witb .\nierij;o \"espuclii, who bears this letter, and lias lieen summoned to the Court for maritime atfair.. lie has always endeavoured to be ajjreealile to me, and \^ a very worthy man. fortune ha^ proved adverse to iiim, as to so many others, and his ellorts did not prollt liim .as they oiiyht. He starts fripin here in the best disposition to aid me in somelliini; useful, if he pttssibly can. I am at a loss what to refpiest of him, as 1 do not know wlial he is called for at tlie Court. Ves- puccius goes hence determined to do fi>r me nil he can. See in what way he can be useful to me, and stud) [your- self] the matter over, a^ he «ill do everylhing, as well as speak .and set all means at work. Hut let all this be done secre'ly, so that they should not suspect him. So far as I am concerned, I have told him all I could about my own alVairs, and how I had been and am rewarded.""* \'espucciu3, on his return from 'I'oro, settled in Seville. .Xpril 11, 1505, he is already called " Vecino de la cibdad de Sevilla." .\pril 24 following, he was naturalised a Castillan subject, " for the good services which he had already rendered and was expected to render to the crown of Castile and Leon." ' ' Immediately p. ■\ ' \\ V BlOCKAl'lIICAL NOTKS. •43 afterwards, he was instructed to prepare, con- jointly with \'icente Vanez Pinzon, an expedition to the Molucca islands. He was at Moguerand Palos in the si)ring of 1505, where he met one Pedro de Miranda, who had been sent to make entjuiries concerning the same; " consultar e fablar con Amerigo e \'icente Yaficz en lo tocante a la armada que se ha de facer por man- dado de S. A."-" The conference with Miranda was renewed in June following. It is, doubtless, the expedition which was ecjuipped in liiscay, " para descubrir la especeria," and is mentioned in the cedula of August 23, 1506.'-' .September 15, 1506, the Casa de Contratacion sent Ves- puccius to the Court to inform the King that the squadron could not be ready before 1507.2' In fact, it was broken up, owing to the protest of the King of Portugal. ~' But how can we reconcile those dates, all derived from authentic documents, with the letter of Hieronymo Vianello ? That Venetian military man writes to the Signoria, in a letter dated : " ISurgos adi de- zembro 1506," that two ships which had been sent on a voyage of discovery beyond Hispa- niola, under the command of Juan Biscaino [I,a CosaJ and Almcrigo Fiorentino, have just returned to Spain."' It is true that Juan de la Cosa returned from such an expedition during the last two months of 1506, but those who accompanied him were Martin de los Reyes and Andres de Morales; whilst there is no mention of Amtricus Ves- puccius in connection with that most successful voyage, which lasted nearly two years.-' According to the despatch sent from Burgos, March 16, 1508, by I'Vancisco de Cornaro to the Signoria of Venice, the Spanish government was preparing an expedition to the Moluccas, to be entrusted to Vespuccius in that year : "Alnifiico KiorciUiiio lia linviitu diiaiti 13 1:1. ikllc traltc lie dcUc Insiilc el clic i per aiulaie n prnveilere -le liuoiic nnvi .i Diseiiylia, le i|iiali Uuie perelie viiol fare inueslire de piombo el ane nuiidiia I'iliito Maycir a .Vmeriyi) \'ispuelie, veziim de Sesilla, eun ^.,-lal•il> i!e 50,000 [with aildili'inal 25,000] mis." ■' Then is the entry sit/> anno 1508 as follows ; " t^iue pa^-'i a .Amerigo Vespiielie e l)ie^n Undii^uez ile (irajeda e l''.slcl)aii de .Sanla Celay, maeslres de las iiaos tie S. A. e olras personas, per eosla da la liaeieiida (pie piocedii't de la armada de la e-peceria este ano de oelu) [150SJ 161,392 mrs." '■ This does not refer to an ex[)edition .sent to the Indian seas in 1508, but to the settlement of the expenses incurred for that intended voyage, initiated in 1505 by l-'erdinand of Aragon, revived in 1506 by Philip the Hand- some, ecjuiiiped partially by N'espuccius, but abandoned when the King of I'ortugal entered a protest against the fitling-out of that expedition, as we have already stated. The following re- capitulation of dates shows that \'espuccius cannot have been at sea during any of those periods. 1507. November 26, Americus \'espuccius is ordered to repair to the Court."" 150S. February, March 14, 18, and 22, he is with the Court at Burgos.'" 1; !, ii^i i m J -■■\ ,1 i i.; u B »|i j i • iU' I I'. 1; .1 \^l I ; i!:i:' n I J r ;^r 1^=.^' li I 744 The Discovkkv of North America. 1508. August 18, a new (;edula increases his duties as Pilot-Major, requiring him to ex- amine pilots, and to gather cartographical data for the model map> 150S. December 9, he corresponds from Seville with Cardinal Ximenez." 1509. June 12, he is still in Seville,*' and from that time to the date o( his death, February 22, 15 1 2, he collects in person regularly, his salary as Pilot-Major." It is scarcely necessary to add that he had nothing whatever to do, personally, with giving the name of America to the New World. This has been the work of a German cosmogra[)her called Martin Waldseemiiller, who invented and applied the word in 1507, while writing his Cos- mogral>hiae introductio at St. Diey, in Lorraine. Americus Vespuccius left a widow, Maria Cerezo, but no children, as the pension of the latter reverted to " su hermana i hcrcdcm Catnlina Cerecj-o."'" ' li.iiiiliiii, Viln, p. xxiv., Oil ihe .nmlmrity cif " iin lilito il'approvazioni il'cta, die si conserv.i ncll' Arcliivo SccrcUi i!i S. A. R." (of Tiisc.iiiy, at l''liireiico). Ves- puccius then was nearly of tiio same age as ("olunil'Us ; the latter lieing liorii lietweeii Oclol)er, 1446, ami Oelo- l)ei, 1451. = Autograph in I'eiiillot ile Conches, Co.«' ii'nit 'iirii Hx, Vol. 111. It was purchaseil l>y liiiii ill 1^53 for ICHX) francs, from ('harron, llu' Parisian bookseller, ami doulitless came orit;inally from the ."slroz- /iana liliraiy nicnlioneil by Handini, p. xxvii., a p.irlion of which is now in the I.aiirentiaiin, since 17S6. That valuable aulogra|)h was again sokl at the Killon sale. ' Arrhlrii) MidifO antiili II i'rliiri'/ialo ; jil'M l.w lu., 220 Mqni'iii: — Slate archives at Florence. ■• Handini. Vif^i, p. WW*. ft is >igneil Jhmnfo >W'"''o//»/, and Aiiiii-i'jo W'/iK''-:, lioih lieing represented as travelling together in .'spain. li.unlini describes it " un franimenlo di letlera imio d.il tempo corroso, c mancante nella piii volte ci'.iii.i raccoha piKsediila dall' Krudito Signor Abate .Scarlatti thi 1745]." ' The florenlines at that time commenced the year on ihe day of the .\nnimcialion, March 25. Harloloz/i, i{ir<-rc/ii% \<. oj. Hence the expression nf "old style'' used here. 'It is signed: "Ametiglio ^■espucci nierchante fiorentiiio in Sybilia.'' That doe\iiiient was discovered in the .State archives at Mantua, by Ihe lato I'rof. (lilberlo (iovi, who pidjli-hed it in the /{■ iiillrdiiti ilil/n /'. A''<'m. \'espuccius may have been one of those two who returned to Klorence. " Xavarrele, I., p. 351. " After that date, Columbus and W'spuccius can only have met between June, 1496, and May, 1497 ; and in the winter of 1500-1501. " Navarrele, HI., 317. '* We have not seen Hook vii. of the unpublished part of Munoz' Uiilnrtn, mentioned by Navarrete, I., 351, note; but we are satisfied that it contains no documentary evidence on the point here discussed. Otherwise Navarrete would have iiuoted it (as he did, \'ol. HI., 317, note 2, for the date of 1495), in the various biograjihies of Vespuccius which he publidieil after 1S25. '' Siqira, |i]i. 353-357. "■ Navarrete, HI., 544 ; '" I., 351-352 ; '■* HI., 292, 320; "294.302: -'"194: •■'321. '-■ .S'»;»-(r, pp. 462-64, 730-31. -' llumlioldt, ICxamm rriliipie, V., 157. l-'or the text in full see \'arnhagen, y^oiirellii irrhfrflu:^, 12-14, ^i"' Ciipin ih )iiio I'npitolo lit liltre'di Jfimiiimo Vlainlo, ■icnVf a la Siijiioria date a Bitnjoi a di »',? de-emhro 1606, in / Didi-ii di ifariii Saiiiito, Vol. \'l. (1S81), cols. 533, 539-541. ■' .Munoz MSS., LX.W., 217, 220, -•230. ''» liihliol. Aiii'i-ic. V., Adilitioii'<, p. xxvii. ^ Supra, p. 463. =« Navarrete, III., 115, -'297, <• 304, ''114, "322, "299, ''' i^i' '"304. <" .Mufioz .MSS., L.X.W., 217, 220, 230. 55 Cf()'/a< (U hidia.^, 5, with facsimile, and xiijira, |i. 126, note 4. <" \'arnliagen, Appnidi'-p .•iii/ioii/n, 37. *' Munoz MSS. LX.W'Il., 28 ; and supra, pp. 107, 335. Vespuccius (Juan). — The nephew of .Ameri- cus, and also born in Florence. In the (;edula of A[ay 22, 15 1 2, he is called "Juan de Ves- puclii, sobrino de .'\merigo Vespuchi." Ac- cording to the genealogical tree exhibited by Bandini,' Americus had three brothers, viz.: .\ntonio, Girolamo, and Bernardo. Antonio, who was the eldest, is the only one who had children. There were five, and Giovanni was the youngest. It follows that all the Vespuccis who, since the sixteenth century, claimed to belong to that family could only be descendants of the eldest branch by Antonio, as .Americus himself left no issue. Juan Vespuccius appears in documents for the first time. May 22, 1512, in a cedula ap- pointing him pilot of the Casa de Contrntnrion. " CeiUila de Ihugos, 22 Mayo, 1512. Juan Vcpuchi cs noinbrado piloto de la Casa con 20,000."-^ July 24 following, he is instructed, with Juan Dinz de Solis, to construct the official model for sailing charts ;' but he alone was authorised to i .«< j| ... s i l \^ S\i HloilRAlMIICAL XdTKS. 745 take copies of the same i " (^ue Juan Vespuchc haga las cartas de navegar sacadas del padron real, e no otro ningiino."* He accompanied I'edrarias Davila as Pilot-Major of the expedi- tion wliiili sailed from San Lucar for Harien, April 12, 15 14.' According to Herrera, he was appointed, in 15 15, a member of the junta com- posed of the best pilots that could be found for improving charts, with increased salary. The latter statement from Herrera is (jrobably based upon the ordinance of August 6, 1515, granting Juan Vespuccius an annual remuneration of 10,000 marks.'' August 30, 15 15, July 23, 15 16, and May 6, 15 19, he is inscribed in the rolls of the pilots to the King." He became a member of the Badajoz commission, and signed (as such) one of the official opinions," April 15, 1524. March 28, 1525, Charles V. turns iiim out of office, probably for having declined to accom- pany Gar"ia JofTre de Loaisa in the expedition to the Strait of Magellan and Moluccas." He is neveitlioless ajipointed one of the two officials (Miguel Garcia being the other) to examine pilots,"' in the place of Sebastian Cabot when sent to La Plata,'" April 5, 1526. Peter Martyr held him in great esteem : "Of llu- which ym\r.(;u W'spmiiis is (uie lo whom Aim-ricus Vu^^iiuliiis liis viicic (l)ciiu; a Morciitino Ikhiu') li'ft '.lie i'\."';''. '.;iiii\vloilt;o of the niaiiiicrs facultii.', as il wcri' I'V inheiiianro afu-r his death for lie was a very expert iiiai.ster in the kiuiuleilge of his eanle, his com- passe, aii'l tlie oleiiatioii ol" tile pole slane uilh all that perteineth theilo. This youngo Vespiitiiis was assyj;neci by the Kyiig to bee one of ihe ninisteis of the i;uHernoin> Shippe, liicause he was ninninne in iiulijyni; the dej^iees of the eleuiilion of the pole stane by the ipiailiante. Vcsptitiiis is my verye lamilyar fiemie, ami a wytiir Vount;e man in whose company I tabo j;ieat pleasure, and therefore vse hym oftenlynies for my ijesto. lie hath also made many vyages into these coastes, and dilit;enlly noted suclie ihiiijies as he liath scene." " That was written before October, 1516 ; but in 1514, Peter Martyr already called Juan Ves- puccius "Magister nauclerus." '-' Of his works we only possess a niappamundi constructed it seems in 1522 — 1523, engraved and published twice in Italy, but curious chiefly on account of its equidistant polar projection." ' llandini, Vi'fn il! A. \''- .Navarrelc, llililinl. iiiifriliiiKi, II., 013, ami in his (V/m-,-'..,(, IW, 32S-36S. Ilcrrera, IVc.ad. III., 2S4 ; I\'..().t. ' X'andcrliainni, Viilii 'I' I). Ftlijir H I'nulrnle, Madrid, 1632, f . 136. \'izcAYA (Juan Sanchez de). — Pilot who ex- plored and described the Rio de la Plata, and the Rio del Brasil, in 1539. IJ>:la lie In Expnxirinn Am'rii-aniila, h 764. VvzcAiNo (Joanicote). — Pilot for »he West Indies before 1525. Dufuni'-nloi iiudilo-i (If IiuliiK, .\I.1I., 545. ^■vzcAINO (l.opez Sanchez). -Ibidem. 4 u '1 (", ' m uk ad f a i lU r\:.i i,Y ^ lUu^^W^i if t i'P^ 746 Till-: DiSCOVKKY OK NoKTII Amkku'a. Vai.miento (Cristobal Garcia). — Pilot of the /'i/i/a in the first transatlantic expedition of Christopher Columbus, 1492-1493. N.ivarrile, III., 571. XiMENEZ and Jimenez (Fortun or Ortuiio). — A great Basque cosmographer,' and Pilot-Major of the expedition sent by Cortes, October 29, 1533, to accomplish discoveries in the Pacific. He was on board the Conception, but it is the other vessel, the San Lafaro, which discovered Lower California, December 24 following. Ximenez is charged with having murdered his captain, Diego Becerra de Mendo^a. He was killed by the Indians of the island of Santa Cruz in the course of that expedition. ' Hcrnal Di.iz, cc. Doi\ inedilos de Inilias, XII., 299. llerrtra, I^ccail. \., 158. C S. fieoiji: Snntiji of W. of tht JOOIft nuridiaii, p. 489, and siijira, p. 720, which ihc present item c'lniiplctos. VAfiEZ (Rodrigo).— Pilot of the Sf. Spirilus, one of the ships of the expedition of Pedrarias Davila in 15 14. Mun.)/. MSS., I,.\\V., J20. yAMOR.\NO (Nicolas). — Pilot-Major of the ex- pedition of Hernando de Alarcon, which sailed from Acapulco, May 9, 1540, and ranged the Pacific coast to 37°' north latitude. He made a map of that voyage, which he sent to Oviedo. There was a Rodrigo Zamorano, professor in the Casa de Contratacion and cosmographer to the King, in 1583.1 ■ Oviedo, IV., 17. Ilerrcra, Decad. VI., 20S. lltkt- tioii i/ii rnyaiji' di: Cilio/a, in Ternaiix' Voi/rtijis, 1838, Appendice iv., p. 301. ■ /.inta dt la AVpo.siVi'oii Aiiieri- eaiiislii, li, No. 61. Zazarahaca (Diego Sanchez). — Pilot for the West Indies before 1525. Dociinii 11I0.1 iiudltoH dt Indian, XLII., 547. I: I! ■I.. V M [End of Part J-'u rn. hi if il :' a hi i! ill f ! I V^ - ' Ak ■4 IV (^})pen^i;r. '^\ EXTUACTS KKOM TIIK WaKDKNS M AM'SC'RIIT ACCOUNTS OK TIIK Drai'Krs Comi'AW ()!• LoN'DDN, VoL. VII., folios S6-S7. From March ist to Ai'ini. 9T11, 1521. (Sec; supra, pages 28-29, 47-4^-) An answer made In serten of the kings counsel! as consern- yng lliekings slii|p|)es to lie occupyed. 'Phe first dav of Marchk' here assembled my lord the mairc, Sir laurence Aylmer M. Monoux M. Milborn M. Bayly & M. Wylkynson aldermen M. Carter M. Clerk and M. Vaughan Wardens & of the Coun- sell M. Hawkyns M. Cremor M. Game M. Rudston M. Askue M. Gentyll M. Perpoint M. White M. Champyon M. Sadler & M. Dolphyn and at the said assembley yt was aggreed that the Wardens w' M. Rudston M. Perpoint & M. Dolphyn shall comon w* the Wardens of other auncyaunt fieliships to knowe what aunswere were best to be made to M. Wynkfeld & M. Brown of the kings counsell conc"nyng the kings shippys. And the same day after assembley made at Frere Austyns by wardens of dyu''s companys and aggreed all aftir one mynd we made ou'' aun- swere in wryting & delyu'ed yt vnto the said counsell by thassent of this hows ; the tenor where of is this that foloweth The aunswere of the wardens of drapers of London vnto the reporte of Sir Rob'^t Wynkfeld and Sir Wolston Broun knyghts and of ou'' Sou'ayn lord the kings moste honor- able counsell First where it hathe pleased the kings highnes of his moste g'^cious zcle good mynd and tendre fauor towarde his m'chaunde of london had, as by the reporte of the foresaid Sir Robt. and Sir Wolston vnto the said Wardens lately made, For the whiche moste gucious zele good mynd and tendre fauo' all we ben naturally bounden to pray to God for his moste g"cious and prosperous cotynua"nce in good helth and long lyf. And as toching the taking or receyving of one of the kings shipps, we say that we have noo auctorite to bynd ovi' hole copany and Feliship vnto any suchc charge. And also that in ou' company be but fewe aventurors, saving onely in to Flaunders, where vnto requireth noo grete shipps. Furthermore we say that if it be the kings pleasu'' to caws to be manned rygged appareled and vitayled suche a ship as the copany shall think covenient, that than we the said wardens shall applye vs to labo'' ou'' said copany for to freght and laid the said ship to the best of ■ Of the year 1521, new style. We reiterate uiir are imlebteil for the present perfeel Iranseript of this thanks to Miss LucY Toui.MlNK S.Miril, to whom we valiiable aiul most interesting document. ( S-^'i if p I I s J 1!, !■ m ^ i .«V:;iHl Jj J|, il k ll I . • il i! :?! \ 1. ^ :1i ■ % • ,.(. i' 748 TlIK DiSCOVKKV OK NoKTU AmKKICA. Cerlen noiiili" ii( sliip[is go inlci llic nt'W fininil lanilii. ou' powers, having suche a rcsonal)le i)'ce of >■'' freght as other shipps hath in lyke viage & hiding. Also we thynk it is dowtfuU that any F.nghsh ship shalbc sufferd u> laid in Spayn iV in other co"ntres by reason of such acts iS: statuts ther made afi such lyke man' as be made in Knglond for ("lascoii wyn"" iV ToUes wood from Hurdeiix Thk xj dav ok Makciie here assembled M. Moneux M. Milborn M. I>ayly & M, Wylkynson Aldermen M. Carter \[. Vaughan Wardens the hole counsell the liu'^ey & the hole body of the feliship, ryche & poure, and at the said assembley was redd openly vnto them the articles folowing directed vnto vs by the wardens of the mercers from the kings Coimsell and to x other crafts of the moste Aunciant in thes woords that is to say First tiie king & my lord Cardinal! and the Counsell thynketh aswele for his bono' as for the gen''all welth of this his Realm that there be appoynted a c'tayn no"nibre of ships to be prepared for a viage to be made into the newefound Hand And his g'cs pleasure is, that it be opened vnto the gen''altie of m'cha"nts adventurers and c''tayn companys to knowe there benevolent mynds therein And the demand that is reiiuired of you is to furnyshe v shipps after this man". The king's Grace to prepare them in takyll ordenaunce and all other necessaries at his charge, And also the king to bere the advento' of the said shipps. And the rn'ohaunts & com- panys to be at the charge of the vitaylling and mennys wages of the same shipps for one hole yere and the shipps not to be above vjxi ton apece And also it is the king's pleasu'' that this Citie of London shalbe as hede Reulers for all the hole realm for asmany Cites and Townes as be mynded to prepare any shipps forwards for the same purpos and viage, as the Town of Bristowe hath sent vp there knowledge that they wyll p'are ij shipps. And if yc be mynded to doe as afore is resyted, his g"cs pleasu'' is that x yere aft there shall no nation have the trate but you And to have respytc for there custom xv monthes & xv monthes, and the said ■wardens to make aunswere in wryling of the p''misses aforesaid bitwen this & AVednysday next comyng The p^misses considered the Maister Wardens and Counsell endeverd them forthwith w* the best words exortacion and diligence to knowe the benevolent niynd of euvy man there assembled at that tyme and also coni"'aundid them that than were absent to come bifore my lord the Maire and them the next morowe aftir. Soo that all there g'nts amownted to a small somme. And my lord and maisters seyng that made there aunswer in form folowing that is to say The aunswer of the wardens of drapers of London w' thassent and Answer made t:) a liyl consent of the moste parte of all there company, vnto a byll lately sent liy the wanlc s ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ wardens of the m'cers of London cotaynyng the appoyntment of v shipps to be pi'pared towards the Newefound Hand. First the foresaid Wardens & company of drapers supposen and say that if ou'' Sou'ayne lord the kings highnes, the Cardinalls g'ce and the kings moste honorable Counsell were duely and substa"ncially enformed in suche man' as perfite knowledge niyght be had by credible reporte of maisters & mariners >ia/ura/(y born within this Realm of England'^ having ' Tills is an allusion lo the foreign birth of Sebastian Caljot, who was born in 'Venice, and not consiilered then in England as an Knglishman. The ilalici arc ours, and "ties and to ordre & guyd them; and soo the vitayll and mennys wages shalbe spent in vaiyn, and they glad to retorn home- ward w' small comforte, for it is said amonx maryners in old proverbe, He salys not surely that salys by another mannys compas Also we say that it is not possible that the said v shippes besids there IJalast may receyve the vitaylls to suffice so many men for one hole yere, Soo that we think verely that in this aduent' can be perceyvei'. any aduauntage or profeit to growe vnto any man, but rather losse and damage, besids the gretest joperdy of all whiche is mennys lyves Then aftir that this ou'' Aunswere and the aunswers of x other Crafts were debated and resoned amonx them all at Saynt Thomas of Akers, they aggreed to send furth the Governo' and iiij"^ wardens of diuers misters vnto my lord Cardynall w' this cOmyssion folowing Here aftir foloweth the Articles that the comissioners sent to my lord Cardynall from the Wardens of xj companys to be spoken in the behalf of the said Wardens Fyrst the foresaid Wardens sayen that there companys be wyllyng to accomplishe the kings desire and pleasu'' in furnysshing of ij shippyi accordingly, and they suppos to furnyssh the thryd, soo that one may bere w' an other indifferently of xj I'elishippes assembled w' the Ald'men of the same. And also vppon certayn articles to them to be g"nted by the kings highnes & his honorable Councell And the said wardens desyre to have lenger respyte for a full aunswere therein to be yeven The said comissioners brought aunswere fro my lord Cardynall that the king wold have the p'misses to goo furth and to take effect. And there vppon my lord the Maire was sen.'' ibr to speke w' the king for the same matier. So that his g"ace wold have no nay the/e in, but spak sharpely to the Maire to see it putt in execucion to the best of his power '■■. 1! iii x\ I: If; -'".z- I'i ? ■ 1 i^S r 750 The Discovery ok Noktii Amkkica. For the same purpose the xxvj dav or Makche my lord the Maire cOmaunded the hole company of all this fraternitc to assemble bifore hym at the Drapers hall, where was wt grete labo'' iS: deligence & many diuers warnynge g''unted first A last ijC m'cs" p'sentyd by a byll to the Mairc the ixth day or Ai'Rii.i. in this man". The maister and wardens of Dra45''s of london in the names of all there company g'unten of there benevolent mynds to pay towards maryn"s wages and vitayling of certayn shippes for one viage to be made by the grace of God into the Newfound Hand ij C m"cs vnder suche condicion as shalbc articled bitwcn the kings moste noble coun- sell and the adventurers of the said Cite of London vnto the foresaid Hand, the names of the payers and their seu'all somes for the said ij C m"cs appereth in the iijd leef folowing. ijC in"cks giiiniyil in- wart inynnys waj^, •* fyKK'iK "f -l'il'l« >" itic iH'W fouivl laiiil. [On folio 9 is the list of names and the sum each gives. " My lord the Mairc Sir John Brugge " heads it with ^£8. Monaux gives j£S, Milborn ;^7, Bayly ^5, and so on. This first list, of masters and livery contains 78 names ; a second list of 46 Bachillers, who give smaller sums, one gives j£i. 6. 8., the next 5 marks, then los., 40s, down to many at 3/4, 20(/., and t2tf. (a mark is 13. 4).] ' I. r. 200 m.lili-.. I, ■I li ' I i, U \ il ^ 'H , "11; « I ....... .^ i/li v^-Zi / < h I f r ' I ^' I ' i I J ' ^i i' ,! ' , .i\ ft r . M I ^ ' \^ 3n^tobuc^ton (o t^t (Beogtap^icaf 3^^^^* ' THE present is not such a Geographical Dictionary as we would have yladly added to our work, had there been sufticicnt space left for a compendium of that descrii)tion. Under more favourable circumstances, we should endeavour to ascertain the original structure and comparative spelling of the name of every region, river, mountain, island, cape, gulf, town, and settlement of the New World, cited by the ancient Si)anish and Portuguese historians, or inscrii)ed in the old maps ; ' to mark their latitude and longitude as stated in that class of documents ; to determine the province, kingdom, or, rather, caciqueship to which each belonged ; when they were discovered, subdued, or colonised, and by whom ; and to fix, if possible, their true, or approximate place in modern maps ; adding, of course, the Iv torical and cartographic authorities for every one of our attempted identifications. Unfortunately, we found that a dictionary of the kind would swell the present work to excessive dimensions, and that we had already exceeded the size announced in the pros- pectus, to such an extent that instead of being comprised within six hundred pages, the book now numbers upwards of eight hundred. We found ourselves compelled, therefore, to give only a succinct index. In that index, the names have been transcribed precisely as they are inserted in the maps which constitute our Cartography, however imperfectly spelled, or unintelligible in many instances, they may be. This servile reproduction finds its excuse in the fact that other- wise the names and legends could not have served the purjiose of identification, wher» endeavouring to discover the origin, filiation, or relationshii) of tho.se cartographical documen's. We should also confess that most of the designations have passed in the course of time through so many corrujitions, in various languages, that we failed to ascertain their meaning, or ascend to the original form, even when intended to reproduce a Spanish, Portuguese, or Italian word. With the hope of aiding in that difficult reconstruction, we have added references to contemporary iiistorical writings and documents where mention is made of a number of those geographic names. They are (juoted under the initials of the authors, or of the abridged title of the collections containing the documents referred to, from editions selected by us which can be more easily consulted by the generality of readers, viz.: p. yi, /',•//•/ .]fijr/yris ah Am^eria Mediolanensis. Oiatoris darhuiiii, Fcniandi C:^ Heliu: Wtk llispaniarum quondam return a ivnsilijs, dc rebus Oaanids d-^ OHh- nouo dexada tns. Uasilex, apud loanneni liebelium. m.d.xxxiii ; folio. 'i (jf \\-\ 1 1' i V' llln ' In coiiiK'iticMi uiili ilu' ^uliji'it, il sluiulil W niiliil lluU the trilifs cir iio|nil,iliiiiis nf ;iliniit;iiiL-> li.icl licit all rUeii to till- (:ciiice|iliciii "f .\ i;coi;iM|iliii'al riitily Lu llio iL'iriliiry mIiicIi tlu'y inhnliitL'il. Our Icolicl" is lli.il in luniiy iii>nin'i> ll'i' cniiiliy wont only liy tlio iianio .if ii-. cacii|UL', wliicli lliL- Siwniarcls pnc to tlic rogioii wliirli wns uMiK-i his ^tt.iy. This w.i^ I'.iiliciil.wly tlio rase wiih the iMiiiiiieslii|is cxtcii.lin^ I'lom C ,.0 St. .\ui;uslinc wosl- wnnl lo the I \\\\\ of Mcsieo. Uoijdld, ('hinjm->, ( 'nmmn-r, /'((/IS, l\ifnmMi,(^tiiirlpa, Tainjnrnln, Vimni, Xaniiiro, even '/'«'"(/((((»", ;\llhoii^;h f;iven lioth to .1 provinci.' ami to a liver, are all nanK'.-> 'home orij;inally hy the caeiciues of the region., thus ilosiynateil in the aneieiU hislories anil maps. 4 V f ^' ' :l 'i* m ■■! 1 •|,' 754 The Discovb:ry ok North America. P.M. — T/ie first Three English books on Anieriia. Being chiefly Translations, Compilations, ^fc, by Kiehard Eden; Birmingham, 1885, large 410. This excellent edition, which contains the first three Decades and the Enchiridion, is due to Mr. Edward Arber, f.s.a. P.M. — Opus episiolarum Petri Martyris An^lerii Mediolantnsis. Anistelodami; /\pud Danietem Elzevirium, do loc lxx, folio. Enciso. — Suma de geograpliia tjue ,'raia de todas las partidas y prouincias del mundo : en (Special de las indias \por el bachiller Martin Fernande* de Enciso]; Sevilla, 15191 folio; with the leaves unnumbered, which prevented us from specifying the reference. Ov. — Historia general y natural de las Indias, islas y tierra-firme del mar oceano, por el capitnn Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdis ; Aladrid, 1851-55, 4 vols. 410.; without any index, either of names or of geographical designations ; only a list of the Voces Americanos ei'ipleadas por Oviedo. L. C. — Historia de las Indias escrita por Fray Bartolome de Las Casas, obispo de Cliiapa ; Madrid, 18-5-76, 5 vols. 8vo.; without index, or notes of any kind. It is to be regf>'ttcd th;,i such an important work should have been so poorly edited. Nav. — CtileccioH de los viages y descuhrimieutps, que hicieron por mar los Espaiioles desde fines d-'l sii,'o .v: Con Tarios documentos ineditos concermientes <) la historia de la marina castelh:\a . . . Coordinada <• ilustrada por Don Martin Fernandez de Navarrete ; Madrid, 1825-1837, 5 vola. 4to. Doc. ined. — Coleccion de documentos ineditos rclativos al dcscubrimiento, conquista y colonizacion de las posesiones espai'iolas en America y Occeania, sacados, en su mayor parte, del Real Archivo de Indias; Madrid, 1864, many vols. 8vo, This series of valuable documents has been likewise very ini[)erfectly edited. The lack of space has also prevented us from inserting in our descriptions and nomen- clatures many of the islands. We now give these in the following Geographical Index, but only when found in the earliest maps, viz.: L.\ CosA : Cosa. Canerio: Can. Kun.st.mann No. iv.: K. Wkimak : W. Canting: C. Ruvsch : R. Turin: T. I ero : Rib. For the sake of brevity, we have embraced under the general designation of " .Antil." not only the West Indies proper, but also the Bahama islands, and those which are scattered in the Caribbean Sea. For the same reason, all the localities situate between the Brazilian Elbow and Honduras, have been designated as being in " Tierra firme." By " N.E. coast," is meant here the seaboard extending from Florida to Labrador, The sign -, for instance in " Saona -= .\damaney," indicates synonyms. ' \^ (Beogtap^icaf 3nbe;c ABAICO.V. Pufl)lo. Florida, 147. Almimrlista, Abiuigelista, 91. Pee Isla EvaiigelisU. AbaHtagaiia, r>()7. Abbatiiuii Omniiiin Sanctonun, ;«)i-'2, ;!-2(i, +rr-'-;J, 473. Al)il)i;. I'rovinee.— Ov., It., 461. Abo<;ai)ecaM. Pueblo.-,, ,, 20.S. Abraloyn. Antil. -T. See Abi-e cl ojo;— " Keq) your eye open." Abre el oj". Reefs.-L. C, II., 243. Abreoj.j. See <'abo Abreojo. Abrenjoa. Reefs, (m.— Ov., il., IKi. Abreos Olhos, lllia dc. Autil.— ('., Can. Abrigo. See ISuen Abrigo. Abrigo, Puerto ile, ").'il. AbroUio. Al Alnireniii. See Cal'O Abi-olho. Ray. Abur Abur enia. River ena. Pi >-.,l.,2(l,-.. ,-,.i77.-p.M.,i;i.-. e.-L. (;. 11!). Acrv)>ulci), 7 Hi Aeateba. Ri P. M., 1. ■■).'(. Ray, Rive Aeension. AcensioM. Aeliaril)a. I'l-oviiioe an il '!'< L. C. Ada Aela L. V. •J(1S. 1, .■>:t7 ■2:ir>. -Ov., II. , .•)07 i:t7 Aelapnco (.Veapuleo?), M\. Acna. Coast, ").S2. Ai.'ua. Town — Ov., I. II. Acuua. See Roilr (le A'-Una. .\eya, 4,"!.'!. Ailamaiwy = Saoiia. See Saoiia. Ailria ollS. Afi-ii.i. Cape in Peru, (iiS. Afiiuitall-'avnrila ),( 'alio lie la, ,'.81 Again 141, .">( I'.imiiii Florida, l.'t.'> !. ,^ee Florida. Agile. Pueblo.— Ov., i., ."i4. Agnaneo. See Roiuca. Agoada. See Puerto Agoada. Agroii, 414. Aguaeadiba. Pueblo. — Xav. , I., Agnaealeyciuen, Rio de. — Ov., I., 5.VJ. Aguacay, ()44. Aguada, Augla de la, .")S1. Aguada. Ray, 18,1. .\guada. Culf, ."..lit. Aguada. See Puuta Aguada. Aguada, Kl. River iu Hiapaniola.- Ov., I., lit!). Aguada, F.l. River iu Porto Rico.- Ov., I., t(>(). Aguadc). See Rio -VU Aguado. Aguunil. Province.— Ov., i., 498. Aguatauejo. See Zaguataiiejo. Agueyba Re -Ov.,i.,480. Aguja, La. Antil.— Ov., i., 33, K.,T. Aguja, Cabo de la, (i.'U. Aguja, Puuta de la. -Ov., ii., 132; Xav., I., 2.")0. Aliia. See Rio .\liia. .\iaguitiii. River.- P. .M., l.'i.S. I Aide Veiiada, 31)0. j \'eueida. ; Airaba. Antil. T. Aid 1)111. Islas de. -Ov., I., 113, .-\joror AlaeiM \V., Rib. Albao, 4,33. Aleavarea = Rogota. — Ov. 'e llogota. 210, 1.32 Al uaij'a Valle ~()v., II., 310. .\I., lS(i. Aleau-Cayni.s. Aldea, Riode la.-Ov., n., 121). Aldei Ceniada, or (Jiieiiiada, .")U1, ;3I. Aldea de Ti Aide iila 414. Codera = C< Cornarnw. Alegmza. River, 318, 4.)3. Alegroza, Cabo [de la], 300. Alejo = Alexoa. Islet. —Xav., v., 17.">, 2,38. Alexo, Rio de .'17. See Alplionsc). Alipaya. Pueblo.— Ov., II,, 447. All Saints, Ray, and Abbey of, 3.")2, 31)8, ()87, ()!I7. See Todos Sancton. AUapego, 473. See Pagua. .VUende, Punta de, t)34.— Ov., II., 122. .Vlinadalira, 414. Almadias. River, 80, 90, 310. Almadiaa. Ray.— Ov., Ii., 118. 301 J. See Codera, and Ancou de laa. Pacific. - IV., 218. .■)03, ."ilO, ")*), .")00, 583. Alineja: L. C. Alinerii AUneria, Rio de, (KU.-Ov. . 142. Aim Aim la = Naotlilau.-Nav. , iii. ,67 Val d'. •>31, r.40.— T. Alou.ao, Isla d -Ov. Alpl II. Omega, 81), 88. la y layatinuiri. 131. See Alpln RiodeS.-Ov., II., 117. Alta Velo. lalet. — L. C, il,, 310. Alto Velo, Antil. -T., Rib. Altolielo, ,\iitil.— Cosa. Alvarado, Rir) de, ."ilO, .•■)07, •">;!(), ."i83. VmacoiwiH, 14ii: Rill. Islas de las.— Ov., ii. Amaguayi .\inagney. I.. C, V Isla do, 14.-) Rive , 208. 1(1 Valley.— Amaua. Sec Rio Ainaiia. Aniaiuiana, Islas de. — Ov., I., 614. An Diia, Mont lis of the, .328. ,\iuazona. River, .J04, .V.ll, 68:>. Ifi^'lll W' i 1 1 1, 1 \ m 1 'M m M k '' t i ,i ! i ! .* u 7S^ The Discovery of North America. Anm/onas — San .luun Av. las Ama- 7.(in:ia Maiandii, Kiode las, 580. Aniliiito, IVna ile.— Ov., i., 40". Aiiilirosi", Tiurra de S., 41.). AMKRir.v, ;«17, 4(i", 487, 490, 491, 497, .-i()7, .'il.'J, oU, ,-)•_'.'), .W, .'>49, .Mil. Amkhka N'liviTKR Ri:rKUTA, 496. AMKlilcA Sktknthiiina[., 04."). .Amkhka, Tikkha, .")77. AMKUrcA, 'I'KIUtA X(JVA, ,^7. -Viiurigci, \'a!le di', .^jl, ■")40. .See .Miiu rigo. Aiiigia lit' Kiis, ;i21. Amiiatiyi). I'roviiice. — Xav., ill., l.">4. .Slu Anita. Aniiilifl. rriiviiiii;. 104, ."ilO, .");t(l, ,"i(i(i. Amiga, lala ilc la. -Xav., i. 110. Aniigayalnia. I'lovinix'. — Ov. , i., '.Kl. .Aminciya - ,\niinay, 044. .\nKita|ic. lV'iu.-()v., IV., l.VJ. .\na, lialiia de Sta.- Ov., II., 171. Ana, Ilha de .Simla, 1,S,S. Ana, Islas de Sta. Ov., ii., l.SS. Ana, Rio du Sta., (i.'i,'!. - Ov. ii., •204. Ana. Sta. I.sland.— Rili. -Vnades, Rio ilit las. Daiien. — L. C, IV., 174. Anallor, :218, ").')."). See Honfleui-. Anaiesma, HI 9. Anaya. I'rovince. — Ov., i., ."iSO. Aiiliniaio, St. See Tieira. AmliV', .St. Xeufonndlanil, 000. .Vndres, P. de S., ,")10, .")."i9, r.,s;i. Andios, S, Is^land.— \V., Kil). Anogada. .Vntil.-T., \\". Anegadas, Islas. .Vntil. — Ov., i., 014. Anegadiyos, t'osta de. — Ov. . IV., •-'■-'It. Aiii'L'ailo. See < alio .\negado. Aiiga-^niayo. See Kio .Viigasmayo. .\ngel, Calio del.— Xav., i., 111). Angeles, Rio de las, 040. Aiigia, El.— Ov., II., 117. Anguila. .\nlil. \V. .AnL'iiileme. and Angolemme. I'lS, L'-_'i), .■)70, ."i77. .\iignilla. .\ntil. — T. .\ngnilla. t alio de l.i. r.ieitio. — (l\.. I\., t. .\iiLrnlc>. See Islii .\ngnlo. Anliufo. See (;..Ifci .\iiliufo. Ai)iea = .\nieatiye, 204. See .Vnii- eal iye. Animay = .Vminoya, 044. Anna, in tliu iniaginaiv .Antilia, .■<77. Anna, Rio de Sta., ."lOH, .')77. -Anne, Isle de Sainte, 180. Annellina Sirti.s (iinU of ','), .">77. Aniiinei. — P. M., dec. in., lib. 0. Anoantal. I'lovinee and Pneblo. Ov., II., uM.'i, ^M. Anoi'ondiega, .'i'J.S. Anoxa = X^o.xa. Provinee, ti04. — Xav. III., I,-)4. Anselli, in tlie imaL;iiiaiy .Antilia, .S77. .Ansetti, ,, ,, ,, .'177. An.soldi, ,, ,, ,, 377. Ansolli, ,, ,, ,, .•J77, Ansro, 414. Anleilinoi (•;), .300, -153. -Antlionio, Regio de S., 491. Antigoa, El. Antil.— \V. Antigua, l.a. .Antil.— '1'., K. -Antigua. Isla.— t)v., i., .'(O. Antillias del Rcy de C'astella, 77. Antilia, ."il, 108, .'iiS, .•(78, 007, 0.">1, 0.52, O'O. .Antilia Insula. — Rib. -Antillas, fi4.'i, 08."i. .Antioeliia. Provinee. X'iearagua. Ov., IV,, 14;i. -Antioul. In the imaginary Antilia, .S77. Anion, ('abode S., in Cuba.— \V. Anton, Puerto. -Ov., i., .'iHO. .Anton, Puerto ile .s. — Kio de To- nala.— Ov. I.,,-).'!0; Xav. in., 02. .Anton, Punta de .St.,,')10. — Ov., i., 49.'i. .Anton, Rio de S., 0,'U. Anton, Sant, ."ilO, "i.'iO. .Antonio, Ualiia de St., .").S8. -Antonio, C. See Cabo lilanco. .\ntonio. Cabo de S,, 177, 4'20, .Vi9, .-i07, .'iN.'), Olil, Ij.'i.'t. .Antonio, (iolfo de St., ,"i01. -Antonio, lllia de Sant, 18,'}, .">.'},"), .-)7;<. .Antonio, Isleta.s de S. , Paeitie. — Rib. .Ant..nio, Rio de S., '241, .'till, .'!21, Xir,. ."2, .-i77. -Anloiiio, Rio St., -V.IC. eoast. — Ov., II., 140. .Vntonio, .SeiiAo de St., .'120, .".119. .Vnueana. .\nlil. -T. -Anzeriiia. .')arien. — Ov., ii.,4.")9. Anzeiina. ,, ,, 401. .A|iaea. ,, ,, 441. .Apafalaya, Rio de. -Ov., I., ,")70. Apalaclie. Hay, l,"i'2. A|)alaelie. Port.— Ov., in., .".S."). Apalai'lie. Provinee, 04.">, 040.— Ov., m., .")8,'<. .Apeelado. See Cabo .Apcelado (.Apiesiriiado, or do Prazul'r). -Apodori. Pueblo. -Ov., II., .'iO."?. Apreloliia, llaxos d' (.Abreel ojo) - -K. .April Cape, 'I'lie, 87. See Fin do .Abril and Fundabrill. Apnri, Rio de.— Ov., ii., .'iO,'). .\i|uanil. -P.M., 187. .Ai|uialini/tlan, 1!K). .Aipiixo, Pueblo.— Ov., I., .")7.'). Aralio.- P.M., 108. Arabiiriieo. Pueblo. — Ov., II., •29,"i. Aiaeay. ,. ,, ,, -Araiuiea. -Antil.— Cosa. -Aramana. -P. M., /o''. e/^ -•\rambe .\ranui, 204. — Xav., III., l.")4. -Araya. Provinee. — t)v., i., .'!.")7. Araya. Punta de. — L. C. , iv.,27."); O'v., I., 0.'i, .-.SO; II., l.'il. Aiboleda. .See Rio .Arboleda. -Vrboleila. .See Punta -Arboleda. -Arboleda.s, Costa de, (i.'H. — Ov., II., 14-2. -Vrboledas, Kio de. I'.ra/.il, 41."). -Arbolediis, Riode. ( i. of -Mexieo, ,"ill(, ,").'i(l, ."i8.'{. .Aibol (Jordo. Town, — Ov., i., 112, ll.'i; I-. C., in., 102. -Areas, Terra das, ■"i.'t2. Areay, .'(17. -Areaybaeoia, .'!17, 47.'i. -Area;, aga. .See Santa Cruz. .■»ruliidona, ."ilo. .\reuya. I'rovinee. — Ov., i., '208. .\reeifrs, liaya ile. n,, 122. .\reeifes, (iolfo ile, 41.">. Areeifes, P" de, .'MH, ."dO, ."..'ill. .\lefeees (sii'J, Rio ile, ,'!01. .\reua, Costa de, 41."(. .\ren;i,, Plaia de, 41. "i, 4s7. .Arena Rio de, .'Mn, .Areiial, Punta del, .'US.— Xav,, i., 247. -\reiial, Rio del. In (J. of Mexieo, 0.'!."., Arenal, I!io del.-Ov., ii., I!.'!. \ ■i^ **^'^ Nav. , r Arenas, C'lilui .— Nav. IV., ;«. Arenas (ioidas. — Ov., ii., 11.'); Nav., v., i.'!.'! Areticos, P. lie, rtH'.l Aietieos, Hio ile, oGH. Argare or Argair, 414. Aiiparia. Island. — T. Arlaz, ('. (If. .-|(|,S. Arlear. ,'^ee Calm Ailear. Anna. I'lovince.— Ov., iv., 14,3. Ai-nielines Siltes (.s/V pro sirti.'s : gulf), .-).Vi. Ariittca. Uivcrand I'mv., ,"i,S<). Ar(|uil)acoa, Islas de, .SIT. .See Areay. Arraiifes = Arreeifes, I', de, 241. Anaeifes, C. de. X.-K. eoast.— Ov., II., 14(i. Arnacanas, ."ify. Arnaoay, C".->Ui de.— Ov.. ii., 210. Anilia. I.sl.-i'i.l. — T., \V., Ov., ii., i;. Atanica. Pivcr. -P. M,, l.V_>. Ataravaiia.-i, Hi.i do la.-s, ."i41. Atlialiarhi, Town of the Caoii|iic Tascalnra. -Ov., i., ,V)7. Atiei. Region.— P. Jt., Hi!). Atrenidade.— See Triiiidade. Attil)«nicu9.' River.— 1'. .M., 7,s. Anan, Anani - Cihau. — Xav., i 171. Aneenna = Umbra. Province and salt pits.— Ov., IV., 142. Aiies, l!i(, de le, .■(IK), ;)1,S. ,Seo j Aiigasmayo, Rio de.-()v., i., 218. ' Aiit;iistiric, C.i|)eSt.,;i;!!l, 41(1, 41. •) •121 . 420, i(i(i, 472, .-i2;i, ra;, rM-] i owi, OS.-), 7;ii. I Gkockapiiicai, Indkx. Augustine, (iolfo dc Saiit, 048. Augustine, Rio de .St,, 301, .320, ;«.-., .-..'12, (i;w.— Ov., II., 115. Australia, 07. Aves, Isla de. Antil.— \V. .Vves -Pii>;,i,.„„ Isliide.— Ov., II., 1.31. Aves, Isleos de, 17.S, .ViS. — Ov. , II., 14!). A.XHiliiaia. Puelilo.— Ov., ii.,2!).'). Ayagualio= Mm- l)„lce = Laguiia lie Nicaragua.- Ov., ii., 20.3. Ayanaboto. Puelilo.-Ov., ii.,2()r). Ayannaha. Antil. -Nav., in., o44. Ay .\y. ,Seo Ayay, and Lilm- ec)uc, l!anei|Ue, l;avci|ue. Ha- liueca. -Antil. — Nav., i j;j in., .-.70: C, Can., K. RaOiica, Raxos de.— \V. ISaccalaos, P.acalar, liachaglia, Tierra de, Ks, 122, .lot, ?i20, -.34, .".00, ,-.70, .-,70, .-,S.3, .-.Oil 0-'7' 70(1, 719. —Ov., II., 149. liacliinoa, Rainoa. Province P. M., IO,S, Raduaiia, .-..-).■>. liafan. See l-'a\a. liafta liarill, .301. See liava HariUea. llaguaniinalio. Province— P M KkH. Haliama Cliannel, 10(1, 101 10" Till. Rahaina, Ishi de.— Ov., i., (;14. lialiaina, I.slas de.~- T., W. lialiania. Old Ciiainuil of, 192. Raliania. See (ocat Ruliaina. Pallia, ;;7;i. ! Haliia Cereda, XU. ' Pallia 'l .-iS4. Barrancas, Rio dc, .-.SO, IS, ill most illNt;illcr,s, Wi- ]j;nt' II,, Ijicjili.s il iiK'aiiing (if tilt' uiii'.l. ii M ii ii:t 758 The Discovery of North America. I ■■ \ii f ! '1 I. 1/ h \ ih • 1 niii'i'cra8 TSlancas, F^is, "ilT, 540, ,"..■)!).— Nav., v., lV>4. Hivriif|Ufn. Aiitil. — fi'21. See li(>ii(inein. HiUTosus, (iolfo (le Ills. — Enciso. Darsil -^ Brazil, 648. l>aiti)lomi'', Aiigla ilc .San, ."Ul. Biiitoliimi', Liiyci ami Puerto de S. Xav., 111., 10.-., KMi. Barn, IhUs de.— Ov., I., 7fi, il., 3;j-l. See Bernalilii. Ba.sas, ami Bassie, Calio das, 577. Bassiilalirilogio (Bassa do Alireo- j.,V), .-.01.' Baslia.s, Las, ."Ol. Bastinii'iitos, I'lierlo de. — Xav. I., ■_'SS, .SOO. Batal, Calxiilo, (ilM). Banejiu'i.. .-\iitil. -('. Baunuo. I'rnvinee.— 1*. M., 169. V.avo, Baxo. See (i(.lf(i Baxo. Baxo. Aiu'iiu. (iiilfof .Mexico. — Ov. II., It-J. Baxo. See Cal.o Baxo. Baxo. See Rio Baxo. Baxos, Playa de, ."..'i'J. Baxoa, P. lie. Paoitic, ."..-.9, ii~X Baxos, Tierra de los, 't'X Baya BarilK'.s, 41.">, .".SI. ,See Bafra Barill, and VaazaLaria. Bayaino \'illii d(d Saiict Salva- dor do. Ill Ciitia. — Ov., I., 49,-), -.01. I'ay.inioM. ."^eo Rio Bayamon. Bayas, de. In .1 imaiea. — T. Bavati(jiiiri .Aljilia y Omega, i'lmtade, S.S. .'^ceMayei, Alpha, and Xieolao. Baynoa. See Sierra Bayiioa. Beat,% Port.— P. M., 107, 11.3. Beata. .-\iitil.— Cosa, 'P., W. Beata - Mailama Beata Sancta Callierina, Isla de. — L. C, II., .•!I.-., .31(1. Beecrro, ('alio did. Xav. i., I2.-|. Boj,'a. .'^ee \'e;;a. Begoare>, Rir. de las, (ill). I.eliotrias, Las. N'av. iii., (04. See Cneva. r.eleii, .-..■il, Sre Belldeim. BeKn, Rio de, (i.'M. Bellaforma. .\nlil. .\a\-, ii., .S.'i. Belle-Isle. Strait (.f, 71. Belpiado. Sev Caljo I'xlpradr.. Bel|merto. Xiv., i., .'ilM. Belx'edei'e, .".71., .-.77. iiengamar, (i.'i4. - Ov., ii., V.i[. Benito, Rio da San, .ViS, 633.— Ov., II., 14-». Ben posta, .'>i>.'i. Bera^ua. See Vcragua. Bergi, Bergia, Bargn, rAH. Berincja. .See iHla Berineja. BerniLJo. See Rio Berniejo. Bermmla, la, 148, 477, 091.— W., Rill. Berinnda La (larva, lala, 62L — Ov., I., nn. Beriiard<., ,Saii. Island. — T. Bernaldo, Isla de San.— Nav. , ill., .'■.4.3: Ov., I., ,->Hl. Bernaldo Barn, Isla de .San. — Ov., II., .3.34. See Barn. Beriiardi, lnsnIaSaneti.-P.M.,162 Beros CO Cal.o del, oOS. l.etldeini Beleii Yel.ra — (Jrande, Rio do. -L. C, HI., 128. Ov. I., 7«, II., 1.3(i, 4»,->. .See Rio Yelira. Betiea .\niea — (.'astilla del Oro. — Nav., II., .3.-),3. See Castilla. Bia. See Rio l>ia. Bianco. .See Cal.o Bianco. Bien Basa Biu'ii Baja - Bien Base, ill. Bien Espera, Cal.o de, 01. Biei|He, Isletade.— Ov., 1., 4,S4. Biggeta insnl. — Rny.scli. Bimene. .Vntil.--T. Biniini, Beninv, 1.34 141, 143,477, ,■.0.3. Biniini, 'I'ierra ile. — W . , Rib. Biniiio. See Rio Binino. Binora de la, .vSI. Biiioras. .Vntil. — 'I'., Rib. Birii Pirn. Town. Darien. — Nav., III., 4-.'(l; Ov., il., 4.-.!). Blaiieu. ."see Isla Klaiiea, and Isla Margarita. Blaiiea, P., .",S. Blaneaa. See Islas lUaiieas. Blanco. See Cal.o Blanco. Bias, Sanet Las Barbas Seca- tiva, (;olf(. di', rH3, 6S6, 690 !,,S, 7IM>, 710, 729 31.— Rib. Brasil, Costa del, 40O, 677, 68,3, 087-8, 091, 721. Br.asi|-:Tp,rasili, Rio del, ;)01, ;)20, .".07, .".S4, (.33, 745. Brasil, I'.l. Imaginary island. -W. Brasil. Island, 414. 03S, 0.-.2, 6.-.9, 000. Brasil, Pniila de, 433. -Cosa. Brasil, Terra ilo, 183, 471, 474, .-.71. .See Presillg Landt. Brasilia inferior, 115, 491. Brasiliaii Islamls, O'JI. Bravo. .Sec Cabo Bravo. Bravo. .See (!osta Bravo. Brelaos, Cabo do, 091. Breton, Cape, 18!, 2:i8, 586. Bret.n, Cabo del, .-.74. f Geo(;kai'1iuai, Indkx. 759 Bretniica, liiiya ilu los, •_'.'(!), .")41, .">.")."), ,"i7l. liic'loiiLH, (.'iiljo (le loa, •j;))), 5tl, tVi."), r»74. liretiiiuH, Tierni do liia, IH2, '2Xi, •2:v.), ->r,H, ,-)74, (idi, (;i'7, oiu. Brutoiii, Fslii ilo, '_';«». liretOllH, iMltrfo llfK, i'iO. Bricii, P. lie, ,V)!I. Hii;tt()l. Kiigliiiid, (),-)!», ()()(!, 074, 07.">, (iS7, (i'.C-'. Britommi, C. , 007.— Ruyscli. Bruiniu. I'oiitincnt, .■!7.">. Bruseliis. — Nnv., Jlihl. Maril., ii., .tSti. Bulmi(«, Sicini de los, ,"!l^. — Ov., ir., -27(1. ISiieltii, liufltas. See Viieltii. Bucii Alii'igo, C'alio do, 03.'!. Buen Ahrign, Islctaadc. — ()v., ii., 117, IKS. Buen Puerto, ")I7. — N'av., v., .■(7. Buen Tienipo, (iolfo de.— Bcrnal- dez, II., 7-. Bueuii Madie, Kio de, l.'41, 5,'>8, (i;«.-Ov., II., 142. Buena Ventura, Cilm de, ."i."i8. lineua Venlum, Puerto de. -Ov., I., ill ; Xav., III., 4l'i2, 4."i7, 4.-)8. Buena Vista, t'erro de. — Ov., ii., Buena Vista, Isla de, ")7.'!, ."i!l7. Buena Vi.sta, I'unta de. — Ov., III., 0.1 Bueuo. ,'t>. Buiaiei. Province. — P. M., KKi. Bullmloa, Haxos de. — Xav., in., ■"0-1 . Bniielieina, Isla de, 4411. Hu(j:ia Vista, P. de. Paeitie, ,w9. Buredes t'oronados, o\ti. Bnreiinuen, l!orri(iuen, llnriehen, Huehena Porto Rico-Iala de St. ,luan.— Xav., i., aiS, .'iOG ; P. M., !,-><) ; Ov., I., X\, -M-i, 4li(i. .'^ee liori(iuen. Burica, IJorica. Prov.— Ov., i., •i:\'i: Xav., HI. ,404. ,'17. .See Abre el ojo. ,, Abrolbo, (iOl. ,, ,, ,, Alegroza, .'JOO. ,, Anegado. -Ov., ii., I.IO. ,, Apeelado, (illd. ,, Arlear, ,S(>, ;j-.':i, ',m, 400, ,, Baxo, ;!■_>;{, ,-,7i(, (KM), 013, (i3."). ,, Belprado. -Xav., i., 131. ,, ISlaneo, liraueo, IJianco, odl, .Vt-.'.-Ov., II., 124, .'>I7, r)43, .M<). Ulanco. In La Plata. -Ov., II.. '--'0, 107, O;!,'!. Paeitie, (i'2H. -Ov. iv., 5; X'av., v., 2.V). ,, Boto. — 1,. ('., II., 2.'i.s. ,, P.ra\d, .">72. -Ov., ii., 14-'. ,, lircloM, 0;f."). See Breton, Cape. „ P.ueiio, 01. ,, Cbiru. -Knciso; Xav., ui., 410. ,, CiiKiuiu.- -Xav., I., 82-3. ,, Corso, .")lll. ,, Deluadii, Deliralo, or Del (la to, 80, 01 i, .•{10. ,, Iklieontir, Delliuontir, Del lOiicontro (';), .'iOO, 400. ,, Deseono(,ido Redoiido, 0:!4.--Ov., I., ,-.IO; II., 141. ,, Deseubicrto, 411. — Cosa (?). ,, Deseado. In Paria, 318.-C. ,, Deseiulo Feriiinso. In Strait 33, .■)07.— Xa\., IV., 49. ,, Dcsierto, (i.'i.l Ov., ii., 143. ,, Elieoiitii. See ('alio Delieontir. ,, Ferinoso. See Cabo De- seado, and Cabo Mernioso. ,, Korano, ."ill8. ,, Pornioso (llcrnioso, Frc- iiioso, or Fei-nioso), .300, 440. ,, Franco, 4.'i3. — (.Visa. ,, Frenoso (';), .300. Cabo Frio, 420, 408!)il, .')10, "107, 033, 048.— Knei.so ; Ov., II., 117. ,, Olaeiato, 170, 440, 4.V2. ,, (irando, 4.-il .rj. ,, (irueso, .V)."), 03.''i. — Ov., II., 144. ,, Herinoso. Fernio.so, For- nio.so, Frenoso (V), (i;}."].— Kiieiso ; Xav., i., ,33-4. ,, Herinnso. X. K. enast, "il7, ."i."i8-0.~()v., II., 140. ,, Ifernioso. In Strait of .Magellan. -Xav,, v., 39. ,, Hondo.— Ov., II., 144. ,, Lindo, 80.— N'av., i., 77. ,, bitar, Lnrear, Lurlar, hn- tar (■'), 80, ,3110, 310, .323, ."lOO, 21.3. ,, Luengo. -L. C, H., 201. ,, .Maiiyuj, Manu'uin, Mangny (?), 01. ,, Marc-i, S., .300, 4."i:i. ,, Mesipiito, .")08. ,, Misano. ."i(l8. ,, Xegro, 01, ri;i2, 034.— Ov., II., 141. ,, Priniero.— Ov., ii., 121. ,, (,)ueniado. — ,, iv,, 8. ,, Raso, Rasso, 72, 178, 186, 431, 4,"il, 470, .-illO, .-.79.— Ov., II., MO. See Race. ,, Redondo. 0.34. See Dcsecinoeido. ,, Rico. -I,. (,'., II., 201. Ronio, 040. Roxi>, 034. ,, Roxo. In (;. of .Mexico. — Ov., II,, 142. ,, Roxo. X. K. coast . ."172. ,, Roxo. In Porto liico.-— Ov., II., 142. ,, .'4, 'i.'iO, (ill-.'.— Ov., I., 4!»7, .'ilU, II., 467, 407, III., iH; \.. v., IV., .'i.-iH. Caiiipealria liergi, .'i7!l. Caiiipci, Hid del. — Ov., IV., 14. Caiiipd, Tiena del.— Ov. , 11., -JO.'i. Caiiip.seaii, liaye de, 1(S4. Caiiipual, Rid de, ."17-. Caniiuali. I'uolilo. Ov. , 11., 44.'). Caiiiiliaccia. -I'.M., 16S. Canaeane, I'" de, ,"i.'il. Caiiaeliine I'iiias, I'uiita ilo. I'acitio. -Ov., iv. , 7. Canada, 4i).'i, 7I>!», 7'-'0. Canaila, Ri\'ei'7. 4'.'(i, (i.'i.'i. Caiiano, Caiiandr, Caiiiiuii', l'iS."), .'I-.'.'!, ;i'.>4, 4!K), .■)67, ."i84, 61. 'i. Canaiidi-, Rio de, ."illl, ,'iJl, 6;i.'i. t'anap.it. I'uulild. -Ov., 11., 430. Caiuirapacda, ,, ,, Canawiga. — Ov., 1., ."ili.'l. Canaveral. See Cdrriente.s. Canaveral, El, .")."iS. Canaveral, I'unta de, (i.'i."i. 4 t."i. Cttfiaveral, Hid de. -Ov., 11., 14.'). Cana/.a. Antil. — Ccwa. Cuncliieta, Caneliietd, Camliieta, .•i'.'7, 47.'), 67.S.— 1'. .M., !!.•), Epi-it. Candelaria, I'nnta de la, ."i41, ."i.SI. Candii. See Truxillo. Caiiejd. In HiKpanidla. — Cosa. Canilia, Carilia, Carailii, Caiiliales, Carilies, I'arilii, Canliides, Caiii- lialeH, CaiiilialiM, CliaiiH iinnil., Iula de, .'ilHI, .'il.S, :ili7, 476. Xav., 1., ,Si;, .SS, I I.'i, I.'i!), 'JO.'t, 'JIS, •_'17. Cdsa, l!ili.,lleialdiiii: "id est, viri fdrles;" Vespne- ein.s : "Caralii, ehe mnil din; liniiinini di gran saiiiddi'ia. — • Cliarailii, Ime e.st, inagnae sa- ])ieiitiae virus VdeanU'S." In reality, name given, iidt td a raee, luit td all anlliropdpliiigdu.s Indians; after Ilid.He wild were first i.H't liy Coliiniluis, eitlier in the l)(>miiiii.'a di* Oiiadeldiipe. In l."il.'i, wert! ediisiiU'red as islamlsdf eannilials: lala Enerte, liiiin, .S. liernaldd, .Santa Cruz, Ouira, Cartagena, Caraniaricd de (li'i. — N'av., III., .■i4.'i. .See Carilies, Tierra de. Canico, ")7"-'. Caniinizi. Antil. -T. Caiijn, ( 'aiijure, Canaa, Caii.sure, (';) .S6, ill, 4i>4. Cano, lala del, .")."ii). — Rili. C'anoa, La, .').")!). Canoa, I'unta de la.— Ov., 11., I.'i.'i. Caiioaa, I'nnta de las, ."i.'il. CanoiLS, Rio de, ."i.'tl, ti.'U. — Ov., II., I.'ill. Caiiiias, Rid de las. Klorida. — Ov., II., 144. Canciiigia, Calid (le la.— Xav., III., •-•7. Caiidndrino, Rogid, 4!ll. Caniieelie, ('ani])ei'lie San Fran- eiaeo. Villa de. .See Campeaeliy. Canpina, S.'i.'i, 414. Canso, Cut of, I.S.'i. Caiuiy, Kid de. — Ov., 1., 466. Ca, ."i7'I, M',). (.'aiiu'ol, K\. Islaiiil. -L. t'., 11., 23S. C'araci)lfs, Ciista lie. -Ov. , 11., 144. C'anvhii. -Ov., 11,, 'Jilli. Caialmi, 4.3.'!. Caianiairl. I'lDviiuc, T. M.,in(). Caramai'i ( '(ii'tiiL'i^ia. I'licj'toilu.- Ov., II., 4l'I. Si^i' Cartago. Canimari, Isla.s du. — Em'i.so. f'ai'amaiii'o ile ('••'. .\iitil. -\av. , III., .343. f'ar,iml„uii. -\av., I, , -JDI ; P.M., l.-)0. CanuiKMita. l'ii>v. 0\-., ii.,4.">,S, C'ai-ao. I'niv. -Ov.. 11., 'iKi, 237. Caran. Piu'liln. -., ,, .3-_'li. ('ai'ai|ii<', I'.alii:) i\r. Paeitie. — Ov.. Ti.. '.'-'l. C'aravi'ta, Boci ilc, DO, C'aiearacs, P.io dc. — Ov., 11., 171. C'aroarana. Sco Rio Caroarana. Caroenio. Antil. — C'.iii. f'anleiias, !1S, 00. Carnoa. Pniv. Ov., ill., '-'(I. fare;;!, ."i.Vi. ( 'arenas, ( 'a itiii>s 1 l,i\-ana, Pupi't o (Ic, l.-.(l. 1,. (',. I.. Xui: Diaz, IV. ; N'aV., HI., .■■.'i. ('arenas, Pu'Tto ilf. Viicatiin. — Ov.. I., .-|li3. Caivi-cliola. Piirlilo.-nv., ii.,i>fl."). C'aivla. Pr.iv, -Ov., 11., 1.37; \av.. 111.. .'Kill. C'arex. Svc (.'ndv^'ci, Caiia, Sicn-ras ili', 4.'i.">, 401. — Nav. , III., r>.")8. C'ariaen. Si'c llolfn Cariaon. Cariari, Ciriay MimUalaiuia. Tierra, ."mS. ii:!l. -Xav., I., -284; III., .").")(!: P, M,. l.-.l, C'arihana, ."^i-c Pnnia Caiiliaiia. f'ariliat.a. .S'c .Muni'' Cariliata. ('ariblioan Sea, 110, 220. 4.10. Carilios. 'I'itMia dv. ,"ilO, ,-).'!0. — Ov., 11., I.'io. C'arivniis, llin .Ir Id..;. (1v. . 11., 4.-1 f. Camillas, La '. ."."."). ('anj,'a. Pml,!,,.— Ov., 11., .'!lt2. C'ari(|iii,;einft(). Vallu.— Ov., 11., 302. Caiitalia Kspanola (f inpaiiiola Haiti. -N'av., i., 8."). Cai'olinart, 'I'liv, 7'24. ( 'aiiaiiaoa, Riiii(|ui, 044. I C'aasia, Rio ile, M)l. CaHtanar, Rio di', OS,').— Ov., 11., 148. Castiaif, 'I'iiMTa lie, ,")0I. \ (-'aslilla ili-'l Oro I'lcHi'a anrra - I'l^in, 470, .-..11, (i81, 704, 717.— Xav., II., .'103. .S«u IVni. Caatilla Xueva IV'i'u. — Ov. , I., ] 410. I (-'alaciapa. Ri'i;i'>n ami Cauii|Ue.— | Ov., II., 422. Cataclu', Piinta do. Yucatan. — ■ Ov., I., r>\H. Catatio, ,-.02. Catalina, Oolfo do .Sta., .V)0, .-18!. C'atalina, I.sla dr Sta. Ov., ir., 172. C'ataliim, Pimlilo d,' la, .■)80. Catalina, Puerto dc Sta., 80.-- Xav., I., 00. Catalina, Rio (irandi; de Sta. — Xav., III., .V13. Cal;uili:l, ."1O7. (.'ataiiua, Sta. Antil. --T. Sue lieata. Catai'ina, Sta. Foil. -P. M., 84. Catay and Catayo Oriental, 2.'!ll, 707. See Catliay. Cateha.— P. M., 13.".. Catlialina, Isla di' Sta.— Ov., II., 1211. Catliay, 102. 104, 382, 384, 303, 300, ,")8.'!. 008. Calliay vel ( liulniaiia, .VJIi. Catigai-a, 4.->2, 0O7.-~Xav., i., ,300. Cativa. .^ee Cai-ii|ne l^tiieniado. Cativa. Prov.,.")3l. Xav., 1 1 1 . , .ViO. Catoohe, Cape, l."i."), 0O2. Caty Aity Hayli. .\nlil. Can. Caunoa -~P. .M., 100. (-'annidi. Puelplo. — Ov., Ii.,.t4.'i. Cautio, l.'i.-., 141. Caiiyo. See Rio ('aviyo. Cava, Rio de, .'toj. ('ii.\a. La. Ov., i., .lOO. ('a.vamalea. Valley. Ov. , iv., l.'iS. Caxas. Puel)lo. - ,, ,, 1,V). Caxiiiati, Caxines, Ca/.ones Hon- dnias, ('alio, .Aiieoii, and Piiiita de, 448, 4.">7, MH, 001, 034, OO.'l. Ov., 11., 78, 142; Xav., i., 2,83, 288. CayaeoH. Antil. -\V., Rili. Cayas, 044. Cayaae. — Ov., 1., ,">70. Cayboii, Puerto de. Ili.spaniola. — Ov., II., 420. Cayve..., Illia de. Antil. -C. Cay<:os. IsletH. Antil., 14.). Cayralion, Rio de. — Ov., 1.. 400. Cayrua. .Sue Aluaii or Aleair. Cazaeuliiiiia -P. M., I7'2. Culiaeo, Islaa ili^ -L. C, v., 20() ; Rib. Ccliaeo, Punla de, ."l.'i!). Celniui), or Xeliueo.-' .Sue Rio Culiueo. (,'elioeatin Xaeuatin, 044. Celto dulue de Cristiaiios, ."181. Cemaeo, or Zeinaeo. Province. — Ov., 1., .'i.-i2, II., 1,'J4. Cemi, Kl. — Xav., III., 400. Cuinolial, Cuuipoal, Cempoala :^ Sevilla, ."ilO, ."lOO, ()4,-i. -I'. M., 100. Ceiinioa, Zennioa. Puelilo. — Ov. , II., 270. Centiiiella, Kl farallon di'. — Xav., IV., (). Sec: Faiallon. Cuntii|uipai|Ue.()v., iii., ."i70. ( 'unu. Pr, (i;u, 711. (Iv., II., 7N. ('lia;ii Kulcid il« loH bignr- to». .\lsri Kivcr anil Villagu, Viiiiitaii, (i.'M.— Ov., I., .">!((. Clialli', I'liiita il'.'. I'aeil'K-. Ov., IV., H. Sei' Cliiaiiu'. < 'liajjaiicri'. .'^ce Kin Cliapanui'i'. Cliapv. I'rov. l'avilio.-()v.,lll.,lH t'liape. Kivt'i- ami ('atii|m'. — Ov., IV., li. .See ('lu'])e. C'liara, Hiiia, I.ay, lli^'. ( 'liaV!,'"liw, I'l-iiviiiee lie Ins. Ov., II!, •J4;i. --'.M. (.'lu'pal)Hi', Cliepi'liar. .Vav. in., ■KCi, 4111. Cliepi', Kill lie, ."i41. Clii'po. -N'av.. Ml.. 410. ClK'pra, Kill lie. l)v., ii., I.'W. ( 'lierii|ii!. -N'av.. ill., Uli. ( hiaeiiMii!! I'inti.'iiaiius, -(.'iS. Cliialia. Ov., i., ."ili.'l. Cliiaiiie. I'linta lie, .Ml. See Cliaiiie anil ( 'liatu-. Cliiapa. (Iiiapaa, t'liiape. I'niv. anil Caeiinie, 711.--!'. .M., l.'lil. Cliiauaeelia. 4."i!l. - 1". M., I-".). ( 'liiea. .See Kin Cliiea. (.'Iiieara. See Kin Cliieaea. Cliieaentra. N'av., in., llL'. riiieaja, (>44. ( 'liieliiiivielii. .Seel'dei'tiiKlei'liailn (.'liii'iri, ."i.'il. C'liienra, Tierra ile, l',IS, ^(14, ,"i74, 7-M, 7X1. ( 'liilf, C'liili, ()•.'.•(. Cliiliaii ei«wt, (i.'fO, 7I.">. Cliiinan. — Xav., in.. 111). Cliiniililn. I'nel.In.Ov., n,, 4(i(), t'iiiniilla. I'lnviiK-e, ,, .'179. CliiiK'lia, Cliineliax, ('ily, ami I'l'nvince ile, 'u'.i, ."i!l7. Cliinelm. See Kio Cliiiielm. CliinitaH. I'lieliln. Ov., ii,, 440. Cliiplnm.. I'nit. Ov., 1., .VUi, riiira, (Inlfn lie, ."i44, (.'liira SI. Mi(,'iiel, 'I'ii'ii'a lie la. - Ov., IV., ■-'•-'.'i. I'liiiara. 'I'liwii. I'. .\l., I.VJ. I'liii-iliiehi SanIa IV, ,-|ll4, ."..'tl, (i.U. Ov. I., .V,I4 ; !,.('., 1\. .■J7n. C'liirijjimiia. 0\. , n., 'M'.l I'liini. .See Lalm Cliiiii. Cliixi.— Ov., 1., .M(i. Chitaza. Tipwii, 1', M., l.'>2. t'liiteinal, in Vueataii. - Ov., lil., •-'4(i. Clineania. — Xav., 111., 4'J(I. t'liiinilales. I'rnv. Xiearagiiii.— Ov., I.. .•».">«, II., •-';t,"i. Cliiirntega, t'luiidtegiiiis. I'rnv. I'aeilie. -Ov., il., ."id. (.'hiilntegii .\Ialalain Oiilf nf Xi- eaiugua. -Ov,, iv,, 14. C'lirislianns, Kin ile, ,"i7'J, Cliiistoval lie la llaliana, San, — Ov,, 1., .in;). I t'lil'iatnval, llaliiii ile San,, 241,^ Ov,, II,, I4(i. CliliMtiiviil, Isla lie S. , ,'i7,'t.- -Ov,, 1., -2:, ; I'lM.i, T, Cliiisliival, UlaileS. I'aeilic, Kill. Clilistiival .laipies, Isla ile, — Ov,, II,. |-J(I; Kill, t'liiislnval, .Min.i.sileS. P.M., 1(14. t'liiiilleij..'li, (.'ape, 7.'*. I'luiliiiana t'alliay, "■'-'<). Cluinmliulla. I'ein. O v., i v., •_';((). ! C'liunianui. -Ov., ii., -J'M. C'liunioii, Rio lie, ."i4 1 . C'liuspii, HJ7, mx. Ciainlia (,hiiiii|iietana, .'ili7. — • Nav, 1,, -JllS; 1', .\l,, l.-id. C'iliana, .Siena ami Valle. - 1'. .\I., 74, C'iliai) CigiiaiuH, .\iitil. I'. .\I.,,'i7, Cibao (.'igiiains. I'ii>v.--N'av.,i., 10!), II.S, .'Jl, C'ilian, River. -Ov,, i., IS'.', L'iliau. See .\uan. ('iliau,(;ran Isla ile. N'av. n., lo;i, CiliiUiil Keal. Ov.. in., -JKi. Cibola, li-JS, (ill. Ov., iv., IS. C'ilauiueya, ,See Santa Cniz, Cii;ia, nrZizia, I.slanil, Ov.,i. ,,'>0.'i, Cieheii, Islet. /./. , 4li,'i, Cieihaena, .'i.'!!, C'iego. ,See Kio Ciegn, Cigatei), Ciguateo, .\nlil, — W, Ov., I., 2.y Cigniire, I'lov. .N'av,, 1,, '.MM). 'I'nun il (•v., n.. Cigiiatan ('Igiiatlaiii. 'I'nun in- Tialiiteil liy Hniiien. *-'-'' -'J.'l I'iliaiio, Ov,, II., •_'7li, I'iinHiiii, Calm lie. N'av., i., 7!', Cinia Cniielia, 'riena ile, ((,'(4, Cinliii, I'ri.vime. I'. ,\l., Itl4. Cipangti. See /ipaiigu, Cii'iliieiiii, ,"ilU, Citarina, ,Sii'i-i'a.s ile, .'117, ,Seo .Siena Xevaila, Cital'iiia, See Setiiiiiia, Citulu, I'nnia ile, Ov., IV,, l.'i. C'iliiniia Satnnna, Satunia. Kei^inn. 1'. M., I.'i7; KpiHt,, .-i;i2 ; Xav,, in,, lO.s, Ciiita, Ki'ginn, Ov,, i., 7(i, Clara, Kio ile Sta, , (iOl, t'laro. See (Inlt'n Clarn. Cleniente, Islas ile S, Ov., n,, 144, C'liniln, Cliiiila, Ol. Cnaeay, Ov, , II,, VM. Coagaa. - ,, ,, ,, Coast of I'earls, .See I'eails, Coaliva. -Ov,, n,, ;)i)l', ;il,-i, Cnalzjienalen lliiasaeiialen. .See ( iiiasaealens. V'oazaeo.ileii, l*rii\ inee, ,*iO!l, .'ilO, Cniios, See Lnlins, Cniir.iva .\iirira. N'av., i.,L',S,"i, .'{I,"!, Ciii,a. Ov., 1., ,"ili,'>, Covalinlia, Lagmia. Ov,, i., 40-J. Cneapia, — -Ov, , II,, 4tl, (.'oeatriees, Kio ile. Sue Lagartns, (Nieayo. See 'rivei;iieayo. Covepieinn, 'aim lie, 177, 4.'i(i. Coehe. See Isla Cni^lie, Coi'hiiiiis, Kegion, - 1', .\l., IS,'), Coeon, ,See 'raiinienia, (_'i)ilegi), ISoea lie, ti,')l. Ov.,ii., I.'i.'t. Coilego, (Jnoilego Carex Senni- liria. Islanil ami Caeiiine.- Ov., ii.,;(;i!l, 4l'0; 1', .M,, UMi; Kneiao; T. Cnilera, Calm ile la. Ov., n., l;il, •-'t:t; L, ('., v., •_'•-'!•. .See Isleo lie la I 'oilera. Coileia, I'uertn ile la Alilea Veil- eiita, tiS!), -.N'av,, in. ,;(•_', lo:j, (.'ogiiia, .See Kin Cnguia, C'oilia, See < Inlfn Coilia, Cnilia Dites, or Coilia tlic Kieh, — I', .M,, l,S2; Xav., in., .■J'.IS. Colantcn, ."ilO, Cokliinaa, ,See Kin Coleliiiias. -■ i > "^^.U Mi wmmsBm. 1 i luluH, Islii (l^^ ()v., II., I Is. C'liliniiiv. ,, 1., ."tl. ('(iliiiiii, rttl. N'liv ., i'tl. CdUiKP. I'lDvilU'C, -Ov., IV. , ."). "oiioLiitwi. ricKiciii. -P. m.,ih;<. C'dlhm'junii, divmaliv, ('ulvuiaiiiiii, CiilvaTOiiiii, •-•SI, -JS;}, 3S4, 'AH, .111ft. ('dIdcIih. Diiiicii. -Ov., II., 447. C'liliiimiia, Ciiluiia, l!,iyii ile In. - Ov., IV., !.->. Coiniiiia, .">77. C<)lllCeiu"l, (',l|in llll. ]'H, ('oincUii, •J.'l.'i, .'tiMI, ;t|(i, .•(•_'4. Coiiii'ti, .'illj. I'liiiii Maiaiii. 1'. M., l,S(i-7. Coliii, 'riiiira lU:. Ov., I., .l.'td ; Nav., HI., iVA. CiUniti. Sec l!ici Cuniiti. C'oimi, Pviii (Ic, ."l(). ("iiinn^c'i*, .').'II. C'()iMii>;ri'. I'r(iviiiei.siiiil ( 'aiiiiiui;. — Nav., III.. ,l(i!) ; 1'. M., IKi. t'uiniigii;, I{i(i (If. I.,. C, v., 127. C'limoiayxa. Kivei. -1". M., 172. Coiniili) Saila, ■_VI7. ('iini|mtliay. 'I'ii'iia Mnne. — Ov., II., 274. C'i)iiii)<)stiila, (112. Ov., III., .")77. (.'iinoupeiiiii ck' la Vej,'a, 4.'{.'). — Ov., I., (m. t'oiifupciiiii. \'rra.;iia. — 0\ . , II., 4S4. C()n<;u|)i:iiiii, I'lUMtiidu la. ('iiha.— Xav., I., S.); L. I'., v., 24,"i. C'oiioopcidu, I'lifiliidfla. I'aeilii;.- \av., v., ."l.'i. ('onoi'puiciii, Hi>) ill! la, .")7.'J. C'liiici'pioioii, Calm de, 42li. C'oii<;ei)Ui;a. — Ov., ii,, 274. C'onolia, Ticmi lU'. .Scf ( 'iiita. Conchas, Calio (h: ].. ('., ii., 201. C'lmc'ibiuion, l!ia, ll.S, IK), (1H9. Corazai) ('(irazaiifi', IhUi dp. -Ov., I., , r>4(i.— Ov., ii., 20,".. Ciiiiia Vurniullia, ,')2i). C'iii-(iay. — Sei! Isla Coriiay. ('iiri>1iai'ci, Isla di'. I'ai'hic. — Ov., I., .'tliO. ('(ii-oiiadii.s, LciK. Ov., 11., 7(1. C'Driiuiilua, Calici dc, 147, ."i.'lO. - Ov., 11., 122. (.'iii'riciiti's Canavi'nil, ('alio do. Klnrida. Sou Cori-i('iitt''.s. ('oriiontes, Coata do, (!l)l. C'Diiiuiites, I'liiita de, (i.'U. ('i)i'niva. Soo Kin Coi'iiira. ( 'eirsalos, Ciista do, ,">4.'l. Corsa, Rii) da, (iHil. Ciiianiliw, Eiisonada do lii.s .\ldoa Voiioida. -N'av. C'oi'so. .Soo Calicj Cor.Hii. Cortada. .Soo 'I'ioria ( 'urtada. Ccii'to Majoi-o, .">.">."). (.'cii'lonit, (ill7. .Soo Ciiito-Koal. Coito-Roal, 'I'iorrrt di', (11, 72, 7."i, 4;)1. ('Ditoroalia, Tiorra, (14. ('oil.i''a, Lagiina do. Ov., IV. , l,"i. C'lirtos, lios, ."i(l(l. C'orto.sia. .Soo 'I'iori-a I'ortoaia. (.'iii-voo, 'MX). ('iiHora linixada, La, ."illl. Ciiaiiioa, Rio do, 'Ml, (l.'i.'f. Coaiiiiis, Kid do Icia, ;{ll!. (i.'!."!. - Ov., 11., ll,"i. 0).s|)ii|iie. Tnwii and Caoiiiiio. - 42!). Coaan ; C(ii;a, (144. Costa Alta, ,S(i, 2S.->, .'ilil, ;{2:i, .'124, 421, 4!MI, (il.-f. CdSta .Viiogada, 41."). 7C^3 Coata lii-avo (Uaxa?), 4(10. Conta Uiioiia. Ov., II,, 142. Cosla do IVilaa. Cosa. (Joala KiagoHa, .Vtl. Co8U Limpia, .').'! 1. Coata I'aioja, 414 1.'). ( 'o.ita I'laida. Coaa. Coata 'I'oaa, ."i.'ll. Coata Viata, (100. ( 'oato. -Ov., I., .'jd.!. Coalila, lala ilo, .")0:i. Cotooho, Colfo ilo, .").'i,S. Cotoolio, I', do, ,")7;i. nil). Cotohi. Uogioii. r. M., 172. Cotox. P. M., Kill. Cotiiy. IJivor. Ov. , II., 17(1. Coyiia. Piov. - ,, III., ,'()."). Coyta. Soo Piinta Coyta. Coziiniol Santa Cniz, 2,SI, .").'tO, "i.')."), ."),")H, ,"i(14, ")(>7, .'iS.'t, ()(I7, (i;U, 72S. Cioaaiiy pornitorina, .").")."). Ciiatl. .Soo Monto Criali. (.'riatolial, Alira de S. Xav. v., .IH Ci-istolial, Haliia do S., .").")S. Cii.slol.al, Rio do S., .'..TJ. Cristobal, Sioiraa do S, , ."i.SI. Cniix, I'ointo do la. 1,S7. Cnioia, Caput S,, 47.'i, .")1."), .")l(l, ")(ili, .")()7, .'iSl. (-'riix, P. do, ISll, ."),")."). Ci'iiz, lialiia do. In Xowfound- land, ,").")."). Cruz, lialiia do la. In tlio I'aoitio. -Ov., 11., 112, IV,, I2.S. Cniz, Calm do. Tn Cuba, ,Sti, 91, 447, .'j.'jS. Knciao, L. C, it., ")4 : Xav., I., 2S7. Cruz, Cabo do la, (i.T). Cniz, Cabo do la. In Oiilf of Moxioo.Ov., 11., 142. Cniz, Rio do la, .".".O. Cniz. Ri.i do la. li; Florida. ~ Xav. , III., ."il. Cruz, Rio do la. In l.a Plata, 0;!;t. Cniz, Rio do Santa, ."illl, .'117. Cniz. Soo Santa Ciuz. Cuanil ■Ov, .•7.'>, 2n(i. Cuba. Cabo and Pnnta ilo, S(l S.— Xav., 1.. ."ill. Ciilia, Colba .luaiia rornandiiia (in 1.")I41, I.sia do, 77, 70, SU-Sr,, ns. 101, 10.-), .•{27, 447 S, 47.-), 4s;!. (1112. — Xav., I., 2,S, ;i7.s, 7.S 101); II., 144. If I1\ 1 ii i I If' ;64 TlIK DiSCOVKRY OK NoRTII AmKRICA. n \ w V < .: . I' ' 'f, .0 •i;^ ' ) fyfi^- :\ s V ■ 1 1; ( 'iili. ChIhiii l'|i|nr Manirix, I,. ('., v.. i;,")tl. < iiliigiir. Kiv.r, P. \I., l.-i.'). riilioii, ,-,.il. ('iicliiluuDii, ( 'iii|iiilia(()ii- Vt'licz- iirlii, .'ti;, 4.V.I, «7."i. \.. (.'., II., tl'it. ."^Of ('ui|iuluu'iia. ( 'lU'iInavaoa, .">!>.*». (.'norila. Kin t\v la, li.'M. Ov. , ir., i;il. t'lici'ii^'ii. l'i'iniii,'a .'>t. .'^illl(m, Isk'd lie. Ov., 111., Hi. ( lU'Hta Rasa. Ov., i., (i7. Ciii'vu. I'roviiiei'. Ov., ii., 10(1. I'lii'va I. as I'li'lu'lrlaH. I'rov. in Daiicii. Xav., 111., ;iil,S, 4(14; Ov., I., tl-J; L. ( '., IV., 7--'. ( 'iigiU'y. ( )v., II,, 4.VI. C'lilmlMi. I'. .M., Kilt. ('iiiliiii, ."i.'ll. Ciilata, l,a, ,"i(M. I'. .\I., 111). Ciilrai-, .'illO. <'lll(■lll■a^<. Oolfij ,1(. las. Ov., ii., •"il, M. III. Ciili'ljias I'"rli|ia liMiiTdiia. [.^la lU'. IK.. 1., 4l!l. .Ml : II., llil ; IV., •_'•-' I, Culiaraii, ( 'iilimcaiii, (ill ]•_', Ii4.'i. Culilii-iMaM, Rio ilf. (iv., I., Ilili. (-'iillii|Uv. .>,S4, (is.-,. . N'av., 111., .Mil; 1'. .\l., ,Sil. t'uiuaii.i, Ki.i lie. Ov., I l)(i| • 11., I.il. ( 'nniiti. i )v., ii., -Si't. Cn(inclmo()n, Costa de, .'(17. Cnqnilmcoa VuiKziicla. — L. V., II., 4ll!t. .>iiini[iiiliatoa. (,'nracco, ('iirareo. Anlil. — I!ili., \V. .Soe (ligaiilvs. C'nraii. Foil in I'urii. Ov,, iv., I.'i.'i. Ciirano. Anlil.— T. Cuiusaotc. Aniil. — W. Cuinllui). ImIi'I.— Ov,. I , '.'."i. Cntiana \'alfi inioco, 'I'iiTiu ilt', 17.'i. (i7S, Ii7!'. (INII. N'av., in., ;(•-', lii;i, 1(17 : I'. M.. s!i. Cniiima, Itio de. 0\ ., l.'tl. ( 'iii|iarf, lilil. ('nrlaim, .'tl.S. IS7, .■•(17. Cii.'thiii, .VJO. Cuti. Riv.i- Ov., I,, ;i4.'i. Cnyiiiiilio, Ov., ii., •J7">. 'J'.Hi. t'liyi'Ciiyr. .\lilK^ in lliiricn. — Ov., II., 4.-).S. CnyHvo. I'rov.- Ov., in., .'idO. Cn/vallaii. Sec l^aii .Silvailoi'. Ciizelio, ti-JS. Cvlwio, '•The Roeky I'laoe." — "MernaMez, ii., .■«! : 1'. .M., 1(11). Cyria, Raliia deS., 177, 4-.'(i, 4.'t(i. 1)AI1AI11K, DaLailia, .Mil, .V)l), '■' .".(17. P. M., nil, l(i;t; Xiiv., III., ;i7(i: I.. ('., IV., ^4. Dagna. See Rio Diiyiia. DalmluMi. 1'. M., Kilt. Daliatio. See Rio Daliatio. Daiu'iii'iii. .Mountains, P.M., I7(t. DaiMllor. See HonlUnr. Danui. !^ee Rio Darari. Daiien, Kl, 4,S4, .".ll.'t, ,V_'I'., .Vll, .•i()7. Ilaiieii, (Inlf of, 4(14, iiS4, (iHO, 7(W, 7111, 71^ i;i. 7--'l. Darieii. l-stliinns. ."i47, .".-tS. Dal'Icn. Itio lie (ai'lll of llle Rio de .•^aii .Inaii, named liv N'adiUo), P. .M., KpiHt. ."i4.-. ;dv., ii.,4.V.t. Daiion, Rio de (named liy Pedra- lias Davila). (Iv., in.. .'W. Ilavila, TieiraH dis ."i.'iO. I lev'olada. .See Colada. llelialKniici. P. M., Kill. Dellin, Isla del. I,. C, ii,, '^'l.S, Delijada. See Playa l>elf.ida. Delgado. See ('alio Uelgado, Delijailo. S ■■ Rio Deljiado. Delioonlir. .'^eeCalio Deliconlir. Delisleo, .'ardiiia. Ciliodel, See .*^>afe.seado. See I'alto I)esoa.'o, C.liil.ol lie Slo. (ni'inii'd liv Cohiniliu.s alter liis father). - o\., I., :<■!. Ilomiiiuo, Pioniontnrio de .'^to. in the Si rail of MaL'ellan (named l.y Aleazalia). Ov , ii., KiU. Domingo, P-.4. Ov., ii., 141, I4S. Dos Rotas, Rio de, .-.lO, .-..'lO. Du» Hermanos. N'av., i., ill). Dos Rios, I'laya de, ."..".'.I, Drago. .^<'e lloea. Dragon's tail, The, See .Magellan, Drago.s, Riiya ilo.s, lilll. Diagiis, i;io de, .-lOl, .-i.'i-J. Dnalie, Dnhalire Snaehe, lil^W. Dul.ida or Diivida, Rio da, 'h\i, Dulee, See ( iolfo I Inlee and Uialia. Dniec. See Porto Dulee. Dnlee. See Rio Dulee. N - >^ ! i;itK'i r,i!K. Coii'^i. I'. M,, i.vt. KiMani|ii llli.il.itlil. ,, IH(I. Ivi|",iimii", llici ill' Ins, ,"ill. Kk.uil'iiMcikii, ( Ikcfoiiiiko, ()imi|im- lilirrio(,',(H. Swiuiip, (U4, Mii. Klrfiiiilc, (',il.<.,li'l. \av., I., 7!l. KUii.i, C.il". 'h- Sill., I'.IH, (i;t,-.. Kliii.i, (nilluilrSta. ()v.,ii., UU. Kli'ii.i, I'linlii lie Sill., .ViO. Ov., I., -Jit, ;i.-.;. Klniii, Kill ill' St;i., .'..TJ, (i;i;t, - (tV., 111., li.lll. Klpiiii, Stii., ,'i7;t. K.lii'iiiilii. Si'i.' Ciilici Klii'imlii. Kliim -'IMiiMi. Inl.>8 ill' Siiiii, 'J;t7, 4ir., rill, (iv., 11., IIS. Kiiiliiniir. Ciiiisi. I'. M., l,"i;t. Kiiii'iii'|iiinti!ii. Si-c Ik1« l'jiii-iii'|)!a Cirilalia, ( 'arilian.i. Aiitil., 77, 1111+. — Nav., 1.. Nt, .s.-i : L. I'., 1., m). K>|iui'i'iia, La. 7.'fll, 7I''I. Kspt'ia, Calm ilr, 17,S. 114.— Ov., 11., I l!l. Kspt;ra. Si'i' Spi'ia. KsiuM-anva, I'liiita ilo, ."ill. Kspi'sn. Svo Miiiitc K.'ipi'ao. Ksjiiiitii Saiitii, Aiicnii ilil. Xav., 111., .■.lis. Kspiritii Saiiin, I'lu'i-tii ilil, .")I7. Kspiiilii .Sinln l-!in Saladn (';) i .Missi.ssippi iV), l.'iS, Uiil, ."i.'jd. - Ov., 11.. 14:2. Kspililil .Saiiln, Ixin ilvl. X. K. coast, L'l;i. (iEdllK.M'lIK .VI. InDKX. KBpiiilii Saiiln, Vallc ilil, (144. - Ov., II., ;m.'t. S.'i. Cnnrola. KHpIn, Kspilln, Kspila, ( '. ill', ill. KHtasia. .\nlil. 'I'. Hutu, ('■'. ill' In, .VI'J. Kstvvaiii liiiiiu'/, Tii'ira ilc, iui). KMtcvaii, Isla ili'S., ."i7.'t. Rib, KHtiii-a, I'ui'liln. Kiii'isi). Ktliiia. Si'f Mill l''.lliii'a. Ktieuii. SiM! Hio Klinu'i. Kutdlilaiul, (l.'i7. K.Mtl'l'L'lKis, Laynili' Ins, ."i.VI. -Ov., 11., M. KHirella, ('. lie. ('nsa; Xa\-., i., 7il. KsirullaH, Kin ilc la^, .Vi!t. Kslrt'inii, (Inlfo (In,',-!,'!'.'. KBtrrini), Kxli'i'iim, .Sln'iiin, Kin iiui, .'lOi, .vi'i. Nav., v., -jra Kim»(.-\vi's?), Kin lie l.'s, :il,S, 4.S7. Kiifi'inia, .Mniit.' ill' S., ;):)•.', 414. Kvaiierlista. .S('i' Isla Kvaiigulista, aiiil Aliaiiai'li.sta, aUn Aliaiigulisla. Kxplnils KiM'i'. ll!l. j:.\(;UXl)KS. Islas, 1.S3. l''ajai'iln. .'^ce Kin Kajardo. Kaliiin. Kl. Anlil. Cnsa. l''allailns. Si'i' llallaiins. l''alsn(0 .\iitil— Cnsii. Faiallnii, i;i, I'iSil. Kara'lnii Kaiallnii i I'litiiicla. — Nav., Ill,, 111:.', In:!. Farallnii, 1', ilcl, li;i:i. Karallnii, I'liiitn lU'l. 0\ .. n., IlNI. Kai-allnii.KiniU'l. Sv.' Kill I'nl.la.lo l''ai'c'\vt'll, ('apt', U'.l, 74, Farlla, ilu, l'.'7. Kaitna. Calinik'. ■J7:i. l'"ava Uafan. .\av., I., 44, 4(i. I'avnrita. Si'C .M'l'ni'ita. Fi'giii'S. Sfu Hi^'iU'ias. Ffi.viuluw, Kid ile, HJU. Felipa, l.a. Si'o (.'iili-liras. Foria, I'liuta ile la. - l)v., iv. , ,S. Furmiuld (';). Hispaiiinla. — Ciwa. Formosa, ironiiiisa, Haya, ."i.'ii See Haya Ft'iiiinsa. Feriiinsd. .Sot'(l(^lfn Ifcnnnso. I'V'i'iiinyn. Si'i; Kin Ifcrmnsn. KiTiianiliiun. Si'C IVriiaiiiliuoo. Foriianila, fur Keiiiamlina, 401. Fviiiaiiilina. ."'Jei.' Ciilia. KcrnaiiiUiia. .Set Culia aiuljiiaiia. 7^>5 Ki'i'i'ilo d' Inrnna, /u'n ilo Xi'i'nlina Sail .1 nan, Isla ili, ll!M). ■■K.,\\'. I'l^i. 1'. M., l,sii. KiKdlt' ill' iiaiiai'in. I''i^n|i' du nana- nm, l''lgK' lU' iiaiiai'i'.i, 'JIS, 2°Jll, ,"».V». Kilipr, Sit'iias lie San, lil'.'. Filii, fill ill) alii'ill, .iihl l''iiiiilal>i ill. Calm (In, Ntl-7, '."I, '-i'l'K ll'll. Fill ilu Oiii'iito, HH. Fiiiisli'iri', I'liiita ik'. I'erii. — Ov,, IV., '.'lil. '■'illnin, Hid llu, ."|S!I. Fla>!niii/.a, Kin ili-, :iiio, .'lil,S, (,"i;t, 4S7. Fk'i'liaild. .Sl'u I'uci-Iii I'Mecliailo. Klcclias, (iolfii ill' l,iH. Xav., i., l.'I'J. Flct'lu'ios, r. ik', .Vi!l, I'llnl Kivcr, (i4t. FIniiH, Kio ik', ."iS,S. -Ov. ,11., li;J. Klnriila, La Klmiila, i;i.">-l.-.;t, ."ill'.', .vji, r,:i-, .-.41, ii4:t4, ti.vi, usii, 7il.'i, 71(1, 7 111, 7'-'4. l'"loriila. .Si'u Isla l''lniiila. FIdiiila I'fcfs, ml. Kldiiil.i, 'IViia, l.T. I 11, I4-.'1,V!, i.',s,'>, .vi'j, :m, .".111, .v.'i, .v.'ii, .->41, .".4(i, .V)(), .■i7;i, .'i-i.'i, (iu7, ti4;t, ti44, -{>:,, 7lii, 71!l, 7-M. Fdcd Cfclin, Kid .1,', .'Mn, i,".;t. I'djid, Isla ik', linl. Knllild .Soud, Kid ,k', .'Is. Fniiiliini, Calm ilv la, ,ViS. -■Knrisn. Knasi'i'a, Ciiiilail ili', .\,iv., in., 417, Fnlisvra, (Inlfn ik', .■|Sl, 7L'(i. l''dii»i'i'a, Kid lie, .'tl7. Fdiaiid. ,Sl'1' Calm I-'m-ann. Fdi-i'sta, Cnlfnik' la, ."..",.-,, l''nriiii.sd. .^L'c Kin l-'iiitunsn. Knriin. .Sfi' Kin I'unid. FnrnseOd, Kidik', .'!|s l^7. Fdilo or Fiinti.', 1 14. Koi'tis. Islaiiil. I'.M.. |.i7. Fdi-tuna, Isla ill' l,i, I7,s, I7!l, ,"i,-,,s. Ov.. 11., I.Vl. I'niliiiu' I Jay, 4.V_'. Fi-aild, Calm llu. .'iks. ls7. FragiKsa. Sci' (.'n.-^ta Fragn.^a anil Monte Fniynsa. Fi-ailes, Isla ile Ins, .'!.il. '1'. Fraik's, Islelas ile Ins. Xav., iii , iiij-;i. Fraiioesea, L'kS, u'-Jl, ,V.4, I'laiicese, La, •2'2~, Fi-ancisea, (i07. fn I ;■ ^hp 766 The Discovkkv or North America. i: «! :), iH I ! 1 . • i;( iMMiiciscii, Rio . Fniiiciscd, C'alio (lu S., ">7,'t. — Ov., IV., r,. Viiuioiwii, Kiviiioi.siiUfi, RicidfSiVii. ITS, .•fill. ;il'.). T'\iiiioisc'ii, I-ila ill' .San. — 'P. Vrmicisrii. Fslas df S. — Ov. 11., l.TS FranoiaiMi, Rin ilu San. Brazil, .'J.'!."), .ISi, ,"i.V), (iXi. -N'av., v., 174; \V. Fiuiioi-^co, San, Yuoatan, ."i.TO. Francisco .St. Madioo — Pii- niero " Sfiruntlo, Rio tie San. Ov., !l., ."iS. Freoliado Seo T'uuilo Fruoliailo. FieiiU, ('a))i', 17(). Fruj^oso. Sio Montr Fregoso. Fienioiio. Sue (lolfo Frenioso. Fi'L'tmn Ma^'li.in"., ii07. Fiey Lnis. I>'.a de, 17l>, 4-J(!. Frio, Ha'-. I di; C'abi) Rio .Janeiro, .'iOII. Sl'.' .lanoiro. J'rioso. .Sfi' M'pnto Frioso. Frol)isrtlui-.s Sli,uj;lite.B, -.'.SS. Frontura i':i, (!!)•_'. Fno.^'o, Isla ill', .")-"iS. -Ov., 11., 149. Viw^n, Rio del, .->41. Fu'igos Humiw, t'alto and Tit'i'ra ill', .">!l. ."11)7.— Ov. II., o.S ; N'av. IV., 4:1. Faente li! . 'r.i.— Ov., i., .Vi.'i. Fiii-'rlo. S,;.' Isla FiiiTtc. FiuTti' dv li.iin r;i, I.sla, .")IW. I''iiuia. .'^ri' 1.<1 1, l''nnia. l''iiinos, Hiuno-i, I', do, ."Mil. Fnnio.s, Unnms. TiiTia du I03, oill, .■)l)7. Fuiiios, Rio dus. .");!•_'. Fuiiia, I'unta du la, ().'i4.-"0v., II , l-_".l. Fuiiias iV . .\iilil. -( 'osa. Fnteiaoa. Town. -I'. .\I., LSD. rAIUllKL. UUa am' I'unta dv ^ St. -Ov., II., 171, 17'_>. (Javacnla. ."il!7. (villas, I'unta .I,-, .".•fl. ti.iii'a. Si'v Ilio I laira. Oali'a, Cal.iand I'nnta do la, ."iSl. .\av., I.. '.'47, .-..■«(. li.ilL'ra, I'nnta :h; la, .'ils. liilvraH* I'nnta d.' las, 47!». I • illv^as. .Sue Rio (iailugas. (ialiia .N'ov.i Wrra/jinu, 'JiiU. Svi' N'lTiazani. O lUo, C'alio du .-it., .V)."). (iallo, Isladi'l, .-.7;t.-Rili.; Ov., IV.. •) ; N'av., ill., 4-J-2. ( Iallo, Riodi'l. Ov., II., 4.");<. ( lamas, Halda de las, .">."iS. — Ov. , II., 140. (Jamas, ( alio das, I7S. Gainas, Rio no la.s, -^41. -Ov., 11. I4!l. (iambo River, (i!). 1 (iandur River, fii). (ianv'iii's, pra Oanges, KKi, 4I'2. — Xav., I., ■_'!)!). (Jaray, Radia dr. ."i.").'>. (Jaray, Tiurra do, 4.'», '")70. l!ari;a liii'iiindi: , Tsla do la, .">40. Ov. , I., ."i.S. Sue Uernnida. (iiui,as, Tslaa do las.— Ov., 11., 19-2. flarlatos. See T.Kigartos. (lasaoaloofl, (luazaualoo, Coatza- unaU'o, Ilnasa.-naluo, Rio ill.', .");iii, ."i.'is. ii;u, (i.'ii). -Ov., II., 141 (ittspesia, (i.'fW. (iatos, Islado, .-).-.;). -Rib. (iatos, I'norto do. — L. C, 11., 'J,")9. (uiyas, Las, .'ILS. (layra, ('p;i4. (iayra. Sou Tiurra (layra. (ionuiro. .Soo l.noia. (ionurofa, Isla La. -Ov., i,. ().">. (iunto Oriiiia, Costa do, .'il7. Oonto, Rio da, (iiHl. Ooorge, I'norto do St., ."iKi. ( ioorgi. .Soo Iforgi. (iooigutowii Eiitrano ".\'2. (lurinan, I' u'rto do St., H."). (.orman. Villa ilo San. Ov., i., 4(ili. (■ormiino, and .St. (JiMinano, (lolfo do, --'I.S, 'J'-'ll, .">7l>. (ii.ronimo, Rio ilo San, ."i.'i'J. Ciano, Rio do St., .•i;t7. Ciants, Island of. (iMI. (;ii;antos, Isla do los ( 'r.r ii;ao, .•{I7, 414, M-2. L. ('., ;i., 41(1; N'av., 111., (i, '.'."iS. Si Ci'iaooo. ( lij.'anto.'*. 'riuiia •\i\ .iii7. ."17-, 607. (ii'us, St., .">Sl. (lines, Isla do St. N'.l-;. coast.-- Ov., II., 141. (iioi'dan ami .lord. in. .Soo Rio ( iiordati and Kio .lordaii. Oiiivaniii, Cabo do St., ."ill4. (iinlia, Raya do St., ."i.'i.'t. (llauiato. Soo Cabo (Uauiato. (loaiia. I'lioblo. -Ov., II., 44.">. (loamu, Isla {\i\ 4'ili. (ioatilnala. ^eu (liiateiiiala. (loolioto, l!iodu,(i;)4, Ov., II., l.'!'_'. (liK'liiro, .V)!i. (lolfo Anlnifo (?), .">(IH. ,, liavo, liaxo, .Sli, 911, .•jlli. ,, Cariaoo, ."..■! 1, .'iS9. -Ov., 1., ."i9.">. ,, Claro, .-).•!•_'. ,, Coiba. I'. -M., HIS. ,, Dnli'o I'rab.i, Hil. See L'raba. ,, FermoHo, l-'romoso. lIurnioHo, ;!ini, ;!I9, ."i:!-.'. 4.'i;f. ,, .Salado. Ov., IV., Hi. ,, S|iomoso, 47.1. ,, Trislo, ."mU, ."iJil, (i.'il.- Ov., 11., l.!l. Ciogand Magog, 4.")l. (lolada. La. .\nlil. K. (lorda. La. .\ntil. -Co.sa. ( lorgona. .Soo ( 'iilolnas. (iotoolio. Island. ~\V. (iracia, ruorto do. Ov., i., •!'. (Ir.ioia. Rio do. N'av., 1., l.'iil. (liMcia, Tiurra do. .I'av. , i., 219. < Iraoios a Dio.s ( 'orabao, ( 'al>o de, 44s, 4.">4. 4."iH. 4711. 477.4S4,()9;i.- V. M., n-.' : .\,iv., I., '.'.SI. .Sue ( 'orabar.i. (Ira. ios.i. Soo Lla (Iraoios.i. (Inido. Sou Rio (Irado ((IraiuloV). (iran.ida. La. .\ntil. - T., W.; Xav., III., HIS. (Iranada. In IIis|ianiola, 4.'i.'<. Onuiada de Saltuba, Cinilad tie. - Ov., I., 'ilKt ; HI., Km. (Iramlo. and Crando. .Soo Ilio (Ir.uido. (Irandi.s. Rlvir. I'. M., i:i-J. (Iratia, I'init.i and Cabo do, ."il)7, .■),s;i, .■|.S4, Great Haliaina liank, 99. (ireal I'edoo, -.'I'-'. Oroon Land, Tlio. li'J. (liv'nland, (ilil. Soo ( lionl.india. Croiorio, Coliihoto do St. In tlio I'.icilio. ()\-.. II., llli. (:re,-orio, I'lioblo do S. -Ov., 11., •As:,. (Irogorio, I'lii'itodo.-Os.. iu.,'_'li4. (Iri'-'.rio, Rio do St., .'m9, li:):!. (Irigor, S., 411. (Irijalva, Rio do, ."ilO, ."..'ill, .")li7, .")7l', ">SH. (i.'U. N'av., III.. .")9; Ov., r.. o-Jl ; I,. ( .. IV., l.Ti. Orita. Vallo do la. -0\.. 11. , :«).'>. (Ironlandia. ."i9n, In. Soo also (iieenlaiid. msBssa Sue -Ov., ■■«.. I (Iiiiualivcs. ' l!i';_'i(iii ami ( ';ui(|in.'. Ov., II., l.'io. (luar.inia, Ov., i. , .'ijt. (iiui.vaa. .'. :\'2. 7, (i(i9. C^.Caii., K., I'., \V. .Sfu Maria lie ( liiaclaliipu, Sta. (fiiahalilia bircs rU-. - 1'. \I. Ili!», 17l>; I,. C, 111.. .-S. t. (iiiai-ipips, Siena dr liw. ()\-.. 11., •JIMi. (iiiaiarv. Xav. in., 4lli. • iiiaiilia. See Mai-ia de la .Antigua. (Jilaiiuo. See Kio ' iiiai'ien. (iiiaridiie.x, I.sla de. -Xav., 1., 118. Oiiari/.iiea. ,, I', il., 170. (luaiinilid. See .Maiiali. Ouasrii, 1)44. Onasili. - Ov., i., ,'i(l,'). (lnata(iiii. — Ov., 11., ;f(;7. < iiialeniala, ( hiatimala, ( iciat iniala, ' 'oeleinalan.C'iianlitimala, Cuan- llieniallaii, lliiaiitiin.illan, 7±J. - Ov., II., ."lip, IV., L'l. (iuaturo. l'r(ivince.-~Ov., i.,-J.'{:2. (inaneliieiia. See 'I'iiiya. Ouaumlii), .\Iaiiati. I.ake. — 1'. M., 171. (iuayaliana. Sec Kin Onayaliana. Onayama. See Kin ( Iiiayania. Onayai|\iil S.uit iau'cHle Oiiyaiinil. tinayi,'ata, I'lieito de. ~ Ov. i.,."),S(l. (Inayllesniaiva. -Ov., iv. , l,S!). tiiiayinai aia, Isl.i de, ."iSI. (iiiayiiiill. Ov., 111., J47, ( ■iiayninia. ,, 11., ,'J74. Ouaynaralj.i. ., 11. Ill-J. Oiiayt,ic|iii. ,, II., ;;7-_'. Oua/aealeii. .. lineira, Kii> de, li;!4. Oiielai-es, Ocilf,. de, .■ilL'. See .Vieara^nia. ( luilllieliui. Ov., II., 14."l. ( Inipana. Ov., i., ."i7(i, Onir.i. .See Inla (iniia. Ouiiii,'iiaiia!<, (Jirignaiias, (Jniijua- iias, \'alle de. — (Jv., II., \1~± , I,. ('., 11., ■Jll. Hiel'ia. See Kin lli.l.ra. Hierniiyinn, Kin ,le S., :;i)l, (i:{.').-- Ov. 11., ll.i. IlielTO, I'nnla del. Xav.. 1., l.'li'. Hiiinei, rniv. and Tirwii. I'. M., I(W ; Ov., I., ill. Himieras llnndaia-'. Onlfn de la.s, 4(iO, 47li, ."iS;f. Ov . I., ."lis, II, 14(1. See llnndnia.s. lliunerntii, Kaliia de, ."i."i!t, li.vl. Ov., 11., l.-jl. IKpilii. See Kin Hipiiii. Hj.spana mainr, ."»()(>, tli.'-pana iinva, ."•'■''. Il 4 ,'l s A -irat i,uii,l,i.r ,,r la.li.iii i,,,m,s l..|;ii i..), .,:„„, ,vl,:,.li e.-l.is to I-' iin arti. Ie I I f!i !l. •ll- ] .in ■A ^ 76S TiiK Discovery of North America. k\v' '.i»i 1 .1 I ^ ' J e M jii Vi ( V ri hf Hispiiiiinla. Antil., »01, lOt, 47.'), 4S;t, (i7i\ <>T1 . 1'**!". . •>!'•-', (i!14, fiO!), T'.'il .'M, 7:U. 74:f. Spc Hiiyti. Hi.spaniiilii ('iiiani;ii, 113. llispaiiinlii, Xiirtli Cimat iif, fifi'J. Holgftiira, Ri...l.'. 41.-.. Hoiim, ProviiKc.—Xav., ill., l.Tl Hciiidft, lliiliia. X.K. const.— Ov,, 11., 141. Honiln. Soo ('ill") HoTldo. ll..n.hinis. Coast (.f, SI. UoiiduTMB, Ciilfudi'. Si'i! TIi,!.'ii. Tina-. TIii-iu-, -jot. TTiiawii'nalcii. Sep flasai'iiloos. Tlndscii Bay, fiO, 74, 74. Hiidsiiii Strait, (111, 7.'i. HiiiTt«aii;li RiDiniiiit,, ."(HI. HiipsIo,Cal.M,l,-l.(m.-Ov., II., l'.'-J. Hiilialio. -1'. .M., Ili^: Uiiirtta. l'ro\. X.iv., III., 407. Hiimati. -Ov,. 1.. .■|iil. Hiiincw. Fmiio.'^. 1'. d.', .Vll, (i;i4.--- Ov.. 11.. 1 •_>•-'. Tliiiniis, Fiiiiin.-i, Rill diis, ."i.'i'.' HiiMins, Tiprra ih- liw Hiiinos. .Mil, ."«07, ."117, .Vi!l, (irW.-Xav., v., ■_V>4. Uiuio. .Vi'il. \V., Ov., I., 014. Ifiiralia. Sit I'imIm. Iliiracara Ov., 11.. •_'!!.-). Hnniai, Spc Ri(. Cniav, and T.a IMata. Tfiiv.'ipari I'liiin OriiUK'n, Riu d.-, ,ViS. -Ov,, II , 'JKi. llvspaiia IiL-ida. Svi! Hi«paniiila. T. Ml 'M.S. .s,- Rio Ta.vli.i. li,-,-li!. I', \I.. Ilia 1,1. -0111. 1, Rio d.' Sam, .■(■-'II. l.i.iMiaiia.t. .\iitil. -Can. Sw iainic'aii.Ua. I.tUaK.V, t-"!.'l- laiT'i, .Sant. XVl, aWW, .Vi.l. i.i-., R.d,i, d. St., .-,.-,!l. [ Tagn, Cabo dc St., ;.:4), (ill. , Iiii;(i, (iolfo di. St., .■).V.). I la^'o, Isia lie St.. j".'). j Iiignlmiiu'lio. — R. M.. ItiO. Tainauna. T.aki'. — 1'. M., 170. . laniai/i. --R. M., 1(19. Taniifa. {)II7. lamioanata. .\ritil.- ('. I la^yp, Riodi'. 4,Tf. i lliurni, ns. Tcaii, Rio de. -Ov., i., 47ii. locland, (ilil. I Ti'orL.'i, Aldca di', .■|0l. Sec Ci'oivi. Icronynio, Rio de St., .110, .'U".. iL'naarii. Sec Rio lunaavu. I Ii;naMni. Valloy. -P. M., 170. Ilafon.io. Vlafoiisso, Rio di', iViO. 1 j Ildi'foiiso Vii'loiia, ('al)O de S.^ I Xav.. v., 41. IIIr'o, Raliia dr. fiOO. Ilhco, (iolfo d.i, (iOI. In. ,Sep Rio In. IiK*a:,roni(jnf. .spe Ltivayoiioipie. Iniayo (/»•» lucayo, I.uuayo). --Can. Indi'.s occidoiitalos, 00.1. liiilia liovond till' CanL'PS. Tslailda of, .-a." India Moriilionalis. 1 !.■). India 0,vi,l,.|italis. lit. Inilia Snpi'i-ior, (!(IS. India,Riodpla.fi;i;i. Ov..III ,11S. Indias Oc'iid.'iitalis 4SII. Infi'in... Oolf,, dr, .•!ilO. In^:rrs, Tiira drlcw, -Jl, tfi.S. InisiLMianin — ( 'ori\.ivnsi','iianin, loaniia, Raya dc St,, ."77. lolian. CaLodcSt., 414. Tolian. Rio ,1c SI., .■nil. Toririo, Calio <\i- S., .'114. IpiiM. Rndilo, n;!4. Ov , II., 1. '!■_'. Ipili. Sec Rio Ipili. I.-alida. Cilv. Ull!!. (1711, (!7'-'. -- Xav., I,, ■_»■_'.■. M , III f.salicla. Rixcr. ()v„ lu'd, 17''. Isalida Xiu'va. ,, „ Inalida \"ccclMa. or Vicja, .")0,S. IsIa Aniriilo, (Iv., 1., 4(i(i. ,, .\tlaiitica, 007. ,, Rcata. Ov,,!.,!).'!. S.M' Rcata. ,, Hcnncja, Vciincja. Ov.. 11., 1 4 J. ,, llciniud.i. Sec Rci'iMuda. lala I'danca. Ov., 11 . i;{0, 140. Sec Isla Mar;;arita. ,. Rlaiuas I.as I'nnccsaas. — Ov., 1., •.'."■.. ,, ( ainaiiii. ."il, li.-'J. ,, Cuyiv. Na\.. I., •_'04. ,, Codic. Ov., 11., i;)i. ,, ( 'oroay. N'av.. 1 . lis. ,, Dcscaila. Antil.. iKil). C'osa, r \v. ,, Dcsejada. .\iitil. ( '. ,, I)os3uada.--Ov.. 1., .'i.'l. ,, Dcvcntiiiadas.-Xav., IV., ^yl- ,, Eincorpoiadii, 17l', 4,'i(i. ,, Kvan^jelista, SI, R. M., 77. See .Mianarlist.i and Alian^jcli.ita. ,, Flotilla. iSli. ."i.'td. ,, Floi'ida ( aiiotlicr, i|ci.i;t. ,, < iniia. -Xav.. ill , lU.'i. ,, Is.ilicja Sainoct, ;f()l, (ill, 4S-_', .IIKI. ."i(i-_> - Cosa, Xav , I., .•l.'f, II , 144, „ Liana. .Antil. -K., \V.. Ov. II , I.'IS. Sui.- .Sanioct. ,, .Maruarila, .'!-_'7. .'i-'ll , (i(l7, Iis4, (),S1). T., W, ,, Mai-gai'ita IHiis Rlanca I'ellas - I'M., ITS; K.C., U., •-'('•_'. ,, (^liiodi:,'.!, Knis... ,, Kio.i Toi . Ov.. III,. 17. ,, Kii 1 'lin.it.u,. Ov., 1 , ."'.■>.'!, ice \'ih-ai.ui. ,, Rijiiia. Rii|ii 1. 0I7. ■>-(!. Sec 'raiiiaiii|nc ': ,, Koea. Ov., 11.. i;!l. „ .Sancta ( lait .ijiplicd to tlic Cunt incut I. I..( '., II , -I'M, ,, Si>taMi, I'. M.. I'.iL'. ,, Toe. .Sec Riijn.i. ,, 'roiInj;a. Co«.i. T. ,, 'I'riai'irnla, .■|7-. 1 1\ ., 11., M.'i. ,, 'riii'ii'ineii-.i. \,iv., 1., Jill. ,, Vcidc, .'iu'T, 177. ."iiil. .■'7!i -- \V , Xa-.,, Ill . •_'.); Ov., 1,, 7() ; Kii'. ,, Venncja, .Sec Isla llul'incji, ,, \'ainaye, X.iv., 1 . 47. Isle. ,|c I', .■ilio. IhIco, lal.o del ( MMcr.l. .■)17. ■ Nav. 1,, .■;7, m,. li. Sec I oilcia. Isleo niaiic'., Cil, , d.l. Ov., 11,, i;ii. Islcos Bliincna, !.'),'{. Islfds, ('alio (If, ,").S1. Lsleoa, (inlfo de, ,181. laoUi, V. del. .m.'), Itaba. — ()v., I., ,")ll.'i. Itaguavii. Sou Riii Itaguai,'ii. Itaiiilidlta. -Ov., I., ."i.'il. Iti, Isle de. — Nav., in., i^T. luaii. See Juan. lucatana— Viu;itan = Eooaiii])i= San Juan, (i07— P. M., 180; Nav., III., 61, .")-J.'). lucalane -Zipangria, ."ifiT. Inoatauia, luoatauel, -JiO. See Xova (iallia. lucayo (Lucayo), Illia ile.--C., Can. lunoatam vid Maiani, 81. luconacan. Aiitil — T. lunna. Sea Kio luiuia. lureelie. Khei-. — I'. M., l.j-J. lusiiiiei, 411. IviUicliucii, Uiguna and Rio d^\ — Ov., I., .-,.-, t. Ixai-an. rucLNj.— Ov., ii.. '27(i. TACIXTt), ItiodeSt., .S.T). '' Jaoincl. Sec Vai|uinio. Jacobi, Rio de Si., .'J'JII. Jaconio, T{io de St., ,'iOl. Jalibonieo, !)8. J disco. .See Xaliaco. Janiaiea, Janiaii|na, .\aniaiea — .Santiago, 111.",, 170, ."m7, ,")(i;i, Ofifl. C, Can., Ilib.; N'av., i., -J.S'J-;}, II., U4. Jaiuie.s, Riodo.— Ov., ii., 171. Janeiro. See Frio, ilaneii'o, Rio de, 4'_'{i, ."i(ll), ,');i-i, .")S1. Jaiiieo. 4.'!.'!. Janieo. .See Ritj Janieo. Jaragua. -\av. i. , 208. Jareo.ssii, La, .'».",.">. Jardin. Antil.~\V. Jarilin de la I\eyna. Antil., 8"), S(i. Nav., I., :;!t7 ; L. C , ii., ,V) ; T. Jardines.-Xav., i., i")2. Jardinea, l.slii.s de los. -L. C., ii., 14-.'. Jaidincs, I'unta de lo.s.- -Ov., i., 4!);). Jai'ueei), 7'M. Java la (iramle, Teire do, 90 Java, 'I'he Londe of, 'Mi. tlava, I.ytil, !l(i. Jeliau l)eny.s, Havre de, (14(1. Gkocrai'iiical Inokx. Jenero, Kaliia and Cabo de.-- Ov., II, 117. Jenero, Tierra de, (i.'i.'!. .Sec Janeiro. Jeorgi, Costa de St., .Vi."). Joani, liahia de Si., (iOO. Joani, .loan, Illia de Sam, IS.'i, •J.'is, .-,.-,.-,. Joani.i. I'nelilo. Ov., ii , 4.'ilt. Joan : .-: Rurieliena --; Tortu Rioo, I.sla lie S.- Xav., i., ,SO0 ; 1'. M., l"!l; Ov., I., 4(ili. J2. .See Juan, and Julian. .lohan, Rio de .St., 0.'!.''. •Tohaii, .Sani, 178. Johan, Valle ile St. See Tlieni- suehii. Jordan. Sec Rio Jonlan, and I'lata. Jorge, Anglade S.. 517.— Xav., V, .•!(!, 221. Jorge, Cabo de .Sam, 310, 414. Jorge de Olanelio, Rio do St. — Ov., II., lit). See leorgi, and Oeorgi. Jorge, Rio de, ."i.'ilt. Jorge, Rio ilc St., (i.'i.S. Joulan. .See Rio Joulaii. Jovimii I'romont., .")o.'). Juaiid!a]itista, Cabo ile St., 24. ■ luan-llaptista, .'-II,, .'i,"iS. Juan, Cabo de St., 21;t, 241, ,")I18, ,");iO.-~Ov , II., 14li Juan, Ciudad de St.-X.iv., in., 421 Juan lie Ante Portam Lafinam, Puerto de S.— X'av., v., .'^S. ,Set iii/in, Porta l.atina. .luan de la Magnana, 4;i;f.— Ov. i,, 0."i ; L. ('., III., 102. Juan de loa Reinedios, .San, !)9. .luaiwle I'orta Latina, P. de S., ")17. See ■■mpnt, .luan de Ante Portam. Juan de Uloa, St.. 1!)|. See , lohan lie l.oa. Juan Katevez, Isla (imaginarv) de, 001. -W., Rib. Juan, (lojf,, dc .s. d". .M., lilt. Juan, Ma de St. Ov., ii., lis. 769 Juan -: L03 I'etrea Sta .Maria, Rio de St , ."i41, .")7.'i, ()4.") — Xav. III., 42.1 ; Ov , IV., 121). Juan, P. de St., .■i(i7. • luan Pon/.i', Rio de, 002. .Inan, Rio Ci-aiide ile St. -X'av., 111., .•i7t); Ov., I., 70, II., I.'i.'). Juan, St. See Porto Rico. •luan .Soriano, Rio de, (i.'i.'i. — Ov., II., 1 1.1 Jiiaiia, lala. See Fernandina. •Tnanillo. Pueblo.— Ov., 11 , 2,').'). • luc.iyo. .\ntil -Coaa. ■ ludia, Rill de la, ."i.',;!, Jnhan Ponce, I'.ahia de, ."i.")8. .Julian, Rio dc S. X. K. coast, .I.IS. ,lnhan Serrano, Rio de, .">!). Julia, Rahia do Sta-A'av. in, .",,").'{ •Julian, liay or River dc S.,080. • lulian. Canal dc Sanct, 2.'f8. Julian, P. de S., liSO. Juliana, .Juliano, .Jnliani, Sinus S., •">Hi, ,")24, ,")07. Jnliani, C, ,")84. • Iiniicto. Talets.— Ov., 1., 2.1. • Iiiiiicto, Rio de. ,, IV., 0. r Al!I!Al)OR, (i.-!0, 0.->7, 08.'., 700. '■' See 'ricrra dc Lalirador. Labrador, .\llantie Coast of, (il). Labrador, Lavorador, 111, •")70, ,)80. See 'rieriu del Labrador. Laborador de rey de I'ortugal, Tierra de, 21, 41)8. Lai,'aro. .See r.,a/aro. Lacobras (LasCabrasV), 28."i, .•!24. Laconic, Lai'ame, Iil4. Ladro, Lago del, .'ioo, t.').'!, 01,3, See Lodro and l.adroii, Liidrim, Lago lU'l, 4.'!0, 4iK). Lagar[toJ, Cabo del.- -Fiiciso. Lagartos, liaya dc, 470, 4,'" Lagartos, Katero dc. Vueatan.— Dias, IV. LagartoM. Isla dc. - K., T., W., Rib., Ov., i.,4!)4, ."18I: 11., I.'i8. Lagarloa Chagre - ■ Cocatricea, Riode, r,-;i, o;(4.— p. ,\i., i,s2. Lagartos, Rio de Ins, 80, 111), 28j, .•il(i, .•!2t, 424, 0;i4. Lago, A neon del.--Ov., n., i;j2. Lago, (.'abo dcfl ':], :t-2:i, .'lOO. Lago fore, or fori (?i, 42, 414. Lago Liinciir. Si e Luncor. Lugniia dc X'icaragua. See Mar Dnlce. Lnguiui, Cabo de la. -X'av., i., ;;.■). 4 X II iff //' The Discovi-.Kv ok North America. iHi;"" 'I.' I'i i; Liijji.i), Rio (1(1, ."i.'t'J. I^ijr H. ('(wta di', V)!). l.Mii pniiu'la, ."iTT. Laii Mta, riR'l.l.i lie, .">S1. 1,(1(1 It, .•is;i, Ldoloni, ."i.'fO. I,aii(,, r"milii(U'lii. T,. ('.,il.,'2()(l. I.(i]ii rii('i(', I'di't (Ic, 71. I,(irc.' . r.c. I.iiici (1, Kid (Ic. .'idll, ;il7. L(ll')ii lldS. Sec Ldgill'tdS. I.iinil ii(s, .'!l(i. I.iiiiifiit, Fliuvi' St., (i.Si). Liiw riMicc. (Julf of St., 71, .'wl, (i-.'7, 710. Uixiis, C.i.^lii (Ic, (i.H.-Ov., I., I-_M. I,a/.((r(>. i-.u;iii'(t, ."(.'{(I. I.azm-d, lidliia (Ic, (i.'U. Ldzni-o, Ma (Ic. Ov., ii., 140. I..a/.ai'(>, Kid dc, ."itl. I,nziii(i, C'aliddeSI. \av. , III., lUt. I.a/.'d'd. Sec ( *alii](ccllt'. U'luiUili. I'licldd.- Ov., II., J-t.-). f.cKa. .Sec Hckiia. r^cdii. ( 'alio del. Cdtiii. Lcdii. t'il'ili[d (Ic. Xi(-'araL'iiiU - Ov.. Ill . 11.-!. Lc(]M .Vic'iaiidd. (ilxlad.- Ov., 1., 'JiKi. .is."), 4II!I ; III., ll.S. Lcdii (le lliiaimcddc lo.s I'a' alU'ros. l'i(i\ iiK'c in I'oru. l.ecii y Oraiiada. t'ilidad do. — .\av", III . WH. i.cdiKS, lldca dc Ids. — \il\'., III., I.cdiics. I'lictid i]t' loK, 70-1. l.cdiic^. .^cc ll(^ifc dc ids Li^dues. I,ili:i(|ii(", ra- .Santa Cruz- Ay-Ay, Isla di. Ov., 1 , ru. Licciiciadd Avildii. Sec 'ricrra del .\ylldii. I,ici"i|ii (del eiicdiiti(i'r), ('alio de, .Mi. .'illi, l-J). l.ile I'lcv iiuc (iiid I'liclilo. — Ov., I , l-'!l. I.ih. I'niviiice.- Ov., Ii., ttiO. Lima Ciddad dc los Reyes. — . Ov., IV., 'JK. Liinaimi. Ov , i , 't'-J. l.iiidd. See ( 'alio l.indo. I.iiie(.r, Cdlfd dc, .■((«i, -l,-.;). Lisaile, ('alio dc, 414. Lilar. See ('alio hilar. Litus iiieogiiitiiiii, ."iti'J. Livdiiio, .■)77. l.ixled (el Isleo), ;i(lO, 4S7. I.lacliay. See I'eidiccH. Loliilld.- Ov,, 1 , "ili."). Ldlxis, Airecife de, ."i.-iil, Ci.'i.'?. — Ov, 11., II,'). LolidK, Islcds de Ids, ,■).'>>!. — Ov., II., 17'-'. I.dlids I'alinas, Isla de.— Ov., II , l-_',s. l.dlids, I'liiita de, ."117. Eddrd, l.a^'d del, .'tlti. See Ladro and l.adrdii. I.dgnid ('.'I. Cdsa. l.diiK Ray, -Jl.'l. Ldii,i;avilla l.dn,>;neviUe, -JhS-LH), .")7(> 7. I.ongo. Sec Rid l.diigd. Ld],, Heselt of. r<-26. Ldpe, ."i:ill. l,di|iiilld. I'l-dvince -- Ov., i., 47(i. Ldici. Rio St., ."i.S.'i. i.oreiK'o, I'liiita de Si , d'-'S. Ov., IV., ."i. I.dlellicd, Calidde S , ."i.Sl. l.did, l.a,-ddc idelOi-dV), .'Ud. I.drto de Riieelay, Jiil. I.dWer t'alifoiiiia, (ill, 7(l-'i. I.iia. See ,Inaii de l.ua (LUloa). Lu(a, Aiigla d- Sta - Ov., i, 1-24. I.ucal, I'uiila dc. .'i.SI. l.iicai-, (lolfo de S , .'it.'t. See (hietai-es and Nicaniyiia. Eneas, Cal.o do St., (ill. Eii(.'as, San, ."i.'KI. Elieavas, Liicavo.s, Nueayos, l.'iCi, 14,"), l!l."i, I )■_'!", 7--'."). N'av. in ,")74 i Eiicavd ,L:rande, El - \V. Encayd, Islii del- Ov., i., (il4. Eiicaydiie(Hie. .\nt il. -H.'i. T. Eneia (iencii'd, I'uerto de .Sla. — Xav., IV , .■ii. I.n(ia, Isia de Stii , ()!).'? —T., W".; Ov , 1 , .'ili See .Matiiiinn, Eiieia, Enzia, IJayii de ,Sla., ."(Ki. Eneia, Enzia. ('alio de Sta. X.K. coast, 414, ."i.'ill. Eneia, Rid de Sla., .'JUl. .'i.T), .■')(>7, .■),S4. Eneia. Sierras de Sla., .■).")!).-- Ov.. II., 117. Eneia, Ticn-a de Sla., (>(K). Endonieo. Sam. 'JIS. Enen^d. .'^ce Cdio Eiiengo„ Engra.s, ('alio de, ,~)()7. Euia, Call ) de St., '.'•Jll. Enis. I'rov. ot St.— Ov., ii., 'Mi. h i Enisa Ediiise, 2'2II, 'uCt. Enna, Rio de la, 8(1. Xav., i., 42. Enneor, Ea^'o, Sd, 424. Enicar. See ('alio Enivar. Eiireor, (lolfo do, .sil, 4.VI. Enysa. Se(^ Rio Enysa. Eyna. River, 4.'f.'{. AIAIUEA. Ov., I., .".lis. Macao. .*^ee Rid Macao. Macarapana, .*i.'ll. Maearco, HI. II."). Mavatan. I'lielilo. Xav., v., 181, .Macallian. Ov , ii., '>i. .Macate(|ne. .\iilil. T. .Maeeazina 1'. .\1 , Kill. Maehin, Aldea dc, ."lOl. .Macdiinti, Riode. Ov., ii , 290. .Macdiix de Aliajo. E (' , v , '2(i3. Maeorix de .\irilia Culiao. — E. ('., v., 2.-)(i. Maeorix, Isla de. — X^iv , i., 118; 1'. M., l(i,S. Maeorix, Riode.- Ov., i., 17U. .Maenliiza. .\ntil. - ('., Can. Mada |V), Ea, .■(.'ill. Madalen.i. .\nlil.- K., T. Madidena, Ea, ."i.S.S, .")7,'t. .Madaiiia lleala. .S(;e Reala, .Madeleine, lies de la. .")74. .\ladi( dc Dies. See .\laL,'ellan. .Madre. .See liiiena Madre. Magallanes. See Maj;ellan. Magdidena. Oolfele de la. -Ov., II., 111). Mai;d: leiia, Rio de ia, ()>'!;!, (i.'!,"), 721, 72.'i. Ov., 11 , 142. Mag(l(deiia, Rio de la. I'aeilio — Ov., IV., (i. MaplaU'iia, .Madleiia Ii ^jratia, Sierra de Sta., .'iOl. Mai^ellan dc la .Madre de Dioa — liia^,'(ni'.s Tail, Strait of, Xi'.i, .■i."i!l, Ii.'i7, 7o.'f .">, 714, 721, 728, 7.'tl), 740,74."i. SccTcdo.sSaiK^tdS. Mai^iiana. Aiilil. Can. Soo Maynaiia. .Mayo, .Man;;(), I'mviiice (if, 104.^ Xav., 1., ;I04. .Magoayan. I'lielilo. 0\ ., Ii., 4.'iil. Maj,'oH, Tierra dc loH. Ov.,ii., I ES. Mauna.-l'. .M., Ki.S. Mat,'iii"ii'- Antil. -- I'. .M., Kilt ; Xav., Ill , .").")( I. .Magnaiia, Villa dc St. .Iiiaii de la. — Ov., U., .•14!l. \\"' ' : \ :^^.. Gkocrai'Iikal Ini)i:\. 7/1 MiiliiiljDio, I'lii^lilo. — Ov., II., 2!)."). Malmitiii.- r. M., l(l!». Miihiziilus, Hio .le loH. -Ov., i.,2S!). Miiia. Kcgioii. — 1'. M., !.")(). Maiagiiaiiti. ,, Kill. Maiaiii vcl liiiu'alani, SI. MaiaiM Cimi. --1'. M., lH(i. Alaiti, Mayi'i, I'luita do, ill. Maigaiia. Aiitil --K. Sue Magiiaiia. Maiolla .IcMKn'Sii, .").">.'). Maiiiaiia. Aiitil. — C'lma. See Magiiana. Malalnigo, lala do. -Ov., iv., -JIO. iMalal.iigi), P. .li', .■|7-_';!, .".It;. Mala I'az. -Ov., i., ,V)1. Malalaoa. I'loviiice. -Ov,, ii, .W. Mala I'ldea I'i)tniicliaii, Uahia do — N'av., III., 'A ; Ditiz, iv., !(!. Mai Hade, Isla do. -Ov , ui , (il.'t. Maiiiiaiii. I'nohlf) -Dv , ii., 44,'!. Maiial)alHi. -V. M., KW. Manabaxao. -V. M , Id;). Manaeajian, XU. Managua. .Viilil -('. Sec Maiiogiia, and Manguana ('.'). Manalaca. I'rov. N'av., i., 4IH. Manati Cnaiiral).., 4;!7.— 1'. M., Hi!). ManatiialMin. Soo iiifrn, Rio Manatnaliiin. Mandoiia, Rio do, — Ov., II., 4r)0. Maiiogua l)v., IV., (iT. Maiu'giia. .\iitil., M.">. W. ,Soe Managua Minigaos, Mangli'.s, Raliia do los, "ilT, ,">;il. -Nav , v., •-ViL'. Mangi, .M.iiigo, Manai, ,'!T'.', "rtili, :,H:t. Maiigcia. l'no!>l(i. Ov , n.. 4;«). Mangui'.s, (ii)lfii . Manigua. .\nlil. - 'P., Ov., i., !il4. Soo .\lanogiia. Manjar. (Jv,, i , rm. ^lanla. .Soo I'noito Manta. Mauzjuiilla, 9S. Alapann^ Soo Tioria Mai)auic. Mar liaxa, (i.'t."). Mai-de Agna doleo, .Sl.S. Map do Agua iluoo, 41 "i. Mar do la Tiorra, ,"),"iS, Mar .lol Sur, 472, .Vi.S, 7;!.'>. jSIar do! Sur doUo liidio, 7I.S. Mardi!Si;iil)iorta|inr Iiigloso,21,42. Mar Dui'o. -C'lisa. Mar Duloo - Ayagualici ■ l,aguna do Nioaragua, .-kII. -Ov., i., 2();i Mar Duloo Kin do Stilis. \av., 111., 4!). .Mar l'aoilioc).--Xav., iv., .'lO. Mar IVqiiona, .M.S.— Ov , ii., 142. Mar Vriiiui) (Oooauo), 424. Mar Vorinoiii, (i2S. Maro Auslralo (I'aeilio), .mO. Maro Calc- -Ov , i., :>:>!>, Maro C'atayuiii, (il4. Maro (daoialo, ri7'.l. Maro irorliidiiiiii, ."i(i7. Maro Iiidiouin, 1 1."), 21 S, 4lili. Maro Magollanit.'uin, ."»li7, .">S4. .Maro Oooanua, 21S. .Maro I'acilioum, Ii(l7. .Mai'iiraiiiina, (l.'U. Marai'ii|iaiia. Puoblo.-— L. I'., v., 111!). Marai,a|)ana, Mauaoapana, Puerto do. - Xav., III., iMO ; P. M., 8!) ; Ov., I., .-)ii,i, 11, i;ii, 24.-., 2,-.;i. Maraoaylio, Lagunado,,SO, 1 18,470. Maraoaylio. Puolilo.--Ov., ii.,270. Maracaylio (anotlior).- ,, ,, 204. Maraooahi. PuoIpIo. - ,, ,, 442. Maraiiliao. Soo l!io .Maranliao. Marauiiu. See Rifi Maranoii. Marato, Hoyno do. Ov., iv., 10. Marval, P. do St., (IIIO. Maroi, ('. S, Soo ('alio Maroi. Maroo, ('al)o do, 17N, ,"i(>,S, (i.'t,').- - Ov., 11 , I4!l. .Marru, Punta do. }\ .]■',. coast. - Ov., II., 41). Maroo, 'I'ierra do, .Vii). Maro. ,St;o Maro, tn/trrf. Maros, Piiorto do — N'av., i., -12, .■.0; !..(.'., I., ;)21. Maros, Rio do. -N'av., I., 42. Soo Mari. Margalada, liXt, 411. Margarita, La. -N'av., in., 10.'?. Margarita. Soo Isla .Margarita. MnrhuoUo do 'rollui, P., .TJl. Mari Maros, Rio do, S(i. Maria, Sta. Xowfoiindlaiid, (illO. >. ,. Paoilio, 4S7. ,, .Vroipolago do Sta. On tlio N'.-K. coast, ti.'i.'i. ,, r.aliia do Sla. N'. - K. coast , 213. Ov., II., l-Ui. Maria, t'al.o ilo Sta., 241 , .Till, 415, 421, 400, .'1(17, .'i.SI, 721. - Ov., 11., l.'i; Nav..iv.,;i2. ,, Calm d(^ Sla. N'.-l'".. ooa.it. Ov., II., 1 Hi. ,, (.'alio do Sta. Pacilio, .'w.'t, -,07. ,, ('alio do Sta. l.a Plata, (io.'i. -L. ('., IV., 271 ». ,, Oolfo do Sta., ."):il, lITi. Inla di> Sta., Sli, .-..-)!».— 1,. ('., 11., .">7. ,, Isla do Sla. Paoilio. -Ril>. ,, P. do Sta., .-ilill. Maria = Kntulii, P. do Sla., 01. Maria, P. do Sta. Darioii. -Ov., III., ti.-i. ,, Rio do Sla., ."..•11, .-.41. ,, Rio do Sta. (on St. .liian, in Uarion;) N'av., i., 42.S ; Ov., II., 4.-).'t. ,, Rio du Sta. Alabama, (il.'i. Rio ,!(• Sla. I,a Plata.— L. t;., i\.,270. S.'o Plata. ,, Rio lie Sta. Paoilio. -Nav., ill.,42.'f. Rio(lcSta.,(il.-|. SooPolros .Scrra ilo Sta., ,-.;i2. ,, 'I'iorra do Sla., liSt. Maria do Agoi.dia., .Sta., .'illl. Maria do .Agosto, Sta.-Ov. ll., 1 Hi. ,, I.slas.|o.-\V. Maria dol .Antigua dol Darioii-La (iiiardia. ('I'lio lirsl Cliristiaii oity)- -Knoiso ; N'av., in., ,'!.'i7 ; P. M., Ill), lus ; Ov., II., l.'U. 42S. .Maria do la .Antigua, Isla do Sta. N'av., 1.: L. (.'., II., !). Maria do I'.olon. Puerto do Sta. — • N'av., 1., 2Sli. Maria dc I'.udosoo, ('abode S., -.H2 Maria do la ('(.ucoprion, Isla do Sta., 401. — N'av., i., 211. Mai'ia do la Ctmsolai^-ion, Calx, do Sta.,.')27,.'t.'ir., 7.'li). N'av. in., 19. Maria Oalaiito and Marigalante, Isla do Sta. Cosa, t'., fan., L. C, II., .'.. Maria do (Iraoia, ."il>7- Maria do (iraoia, Sorra do Sta., .•;01, .'ilO-20. .Maria ilo (iuiulalnpo, Sta. -t'osa. Soo (iuadalupe. Maria de la Mar Duloo, Sta., 7.'fl>. .Maria do .Monscra (Monsorrato), Sta. .Antil. — ('osa. Soo Mou- .sorrato. Maria do las N'iovos, .Sta.— Ov., I., .■>.'iO. .Maria da Poua, (iolfo I'.o Sla., .j;{2. <\A in Ih 'f i 1' h m I* 1«: f ■ r I; ! t r* 1. > I I'll 77- TlIK DiSCOVKKV OF NuKTll AmKRICA. Marin ilul I'uciti' ilo la N'agiiaiui, Sta.— (»v., 1.. 111. Maria ite la Rahiila, and Hai)iila, ('alio ill' Sta., .•fnj. .'Il!l--Jli, IJi, 4,S7. JIariii la Ki'iioiula, Sta. — L. C, II., !l. Maria ik' Ids I'vcmcilios, Isln ilu Sta. N'av., III.. .">.') : L. ('., IV., ItiiO ; Ov., II., Ill, ,■>((.•{. Maria do hi \"cra I'az, .^ta. — Ov., I., ill. Mariataiil'iil, and Mariiiatanilial. I'mviin'c, I iv.. iL. -Jl I : Xav., III., L'd ; r. .M.. HIS. Mariliios, M.mlis ilu lo.s.- ()v., IV., ()'.•. Mariliiiw. l'ri>viiic'c'. - -t)v., i., 'J.'i."!. Marilyn de Cul.a, HMI, lil4.— Ov., I., .').•«! ; L. C, v.. iTi. MariiMia. I'rnv. I'. M., Kill, ITd .\rariyalaiite. .S^e Maria (ialante. Marina. Islet, -1'. M., IST. Mariiiatamlnilo, Islas dr, T.'fO. Mariiiia. .Sco Kid Marinia. Marisnias, Kio de. ."i,SI.--Ov., iv.. I.'). ManiKd, (Vlxi drl. iiiid d.', (VM. Marin.il, Custa del. 477.-1'. .M., ll'->; Ov., I., II, 7.S, i;i7. Marri.x. I'licl.l,.. V. M., |-_>-.>. Marty, 'rowii. ."i71. Xav., i. , -J-JO. Marta, Sta., .'.(M. ."i.'il, 717. ,, Calm de Sta., .'{LlO, ,"iti;, ,-)S4. Sta. Islan.i, 147. ,, P. lie iS. — Coxa. Kio de Sta. I'acitic— Ov., I\-., li. Maltha, Sta. Kejiion. T. M., l."iii. Martha airiliii, lii.ide Sta. -Ov., II., .-illl. Martini Vaz (Paoheco'r), Isla de. K. Martin. S. .Antil. --Cnsa. Martin, Siorra tie St., .'lOil, ."i7'J. — Ov.. II., 141. Mai-lin. X'alle de St,, .iSt, (Iv., II.. ]7-2. .Martin (i.inia. Isla de, liO,"). Martinet, Ishi do. -L. C, li., ■2I)± Mar Veiaiio, t'osla del, Hli, 00. M.irtinhn, Cal.o d.), .'fHi. Martiiiii|iie. .See .Matinino. Martire.'i, Los, I'aeilie, ,"i41. ,, liaxo.s de los, l,")(i. Islet.dehia, 147, l.Jl. \V. Manila, His. Maryantti ■- Xneva ( "ali/ — Las I'erla.s. I.sla de. ~Ov., i., 4(i4. •See Ciihagiia. I Masaya, Monte de. — Ov., I., 'A'M, IV., (1(1. Mnstieea, ."ilM. Malaiii,a, I'nerto de la. - Ov., I., ,-iti;!. Malanzas, !W, 101. Mataraji. rwel.lo, Ov,. ii,,4'J'_>. I Matas. See .Salvailor. i Mateo, l?ava de St., ."i7.'f. Ov., i IV., (I, l.t!, '.'I'l. Matheo, .St. See Kraneisco, Rio de St. Matheo - Kio Se:riindo, Kio deSt. , im. v. M., i;i-'(r). ,Seo Kio Seu'iindo. Mathia. Calio de St., .'i,"!'.', ."•1)7. Matias. r.ava de St.,,"il(i, Xav., IV., .'a Matias, Tsla de St. -L. C,, v., IGO. Matinari, Ciiidad de. Ov., iv., 67. Matiniiia. Antil. -Kiiy-Si'li. Matinino — Martinicjiic -- Santa Liieia. Antil,, (ill.'!. -X'av., i., l;f7,-J.S;3; T., \V. ,See Lneia, .St. Maturelde. -Ov., ii., 447. Maniearao.-l". M., Hi!). Manlera, Province. — Ov., ii., 24.3. Maya, .\Iaye, in .\laliaina, 044. Mava, 'I'ierra de, ."i.'id. - X'av., III., .Vili, ,-,,S4. .Mavaj;on, .\layaj.'iiaiii. Antil. — f., \V., Ril). Mavft^'naiia, Maynjrnano. .\ntil. — ■ f.; Ov., I., -iS, 014. Maiam = Conii.— P. M.. I,S7. Mnyei. ('alio, and Pniita de, M0-S4. -■ W.; Ov., 1., L'.-i, 4!i;i. See P»ayatii|niri, and Xieolao, Mavdas. lMia;,'inarv island.- W., liili, Mayiu'iia. - Kihero. Maynoa.— Ov.. i., ,"iSil, Mayo, talade. Antil. Cosa. K., Eneiso ; X'av,. 111., .'i.")!!. Mayo, Puerto. le. ."117. Mayo, Kiode, .Vll. -Mayoninn, in .lamaiea. -T. .Mayonie, Lsla de. -Xav., i., IKS. Mazeatd, Capo do, (iOU, Meealmlieo, Piiehh,. Ov., ii,,447. Meeoa. ,, ,, ,, 44.'!. Medanaii, .Medanos, Costa de, 241. Ov,, 11., I4,S. Medano, Punla ilel, 4 1 ."i. .Medo, haxosdo, 170, I'iO. Mej.'ales. I'liel,!... Ov,, ii., 148. Melilla, in .lainaiea. -T. ,, Isleta de. — Ov., I., ."i70. Mehi, Kiode, 3(11. Melville I,ake, Oil. .Meiia, Sierra del. Ov., ii.,'J8l. .Menistre, -III. Menaeriv. .See .Maria de Monserrate. .Mentainoa. Pnelilo, Ov.,II.,442. Mi.'o, Kill do, ."iliS. .Mcotagoao -X'oi|ui(a. -Ov. ,ii., [."lO. Meaieo. See N'nevo Mesieo. Mesijuito. See Cilio Mesipiito. Measi:,;.!, '_'S4, ."iL'O, ."iS.'i. See Mexico. Messis^o. .See Kio Moesigo. Meta, Katero de.-~()v., ii., 264. .Mi't.a Incognita, .'10. Meta. Province. ,, ,, 2I,S. Meta, Kiode. ,, ,, 204; Mexicano. .See .Seno .Mejieano. Mexico 'rennstitana -= 'Pemisti- tan, ."i24, ."i.vS, .'"iS.-j, ,-iS!l, 021, 040, (m4. -P. .M., Kpist,. 717. Mexico. (Iiilf of, 7(I."i, 7.'II. .Mexico, Plan of, .IKI, .-i.'lO, r<60. Mexo, Mezo, Kio do, .'101, ,120. Mieacuy. I'neMo.-Ov., ii., 44,"}. Michael, .\lichaelis, Michel, ,San., .'101, .'fill, .'il!!, ,"i20, ."iliO, ."iS.'f-4, (il4. .See Miyel, Miguel, and Chira. Michaclia, Sinus .S. , ."iOI). .Michiche. Puelilti. -Ov., 11., 44."). Micliicuy. ,, ,, ,, 44.'i. Migagar. „ ,, ,, 44;!. Migel, San. Antil. -T. Migel, Kiode .S., Oil. Migel, ■ (ignel, .Sierra de .s. N', K. coasi, 0(HI. Miguel. See Tierra de S, .Miguel. Miguel, -Vrrecire de Sam, .'flit. Miguel, San. .'il!l, .'i.'i."). Miguel, San. P.iazil, .'U'). M iguel, San. 1 )arien. - Ov. , 1 1. , 461 . Miguel -Tiliuron, Calm du S. — Ov., I., 4.S. .See 'ritmron. Miguel .San 'riierauio - ICngauo, Calm de ,S, I lisjianiola. — Cosa; Xav,, 1,, .-i^! ; L. ('., v., 2t.'l. Miguel, C. de St. .Maranon.— Ov., II., 122. .Miguel, (ir.lfo de S.— Xav., 111., .•i7.S; P. M., 102; Ov., III., 11. Miguel, (iolfo de .S. Pacilio, .")4I. Miguel, PueWodoS -Ov., IV., I.")4. Miguel, Kio de S. .Marafion, ."i41. Ov., II., 122. Miguel, Kio de San. Peru, 0'28.- Ov., IV., 5. y 11 i Geograimikal Indkx. m . M."). 44;i. r Miguel (Ic (iiialdapc, Sail. Xiiv., III., (Jill, 7'.'. Miguel (le Xcveri, I'lieliln de S. — ()v., u., 2.|3. Miguel do I'ariii, Villa do San. — Ov., II., 2-.>2;t. Miguel de I'iiiia and of Tangaiani, .Sui. {'I'lie lii'sl Spaiii.sii eity fiiiiiidoil in ['eiu.) -Ov., IV., l.")l. Milto. I'uelilo.— Ov., II., 14.'). Miiichoy. ,, ,, ,, 44,'i. Miniato, San, .V)"!. Miiaoa. I'uelilo.— Ov., Ii., -iilG. Miiaiuu el lexame, t'abu de, 74, 177, 42(). Mil-la, Da, 4-.'7. Mivi/lialaiiUK. Sec Cariari. Miiiu'lci, IJaya de, 154. — Ov. , ii., 14.'i. Misano. ,Seu Calm MLsaiui. Miaaa, Puertu de.— Ov., ii., 4l'4. Miis.sissi{i])i, r>(lM. Mityn. I'uelilo. -Ov., ii., 44."i. Mi.\uii.\a, Sioira de. ,, ,, 444. Moehe, Hio ile, .■)41. Moeoro. See Hid M(U'(i(^-o. Moeiieu. I'uelilo. — Ov., i[., '^7-. Moeiili.'va.- Ov., i., ,"i70. Muferrato. Aiitil.— Ruyseli. See Monsernite. Mojoiies, Hio lie los, ,"i4I. MoUicea IslandH, ."i2.'J-4, ,V2S, (127, 7t).'i, 711, 7;il, 737. Miiluceas, l'a.s,,ago to the, I'JI). .Molue, Le. See Terra Xova. Moua, Lsla La.--T., W., Ov., i., (14. .Moiieean.x Moiitieelli, 'ilO. Moiulaeaii, (144. Mondo Xdvo, ,"i(iO-CI. Moiige. Antil. — Cosa. Moiiges, Isletas do los. -'!'., W., Ov., II., i;ii. Miniieelli.'JlS, ,Vi."i. See Montieelli and Moiieeaux. MoiL^errate. Antil. T., L. ('., II., !t. Moii.itMios, Hio de. -Ov., II,, ISO. Montana .-Vltissinia, .'!17. Moiitana.s, Hio de, ■-'41, ."•_>.— v., II., I4'_', 14.S, (i.Ti. .\Ioiilanas .\ltas, H. de, .uiO. .\liinle, Calio del. ,S(!, TviL'. Monte Alto, 414, o.'il. -Monte Cariliata. — Nav. , i., 90. Monte t'risti - Tuerto Real, 4,S;i, ■ilO. -Cosa; Xav., i., 1-_',S. Monte l''.»iieao, ."14(1, (i,'!4. Ov., il., i;i(). Monte Fragosa, .").'!'_'. Monte Kregoso, .11 1 1 , .'i-.'i », 47.1, ,"i,S4. Monte F] iiwa, .'i2(). Monte (iraiide, ."i.'ll. Monte-.Tuaii. 4.Tt. Monte Morello, Calio de, .177. Monte Xegm, 4l,"i. Monte de I'lata.-Xav., i , 131. -Monte Redondo, Hetondo, ,100, 4S7, XV2. -Monte SpeKo, ."i.ll. Monte 'I'ajado, .1.1.1, 414. Monte de 'I'ligo, ri77. Monte Vidi, Viiidi, ,"il(!. — Xav., IV., .TJ. Montexo, Hl.i. Moiiti!iu.s nivaliliusi, .'i(i."i. Moranle, I'linta de. In .Jamaica. — T., Ov., u, ."iSll. -Morena. See Siena Morena. Mori. ma, ."i(;7, ,"iS.1. Morinatan, ."i(i7. -Moroealio, I'nerto de. -Ov. , II. , -',10. -MoKLs, Haia dna, ."it.l. .Mortinlio, Moitiiieo, Cauo cIo, SO, ,11(1. -Moseo. -1*. -M., 1S7. -Moscobo. I'uelilo. --Ov., i., 40,S. Mota, falio de la, .1.1.1, 4U. Moxi (uuielios) arlioledas, (.'alio de, ."i(KS. -Mtia" de Ruurni (';), Hio de, GOl. Muelias Isla.s, ('alio de. X'.K. eoasl, ."..■iS. --Ov. , ii., 147. Muelias Islas, Rio de, (i,1,"i. — t;v. , II., 14S. Muelias .Agiia.s, I'uelilo ili' las. — Ov., I., ;i5i Muerto. ."^ee I'uerto Mucito. Miiueres, Muj.ies, lsla de, .m8.— W., itili. Mugerea, I'unta de las, li,14. — Xav., III., ."i,1 ; Ov., II., 1411. Midalie C'). In Antil.— Cosa. Mmiilus Xovus, (i4(i. .Miuviel.igoK, Los. — Ov., !., I.'i.'i. V.-VAS. I'uelilo. Ov., II,, 4.17. Aaeaoiui.- -Nav., i., .124. Naejia, (i2,S. Xagrando. See Leon. Xailia. Cliannel and ('.H-iciue. — 1'. M., 17--': Kpist. KS(t. Naiba, X^eyva, llailia. Piovinee.- Ov., 91, 17.">; II., Il'.i, .1(11. Xaiba, Xeyva, Hailia, Hio di', 1.1,1, — I'. -M." 7.1, l(i.s. Nao Zainba. I'uelilo. — Ov., ii,, 4,17, 44(i. Xaotblan, ,'i1ll. Xa|iituea. — Ov., i., ."i.V2. Nnia l'iU-af|Uc4a, 'I'ierra de. — Xav., 111., 407 : L, ('., v., -JOO. Xatan. I'uelilo. -Kneiso. Xauaea. .Vntil.— 'I'., W. Xaubor, Rio de, (i.ll. -Ov.. Ii., l--'2. Xautal, ")()7. X^avava, Islade.-Ov., i., lOS. Navarro, i!20, ."i7(i. Xave, I'uerto de. Ov., ii., 11,1. Xavidad, La, 41.1, ."i.ll, (iOIO. Xavidad, Oiau Baya de la, 401, 4."iH, 4.'iil. -Xav,, III., X. Xav., v., 2."i2. X^eguateix, 044. Xeibayinao, Sierra de,--l'. .M,, 109. X"eneri,- Ov., ]., ."lO.'i. X^eipia. Islet.- Ov,, |,.2,". Xe(|Uepio, I'riiv, Ov,, ii,. ."lO. -Veiiw Welt, 407, ."i7S, Xevada. See I'.ahia and Sierra Xevada. X'evadas, Islas. — Ov, , n,, ,"17. Xe\'eri. Risiir. .~kS9. X"e\vefounde Land, 4."i, (lil2. Xewefouiid Hand, 47, 4.S, 090, 09S. X'ewefouiid llandes, 40. Xewe India, 47. Xewfonndland, i."iO, (i7J, lis.", 090. Xewfoiiudland, (.'oast of, (iSI. Xew Ilande, 47, 07.",. Xivao, Hio lie. -Ov., ]., 1(10, 17.5 ; I'. .M., Kill. Nicaragua , ."i."i9, ri7."i, 700, 724. Nicaragua X'icoya San Lucar — Orotina Oiietares San Vi- cente, Cull of, ."i41, 041. V >'■ k hi » ' 774 Tiiii Discovery of North America, r^ t ! 'h^ r > K . :i, :;i' • '11 1 I ^,!:. I U :i 'IT I '•i ;1> Niuanij^iia, Lake of, .",')7. Nii'iinu), Tieiiadt'.-Xuv., III. ,41.'!. Niiiilao, Calid ilo S. I'luita ili; Mavci IJayatic|iiii'i. — Xav., i., 80;' L. C', v , JU. .Sin> llayali- (jiiiii, and .Mayci. Nicolao, Puerto do. -Xav., i , ,S0. Nit'dlas. .See Nimdaa. Nicolas. ,S|. N.K. ctmst, 411. Ninila.'i, Calm du .'^t., ."T.'i Niciilas, Miiiil.irias de ,'^1., ')\~. — Xav.. V , •J."i(l. Nicnlas, rj'oiiiiiiil, de S, — Ov., I., 4!i;t, .^cc Xicdlao. Nicolas, Pufi-tii dc St., .ST. Nicolas, Rid de .St., .-)41. Niciiya. ,See Nicaragua, (lulf of. Nicoya - Cliira i'>,im Lucar, I'uerto lie -h. C, '->•.'!). Niciiesa, Ccri-o do.--Ov., ii., KiS. Niculas, .Sui. Antil.— '1'. Nievc, .Sicr-i-a del, .">!)l'. Nievcs, Liis, Aiitil.— T. Nieve.s, Call!) de, .")7.S. Nieves, Kio de. ."."iS, (i.'io.— Ov., II., i4;i. Nigi'i, ('alio il(!, 501. Nij;ua. .'^ee Rio Ni>;iia. Niguara. See Rio Niguara. Niiuaea. -P. M., !(!H. Nifioa, Los. .See Cubagua. Nipe, Puerto ile, 9,S-!). Ni|ioal, Cal(o de, "itiO. Nii-va, l!io lie, .">S!). Nisca. I'l-oviiicc. -Nav., til., 417. Nisoiie, (i44. Nispcso, Isla dc. — Ov., ii., 4(i(j. NisiLula, Calio de, ()l)8. Niii, 4;):). -Nav. , i., •.'•21. Niyo. .Sue Rio Niyo. Nolw'i, Rio da, (inn. Noinln'e de la ( 'ru/, 147. Niiiiiliie de Dios Del Reti-ele, I'ucM-lo.le, liili, l-_'n, lis;, ()!).•{.— Nav. I., -."S.") ; Ov. I., ~S, II., i;i(). Noiidira, (i:il. Ov., ii., I.i;!, Noiiiiita. See Meotagoao. Noiaiiliega, 1H7, -ViX'. Nori, A'allede. ~Ov., ii.,4.")C. Norinanvilla, •_'l.S-l06, 7;il.— I.. C, IV., 40.>. Nueva Fsiiana, Reynos de la, "mG. Nueva Castilla Peru. — Ov., i., .'J-2.-), Nueva (lalizia. —Ov,, 111,, ",6. Nueva Isaliclla .Sau Domingo, 4:):i. Nuevitas del Principe, .S4, OS. Niievo Mexico, ('i4(), Nuova I'nineia, La, 'I'll. Nunceata, La, ,').'i.'). Niiv erfunde land. Das, .")70. QAKMUL(iKK River, G44. Oatealea, .IS.'!. Oliispo, liio del, 41o. Ocale. - ( )v. , I, , .-.4i), Oceoa, Prov,--Ov,, i,, llHI, 120, Occoa, Riode, -P, M., 170. Oceaiuis .Vllaulieus, 100. ,, Iiidiie .Superioris, 'u. Occidentalis, 78, 10.'!, 110, OKI. Orientalis, 10.'!, 110, -ISO. ., Vudiais .Meridionalis, ill. Odio, Rio do, .'!01. Odou, — Ov,, IV., .■), Odro, Lago dell. See Ladroii. OtKra = .Spagnolia, "il."). Okeetliebe Lake, 044. I Okefonoke. See F.kanfauoka. I Old Raliama Channel, 00. I Oliiupo, Capo di'I, ."177. \ Olivo, Ptinta del, .Vm. j OUaa, Puerlu de las.- Ov. 11., 42'J. ! Olloa. See Ulna. I Oloaii. See Calvacania. I Oloeolon. Province. — Ov. , I. , .T2.'). i Oniohaya, 'I'ierra de. ,, ,, 79. Ouari, 'M. See Oyuari, Rio de ('.). Once, and Onze mill Virgines, Areepellago de las. In Gulf of St. Lawrence, 183, 187.— Ov., II., 140. Onzc niiile Vierge.", Ca|i dea, ."ilG. Onze mill Virgines, Calm do las, 74tl. .See Virgines. Onze mill Virgines. In the Antil. Nav., 111., .V)0. On/.e mill Virgines, Islas de las. Anlil., •-'47. ('., Can., Uuyseh. See Virgines. Oppia. See Rio 0|ipia. Oi)pon, Sierras de. — Ov., 11., 584. Orauliega, .'■)77. See Norambega. OreliiUa, La =-- Poregari - Varnma. Autil. -T.i Ov. i.,0,'!, II., I.'!l-^.'. Oreferis, Riode, 301, .121. Oreja, Costa de la, o.'il, — Nav,, 111,, .-)S4. Orford Cape, 717. Orga Real. See Vega Real. Orillo, Kl. T. Orenoco, Orinoco, Urinoct), lO,*), 004. Oristan, Villa de.—Ov., i., o.SO. Oritza, 20,".. Orixa. See Corixaynsigiiauin. Orleaii = Orleans, '2-_'0, ,')70-7. Oro, Lago del, .SOO. Oro, Rio del.--Ov., 11., If2, 143. Oro =: Vaciui, Rio del, ,").')S. 035.— Nav., I., 12!) ; L. C, 11., 8(). Oroyi. Province.— Ov., r. , ^235. ,, Sierra de. ,, ,, ,'!,")4. Orosa He la, .'ISl. Orotiiia. See Niearagu.i. Orriparagi, Orrijiaracogi. — Ov., 1., 548. Orto de Rucei.iy, L', 5.")4-5. Oryno. .See Uio Oryno. Oa Draconia, 4.")0, 475. 0»a, (ll, .^li Palma, Rio de la, r.lO, r.-J.'i, ."i.'tO, ."i(i(i, ."i.S.'t. Palmar, Kl.—Ov., i., '..'{G. Palmar, Oiilfo de, .'i.'ij. Palmar, Promiinlcrid del, (i.'i4. — Ov., II., 1-iL', i;w. Palmar. See 'I'ieria del Palniai'. Palmaiia Kegid, r)()7.— P. M., 1S9. I'aliiias. See l.iilicia, Isla de. Palma.'i, P.aliia, and Puerto de las. — Ov., II., •.'Id. Palma.'<, ('alio de, SO, .'iSI!. - Xav., I., 44. Palmas, P. de.—W. I'ahuas, Rio de las, Sll, !M), .■i.'il, (i;i4r). Pidmas, Hio de. Pacitic. — Ov., IV., ,-,. Palma.'^ Seeas. ,^»,'^1. Raises, liaia do, 501. Pama, Rio (!<•, ;}-.'4. Pamarame, or 'raniaramc. — Ov., li.,3S0. Panama ("Country uboundinj; in lisii"), ■,:<{), lu':,, TOO, 7;ii.'.— L C, IV., J04. Panama, (.'iiidad de.-— X'av., m., 457. Panama, (lulf of, 540. Panama, Islamla in the Culf of, t)21. Panama, LstliinuK of, 10(1, .")5'J, 0S4, ()!t;i. Panama, West Coast of, 5.")0. PaiiHlo. .Sec Tieria de Panlilo de Xarvaez. Pani,4.i;i. Pani, Pio de.— Ov., i., 07. Pantelioin, Arec-i,.!. de .'. Pargos, I'laxos de los, 5.T.), Ii,').'?. — Ov., IK). Parguelos, I'laixos dus, (iol. i'aria. I)7S, (iSO, ()S4, 700, 713. Paria. See Rvasilia, 4S'.', 5S7, 013. I'aria, ( 'alio or I'uiita de. -L. C, 11.. •-'.■is, Paria, (.'o.sia de, .Til, 7;il. Paria, ( Uilf of, ;iOS, 40S-il, 477, 7.'iO. Paria, Promontory of, lo;i, 5S9. Paria, 'I'ierra de, Tierra Pariana, ;ilS, 4.")!l. Xav., I., I',-)!!. Pavias, l."i;i, .'iOS, .'ji;!, .■{7;i, 4S9, 515, .")•_'(), 507, 5S;i, 007. Parilia -= I'aris. — 1^. C, iv., '.'JO, •2ir,. Paiienra. Region. -P. M., l.T..'. Parieura, Costa de, ."),■!•-', .MO. ,, Rio de, 501. Pario (I'aria), C'alio de, .TOO. Pariona, .I'JIi, 507, 5S4. Paris. Pro\ iiK'e ami Catiiipie. - Xav., 111., 40S ; Kui'iso. Parma, .'^eu Palma, Rio rle la. Parte, Calio do, 000. Paseoal, PaH(|Ual, .Monte de, .'101 "J, ;t4-_', 4-JO, ,").tj, 507, 5Sl, Paseiia. I'aeitie, 01 1. Paseua Florida, 'I'ierra de, ,'!'_'.'). Sei; Florida. Paseua, Rio de, .")40, 5."ii). Pas(|iii. Prov, '204. Xav. iii., I.")4. Paasaje, Kl. -Ov., ii., -JOO. Pasto. In Darieii. — Ov.,ii.,IOI. Jn tlio Paeilie. ,, iv., i:U. Patagones, 'I'ieria de, 57'J. Patalis Regio, 5()5, ,")07, 5S1, OIS. Patas, Rio da, 17S. Patigutara. Prov.--Ov., ii., -.'41. V.alley. ,, ,, •-M.'j. Patignralo. Prov. ,, ,, 'JU. Pato Hay, 075. Patos, Kaliia ile los.- Xav., iv., ,'il. ( lolfo das, 501, ."i.'f.'. ,, Isia de los, 517. -W. ,, Puerto do los, O.'i.'i. -Ov., II., I Id. „ Rio do los, 510. Patronilla, Jala do. Ov., iv., 1 1. Paul, St., 007. I'auli, I 'agiis S.,:!-J l,4:!d, 17;i, 470. I I'aullo, .Mapego. See I'.udi, I'agus de S. Paulo, .St. In Xewfoiiiiilland, OdO. I Paulo, St. In the Pa.iiie, (ill. Paulo, Caliode S. , 177, 50S. ,, ,, In (Ireeiiland, l-JO. Paulo y San Paldo, S., ijIl". Pauioto. Pueblo. — Ov., ii,,'J7'i. PavoB. 'I'ieria de los, ()',U. Ov., It., M-.'. Pa.varos, Pa.xaros --- .\\('s, Isla de. Ov., I.. I!;i, II,, i;ii. Pa\i (I'aiiaV), (o.jfode, .'ilS, 4S7. Paypa. N'alley. -Ov.. ii., 400. Pavta San .Miguel. Xav.. in., i-'4. I'ayta, Puerto de. Ov., iv., 401. ,, Pmito de. ,, ,, 5. Paz, ('abode, 4J(>. ,, Riodela. -Ov., ii., 144. Pearls, .Vreliijiolago of, .")0S. ,, Coast of, 004-."). Podoe. SeetJroat Pedeo River. Pedernales, Sierras de los. -(^v., I., .■)!17. J ■1. V . '■J. ..If ^sA ! (! ti' m I , \^ il If,' .1' i %. ill';:- •J. 77^ TiiK DiscdVKKV OK North Amkiuca. I'tMlras, rmitu (la«, ')0S. ,, Ki.. ila», .■hlL'. I'c'ilii), Sam. Iiitiiilf iif Mu\ii'o, I7.S, .'ill I, .Vtd. Pfdio, St. In NVwfimiKlIanil, 000. IVilio, ChIk. .If si(i., (i;i;i. ov., II., 117. ,, iiliii lit' Sum, l.s.'i. „ Ww ilo.S. -Ov., n., 11. I'cilin V S. I'lil.ln, I'lU'itii (lu S.— \,iv.", v., .'IS. IVilniy .San TaMn, Kin ile San., llM, l(i!l. -Ov., II., 11'.'. Pclapia, l'.;inii) dr. Ov., ii., 140. Pekii, lialiia (Ir la, li.'U. ,, 141. lVli','n>, rail., del, ."illS. IVliuho, Uam.Mlr Ov., In,; rit. IV'IIR'IIDS, ">!I'J. Penobscot May, •JH,'). Pun. Ill, Puerti) del. .Sue Vera Cruz. Pciiiiii. I'riiv. Nav,, iti., 411."). Pel a, Kii) .le la, ."il", •">41. Peiagoana, Peninsula of, .'Wll. Pordiccs=Llaeliiiy. Ov,, iv,, li)l. Peiilieiiin, Uio de, .ViM. Perdi,l.i.s, (Mi,, do I.W.— P. M., i:i.->, l.",l ; Ov., II., l.SH. Perdidns, P" dc Ids, .Ml. Per.lid.is, Hio ,le los, (i.'U. Penliil.isaa, Ki.> de, .".SI. I'creia .ind Peieiia, Ki.> de, .Wl, .-ti'), .j;iu>. Pere/.a. Ki.i .le, .■ill). IViily.i Pan-.), ('aliii do, fill-J. Poiit.), .ViO. I'eila.s, ('alio lu la.s, .•)ll, ."iliH. Pci'la.?, Costa de las, 4l'0. Pcrlas = Paria, Oolfo de las, .'iKS, ;)-_'7, :i:n, 414. -Xav., 1., iis ; L. C, II., '.'■);). Pei-laa, Isla de. Pacilie, Gil. — Ov., IV., (). Pcrlas, l.slas ile las. ,See Ciiliagiia, and Margarita. Perlas, I'unta de. In the I'acitio, (ill.'. I'ern.iinlnie.i, .">71, 7011. Periiaiiiliueo, Kirnainlmoo. Rio de. — Ov.. II., I-Jl. PcroOitiz. I'lielilo.. Ov., ii.,-2,-i.3. Pei'imiiga. In IViii. Ov.,iv., 191. Pern :^ Castilla d.'l Oro Xueva Caatilla, 177, ."i7--'. ."i7!l, (il4, (>i;7, ClM, 7J-', 7-'0, 7.TJ. Ov., I., ;«,'). SeoCastilla.lel Oro. Peru, Kiodel.Ov., iv., ,"i. Perui|ueta. Prov. -Ov., in., 30H. Pescadores, Uio de. — Ov. , II., 14'J. I'eseiiria, Rio dellft, ."i77. Puseariu Saiitnntoiiia, La, !>", IVseaiia, 'riiria de, 180, -KW. IV.s.iuerias, I'l.iya cli'.-Ov,, a., I'i'i. Peta. Valley. ,, ,, 4.")-t. I'etatain, (ill. IVletlan, 0P.>. Pctit{ron Pinligroii.— Nav., in., ,"..S; I'. M., li'S. IVlies, l.os. See .liian, Kio .1.^ St, 1 Vires, Prcivineia do los. -Nav., ill., 4'_':2;i. ivtr.), St., .107, r,H;i Potid, St. In the Paoitic, ,",73. Phelipe, PuntadeS.— Ov., I., ."ill,",. Piaclii. -Ov., I., ."ili.",. Pinri. .Sinn, ,"i,si. Pico, ('alio del, S(i, ill. Pico, Puerto il.d. -Nav., i,, (>7. Pico, Puiita del, .">,">!). Piedras \'irtudes. Hi., d lasi 111, "lOi, .■>:«, o;i;t-4.--ov,, n., 115. Pierre, Isle .SainI, 1.S7. Pieta, l,a, 4. Pitiguoein, Ilha de, l.S.'f. Pito. See Rio Pito. Pima. See Miguel de Piura. Pivia, Valley.-Ov., iv., 154. Placel, Cabodel. -Ov,, ii., I_>l. Placeiitia liay, 4.'c'. Plasaiisa, Ulan ilc ">Sfi. Planosas, Las, 4l.'i, .'Jt't'J. Plata, l.a, 704, 7-'l, T2H, 7.138. Vluta - .Sta. Maria, ('alio ile la, 003. - L. (!,, IV., l'7ii. Plata, Isla.le la. -Nav., in,, 40. Plala, .Monte de. Plata, Puerto de, l.'Ki, Ill.S, 4.TI. Plata - Prata — Sancia .Maria = Paraina Paianagnavu .Ionian Solis Ilnrnai lliirnai, Uio Oiaii.le lb- 1,1, (ill-' l!ll."i, (i-JH, 048, .'MO, 4,SII, 4!I0, ."iJO, .'171, li_'l, (iJS, (i.S,S, 70.">, 7117, 71s, 7;i7, 7.')0, 74.",. — Ov., 1., 40,", : II., 170; Ii. v., iv.,'.i70. .See also KioOrandudu Puraina. Plata, Uios de, OO.'i. I'laya, P.aliia de la. — (Jv. , n., 14'2. I'liiya l)elg,ida.--(Jv., II., I4'_', .")32. Playa, (iolfo .le la, 0,33. —Ov., iv., Uti. Playa, Uio.lela,(i;i4. Ov., n., 14'.'. I'la/er, Cabo de, .",01, Pol.la.lo ilel Karalbin. .See Uio P.>lila.b>. I'obla.x, Uio da.s, (KM). Poeaeosi, Islas de, — Ov., 11., 136. Poij'o. Pnivinec. — Ov., iv., 142. Pocorosii, Poieli.,ri(,3a, lala de. — Ov., I., 7H. Poc.irosa, Region and Caci()ue. — L. c, IV., i-_',s, i::,. Pola, Islade, 147. Poloniiia, 4."i!l.— P. M., \-2H. Polonia, Cabo de .Sta. , 510, o.'l-. Poiiibo. Pueblo,— Ov., IV., 19-1. Pontorlian. .See Mala I'clea. Popayan. -Ov., 1., -.'IS, 401 ; IV., 131. Poregeri, I'oiegari Orcliilla. .See Orcliella, and Varuma. Porlichuelo. See Calctn. I'orto. See Puerto. Portogalete, .',31, Portobello. .See I'uert., Hello. Portogesi, C.llio de, 17!l, 4,-,l--.'. I'oili, Rico, Cibilad de, l.'i.S. I'orlo Uieo .St. .luaii, Isla ile, 47.'). 0«!l, 730. -K., T. Porto Seguro, ;!0I , .•i40 I, ,340, ,309, r>;i-', o,s3o. Portiiguesiv, Uio de la, ."iSO. Poacsion, I'uerto de la. — Ov. , iv., I'oaesi.iii, Ri.i de la, H."i, ,")S1.— Nav., I,, -284. rotaneliana Victoria. Province. I'. M., 104. V *_ iU. See •f T'otann. Ov., I,, ,"."1. l'citc'i,'iui. Mill. I'litc'giiri. Aiilil. W. I'otoiiiu. I'iii:li|i). (Iv,, II., 'J77. I'ntduliiiii, Sec Mala I'lUa. Polio, 4.'i!). -I'. M., Il'S. I'dyiii.s, Sieri'ii di^, ."i.'tl. I'l'ailo, ( 'alid ill.'. Ciwii. Prailos, i'linla ili-, -Nav., i., 'JSS. Vraini, 'I'irini ilu, .'i.'t'J. I'myii, I.a, ,"iill. I'nizul, iJaya ih\ '<'■):'.. ,. ('al)i) ilo, .'i.'il. ,, Suu Tici'ia ill) I'razi^l. l'iTs,i, Kill ill' la, ."ill. I'ruHill),' Laiiill, IS.'i, I.S,-., ,"i7l. Piiii. St'e Rill I'lia. I'rimcira. .'^ri' liaya I'riimira, anil I'linla I'liini'i.i. I'riini'i-ii. ,Sci r.ilMi I'liriifi'ii. ami Kill I'riiiii'ii'ii. Pi'liiCL'sas I'.laiira.-i, Isl.-i.t ilr laa. — Ov., I., J.'i. l'i-iiii'i|>i , rnnto ilcl, ,S(i, ill. - Xav., I., ."iS. lVini'i|ii', i;iii iK'i, -Ji;!, .■,;•-'. I'ri.silia. .^iT I'atia st'U I'risilia. ril.;nl. Ciliilail. Ov,, iv., li!). I'uulila, l,a, ."1:17. I'liulilo Xiirv... Ov., II., .•i.S."i. riievliii. riiijlilii. Ov., IV., I.5II. I'llC'I'COS, 1,11., ."i.'l'.l, l.slilM lUi.-.Ov,, il., IIS. Kin llr 11:!. I'lUTtii. .S.'c lliii'ij I'ueiiii. I'm.'ilii .\j;i.ai|.i, ."iHS. ,, I'lllXIl, ."i.'il. ,, Hollo, ."i.'il. 1'. .\1., 177 ; Ov., I., VS, 11., l;!s, .Ki7. Km , S:;, - (.'i.sa ; L. ('., 11., ."1-. ,, D.siail.i. ."iI1,(;;m,.-Ov., J., .">17 ; X.iv., III.. ."iS ; I,. ('., IV,, rjii. „ I)isiillvi,r,-llc.--()v., II., l.'in. ,, Diilue, .".'i. ,, I'.si'iimliilii lli'rniD.sii. - Ov., 1., 7.'., 7S: L. I'., v., •2U>. ,, I'li'oliailii, Kri'i'liailii Clii- hirivii'iii, ;i;;;t, ui, r<:i\, ii:i4, li.s'.i. - Ov., I., i:)i ; Xav, III,, (), l(i;i. ,, Oiliaia, !i!l. „ (loi-ilo. — Xav., 1., 301. „ Oiaiirle, .Sli. -F.,. C, II., .")1. GnookAiiii. \i. I\iii:n;. I'uoild Hcriiiiwu, ll.'U.- Ov. I., I7.'f. ,, Mania. Xa\. , III., I.V.I. ,, .Maria. ,, 1., 7!t. ,, ,\Im-ilo, .Vil, i;:il. Ov,, II,, I.'il, ,, I'iuina. (Iv., iv., ."1. ,, ilr I'lala, •.'()■_•.■• I'. M., I7(i: I.. ('., III., Id; Ov. i.,-_'7, !l|. ,, riin.i|ii', Itl. „ Kual Miiiiii. Cliii.Hii., i;;;i, 4HI, I7'>, .".;!•-', •'"07, li.l.i. -- I'. M., Ili."i, ITii; Ov., 1., .•j.">, ill ; Xav., I., K.';t. ,, Ural, Kin ill', i)\., II,, ll.-i. ,, il.i Imh Kuyus, I'nrlili.ilcl..- Ov., 11., 2117. „ ill' Riri |)iir,i, ."iSj, ,, s.iri'ii, N'av., 1 , i;;:i ; k. ('., v., J+."., ,, S.uirtii. In I'.uia, ."i!17. - Ov,, II,, L';i7, ,, .Suilii, Sli, ill, .■,SI, Xav., I., 71. ,, .'la, .'!l(i, iiiiti' 10. „ .^anta. In II i.-ipaniola, .'II miti'.S. Xav,. I., lOS, 111, .Sara. L. ('., 11., '.'.Vi. Siva, .Vill, Ov,, II,, l.'R ; Ul'. Il.,i.',"i;i; Xav. I., i;i:2 777 I'uiila ill' Villa Kii'a. In Viiealiili. Ov., II., II'J. I'nnti' SiiKiirii, .'lol. I'liniilia, I'liiTl" ill', Ov., I., ,■«)(!. I'llll'll. KivcT. 1'. M.. I.VJ. I'lliiliiai.-iiiii, Kill ilr 1. 1. Ov., Ill,, ."iii;). QL'.M.l^", Kill ill', r<^:\. i.liiaicl.ii, Ki.iil,'. !',M , I.-.I. • .liiari'gna. l!i>,'ii.ii. 1'. .\l., I.'til. I (I'liaiiini. Ov., 1., ."i7;i. ' (.liiviii. Kin ,1,., .-,r,7. f^ll'llnlr. I'l-nvill.'l'. Ov.. 1., .TJ.I. t,>ni'iiia. ,, Xav iii.,llii. (,)ni'iiiiaila. .Si'c I'linia (Jiii'imaila. {(Iiivra, I', ill', ."..Ml. (,l|iriailia I.a ('.inna Xiii'va, Kin ill.'. Ilv,, I'.., li, Qiii'iaiinii'iM ( 'iirmiiiTia (ina- ililnn|iii. I'. .M., (ill. See ( Inail ilnii|u'. (Juvvira, iiivii'a, I'.l I. Qiii'Xi'inil, ( '.il.ii ilr. 0\,,|V.,,"), I (,>IUX'- mil's, I'lnlnnlll. ill'. ,, l'_>7. Ijiiialiiiiztlaii. Si'i' N'l'i'a (I'liz. (,iniiiiii. 1'. ,\1,, l.-,l. l,liii-all,i. (ill, I (,liligil.ili'. (Iv,, I., ."i7ti. 1 (,'iiiinliaya. ,, i\ ., I IJ. (,lniim'ilin, I". ,!,■. (>l|iiiniiirii. Kin lie. ( )v., I., 170. : Qiiiinin'vli. Si-'i' ( ,iiii|iL'ailiy. j (^liiiiuiiiiliavna, .'ii;7, ■'>.'il. — X'liv. III., 11'.*; Ov., 11., 1;!l>. Sei; ! rui|iiiliarna. (,lnini|niliarna, I'lii'itn ili', Ov. , II.. 'JlHi. I Qiiiii.say 'riii'inisani Tlii'ini.s- j U'tan, II'.', -JSl, ,'1711, .'is:!, .VJ-l, I (iOH. gninlilla. ]Act. 1'. M., lilo, I (Jiii[iana, lill. Qiliiipa. I'rnviiirr ami Caviiiuu. --Ov., II., i;'n. (jUiiriijiii'tana. .Scr (.'i.unlia. (,)iii.!I2. -Ov., IV., -Jit. Kaiiia.la, I'ucito do la, 034.- Ov., 11., i;ti, ;(.•«. Kniiiado, .'iSl. Ranil)la, La, .Vili. Randila, Rio do la, (i.'U. Kaiiio, ('alio da, 4'J(i. Ruino.'*. llaya do. Ov., ll.,20.'{. 1'alllo.s, Rio dos, ."'. Raiiio, Rio do. 4l'('i. Rapliaol, ('alio de St.— Ov., i., 48. Rapossa, Illia ilo la. .ILS, Raya. 1'. da, .Viil. Raylinaiia Rogio, ,VJG. Riizia liai-il, ."iOl. Soe Rarilles. Kocifo ilo los f.oonos, I'lieito dol, ■""IT. Rodos, Rio do las. —I.,. ('., iv., 199. Rodondii. SooCaljo Rodoiido. Rods (Rois'ri, Oolfo ilo, 4-.'(i. Rofiigio. ('alio dol. .'m.'!, ,"i77. Rogio Ciando. 491. Roi.s, .\ingra and Haliia do, .'iOI, .'iL'l, .•t.'i.-i, 4-->(i. Soo Royos. Rois. Colfodo los, ."i.Sl. Roiiiodiiis, . . . do los, (ill. RoMo, Rio ilola(Raiia';do ,\reiia''), 31 S, 487. Roiitio, Pinotulo do. .'tOl. Soo Tciicio, and 'I'oiitao.l. Reparo, Isladel, .).3±-0v., 11., ]20. Rocjiiilia, 414. Rosoatos, I'laya de los, (i.'U. -Ov., II., 134. Rosens. Rill da, .'1(11. Ri'sgato (Rosoato), Aliloa do, ,-1.-19. Rot lot o. Suo Riioii Retrcto. Retrote, Puerto del. .See Xoinliie de Dios. Key do I'oitugal. .See 'rona. Reyes, lialiia do los, .'iKi. — Nav IV., 31. Reyes, C'iudad do los Liiiiu. Reyes, Oolfo do los, (>;).'{. — Ov. , II., IIH. Reyes, HUi dos, r>:i2. Reyre.— I'. .\I., Iti.S. Rilieraoo. I'm !ilo. — Ov., 11., '203. Rio Aliia.— Ov., 11., ;iO.-i. All agiiado, .-i,"?!'. Ainana, .-iS9. Aiigasiuayo. - Ov., i., 2IN ; II., 44I. Raxo dol Ailioloda. — Ov. , 11., -JU. Rayamon. — Ov. , 1., 4(ifi. IJorinojo. — Ov., 11., ."{(19. Ria. -Ov., I., 131. liinino, -),S9. ('ai,'avaii. — Ov. , 11., ,3()4. Cavil-. ,, ,, ;?S(). Cide. — O- , I., .-i.-)(t. Canny. ,, ,, 4(jti. Caoynoo ,, ,, 4S0, Capaohoiiiii. ,, ,, ."irio. Caioaiana. ,, ,, .Vi,'). Catalina. Soo Rio ( liando. Caiiyo. ^Ov., I., 473. Coliiicd. ., ,, 4(!S. Copii,opi. - Ov., II., lu'I. Coi-rado, .-i3-J,(!.'!3. Ov., IV., I,"!. Cliagios, 711. Cliapaneie. — Eneiso. Chioa, ,-i41. ('liioai,a. Ov., 1., M'iCt, rt'i). Cliiiulia. — Ov., IV., .-1. Ciogo, .'i.-i!!. ,, ,, l.'i. Coa/aooaloo Hnasacualoo, ■''Mi. Soo Rio (iiia/aooaloo. Cogiiia ('orruni.Ov.,ii.,4t-)7 Colcliinaa. — Ov., 11., 171. Coniiti. ,, ,, '.'71. ( 'oi-iL;uox. ( )v., 1., 4iil). Dagna. -Ov., iv., l.'fO. Daliatio. — I'. M., KW. Harai-i.— Ov., 11.. .'1(14. 1 )olgailo, .-i3'J. — Eiioiso. IVapoIilado, .-)4I. Do so fallo una oiiiz, 41"). lh\Wr, ,-i41, ."ilill, ,-iS4. Epiliaoa, G;j4. — Ov., 11., 121. Esooiidiihi, ,-i,'>,S,(i.Ti ,, ,, 14'.'. Ethiea. ,, ,, 174. Eti(|uaii, (V.r,i. ,, ,, 120. Rio Fajaido.~Ov., 1., 400. ,, Feiinoso. FioniiiHo, lloi'innso. In Nowfoundlaiid, tidOI. Ituysoli. Foinioso, ,'1(K), 4.-i3. Form), -iti7, "1X4. Frio Rio •laiioiro Raya de (alio, .'ilHI. Oaiia. — 1'. .M., 113, l.-i7. " (iionlaii, 2(17, .'i;i2. See Rio dordan. Oiado, 179. Soe (Iiaiiilir; Oiando, 3IS, .'■92. Ov., 1., .-i.-)7. (iraiido. Ill tlio I'aoitio, .-i3l, (ill. (Iiaiido ( Miasissip]ii ';), ri(!7. — Ov., 1., .-i."i7. (iraiiile and (iiamlo. .'ifMI, 4.-)l, 4.-i2. Soe tiiuiki {';). (irando St. Marta.— Ov., IV., (i. (iiando lie Sla Catalina, 318. -N'av., III., ,-|.-i3. Claude .Saiiot .Iiiaii. In tlio I'rovinoe of I'lalia. — Ov., III.. 7. < liando do St. .Iiiaii. Soo .liiaii (iiiadalipiivir, IS\' Xav., i., !t|, (Mianinioalion.- I'. M., 170. (luaoialio. — Ov., I., 4fi(i. (iiiarioo, ,-i.'<9. -Ov., 11., 2(13 ; 1". M., Ui9. ( iiia\ a) laiia. ( »v. , I. , 4(i(), 470. Ciiayaiiia. ,, ,, ,, (iiia/.aooako, (liiai,'ai|iialoii, Coatzaroaloo. Soe Rio ( 'oazacoalio. (iuimguaiiai'i. .'iH9. (iiiyaga. — Xav., i., 2S.-|. llatilionioo. Ov., i., 176. Herinoso. Fonnoso, (>34. Hiclira-T. M., K'W. Ilipilii. — Ov., II., 171. Hoi'oinioo.—Ov., I., 470. Ifnniai. Soo Rio Hiiniay. Hiiya]>ari I riniioo driiioco Soo Hiiyapari, Rio de. laaolia, laoho, laolicni. — I'. M., 73, l(i8. Itagiiavu.-Ov., 11., 20.3. In. ,, I., 470. Ipiti. ,, II., 174. Iiiniia.— I'. M., 73, I7'2. .lanioo, 4.33. -Ov., i., 48. .Ionian, 19S, 207, 211, .301, ,-i32, ."it>7. .■i,S4, (i03. Soo Rio Ciordan. it k Hii) .)i)i-ilaii N'i:wfimnilliiiiil, .Vm. , Joiihui (111 Siimlirurn, G33.— Ov., M., IIS. , Longd, 4-2, lU. , r.iiysa. ~-()v., I., 4IMi, , Maciio.Ov., I., 4(i(). , .MiUialiiiilion. ,, ,, , Maiiiiiliau, 71S, „ Miiiiinni), .•i|."i, 41)0, 470, ,).")!), r>or>,r,-\. -1'.m.,!W; Kpiat. .■>.•)•_>: Ov., i\-., .•)S4. , Miuiiiiii.--()v., I., .'{."i. , Mi'ssigo, .")(iii. ,, .\lotoi,(). Ov., I., ,")4!). , Xegr.), 41.">. , Xe)ii. M., llW : Ov., I., 174. Oppia. - ( tv., II., .'ill,'). , Oi-yiio, ");ii.'. , Paiiiico, llh!, ,')l(l, ,"),•«), ,j;j8, 5()(), ,')8;!, (i07, 04;i. , I'aniHiiny, .">7.S.— Ov., ii., 171. , I'aiaiiia. .See Rio (iniiule du I'aiama. , I'aiaiiaguazii. — Ov., ii., 172. , Piti). -Ov., II., 41)1), III., 146. , I'libkilo- ilil Paralluii, ,')0S, 6;);}.— Ov., II., ijii, 174. , Pria, GItO. , Piinieid, Piiiiicirii, .IDl, .".'{1-2, r,H\, (il)l. -Ov., II,, :,H. , Keal, .")()l, .")li7, ,-),S4, (ilK). , Roalcs, .'nil). , .Silacio, .'ilW, .'i,-),S, C-U. Ov., I., Ii'2, II., l-_",). , .Saiiate. -Ov. , i., 12-2. , Santo, .Si'f, ."i.")."). , Suoo, L'41, ,').S1, t).T). -Ov., II., 14(i. , Siiguiiclo Sail Matheo, ."lOX, H.33-4.— Ov., II., ,JH, 1*». .See Matliuo. , .SeiL-ado, .")01. , Sii: foiiilo, G.'J.'t. , .Solo, .')4(), .")7.'), U.3."). -Ov., II.. 143. Tiiraio. -Ov. , ii., -JH.h Tayiiiaboii.— Ov., i., 466. Tejo. Xav., I,, 6.'). TibiHiiari, 6;«.— Ov., ii,, 120. Geocu.m'iik Ai, Index. Uio Tiliuri, Tinilii, Tul)iii.— Ov., II., 4.")4t). ,, 'riiuano, .")41. ,, Tiiiilmz. -Ov., II., 171. ,, Tiiiaou, TiiiOLo.— Ov. , ii. .•J.'iO. ,, ui)ay, 6;j;t.— Ov., 11., Hi). ,, b'liiay, Ui-n^'iiay, Hiiiiiai,.')lll. 60;i, lil.S. Ov., 11., 177. ,, Veiile, .")l)l. ,, Viuiiie. -Ov., I., I7;i, I7(j. ,, VaiiiieuiUi). ,, ,, ,, ^^ ,, Va(pii. See Oio, Ki.) del. ,, ^'alll■i. Ov., II., 2.")4. „ \ii\ii, .")!IL>. ,, Vuyha.-^Ov., ii., i.'ll4. ,, ^'elll■a l)etlileiiii,(),34.--X'av., 1., L'Sii. See IJeleii, and liellileiiii. ,, ^'^lllla.-Ov., II., L'7G. ,, ^uiia. - L. C, v., 24.'). Hiobaiuha, Ciudad de.— Ov . iv.. •J3,S. ' Koas, Cal)o de. — X'av., i., 288. Hooo (KouaV), La, ,"73. Roca, La. Aiitil. — \V. Kocu. See Isla Roca. Roea Partida, .")!(). ■ I .. Isla de la. -Ov. ii., 1411. Itoeho, Kooehe, Roij, Roxho, t.'abo de S.. .-jOI, .-ni), ;j;i.-,, 426, 4tW, 487, .■).')lt, .■>67, .')71, •")84. Roukan, liaya de, 171), 4.")2. Rodrig.i Alvarez, Isla.s de, .')73, 704.--Kil),; Ov., II., 1211. Rodi-igi) de Aeufia, Puerto de.— Ov., II., 12(1. lioi.\a, Roxa. See Piiiita Roixa. Rojaa, Uai.i dati, (ilM). Koldan. Sue Caiiipaiia de P.)ldan. Roman, Cal)0 de .S., I.")6, 213, .").30, 6;{4-.'). -Ov., II., 131, 144; Xav., 111., 8. Koino. .Sec C'alio Roiiio. Rongiioiist -= Havre de Jeluui Deiiys, 640. R<)(iue, I»la de S. Paeilie, ,-)73, 5i)7.— Ril). Roi)iie, RiodoS.— Ov., ii., 11."). Ko.) ; 11., i;J0. iSalniediiia. — T. .Salteba. — .See ( iraiiada. .Salt Key Hank, 99. .Sahador. See San Salvailor. .Salvado ■, Maya del, 517, .")5U. .Salvador, .Matas del, ."),">8, 6.35 — Ov., II., 142. .Salvaleoii. — L. (.'., ni., 192. .Salvaterra. — P. .\I., I7G. .Salvatiena, C'abo de.--L. (J., III., 102, 46,3. Sahatieri-a de la Savaiia, 433 — Ov., I., \:i:i .Saniana, .Xaniaiia. Xav., i., 209; P. M., 169. Saiii.iiia, t'alio de.— Cosa, (J., Can. .Saina.ia, and Xaiiiana, lalelo de, 43.3. -Ov., I., 2."). .Saniindoeo. Mine.s of uinei-alds, and (Aieicine. -Ov., ii., .•{94. .Samiiiito, .55.'). .Sanioet,,Saonieto,.Sain()lo, Someto, Suiiiete laaliella, Isla do, .304, 401, 4.S2, .-)09, .■|()2. -Xav., i., .30;t3, 11., 144, iii.,,j,")0; Cosa. .See Isla Isabela. Sanipa, Zainpa, .")26. .Sainpallon. - Ov., ii., .'(79. Samson, Islas de li;j. San Salvador Cuzeatlaii. .San Salvador. In La Plata, 605. .San .Salvador, Isla de, 401. -Xav., I., 25. ,See Ouanaliani. San .Salvailnr, Puerto de, 86.— X^iv., 1., 42. .San Salvador, Puiita de. In I,a Plata. -Ov., II., 171. San .Salvador, Rio de, 86. —Ov., II., 117. Sana, Illiaa de, .'m, 414. .Sanate. See Rio .Sauatc. .Saiieliea, P" [ilu '/], .")81. I 1^ Wf h^ i4 ■f! . i i4 0' 1 h l> t i .1) i >:l i. ii. I 1 1 n 7S0 Thk Discovkkv ok XokTH Amkkica. , l-i Sanot. See >aiit, Sviit'i, luui Sjnita. Saiu'tft. Soe Isla Siiinta. S,UKt« ♦. S.imta (riiiH, Saiit.i fi lU'. .'ttil, ;fl!l. .Sttiutrt F<-. i.'iii.lail lie. Ov. ii., ,V>o .SuKtA Ffe. Ula lie. tKH.- Ov. II., i;*><», .'>Ti\ .K«. Si'i' ."^[liritu .SiiRlii. Sai\..t Spirit lis. K'Tt iif. 7I">. Siiiut. Spiritu.<, Kio ilf. C>n the X. -E. ofmat, ti.'Ci. .SiiHti S- Niv., 111.. 411: ; 1'. M . isii: (Iv.. I.. II."). I'lii.t.i .If. Ill the I'licisi..'. till', 'i>:i. rniit.i .iii.'>. ,. V.iiliy. -Ih-.. 11.. 44". „ Villa lie. ~0v.. 1.. 4a'>. .Sinta L'nu. In the islainl of Xewfiiiiiiillaiul. ."i^i. Siinta Cru/. In ViK-ataii. ."AS. .">7.'<. Santa Cruz. PueMo. — \av.. 111., :«:!. .T.IS ; 1,. (.-.. IV.. ITT. .Sinta I'ru/.. I unUiil ile. — Xav. iii., 34:). 3!'S: L. I.. IV.. 177. Sar.tn Crnz - .^v -\y Lihuiincya and Cilm.in.'y.i. Isia de. —T. : Ov., I.. .U. i;7 ; V. .\!.. l.iii; Xav. in., !U. Siiiifa (-'ruz:- (■oziiiiu-!. Islu'li-. li.'U. Xav., III., ."m. SuitaCrnz, Isl.i .!.■. Inllnliulf of St. Uiwivnee, I>.j. Santa I'riiz. Rio .l.. In Uarien.— Xav. ill., :h:1. .Ws : L C. IV.. 177. S,inta ( luz. Rio ,1.. In i lie Strait of Ma^'ellan. — Xav., IV., ,'tt. Siiiita Crnz - l'.r»/il. Tierra ile, •-••.'4. :«)!, .'Us, 4:!i, ."xxi, e.sti. .*>ee Vn'u I'niz. ."^anta ( ru. Tierra 'le. Paeitie, till. tis,<. S.iiita I lUi! lie .\voava(;iu. — L. (.'., m.. lif2. .Siiita Cruz ile los CariK'S i.Vy .Ay Cil'iuiueva ■;>. Isla ile. t)v., I., :. ."^aiik-ana. Prov. — Xav.. 111., 41'J. Sanlncar. Colfo ile.— Xav., 111., 4117, 4i;t. Sanson, I»la .le. -\V.: Kill. Sant-e River, •-'IJ. .Siiit.i Ii.iiiiiiiL'o. il7.'i. 1177. '>.'>4. 7ii>">, 7-':i, 7.14. -.Vav., i..Jtl!l; \V. Sie I{i.«|Anio|a. Stntoine. Islis lie.— T. Siintona. R.'stroile. — Xav., v., 40. S.ii'u.v ,\.!.ini.inev. .\ntil. — Cosa; 1".; W.: I,. C.'ii.. IW. .•Nirilina. CuIki ile la, .ir ilel I)es- eanso. ,")I7. — Xav., v., ,V). Saiilina. Puerto ,U- la, .'117. —Xav. III.. .'{.■>. .Sirilinas. .\noon ile. .">7.'<. ."•arilines. Rivi-re iles. ."1I6. Siir.MSso Sta. ."i."?, »i»j«'. Sarig.iz. — ()v., 11., 4.">S. Sastaiiatre. 414. Sato le CerKs. .W^, 414. Satte.?. P.i.i lie. .'i4l. Satiiriiia. Satnniia. ."^ee Citarma. .•^auleui.i I'roni'.ntor. . -'i.""."!. .Sanlo. !'. .le. "i>4. ."^anm S.'.iixa Ninita .1. Antil. — Can. Sava. .\ntil. T. .Sivalo.s. Isla lie. ."i.">S. Siivi, Rio lie, o«i7. S.-ari.las, I.«is. .V"vi. SthoiLlia, ."ilHi. Si-ioiia, t«i7. ScI. Sooinliria. -P. M., li^i. Sonmliilo. See Kio Ksoon.li.lo. .^-etiastian, Puerto ile S., .'{"Jl, ,'tV), 4:4M, ."••S4 .•^lerras lie .**,. Ij.*i.*i. Stl.a.«'iaii .le L'ral.a. .•»!. Ilv., 11., .•^ei'a. >t< I'unt.i Seca. '.'ecativa, (io'.foile. S'e Hlas. Seeheii. .Antil. --T. Seco. .^t-e Rio Sei.'o. SeiTuiiilo. See Rio ."^ecumlo. .".'Uro. ."^ee Puerto .'^egllro. ."»enotormu8 ('>•'). .">-4. Seririn, Puiitailei. Htj. IWnial- .le/. II.. (ill. ."^erkailo. See Ri.i Sereailo. ."•eriaiia, ."-irena, !»v. Antil. — T. ; \V.: Ril.. Serrano. Set- .1 nan .'»errano. Se.stain. See I.*la .""e^Liiii. Sete .Vrnia..!, .">4. I Iv. . 11., HJ Seven Cities, Itslaiul of the. ."1-. I>.".'J. li.'.(i-7, (kill. .Severiiio, .S»n, ."i77. .Sevilla IViiiKmI, Cenii>oaIa, ."•'LS, .'ilii. .'i:;!!. :<. Sixiiios, Rio lie, .')-2li. .''iera iSierrag':!, Provineia ile, .")()7, tiis. Sierra Raynora.— Ov., 1., 17-. Herii'ia. -Ov.. II., •JS,>. ., .\loreni'.. .MouiiTain. '>'^'. ,, ,, M.'Uiitain in Peru. -Ov.. IV., •.•.•}!. Proviiiee. ,')7.'i. ,. Xeva.la, .".(fj. -P. M., l.")7 ; XiiV.. III.. ,S->S. Xev.i.i I If titar.na, .XJ'J. .""ierra.* Danlena, Ijis, .ViU. H.riiio.«;i,s. il.-t;). Ov. II., 1 12 Xeva.la.*. In Strait of Ma- gellan. ,">."itl. — Ov., 11.. .")7. Sierpe, IwK-a lU la X.iv,. i..'J.")S. Sierjw, V:\U' .le. ., ., l-'.'f. Silla, Rio lie la. — (Iv., iv. ."i. Silrialiim iN. - W. ."million. IsR-.! lU' ."»!. >ce Cucniga. .•^in foii.lo. Si.t? liahia sin foiiilo. ."^ipiea. See ( limlo. sniithvilie, ■-M.S. .■^..oorro, Piir'i.lo del. — Ov., i., .Vi'.l. .""Ok'aniosii I In.ha.'i sinctuarvi. — ()v., II., .'Wl. .."i!l. fioO. Solo, ,*»ee Rio Solo. ,'^oinbiTro Juulaii, P.io .lei, li.'!.'!. > ( t)ivi\l Soiiilir.r... Kl. Aiuil, J., i)v., 1.. 3;t. Soiiu-m.i. Antil. --(.■., Can., \V. Soiia, •2m. Sonttilo la. 4_'7. Sorache.- 1'. M.. Ihi. .Siniiiii. Isln lie I Li IVsraili ?i. A itil. --C'mi. Si.t.'!i\ay(ir. l*iielil'..-l)v., i., i'l). Sill ill AiiKTua, ('>.'{">. Spiitlicni rem. (>.'lli. .•^lietr. S|»e,vr ( Ksptni ':<. ( :i; e. 17s. Spera ( Fjijwra ';). Rio 41 . ."..Vi. Siieiii'is... .>;ee (.i,lf.i ,ir iM.rtTd .■SIH-IIMSO. .'^peraiitia. Castle. - V. M.. s4. S]K'»o. .See .\Iollte .-peiMi. Spirilo .Siiito. Ki.'.Ul. racitic, 611. Spiritii .Suictn. (alni ,\v S. In (Iieenlaiul. 177, 4'J»i. Spiritu .Saiicto. Rii> ile!. .Vj.i, .Mii, .">41. .Set Siiiu't. Sj.iritus. Spisel. ( aU. .le. .'-il. SteuU, talKi lie. 47.'). Stpioiie (?l. Ill Hispaniola. - ( Visa. Straito iluliitiiso, .V)3. ^treiiio. Rin ,le. See Kstieiim. St rift. I lie Magellan. .Vi7. .strKtiiiri Oniiiium S.uKtnrnm. ,VKi. .SiUK-lie. See Ihialie. Suciilaohumlii. Pu.-M,.. .Ov , iv , I'Jl, Sueur. .VJ»!. Suegro. Kl. .Vil. Suegro, Rio !)."). Tafcrig (^. In Hisp.mioUi. — ('..sa. Tagarcs, L<«. -Ov.. i.. ."i'.»0. Taia. Region. -I'. M., \M\. Talara, La. (h-., n.. 4411. Talaran. Pwetilu. -()v., 11., 44(i. Talha.ln. St.i. Ca)n< Talhado. Tali. -Ov., I.. MU. TalKpaiiUi.1. -Ov. . I.. :>~t>, Talimeco. — Ov., i., ,"x'il. GeCm.KAI 111' AI. ImiKX. Talitnuelm-y. -Ov., 1.. .".lU, Taliai, Tali.s.si. tU4. -Ov.. 1.. .".(iti. ■Panialio, Taniah". I'Livmee, ,Tce I-la Ri.jua'; Taniari.jue. .SIT, .'•(■it), ,, ,, laiiiaift. ,'117. Taniasiit'iira. I'p.viiKO. ~-Xav. , 111 . 4-.'-J. Tainenl.re. I'uebln.— Ov., 11 , '.'".S. Taniiia. llij. T.iiialacio. r*H, Taiiava, ami TaiiZii a, JitJ. Taiiais, Country ••'. the, 4ti7. Tauea, Kio .la, .VSI. Tangarala, Tangarara. CU.—Ov., I.. --'14. See Miguel .io I'lnra. TaiiL'ut, ur Thani.icuni, .'^4. .vjti, Taiiico. — l)v.. I.. .".70. Taiisacu. -Xav., in.. I."i4. I'antiuA. I'iiuioulo .le. M2. >ec Tencio. Tant.ital. I'mviuie. - X..- .. iii., l."Ht. Tapv.l.;Uia. 4ii«i. Ta.iuunazalKi. — I'. M.. Iil9. Ti.rae.kire. I'rovin'-e -ttv.. 11. 'J.'C Taia. Isla lie. .. ■J'.oi. Tar.iL'oa.-'a. 'I'arai.'f.aeti. — Ov.. 11 , 4J>. 44s. Tarare. See Ri" l.ii are. i'aricue. 177. Tarsis an.l Otir, 7"7. 'I'aitarug.is. Rihia .i.,?. lii"!. T.aseal;i.;a. (U4. Taspa. Ri,. lie, i^-'U.— Ov.. 1:.. 14;>. Tis<|ni. - Ov., I.. ."Kv4. TaMiiL.il .Xajiira. -.'iH. Tatuin.i. I'mviisce.- Ov., m.. .".. Taylio lie la Resutre>,eiiin. — Ov., 11.. ;«(i. T.iyniatKiii. .-^et Kio layuiaiion, Tayei>ante|w,'oatega. — Ov., I., .T.';i, Tetior, rxu. Tegoa. I'ueMo. Ov, . n. . 4X,">, 'rego.antepiijiic. I'-.u rtf. — ( Iv. , II., :>-2. 781 Tegoantepopie, Rio ,le. — Ov , iv,, 1,"), Tejailo. S.-e C.\l«i Teja.iu. Tejo. See Rio Tejo. Teleto. I'uelilo.-.-O-. . II., 4;(i|. Telnio. >ee Klmo. Teiiieurcm. IViv.— Oi.. 11., Jill 7. TeiniseMiiata. ."I'JCi. Teini>titan, Tenustitai/i. .See Mexieo. Teneiii, Pinaeliulto .K, .'iiil, .joi. Sec Rentio ami Teiitacii. Teneretpies, I'uerlo lie, ."ilT, Teiii.stiia riieniistet.^ni, J.S4. ."hki Terare>, Wi,"). Teniiinos, Calm Je. ti;.'4. Teniiiuo.*. Ruei-t.i de. — N".iv., 111 , &2. Terre N'ove, tiUI, ■'"errerios, Puerto ile. Knciso. Torres iieufves, 49,S. Tesea, and Tesga.— Ov.. i .. 447 .>«. Testigos. 1,-1,,, ,le !.•«, T., \V., Ov. I., ij;<, 11., i;ii ; La,, p.. jii-.'. Tevis Teliet Cilit-t . -.^4. Thamae-.ir.i Tangut, •_N4. .See Taugut. Tliainara. Puelilo.— Ov., 11.. J74. Themisain <,iuinsani, Js4. Themlstetain. See Tenostica. Thenisuciia St. ,(. han. Valle de, Ov.. 1;.. ;,-. .">.\s. .-.(i7. I'hoii.as, ,Sauto. Foi tress, 4;>,'>. — Ov., I.. 48. Tlionie, I'.ilio de ,s., .".s4. -Ov., 11., 117. riliiijv.ari. Sec Rio Tiiiinuan. Tilniri. See Rio Til.iui. Til.uroii ,S;>net Miguel S.mt R.ifael, CalxJ del, — !.. Ov.. 1., 4.H ; L. C.. II.. HH. v., -jr.i. luliili. I'ueMo.— P. M,. !;.>•.. lieinjxi. See Ruen Tieiupo. Terra austiali? riveiiter inventa. (ils. Terra aiistnilis luiptr luv. nta. (i.S. ,, Coiterealis. 4H'«. 47!', 4W. ,. Daut-ns [de AuesV", 4-7. ,. Iteserta, .Vs-J. ,. Kernia. Cos'.a lU . ."v4,'i, Florida, 471, -Vrtt. See Florida. FlMV-oSl, ."l.'t'_'. 78. The Discovery ok Nouth Amekiia i. u :\ |t; I I ,, Kmnx^oa imiiht lustnitii, MHi. ,, Fraiii i»cti, L''Jli, tin. „ Kinn.ini-iimi iiuper lu»trata, "it ,, Uil».r.itoris, 4;to, .".On. ,, Xo»a. i;.'), L'!»0, .•iii4, 4:kp. 4.V.>. 4!Hi. .'il.), .MT. ,. Nov.i sive U- Miiliie, .'(77. ,. Nova Hivip, t>!>. ,, ^.llute Cruiis, .'ill'JS. S. t rnris sive Miiiulus III IV Us, ■V.tl. ,, Si'oca, .mil .^ifCiha, ;i(Hj, 449. ,, lU-Ua Vi'ia t'nicf, (!!17. Sou 'I'd ru ."<. t'rucis. ,, VlTiU', 7">. Thivi- Imiiiliiil ami tifty three liapliy islis. (Uilf of tlio, .■)7S. I'iiira Ifcija. -l)v., ii., U.S. ,. ill- iWitones. See Bretoncs. ,, lie liiikT'ita. ."^ee IJogotft. „ IViiioa. L. (,'., v., A)8. liiava. ."..SI. (■aliila,."xll. ,. ( inta -Ciiiicha. — Ov., ii., 1. •(•-'. (.'orta.la, l)92. ,, Fii'iiie. Cnsljia tie. 04'i. liayra. Ov., ii., IXi, 4JS. ,. Halkkraila, Xf2. ,, lie Muittt (ieiite, .").w. Xova lie Hwalhin, KS4, 1S8. N'liva ilf (oriereal, ."i74. I'.iiiaiu. tm. Ov., II., 130. .^ee I'aria. I'ascu.i Floriila, .■^J.■). ., iju*.* aora \a a |>ii1»lar Pantilo lie Xarvaes, 44. ijiie fiiy ilesoutiieita por BeitDUes, 9SM. ,. ilel Rev lie Purtugall, 6S, 7-'. ,, S.,la, .VJI. ,. Sura, .'ir, 4S7. ,, lie IVhIos 1o8 Males. — Ov., III.. IS. Tigre, Del, Xil. Tiiimmi). See Kio Tiiiuiiuu. Tiimco. See Rio Tinacc). Tiiihare, tiOI. Tiiiya i-tiuaucliiciia. -Ov., ii., 4.>4. Tiiiiia. I'lK-Mo. ,, ,, -Mi. Tireeulus. River.—l". .\l., 17-. Tirei., Pin de, r.iX Tirusi. I'lieMn. -1'. .M., 107. Tisiiailos, Hit) ile. — Ov., ii., -Jt^J. Tivei,()i'ay() (.'ocayn, 'J04. Tim, Kill lie. Ov., I., .'i.'m. Tnl'reytriita. I'rnviiioe. Nav., II I. ,41 17. Toougre C'uciiiue <,iiieniailii, Rio ile.--Ov., IV., t). Toeaiignavii. I'lulilo. Ov., ii., •Jo,S Toeaste. ,, ,, i., .'ilO. Toiliis Ins I'liiitoa, .\ingra ile, 600. Tmli.s .Saiuli's 1'ai.ra Tierra . Toiloa .Sanetoa, (iolplietu ile. -Ov. III., lit). Toilos Saiictiw, Isla.i ile.--0v., ii., l.SS. Toilos .Siiiielos, I'rovince ile. — Ov., III., IS. Toe, I.ila lie. Si>e I.tla Kiea. Toleilo. - Ov., I., (iOl. Toli.i. villa /I'ourlaville ■;». •J-.li, 770 7. Toinala. I'roviiiee. - Ov., hi.,.j67. Tomas, Toiiie, San, .")01. oiti, 'hid. ,, ,, liiiya lie S.-Eiiciao. laletaile S.-Xav., i., 99. Mar lie St. ,, I., 110. Tonias, Puerto ile la Mar ilc .Si. — Xav.. I., 10.">: L. ('., v., '244. Toniebainlw, Tmiiepoinpa. — Ov., IV.. -SMi. Tonala, Kio ile. See .\ntoii, Puerto lie S. Toimia, Punta ile la, .').S|. Tora, Puelilo ile la. -Ov., ii., .'iW, .•Wli. Torinenta, Ilha ila, 17S. — Ov. , ii., 149. Tone Plaiicu, .\neim ile, ,^81, (KW, 6.'J4.— Ov., II., 142. Torres, Cabo ile. -Xav., i., 99. Torres, Puerto ile. See (!uaiiauipc Tortuga. See Isla Tortuga. Tortuna. I'.aliia ile, iVM. fain) lie la. Xav. l.,.S.r I.nla lie la. „ |.,S0; Ov., I., 7tt. Tortngas, lalas 4I, 607.— T., :,a». .•..•11. Toll., Rio lie. Ov., IV., (i. Totui|Ualiiuo. Rio lie, .'.In. Tournee, Kivii-re ile la. t>47. TnilKijoa, Ilaya ile li.s, .Vl.'l, (ill, H;i;t. -Xav., IV., .•14. Trafalgar, Cain) ile, -.M.'i, ,")7-. ~ Ov.,'ii., I4.V Traini.ntana, .Arelii].eI.igo ile la. — Ov., II., 14.-!. Travei,a, Rio .l,i, tiOil. Tiav.,ii.ii, Rio lie la, .'..11.— Ov., II., 171. Trayton River, 09. Trepailera, Rio ile la. — L. C., iv., l.'i:). (It is fioni a point of '.hat river that the tirat Spaniaril, I'alleil .An.lrea ( iaravito, iK'helil the I'acilie t)eean.) Tropimnia. Puel.li..— Ov. ii., 4.39. Tresi.'f) Echeo, .T«, 411. Ties Far.alloiiea, I.<.s.- l)\. ii., l.S.S. Trea Heriiianoa. .Viitil., .Ti.'l, 415. Co>a. Tres Migel, (iolfoile, y,^. Tres Monies. See Triniilail. Trea Pnntas, C'.Ik. ile, -"..'il, 567, C.'«. -Ov., II., i;io. Tres Test igos, 1. ."ilS. Triango Ouanahani — Siin Sal- vailor (the ialaiiil where Chria- topher (,'iiliiiiil.us tirst lamleil).- L. C. , v., iMI. .See liiiauahani. Triangula. See Isla Triangula. Trianguio. lalamls. — \V. Trigo. ,See Monte ile Trigo. Triniilail, Iji, 477. 5,".. Triniilail Tres .Monies, Isla ile la, 621, 675. -Xav., i., 247; Ov. , I. , rm ; K. ; Rib. Triniil.iil, Isla ile la. X. -K. coast, 42, 414. Triniilail, Rio ila, .532. Trinoga. Puel.hi. -Ov., ii., 20.3. Trisle. See ( iolfo Triate. Triuinpho ile la Cruz, .\noon ami Kioilel, ,5Nl, 634.- Ov., ii., 138. Trompela, Valle ile la.— Ov., II., 360. Truxillo Caiulu-Chiniu, Ciuilad (le, 476.— Ov., III., 188, iv.,225. Tuantepe Tul'aiiiiiiiii. - Mimi!, I'jciviiico, I'livii-, ami (\ui.(iu'. --L. C, iv., IT'i; Xnv, , 111. ..'tCiM, 41(1; Kmiso. Tiilicniiu's, Ishi clf l.is. N'av. , iv., 5-. TiKaiiiiii, .Kil, I!.'I4. (Iv., H., l;t-J. Tiilii, (>44. -Ov., I., .->7(i. Ttiiimceo. HeL'ioii mill Cai iciiie. - V. M., 141. Tuiiiaiiaiim. Ki-^-ioii. - P. M. , lij-j. TiiniaraiiK'. I'lifliln. -Ov., ii.,;t,sil. TuiTilii;/., ."lit;. - Xav., 111.. 4-_'4 ; Ov., IV., l.V.'. Tiimtifz, Kio de.- ()v,, iv., ."i. TuihIk'/, Salinas ili', .■)7.'). Tuna. Antil.— T. Tiingii, '•2li. TiiiiLM. Tiiwn aiiil Cariinio. — Ov., 11.", .StiO, ,s,s.-.. Tunvriguuco. I'lielilci. - Ov., ii., 44.-1. Turlxico. I'iulilo...L. ('., m., -.".Hi. Turicaran, Kiu ill'. Ov., iv., l.-)(l. Tiiriguana, fIS. Tiiniie, .\l(Ua .If, Xili. Tui-iiiUfira. .s.^i' I.sln 'runnnu-ira. Tutibia, Ridilu.-dv., iv., (i. Tutilcoya.— (Iv.. i., ."(i. Tmti Ii Saiiti. r.aliia ilu. .'((ll, 4.V2, M)\. SvK Tuili's San.-Uis. Tiiviiiijoacd. I'liolilii. Ov. . II..44."). T\iy. I'riiviiiLi'. ,, ,, -Jju. TMl.W. .S,.c Hi., riiay. riiamnii \'iraii.|iif, (.44. Thai..). Ke:.'i.iii. — 1". .\I., I7J. I'i'ha. Htgi..ii. ,, I, -.,•). Ulaiiehc- L. C. iv.. 44.\ L'lilialiali. - Ov., i., .■.(i,*). L'liLliioliim.'iiis.- -Ov., in., .■.(in. Ulivo, Oliv.i, i'uiita ikl, ,"i77. Ulna, I.ua, Oll.ui, I'luit.i ami Islot.i ilf Siiii .hiaii (If, -.'SI. — r. M.. I'.pist.. (i.Vl, Ov., 1., .-.H9; L. C, IV., 4;«. Uliia, Rio lie San .hi.iii ilu (Lna), ti;i4.--Ov., II., If.'. L'liaii. Province. —Ov., i., .■|fl,\ Unticisno, (I.ilfii ik'I, Ml 7. L'ng;ia|).). Pnebk.. — Ov., n., 44.'t. UnotoB, .-.."il. L'par. Valley.— Ov., ii., ,S80, L'lKiueten. Pueblo. — Ov. , i., ,550. Uraba (iolfo Diilcc. (Jolf.) de, ;il7, .•t'J7, 417, 4.-.(>, 4.'.!l, 4t>l, 4t>4, 47.'>, 477, .V-'(), 4.SI, .■i(i7, ,VS.i, ()<(.-(, (iit!», 71 II J, 7.S(.I. -Ov., 1., -« See (iolfo Dulce. 7ti. Gi;. I liii.iv.., Orinoco. .s^. Kjo Hiiyapaii. L'liri. Puvblo.— Ov., ii.. -.''i.-,. L'niitiin. Pnil,],,. -Ov., ]., .-,.V2. L'rraca, .■|7.-i. Sii.rra an.l ( 'aci.nie. — I- I'., v., -Jlo. frtailo, p., ,-i:ji. Tniay. .Sec Hi,, L'niay. rriigiiay. .See Rio L'luay. rniia. Prov.-Xav., m., .-,.-)7. I'liaijuia. .\ntil. -'j". L'li:iaiii..vliaini. Ov., i., .V>l. •■'^■M'ita. ,, „ .-)li(i. YA.\;^.\i:.\KIS. \-a/,ia llaiil, Va- .-ian U.iiil, .•Jlil. Xi-2. See Hay. I IJaiillea, .-in.l Razia Haril. \'all'ennoK.i. Sov- Cni-i.ina. Valircan... (Kio \ alU- riil.n.B.i, .Vi.-i. \'.ilks, L.is, (U-_>. N'allis faniosa, .■.Ii7, .■,,S4. Vaiicuvi-r, 717. VaiiiU-ras, Sie Hamkiiis. \'a4l, ()77, (i,s4, (iSit. -Xav , III., 0, 1(17; Ov., I., II, ((,% i:tt. \'ela.s. Lis, .■)7.'l. Veimilos, Rio de laa.— Ov., r., ,w3. Vemlonio, \ nie. .-)7(i-7, Venecia, (uk.., ,k'. .'i(KI, .■J17. N'av. , III., .■)44. Venezuela (_'uiiuibaeo-i, .117.— L. C, II., 4(1!). Sec CiiiuilKiooa. VcnUi del Contramaestre, Rio de la.— Ov., I., r,n\. Ventura. See Huena Ventnia. 7^3 Wia Cniz. I'tiirt.i .li la, Iti7, f.ll, .■>(i.l, 7lL' See Vill.i Rica. Vera Cruz, Rio .le la. -Ov., ii.. I4J. Vera Crii/. Terra .le ( I'.r.uili. .'((i;!, .'U7. .See .Sancta Cruz. Veiagiia, Veragoa, Rcragiia, Wra- gna inaj.ir, \'cragna niin.jr, ('..nntry <.f, SI, ^:t\, 4:i7, 440, 4.-i(i-7, 47.-I. .Vil. .VJIi. .■|ii7, 1)1)7 •i!i;i, 7l;i.-l'. .\l., l.-,;i: \,,v I., is.-., .'ll.-,. V.ragiia, (inlf .,f, 44(j. Vcragun, Rio ile, 4.-)n. Vei.le Si.e Cab.. N'.r.k', Isla Ver.le, an.l Rio Ver.le. \'erici.la, (J.ilf.i de, .'((HI. \'.'rraziina, sivc (lalli.i Xova '"'(I •J"."> W'lzin, Vciv.in.i, Terr.. .Ic, .■i!H, .'77. ."^ec IJrazil. ^■i.lI■a. I'ueblo. — (Iv.. II.. 4.-,7. Vibba. Reefs.- P. .\|.. l,-,;j. VilM.ras, Rax. IS .le las. -L ( ' iv 4()l. Vi.,ela.— Ov., i., .'i4. liaya .!.• la. .■.17, .■>.■)<). Vi.laiais Porinont., .■Ci.^i. \'ieja, Isla .le l.i. In the Liicayos. Vicj.i. See I'nei!.) Viej.i. Viejo, Isla ilel, ]h\ Villalierni.)sa. -Ov., i. , .■,;j7. ViIlaiiova.--I'. M., 170. Villa Pica, !.■>!•, .■^.S..— Xav., iii.. GO. Villa Rica, Puma .le, im.— Ov., II.. I4l'. Villa Rica .le la Vera Cruz del Peuon - (^ui.diuiztlan, l!M) _ L. C, IV., 4!lS.il. See Vera Cruz. Villa Rica Linieza, .i.Sl. f : f.'.l)l m I i ■. I i -I it .1 hi f 7^4 Till". DlSrOVKKV OK XnKTll AmKKICA. Viiu'ciilo. i^nlf of Si, Sec ViiKWitiaiifK. Kii> ilf, .'i.')'.', Viiwriitio, ruiiUi (If S., ;till, 3_M, \'ni.\n/.... M.MiIf .li- S.. .'{111. N'iiil.is. Soiiaa lU', ."i()7. \'ininc(UO, St'i' l'liani|ui. Vir>;im's. Soi' Omc mil Virgiuos. Viriiinos, I'mliiiv do \:\n. 'i\~. Viij!iiios, CiImi do I:is, ,"i,'!,'l. \av., Virijiius, l,iis. Aiilil., ti-l. — ('.'S.I. r. . I 'v.. 1., ,■);!. \"uViiios, Ki.) do. .'{(ll, ;t'_'(l. .■).■!,"■. Viridi8 ins'ilii, ."i7!'. Soo lain Voi-do. Vis'ii liliiiw a. l.^liia. 1'. Visia. Soo liiioim Visl. .">:!•.', .>lil. Visl.i iii> m.is ol foiido, Xti. .">4(l. V..!m. Maia do, .-.ell. X'cilla, ('alio da, iilKi. Soo Vnolta. Viilia, Hi.>do, ."xtl, .">.{1. Voltaa, 15ji)iia cl;is, ."i.TJ. Voltas. I.as, VSl, V.ilt.is. Ki.i daa, XV2. Viuha and liiiolt.i, l'al«> do la. In llio I'aoilio, ."iT.'f. Vuolla anil P.nolia. Ki.. do la, 'JiS, .V.S, ti;{,-v. ()v., II,, K",l, MS. \"uoltiia and linollaa. Hio do las, r.iM/il. — Kiioisii. \y \kAs.\sSK, li!J. Wost liidios, tiT.'l, tiS-.'. Uki ah l!av. ■-'l-.'. V AIU'RA. Trov. -I h., ii., ■.•!!.".. Xaoagua, Uiiido. Ov., I. , 4!)|>. .Vaoii.itin. Soo C'olioo.itin. .\agiiiii), 1 lon-a do. ."xM. \ai.Mia, IJiiliia ilo, (iii'i. Xau'nau'nara. Roginn. 1'. M., l."i.'!. .\aj;uoi.-i, .">.'!0. .Xal.iguo. t)v., T., .">(>•_'. Xali.soo. .lahsoii, .">:til, till 1-J. — (K-., 1\. . -Jli. -Xamaica. Soo .laniaio.\. .Xani.ana. Soo .s.iniana. Xaninnanilioand .Xaniananino, '_'l>4. \a|iiil.i, ■JOJ. Xnpira. Soo Tatanoal. XiK|na. Uni do la, (iiVJ. .Xanimm. I-iko, T-.!(i. Ov., i., (XI. Xaiwoii, I'worto do. ., ,,.VW. Xauxa. I'mlilo. Ov., iv,, t!Hi. \iri,i.'nanaa. .Mt'J. Xiriri, Kio do. Ov., ii., •.•:.'). \..xi, -jm. Xpolml and .Xji.'nal. .Soo I'linstiival. Xnalii. Ov., I., ,'iti-i, Xuani, 'M. Xudtiara Mapauro. ('muitiv and Caouiuo. C>v., II., Jit.V Xniau'iKi, Tiona do. Nav., i.,,S'.M. VAr..\QrK and Val>o.ino. Alitil. ^ T, \V., Kd> , Ov., I., -.v., ,"!;«. Vagoa, lialiia do, .">01. Vagnaoo. I'idv. -- Ov. , i., 47C. Va>:nadii. I'noilo do KI .VS(I. VaKMiana, I'nort.. do la. W M., Kill ; Ov., in,. (iT. V agitato, KI. (Iv., 1., lis. Vagiina, l.sla Ui, 14.">. Yainavo, .Soo Isla ^'alns\o. Yainiaoaiim. -Hl, I'luv. Nav., 111., I,M. Yai|iio, illo. ,Soo Kill V.ii|iuoiIl(i. ^'al|lu. .Soo OiM, Kill dol. Vai|Uiino .laoniol, .'i'.*;!. t)v. l.,!M. V.iiiiina. Soo Oivliilla. Vanii. Soo Uin ^■anl•i. Vaxii. .'^00 Kill Va\ii. \aylia. Soo Kin Vayln. Vi'lua. I'liortii dol Kill. N'av. , i., .•!lt ; Ov., 1., 7S. Vonv.ili.il. I'ruv., •JlVJ. Xav., in"., l.-i4. Ygoo, 1'. do, .-lOl. Ymiziii llilialiainii. Muimlaina. — 1*. .\l.. Kilt. Ynagiia. Aniil. — \V. ^'lK'anaoan. Kili. Viiglatoiia, Oal-i. do, ■Jl. 4-J, i]:t. Vngleacsdo la Villati4, ."LSti, (i(M, liJl, I>,'I4, Ii47. tilO, 7i>4 ."), 7;tl. I.. I., IV., 44;t. ^ luatan, Tiona dol, XKi, ,"i3l. Ynoatanio IVninaiila, SO. ^'noaY^la. .Soo l.uoayiia. Ynouana. .-ViiUl. \V. Viima, lalolii do. l)v,, 1., 2."). Viiina. .Soo Kio Yninn. Yiiinoy. .Viilil. Ciisa. Viina. Soo Kio Yiiiia. Vniiolii, .'i,')!. z AKAgri. Antil.-T. Zalmata. Ov., i., .'>70. Xagiiataiiojci .Vgimlanojn, TM. — Xiiv., v., ISl, 444. /.aoii/iiii. .\ntil. T. Xaoaria, Kaya do. ,"i,">.'i. Zaontala. I'lndad do. Xav,, v., ISI, 44 ». Zaitani, Zailoii, ;f7!t, .W2. Zaliiiodiiia, I'linta ilo, ll.'U. — Ov., II., i;«. /.ainlni, Zainlira, ZaiiUa N'ao, I'nerto do, .">.">!), ();i4. -Knoiso ; Ov., II., i;i,f, xu, 4;c, 44H. /aiii|ia. .Soo Sain|ia. Zaraliara, Zaialmioa, ."^il. Ko^ioii. 1'. M., Kpial., .•.;<•.•. Zaroa, Zaro.ia. Isl.uida, .'17'.^. — Ov.. II., II.!. Zarnai'ii. Ki'gii*'* '^"'^ (.'aoiiiiio. — Ov., 11., 4;ill. Zaiiana. rUim. 1". .M., MS. ItiO, 1 7;{. Zoaiiia. I'uolilo. ()v., ii., 44,'<. ZelM'ipii. Kogiiin, ."i-O. Zeiiobro C). Aiitil. I'lLsa. Zonn, Kill, I'oito, and Via dol,— Ov , II , \M : Xav , in , ;t71) ; IV M , l."vS. Zoi-oina. K. M , l.SO, Zigiialos. .\iilil r. ZiiMUigii, ll.'i. 471, I'lO".". Zipangn and ('i|mngo, KKI, lOS, .•i.s»; 4111, 410. Zoaiia .Mola, .il.-M !, IS'.', til;). ^ 4'^^ jinbet of (Uamee* I \.\. V.u. ,1,!. r.. i;!:!. Ablr... ..I Al.ivu, IV.llo, 703. AiiiMlil, (J.l.H|i;ll .If. I'l.V.'. AiOKla, Man 111 ,lr, 703. .■\iiiim. Koilii);.!,!.', .Vid 7. (i.!;i.706. Aeuim, TrislAo .V, •.'!i:. Acurio, .liKin ilf, 7U. Acliiins. I'li'iiii'iu. Jl .'i. .Villi, i, Mai'i|ius (iu'olaiiio tl', ."ii>|. .XiU'lfiis, .IkIkiiiiii's, llili. Ailnaii 1\ .. I'.ipi'. ."'4. Ailii.ui \'l . \\'\w. "iii:i Aivl.T. .I.ii-.'li. 177. .'•IIS. .\fill\k;ill. .Ill;iii ,lr. Sci' r.>lli;llia, .1 11,111 ill'. .Mliuisii. |)r. Sini.i"'. 17. Atl'oiiso v.. KiiiL' iif rorliii^nl. ."il ;), .">7, ."•■>*. ;I7><. ,)Sii 1, ,w;), ii.-i| •_', (Ml) 7. Afllli'Wt', r«illill-~I,l u;- I'mU 1*1.1. 'Jlli, .tiKi, .".4J .i. .-i.is, iKi;!. lij.-.. 626-30, iWl. (il7. A^nimuiUf, .111, 111 ill'. I'JI ;;, IS-J. .\nni-iilit, Kiiili'l!. jiuii.ii-. I7;i. A^;ii.ulo. ,liMii. 672, 71i>. T'-'.'i li. T-.'S, 7.'U. A.i;iiiiii-. I'lTu .Mi'.'iis .. 703. .\l,'llilai-. (JriMi'inii' ili'. 7il. Aj;iistiii. IVilni. 703. .Mihuii'il, llli.'iti;) , .Viil. Aillv, (.'aiiliiiiil Piiin'il', .■!'.t7, K«i, ti.V.'. Airi's. IliiiiN ('.'. 71 I. .\l,i, IVilrii .^aiu'lii'.' ill'. liS'i. .\liiiiiiiiii!<, .Viiluii 111- .\nliiiiiii ill', 81'iiior, »,"•, >,17, 11') 4. 147, l.'>.">, lti,">, Ki'.l, IH!) I!t(i, '.VkI, 7tU). .\laniiiiiw, .Viit.'ii ill', jimior, 704. Aliiuiip, l'fi.stolial (li'l, li(14. AliiiilHi- I.uko, ."i(l."i, ."i.'t.'v Aliiii'iiii, Hornanilii ill', 7li', 74(i. Atlm, Diu'hi'sM i.f, .•ri4, Ii7.'l. Allii'i-ti, K. Li'.iiiili'.v, .Mil. Alliili'/. I)ii',«i', 7-1!, All><> iir .Mvi) or ('iil\o, I'l-anoisco, •2&2, .'XK), .■.111, 704. 711, .\lliiii|iii'iiliii'. .\(Viinmi iir ,Vlfiins,i ill'. .171', 474. 697, 7i>:i. .\K'iii,al«i i>r .-Vli-a/alvi ilr .^ioio iiiaviT, Sim. Ill ill'. 'Jiil -J, 4;)ii, ."'17, 7ii:i, 704. 7-'--'. 7:).i, Aloara/, .Viili.iiiii iti', 7ii.'t, 704. Aloulu. Vi'iniiiili'/ ill', l)7.'l, Alil.lll,!. pilnl. '.'llti. Ali'X.i.iili'i- \'I, ir..Mlrii,M Uoi-^Jii(, I'l'in', ."vl, :!ll. ,t!Hi. ■ Alf.,11., 704. AHiiii;!'!-, .Viiil.ro'^iii. -J'JI. .'lO'J, Alfuii.-r. ,lili,in, ls7 s. Alfr.igiiii', .'Wl. Alli'},'i.'lli, .MU'uii'lto, 40, .-,;!, (l(!t», 7,'iii. .MiiMcii'. Itii'O' ill'. ,v.'l, .■>4ii. li'.'.'i, 7'-',s. 7.'i-', 7.i.'>. Ahiii'iila, Ki'iiKiiiilu ill', .V|, .Mnii'iil.i, riMiui.si'ii il', .'!7ii, ('i(iS, .Mulls... t ;,■,;■, -i,!, (i(il. AloiiMo, Miniii-I, 11117. 7-!i. Alnlisii, ,Si.li,isli,\ll, 704. AlvuMilii. I'l'ilii. ,1,,. Ki.-.. nil, 717, 7'-'l. 741V Alvari's, Uiiilrii;i.. ."i7:i, 704. Alv.ur/, .Miiiis.i. 7"."v Alv.'.ii,.-. (iiuri.'.. (171. 673-4. Alv.iii'.'. III. 111. 704. Ah. 111'.'. Si'luslLui, 4,S,"., IIKS. 4!t), (')4."), 7.'l.">, Aiiilriii, Fiiiiuiscii, 704, Aiiili nil, Ki.iii.'isiL ill'. '.'■.'.•1 ."i, •J-J7. Aii.lniili', ( 1.11111 Kii II mill, ilr, 'j;i.'i, .\iiilir nr .Viiilri'.is, \".\li'Mn», 4;4!l, :>is. .-.,•.■.• ••) Aiii:liiiiM, I'li'li'.. \l,-.itiri' il'. Ill, i.s. -.M. '.'7 .s, ,'U 'J, ;«•. 4;t ."., ,><,"i, ,s.S, !l,s, mil 1, 117, I'J-J. l-.i,-,. l.M, i:!7 4'J, 144, IIS. l.Vl-.-.. 171 -J. ISll. l!l."i, 1!I7. I'.Mt. '.'01 ,i. ■.':)ll. •J.'i'J 4, •-'li'.l, -JM, '.^4, '.^7. .■U,i, .■t'J.S, ;i;t.! 4, 417, 4,U, 4,111. 4 4S, 4,")4 ,"i, 4,".S 11(1, 4114, 474-7, is;i, :m, .Mi.'i. .■>7H. .".(Ml. .">!H) 7, iiii:i. ti71, 117.''. 117s !•. (Hi|, 7.1(1, 7,t7 il, 74,".. .•\iif;li'riiis i.\iii;liiii;\, r. M. iri.;i',ti> Aii^i., .li'lLui, LSI, 'J-JJ. Aii>;iili.. Clirinti.lval .1.'. '.'(Kt. .\iin.(iii'. ..!■ ()iiri\ry, .lii.ui, (1(14, 704, .\iirii|iii'/ i.r duiivi.K. jimii.i, 704. Aiiriii|iii', lli.iii. .~^i'i' lli'iiiy tin- N.n i;.',ili.r. Aiisi'liiii'. l':illiii-. .'.S-.V .\iis..ii. .\.lniir,il, '.17. ,\ii!i.iii.., Nii'i.l.is, ;!!!:>. 7111, 7;i.". 11. Ant 11 111'/, I'Jll. AmiUi'. 1>', (il.-.. A])i,\iiii'*, IVtriis. !>!, ■.Ml.'., ,'iiis !l, .■171 •-', 4!i7. ,')05-6, i")10-ll, r.]-:. 513, .V-'4, 534-5, ■•'77, 578, •■M, li-Jii, (i."i7. 7-V>. .\iHiil.i, r.ii.ililiiH, ,'1117, Ar,ij,'iiii,('iuiliiial l.iiiluvii'of, KKVl Ariijimi, I'Vi'iliiiaiiil uf. Son Kor iliiiaiiil, Kiii.i! i.f Spam. .Vriii.i, l)ii'i;i. ill', 11(1,'!, (1(11. Ai-.ui.i. .1 11.111 il... 705. .ViMii.i, IVih-.i .li'. (i(i4. .■\r,iiiil,\, Fniiu'isi'ii ilo, (!(i4, Arlit'V, Ml', KiUvai'il, 7.->4. \\v.\, r...ilri.t:i> ill', 705. .•\ivi', .Mulls,, ill', (l.S'.l. .Vi'i'lmli.t.i, .lii.ui l-i'iu'/ ilf, 705. Aivu, I'Vi'iMiii or Ki'i'ii,!,'. ni.iiiiii- K'lU'/ ilo, .VJ, 660. Aivi/,.i,i;.\. .lii.iii lU', ,M7, 705. Ar^i'iisuli, H. I., ilo, \M, 717. .■\r|j;iito, Kulilaii ilo, iMll. 7S6 Im>i:\ I'l Xwiis. ■• ^l^ i I i\' h i I ' t ■it i 1 ii ^ .\i>:millii, .hull ilr, .'iMl. AriMiililr, Nii'cl., ,1', -t-JT, .■illi». Aii»t..il,.. A'Xi. :t!i(l 7. Aniuiihl. Alfrnl, Mi., .'Cli. Ai'iull.i, .lii.m ■Ic, 71.''. AniaKa. I.uii* .l.'. 686, 692. Ari'ifinn, Maitiii ili-. loti. AlZflhlj.lll. I'llnlli'lHrf. Scr Miirtvi', r.isli,.|,. Aslll-lllirst. Tllnlll.lr*, id, .'l.S, 17.'', (i.s7, ii!i-_'. A»liiT, Dr., 1711. .\.»knc, 747. .Vssclii]!'. Ii.ivicl, il-.'l. .■\iiliii-t. 'riii.in.i.i, jsl. Aiu'iipii ins. 'riimiias, 440. Austi'iii. Maij-iurt i.f, 536-7. Avv/M-. .Ml-. iV. •.'!, Nil. •-'74, L'S7, •.'!i!i. 'Mh. :n:>. :va7, .S7.s, vms, 44J 4. 4.'>!l. tii.'i. 4ii7. 411(1, 477, 41111, ii.v.', iri.'i. i;7;i, 1177. iisn. iiiti, (i'.iii. t)!N, 7lii, 71N. 7-'ii. 7'-".i. .\\ illl. ( lil (loM/alfHll'. .'-'it I)il\ ilil, (lil I li'ii/.ik'S. .\vila, Miiiia il', 7.'<.''. .\vila. I'lMliiiiian iV. Svv Itavila, I'l'iliaiia!!. Ayaia. iv,ii-.i ill'. 1 ;). .-Ill, :;!•. 41, '44. llil. ll"*, I.MP, .{IHI, 4117H. (Mill. .\vll'. li.".. I.'iii, Hill, IS-J, 1114. I'.l.'i. 198- 213, --11. •-'■-Ml. •.'.111. -.'.Vl, ■_'.'. 1 , --'114. Js'i. .-il.'). .■i-j-j-;i. .'.-Ji. .-,711. ."i7l, 71'<. 7JI. 7--'t '. 7.i--' .'i. 7."'<. Ayliiior, Sir Lawn'ii'.-i'. 717. Azi'Vfiln, Dr. A. K. <\v. .'.•_'. Azuiai'.i, . liailaji.z. (li'iivalo ,li', .'1114. liai'ii.i. A1..1ISI..1.'. 705. llniMia. D"iiiiiii;n iU\ 705- li.ijazi't II., .'(44. liallma, Va.si'ii .N'lini'Z ile. ll'J, 4711 •-'. 477, 4S4, .">II.S, 7111, 7.'f.'t. luiaiUiUoiii, <;„,. Uatt., :v<\, :i:s llattasiir. 705. liaiKTofl, t Ifnr^l', .'ill. Uaniliiii. AiiKil" Maii.i. Iml. Iii7, 27."'. 417. <174, (177. il>-', 7111 1, 744. 74."i. liaraniia. ( laluiil, II1I.I. Uaiata, .Viil'iiiiu Kiaiui.i, 7J.'i. 7.'W. 7.U. Itairia, Aiiilii'!* Inni/.ili'^. .'!ii. I.'i4, 1114. 4H(I, .'i7ll. H4h. 71>>. T-'4. 7-'i. liaivn, .liiaii ilil. lUl.'i. llamzzi, .Mr., (i--'!l. lUri-i'ia. .Miinn'. .li- la. 705. Iiariitiia, .'i.'tll. Ilarnm, .l.iaiii ,!.■. .'lil. .'M.'l. .-141, .■14-.' :!. .'till. I.Ti. ."ilMl. mis, lisl, 71 111. 717. 7111. 7.'!-. 7.'i.l, 7.til. 7.'I7. r.artoliiiiu'n ila li .'•'••iii'lti. .'rJI. j liaitnli./zi, Kr., ■J7.'>, 744. liartsili. .\ilani ili', .IIS. Hanliila.x. Hi.iliv'.. ill'. In;!, 1-Jt), \-2s, iL'il, 'J.-iii. ;il7 IS. .•(•.'7 S, .'ttil. 419, i-'ii. 4-'L', 4.11 4.'i.-. 11, 684-5, 11114. ii'.i'.i. 711, 7-'-.'. 7l'.'i 11. 7.'lii. llnslilli' 11' r.ri't.'M. Iliiil!aiiiin', 705" Haulista. 705. I>aiiti»ta .laiiuiii.'-i>, 705. li,iiiti.'*ta. .hi.iii. 705. liayly. 747 s. 7."i(i. r.iiza, Mi^'iK-l .li', (is-J. lliaiv.i. .'ilili. lUaujfii. .\iiiii' ik'. .'iss. I'l'auri'ii.iiii'. Mr, Di'. Il'_*4. l!.''lt..i.l. Karl ..f. '.'4, r>t'i'iln'r. Captai'i. '.III. Ilrliaini, r..iiiiii l''ri'lirkU Carl \i.;i, .'ilH, IIi'Imiiii. M.irtiii. .'7. Ilil. I'l.'i. liis. L'7'.i. .is;. 391-99, 111". i"4.438 9, .V17. .Mil. il.'i'i. r.ii'.i. Ui'liaiiii. Wiilf, .•lil.'.. lli-ju. DiiUi' iif, .Sfi- l-'i-ni.iiiilci, DlMII, lifja. Liiis .\li.ii..... i. . 706. Ki-j.ir, .111. Ill ilf. .Ml. r.i!,uraii". ri"!'i ».': , .•io;j, 11.11 ir.'. 11. 11.. 7-J7. lii'ltr.uii. Dr.. -Ju'li. -';i:i. lit'iKi, (lliivaliiii. 481. lii'iii-vi'iit.-iini.s. Man-'is. si, -_',s-.'-.'t, •-".111, .•(114. 4411. 4"c', .Mil, .■i4!l. lli'iiiiitii.sa, .\ii'lri*a. -J7'i. l;,nlllia.4 r,.ll7'-' •■!.741. r.i'i'.'iiiri.tli.ll, .\,. 1. II. Ilil. 4117 .S lli'iiiifjii. .111. Ill I'lulru'iH'/, ilil.'i. Ili'riiR'jii 1.1- \'iriiii-ji>. Kiiilrigii, 706. rn.-ri!icii. I iiiiiii!i,.;n lit', till.'*. iMiiiiu.liz. Dii'pi. nil.'.. ilH7, lirtl. Iliri'iiiili-z. .lii-i!i, lll(7. ilTH. 691, 695, 711''. 706. Ilii-ii.iIili'Z. .\ii.lreM. ."■.■i. sil 7, !!-.', ni.'i-ii. I'.'ii. ."1^7. .'isii. 4^.'i', 4:t;i, (ili.'t, 11711. il"*4. IIS.".. liiriianl. .\., Iilii. lli'i-iiai'iti.. .Si'i' .'Syh-ainid. lliriiaya, Dr., |;1S. Itcn-y. .Ii.liii. Diiki- .-f, 4li;t. llcHtl', i il'lll-gt', -SS, lU'tti'iirimrt, .Ml. l-:. A, lU', .'i.'l, .Ml, ls;i4, UiiMli-. Kiiliaiil, .'.. -Js. .•ill, ,')."., .W, 411, .'..s, IIS, I7,-,, liii.-,, (iM7, 71s. Itii'ilina, l.iiiii l-'iriiaiiili'/ iU>, 1144. liiiiili.ni, .\ii;.'ii.siiiii. ili. .".(il. liiwyiiilii, IVrii \'aaz, 410-11. Ilisi'aiiii., ami X'l.ii-.iiin.. .luaii. Si'c Ci.HU. iliiaii lit' la. r.islii>|.. (1., (II. lllaiir, \'iiu-.nl I.,-, Isl, 7411. lll.iiirii. ( 'risli.fiiiii. ."i.'.il, r.laii. Mr., 111.'.. Hli.iiiit, I-;,, nil, llliiiiiit. II., 111). ll'.liaililla, Kraiu-isii. lU', il7ii, 7-~. Hi'.t'kin^;, Dr. ]■'.■[.. .-iuli, 4!i(l. Ho ila W'lii'iia, lijiiaii.' ill', 'HHI. Hi.),'iila. ( 'aiii|iii', 7.'.''(. 7.'.>'. Iluisi.t, .1. I'.., (L'l. Iti.ll.ii-ili (l!,.llai-n'. lli.laiiili, .'i.-.l. 111. Ili. .sigiiiir, 4"J4. I'.iiiiiiivft, .-Xil.r.iral ( ImrlcH li.iiillii-r lie, -.'l.'.. --'-.'ill ■.'i'l, ."il-J. Ki.iii'. -^1 ipiiin. i'.4J. Iii.nl.ia', lic'iu-.K'tt.', 447, 559-61, .'.111. lli'iilli. Ml., M. ItiiiKlii, Tlif Al.l..'. 7.".. lliir^'ia. (ariliiial Sli-faim. .'.7.'.. Hiiiia. I.ciiiior ill', 7--'il, IiilskIh, Di.iiiiiiiriis '11', ll-Jll, Hi.t'llii. ill' l.ai'i'nla I...1..., (' , 174. lliiti-llii. I'l-ifii-a. Dii'g... 596, 706. r.iiti., .\iili.iiiii. 1144. Hiili.iii'i-, William (ill- W'l.n-i'iiiri-), (i.'ill. UdUiU'i-ii'. .\. ill' la. IS'J. limitlanl. I.., 41.'.. lii.iiU'iik'ifr. I.iiiiis !'4. .'tiis, .•|7I, .•t7--'. 4'.M(!. lii.iirl .Viliniial l.i'iiis ilc, .'i.S.S. liiiiirliiiii, .liniiiu' ill. .'iss. U11111-I...11, Miiilnine ili', .'tS,S. l!i.iii|Urt lie III (li-yr. Mr., 4J.S. lii.iiriic, II. R. l-"i.\, 47. r.ia.lli-y, Tlii.ma^ 41. Itiailshaw, Mr. II.. H.".9. II M ■ I mmt I N 1 1 1 \ ii|. X.wii;-. 7^7 Itnigii, .liian ili', .'iT.'f. Hmllicii, .">ls. lliviinl, Mr. rliaili':-. ISI, (i.tll. linMi.l, Ml-. I'.iu!, (iM'.l. I!ll'llll(-T, ()* 111 , ll.'t".. Ill-etMii, l'nuh,iii<. lyi, TlH'i. HiiMiHiiiji, l>r. A,, .J!!-'. Uri-v(Hiit, .1. ( '.iis.iii. Ill, Isd, jii;), 473, riTT, '!)(). Hniiiii, Ml-., ii.->s. Iiniiiswiik - l.iiiic'liciiwv,', l>uku Aii;,;ii«tii.>< "1. .■iSl. Huliiia, Alilii' Si^i.-;imiii.l lU', (iJl. Hiii'li.iii, .1. A., .">.S. Uuciiiiviiiluni. .limii, (f.S."i. Miiin.i, .\liii..<.i, 706. lillgur, ■Kllll, 706. Ituil m- liiiyl, Katlicr, Ins. liiiitniii, Hiigo l!i).liig!u/, 706. r.uiiiii.>i, ('. r;,, ."iii. ItiiU,,, Mr. ('., :n-J. 4!l. liiiiiiiii, Hi'iiry il.-, 4'M. lUuulmicl 111- r.un-kiiril, .1,, .'it, VM. Hm-i-, (iuillimiiK' ill-, .-ii;!. 562-8. nMrgiLS, ,'S, l!i-,i-i.iii, Ml-., .■ili.'. r.usiirii"!", IticT'iiiviiio .Marin cK-, 7"7, ^ (le la, 7'-'li. < 'aliiiUeni, llii-jja, ■Jii.'!, •Jml. CalialliTii, .hiaii .i|- IV.lni. 706. t'aln'i;iii>, HI- lie , •Jill , uM."i. •-'47. .'iiMI, .•(17, .TM, •■tiil. 406 8, i.V-';i, ."i-'-J, .-i7t, (i4l, 674 5, 7tHi, 7i»i, 7."il. ('allot, r.cwus, 4-."), 2S, 674, 07,"). (.'allot, Saiictu.^, 4-.'), iS, 074, 07,-i. (-'allot, s.ii,.Miuii,;i 0. Ill I'j, 13 36, ;4, •-'7-' .'1. lMi.'1, ;iii-j.'t, ,'1111 -JII, .'i.'Ls, ;i4ii II. .'i.-ii, .107, .'loii, ;)s.-i, HI, 41.'), 4-.'!l. i;is, (111, .-,(17, i;ij, 683 two 7, 0117, 710, 7.'ll. Calii-L-i-a, nif^o Mai till, 708, 7.'tll. ralii-fi-o, .Martin, 7liO. (alirillo, .linn l-'fi-naiuli'z, 717. (,'i»lii-illo, .Iiiaii liodriL,'!!!-/. .■|li."i.7l7. ('Hik-rii, liiii>;o M.ulin, Il7s, Calaliria, .luliii. Dnl.i. of. ;i70. (.'alili'iiins, 01 s. <'ali\tii.-< 111., I'..|ic. .'i.-i. Oil!). t',illa|iiiila, (ijor^'io. ."17. t'allr, Krancim-ii i1l- l,i, 708. C'lilva or Cava, .■\loii.io KoiliiniR'/ i\v la. .'t.'<7-S, Osil. Calvo, .Viiinii, 708. C'alvo, KraiK-i.^oo. .Sco AlKo, Fi-anui.-i('ii. Calvo, .liiaii. Oil.-. 0711. Cam, !>ioi(o, ,■,:!. CaiiiaL-lio, Dici.,,, 703. Caiuai-lio. (lri-i;oi-i.i, 7--'l. (-'aiii.irj;o, AI..11.S0 ,1,., 708, 71."'. i ('.1111,11-/0, llii'^'o i\v, lii,-{ 4, 100 7. ."■).')ii. Caiiiai-i:o, l-'i-.-uu-i-.-M, 709. Canutia, lliiv I i.in. .ilvt's ila. ."ij, 657. Caiin-i-s, .loh.uMi, .■iH.-i. (.'ainiiilia, IVilio \'a/ ilc, ,'iii.-;. .'jlii •Jii, ,'U0, .'M7.S, OSO. Caiiiinu, I'.To A!'..,,,., 709. Cainotio, (;iov. Ki-aiiL-rsi-o, .■i.-|(t. ( 'iuiip. .s, ( iiircia ikO. — .Seo Deainiio, (Jarcia di-. ( ainti.-^. I117, 417. Cai.iliilo l.usitano i.Ios.'. I" rein.'), .')l, O.Vi. ('aiiiM-io, N'icolas or Xic-nlay ile, 7S, ',14, nil, IIII-J, II4I.'-., 11':?, 1J7, l.'i.'i-t, I4S, 1711. j7;j, -j.sii, •Jim, •Ji'0-7, L'lHi :!ii|, .'{iriii, :ios, .'iiii, .'il J. .'ti.-i J4, .'(.'f.-iii, .•;,-).•;. :).-,ii, .•iO(i7, .■i7l •J, 4^J^J, 4-Jt. 428-30, 4.'!.S, 44li, 4411, 4."il, 4.Vi, 47.'), 47H-II, 4S7, 4111.1-1, 41)0-7, .-"111, .-lO.-i, .-1(17, ."lOS, .-|S7, lil.'t, 04J, 7.'>4. Caiii.'!', Oil. .'s:i I Cam- no. 709. ' Cari'utero, .Monm,, OS'l. Carrillo. ,l>iaii, I7il 1. Caitap-iia, .luan ili-, IS,',, 717. Carter, 717-S. (.'artifi. .lai-i|iK-s, :i4. ,'!s, 71, 17s, ■JJO, •J-JS, 4!l,'(, .-i.-,.-i, .-iO;i, .",1111, (lis, 622, li'-'.'i, 7ii.'-, 709, 7-Jii. (.'arvajal. ( anliiial li'niarilino do, .•>4-,-i. 071. I Carvaj.il. .Iiuui Simri-z di', •JOS, i O.'JJ, 71 III, 7;ili. ■ Carvajo, Jean. See Caiavallo, .luan Lopez de. Carvallio, .loao. .'•^ee Caravallo, Juan Lope/ de. Castaii, -Mr. AiigUBte, ■J.'i4, OJI. Castafieda. .^ee l!iii/, de Castafioila. Castefieda, .loluui or Juan de, ol^, 710. Castaneda do N'aueia, I'edro de, 044. (.'astanlieda, F. Lope,', de, ."(41. CasloUaiiod. rr.inoisoo, 7-'-. Ciustiglioiii, Kalda.ssare, 'hMi. K m F 1; ' ( jft ' is 1. I'l ! ■ ii^ I ■ 1 ' 1 1 i n w. ■ .'1 I • ^ I f ' ''iti ''1-! 788 li I.]' ('imligliiiiii, MiiH|iii» |i. IIk!-.!. Vlti. ('imlilla, XicHliiH, 710. ( iiniillii, I'lniSimnv ill', ,'>:>'. Ciii-lillii, (if .Sr\ ilU', lilM. CuHlilli., Di'iiiiiii;" '111, Jti:, 111-', 710. u-<>, 4'J.'t, Camay. I'uirr. '.'•-''.'. Caziil, Maiin.l Avrcs.l,'. .'Ki;!, 'M', .•(Til, 4I.'>, .VlL'. ■ t'azaiia. LiitnH I'n'. .'i.'l. mil. . (iilaliiia. Til. Cci'i'/d, ('ii!>t(il.al (ir CiiMli'^al. litiT. (!!• 1.710. fir./.i. .Maiia. .U. 7117, 7:t7. 711. Cciiaiii. .VM'c. \i\~, ."i.Vi. (.Vriiicii'i. jtie^... 710. ( 'i'rvaiiti-«. .\l(Hi/ii llispiii.isa. 'Jl I. ('iTvaiitf*. Katlur .\nt(iiii(((li', -II. (Viviiiii, ('aidiiial .Maiirllo, .">4.'J. ( V.(i|i(Mli», .Vihlns tlaroia ilf, 18, •.'.•(II, •.'.■)li !i. -Jli-J. ."ill. 7--'.'t. 7:4 .".. Ili7, •-•li:t, •-'III, •-'l!l. J-Jli .'fl . •-'."•11. '.'."iN II. Jlil , -Jti.'i (i.S, .■fii'.i. :i;)7. .'iii.'!. i.'iii. 171, 4.S4, 4IMi. ."iiiii. ."iii-J. ."mil. ."lOti. .",i;i. ."117, .■I'j.'i. ."i;t:t, ."i.tii s. ."iiL', .-,44, riXi, X''i~. ."iTii, ."i7>>. ."I'll. ."i.'s7, ."i.sll, .•.!!•-', .-1114 !l.".. lili."i. 619-20, ti-'l, (i;il L', ii."i(i. 7114, 7117 !i. 711, 7l.'i Hi. 7111, 7'-'.''', 7'-'!i. 7.'<-'4, 7:iii ,s, 74.".. <'harl(« \'II.. Kinkr''f l"'rani'(', .'t7*i, 4!l.'f. ( 'li.iii(s \II1., Kiii^'df I'laiui', I. (liailiK l.\., King (if l-'i-aiui'. 4!l."i, Imii:\ 111 X.vMi.s. Clmilci. .\l\'., IsniK"! S«c.l.ii.(i;iil Clnirl.'Ndix. V. .\. lie, li.'tH, 7--'li, 7411. I liai Kill, luKikNi'lIci', 744, Cliatcl, M. Kiixcni', '.'^7. Cliaiidit'ic, li(i(ii.ii('llt r, HIT. (haves. .Miinsii dc. 17, .'I.'!. 14,"i, Hill, -'.T, '-M^J, •Jlil, Ml S. ;)(t.-., 4iit. .iii-j, liol, 623, 6316. 7(i!t, 710, 7.I.I. I'liavfs, liallHsar i\v, 710. Cliavcs. (Ii'i'diiinid III ,1 en in inn I dc, 710, 7-';i. ('liia|ia. or Cliiaiias, nr (liiaiic, t'a( ii|ilc, 711, /."i.'l, "HU. ( 'liiap.is. |tishii|) (if. .••*(•(■ l«(iH Casas. liarllidliinicw dc. ('Iiiciiraiid. KraiHisin, 'JicJ, •-'114. Clii.u'i, l.drciizd, .■i7.'l. ('liii;i, M.ir(|iil» .V;.'(.stind, .'^.'l. rhiislian I., KiiiL' nf |)ciun,irk, li."i.S. Clirisliaii II., Km;,' .if llcnniaik, (i."iS. tu/.a dc l.ii.n. I'clr.dc. (il4. Clfilcntcs. I'cdi.i.Ic. 7li."i. 7.'ll. ( 'iim'rliiid, .1. 1'.. ."i.Mi. L'isiici'dM. C.u'dinid. .Xinniuz df. Scr .Xirni'iuz. ( 'ai'dinal. Cilry dc l.i (incite. I'rM. fladeia, Ci i-tnlial, (i.'i.S. Claiiaiidianlt, jniiidi-. 4'_'.''<. Claindinan. .leirn dc. 622 3. ClftviL'cKi, Ii. \., 11)7. Clcincnciii, I). Hkvi., 4,'e. I'l.'m'iii. Clandc, ll-Jn. Clcnicnl \'ll.. I'lipc. I.'I.S. ."i.'lS. Clein.nl VIII., I'.ipc, 4'-'.'l, Clerk, 747. Cdliiii-.i; lidtlia, Unkcdf, li-.Ml. ( 'dck. Ilici'.inyin.i. 4!i7. Cddcgd, and C,lii.idcg.i, Caciipu', 7(i'J. Cd.Ird, .\llciT (ir Mr., 7ii(i. 710. (■(.elUd, (i(in.,al(i, .'I11.I. ;!4.s;i. 696. Cdclli.i, Ni.dlas, .'lli:t. Cdliintd, |)i(i^(i. (1!I7. Cdindua, llectdi- nI, ."vll. Cdllicrt, 4'JS. Cdlclier.i. Illa.s 710. CdLdicr... Dili.'.. S.inche/. 710. Cdlin, liartdldinc, l.'lll, (i7L', (i74. ( 'dlincs, Siindii de. Iil7. Cdincll.i. Mcrnaiidd, lilll. Cdlnnnerd, .Antdii llernande/., H7il, 71."i. Cdlineiicrd, liiev'd I'"cr'nandc/ m' Hernandez, .'t.'il, 1177, 7'-'.S. Ciili.n, .Vndii.i, 71:1. ( dlnniliii.-.. i;..illi.>l (». M •.', 38.'")8, iiiil, 446, imiiT, 670, liii.'l. 7 III. (dlinnlinH, Clirlsldplitir, I I, I.'l, •-'7 s. .'Ill, It, ,"i'-' s, 77, si II. !!•-'. !•!• Inn. Iiyii. III. Ill, Mil. l-'4 •-•7, H-'!t.'ll. I.'l.'l. -.^t."! 7. '-'411. •-'."id ."i7. -.'Ii-.'. •-'lis 7-'. •-'77. -".M •-', .'ins, .■11:1. .'Hi;, .ils 111, ;jjii ;i.', ;ijs it, ;i:)'.i, .'1." I II. .'Hill I, riii-i, ;i7(i. ;i7s sl,.lst.38r), 'isii, .iss. .'CMi s. 399. 401, III-' 4. .;0i)-6, .i08-10, 4I-' l.i, iiii. 418'J0, I'-'i. 4J.1. 4-.'!i. i;i,'i."., 436-7. ii\ I'll. I'll l.Vi. KH, 4il.'l 4. I7li. ls7, liHi. .".III! s, .11,-1. ."i-'."i. ."l.'lll I. ."nil. lilll. lilll. 640-1, lit-', li.'il t. li.'.ii. livi CI. 662-7, liiis. 669, (i7ii. ii7'-' t. 675-6, ii77. (isii -J. liMi. li'.il. CM 3, linii. 7ii.'l, 711S. 7li' 14. 71s, 7-.'ii.'!, :-.',"i ;iii, 7.'l-.'li, 7.'l!i. 741 •_', 711. 741.. Cdhind.ns, llicK". Hi.", •J'Mi. 7 Hi, lilili. 7'-'7, 74'-'. ( 'dlnnil.iis. r'( rdinan.l I'l' Ki niandd. Hi. s.'i, ..'(il s, .•1711 ,sii, I.'l.'l, 44s, I'll, tli.'l. .1.17. .Mill, lilll, (•.■(•J, (lii.'l t, li7'-', iili.t. 710-11, 714, 7.'!.'l 4 7.'l(i. |('dlniidiiiii], .Inan .Vnldiiid. 682. Cdlnndins, l.iiis, 14, .'lis. 7ii7, 7'-'."'. Cdinclld. Ilernaiidd, (ilH. t'dnidgrc, Cacjuuc, 7."i.'l. 7(i*l. Cdiica, Hiegd dc. (isll Cdiulies. KeniUet dc. 744. Cdiin (Cdnneinsi. Cmru'c. li'-'li. f '..nstautine, I'dpe. ."it. Cdiitarini, Caspar, --'11. .'11 •-'. 4(1. Cdiiti, N'i.dld di. .')s;i. Cddk. C.iptain. 117. Cddte. .Mr. C. II.. ."cjii. Ciippd. ,U l.H..;,i. I'nti.i. 561. ( 'iirliaclid. redid dc. Iili.">. C.in, ■ C(irzd, I'edr.., .".7."i. 711. Cdidcini. I'atliiT .Vnldiuii. ."il, (i.'t7, r.."i,"i, liSl. ('(irdei-d, .\iit(in. 711. Cdi-dler, Mr. Ilcnn. •Jst, ,'I.S,'t. Ciirddlia, .Miins.i dc. (ISJ. Cdiddlia i.r ( .ir.l.iv.i. I'lanciscd Hernandez dc, 711. I."i4 ."i, Hi^-', Hi.".. I>l(i. •-'411. 47ii, .'i--'!! .'^11, ."i.'l.'l, lill-'. Ii7.'i, 711:1 4. 71IS. Cdiildlia, Mifiiicl (Ic, (isll. ('(Ilia. Ileinaldiiid lie, 711. ('(iniaio, Kiani'is.ii dc. 447, 74.'l. Cdiiinadd, Va.s(|nez de, (144, (i4(i, 7lil. CdKinel, I'edid I'crn.iiidcz, 676, 7'-'(i. Cdiica, .liiaii, 711, 71'-'. Conea, I'edKi, .'1117. i.. o^i} Ci'i.-.iiii, All. lien, j;;f, ni-j. «'<.llc li.al, (.anpai, 56 76, 77, H.'J, HI--' .•!, los. I'jt. iL'N, 171 ,-,, 177, IX'J, -J Mi 7. •.•7.'l. •JS7. •.!<.l,'l, •.>!»,-), .•|iM, ;iiHi. mi, ;iti7, vj:i. cki' 681. 685. ii'.K), ii:iil. ( iHlf III 1.1, l/.llliul, nil. «', li'.s, (W,-., 690. I'iMi. <'.irl. lUiil, \'iiH.|iiiaiii"-. li'i, 17J, •_'>t7. ('..rti'M, KiTiliiiiiiiil, I'l.niaiiil, m- llfnmii.l.i, -l.'), 7!i. l.l!ii;ii, li;< 7;), I.S!I.<(, 'I."', 1:17. •.'.T. 'SI ''S't' V-". .'I-'-'. ..1,50910. •■•i.T 11'. .-..til, 536, ."'•17, 538. .Mil. .■.liii, .Mil, .■i7-.', ."i.s7, i;ii'j. III I . i;i. ,,.M, iiii"), 70;). 4 TiNi, 71 w I'.', 7I.S III, 7'.'.1, 7'.'7 !l[ 7;)'J, 7,1.-1, 7;i.s!i, 7l(i. <'..ii.'>M. .\liii-iiii, 71-J, ('.'iiinilici^jiT, .liif..!., Nil, I7,V < I'M, .liliia ill' la, l,'l, 17, Jl, .|1 .'1, 7s, .s;!. s.-,, «is<.;). iis .i. mi. iii;i 111, ii;t, II,-., iL'ii. i-.'7, i;u,'-'.-.ii, -'.-.llllll. ■_'(i'J. Jlld. •J!i;j, •.M|l|_ .•(||.) ■•II-', .'117, .•(•_'7 .s, ;i;fii .•!, ;t.-,i', :m. •""'■•■'l. < '..».•.., .Mian. 1.. I- .!. . .'li's. < '..--l.i.liif, ( a. i.|Mi', 7li.'l, < ...HK.., .\ii1mii lie, ;(•-'(. < 'osxiii, .Icnii, '.'.Sli. (!.-i."i. * .iHta, Uiv. lie, •J-JI, •_'•_'!. <'niHt.i:.i aii.l l!,i!.aniH. Karl <.t, (i'-'l. < 'rtiii.ii. 717. < 'ivli.-.., (li.ivaiiiii. .'in;), ,'f4'->.4. Cii-ti.'... ii/i(i^ I,.. nil/,,, ;tii;{. (iili.-.,, ,i/,„. Malt..,, ;iii;). < 'i-i.;.'rii.ii, ricn-,.. |,m), .-,iis. <'ii,jx .111 Maiiii'. I,a, .l!!.-.. <'iiiz. .ViiiliuH il,. la. .ilL'. 71,-|. riia.,i., Alimsn, t7-.', ('iiii\... Kraiii'i.s,..,, 712. «'iirva. .Ilia;, ,lf. (i(i,-|. •'ni'va, l'i.,li-,,,li. 1,1. (Ids • 'iiiii'.., Mi.li.ii.lil,.. nil, |(i;{.(ii;!) 70 < 'nulla. l"riii..isfii .la. .'i-ts. <'"Mlia. Kl l.i,H'ii..;n.l... 7ii;i. <'iiiilia, 'I'lislnin ila. ,'I7(I. j)AI!l.().\, iliniMiil,.,., (iLM. Ilalliiigii, Ainl.ii.sji,, .-.^.j. naiiiiii,.s, Di,.;;,, ,1,. 712. M.K.pia.K, .Martin, 712. Im>I\ 111 \',\\ll>. I>ik|i|ii'r, (IliM'i, III. DaiiiiH, Kiii>! i.f I'. r...ia, JX,, Davila, l''iaii.i«r.., 712, 7'.'.S. D»vila ..r .r.\vi,a, (iil (;.,ii/ali.i., .■|.'I7, .■■I.). (ij;t, 7 IS, 7--'ii, 7.I.-1. l)inilH..r Hi'.Vula, r«lniiia», '-'til 17.-', I,s;t t. .->_'!i, .-,;i,s, „.-,;t, .-,((,-, ."•■', i;!-'. 7-' I, 7-'i, 7;t-', 7:i.-)-7.' r:t!i, 71.-. li. I "can. , .Ml, Cli.iil,.,. -J.s, l>ir. .ii.liii, ;i.-.. I>il.aiii., Juan .>«.l.a»liaii. .<|.|. l'!l.lllii., .Iliali .SiLasliaii .li.. I'lllin... rii'tii., (H-_>. I>(lj.'a.lii, l)icp., lid.l. |l.'l,i:;i.l... Srl.asli.iii H..ilri^'iii/,712 l'.ll^ll, Mr. I....|i.,|,l, t!i;|, (u;). Iliiii..ii).-nifl, I'raiivi.iH, •-'.sii. Oi'iiid. l''i'iillM.in.l. (II, .-.(111, ii;i7, lirii.\», .Mi.,ii. Isii I. 639-40. Urn.illiiTM. I'll 11.'. II III! ISii 7, •W-'. 624, iil7. Ih'S.'.. Villi., liii.lii;;,,, .K,.,, ).;,,.,, . M'.'i... I{...lri^i,, l>.-.iiii..iii, Sigii..|. Cnriii.li,, •' ,-, l!>. '-'S. .-ill. II. It. Is.;. JK •'•7..' I117. I'..'-.'. 4J-I. 4;u, Kiil, ,-,.-.(', ,-,77' tile, ii.'is, (i,-,ii, 117,-,. 7.J7. Oi'nliriis. N'ii-i.l.is, IKi. Uisiii.,;.!.!,!, , l.sl. .'.(iS. l>iaH, (;i.ii/..il,,, 713. Diaz. Ill- Diiia, ll.iiili<,l ■«, ,,,■ Hart, il.. Mini, .-i,'!, ;m|, ;1,s,-,, .•t,s7. I>iaz, l!iriiiil. 4.'., I I'J ,'!. l,-..-. (i, |,-)<). . III! 7. Ititl, 17:.', I!l| 4. I!l(i, •".7ii. Ill I IJ, 7 i. 7iii;. 71 ,s II. 71 1, 71s -jii, 7'_'7. 7'-'ii. 7;ls !i. 741!. I>iiiz.,r Mia.-.. I il.'.'.. 11'.. 434, 713. l»iii,-. M,l,lii.,r. III.-,. l>ia/, NiiiiTiit,., .■,;i. 661, l)i'l|.li,vii. 747. I>i.iiiiii;iin./. ( ;as|i,ir. li.-i'J. Ui.iia, ('..nut iij;i. n.iiiis, .Vii-lii.las. l.'l.->. I'.i|i|ii'!iii.iyi, .1. I ;.. ;|i|-_'. II,.ni..l,,H ,,r |l.,i\.!.i>. .lii.iii, 681-2. I>..iiinr. I). ,1..^., |j;i. •.>,-..■,. I>..nulas. .\lvar.., (i,s|. l>i>isrt, .Maii|iiis i.f, :.".l. Di.rtal .,i- (Irtal, Ui-nniiiii,., ,-.S,S !l. n..i'ni'lla.s. .l..aM, ll.sl. I'riiiiiiii,,ii,i. I". 1'., nil. I>n Cam;.-, 44-.'. Miulii't, ( ',, .-1.-1II. I'liraii, All. 11.-.,. 713. l>nraii, I'll. .mas ..r 'rMinas ■'■'i| •"'14, 7(i;!, 713, 7I!I. I'niir, .\ll.iit, 44.-.. r«'i)I.K.>i. .Ifiiii .I.'M, 4II.V Ml ny. AI.Ik' 1', Jvl s. ■ Kiliii, Hi. lianl, '-'.'l ."., ,'!l', 17, ■.'SI, ! 4.-i!l, ,-.li,-., (I711, 7._'(l. i:.l«al.l VI., Kili>; ..f Kiiu;lali.l, ' -'li 7. .'I'-' ;t, X>. 7II.S. Kliaiii.. Aiid.h .Mail 111 .1,.. 713. 1:1.1111... Il.,liiili(;i, .Ir. 71 I. Kl. All.. .,1 |li!.aiii., ,li!iiii SrluLstiaii ■I' . W4, 713-16. ?-'N, 7,'14, 740. Kl.ali,,. Marllii I'llTZ .Ir. 713. Kill. .11. liii^!ii, ;i."., 4ii, lilt'.'. Kills. .. Kiiliini, I'liimisco, -.Mil, 716. Kali'irri, K.Hli-k'rMirliiiy.-Jlil, 4il>l, 716. KaiH- .Hi, Liioii, 4(14. V:\ij<. (iiiiiii) (iiani'li ilr, ■_'" l-'aii,\, .liiaii ill', '_*.")7, 7l('>. 71''. Faii'i. MaiiDvl ile, (i,17. I'"a\ |»tiini, ,Io8t'i>hn, .'i(il, I'.i/iii dcgli Uticili, .'iS. Ftnliiinnd, Kiiif^ nf Spain, I, l.'l, i."i, -.'(I, •-'7, -'Id •-', 4:{, :>■:. :i:>n, ss, IIJ, 1(14, 114, IKi. 117, l-'(l-', \-2.'>. |-_".l, i;i(l, l.'t.'>, 14!», •-'.">.".l), •j(i(i I, 'jt;:!, ;«i:f, .•!(((•.. .'ii-.', .'U-.', .■f.hi, .'llMi, 4((4-."i, 440, 4'iS, 470, 47--'-.'!, ."'•'!(!, I>4-.', (iCiO, (;(i.'i-4, (p(is, (i:s, (isi, lis;!, 7(i(i, 711I'-', 717, 7-'!» .'fo, 7;!.'>, 74;i. I'l't-iiaiiili's. Mai'tin, .">,'{. Fei'iianili'/, .Mniirfo, 71"'- Fi'i'iiaiiiliv., .AntDiiiii, 711), 717. Foriianilcz, |{iiiti)liimi', 717. Ft'niaiiili'Z, FrainMsoo, 4<>, .">.S7, (ilt'J. Finiii'.iilr/, 0, .■.(!4, .j(i(J s, 582-.5, •">!i.i 4, (ii;t, 615-19, FiiM'i'iitiiio, .Alinerinii. .Soc \'i's|)iir<'ins, .Aiii('iiiMi8. I'Moriii, .lolmii or .luiiii. .Soc W'ri'a/.ano, (liiivaniii. l'\)ii.si'i'a, Ui^lio[) , I mill Hmlrigiii'Z ill', •-•.-.(), .-i-Jlt .id, 417, 4'.'1, 4;«), (171, ().S-.';i, (i!)0, 7;i!). Fonsi'd, Fniiu'i.sco il>.', 717. Font!', .Mvai'o ila, .VJ, 669. Fonlr, .Iiiiim or ,loao dc, .V_>, 659. FopiHMis, ."i.V!, ,"i7S. Foi-i'i'llini, .tl-J. Forhiiii, I'aolo ili, .ViO. Koroinia, I'rilro 'Ic, (!li."i. , Kosiai'i, Dogi', 4l';!, M± Fo.scurini, .Miu'co, .'tO,'i. Foiiiiiii'r, FatliiM-, ()'i4. l''o\, Captain (i. V., 111). Fraiii'i', Cliuiili' ilc, IS'J. Fraiii'i", Kiiii;3 of. Set' ("liarlcs VII. Cliaiiris l.\., FiaiiiiM I., Ik'iiry II. Fi'aiii'i.', l,oiii.si' ,U', .■)7(). Fraiir<'>, I'l'ili-o, (i7(). l'"i'iuiri'M'oiii, l)anii.'li', 470. Fi'aiici.s I., Kiiif,' of Kraiiii', .'14-."i, •-'1 I l.-i, -JIS liO, •J'J'J-;!, -.'-.'.■i N, 4.S1, 493, .■>i 1 1-', '■iKi, .">f_', ."..".4, :,::,{], ,'is'_' ;;, tii.-i Ili, (i-.'i', lij.i. Fraiioo, l)oiiiiii;o, 717, Fiaiii.'o, ( Ionzalo, (iii.'i, FiviUu'oi, Cinli', ■J70. Fi'i'iri', 'loiV., 1S7, (i;!,S, 718. Fri'"*.*, l.anii'iil or l.ori'iiz, ,'il'2, '"'o.-., 514-16,539, 578-9, (ill. Fn-iiis, (o'lunia, .VJl, 577-8, 581-2, .■SI, (i'.'ii, lill, (i."i7. Frnliisliir, Maiiin, '.iS.S. I''riiiii!'ra, I'l'iUd \'azipioz iki la, .■>.i. 660. I'l'osiliovi'i', Cliristopli.'r, .VIS, (il7. Friir! I10.10, (ia.i)!.!!', 'i'', ().'i7, (W. Fng,:,'cr, I'ayiiioinl, (l|ii. Kiilin, Tliu .Miiir, ;io;i. Furli'nliiiL'li, Man ill, 610. Furtc?', Mioluu'I, (il.'i. Fiisl.'r, l'a,.i!or, 71.'t. r^.AliUlXI, Ali'.s.-«inilro, ■t7!l .SO. Haillianl, lii'i'iiiain, ;ii)!l. (iairilnur, Mr., 40. ii'yo, 71,",. (lalle^'i., IVilio, 718. ()■_', 718, 7-i-|. (Jiilli'f^o, VaHci) (liiiiU'Z, 71.->. (ialli'^^o (If CarvalliM, Vasco, 718. Callo, .Xntoiiio, ;!,S.-) (i, 40.",. (Jallois, .Mr. I,.,, -to.-), ^■2H. (lalvani ord.vlvao, .\ntoiiio, .■)!, (il 4, 7.'>, 'J_".l .•(0, •.'.•).'!.4, (i;i7, (i.->.">, (i.Sl, ()!)0. (iaiyniilii, Fraiiiisfo (larcia, 718. (lama, Vasco ila, ."i.'i, l."iS, •_'."i7, ■2~2, •.',S7, .'{.s.-., 406, >>^'-i. (iaiiiart, ISO. (iainc, 747. (iaray, Fl'aiii'iaco ili;, l.-ili ,'!, l.'i(), l.-.s, L'(>4. l(i'_'-7_', 502 3, .->i;M4, .">4!i, rMi, .■>7o, 1)0'-', s, 7:!-.'. iarcia, .\iitoii or .Vntoiiio, .'j.'il, 4.5.S, 4.Vi, 1)77, iL'i;o, .'!o, (iiU, ti(i,-), 70.1, 71(>, 718. (Jaroia, (irugorio, 71.-). tiaiiiia, Luis, (iS4, (i!)!). (.aivia, .Martin, (id."), (iaiiia, .MigiU'I, 718, 74.". (iarria. Xiifio, 540. (iari'ia, I'liri, 718. (iRii'ia, .Subaalian, 71'"). Carcia lie \'ill.ilolios, 1 )i>".;o. .Sit \illaIiilios, Diugii (Inrc'ia lU. (iariii'tl, .Mr. I!., '>:>-. Cviriilo, .liiaii, 719. (iasia, I'dilio lie la, 7-(). » -aM'ii i In ( iasroir.'l, i'l'iiro, 7i(). (.'a.wtalili, .lae.ipii, ..l(i, ."i.-iO. (ii'S. (iay. C, 7li7. ( Ia\'an'_;o!J, Don Piisipial ilc, l(i(i, l'!t;i,'l!l7, (il-', 71(i. (iay>', (ilovaiiiii, 40.f, (;a:, .an, Caliviul, 'HQ. (iuiiovi'.ii', liatti.sla, l'70. (itiilyll, 717. (leraliliiii, .Mcasaialro, .'iss. Ctrigk, Dr., l.'I.S. (lesuur, Conrail, .")77, ■->1*"RIBIRinP!Bf9!S!!!9, 7.S, !i.-, ■.'17. ■-••-•ii. 22943, •-'.'Ki, ■.'.->!, ■Jiy, L'di, -JN.-,, ;(!,-, ;(*■ ;f, .-.L'l -J. :v».i. 536, ."i.-fH n, ■>44. .■il7. ."i70, .-,71, (iiil, 7(i;!, 711;. 719. 7--'.. <">iiir/, l-'iaiiiisrii, CMI. 719. • iiiiiicz. (tiiii/alo, 71"i. • iniiiK'viUf, ('a|ilniii KliK.t I'anl iiiii'i-ili', PJS, ;i{il, (I!);), (i!),- s. • liiiizajja «v (lniiza);iiii, I'lani'csoo (If. 4(a, 4;ii. ("Uizali'.-*, Alipiiso, V-_'7, (i-Jl. (Ircjldi-y, tliu liisldiiaii, IK. (iriogd, Mij;iicl, (i.Sll. (Irijiilva. IfiTiiaiiild df ir.iii.iii.lfz ill', til 1, i;;!4, 7ii.'t-4, 7^J(i. • ;ii.iiilva, .Iiiaii lie, l(i:t, l(i.-> -vsl .'il.".', 47i!, .■>i,f, ,-,;i:t, (id-j. j <;iiiiialill, Uvnialil... I'Jll. I (d'dlaiiil, Xirlidla.s. .•!!il. j •■rd..,lii.|-, .'tS'. tM-d«ti'. .Icilin, li-_''J. i ld'tiiii.^cT, .Iciliaiiiio. .'il 1. ii;; I 4ii.->-7, 47ii, 4,s-j. .-,11. .-,;j:i, ,-,7,s.' ; i, 7ixi. j (inai-iiid df \'iidiia. :i7i;. (dialrniuz. Kill. ] ) l.>(; '■ I'J.s. ;fJ7, .•t:t!i. .■1.11. ,;;(;. 678"9; *. ti94 5. >m, j 71'.', 7-J;i, 7-.!',. 7-is. 7;(.i. j <:iifira, I lii-iiiiiii,,. 7i.>i. ' liiicna, Liii..!. il-Mi. ,;m. i;||.| -|s I (l. t;nti..:i-( /. rrar.'is,.,,, CS'l. • ditii'iivz. .Iiinn. 720. iiulii.,nv,. iv.lid, i;i;.|..-,. Idiziii;i:i. Coiizald lie, I'.Ki, y-.i.s. Idlzliia:,. Xui'i.,,!,-. 589 90, (ill !■-', (Mil. 7.'l.-,. • diziiiaii, I'fii, .Vui'uz .1,., 144. n.AKI'.I.KK. 1)1-. K.. CJli. Ilaviu I, (.'u.Hiav, KS'.I. Ila.u.ii, .M,., ,1,.. 4-i,;, Halihiyl, KL-lianl, .-., -Jl, -.'I-.-,, •-'.S, .Ti, ;j.-), 411, 4(1, .-,11, fil, 1(11, l.'W, I7.">, :.'iil ■-', -ill •J7-J, ■.>,S7. .•i;t7, .'i.s,s, luii, .-,41-;!, .-,.-,1, .-,.-,(1, III!.-,. r,±2, nr>~, rw-j, -us. Ilaiuilt,,ii, Diik,. ,,f, -,,v;7. H.diiv, Hi. 1:. r. , 7J, ..Mi.-i, .■i7ii l.'li, 471, 7'JS. Ilaiily, .Si|. 'Ilidiiias, Xi. 7') ' , Hard, Ci-ititdlial ul\ •_>,'i.'!. Is,",. •■f\, I Hard, Difgd Ld|)L'z df, .",4, is',, j If.iid, XnTid il(., |K.-|. Ifairis, William, (i(i.">. H.iilwij,', 1)|.., (170. . Harvey, Hcv. M., ;!7, dj, 7,1 Haii.slal,, <;i..|ii.ral v. ,11, 111 1 !•> I 4i;7. Hawkiii.s, .li,liii, -J.SS. Ilawkyns, 717. H,.l,..i-. Ki,.|ianl, .-,7.s. Iliiilriilicimc]., |;{,s. I Hei.-.s, .Mr. .\ldi.<.s, i>.-,!l, ;!7(;. I Hi-n.i.,, KiaiiiiM.d l-_>. H.ije.la. .\l.,iisd ,,r Aldnzd ,1.., 41, 4;i. s;t, iniL'ii. i-.Mii. •_>.-,(;, .-jihi-i, .•117 -.'(I. .Tj(i-:;:i. .xsii, .■{.-,4(1, .-ici. 404, 411:1. 4111 u'd. i:ii. .!:i;i, 4.->.i, I.-,.-,, l.'ifi. 4' :!, 17(1 4S4. .-,.i7, 676 7. ii7N, li.Mi. i;.s'J. 683, tsl. 688 90. 698, 711 I--'. 7lv-.'ii. 7J--'. 7.14, 74l'. H...ie,la, IV.Ird ,!.■, :117, dsn. lldliiislie.l. ;!ii. Hdliiies, .Idliii. I ..<..\., .■fsd. H,,l?.scliiH'r, Ciirge, ;illl ■.'. i I 79^ 1N'I>K\ I' XANri: ' '), \ t .' i i ■ ' :,ri I i 1 ' :f '■■ H.il/.-.eliii..T. \V..!f, :)!)•->. H.iiufm ..,• ir.>iiio!i, Ditv'.i, (i-JS, 646 H"im'm. I.'iji'i, litfi. Holltfl-, Jnlliinil, "l!l, .'.."ill H.I .i>er, Mr. (1, SV Hoiv. MllstlT, .'U, ■Jss. liulll. i;fH!i.'t;. li.")0, (i'lS. HuMiliulilt. AlfxaiidiT ilu, 'Jl. .'iT, SJ. 1)11.1, 111.!. 1:M 1, .Siirs. .'iLS, .l-.N. .141 4-.'. .•U(i 4S. .'m. .■?!>•_', 411I, 4 1. •!!.">. Hi.">. 4s."i r., .V.I.S, li.'i.S, u71, tiT.'i, o:"i. (i'.iiP, 7Il'. 717. T-'U, 741, 744. Hiiiiif, Paviil, .'ill. HiicitiT ..r HiirtiT, .ImIi nr .lolisl lie, liO, .•«)!, .■{!I7. Htirtiidn, Difi."', Ill 1. Hutli, Mr. ii'.",l. Hutti'ii, Ulricli .I.', .-ill'.!. 4lli) 7. Hylrtciimyhls. Sff Walilseeiiiuller, Miiitiii. ■[i;.vi;R.\. r.iTinv.i.. ai-, sii, 4110. loazlMketa, Mr. ■Jii;ii|nin. ir>,"i. Iiit'iiiiti', .I'Kim, ■"'.'!. lugcmo, llieg.i, 720. limiii;e!it nr l)iii'ici'iizi'i Vlll.. .■<4. .ISil, 7-'l). Irviiu, \Va,-\. 4;i. .VJ, ."i."i-ti. ,SS, !>•_>, KU, lliil7. l'-''i. I--'."i. iL".)-.'!'), •.Vi."i(;, ■Jii.'itl. -.'lis. .'iii;!, .■{nii, .U-2. .'illii, .'i'lii, 402, i"4 .'.. 432, 47.), .">Nii, ."iSII, .'i!!."). li.'ij, li.'i.'f. liiin, liii;!, liiiS, ii7:t, li'-l. lis.-j. 694, !"'•">• 7"7. 7I"-1-', 717. 7-'-', 7l'!>. I:*eMnachoensi.s. .Imlocu.s i.le.sHt' Trutvetler), ."iHT. Isiil'.r of SovilU', :JS7. Itali.iii". I'iUitilcoiu'. .'!."ni. 4iiii. I«;.ii 111 . -.i'M. I.MI.IAIA.M, A. ill' .-"t. M.. .".'f. • .I.UT.. .V.UOIli" ■!.■, Illi.'l. .lal, liii-J, ■i7.i. .lil.iliert. .^hu■.•or Marc. 720. .l:iim'.<. Klll_' nf Scntlaii.l. .'ill. .I,in.-'.':i, H. .1., .'t!!-', .Smi. .lai[iiea <-2.').4. •.'7-J, .'UH-.M), .-idS, 7i>.'!. 713, 7--'ii, 7'i7, 7.'17. .1,M.., l>r.. 4111. Joli.iiiii of (.'ol'igiii-, .'!.Sii. Jolui, I'rester, 508. .loiiiunl. K. v.. 10, Oil 1. .'ini-3, 414-.'., 470, 4!11. 646 7 Joriliiii, ('aptaiii. 721. .liian the Infant. l>on, ."),•)(). .Tuaiia. IJiieiMi of Spain, I'i'J, l.'^O, IS-J, 4.-|K. JuiUoilms or Vnilicilm.*. Martin lie, 714. .Inlius II., I'ojie, 10, 434-5. ^-'i:. .lun.(Uera, Senor Peru/. liJO. T-A\TllR(i\VIf;/, Max, .V.l. K,'tt!,.v. Dr., 4>i-J. Ki.l.ler. .Mr., s. Kiiij.', I'r. Kielianl, 7-. Kiiii;. Rieluiril, ina]i possessoil liv, iUi, II-.*, 177. •_'!•,■), .'li."!, •.".Ill, Hii';{. XiH. :W. .■tii7, .T'l-I, 431, 44(i, 4.')0, 4i;!l, 4711. Khitscliak, If. W.. 71. KoolihatT, N'atli.ui, '.'t. Koeni-', (;. M., 4><1. Kohl. Dr. .1 (;., 111. -Jl, -'J, •-•7, Ml. 7i>. siM'7. 111. 1-'1.I7(). 17S. -.'o.S. •_>;il, '.M-i. :«•"■. .•i77, .■fllJ. 41.'!. 41 ••, 4'J.'i, 4.'i.'i-ii, ."iiis. .".."C S, ."iii'l. .■>71l, lion, 1 •Jil-.'jl, i;.-i."i. ii4li-7, (illl, 7-4, :■>. 7:fL', 7;iii. KoliUr. Dr.. ."iii-J. lilo. KoUar. Dr.. lilo. Kui.snn.mn, Dr.. lil, li.i. 74li, SO, Oil. Il-J. l-.'l. US. 17(1, K.s, IV.'. l.HS, lo.i, •.'07, •j;{0. -.271, •jso, •joo, 'J02-.'!, •Jl'O .'iol. .'io.'i. .'ir-^.M. :>M. ,'. ::i-2. 7.">4. T AUAXOI'F, I'rinoe. fi29. '' Ul.or.le, fte. .le, y.W. Ui.lriller.) .ir l.a.lrillo, . I nail l'"er- iiaiuUz, 710, 721, Larieii, .\ntonio, 0.'1.5. Ujes, Tallarte ile, (i(W. Lainheeiiis, Pef. as, GIO, Ijis (/.isas, Hartoloini- .le, S4-S, O-J. US, l.'W-O, 14;i-4, l.V), l.VJ, lli.'l .".. Hill, 17-', loo, lO-i-.'l, Utii, 100. .•f-.'s 0. .'f.'C TO. .•(Si. .-isii, .'JSS. 4o|, 401I, 4.'{0. 44ii. 4liii-4. (ili.'t, Ii70. 1172, ti74-.-., ()7S1I, liS4, HOo, 7.'|, 7--'ti. 7.'y, 7ol. Lasor, Alphonse, .Vi.'i. Ijiul.inann. Dr., .■i!)7. Laiiiana. I-'raiue.^'co. 375 6. Uu.iix. Mr. Henri, 47o. l.el.n.n, .ln.l^e. .■{•J7. I.esa. i;ar!..|..iii.' .le. 1172. 72s. Le.l.snia, .lna:i .te. i;s4. COO. Le.l.-siiM. IV.li.. .h. M.'i, 4l(i. 4.-.ii s. t.io. 4t;2. 4ii4. 47li, ."i.'il, 11114. (ili2. 721, 7-'2. Kegnina, .Mr. .le, 41. I.ei.leiifr...st. Dr., .V.K!. Lelewel, .l.>ae'nini, 27s. .'102. 4;(!l, 444, 4.'i0, 47S, ,'>40, ."..lO liii. .V.e. (i.'is. i;."i7 s. I.el.iiig. I'.ahev. (V2;t. I.enie, .Viit'.nio. ."i2, 659. Leiii'iii, Mr.. 27. Leiiwis, Caspar .le, S:i, 1-24, .'iO.'!, .•)4iiS, .'Ui7, .'lliO, 4i;i, 41.1, 4-24, 401, iis;j, i)S(i.7. Lempereiir, Martin, .".'ml. Len. \. Mr. .ianies, 112. .'>71. Le.. .\.. l'..pe, •2S1, 4;)n, 4s;!, .-..in. Le..n 'I'liiel.. , .\nt.inio .le, 1)40. Le .'uan I'onee .le, 4.-', 7S, 9,"i, 07. i:U-7, 141 .'.4. I. "Hi (12, I6.S, l7o, \::i. 101. liiii. 21I.-2-20. •240, 2.S.'). .■jl.'), .■i-_'2. 47-".. oo:i. .M.'i, i)4.'{, 7o;), 721, 724 -,"■>. Li'..nar.les, .l.iam. ti'l. Li..ii.ir,i of Portugal, .■iO.">. I.ep.', Diego lie, Ui3, l-24ti, •2,->6, .•t.i-2. ,'<.IS, .'!27, .■«2, .'ilS 10, .'!2s, :f:(ii s. .-uo, .■.'lil. 416, 421 2, liH' 680, !!>2. 690 1, 71''. 7'22, 7.'U. Lenna, I'raiiei-eo .le, 536. Leinia, .hiaii .le. 721. LesoailL.t. 17S, 1S4. Lewis, .Mr. .-s, .<., ij."0. Ley, Dr., 21. .■i:i7. ">otl Lian.i. 721. Liliri, (.luUauine, "iIXI-l. Lilmriii*., Xicol.i, ."nio. Lieliina. (Uitierre .">, 561 2. Lorraine, Dukes of. See Char!™- I\'.,anil Hene II. Los Reves, Martin ile, G'W, 712, 733, 73!), 743. Los Rios, .Mr. Anunl'ir lie, I' J, .-)41. Louis II. Sii-f lie la Tremi illel, ■_'•.'.'.. Loureiizo, Visconte, 721. Lovell, .'^ir ThoHias, 7ii7. Luil or I.u.M, liai'I-.ier, '.'74, 270, 441-2, 443. 477 N. LuiM, Nicholas, 441 2. Luilovico il Moro, 3.'ili. Luihivico (ilel Pozzo TobcanelU?\ 3, 384. Lui.«, .Inan, (W9. Luis or Luiz, Lazaro, KS4, 1S7. Lukseh, Professor J., 460, 492, jl^. Luniley, Lord, 04(3. I.usero, ,]uan, 072. \| Al'KDO, Johanna .le. On, .391. >fK 'rignaiio, .\rehangelo li1<>. Mafra liartolome ile, 721. Maira, (iiues ile, 71o, 722. 7-'!0. .Mafra, llernamlo .le, 722. Mafra, .luin ile, 722. Mafra, .luan Ro.Iri>.'m/.le .'13,202, Oiil, Osii. (),s4..'., 722, 72S, 734. Inhkx of XANn> Mag.ilh.iea Villas lioas, Mr. F. ile, 73.3. Magallanes, Martin ile, 710. Magellan, Feniani, Fernamlo or Hernanilo.k'. Iii7, 12ii, 223, 22!1, 27il. .337, 3.39, 43s 9, 4S0. 492! 49M..->iKt. .-)04, .-MH.I, .-,lti, .-lilt. 20, ."i2S.9, .-,,S2 3. .'>44-,'i, ."Will, ,-).i2, .'i."i9. .'KU, .-i72, .•,S4. .'194, Oijfi, 013 14, 71130, 7119, 71317, 719, 721 .-,, 727, 7.3(1, 7.33-4, 730-S. Majigiol.i, Rihlaa.'^are, 210. Ma^'i^iolii, i;i,ivainii Antonio ilc, 2I0, 409. Maggiolii, .laoopo ,le, 210. Mag.'iol.i, Ve.i.-Mite .le. 19, 21, 114. 147. Isn, l.SO-7, 2ii7, 210-21, 22.-1-7, -^N. 2.37. 271. 434, 468 9, 500-1. .-142 3. .',10-7, 553-5, .-,011. .'i03, .-1O7, .-,74, .-17117, .",^^, 002, 'WS, 610, 014. OlS, 02s. Magnus, UhuH, 0;W-0. Maine, C.iunt .if. .Sfe (.liarles IV. Major, Mr. R. II., 90, .'ii.H, O.'iS. Malartic, (,'ounl, 0.3O. Maler. M.itther.ni. ."i37. Malipii-r.i. Donienic", .'."i, 2.'i7. 271, 4 IS. 4.31). Malipiero, Paginal, 042. Mall.irt, .lehan, 1S7. Malvano. Mr., 020. Manililes, Diego ile, tiO.'i. Man.leville i.Iean .le I'xHirgivnel, 2,S4. "^ " Manfre.lo. 2 3. Maiiilius, Mar.'ii.'*, Iss. Manoel, Kin„' of i'..rtu^'al. .'S-Oo, 03, 07-S, 7.-1, 121. 127, 1S2-4, 2.-17, .3113, 342-.-1I). 3.-|3. .!'.)2, 410, 417, 4.3s, 442. 070. OS I, OW, 7M.-1, 7.311, 743. M.inoel, Xun.i, .349 .-.n, 688. Manriipie. fount. .'i9.'i. Manri.|Ue. Pe.lm. 719. Mantegna, Amlrea, 4ii.!. Mantegna. Francesco, 403-4. Manthen of (lernsheim, 3sip. .Mantu.'i. .Maniuisof. .See ' ionZAiga, Frances..-.!. Manutio, Al.l.. .-.70. -Manz.ineilo, IJernanlino ile, 166. .Man/.ini, (_'ii;nit tJiaconio, XVA, Marei, .\lr. (ialuiel, 4'.hi, 19.'). Marcell.i, Antonio, 37i). Marcliena, Antonio ile, 722. Marchionrii, IlartoUinie.i, .344. Marco Polo. See Polo, Marco. Mar.'us. .See Pieiieventanns. Mare, .Vmlrieu .le la, 0;i3. Margallii, Pedro, 722. 793 -Margaxalo, Manuel .le, 722, Margry, Mr. Pierre, 22t. Mariano, Ant.inio, 722. Marin, Hieronynio, 32. -Marin, Zuan Pier., de, 569. Maris or .Mariz, Pe.lro .le, 34S-9. M.m|uez, .luan, 722- Martel, Pe.lr.., 722. Martin, .\n.lres, 722. Martin, Diego, OS'), 7o,S, 722, 72s. Martin, Donienico, O70, 723. Martin, i;..nzalo, Iiti7, 723. .Martin, .luan, 07s. 71.'), 723. Martin, Perez, 723. -Marl in V., l'..|ie, .-i.'i. Martinez, .Inan. 7l--i. Martinez, Manuel, 723. Martins, Alvam, Oo. Martins, Diego, 077. Martins, Ferdiuan.l ..r '•'ernaui, .')2, 378, .3.SI)- 1 . Martvr, liishop of .-\r/en.ljan, 66970- .^Iartyr, Peter. .See Anghiera, I'ietro Martire .1'. Mary, Queen ..f Kngland, 27, 798. Mate. IS, Estelian. 723. .Mateos or Matheos, Hernan Perez, oo.'i, 723. 72s. Mateos, Pe.lro, 421, 723. Matienzo, .luan Ortiz de, 198, 202-3, 2U.')-0, 2iiyli), .')2I, 738. Matkovic, Professor, t)29, 64S. .Maurio, .Xnt.inio, 20O, 204, 723, 72.->, 7.3.'.. Maur.i, Fra, .'i7-S. Maxnnili.in 1., Eni))eror, 278, 392 3, 39.-1, 481, .-)30, 669- Mayorga, .Sebastian de, 00,"). Me.lel. Al.inso, 8.'), 1.30, 074,723. Medel, Francisco, 729. MliIcI, iluan, 723. Me.lel, Pe.lr.i, OSO. Mclici, (iiuliano.Ie, 273, 492. Me.lici, Lorenzo .le, 390, 417, 740. Medici. Pierfraneesco or Picro Francesco .le, 417, 740. Me.licis, fatherine .le. 493, ,-il2. Medina. Mr. .1. T., 48.'), 499, 7o.'), 710-19, 722. Medina, Pedro de, .33, ImO, 708, 723. Medina Sidonia, Duke .le. OtiS. Me.Irano, Catilina, 'm. 700. Meennan, flerard, 004. s A r 794 Indkn ()|- Xamks. I. t. ,6 w Mofniiiiii, .IiiImii, 004, (iL'.'i. Milii, I'i>iii|i'>iiin». is.s. McUii, riiimi.-i'.. (ic. 7, (ifniiiiin.i.U-, T'Jl, 723. Mcl/.i, (JailaiKi, .VJl. Moiidiz. I»iigii, lni;, 619. Mi'iidiv, Maiiiii. TuT. 723. Mriiiliiv". Ciir.lliwil. in-J. Menddva, I 'iigd ruiciinv ilf, 74(i Meiiil()i,n, I'Miu'isLc) lie, 7^.">. M.Mi.luza. .\!>.iiv. V.'lcz ,!,■, I'.M, ;i;t:i 111. 4li5, •:. '77, 680, 632, 691 2. 694, i''X,. 7;t7. .Mflidiiza. .\l,'..lii(. <\v. 710. Meiidoza, Uicj^n dr. Ii(i."i. Mt'iidc.ji. I'lMiuisiii Wli'Z ill", 410. Mcndozji III- .Mt-iidma, Iiiii'n I.opoz Hill tadii ill-, 171. 7'ri. Mt'iidiiza. . I wall dc, d(l."t. .Minozis. .\iiirli|iu' di', 70."i. Mi'iiczi'-H, .liiai'i ill', .S44. Mi'i-oadi'iia. .luaii SaiU'lii'Z di', liSl. Mfioatiii-, Cii-.nd, 285-6. -W. :<-«-4. 47;f, .".44, ,">S.S. Mfsn, (iims d,'. 723. Metz, Caulliiir dr. ."i.'tti. Mexia, IVdm, -JiVJ. 723. Mi'ziiuita, .Mvai-ii di- la, 724. Mezijiiita, Fianoisi-ii do la, 7-4. Mcziiuita, Marliii di- la, 724. Mfzzani. .Ii.-'f.i. 47'. Michflaiit, .\|i-.. 4!i:), tilil. .Miguel, .Iiiau. 724. Jligiit'l, I'd-ii, ."v7.">. 7-4. Mill>i>rii, 747 ><, 7."iii. Mim, IVdi-ii di- la. 724. Miranda, IVdni di-, 7.'I, lri7, -'O.'i, 724, T-'V Mitolu'll, H.ni-y. v Mogiii'i-, .hiaii do, i;7-', 725. Miiliuoliiis, ri-aiioi.-ioiis, '-'s-J 4, '-'.Mi, ;im, 4.v.>. .v.'s. ."44 7, 548 53, ■">i, 50,'., .■)7!l, .">.S,i, lil.-f. tilN. Monapius, Wdluliiiius A'vldiciis. ,Soi' Voldo. William Van de. Moiiaiix III- Miiuoiix, or Mniimix, 747 *<. 7"iiogii do, lilill. Iiintalluiildii. Kraoaiizii da, .TH. luiito, Itasiliiis do, 740. loiitojii. l-'ianoisi-i. do, Kill, IIVJ ,"). Iiiiilos, l)iL,,'i. do, 725. liililoPiliioa. |)ii-^;ii do. (ISit. Iiiiitosiiius, .Vlllliuio ilo. '-'11. Iimlozuma, 107. 509. Iiii-a, HiiilriLJiioz do. 725. Iiii-aos Silva, A. do, .•.;)•.•. liii-alos. .Ml nsii do. (I,s:t. Im-alis, .\uili-o.s .lo. |-J'_'. •_'H-2;!, 421-2, 446-7, '■"'■1. 480, 483, 077. O.S.-.. 0!l!l, 725, 7Jii, 74,<. InraloH, Kiauoi.ii-ii do. 400, 004, 7l'0. Im-alos. Moniaudiido, 725. Iiii-oillii, .hiaii. 000. Ii.iolli, A1.1.0 laoii|iii. ;!77, ."i61. Iiiroiiii, .\iiloiiiii, 725. liiri, .liiaii do, ."il7, 7iM. liM-iUii, nio-ii. 107. 725. liii-illi), I'ranoisoii do, 7-ti. Idio, 11. Soe Lildovion. Iiiseoaii, I.iiis do, 04.'t-4. loiiolioz. Cipitaiiio. ."lOO. Iiiiiia, riasliaiii, 007. Iiillor, of .\iiistoi-ilain, L.'70, ,kS7. liillor, .i.iliaii, .'iO--'. IiiM!.'ilia, Diogii do. O.SO. hii'iiv,, lloiiiandip, 725. IinViz, .hiaii llaiilisla, 1 l.S - 10, i.vj,'!. .■i;t!i. ;!."i.".ii, 4o;i, .">o-2.;i, .-.1 1, o.'i.-;. 07;i I, 714, 7-'o, 7.'{7, 741. Miiii.stor. Solia.ili III, .■>4"J-.'), ."lO.'i, ."iN7 s, 607-9, lil.'i. Ois. Miiiitz, Ml- Kiigoiio, ;t!H(, 40;{. Miiiizmoi.stor (MmiolaiiiiRl, Dr. .loi-ciiiio. :v.>-2:t. ,'iiio s, 4(14, o.vj, 000. liiiatiiri, .'l,S.">, 4ii.")0, Imiii, ( iiiioa, 7'J.'*. Im-pliv. lli.ii. Hiin-v ('., 10, 10,>*, •Jia, I'M-."., -JIO, •-••-•l'4. ."if.', .">76-.S. I 111- y .Vgiiirio. .liiaii do, 0.")'_'. Im-r.C. t;.do, 00, .'iOl L". .'tOO, 4:«), lyoholl, William, .".it4, 707. Ivritiiis, .Iii.'iiiiio.s, .Vill. V.Adl.KK. C. K., .">1.">, r. 047, 7110, 7--'4 ,■■, 7-'.S. NaBinytli, .lamosi, 0."iO. Xavai-i-olo, 00, ll.-^ 10, I'-'l, i;«), l.vj, -.'ill, 'j;)! •-', VON, .'i'-'o, ;t.M(i, 410, r.<-2. 10;i, .".II--' ."(, (i-.M, 04(1, 071, 074, 00(1, 00."., 714, 7.'."., 000. Xi.-uosa, Dio-i. do, !•->•-', 440, 4.",S, 40.i, 470, 7-"-', 7;!4, 7.S0. Xiol.la, IVdi.iilo, 726. Xinii, .Miiii.^i., SO. .".01, 7-'0. Xini., .\iiilro» (iaioia, "Jli'.', O'J.'i, 7 IS, 726. Xifiii. I'l-i.itiil.al I'oi-oz, 726. Xiiii., Kranoisoi.. ,S.'!, fi,",, 070, 726, Xini., .liian, 004, 726. Xinii, I'odro .Mmisi., or IVr Alonso, or I'oialonaii, or !Vri) .Mon.so, 1(1(1, l'J4. .■l'-'7. .'U-J. 4110, OO.'J, 07(1, (i7-", 673, (174, (.70, 678-9, O.s-2, 7-';<, 726, 7:i(i. Xino, I'.iidi ij;i., 726. N'izza, .Maioi. do, 044. Xi.i-1, .lai-ijuotf, O'J-. XordoiiMkiiilil, Uari.ii and Dr., 00, 00, 04. .(117 0, .■<71--'. 407, 4(iO, 474, 470. ^S■2, 407, ."id.'.-li, .">!."., .".•_'ii, ."..'U, .".."i(i. .".01, .S7M, .">.S7, .".00. .V.lS-0. Olio. Xiiionlia, I'Vinam do, 696. Xi.itos, .Mvari. Alfonso, 7'2M. Xiiva .lo.ii. da, .•{7(1, 0,S7. X'oya, .Iiiaii do, 07S. Xin'io/, IVdi-o. 727, 7.'l".. Xiisarilii, Antouin. 727. Xiilzol, (Jal.riol, ,'101. Xyvord, (iiiillaiimo, .'iOO. /"\('AMI'0, Cai-oia do, O.SO. Ooaiil])o, Sel.aNtian do, 07 iH'-', •-'47. Ooo, Caroiii l-'t-nianduz do, OM!). Odorigi.. Xioi.lo, 410, 4'_';i. Ooglin, Krlmrt, 4N."i. ()juoiiiw, Ki-aiioi.?oo, 070. Olid, C'ristoval do, 71S. Olivi;. (lii.vamii, 'JIO. Olivoia, Diof^i. do, 7.'i4. OlivoK. Ilai-tnloini'' or riarli.lomeo, 585^, 727. :t Olivi'a, .laiiiiii', (i.'ll). Oljic, liergiiianii elf, 401. Omimt, Mr. lluiiry, (i'l . Opilioni'm, rutiuH, ,">!KI. Oiiliiz, Diet,'.. .If, .IS.S !l, 7;j-.'. Orcllaiiii, Ki-iiiu'i«cM clu, ."i."iS, Ol.'i. Ol'iii'ciinay, Imliiin (,Iium'ii, ."iS!I. Ul-t.ll, (ilMulliiiln. Suo Oollill, (iel'ipiiimii. Orte^'.i, .liiiiu lie, Till. OrtL'lius, :2Sti, ."il7 s, .V.;f, 7111, Oitiz, Aiitoiii.i, 638. (hti/, .luiiii, liiiii 7. Ortiz, I'l'i-o, (Kill 7. ()rtiiliia,.litim 1'. iiz ilc, l.'i.'i (i, 1 17. Ortufii), Kin'tuii, Si'i' .liiULMii/. iiiul Ximt'iu'z. Oaoi-ia, Ahar IV-iuz, (liiii. Osciiui, llicrdiiviiio, (il, .'il'.). Oviuidc, .Juiiii ,!<■, .">!!,"■. (hiiiiilo, N'i,-,il,i.i ill', 1,17, IKi, l.Vi, •l,s.i, C90, ii!M. Ovii.lii, (icmziilci I'Viiimiilcz ili!, 17, I-JlM4l', I U .•., 1 til .■>!», l.VJ, l,-)4-7 I'lll, ll!l •-', Ilill, l,S!l, I'll, H)(i, •-'ll-J, -Jm, •J117 S, •Jlll.'^, -J.-ill-J, •-'i-j ;!, j(is. .•i-_'7, .'Hi."!, .'iss, 4-.'o, •i;t:i, -171;, .-..is, .-,i(i.i, 543.4_ .-,17, 588 9, •"ill-. ."■!";, mi.-f, t;-_M. (i-j.-<, li.'fl .'i, ii;!."i 1;. (iii.'i, (i7u, i;7ri, (;;i|, 7i»>, 7-'-J », 7-'ii, 7-J!i, 7.-!;t, 7."(i7, T.'i'.i, 74(1. j)A( IlKliro, ironimi.l.i, C".. I'alfstiiiiii, Salvalciic ilu, 17li, 171,728. I'.l'i'liMlvs, l-'ralirisi'd lie. (;7I 6734. I'alii.H, .liiaii I'lriiiincUz ilc, 727. l'iiiK-aMi>, Li'oii (II- l.t'oiu', ■J7i' 7 1."., 7-'7. PaiiziT, Cciiix'i' Wolf.', 4.1."i, ."ii;f, .">i,s, :,M. I'ar.ulos, S.iiuh.i ,U\ t.'fi'. I'aiil.>, IViliD, (iSll. Pai'i.i, ('ai'iciiu.', 'X>, 77">. Pails ( I'aros ';), ['"laiicisoD ilc, 727. PanmiitiiT, .loliaii, ISO 1, 568. I'asainoMlr, Mii,'iu'l .Ic, 111."., (s;!. Pa,si|iiali^'i), Ldri'Mzi), (i S. IS, '.'.S!!, .'ili, .■«',!, ill, (i;), ll(l-7;t, (174 Pasinialiu'ii, I'ictro, |14 .">, los, ;i4 1 ,"),SII. I'asli'iu', .liiaii riaiui.si.i .!,•, 727. I'atlno, .lii.iii, I'lllll. I'atil III., PoiR., ti.'{,-,. I'avoii, I'laiifisi'i.. 727. IVdianas. Si'o Pavil.i, IV.liai'ias. l\!iI-\ (II X.\Mi;s. I'.dn', D.mi, .11, .■i7S, li.-J, 637, HV). I'lii.iU', Mfniaiul.), 540 1, 728. IVi'iates, 'I'll,', 727. 7-J!l. IViitciii, DicL;.,, 11711. IVialia, SnV)i- Maiiuol M. ,1,., ."i'!7S, .■>44, .">7."), 7-J4, 7-j(j. I'.Tiiia. Si'f lluivllio IVnira, l)ii'i,o. I'l'i-cs, l-'fin.iihlo. (17-_>. I'ciLZ, .Am 728. IN'i.z, llaitiilnini', S."), i;7H, 728. j Peivz, r.cniai-.l.i, ;•_'■_>. Pflvz, Dici;,,, 728. IVii'z, ( imiciTi', (1(17. I'cnz. IK'iiiaii, 728. I'.T./, .Inivr, 728. , IVicz, .luali, (i(ll, 7-J;_>, i Peivz, Xir.ila.s, ,'!;)l, l.'i.'i-C. (17."i ,s. IVriv, IJiiy. (i7_', 728. I'cll .11- Sprit, Su- ril.imas. 17. I'f.s.h.l. Osnii', l.">. CI, 117 l-'l II.-.. Mil. 17(1, 17s. .■CI.-,. 4 J-., l.-id.' 471, li.'iii. IVlii, .X.l.iiii, :.N1. I'clii. lli-imi.h, ■2'<,]. IVlriis, .K.liaiiius, ."i!i;t. l'i'y|ius, Iji'iliMiik, ."ilii, ."lil'i. I'liiK'siiis, 47'.l. I'liilipiJK' liaii.l,s,,nir,71(l,7;(ii,7i;i. I'hili|i II., Kii,,. ,,|' .'Spain, 174, •-'.'it, L'.'iSdl, Jil.-,, •ji;7, i)-_'o.|, (l'-'7 s, t;;,M. 710, 7.{,;, 710, 71,-,, Philip III., Kiiiu'iif Spain, -.'j;!, .-,41. Phillips, SiiTlmnias, ."il:{, (i'_'."i, lyi). Plil-y..(I, 516 18, •"'71, ii'i.'j, 7'''.i, 71.". '7111' 7.'i(i. Pilfrttriiia, Salvat iK'. Sou I'alistriiia. I'ilii}ski, .\.lai!i. III. I'il'.la, .hiau ,1... 728. Piiia, Kuy ili', \] , (His !l. I'iiirliaiil, ."iS-J, .".'.III, (117, 111!) 'Jii. PiLU'da I'l- l'iik',1'-, .Mi'iiso Alvai-c .Ic, l.'i, Id.". 7, 171 ;!, •-'■ill, 728. Pim.lo, l,iii<'iizo. i;."i-_'. PiiH'Ui. .\lalii-.i, ;!77. Piiit'l.i, I'ra.i, iso'S -J'ld, .'i,".! .-i. ."IS 7--'."-, 7.16. 795 Piiii.s, .Iiiali lU' l.'S. 728, I'inzi.n, .\iiilri-s C.n.'ali'.H, (1117, 7i;h. 729. PiiiziiM, .\v'u\n iVii'z, ;f;iii 4(1, ;!,s,s, 41(1, nil, 4l!i, (is.-,, 7u's, 729. Pinziiii, Dii'i;,, lliiiiaMiKz, (Is,"), 7-.'l, 729. ' Pill/"!,, Dii'^d Martin. 729. I'inziMi. I'raiiiisc',1 .Marline/. (i(i,'!, 7-'s, 729. Piii/iiii,.lii.in .Martin, (1(17, 7l'S,729, Piiiz.,n. .Maria .\h-aivz, 7;i(l, Pill/..'!!, Maiiin .M.'iisd, :,:i, .•t7S, .'tss (1. tiKi I. (l.-,L', (1(1(1, (l(i;|, 7'j;)' 7-'s, 729 30, 7;i'i. I'iii/ \■!'■.■llll•.'l■\■illr,■m,•^■an,■/, 14, 7'.1 s|. liHi, |l.>|, |->|..-, .>,vi .•«l-' .'t, .•ll'J, .•!Ml, ;!.'7 s, .Tl'.', .-{.■id' .•).'is-!i, :u:,. ;;,;!, n;!, 416, 4-.'l j! -IIS'. 153 64, ITU. ."'.-il. 1,1 ;!, 11(14, 671, 379, lisn, 685, 7-'ii l', 7-'s !1, 730 1, ::!L'. 7;i7. 7.-:!i, 7i.i. I'iiv.... l.uis, 731, Piiv/, .\ii,liv.s, 731. Piicklii'ini.'i-, llihil,,,!,;,, .,1 I. I'isani, llfinii'iii.-i', .'111, .■i|:i.4. Piiiaiii, (Ittavi:,, 7 III. Pills II., Piipi', ."i.",, iHlil. Pi/aiid, KraiioLsri., ■JKi, .■>(l!), ,VJ|, .".411, .m7. .-.(i;!, .-,71!, ,■,117, dl4, (L'S, (i.'iii, (il."i, d.">t, 711:1, 717.1s 7'''> 7--N. 7;ii.', 7;!i..-,. Pi/an,,, Con/al'i, ."i,,S, 7-Jil. Pia...', .I.'aii ,k. la, 4'.I4. I'lann, k, .St<.],|ianiis. .'ills, (iO'.'. Pliny, .•iS7, ;i!ll. Pu'Dl-iisa, rat'i'iiu'. 7.",:!, 77(1. Pule, .Maiv.i, lH.'f, U.S. -JSI, .■iS-.>.;i, .•!!ll,4i:i, .-)(i!l, ,",■_'.•,, .-,|S. Pi,n.-i', .Itiaii. S,.|. |,i.,in, .Inan I'l.iR'i' ilr. P..ii.'o, Maiiin, 731. P.imiliaiiia'ii, 1 1,', US. Pcrc.ii'chi, I'dH is.ci. 'Jsii. I'',iviiiia, lloniaiul,. ,1c, (Kid, P.'hIi'MciIu., 0,1,, lie ,ia, •iS4. Porras, Di.'.-., ilo, ;;'J7, CJO, 4;)l, 4;i;!, 4."id, 711.1, Pumis, 111-,, 7(l!l. Pi.n-as, pfaiicis...., il,., d;i^>, I'dii-ii, Siu'iinr, (ii'i), P.irlioli, ..\ttilii', ."..'is, I'diiocaiTi'i-ii, .Miinsi, piTnaiiiUz ui- lloniaiiilL'/, 1:111, i!l.i-4, lilti. P'.ilogaU'tc, 731. Pdi'tiigal, .Mvai" ,1,., Iis;i, Portugal, Kind's ,.(', Si'd .\lVoiiso \"., .loam 1., .Icaiii II., ,l,,ain III., .MaiiiM'l, t A If .1 i hi. ^ i\ u t i\ I liniiV.1^ i; I 796 l'(.tier, l.(.ciks.ll.r-. 4I'J. Poyo, Muciiis ikl, 731, 7411. I'rnct, .IipRi'iili Villi, ."ili IVatnriuii, .InlmmifK, "i/iO. I'lniitl, ( iiil, Tiiifl. I'lnUi, Allicitus .If, 'Jl. Vii-, .Jilimi (111, .S'.tlt. I'rctot le Suviiiit, ti-_M. I'lvsrctt. Willi.iiii II., 4;ii, .VX), safi. Prenillioiiiiiif, (iiiillniiiiif, ^'■-'•J. Priiiiiis, Mr. \'iorii.'ii, "i.').'!. ^ru^;^.'•■l■ or Piiiciit-r. N'ionliiH, 578, I'ti.liiiiv. iii-j. iiri. isci, 2SJ, -JOS, ;iu4. ;ut;, .'isT, .Sill, I'uelila, Dr. Kiiy (imizalua df, 1. Puulilu. .Tiinii lU- In, 732. Piiflila, Peilrc. nr Pitd .Siiicliez de la. liT". t!T4, 732. Pnelila. P,iiv <;..i;/i>l.s ile, ."iO, 41, 44, IKi, IIS, 40.S. Puerto, Rev. .Tiinii il«l. fi.SI. Pnr.lias, Sainiu-l, 21, 24, 3HH. Puttiok ami Sirii|is(Mi, ."i.">. PyiiiiiMit.i. Juan, 732. r\L'.\lil:l(), Fiaiuf.sc. S., ."lOl. •^ (.liiartier. Sfct'artifr,.Jaciiues. Quiji. ■)r . ,Jiiaii ilc, 732. i^iejo or (^ii\..s. [\d,„ ,le, 198, ■JV.i. -JO.-. II, 732. Queriilo, .\lniiso Cutierrez, (j(i6-7. Quesada. Caspar ile, 717. Quevedd. Jiiaii di-, 484. Qufcxo, .loliaii (,r .Jiiaii Karrin de, .-.Nil 732. (,liiexi>. . I nail I'.iino df, 7.')"J. Quioedi), .luaii dc, (i7S. Qiiiiitaiia, M. J.. 717. 7;!.'). giiiiittin. .Monso. 699, 732. (,'iiiiilir.i. Anton, 732. (Juint.-M-o, .'ristolial. lid.'!, (ififi, 711. Qiiintero, Francisco, 732. *,iiiintciii or Qnitfio, Hernando, 732. Quintero, .Juan, (!(j(i. r)7.">, 07!), 732. Quiiit.-ro, Pfio Koilrigiifz, 73?. Quiriiii, 4iK). (,'iiiri|ia, ('aci(|iii'. ~X], 777. D.MvMMO.VrK. Di. Van, l'.S.V7, ^^ .'17^. RnUow , l!ishn]) of, ."i()0. Rnlelgli, Walter, 2,S8. Ramalho, .loio, Co.). Inhkx (ii \.\Mi;s. Rain... .Mfrid, 7-'o. Rftinirez, .Mvar, ti.S'J. Raniiii/, .\ntoii, 732. Rainiriz, LuIk. ■.!•>, (lo.'t. l\iC\. HaiiiiifZ, IVilio, .-il'l, (i7I2. 498. 4!l!l. (ill!, 732 3. Ri-iiiil. I'c-.lio, junior, I. "1, 2(11 . 498, 4ii!i. 733- Kiis.li, (In-L'orv, .'(12, 444, 4S2, 643. Reniliiiliii..iki, K., !l(l, 414. l.i. Reiir, King of Sjuily, .■t7.">(i. Rei).. II. , 274, 27(i s, 2.Sit, ,•)! I , ,■{.-.•), •■ar, 733, 7.t5. Reyes, Martin de Ion. See Loa Pii/ye.s, .Martin de. Kliol, Paul, ,-)i;j. Rilieim 01 Kiliero, Diego, Ifi, 17, III, 21 2, 44, Kill, IT.s. 2(14, 2(17, 211, 2i;i. 22(1, 2::i 1, 2;t;!, 2.')(i, 2U 2. 2(i|.2. 2(i."..S. 27.">, .•iil2, .•{••j.s. 4ii,s. 499-500, .vji. .-..'is. 540, .V.7-S. ."iii;i 4. 56975, ■"'7(1, ."isu-i, ."i!i7, (i(i2, (iiKi. (;2s. (n2 :(, (i4(), 7ii;t, 7ii."i, 71(1, 733-4, 7411, 7.'>4. Ribeiro dos .'^antus, .'iilil, (137. Riliera, .... de. (iiKi. Ricarte, of Xorniandy, 7I.">. Rieeiiis, Panliis. .■jllil, 4!l(',. Rich, Obadiah, fl,). Hieliard III., King of Kiiglaiid, 411. Ricliter, J. 1'., 481. Kingniann, .Matthews, 274, 442-4, 47!l. Hinueiini, 'I'livulzio, 47(1. Riol, 4."iS. Rios (iMi). Rivarol, Rivari'la, or RivaroUa, Ki-aiieesco or I'raneiseo de, 130, 4(1.-1, 681. Rivoli, Ihikede, .■)I9. Rohertet, liishop , Iaccir.es, 404-.'). Rohertel, Rishoj) Charles, 404. Rolierval, .T. P., .'^ieiir de, .•i4, 71. Rmlias, .Mr. .\., ."ilJ. Hoelic, .luan, 734. Rodas, Miguel de, 714 l.'., 734. Roilriguez, FriuieiBco, J74, 71.-. Ro Itiguez, lleniando. 734. Rodriguez, llieioiiy.no. 7.'U. Rodriguez. .luan. .^ee Mafia, thiaii Hoihiguez ile. Rodri-iiez, .Melehior, 734. Rodriguez, Selinstian, 734- Rodriguez cle Huelvn, .riiaii, 7l.'i. Roigny. ,leaii de, .'iS."). Rojas, (.al.iiel de, 1116. RoMiii. I'.,irtolonie, (itU, ii72, (i77, tlsd. 734. Roldan, Fraiuiseo, ,32^1 3ii. Roldall "el Moz.o,'Muali. 735. Romano, .\ntonio, 261, 723. 735. Roiidinelli, Piero, tWS. Ro.iuette, .1. I. de la, 412, 4l.->. Roselli, Pietiv., ,W-2. Rosello, F., 590 2. Rosenthal, Ludwig, .■)2'.l. 578. Rossi, (.'aptain Ildehraiido, .533, .-..il. Rothsrhild, llaroii Kdnioiid de, (127. 6.3(1. Rotz (lean Pozei, .lohn, ilt). Rousselay, Zanohis de. 221, .V)4. .■i7(i. Roussiu, .\dni!ral, 342, .'.09. Rovere. Delia. ."173. Roze, .lean, .^ee Rot?, -lolm. liiii?, .Sineho, S!l, (i(i3, 735. R'liz Castafieda, I!artol.,im'., 735. liui/de Fstrada, llartolmne, 5401, 736. Ruizde la Moiiia, IVdro. 735. Rupreeht, .T, (J., 4.39. Riisso, tlaeojio, 270. Rut, ,Iohu, 2(1, 71, 288. Riiv.scli, .loliann or loaniies, 38, 8(1 1,93 4, 112-14. 123, 1.33. 179, 243, 2711, 27.-1, 2S2-3. 29(1, 296- .3112. .31U. 3u(;. .3|il, 31.-1-21. .324, ,3.3.-1 (i, 3.-,'.', 371. 4.3(1. 449-52, >.->3, 469, 473, 4S(I, 487, .>17, .■>49. 7,->4. Rvnier, 'Ihoinas, 2, 4 .", 46, 17.-), \.9:'. (;^.\.\, Diego de, 735. Saavedra, Aharo de, 72.'), 7.38. Snavedra (eroii, .-\lviiro de, 737. Sagra, Ramon de la, 90-1, 4I41-). .•^aint Martin, 670. .Salamanea, Count of, .'144. hi , it t Saliimaiieii, Diego Munoz de, 636. Salayii. ( 'eliiyii or Zeliiyii, Hancho .le, 735. .'■aliizni', .Timn do, 070. Siilccilo, I'e.lro ile, 66fi. SuUto, ria.n-isco, T.I.S, 736. ."^alle, Aiitf iiie de la, .fTO. Salviati, IHikc du, (HO. Salviuti, (iiovaiiiii, .")40. .'^al/.lniig, Cai'diiial Arcliliisliop of, Snniaiia or Saiimno, .Iiiaii de, 158, r>'M, 707, 735. .Suniiidoco, Caciiiui', 773. Nth Antonio, ,1. de, .")48. San .lorgc, 'I'listan de, 666. San or SanI Martin, Andrea do, 262, 72.-), 736, 738. ."^anchc/, liartAlonu', 735. .•^anclic;'., Diego, 735. Sanelie;-, Kninciseo, 735. SaiK'liez, (iines, 735. Sancliez, Juan, li.Sit, 735, 739. Sanelie?, Lazaro, 735. .^ancliez, Lope, 70(1, 735-6. .Smclie/, .Miguel, 736. i^aneliez, I'ero, (isi). Saneliez, Rodrigo, 604. Sancliez de Rodas, Miguel, 715. .Sandi, Antouio, 47'l. .'^anslinry, Mr., 27. .'^anpovino, Francesco, 'i'. ', 041-2. Sansueta, Juan, 720. .Sant Kilijjijo, Mr. Aniat di, 469. Santa (Jelay, Ksteban de, 743. Santa Cruz, Alonso de, ,S,S, 2,'?2, 2.'U. 2.i7-(.'{, 202, 2(iN, 427, 447, r>7:i. 620-1, (i24, KU, 033, 704, 7iis. 7:i;f, 7;^o. .'>antander or Santandres, .Ulan de, 71.->. .Santareni, .loam ile, 53. .Sintareni, Viscount de, 377, 38", km;, 48.S, .-.18, ,-)il2-3, 042, 741. i^anto Domingo, Alonso de, 166. l^antos, Francisco, 7((4. ."^anuto, I.ivio, 26. Sanuto, Marin, 6, 27, 2!», 5.-), 57-8, lUd, .30.% 341, .343.-.. ."^ardicrc, (iuyon de, 02."), ()29. Sanlo, I'edro, 089. J^assenay, Mari[uis de, ."i.'i'.l. ."^asueta, .Iiian de, 07l>. .Sitlias, 0.10. Savoie, Louise de, 227, ^ll. ImiFX of Xa.mk.s. .Saxe-Wi-imar, His lligliucss the (Jrand Duke of, ."ii)3. Saxony, Prince .lolm F'rederick, Duke of, .")20, .I,').-), ,-|!l.'j. Scarlatti, 'I'lic Al)l).', 744. Sdiedel, irartmiinn, .398. Seliefer, .\Ir. ("liarles, 180, 568. Sclunaus, Leonard, ,309, 496-7. Sdimeller. Dr. .1. A., .397, 42/, (!.3ti, 713, 710. Schmidt, Dr. CliarU-s, 441-2. Seliiincr, .loannes or .loluiiwi 82, 94, 9.1, 112, U.-|, 123, 275, 290, 2!l5-0, .'iiKl, .'io.s-ij, .•il2-l3, 31522, .321,-^.35 ti. ;j.-,9. .Tl 3, 429, 4.39, 451. .lOS, 473, 484-S, 490, 491 492, 505, 5067, 519-28, 545, ■54!l-52, .*,(;5-7, .".(jN, 579, 5«3-4, 587 8, 592 4, 013, 018, 041. Scho ,, Johannes, 443-4, ,508. Scolvo, Scolnns. See Szkolny. Scyllacio, Nicolo, 009. Seileno, Antouio de, 719, 722. Segovia, (ionzalo Fernandez de,G66 Segura. liartol.ime de, 0.S9. Sellius, 8. Seneca, 393, 397. .Senna Freitn.-s, B. ■!. de, 51-2, fl.-)6.7. Sei);H'iia, Dicg Lopez tie, .5(18, 703, 737. Serua, Fcrnaud( de la, 575, 711. .'^errano, .luaii l.odriguez, ,339-40, 0811, 722, 725, 737- Servet, Michel, 610. ."'esostria, I'liaraoh of Egypt, 235. Sevilla, Diego de, 65."). Scvilla, .Juan de, 067. Sforzii, Ascanio, 101, 31.3. Sforzu, Francesco Maria, 1,38. Sforza di Santa Fior;i, Guido Ascanio, 030. ,Shea. .loliu (lilmary, 2o5->*, 210-11, 721, 7.12, 7.3S. Sidney, Sm- I'liiliii. 35, 214, .541. Siel.er, Lmiis, 2S1, 441. Silva, Don Michael da, 273, 492. Silva, .Joan de, 737. Silva, I'edro da, "4-5, 64. .'^ilveyra, .JoAo da, 215, 223-3, 227. .■^intanca.s, 020. Sinioens, Sebastian, 737. .Siiiiehi, 'I'lie Countess of. Duchess of Hcrwick and AUia, 354-5, 073. SixtusIV,, I'opc, 55, 009. .'^loaiie, .548. Sniitli, Hiickiutrhain, 203, 215, 2.3(1, 570. .'^niith. Miss L. Touhuine, 29. 031, 747. 797 .Soarez, Gahriel, .348. ."^oderini, I'ier, 27ii 7, 351, ;i."i3. .Soderini, Tomm.iBo, .275. Sr)ganiosa, i 'acicpie, 780. Solador, Diego .Sanchez, 737. .Solinus .505. Solis, Bias de, 722, 737, 7.39. Solis, .Jiiui Diiis or Diaz de, 14, 15, 10, 2(1, ;i2. :i4, 79M, 121 25s.(ir, ■20.S-4, 312, :«8, 421, 448, 453 64, 470, 4S(I, 4!ts, .",29, .571, 01)2 (1. il.lM, 042 3, 704, 7(17, 712, 72! 2, 731, 737 8,7.39, 743 4 Solorzauo, I'creira, .1. de, 129. Sonciuo, Rainiondo di, 2-4, 0-7, 8-9, '28, .SO, ,39, 41-3, 107, 117, 119, l.SU, -{07, 074. Sonetti, da li. See lUrtolonieo. Sopuerta, of Palos, 738. .Sorha, Lorenzo Lomellino, OKj. Soria, ,Juan de, 2.50. Sosii, .Jorge de, 670 1, 732, 7.39. Sotil, AloiiBo Fernandez, 2U3, 2(J5, 738. .^oto, Diego de, 738. Soto, Francisco de, 201, 704, 718, 724. 738. Soto, Hcrnanilo ile, 043 4, 040. .Soto, .luan de, 738- Sousa, Antonio Caetano de, 257, 351), 7U3. Sousa, Francisco de, 61, IS4. 187. .'Jonsa, ,Joao ile, 188. .Sousa, Lopes de, 319-21. Sousa, Miirtini AfTonso de, 721. Spain, Kings of. See Ch.irlcs V., Ferdinand, I'hilipIL. I'hilip lU. .Spain, Queens of. Sre Isai.clli, .Juaiia. .Spinola, Xicolo, 4.32. Spitzt-r, the dealer, Mr., 0.3o. .Stahius, .Iollannc^'. 4SI. Stai;lii-no, Mar.iuis Marcelbi, -JIO, 41)9, StiUiga, (_'orrido, 350, 740-1. Stanley of Aldeilev, Lord, 498, 7(l5,"7.33-4. Stniawolski, Siumu. 473-4. Stevens, Mr. Heiu-y, 51(1, .5211. .•..^loluiic/a. .Jolianncs dc, 9.'1, 95, 112. 279-S(l, 291. 290, 311, 315. ;>,".!i, .•171, 405, 472-4, 47S, 4S7, 502, .^tockiacycr. Dr., 2HL Stonier, Dr., .309, 490. Stow, ,Tohn, 40, 40, Idil, C90. Strul,,., .187, .391. Streytpcrgk, Rcynier vou, 519. .Strozzi, 437. .% -* t ■cjS I. MUX 111 Xamks. ,1 <' 1 I' \ II ;ii M Mrypi'. .l.iliii, ■2l<, .Ml. iStUi'lis, . I. '11111111, .'iril. Sliiiiijil', .1., .'lilS. SuIkuici, .limii (le, 731. Swiimi, Miss IC, MS!». SyKiV, K. ila, .•)!l.i. Svhiiiiii 111' SvlvupiiiH lit' Kliiili, ■ lirnmiiln, -JTI. JJI.-f, ;t7l, 469, 1711, -)l-.'. Sylvius, .Kiipas, lilli. Sljilnv, Sciilvii. iinil Sonlims, .'iiliii, 6578. T.MsNir.H, ,lciin. L'7. TlllilVlTU, I'.ili-o ilu, liUli. 'J'liiijjarala, ( 'iiLMipic, ()I7, 7.'i't, ')i\. TiliiguiH (), .Iiiaii ill', (i7.'i I. Tnpia, I'l'iiiarclino dc, liliii. Tiiliiii, Ciistolml .le, 51.3 14. 'rainigim.i. Simnii, 'K'.i. 738- 'rusi-nliii;ii. C'aei'iuo, lill. 7->7, 7SI. I'aBlii, Mr. .Vni.il.li'. .'iS, 'I'eisiiiiT, .\Mtiiiiii', ''~S. Tfivc, l)i..giMl.', .•il, li.'i.', 656. 74(1. Toixiira, roiliii (li'iiie'. Jl"'. Telle/, l'°ui'iiiini iir FiiniAi', "'-, t),V_', 657. Ti'ii'i'ii-ii, .iiim"' l-'iTiianiU'Z uf. ."^ee I'ltiiiuiiIiv, .liiaiii. 'roriiaux. Ifi'iiii, lit-t, 71t>. Tliuvi-t, .\iiiln', lil7. Tliirkill. I.anslcit ..i- 1,'iuiioclol, 41, (;7."i. 'riii'Uia.^, .loliii, -Hi, ."iiS, ()S7. •I'liipiiiassy. K.", H>, (WO. 'riiiiinaz, Mr. .\imilial I'l'rimiiiloz, 3!I8. Tli.imps,'!.. Mr. 11. V., ;f.'4, .'iSJ, l).S(l. 'I'liorno. 'JS."). Thiiiiie, Niuliiil n, 4i'i, I'lO;!. Thonu', Ri.licrt. Jl, :!."., 4(i, .•t.l7, ."i.V'-li. 'rhim..'iio, ."i4. Tinny, Aiitluiyni', li'.Kt. Tiofeiiiui, l)|-. .A. IMliUin ili', ■-'.'U, 4:i!l, 4^-'. Tiral'i'Sihi, ( lirt'laino. ."tlU. TiM'ari'n'i. Cii.sUil.,'! Itoilrigiie/, I is J. 'ri)i.'aj;ic t'aoiinn; (,lnoiiiailo. 7Si?. Ti>li''lii, I'fina Maria ill-, Itl."'. Tcil.i.fa, IViU-'iil.', 7l-'i. Tiu'iliiya, hiuL'ii ill', liiiii. Tori'im, N'liMii (iaioia ilc, l>>. 1!', ■:.lu, ■_•:;:). -Jiy. 472. 498 9, -"hk", 518, .v.i;, 738. Tdi-.i, Mii;ii.'l ilc, i;s!). Tiu'iiiii'Miail.i, .Iiiaii ill', liV, 107. Toiralva, the Majniiliiiiin, lli.i (!. Tiini', .Vlvaid ila, .'tO.'l. Ti'iie, lleriiaiulip ili' la, ."il7, 739. Toiifnia, leiliii ile, li!);t. r.iiiTH, .Vliiimn (le, 670. Tillies, .Allliilliu lie. ll!lll. 'J'lilies, I'raiieisei) ae, "Jfi'J, 7-1. 7;t7 .s. 739. T(ine», .liiMi'- lie, .")! -J, li."il! 7, (Mill, 717. Tnlie.<, l.llin lie, (i'il. Tiirlii.'fa, Ailiian. I'ariliiial nf, l,"i,S. I'l.iy, (ieiiHroy, 466 7. T..,.aiielll. I'acli, ili'l l'i.,./i,, •_>, .'l, .">■-' .1, 378 85, .i'."!. ml. 4;i.-i,H.il •_'. Tovilla, Cri.^liilial ile li, 4S4. Traii.svl\*aiiiis. Maxituiiiaiiu^, ,"00, .-.hi," .vjdi, .-liii, ,'5146, (114, 71:1, 7-' I. Tl-eeli.soii, llidllievs, I'llO. Tropperel, .'elian, .'illO. Ti'iaiia. r.'ii.li i'.;o ile, l!li."i-li. Tli.slaii, Dieyii, (ill-J. 7S9. Trilluiuiiis, .jiiaiiiies or .InlianiU'S, ■.'7.><, ■Jsii, tuit. 144, .415. I'liviv'iaiiii, .\ii>;elii, 10,), •.',">7, •27v», ;ii;!, :t:u;. tis hi. cto, (•,7.s. Truss, I'Mwiii, ."lOi!, ,".'17. Tnitvetler, .lesse, 537. Tulianaiiia, Caeiiiue, 7.'ill, * '>. Tllll.M. t 'aeiillle. ~s:i. TiiPil.iill. Mr. Will. r.. .Ti. Ill'.r.irii. .', ii7!i, 7->'. 739. Ullll'lil, I'e.lro.le. 739. I'psala, r.isliopof. See .\Ia!,'iuis, (.)laiis. ITrliaiii Vl!l.. r.ipe. .See liar llerilii, .Mallei. Ui'ilaiieia. I''ray Anilreas or An (Iro-.le, .-.17, 7.!1. 739-40. Uriarte, .Martin ile, 710. Uri.sta, Kraiieiseo ile. ."lO-"!. Ui'iii^;!!, ilnaii lie, liiili. I'rraea, ('aeii|iie, ."i7.'), 7-4, 7.-'.'!, 7.s:!. U/.ielli, .Mr. taiatavo, ;;, .'17!), 4()i), nrts, .")40, .'lso, ivjy-.'jij, (;.s.s. VACV, Alvar N'lii'ie.; t'al,e.,a , 7'J4 ,-.. Vaea, IVvu Sineluv, 740. \"aiiiaiiii.s, .loaeliiiii, I7.'l, ."il I, ,VSi"i, 598 9, iio!(. Vailillo, .liian ile, 7'-'l. Vailill 1, I'eilroile, 740. Vau/. Manuel, 740. Valuiii, .Aiiilres (lareia, liSO. X'alilivia. I'eilro ile, 7!l, 7'.'7, 745. Valiloviiios, Mamiel ilo, .'il!), ()(i(|, 1170. N'aleiivnt'la, (ieroii'mo ile, 70(>. Vales, IVter ilu, ."i(Mi. Vnlli'l'es, li'raiii,'iiia ile, tilll. Valla, Lorenzo, .'■>4. \'alle, l.nis ilel, .■JlS-lil, ;t;t7.S, 680. Vallejo, Kraneiseo (iarciii, (itHi. \'all.sei'i|iia, (iiilinil ile, tt.M. \'alori, Itaeeio, 07 1, (177, 0S7, 097. X'alpueita or \alpnesta, IVilroile, 71;it),0'20. Vaiiejjiis, riaiieiHOo, 740. Vaneyas, .liirii, 740. Vara, Kranei.seo, 740. Vaiaseinie, .leliaii ilo. Soe Vcr- razaiio, (iiovaniii ■_', ;t70, 417, 407, 4!l-2, ni.l, ")1'.», .■i.'ll, .•>7.'t, 000 I, 088, OilH, 70(1, 718, 7:-' 1, 7.'fii, 741, 7-14. \'asooiieellos, .Mvarii Memle? ile, .•!4!t. X'uHioneelJos, Father .Simao ile, ;i4!), 4-.'o. N'ascoiieellos, .loao Meiiilez ile, 71-', 7.is. N'aseoneelos, .Inaii Menile/ ilo, (>L'4, 0(18, 704. \"asi una, Ifiigo ile, --1, ."i4'J. \'asa'Us, iloaiiiies, 1.18. Xasipie/., Loii.'ii/o, 740. Vas.seur. (oliii, 710. Vavassore, (iiovanni .\iiilrea, 518 19. Vazijiie/, I'atalina, 7(i7. Veilia, 7.'>, \M. 104, 107, 1!)4, .')38. Vega, (iareilasso ilo In, l.M, 644, 71'.(, 7-l.V Veho.lor, Aloiiso, .-,17. Veilia Lina-O, 14, -J.-.S, '-'OO. U( \. 1ni)|;\ Xami < '4 Vl'IhKiO, 740, W'liiMo, I'cii,, ,1, , .'oo, (;."iti, 7.1(1. V,"., I,"i7 S. Ii;i, l(i"i, 17(1, i7;i, mi, i!i;i-(i, 4323, rm, r>i:i, M-A. 711. Vtlazi|iu"., .Iiiaii, .'(.'id, (177. N'clili-, 111 \'cl,li,iis. Williuiii Van '!>■, 139. 14.-. W'Kv, .Mniiwi, 7 Is. Vi'lcz, Kr.iik.iM..>, .'i:)!) -^0. Vfiu'gas (Vani'(,'a8), Altxio, 7;(i;. Vi'iiit'i', l!ailiani;ii, .MM. \'irai-.l, .-VMllKiiiu., ,'i!l!». VfiTclleHf, .\;i.ei-liiii), KM). Vciili-, SiiiKiiiu ili-l, ,S(IS, ;L'(i, (i(iit. ViTgai;i, Kiaiicisi.o dc, (KMi. Vi'igiira, .liiaii (1(., ;)li», (IS!). \'i i-^'uia. Mail in ilo, (i.S!). V..ij..iiia, H. (i., .-in. X'liiina, (inaiiniiof, .S7(i. \'tiiazani>(iL\'rira/./anii,(;invanni 4(i, .■i.vi ,■>, .vi;), ,-)(;() 7, iu'tn, (ii.s, (ii't. Vi.iriizan(>i)i'Vi.|ni,//ano, Ilioioiiy- ino (111, Ml. ISli, 'Jli) L'.'i, •_••.'.■>•(>, .vn, ,Vi4, 675 7, .•).s(i, .-iss, (i()u, (i(ll>, lidS, li-JS. N'eizi'llind, 720. Vcspiu'L'ins, Aini'ricns, 14, 1.'), l'O, .'14, ,S(), [();i. lllii-7, |L>4, !•_>!, L'47, •_'.-i!) lil, -^7(1, L'7;), •_'7.''>-7, L'ii;{, .•iiiii', .■ii7. .'ini-u'i, ;i-.'.s-!), .Til-,-,, .TW, ;i4.\ .'ii!)-(L', ;iiis-7(i, .S7;{, .•i!Hl. 417. 4'.-_', 4-J.S, 44;t, 44,-., 4(i.-..||, 471-2, 4!KI, 4!I7, ,Vl,->.7, .TJ4 ,■), .Mi4. .■i7.'), i;(i4, (i4-_', 672 3, 674, 677, (i7.s, (i.s'j. (is(i, 687, (i.s.s, (i!Mi, 697. (ii«', 7(17, 7i';t, 7;i(), 7;!(i ,s. 740 4, 74.-.. Vi'sinircins, .\ntoiiii.. 744. \-i'»|niocins, lui-iiiinlo, 744. X'l'spnfcinH, (linvanni, 74-1. Vesinu'iins, (Jiroliiino, 7.|4. Vc»|i\H'rins. .Iiian, l.-)-l7, -.-iS, iHd, •jc-j, L"(i4. 533 4, (i4-' ;f, 7(i«, 7-'l', 744 5. ViaiH-llii, HitToiiymo, KH, GDI), 71:!, 74;t. Viniii) (le l^cx.ina, l!i i iiaidiiKi ilc, r,m. I Vidii I'ln.la, .Maria ck , 714. Vhlal, .Vnl (is!). ' V'idoiu', I 'uric, IDO. I Vii.^riiH, tJiiHiiar Isii 7, -j;!!!, 590 I 601, (i()(i-7, 715. ! Vit'llRHlllX, 21 I. Villa, IVdrii iK., (li;(|. I Villaliil...)., Dii.j^,, Caivia ,U., 745. \'illar, .Inan ili-, lilili. N'ilU'gas, IVdiii Itiiiz (1,., IS, •>(!" .■^»4, 7;is, 745. Vinci'iiti', (111, 7._'(i. ViiK'i, 1,< aid., ,1a, 1 IJ, .'Ct, 471 4M,504 5. \'illglMHIllH, ,1111111, (il'2. Vidliintf, Diuia. Iss. VinifB, Kernaiidd do, (IS!). Vianiini), N'iz.aiim, and \'yKL.iiino, EI. .SceCiisa, Vineaiiiii, .Inanirut,., 745. ViKL'iiiiiii, ,liiaii I'm./,, (1(17, 712. ViscaiiKi, Lope/ .Saiifliiz, 745. ViBcaiao, Itddri^;!., (is!). ViapiullL., .Iiiali. Sli: N^.-Kpiiwilis, •J nan. \'iti't, .Mr,, ISl. \'iviildi, PiL'tiii. (i.Vi, 727. Vi/caya, ,liian Sanchez dc, 745. Vnyado, Jnuin, ,-.!, (i,-)'J, 656. Voglit.ili, I'ietii), (i8S. Viilliaincr, 1'., ;i<)!. Vijpfll, ( la«|iar, .Mil. Vdssiiis, l.S.S. ^yADDIXd, Kiaucis, 174, ,-m;(. W'.ilcknacr, ll.iron, IMI 412 41.-.. W.aldsccinidlcr, Mart in, 7!l. [Ki-'i, 112, 12;t, 14S, 274 .SI), 2i)l,2!».->.(>, •J!i!i, ;i(Mi, ;i(iii 12, ;fi(i22, xViti, ."!.■. 1, .■r.7. .Till, .■i7i, .'Cd, 4,10! 4-'4, 440 42, 443 4 4-1... 4 -.1,453, 4(i,->-S. 47.i, 4779, 4!)tl, 4!)4.."., 507 8, 514-15, .-.Hi. 539, .".(Hi, .-i()4, i-.(i.s, .-,7. \\'cclicl, ClirLstian, .'".12, r>ii3, ,-.8u, til 7. 799 Werner, .luliannes .'ih.'. Wliilliduriic, liicli.ii'd, 71. Wiener, Ur., tl.'tl). Wicser, Mr. I'raii/, ,'114, 1S2, tsii 7, 4S!), 4!ll, ,-.(14, ,-||!) 'Jo, ,-.211, .'.U;). C.'IO. WillcH, Hi.Iiai-.l, 24. \\illdiij;lil.y, |,„r,l ,,r Sir Illl^ll, '.'(i 7, .".(I, 7ii(i, 7()S. W'insdr, Mr. .Ins'.in, 2ii.->ti, ■'>''.), li.'ll, (ltd 7. \\'i/nicw»ki, 474. \Vitlia;,'iu8, ,-i,-i2. Wdlsey, Ldi-d Cardinid, 2il, 4S <), •-'4.-., 7117, 74S !). Wdilliingldii, William, 2.'>, ."(KS. W'lltkc, II.. ,Mll, li.'iii, \\'>'>-'t, .'^ylvcsler, 71. Wyiikfcid, Sir n.ilieit, 47, 747. Wylllict, ('driicli«, ISl, 1I.-.7. VAL.MIK.XTO, ( ri>l..l,al»larcin, ^^ (Mi;), 74(i. Xiinene/, Cardinal FlukIscc., 120 i.')'i, •.'7;i, 47.-., 744. Xiinciii'z and .liimiu.-, I'drliin ur Ortiind, (111, 746. Xuduara .Mapaiire, ( aci.iiic, 7st. VANKX, Udilriyn, 746. Vllle. .is;!. yAcii, K. vdii, .-..-.s. Zalleri, lldldgniji,, i:i_ .J.sd. Zuiiil.erti, liartdldincd, .-.111. Xaiiu.nuid, XicdliiM, (i.'ill, 746. Zaralc, .\iij;iistiii dc, 7:!.1. Zarnacd, ('aciipic, 7.-;i, 7M. /ilzaraliaua, I)iey.. Sanchez, 746. Zelii, The I'.n.t h..i.-c. (l.-|.",. 'Airnit, V. A., ,".111. Zicglcr, ,ldhann, 530. Zdivi, .Me.ssandri), 4.'>7. 4!I4. Zdi-zi, Kinidiiilc, .-.'.ll. Zilhilela, .Inan, 71,-.. Ziiichciii, Violins dc, .Ml!!, (110 1 7. Zurita, (Icrdiiiiiid dc, 7.'iO. Ziirl.n, Cardinal I'lacidd, .-,7 7,-. 27-', .'(77, 41!i. ■^ ^ k'i h 4 Ai (^^U(io)\B anb Covtuiione* 1).\i'i]. I. liiU' 17, /vfi'/ ij\ii!iliiy (iiislcul cif iiifli.'\niu-y). l'.H;f 1;, liiH' 24, iirul. .Ill c'nj;ravol Srvlll.m or SiviiiMi m,i|i. I'a^o iS, line jj, fwl: nmiuiscri|>t I'lurl^. !'.!(;> j.\. iicili- 52, iiiiil: ;i|i|)nrcntly .\l tlu' ^ll^;^;l.■■-li()n uf Sclu^liaii Caiioi,— ilodiiKvl |o \\\\ liiT .luiniily. Maii.i 1'i-;kk/.ii .i|i|u-.i1wI in Cliiiilf> \'. ''•'ti<-' 4Ji ""i' ^4, '"'" N"i sliiHiKI «c fnrnc'l thai, ix-cunlin^; in IIakhvi, l!nt;l,in.l's el.iiin^, n> ilorivcil I'lom the Icllcr^ iiiUenl nf Jnliii C.Mior, oimprUcil the e.ist ennst .i> f.\r Mmtli as Kloriila. Sec, -n/n-it, \'. 35. ''•'K'-' 44. '"'<■' I-. iKiil l)elore ;i mi^alnry Cllmnli^^ilm from tlie I'mineil of the Indies. T4, rinil lidiilv \., chajiler vi., pp. 116 120. '525. '"' ami \'in;iiiiii. .ioS. "4Sj. ill DRfMMOMi. Or. Kiehaiil Kisi:. lll(■ulll^ of liver^. ii'l : 1512 or, .\s thai cajic. N'ocaviliiue eiii^ iiiiiiiiiii .\lplu «) : -.Vii'l iiaLiiC'l the pojiu where he f) r~l arryvuil I'aye 44, line 2 ill note I'.-rUC 45, hue 9, r. m/ I'aye 45, hue 10, «//vi(-. ^'■W 57. 'iiie' 20, nnil . I'ajje 60, line 14, nnil I'ajje 60, Hole o, fml rage 72, note Jl, nml rat;c '6, line 14. inul : Pane 7S, line 29, ■I'rib l'at;e S7, line 34, r-riil : I 'age S,S, line 1 1, niul Aljihii .mil 0. I'age SS, line iS, imvI : W'f 'I lice: f)iie ileMle el Catio ile Culpa ipie >e ve con la Kspailola, (|iie llaiii'i I'in de Oriente, y por oiro noinlire Alpha et Omena, naveg.'i hacia el I'oniente ;— lie says that from the cape of Cuha which i^ seen from Illspaniola ami which he called TIf h'liMfiiil, and also liy the other name of Alpha and Omnia, he mailed westward." l'ai;i SS, note 28, I'rri'l : Derad. I., lib. iii., p. 2S of llAM.rvi's edition; ami f. 13 of KhKs's lran--l.il ion. I'aj;e 91'), line j, runl : sivleenlli. Page 97, line 25, ulril.-r ciil 1512 or in. Pai;e loi, note 17, ili-ik' mil ihe reference lo plate. PaLic 105, Hole 5, will Tin- MS. was discovered and fir,-.! nienlioned in 1SS5 I'y Mr. Dlindo (IrKHKisi. See our ('hriifn/ili' ('nlninli il Saniiii', p. 36. Pa;.;e in. line ^2, i-'wl : and 0'''fni"-' ymliais, Wv^v 115, line 4, after L;eooraplier, luld : "also .-.liarcd tlii~ opinion," awl M rib. out f rum "never" t-i " 1520," and on line 16, froni ** The fact," to " gloln-s." I'aj;e 121, line It), rnrl : the alleged expedition. I'ai;e 12 1, noie 13, )-.'(./■ p. 169. Page 132, line 14, r-'ul thai inland, just where il slamK on -.iich maps. Paj^e 136, line 5, niiil : north of Cuba only a conlij;uration. Page 136, line 10, "h-ib oiil : 1512 or. P.aye 139, line 17, r del X'allc. inve^ligali'lns institaleil at our recpiesl in the Archive- of ihe Indies, at Seville, in \-il. I. of A'i'iilKi ij ('iipiliilariniii 1, ihiih .-,' il, Mar.ii ili: I'li'H lui.ila ,' ih; Xorirniliri ile l-'iii, — 1-NlaiUe 139 ('.lion 1 — Leg"- 1), have liroiighi to light the fact that the date of "mil e ipiinientos doce ai-io-." i-i an invention of ihe editors of the Colmrioii ilt (lociiinciiloi iiieililos ib Imlia-i. Hut if we li.id relied upmi the infornialion received from (he ciisludians of those archives, we .-hould have coniniilled V-. Adihtions ank C(jkki:(T1()N's. Soi •inyvcil aiiiiihor crtur, juit as inoxplio.ililc a^ llio lir-.t. Tlif i-immiuiiii'.iliiiii ■.i.iti'il llut llio sccuiul Iclli-rs lulent 111 r^vivur of I'niici.- ill' I.i'oii, j;riinlinn liiiii llii- |iiivilc^;r tu muIo '• la y>l.i I'Inriila," «as " I'ccli.i on N'all.iiliiliil rn .'7 Ac Srlic-nilire 151J." Tlii^ il.iU' ■.(.■I'liiini; In iw >till iin'iT iinai'roiinl.ihU' ih.in llu- oni- iif |!il2, wc wi.>lo anain, ln.'n;;iiit; llial a I'ac'.imilc >hciulil lie »i-nl wiili llic lraii!.cri)it. The ri'|ply »as as fiilluw, : " l)t'*lo cl fulio II al 12, viifllus, cxislc ulra ('a|)iliilaci«in (la .'■'■), tumaila con Juan I'onie llu I.con para ir a pohlar li las Isla» ilc llrinini (Asi isl.i cscriii), y la l-'loriila, fcclia en Valladojid a 37 I'o Seiii'inliro ilo oil nihiM ; niiiio niaitlit ilit rajm iiiir I'l i/ fniilinuaiiuii." To lhi» i'x|>laiiatlon vva.> ai>i'Ciuli.'J ihi: rdKuviny I'aciiinilt:, wliich jTnses (|uilc llii; reverse ; fcc\i h.o liile l.i moilify our te\l, llie rea.ler will notice that what the learned luchieisl, iiiM-led in callliij; the year "1513," i^ in reality ihe ye.u 1514. l-'uither, i.lliM docuinenls slmw that I'oiu'i' de l.eoii, who had ohiained hi> letlirs |ialeiU of I'eliiuary 2.), 1512, while he was yet in lie' island i.| I'oiin Kieu (San juanl, receivcil iirder'- from KIiil; I'Vrdinand, Anj;vist 1^, 1512, to repair at >pai It follows from those facts that O^car I'eschel's belief as regards the diMiiveiy of IL.rida lij I'oiue de l.eon liavint; lieen aeconi- l)lisheil, not in 1512, but in 15IJ, is correct. I'anf llio, line J5, /■.ni/; direct lor l-'lorida. I'aiJe iSl, line 1(j, mil: In 150S, four ships -.ailed Ironi Rouen for the li^herie^ i.f Newfoundland, \i/.: l.a lliiiiiii Artiitiii-i. under the coniniand of Iaci|ues de Kalo^^e, l.ii Sihi/lf , /., Miili,!, and /.a Mini' ile /loitiif.i Xoiinlli 1, comm.u\i\v>\ l>y lean Dieulni-. (( iossi.i.iN, I )iu- 11 mt iils uitlliniliiiii, • imiti- /'lii.inlii ili Id tiHiriiii- iiin-iiiniiile, p. IJ. ) l'at;o l8j, line J4, /("(/• the Cut of (."anso. I'ajje 101, line o, i-unl : canal of Halmnia. I'a^je 211), line .ij, mi'l : tbo,e. I'ago 223, line 12, lulil : " Mestie joao verazano que vac descobrir o calayo nao he parlido ate a leilura di^ta carta semindo a nova io^.. de i^ouvea vae a|;ora a iruao onde saber.i todn o mai-. cerlo ipie se de di>to lar[;amcnte >eL;unilo Hie encomendei." (Kindly copied al our iei|iie>l Ironi the orii^inal in the Torre do toinl.o, by Mr. Luciano (.'••rdeiro.) I'ai^e 2}2, line J5, <'/■//,■ nnl : ,Speak> a-, an eye-»ilne^-. I'ai;e 24S, line 7, «//•//' mi': with a ^in^lc exception. I'aj^e 24.S, line 31, nn.l: in 1523. I'a^;e 240, liiu ■itrib' oiil : 1512 rather than in. r,at;e 251, line 4, rani : 1526. I'aj^e 25S, line 10, mlil : .Such a po'liibllion i.oiild nut have depended on arbiliary inlerdiei,. In ihiKe d.iv^ the Kinf;s of Spain m.ade known all their orders by written law> or ordinance^. We po>~ess the col- lection of all the decrees and rejjniationi concerning; ^luh matter^, i^-ued in the tir-l li.df of the -.ixieentli century ( Hililint/m-ii .t iih riiiiiid \'i 'i(- mil : 1520. I'aye 312, line 27, nml : i'-iliijiiiiii. l'ai;e 344, line 1, riml: (iiovanni t'relieo. 5 I' So2 AniHTIiiNS AMI CdKKKi TIDNS. 1 i' h i' i i'l m » ^'■V J5'' '''"•■ 4i ii"li' 68, in-.li'.iil (if iiiilliotiiy, ntitl : .T.ulunliriiy. r.it;c JS6, line 8, inxlvad "'''"!'' <"(' . IT iiiny liini' liitn, ''''W J''**' '""^ J.'i '''"'• ""' I'ur-iiry. ''•'K<-' J^'"" "'"^ J7i ""'/ ' inaii. I'ai;!.' J70, line l^, niiil: TtUlain. '■'K'' J7.1' '■'"' '-' '""' ' ^'li Uiniris. r.ij;c .j74, lini' l6, «i/'/ ■ l''iiriiii, oivc ! t'lniiliird, niuhntnui.'. I'at;i' J7ta)'. [\\^c i~C), liiu' jj, iii^ic.iil (if (^ramlMiii, i'kiiI : lirniliiT. I'anu .i;<), liiU' 2J, I'Kc/; t;raii.l iiiulo. I''lt;i' .!7'**i li"l' ^Ji '■""'• I'ilnld. ''•'K'' J'*4i '''"•' '7- I'liiil I" !'• ^'^K'-' i')7i ''1'^' ^i< I'i'i'l: |)ii>lM'ii|it >'r poslMTijiUllii. I'atJi- 414, linr 0. imio 6, i-nul: \ui{.\\iU: raj;t; 415, noie 24, o/ci/v mil from Here In Wdril, ami yuvl : Vwiii ImryU^ nr luirnli", Tlie Kivn nf eiii|ily casks. r.it^o 426, line S, iipiiiiili "('aim fiii)" from " ila Uaiiie. ' Tai;'' 449, line 6, miil : llie issue (if 15C1S nf llie I'tdleiny nri;^iii.\lly |iulilislieil at Knine in I507. I'age 45J, line 2, rmil : I.at;ii de Inro. I'ajje 456, mill to nolc l<)6 : \;ivarrele oniiK 1I1.1I [lotlion of ihe lestimony, which is in ihe 'niijinul Ms. of the I'riilinu.ii, I'atje 451), lino II, inNlead of I'rnlia, runl: Honduras, l'aj;e 45g, Hole 20I). mlil : " I,a jjrande baye de la Naiiviie, e'esi \ dire le ^olfe de Honduras dans son insendde." I'a^e 47 j. line J, xlril.i oiif : iuiitatini; or. raj;e 4S2. line 14, iniil: assume. I'a^e 4S2, nole 277, mlil : see facsimile of thai map, .^ii/im \t. J12. I'a|,'e 4S5. line IJ, inlil : «hieh we sum up as follows: l'a};e 4.S6, line II, iiilil : then lliey saw the land on the ■ of tin. ■url)ii:i," I'LATIC I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. Xlll XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII. &iet arib {poeiiion of (pfa^ea. First Vuy.ngc of John Cabot /o fact page Second Voyage of John Cabot I'hc North-Kast Coast in the Map of Juan de la Cosa • Second N'oyage of Caspar (Jorte-Real .... Last Voyage of Caspar Corte-Keal The New World in the Cantino Chart (Double map) The West Indies (enlarged) in the Map cf La Cosa The .'Vsiatic Coasts in the Cantino Cnart (Double map) - The X'oyage of Joao .Mvarcs l''agundes .... 'I'he New World in the .Map of Maggiolo (Double map) Discoveries of Estcvam Conies The New World in the Map of Stobnic/.a 'I'yiics Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth, com|)ared - North-lCast Coast in the Chart of Niiolai de Canerio Copy made by Schijner of the ".Margarita" maii of 1515 ■ The New World in the .Mappamundi of Ruysch j .Authentic Clobe of Schoncr of 15^3 1 ■,.,,,,, , 1 (Double map) (^ Alleged dlobe ot Schoncr of 1523 - I The New World in the Turin Map First edition of the .Map of Juan Vespuccius The I'aris C.ilt Globe .-.--.. The I'aris Wooden Clobe Original Map of the lilxplorations of De Solo and Mosco^o 8. y)- 42. 79- •Ji- ll I. 1 86. 217. 241. 279. 290. 306, 45'- 520. 529- 533- 5''-- (,13. 644. I' *^ 1 I, !'^' "■> V 'y ■MU I * Ir ^^'-1 I'KINIKIJ IIV JAMES CUX:c., AI.DINE PRESS, ROCHDALE, ENc;., TOR THE Pl-I!I.ISHEK, H. WELTER, 5y, ru,. nONAPARTE, I'ARIS. t BY THE SAME AUTHOR LkTTF.RS of ChRISTOI'IIKR C!oi,b'Mi;U.S DKSCKIIilNG Ills I'lKST V'OYACE TO THE WesTEUN IlKMib. ;i:ki:. 'I'r.xi.s and 'ruANsi-ATioNs. New \'ork, 1865 ; folio, with facsimiles (Privately printed). Notes on Coj.umiius. New York, iS(j6 ; folio, with plates (Privately printed). lj|iit.ioini:cA Americana Vi.tu.stissima. .\ Description ok Works relating to A.merica PUiii.isiiEi) r.i:T\VEEN THE YEARS i-iQi AND iSSi. New York, 1866; 4to, and large 8vo, with facsimiles. I). Feknandc) Colon, Mistoriadok uv. su Pauki; ; ICnsavo Critico. Seville, 1871 ; 4to. liiKi.ioiTii.CA .\mi:ricana Vetu: iissiMA. ;\i)i)iTiONs. Paris, 1872 ; 410, and large 8vo, with ficsimiles. Nori.S I'llUR SERVIR A I.'IIlS TOI RE, A LA lilULlOl IRAI'll 1 1: ET A LA CaRTOGRAI'IIIE DE LA NouvELi.i'. I''rance i'.t des i'avs adjacents, 1545-1700. Paris, 1S72 ; 8vo. Intkouuccion m: la Imprenta en .'\mi':rica, con una Pikliocrafia de i,a:> ohras imtresas 1':n ai,iui:i. iiemisfkrio desde 1540 .\ iCoo. Madrid, 1872; 4to. Fernanu Colomi!, sa vii:, ses uuvres. Essai critique.. Paris, 1872 ; large 8vo. Les CoLOMiio Die I''rance I' f ii'IrsLii:, fa.meu.x marins du xV sikcle; 1461-1491. D'apves des documents iiouvcaux ou iiu'dits tires des archives de Milan, de Paris et de Venise. Menioire ki a IWcademie des inscri])tions et belles-lettres dans ses se'ances des i'''' et 15 niai 1S74. Paris, 1S74 ; 4to. Li: vovace di-, X'i-.rf.azzano (Critical review of the work of the lion. Henry C. Muri)hy, with new di)cuments, in l.i'; Ciikistoiim Colomi;. Ri;vue critk^ue du i'Ki;.MiER rapport officiel PUliLIE SL-R CE sujet. Paris, 1879 ; 8vo. Ji;an et Si-hasiien CAiioi-, leur oric.ine et leurs voyages. Ktui ,; d'histoiue critkiue, suivii'. d'une Cariographie, d'unic RiiiLioGRAPHiE ET d'une Chro.nologie des voyages au Nord-Oue.st, de 1497 a 1559. D'apres des documents inedils. I'avis, 18S2; large 8vo, with facsimile of the North .American section of the Cabotian planisphere of 1544. CiiRLs'ioPiiio Coi.oMP, El- la Corse. Op.si.-.rvations sur un decret recent du gouverne- mf;nt erani;ais. Paris, 18S3; Svo. Les CorteRi-al e.t li urs voyages au NouvE,AU-MoNr)E. D'apres des documents nouveaux ou peu connus tires des archives de Lisbonne et de ^Fodeiie, suivi du texte inedit d'un recit de la troisienie expedition de Caspar Corte-Real et d'une importante carte nauti