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 Canadian Inttituta for Historical Microraproductior • / Inatitut Canadian da microraproductiona historiquaa 
 
 996 
 
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 illustrant la mSthoda. 
 
 1 2 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
MICROCOPY RESOIUTION TEST CHAUT 
 
 (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 
 
 1.0 ^K e 
 
 I.I I "^ lie 
 
 _^ APPLIED IM^GE In 
 
 ^C- '653 East Moin SI'eet 
 
 SV^ ?-??!',"*'"■■ '^*" ■^O''' '*609 USA 
 
 •— (7' 6) 482 - 0300 - Phone 
 
 ^S (^16) 288- 5989 - Fo. 
 
P E M M 1 C A N 
 
 MaDK at KOHT Mcl'HEHSON, A HlUSON'S 
 
 Bay Company's Post Sixty Fivi', Milks 
 Within tiih Arctic Circlk and Two 
 Thousand Nink Hundrf.d ano Skvknty- 
 Eir.HT Miles Northwest oi- Winnii-ei; 
 
 A CHRISTMAS 
 P R E S E N T I ' R O M 
 THE MANITOBA 
 FREE PRESS 
 
 Winnipeg, Canada, Christmas 
 Nineteen Hundred and Two 
 
n, ,". A r- .« 
 
■ Then tin penniiii-iin llifv le»tlf<i 
 
 ifhu 
 
 "A W(MMlcti 1m>wI WiiH »<>oti Ml lK.'1'iirf liif Kllcd with llie 
 mitrUiuiiH preiMiratiim uf drie.l luent tiilk-<l petiiniii.-aii by 
 the northern voyiiKt'r^ 'UkI wiif.na by the DahrDiah,'' 
 
 — PahkmaN. T/tf OffgoH Ttail, Chap. xv. (iSj6) 
 
 "As the trip extendt-il over six or »-t«ht wcekt. it w«n 
 netissury to t)c wi-ll provi.lni with fooU. The fare wa^- 
 -siinplf hut substantial l-luur. Htn)nK blaik teu ami >iiKar 
 wtrt- the staples, and the well-known peinmicaii. pt-tnini- 
 can is now n thiuji i>f the past, lint was the sheet anuhor ni 
 the Ked River voyanenr. Ohlained l>y thi- laifTah. hunters 
 on their Imnalu hunts, the flesh of the liuffalu was eut up 
 into slk-es, dried nnd beaten or flailed into powder; it wa^ 
 then paeked in bajis of raw hide, into whith hot lioilinK fat 
 and marrow of the buffalo carcass was poured. Thus it 
 became air proof, and without salt or any preser\ative. the 
 l»aK closely sewed up, could be thus kept for years. A finer 
 sort of this article, called berry peniniican,' was made by 
 mixing the flesh with ihe lorries of the abundan saskatoon, 
 or ser\'ice Iierry (Amelanchivr Canadensis). This was con 
 sidcred n delicacy. While vnne. like the late Bishop 
 McLean, did not appreciate pemmican, he liavinn tleclared 
 tiefore an uddience of notables in London that eatiiiR 
 pemmican xas to him like chewing a tallow candle, yet 
 this '-.npor.ant staple, worth thousands of pounds a year to 
 the prairie travellers, was so important that the HudsonS 
 Bay Company could not have carried on its wide and 
 extensive enterprises without it, " 
 
 — FONSiiCA. On the St. Paul Ttail in the Sixties. 
 
fMoiv THt vncsscs or 
 
CONCERNING PEMMICAN 
 
 JN the days, not yet two score 
 years ago, when supplies 
 were brought in from Hud- 
 son's Bay to the little Red 
 River settlement where tue 
 city of Winnipeg now stands, the 
 stock of penimican was the first in- 
 dispensable provided for the long 
 journey of the hardy voyageurs; who 
 by way of ri. er, portage and lake 
 traversed the distance 'rom York 
 Factory, where the Hudson's Bay 
 
Ciiinpaiiy's sliips ended tlieir aiimiiil 
 voya},a-s from Ivn^land. And whtn 
 the trains of Red River carts started 
 ont on tlic trail to St. Paul laden 
 willi furs, to come back carrying 
 supplies, pennnican was in like 
 manner the first indispensal)Ie to he 
 provided for the journey. In those 
 days the buffalo in liis countless 
 herd.-; was still in the land. He is 
 vanished now, and his vast grazing 
 grounds are being turned to the 
 service of num. The days of the 
 voyageurs and of the Red River cart 
 are vanished with him into the irrevo- 
 cable past. They belong to a historic 
 yesterday, which is already a remote 
 epoch. The Red River region that 
 knew them has become a land of 
 history and of romance. 
 
 The last herd of buffalo east of the 
 Red River was seen by Sir John 
 
Schtilt/. ill iS6o, then :i yoiiiiji; man 
 of nineteen on his first jonni / to 
 this Western country, in whose 
 historj' he was destined to play such 
 a conspicuous part. Ha 14 rave, the 
 Red River historian, •vritinj^ in 1S69, 
 says : " The serious decrease in the 
 number of l)ufTa which lias been 
 ]ierceptible of late years is producinjj 
 a very disastrous efTect on t'le pro- 
 vision trade of the country. I'emnii- 
 caii, which formerly cost th e-pence 
 a pound, can now be proc.ired with 
 difficulty for a shilliii}i;, and dried 
 meat which formerly cost two-pence 
 now costs eight-pence. This is a 
 circumstance which threatens the 
 transport business of the CoiniJany 
 with most alarming complications." 
 
 Ill an earlier chapter of his book, 
 Hargrave writes of the bitlTalo hunts 
 
 as follows : 
 
 r 
 
Conspicuous in importance amongst 
 the annual events in the Red River colony 
 are the journeys made to the Plains by the 
 BuiTalo hunters at different periods of the 
 year. The parties belonging to the summer 
 hunt start about the beginning of June, and 
 remain on the Plains unti: the beginning of 
 August. They then return for a short 
 t.me to the .settlement for the purpose of 
 trading their pemmican and dried meat 
 The autumn hunters start during the month 
 ot August, and remain on the prairie until 
 the end of October, or eariy in No- ember 
 when they usually return bringing the 
 tresh or 'green meat.' preserved at that 
 late season by the extreme cold. Those 
 hunters, of whom there are many who 
 remain on the Plains during the whole 
 «inter, employ themselves in trapping the 
 fur-bearing animals, and hunting the 
 buffalo for their robes. The pemmican, 
 which forms the staple article of produce 
 trom the summer hunt, is a species of food 
 peculiar to Rupert's Land. It is composed 
 of buffalo meat, dried and pounded fine 
 and mixed with an amount of tallow or 
 
buffalo fat equal to itself in bulk. The 
 tallow, having been boiled, is poured hot 
 from the caldron into an oblong bag manu- 
 factured from the buffalo hide, into which 
 the pounded meat has previously been 
 placed. The contents are then stirred to- 
 gether until they have been thoroughly 
 well mixed. When full, the bag is .sewed 
 up and laid in store. Each bag when full 
 weighs one hundred pounds. It is calcu- 
 lated that, on an average the carcase of 
 each buffalo will yield enough of pemmican 
 to fill one bag. This .species of food is in- 
 valuable as a travelling provision. There 
 is no risk of spoiling it as, if ordinary care 
 be taken to keep the bags dry and free 
 from mould, there is no assignable limit to 
 the time the pemmican will keep. It is 
 the travelling provision u.sed throughout 
 the North, where, in addition to the al- 
 ready specified qualifications, its great 
 facilit\ of transportation renders it exceed- 
 ingly useful." 
 
 With the disappearance of the 
 buffalo, the iiiiking of pemmican was 
 
IM ' 
 
 Of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer's 
 
 ,:!!^^7rd'"p'aceo/u,,: 
 
 mea , ,„d the total quantity made 
 J early amounting to little, in com- 
 parison with the great stores of pem- 
 
 niican made in the days of the buffalo 
 hunts as described by Hargrave 
 Pemm,can ,s still made every yea; 
 at hose Hudson's Bay Compan/s 
 posts for use by trappers and^oya! 
 geurs who penetrate beyond the 
 Arctic Circle, and whom the outside 
 
 world thinks of, when it thinks o 
 hem at all, as being neighbors of 
 the Esquimaux. To the average 
 person nowadays, pemmican is known 
 only as a thing read of. It is ^ 
 word bringing to mind something 
 of the romance of the fur-trad 
 •ngdays as pictured in Ballan- 
 tynes stones or in the pages of the 
 
 Reil River C.irt 
 
writer of " The Lords of the North." 
 One associates it, too, with the 
 search for the pole. It is as remote 
 from one's everyday life as the 
 Esquimaux in his kyack amid the 
 Arctic burgs and floes. 
 
 At the request of the Winnipeg 
 Free Press, instructions were sent 
 early this year to the Hudson's Bay 
 Company's post on Peel River, known 
 as Fort McPherson, within a hundred 
 miles of the Arctic Ocean, to have a 
 quantity of pemmican specially pre- 
 pared and sent to Winnipeg for the 
 purpose of being put up here in 
 small sacks to be sent out as Christ- 
 mas remembrances by the Free 
 Press. This pemmican was prepared 
 by an old trapper who has been for 
 many years in the Hudson's Bay 
 Company's service, and who in his 
 time has made many hundreds of 
 
pounds of buffalo pemniican. In 
 making this supply for the Free 
 Press he lias used the meat of 
 reindeer exclusively. Some of it ht 
 has made plain ; some of it is berry 
 pemmican. It has been prepared 
 with the greatest care, and the 
 Hudson's Bay Company guaran- 
 tees it to be genuine reindeer 
 pemmican of the very best quality. 
 Fort McPherson, the Hudson's Bay 
 Company's post where it was made, 
 is on Peel River, a few miles 
 from its junction with the Mac- 
 kenzie River. To be exact, Fort 
 McPherson is between parallels 67 
 and 68 of north latitude and a short 
 distance east of the 135th meridian ; 
 it is sixty-five miles within the Arctic 
 Circle, and eighty-five miles from the 
 coast of the Arctic Ocean. The 
 pemmican was brought from Fort 
 
McPherson down the Peel River to 
 the Mackenzie, and up the Mac- 
 kenzie in the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany's steamer " Wrigley " to Great 
 Slave Lake, across that Lake and up 
 Slave River to Fort Smith, a distance 
 from Fori McPherson of 1,299 miles. 
 From Fort Smith it was taken by the 
 Company's steamer " Grahame " up 
 Slave River, across Athabasca Lake 
 and up the Athabaska River to Fort 
 McMurray, a distance of 303 miles. 
 The " Wrigley," it nay be of interest 
 to note, is a keel boat 86 feet long, 
 propelled by a screw ; she has a speed 
 of about eight miles an hour on the 
 Lake. The "Grahame" is a flat- 
 bottomed riverboat with a stern wheel. 
 From Fort McMurray flat-bottomed 
 boats, or batteaux, usually in a 
 brigade of twelve, carried it 252 miles 
 —some ninety miles of rapids 
 
necessitate many portages, being 
 encountered on the way -to Atlia- 
 baska Landing; from which point 
 freight is packed by trail 90 miles 
 to Edmonton. From Edmonton to 
 Calgary by the Edmonton extension 
 of the Canadian Pacific Railway is 
 194 miles ; and from Calgary to 
 Winnipeg on the main line is 840 
 miles. The total distance travelled 
 from Fort McPherson to Winnipeg 
 is thus 2,978 miles. In the winter 
 the distance from Fort McPherson to 
 Edmonton is covered by dog trains, a 
 regular packet service being main- 
 tained along the entire line of the 
 Hudson's Bay Company s posts or 
 "forts" as they are .still called. 
 After leaving Fort McPherson, the 
 dog 'rain first comes to Fort Good 
 Hope, then to Fort Norman, and next 
 to Fort Simp.son, which is the head 
 
post for the Mackenzie River district, 
 having Fort Simpson, the following 
 are the different posts in the order in 
 wliich they are come to : Fort Provi- 
 de; -e, Fort Rae, Fort Hay River, 
 Fort Resolution, Fort Smith, Fort 
 Chipewyan, Fort McMurray, and 
 thence, following a different route 
 from that taken in summer. Fort 
 Lac la Biche, Fort Victoria and up 
 the Saskatchewan to Edmonton. 
 
 After being received in Winnipeg, 
 the pemmican was divided up and 
 packed in little sacks, one of which 
 is presented herewith. This rein- 
 deer pemmican is procurable only 
 in the far North. The pemmican 
 carried by Arctic explorers who out- 
 fit their ships at their port of de- 
 parture is, as described in "The 
 Rescue of Greeley,'' by Schley and 
 Soley (page 132) "made from the 
 
<ap 
 
 round of beef cut in strips and dried, 
 then shredded or mixed with beef 
 tallow and currants." As will doubt- 
 less have occurred to the reader, 
 penimican of the far Canadian North 
 and biltong of the Boers on the South 
 African veldt are cousins. Both con- 
 tain the largest amount of nourish- 
 ment in the smallest space. 
 
 As for the palatableness of pem- 
 mican, whether eaten jast as it is, or 
 cooked, there is nothir.g can be said 
 that will begin to make as lasting an 
 impression upon the reader as an 
 actual test of the contents of the 
 accompanying little sack The late 
 Bishop of Saskatchewan, as we have 
 seen, declared before a distinguished 
 audience in London that eating pem- 
 niican was like chewing a tallow 
 candle. The reader may be inclined 
 to take this jocular remark of the 
 
Bishop's seriously, especially after 
 trying a luoutliful of the real article. 
 Be it remembered, however, that pem- 
 mican is a thing to which the Latin 
 proverb about hunger being the best 
 sauce has a prj-eminent application. 
 Of many testimonies that might be 
 cited, take this from Fonseca's "On 
 the St. Paul Trail in the Sixties " : 
 
 " After tome hours of steady travelling, 
 as the sun stood high in the sky, the wel- 
 come stop took place. . . . The kettle was 
 soon Ktmmering. While this was occurring 
 the Red River bannock was in course of 
 preparation. It wis simply flour, water 
 and salt. The dough was kneaded on a 
 bag spread out on a buffalo skin, the cakes 
 were flattened and baked in a . frying pan 
 over the fire, and were soon ready. When 
 the water had boiled in the kettle, the 
 pemmican bag was broached, a quantity of 
 it was stirred into the boiling water, flour 
 and salt were added, and thus resulted the 
 celebrated 'rubaboo,' as it was called. 
 
When the mixture was thickened it then 
 was called ' rowschow,' but for the journey 
 the former was preferable. Hot bannocks 
 and piping hot ' rubaboo ' were served 
 around, the latter in cups, and the tea in 
 tin cups soon began to disappear among 
 the hungry company. The appetite, stimu- 
 lated by fresh air and exercise, was sur- 
 prising, and a dyspeptic lieing looking on 
 at such a meal would turn green with 
 envy." 
 
 Let UP turn over a few pages of 
 Fouseca's interesting na'-rative, and 
 read again : 
 
 "The afternoon journey was usually 
 continued for about twelve or fifteen miles, 
 when the cheerful word, both to man and 
 beast, was given to halt for the night. 
 The cuisine was again put into operation, 
 though the menu was somewhat changed. 
 Instead of 'rubaboo,' 're-chaud' was 
 served, commonly corrupted ' row-schow,' 
 from the Latin ' re' and the French 'chaud' 
 heated over. Pemmican cooked in a frying 
 
pan, a little grease, pepper, salt, with a 
 trace uf onions and |)otatoes added, con- 
 stituted this a dish *o set tjefore a king. 
 If the night was clear, and the moon 
 flooded the prairie .sith her silver light, 
 robes weie spread The sound of the fiddle 
 invited the dance. The Red River jig was 
 struck up, and one after another exercised 
 himself to his heart's content, as the shouts 
 of the audience stimulated him." 
 
 In tlie days dealt with by the 
 ; chronicler whose pages we have JMst 
 been taming over, the spot whore 
 the Free Press building stands, in 
 which this is written, was on the 
 open prairie. Near by ran the Red 
 I River trail, which is now Winnipeg's 
 I busy Main Street, with its massive 
 ; buildings and its hurrying crowds. 
 : The Free Press—which is now in its 
 I thirty-first year, having begun pub- 
 lication, as a weekly, in 1872 - rocked 
 , the cradle of the infant city. It is 
 
 ^D 
 
t()-clay one of the oldest and best 
 established newspapers in Canada. 
 It enjoys the distinction of havin>{ a 
 larger circulation than any other 
 newspaper piiblishe'l on the conti- 
 nent in a city of ecjnal population 
 with Winnipejf and of containing a 
 greater number of classified advertise- 
 ments than any newspaper published 
 in any city twice the size of 
 Winnipeg. It enjoys also the dis- 
 tinction of covering more territory in 
 point of circulation than any other 
 daily paper on the continent, and is 
 found on the shores of Hudson's Bay 
 and in the most remote places of the 
 great Canadian West. Covering as 
 it does a territory extending from 
 Port Ai-thur on Lake Superior to 
 Victoria on the Pacific Ocean, it is 
 known as the Great Western Daily. 
 The steady growth of the papers 
 
best 
 inncla. 
 
 otlier 
 conti- 
 latioii 
 iiiR a 
 
 LTtisc- 
 
 lishcd 
 <e of 
 e dis- 
 ory ill 
 
 other 
 md is 
 s Bay 
 of the 
 Dg as 
 
 from 
 tor to 
 , it is 
 Daily, 
 aper's 
 
 importance and influence has been 
 part of the wonderful growth of 
 Western Canada, whose resources it 
 is untiring in advertising and whose 
 development it has never ceased to 
 promote. 
 
 
 ■» 
 
I he Canadian West 
 
 MaNITOIU and IHK N.IRTIIWIST I'KRRITORIFS 
 
 POPULATION 
 
 uo H-,77r) HOI ., iriKN- 
 
 '""I .;;ii..:i(ir> nuia..,,. rlirl.™,! 
 
 UIJIIGRATION 
 
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 ' ■ ■' Aiu.riraii 1^,,;^: 
 
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 EMIGRANTS' Kl'FECTS-VALrE 
 
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 T.,t„I ,f „,/„/,, ,17.72(1.7117 l.-,.a„:!.,i,;„ 1 - 71.-J. I.TJ 
 
 AVKKACK VIKI.DS, IIWJ 
 
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 AmaKe ,.re,,,„,.l for cr„p of limn l,tlir,.,s7(Wre- 
 
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 <RITORIFS 
 
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 The Canadian West . Continvcd 
 
 1>AIRV PKODI-Cl.: IMANITOl.A), \wy> 
 
 \ "li",^' 3II1-,,H70 lb, 
 
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 Value }(i;)(l,lii;i (ki 
 111.4m.(l(i 
 
 MVH STOCK KXI'ORTKII, IH.IM |,,„., 
 
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 Mi'ckcr.- I.J niitcd SI, lies' ' ' ' 
 
 NHW rAKM Bl-lUJINnS HKKCTK,, (MAX,T,„;a. ,.„.. 
 
 MII.I.INC; CAPACirv OF MANITOBA 
 Itarrt-N pt-r D.iv 
 
 1 l.ouu 
 
 IIOMESTKAI) K.NTRIKS 
 
 '- -- '.- >;«!;i; ^^ ^^:^ ^m. 
 
 RAILWAYS (MANITOIIA) 
 III ISKO 
 
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 ■J I. I 
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 TEN YEARS' EXPANSION 
 
 .mS'nnrt'l'ooV/ "" P™'""" '" «.."i.o..n for ,„. ,.„, 
 
 Rool, a,00().(|(l(l ii 707,11111 
 
 Fi„x «.»i.i).a(,„ -{i r'""'JS" 
 
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 0,ii^ ■ •'>-'^077,2(J7 iViE^ Value 
 
 Ba ey Jf .47h;S ^ "-SJ f30,aM.,M, 
 
 Flax ll,N4H,4aa ir '.SW, iDf. 
 
 Potatoes o ,?-*'lW S "■»"" 
 
 Hoots ''■■'OD.Har) >- 17,077 
 
 '" ■■■ s,23o:»nr; t, »«™i 
 
 Turkey., '^•"ni» A T""" 
 
 Chicken, 34,270 ■"]; """J.nao 
 
 ,S4<,'^'"'"«'-- " 4,000 4700 V^ 
 
 "--om;:.;;;::;:: ^S JJ™ ~ 
 
 Total,... 4ao,000 
 
 ■.«44j_0 3.744 j 
 
 AVKRAGE WHKAT Y.E,,l,s """^ 
 
 «*- Province ^'*' Ymrs 
 
 Ontario... I«n2-I001 looi in„., 
 
 Minnesota 15.5 154 „„ ' 
 
 NorthDakota J'''-'' la» ?? " 
 
 SoutI, Dakota. :. 2 2 13. \*l 
 
 Kansas... 10,8 lo ,, }? <* 
 
 Manitoba 130 1 „ i' Jl H 
 
 '* "' asi ^»;' 
 
r 
 
 nr llif ycnr~ 
 J7,aai),llI7 
 
 2,r>(t3.Hnii 
 
 707,IJlli 
 BOO.lDd 
 
 S4,3(J(I 
 24.2HII 
 
 11.7II7.3.'I» 
 
 i9oa 
 
 20,0 
 14.7 
 15, s 
 11, H 
 10,0 
 20 
 
 Winnipeg- 
 
 ■ '^ '" '"02, 08 
 SCHOOIS-Valuc: ,„ ,„7,, ,3^ , , , 
 
 UMC ...XPK.VniTUR,; „, 
 
 '■"■•"■ ""■-"'■N-'-.S-l002,v,„u; 
 "ANK Cr,KARINr.S-l„7„ - 
 
 *134. 1011,000. 
 ■^"I'lialltd Streels_l„ „„>s 
 
 "tz^;\^,sr;!^-:: --"■-■■"-.. 
 
 "'^:^-'--a I .0,;" ::r:;,"'""^" 
 
 trail lia> 
 
 JINT.OOO. .^1- 
 
 looa. 5Mr,,ooo. 
 -^a,;j7r>,o5o. 
 
 1«"1. MOOOO.ODd: |,„|^, 
 
 *^ 
 
Manitoba free press 
 
 WINNIPEG. MANITOBA 
 
 CIRCULATION STATEMENT BULLETIN 
 
 Illustrating Growth in Circulation, 1901-1902, 
 Morning and Evening Editions 
 
 
 MONTH 
 
 SWORN DAILt HERAGE 
 
 1902 1B01 
 
 DAILY 
 AVERAGE 
 INCREASE 
 
 JANUARY 
 
 13,907 
 
 12,742 
 
 1,165 
 
 FEBRUARY . . 
 
 14,442 
 
 13,227 
 
 1,216 
 
 MARCH 
 
 14,465 
 
 13,175 
 
 1,290 
 
 APRIL 
 
 14,874 
 
 13,359 
 
 1,515 
 
 MAY 
 
 14,860 
 
 13,316 
 
 1,544 
 
 JUNF 
 
 15,219 
 
 13,391 
 
 1,828 
 
 JULY 
 
 15,712 
 
 13,941 
 
 1,771 
 
 AUGUST .... 
 
 16,173 
 
 13,883 
 
 2,290 
 
 SEPTEMBER 
 
 16,095 
 
 14,020 
 
 2,075 
 
 OCTOBER 
 
 15,787 
 
 14,042 
 
 1,745 
 
 NGVEMBER 
 
 16,217 
 
 13,963 
 
 2,254 
 
Four Free Press Facts 
 
 1. Its city circuration is the targest proportionately to popula- 
 
 tion of any newspaper in America. 
 
 2. Its total circulation is larger than that of any newspaper 
 
 published on the American Continent prin'.ed in a city 
 corresponding in size to Winnipeg. 
 
 3. It carries more paid "want" or classified advertisements than 
 
 any other paper in America, published in a city correspond- 
 ing in size to Winnipeg, and. as far as can be ascertained, 
 more advertisements of this nature than any other paper 
 printed in a city with double the population of Winnipeg. 
 An inf.. ■>te proof of wide circulation and result producing 
 power. 
 
 4. An advertisement published in the Free Press will have wider 
 
 publicity than if printed in all the other daily papers com- 
 bined. published from Port Arthur to the Rocky Mountains. 
 Circufation figures backed by affidavit, and verification in- 
 vited.