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AIIH|{KVIATION.S, OK SdlOOLS. BV PlitU W. A. .VdXTVKK. M A 'jxtf Provincial Aon>,al \,/,„J i,-, • AMI ^^''./z*^ ./«.«; clS:^;:;,;.,^,,,.^,,,^^^ "tltpey. >V T. OAOE .t COJIPANY (L„„Tm,), TOHONTO. I I Enteral necnnlliifrti) Act ..tPurlliiiiiciitofCniiiuIn, in llioofllr.' of till! Mliilsler of AKrii'ultiire, by \V. J . Oa(»k & Co. LiMiXKD, in the year inm. PHKFAOE. tlutMiiiisiur I'ltssort. Jt H liccaiiso form n uiincn ,.v. .. • • relate,! t„ dearnes. thut if 1 •■xprcss,. ,. .^ «« cl.soly knowledge of ?urm '"'IK-rtunt to givo ,.„„ils so.n.. This hook deals with form in general :- 1. The written form of Wor.lx (sn.-llin.r • ♦! j- • . '.etween words almost Vi...: " :=,;,, 'V""""" 2. The spoken form of word, (prouu.ciatio,,^ 3. The form of sentences ;capitali.ation, punctuation). 4. Ihe for.n of whole cmpositions. This lo.ds t other U.n,s-u, Letter Forms .ndOui;;:^.;:^^"' The method of treatment is not new. The bnol- J. f .. part, a con.pilation rather than an or?w« 1 '- :*'"^ '"T' «uch, it attempt, to hrin.^ into ol i '^'='"'''' ' '"ct'^n. A.. school pupils should know In t w? """"" "''"°" '*''^* '^" text-book now in ufe Th ?" "°* °'''^" '" "'^^^ "^ *''« each chapter Ziirm^ e it a l^lhT ^^1.^'^^^ ^--Panying in the school-room. '''"' '''' "^^"^ *" advantage The method to lie followed ii. fno^i • upon. Somo .,f „,„ Cruet 'T^ Tf "="°'"^ '''' '<>»"l>'"' should follow hi, „V° l,t , '; '"'r""'"'' '"■■ ">" ■•■»«1'.-.-. »l.o IV PUKI'ACE. aii.l Fourth Roarlors. Part, V. iimy T..- stM.li...| „v ,is,.,| f„r rufor- ohcu, hut most, <,f tho infonnatiou slioiiW ho |,oshl's.s.mI hy th(.«c louviiig tho Puhliu Nchdoi. In "loarninj,' si)clling-' pupils ih, not nlwnys kn.)W how to pmceod. They shoiihl ho 8h<.«n, In so far ns spollii.jr U a n.nt- tiTof memory of written form, pnpilM shoul.l ho taught how to jM-rreive in onit-r to retnemhcr. A pupil gains vi-ry littlo hy n-peatiiig over and over again tho namos of tlio letters of words; nor will ho jnako great advance if ho follow the ahsurd and censurable procedure of writing out the words fifty or on<' hundred times. Spelling is a matter of memory, of phonic syn- thesis, and of reason. Docaiise of this, there must ho much ol^ser- vation of written forms (hiking, copying, imaging), exercises in phonic eomhiniition, annf/nh, the slow pronunciation wi 1 give you only a very rough idea of the spelling. What 3^ou must do i,s to get a ek>ar picture of the word by looking at it. The spelling of English 8 The Victohian 8pellei{. words is somewhat irregular, and it requires some effort to bet'onie familiar with the usage of good writers. In Part IV. of this book will be found almost all the difficulties you will have to meet with. How words Ii^ writing down words to form sentences, off ""^'^^^ yo" fihoiM leave a space after every word about as wide as the letter «. This is a great assistance to the eye. You will observe how the words are separated in what is printed on this page. How groups Y^iy often, in speaking, you seem, to maTked'or !"'''' '' "^"^^^^' ^^ "^^^'^^^ together, that IS, your sentences appear to consist of word-groups rather than of single words. These word-g]-oups are separated by punctuation marks. They are, like the spaces between words, an assist- ance to the eye. On page 17 you will find the beginnmg of a chapter on Punctuation. How sen- *^"^^ ^^ y^^^ Separated your words by m^kldlff. ®P^^^^' ^^^ ^^^^' word-groups by commas, semi-colons, and the like, so you must separate your sentences from each other by appro- priate marks. If you look at what is written above, you will observe that each sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period. Sometimes the terminal mark is not a period, but you will learn more about this later on. (See page 22.) Remember that it is more important to make your sentences stand out distinctly to the eye than to •i f The Victokian Spellek. 9 put in the piuiotuafion marks mentioned in the la«t paragraph oi- the sjmces between words. How para- ■*■'''' '^^■''" "s yon mark (iff sentences S'^o'fr f~"' T'' "*'"''■ ''>■ """•1^« ""'•"■'l upon by good «Tit<.|'s, so you ranst mark off paragraphs. \ou will observe how this is done in what has been written. How many paragraphs hav^ been ,vr,tten ? How are they nmrked off? Fu ler information on the form of the paragraph will be found on page 11. ^ How chap- B"t this is not all. Words are marked marked off. "'f •i'^^flj'- How! Groups of words are marked off. How 3 Sentences. How ? These should be separated from one auothir by its Tr;''""^;-"'"'' ^' P"""^''--' *<""'' ''"™ head- ings. Ihe headings should be in larger tvne than ae body of the book. In your Readers, el" fie so .nay be be considered a chapter. Observe the size of the type m the headings. Observe also the blank space between the end of one les.son ai d t le beginning of the next. Examine other text books or books ,n your library, and note the same tWng ' Howtheeje '^''0 general rule for sizes of tvne is '^"JeL's. «»«=-Themo.'e emphatic the i.lea tie . Iwgor the type to be used. 8ee the out l'"o on page 11. Examine the title page o vo ." yeader and oUserve the sizes of type. Is the ™ le just given followed! If you are writing, an \rish to emphasize a ,vord, you draw a line under ii 10 The Victorian Speller. you wish to emphasize it still more you draw two lines under it ; if still more three lines. These lines coiTespond to italics, small capitals, and LARGE CAPITALS, in printing. Write out tiie title-page of your Reader, using lines to represent sizes of ' 'tters used. HOW A PAGE SHOULD LOOK. In writing a composition or letter it is important to arrange the matter on each page so that the effect will be pleasing to the eye. For example, if you are writing only a few words, they should be placed not at the top of the page but as near the centre as possible. Before writing anything, it is a good plan to imagine how the page will look when the composition or letter is all written. Also, in addressing an envelope, it is important to arrange the items, so that the general effect will be pleasing to the eye. Exercises. (1) Copy the address, page 44. (2) Address letters to four of your friends. Be sure to place the items so that the general effect will be pleas- ing to the eye. (3) Copy the letter, page 38. (4) Write letters to four of your friends. Be sure to arrange the mattei' in pleasing form. )u draw two lies. These riTALs, and ''rite out the to represent lOK. is important so that the ^or example, ey should be -J as near the ything, it is ge will look all written, important to effect will be s. Be sure to ct will be pleas- 1. Be sure to The Victorun Speller. 11 (5) Copy the title page of your reader. (6) Of all your text-hooks, which title page has the l^est appearance ? (7) Copy the tal)le of headings and suh-headings ^^do^y.. (The Gopiikk.) {^) Make outlines with headings and suh-lieadings for coni- p..siti..ns on the following : -Description of a Game of Ball; The Story of Dick Whittington ; Descri,,- tion of a Fii-e. THE GOPHER. GkNEKAL DESCRIPTIOX \ Color. Form. PaUTICULAB DESCHIPTION. Head. Body. Limbs. Tail. r Home. '^^^^ j Food. l Movements, Relations to max I On unbroken prairie. I In grain-field. THE FORM OP THE PARAGRAPH. 1. Turn to any prose selection in your readers. I Note how the lesson is divided into paragraphs. I W here does the first word of every paragraph be«in * Copy one of the lessons. Be sure to have a proper margin and do not neglect to indent the first line In!' 12 The Victokian Spellek. of each paragi-aph. (See the letter, page 44). In English b6oks the first word of the first paragi-aph of every chapter is brought out to the nuirgin. 2. Write a short composition on " The Gopher," from the outlhie on page 11. How many paragraphs will you have 1 Be sure to begin each paragraph at the proper point. 3. Similarly wiite compositions from other out- hnes mentioned in Exercise (8), page 1 1. Be sure to have a proper margin, and a proper indentation of first lines. THE FORM OF THE SENTENCE. 1. Note that each sentence begins with a capital letter, and ends with an appropriate mark such as the period ( . ), the interrogation mark ( ? ), or the mark of exclamation ( ■ V Examine the sentences in some prose selection in your Readers, to see if this is true. Copy the selection. Be sure to put in all the capitals and terminal marks. 2. Make three independent statements about a horse. Each is a sentence. Write these sentences. How does each begin I How does it end ? 3. Ask three separate questions about a horse. Each is a sentence. Write these sentence^.;. How does each begin ? With w^hat mark does each end I 4. Wi'ite three scntoneos that are exclamations. How does each begin ? How does it end f II. page 44). In irst iiaragi'apli 3 margin. Tlie Gopher," iiy paragraphs ach paragraph )m other out- (11. Be sure er indentation rp ENCE. with a capital mark such as k ( 'I ), or the the sentences ders, to see if sure to put in lents about a ese sentences, Bnd? bout a horse, tenccr?. How oes each end ? exclamations. snd f i The VicToiciAN 8i'ellek. 13 THE USE OF CAPITALS*. 1. Tlie first word of every separate sentence should »ogn, with u capital; as, The horse belongs to my lather. (I.) Copy tlie first proso losson in your Roader. Be siuv to put every capital letter in its place. (n.) Write thrc-e statements about your scliool-house ?.,. sure to begin each with a capital letter. 2. The first word of every direct quotation form- ally mtroduced should begin with a capital; as lennyson begins a poem with these words, "The splendor falls on castle walls." (1.) Find examples in your Readers corresponding to this rule. (11.) Make three sentences to illustrate the rule. 3. The first word of every line of poetry should begm with a capital. ^ (I.) Copy the first poem in your readers. Be sure to put capitals at the beginning of the lines. (II.) Write out any stanza that you have committed to memory. 4. Words designating the Deity shouM begin with capitals; as, God, the Almighty. (I.) Find selections in your Readers where this rule IS illustiated. (II.) Write out a Psaln> or Hymn that illustrates the rule. 14 The Victorian Spellek. '•-» T). Namos of porsoiis and pi (lerivod fi-om tliciii, slioiikl begin with capitals; as, Canada, Canadians, Janios. (l.) "SVrito out tlio imiiK'H of six school -mates. (ll.) Write out the names of six countries. (hi.) Write out the names of six cities, (iv.) Find six names in your Reader. (v.) Write six proper adjectives. 6. Names of thiinrg personified jCfenerally begin with capitals ; as, Lot Liberty be our guide as she has been in the past. (i.) Find examples in your Reader where the capital is used, and examples where it is not used. 7. The chief words in the title of a book, article, or chapter-heading should begin with capitals ; as, The Death of the Flowers, Story of a Drop of Water. (i.) Write out the titles of six of the lessons in your Readers. 8. Titles should begin with capitals ; as, Governor- General, His Royal Highness, Duke of Edinburgh, B.A., LL.D. (I.) Write the names of the members of the Provincial Government with their offices. (ii.) Write the names of any persons in the community who have titles. 9. Names of religious denominations, political parties, societies, important events, etc., should 1(1 af tlie days of the week, (n.) Write the names of the months of the year, (ill.) Write the names of the special holidays. 11. The pronoun /and the interjection should always be written as capitals. 12. The first word in a series of numbered clauses m the form of a table should begin with a capi- tal ; as, I shall describe:— 1. How the fire began. 2. How it spread. 3. How it was extinguished. (i.) Copy the outline on page 11. (II.) Copy the next chapter of this book. 13. The title of address in a k-tter and the closing greetmgs should begin with capitals; as, Dear Sir Yours very truly. ' (i.) Copy the addresses, page 4.3. 16 The X^icToHiAN Hi'elleh. RULES FOR SYLLABICATION. It is ofton iiecossary in writiii*,' a wonl, to placo part of it ill ono lino and part on tlio next line. Jii such case tlio woi-d must ho divi followin,? words : Division, ,syll;,l.le, .vduction, iiK'nilv, v(M-ilv, orasuro inflexion, daylight, favorite, barrel, roi,irhn(.ss, mea- sure, parliament, indicate, mamma, cackle, brimming. 2 Divide into syllables all w(,rds that are not monosyllables m the first lesson in your Header. 3. Find in youi- R(>ader words that ai-e divided into sylla- bles by a hyphen at the end of a line. PUNCTUATION. o?p?nX!' The following words from Barrett Wen- tion. dell's work on L\f/lish Composition will give some idea of the purpose of punctuation:— " In spoken discourse, vocal emphasis and pau.ses indi- cate where we wish the hearers' attention to centre. In written discourse, addressed solely to the eye, such emphasis is impossible. 8ome substitute is neces.sary ; otherwise, no one word, no one part of a composition,' appears any more significant than another. The crude substitutes-italics, capitals, and the like-prove in prac- tice too crude. Good use, then, has fallen back on punc- tuation, whose function, very generally stated, is to do for the eye what emphasis does for the ear-to group separ- ately those words and thoughts which for the purpose in hand should be separately grouped ; and so far as tlie gfK.fl use which govei-ns the order of wor-ds will permit to arrest the eye for an instant on those words on wliich it IS desirable co arrest the attention. IH The VicTouiAN SrELLEii. "Puitina aside intorrogiitions and cxclaniiitions, the period is the strongest murk of punetimtioii ; it marks the limits of senteiiees. The next strongest mark is the cohjn ; weaker, but still strongei- than the eonuna, is the semi-colon; weakest and nmst fre(|uen; of all is theeonima. In a given j)laee, as we shall see latei", we may often with perfect propriety use any of these f(jur marks ; the ques- tion in such cases, the (|uestion in general, is what we wish to group together, what to emphasize, and liow strong to make our emphasis." The four leading^ marks. THE MARKS USED. Tho four loading cluiractors used in Punctuaiion are: Tho Period (.), mean- ing a cireuit or round, used after a com- plete circuit of words, that is, after an expressed thought ; tho Colon (:), meaning a member, used to denote a break less than that of a period, and indi- cating that another member is to follow; the Semi- colon (;), meaning half-member, used to denote a smaller break than that indicated by a colon; the Comni.*' (,), meaning that which is struck off, denot- ing the least degree of separation that requires a mark. . t ^^^ addition to these foui' characters, tho ant terminal Interrogation point (?) and the Exclama- marks. ^^^^^ point (!) are used after sentences, members, and clauses, with the grammatical force of any of o four points mentioned above, but with an additiar.u -jutorual significance of their own. The ExcLi?)!,:' . point nidicates emotion, the Interrogatioii p- hit a question. The Vktouian Spkli.eh. 1!) Three minor T!u! three iniiioi- clijirjU'toi's still roniflill character,. ^^ ,,,, nieutioiie.l. The Dash (-), implies iihvvnk ill the sense; th(* Hmekets [ ] and imirks of Parenthesis ( ) eneloso extraiujons inatter. General Good iisa^^(^ differs in the use of Pune- pnncipi*'. tuition marks, hut then^ are a few prin- (•iples that serve as a general guide, though much latitude is permitted in their applieation. Th<^ niodern tendency is to use just as few marks as possible. I. Marks Separating Sentences. I. -/ period isjdarnf at thr nt.l of rrrn, Marat, W an<1 mpera- tirr srntnirr. Fear God ; huiior the King. Tl.o doctor examined the wound. ■2. An crlamatioH point is ,daml after an e.rdamatory sentemr. O, for the days of loii'' a<'o ! .'5. An intcrroiiation pointi. us,;1 aftvr a smtonee which dinnb, asliH a question. Who killed Cock Robin I 4. The volnn, followed I,;, a dash, ends a derlaratire sentence uhiei, precedes a quotation formdl,/ mule in a separate paro./raph. Every one should kiKiw the old nursery rhyme :— Sing a song of six-pence, a pocket full of rye Four and twenty black birda, baked in a pie. II. Marks Within a Sentence. The points used in dividing sentences into parts are called the Colon, the 8emi-colon, the Comma, and the Dash. Th " ' " are : — principles governing their u se 20 The Victoeian Speller. 1 . With a rise in the importance of sentence j)arts, or in the derfrees of separation hetiveen the parts, there is a rise in point values. For example, if a sentence is made up of two main mem- bers, each divided into two or more parts, which parts are again sub-divided into substantives, clauses and phrases of various kinds, then the main members are divided by a colon, their parts by semi-colons, and the clauses, phrases, etc., making up these parts, by commas. The following sentence illustrates the above rule :— " He carried his umbrella, which was made from cotton and whalebone, under his left arm ; in his right hand, he held a basket, painted a deep red, and about as large as a good-sized pumpkin : he was aibout as homely as his uncle, and as awkward in his movements as his father : his clothes reminded one of a north-end pawn-shop, and his features and expression bespoke cruelty and greed." Expressed by means of a diagi-am, the sentence would ap- pear thus : If, in the judgment of the writer, the elements of a sentence, such as the foregoing, are so closely related that they require no separation by a comma, then the commas may take the place of the semi- colons, and semi-colons the place of colons. In short, the punctuator inquires into the closeness of The connection, the length of the parts joined, and the character of the points used in these parts. 2. When irords and clauses are introduced so as to break direct graiiiniatiral connection, or to interrupt harmonious sentence flow, such words and clauses are clearly marked off hif punc- tuation marks. The Victorian Speller. 21 He is, indeerl, a wise man. The English peopl,., generally speaking, are very reserved. "^ The old mastiff, whose usefulness was gone, was ordered to be sliot. Common eases of parontlietical insertion ai-e words phrases and clauses in apposition and words repeated for emphasis. 3. in,en there is a break in the sense, or unexpected transition, t/ie Dash ts used. Four years ago-or was it five--I really do not remem- ber whicli— I was in Toronto. If we fail— but there's no such word as fail. It will be observed from the three prineiples just given that the punctuation of sentences may be for the most part, a logical procedure. An effort to punctuate according to these principles will result ui precise thinking and accurate expression The following rules for the use of punctuation nmrks are generally agreed upon. Nearly all of them can be referred to the principles just stated In some cases, however, the rule for use is quite arbitrary, but as it sets forth the usage of good writers, it should be known. THE PERIOD. 1. A pei-io ,not Napoleon. Exercises. 1. "Write out ^six diroct questions. ± Fin,l six i.iterrogative sentences in your Header and copy them. EXCLAMATION POINT. 1. Tlie exelamatiou point is used aft(3r expressions I denotnig strong emotion. Jump, or T fire ! What impertinence ! What nonsense ! 2. All interjections, except O, may ],e followed l)v an exclamation i)oint. Alas ! Woe, woe ! U«,di ! 3. Vocative words and expressions may be fol- jlowed by an exclamation point. death ! where is thy victory ? O grave ! where is thy sting? "^ The general rulo for the plaoins of the exclaraa- t 1 point n. a sentence oonsigtiuj? of an interje-.tion to lowed l,y a vooative expression is this:-If tlie Merjwtion au,l the expression follo«-ing unite to Nh-'>ss one feeling, tlien tlie mark slionW come at heenc, bnt ,f two ,listin,.t feelings are expressefl here should be two marks, one after the i Lterl - tion and one at tlie end. ■" G„«l„e«. What a clever , nan ,,,,„, „.e! Ala.,, p,„r 24 The Victorian Speller. Krcrcises. 1. Write out six sontoiu'cs ('xi)i'(>ssing strong emotion, 2. Find six exclanuition marks in your Header, and explain why they are used. 3. Write out u list of interjections. THE SEMI-COLON. 1. The semicolon is used to separate indepeiideiit clauses. He was prepared to leave the city alone ; this, however, proved 'o be unnecessary. 2. The semi-colon is used to separate a series of short co-ordinate statements. Before going away he sold his horse ; he paid his ser vants ; he settled his accounts ; and, finally, said good-bye to all his friends. 3. The semi-colon is used aftw a I'ule which pre- cedes an enumeration of particulars. Names of persons begin with capitals ; as, John, Mary. Ida. Exercises. 1. Find six semi-colons in your Reader, and explain why they are used. 2. Punctuate the following sentences : (a) A noun is a name as John Toronto dog (h) His nephew who was tall and handsome led the way with .'!, niiiiden aunt liis niece who was short anil, plum}) followed leaning on the arm of a soldier of the guards a man six feet three inches tall. The Victokian Spellek. 25 ader, and explain ate a series of and explain why THE COLON. 1. When the clauses of a componnd senteiiee are separare.] ro,n each other l>y se,ni-<.oIoMs, the two A ,„an over ninety is a groat <.,„„fo,.t to all his elclerlv *. : . is a pieket-,ua., .t ^ PC. and the youn, folks of sixty and seventy feel near the camp. 2. Short seiiteiiees connected l)ut slightly in sense may be separated by colons. (1) God's in the heaven : All's right with the world, (i) Piogre», i, the law „f life .. „„„, ,,, „„, ,„,„_ ,^^ ^^^ |„,i,:^/'"'? *'',"''l f'-e-O'le tl,e e.nm.m-afion of h" w t T^^' ^-P'—l-oftou introduced by [""' ^*"'ds— y/(««, a.ijij/lows, etc. We hold tl,e following to te «elf-.vi,l„nt t,.„tl,s : That oil men are created e,|„al ; that they are en,l„we„,„,.,, Vol. XXV • 'l«ri»- », Vol. XXII.; .W,„„'.,, Vol. XVII., page 20.' 2G The Victobian Spelleh. THE COMMA. 1. Words or plivasos of tlio saino coiistrnctioii, not foiiiiootod by a t'oiijuiictioii, sliould be separ- ated by eoninias. A still, small voice. (Adjoctives). A needy, hollow-eyed, sluu'i)-lookin,if wretch. (Adjectives). Gentlemen of Engliuid, sul)jects of tli(> Queen, lovers of justice, we appeal to your honor. (Nouns). 2. A word r(^peaten and women, boys and girls, dogs and horses, were ci'owded together. Sink oi' swim, liv(> or die, T give my vote for the measure. 6. Contrast(^d expressions should be separated by n comma. The Victorian ISpelleii. *>7 •J I 1 liorses, were Thou-li doop, yot cloar ; tliou,-h gontlo, yet not dull. Olio man was a giant, the other was a dwarf. 7. Words ill apposition are soparatod from flio rest of tlie seiiteiico ]>y eoninias, excq)! wliou two nouns without modifiers are in apposition and are eonsidei-ed as a single pln-ase. Cicero, who was the greatest^ of tlie ]i,„nan orators, was born near Aipinum. When death, the great reconciler, has come. He himself did it. John the Baptist was in prison. a Voeative expressions are separated from tlie rest of a sentence by commas. Charge, Chester, charge ! On, Stanley, on ! IVIary, run across the street. 9. Adverbial, participal, adjectival, or absolute (expressions are separated from the rest of the sen- tence by a comma or commas. So are man v adverbs and conjunctions when they modify a clause or a sentence, or connect it with another sentence or stand independently. (Under this heading are words such as : thm:fh,r, perhaps, jimilhj, mon'om- Jirstit/, as it were, hi a ivord.) He is, indeed, a worthy soldier. In the midst of their streets, I was alone. Were I shii^king exertion T should lose heart, under a sense of general contempt, and so die like a poisoned rat in a hole. Speaking of rats, did you ever hear of the Pied Piper ? ►''pnng returning, the swallows appear. With a new name, too, he introduced himself into society X I 28 rr The Victohian Spellete. iilli 10. A comma is required to indicate an ellii)sis. Tickets, twenty-five cents. Main Street, Winnipeg. War is tlie law of violeneo ; peace, the law of love. 11. Two clauses, one of wliicli depends on the other, are separated by a comma. Before man mtvh ns citizens, great nature made us men. Although we seldom followed advice, we were all ready enough to ask it. 12. Independent clauses, whether connected by- conjunctions or not, should be separated by com- mas. Take short views, hope for the best, and trust in God. 13. Short quotations should be separated from what precedes by a connna. When the quotation is divided, a '^omma is placed before and after the dividing words. Quoth the raven, " Nevermore." He used to say, " Other men make cents, I make dollars." " Women," he said, " make the best teachers." 14. Arabic numerals should be separated by com- mas into periods of three figures each, beginning at the right. 12,348,156. 3,004,024. General Rule for the Comma. 15. A comma should always be used when it aids in bringing out the meaning of the writer, or in avoiding ambiguity. The \^icToiiiAN Wpelleii. 29 make dollars." Ejcet'ciscti. 1. Refer as many of these rules as you can t(. principles 1 and 2, page 20. 2. Account for the commas on pages 6 and 7 of your Readers. 3. Punctuate tlie followin■ ^^''■"^'••■^ '"^'»^^'"» "«■ ""^ Marks .,r BRACKETS. 1. When an editor inti-odnees into an author's text, or a translation of the text, some words of explanation, these are put in brackets. Not, it is reportcHl of Iiim [Geo. B. Gough], that lie never gave a cent to the poor. THE APOSTROPHE. 1. The a}»ostroi»lH^ is used to denote elision of a letter or letters, or a figure or figures. 'Twas midnight. What time o' day is it ? 2. The apostrophe is used to denote the posses- sive case of nouns. A hoy's song. Chalmers' sermons. 3. The apostrophe is used to form some plurals. Cross your t's. Dot your i's. The Victorian SpELLtut. 33 liat lio never «> Exerclsta. 1. Write out the follawinj,' list : - I'm for r H.n ; lie's f„r he is; 'tis for it is ; I'll f„r I will ; lot's for let i.s ; can't for cannot ; y„u're for you are ; they're for they are ; ne'er for never ; y.,u'll for you will; don t for do not; woul.in't for would not ; oer for over ; e'er for ever ; slie's for she is. Copy the words that contain an ai)ostropho in the first SIX pages of your Keader. QUOTATION MARKS. 1. When tho oxaot words of anotluM- are quoted lluy should bo put in quotation mai'ks. He said to me " I am tired of that nuisie." "Who has meddled with my soup?" asked the old bear. mai'kt '^''^^''^'^'' "^'^^"^ "^ quotation has singlo "Who," asked the lawyer, "ever used this expression, 'I am sure he stole the cheese f I am certain mv client did not." Exercises. 1. Copy the first lesson in your Reader in which there is conver^ition. Account for the use of the quotation marks, 2. Punctuate : (rt) The boy replied I cannot go {!>) I am old said the sailor but I am strong {(') Come here said the duke hero is a dollar ('/) Yes said the doctor that reminds me of the old soldier who habitually used the expression never too late to mend %: I I i ;j4 The Victorian Speller. GENERAL EXERCISES IN PUNCTUATION. Punctuate the following passages : — ■ 1. mr jamieson kindly send me 200 bbls flour at once 2. if you don't you'll die if you do you may live 3. A minister of some experience remarks i have heard more than one sufferer say I am thankful god is good to me and when I heard that i said is it not good to be afflicted 4. Some one I think it was lord chesterfield said what- ever is worth doing is worth doing well 5. Large was his bounty and his soul sincere heaven did a recompense as largely send he gave to misery all he had a tear he gained from heaven twas all he wished a friend G. Punctuate tlie following passages : now I TURNED TIIK GUINDSTONP:. One cold winter morning when I was a little boy I met on my way to school a smiling man with an axe on his shoulder My pretty boy said he has your father a grindstone Yes sir said I You are a fine little fellow said the man will you let me grind my axe on it It pleased me very much to be called a fine little fellow so I said o yes sir it is down in the shop And will you my little man said he patting me on the head get a little liot water Now how could I refuse he was such a smiling pleasant man as fast as I could I ran into the house and brought him a whole kettleful The Victokian Spelleu. 35 How old are you and whats your name he asked but be- fore I could answer he went on you are one of the finest lads T ever saw will you just turn a few minutes for me Tickled with his praise like a little fool I went to work it was a new axe and I toiled and tugged and turned till I was tired enough to drop The school bell rang but I could not get away it ran- agam and there I was still turning away at the grindstone My hands were blistered and my shoulders ached At last the axe was ground What a sharp keen edge it iiad I remember how it shone in the winter sun Then I looked up expecting thanks but the man suddenly turned toward me with a frown and said you little rascal you have played truant be off now scud away to school or youU catch it It was hard enough to turn a heavy grindstone so long and on such a cold day but to be called a little rascal for doin« it was too much these harsh words sank deep into my boyish nnnd and often have I thought of them since Boys and girls whene^'er you meet a flatterer beware of him you may be pretty siire that he lias an axe to grind and wants you to turn the grindstone LORD ULLIN's DAUfJIITEB. A chieftain to the highlands bound Cries boatman do not tarry And 111 give thee a silver pound To row us oer the ferry Now who be ye would cross Lochgy'.e This dark and stormy wa*^^er Oh Im the chief of ulvas isle And this lord ullins daughter i( ll :i :1 iliil 36 rr The Victoeian Spelleii. TItE IS,.R OF LONG AGO. Oh wonderful stream is the river of tirae and it runs through the reahn of tears witli a faultless rhytlini and a musical rhyme and a boundless sweep and a surge sublime as it blends with the ocean of years. nOMK SWEET HOME. Mid pleasures and palaces though we may roam be it ever so humble theres no place like home a charm from the skies seems to hallow us there which seek through the world is neer met with elsewhere home home sweet sweet home be it ever so humble, theres no place like home. THE VILLAGE BLACKSMITH. Under the spreading chestnut tree The village smithy stands The smith a mighty man is he With large and sinewy hands And the muscles of his brawny arms Are strong as iron bands. ■i::.iii: THE RAINY DAY. The day is cold and dark and dreary it rains and tlie wind is never weary the vine still clings to the mouldering wall and at every gust the dead leaves fall and the day is dark and dreary. The VicToitiAN ISrELLEii. 37 POLITENESS. It is said tho people in Dresden are very polite the follow- Hig story is told to illustrate this point a gentleman was crossing tho Elbe and wishing to know the way to St Marks church asked a citizen of the town if he could direct him the citizen removed liis hat and bowing low said my dear sir T should be so glad to tell you if I could but really it -brieves meTery much to say I do not know the stranger passc^d over the bridge wondering at this unaccountable politeness and just as he reached the far side was aware of footsteps behind him looking back he saw the citizen who had so lately been so pohte hastening towards him no sooner did he come within speaking distance than he began my dear sir a few moments ago you asked me the way to St Marks church I replied I am sorry to say I do not know since then I liavc met my brother and he wishes me to convey to you his regards and say for him that ne also is exceedingly sorry to say that he does not know. PART II. LETTER -WRITING. ii 1. MATERIALS. Tho paper to bo used depends upon the purpose for which it is intended. Letter-paper is mainly use(i in business eorrespoudence. Nine-tenths of tlie social letters written now-a-days are on note- paper. A private note should not be written on foolscap. A half-sheet letter should not be used except in business correspondence. Less than a half she«t should never be sent. Good usage prefers white or cream paper to any other color. The envelope should be suited in size and color to the papei-. A letter should not be written with red ink. The ink should be black or blue-black. 2. THE HEADING. Look at the letter on page 44. What information is given in the heading? (Place and date). How far from the top of the page is the heading placed ? (Read page 44). Note that the word Winnipeg be- gins about the middle of the line. In the following headings, observe that it sometimes looks better to use two or three lines than one line. The VicToitiAN Hpellek. ;{}) I. Sr'xndo7i., Man., May 8, 1899. II. M^Master University, Toronto^ Out., Jvone 2,0, 1899. III. 12,0 Sherhrooh jlve., Winnipea. Jai, 2.7, 1^99. SometiTnos the street address is written at the end of the letter. (See page 42). 3. THE INTRODUCTION. Look at the letter, page 44. Of what two parts does the introduction consist I (Address and salu- tation). In private correspondence the addi-ess is often given at the close of tlie letter. (See page 42). The address should give name, title, and residence of the person to whom the letter is written. The name should be written plainly and in full. Polite- ness demands that seme such title as Mr., Mrs. Esq., Messrs., Miss, be used. Two titles shoiild not be used with the same name unless in the case of a titled person whose surname is alone known, as Rev. Mr. Smith, Mrs. Dr. Williams. The form of the salutation depends upon circum- stances, and the relation of the wiiter to his cor- respondent. Some forms are: Sir, Dear Sir, My 40 The VrcTcmiAN Ni'eli.hu. •. 1 <1oj.r Sir, Tr<)ii(»iv.l Sir, MihI.-iim, ])<>„r Mnllmn, (lonthM.MMi, My (l(';n- K-itiior. Tho uuivk of pmiclu- Jition jincr t ii(» salul.'il i.ui luny ho a .'(Miiiim, Ji romnm tnid (lash, a colon, or u <'oIoii jmkI dasji. Tho address sluMild hc.ujiii af tiin mar^niial lino, Jiiid on tli.> liiu^ l)(>loNv flit» dato(S('(^ I>.'t,nv44). It, may (K'(Mii)y oiio, two or tlnvc Iiii(>s. That forin should l»o soKM'tcd which sets forth the facts most clearly and is most pleasing to tlio eyo. I. -Si./ JaniGs S\, 'I'oron.lo. GoTifleiric-'i, — i'"uz6r j\tvor, ^jv;. IT. Jatnes ^votLm, F, q., (Dear Si7\ — L have the hoiior, Sfo. III. Miss Helo7i ^roiuTz. (l,.r should he divided info pjirn- out, and u ^n'ucnd order decided li.S«'lld, il lei ler should helhou-dil fhii) ii; IS wnfleii. ll|>oil, hel'oiv jiMV- |»iii".'i«Tjip|is, exeepi, iUv first. '"'•'<<''*' •'^•"»<*«listMne(, rro.nth.MM'din.' Mi wrifiii^- sliould he |,|..,ij,. Flounsl should he sliould JM^Jivoided. A letter should AnoflKM" sheet iM.'irv les iHiVej'lx hould ho used instead. ( should ho earerully niado. A ^^ood I ro-wi'ito a Avholo pn^^*; I'atlier tl ^crossed. 'orreetions ^'ood letter writer will ...... .c >,mMe p.i^«5 raiiier than send it ii Ookm^^ form. Postscripts should l,o avoide.l 1 send it in dirty tracti ons, sucl on- Noither sliould ti 1 as & for ((ltd, should not he* enii)loy(>d j:ures such as 78 Ik; used f us sevcHi)j-d(jht, oxcoptin^^ in tl l)loy '<>i' words Hi cas(3 of a dat(3. 6. THE CONCLUSION. This consists of tho coniplimontaiy close, tho si- nature and, if not in tho lieadin^^ tho address. ' "^ Iho coniplnnontary ('los(3 consists of such oxpros- sionsas: Your friond, Your sinoore fri(Mid, Yours sinceroly, Faithfully yours, Yours atfectionatoly, Your obodiont servant, &c. Tho oornplirnentaiT dose should harmonize with the salutation. \t is written on the line next Ix-low the end of th(; letter It may oceupy one or two linos. The si^niatur/. should be m full. It shouhl h(^ plainly written The punctuation should be observ(Hl. The followin- Ulusti-ations are given. *^ 42 rv The Victorian Spelleb. I. — SOCIAL. li 1 Your loving daughter, Ermna C. Irving. II. — OFFICIAL. Very respectfully , Your obedient servant, James W. (Dawson. III. — WITH ADDRESS. ,, Yours Sincerely, James J^axter. (Dr. jlrthxir Green, yiustin, Texas. IV. — WITH DATE. Very truly yours, Jvfary Egan. The ^alsams, Ilo, JV".^. June 2,0, 1^99. 6. SUPERSCRIPTION. This consists of tlie name and title of tlie person for whom the letter is intended, and his residence or post-office address. The punctuation should be attended to, namely : A period after every abbrev- iation and after the last word ; a comma after each item except the last. The stamp should always be placed as indicated. The Victorian Spellek. 43 X Miss Flora Monroe, CO 2, Market St., Winnipeg. Cu Mr. liobt. J. Green, 2M St. James St., Toronto, Out. ■ 44 The Victokun 8rELLEit. K/. tlbU UUa. to- (x^i/u| ^^JJUnA. o-l a^o-u.A.4 uXo- UMM^ CMXAX to- 0-U>^ tlu. UMi-'Tb. Letter Ordering Goods. West Selkirk, Mar. 4, 1899. WiNNiPEo Book axd Stationery Co., Winnipeg. Gentleman,— Please send me by express as soon us convenient, 24 Victorian Readers, Book III. 36 " " Book II. 15 " «« Book IV. Very respectfully yours, James Armstrong. Answer, Inclosing Invoice. Mr. Jas. Armstrong, West Selkirk. Winnipeg, Mar. 5, 1899. Dear Sir :— We have to-day forwarded to you by express the books ordered in your favor of 4th inst. Enclosed you will find an invoice. Yours truly, Winnipeg Book and Stationery Co. (For Invoice, see page 56. P i i! 40 The Victukian Si'ellkj{. An Application. uy ji j^ ,, IJkanuon, Mar. 22, 1899. Box 124, Brandon. Sir, -I okserved in Th,> Momim, Sun your mlvertisompnt for a clork, and tako tlu, liberty ui applying, for the positio... I havo homx in husinoHs in this city for sovenu y.-ars, and believe I possess the experience and other qualifications you desire. "^ For information respecting' my character and ability T refer you to A. H. Card .t Co., and I). E. Fell .t Co., who can speak from lon lO o o o CO LO "O o o zt- o ■e* ^- The Victoeian Speller. 57 cr ■ee Co i Co -^ ^^ Xi o o ■so- i °^ 58 The Vk tokian Speller. «i a o 2 O o b NH O s^ A S O K •7"' O X) b .2 a o o •a o ^ I ! I j o o ^ The ^'rcTORIAN Speller. 59 o a o a ^ C The Vktokian Hprllri}. (51 o- cr ^ K T t=:0 4- 3 02 The Victorian Speller. cr cr oo ^' i'j ill 11 1 ^ M -t3 i ail ale arc ark hall bawl bell belle base bass not knot in inn him hymn to too two PART III. Words ail ale arc ark hall bawl bell belle base bass not knot in inn him hymn to too two HOMONYMS. Alike in Sound, but Differing in Meaning. What can ail him 1 Ale is an intoxicating drink. An arc is a part of the circumfei-ence of a cn-cle. Noah's ark rested on Mount Ararat. We have a strong foot-ball team. Did you hear the cow bawlinir f Ring happy bells across the snow. She is the belle of the ball. The base of the pillar is of limestone. The gentleman sings bass, not tenor. I can go but not to-day. There is a knot on my shoe-lace. There are strangers in the room. The party is staying at the inn. I told him to go. They sang the hymn and went out. Come to the green fields. Too late! too late! Ye cannot enter now. Iwo by two they tripped along. ■ j ■ 64 cent sent scent I eye vane vain hee he knew new sea see sun son nose knows noes there their ate eight all awl heech beach The Victorian Spellek. He bought thoin at tlio rato of two for a cent- Ho sent the message by liis servant. The seent of roses is in the air. I am sorry that I am hite. The young girl has brown eyes. There is a weatlier-vane on the chui'ch. His efforts were in vain. The Httle bee can gather honey. We must be good. I knew him by name. He has a new eoat. Alone on a wide, wide sea. See the army coming. The bright sun shines. He is the son of a - jbleman. The fox has a pointed nose. The ox knows his owner. In taking the vote they called for the ayes and noes. There is a rap at the dooi'. They knew their si)ellings to-day. She ate the appK-. Two fours make eight. All the boys can play ball. The shoemaker has an awl. Did you ever see a beeeh-treo ? The beach was strewn with shells. sail sale hair hare peat peel pear 2)air pare bad hade won one wo for a ant. 1 rote » wrote beet beat church. birth berth sail sale our hour main mane hair hare for the peal peel currant current • pear pair pare bad hade won 5. one The Victorian Speller. 05 I learned the page l)y rote. I wrote twenty pages. Where do they make beet-sugar ? There are four beats in a measure. By birth slie inherited a vast estate. She remained in her berth all day. Hoist the sail and away we go. The property is for sale. Our house is new. Have you read 'The Children's Hour?' He eairied the day by main force. The horse's mane is long and black. Your uncle's hair is quite gray. Is there any difference between a raljl)it and a hare ? We heard the peal of the bells. Do not throw banana peel on the walk. I have currant wine. The current in the river is veiy swift. I have an apple and a pear. He has a new pair of shoes. Let me pare your apple. ; He is a bad boy. He bade me go for the doctor. Wlio won fii'st prize ? One and two make three. 66 ^m //mr ^H ; //ere ^^^^^^^H ^^^^^^^H stairs J^H ^ stares ^H i'^ peace piece no ^H t know ' ; rice ^^^1 I; \ ; rise ) air ^Hl ]'\ ere ^H ' heir H site H sight ^^^^^H ''»' choir HI' quire ^^^^^^H i 1 oar ^H 1 o'er ^^^^^^H '' ore ^H j mail ^H i male ■j great grate ^^H i maid -——-^ 1 made The VicToiaAN Speller. I h<\ir the i>Httei* of little f(>ot. Here tliey come, all together. They are eoming down stairs. See how she sta .'es at him. We ai-e at peace Avith the world. Give her a piece of your cake. I have no money. I know her name. Rice is good food foi' summer. There Avas a rise in the ground. The air is chillv in the evening. Ere winter sets in she will have departed. He is heir to an immense estate. How do you like the site of the new school ? The vessel is in sight. The choir sang beautifully. Twenty-four sheets of paper make a quire. Each sailor seized an oar. Tell me the story o'er and o'er. The iron ore mines are near Kingston. Will you send the package by mail ? Only the male bird sings. He is in a great hurry. The fire is burning in the grate. She is a gypsy maid. Her clothes are made of good matenal. rp The victokian Si ELLEH. 67 root route mean mien 2)ale pail plane plain principal principle profit prophet strait straight iveah week wood tvould medal meddle metal mettle ■ee is very touifh. The root of the ehn iv ^ routV'' *^''' ''"'''"^ ^'y th^Canadiai Wliut do you mean by those letters ? He carried liimself with lordly He is thin and pale. She carries a wooden pail. Heh It was plain that he mien. as a saw, a hammer, and a plane. He was guilty. is principal of tlie school. He has no principle, but is very selfish. What profit did you make on your sales ? Ihe prophet Daniel saw visions. The fog is nearly always thick in Belle Isle btrait. A straight line is the shortest distance between two points. He is weak from loss of blood. Last week I was present every day. The pointer is make of wood. I would do it if I could. He received a gold medal as first prize Do not meddle with my affairs. The box is made of metal lined with wood. The horse has mettle enough, but speed. 8 , uuL no ! m 68 missed mist nay neigh stile style tacks tax told tolled wade weighed waste waist ware wear rung ivrwmj rye wry seas sees seize slay sleigh The Victokian Spellkk. He missed his way and was late. The mist covered the meadow. Nay I nay ! my boy, you eaimot go. Did you hear the horses migii ? Wlieii I got owr the style I fcimd my self in a meadow. Have you s(f" i\ the new style in hats ? Buy a box oi eai-prt tacks. His tax amouni : \u .f:iOO a year. I told you 8o, lt»..ig ago. The bell tolled at six o'clock. He can wade but he cannot swim. The box weighed 100 pounds. You should not waste your time. His waist measures thirty-six inches. Jfe sells iron-ware. The clothes should wear well. The bells were rung for joy. The old man wrung his hands with grief. Barley and rye are grown in Manitoba. Do not make a wry face. O'er seas and oceans they sail. He sees the bird, bnt cannot see the squirrel. He tried to seize the cow by the horns. He hit the bear but did not slay him. Harry has a fine sk i,' n but he has no dog. '4 sleight slight some sum lih'ght night lane lain lessen lesson liar lyre loan lone meat meet groan grown guessed guest hail hale The VicTorjAN 8pellei{. (J9 He does it hy sleiglit of hand. He is slight aud tall. He has some money. He has not a large sum. The knight doffed his helmet. The days are long but the nights are short. The little boy lives down the lane. He has lain there for over an hour. You must not lessen your efforts. The lesson begins at io o'clock. He is such a liar you cannot believe him. A lyre is a musical instrument. He made a loan of $1,000. He was lone and wearv, having no friends. The meat was plentiful, ])ut there was no bread. Did you meet many bears ! He moaned and groaned all night. He has grown six inches in two years. I guessed three times but did not get the answer. He was a guest of tlie Lord Mayor. The hail and i-ain fell all day. He is hale and heart v though he is sixtv years old. I i' 70 here hear heel heal higher hire flew flue flour flower forth fourth foul fowl gambol gamble gilt guilt dew due die dye The Victorian Spelleii. Here is the money ; give me the goods. Did you ever hear a robin sing ! He has a sore heel. It will heal if he puts liniment on it. The church steeple is higher than the monument. You may hire for $1.00 a day. The bird flew away. The flue is choked with soot. The flour is too fine for bread. The flower-garden was never more beau- tiful. Go forth to victory. He is fourth in the row ; he was second last week. It was a foul play, and the whistle blew. The wild fowl disturbed us with an in- cessant screaming. The boys gambol on the green every evening. It is wrong to gamble for money. The books are gilt-edged. He was guilty and should be punished. The grass is wet with dew. The bill is long past due. The flowers will die when the frost comes. Let us dye the cloth red. doe do dough done dun fare fair chord cord climb clime colonel kernel core corps council counsel cymbal symbol bread bred beer bier The Victorian Speller. 71 He shot two bucks and u doo last we(3k. Tlie first syllabhi in the scale is do. The dough was baked immediately. The work is done. The tradesman sent him a dun for pay- ment. You must pay your fare. She is a fair young lady. What wonderful chords in that music. He tied up the parcel with a strong cord. We can climb up, but we cannot come down. This is a healthy clime though it is cold. A colonel is a military officer. The kernel of the nut is frost-bitten. The core of the apple is not fit to eat. There was a large corps of soldiers. The City Council voted away $50,000. The counsel for the defence presented his case well. He plays the drum and . abals in the band. Do you know the meaning of the sym- bol on that coin. Give us this day our daily bread. The dog is well-bred. He drinks beer Li .1 never touches brandy. The dead king lay on his bier. I r 72 The VicToitiAN Si'elleh. by ^■^ bi/fi ^H; buy H bridal 1 i 1 1 bridle ^^^^1 ^ ^^^^^^1 cast ^H caste ^M cellar ^H seller ^H hifjh ^B hie ^B tear ^■' tare ^■^ so ^H; sow ^^^^^^1 ^ sew ^Hi dear I^^Hj deer i *''V/'^^ ^^■l if ^^^H :j ■ rite ^H i ivriffht ^^^H ^^^^^^^H ivrite H< bow ■l beau ■ 1 '.: ( He lives })y the ( liurch. Good-bye till we meet ii^aiii. We can not buy bouts like these. The bridal proeession niarehed up the aisle. Th<^ hoi'M van away as soon as the bridle was broken. He east liimself on the ground. He beloni^s to the lowest caste. The house has a good eellar. He is a better buyer than he is a seller. How high is th*:^ steeple I Let us hie to the woods. How diut of oui' course. fail The kitten is chasing its own tail. tale The fairy-tale has a meaninjjf. rode He rode all the way on a fiery steed. road The road to Selkirk is now very nniddy. rowed The hoatman rowed me across the stream. fur His overcoat is lined with fnr. fir The wind is sighing in the fir-trees. bare When she got there the cupboai'd was bare. hear Have you read about the bears and the bees ! herd He is kept at home to herd the cattle. heard The sound of camion was heard in the distance. need You may need me to help you. knead You must knead the dough properly. steal Who steals my purse steals trash. steel The sword was made of steel. sore The wound was sore. soar The lark soars as he sings. nun The nun lives in the convent. none You have many friends, I have none. praij The preacher began to pray. pret/ The hawk is a bird of prey. The Vktokian Hv ELLElt. red nail veil canvas can va.su holder bowlder (>) The Rod liivov flows into Lake WiiiniiK'^^ Ho I'oucl tlio eliuptor twice. O'or v„l,. anroscription profit prophet propliecif prophesy quiet quite raise rise The Victokian Hpellek. an aiithoi-itv to be f'oJlo\v(! 8, i>> 1. real reel relic relict rout route set sit sooth soothe specie species stationary stationery Olio wlio presides. that whieli is i)resci'ibed. banislimeiit. gain or benefit. one wlio foretells events,. a prediction, to foretell. silent, or to ealin or soothe, to the fullest extent. to canse to rise or to collect, or to breed, to ascend, to increase in value. genuine, a dance. something left behind, a widow. to defeat and confuse. the course passed over in travelling. to cause to sit, or a clique, to pose ; to seat oneself. hideed, as in sooth, forsooth, to calm. coin. variety or kind. fixed. the articles sold by stationers. 34 The Victohian Si'ellek. I statue stature statute an image, height, a hiw. subtile varo or dehcate. subtle euniiiiig. suit suite to fit or ploaso. a distinguisht'd person's a set of rooms. smplive surplus a vestment, the excess. tour tower a journey or trip, fortress. tracJc tract a path. a region ; a short treatise. raration vocation a hoUday. a calHng. ivhicli the one that. witch a sorceress. the PART lY. «; RULES FOR SPELLING. One oaiinot l)0('oino a good sfx'llov l)y mlo, ])nt a study of the tliirtocii rules hero given will make it clear that there is some uniformity in the six^lling of English words. If the exercises given are care'- fully worked out, many of the diflfieulties of spelling will have been overcome. The rules here given could be added to, but it is douljtf ul if the additions would be of any practical value. RULE I. Words of one s?/IIahh', emliug with a sinr/Ie consou- I ant, preceded hij a sinf/le voivel, double the final con- sonant before an affix hefilnnimj with a vowel; as, BEG, BEGGING ; HOB, ROBBER ; DIG, DIGGER. Exercises. (1) Add er and est to- big, fat, glad, red, wet. (2) Add eth, est, ing and ed to-bar, blot, knit, pat, wag. (3) Add eth, est, ing, ed, and er to— brag, rub, stop, wrap. RULE II. Words accented on the last sijllahle, endinp with a sinffle consonant, preceded htj a single voivel, double the final consonant before an affix ber/inning with a 86 The Victorian SrELLEii. M rOH'd; as, ADMIT, ADMITTED ; PROrEL, i^ropelling; DISTIL, DISTILLERY ; OCCUR, OCCURRENCE. Exercises. (1) Ad, immvc. (G) Add ity to -searce, insane, rare. (7) Add y to— slinie, Inine, noise, rose. (8) Add OUS to outra^'e, arlvantage, e()ura«,'e. (9) Add ing to -eye, hie, see, tlee, shoe, vie. RULE VIII. Wor(h nuVutfi hf y prrm/rd h,/ a ronsouauf, CHANus; bouiitv, Unmio- oils; plenty, plenteous; dry, dryness ; slv, slyness, slyly ; sliy, shyness, shyly. Krctriscs. (1) Form tho plurals of ferry, j,>]ly, enemy, ,,ualitv. auxiliary, anxiety, variety. (2) Form tho Comparative and superlative degree-j of -busy, pretty, tidy, lucky, la/y. (3) Add S, eth, est and ed to-ply, apply, satisfy, deny, qualify, defy, pity, study. (4) Add ing to— occupy, sujiply, carry, study. (5) Add ish to baby, b(M)l )y, puppy. :l^ 90 The Victorian Speli.eii. RULE IX. Words emi'uig in y prvcvdctl hif a rourl, retain the y before an ajjix: as, pray, prayin(}; enjoy, en- joyment ; convey, conveyance ; joy, joyous. Ktrcptions. Laid, paid, said, lain, ronsoiiaut vhni thnr is a short rotrri /" thi'Jirst sfillatttr, amt th' fast sf,//af,h' n„ls i„ el, EN, ET, LE, (MK, Y, or ()\V, Al{, EU ; as, VELLMi, EEL- LOW, FLANNEL, HILLOCK, BILLOW, CHEmiY. Thr fhf- loiriiKj an.' txvi'ptions : — sc'liolar la'iiiior cljirot ••Impel and all tvords coutabibijj r pluiiot mode? bury eitv. :>]H'kel COI'IK't stmlv pro] KM' slunlow ImmIv J.s— A\i«lo\v fjijilo <'<'im('l copy l>Iain't panel sliov«'l level ravol. RULES Foil FOItMlNO THE I'LCUaLS OF NOl'NK. 1. The plural is K.'iiorjiIIy fori,,,.,! l.v ad.lin.r .^ to the lingular; as, boy, l.oys; pen, pens ; '^loor, uoors. 2. Nonns ending in s, si,, rh (soft), .r, ,, and o (pro- ai't describcMl by the rest is generally phu'ali/ed ; as, brothers-in-law. 0. Nouns ending in ftd or Jhll foi'm their plurals by adding s ; as, handfuls, mouthfuls. Exercise. (1) Write plural forms for desk, copy, ink, j,'lass, hero, pony, donkey, key, !)rotlu'i', roof, calf, scissors. (2) Learn the following list of singular .ind plural forms : — potato, j)otato('s ; gas, gases ; eliief, chiefs ; wife, wives ; dwurf, dwarfs ; moscjuito, mos(|uitos ; solo, solos ; canto, cantos; bi-otlier, l»r<»th(Ms or brethren; foot, feet; formula, forniuhe ; radius, radii; phenomenon, phenomena ; axis, axes ; appendix, api)endices ; species, species ; beau, beaux ; niadame, mesdaines ; mister, messieurs ; index, indexes or indices ; die, dies or dice ; penny, pennies or i)ence ; fathei-in-law, fathei's-in-law. roSSESKIVE CASE. 1. The possessive case in the singular number, and in those plui'als which end in any other letter than .s', is formed by adding .s with an ajtostrophe The \'ict()1{iax Spelleij. \Ki iK'foivit; jis, J„Iii,, J„l,n's; men, iiKMj's; hulv, lady's. 2. Ill tliosc jdiirals Avliidi (mkI in .v, tlio possossivo <'nso is indicjitcd Ity simply ass(»ssive siii«,Milar of nouns that end in ./•, rr or .v is marked l»y j»lacin^' an ai)ostr()ph<) after tlie Avord ; as, For ^'ooduess' sake; For conseienee' sak«'. /; '..ivrcisi'. (1) Writt' fh,. piKsscssivc .siiiiinlur aii:I and plural corrcs- IM.ndiiig to moils,', I,,,.,; a,,.r;ir, Ali,r, l,(,h,, futhrr. A LIST OP DIFFICULT WORDS ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF SYLLABLES. able aehe adz«) bait baize balk bi-eadth break 1 >reust buzz aid aisle l)roatlu^ bridg-e brief brooch blithe blast Words of One Syllable, alms asp blue bomb boui!:ht bowl braid ])argo auj^ht aunt balm bathe bead b«'ar beau bier a we awl blijrht broom bruize build bu< ►y buy 94 The Vktokian Si'ellek. i liii radio chair choose coach crawl calf chaise Christ <*oast <*rease calm (ihalk cleanse coml) cringe <'atrli chasm cleave come croiicli <*auglit cheese el(5f corpse crumb <'auso chief clerk <'OUgil crutch cease choice cli dodgi-! droll else eel eight elm eye ease false fiend flood fought friend feud fiei'ce floor fraught front field fight folk freight fruit ,u:a(>l glance gnaw groan guest ^■au,u;(^ glinn)S(^ goal grouse guide jjfauzc^ glue grac(^ growth guile yeese gnash grief guard g"y ghost gnat growth guess half heard height hence hoarse haunt hearse lieir herb hymn isle judge juice II c vi The Vktouiax Sprllek. !>.-) I kiln knead klKM'l knife knock knack knee knell knob laugh Inuiich league length liege light loatlu^ l<)dg«^ ninnso meant iiiiiicc moan myrrh myth neigh niece nigii night numb nick oath ooze ounce own paint pear piei'ce pledgee priest pair phase l>ique plight }>rov(^ palm phlegm plagU(^ jtlough psalm pawn phrase plaid ]>rea<'h puls(! quail (piest quick (piite (juote quaint queue (juiet reach reign rh\'thm rouge i-ye realm rein rogue said scvthe sieve speech stealth salve seai'ch sigh sphere stitch sauce shieid skein sponge stretch scarce shoe slight spouse sue scheme shove slouch spi'ain suit schism shi'cwd slough S(iuare suite school shriek song] it s(pieeze sweat scourge siege source stalk sword r I 96 The Vktohian Si-ellek. taunt theuio thoir thoro vugiio wultz watcli wealth woigli weird yacht zeal al)])ot abscess abyss accede accept achieve acid acme acquaint acre baggage l)ailiff balance thief thread tlinnd) tli'gli thront toinb though throne tongue tliought through touch vault vei'ge wield whence^ where whos(^ yearn zinc vice woe word woi'se worth vi(^ld view tough through tru«» type vogue wieath(< writhe wr«Mich wroiiiT wretch wi'ist yolk Words of Two Syllables. adages addi-ess adieu adjourn against aggrieve aghast agile ague allege belief believe benign aloes although ancient angel anguish amount anti«|ue arraign arcti(i biscuit l)!aspheme bludgeon wrought wrung young ascend assess assign asthma attempt austere autumn awful azure l)ruising )>runotte budget The Vktohian Si-kujih. 9T balloon becnicath b(>soni bugle luilsnin besiege boudoir builder bainiu<>t b'sought bou(|uet buoyant bai'^aiii bias breakfast bureau barley biceps breeches burglar ba/aai' bilious bristle business beauty billiards brocade buttress b<»giiilo cab})a^«< caylogne counsel camplioi- ehagi'in colonel <* cancel challenge <'olumn courteous canoe chamois conceal cn^ature caprice chaos conced*^ cres V lit carcass chateau conceit <'revico carol chemist conceive crisis carriage chestnut concise crochet carti'idgi' <'hieftain eoncui' cro(|uet cashier chimney condemn <'rystal castle chisel congeal cudgel catarrh cipher conquer curtain caucus circle conscience cyclone caution civil conscious cypress damsel design discj'eet doctor daughter despair disdain on descent eager eiglity ensign excite eagle ellipse <'pO('ll exhale eus«'l encoi'e essenc(» expanse easy engine «'Xcel extreme «'<'Iips(» en()Ugh factious fiendlsli foreign frontier fatigue figui'«' forfeit funnel featlier finite fraglN' furnace f«'atuie lirkiii frigid future feu(hd foeus gargle giant gra«'ious gul(hince gazette glisten granite guinea genteel gophor gr(»asy guitar gesture gorgeous grievan<'e gymnast geyser harangue hazard hiccough humane hatchet heifer honey humor haughty heinous honor hyphen i('eberg incite intrigue island impede indict inveigh issue iueeuse innate iron istlimus The VRTtuiiAN Spklleu. !n jaundico .i'^iiy j«»urnal journey joalous jockey knapsack knowledge knuckle lan^ua^G leather lettuce luncheon lan^uihysic porous ol)]i(iu(^ paltVey picture porpoise obsff'ne paj)al pigeon poultice ocean peasant pinion prairie ochre pension pious precede office people pistil precise ogre perceive pistol prestige onion perjure placard process opaque persuade I)laintitl psalmist oyster pha'itom plateau puncheon pageant pheasant police pursue palace i 100 m The VicTo.uiAN Spelleii. 5K i ^ quadrille (iuestihere adequate apostle atrocious adjacent appreciate auction^'er {Bsthetic aquatic autograph aggravate aepieduct avarice bachelor beauteous blasphemous banditti l)icycle bounteous barbarous bigoted brigadier barbecue bivouac bronchitis barricade blamable burial battalion capricious cigarette conjecture cartilage cinnamon connoisseur catalogue circular conqueror catechism civilian consequence I ' li 9 I 102 The VicToiiiAN Spelleh. i 1^ cavalicM* classical contagious celebi'jite clemency contrition celestial coalesce copious cessation cochineal coipuscle chandelier coincide counterfeit chaperon collision courageous chastisement colonnade courteous chemistry committee covetous chloroform compasses cowardice chocolate complaisance credible chorister concussion credulous Christendom conducive criticism chrysalis confiscate cylinder decalogue delicious discipline decency demagogue discretion decimal descendant dishabille decisive desperate disparage deference devastate dolorous deficient dialogue domicile definite diligence duteous deify discernment dynasty delegate disciple dyspepsia delicate eccentric engineer etiquette ecstacy ennoble eulogy edifice epaulet excavate effervesce epistle excellence efficient equable excresence elegance equinox exhibit emanate equity exi)licit The Vkjtohian Hi'elleu. 1();{ embarrass especial exquisite empliatic essential extinguish enervate fabulous feasible frivolous fallacious fluency frontispiece fallible folinge fugitive fanatic forcible fusible fascinate gaiety genesis guarantee gaseous genuine guillotine gasoline glycerine gymnastic gazetteer granary guttural hemisphere homicide hydrogen heresy hurricane hygiene heroine hyacinth hypnotize hideous hydraulic handkerchief icicle incessant intercede ingenuous indictment irrigate imbecile infinite isinglass implicit innocence isolate incentive judicial jugular juvenile kerosene knavery labyrinth legacy liquefy lacerate legible litigate larceny liable longitude latitude libelous lovable I 104 laughable laureuto machinist magaziiio niagi<'iaii niaintonaiice nialicioiis manacles mananivre manuscript maritime narcissus narrative nauseous negligent obeisance obnoxious obstacle obvious occurrence pacific palisade paradise pai-agraph parallel paraphrase parliament peaceable The Victohian Speller. lunatic licorice lieutenant masculine •uassacre medicine mignonette militia miracle mischievous mistletoe moccasin nightingale nitrogen nonpareil odious odorous omniscent optician pernicious persistence petrify phosphorus physician picturesque plausible plebeian molecule monarchy mosquito mucilage muscular musical myriad mysteiy notable nucleus nutritious orchestra origin oscillate outrageous possession precedence precipice prejudice pretension prevalence pri\ilege procedure The Victorian Speller. 10,') pedagogue pedestiil penitence perennial qualify radiance rapacious raspberry- readable recipe recollect reconcile sacrament sacrilege sagacious salable satellite sceneiy sceptical scimitar scintillate secession tangible tantalize telegraph temperance tendency ft/ teriible plebiscite plenteous J)leurisy populace quarantine regency religion renascence repellent requisite residence secrecy sensible separate similar sonorous sovereign specific spectacle statistics stratagem timorous tortuous tournament traceable transcendent tremulous proficient putrefy pyramid quiescent resplendent restaurant resurrect reticence ridicule rigorous stupefy sufficient suicide supersede surcingle suspicious syllable synagogue synonym synthesis trivial tuition turbulent typical tyi'anny 106 The Victokian Speller. 11 II unison utensil utilize vacancy vertical \4sible vagabond vigilant vitiate vehicle villainous vitreous venomous vinegar volunteer Words of more than Three Syllables. abbreviate alienation apoplexy ability alimentary apostasy abnegation alligator apostolic abolition alphabetic apothecary aborigines amanuensis apparatus absolution amatory appellation abstemious ambassador aristocrat accelerate ambiguous asafoetida acceptable ameliorate ascendancy accessible amenable ascertainable acclamation amicable ascribable accumulate ammunition asparagus acquiescence amphitheatre asphyxiated acquisitive analogy assassinate adaptable analytical assiduity admissible anemone assimilate adolescence animosity associate adorable annihilate attainable advisory anniversary auctioneer aeronaut anomalous auditorium affiliate anonymous autocratic agility antagonism auxilKiry aggravation antecedent available The Victorian Speller. 107 agreeable alabaster alacrity barometer beatific believable belligerent benediction cacliinnation calamitous calcareous calculation calisthenics calumniate cannil)alism capability capillary capitulation caravansary carbonaceous caricature carnivorous castigation casuistry catastrophe catechiser cateipillar (cauliflower cemetery anticipate anti(|uary antithesis anxiety benefactor beneficen(.'e beneficiary benevolence charitable chimerical chloroform chronology chrysanthemum circumstantial civility clarionet classification coagulate coalescence coincidence colloquial combustible commemorate commendable communicate compassionate competition complicated complimentai'v avaricious av<)ii'try geranium g<\sticulate lioina'ojtatliy liumiliale liydroj^hobia, hyuKMieal imi)ossil)ility impoverish inaccurate inappi'opriate inaugural inausi>icious incapal)le incendiary incipient inclemency incoherent incompetence inconceivable inconsolable incomgible incredible indefinite indelible independent indiscriminate futurity gravitation gymnasium hypochondi'ia hyp<)tenus(^ hypothesis indissoluble indivisible inebriate mefficacy inefficient ineligible inexcusable infallil)le infinitesimal inflammable inflanuuatiou ingenious ingenuous initiate innuendo innumerable inoIo ritunlisjii roci'iiiiiiuito rosploudcncy rusticity rt'ftilineal I saemmeutal sac'i'ificial saci'iloj^ious sagacity jlictiF^iy saiiguiiuiry sai'coi 'lagus sarsapai'illa satirical scarlatina tevgiversation terntoiy testimonial theodolite ubiquitous ultimatum vacuity valedictory validity velocipede venerable scintillate sentimental separation sidei'eal similitude solitude somniferous spiritual spontaneity statuary thermometer transcendental transitional triennial ultramarine unanimous ventriloquist voK ity vei'Hc 'l" vicaiioi.^; statistical stereotype successfully supercilious superstitious supplenu^ntary surreptitious susceptil)le synthetically trigonometry trisyllable tumultuous tyrannical universal urbanity vicinity vicissitude vivacity vulnerable zoology TlIK V^UTOllIAN Sl'KLLKlt. lU Some snent Letters. h SILENT- -cliiiil), < luinl), (]('l)l, (linnh, iMnih, limls miiMl., toinii, tlmiub, douht, eojiil), suhtl,-, bomb, jaiul). r SILENT— cznr, scout, scoiio, (li-aclnn, va<'lit,s('ytlM', ivsciiid, victual, al)S(M'ss, sccptiv, transrcud, sci('>nc(>, scissors, acquiesce, asceiitl, sceueiy, indict, abscess! // SILENT— -— pillar, tartar, polar, vinegar, poplar, solar, cedar, mortar, scholar, regular, cellar, sugar, buyer, dagger, ladder, summer, batter, pepper, dapper, grocer, copper. or, cr, re, vy>— actor, debtor, doctor, pastor, sculp- tor, tailor, visitor, confessor, editor, elector, janitor, professor, successor, navigator, martyi*, zephyr, acre' lucre, massacre, centre, meagre, theatre, fibre, salt- petre, sceptre, spectre. ane, «/>^— humane, insane, profane, urbane, mem- brane, disdain, explain, maintain, complain, detain, ascertain, arraign, champagne, campaign. ade, rt/r'— acceptable, admirable, adorable, affable, agreeable, applicable, arjible, available, blamable, capable, detestable, eatable, estimable, excusable, honorable, accessible, admissible, audible, compres- sible, contemptible, corruptible, defensiljie, , i,ercei,tible, plausible, jjossible, respon- sible, sensible, terrible, visible. cr, re, or— acre, brother, consider, daughter, fibre massacre, murder, nitre, pewter, sal>re, saltpetre,' sepulchre, .spectre, theatre, actor, candor, ammv error, flavor, hori-or, odor, pastor, rector, stupor! suitor, tenor, terror, tutor, victor. ance, e/^re— acceptance, accordance, acquaintance, alliance, allowance, appearance, assurance, compli- ance, contrivance, countenance, disturl)ance, forbear- ance, grievance, guidance, ignorances abhorrence, abstinence, acquiescence, audience, circumference, coherence, coincidence, concurrence, conference conscience, correspondence, credeiKMS deference,' eminence, excelhmce, existence, inheritance, main- tenance, obeisance, observance, perseverance, radi- ance, reluctance, remembrance, remittance, ivsist- ance, experience, impatience, impertinencis iiulo- lence, indulgence, influence, innocence, insolence mterference, pestilence, preference, prominence,' reminiscence, sentence. (inci/, e;?r//-flagrancy, infancy, occupancy, poign- ancy, sycophancy, vacancy, ascendanc^', clemency suffici" ifc' '^'''^"''^' ^''^^''^''^^' efScieno-; emergency,' (ud, ent—ahnndant, accountant, adamant, adiu- tant, arrogant, assailant, assistant, attendant, bril- 118 The Victorian Speller. liant, consonant, covenant, defendant, defiant, absent, accent, accident, adjacent, agent, beneficent, bene- volent, client, competent, consistent, continent, convalescent, convenient, corpulent, crescent, diifer- ent, diffident, diligent, dormant, eloquent, elegant, expectant, extravagant, exultant, flippant, fragrant, important, incessant, inconstant, inhabitant, intol- erant, irrelevant, lieutenant, evident, fluent, frequent, impatient, impudent, independent, intelligent, mag- nificent, negligent, obedient, omniscent, patient, precedent, pi'esident, pleasant, relevant, remnant, servant, stagnant, tenant, tyrant, vagrant, vei'dant, vigilant, warrant, prevalent, proficient, pungent, recent, recipient, resident, resplendent, reverent, ser- pent, silent, student, subsequent, talent, torrent, transcendent. c?/, sij OR sy — lazy, crazy, racy, mazy, daisy, hazy, wheezy, glossy, dressy, decency, spicy, prosy, tansy, dropsy, poesy, agency, heresy, secresy, pliancy, vacancy, greasy, rosy, jealousy, dizzy, easy. acy, asu — legacy, primacy, papacy, pharmacy, fallacy, delicacy, magistracy, supremacy, efficacy, apostasy, ecstasy, idiosyncrasy, obstinacy, aristo- cracy, diplomacy. ious, eons, nous, ous — duteous, piteous, plenteous, bounteous, beauteous, grievous, furious, virtuous, luxurious, melodious, zealous, ceremonious, pros- perous, victorious, copious, glorious, impervious, injurious, ingenious, invidious, laborious, contagious, harmonious, hilarious, meritorious, aqueous, hetero- The Victohian Spellek. 119 geueous, courageous, courteous, gaseous, gorg(^ons, erroneous, ligneous, liidoous, homogeneous, plente- ous, piteous, outrageous, miscellaneous, spontaneous previous, notorious, precious, tedious, obvious, visa- cious, deleterious, odious, i)ugnaci()us, rapacious, veracious, voracious, tenacious, mendacious, loqua- cious, vsagacious, ostentatious, cretaceous, crusta- ceous, herbaceous, carbonaceous, farinaceous, auda- cious, rosaceous. ciotts, tious — auspicious, avaricious, pernicious, vicious, suspicious, fictitious, nutritious, adventi- tious, flagitious, seditious, superstitious, conscious, atrocious, rapacious, malicious, facetious. ioJ, mZ— arterial, pictorial, material, biennial, mil- lenial, corporeal, ethereal, hymeneal, sid(^real, fune- real, special, social, commercial, beneficial, oificial, artificial, provincial, nuptial, martial, essential, potential, initial, equinoctial. eon, ion, yon— [micheon, pigeon, puncheon, sur- geon, dungeon, region, legion, religion, champion, clarion, halcyon. acle, *c/e— miracle, receptable, obstacle, spectacle, pinnacle, tabernacle, article, vehicle, chronicle, icicle, ventricle, fascicle, radicle, cuticle. tilde — attitude, fortitude, gratitude, magnitude, solitude, latitude, vicissitude, multitude, assuetude, desuetude, quietude. eer, ier— auctioneer, engineer, domineer, gazetteer, mutineer, volunteer, cashier, glacier, frontier, cava- lier, financier, gondolier, courtier, premier. rjo The VicToiiiAN Speller. n ede, erd, etc, erf — accede, concede, impede, inter- cede, precede, recede, supersede, ri^trocedc^, secede, exceed, proceed, succeed, complete, compete, con- crete, replete, discreet. IsCj izc — advertise, exorcise, catechise, enterprise, supervise, criticize, franchise, exerciser, merchandise, capsize, canonize, emphasize, sympathize, analyze, paralyze, crystallize. lie, it, e/^— ex(iuisite, definit(\ finite, gi-anite, infin- ite, opposite, habit, limit, bandit, credit, transit, merit, visit, pulpit, spirit, deficit, inherent, illicit, elicit, solicit, surfeit, exhibit, forfeit, counterfeit. OKs, i(s — famous, leprous, glutinous, timorous, porous, odorous, venemous, nei'vous, frivolous, vil- lahious, anonymous, bonus, census, circus, crocus, surplus, phosphorus, nucleus, stimulus, asparagus, terminus. ment — ornament, ligament, sacrament, testament, lineament, tournament, complement, element, imple- ment, supplement, tenement, aliment, compliment, detriment, Hniment, nutriment, sediment, regiment, argument, document, monument. a)')/, ery, or\f — adversary, commentary, pecuniary, secondary, auxiliary, monetary, secretary, bound- ary, sanctuary, ol)ituary, dictionary, gallerj^, ma- chinery, millinery, refinery, scenery, confectionery, monastery, distillery, grocery, slavery, lottery, advis- ory, declamatory, directory, factory, promissory, inventory, migratory, preparatory, valedictory, com- pulsory, satisfactory, auditory, dormitory, dilatory, cemetery, literary. Q, iiiter- , secede, te, coii- terprise, liandise, analyze, e, infill - transit, ;, illicit, •feit. niorous, Dus, vil- crocus, )aragus, tament, , imple- jliment, giment, juniaiy, bound- ry, ma- tionerv, ', advis- nissoiy, y, eom- lilatoiy, PAIJT y. SOME COMMON ABBREVIATIONS. I. Geographical. England, Englisli £„„ France, French p^ " Germany, German Qp^ Great Britain q p Ireland j^.^ Italy, Italian jj. . p^.^j J^'^^ica- '.Jam. ■^•^P^" Jap. ^lexico 3j^^ Newfoundland j^ p Prussia, Prussian Vv\3ii>,. Russia, Rus.sian jjyy^ ^«otl^»d "f^^^t." South America j;^ a Spain s. West Indies W.I. or W ^^■""^«ba ^[^^ Ontario q , Q"^b«« ^.."."."..'.'.'.Que.' British Columbia 13 q Nova Scotia jg^ u Prince Edward Island p p j New Brunswick ]sr ^ Nortli-West Territories N. W.T United States tt o In, T^2 The Victorian Speller. ft'i> ! II. Chronological. Hour, h.; minute, min.; second, sec. Forenoon (ante meridian; A.M. Afternoon (post meridian) P.M. Noon (meridian) M. Day , d. Sunday Sun. Monday Mon. Tuesday Tues. "Wednesday Wed. Thursday Thurs. Friday . . Fri. Saturday Sat. Christmas Xmas. Month, months mo., mos. Last month (ultimo) ult. This month (instant) inst. Next month (proximo) prox. January Jan. February Feb, March Mar. April Apr. May June July Jul. August Aug. September Sept. October Oct. November Nov. December Dec. Year, years yr., yrs. By the year (per annum) per an. Before Christ B.C. I The Victorian Speller. 123 In the year of our Tjord (anno Domini). . . . A.D. In the year of ]{ome A.IT.C. III. Books and Literature. Abbreviate 1 .^\^^y^. ^^'»'">fe't''' abr. Anglo-Saxon ^^ «.; An-.-Sax. Anonymous ^„,j„ ^"■^^^^i- Ans. Article ^j.^. Appendix ^Yi)n. I^""'^ Bk. or bk. Hoards (bin(Jing) i^j^ '^ound bd. Capital letter Cap. (pi. Caps.). Small Capitals s. Caps., S.C. C*>-ipter Chap. Compare (confi-r) ^.f Cyclopaidia Cyc. Dictionary ,]ict. Edition, edit., ed.; editor, Ed, Encyclopjedia Encyc. Et cetera (and other things) etc. itc. Et Sequentia (and what follows) et seii. Example j].^ Exempli gratia (for example) e.y., ex.g. History, historical Hist. Tdem (same author) Id. or id. Td est (that is) j e Introduction j^j^,. •^')^rxm\ Jour. Lower case (type) i^ Manuscript MS. (pi. MSS.). Pages, page p^ p j,j, IS. 124 The VrcToitiAN Spellkk. Paragnii»Ii pur. Preface Pn'f. PoHtcript P.S. (pi. P.SS.). Publisher, -liciition, -lishcd pul). Question Ques. Quary Qy., qy., <'i' ? Quod vide (which see) tj.v. Rhetoric Ilhet. Shakspeare Shak. Supplement Sup. Transpose tr. Version ' Ver. Volume Vol. (pi. vols). Wrong-font (typt*) w.f. IV. Business. Account acct. a/c. At or to (mercantile) @ Barrel, barrels bbl. or bbls. Bank bk. Brother, Brothers Bro., Bros. Bushel bu., bush. By the P., p. or I*. Company Co. Credit, creditor Cr. Cent, cents ct., cts. Cash on Delivery C.O.D. Ditto (the same) do. Dollars i$. Dozen doz. Each ea. Foot, fe(!t ft. Hogshead hhd. I owe you T.O.U. or f The Victorian Spellkk. Interest ^^^ Journal ,, .)<>"!•. Measure -- , nieas. JN umber, numbers j^^^ j^p^ Ounce oz. P'»'ind, pounds ]|j jj^^. Peunyweight ^ ' ^ ^pwt., dwt. P"^"'^''^«'» ..kg. p-^ ixjr P^>''"^"t payt. ^*'^^'' P^^'^'^ ph-.pks. P^'"^"""'" per an. Per cent (by the hund.) p^.^ ^.^,J^^ ^^^^^mt, '.'.'.■:pt.,pts." Quart, quarts ,^4, ^ ,jj^ Quarter, quarters ,j,.^ ^^^.^ Received .,1 ^^igi^t ''"'"""^:':::'':::wt.* ^^'d>y^rds y,,_^y^^_ V. Law and Government. ^^"«^"^y Atty. Against (versus) v. or vs. Alderman ^y Assistant ^^^^^^ Attorney-General ' j^^^.^ (.^^^ And others (et alii) ^^ j^j Department p^^^^ His (Her) Majesty jj j^' His (Her) Royal Highness H.R.H. Justice of the Peace j p Member of Parliament jyj p Post Office p Q Post Master p lyT 125 '■r l-'<) The \'ictouian Spelleu. Queon Victoria (Victoria IJcgiiia) V.lt. liii^lit Honorable K^. Hon. Siiju'rintoiulcnt Sunt. AFt'inhor Provincial Parliament M.P.P. Member Legislative Assembly M.L.A. VI. Ecclesiastical. By God's C!rac(! (Dei -(latia) T>.G. (Jod willing (Deo volento) D. V. Jesus the Saviour of men (.Fesus hominum Salvator I.H.H. Jesus of Nazareth King of the Jews (Jesus Nazerenus lUx Judaeorum) T.N.R.T. Protestant Prot. Horaan Catholic Horn. Catli. VII. Titles. Bachelor of Arts ji.A. I^a'"0"et Pjii-t. or Pt. Bachelor of Di\ inity B.j), Civil Engineer c.E. Colonel Q^y] Doctor of Divinity D.D. Enquire Y^sq. Fellow Royal College of Surgeons F.R.C.S. Fellow Royal Geographical Society F.R.G.S. Independent Order of Good Templars I.O.G.T. Independent Order or Odd-Fellows I.O.O.F. Knight of the Garter K.G. Knight Commander of the Bath K.C.B. Bachelor of Ltiws LL.B. Doctor of Laws LL.D. Doctor of Medicine, Master of Surgery M.D. & CM. Monsignor ;\r„,._ .M. The Victorian Spelleh. Reverend Jlev. Master of Arts M. A. Aule-de-Ciimp ^\ p) q Ancient, Free iind Accepted Masons A.F, tfe A.M Defender of the Faith F. D. Hudson's iky Company H.B.C. VIII. Miscellaneous. Ad libitum (at pleasure) ad lib. Architecture Arch. Arithmetic Arith. Astronomy Astron. iEtatis (of age) ^t., JE. Botany Bot. Chemistry Chem. College Coll. Corresponding Secretary Cor. Sec. Errors and Omissions Excepted E. it O.E. Executive Committee Exec. Com. Fahrenheit (thei-niom.) Fahr. Fecit (he difl it) fee. Grammar Gram. Geography Geog. Geometry Geom. Handkerchief hdkf. Horticulture Hort. Hie jacet sepultus (here he lies buried) H. J.S. Hie requiescat in pace (here may he rest in peace) H.R.I.P. Incognito (unknown) Incog. In transitu (in the passag.;) in trans. Junior J,.., or jun. Military .• Mil. 127 ll.f 128 The Victoeian Speller. , I " i ! Mythology Myth. National, natural Nat. Nemine contradicente (no one contradicting). Nem. Con. Nemine dissentiente (no one dissenting) .... Nem, diss. Non. sequitur (it does not follow) non seq. Note Bene (note well) N.B. Obit (lie died) ob. Object, objective, etc obj. Obedient obt. Optics Opt, Ornithology Ornith. Philosophy Phil. Phonography Phonog. Phrenology Phren. Physiology Phys. Pinxit (he painted it) pinx. Pro tempore (for tiie time) pro. tern. Recording Secretary Rec. Sec. Secretary Sec. Senior Sr., sen. Servant Servt. Videlicet (namely) viz. Zoology Zool. To infinity ad inf. Hundredweight cwt. Pounds, shillings, pence £. s. d. North, East, South, West N.E.S.W. Foolscap Fcp. To take leave P.P.C. Marks Used in Medicine. 9 Scrapie ; as ^ss half a scruple, 9 One scruple ^ij two scruples 5 Drachm; as 3ss half a drachm, 3 One drachm 3ij two drachms ,5 Ounce ; as 533 half an ounce, 5 One ounce Jij two ouijcps The Victorian Speller. 129 stet. [ Marks used in Making Corrections in Composition, 8/ Leave out. Turn an inverted letter. Less space between words. More Space. Let it remain as it is. Begin a new paragraph. ^ Under a word means print in Capitals. = " " " Small Capitals. — " " " Italics. tr. Transpose. I.e. Lower case or small letter. w.f. Wrong kind of type. s.c. Print in Small Caps. ? Query. Marks Used in Writing and Printing. 1. Punctuation marks page 17. 9. ae Diferesis. 2. g^ Index. 10. 3. A Caret. 11. 4. { Brace. 12. Ellipsis. 13. Acute accent. l-t. Grave accent. 15. Circumflex accent. IG. 5. 6. 7. 8. h A e 9 Cedilla. * Asterisk, t Dagger. I Double dagge". § Section. II Parallels. H Paragraph. DERIVATION OP WORDS. Many English words can bo separated into parts, each of which is significant. Thus the word tin- manljf may bo separated into im (not), man and ly (like). So that the whole word literally means not- man-like. Similarly the word antagonist may be ru 130 The VicToiiiAN Speller. A 1 1 resolved into (Uif (against), af/0)f (strife), i'^^t (the one who), and literally means the one who strives against, that is, an opponent. The syllables at the begiiniing (as mi and out) are ('all•, as PREFIXES. [In these Exercises are givpti (1) The Prefix; (i) Its Moaning; (;!) An Example, with literal meaning of the word ; (4) Other Examples, without lit- eral meaning. Furtlier Examples sliould be I'ound. and the literal meaning always compared with present meaning, as set forth in a dictionary]. a en or em . I. Anglo-Saxon Origin. at ov 011 ashore, on shore ; afloat, afoot, awry, abreast, be (intensive) to viake, about, by. bedim, to make dim; behead, besiej^e, besprinkle. to make, in or into ennoble, to make noble ; em- bark, to put on board ; en- dear, embalm. »o< forsake, not to seek, i.e. to aban- don ; forget, forbid. f>efore forerunner, one wlio runs be- fore ; foreclose, foretell, forenoon. mis wrong or iU misspend, to spend to wrong pur- pose ; mislay, misguide. out . . beyond OUtrun, to run beyond ; OUt- stand, outdo, outline. over above or over Overstate, to state more than the truth ; overlook, overseer. Un (negative) not unmanly, not manly ; unwise, unclean, unfair. for. fore under with. beneath, tinder . , from or against. underbid, to bid less than ; un- derstand, underrate. withstand, to stand out against; withhold, withdraw. 11 ;i I. Ii 5 132 ab a abs ad ac af ag al an ar as at ante . . . eireum eon CO cog col cor contra counter de The VicToiiiAN Spellee. II. Latin Origin. ' aboriginal, from the beginning ; abrupt, abject, abduct. }/rovi, off ^ avert, to turn from ; avoid. abstain, to hold away from ; abs- tract. ' adjoin, to join to ; advance, adapt, accredit, to credit to ; accede, ac- celerate, accord. affix, to fix to ; affirm, affect, agglomerate, to gather to ; ag- grieve, aggressive. .fo \ allare, to entice to ; allude, allot. ' annex, to tie to ; announce, an- noy. arrange, to range to ; arrive, arrest, assume, to take to, i.e. to take for granted; assist. (, attune, to tune to ; attend, attract. '"'/'^^^ antedeluvian, before the flood ; antechamber, antecedent. '*''"" circumnavigate, to sail around ; circumscribe, circumstance. ' conjoin, to join with ; conflict, connive, connect, coequal, equal with; cooperate, cohere, coincide cognate, born with, collect, to place with ; collation, collision, correlate, to relate with ; corres- pond, corrode. f contradict, to speak against ; con- travene. counteract, to act against ; coun- terbalance, countersign. down, from .... deduct, to take away from ; de- duce, detract. •together, ivith.- ■against The Victorian Hpellel'. 133 Vapart, asunder. diS (negative) ,io< disloyal, not loyal; dislike, dis- lioncst. "^ I' distnict, to draw asunder; distend, dispel, divert, to turn apart; digress, dilate, diffuse, to pour throughout ; dif- ference, diffraction. feXi>:>vt, to carry out of; exiiol, expend, expose. ! eniiojrate, to move out of ; egress, } emit. i effltiL'iit, flowing out; efface, dis dl dif ex e ef yout or out of. } V effort. ®^^^^ ^^•y'""' ViXtraordinary, beyond ordinary ; extradition, extravagant. ' inspect, to look into ; inhale, in- cur. implant, to plant in ; immerse, impress. illuuilno, to shed light into ; illus- trate. irradiate, to lot rays into ; irrup- tion. m im il Ip in im ig U ir \in, into., upon. 'inactive, not active ; inability, incoherent, incouiplete. impatient, without patience ; im- perceptible, impolite. no< (negative) .^ ^8"noble, devoid of noble spirit; ignorant, illogical, not logical; illiberal, illegible, illegal, irregular, not regular ; irrational, irreligious, irresponsible. *"^®^ *«'"^««" intervene, to come between ; inter- cede, interlinear, interpose, *'*'^° '"*''^*"" introduce, to lead within, i.e. to make acquainted ; introvert. 134 Ob oe of op per pel post pre . The VicToiiiAN Spellek. 'against throufjh Objoct, to throw ill the way of ; obstruct, obtrude. occur, to run in the way of, i.e. to hai>i)oii ; occasion, OCcupy. offend, to strike against; offer, office. oppose, to place over aj>ainst ; op- ponent, oppress. pervade, to wander through ; per- spire, perspective, pervious. pellucid, letting the light shine through. after postpone, to place after ; post- script, posthumous. before prefix, to attacii to the fore-part; prelude, preface. preter beyond preternatural, beyond natural; preterite. pro for pronoun, for a noun ; prOconsul. pro forward proceed, to go forward ; progress, promote. re back, again ... recede, to go back; reclaim, re- ■ build, redeem. retro backwanh retrospect, looking backward ; retrograde, retrogression. Se apart SCcede, to go apart ; seclude, se- duce. semi half semicircle, a half circle ; semi- annual, semi-weekly. sine without sinecure, without care ; sincerity. ''submit, to send under; subdue, subscribe. succumb, to be down under ; suc- cor, success, suffer, to bear under; suffuse, support, to carry under ; suppress, suppose. , sustain, to hold under ; suspense. w"''e^ subterfuge, to flee under ; SUbter- fluent. sub sue Sttf sup sus subter 'under The Victohiax Speller. 135 semi- super . sur .. trans tra ultra . "''c^"' supernatural, more than natural ; supercilious, superfine. a/jove, ovtr Survive, to live thioujrh ; SUrtout surplus. ^ transatlan tic, across the A tlantic ; transcontinental, transcend, traverse, to turn across ; tra- dition. be/jond Ultramontane, beyond the moun- tains ; ultramundane. ■across . a an ana anti ant «0< III. Greek Origin. [ amorphous, without form ; aceph- I aloiis. (negative)... j anarclij^, without rule; anony- \ mous. 11./) arjainst. analysis, breaking up; anagram, anatom3^ antipodes, with iwt against, or opposite ; antibilious. antarctic, opposite the arctic ; antagonist. apo from apostle, one sent from ; apostate. Cata ilou^n cataract, a falling down; cata- stroi)he. dia through diaphanous, light shining through; diarrhoea. dys difficulty dySpcpsj', difficulty in digestion; dysentery. ee out eccentric, out of the centre ; ec- stasy. epi uijon epitaph, upon a tomb ; epigram, episcopacy. eu vseJl euphony, well-sounding ; eulogy. hyper above^ beyond., hypercritical, over critical; hy- perborean, hyperbole. para *<ho, or that which ; as artisan, assistant, missionary, auc- tioneer, student, cashier, machinist, captive, oper- ator. The Victorian Speller. 137 2. ate, ee, ite, ive, signify the one who is, or that which in ; as delegate, dev(jtee, favorite, captive. 3.-aey, ag-e, ance, aney, ate, enee, eney, ion, ism, ity, ment, mony, tude, ty, ure, signify ,tate, romUtion, quality, art ; as celibacy, dotage, permanence, per- manency, profligate, vigilance, flagrancy, corruption, favoritism, excitement, matrimony, fortitude, abili- ty, tenure. 4. -ary, ory, signify the place ivhere ; as dispensary, iafirin- ary, armory. 5.-ele, eule, Ule, signify Uttle r.liminutive) ; as particle animalcule, plumule, globule. II- — To Form Adjectives : i.-al an, ar. ary, ent, ic, leal, id, lie, ine, ory, signify relating to, like, heim,, as verbal, human, stellar, secondary, resplendent, placid, sterile, saline, savory, demoniacal, cardiac. 2.— ate, OSe, OUS, signify ahounding in, or having the qual- ity ; as adequate, verbose, joyOUS. 8.— able, ible. ile, signify that may he, or are capable of being ; as workable, reversible, docile, ductile, malle- able. 4.— ive, signifies having the power or quality; as adhesive restive. ' 5.— feroUS, flc, signify producing or cauning ; as auriferous terrific. ' 6.-aeeOUS, aeiOUS, signify of, or having the quality; as farinaceous, capaciOUS. 7.— escent, signifies growing or becoming; as convalescent iridescent. ' III.— To Form, Verbs . 1.— ate, fy, ise, iZS, signify /a viaJce, a-coniplish, render ; as locate, navigate, magnify, economize, exorcise, fer- tilize, falsify. II w > 138 The Victuiuan Si'ellek. ROOTS. acoo, to be sour ; ncidus, sour ; acid, ncidulato, acetic. aci'on, (a«/mr) the top; acropolis, acrostic. aCUo, to nharpen ; aciltus, sharp ; acUmcn, acate. ndelplios (,(i(fe?,i/'"f ). « hrother ; Philadelphia. uer [ar/fi) air; aeriform, aeronaut, aerolito. a^ger^ a heap ; exaggerate. ago, actum, to do; agent, act, transaction, enactment. agOgos, («)(..■; o[) « leader; pedagogue, demagogue. agon, {ayuv) a content ; agOiiy. antagonist. ageVf a field, agrarian, agriculture, peregrination. algos, (n^yoc), pain; neuralgia, nostalgia, cephalgia. alienus, belonginrj to another; alienate, inalienable. alo, to nourish; aliment, alimony, coalesce. altus, /u'ly/t; altitude, exalt, exaltation. ambnlo, to walk ; perambnlate, ambulance, amble. amo, to love; amicus, a friend ; amiable, amicable. amplus, large; ample, amplitude, amplify. anemos, (aw//of), wind ; anemone, anemometer. aner, andros {avrip), a man ; Andrew, Alexander. angelus (dyye/l/lof), a messenger; angel; evangel. angion {ayyetov), a vessel; angiosperm. ango, to choke, to vex ; anger, anxious=angsiou3. angulus, a corner ; angular, rectangular, triangle. anus, an old woman ; anile, anility. anima, breath; animus, the wind; animal, animate, unanimous, equanimity. &nnulus, a ring ; annular, annulet. anthos, a flower ; anthology, polyanthus. anthropos i/n'fl/iwTof), a man ; anthropology, misanthropy, phil- anthropy. antiquus, old; antiquary, antique, antiquity. aperio, to 0/ e?i ; aperient, aperture. aptus, fit; adapt, iiptitude, inaptitude. aqUa, water ; aquatic, aqueduct, aqueous, terraqueous. aro, to plough; arable, inarable. arbiter, an umpire; arbitrate, arbitrary, arbitrament. The Vktouian Sitmj.kk. i:{!) lanimous. jpy, phil- arch6 ('i/',V'/), tho herjinninfj; archivos, iiiouai'Cll, anarchy, totr arch, archotyiu', archaism, arctof) ((/p,V"0. a hear; arctio, nntarctic, arctnrus. ardoo, to bnrn; anient, ardor, arson. Oristos {hinfJToq), best or noblest ; aristocracy, aristocrat. arlihrnoi* iatnihior), iiHviber; arithinotic, logarithm, arnia, «/•/«<; armament, armistice, armory, articiilus, a fit/fe Joint. ; article, articular, articiilati;. aspcr, rouf/h ; asperity. astnm, a star; astral, asterisk, astrology, astronomy, dis- astrous. "^ athletes {o»(,). beautiful ; calistllPllic^t. campus, a plain ; cailipaiyti, enoainpniont. caildoo, to be white; caiKloiit, candidate, incandosconoo. caiio, caiitiun, coiit, to Himj ; canorous, canliclo, canto, pre- centor, enchant. capio, captiim (cipjcept), to take; captor, caplivatf, recipient, acceptance. capiilus, the hair ; capillary. caput, capitis, the heml ; captain, capital, precipitate. carbo, a coal ; carbonic, carbuncle. career, a prison ; incarcerate. caro, carnis,/e»/< ; carnal, carnage, carnivorous. Carpos {mprror), fruit ; jwricarp, catena, a chain ; concatenation. cavallo (Ital.), a horse ; cavalcade, cavalier, cavalry-, cavus, hollow; cavity, concave, oxcavate. cedo, cessuni, to yield ; precede, concei-ision, antecedent. celer, swift ; celerity. conseo, to think ; consor, censorius, censure. centum, a /t«)i(?m?; cent, centenary, centennial, centipede. ccpliale, {Ke^a/j/)^ the head ; acephalous, cephalic, hydro- cephalus, cera, wax ; cerate, cerement, sincere. cerebrum, tYiQ brain; cerebral. cerno, cretum, to separate ; discern, excretion, ocretion. certo, to contend; concert, disconcert. certus, sure ; ascertain, certify, uncertainty. cervix, cervicis. the neck ; cervical. ces-o, to cease ; inccdSiint. chalybs, steel ; chalybeate. character, a mark or stavii> ; characterize, characteristic. Cliaris, charltos (;»:«/«?), grace, love; charity eucharist. cheval, a Aorse ; chevalier, chivalry. cheir (j^^f'p), the hand; chlroerapli v. chirQma,nov. chirurgeon. chole, {Koh/), bile; choler, colic, melancholy, chorus, a company of singers ; < iiorul. chorister. The Victorian Spellek, 141 oldu. nil to, pro- rei'ipit'iit, ipede. !, hydro- n. tic. rgeos. chrlstoa (,t/)/ffr«f), anointed; christian, anticliriHt, Christmas. chroiiog (fpoi'm;), tivie; chronio, chronology, synchronizo. chrysos (xi>vro,;), ,joid; chryHaliJ^. chrysolite, chrysautliomum. cingo, clnctum, to tie about ; cllicturo, preciiict, succinct. cinis, cincris, ashes ; clndiT, incinerate, Cinderella. Circulus, a circle; circulate, circulatory, soiiiicircular. Cito, to call; citation, excite, recitation, incite. Civirt, a citizen; civic, civilian, incivility. claino, to shout ; cinnior, declamation, exclamatory, proclaim. claudo, clans mi (clud, clus), to shut; clause, exclude, include, inconclusive, i)reclude clarus, clear ; clarify, declare, declaratory. Clino («?./M)), to bend; decline, inclination, recline. Clivus, a s/o/;s ; acclivity, declivity, iirocUvity. COlo, CUlturn, to cultivate ; colony, cultivate, agriculture, cope («orr//), a cutting ; apoCOpe, syncope. COpia, plenty ; copious, cornucopiaj. cor, cordis, the heart ; cordiiil, concord, discord cornu, a horn ; cornea, cornet, cornucopia. corona, a crown ; cornal. coronal, coronation, t-uronet. corpus, corporis, tho body ; corporate, corporeal, corpse, cornacus, shining ; coruscation. cosmos (Kon/ioc), order, ornament; cosmetic, COSUlical, COsnio- grapliy. COsta, a rib; costal, intercostal. cranium («^nw«i;), the skull; cranlology, pericranium, cranium. eras, to-morrow; procrastinate. cratos (KpaToc), power; aristocrat, democrat, democracy. credo, to believe; credit, discredit, creditor. creo, creatum, to make; creator, rucreator, recreation, crepo, crepltum, to crackle, to sound ; crepitate, decrepit, dis- crepance. cresco, cretum, to grow ; crescent, accretion, concrete, excresc- ence crimen, crime ; criminal, recriminate. crites [Kpirr/f:), a, Judge ; critic, criticism, hypocrltic. Crudus, rr.w; crude, CTUility. crnsta, a crust; crustaceous, incrustate. crux, crucis, a cross , crucify, excruciate. lil 11 ". i 142 The Victorian Spellek. crystallum, ice, crystal; crystallization, crystalline. crypto (KpvKTu), to hide ; crypt, cryptogamous, apocrypha. Clinibo, CUbo, CUbitum, to lie down ; recumbent, incilbate, in- cubus. culmen, the top or ridge ; culminate, culmination. culpa, s. fault ; culpable, exculpate, exculpation. cura, care ; curator, accurate, procurator, curate. curro, cursum, to r^t^^; current, excursion, precursor, incur. curvu3, crooked ; curvature, curvilinear, curve. CUSpis, the point of a weapon ; CUSpated, bicuspid, tricuspid. cutis, the shin ; cutaneous, cuticle, subcutaneous. cutio, cussum, to shake ; concussion, discuss, percussion. cyclus (KwAof), a circle;, cycle, cyclcid, cyclopedia, epicycle, bicycle. damnum, loss; condemn, damnable. debilis, weak ; debility, debilitate. dcbitus, due, owing; debt, debtor, indebted. deca, decern (rfe^a), ten; December, decalogue, decennial, dec- agon, decade. dechomai {SeHo/iat), to take it in ; synecdoche. decor, firrace ; decorate, indecorum. deus, God ; deify, deity, deism, deodand. demos, the people; demagogue, democracy, endemic, epidemic. demon, a spirit ; demoniac. densus, thick ; condense, condensate, density. dens, dentis, a tooth ; dentist, dentifrice, indent, trident, dental. despotes ((5fCTTor?/c), a master of slaves ; despot, despotism. dexter, right-handed ; dexterity, dexterous. dies, aday; diary, diurnal, meridian. dico, dicatum, to set apart, to shoiv ; dedicate, predicate, indi- cation. didasco ((hMaHu), to teach ; didactic. digitus, a, finger ; digit, digital. dignus, worthy ; dignity, indignant, indignity. diluvium, ihQ deluge ; antediluvian, postdiluvian. dis, di, two ; dilemma, diphthong, dissylable. discipulus, a scholar ; disciplu, disciplinarian. divus, a god ; divine, divination. do, datum, to give ; datum, dative, edition. The Victorian Speller. 143 doceo, doctum, to tewh ; docile, doctor, doctrine, indoctrinate. dogma; dogmatis {6o)fia), an opinion; dogtiia) dogmatism, dog- matic, doleo, to grieve ; condole^ doleful, dolorous. domiiius, a master ; dominant, domineer, dominion, domus, a house ; domestic, domicile, donum, a gift ; donor, donation condone, dormio, dormitum, to sleep ; dormant, dormitory, dorsum, the back ; dorsul, endorse. dotes ((5orof), given ; anecdote, antidote. doxa ('5offfl), an opinion, glory ; doxology, orthodoxy, paradox. dubius, doubtful ; dubiety, indubitably. duco, dnctum, to bring, to lead ; conduce, conduct; deduction, duo, two; duel, dual, duplicity, reduplicate. durus, hard, lasting ; obdurate, endurance, durability. dys (rfvf), difficulty ; dysentery, dyspepsy. ebrius, drunk ; ebriety, inebriate, inebriety. echeo (//jt^w), to sound, to teach orally; catechise, catechism, cat- echumen, ecllo. edes, a house ; cdify, edifice, edification. edo, to eat ; edible, edacious, ego, /; egotist, egotism. emo, to buy ; exempt, preemption, redeemer. enSj entis, being ; absent, entity, present, omnipresent. enteron {hrepov), bowels ; dysentery. entomon (evTOfiov), an insect ; entomology, entomologist. eo, itum, to ,170; concomitant, circuit, imitate, transitory. eques, equitis, a horseman; equestrian, equitant. eequus, even ; equilibrium, equator, equivalent, equality. ergon {ipyov), loork ; energy, energetic, metallurgy, surgeon. erro, to wander ; error, errant, aberration. eSCa, food ; esculent. ethos ('/"of), custom, manners ; ethics, ethical, ethnos (f^vof), a /jeop'e ; ethnical, ethnography, ethnology. eu (ei), well, good; evangelist, eucharist, eulogy, euphony, en* thanasia. OBVum an age ; coeval, longevity, primeval. faber, & workman; fabric, fabricate. r: 144 The Victohian Spellee. fades, the /ace; efface, facade, superficies, superficial. facio, factum, to make, to do; benefactor, beneficent, faction, factory, defective. fallo, falsum, to slip, todeceive; fallible, fallacy, false, infallible. fames, hunger ; famish, famine. fanum, a temple ; fane, profane, fanatic. fftri, to speak ; affable, infant, preface. fasces, a bundle of rods ; fascicular, fatigo, to tire or weary ; fatigue, indefatigably. fatum, fate ; fate, fatal, fatality. fatuus, foolish ; fatuity, infatuate, ignisfatuus. febris, a, fever ; febrifuge, febrile, fever. fedus, federis, a covenant or league ; federal, confederacy. felix,felicis, happy ; felicitate, felicity, infelicitous. , femiiia, a woman ; feminine, effeminate. fendo, to keep off, to strike ; defend, fence, inoffensive. fera, a wild beast ; ferocious, ferocity, fierce. fero, to carry ; confer, defer, different, fertile, mortiferous. ferrum, iron; ferreous, ferruginous, ferrule, farrier. ferveo, to boil ; effervesce, fervid. Mq?,, faith ; infidel, fiducial, perfidious, diffident. Alius, a son; filial, affiliate, unlllial. filum, a (S), to write; autograph, litliography. gramma {^pa/i/ia), a, thing written ; epigram, diagram, grammar, gratia, /at-or; gratis, gratuitous, ingratiate. gravis, heavy; ag^avate, grave, gravitate. grex, gregis, a flock; aggregate, congregate, segregate. gymnos (jf/^.-of), naked; gymnasium, gymnastic, gymnosperni. gyne {yvvT/), a woman ; misogynist, gyneocracy. gyrus, a circle ; gyration. habeo (hib), to have; habit, habiliment, exhibition. haereo, hajsum, to stick; adhere, cohere, hesitate, inherent. henia {al/xa), blood : hemorrhage, hemoptysis. hemera {I'mepn), a day ; ephemeral, ephemeris. hemisus {wiovg), half ; hemisphere. hepta (tTrra), seven ; lieptagon, heptarchy. heteros ('refwc), other ; heterodox, heterogeneous. hex (if), siir ; hoxagon, hexameter. hieros {iep'K), sacred; hierarchy, hieroglyphic, hierography. hilaris, cheerful; exhilarate, hilarity. hippos (tTTTTOf), a horse ; hippopotamus, hippodrome. homo (hum), a man ; homicide, humanity. homos (6/zof) like ; homogeneous, homologous, homophonous. horos (opof), a boundary; horizon, aphorism. hortus, a garden ; horticulture. hospes, hospitis, a host, a gnest; hospitable. humus, the ground ; exhume, posthumous. hydor {v6up), water ; hydrogen, hydraulic. hygros (vypog), moist ; hygrometer. ichthys UxOi'i), a flsh ; ichthyology, ichthyophagist, idem, the same ; identity, identify. idios (hhoc), peculiar; idiom, idiomatic. Idiot. Idolum, {iiouhw)^ an image ; idolatry. Ignis, fire ; igneous, ignis-fatuus, ignite. insula, an island ; insular, insulate, peninsula. The Victorian Speller. 147 integer, entire ; integrit:', integrate. ira, anger ; ire, irascible. isos (laog), equal; isosceles, isothermal, isochronous, iterum, again ; iterate, reit«'rate. Jacoo, to lie; adjacent, interjacent, circumjacent. jacio, jactum (ject), to throw; abject, adjective, conjecture, in- terjectiou. jocus, a joke ; J0C03e, jocular, jocund. joiir (Fr.), adatj (diurnus) ; adjourn, journal, journey, sojourn, jugum, a yoke ; conjugal, conjugate, subjugate. jungo, junctum, to Join ; adjunct, conjunction, injunction. Jupiter, jovis, the chief god of the Greeks and Romam ; jovial. juro to swear ; abjure, adjure, conjure, perjur3^ juvo, jutum, to help; adjutant, coadjutor. labium, the lip; labial. labor, lapsus, to fall; collapse, elapse, relapse. labor, /p), a mother ; metropolis. metrum (fierpov), a measure; barometer, chrono-.^eter, micros (uihooq), little ; microscope, micrometer, microcosm. raigro, to change one's abode ; emigrate, in^migrate, transmigra- tion. miles, militis, a soldier; militia, milit.infc. mille, a thounand; millennium, milliped, millimeter. min^o, to j\it out ; eminent, imminent, prominent. minister, a servant ; administer, administrator. mirus, toonderful ; admire, admiration, miracle. miser, wretched ; commiserate. mitto, missum, to send ; admit, commissioner, commissary. mneo, to remind ; mnemonic, amnesty. modus, a measure ; accommodate, commodious, immoderate. molior, to build ; demolish. mollis, soft ; emollient. moneo, monitum, to warn ; admonish, monitor, premonition. monos ifiovng), one; monarch, monastery, monogram, mono- syllable. monstro, to )}oint out ; demonstrate, remonstrate. morbus, a disease ; morbid. mordeo, morsum, to bite; mordant, remorse. morphe, form, shape ; a^iOrphous, metamorphose. mors, mortis, death ; immortal, mortify. mos, moris. a manner, or custom ; moral, immoral, demoralize. moveo, motum, to move; commotion, locomotion, motor. macus, slime ; mucilage, mucous. multus, ma7iy; multiform, multiple, multiplicand. mundus, the world ; mundane. munio, to fortify ; ammunition, munition, muniment. manus, a gift ; munificent, immunity. 150 The Victorian Speller. h " mnrus, a wall ; mural, iminure, intermural. niuto, to change ; comimito, immutablo, transmutation. mythos (fivdog), a fable; mythic, mythology. narce {vapun), numbness ; narcotic, narcosis. nascor, natus, to be born ; nascent, natal, cognate. nasus, the nose ; niisal. nato, to swim ; natant, supernatant, nauta, a sailor ; nautical. navis, a ship; naval, navy, navigate, ne, not ; necessary, nescience, nefarious. necros (venpog), dead ; necromancy, necrology. nego, to deny; negative, renegade, abnegation. negotium, business ; negotiate. neos (vEof), new ; neapolitan, neology, neophyte. nesos (v;?(Tof), an island ; Chersonese, Peloponnesus, Polynesia, neuron (vevpov), a nerve ; neuralgia, neurology. neuter^ neither ; neutral, neutralize. nex, necis, death ; internecine, pernicious. nihil J nothing ; annihilate. niveo, to wink ; connive. noceo, to hurt ; innocent, innocuous, noxious. nomas, nomados (vo/iac), roaming without ixed homes ; nomad, nomadic. nomen, a name ; denominate, nomenclature, pronoun. uomos (vo/zof), a law; astronomy, Deutb.onomy, economy. non, not; nonage, nonentity, non ror. noXj noctis, night ; equinox, nocturnal. norma, a rule ; enormous, normal. nosco, notum, to know ; notion, notorious, notify. nota, a mark ; annotate, denote, notation. novem, nine ; November. novus, new ; innovate, novel, renovate. nudus, naked ; denude, nudity. nugse, trifles ; nugatory. nullus, none ; null, annul, nullify. numerus, number ; enumerate, innumerable. imncio, to tell ; enunciate, denunciatiun, nutrio, to nourish; nutriment, nutritious. iux, nucis, a nut ; nucleus. The Victorian Spellek. 151 OCCUltus, hidden ; OCCUlt, OCCUltation. OCto, eight ; octagon, octavo, October. OCUlus, thee?/e; ocular, oculist, binocular. ode {c}Stj), a song ; ode, melody, parody, prosody. 0dl,/Aa ! II !• P 152 The Victorian Speller. T^atlf all; panacea, panoply, pantlieist. ptJScb, pastuTT), to feed ; pantor, pasture, rcpast> pas9u3, a utejj ; passable, surpass, trespass. pateo, to be open ; patent, patentee. pater, patr is, a, father ; patriarcli, patron, patrimony. pathos (T«f/of ), fvling ; antipathy, pathetic, sympathy. patior, passus, to suffer ; compassion, impassible, impatient. pax, pacis, peace; pacify, pacific. pecco, to do wrong ; impeccabU". peccadillo. pectus, the breast ; expectorate, expectorant. ped, {nair), a child, learning ; pedant, cyclopedia, pedagogue, pedobaptism. pelagus, the sea ; archipelago. pello, to call ; appellant, appellation. pello, piilsum, to drive ; compel, dispel, impulsive. pendeo, to hang ; append, appendage, dependend, perpendicular. pendo, pensum, to n-eigh; expend, compensation, dispensary. pene, almost ; peninsula, penultimate. pente {tt-cvt?/), fve ; pentagon, pentateuch. peptos f-£n-70f}, digested; dyspepsy, peptic. experior, to try; experiment, experience, expert. persona, a mask ; personate, personify, personage. pes, pedis, the foot ; biped, impede, expedient, expedite. petalon {-era/.of), ^flower leaf ; apetalous, petal, polypetalous. peto, to ask ; appetite, competence, petition. petra [TCETpa) a rork ; petrify, petrifaction. pha^o {(payu), to eat ; anthropophagi, sarcophagus. ^harmacon {(pap/iamv), a. drug ; pharmaceutist, pharmacopoeia. pheno (phan), {/iJ''\ to say ; euphemism, blasphemy, prophesy. pllilos {(pi'/Mg), a lover ; philanthropy, philology, philosophy. phobos {v,xv). the breath ; psychology, metempsychosis. pndeo, to be ashamed ; impudence, repudiate. puer, a boy; puerile, puerility, pugna, afii/hi; repugnant, pugnacity. pulvis, pulveris, dust ; pulverize, pungo, puuctum, to pierce ; compunct, expunge, punctuate. ■ 154 TiiE VicToiUAN Spellek. putria, rotten ; putroscont, putrid, putrefy. qiiscro, (quir), qusositum, to auk, to seek ; inquiru, exquisite, requisite, qiialia, of v'luit kind ; qualify, quality, quantus, how great ; quantity. quatuor(qua(lr),/onr ; quadrilateral, quadruped. radius, a ray ; radiance, radiate. radix, radicis, a root , oradiute, eradicate, radical, radicle. rado, rasum, to Hcrai>e ; abrasion, crnso, razor. ramus, a branch ; ramify, ramificatinu. rapio, to snatch ; rapacious, rapine, rapture. rarus, thin ; rarefy, rarefaction. rego, rectum, to rule or govern ; director, regent, rector. rendre (Fr.), to give back render, rendezvous, surrender. repo, reptum, to creep; reptile, surreptitious. rheo, to flow ; catarrh, hemorrhage. ri.deo, to laugh ; deride, ridicule, risible. rigeo, to be stiff ; rigid, rigor, rigorous. rivus, a stream ; river, rivulet. rodo, rosum, to gnan- ; corrode, corrosion. rogo, to ask ; interrogate, derogatory, arrogate. * ruptum, to break ; abrupt, bankrupt, disruption. -if sacer (seer), sacred, devoted ; consecrate, desecrate, sacrament, sacrilege, salio, saitum (salt);! to leap ; salient, assault, insult, salus, salutis, Jiealth ; salute, salutary, salubrious. Sanctus, holy; sanctify, sanction, sanctimonious. sanguis (sanguinis), blood; consanguinity, sanguine, sanus, sound; sanity, insane. satis, enough ; satiate, saturate, unsatisfied. scando, scendo, to mount ; ascend, condescend, transcendent. SChola {axo?iv)^ leisure, a school ; scholar, scholastic, SCholium. scindo. scissum, to cut ; rescind, scissors. scintilla, as.))a»7fc; scintillate. scio, to know ; conscious, conscientious, omniscience. SCOpeo (axoneu), to look ; microscope, stethoscope, telescope. oxqiilHite, licle. Dr. der. sacrament, ;ndent. holium. ;copo. The Victouian Spelleu. 1 ^ *^ HCrllfo, Hcrlpttim, to writ,' : ascribe, circumscrllK'. inflcrlbo. scripture, siiiifrscrlptiiiu. scrutor, to HI arr/idi/ if,,, it/i/; iiiscrutalile, soriitiny. Seco, SCCtum, to cut ; bisect, dissect, intersection, aecanfc. Sedeo, sessum (shl), to xit ; preside, reshluuni, u«8C*"v,r, Heinl, ha//; semlunniiiil, seinleirclo, semicolon. Senex, an old man; senate, senator, fCnile. senio, sensum, to fee/, to think; assent, consent, Uv Mit.'Ji- seiision. septom, seven September, septennial. sequor, secutua, to/o/low; consecutive, consequent, oliseouioiis. subsequent. » ' i - gertuni, to knit, to Join in (Uii"ourite ; assert, inserl. Servio, servltum, to ho a alavi- : servile, subservient, disservice. servo, to save; conserve, couservator\ , pieservation, reserv- ation. sex, six; sextant, sextuple. sidns, sidcris, a star ; sidereal. Slgnuni, a mark ; sign, assign, consign, insignificant. Silva, a wood ; silvan. SimiliB, like ; assimilate, facsimile, similar. sinister, on the left hand ; sinister. Sisto, to set up, to stop, to sta7id ; assist, desist, insist, persist. sol, the Sim ; soiar, solstice. solidus, firm ; consolidate, solidity, solid. SOlor, to comfort ; Solace, disconsolate, inconsolable. solus, alone ; solitary, soliloquy, desolate, solo. SOlvo, solutum, to loose; solvent, soluble, resolution. somnus, sleep; somnambulist, somnolence, insomnia. Sonus, sound ; consonant, resonant, sonorous. Sophia, wisdom; philosophy, sophist, unsophisticated. sorbeo, to suck in ; absorb, absorbent, absorption. spargo, sparsum (sper\ to scatter ; asperse, disperse, interperse. spatium, space ; expatiate, spacious. specio, spectum (spic),to see; aspect, auspicious, expect, inspect, perspicuous. sperma (CT7rep//a\ seed; angiosperm, gymnospcrm. spero, to hope ; despair, desperately, jirosperous. splendeo, to shine ; splendid, respleiidfnpi'. spondeo, to ansicer; correspond, despond, respond, responsive. stasis {'araaii:), a standing ; ai)ostasy, ecstasy. IHi 156 The Victorian Speller. Stella, a s. drop, droop, drivel, dribble. faranf to go— taro, farewell, seafaring, ferry. fleogan, i:f.i,i:i{. 105 i) Articulation of I" the nrtit'iilMtioii of consoiiantH, Consonants. j^ j^ „ereHHai'y to guard aoainst vvvovs into which we niuy fall in attempting- to in-onounce words with the least amount of effort. It is easier to say facs, sens, and watchersay? than facts, cents, and what do you say? In addition to errors of this kind, there are those which arise from imitation. We copy the si)ee('h of those about us, and in every locality there are some omissions oi- additions of consonants in certain classes and groups of words. We hear nothin', walkin', singin', 'urry, umberella, for nothing, walking, singing, luirry and umbrella, and las' nit' for last night. The following section indicates some of the more common en-ors due to imperfect articulation of the consonants : 1. The soniid of h is sometimes omitted from words such as house, hand, horse, liill, and needlessly added to words such as only, open, air. This is not a fault common to Canadians. 2. The substitution of n for 7ig in words "• ding in ing is quite common. We hear doiii', setm,' puddin', sayin'. We have also a instead of tig iti banquet, angular, etc. The sound g is omitted in such words as linger, longer, stronger, linger. 3. The sound r is frequently converted into er and pro- longed as a harsh unmusical .-• und. It is generally accompanied by a change in uhe quantity or quality of the associated vowel sound. We liear wliurr for where; MaCr-e for Mary; fi-Or for fire; umberella for umbrella. The opposite extreme is reached in iii IGG THK ViCTOIUAN Sl'ELLKH. the case of those wlio omit the r altogetht-r in such words as mercy (m('cy), March (Milch). Tii<' soii'ul r is sometimes unnecessarily added in words such as idea, sofa, soda, Maria, father, Jehovah, making tiiese words ideav, sofar, sodar, Mariar, farther, Jehovahr. It is common to iiear one of the r'« and the accompanying vowel omitted in words such as temporary, litcia-y, governor, or the vowel alone omitted in words such as generally, licorice, slippery. The sound of 5 is frequently given th. This results in lisping. The sounds often takes the plac< of s. We hear dizipline, Azia, excurzion, perzist, instead of discipline, Asia, excursion, persist. Sometimes sJi is given in pLu of s. This is particularly notice- ahle in word-grouping. We hear " His shears are many " instead of "llis years are many." The sound of t is sometimes given where it should be omitted, as in glisten, listen, rnostle, soften, rost, twice (twict). Frequently it omuced wh. ro t should be sounded as in insects, facts, kept, acts, fists, ghosts. A somewhat similar ^ ror to the last- mentioned is common with the letter rf, as in the word friends (pronounced friens). All's well that ends well (pronounced ens). The sound of / or ch takes the ^lace of y a s ds such as venture = ventyoor (pronounced veatchoor) This is pai't.cularly noticeable in combinations such as Don't you ? Won't you ? Did you ? Get your book. As the dew falls. Pronounced : Don't choo ; Won't choo ; Did choo ; Get choor book. As the djoo falls. THK \'fcT()HI.VN Sl'EI.LEK. 167 EXERCISES. Pronounce the fiillowiuij : 1. Fast, lust, mast, vast, task, surpass, basket, braiicli. 2. Duol, reduce, stupid, student, new, tutor, knew, duke, during, multitude. 3. Sex, seets, false, faults, patience, patients, tracks tracts, mines, minds, axe, acts, lass, lasts, prince, jirints, prints of whiles. Prince of Wales, sense, ments, depths, twelfths, boasts, rusts, when, witch, which, whither, wither, where, wear. 4. Sphere, league, cabbage, women, busy, steak, acre, many, any, berry, business, hasten, there, against, patent, miracle, plaid., acrament, pacify, arid, dynasty, cast, castle, sofa, chu-.ide, fasten, azure, clerk, haunt, can't, heart h, aunt, adej.' air, ear, ire, oar, pear, here, adult, eai'nest, zephyr, cah, bird, myrtle, fertile, merchant, prefer, world, extraord' ly, done, furnace, cherub, journey, bureau, colonel, ugh, subtl.-, yacht, pursue, wrath, jocund, quality, chord, action, yawn, wliat, door, court, source, ro-ue, host, ghost, oasis, knoll, dough, pool, shoe, cushion, pulpit, busoni, should, lose, loose, height, choir, rhyme, bye, aisle, cowai'd, clou ly, lounge, avow, coin, cloister, joy, hoist, oyster, toilsome, tube, lune, pursuit, assume, presume. 5. Exile, exercise, gale, ragged, plunging, length, strength, writing, ancle, ink, donkey, uncle, anger, anguish, finger, extinguish, congress, young, your, you, use, neuter, censure, nauseate, associate, Persia, mansion, anxious, ocean, chaise, March, chanty, witch, inch, bunch, pleasure, leisure, treasure, judge, jury, perjure, soldier, pledj", oblige, power, mayor, pure, cummerce, colonel, parc.n, warden, farm, term, roar, spring, wreck, wrestle, lively, nestle, epistle, jostle, rustle. 1G8 The Victokiav Sri ..lek. m. 5 I'ii- victual, liccdlc, drivel, evil, grovel, isle, debt, receipt, indebted, indict, bade, would, cayed, rigged, uliridged, penance, stolen, fallen, gnaw, kneel, kitchen, sin, sign, transcend, icscind, j. palmist, dissijlve, houses, presi- dent, dances, dismal, thaw, mouth, tooth, breath, elm, rhythm, coupon, chasm, realm, helm, thy, there, thine, oaths something, months, nephew, twelve, epitaph, quarrel, barrel, fame, cough, draught, phlegm, hundred, whale, what, when, while, whether, columns, mischie- vous, war, wall, one, once, sweet, busy, psalm, peer, happy, naphtha, shepherd, ])uritan, several, just, blouse, boldest, iron, often, fixture, shroud, herald, innneduite, widow, worse, pincers, beast, stab, bulb, verb, tube, baboon, obstacle, ebony, man, mound, chasm, realm, film, worm, mimic, hall, high, whole, huge, hothouse, hnman, heir, honest, honor, hostler, hour, humble. 6. Truly rural; literally interpreted ; by fifths and sixths; literary finish; six sashes; tens and twelves; tenths and twelfths ; in the cold ground ; thine own act ; an ever-opening view ; goodness centres in the heart ; his crime moved me ; she could pay nobody ; make clean thine heart; don't you know? would you do it? what did you say ? I beg your pardon ; it falleth as the gentle dew from heaven ; then must the Jew be merci- ful ; give me your book ; last night ; next week. 7. He said : — Add, not had ; ballot, not ballad ; captor, not capture ; coral, not choral ; coward, not cowherd ; eminent, not imminent ; holy, not wholly ; idle, not idol ; island, not highlands ; jester, not gesture ; lair, not layer ; mines, not minds ; ooze, not whose ; pastor, not pasture ; poplar, not popular ; regimen, not regi- men » ; weigh, not whey ; weather, not whether ; witch, not \N liich. The VicTojtiAN Speller. KiO t, receipt, alti'id^'cd, 8in, .sign, les, presi- I'lith, elm, 3re, thine, epitaph, , hundred, , niischie- ilin, pj'er, st, blouse, niiK'duite, erb, tube, m, n>alm, Jiothouso, nble. id sixths ; s ; tenths 1 act ; an eart ; his ake clean it? what h as the be merci- !ek. ; captor, cowherd ; idle, not ure; lair, ; pastor, not regi- r ; witch. H. Mark the v,nv(.Is in ..n.. nf y,„„. reading lessons, and study the lesson with the thought of giving each vowel its valiit! in reading.'. !). Study the consonants in similar fashion. 10. Write out a list of errors y„u notice in your own • «lHH'ch : (a) By giving wrong sound to the vowels ; (/') J5y giving wn.ng vahie to un.iccented vowels,' {<) By omitting vowels ; (,l) By omitting consonants '; ((•) By running words together. 11. Write a list of errors of the play-ground. Pronounce each word or group of words s(j noted in the proper way. 12. Read .Tohn xv., 1-11, l,eing ,,ireful to give each vowel- sound its pro])er value. i I it .'r ir WORDS OFTEN MISPRONOUNCED. An.TECT, ab'ject, 7iof {ib-J(5ct'. Absolute, ab'so-lute, not ub'so-lute. Absorh, ab-s6rb', not ab-z6rb'. Across, a-frdss', not a-^Toss', nor a-€r6st'. Actor, uc'tor, not u^'tor. Acts, a^ts, not a€s. Adept, a-dq:*:'. not ild'ept. Adieu, a-dieu', not adu'. Advance, ad-vi*in(;e', not ad.- \imqe' wor ad-van9e'. After, after, not after. Again", a-gen', not a-gan'. Agile, ag'Ile, not i\g'ile. Air, air, not air. Alien, al'yen, not a'li-Cn. Ally (noun and verb), al ly', 7iot al'ly. Always, arways, not drwiiys, nor ol'wiiz. America, A-mer'i-^a, not ii-m6r'ii-€ii. And, and, not an. Apkx, a'pj^x, 7iot a'pex. Apostle, a-p6s'sl, not a-pos'tl, nor a-pos'sl. Apparatus, ap-pa-ra'tus, not ap-pa-rSf us. Apparel, ap-pai'el, not ap-par'el. Apparent, ap-par'cnt, not ap-par'ent, nor ap-pa'rent. Apricot, a'pri-cot, nut ap'ri-c6t. Aqi'kous, a'kwe-iig, not ak'we-us. Arabic, ar'a-bie, 7iot a-ra'bi€. Arctic, ilrc'tic, not iir'Li^. Are, Jire, not are. Aktikicer, ilr-tifi-ger, ?io^ iir'ti-fig-er. Asia, a'sha, not a'zha. I ft Thk Victorian Speller. Ask, ask, not ilsk. Associate, as-s6'she-ate, not as-s6'9i.rite. Attorney, at-tur'ney, not at-tor'ney. Awful, aw'ful, not aw'fl. Bade, bade, not bade. Bal.m, biilm, not balm. Banquet, ban'kwet, not ban'kwet. Barrel, bar'rel, not biirl. Been, bin, not beCn, nor ben, Beq[-eatii, be-qiu-'a/A', 7iot be-queath'. Biography, bi"-6g'ra-phy, not bi-og'ra-phy. Blatant, bla'tant, not bla'tant. Bonnet, bon'net, not bon'net. Booth (a house), hobth, not booth. Bouquet, bo-ka'. Bristle, bris'sl, not bris'tle. Bronchitis, bron-t'lil'tis, not brdn-chi'tis. Brook, brook, not brook. Burst, burst, not bust. Bustle, biis'sl, not bas'tle. Calf, €alf, not f alf. Calyx, t-a'lyx, not ^ri'lyx. Can, ^M, not vm, nor r&n. Capillary, ^ap'il-la-ry, or ca-pil'la-ry. Capture, ^apt'ure, not fap'chur. Castle, ^as'sl, not ^iis'tle. Catch, ^'tltch, not £'('tch. Cemetery, 9om'e-ter-y, not (;om'e-try. Centrifugal, 9en-trif' u-gal, not 96n-tri-fu'gal. Cererral, 9(:^r'o-bral, not 9e-re'bral. Certain, 9r'r'tain. not 9ert'n. Chaise, 9haise, not chaise. Chaos, chil'ds, not ^ha'us. 171 172 The Victorian Si'elleu. Charade, 9ha-riTde', not (;ha-rade'. Chasm, fhasm, not i'hris'um, Chkiuuic, clie-ru'bu', not cher'u-bi€. CuiLDKEx, chil'dren, not chil'durn. Chimney, chim'ney, uof chim'bly. Chocolate, chd^'o-late, not chot-'late. CnuLSTiAN, t'hrist'yan, )iot ^'hris'chan, nor chris'ti-an. Christmas, fhris'mas, not -ehrist'mas. Civil, (;iv'il, not giv'l. Cleanly (adj.), cleau'ly, not ^'lean'ly. Cleanly (ad.), ^'leau'ly, not i^MS&n'ly, Clematis, i'lC'm'a-tis, not fle-mat'is. Column, vorum, not <'6ryum. Commodious, fom-mo'di-us, ;/o^ com-mo'jus. Composite (adj.), ^'om-p6s'ite. Composite (noun), <'om'po-site. CoN(\\VE, i'on'fave, not €6nVave. Conical, +'6n'i€-al, not ^'6'ni-^'al. Constituent, -t'on-stit'u-ent, not i-on-stit'chu-ent. Covetous, ^^-ov'et-ous, not t'ov'e-chus. Creek, ^reek, nut *'rik. Croquet, trO-kri', not rvb'kxi. Cruel, ^Tu'el, not tM-ii'ul. Currants, t'ur'rants, vo/ fiir'rans, wor +'urn8. Dance, danye, not dan^e. Decade, doc'ade, not de-eade'. Deficit, d(5f'i-(>it, not de-f i(;'it. Didactic, di-da^'tk', not di-d:u''ti*'. Diphtheria, dif-the'ri-a, not dip-thG'ri-a. Divulge, di-vul{^n'er-al-ly, not gen'er-ly. Get, get, not git. Gorgeous, gor'geous, not gor'ge-ous. Handsome, hun'somo, not liund'some. Helm, helm, not hel'um. Herald, her'ald, notlnu-'nU. History, liis'to-ry, not his'try. Horrid, hor'rid, 7iot hor'rid. Hostile, hds'tlle, not hos'tile. Idol, i'dol, not i'dl. Illustrate, il-lus'trute, not il'lns-trute. Image, im'age, not im'ig ; it should be a obscured Infidel, in'fi-del, not in'ti-dul. Inquiry, in-qui'ry, not in'qui-ry. Ijs'terim, in'ter-im, not in'ter-uiii. Iron, T'urn, not T'ron. 173 174 Tin: Yif'TOHiAN Rpellkr. Kept, kept, not kep. Laugh, liiugh, not laugh. Leisure, le'zhur, )iot lezh'ur, nor lo'zhur. Length, Ifing-th, not lenth. LiBRAiiY, li'bra-ry, 7iot li'ber-y. Look, look, not look. Malice, mal'ice, not marus. Mamma, mam-mii', not mitm'ma. Mania, ma'ni-a, not man'ya. Mauket, milr'ket, not miir'kit. Matrox, ma'tron, not mat'ron. Mellow, mel'low, not mt'l'ler. Melodious, me-lO'di-ous, not me-lO'jus. Memory, mem'ory, not mein'ry. Mezzo, mod'zo, or mf't'zo. Miracle, mir'a-^'le, not m(5r'a-€le. Mischievous, mis'che-viis, not mis-che'vus, Muskrat, musk'rafc, not mush'rat. Nausea, nau'slie-a, not nau'sha. New, nu, not nn. Notice, no'ti(;e, not no'tus. Nuisance, niii'san^e, not niii'san^e. Ominous, dm'i-noiis, not o'min-ous. Once, won^e, not wiinst. Oral, 6'ral, not or'al. Palace, pS,l'ace, not pal 'us, nor pfil'ls. Palm, pilm, not pam. Parade, pa-rade', not p'rade. Paradise, par'a-dise, not par'a-dlse. Parallel, par'ul-it'l, not pai'"iC'l. Parent, par'ent, not pa'runt, nor par'ent. Thk Victoiman Spelleu. I7r, Parsley, piirs'ley, not piirz'ley. Parttculau, par-ti€'u-lar, not par-ti<:''lar. Partner, purt'ner, 7iot pilrd'ner. Partridge, piir'triclge, not pat'ridge. Pasture, past'iire, 7wt past'ure, oior pris'chur. Pathos, pa'thos, not path'os. Perhaf % per-hiips', 7iot p'r-hilps'. Peril, per'il, not per'l. Photographer, pho-t6g'ra-pher, not pliO-to-giapli'-or. Pincers, pincers, not pin'chers. Piteous, pit'e-ous, not pit'yus, nor pit'cluis. Placable, pla'ca-ble, not plat- a-ble. Poem, po'em, not po'm. Poet, po'et, not po'ut. Presentation, prez-en-tfi'tion, not pre-zen-ta'tion Presume, pre-zume', not pre-zijme'. Previous, pre'vi-ous, not prev'yus. Profuse (adj.), pro-fuse', not pro- fuze'. Pronunciation, pro-nun-shi-fi'tion, il'tion, nor pro-noun-shi-a'tion. Pulpit, pul'pit, not pul'pit. Pumpkin, pump'kin, 7iot punk'in. Pupil, pu'pil, not pii'pl. Push, push, not push. Put, put, 7iot put. not pro-uuu-gi- Quarrel, quar'rel, not quar'l. Rare, rare, not rare. Real, re'al, not real. Reduce, re-du(;e', iiot re-duye'. Regatta, re-gat'ta, not re-gat'ta. Ribald, rib'ald, not ri'bald. Risk, risk, not resk. Roof, roof, not roof. lii- 176 The VitTOKiAN Spellkr. Salary, sAl'a-ry, not srU'ry. Satijs", siU'in, not eut'ii. Says, soz, not sfiys. Scoundrel, stoun'drel, not st'oun'der-1. Sects, si'€ts, not sCt-s. Separate (verb), sep'a-rute, not sep'u-rate. Shkiek, sliriek, not sriek. Shrill, shrill, oiot srill. Shrub, shrub, not sriib. Sleek, sleek, not slick. Sofa, sO'fa, not so'fy, nor so'far. SoON", soon, not soon. Sooth, sooth, not moth. Sorry, sor'ry, not sor'ry. Specialty, spc5sh'al-ty, not spush-i-ai-i-ty. Spirit, spir'it, not spGr'lt. Storm, storm, not stom. Stupid, stii'pid, not stu'pid. Subsist, sub-sist', not sub-zist'. Sudden, sud'den, not sud'dnt. Sullen, sul'len, not siil'ln. Syringe, syr'inge, nut sy-rin. -t--r«^ 23 WEST MAtN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 873-4503 I, .1 h I.; •^; 182 The Victokian SrELLEii. («•) Sliootiiif^ Prairio Chickens. (presentiii,i{ a story in fitur |)ani},M'ap]is, the paragraphs having 5, (5, 7 and 3 dochirative sentences. 5. Place capitals where they should occur in tlie following : (a) as i was walking down the road i met mr. John j. chambers, lie askeeside her, and frightened miss muffet away. ('/) father to thee we lift our eyes. do you believe in the doctrine, canada for the Canadians ? go') on Sunday evonin- last, tl.c twonty-tliiid of August, a young man found on ii.ain street a nianuseript. it was an essay with tlie title lio.v to cure caneer. he l)rought it to (h-. numlani, at the general hospital, who j)ronounced It a translation from the works of dr. janeau, who lived about the tin)e of the french levolution. 6. Write sentences correspf.nding to the following ' h 'f? 11. 'William Burns, of Covonlale, is a young mnn of seven- teen, who has just finished a eourse in the High Scliool of tliat town. He is applying for the position of cl-rk in the drug store of Moffat it Murdock, of Evansvjile. He sends a testinionial from Mr. J. G. Goriiam of tiie High School, and a certificate of good conduct from George Asham, iiis Sunday School Superintend(>nt. Write the application, the testimonial, and the certificate of character. Also write the advertisement which .Moffat it .Murdock luid inserted in the Ihiih/ Anjm, and which led to the application. 12. "William J. Georgeson, of JNIelita, wrote to Warner k Co., Winnipeg, ordering a baby-carriage, an oak i-ocker, a writing desk, and three dozen chairs. Write the letter. Send the letter in reply, together with the invoice. Tell how the money might be sent in to pay for the goods. Write a check for the amount. 1'?. Write out tlu^ following sentences : T heard him sing two hynms to his mother. 1 knew her in her new dress, though she did not know me. He ate eight apples on Saturday. It is one hour before our bed-time. The wild currants grow on the bank of the stream just where the current is strongest. He was one of the soldiers who won a mcMlal. He was quite pale from exhaustion by the time the last pail was em]itied. If he were well-bicd, he would offer some of his bread to the hungry woman. The accent is on the first syllable, and you accent the second. The Victoiu.w Spkllki!. 185 an of soven- li Scliool of 'If'ik in tlic He sends a .'liool, and a his Sunday testimonial, vt'rtiscnient '«//// An/us, liner & Co., V, a writing Send tiie 11 liow the Write a he did not the stream al. le time the f his bread accent the Yo„r i.,es,.nt contract is g„o.I enough ; .1., not contract for anything more. Tt incense,! the priest when he saw the incense thrown ii-.vay I Hccede to y.ur i.roposal. I>.it you must not exce,.,! I lie limit laid down. T accept everytliing except tlu^ j>en-knife. Th^e latest edition of the l,„ok containe.1 .-xercises tor rapid addition. The harnn did not need to huil.l so great a barn, fur nearly all his laiul is barren. They tri.Hl to elicit information from the servant winch would prove the master guilty of illicit practic-s. 14. Write out words that follow the .same rule in spelli.... as occurrence, admitting, ivadable, changeable, skilful. 15. Change the following m, that all the singular forms liecoino plural : The man, the woman and the child walked slowly down the road. They passed the win.lmill, an.l the factory with the tall chimney, and then entered the church. 10. Write .sentences cmtaining the words in column 1 page U6. ' 17. U.se your dictionary to get the exact pronunciation of all words (tn page 101. 18 Make sentences each containing two words of para- graph I., page 113. ' 19. Write four words ending ending in //;•, four ending in ;v. 20. Give phonic markings to the 1 in or, four endinir in ti\ two read it, being can.ful to utter all the vowels and le.sson '•Hoheniinden,"and to articulate 180 The Victokian Speller. I; III! the consonants clearly. Note particularly,- Moodless, (lark, rapidly, another, sif^ht, beat ut dead of night, fires, darkness, torch and trumpet, fast, horseman, furious, charger, dreadful. 21. Write out in full the follo\vin«' : Dr. Hamilton, of Victoria, P..C.; Rev. J. Saltcoats, of Halifa.N, N.S.; Capt. B.Klerick, M.P., were all (.n board H.M.S. Bellerephon. 22. Write words containing the following prefixes : /W/v, UHf oh. 23. Write words containing the following sutlixes, and indicate the value of the suffixes : ate, ant, m-ss, let. 24. Give the derivation of the following words : Geography, peninsula, IMeditei-ianean, cape; geo- metry, rectilineal, parallel, segnient ; geology, deposit, carboniferous ; botany, diadelphous, polypetalous ; arith- metic, decimal, fraction. II ■ 'I* — bloodless, liylit, fires, us, charger. filtcoats, of II on hoard fixes : fitre, ttixes, and ;ape ; geo- v, deposit, ous ; arith-