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Lea caitea. planches, tableaux, ate. pauvent «tre fllm*e A dee taux de rMuction diff«rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour 4tre r^rodu It en un seul ciich«. il est film« i partir de I angle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche A droite. at de heut en bea. an prenant le nombre d Imegea n«cessaire. Lea diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthoda. 32 X c PonL DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CENTRAL liXPERIMENTAL FARM. OTTAWA, CANADA. t BXJIL,X.ETI3Sr IsTo. 19. ■:o:- GRASSES: THEIR USES AND COMPOSITION. SEPTEMBER 1893. Published bv nmRCTioN op thb Hon. A. R. Anokrs, Mini8Tbh op Aonici- LTDUB To the Honourable The Minister of Agriculture. Sir,— I have the honour to submit for your approval Bulletin No. 19, of the Exporiraontal Farm series, which has boon prepared at my request through the joint labours of Mir. Jas. Fletcher, Botanist and Entomologist, and Mr. F. T. Shutt, Chemist, of thJ Dominion Experimental Farms. In this Bulletin will bo found information on the characteristics and composition of a large number of grasses, most of which have boon grown under the care of the botanist, at the Central Experi- mental Farm. Many of those aro natives of the Canadian North- west, and among them are several which have been tested for several years at the experimental farms at Brandon and Indian Head, and give promise of being very useful for fodder purposes to those engaged in stock raising in Manitoba and the Territories. The illustrations given will aid the farmer in recognizing these useful plants. The relative usefulness of these different grasses depends much on their nutritive constituents. The proportions of these aro fully set forth by the chemist in the tables of analytical results, which contain the information which will enable the reader to judge of the comparative value of the species referred to from the North-west, and also of many other species of grasses from Europe and elsewhere, some of which are in use as fodder grasses for hay and pasture lands in many parts of Canada. The importance of the cattle industry is very great, and it is believed that the information given in this Bulletin will be very useful to stockmen and farmers generally. I have the honour to be Your obedient servant, WM. SAUNDERS, Director Exverimental Farmx. Ottawa, August 4, 1893. i THEIH USIiS AND COMPOSITION. BY Jamks FiP-TciiEii, F.R.S.C., F.L.S., Entomologist and Botanist, Dominion Experimental Farms, Frank T. Siii tt, M.A., F.C.S., F.I.C., Chemist, Dominion Experimental Farms. Ills needless to point out to farmers the enormous importance of the ^.. nous members of the grass family, which provide food for man and the different kinds of live stock. All the cereals, including Indian corn, wheat, barley, oats, etc., are true grasses; some of them of course, are of very much more value than others, and probably the good qualities of mar.y of the best have been already rocog. nized; but there are in every country many species of value con. corning which nothing or very little is known. The present Bulletin contains notes concerning the agricultural value, as well as u tabulated statement of the composition, of many species of im- ported and native grasses. Part I treats of species which have been under cultivation and examination at the Central Experi- mental Farm during the past four years, some of them native species of which previously the agricultural value had not been investigated. Part II treats of grasses from Manitoba and the North-west Territories. There is a general impression among farmers that because a grass is wild, therefore it is useless or at least very much less useful than the imported kinds. This im- pression, however, is largely erroneous; for it has been found that Jnany of the best European grasses will not thrive in the Canadian climate, owing either to the heat of summer or the cold of winter Now the bulk of grass seed imported into this oonutry comes' direct from Europe, and, as a matter of fact, a farmer wishing ffi to purchase grass seed other than Timoihv, can seldom obtain any excepting that of Kiimpoan grasses. Itbhould not. be forgot, ton, however, that all iho ;,aasse8 which farmers have now under cultivation were once wild gruases and are fo still in their original homos. We have found that several of our native species are well worthy of cultivation as hay and pasture grasses, and aro as well suited, if not better, for paying crops in certain parts of Canada as any imported species which can bo grown. The requirements of a good grass aro: 1st, That it should produce a heavy crop, so as to pay well for the use of the land ; 2nd. That it should be hardy, so as to be uninjured by the climate; 3rd. That it should be rich in albu- minoids or flesh-forming constituents, and poor in hard, indigestible fibre ; and, 4tb. That it should be palatable, so as to bo relished by stock. There are no less than 300 kinds of grasses found wild or natural- ized in Canada, varying much among themselveg in the characters given above. In the experiments here referred to, a few grasses only aro mentioned, out of a collection consisting of about 250 difl\3rent kinds vphich have been grown and are now being studied. When further data have been obtained, reports will bo made public of such information as it is deemed will bo of value to the farmers of Canada, either in drawing their attention to the particular points of value in certain grasses, or indicating those species which have shown themselves unsuitable for cultivation as remunerative crops. It may be noted that some grasses, as, for instance June grass, have great value for pasturage, springing up again rapidly when eaten off, while they give but a light crop of hay, and on the other hand some grasses, although very valuable as hay grasses, provide but a small quantity of food in a pasture, as is the case with Timothy. There are few farm crops more susceptible to environment than the grasses; many of them, though meagre in growth and poor in quality when wild, have been found to be peculiarly responsive when given thorough cultivation in a rich soil, improving vastly both in yield and nutritive qualities. There are ample scientific data to substantiate the above statement: hence the value of a more careful and liberal culture of pasture and meadow grasses than that at present in vogue in many parts of the Dominion, is obvious. FODDRR CONSTITUENTS. The a.mly.is of a gram or other fodder incUides a determination ot (1) water; (2) nitrogen, from which the amount of albuminoids IB caU,u ated ; (3) fat. or oil , (4) nitrogen-free extract, or carbohydrates; (5) fibre, or cellulose; and (6) ash, or mineral matter. The nature and function of these constituents, or nutrients as they are usually called, have been dwelt upon at length in former publications.* It will suffice hero to epitomize. WATER.-Wator assists in the preservation of the succuiency and pala ab.hty of a fodder, and its withdrawal as the plant matures is usually accompanied by an impaired digestibility of the food In proper propoi-tions, water is essential to the well-being of the animal— to the solution, digestion and assimilation of its food and to the excretion of its waste products. Since, however, it is so plentiful in nature, it cannot, when compared .with other food con- stituents, be in itself considered a nutrient to which a pecuniary value can bo assigned. "^ Albuminoids or PRoxEiN.-Under these terms are collected the substances that constitute tho nitrogenous portion of the fodder Ihoy are by far the most important and valuable of all tho nutrients" since they largely assist in the formation of blood, muscle, b-ne • they are consequently necessary to the production of mill v i flesh. Hence they are known as " flesh-formers." The wastes of tl e tissues which daily ensue from bodily activity, are repaired from and replaced by the albuminoids of the food. They are under certain circumstances converted into fats of the body, and at times also serve for the production of heat and muscular strength in tho animal. Since they are absolutely necessary, not only for milk and beef production, but also for the maintenance of life the albuminoids cannot be replaced in a ration by any of the other nutrients. Although all the nitrogen of the present analyses is returned as albuminoids, it should bo stated that during the pftrlio.. pe-Jod- of growth a small percentage of it exists (as non-albuminoid nitrogen) 6 in compounds tho oxiict fooJ value of which has not as yet been determined, but which is usually held to be somowhatloss than that of the true albuminoidH. Pat.— This constituent ranks next to tho albuminoids in nutritive value. It is readily converted into adipose tissue in tho animal. It is one of the chief heat and energy producing ingredients of fodders. It aids the digestion and assimilation of the albuminoids and preserves them in the animal economy from undue waste. The seeds of many plants are rich in fat or oil. In stems and leaves the percentage is usually very much loss. In ordinary analyses of fodders, the chlorophyl (or green colour- ing matter), together with other substances extracted by ether, is included in the percentage of fat recorded. Hence, it is sometimes indicated as "crude fat." NiTBooEN-PREE EXTRACT OR CARBOHYDRATES— Sugar, starch, gum and allied substances are here included. They are known as the "fuel ingredients," supplying, by their combustion in the blood, energy, either as heat or power for work. They are not stored up by the animal. Fibre oe Cellulose.— Under those terms are designated the substances that constitute tho framework of the plant. In chemical composition they are very similar to the carbohydrates mentioned above, and the physiologicalfunctionsof digestible fibre are likewise of the same character. As a rule, the fibre is much more digestible in the young plant than in the more mature, in tho lattei it has largely become converted intolignin, which isol a woody nature and for the most part passes through the animal unchanged. Fibre is the least valuable of all the food constituents. Ash or Mineral MATTER.—Tho inorganic or mineral matter of plants is taken by them from the soil. It consists chiefly of lime, magnesia and potash combined with phosphoric, carbonic and other acids. The composition and amount of ash in plants vary widely, depending largely upon the constituents of the soil and their solu^ bility and upon the nature of the plant. The mineral matter of bones, and the small quantity present in tho other tissues, is derived from this source. Ail food rations contain sufficient to sup- ply the requirements of the animal, hence no particular value is assigned to the " ash " of a fodder. I I.— GRASSES GROWN AT OTTAWA. In the tables ofanalynos aro to bo found tho pi,rconlui.oH of tho nutnentB in the greon fodders ut tho timo of cutting, and also the hguros that represent tho composition of the water-free sul). 8tanco-tho latter data being calculated and innerted for the sake of tac|ilitating a comparison between tho nutritive values of tho grasses Many of tho grasses have boon analysed at two stages of growth" ihe data thus obtained enable the reader to judge of the period when tho grass 18 most nutritious, and consoquontiv of the host time to cut for hay. The numbers preceding the names of tho grasses in thofollowing pages refer to the analyses given in the tables on pages 30 lo 35 The analyses of a few kinds of well known grassess are not yet completed; but as some account of them will be looked for in this bulletin, they aro put in their alpl.Mbotical order without ..um- bers. Nos. 1 & 2.-AaBopyRDM caninum, R. & S. (Bearded Wheat Grass). A native perennial grass found growing in clumps on giavelly banks and prairie benches, about 4 feot in height. Although of the same family as Quack grass, it never produces tho running root stocks which make this latter such a post to tho farmer. When bruised it has a strong odour, but is well liked by cattlo. Flower- ing period, July 1 to 15. Analysis shows it to be rich in albumi- noids during the early stages of growth. No8. 3 & 4.— Agropyrum olafodm, R. & S., var. occidentale, V. &S. (Colo, io Blue-stem). Native, perennial. Height, 2J feet. One of the most valuable grasses of the western plains, where it is thechief grass of tho cattle ranches. It produces an abundance of fine loaves from running root- stocks and seeds freely. Flowering period, July 5 to 15. Not a heavy yiolder; best suited for pasture. Owing to its running root- stocks. It cannot l^e recommended where alternate husbandry is practised. The analytical data show that it makes a highly nutri tive feed. '' No. 5.— Agropyrum repens, Beauv. (Quack, Scutch or Couch). Well known throughout Canada as an agricultural pest on account ofits vigour of growth and creeping root-stocks, which render it 8 •lilHcult to oiailicate. When groen it iu much roliHhod by cattle, and It cut when in flower, produces rich hay. After a few years however, it fills the soil with matted roots and yields sparingly, so that it can only be regarded as a weed. From the analysiH, it is apparent that the grass has considerable nutritive value. No. 6.— AOROPYBUM TENERDM, Vasey (Western Rye Grass). Native, perennial, growing in low lands and on prairie bonchos, from Manitoba west to the Pacific. Iloii^ht, 3 to 4 feet. Flowering period, July 1 to 15. This grass, has Nuccoedod .emarkably well under cultivation and is one of the best western hay graH^es, pro- ducing a large number of leaves, and straight, slender stems. It is an mrly grass and does well on heavy «oil, even when impregnated slightly with alkali. Judging from its Composition, it com- pares very favourably with the other members of the family, being of good quality and nutri- tious. No. 7.— AoansTis vuluaris. With. (IJcd Top). -Fig. 1. Introduced, but now spon- taneous everywhere, perennial, particularly suitable for low lands, where it should always find a place in permanent pas- ture mixtures. It makes a firm sod, and in good soil produces a fair crop of fine, soft hay. Flowei-ing period, June 28 to July 10. Height, 2^ to 3 feet. Undoubtedly a valuable grass. buL not so high in albuminoids as some of the other glasses Fig. 1.— Red Top. here treated. No. 8. — AgRO.STI.S TSI.'JPAR, Mx. Very similar to the above in habit and composition, but of fi-eor and more vigorous growth. 9 No. 0.— Alopecuuuh PRATEN8I8, T.. (Moadow Fox-tail). Introduced from Europe. An early, perennial grasH of good quality but requiring a rich Hoil, moiHt climate, and three or four yearH to come to porfocti.),,. Doch not produce a heavy crop of hay, but is valuable for pantures on account of earline^H, rapidity of growth after outting and rich ailormath. It is grown to ...me extent in the Maritime Provincofl under the name of "French Timothy" Flowering period, Juno 10 to 20. Height, 2J to ;{ foet. ' Anthoxanthum odoratum, L. (Sweet Vernal (JraHH). A very Bweot-acented introduced grass, highly esteemod in Europe tor Its earlinesH and iho sweetness it imparts to hay. Our experi- ments with it in this country will not justify our recommending it as It has not pi'ovod hardy enough. ' A VENA ELATioR, L. (Tall Oat Grass). A tall slender Kuropean grass, useful in permanent pasture mix tures, but not suitable for growing alone. It flowers about the same time as Timothy and produces a good aftermath of slen.ler oay stems. Height, 3 to 4 feet. This grass is also sometimes caned Arrhenathenm avenaceum, Beauv. AVENA FLAVEscENS, L. (Ycllow Oat Gvass). A slender grass, introduced from Europe, highly spoken of for mixtures, but of small size and slow growth. Height, 3 feet. No. ;0.~BouTELouA 0LI008TACHYA, Torr. (Grama Grass). A small native perennial grass of the western prairies. HiVhly nutritious and much relished by cattle. Not adapted to cultivation in the east, but stated by Dr. Vasey to be the main reliance ofstock- feedei^ on the arid plains of the Western States. Flowering period July 1 to 15 Height, 1 foot. Our analyses of plants grown at Ottawa confirm the high opinion expressed above. No. 11.— Bromus 0ILIATU8, L. (Fringed Brome Gi-ass.) Native, perennial. A tall, leafy grass found in woods and along nver banks. Not generally recognized as of much agricultural 10 value, but reported as a promising hay grass in Manitoba and the JVorth-west Territories. Flowenng period, July 10 to 20. Height 3 to 5 feet. ^ ' No. 12 & 13.— Ba)Mus ivEauts, Loyss. (Awnless Brome, Austrian Bromo Grass).— Fig, 2. Fig. 2.— Awnless Brome (irass. Introduced, perennial, conspic- uous for its free leafy growth and tal! stems, which bear an abundance of seed. "Very hardy, early, a heavy cropper and producing a good aftermath of succulent leafy shoots Reports received from all parts of Canada speak very highly of this newly introduced grass. It thrives well in any loose soil and with- stands droughts, but produces a much heavier crop in rich, damp land. We consider this one of the most valuable of the introduced grasses, both from its feeding qua- lities as evinced by the analysis, and from its free luxuriant habit of growth. It must, however, be remembered that it makes long underground rootstocks which are difficult to eradicate. Flowering period, June 25 to July 10, Height, 3 to feet. Bromus secalinus, L, (Chess), This grass is grown in the Pacific States on alkaline lands where it is said to produce a heavy crop of good hay. In the East It IS considered a pernicious weed. ^ Chess is an annual, the seed germinating in tha autumn and lowering stoius appearing the next summer. Height, 2 to 3 feet Ihe Idea that this grass is degenerated wheat is entirely without foundation. 11 No. U & 15.— Baojins Pumpellianus, Scrib, Brome Grass). — Fig. 3. (Western A native, perennial, found on river banks and coulee margins from Mani- toba to British Columbia. This is a valuable grass, producing an abundance of leafy stems, continuing in flower a long time and giving a heavy aftermath. It spreads rapidly from the root and, with the exception of a somewhat smal- ler yiel(i closely resembles in all par- ticulars je Awnless Brome grass. Flowering period, June 20 to July 15. Height, 3 feet. No. 16.— Bromus segetum, Schl. An introduced annual from Mexico. This grass will bear twice cutting and will then seeditself for the next year. Fig. s.-Wft-tern Brome grass. "^^^ ^''''^ ^^ ^^Y is not heavy enough . , ^ , to give it much agricultural value. Flow- ering penod, July 1 to 10. Height, 2 feet. The analysis of this grass. made while m flower, proves it to be especially rich and nutriUous- I Jo. 17.-BDCHL0E DAOTYLOiDEs, Engelm. (Buff'alo Grass). A perennial grass of small size, forming thick mats of hair-like rllT'nn^" "' r' "f '' '" ^'^'^- ^^^'^"^ throughout the arid region of the western plains of the United States, where it is highly esteemed from the important part it plays in feeding and fattening vas herds of cattle. It is probable that it will be found along he southern border of our prairie region. This is known distinctively as the 'true Buffalo grass " from the supposition that it was the fuvour,teof iLe American Bison. This grass is not suitable lor sironif" nr^'t^'r^^ ^^^'^^ -^ ^^owing a s.gn of life until Juno. In the west it thrives on all clas.es of soils 12 and i^rovides a rich and palatable food during the greater part of the year stock reli8hing it equally well in the dry or fresh con- dition, lowering period, June 20 to September. No. 18.— Oeratochloa austbalis (Southern Brome Grass). Seed imported from Germany. This is probably identical with bchraders Brome grass, which is again supposed to be the same as Brvmus umoloides, VVilld. A free growing annual, which produces a large amount of succulent fodder of rich quality. It shoots up again quickly after cutting and continues growing until killed bv winter. Flowering period, July 5 to 20. Height, 2 to 3 feet. No. 19.~CrNNA PENDULA, Trin. (Drooping Reed Grass). A slender, leafy, native grass, found in swamps and mountain woods. Difficult to cultivate and therefore of no agriculti-al value, although Its analysis shows it to be a rich grass. Flowering period, July 5 to 20. Height, 2J to 3 feet. ^ > j Dactylis qlomerata, L. (Orchard Grass, Cock's Foot). A valuable agricultural grass where it will grow. Originally introduced from Europe, where it is one of the most highly esteemed of all fodder plants. Particularly suitable for growing in orchards and under trees. It requires rich soil, on which it produces a heavy crop both of hay and pasture. The hay must be cut early or it becomes hard and woody. In pastures also it requires to be fed Close y. 1^ lowering period about -the same as Timothy and Clover Height, 3 feet. No. 20.— Deschampsia c^spitosa, Beauv. (Tufted Hair Grass). Native, perennial. A beautiful grass, but of no economic value with very short leaves and tall, feathery panicles of silvery flowers' Flowering pe'Iod, July 1 to 10. Height, 2^ feet. No. 21.— Deschampsia c.t^spitosa, Beauv., vav. Bottnica, Vasey (Rocky Mountain Hair Grass). ^ This variety, although of no special agricultural value, is far su- perior to the above. It grows in tufts like the last, but bears fewer flowering stems and many more and longer (18 inches) dark green leaves. Flowering period, July 1 to 15. Height, 3 feet. 13 No. 22.-DEVBUXIA Canadensis, Hook. (Canadian Blue-joint).- Fig. 4. Native, perennial. This is a very leafy grass, suitable for all low lands. It grows naturally in ditches and marshes, but has suc- ceeded well under cultivation. Its character of remaining green after the seeds are ripe give.s it a spe- cial value. It is a heavy cropper and is worthy of extensive culti- vation, being eaten by all stock with avidity, both in its green state and as hay. Flowering period, July 1 to 15. Height 4 to 5 feet. Very similar to this is the Nor- thern Blue-joint, Deyeuxia Langs- Fig. 4.-Ca„adian Bk;e.:oi„t ff", Kunth. abundant in the ,., ^ Liake Superior region but occur- ing, like Canadian Blue-joint, from the Atlantic to the Pacific! No.23.-DErEuxiANEGLECTA,Kuuth. (Neglected Blue-joint). Native perennial. This valuable grass of the prairies has suc- ceeded well under cultivation, producing great quantities of long fine leaves and seeding freely. It forms a large proportion of the gra" of the praines in some districts, and Mr. Bedford, Superintenden of the Expenmentai Farm for Manitoba, states that, Although the hay IS rather coarse, ponies will wander long distances croppng the dry stems in preference to many other grasses. Flower nf period, June 25 to July 10. Height. 3 feet. Analysis shows it t! possess nutritive qualities of a high degree. No. 24.— Eleusine 1ndi6a, Grortn. (Crow-foot, Yard Grass). An annual introduced irom Asia, producing a medium crop of ra her coarse fodder. It probably will not take the place of several other annual grasses now in cultivation. Flowering througrou the season. Height, 1 to 1^ feet. It is rich in albuminoids. u No. 25.-ELyMU8 Virqinicus, L. (Lyme Grass, Smooth Rye Grass). Native, a luxuriant perennial, giving a heavy crop of succulent green fodder during June and July. It must be cut early or the hay becomes coarse and harsh. Thrives best in rather moist soil. Flowering period, July 10 to 25. Height, 4 feet. Although the analysis was made at what was considered the best stage of growth, our figures do not place this grass very high in nutritive qualities. No. 26,— Eeagbostis Abyssinioa, Link. (TefF). An introduced annual from India and the East, where the seed forms an important article of food. It produces a very heavy crop of feed, of medium quality, which is eaten by cattle, but apparently without much relish. The seed does not ripen until October, and the vitality of Canadian giown seed lessens rapidly year by year Flowering period, August. Height, 3 feet. Festuca DuftiuscuLA, L. (Hard Fescue). A hardy fine-leaved grass suitable for rocky pastures. Nos. 27 & 28.— Festuca elatiob, L. (Tall Fescue).— Nos. 29 & 30. —Festuca pratensis, L. (Meadow Fescue). Introduced from Europe ; peiennials and among the best adapted to cultivation in Canada. Both of these grasses are perfectly hardy and produce heavy hay crops of good qualitj'. They also provide ex- cellent pasture in early spring and late autumn. The Meadow Fescue 18 now considered merely a variety of the TalJ Fescue. It is of a more «lender habit and does not yield quite so heavily, but the hay is finer. These nutritive and productive grasses should always be included in permanent pasture mixtures. Flowering period, June 20 to 30. Height, 2J to 4 feet. In Festuca pratensis we find an exception to the fact that the percentage of albuminoids decreases between the periods of "just speared " and " seed formed." Our analyses show no deterioration in nutritive qualities during that time. Festuca ovina, L. (Sheep's Fescue). A small but valuable grass for upland or rocky pastures. 15 No. 31.-HIER0CHLOA BOREALis, R. & G. (Holy Gras8, Indian Hay). Native,'* peronnial. One of the earliest jorrasses, flowering by the middle of May. It is very sweet-scented, and when cut or fed off, keeps continually producing yonag leaves. A small quantity in hay imparts a very sweet odour to the other grasses. When once estab- lished, however, it is very per- sistent, and in Manitoba is rapidly becoming a noxious weed most difficult to eradicate. It cannot therefore in any case be recommended for cultiva- tion there and should be intro- duced everywhere with cau- tion. Our analyses prove it to be a very rich grass. Horses and cattle eat it readily. This is the grass of which the leaves are used by the Indian women to weave the scented '' Indian Hay " baskets and mats. The name Holy- Grass is derived from an an- cient European custom of strew- ing it about churches on festi- val days. It is dedicated to the T,. ^ „ , ^ Virgin Mary on account of its Fig. 5.-Hoiy grass. sweetness. No. 32.— HoLcus LANATUs, L. (Velvet Grass.) Introduced, perennial. A fine growing grass covered with soft whitish hairs. Although the chemical analysis shows that it, has eonsiaerable nutritive value, its cultivation cannot bo recommended. as It j8 too tender for the Canadian winter, and cattle do not eat it 16 Nos. 33 & 34.— K(ELERiA ORiSTATA, Pers. (Western June Grass). Native perennial. A poor bunch grass of the western plains not touched by cattle when anything else is obtainable. Flowering period, June 20 to 30. Height, 2 feet. From its composition, how ever, as depicted in the subjoined table, it does not appear to be wanting in nutritive qualities. LoLiuM Italicum, Braun (Italian Eye-grass). A succulent annual grass suitable only for mixtures intended for one year s crop. No. 35.— LoLiDM PERENNE, L. (Perennial Eye-grass). Introduced. This standard European grass is not sufficiently hardy to stand the climate in most parts of Ontario and Quebec and cannot be advantageously introduced into pasture mixtures which are required to last for more than one year. Where theclimate will permit of its being cultivated, it is a valuable and nutritious grass. In this latter respect our pre- sent analysis places it below the average. No. 36. — MtJHLENBERGIA GLOMERATA, Trin. (Wild Timothy.)— Fig. 6. Native, perennial. This grass resembles Timothy somewhat in the general appearance of the head, but not in other re- spects. It has a much branched erect stem, is a heavy cropper and produces nice, fine hay, highly relished by cattle and horses. One of its special char- acters is its late flowering. It is very hardy and will grow almost anywhere, although thriving best on low land. Flowerinjr period, August 6 to 20. Height, 3 feet. Fifir. 6. -Wild Timothy. \ It No. 37.-MuH.KNBK.arA MKxrcANA; Trin. (Satin Grass) ' MCHLKNBKRorA svLVATicA, T. & G. (Bearded Satin Grass) This grass resembles M. Mexicana closelv hut u. i and produces a heavier crop of hav C fl. ' ^^T" '''""' and bears slender bristly awn« if k '^'' P''"'''^ '' ^°»««'' land. ^ "'• ^* ^^' succeeded well in low rich No. 38.— PanIOUM CILIARE No. 39._Pa».o„m Cms-oai,!,, L. (Barn-yard Grass). land and around dtui 1' C Jhtut'' t""' .," «™"'' '° '■>" August. Heigh. 3fee ?„ h„f , ."'^- Pl'^^-'ing Period, and nutritious feed t'«"'^^^ *"■''"'''■ " " "™"™ most gra^se! decora": dT n^er/^ fU" Z"''"™" "^"^ than any other ' somewhat more rapidly No. 40.-PAmou>. VIROATOM, L. (Switeh Grass). .uitb,ei;T;tnd ""it"' rr '''"' "■■"^""'"s ^-"-^ -<■ very hari afelil the tT m"' ^°""«' "' ""' "«"» '-"""^ Hefeht, 3 .0 5 feet Then. f'^T'"* ^""'^^ ^"S""' ' '» 20- .heio;t nu't. -urus o.^thTer in^:!^"' '"" "»' "'^ '' -»« Nos. 41 & «.-Phalae,s A»t,N„mAc,A, L. fEeed Canar. G..« ) .r:;gs:'i,jrri^^:;i-;r;s -op Of green leaf^ ste„s, over 3 feet hi^H^ ft tT^uf Yf 18 cut at that time, a eocond cutting may be made hy the lat of August. This grass grows wild in all parts of Canada in swamps and wet places. The seed, which resembles Canary seed, is not very freely produced, but in suitable soil the plants increase rapidly from their roots; however, it is not a difficult species to eradicate, like some other grasses with this habit. The harsh and tibrous character of the mature grass precludes its recommendation save for soiling when cut early and for use in swampy pastures. Nos. 43 & 44. — Phleum pratensb, L. (Timothy). Introduced, perennial. No grass is better known or more highly prized by Canadian farmers. On the whole, it is perhaps the most profitable hay grass which can be grown. Though somewhat coarse and hard, especially if allowed to stand too long, yet if cut at the proper time, it makes excellent hay, greedily eaten by horses and cattle. The great advantages of Timothy are, its growth is vigorous, the hay is heavy, it is easily cured and can be handled and pressed without waste and it is of recognized value, owing to which it meets with a ready sale. The seed is freely produced, easily saved, cleaned and handled. Moreover, it is always obtainable in the market when required. Timothy, however, has some defects which must not be overlooked : when cut too early, the bulbs at the bases of the stems are injured, so that only a weakly growth is produced afterwards. These bulbs also make it particularly susceptible to injury by micw and insects. It is unsuitable for pastures, as horses, sheep and pigs crop it too close, when it is apt to be winter-killed. There is prac- tically no aftermath. All of these points go to show that Timothy is not a perfect grass, and it would be well for farmers throughout the country to supplement their pastures and meadows with other varieties which up to the present have been much neglected, and deemed unworthy of notice as producers of " wild hay." The analyses here given, showing the composition of the plant taken while spearing and after the seed had become mature, afford an excellent illustration of the depreciation in nutritive value which takes place in the latter stages of the plant's life, and point unmis- takeably to a grave error when Timothy is allowed to ripen its seed before mowing. The large decrease in the most valuable of all the constituent^^, viz., the albuminoids, is aeeompanicd hy an increased percentage of fibre, which by this time has become very hard and indigestible. 19 Nos. 45 & 46.-POA coMPRKssA, L. (Canada Blue Grass. Wire Grass). —Fig. 7. Native, perennial. A rather small epecicH, somewhat re- sembling June grass, butcasilv distinguished by its numerous flat stems. This is a very hardy grass, which withstands the effects of drought and will thrive in almost any soil, ihus It is particularly well suited for rocky pastures. It flowers about the Ist of July but the stems remain green for a long time, and it makes tair hay even when the seeds are ripe. The hay although ejort 18 very heavy and rich. W hen fed green to cattle, thev appear to prefer it to all other grasses. The analyses show It to be low in water and con- sequently rich in dry matter —which constitutes the real cattle food. It compares most favourablywiththebestinthe amount of albuminoids The statement made, when speak- iiig of Timothy,concerning the loss of albuminoids and the increase of fibre as the plant matures, receives another Fig. 7 -Canada V^i„ illustration in the analyses of •^'K. /. ^^anada Blue grass. this grass, PoA NEM0RALI8, L. (Wood Meadow Grass) sertLT "'' ^""^"" ^""' ''"^'^'y — bling ou; native Poa No. 47.-POA Nevadensis, 7asey (Nevada Bunch Grass) weft:r:;,rrhe,ps toiT" '':r ^^ ^""^^ ^^-' -^-^^ - ^^^ there. F^m' t' ''4 uT 'h"^ " '"^^'^ '' "'"^ P"«*"^^«« ^«""d *ii 20 NoH. 48& 49.— PoAPBATEN8i8,L.(Juno Gims, Kentucky Blue Grass)' —Fig. 8. Native, perennial. This gijifi.i is as a rule not 80 highly valued by farmers as it de- serves. This ia perhaps due to the fact that its chief value is in its leaves, which although freely produced from early in the spring till late in the autumn are not always recog- nized as belonging to the weak flowering stems which appear in June. There are also various forms, some of which are much better agriculturally than others. We have under cultivation at the Experi- mental Farm eight of these forms which are very distinct. On the whole, however, we consider June grass as un- doubtedly the most valuable pasture grass in the country. All stock relish it. If kept fed oif, it produces more continu- Fig. 8. -June gra««. ^^'^'^ ^^^^ ^"^ ^^^er grass. The percentage of albuminoids in the young grass is above the average, making it a rich and nutritious fodder. The analyses bear out and confirm the good opinion expiessed of this grass as an excellent one for all pasture mixtures. No. 50. — PoA PEATEN8I8, "White form." Native, perennial. Grown from seed collected in the North-wost Territories. This is a very early handsome form with wide pale leaves and conspicuously glaucous panicles, which become very much contracted. It is almost a bunch grass producing very few and short runners. It is not unlike some forms of Poa ccesia. Flowering period, June 1 to 15. Height, 2 to 2^ feet ; leaves, 1 foot 21 N08. 61 4 62.-POA »,»OT,NA, Ehrh. (Fowl Moadow Grass) 1^0. 53.-SETABIA OLAUCA, Beauv. (Yellow Fox-tail) glass, though when young it posseesen nutritive qualities of value! No. 54.--SETARIA iTALicA, ICunth. (Hungarian Millet Bengal Grass). ' croZhJZ-T^' '''I' ''' '^^ ''S^^' '«"d and produces a heZ crop ot hay, which must be cut early. Height 2tn 9i f.^f t*. not among the best glasses, -pidly'detSatingls tm Les so as to be practically worthless when ripe, save for the s^r Th young crop, however, furnishes a wholes'o^e and ^aluab^^^^^^^^^^ No. 55.-SP0B0B0LtT8 HEXEROLEPis, Gray (Fetid Drop-seed Grass) leair* Tt-^"''"°''^ ^'^'' ""''^^ P'^'"«' P'-oducing many lor. fine CninflowefT"-? ^"" ^" ^''^"^ Pure sanf or in^stiff da" Ivh' /r A /""*'' ^'*''"^ peculiar unpleasant odour which may be detected for a long distance from the plants InTmals eat the leaves rpn^ijjv h,,t ^k-t- ,- ' - u ^ P'ams. Animals ,-n„ r, • A t\' !.' ^ ^^ ^■''J"'"^ ^^^ flowering stems. Flower- sa (tBNERAL OONCI.I SI0N8 FBOM THE ANALYTICAL DaTA. Pebiod at which ti "ut for hat. A study af the table will Hhow that the following genonil changes take place in the composition of grasses as they approach maturity : The water, ash, albuminoids and tut decrease, while the fibre, and usually the nitrogen-free extract, increusos. In the case of the three first named constituentn, there are but very i'ew excoptions to this rule. The drying out of the grasses as they mature is universal, and for this reason the very young grass shoots are more succulent and palatable than the leaves and stems of the older plant, though not containing, weight for weight, as much dry matter. It has alroa ly been mentioned that the .composition of a grass is not constant under all circumstances, but is much atfocled by environment; the percentages of ash and of albuminoids depend largely on the richness of the soil, and as they vary, so must the other constituents vary. But there are exceedingly few instances in which the percentages of ash and albuminoids in the dry matter do not gradually decrease as the plant yrows older. It is during the early stages of the plant's life that it more particularly takes its mineral constituents and nitrogen from the soil. As the grass increases in size and is about to form its seed, the ash and the nitrogen, representing the albuminoids, being now taken up by the roots in lessening quantities, are distributed throughout a greater bulk of the plant, and thus their percentage in the dry matter is reduced. The decrease in amount of ash is not important from a feeding standpoint, but the diminution of the albuminoids presents an important problem when considering the best time at which to cut for hay. The " ether extract " or "crude fat" ."Iho decreases, but sino.i it possesses but a small percentage of true fat or oil, this ' ,i ^ ; be looked upon as a serious deterioration. The fibre of the dry matter not only increases in amount, but also in indigostibility, as the plant matures, becoming hard and woody. This is (.' "-lost invariably the case. Prom tL. -. eor 'luAions, drawn from a careful consideration of the chemi*;!,. Mta, it any be inferred that a loss of much v.ihiable and digef:ilic b(.-.; material ccurs when a grass is allowed to mature be V.,-.; it, m out for ha^. . The weight of scientific evidence is all in favour of cutting at, or shortly after the flowering period, 28 though the exact stage at which it woul.l ho most economical (o cut any part.ou ur grann Huh an yet not been a co.tainocl with accuracy Hogard.ng b.H qucHtion, Dr. Clifford RichanlHon, of Washington" who has made a study of the composition of American grassc C' Altlaaughlargelyamatterof opinion.it would seem from the fore- go mg (choni.cal) results that the time of bloom or very little latur U the imcst for cutting grassen to bo cured as hay. The amount of wa.or has diminished relatively, and there is a proportionately argor amount of nutriment in the material cut, and the weight of the latter will bo at its highest point economically considered Later on the amount of fibre becomes too prominent, the stalks grow hard, and, indigestible, and the albuminoids decrease, wh le ho dry seeds are readily detached from their glumes and lo t with their store of nitrogen."* Much of the nutriment, and more particularlyof the albuminoids passes from the stem and leaves to be stored up in the seed us the ^T.r7"'' " '*""" ""^ ^'''"«^ ""'' '^^' '"•^- «r '««« >«^Pove. out 1 ^k"' •""""' "u"''^^' -"Htituent, and as already pointed tib'li V T t '' '"^'^'^ increasing both in amount and indigos- o thllf/" harvesting a grass with ripened seed, much Tosb of the la tor must ensue. Added to this, there is the fact that many ripe seeds enclosed in their hard integuments, pass through the animal undigested. It is. therefore, obvious on all counts that th! advice given above should be followed out. II—GEASSES FEOM MAxVIiOBA AND THE NORTH- WEST TERRITORIES. Samples of eomo of the more commonly occurrino- prairie irransfl^ rr amn ^r '^,?"^;"^"^"^-^« ^' ''^ Exporim^:::; E^; B.-.ndon and Indian Head, in the condition of hay. The analyses therefore represent their composition us croppe^d by stock in the natural, dry state. This, of necessity, implies that t^.ey were nol aTthem^ tT^*""''"'^^'^ experiment has proved glse Th K . .u "*'°"'' "^"^^^ «^ '^'"^ ^«^e f»lly ripe and some tuh thl "■ "''■ ?^"' *'^^^'°^^' °^"«* -^ ^^ --pare str r; with those grasses already commented upon, which were grown under good cultivation and out for tho mr- -^,- t ^ period Of growth. Oonside.og Ihe ^eat detrio^f^on^^fa: tX plac_e as grass ripens, and the result of our present analyses, wo may •Vasey, G. Tl.. Agricultural Grasses of the United States, Washington, 1881), p. 138. I- 24 safely infer that many of the native grasses of the prairies are of a highly nutritious order, possessing valuable feeding qualities and further, that the conditions of climate, and especially the absence of late rains, tend to the preservation of the valuable pasture consti- tuents in the naturally cured grasses. Under cultivation and if cut earlier, many of these grasses would imdoubtedly show a great improvement in composition. The rich, fertile character of most of the soil in Manitoba and the North-west Territories and the heavy yields of native prairie grasses are facts widely known. In addition, we have the strong probability, proved in the case of wheat, a member of the grass family, that the short season is conducive to an early and largQ development of the albu- minoids. The indications, therefore, are that with due care and in a favourable season, pasture and meadow grasses may be grown equal, if not superior, to those of any part of Canada. The usual amount of water in old country hay is stated at 14 per cent; in these North-west hays it was invariably in the neighbour- hood of 8 per cent, and therefore their composition was calculated upon that basis. From our data it may fairly be inferred that the naturally cured grasses of the prairie do not contain more than this amount. They consequently are rich in dry matter and thus aftord to grazing cattle a correspondingly greater amount of real cattle food (though not quite so rich in the flesh forming albuminoids) than an equal weight of hay produced in a moister climate. Many of the grasses whose composition is here tabulated have already been commented upon. The character and agricultural value of the remainder will now be given. No. 62.— Agrostis scabra, Willd. (Tickle Grass). A common native species with hair-like root leaves and very large loosely flowered panicles. Of no agricultural value. Height, 1 foot. In composition it is very similar to A. vulgaris, already treatedof (No. 7). • ^ > j Nos. 65 AND 66.— A NDROPOGON PR0VINCIALI8, Lam. (Turkey-foot). _Native, perennial. A strong growing grass, fonnd in drv soil. Where it occurs, it is highly valued both for hay and pasture, but we do not know of its having been cultivated. The stems are leafy and when young eaten with avidity by stock. They become 26 . hard and woody afterfloworing. Flowering period.Auguet. Height 3 to 4 feet. Th.s sample was evidently taken too late to give a stock IZA "Tk^'."*"" '' ''^ '''^' "'^^ '* i« -^-h^«^ by stock. (Identical with A /wrca^Ms, Michx). I^'os. 67 AND 68.-ANDR0P0G0N 80OPARIU8, Mx. (Indian Grass). Native, perennial. More slender than the last and very much of ehLTfs Tn'f T'":''"'"^- Height. 2^ foot. Our' analyses show .t IS inferior to the preceding, though this may be partially due to Its age when taken. J f ''""'j No. 69.-AMMOPHILA LONGIFOLIA, Vasey (WooUy Heed Bent Grass). Native, perennial. A tail reed-like grass. Abundant throughout slender leaves. Flowering period, August. Height. 4 to 5 feet We have not yet had an opportunity of determining the agricul- tural value of this grass. No. 70 & 71.-BECKMANNIA ERUC^PORMIS, Host., var. UNIFLORUS Scrib. (Slough Grass). ' Native perennial. A tall coarse grass of the west, making remarkably soft hay. It grows naturally in wet sloughs or low ground In many parts of Manitoba and the North-west Terri- tories, It IS abundant and forms valuable fodder much relished by cattle Flowering period. June 15 to 30. Height, 2 to3 feet. These amples undoubtedly represent the plant in two stages of growth It will be noticed that No. 71 is much more valuable than No 70* rrSar ''' --'^^^^^•^-^-^^•^-d beingconse,uenti; No. 73.-BROMUS Kalmii, Gray (Kalm's Brome Grass). wo!d!"%r''"""' / '"^'^ ^'"^ '^'''''' f«-d - dry rocky woods Flowers in June. Height, 18 inches to 2J feet. Of no agricultural value. ^ No. 78. — Elymus America ntts V. & S r.l^]'"^"' Pr°"i"'- ^ '^'"^"" ^'^' somewhat resem bling Elymus Canadensis but finer and less robust. Flowering period July 20 to August 1. Height, 2J to 3J feet. We are not^n pos ess on of I 26 sufficient data to enable us to pronounce definitely as to the a^H cultural value of this variety. «- ^ »» lo tne agii- Nos. 79 & 80._Elvmus Canadensis, L. (Canadian Lyme Grass) am^nl'lhe Zr'"\ "" ""'"'' ^''''' ^""°^ *^" ''"^'^ banks and among the bushes ,n low ground. From our experience at Ottawa it 8 apparently not very suital ^ e for cultivation in open fields. Frw;r ng penod, July 20 to August 1. Height. 4 to 6 feet. It requires to be cut early to make good hay. In composition it comla es most favourably w.th other wild grasses from'the North-wesf and vaZe. ''' """'' '' '°""'"'^'* '' P°««-^-g considerable No. SI.-Gltoeria AQtTATioA, Sm. (Reed Meadow Grass). Native, perennial. A tall soft, succulent grasn, with a laree meadows. This grass produces a large quantity of coarse hay aZ IS eaten readily by cattle when cut green. It is one of the few go d grasses which will grow actually in water. Flowering peHodT July. Height, 4 feet. The analysis shows it to be poefessed of high nutritive qualities. pusbessea ot Nos. 88, 89, 90.-SPARTINA cynoruroides, Willd. (Fresh-water Cord Grass). Native, perennial. A tall slender grass found on banks of streams and in marshes. In the Maritime Provinces it is very much cut f^ hay and is highly esteemed under the name of " Broadlaf " It i claimed to have high feeding value by some, but others s ate that 8 very poor leed, and has little worth beyond the bulk that it g^ves to a hay crop, and the artificial value due to its having a good nama Flowering period,. August. Beight, 5 to 6 feet. Sample a^e"^ of fihrl ';"'!' ^" f "-'"^^d^ -d possesses a high percent- sfi:;a?b:uef '"^^^^ '' '-' '' '''- ''' ^orth-wfst%pear No. 92.— Sporobolus cuspidatits, Scrib. Native perennial. A small, hair-like species, of no bulk nor agricultural value. In comnosiMon if i- .n.JT to -o-L- - - - • as legards albuminoids, though too high in fibre to be placed with the better varieties here mentioned. I.- II. TABLES OF ANALYSES OF GRASSES. I.-ANALYSES Of Grasses grown at the Central Experimental Farm, II.-Analyses of Grasses from Manitoba and the North-west Territories. 39 I-— Analyses of Grasses grown at Agropynini caiiimiin, Bearded Wlieat grass " glaucum, Colorado Blue-steiii '. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 J» 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 18 iCerat. x.hloa australis, 'Southenl Broine grass 1. iOinna pendula, Drooping Reed gras.s. . ^0 Deschampsia cffispitosa, Tufted Hair grass' ^^ cffispitosa, var. Bottnica, Rocky Mountain Hair grass .... Deyeuxia Canadensis, Canadian Blue-joint neglecta, Neglected Blue-joint ^^ repens, Quack . tenerum, Western Rye trrass Agrostis vulgaris, Red top dispar Aloi)ecurus pratensis. Meadow Fox -taii " Bouteloua pligostachya. (Jrama grass. . ' ' Bronius cihatus, Fringed Brome grass. ^_ mermis, Awnless Brome grass Just before speai'ing In flower Not si)eared, leaves only. In flower Seeds fully formed . In flower. ... .... Pumpellianus, Western Brome grass segetum Buchloe dactyloides, Buffalo grass' Sijeared ; anthers not extruded Seed fully formed Sl)eared ; flowers not expanded! Seed fully formed In flower 22 23 24 |Meu8iueIndica, Crow-foot grass... -i.) i^jlyinus Vnginieus, Lyme grass ' ' ' pratensi.x. Meadow Fescue ' |Hierochl(5ii borealis. Holy grass. . IHolcus lanatus, Velvet grasw. . . Koeleria cristata. Western June grass 2(' iEragrostis Abyssinica, Teff. 27 jFestuoa elatior. Tall Fescu ^8 2!» 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 jPhleunj pratense 44 I '• " Seed just formed . Lohum perenne. Perennial Rye grass Miihlenbergia glomerata, Wiia Timothy!; T. • .,. •^''''ficana, Satin grass Panicum cihare . _ [[ Ci-us-galli, Barn-yard grass '.'.'.." nu 1 • ^"'8:atuni, Switch grass Fhalaris arundinacea. Heed Canary grass In flower Seed ripe ■■........'... Seed just foi-med .... Seed formed In flower Seed formed Speared ; flowers not expanded '. In flower Just speared ','.'.'.'.. .'.'. . Seed formed Seed half ripe .'....'.... Just past flowering . .......... Spikes in sheath Seeds fully formed In flower Timothy. 45 jPoa compressa. Wire grass. 40 I " " Seed formed It In flower (( Leafy stem ; not in flower! Just speared Seed formed Tust j)a8t flowering. Seed formed 29 3 grown at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. nwth. only. >t extruded. ; expanded. In Fhksh OB Gkeen M.\teri.\i.. expanded . . iwer. 72 33 6«14 7576 63-21 72-88 62-51 61 62 60-39 81-53 63-02 57-68 81-78 6507 77-32 62-33 78-17 5!) -86 80-33 6800 57 13 6803 56.69 67-64 76 46 68-38 67-;3 76-63 74-38 78-01 70-31 75-32 73-31 71-65 57-88 79-40 62-72 49-78 78-08 85-30 6803 67 -.55 8016 7907 6518 62 15 57-50 2-11 1-64 1-64 1-75 2-02 2-14 2-29 2-37 1-66 3-12 1-66 1-73 1-32 1-81 1-61 1-89 2-73 1-64 2-98 215 1-66 202 2-29 2 32 1-26 2-910 1-61 1-72 1-50 2-46 1-64 2-24 1-95 2-60 1-59 2-86 2-39 1-64 1-64 1-50 O'OO 1-31 1-71 1 34 2 24 2 36 •a o 2'S 6-82 2-98 4-44 4-48 4-54 27 3-09 3 44 2-26 4-81 3-24 6-75 3-53 4-49 4-57 5-76 3 53 2-62 4-33 3-84 2-93 3-63 4-91 4-93 411 6-73 5-31 212 6-40 4-64 2-61 202 2-14 5-39 300 3-51 2-86 3-83 3-50 5-96 14 33 5-97 12-87 8 15 14 74 13-95 12-50 6-21 11 18 14 0(3 6 14 11 73 7-46 10-93 6-69 11-62 6-36 7-86 15-41 10 04 1606 9-93 6-61 11 34 10 16 6-98 9-88 6-37 7-96 614 6-88 6-78 16-77 6-22 11 -r> 14-92 5-22 4-48 11-08 ^ . Ohf I OO 5-69 5-84 10-63 9-67 12 42 .PI ^ 6 11-41 14-40 11 09 16-44 11-57 14-97 17-95 20-64 7-82 17-23 2\m 5-50 16 iK) .13-94 19-81 8-62 20-57 801 13-60 21-23 15-22 19-28 13 34 10-76 16 01 14 99 1012 10-55 9-& 13-97 10-68 12-91 11-08 16-69 10-17 17 37 27-59 11-95 6-25 16-54 16 62 9-40 9-03 19-47 21 47 23-27 2 Calculated to WATEn-FRRE SCBHTAXrE. 1-37 ■51 1-10 1-25 -84 •37 110 -66 -53 •42 •81 1-64 •84 •87 -97 •45 •41 •42 •81 •55 •56 1-38 104 •33 •39 •59 •82 •54 -82 •40 1-29 -55 1-81 •75 -50 •46 •68 -50 -31 •71 '87 •44 •84 •52 •64 -96 7-64 4-86 6-76 4-76 7-45 6-71 5-99 5-99 9-04 8-45 3-93 9-03 3 7 800 4-28 8-69 6-81 8-30 9 32 6-03 6-19 4-68 7-07 9-88 4-04 6-83 6-90 6-73 6-84 8-28 6 63 8-40 6-86 6-18 7-72 7-67 4-77 7-50 11 16 4 72 C-84 6-61 8-18 3-84 5 93 5-53 .S'3 24-68 8-81 18-31 12 -19 16 76 14 -W 8-06 8-69 12 18 13-50 9-31 17-62 11-88 15-93 11-68 19-18 12 00 16-50 21-12 8-25 14 -(K) 10-56 17-81 1500 8-29 13-43 16-43 11-44 16-50 16-56 2000 16-43 23-75 12-62 10-50 14-50 9-25 11-94 13 75 6-69 IC 62 15 12 16-79 8-22 10 13 8-24 22-00 42-34 24-62 34-99 30-03 39-35 36-36 31-54 33 67 30-24 33-23 33-72 33 -fK) 32-71 29-06 26-12 28-97 33 37 24-68 36-98 31-35 36 -09 30-71 28-12 3904 31-48 29-86 38-61 28-97 26-27 43-25 25-79 23-93 39-86 30-83 30 03 2{)-72 23-83 31 09 34-68 22 67 28-62 28-43 30-54 26 0!) 29-24 ^ I all O X p 1^ r; 47-40 42-48 46-73 44-67 42-66 39-90 46-71 52-11 42-24 46-65 51-62 36-42 48 03 39-51 62 51 43-95 51-37 39-66 42 43 49-44 47-65 45-49 41 18 45-59 47-38 46-44 43 31 41-08 43-94 47 55 24-88 48-30 39 08 39-56 48-44 46-56 54 91 54-45 41-87 51 69 51-19 47-43 42-58 55-90 56 16 bEcj 4 94 1-51 4-58 3-40 3-11 -98 2-88 1-67 2-87 116 1-91 4 21 2 41 3-85 2-58 206 ■85 2 17 2-65 1-30 1-76 3-18 3-23 1 41 1 25 1 3 2- 3 1 5 -82 ■50 -14 ■76 34 24 208 6-38 1-79 2 51 1 24 1 35 2-28 213 2J22 268 2-22 4-02 1-50 1-09 54-72' 2-27 30 No. 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 I.— Analyses of Grasses grown at the Central Name. Stage of growth. Poa Nevadensis, Nevada Bunch grass pratensis, June grass ......' ' white form ' Just sjjeared Flowers fo_-med, but antliera not extruded Seed formed '.'.'.'.. Flowers formed, but anthers not :: --tina, Fowl Meadow grass I Jusf leafed l ! 1 ! Setaria glauca, YelloW rox:taii: ! i .' P" ''°'^^'" ^'"^l'^^'^ •••'•••• «..^ , VaJica, Hungarian Millet ' In flower Sporobolus heterolepis, Fetid Drop^seed ^rass Seed formed 31 he Central ivth. anthers not anthers not Experimental Farm, Ottawa— Concluded. In Fresh or Grken Matkhial. Calculated to Watkr-frhe. Substance. 1 '• i i 1 J3 •< i:l SI J Nitrogen-free extract (Carbohydrates -♦J ■a m < 5-22 .si .s.s 1 J Nitrogen-free extract (Carbohydrate.s) S3 St 72-55 1-43 5-26 8-92 10-70 1-14 19 18 32-15 39-29 416 •69-55 66-43 1-99 1-66 5-70 3-31 8-89 11-10 12-40 16-48 1-47 102 6-53 4-94 18-75 9-87 29-19 32 07 40-71 5006 4-82 306 65-91 72-83 67-57 75-09 68-06 1-64 203 2-18 2-04 1-91 5-73 412 3 93 200 2-91 7-90 7-19 11-83 7-15 9-40 17-46 12-73 13-54 13-25 17-24 1-36 1-10 95 •47 -48 4-80 7-49 6 74 8-21 600 16-81 15 18 12 12 8-06 913 23-16 26-50 36-48! 28-73 29 44 51-23 46-77 41-73 53-Oi) 53-93 400 4-06 2 93 1-90 1-51 : 55-45 210 4-79 12-61 24-59 •46 4-73 10-75 28-32 I 55-17 103 32 II. — Analyses of Graesos from Manitoba No. Name. 56 57 68 59 60 01 62 63 66 i'^"'^'"'*P°&°n provincialis, Turkey-fcxit . . 67 68 If Agropynim caninuin, Bearded Wheat gi'ass. glaucum, Colorado Bliie-'steiii . '. tenerum, Western Kye gi-ass '. . . *AgroHtia scabra, Tickle grass .".'.".'."." vulgaris, Red fop acoparius, Indian grass. rn +^'»™°l^'i".a longifolia, Woolly Reed Bent' grasM ' 7<» *Beckmanniaeruc8eformis, Slough grass. ... 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 tBromus eihatus, Fringed Brome grass. . . ' ' ' « . :Kalinii, Kalm s Brome grass. . 4.I-. f umiJelliamis, Western Brome grass tDeyeuxiB Canadensis, Canadian Blue-iomt neglecta, Neglected Blue-jomt tElymus Americanus ........" I' Canadensis, Canadian Lyme grass. tS^uf"^ aquatica, Reed Meadow' ^kss! '. ' tMuhlenbergia glomerata Wild Timothy. '. '. lr.u , • Mexicana, Satin grass tl'halans arundmn<;ea, Reed Canary eras ; Poaserotma, Fowl Meadow grass. *Spartina cynosuroides, Fresh-water'Co'rd grkss.' " "Broad-leaf" ' " tSporobolus heterolepis, Fetid Drop-seed grass! cuspidatus *^ ♦Collected at Indian Head, N.W.T. t *' Brandon, Man. + " Sackville, N.B. Hav J ce ^ ^ CO < 800 560 800 5-92 800 7-97 800 10-26 800 5-32 800 7-23 800 7-84 800 8-28 800 5-80 800 7-92 800 5 '08 800 4-86 800 809 800 4-94 800 7-68 800 10-30 8-00 7-08 8-00 4-53 800 4-68 800 10 11 800 6-67 8 00 9-59 800 6-44 8-00 7-77 800 9 04 800 10-12 800 6-05 800 8-36 800 8-92 8-00 8-17 800 10 19 8 00 5-69 800 4-61 800 5-98 8-31 4-63 800 4-94 8 00 — «~ . 5-36 33 and the North-west Territories. Hav OF Gbassks. -a 6-50 5 92 7-97 10-26 5-32 7-23 7-84 8-28 5-80 7-92 5 08 4-86 809 494 7'58 10-30 7-08 4-53 4-68 10 11 6-67 9-59 6-44 7-77 9-04 10 12 605 8-36 8-92 8-17 10-19 5-69- 4-61 5-98 4-53 4-94 5-36 OaLOUI^TED to WaTEB-FHKK SUBSTANi CE. 5-65 5 53 6 86 12-59 513 6 41 8-28 810 4 22 6-59 6-01 4 43 408 6-73 800 15-76 903 5-52 4-29 8-61 504 6-82 7-18 11-87 13 17 11-87 8-28 4-89 12-26 4-89 7-66 6 22 5-52 5-11 3-66 6-74 813 38-52 41-92 43-89 36-37 35-34 37-35 33- 18 38-46 38-56 36-57 43-80 36-65 41-78 35-44 42-29 26-31 27-27 35-15 38-48 39-69 37-69 35-05 26-90 33-56 32-13 34-55 37 -05 43-17 23 07 35-38 40-20 32-95 38-66 3846 33-69 35-44 46-23 41 03 36-60 31-48 29 05 44 44 39-26 41-28 34-75 42-28 39 05 35-82 44-85 36-22 41-98 31-01 35-31 45-74 45-17 42-54 30-80 40 93 36-27 49-41 36-73 35-18 34-43 37-51 33-56 43 33 41-95 32-62 44 44 42-36 4109 47-92 41-98 30-93 1-29 203 1-80 3-73 1-77 1-76 1-42 2 41 114 2-87 1-29 1-21 1-83 2-91 3-12 4-32 2-88 1-63 201 2-89 1-67 4-27 207 207 2-48 103 3-11 202 4 42 1-61 1-33 2-70 -85 1-36 189 2 90 1-36 5-98 6-44 8-66 11-15 6 79 7-85 8-62 9-00 6 30 8-61 5-52 5-29 8-80 5-37 8-24 11-20 7-70 4-93 5-09 10-99 7-25 10-43 7-00 8-45 9-83 11-00 6-58 9-09 9-69 8-88 11-08 6-19 5-01 6-50 4-94 5-37 5-83 615 6-01 7-46 13-68 5-68 6-97 9-00 8-81 4-59 6-08 6-53 4-80 4-43 7-32 8-69 17 13 9-82 6-00 4-66 I 9-25 5-47 7-40 7-80 12-90 14-32 12-90 900 5-32 13 33 5-31 8-32 6-76 600 6-55 3-99 7-32 8-83 41-87 45-56 47-70 39-53 38-41 40-60 36-07 41-80 41 91 39-75 47-61 39-84 45 42 38-52 45-97 28-60 29-64 38-21 41-83 43-14 40-97 38-10 29-24 36-48 34-92 37-56 40-27 4692 2508 3!? -46 43-70 35-81 42-02 41-81 36-47 38-52 60-25 Si el o 44-60 1-40 39 78 2 21 34-22 1-96 31-68 406 48-30 1-92 42-68 1 90 44-87 1 54 37-77 2 62 45-96 1-24 42 44 3-12 38-94 1-40 48-75 1-32 39 36 1-99 45-63 1 3 16 33-71 3 39 38-38 4-69 49-71 3 13 49-10 1-76 46-23 2 19 33-48 3-14 44-49 1-82 39-43 4-64 53-71 2-25 39-92 2 25 38-24 2-69 37-42 1 12 40-77 3-38 36-47 2 20 47-09 4-81 45-60 1-75 35-45 1-45 48-31 2-94 46-05 -92 44-66 1-48 52-54 206 45-63 3-16 33-62 1-47 INDEX. Ayropyrmu eaninnm ........ glaucum, var. occiilentalc. repcns ^ tenerwii [ AgroHtin dinpar scabra vulgariK \ Alopecurus pratcmis Ammophila longifoliu Andropogon furmtus provincialis scopariug Antkoxuathum odorntum ArrhenathfTumavcnaceum. . . AuHtrian Brome grass Arena elatior \ jUivencens AwnleBH Brome gfrass '. Bnrii-yard grass ....'. Bearded Satin grass Bearied Wheat grass. .... Bccknuinnki erucm/onnia, var. uniflorun Bengal grass Boutelmia oligostachya . ' "Broad-leaf" .....;'. ;; Bromua oiliatua. .... .....'. inermis Kalmii Pumpcllianua. . ..... secalinus segetum ' ' unioloidcs ' JSuchloe dacti/loides '.'.'... BuflFalo grass Canada Blue grass Canadian Blue-joint. ......... Canadian Lyme grass . Ccratoehloa australis . .. .. Chess '' ' Cinna pendula Cock's foot '.'..'... Colorado Blue-stem! Couch Crow -foot .* . ,..!.,. Dactylis glomerata. . . .'...'. Deschampsia ccespitosa . cmapitosa, var. Bottn..j. Deyeuxia Canadensis Langsdorffii neglecta ,]] Drooping Reed grass. ...... Elcuaine Indica El'ymus Avicricanm Canadensis Virginicus ] , Eragrostis Ahyssinica .. Paor. 7, 28, 32 7, 28, 32 7,28 . 8, 28, 32 8, 28 24, 32 . 8, 28, 32 !», 28 25, 32 2.5 24, 32 25, 32 it !» 10 !» !t 10, 28 17, 28 17 7, 28, 32 25, 32 21 !), 28 27,32 9, 28, 32 10,28 25,32 11, 28, 32 10 11, 28 12 11,28 11, 28 19 13, 28, .32 26, 32 12,28 10 12,28 12 7, 28, 32 7 13,28 12 12, 28, 32 12,28 13, 28, 32 13 13, 28, 32 12,28 13.28 25,32 26,32 14,28 14,28 Fcstucn duriusrula . elatior nvina prntennis . Pa.ie 14 14, 28 14 14,28 Fetid Drop-seed grass 21, 30, 32 J owl Meadow grasH 21, 30 32 '•French Timothy " ' ft Fresh-water Core} grass 26, 32 !• ringed Brome grass !>, 28, .S2 (lljiccria aquatica • Iramagra«s Hard Fescue Bierochloa horcalis. . Holcus lanatus Holy grass Hungarian Millet. . . Indian grass Indian Hay. . Italian Rye grass , . . June grass Kalm s Brome grass . Kentucky Blue grass KnJeria cristata Lnlitim ItaHcum. . pcrenne Lyme grass Meadow Fescue 14* 28 Meatlow Fox-tail .' ft' 28 MUhlenhergia glcmierata 16, 28^ 32 Mexiiinna 17, 28, 32 si/lvatica 17 Neglected Blue-joint '.'.'. 13, 28, 32 26,32 9,28 14 15,28 16,28 15, 28 21,30 25,32 15 16 4, 20, .SO 25,32 20 16,28 16 16, 28 14,28 Nevada Bunch grass Northern Blue-joint Orchard grass Panivmn ciliare Crus-galU virgatwa ^,^ ^„ 1 erennial Rye-grass 16, 28 Phalaris arundinacca 17, 28^ 32 Phleum pratense 18* 28 Poa nompressa 19* 28 19,30 13 12 17,28 17,28 17,28 nemoralis Nevadensis pratensis pratensis, white form serotina Quack ^ g«d Top ;.:;.■.;::. s, 28; 32 Keed Canary grass 17, 28, 32 Keed Meadow grass 26 32 Rocky Mountam Hair grass. . --' - • Bfttin grass j Schraaer's Brome grass '. '. Scutch Setaria glauca Italica 19 19,30 20,30 20,30 30, .32 7,28 12,28 14 7 21,30 21,30 8« ah«.i.'H Fescue ^^^fi HloiiKh gruHs ■■■_■■ 28 H2 Smootli Kve gruhH '14 Houthern HroniugragN .'. 12 28 Spartina cynoturoidtB . 26* 3'> SporoMut cuspuUUu* 2(j' 32 heterolepig " ' nt on' qq Sweet Venml grass ...... \\\' '^' ^' % lall Ji«Hciio.. .,,.... ia 'Ml Ji^'r.'-.- •■■■■- 'J Tioklegrass,... '.■:;:; 04^ Ti'no^^-y :::::::::; A,i^'ri Ttiftwl Hair grasa 12 2H «> Turk«y-foot M TO Vi^lvot grass ■"• ^' S* Western Hrome grass n, 28,' 32 Western Juno grass 'fi 28 Western Rye-grass \\\\ 8, 2h', 32 Wild Timothy 10, 28 32 Wire griuw 19 28 W(xkI Meadow graHs ...," " " '10 WtK)lly Reed Bent grass ..'."."." 2« 32 Yard grass ' {i Yellow Fox-tail ",.■; 2I 30 Yellow Oat grasi .:::::: 9 Paok. 12, 28, S» 24,82 Ifl, 28 11, 28, '82 '«, 28 8, 28, 32 1«, 28, 32 1!), 28 19 25,32 18 21,30 9