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A. . . ♦ ♦ ♦ ^ "Ora et Labor a. ^L '^- • ^A,__* .._ * • J ■ -■•*•> J. D. MacPonald, Printer, Pictou, N. H. M DaIiHOUSIE COLiLEGE- Sabbath Afteri^ioon Lecture Course, Session of '92-'93. Edited by a Conpn^ittee of tipe ColIeg( Y. U. G. A. f ■ i. ■ 'Of^fl ET liABO^fi. John D. MacDonalo, BOOK AND JOB PRIfJTER, PlOTOU, N. 8. -1893- (^ ^ /j^ tuJy //SI HESE Lectures .are part of a course given before the students of Dalliousie College and University, on Sab- bath afternoons, during the session of '92-93. They were published in this form at the request of a large number of those who listened to them, as they felt that the merit of the lectures demanded more than one hearing. They are intended for the students of the college, and are published and sold only by subscription. WHEN, lect to 11 understood which that 1 say that you It was V topic I am 11 my topic, I fresher and ; My theme is The miii in the Rilile in the Bible;; its unity. A forty (lifferei by social pos was possi!)le and the kites daj-, five tim the exceptioi that thay coi For the most of one centur writers belon ment did, the planned as to They wfote production th those preceed about the san unacquainted ostle John bu ic band he ne of the Bible, 1 not. And the versified as th cation obtain; none. Moses The Unity of the Bible. before the y, on Sab- 93. They of a large sy felt that e hearing. ;, and are BY RKV. A. SIMPSON. TTJHEN, some time ago, you asked me to contrilnite to your course of \Z\/ lectures, here, this winter, } understood you to say that you wished to make the course, as far as possible, homogeneous. And I further understood you to say that you wi.shed the Hible mide the centre around which that homogeneous course shouhl gather. That is, I understood you to say that you wished the full course to he a course of lectures upon the Bible. It was with that understanding in mind, that I made Selection of the topic I am now to discuss-the Unity of the Hible. H id I been free to choose my topic, I might, perhaps, have come to you this afternoon with something fresher and more practical than the pap.r I have to give. Hut the die is cast. My theme is before me -and I must only make the best of it I can. • .,'^"''^•,","'1^ "^ ^'" "''''^' ' ^^'"^ "'^ ''^'«'" '>>• «">'"S t''"t the human element in the Bible (for I suppose we are all ready to admit there is a human element in the L.ble), is not very favourable, nay, is unfavourable, seemingly fatal to Its unity. As you know, the Hible is on its human side the product of .some forty (hfferent authors who were a^out as widely separated by time, bv place, by social position, by native endowments and by acquired attainments, as it was possible for them to be. About 1500 years elapsed between the earliest and the latest of them-three times the period that separates Chaucer from our day, five times the period that separates Shakespef.re from our day. With the exception of a few, who were contemporaries, it was utterly impossible that thay could have conferred to- her, even if they had wislie.l to do so. For the most part, they were as v. ,• strangers to each other as the writers of one century are to those of another century. And even when the different writers belonged to one age, as, for instance, the writers of the New Testa- ment did, there is nothing to show that they conferred among themselves and planned as to the part each would take, and the period each would cover. They wA)te independently. John's gospel, for instance-that was a later production than the three that precede it-makes no reference whatever to those preceeding it. it is a well-known fact that though Paul lived and wrote about the same time that the other apostles did, he was nevertheless largelv unacqurunted with them. So far as we know, he never met his brother ap- ostle John but once. And it is almost certain there were someof the apostol- ic band he never met at all. Collusion, therefore, on the part of the writers oftheBihlc there could not have been, ami, as a matter of fact, there was not. And then, as to their education and training, thev were about as di- versified as they could well be ; some of them having received the best edu- cation obtainable at the time and others of them having received little or none. Moses, we are told, was learned in all the learning of the Egyptians - tlio foremost U-iirniiiK «>f tin- tiiiu- hut Josliuii, IiIh ii!iiii,.,ti,itf Hur.-eHsor, had no such liMiiiiuK. Isaiah was uuciui-stioual)! y a pu|>il of tlif hfst institu- tions ..f his .lay; hut Amos, who was nt-arly co-li-mporarv with him, came from amouK tlu- licniincii of 'IVkoa. Datiiul ht-hl an exalte! p,. .ition as prime minister of the ureal empire of llahylon, Imt Ha^Kai, who pro|.hesie.l not louK lifter Daniel enjoyeil the advantages of no such training. The autlior of the hook of J(.l), compotent ju.lK'es tell ns, was a poet of the first rank. Ihit in our Jlil)les his wrilint's follow immediately upon the narratives of K,.ru the scrihe, and Neheniiah the governor. The writer of the first gospel was a puhlican, while the writer of the third was a physician. In Paul's epistles, we have the letters of a thorouK'hly educated man, hut in the epistles of I'eter and John the letters of men wh,> were called "unlearnerl and ijrnoranf and who, from the scholastic point of view, were unlearned and ignorant. In temperament too, how very different such writers as Isaiah and Jeremi- ah, Job and .Solomon, James and John.' As miKht have been expected these writers so widely separated by time and place and circumstances differ K'reatly both in the matter and the manner of their writiuKS. There is, indeed, the same variety in their writiuK's that there is ui the writings of /ton Hibie writers. The hook of Ruth, for example, is as unlike the book of Judges that it iunnediately follows as a (juiet pastor- al scene is uidike a mountainous country. The SOUK of vSolomon, too, is as unlike the book of Kcclesiastes that it immediately follows as a richly col- ored ganneiit is unlike one of leaden gray. You have vivid imaKiuation and strong passion in the one, but you have little else than a pes.seniistic wail in the other. How different too, the plaint of the weeping prophet Jeremiah from the l)right, lofty, sublime strains of the poetic prophet Isaiah. And equally different is the somewhat prosy introduction to the third gohpel from the magnificient prologue of the fourth. Indeed, how different the fourth gospel as a whole, is, from any of the tlirJe nroceeding it. And the closing book of the New Testament, how wholly unlike it is to all the other books of the New Testament. In the Bible, we have history as quietly and calmly written as history need be. And, on the other hand, we have allegory as highly wrought as allegory need be. We have prose narratives that are simplicity itself, aiid we have poetic descriptions that are grandeur itself. We have psalms that are un- equalled in their beauty and sublimity, and we have proverbs that are as homely as any that are heard on the lips of the common people about us. We have stories that are of thrilling and undying interest and we have re- cords that are as dry as genealogical records usually are. In a word, we have all kinds of writing, all styles of composition— not one book l;ut many books— a library indeed— the product of many minds, as varied in their en- dowments and attainments as minds can well be. S«ys Dr. Calvin Stowe in his history of the Books of the Bible : "Outside, the Bible is like some of those grand old rural dwellings in England-a conger- ies of different buildings in every variety of style— the disconnected work of many generations." Again, he says: "Externally they are a miscellany, or, if you please to call it so, a jumble of different compositions, in different styles— by all sorts of authors, seperated by ages and by countries. Now, the object of my paper is to show that this book, made up of these different contributions from so many and such different sources, is one har- monious whole— that its parts are consistent one with another— and that to- Rcthcr, th« because it And lit erate |)arls hook is, in ing it for, as a whole proceeds w down to th is it not rig you have c( most anciei more than born. ,As ( the great tt Kxoiluh of .Vhrahani out of Hgy "showing u of the i)ries us addition; they were d Aaron, hav eronomy w< glanced at. people, and obedience t' session of tl new duties eronomy by follows the two books o deed, those that, they ni of the Bible nects the Jui annointer of preceeding 1 Now, to us, the objec people were hood were n sary to give ren and to C( begins with second book the Jews to r opening vers in Ezra and the new peri have one obj ate HucoeHsor, lu'bcNi iiiNtitu- ith liitii, ciitne • itioii as pritnc r()i)lu'siiMl not Tlif .lutlMr of Kt riuik. Hut kred of ^/.m the gospfl wns a Hill's f|)istk'8, j)istU's<)f IV'tcr Kiioratit" and iioraiit. li and JiTumi- .mI )>y time and liL' inaniRT of writin^js that , fc)rL'xanii)ff, . (juic't pastor- iou, too, is as ^ a richly col- aKiiiatioii and iiiistic wail in )liet Jeremiah Isaiah. And rd ^;ohpel from nt the fourth 111 the closing other books of s history need ;litas allegory .lUd we have that are un- is that are as jle about us. I we have re- 1 a word, we ok Lut many 1 in their en- le : "Outside, aud-a conger- ected work of liscellaiiy, or, , in different ■ies. de up of these s, is one har- — and that to- Kcthtr, they form one Ix.ok, tlu- unity of which in nil the more striking. Just because il i ., like Nature, unity in diversity. An.l first the lliblc has /ih/orir unity. I do not mean to mv that itn sep. erate parts are all arranged witll perfect regard to historic unity that each book is, in the order of time an.l of events, the fitting scpid of those preced- ing It for, as a matter of fact, that is not the case. Still, taking the IJible as a whole, it possesses historic unity. It begins at the beginning and it proceeds with the story of the world, or rather with the storv of tli.- diurch down to the end. C.cncsis the book of origins, is its opening t k. And is It not rightly the opening hook of -he Hibic ? What would you, or could you have coming before il ? If it in ancient history you want, (Jcnesis is the most ancient history extant. It gives us gliini.ses of the world of mankind more than a tliousaml years before Herodotus, the father of history w,is bom. AsC.eikiesays in his "Hours with the Itiblc," "It is the porch of the great temple of revelation." Kxo.luH is the proper se.juel to Cenesis. It continues the story of the seed of Abraham - the chosen i)eople and tells us how God redeemed that people out of Kgypt, and brought them to Himself. I^evicitus follows natur.illy "showing us how the redeemed nation was sam tiiied to (iod by the institution of the i.ricsthood, iind .,f the sacrifices an.l of the festivals." Numbers gives usa.hhtional informati.m of the same people, in particular, telling us how they were .hs.-ipline.l in the wilderness, .-in.! that their hailers, Moses and Aaron, having sinnef Abraham, and i- in all that fol- iie of Isaac, the e law — not only government of rauce upon the ith, the turbul- rchy— the reign Solomon with in Babylon and return to their >f the state, the the long prom- lave the songs •s toward God, lem from time Song of Solo- the Old Testa- here they are. ■ing problem of Old Testament, been placed at 3 be anything tie pocins, as it le other books re as much in )ld Testament Israel was a nation— God's chosen nation. We have its origin and growth in the books under consi.ieration-its laws in the penteteuch, its history in the books that are historical ; its songs in the collection stvled the book of Psalms, and its ethical and ndigious teaching in the Prove'rbs-the prophe- cies and the book of Job. There is little need to speak of the historic unity of the New Testament inasmuch as the New Testament only covers, at most, a period of a hun.lred years. Still there is the same historic unity in it there is in the Old Testa- mejit. The Gospels come first, Matthew leading, because it specially con- nects the Old Testament with the New, "showing how the promises were ful- filled in Jesus," It is the gospel for the Jew. Mark's is the gospel for the Roman, while Luke's is the gospel for the Gentile world geilerally, speak- ing of Jesus as the Son of Man, the Saviour of sinners, the Redeemer of the world. The Acts of the Apostles follow naturally upon the Gospels. In that book, we have the history of the early church, and in the epistles we have the letters that were written to individual congregations as they were organized in different places. And not only have the two parts le Bible historic unity separately considered, they have historic unity wiien considered together^ The Old looks forward to the New, the New looks back to the Old. Historically the one IS the complement of the other. .ugustine's well known saving is ''The New is concealed in the Old, the Old is revealed in the New." \ house half finished is the Old without the New; a house without a foundation on which to rest, is the New without the Old. A genealogical tree broken off is the Old without the New ; a genealogical tree without anv root is the New without the Old. Secondly, the Bible hasprop/ic/ic unity. Bv prophetic unitv, I mean the unityof prediction and fulfillment. Certain events were predated by the writers of tlie liible. Some of them have long since come to pass, and' some of them are coming to pass in our own time. I can do little more than make selections from this wide field. Let me refer to a few Old Testament pro- phecies that were fulfilled in Old Testament times, and then to Old Testa- ment prophecies that w;ere fulfilled in New Testament times. All through the writings of Moses there are prophecies concerning the people of Israel, most of which have been fulfilled in their history already, though some of them seem to be in process of fulfillment even yet. For in- stance, prophecies such as those found in the 64th and 65th verses of the 28th chapter of Deuteronomy. Take the predictions concerning Tyre as given by Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel, and every reader of history "knows they have been fulfilled. Also, the predictions concerning Babylon. Or take the prediction concerning Cyrus, who was God's instrument for the deliverance of his people from the captivity. One hundred and fifty years or so before Cyrus was born, Isaiah spoke of him, giving his name and stating what he was to do, specially mentioning the fact that he was to deliver the Jews from their captivity in Babylon. When the prophet wrote, there was, humanly speaking, no probability that his words would ever come to pass. Babylon was just rising into notice. The very existence of the Empire was scarcely known to the Hebrews. Persia, the native country of Cyrus, was yet in the dark- ness of barbarism, while Judea was an old, established and powerful king- dom. But it did come to pass exactly as foretold. In the historic books of Ezra and Nehemiah we read the fulfillment of Isaiah's prophecy. So to 8 «pfiik, IIk'NO piopliolii- 1111(1 Iiisluiii- IiookH iiif IxiiiikI liu'ciluT l)v tt ilici mil ;iiii| ici-uiiliil liillllliuciit. 'I'lic piii|i|iiii(s iif Icii'iiiiiili 111' iiiiitlfi, Mt Uiiwt iv){.ii.liii^; 111,. iMplivilv liMVc llicii fiillilliiic'lit y that pio- i('K"nliiiK till- ill tin- liilci- liistui ii;il liooks. So liv prtMlictii.il, on tlic iimiI uf tl !> )i;ivcii in Old TcNta- im-iil time;, liuvf ln-rn fuKilU-d in \rw ■IVsiniiiciii limes, and ,ho liavi- l.i.nnd piTltv nincli all imrlsof tlu' Old 'IVslanicnl to llu- New, llictv ate litst and olii. lly those coiici-vninn Ciuisl. .\llo^;,|li(.f they iiunil.ri Ihic,. hiindml or liioic, prophecies coiiceniitiK 'i''' advent, and his eoiiiiiiK out of Iv^ypt. whether he was taken to escape Herod's wiMlh, conceniiiiKr i,is ijf,., siilfer- illUS, death, resiirieciion and ascension all of which were fnllilled when he oanie to earth and lived, and lal.ored and snllcred and died and rose aKaiii, and ascended on hij;li. As a matter of lacl, all the ( Hd Testament prophetti with the e\cei>li(>ii of three have prophesii-d more or less iiniwniiiiff Christ, aii.l their prophecies have l.ceii tiillilled in his history, as the ICvaiij^elistH have recorded it lor us. riic lliree exceptions are Jonah, Nahnm and Ilah- hakuk. It Jonah, however, did not i>r(>phesy coiu-eriiinn Christ, he was iin- iHiestionahly a type of Christ. Christ himself, you luiow, reK'arilcd Uio Old TestatiuMit prophets as all pointing to Him, In the record ^iveii of that discourse he had with the Kmnaus disciples on the way from Jeru.sah-m. we are told thai heKiniiiiiK at Moses and all the prophets, he ex]iouiuie(l unto Ihfiii in all the Serii.t- luos the things coiicei niii),; Himself. Says Dr. C.anliuer Spviiii,' in his "Hihle not of Man" - ".\!1 the prophecies of the Old Ti-sfumeiit have the perwni niid work of Clirist for their commoii object. They form a system of prophecies with this one object in wiew. The harmony and unity of their (lesi),jii, are not only peculiar .iiid dillerent from the prelendiHl predictions of pa«an oracles, hut are in this respect .stronjjly marked and truly wonderful. "U shall bruise thy head and thou shall bruise his hei-1," here this wonderful .system of pre- dictions be.nan. It ran on in one rid^e of time, and in one Hue of thcKi'iur- atious of .\datn till it reached the Jewish nation and never swerved from its object, nor ran out of the line of that people until the last of the seers uttered his memorable predivfions about 4(X) years before the the eominj,' of Christ and John, his more immediato liarbiiij,ror exclaimed "Hehold the Lamb of Ood that taketh away the sin of the world." It bewail with Christ, and with Christ it culminated. Kvery intermediate prophecy for almost 4IXX1 years, whether made to Noah or to .Abraham, to Isaiah or to Malaclii, whether it concerned the ante-deluvian world or the nations, of Canaan, the Jews or the Knyptiaiis, Xineveh or Uabylou, Persia or Greece, or Rome, con- centrated on the gradual and prospective development of the divine purpose in regard to one great event add object - the coming of Jesus in the flesh, and the establishment of his kingdom in the earth. Whatt.-ver other ends may have been incidentally subserved by this series of prophecies, this is the great end for which the Scriptures of the Old Testament inform us this long continued intercourse between Heaven and earth was maintained." The prophecy of Joel, we know, was fulfilled partially at least, on the day of Pentecost. The prophecy contained in the second Psalm was fulfilled when Herotl and Pontius Pilate, the rulers of the Jews, combined against the I.ohI, ol tile ( ici .1,5tll and ( ceiveil ini eslablishe to this vei have seen require a \ Hililc wrili ward to re "III the lir apostasy, |irolracted have the I Satan, Sit: Along liolic niiil\ of brass u| was leaclii in tile full! well know; so niiisl tlr I'.issover SI the great d of an aiiim they were I without sill sacrilice tli the Ilaptist world" al whole siibj( iiig that wo answering i the New Ti does i\ key l atioii (it in the doings not absurd, atton, they Putting the binding the Thinily great subjec God, one st different idc developmen between the To (juoti vary when t igmas. Tin courage by i ii'f by tlwit |)rr- i)i K'Kiiiilin^ the illiiiiMit rrcorih'tl if llic |>r4 nf 'rcstiinu'iit IiIh- ■ the OIil Tcslii- .011 in Old Testu- I so llilVl- I)1I1IIU| '!(- Illf (iisl lllltl lute limiilrcil or ; out of IvKviit, Ills life, siilfci- iillillcd wlu'ii III- ami lose ii^niii, aiiifiit i>i.^i'lists ilintii anil llal)- liisl, he was liii- l)ro|>lu>tH a-i all liiul with tlic lliat ho)^iiiiiiii)^ all tin- Si"ii]it- wi (111(1 work of lu'cics with thin II, art' not only an orarlos, hnt 'It shall bruise 1 sysU'iii of prc- mc of the ki^iht- viTved from itw ;t of tin- si'iTs llu' coniiiij; of 1 "lii-ludd tlu- an with Christ, ecy for almost 1 or to INIalachi, of Canaan, the :, or Rome, con- divine purpose n the flesh, and ther ends may ea, this is the •m us this long iued." t least, on the Im was fulfilled nbined against Ml . " """• '""• •""■■'"•'-•" -K-'li-^ (In. i„«,„|„.,i,„ <.f IK' (....1. c.« whuh we have M. sneh pasnaKes a. Il„ ■;,n,\ I-.,,|„, a,..| ll/j 35ll« Mnd f, ,lh el.apters of Isaih h.^.yu |„ !„• fnKill,.,! wli..„ CMn„.|iu. w n ,.. ee.ved n,lo thr (Hlowship „f (|„. HirlMian .■In.nl,, and all,., wards wh ■„ I'anI eslahhslu.d H.nr.-h,.. in so u^nuy Cenlil.. Hli.-s ; and tlwy are I.einK mimied - this very hour, an, I will e„nli • |., 1... fnUilied till all en,|. .,( ih,. ..a,(|, have seen the salvation nf Cod. Mm why eonlinne parlienlarH ,^ It would mpure a v.dnme to ^ive then, all. So.n,- I.il.le write,,, p,edi..t events, other ""'';• ;''^'''V''.' ' ""■ '""'"""•'-' "Mhese p,edie. s. .•,<.,„., „.,,„ f,,,. wanl to ,evelat,o„, l<,.v,.|,„ ion looks l,a,l< lo Cenesis. As I),-. Treneh say, ■ ■IM the i„^s|,l„.... ..;,„,„..,, „n;,.,„..,is we have e,eation, Pa.adis,. and the ai-ostasy. then |l„„nKh all the .nnee.edinK hooks eonflirt nnspeakahle a I>l"traete,l, te, rilde strUKKle. till inthela.st th.ee ehapte, s of Kc-velalion ' we have the new eieali Pa.adi.se leKaine.j, the final eternal vietory over halan, >Sin and every form ol evil." AhMlK with the pn.phelie unity of ll„.liil,|e, In,i^.,ht speak of ilssvm- iH' H- nn.ty. When, fo, ins.ane-, .Moses in the wiMerness raised a serpent ..f h,ass ni,on a pole and diireled Ihe eyes of the l.ilten Is.aelites to it he was l,.,,eh,nK th.Mn I,y lyp.. .,f ,|,, ,,„„i„^, Messiah. The Saviour who ,s,n,e ... the fulness of the ti.ne was the anf-type. ,So he hin.self tell.s „s in the well known wo.ds: " ,\. Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the .Son of man he lifhd „p." When the Israelite al the f.sast of the a.ssover .seleete.l his Ia,nl, and had It slain, and when the JliKh IVi. st on IheKieat .lay of atonement eonhsse.l the sin of all the people over the head o anan.nml, an.l afte.wards ha.l it taken away into a land not inhahited, they were leaehiUK hy types. They wcr.. setliuK forth the >;reat truth that w.lhont sheddiuK of hlood is no re,nission. T!,..v were pointiuK to the LMeat sa.-r, ,ee that was to he offered for sin at the c.nd of that dispensation. When the ,.pt,.s ened "Hehold the I,an,h of Cod that lak.th away the sin of the world all these types had their fuKilhuent, In Kairhairn's Typolo.ry this who e suhjeet ,s worked out will, .Meat fulness of .letail and any one stndy- ...Klhatwoik w,ll.seethatlhe,eisan.a>-veIlons unity of the liihie in the answenuK of anti-type to type in the answeriuK of the hook of Hebrews i„ the New leslamenl to the book of I.evieitns in the Ohl. Not ,„„re exaetlv ■loesa key ht the loek it is n.ade for, than do the types of the old dispens- «l on f.t ,n to the anti-type of the New. In then.selves eonsidered, so.'ne of the "l...K heprophet.eand .symbolie eords together we have a strong eor^ hinding the .lifferenl parts of the liible in one ^ /7,m//v-The Bible has didadir unity, that is unity of teaching on the great sub,eets that ,t undertakes to speak upon. It does not give on^ idea of -od, o, e stamlard o r,ght and one conception of duty in ^ne part and a < iffe ent ,dea :n another part. No doubt, there is progress in its teaching cevelopntent.n the doctrines it discloses, but there- is no want of har ly between the earher an.l the later revelations much less, uo contradiction To quote again from Dr. .Spring: "The Scriptures never hesitate, never igmas. They veil nothing which to creatures can be unveiled. Thev dis- courage by no unmingled severities, and flatter by no unmingled mercy. lO They always anil I'vcrywlu-rc spi'ak with the same expliotiiess, they change never. So, too, of the ehar,u-ler of man, ami the iliscoverv thev'make of the wav of salvati Tin uitv one Saviour one way of K"iii« to Hi everywllere speak of man as fallen hy his in salvation heeonies our 1(1 all s. Ten lliousaiiil are the f; •I- m, one wry onlv in whieh this in ei"s of other relii^ion;^ and all as eontra.lietory one to another and to themselves as they are eonjee- tural an.l false. The saere.l writers all point to the one Cod -man mediator, the one root an.l offsprin- of David the same fountain of merev the same tree of life. They uniformly speak the same thinn. f.et their theme he wliat it will the teaohing of one is the teaehint,' of all." Holiness is the key note of the Hihle from l.eKinninK toend. Dr. Munro Gibson in a valuable little hook entitled "Vock vs. Sand," says : "ICven i i the ruder Mosaic a^'e when the state of society was such that many 'thinns for from ideally ri.uht had to he .allowed to the people for "the hardness of their hearts;" when many of the political regulations reflected the imper- fect spirit of the times, dealint;, as such regulations oukIU always to deal, with the practical rather Ih.an the ideal even then, we see shining in the mitre of the 111^11 I'ricst the plate of pure gold, with this inscription : 'Holi- ness to the Lord." ' .\nd the attentive student finds the conviction KrowiiiK upon him that while the external history was very much what would he ex- pected of the a-e, an.l the political regulations had to a certain extent to conform thereto, yet the law proper in its moral and ceremonial require- ments, hel.l up perfect holiness ..s an ideal before the people. And the key note struck by the law an.l a.lopted by all the prophets is taken up in a ten- derer and sweeter strain by Chri.st Himself, and prolonged by the apostles until at the close of the book of Revelation, we are greeted' by the saere.l h.armonies of the holy city, where there shall in no wise enter anything that delileth, but over which reigns the holy, holy, holv, Lord, God 'Almighty. Can you fail to recognize the unity here ? And observe it is not mere unity, but unity of the most elevated kind, having the Divine signet up in it, for it may be thcf ri'lii^ioiis, tlu'y arc ooiijco- man tucdialov, I'U-y thf saiiu- itluMiu' hi- wliat ml. Dr. Miiiiio lys ; "Ivvi'ii ii It many things the hanliR'ss of 'ted thf iinpiT- ahvays to deal, shining in the ■liption : 'Iloli- viction ^rowiiiK I wonhl 1)0 L'x- rlain extent to lonial retiniro- And the key en np in ii ten- ' the apostles, by the sacred r anything that 'od Almighty, lot mere unity, t np 111 it, for it :h runs like a w Testaments, ancient world, 1 the one -viz : Hy of idea, in pressed with it. hat writers so leation and en- oncerningGod L-stiitj'. lions iimrginal any one doct- • of their teach- hey never hear mce in which ins any Script- lything in the 5 organic unity t to its topmost hough— one life pervades it. Tlie I and developed from witi ree sprang from the seed, and 1 Hit) nil, and not hy accretions fr e is a growth, first the blade then th las grown oiii without. So the Revelation is progressive. First the d e ear, then the full corn in the ear. developed into the full light of the perfect day. I „ .. siaiiic prophecy in the first ])roplucy given in Ivden." I awn then the twilight, which gradually prophecy regarding the ingatl n germ, we have all Ales- n genu, we Iiave all ham 'In tl eriiig of the (lentiles in the promise to Al lee shall all the families of the earth I have the whole future of Israel, and for ll )e bU d. In )ra- gerin, we church in the calling of Abral lat matter the whole future of the that time. As there is nothing in the full lam and the promises that were made to hi III at ill the seed from which it s])iang, so tl ept i grown tree that was not potentially lere is nothing in the liible, that now accept as complete, that was not genuinely in the seed promises that were first given to the father of the faithful. R.mn.l about Abraham an.l his •secM ,n the line of Isaac, the whole history of Israel grew till it culminated " the hfe and mission of the Messiah. He is the end of thejewish history. 1 his you can see from the genealogy in the book of Matthew. Abraham is chosen that he may lea.l to Davi.l. Davi.l is not the fulfillment. Therefore the genealogy goes on to the Habylonish captivity. I.>om the Habylonish captivity there are fourteen generations which lead up to Jesus .and in Him the whole Jewish history reaches its culminating point A,id round about the person and work of the Messiah the history of the christian church has grown and will continue to grow till it reaches its culmination in this secon.l coming without sin unto salvation. No doubt there is a good deal in the liible, particularlv in the Old Testa- ment, that does not seem to be vitally connected with the central theme • as for instance the book of Job an.l the book of Proverbs. And yet even these books, wouhlin parts at least, be unintelligihle if they were whollv dis- severed from the collection of which they now form a part. I ,lo not s^v the Mes.sianic revelation would not be complete without them. Thev are indc- pendent books. They .lo not refer to others that have preceeded'them, but, as have observed in an earlier part of this lecture, they have their place ami they serve their purpose. Christ is the centre of Scripture. The law is a schoolmaster to lead to im. I he prophets foretold his coming in the flesh. The apostles preached H.m. W e spake of the Gospel according to Matthew, and of the Gospel ac- cording to John, but there is a Gospel according to Moses, and a Gospel ac- cording to Isaiah. Christ and the Gospel of redemption is to be found in all parts of the Bible. "In the whole Scripture, large, capacious and varied as it is, we find one spint pervading it, one light illuminating it, one hope animating it ; and in It we hear the voice of one-ever of that Kternal one-who, having in his own nund purposed in Himself the great plan of our salvation and of His own glory has spoken to us, and caused it to be written for our instruction " rhe nnitj' of the Bible is the unity of development. There is develop- ment of doctrine in the Old Testament, and development of doctrine in tlie New Testament And uot only so. hut there is development of doctrin. in the Bible as a whole, regardless of the division of it into two parts. The work of tracing this development has been well done by many writers. Un- der the heading of Biblical Theology, it receives a good deal of attention to- day in a number of theological schools. One of the best works on the sub- 13 Ject, tlloiiKll it is n-stricttMl tollu- dovi-ldi.tiu.iil of (loctiiiu' in tlio New Tisln- iiUMit, istiK- ltiuiii-t.)ii I.ii-tmvs for iHf,;, ],y Canon Ik'iiianl. vSpfakiu^ of till' unity of tin- Old and Ni-w Tcstninent, Dr. Siii)liir, from wlionh I linvc al- ready (luotfd, says : "Tlic fust cliaiitcr of tlir I)o<)k of Matthew shows us that Ahrahani, David, the CajHivity and Jesus form a eoiitiinious history." AKain lie .says: "The hooks <>f tlie Ohl and New Testaments are like a rinj; or a circle, for as iti the first three chapters of Cenesis we are told of the creation of Heaven and ICarth, of Adatn anil Ivve, and afterwards of the .serpent hy which our first i).irents were led into disol)edience, so in the last three chapters of Revelation, these points are taken u]) in exactly the same nii til- ed. I'irst, vSatali is cast into prison and made harnde.ss, then there is the marriage of the Lamh and of the liride, and then the new Heavens and the Mew luirth in which the full ^dory of (iod is made perfect." H we think of the two Testaments as iMomise and fulfdlnienl thev may he likened to a tree which is an organic whole. H we think of them as n continuous history, they may he likened to a river, which flows on with in- creasing force and heauty, till, at last, it jjasses into the ocean. H we think of one us preparatory to the other, they may he likened to a house the Old Testament the fonndaticn the New the super-structure. If we think of them as a riddle, the Old Testament stales the prohlem in all its comi)lex dilfi- culty, the New K'ives the solution in its majestic simplicity. If we think of them as a lock ami key the lock complicated witll many wards the key fits it exactly, and without .straining or alteriuK miy of the wards opens the lock. If we think of them as a day, and you know that in .Scripture the eve- ning conies iir,st--it is evening and morning one day -so then comes first the niglit. if I may so speak of the Old Testament in which the moon of pro- mise and the stars of prophecy are shining, gladdening and comforting the hearts of Cod's peoi)le, and then there comes the hrightiie.ss of the morning and the full light of the Gospel day. To separate the Old Testament from the New is to take away tlie life of both, for they are not merely connected, are not merely harmonious, they intepenetrate one another. The same breath of life and the same covenant blood of Him who died for us, pervades them both. I have thus spoken of a fourfold unity of the Hible— historic, prophetic, didactic and organic. The topic is not new. It has been treated over and over again by a number of writers, some of whotii I have quoted, and to whom I am indebted for some of the thoughts contained in this lecture. If any- thing I have said should lead any of you to give fuller consideration to the subject which has grown upon me as I have studied it, I shall feel amply re- paid for the time I have put upon it. I need only say in closing that in the unity of the sixty-six books of the Bible, written in all by some forty different writers, the most of whom had not, and could not have had, any communications with their fellow writers, we have a powerful argument in favor of their Divine origin. It is utterly inconceivable that so many men, so widely different in so many respects, writing independently of each other, could have had such oneness of thought on such difficult themes as God ard man, ,sin and salvation, duty and des- tiny, if they had not been animated by one and the same spirit, if they had not been controlled by one and the same power. The more closely and fully this subject is studied the deeper and stronger will the conviction become, that the Bible is more than an ordinary collection of manuscripts, put to- 1 till' Nfw Tistii- vSpi'iikiii^; of vhoiih I linve iil- 'w sliows us ttint liislDiy." Aj,'iiin iki- a riiiij or ii 1 of tile cri'rttioii tlif scrpi'lit liy till- Inst tlllC'l- tllf SllllH' tIK tll- I'll tlllTC is till' .'livens anil llic iiii'nt tliey may < of tlielii as a )\vs on with lu- ll. Ifwetliink house till- Old L' think of them i complex (lini- If we think of (Is — the key (its irils- opens the rijHure the eve- leii comes first le moon of jiro- coiiifortiiiK the of the morning ivay the life of iiioiiious, they same covenant iric, prophetic, -'ateil over and d, and to whom tiire. If any- leratioii to the I feel amply re- ix books of the of whom had fellow writers, It is utterly iiiany respects, uess of thought duty aiid dcs- it, if they had osely and fully iction become, scripts, put to- r 13 «i'lln'r ill one iMiulinK that it is notliiiu' i K Ii'ss and nothing other than what it claims („ be, one book. Co.rsown book, written by holy „,en of old, wh ol nil litilli e and wrote as they were moved by the one holy, 1 iving, unerring spirit H The Expansiveness of l?evelation. iiv Kiev. Ai.Kx. i--ai.com;k. miU-; R-liKioHs i(k'a is till' liiKhcst cliarai-tcTistio of Initiianity. It is an or- J igiiial and necessary ])ai-t of man's nature. It is just as true that man is a reliKious, as that he is a rational animal. "Look out fur a people" says Hume, "entirely destitute of reliKion. If you find them at all, be as- sured that they arc hut few ileurees removed from hrutes." This capacity in man may sometimes .seem to lie dormant, and in the absence of its m.inifest- atiou, he may appear to differ l)ut little outwardly from .some of the higher forms of brute life. Hut that capacity is there, even in the lowest form of savage life ; and it is absent in the highest form of mere animal life. Cert- ain scientists may call man an evolution if they please. That does not alter the case, nor need we be iUarmed at the term, when in using it, it is intend- ed to express a process, in which a Divine evolving will is implied. God evolved man from earth by stamping him with a supernatural image. And in that lies the religious element, the highest thing in man, whether in sav- agism or civilization. It is that to which God can speak. And it is because God can thus address Himself to man— because he has a sense of God, that we can, in any measure, account for the great facts of our religious life. Man is thus capable of receiving a revelation from G.od. And that he needs it requires no argument. Correct knowledge of God is fun fundamental, in worship or niplatioiis and ot know God,' linunerings of light has been od. And if it . aud will, then ; as superior in nds of all his sequence, how ;thod of God's us in interpre- perceive that u of dogmatic le mind as to od requires of t sundry times s ways. The xartant sense a dge goes, Div- : light of these long early years, meagre tlie kiiowK ing of His purposes regarding man. Then and the ])r()pliets, succeeding one aiiotl Ivach in success >l God, and very partial the unfold- eamc the Mosaic dispensat ion, ion added his portion to the amount of ler at more or less distant intervals The dawn grew brighter. Truth I nntil the Old Testament canon closes. ame more deniiite and m inspired discovery, its fullest s|)leiid( And ore impressive, r. The day of expectancy h now the sun rises and si lines in last days spoken unto us by His S we referred, is also applicable to tl And th lis complete rcvelati< Fiscome. "(;od hath in these e same general truth to which 111 ill the New Testa- evangelists, in the I ment. Ti.e apostles and teachers ami ,1 1 I- . .j,^ .i.-.L.->, 111 Hit' new enconoiiiv the gospe .lispeusation, did not meet in sacred convocation, and i d fj spin ,.f(.od arrange a volume of sy.stematic truth. Thev wrote a Mose an.l he ancient prophets ha.l done, their historical, doctrh.al, pru' C d proi,het.eal utterances, in various times and places, for sped d "is" an.l for the imme.liate and primary use of particular persons ./.;:; communities. In this progressive and diversifl,.,! ,. m , ."-""""'"^^ '"^ Now in looking at this development of revelation, we may find the ex hihition of a principle, that seems to be a law of the Divi , i ,' .nost everywhere, vi. : a reproducing of the ::i in" e^" Tni/r.:: niovements Iisglory shows itself, by bringing forward the r Lilt of the p t and leading them out to a completer issue (iod's fi,-c^ - . . , , ^ ' mighty carries forward His work by evolving something ne v ou o th old ?" t^z ^l Mt:; r °' 'r"''"'^-^'' "'^ -'^^^ --^^^ ^ ---^-i proc "o^op- eration, tUe hitter depending upon the former t„ ti, tv • , ^ Now this same principle, we shall probablv see to be operative in th. progress of revelation. Revelation is at first iui impartation from God ! per on 1 commuiiicatio.i to the world ; a bestowal upon man of so.nethi'ng uew. In this respect, it may resemble the first act in creation-the nro 1 uct of something new not previously existent in the spirit of Z But ht something new, must be worked out and transmitted to othe n the va^v Lew"w"'ar ""^ r' "" "^^'''^ '■'■^'°^>-- '^'- -production o-; tl e Id i 1 1^^ new here again shows itself ; and both the originality and contiuu v of revelation are thus seen in its history from the beginning to he ei Here then, in very truth, "the palace is set up after tile pattern h r^ f" vh l' Godnl'";/"""'''"'"/'"'"'"''""'''*''^"^' '""^' ^'^ "^"th external and internal God as the source of truth must communicate it. Revelation then „!1 1 doctrines, eternal truths, regarding both God and^ln^^B t rev , 0^,' to' be of true service to man must produce communion between him .nrGod and so the revelation must speak to man's understanding and co^^c nee and i6 henrt. Tlic muri' iiiii)artatioii of truth, whioh is not oiiipiricril, will 1)l' of little avail. C()nsf(iiu.iitly, thfrc must l>f iiii a(la])tiili,'ro\v the expansiveness of Revelation. I'robahly it will he said of all religions, that they exhibit a certain kind of pro>,'ressive tendency. Hut in the reliKions of tilt world, it will he seen, that proK'ress is largely counl.Maeted l)y -lexeneracy. Take any (.f the Kr«''it religions of the world, and as they operate anions the masses, the ten,Mnal founders, but Krow iiiulerialistic and become vulKari/ed. Then of all world religions, it may be said, that at best they i)resent but a partial aspect of truth, perha))s usually one great truth. And naturally, that feature of truth becomes exagKerated and a system is established that fails to satisfy man's entire religious wants. Now the religion of the Hible differs from all other religions in both these respects. It is a religion that meets and satisfies the whole of our re- ligious instincts -it is niiiversal to man. And in its progress toward its final issue, we find no degeneration or lowering of the ideal, but a stea.iy advance to ultimate comi)letion. In the Jewish nation, the Law acted as a guide and a stimulus tu something higher, and this was due to the Divine principle guiding the nation. We are now in a position to look at Revelation in its completed form, and in considering its e.v/xvisizvufss let us concentrate our attention upon' two points ; //;-,s7— The Method of Revelation. Siro/icf—lts Interpretation. I. The Method of Revelation. It has always to be Iwrne in mind that God's revelation has been given to us by an historical process. It is the revelation and interpretation of God in history. And God elected the Jewish people, as the nation of his choice, through whom to work out, to their completion, the truths which he had to reveal for the redemption of the world. Ilis revelation then becomes not only a statement of dcctrine, but a record of fact. "It must," as a recent writer expresses it, "carry on what was implied in the whole discipline o/ Israel, the assertion that truth was not a matter of speculation, but a word from God; or the knowledge of a dealing of God with man, clothing it.self with reality, embodying itself with fact, making a home for itself in history. It is true that the Judaism of the synagogue, in its idolatry of the law, had assumed the appearance of a paper system, but in that form, ithad no prom- ise or power of expansion ; and on the side where the religion of Israel ad- mitted of development into some higher or wider state, it was distinctly a religion, not of theory or teaching only, but of Divine action revealing it- self in history," It will therefore follow, that we must not regard the Old Testament as largely a collection of types and symbols, written down with a view to our spiritual benefit. It is the record of a process of revelation, as that came to the Jewish people. Even the prophets were largely the re'lig- ous teachers of the people of their day. That primarily. Certainly we find them at times rising higher and looking further. Throughout their utterances are frequent references to the great golden age of the coming Re- deemer. But it was not merely in the hope and expectation of His coming, that the people lived. They had a very deep present religious experience ; and we mil among wli Now tl found then far as it ex ods of com by God's s] their day a opliy, tllei times. Th alect and g pose not a to lead the developing The leariiei truth, what apled to hii through da holiness, ai tiful Ihaii t( holiness, k^ fied all thei Now let u bears, (i) n man's relati (0 Go self without history, nat every man t: he reach the quired to rev abstract doci tellectually of the chose that should ably this wai I^ife alone re contact with was to revea out in moral existent. Ni intensely the writers, thert of secondary sunshine ; H rightfully or j and punishiii the world, th Divine writer was created. Hence we are jal, will 1)'.' of xl's coiiiiiiuiii- le. Ami out of II I'lTtuin kind will he si'fii, ly of till- jjrt'iit tliu tfiiilciu-y tl: .'ir original .•11 of all worM rtiiil asiH-cl of caturc of truth satisfy man's Kioiis ill both lolu of our re- loward its final toady advance ;is a j^uide and .■iuL' principle mpleted form, ttuntion upon as been given etation of God of his choice, lich he had to becomes not " as a recent discipline of 1, but a word lothing itself elfin history, the law, had , had no prom- of Israel ad- ^ distinctly a revealing it- gard the Old ; down with a -evelation, as -dy the relig- Certainly we )ughout their ; coming Re- His coming, experience ; iiid wf must in the first place, iniong wlunn thev lived. regiin 17 1 the prui.liels ns preachers to tli,. people Now tlie.iilfercnt religious teachers of I iuary ideas as to d Dund them, with their ord IS it existed, and the ods of conduct. As the I eir ordinary belief in (iod and th srael took the jieople as they I'osiiKigoiiy, as to .science, in so by (lod's spirit spoke as ni lie Arehbishop .Magee puts it : "H eir recogni/e Inuth- thei r day and their generation I'll, and under the eoinljiion uiiiaii souls niovi Mid uir thoughts were tinged with the phil mutations uf OS- ..pl.y. 11 nr knowledge was limited by the seieiiti.ie knowledge of the k ^ , t ."-. iK,. spoke the history and the seieiiee as truly as thty spoke the al-t and grammar of their day ; to suppose anythiu, else, w. ul 1 be t ,- po.se not a supernatural, but an unfialural inspiration '• Their .,„ ' 7 >^;'"t.H. people forward as far and as fast L th^'wer e' ' ^r;: -icve opii.K truth ,„ regard to Cod ,nid man's life-relations to his fell, w na Ilu- learner was full of weakness and prejudue ami error, and so tl le w tnith whatever it may be, must be revealed in a manner and m 'asn e a. apted to his capabilities. And thus type, symbol, and sacrifice w -re n a^ Inough.la.ly acts to lead into the great truths of sin and uton . ent , d If uinn ';: ; ;■"■ v'*"''--"'.--'ve them. ..There is nothing m!;:;'.:' iful than to trace how their views of these three things, guilt, pardon and holiness ke,,teMual pace gr.nviiig in clearness, till Christ en .2 fie.1 all their longings, when they were prepared for him.- (AW- Now e us lUu.strale this development or expansion of revelation as it 1-ar.s, (0 npontiod's character an,l man's relation to Him, id ' man's relation to and duty toward his fellow-man. ^ ' (') ^'"'l'« cliaraeter an.l man's relation to Ilim. Cod never left Him ^ wuhon a witness. Hven in the.larkest regions and times of tl w. "^ H.stoiy, nature and the utterances of conscience were in measure liulitil' every man that came into the world, ih.t by m, intellectual proce'ss ' o2 he reach thoughts, that can at all produce universal satisfact on God rl quired to reveal his own character. No. He does not do this me fo^ 1 Z abstract doctrines and precepts to be treasured up, meditated u, n , i , telectually received. He reveals him.self in the working out o the Is o J hat hould exi.st between Him and man, lofty, spiritual and moral Pob . y this was the only way that God could reveal Simself as the 1 " ng ol omicr'it?" ""/'" ^° ^'"' ""' ''"^•^'^"-"^ -i^-'^ exliibi God in contact with man, m the endless diversities of human life. Their purpose imeS' tu" "" ^""'•^'''V''^ ""''' Testament carefully, without feelinglow intensely the personality of God is there brought out. The first aim of he writers, therefore, was to recognise Jehovah in everything. T^eymdr itUe of secondary causes. Jehovah spoke ,0 them in the thu.uler; He sCe i the nmsiine: He .sent them prosperity or the reverse, according as iZ acted ng ..tfnlly or wrongfully. He was a great ethical person, rewanHm^ r • h and pun.shu.g wrong, in direct contact with the nation. A.s to the'orlgin o the worl.l their science was probably the science of the times and These w:rr:::r tiir c ^%^'^'^ ^'^'^^^ '-'"' '"^ ^^^^^ «-*■ ^---^ ^ ^^ was created, the Creator wa^ this great, living, moral person, Jehovah Hence we are not very anxion.s .d,out what peculiar form of scienc^ is taught i8 in <;.!.' siM, (111,1 should not troulilc ourselvcH in iitttMiiplinK to reconcile its utliTimns oncn-alioii willi luo.itrn siiiiitilic conilusions. WliativiT it wiis. it WiiH likely the sciftiit-e of the day, and the ol.jci „i the preacher, then as now, was t() take resv.i iiid use llieni to exhibit the ^reat moral personality that was niovinn I.ehind all. I'ine-spun explanations, and ingenious har- nioni/iuj;s, i„ meeting' the ohjectionn of criticism on these lines, are not al- ways helpful to truth. As a general rul.-, helter leave attempts at the re- conciliation of science and revelation alone. Similar remarks might he made ahout tlu delude. We are not particular ahout discussing whether the del- nge was universal or partial ; nor need we troiihle ourselves very much, as to what science says on the matter. Whutevt-r opinions may he held as to I he details of the story, there was douhtless a hasis of fact in the early history, and the writer of Ccnesis used the knowletlKe of his times, to read the .^n'n'i lessons ahout Cod and His dealings with men. which the story suRKcsts. (lod is there represented as a riRhteous (V.xl, personally ruling in the world, and punishing sin as a wrong against Himself and the world, and rewardinj; those who manfully placed themselves in opposition to wrong. And the same truth is (piite apparent in the record of Cod'sdeaHiigs with individuals, where His character indicates itself, in His treatment of, and relation to moral heiiigs. He tells us that He is the Cod of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the (lo.l of Jacob. Here we see Him standing related to these men in the various aspects of their lives, and the numerous experien- ces through wliich they pass, and in His treatment of them we gather what God IS, better than any words could describe Him. How absolutely real does He make tons His per.so-iality, and His relation to man as a moral Being in the fad of His earnest struggle against sin in the various relations of life. And these illustrations are just typical of what we find running more or less throughout the whole of the Ol.l Testament. In all the coullicts of Is- rael, through which He has chosen to reveal Himself, with the nations with whichtheycontinually came in contact, there is a visible exhibition of the Divine personality -pure and holy, judicial, and standing in ethical re- lations to tlu worhl. As strikingly put: "His rule of the nations is the judgment of the nations, and his verdict upon a nation is seen in the last act which it plays upon the stage of history, and is eternal"— "He brandishes His sword in the eyes of all the nations, while creation shudders, and the waters of the great deep stand motionless." We do not say that ■ ' cr attributes of God's charaot-r, ..uch as His ..,'oo(l. ness, mercy, love, are not taught us in the hi ,0 m ' r.-,.' aion of the"' Old Testament, but the prominent idea is. God as a personal, righteous ruler among the nations, and standing in moral relations to man. In distinction from the religions of all other nations, it claimed the moral idea for God. In the revelation through the Psalms and prophets, we find this idea advan- cing. Their deep conciousness of sin, the result of these higher ethical conceptions, deepened the feeling of separation between God and man, and bror,.'-i into prominence the Messianic expectation. I>i;w, in couueclion with Christianity, we have a continuation and de- velopment of ■ .° religion of Israel, which fulfi's this expectation. "When the fulness oi cime has come, God sends forth His Son in the likeness of sinful flesh." He has come from the bosom of the Father, and knowing Him declares Him. And what He declares is "God is love." And now the centre of though iminitely Go(riat UKUcsts. (Votl If world, and lid reward iiij{ ilcaUii^'s with iiii'iit of, and Mirahaiii, the nn related to )iis experien- ^jather what solutely real n IIS a moral ous relations niu^ more or mflii'ts of Is- nations with bition of the II ethical re- itions is the in the last act [e brandishes lers, and the I as His .;nod- n of the Old jhteous ruler n distinction a for God. In idea advan- igher ethical nd man, and itiou and de- on. "When i likeness of :nowing Him ow the centre of thon^ht about God, isd innnilely loviiiK One - from KiiiK to V,a\ur.'si God are changed. Christ laiiK-.l II, the eten.,,ily ri^hteons One, to the is by no means slurred over. N Old Testament the ii >ne jif the nld truths about cameju.i to -leMn.v but to fulfil. RighteoUHne., y rather, U. liiKhest righteousness of the receives a more strijiie on Calvary. Ilut celll c more aiii)ai.iit than ever, the iccomes ,;//,;,//,. /„:;■ Mnu. too, comes ic r> see ill the liiiman nature of Christ, he 1 came in a higher motive f as the Great Fath.r of h earns his true soiiship. And now there iiinanity. That which of love to the I'aili IS servile in obedici 'or a holy liie, "perfect 1 ove casteth out fear. ice, is taken away, and the higher motivi ofCWMUmUheR'T' ":«"^7:;""-^"y"fH'^rvice. Thus the l^atlierhood r...l'l '-'"^ "*"'"^ ''"•" f'"- " '""""cnt to illustrate the expansiveue s of U. o '.L '" 7": ""'"'"' ^"' ""' •'"^>' '"--'• "- f^>l..w.n,aii N v^ 1 he Hible has always been the real charter of man's liberties. Canon M, " ley has written something like the following. . cannot uivehisev 1 Ancient enipires have been largely f.u.nded upon Z h^ ^ , fi ,^::^;r;• state of things with present opinions re«ardiiiK man's diKuity and claim he latter as a wonderful .liscoverv of this new time Hut iHs tl .. « , .||s tai^ht us the true .reatness of man. And thl'har i«. f .^^ Ijl niK and inipressiiin his freedom ami in.livi.Uialitv The e,,,..., • , i."- ' ,,'r ";;'""""• T' ""' "' "" ■'■■"''"'"'■ -' -««;" r:;:;;;i; ',: his Maker— the inwardness of the relation The i..,li..i,i„ i "■""■in laticm with ,;od and in this lies the sel^:; of h^^Wa^:;;"" '^""'^^ ■"^" ^- Now here again the true idea of man, involving as it d^es his relations to tl Old t'T'" T '" '^'^'-•P'"^ -''1' ''- expansiveness of Revelation i° the Old Testament, men were viewed in masses. The Jewish state as a whole, was that to which the writers a.ldressed themselves. Little ws'n"ade His people Israel, and salvation came to the people as a whole. The mes ages o. ruth were specially addressed to the hel.ds and repre enta ive of the people, kings and priests. The iiulividual largelv derived his p rUua miportauce from ,.eing a member of the nation, ami by means of pu ,1 er vices connected vvith national belief. It is true that we occasionally f^n.Un appeal to ami a defence of the rights of the individual man-his right and duty of access to his Maker, apart from the nation. Yet the message in the Old Testamen largely concerne.l itself with the deliverance of the nat on as a whole And what we see of individualism is but the dim rays of he coming light, which was to shine in all its fulness in Christ. We therefore find that the message of the New Testament is addressed to the indivi.lual Christ taught the world to believe in the importance and dignity of a ng,e soul. Let me he^e quote from Dr. Stalker, "The Preacher and his Mod"! - Alter spea,cing of the message in the Old Testament, somewhat in the nianner to which we have been referring, he says: "But Christ inLlue^ an entirely new way of thinking. To Him the individ vas a who " 'a himself; beneath the habiliments of the humblest men. of thrhuma^ 20 faiiiilv, thore was hidden what was more preciouH than the entire material iiy. woild; and on the issues of every life was suspended an immortal destiny . This faith may be said to have made Jesus Christ the .Saviour of the worhl." Not now the Jewish nation, not any nation, can become heaven's favourites, for Christ is the .Saviour for the individual man. Through the advent of the Redeemer, do we find man's dignity and destiny truly unfolded. And prob- ably the overthrow of tire Jewish nation helped to develop this individual- ism by leaving no place for reli^rion, except in the individual mind. But Christ alone fully tautjht it. This national idea of the Old Testament, also gave rise to other opinions, which tended to lower or confine the importance of the individual. The father had possesion and full disposal of his whole familv. The individual sank in the family. And this may possH)ly have led Abraham the more read- ily to look upon the call to slay his .son as divine, than would now be the ca.se. And Jephthah's conduct in rei,rard to his daughter, and David's treatment of enemies, may perhaps find - ue secret of their explanation, in the parental and national absorption of the individual. At least we can ui.- derstand how the moral conscience might view such actions then, differently from what it would to-day. But we must leave this aspect of our subject. God in revealing truth to man, adapts His teaching to the ages of the world. His object being to im- part the highest moral and religious principles in existing circum.stances. And thus He led on to final views by slow degrees. And in doing this, we ever find the principle referred to at the outset in operation-the reproduc- tion of the old in the new. All the good of the past is borne to a higher ad- vance. When "the shadow of good things to come" has accomplished all its purposes, and is "rea.ly to vanish away," the higher dispensation comes in with Its lulncss. It gathers up into itself all that was true and spiritual and eternal in the old economy. The New Testament church emerges from the Old, "like a spirit clothed ina newand ethereal body for a greater time." The .stream of truth flows on like a great river, receiving tributarv waters as it goes, till God's Son in human form appears, walking in the midst of the waters, which he supplies and controls, and will do so till they empty in the sea of glass before the heavenly throne. H. But a word or two on the other aspect of our subject ; viz : The Ex- pansiveness of Revelation, as it relates to its interpretation. The vision of God is closed; the testimony is sealed, and the word is ended; the revel- ation of God as a written document is complete. There is still, however, a a real sense in which the word of God expands. It is not that the Bible changes. The truth revealed is the same, but the hearts and minds to which It comes grow in breadth and depth. He knows very little of the character of the Word, who asserts that we have exhausted all that it teaches, and that human reason has reached its utmost limits, in the way of ascertaining Div- ine truth. There are truths in the Word that are ascertained and fixed ; but it also contains principles which expand as the spiritual insight grows. As new circumstances and fresh christian experiences make new demands upon it, new revelations seem to burst forth from its pages. The spirit of truth is in it.s very n.iturc expansive. Some aspect of truth may have been lying dormant, till a new change in life having taken place, it shines out clear and undoubted. The closer we get to the heart and life of the gospel, the more do we find trutl' broadening with the breadth of the heart of God! 21 entire material tnniortal destiny, ir of the world." veil's favourites, :lie advent of the ded. And prob- this individual- ual tiiiiid. lUit other opinions, idividnal. The The individual in the more read- an wonld now ter, and David's explanation, in east we can ui.- theii, differently ■ealing truth to ct beint^ to ini- circunistances. doing this, we — the reprodiic- to a higher ad- tnplished all its nation conies in id spiritual and 1 emerges from ;i greater time." jutary waters as le midst of the ey empty in the ; viz : The Ex- The vision of :led ; the revel- ill, however, a that the Bible minds to which f the character aches, and that certaining I)iv- and fixed ; but insight grows, new demands The spirit of may have been i, it shines out of the gospel, heart of God. Many of yon have heard of the f, ing with the Puritan pilgrims, as th itious words of Pastor Robiiiso n, when part- for the New World : "If (iod ey were leaving the shores of Holland ment of His, be as ready to receive it reveal anything to you, b by ni yet to break forth out of His Hoi y ministry. For I a as ever you were to recei' a.ny other inst in verilv persuaded that the Lord hath more ru- e any truth y Word. For truth my part, I can not sufficient- ly bewail the condition of the Reformed churches who have come to a period of religion, and will go at present no farther than the instrunieiits „ d Reforma lon.' Surely these are wise utterances, far-seeing view hould characterize our treatment of the Bible. .^s knowledg^e grows' 1 res I intelleetiu.1 gains are made, larger views of ordinary truth ai;^;;;;^' '^ ^\e ook ripon that man as i.liotic, who, in such matters, will rece ve o further enlightenment. We say that such a man is outragii... h^s me,, ll constitution-.he is comniittiug intellectual suicide. ..nd 1 't n^ n" b i ,, >larly guilty, in our attempts to apprehend the meaning of Divine thin' so grow into the understanding of the truths of Revelatio'i. I.et us f STur selves, as ar as possible, from the crampingiufluenceofprejulicearerrr Ihee are Christians, who seem to suppose that there are no profou iX; depths or higher heights in the revealed min.l of God, than tirsfw I, e they have already fathomed, or scaled. But this is s„r,.Iv f„ i r , the WonK We ..ould look for fresh reveal- iS^:;";;'.::^: '^Z:\^ s expansive. And why therefore shouhl we for one moL^it suppo "t -u e final trn h has alrea.ly broken forth from its pages. FaLse int/rpr t/it on a^e concealed or misrepresented many a truth. And as' method of i Uer peation advance, we shall have yet clearer and wider views of God's rh - c pies and then- application to man. Doubtless as the Bible is bette uii e Sf?n ^" ^T \r'1^ '" ""^"^'^ ^'-^ '-'"- '^ — ' -" thereby o] lights fall upon the Word, our views of certain passages niav reoni... \]^T modified and our opinions reset and restated. But tliT U , , ' „T ^ terfere with our faith in the living Word, as an inspiration froi o ." deed he more we study the Bible, along the line of historical deve o me and thus note the various steps in the progress of truth, and the , e " e see into the great truths of that revelation, as we are enabled to i "ret them more clearly, the more are we convinced that the Bible is Divine O.L grand purpose runs throughout the whole. The continuity of plan the s quence of thought, is orderly ami complete. As the student purs ' 1 1. e h tory of redemption and watches the increasing light of revelatio , , e full design IS seen in the end, when it is found complete in Christ he rises from his studies, with an ever deepening conviction that such a red ,„ " plan could only have entered into the mind of God, and is su h as IlT o , v Mho IS King of the Ages could have carried to its issue ^ But would we fully grasp the Divine in the Scriptures, and see deeoer and wider nno their comprehensive and ever expaiiling truths, then mu!t vve know their Author and do His will, allowing His word to wo k , " ^^ e must commune with His teaching in our hearts and act out His prece s m our lives. Whosoever '.willeth to.lo the will of God shall kifow t^ e do vhich the following legend is connected. In this Church at certai ' i „ .Is a vast treasure ,s said to become visible. Gold and silver vessels of TZ magnificence, and in great abundance, are disclosed; but onlv he wL t free from sin, can hope to secure the precious vessels. The legJnd is inten 22 ded to suggest this great truth. In the Word of God are riches far beyond pearl or gold, but only the honest, the pure, the earnest in purpose, can hope to realize the Divine treasure. "The pure in heart shall see God." There must be moral susceptibility for the light. Only thus can we pene- trate far into the truths of the Word, and prepare ourselves for that time, when we shall no longer "see through a glass darkly," when in the clear upper sunlight, we shall see light in God's light ; and when "as we staud on the far-off heights of heaven, there shall spread out at our feet, the great unbounded realm of truth, rich in its unsearchable diversity, marvellous in its perfect unity and radiant in the glory that issues from the throne." WHEl th su The U from any c There nev( higher tha lyle. Eve: As the times mad( breathes tt an genius c found resid Some of this work, iversity ma some of the hensible to his epistle bears evide inspiration which meal version. H reason. H( and Archbii book and st portion of h Peter's. Ai those ponde inextinguisl fisherman, feet of Gam want you to Firs/, y The mot that some ol you are auth verbosity. A and his won write and th 23 The Bible--The Olopd of God. BY REV. DYSON HAGUE, (Rector, St. Paul's Church, Halifax, N. S.) TTTHEN we say that the Bible is'ThTTvord of God we mean that none-of U\/ the writings sprang from the personality of the writer, or could be supplied by any genius in the writers themselves fro J^' ^.T'^ 1 ^r^ '' distinguished by an eternal and infinite distinction from any other book ever written. There never was a book written like it There never will be a book written like it. It does not stand merely a little higher than the writings of Shakespeare or Milton or Wordsworth or Car- lyle. Every word of the Bible is the Word of God As the printer put it on your programme by one of those errors some- times made, it is iAe resptration of the living God. The very breath of God breathes through it. It is not a kind of work done in the workshop of hum angeniusor great authorship, but something come down from above and found resident within those writers whom God chose for the work Some of these authors were writers qualified by birth and education for this work, university men of high culture ; some were not. Paul wa a un- iversity man educated very highly. So was Daniel. So was Moses And yet ome of these writers were not cultured at all. It would not be at all incompre hensible to me that Peter's hand writing was bad. his words mis-spelled and his epistle written ,n common language ; and yet the little book he wrote bears evidence of the handiwork of God. That epistle was written by tl e inspiration of God, the Holy Ghost. Peter was a fisherman, a GalUean which meant a rustic, a boor. Peter was essentially a boor before his con! :::z 5::t '7'^''^ r'""' ^'"^ '^' ^^^i^^ than i." coum reason. He ^^as a rude, rough man. And yet this ri.an wrote a little book- and Archbishop Uighton, one of the greatest scholars ever known eatSs book and studied it. and he was so humble that he occupied a very a ge' portion of his earned life in writing a commentary on this little work of Peter s. Archbishop Leighton is in the dust to-day. Scarcely anyone reads hose ponderous volumes of his ; and yet as bright as the sun'in he^.^n a inextinguishable as its rays, are the words and the work of that illite ate fisherman, at whose feet the great modern scholar sat as little Sau at the feet of Gamaliel. This is why we say : The Bible is the WoydTcod \ want you to notice some of the distinguishing features of this Word of God tirst, you must notice its conccn^ratedncss The more you think .o.bout this, the mor. you will marvel at it. I hope that some of you will some day be authors and write books yourselves If you are authors you will find one of the faults that is hardest to overcome s verbosUy. A writers thoughts roll along and he feels'he must talk, talk, talk and his words multiply and pile up, and his book grows. Men write wrhe write and their books increase till our libraries are crammed with book! hi 24 one roads. Tlie Iwoks that have been piodueeil I)v niaiikind less. History and juietry and biography and travels ; t nmltitude. Now, tliat Hible ire ninnbcr- liey are eountless in hi inian raee, eoneeiilrated within on eontains the greater i)art of tile histwrv of ih lunie. Look at IMaeaiilay's wrilin^;s alone, how nnmenms they are, and the works of IVonde the hist man who would undertake to write the liist( more than tory of the liabvloni iry of the Jews ah e voUinie. J.ook at Josephus' "History of the J 11. .\ would fill ews. iins or the Persians would each of them fill The Ii would be utterly ini])()ssible to eoiieentrate as the \V( :)f th .f Cod. 'in in siu'li a su k. It I s|iaee It i s one of the most wonderful faet this Hook. Aiiutli s on earth the eoneeiitralediie; er asjjeet of its eoiieentrateduess is tin.- id the exoressions so exeeediiigl TIk e words are so small le expressions so cxeeedingly curtailed in eumparisou with other books Take the ease of Dr. Chalmers. I take niers' work^ Hii- ,^'reat jiieasure in readim; Dr. Cln these. What is the disti stronoinieal dise;rnss under a shady tree and read it ? I venture to say that you only had Virjjil driven into you at school, do hack two thousand years. I» there any hook written over two thousand years a)j;o that has any circulation to-ilay? Plato, you say. Wiio reads I'lato ? No, no. /V/tvr is not a siiii^lc book in tin' wor/d over even a hundred years old that has any circulation worth speakinjj of to-day. h'or the law of (Tod is certain and sure. "The ^rass withereth, and the flower fadelh ; and the work of man passeth away." The tooth of time is remorseless, and every work of man becomes antitjuated and passes away. With one exception. That exception is a book, written two thousand years aj^o, and to-day that book is produced at the rate of t/inr or four inillion cojiies a vear to sup- ply the deinaml, the ever-increasing demand for it. liy its ciirulittionalonf, the Hible proves that it is the Word of God. It is not to be compared with I'lato or .\ristotle or other books of its time. These books areu\ inipared with lead and hur- ed few. The ;ir. Did you ever I'lato or Ar- has the lar^e- t the aiitajfo- I nothing hut ; of men, hut ntry ? Who itten in Span- Lussinn hooks arks or Kril- w very much rier of nation- 'cs than your •lality to-day. exist outside thousands of lis. The orient- -stancc, woni- ir hats to her. a corner. All f them. Any ;. We would not holhcr readinj,' it. wiiiilil not take aiiythi yi-l the only hook whicli iind American la We heloiiK to the dom "K they i)ro(luced. It is worth notl.. commands the uuiversal study of tli inant race of the world. We iiiJs' to us. And (loiii men. That hook OiicnialM, 1) lee is a hook written in the Ori e great Ivnglish canu- from Cod, hecause lent. That hook did not though it w come 'IS written h „ ' . . , f • V '■ '^ "P ''"'• '''■'"■^ ''■ It is all linglish .™m';;;*:,:;;;i ";:;^:;:;;,„:;;:::^"-t,;:*™:^ >'-- 7- -- -v .1.. K'.i'Kc. It licinc.l to cn.M.. .1 , ^ ^^ '''■*'""= *'"-' K"Klish Ian- Mi hook wri c ' jews'^s "' ^^T '"'"'"«'-'• ''■''>• ""•^'-'- '^^''^t Orient- '"i'l I'.nncl 'heir aiuni r I fs /^^ ''■"""-■ ''""^ "'"' ^° '"•' translated ;-■"-;;...■ oa;:^:;.u;:::-;i::j;-.:;r;^ .r-^--'- *^ "- - ■..-'nil •;; c:;;;;oX;::rr^t7;i;r.Hr'^ t 'T'-^- •"" ""''"- '•""H. to him. How is it t It ,1 1 ;. I " ""'•^•'■'^''""l *' li" <'oJ -.n.e HO cosniopo.; a 11^ I t tli ^ of Ood"'''", '""1 .'"'^ '^^ '"^ ''^- Cl-inese, I see in it that trail Lipt Joodl hair 'Jr^ ' ""i"'"^ ""' "'•"III it. We have con... tr, I i, ^ '"''■'' '""e no localisms iMheproih^t f .::;^ '•-"'i; .>ut it it ."igllt not have seTmJ^I raij f " ""''"■' ''^' ^■■^"-''^" °'- '^""•«"'' t^.^.owish nation was ;:;;r;:^::Li::a;rsr'' '■■ ''- -'-' "- ""tlit'mipl '"i;:; '^"1;^-'^-" o^ «-ati.ess and simplicity in the nihle. ill.*. M, ,l,dr „.ri,i„u» l,.rJ to „,„l„.ia,„,. The, iSfc™ , „,,, f' T ■-■""•■"■ v»..-;:«ri;t:'c^;;,ro;,X'r:unTrr;tr'"'' He came dmvn to earth from He.nveii, Who was (lod ami l.orcl of all, And His birthplace was a mai'iger, And His cradle was a stall " YOU ask Calvin and St. Augustine \sk th,.,,. it fi. t, Chuln,..r; look 1 i i; e. ; 1 '\"'l^7^^ '"« "'^'^^ a''out the microcosm. Dr. .i-i!i ^.imu Ml:, utea aiul made it the hasis of i "ii<'Ml discoveries. He says : You take the world stnpMMcH in mystery all conception. It is oul greatest ; it is .someth Astr ing which "uiitU'SH other stars. You migl not come to the end of th !it go on for hillions of mil y a little star in the midst of 1 and you would e universe. Then you take a drop of water. You 28 divide it up into otlier drops. You j^n on dividinj.^ and there are little anim- als in uie droiis of water. Divide llieni up heyoud all lumian intelliKenec, you come at last to an invisible microcosm ami still you /laz'c a universe cap- able of ////f;//7(' division, in the invisible compass of that miorocosnf. That little microism is a cosmos, a universe illimitable in itself. We know what the sun is. We cannot appreciate his greatness and yet he is reflected in this tiny drop of water. Just as Pascal says, you can go on dividing that invisible microcosini, you can go on dividing the Hible. \n acorn planted grows into a treL> ; on every one of its thousand branches it bears a thousand twigs with a tlu)usand acorns upon them ; these when planted will produce thousands of other trees bearing nnllions of acorns. So this Hible is a living germ and produces thousands of other germs which goon producing 'ar beyond the comprehen- sion of man. How is it that that book which exhausted th'i powers of thought in the second century goes on producing thought still in the nine- teenth century. Lastly, I want you to notice its satisfying power ; its consistency ; its reconcilability with modern thought. Vou hear a lot of rubbish nowadavs talk«d about science. Do you know of any science five hundred vears old worth a row of pins to-day? Do you know of any science one hundred years old worth a straw to-day? The bulk of it is rubbish. We do not believe it. We know better. Century old science is out of date and buried. How is it, then, that nearly 3000 years before Hacon and (lalileo were heard of, a man wrote something that is capable of adapting itself to the scientific discover'es of the nineteenth century? We do not get this science from the countries in which the Bible was written. You read what L,ayard says about the science of Rabylon and Nineveh aiul Rawlinson about the science of K.;vpt. Moses did not get his science from these sources. "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth." That chapter came from God. That it was the product of a man in an age when natural science was scarcely known, is un- thinkable. One final word as to another characteristic. Its satisfving power. It satisfied our fathers and our mothers and it will satisfy us. It gives us authenic information upon subjects that are of immense personal import- ance. We must know whether there is a God or not, whether we have a soul or not, whence we came and whither we are going. The Ril)le comes to us and gives us authenic information on these subjects. Therefore I take it and give it a place in my heart, I enthrone it in my understanding, I desire it to be a formative influence in my life. It shall be mine for time and mine for eternitv. The Bible— the Word of God. NOTK.— Mr. Hafjue desires us to state that the above address which was delivered in a very collotiuial way, iiiore indeed as a talk than n lecture, is a mere fragmentary synopsis of a work he has written on the subject, and hopes when his work permits to publish in book form. 89 The Diseovepy of the Hittites. A ROMAN'CK OK ARCH.^vOLOGV. JIV RKV. G. J. JIONIJ, li. A. Gicnti.kmi'N: J- I'ROI-OSI. this afternoon to rea.l for yon a short chapter in what has heen 1 well tern.e.l he ro.nance of history, the discovers- of the extent and l)ortnnce of the Umpire of the Hittites. That Kreat empir -. which disputed the soverei^ntv of the ancient world thrall the greater part of Syrm and Asia Minor, had become so entirely hlot- ed ont, the s.tes of Us vast cities had so con.pletely he.n buried in the h ps of the.rru.ns, that U had I^erally been forgotten-the place that knew knew U no n.ore ; U was. so far as the recognition of its existence an. lex-' tent went, as if it never had been. World"!,f^T ''"" ' '^'-^"'"•■-\°f .esurrection. The great empires of the Old ^\ orld of the ages we have been accustomed to call prehistoric, have arisen fro„, the.r tombs to read us strange lessons as to time's mutat ons -u d to subdue our pnde ,n modern civilization and art with proofs of the higl lace reached „, them, when (>,reece and Rome were sunk I barbarisn an wh ' those whom the world was long accustomed to think of as posse si ^11" ear lest culture the Hebrews, were still toiling in the brick kH ^s of Egv^ and chafing under the task masters of the Pharaoh of the Oppression to n .^'^'^ ■ .""^T """^ ^^"''>-'°"*»' ^^'it'"" tlie past half-centurv have opened o us quann and curious volumes of forgotten lore." making us learnma y ngs of which we had been profoundly ignorant, and unlearn ma" thhigs uh ch we thought we knew. The hieroglyphs of the dwellers on the Ni f nd the strange wedge-shaped characters of Nineveh and Rabvlon have bee; deciphered by the marvellous concentration and adroitness of'archae'logica" scholars; and floods of light have been poured bytheirmeansupon th dark ss that so long enshrouded the early history of the world. We read in" thought the streets of vast and popnlovs cities, we hear the confused clam" of buyers and sellers in the market places, the chanting of the prie ts as they offer in the lofty temples ..crific.s tc Pel or Kebo or Astarte. W are t.ie laurus to .he Plain of lisdraelon or the vale of Sharon, and around Car- chemish or Babylon or Megiddo or Askelon, we see huge armie T ladly onfl.ct, and hear the hurtling of myriad arrows and the clashing of it! poe ".lilrr 7 f "''" • '""'-r' ''' ''''"'' P^^^^ °^ ^ vast'literatur . poetic, historic, theologic. scientific, diplomatic; we follow Egyptian travel- 30 lers in tours tlirouKh Palestine, n century before the Kxoilus, iiiul peruse letters and despatehes, which show hi^rh literary culture, and extendLMl com- merce and intercourse, at that early period. And these thing's are interesting and important, not merely for them- selves, not merely for the li>,'ht they throw upon the history of the nations, whose records they are, hut because of their l)earing upon the histories of our own sacred scrijitures and of the wonderful people whom the Almighty pro- videntially chose as the medium tor His revelation of Himself to universal man, and the seed in which all nations should be blessed through the incar- nation of His Son. We read the Old Testament with infinitely greater un- derstanding, appreciation and interest in the light that is thrown upon it, and upon the contemporary history of the great neighbors of the Hebrew nation, through the inscriptions and monuments of these very people'; when the Pharaohs of the Oppression unil the Exodus, and Tiglath-Pilesar, and Sennacherib and Sargon are not mere names conneci?,! with crises in Hebrew history, but each one with a historic setting of hi.s own, independ- ent of and yet strikingly confirmatory of the writings of the sacred books. In these days, when friends and foes alike are placing ihe Hible under the microscope of the keenest-eyed inquiry and criticism, we must eagerly hail all the fresh light we can get from outsiile to aid in its reverent study and in its true adjustment and appreciation. This, were apology needed, would suff- ice, in my humble judgment, for bringing before you in this course and on this occasion, the archaeological romance of the resurrection of the Hittites. And here let me say, in proof of the freshness of my theme, that fifteen years ago, this paper could not have beei written. The discovery of the forgotten empire is one of the latest chapters in the wonderful history of search and research, to which every year, and, indeed, every day is making new and sometimes startling additions. I shall be glad indeed, if in telling the story as briefly and succinctly as I can, I succeed in making it as inter- esting as it is new. Mention is made of the Hittites in many places in the Old Testament scripture. They are spoken of as the children of Heth, or more exactly Cheth, the grandson of Ham and great grandson of Noah. They appear as two distinct sections of the same people, some of them being mentioned as dwelling in connection with the Amorites in the south of Palestine, but also as having kings and a country, the position of which indeed is not defined, though from the Sidonians and Syrians being mentioned in the same con- nection, the supposition would naturally be that it was somewhere to the north. One passage indeed, when by the assistance of the Septuagint it is amended and made intelligible, gives their exact locality, and the Tahtim- hodshi of 2 Sam. xxiv. 6., becomes "the Hittites of Kadesh," thus giving that city on the Orontes, which we now know as having been their most southern capital as the extreme northern limit of the territory of Israel, in the palmy days of the warrior King David. The children of Heth— the Hittites of whom the book of Genesis speaks, dwelt, however, in the southern parts of Palestine. It was from "Ephron, the Hittite," that Abraham bought the cave of IMacpaloh in which he buried his beloved Sarah, at Hebron, (Gen. xxiii), and Esau "took to wife Judith the daughter of Beeri the Hittite, and Bashemath, the daughter of Elon, the Hittite," (Gen. XXVI, 34), or as it is given in another passage: "Adah, the daughter of Elon the Hittite, (Gen. xxxvi, 2.) Uriah the Hittite, the faith- US, 1111(1 pi-nise I f xtumli'd coiii- ert'ly for tlieiii- »^' --"^'". taken by itself. No womLr Here were ghmpses of a great and warlike people, possessed therefore nec^ 3« t'Hsarily of miitLTial HtamliiiK, in the (tliapf of Ihrxf citiis, aricl rt-i-o^'iiiziil uatioii:il I'xinlfiiCL', ami yol no tract' of siu'li a pfoplf, siuli a diHtimt and proniiiuMit ami poworful nationality i-ouM lie found oiitsidi tiu' IliliU'. cither in ruins on tlu' (,'roMii 1 tlu-y wcrf su|)|>i>sjd to havi- ofcupii'd, or in ri-fiTenoe on any paijc of known history. How could a people so important and power- ful as they were represeiite 1 l>y the Hebrew record* to \)l\ have vanished so utterly from tlu' si>;ht and inejuory of men as to have left no evidence that they had ever existed ? Tiu- Old T estaaijiit told of lllj Hittites, and of tile Hittites iis a warlike and wcahhy people, Imt nowlieri: ouLside the Kihie was there a vestia^e of pro,)f that such a p.'opL- hail ever existed, much less that tliey had heen a numerous and influential nation. So oufident was this opiu'on and app.irenlly s) well groun led, that less than fifty years iiKo, a disliiiKuished scholar sjoutcil the statement of and KiuKs, 7-6 for its uuhistorical tone and declared that this was too manifest to allow of an easy helief in it. "No Hittite kiuKs." said the over-coiiPi lent critic, "can have compared in power with the kiiiij of Judah, the real and near ally, who is not named at all nor is there a siuKlf mark of accjuaiutance with the contemporaneous history." Hut our critic was in this instance, as critics have heen, before and since in others, a little too confident, a little to;) assured of the fulness of his knowledKe of all the facts, ami a little too do.Ljmatic. The tables have been turneil upon h-'ii v them as he ng in fr „, the lanl Z "" w"';"""' """"'"' "'"' ''•-•^*'"'' :< «"^ Hnphrate:^ , .1 t;nut;.::T :;:.;;;';::;;;:; w 'rr- • ' is mentivned in Scripture as l,ein« iroverne i . , . i *'" •^'""" " '-.V a king named CMi ishan-rish tai iw 1, " ,""^" '"' ""'^ J"''«^''' i" snhjecion for eight vearn T i o .V ' " ""' '""' "^^'P' '"" '""^•"t^'" •"— the(;reat. s^.s the son o ' , e ' " ^;';;: -'>, -l"-'^'»«" Tho- the entire country of Palestine and Si. , ' , ' ' ■'?'" '"''^'^^"^ "' ""-ntioned first. Thev are .livid ..../• . "^ ''^•'K" the Hittites are cnce to their Morthe n , . . I' ' "'"' '''"'^■' ''^"^"»''>' *" ^'^f'-' .;:::i:;;r:;;i;;- rSrrr^""- tl.n.ugh tlu- waers the Mini rtis '"';'•'"' "' -"""P"' •""' '""' -"''-' Hittite fortress of Ca^cill^, -l'^ ^ ^ :! 'Z^t^r'''''' ''t ""^"'^ '"'1 i"«criber of the obelisk now on the Th am ' ^, ' T'' "" "''"""'" reigned for fiftv-four vears and at hill , '•" '"'"k"'^-"!, ,n I.ondon, - -;-i..a on tlu. east and ule ^^la:;; llf'^^: m^,;"^ ■^"" i"i" "»iri,„„„|„, „T, ' r, , , ' ''°""""' •PI""""}-. I.y .meri„„ l.».U™,u.,<,,„,,i,,l ' ' „,. -n ""'"«"»' N..l,.,ri,„, This „lli,„K.e .■i«.. =». >m:!i^^:JX.:'rZ:"'";: "°; "","■ '""™"""" '- .n™~'r„' 'z:":'; ^r::;;"™' ; ;" ••■■" •«- » '«".i.i«cu„,„ ,„ ... Within the !„,, (',,?"'"''"■ """'''"""'"■'"'•"''•'■oloKy. -t> to the Egyptians ; and one of the cylinders i.s a despatch from northrm 34 Syria, praying the EKyptiaii monarch to send assistance against them as soon as possible. But despite the efforts of the Egyptians, the Hittitus continued to advance, and Egyptian influence in Palestine became so weakened, that Rameses I., the founder of the Nineteenth Dynasty, was compelled to make a treaty offensive and defensive with the Hittite king, Saplel and thus to recognize their equality with his owu empire. vSeti I., (B. C. 1556), the son and successor of Rainc;;'jr, :it first gained great successes for the Egyptian arms. He re-garrisoned" the cities of the Philistines with Egyptian troops, and sweeping northward surprised and captured the Hittite city of Kadesh. Then began a war between the Hittites and Egyptians which lasted half a century, and after leaving the latter crippled and exhausted, issued in a peace which practically left the Hittites in undisputed supremacy over Asia Minor. Rameses H. (1333), the Sesostris of the Greek historians, was the most famous of the Egyptian kings. At the death of his father, Seti, with whom he had for many years reigned in conjunction, we find him engaged in a struggle against the Hittites which occupied the greater part of his long reign. Now the Egyptians were victorious, now the Hittites. Palestine was traversed from end to end with the hostile armies, its cities laid waste and its inhal)itants scattered. It is easy to understand, after reading the monu- ments, why the Canaanites made such feeble resistance to the invading Is- raelites, for Rameses II. was the Pharaoh of the Oppression, and the Exodus took place soon after his death aftd before the inhabitants of Canaan had re- covered from the effects of his constant and terrible wars. All unconscious- ly, the Hittites had helped to prepare the way, for the entry of the chosen people of Jehovah into their promised laud. There are two writings of this period which have an important bearing upon our subject to-day, and from which it may be interesting if I make some extracts. The first of them is a sort of Homeric Epic — a prize poem detail- ing the prowess of Rameses the Great in his wars with the Hittites. It was written by the poet laureate of the period, the Royal Scribe, Pentaur. Here are some extracts : "King Rameses was in the town of Rameses Miamun. Moving north- ward he reached the border of Katesh; then marched onward like his father Meuta towards Hanruta. The first brigade of Amnion "that brings victory to King Rameses" accompanied him. He was Hearing the town ; then the vile chief of the Kheta came ; he gathered forces from the margin of the sea to the land of Kheta ; came all the Naharina, the Airatu, the Masu, the Kashkash, the Kairakamasha, the Leka, Katuatana, Katesh, Akarita, An- aukasa, the whole Mashanata likewise, nor left he silver or gold in his land, he stripped it of all his treasures, which he brought with him Then the vile Kheta chief made an advance with men and horses numerous as sand, there were three men on a car, they had joined with every champion of Kheta-land, equipped with all war gear, in countless numbers ; they lay in ambush, hidden to the North-west of the town of Katesh ; then they charged the brigade of Ra-Harmacliis in the centre, as they were marching on and were not prepared to fight. Foot and horse of King Rameses gave way before them ; they then took Katesh on the western bank of Hanruta : this news was told to the king ; then he rose as Meutu, he seized his arms for battle ; he clutched his corslet like Bar in his hour ; the great horse that bore him, 'Victory in Thebes' his name, from the stable of Rameses Miamun within the van. The King drew himself up, he pierced the line of the foe. the vile to surv( his way of arche as the p with su( foe. "I them ; t hand to they tun the repn army at umphani ed in poi the walls as the nil showing range of Tlie( Rameses sealed by "cess took Egyptian which we year twen reign of J The ti -Sira, the of Sapili, messu Mi£ htaliSeti, I. thegret ship and c Kheta amun, the subsist a g more. He shf be his friei Then f the other, i bellion. Then t: "If ser country anc vants of am given up to If, on t of Kheta, i; prince of E{ great king list them as soon ttitcs continued weakened, that npelled to make lei and thus to • 1556), the son )r the EfiJ'ptian igyptian troops, city of Kadesh. ;h lasted half a ed, issued in a !macy over Asia orians, was the ther, Seti, with d him engaged part of his long Palestine was laid waste and ding the mouu- he invading Is- aud the Exodus Canaan had re- L.11 uucouscious- y of the chosen portaut bearing if I make some ze poem detail - littites. It was Pentaur. Here Moving north- 3 like his father t brings victory town ; then the largin of the sea the Masu, the h, Akarita, An- jold in bis laud, tn orses numerous every champion iibers ; they lay tesh ; then they were marching =; Rameses gave uk of Hanruta : seized bis arms great horse that ameses Miamun line of the foe. 35 bis way out There w«. „ '^"^^'^'^'e' '"m 2,500 chariots stopping as the poet relates, the kinirnravcfl A """'"orse In this extremity, with such superhuman 'tr^g'ti ', :t .""r' ""' "'"' """ "^ '^ '-""'--'^ foe. -Not one of them fin^K Ztl ! "'-"-"led he defeats the them; their hands all dropttltrLe '1', " '''''"'' '"'^^"^ -'^hin han,l to grasp the spear ; I mile then fn". 7 '° '''°'''' "'^^^ ^'''^"^^ »» they tumbled'head.ong ^ne ove I. ot,"r '7 "" ''''''"' ''' '''' "°-''''-- tbereproachesoftbekingtorstmiH n- ^''" T'^'" K"^" «» *« describe army at his prowess, the ^o.. t ec^ ;r KheT.'f" ^'°"'^ ^ ''' uniphant return of the warrior kine R„t .H , . ^^^''^' ^^^ *"- ed i„ poetic praises and dep ic ed S' the mo 7 "'^ "'^'"■^^^■ the walls of the great Nile temn es i rH it- " '''''''' °^ '^' ''ay on as the monarch Luld ha:e t sl^po d B^u ZV: " '""'^' '''''' ^° ^^^"^ showing the vast strength and va'rL" allil o th HiZ" " '"'l"^'"*^ " ^^X^lt r^-r- ^^e territorS 0I Asla^C^r.'"""^^^''' ^"^ ^'- RamIL?:;:;hrS^rng tf ' ^"^' '"^ ^^""^ ^^ ^^^ --'>' ^^--n sealed by the marH g ^f hf'ia t^s dau'r;"? 'T' ^^'^^ ^''^ '^^"'^ ^'^ •cess took the name oi Ur-ma^nef ^Ra Sf k '" '^'^"°"- ''''' ?"- Egyptian scribes. The treX if rimfrl H, ''"'^' '' "^^'^''^ted by the which we have any knowledge but ff ""' ' '' ''^'"« '''' ""''' "^ yeartwenty-one, i^ tH.Ton'tLit^'' i^T^:!:^^^^^^ ^^ "^""'^ reign of King Ramessu Miamun, the iispe. ser of nt^ "^f "•°'^*'^' ''^ ^'^'^ The treaty which had been proposed bvfh ^' l^^^^''^ «»d forever. -Sira, the powerful, the son TfMauSi I ' '"^^"^ °^ ""''''"' "^'"''^ of Sapili, thegreat Kingof Khfta H ''^7°^'"^"'. the son of the son messu Miamun the g eatthi e o; K TT'"' °" "''^ '''''' '^'^''' '« »«- htahSeti, the great pTcerErpt^Ktwr^^^r'"'' "" ^"' °^ '^^^"^P" I. the great king of Egypt the tZer !l 7 '° '°" °^ ^^'"^=^*^' shipandconcord...!! . ... !. ^"'~""'^"^'^ Kood treaty for friend- amu^'r ^::; ;;:•,?::; ^;i°;,^?. ^^ '- --na„t with Ramessu Mi- subsist a good frfendship a^S a .ooT ' '"^ 1'^ '"'■"^^''' '"^^ ^'^^^ '"^y more. ^ """^ "^ ^"""^ unaerstanding between them forever bel"^S:^;'S^!^.' .'r.!!"!"'^'"^^^^^"^^ ^-"' ^^ ^'« ^"y= I will the o^ti::: '^ti^^ofTac't^oritr'' r"^^^'^ '^ p^^-^p^ --^^-'- «- to bellion. '"" °" ""''"^ f'-'"" outside enemies or internal re- •^n s"e™ ':'/r ^'"^ '"^^'■^^^■"^ -^-'^•ti- clauses. country :::dCaklfire~e?trt;:ia^^^ r^'r"""' °^ ^^^p^- •-- »>'« vants of another, they sSr^L ^n ^ " ' H L^a't'' KH '^ themselves ser- ..venuptoKamessuMianmn, the great prince :fEg";p?"^' "'^^ ^""" '- of KiL: nX^^'r biakr^he::"';' '^^ ^^-^^ -™^ °^ ^-^ ^-^ k^g prince of Egypt \ themselves to Ramessu Miamun, the great great king oYKheuV- """"" ''"""" ^^'''' ^^^'-^ them up t! ttl 36 There were also special clauses as to the extradition of iiiIiaT)itants of either of the countries who had gone to the other, and stipulations that in tlie surrender of such an one "his fault shall not I)e avenged upon liitn, his house shall not betaken away, nor his wife nor his children. There shall not l)e put to death his mother, neither shall he be punished in his eyes nor in his mouth, nor in the soles of his feet, so that thus no crime shall be brought forward against him." It is significant that thus in the fourteenth century before Christ, an ex- tradition treaty was concluded between these two ancient peoples, while with all our boasted civilization, it is only within the last few years that the Un- ited States consented to a similar arrangement with Canada, and then only when practically shamed into it by a Bill passed by the Legislature of the Dominion and due to the statesmanship and sagacity of the Dean of your own Law-School— my friend. Dr. Weldou. From this treaty, (B. C. 1312), we can see plainly the position which the Hittite empire had now attained. Side by side with Egypt in its highest glory, it ranked as one of the two great powers of the world. Never after- wards did the Egyptians dispute with the Kheta the possession of Syria, and the latter were now acknowledged lords over a territory stretching from the Euphrates on the east to the Aegean on the west, from Cappadocia on the uortli to the tribes of Canaan on the south. This, however, was the zenith of their power and influence, and a century or so later the notices of them on the monuments of Egypt seem to indicate a disintegration of their wide- spread but sword-lj<;ld suzerainty. Indeed Egypt itself had seen its best days, and the Exodus closed the epoch of its supremest sove,reignty and splendor, and introduced the epoch of its slow but terrible decline. When the monuments of Egypt fail us in pursuing the history of the Hittites, those of Assyria come to our help. I cannot stop here to tell the wonderful story of the decipherment of the strauge arrow-head alph.bet of the Assyrian and Babylonian— how Grotefend poring over the trilingual tab- lets of Darius and his successors from Persepolis, spelled out from the bewil- dering script the names of Darius and Xerxes and Artaxerxes, and how Lars- en and Rawlinsou and a host of of other scholars from that small beginning have gone on to read a forgotten tongue in a forgotten alphabet, with the ease with which Hebrew is read, or Greek or Latin. Neither can I wait to tell of the discovery of great Babylon and Nineveh beneath the mounds of Mesopotamia, whence Layard and Rassam and Smith have exhumed for our education the mighty and mysterious creations of old time art, and the yet more wonderful and instructive volumes of its variou.s literature. The great Semitic nations of Asia Minor no longer move like the unsubstantial figures of dreamland in the mists and mirages of imperfect knowledge, they have become full of life and form and energetic reality, through the patience of the explorer and the genius of the decipherer. The first clear account of the Hittites that is found in the Assyrian in- ciiptions occurs in the annals of Tiglath Pileser I, the most famous monarch of the first empire, who flourished about 1 1 10, B. C. He led his armies north ward and westward through Armenia, and as far as Melatiyeh ill Cappadocia. In this struggle he came into conflict with the Khatta or Khatte, as the Hit- tites are called in the Assyrian inscriptions. 'At the beginning of my reign,' he says, "20,000 Moschiaus and their five kings who for fifty years had taken possession of the countries of Alzi and Purukuzzi, which had formerly paid 37 tribute and taxes to Assiir, nu- lord >„, l ; /. , in battle-trusted to their stUt^' cZ T"'' ""^ ' '"' ^"'^^'''^'^ '""" Kuhmukh.- These inv-iders hi '" '"'"' '""''^'^ "'^ 'a'-l of in a pitched battle;^;:; 'h!:;;;';^:;-— ^^f ">• "je As.,rian ki„, the cities of Kunimukh Its rnl.. I " "''' """' ■'^^^""^ throut-h .... co„„„„„, „„„,■;,':;, .:::,".:',' :™t' ?,:r;«;:;",;;';- -'"f '■"' '™i''-. prince Sadi-antern, the son of Kh«.t„i i ., ^ r-rakhuias, whose «nd the widespread land^rx™ kh U '"'T'" — '<'--' to hi„. Carche„,ish-becan,e trihutar^.r^s' i;''l,^;:;:;7 '"'''■^^!' ''^'^^^y^^^ -'1 of the Kaska or Kolkhians and the neon J ,f'""'"'^^'""'^ '""^ 4ooo soldiers •Hers of the Hittites". surrendered to H ""' ''""' '''^•'*'-'"'"^^' '' "^^U and anus and other propert::^:::';^.::Zrt;';H ^^•^^^ "^'- ^"-'- ti.ne h::,=":;;-ir;^-J-;--.ji..U,Pil.er. andeach crossing the fords of the Euphrates whi-h ' , . , "'''' •'*"«-"^'l--'l i" and stronghold of Carchen.iS a ^r ! , ,. t'th t fV'" ''""" "'■"'^^- ^'^>- twelfth century before our era the H tt I "' ' '"" ''""' ""'^ "^ ''>^ check oneofthennghtiestof A^'riarkh.^"" "'""'' "'""■'^" ^" "«"^ '" en.p- : f:;; irs:l^^::\;;^;:-.:-;' "^-^ --- ^^ - — . plies the declension o ht'pre^w, S'r"". "" ^'™^^"' ^^ "^ '^"-i"'- Syria. It is possible that i't , ^ od He," " ^ll"^"-^"" '" """^'''^^'^ less in alliance against Syria as a .n ^''l''''''''"'^ """'te were more or presently, was at^one in e a H the c 7" T' I'' """""• ^^ "''^ ■^"''■'-^■ "when Toi king of HamatlA" r h " iCid'h T'' "■''' ^-'"' ^'^'^^^^ '"=«^ HadadeEer, then Toi sent his so , '^«; "^,. '"J «»ntte,. all the hosts of 'o bless hin.;-. and as late a h t n eri" L^;"' Tt '' ''''''' '''"' -'" the Jewish king was in leairue u^tl H^ i ' "' "'*' Assyrian tablets tell, ent ruler of thS city be r ;::;:: ': J^.f "^"'"^'■; ^'^ '-^ independ- rael-Yahubidi. ''''"-'' ^I'l"^"" t'»'*t of the God of Is- ;l.e .and of Kunuuukh a.^*^.'..^;': Z:S:'^Zi T''' "''"" '''"' lie succeeded in crossing the Fuohr-ites ^I^lat.yeh was situate.!, an.l of Carcheniish. A heavv brih'rf , i ', ■' '-^""''"^ '^''"'^^'^ ''"O'" «^»gHra tablets of silver, cup o go d cSof m''' ''"''' '"^''^«'"^ '^- '-^-"tv -ts of iron, gods of cop'pTr t ^Z: ^^ViuZ^T 1 T'''' '"^ '^'' tion cups of copner a rii, '""'. '»"""""»•' '"" "'>' i. ..ad become a ^e e./.p.';- ,;•;:;■." cizi:;".;'^ """?■ °' """"■• 38 w'th war. Sangara, of Carchemish endeavoured to rally the Hittites and their allies against the common foe, but once more Carchemish had to give up its treasures, and the daughter of its sovereign was carried away to the harem of Shalnianeser. Advancing into Haniath, he was met at Karkar by a great confederacy of the kings of Hamath and Damascus, assisted by Ahab of Israel, with 2000 chariots and 10,000 men. Here, a decisive victory made him master of the whole situation ; the power of the Hittites was broken for- ever, the fords of the Euphrates no longer capable of defence by Carchemish, were crossed in triumph and the Assyrian was acknowledged soverign, where the Hittite had so long held sway. Carchemish, indeed, still held out, and maintained largely its wealth and position, until in 717 B. C, the armies of the great warrior Sargon, invested and overthrew it, and took its last king, Pisiris, captive. With the capture of the great city, so long his invincible stronghold, the Hittite lost his last vestige Of power in Syria, and was driv- en back to his ancestral Taurus. lu the following year a great league of the' northern peoples under the lead of tl.o kiiig of Ararat, arrayed itself against the Assyrian, but its forces were shattered, and the territory of the allies annexed to the domains of the conquering Sargon. Some cuneiform inscriptions found in the district about Lake Van, in a language having no resemblance to Assyrian, give some further information in records of the campaigns of the Vannie kings about the Kbate or Hit- tites, and the range of their territories. In the ninth century B. C, a king named Menuas overran the land of Alzi, and found himself in the land of the Hittites. Here he plundered a couple of cities and captured n nnmber of soldiers. In another campaign he marched as far as the city of Malatiyeh, and engraved an inscription commemorating his victories on the cliffs of Palu, which is situated on the northern bank of the Euphrates, between Malatiyeh and Van; so that the land of the Hittites, according to the Vannie records, stretched along the Euphrates from Palu on the east to Malatiyeh, on the west. This then is the testimony of the monuments to the extent and power and duration of the empire of the Hittites. The Vannie inscriptions place them, as its kings encountered them, along the Euphrates to the east and north ; the Assyrian describe them to the south-west of this region, through Kuin- niukh or Konimagene to Carchemish and Aleppo; the Egyptian records bring them yet further south to Kadesh on the Orontes ; while the Old Test- ament speaks of a section of them, at least, as inhabiting a district in South- ern Palestine. Starting in the mountainous district of Asia Minor, descending to the plains and pressing ever, southward, northward, eastward, westward, they subdued and held in subjection for long years, a vast, a wealthy and a wide- spread territory, whose vassal kings obeyed their call to war and rallied around their standard with thousands of armed men. Such was the empire of the Hittites, not in the modern or even in the Roman sense of the tenr, an empire with common laws and a common nationality, but a vast conger- ies of associated, because conquered states, won by the strong arm and sharp sword of the onnqneror to homage, tribute, loyalty and alliance, and kept loyal and tributary and allied, just so long as that arm remained strong and that sword kept its temper and its edge. On Igytian syenite on Assyrian tablet, or Vannie rock, on Hebrew parchment, they come before us every- where with the same distinctive name— the Hittites- and deeply did they the Hittites and iiish had to give ried away to the tiet at Karkar by issisted by Ahab ive victory made was broken for- by Carchemish, soverigii, wliere 11 held out, and ., the armies of ok its last king, g his invincible ft, and was driv- :at league of tho ed itself against ry of the allies Lake Van, in a her information ; Kbate or Hit- ry B. C, a king in the land of red a number of y of Malatiyeh, on the cliffs of irates, between ig tothe Vannic it to Malatiyeh, : and power and ons place them, *st and north ; through Kuni- ^yptian records le the Old Test- istrict in vSouth- ceuding to the ivestward, they ;h3' and a wide- ar and rallied vas the empire ise of the term, a vast conger- ? arm and sharp ancc, and kept ned strong and te on Assyrian efore us every- eeply did they 39 carve Jhat name on the history of their time, their enemies themselves bring Sc„p ure and .he ,„o„„„,e„.,. of which i. i, ,„de.d, .he Tc" e,f ™"„° selves upon ,t, or rub their affected men.Lrs against its ougl a. d s u o^" ured surface Indeed there were three other of'these curious'ton s in H m- ah, all greatly venerated by the citizens. One of them, built into the cor er Bu ctrrdt'VT ''"'"^'^"' '-'^''— « -'"^ '^^^^ ^^°"- -'^^ ^han give hem up to European possession, and they might have been lost to science but for a fortunate incident which enabled Dr William WriliTlf n Han ah, ,„ the course of his ofBcial business, invited Dr. Wright to a comp any him and that gentleman and Mr. Kirby Green the BritiJ, Pnn T T^' fnrn, M V- "''^ morning, and the work of removing them men, who kept the city in an uproar during the whole dav Two of th.^ » C:h.H.°.rhir ""'• °; ■;■■'"'■•''' " ^™- -^ •«= oahtr:." Thl of^ . y '^" ''"'^ ^''"'' °-^*^° ^ ^I'oJe day to drag it a mile The others ones were split in two, and the inscribed , arts were carried on bribed^o bHn J "" \ x™*"' '^'' '^''' "' ^S^^. and then a native was ribed to bring gypsum from the neighbourhood and casts were made of the mysterious characters. Two of them were sent to England, one to the Brk si. Museum and the other to the Palestine Exploration Fund vhil the o" ignials were despatched iu safety to the Constantinople Museum 40 Dr. Wright at once suggested that the inscriptions were Hittite, hut liis paper published in a theoU)gical periodical, attracted little notice and the learned world called the characters by the name of Ilaniathite . T)r Hives Ward of New York, was the first to notice and publish the fact that the 'ines were boHstroplndou, that is, that they read alternately from right to left m.! from left to right in the direction the characters faced, as a ploughing ox turns at the en.l of the furrow, and he further discovered and published the fact that the characters on the stones were similar to those on certain cliy impressions of seals found by I.ayard, among the ruins of Nineveh In 18-6 two years after the publication of iJr. Wright's article, of which he ha.l n'..t heard, Prof. Sayce, of Oxford, in a paper before the London Society of Bib- lical Archaeology on these Han>athite writings, suggested that thev were probably Hittite, Hamath being close to the borders of the Hittite kingdon.H -and m a very short time these conjectures were confirmed by the discovery of the site ot Carchemish and the finding of similar inscriptions among its nuns. The peculiar characters now became recogni/.ed among archaeologists not as Hamathite, but as Hittite, and the attention and interest evoked by their identihcation increased everv day. Meantime another find was ma.le in Asia Minor. .More than a century ago a German traveller had noticed two c. ious figures sculptured on a wall 01 rock at Ibreez or Ivris in ancient I.ycaonia. One of these whs evidently i go.l, holding in his hand a stalk of corn, an.l the other a man standing be- fore h,m ,n an attitude of devotion. Both figures were shod with boots with upturned ends, the god wearing a tunic reaching to the knees, and a peaked cap ornamented with horn-like ribbons. A centurv elap.sed before the spot was again visited by a Kuropean traveller, and he took a rough drawing of the figures which was afterwanls published. In 1875 Rev. E. J. Davies visit ed and took accurate drawings of the figures, which he published with a de- scription in the Proceedings of the .Society of liibHcal Archaeology, in tli,- following year. He notice.! that they were accompanied by an inscription in what were then known as the Hamathite characters. Still another stone was meantime found at Aleppo, only to be destroyed by the fanatical Mos- lems as soon a.s they knew the Pranks valued and n.igh't obtain possession of 't. In 1879 It struck Prof. Sayce that similar figures to the one at Ibreez had been found sculptured in other places in Asia Minor, at Ghiam Kalersi at togbaz Keni in Cappadocia, and far away bv the shores of the Aegean at 'the I ass of Karabel. If these also were found accompanied with inscriptions in the characters discovered at Hamath, their identification as specimens of Hittite art, an.t for decipherment and t1,r f"'^ "'"''"' ''"^ ^"''^^^'1 ^ starting Kuol ln.eriptio'n tlir^that fu n sll'^ 2 f '^ ^"'^^"^'' ^°'"^ '°"^'" ^'"^" re.c'o«,vruct, hs in the case of S!! ! •''°''''' °" "'" '^''^^^ ''''««• ^o tliu undent Kheta. l!earne.l a,fdT ' ^"^"'' ''" '°"« ^^''"^^ «P'^'^'=1> of Mont.eal, ;,.oi„ twrehhorate vou : ', • ""'''' "'' '''■^'- ^-"P'-'' ^^ '- pinl..logi.al point of :/' :::',;:; '--"■■'^ ^^^^P-^- -^^ the subject "'"1 fii'Hh light. AleanA'inle we :uu.c .vau tor further finds ^■o^^K tin ;:'.::.:;:^::j-:^S:;;^2r^''^ ^ ^^-^^ -^ •-- ^" >■■'■"'" their own sculptures we c'„ 5 , . ' '''"''■'"' ' ''^^'^ mentioned. «pp.arance and we can se t'^ That ^ ! K . "'^^ ^'^'^^''^ "''^>' ^-^^ *» tl'^nUn representing then, as thdulTh^''^' °'' ''''^ "°' '^^"'^''ture I'r"...inent nose, heavy upper In ad Vet! ? ^"1 "" "^'^' ^^°P'^' -'''' ^ery "f Hkin and swarthy o^ ha'r Thei fiJu e "'' , " ""' '""'""''' >-^'»''- TlH.ir dress consisted of a tLic eachirtoirt "" '''"''''' ^"^^ ^'"'->- with a peaked cap and their ftverfo ';,;""' '''''' ^""^ ^''^ — ^^ turned up at the toes. Their we.uons w V, ' P'^^'^Karly formed boots •'«uied battle axe, and the Zj L, monu' r^"'' ""^ "" ''''' «^ ^^'^l- i" liRl.t char.ots drawn by two ho si 3 "^ '■'^*"""' ^^'"" ^' ^^'"'"8 'HH-y had all the facial and era uaH. I 7T^ °" "'"^^'^ ^^'''^ «*'' «P"kes " ...o,de akin to the Chinl^ird 'w "'r.^f f'"*'! ^^^'^^^ ^'^ -- V\ 'lH(.n, "which is not a beautiful one P ?n f ^'P*"' '^>'" ^'- ^''^rles -I'-ia. .specially an.ong the peopL Uvin . i , ""' '" ^°"" P^""^^ "^ ^'^PP- towUK Which I discovered beZth h " ^ „ '' "'T^^^ , "' a-ligion. the Hittites appro, ua'ou's "> "' °' """'''•" Pmlmble that their own early fLrofnatn T " "e-K'-bours, and it is "< the Assyrians and Phoenidan TlZjl 7'''"' "'"''^^^ '^>' ^^-^ n-HlH.ndiuK with the Ashtoreth of SZu^'l'V ,'': ""^ ^'''''-''''' ^°^- tl'f Swnitic Baal. On the rocks of \r' ' '"-- few ruinn that have been broughTtSu ^^'o^ ''^^ ^^ ^'"^■" ^>- ^^^ -kill in fortification was marked S , '»ean character, and their ^^--'PlHHiocia and were acc^n pli'td m 7,7" ''"''' '''' '''^^'^ """- of -ul bronze. Silver a^rfron wS fu^ d tZm^ '" '°''' f ^^^' '^^P^^^' '^- «'''Ul.«-manehofCarchemish irtt,^^ ','' "'''^'"'" ''^ exchange, "ot only „„.ong thcmse ve but am n> th r^'"f J'^"'^'"' ^-'«"g>-ars, '^I'en.lHl, was indeed the ce tre of e n , T'^ ^'^""''^ ^"^ rivals. Car- Thdr furniture was of al '''"'' '''"'^^ "^ '^^^'^'ern Asia. was of a very .sumptuous description. They reclined on 42 couches inlaid with ivory. At meals they sat on chairs, like the Egyptians, these chairs being provided with backs and foot-rests; and their food was placed on low tables something like our camp stools in shape. At their banquets, music was performed ou the lyre, the trumpet and a kind of guit- ar. They were a literary people — the Egyptians speak of "scribes of the vile Kheta" — and there seems to have been among them a sort of guild of men of letters. Kirjahp Sephir or Book-town in the south of Palestine, was one of these cities and it is probable that it had a large library and that many such libraries may yet be unearthed. Their dress indicates their origin. They were originally mountaineers, from the cold plateaus and snowy slopes of the Taurus. The peculiar round toe boot is a snow-boot, of a type still worn among the mountaineers of Asia Minor and Syria. Indeed I have seen just such boots among the native pas- sengers between Beyrout and Smyrna. One of their commonest hieroglyphs is what we call a "mit" — a fingerless glove, of a kind only worn in cold cli- mates and still worn in the uplands of their country. Yes, these conquering Hittites were originally rough mountaineers, swooping down on the rich plains and cities, conquering them one by one, gradually changing their own habits, availing themselves of the advantages of the civilized states they overcame, assimilating their modes of life and religious observance, but bringing the strong individuality of their own nature to bear upon everything in art and war and worship which they borrowed from their vassals. And thus they came to have an art and a culture peculiarly their own; and they carried this with them wherever they extendetl their influence. And that as we have seen was over a very wide sphere. To the south it touched the proud people who built their splendid cities along the banks of the Nile; to the north and west it reached the rough Dardanians on the shores of the Ae- gean; and though the Hittite armies never crossed to Europe, their influence unquestionably did. That influence is seen in the art-treasures uneartln i througii the labors of Dr. Schlieman at Mycenae, and heard in the tradition that its rulers came originally from Lydia bringing with them the wealth and civilization of Amj Minor. Egypt and Phoenicia did much for Greece, we know. It will be found some day, perhaps, that the Hittites did as mvch or more. Mr. Gladstone thinks that the Keteians of Hcmer w .re Hittites. Perhaps they were. At all events, across the narrow Aegean, ' icrossed by the conquering Kheta themselves, the art and civilization they represented and had made common in Asia were carried by the peoples they had con- quered, to educate the p ehistoric peoples that were destined to still further develop and perfect them, and in their turn to aid in sending them broad- cast over a wider world than Homer's fancy ever dreamt of. Prof. Campbell of the Presbyterian College in Montreal finds the Hittite emigrant in the Basques of the Pyrennes, in Japan, in Corea, and in India. He finds him also in America, in the small, swart, squalid Esquimaux of the far north, in the noble Red Man of the Iroquois and kindred tribes, in the splendid but unfortunate Aztecs of Mexico and Peru. Per|iaps he is right. Certainly he works out his theory with a maguiiiceut array of schol- arship, ingenuity and research. In concluding this hurried and very inadequate presentation of the sub- ject, I may express the hope that I have stirred up a desire in the minds of at least some of you who have heard me, for further investigation and read- ing in this and other cognate studies in the delightful and important field of Biblical lished bj of Bibl: written t treat. T informat on the sp the Hittx Histoty, publishec Final these old little of tl looked on the tombs into the st of the Phf years of b with my 1 evening o^ and boatet hills of N£ straight." have stood sculptured and Rames lories on tl read the 19 .\nd then c St. Paul's £ the Parthei methus anc earthly sph day. And m< many of th( plexities wl God's meth them to us, plorer's spa Hissarlik hi Troy, as in a fact. Ms Egypt of th( "We ha two ago, "w we shall. V unspeakable estine; when cities which cover the siti the Egyptians, their food was ape. At their a kind of guit- :ribes of the vile guild of men of ine, was one of that many such mountaineers. I peculiar round taineers of Asia the native pas- lest hieroglyphs loru in cold cli- lese conquering wn on the rich changing their lized states they observance, but apon everything ' vassals. And own; and they :e. And that as 1 it touched the s of the Nile; to hores of the Ae- , their influence iures unearth* 3 in the tradition lem the wealth uch for Greece, itesdid asmi'ch r w ;re Hittites. a, ' icrossed by hey represented 5 they had con- i to still further ng them broad- finds the Hittite I, and in India. i Esquimaux of ndred tribes, in Perjiaps he is t array of schul- ition of the sub- in the minds of ;ation and read- nportant field of 43 Biblical Archaeology. To such I would commend the series of vni,,... T^,^'^'' ^;';gious Tract Society of London, ^^J^^^^'^^ 0/ BOL' Knowledge They are cheap, they are popular in style Slfare t^at ToProf r"r"^''?^' P"^'''*^" '" the' subjects ^J wl. 7th ; reat. To Prof. Sayce's volumes in the series I am chiefly indehterJ fjl information I have detailed in this paper. Those who wth furthe; r ^.i^ on the specal subjetct of the Hittites will fl„,, it i„ nr. Wright's Lw"/ the Hittites, Prof. Campbell's The NiHSi^. -n ■ i '-mpin oj History, and the latest an'd P^^obab^/tl^^ m^^t^i,!^:;^:^^'' ''''^''''^ "'■'' published in Brussels, Lant^^eere's' THe m::::^^^:^^::^::;:^::^^ the^e Td /' r^'TT' ' '^''"'^^^ *° ' «"'"• '•-' «f entLsTas,f i^;eTf tto these old lands and these old times and npo..i».c t i. , "^'^^Pe" to .nd boated .„ ,he pl.cid bo.om of'Ih S lo " ,m " lIT'" t^^"?" :r.id u?dr.,;rrz;nrt:r;,„r Tiz r rr:- "" the Parthenon, at night watchedthe ^ M " '^" crumbling steps of ?™rl. f„ H^ """'' """' '»°e-''<^P'»«'=l»a»d tre,„,e,, .„d "ncient ..=h.n. Whe„.hLlck^.„„,B«rt.h^?V-Srrv'f *''■?'""'= unsoeakahlp Tnrt « i " curoj.. n„s bicaihcd his last; when the unspeakable Turk no longer curses with his misrule the fair lands of Pal- the sites u. the long dead cities of Israel, who shall tell the treasures 44 thill may he found? Why n'ny not the enit)ahne(l hodies of Jacoh and Joseph and possibly of the old Sheikh Abraham be brouj^ht up, as well as those of the Egyptian Pharaohs who knew them not? And in the underground and intricate honeycomb of the Jerusalem subways there is room not only for the Ark of the Covenant, which the Rabbins say is buried there, but for a vast repository of sacred documents ami memorials dearer than life to the ancient Jew and dear, too, to the modern Christian. (icntlemen, you and I believe in the God of truth, and in His Word, which is also truth, and neither you nor I are afraid of the effects to that (io'l or to that divine word, of honest, earnest, fair-minded criticism. But I submit that the silencing and shaming of that criticism which reads out of and sometimes reads into the records of Holy Writ, the fancies of an un- trammeled and often irreverent imagination, is sure to be accomplished by that criticism which appeals to the truth-telling factsof contemporary history, digging as for hid treasures in the mounds which cover the ruins and the records of the races of the past, anu poring over these records till they bring forth their secrets— impartial and unimpeachable witnesses to the Truth of God and to the God of Truth. 45 The Samaritans and Their Pentateuch. RKV. T. CUMMING. Mr. lYesident and Students of Dalhousie University .• I have selected as our subject for consi.leratio,, this afternoon " The Samaritans and Their Pentateuch." In explanation of „,y clokcof tlHs subject. I may say that when I was travelling through the Land of U.e « lie in Central Palestine, and in their far-f.uned Pentateuch to which thev stiU i^fLsro'fSrLi^t'" "^'r''-'^ '''' ^' ^'— "^ -•»-.- professor of Biblical Literature spoke with subdued emotions of the Samar- 1 an Pentateuch, as if there were some impenetratable mystery hanKi.ro er U, and at the same time said it was of considerable importance in .blicll that I would some day visit the Land that had been trodden by pat h cli^ and prophets, and by the Eternal Son of God, and I accordinglj took "re?^,' note of the studied statements of the learned professor, and resolv" possib e, to see the mysterious manuscript for myself. In th good Prov d „ce of God my long-chenshed desir. has now been gratified, and in t^r as i,! many other matters, the dreams of my boyhood have become so ,er re'a id in my more mature years. 'cdunch It affords me very much pleasure to be present with you to-day and eive ,-ouin a few brief statements my personal impressions of'the few S^n ifans st.ll living, and of the portion of the inspired Volume which is stillTcrecUv guarded by them as an heir-loom of by-gone ages. As you all know we 1 we read very frequently ,n Scripture of one ormore of the people who rrrcalled Samaritans. It was one of these people, you remember^ who a" ed the nob e par^. in the parable of the good Samaritan, The traveller who went Sown from Jerusalem to Jericho fell among the thieves and wa« 7.ffi7 I , , condition by the wayside with his life, blood^^^^^^^^^^^ But when the priest and the levite heartlessly passed him by, takirthe other side of the road, a Samaritan who came along acted the friendLoart towards him, and tenderly cared for him. When I was going dowj^m Jerusalem to Jericho I traversed the pathway that is represented "n tZ parable and had dinner in the little Inn by th^e wayside htandsTn 'he place where the traveller was wounded. It is to this day called the Inn of the Good Smantan. Then you remember the ten Lepers who we.e cleansed by the Saviour when He was on the way from Galilee to Jerusarem N „e o1 the number gave no thanks to the Great miraHe-vori'»- '"- —T-rU^u Ittf H^r^r °^"'^'" ^^" '^°^" ^'^^-e Him a-nd thanktd" thlv;" pathetic Healer for what He had done for him. He was we RrrtniJ Samaritan. Then we have here the remarkable woman w^ carrTed on^he' conversation with the Saviour at the Well of Jacob, as we read in the fourth 46 chapter of the Oospel by John. Shi- was, the inspired Evangelist informs us, a woman of Samaria— one of these Samaritans. When we inf|uire into the origin and ancestry of these .Samaritan's we find that they were mainly the descendants of heathen colonists wlio were hrought into the land of Samaria between six and seven centuries t)ffore the commencement of the Christian I-;ra. When the ten Tribes of Israel, you remember, were carried away out of their own land into capitivity, Slialmaneser, King of .\ssyria, brought a number of heathen colonists from various parts of his wide Empire to take their place in the cities of Samaria. The inspired historian says in the .Second Book of Kings : " The King of Assyria brought men from Habylon, and from Cuthah, and from Ara, and from Hmath, and from Sepharvaim, and placed them in the cities of Samaria instead of the children of Israel ; and they possessed .Samaria, and flwelt in the cities thereof." (2 K, 17: 24.) These heathen colonists thus brought into Samaria took the name of the country into which they were brought, and so were called Samaritans, just as if foreigners who come to reside in our great and growing Dominion should take the name of Canadians ; a very good name, certainly, for immi- grants to take. When these colonists first came to Palestine they worshipped the idol-gods of their own nation. But they were not long in the Holy I^and until, as we are told, they applied to their Sovereign for a Jewish Priest to teach them about the God who was worshipped in the land of their adoption. And, as the result, they became professedly worshippers of the true God like the Jews themselves. In the course of time the descendants of these Samar- itans began to claim that they were the kith and kin of the patriarch Jacob, and not of Gentile, or as we would say, of heathen origin. Josephus, for example, says that they claimed to be the descendants of Joseph, one of the sons of Jacob. And so, in the fourth chapter of the Ciospel by John, the woman of Samaria, giving expression to the national pride of her people says : " Our father Jacob gave us thi.s well." But their claim to this high honor requires a little special plemling. The ancient Samaritans were, no doubt, the