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AMI- iwil,l0:'msFsees, PAS^S^^^t^ •i «.^»..«. tA.% A-^ , >fiiT js ■^/'^-r. I'ns, S I I J ) I I ) 'f -81 1 iiWf.»at".:-;TK«sK-».i!Wt.OTr.vp>iaw*-;!yaai»''i'gfiwfc-ifc-jti^^ > NOl H LAI WITH A THE NORTHERN TRAVELLER; CONTAINING THE HUDSON mVER GUIDE, AND TOUR TO THE SPRINGS, LAKE GEORGE, AND CANADA, s I I I » I PASSING THROUGH LA'IE CHAMPLAIN. WITH A DESCRIPTION OF ALL THE PLACES ON THE BOUTB MOST WORTHY OF NOTICE. NEW- YORK : PUBLISHED BY J. DISTURNELL, No. 102 Broadway. ^A w: 1844. OilS Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1844, by John Disturnell, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New- York, PRLNTSD BY C. VAN BSNTHUVSEN AND CO. I I TABLE OF DISTANCES, BETWEEN NEW-YORK AND ALBANY. .. $ % ^ Distances between New-York and Albanv, on the east side of •^ Hudson river, by mail route. NAMES. New-Yokk,' ••• King's Bridge, Yonker's,' • ••• Dobb's Ferry, • Tarry town, ••• Sing-Sing, Crotjn Kiver,' Peekskill, Philiipsbureh, Fishki!' Poughkeepsie, • • • HydePirk, Hhinebeck, Redhook, Lower,- Recihook, Upper.* Clermont. •• Blue Store, Hudson, Siuyvesant Falls, Kinderhook, Schodack Centre, Oreenbush, Alhany, 13 4 S 6 6 u 10 9 10 13 6 10 6 3 6 2 II 8 5 10 9 1 ir 17 22 29 34 26 46 66 66 78 84 94 100 103 103 no 121 129 134 144 153 164 C B o re 164 141 137 132 126 120 118 108 99 89 70 70 60 54 61 46 44 33 26 20 10 1 Distances between and Albany, on the Hudson river, via. Nxw-YoRR, Piermont, by*, fc.- Ramapo, by r. r. Monroe Works, do Turners' I)ep6t,do NeWBURGH, Stfl,£iC, Marlborough, do Milton do New Paltz, ^lO Esopus, RondoTir, Kingston, Glasco, New- York west sidejof Pitjrmont. do do do do 0| 24 24 20 44 8 6 17 6-2 67 74 8 82 4 86 4 90 y 99 s\ 107 2, 109 9i 118 167 143 123 1 15 110 93 85 81 77 68 60 68 49 Saugertics, 8tas:e. Milden, do Catskill, do Aihens, do Coxsack e, do IV. Baltimore, do Coeymans, do Albany, do Distances of places son river, from New-York. Vew-Yof :,- Bull's F y, N.T Manha'.i nville," Fort Lee, N J.- •• Spuyten Duyvel c. Yonii^rSj Hastings, Dobb's Ferry, •• • Piermont, Tarrytown, • Sing-Sing. Verplank's Point,- Caldwell's Landing West Point,"- '^ Cold Spring, Cornwall, •• Newbiirgh, Neiv-Hamburgh,- • Milton, Poughkeepsie, - • • - Tlyds Park, Pelham, Rhineheck, Redhook, Lower, Redhook, Upper,'- Sangerties, Rristot, or Maiden Cat skill, Hudson, Cox^ackie, Kinderkook Land. New-Ballimpre, • • Coeymans, Castleton, Overslaugh, Albany, Trov, 46 4S 34 S9 20 14 13 on the Hud- Albant and 3 12'i| 3 1-24 9 133 6 139 8 147 6 163 2 166 12 i 167 6 2 2 3 4 3 2 2 3 6 7 4 8 2 3 4 6 3 4 6 4 6 7 3 1 1 9 6 8 3 4 2 4 6 3 01 6 8 10 13 17 20 22 24 27 33 40 44 62 64 67 61 67 70 7 80 84 90 97 100 101 102 111 116 121 127 131 133 137 142 145 61 161 14A 139 137 135 133 129 12ft 133 121 118 119 lOft 101 93 91 88 84 78 76 71 65 61 65 48 45 44 43 34 29 21 18 14 U 8 3 6 4 Note.— Places in Italic, are the usual Steamboat Landings. t 1 TABLE OF DISTANCE"^, BETWEEN ALBANY AND SARATOGA SPRINGS, WIIITi'^HALL, MONTREAL, &c. Distances from Almanv to Sar- Canal Roi'tg from AtnANv to AToiiA ISi'uiNUS, via btllCIU'C j tddy. Miles. To Schonntady, Hi Kiillsion Spi, 14 3'1 Siiruioyu Springs, 7 37 Albany to Saratooa Springs, viii I'roy. Trov, ( Watcrford, 4 11 Mceli.iniisvillc, 8 1 I^alKtoii S;)i, 12 3( Saratoga Springs, 7 31 RoiUp from S^AiiATor.A Sirinos to Lake George, via Gleu's Fails. Wilton. • 7 FortsviUo 4 1.' Glen's Fulls, G is Culdwcll, (Lake George,) ^7 Whitehau.. NAMES. V « ■z p. < ■ 7^ rc Route from Saratoga Springs to Whitehall, via Smdy Hill. Forisville, Sandy Hill,* Kiiigi?biiry, Fori Ann, Whilehall, ■ Al.HAINV, West-Troy, Jiinciion, vVa I kkkokd, Mecljanicsville, • • SiillwaUT Village HIceckor's Ha^in ^Viltjcr's Hasin, • Van Diizni's L. • Scliiiylervillp. •• • S irato^a IJi id<;c, F(jrl Miller, ••• •-■ Moses Kill, Forl-Ed\v;iid, •• • Glen's Fills Fr.- Dunh iin's Ha^in, Smith's Easin,- • Fort-Ann, Comstofk's L.--- VVhiieiiall, 1 G •i 3 8 4 6 3 1 5 4 4 8 0) — - RJ c 8 11 19 23 26 27 32 36 37 40 43 4S 60 61 60 GO G4 1-2 72 66 64 61 53 49 47 45 40 37 36 32 29 24 22 21 16 13 8 12 7 10 6 24| 6 29' 11 40 Stage Route from Albany to Whitehall. Troy, G Lansinj-'hiirph. 3 9 SclDigliticoke, • 7 16 Kaslon, 10 :2G Greenwich, 9 35 Argyle, II 4(i Harllord, 10 56 GranvilU!,» • 7 6:i Whiithill, 9 72 *To Dunham's Basia 2 miles. Distances from port to port be- tween Whitehall tV. Montreal, Whitehall, Henson, Vermont, Orwt'll, do-- Ticoiideroga, • •• Short'lnm, do-- Hridport, n );../.. l-iilili^tlir.l hy .1 l)i:.l,,inrll l.-^-tt- l'.liE.l.v<'.W.l',)i»Mii,A,li.ir ■■mat VMH \ .-ji«oit.A.i'.irt\-. HUDSON RIVEK AND ITS VICINITY. During th(? season of navigation on the Hudson, which usually oxtcn Is /loni about tiie XlOth of March to the lore part ot' December, numerous steamboats leave the city of New-York every tnoriiing an-l eveninjj;, ibr various pla- ces on both shores q{ the river. The boats of t!ie largest class, nowhere excelled lor comtbrt and speed, run tlirough to Albany and Troy, about 150 miles, in ten to twelve hours runnin'^ time, and touch at the priiicipal villages on the way, to land and receive passengers. Usual fare through, $2.00, including berths in the night boatr.. To the traveller for pleasure and health, the day boats are the most desirable, particularly in hot weather, when a night s confinement in a crowded cabin is very oppres- sive ; and they furnish a fine opportunity to enjoy the varied and beautiful scenery of this noble river. The panoramic view on leaving the city is extensive and grand. Seaward it embraces parts of Long Island and Staten Island with the " Narrows," — the spacious Bay of New-York studded with Governor's, Bedlow's, and Ellis's Islands — the Jersey shore, on the west, with its settlements and cultivated fields — and on the east the city itself with its long ranges of wharves and shipping, its spires, c:nd its masses of architecture — and as the boat rounds out upon the bosom of the majestic river and springs forward on her upward course, the view, crowded with striking contrasts and full of life and action, is one of rare beauty and interest. Jersey City opposite the lower part of New- York, and HoBOKEN a mile north, are seen to great advantage HUDSON RIYBR as the steamboat leaves the wharf. At the former place ^commences the New Jersey, and Paterson Railroads; and the latter place is a delightful and favorite resort of the citizens of New- York, during the warm summer sea- son, when the commodious steam ferry boats are crowd- ed every afternoon with parties of both sexe?, seeking refreshment from the heated and thronged streets of the city, in that charming retreat. Weehawken, on the Jersey shore north of Hoboken and 3 miles from New- York, a high wooded cliff, with its bold rocliy bluffs partly veiled with trees and partly bare, and a handsome villa on its summit is one of the finest points in the scene as you move up the river. At the foot of this cliff and on the margin of the river a small obelisk of white marble for many years marked the spot where Alexander Hamilton fell in his fatal duel with Aaron Burr, on the 12th July, 1804. The monument, however, has long since been removed. Bull's Ferry, 2 to 3 miles further north, on the same shore, is a place of considerable resort, being con- nected with the city by a steam ferry. Bloomingdale, on York Island, 5 niiles from the City Hall, is a scattered settlement, in which the most promi- nent object is the Orphan Asylum, which, as seen fro*, the river, with its green lawn extending to the water's edge and surroundeu ^y a fine grove, presents a pleasing aspect. About 3 miles further up the island, or 8 miles from the City Hall, is the Lunatic Asylum, a stately pile stand- ing on elevated ground. The next conspicuous object on the island, and visible from the Hudson, isMANHATTANviLLE, about a mile and a hall" east of which, toward the East River and near Hell- Gate, is the village of Harlem. I t i AND ITS VICINITY. ^ Fort Washington, 2 miles north of Manhattan ville, ks elevated 238 feet above the river, being the highest point on the island of New- York. This old fort was captured by the British and Hessians, in the disastrous campaign of 1776, when so .e two or three thousand Amer- icans were either killed or taken captive, and thrown into the prison-ships at the Wallabout Bay, where the United States now have an extensive Navy- Yard, near Brooklyn. Fort Lee, on the Jersey shore, 10 miles from New- York, is a place of considerable interest, and between it and that city a steam ferry boat plies daily. The site of the old fort is on the brow of the Palisades, a short dis- tance from the river and ePjvated about 300 feet above it. It was surrendered to the British in 1776, immediately after the capture of Fort Washington. TJie Palisades, the most striking and peculiar feature of the scenery on either side of the Hudson, commence a little north of Weehawken, and on the same shore. This descriptive designation has been given to a majestic range of columnar rock, varying in height from 50 feet to 3 and 400 feet, and walling in the Hudson as far as Piermont, a distance of 20 miles. Just above Fort Lee they rise, almost perpendicularly, from the water's edge ; and as the channel of the river, for the whole 20 miles, runs very near the west side and along the base of these ma- jestic cliffs, they are seen to great advantage from the decks of the steamboats. Spuyten Duyvel Creek flows into the Hudson 13 miles north of the City Hall of New- York, and connects with the Harlem river on the east, thus separating, the Island of New- York from Westchester county. Kings- bridge, on the great post-road from New- York to Albany, crosses this creek about a mile from its mouth, near whick on the north bank, is the site of old Fort Independence, 8 HUDSON RIVER Here commences a succession of beautifully situated country residences, looking out upon the river and across it to the Palisades ; the shore itself being marked by a succession of narrow valleys and ridges running back with a gradual ascent to the north and south range of highland, which separates the waters flowing into the Hudson, from those which pass off to the East River and Long Island Sound. As you advance up through Westchester, this north and south ridge becomes more elevated and rocky. It is, in fact, the commencement of that extensive and lofty range which soon enlarges itself into the Fishkill Mountains, further north swells into the still loftier Tagh- kanic group, and finally attains its highest grandeur in the Green Mountains of Vermont. YoNKERS, 17 xTiiles north of New- York, is a thriving village in Westchester county, at the mouth of Saw-mill riv.er. It contains about 80 dwelling houses and some 500 or 600 inhabitants, and is the summer resort of many citi- zens of New-York, being easily reached by the steam- boats which ply daily between that city, Sing-Sing and Peekskiil. It is surrounded by very pleasant scenery and commands a fine view of the Hudson and the Palisades. Hastings, 3 miles north of Yonkers, is a convenient landing-place, at which the smaller steamboats touch to receive and discharge passengers. Doeb's Ferry, 22 miles north of New- York, is a small settlement with a steamboat wharf. This was an impor- tant point in the military operations of the Revolutionary war. A ferry communicates with the opposite shore at the foot of the Palisades, a little north of the boundary line between the States of New- York and New- Jersey ; and from this point northward both sides of the Hudson are in New- York. } ¥ AND ITS VICINITY. 9 I PiERMONT, formerly known as Tappan Landing, or the ''Sloat," is on the west shore of the Hudson. 24 miles from the city of New-York. It has become a place of importance as the terminus o[ the New- York anl Erie Railroad. The line of this great work, from Piermont to Dunkirk on the shore of Lake Erie, is 446 miles long. In 1841, the section extending from Piermont, which is in the county of Rockland, to Goshen in Orange county, 46 miles, was finished and put in operation. Since that time, the completion of 7 miles more, extends the road to Middletown. At Piermont a substantial pier, more than a mile long, has been constructed, extending from the shore to the channel of the Hudson. A steamboat plies daily between this place and New- York, and connects with the cars running on the railroad. At this point, also, the Palisades terminate on the north by an abrupt hill. This hill, and the extensive joier already mentioned, be- ing the two most distinguishing features of the place, they have been appropriately combined to form the name of Piermont. Distances on the New- York and Erie Railroad FROM Piermont to Middletown. To Blauveltville, 4 miles. Clarkstown, 5 9 a Mousey's, 4 13 <« Suffern's, 5 18 " Ramapo, 2 20 '< Monroe Works, 8 2S ** Turner's, (17 miles from Newburgh,). 5 33 '' Monroe village, 3 36 " Chester, 541 " Goshen, 545 <« Newhampton, 4 50 '^ Middletown, 3 53 n Two or three miles west from the river is the old vil- lage of Tappan, memorable as having been for a time. 10 HUDSON RIVBR 1 the Head-Quarters of Washington and the American army during the Revolution, and the place where Major Andre was executed on the 2d of October, 1780. Tappan Bay— or, as it was usually called in earlier times, Tappan Sea — being an expansion of the river, commences at Piermont and extends northward to Tel* ler's Point, a distance of 10 miles, with an average width of about 3 miles. On the eastern shore of this Bay, in the midst of a beautiful landscape, is the favorite country residence of Washington Irving. Nowhere on either shore of the Hudson is the scenery more distinguished for its picturesque beauty, having the Palisades in full view at the southwest ; at the west and north a fine range of hills stretching away to the grand mountain masses of the ** Highlands," with the broad river between. Irving, is the name given to a small settlement about one mile south of the village of Tarrytown, which is beautifully situated on the east bank of the river, overlooking Tappan Bay, 27 miles north of the city of New- York. It contains about 100 dwelling houses and 1,000 inhabitants. Steamboats run- ning to New- York, touch daily at this place. Immediate- ly north is Beekmantown, where is the Irving Institute, a school of much celebrity, and a venerable Dutch Re- formed Church, erected about the middle of the 17th cen- tury. Tarrytown is famed as being the place where Major Andre was captured while watering his horse, on his re- turn from West Point, and from a personal interview with the traitor, Gen. Arnold. Immediately north of this village, also, is the famous Sleepy Hollow, where Wash- ington Irving laid the scene of his entertaining legend of that name. Nyack, on the western side of the bay or river, is a pleasant and thriving place, between which and New- 1 .,rt< AND ITS VICINITY. 11 «• t York , a steamboat plies daily. Here Tappan Bay spreads to its greatest width, presenting a noble expanse of water. Rockland Lake, 2 or 3 miles northwest of Nyack, is a picturesque sheet of the purest water, from which large quantities of ice are annually sent to the New- York market. Sing- Sing is handsomely situated on the east bank of the Hudson river. It has four landings, from which steamboats and vessels ply daily to and from the city of New- York, a distance of 33 miles. The main part of the village is situated on high and uneven ground, rising 180 feet above tide water, and overlooking Tappan and Haverstraw Bays, the Hudson and Croton rivers, and the surrounding country, including a distant view of the Palisades and the Highlands. Sing-Sing was incorporated in 1813, and now contains about 2,500 inhabitants. This village derives its name from the Indian words ^' Ossin,' Sing,^' meaning in their language, the place of stone. It is now celebrated for its marble quarries, which are work- ed to a great extent by the state prison convicts, who have here erected 2 large prisons, a keeper's house and several ranges of work shops, from materials found on the state farm ; where is also located a silver mine, which was worked to some extent previous to the Revolution, and a copper mine which has been more recently worked. The marble found in this vicinity, is of a medium quality and almost inexhaustible ; large quantities are annually quar- ried and sent to the city of New- York and other places. The Mount Pleasant State Prison, situated abo ' ^ half a mile south of the village of Sing-Sing, contained in 1840, 827 male and female convicts, of whom 60 were females. The prison grounds consist of 130 acres of land, lying between the villages of Sing- Sing and Sparta j being bounded on the east by the Highland turnpike, and on the 12 HUDSON RIVER west by the ITuJson river, which here aflfords a depth of twelve feet of water at the landing. The main prison building is four hundred and eighty-four feet in length, north and south, and forty-lour feet in width, fronting westerly on the Hudson, being 5 stories in height and con- taining 1,000 cells ; in front and rear are located work shops of different kinJs, which, together with the keeper's house, are all built of rough dress marble. Attached to the prison building cm the south, is a chapel, hospital, kitchen, storehouses, &c. A new prison for female con- victs stands on elevated ground, and is built of marble in the Ionic order. Teller's Point, about a mile north of Sing-Sing, separates Tappan from Haverstraw Bay. It projects southerly into the river more than a mile, immediately above the confluence of the Croton river, with the Hud- son. On the opposite side of the river, rises Verdreltje's Hook, a bold headland 663 feet high, forming a beautiful feature in the landscape. Haverstraw Bay, is another expansion of the Hud- son river, 2 to 3 miles wide and 6 miles long, terminating on the north at Verplank's and Stony Points. Haverstraw or Warrex, lies on the west side of the bay or river, 35 miles from New- York, to which city a steamboat runs daily. Grassy Point, 2 miles above, on the same side of the river, is a convenient steamboat landing. Verplank's Point, on the east side of the river, 40 miles north of the city of New- York is an excellent land- ing place, and memorable from its connection, in the Revo- lutionary war, with Stony Point on the opposite s^ide. On the latter point is now a light house, erected on the site of the old fortification, which completely commanded the channel of the river. These poiuts, where the river con- AJfD ITS VICINITY. 13 tTc^cts to about half a mile in width, were the first im- portant positions north of the city of New- York at which the American forces attempted to defend the passage of the Hudson against the British, in the struggle for inde- pendence. During the winter months, when the river is closed with ice above, steamboats can often reach Ver- plank's Point from New- York, and save the traveller the fatigue of passing over a difficult part of the stage road between the cities of New- York and Albany. Caldwell's Landing, on the west side of the river, 44 miles from New- York and 101 miles from Albany, is the first place at which steam passage boats of the large class touch on their upward trip, to land and receive pas- sengers. This landing is situated at the south entrance of the " Highlands," and is connected by a steam ferry with Peekski.l. on the opposite side of the river, a large and thriving village, from which two or three steamboats run directly to the city of New-York, carrying large quantities of produce, manufactured articles, and pas- sengers. It was incorporated in 1827, and now contains 2,000 inhabitants, 8 churches, 6 public houses, 30 stores, and about 250 dwellings. On Oak Hilly where is now situated the Peekskill Academy, a flourishing chartered institution, is a venerable oak tree on which was hung during the revolutionary war, two noted spies, Strang and Palmer. Peekskill was then the head-quarters of the American army under Gen. Put- nam, who here dated his laconic reply to Sir Henry Clin- ton, commander of the British forces in tne city of New- York, who sent up a flag of truce, demanding the release of Edmund Palmer, a lieutenant of a tory regiment, who had been detected in the American camp. The following was the reply sent back by Putnam : 14 HUDSON BrIVER i *' Head-Quarters, 7th Aug. 1777, "Edmund Palmer, an officer in the enemy's service, was taken as a spy, luiking within the American lines ; he has been tried as a spy, condemiicd as a spy, and shall be executed as a spy, and the flag is ordered to depart immediately. '' ISRAEL PUTNAM, " P, S. He has been accordingly executed." Stage Lines east from Peekskill, A stage runs from Peekskill to Ridgefield, Conn, via Somers and North Salem, every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday morning : leaving Peekskill at 8 o'clock A. M. The same stage leaves Ridgefield every Monday, Wed- nesday, and Friday morning. A stage runs from Peekskill to Carmel village, via Red Mills and Mahopack, every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday ; leaving Peekskill at 2 P. M., and Carmel the same days at 8 A. M. Duriiig summer, a stage leaves Peekskill every day for Mahopack Lakt, and in the hottest of the season, when the lake is most visited, twice a day , leaving Peekskill at 12 M. and at 7 P. M. Mahopack Lake, is a beautiful sheet of water in the town of Carmel, Putnam county ; and is one of the chief sources of the Croton river. It is about one mile in diameter and embosoms two or three small islands. The waters abound with various kinds of fish of a fine flavor. It is a place of considerable resort, with good accommo- dations for visitf^rs. At Fort Independence, opposite Caldwell's Landing, on the northeast, near the mouth of the Peekskill, a pub- lic house has recently been erected, which is intended for a summer retreat. The situation is delightful, facing down the river with an unobstructed view for many miles, ITS AND VICINITY. 15 m 10- g) b- m while immediately in the rear rise the " Highlands" in majestic grandeur. It is contemplated to make this a regular steamboat landing, and also to construct a bridge across tub mouth of the creek or bay, wh-'ch separates it from the village of Peekskiil. On leaving Caldwell's landing, the river takes a sudden turn to the w^est for about a mile ; this reach having the local designation of the '* Horse Race," and then re- sumes its northern course, passing between the bold, wooded, and overshadowing hills known as the "High- lands," or " Matteawan Mountains." This latter name, meaning "the country of good fur," was given by the the Aborigines, and is a fine, distinctive and appropriate name for the whole group. The " Highlands," the grandest, and next to the Palisades, the most remarkable feature of the scenery of the Hudson, are about 16 miles in width, and extend in a southwest and northeast direction for some 20 or 30 miles, covering a part of the counties of Rockland and Orange, on the west side of the river, and Putnam and Dutchess on the east. Several of their summits reach an elevation of 1,000 to 1,685 feet. This maybe considered classic ground, as many of the points or eminences in view from the river are celebrated in history for being the scene of stirring events during the struggle for American Independence, 1776 to 1783. The sites of old Fort Clinton and Montgomery , of revo- lutionrxry memory, are on the west side of the river, op- posite the lower Anthony^ Nose, 6 miles below West Point. These forts, deemed almost impregnable, were erected at this point for the defence of the river, which was also obstructed by chevaux-de-frise, boom and chains. On the 6th of Oct. 1777, they were attacked by a supe- rior British force under Sir Henry Clinton, and captured 16 HUDSON RIVER after a sharp resistance ; the garrison of COO men being overpowerei by a disciplined army 3,000 strong. The works were resolutely defended until d'^rk, wbrn the ene- my effected an entrance at several p s, there not be- ing a sufficient number of soldiers in the /ort to man the lines. West Point, is romantically situated on the west bank of the Hudson river, 52 miles from New-York and 93 miles from Albany. It is the seat of the United States military academy, established by an act of Congress, in March, 1802; and the land ceded to the United States government by the state of New- York, JvS26. Here are now erected two stone barracks, one of three and the other four stories in height, occupied by 250 cadets, which is the number authorized by law , an academic hall, a large three story stone building, 275 feet in length, by 75 feet in width, used for military exercises in winter, and as a depository of the chemical apparatus, models of for- tification, artillery, architecture and machines and as re- citation and drawing rooms : a new and beautiful two story stone building, to be used for the library and philo- sophical apparatus, constructed in the Elizabethan style of architecture, and is 150 feet in length by 60 feet in width ; the north front has three towers suite! for the as- tronomical apparatus; the centre tower is surmounted by a dome of 2S feet 10 inches in diameter, the whole of which revolves on its verfical axis, adapting it to the use of a large equatorial telescope ; a chapel, a hospital, a mess hall, two cavalry stables, several workshops and store-rooms, and seventeen separate dwellings occupied by the officers of the institution. In addition to the above, here aro located a magazine, a laboratory, soldiers' bar- racks, a store, and about 25 dwelling houses, occupied by families connected with the military school ; in all con- AND ITS VICINITY. 17 ln- tiininj* a population of about 900 souls. Here also is a convenient steamboat landias, and a well kept hotel, cal- culated to accommodate about 100 visiters. K^o place in the Union probably, exceeds West Point in beauty of location and the stirring incidents connected with its early history, being '' hallowed by the footsteps of Washington and Kosciusko," during the revolutionary straggle — the interest in which, is continued to the pre- sent time by its being the residence and school of the fu- ture defenders of the Union. In 1777, immediately after the capture of Forts Clinton and Montgomery, by the British army, West Point was first occupied by the Ameri- can army, and fortified at the instance of Gov. George Clinton, of Revolutionary memory. At the present time are to be seen the remains of Forts Putnam and Arnold, (after the treason of the latter, called Fort Clinton,) which is situated on the extreme eastern point of this military position, 160 feet above tide water, while Fort Putnam is situated on Mount Independence 1,000 yards southwest, elevated about 500 feet abr /e the river ; there are also numerous other redoubts and batteries, crowning the various eminences in the vicinity, built un- der the direction of the celebrated Kosciusko as engineer. In August, 1780, Gen. Arnold was assigned to the com- mand of this important military station, extending from Fishkili to Verplank's Point. On the 25th of September, he precipitately made his eccafte from his head-quarters, the Roi)inson House, situated two miles below West Point, on the opposite side of the river, his treason having been discovered by the fortunate capture of Major Andre. From this periof% to the close of the Revolutionary war in 1783, West Point was garrisoned by a strong division of the American army ; afttr which, the garrison was reduced, and this location made a depot for the revolu- B 18 HUDSON RIVER lionary armament and other military stores. In 1794, at the recommendation of Gen. Wasliinglon, n military Bchool was commence I in n buildinp; wliich was burnt down two years thereafter, and the school suspended un- til 1S()2. There arc now connected with the West Point Academy, thirty- four officers and professors, a company of artillery and a detachment of dragoons, besides the cadets, who generally remain here for a period of four years, in which time they are qualified to become subaltern oflicers of the several corps of the army. Visiters on lanjing at West Point, are required to en- ter their names on a slate, presented by a solJier on duty for that purpose ; it is immediately afterwards taken to the commanJer's quarters, who is thereby informed of all arrivals. The departures are also regulated in the same manner. No stranger should leave this place without visiting the public buildings ; Kosciusko's Monument, and a wild and romantic vetreat near the water's eJge, called " Kosciusko's Garden," the ruins of old Fort Putnam, which commands a view of West Point, the Hudson river, and the surrounding mountain scenery. The Ce- metery, about half a mile north of the hotel, is also well worthy of a visit. On the south, towards Buttermilk Falls, about a mile distant, there is a pleasant road run- ning near the river, and most of the way through a beau- tiful grove of trees. In iWk vicinity, and most agreeably located, is an academy for young men, under the superin- tendence of Lieut. Kinsley, fornaerly an instructor in tlve. West Point Military Academy. • If the visiter tarries through the day at this attractive place, any time during the summer months, when the ho- tel is usually thronged with fashionable people from AND IT8 VICINITY. s 19 every section of iho Union, he will have an opportunity to view West Point in all its loveliness. Cold Spring a mile or more above West Point, on the opposite side of the river, is a thrivins; manufactur- ing villns^e. Here are situateil the extensive iron works commonly known as tiie '* West Point Foundry," and supposed to be on as broad a scale as any in the UnioU} ond a macliineshop, givin*-? constant employment to about 300 workmen. The lari^estkind of machinery for steam- boat and other purposes, and warlike implements, arc here constructed. The ore on which the works depend, is found in the immediate vicinity j and there is also a quarry of j^'ranite of a very superior quality, easy of ac* cess and inexhaustible. Beacon Hill and IJueakneck, both on the cast side of the river, are situated immediately above Cold Spring, The former, sometimes called the " Grand Sachem,'' is the highest peak of the Higlilands, being elevated 1,685 feet above the river. The latter presents the rocky pro- jection called the *' Upper Anthomfs Nose.^^ Chow's Nest and Bl tter Hill, are situated on the west side of the river. They rise abruptly from the wa- ter's edge, the latter, which is the more northerly peak, lifts its summit 1,520 feet above the Hudson j and the other is nearly as high, Pollopel's Island, is a mass of rock lying in the Hudson river, near its east shore, at the northern en- trance into the Highlands, G miles above West Point. Here the river begins to widen and cxpnnd to ♦y? width of more than a mile for some 5 or 6 miles, for which dis* tancc it is sometimes called Newbursh Bay. Cornwall, Canterbury and New-Windsor, are small villages situated on the west side of the river, im- mediately above the Highlands. The last named village •v*. 20 HUDSON RIVER being distinguished as the birth place of De Witt Clinton. Newburgh, 61 miles north of New-York and 84 south of Albany, is pleasantly situated on rising ground, on the west bank of the river. It was iacorporated in 1800, and now contains about 6,000 inhabitants, 1,000 dwelling houses, a court-house and jail, this being a half-shire of Orange county ; a theological seminary under the direC' tion of the Associate Reformed Presbyterian denomina- tion ; an incorporated academy ; a high school, two fe- male seminaries and a number of select schools, all in a flourishing condition ; two large public libaries ; eleven churches of different denominations ; three banking houses, fourteen hotels and taverns ; 150 stores of different kinds ; nine store-houses j five freighting establishments ; four steamboats and two freight barges, running to and from the city of New-York, besides a number of sloops trad- ing to different places en the Hudson river, and schooners and other craft running to southern and eastern ports, al- together transporting an immense amount of lumber, coal, plaster, and agricultural and manufactured products ; two good steamboats also, are attached to the ferry between this place and Fishkill on the opposite side of the river, which is here about one mile in width. The location of Newburgh, in addition to its romantic beauty and healthi- ness, is peculiarly favorable as a place of business, being surrounded by a rich grazing and agricultural region, celebrated for butter and live stock. The Dclav;are and Hudson Railroad, the route of which is located and partly graded, commences at the village of Newburgh, and runs through the county of Orange into the state of New- Jersey. It is intended to tap the coal beds of Penn- sylvania, intersecting the New- York and Erie Railroad at or near Goshen, 9 AND ITS VIClKiTY. 21 Newburgli was for a period the head- quarters of Gen. Washington, anl at the close of the Revolutionary war, the army was here disbanded, June 23, 1783. The cele- ebrated Newburgh Letters, addressed to the officers and men of the army, were here dated, supposed to have been written by the late Gen. John Armstrong, It is proposed to erect a suitable column to the memory of Washington, in front of the old stone house, in the couth part of this village, where his family resided ; it is to be from 80 to 100 feet high, constructed of white marble, or granite, at an estimated cost of $50,000. It will be in plain sight fron^ the water, commanding one of the finest prospects on the Hudson, Stages leave Newburgh for Binghamton, 122 miles dis- tant, where they connect with lines running north and south, and with a line continuing west, through the southern tier of counties, to Barcelona, on Lake Erie. Stage Route from Newburgh to Barcelona. Miles.\ Miles. Montgomery, 13 Factory ville, 8 162 Bloomingburjjh,.... 12 251 Athens, Pa 3 165 Wurtsboro, . T 5 30 Elmira , 20 185 MoNTiCELLo, 10 40 Corning, 16 201 Painted Post, 3 204 Bethel, 10 50 Delaware River, . . . 10 60 Mount Pleasant, Pa. 20 80 New-Milford, 22 102 Great Bend, 4 106 Binghamton, 16 122 Union, 6 128 Nanticoke, 9 137 OwEGO, 7 144 Smithboro, 10 154 Bath, 18 222 Howard, 12 234 Hornellsville, 10 244 Angelica, 20 264 Franklinville, 25 289 Ellicottville, .... 10 299 Seelysburgh, 15 314 Mayville, 35 349 Barcelona, 8 357 Fishkill Landing, on the east side of the river, di- rectly opposite Newburgh, with which it is connected by a steam ferry, is a thriving village containing about 900 inhabitants, and surrounded by delightful country resi> dences. 22 HUDSON -RIVER. Matteawan, an extensive and celebrated manufac- turing village, is situate! on the Fishkiil, a mile and a half east of Fislikill Landing. Glenham, 3 miles from the landing, is also a cele- brated manufacturing village, celebrated for its superior woollen cloths. The village of Fishkill, is pleasantly situated on a plain, 5 miles east of Fishkill Landing, and C5 miles north of the city of New^-York, on the great post road to Albany. This road, from Peekskill to Fishkill, a dis- tance of 19 miles, traverses, the Highlands, and is re- marKable for its formidable hills and the wild scenery of this mountain route. As you approach Fishkill from the south, the character of the scenery suddenly changes to that of a fertile and cultivated farming district. During the Revolutionary war, this village was for a period the head-quarters of the American army ; the church is still standing here, in which Enoch Crosby, the spy of Revolutionary memory, was confined for a time : his escape being admirably descibed in Cooper's ro- mance of the " Spy," under the assumed name of Har* vey Birch. New- Hamburgh, 6 miles north of Newburgh, is a steamboat landing on the east side of the river, where Wappinger's creek, an important mill stream, empties into the Hudson. Hampton is another landing nearly opposite, being connected with New- Hamburgh by a ferry. One or two miles north is the village of Marlborough. Barnegat, a few miles above on the east side of the river, is celebrated for the manufacture of large quanti- ties of lime. Milton, 9 miles above Newburgh, and 4 miles below Poughkeepsie, is a convenient steamboat landing j the village stands about half a mile back from the river. AND ITS VICINITY. 23 PoTTGHKEEPSiE, is handsomely situated on the east side of the Hudson, about equi-distant between the cities of New- York and Albany, being 74 miles from the iormer, and 71 from the latter, by water. It was incorporated in 1801, and now contains about 7,500 inhabitants, mostly engaged in mercantile and manufacturing pursuits ; 1,000 dwelling houses, many of them tasty edifices ; a court- house, and jail and county poor-house ; a splendid colle- gia le building ; the Dutchess Academy ; two female seminaries, besides several select schools ; a lyceum and reading room ; two public markets ; one Presbyterian, one Congregational, two Episcopal, one Baptist, two Methodist, one Dutch Keformed, one Universalist, one Roman Catholic, and one African Church, and two Friends' meeting houses ; three banking houses, a sav- ing's institution, and an incorporated company called the *' Dutchess Whaling Company," who own one or two ships engaged in the whale trade. Poughkecpsic contains several well kept hotels and taverns j 25 dry good stores, 50 groceries, 3 bookstores, besides a large number of other different kinds of stores and shops ; also two brew^e- ries, one of which is very extensive, perhaps the largest in the state, being capable of making 30,000 barrels of beer annually, and an extensive pin manufacture. Here are ow^ned three steamboats, three freight barges, and eight sloops, engaged in transporting produce and mer- chandise to and from the New-York market, and other places on the river. No place on the Hudson exceeds this village for beauty of location ; it is surrounded by one of the richest agricultural districts in the Union, an! may justly be ranked as the queen of villages in the Em- pire State. The Poughkeepsie Collegiate School, situated on Col' lege Hilly about half a mile northeast of the compact 24 HUDSON RIVER part of the village, is unrivalled in its location, command- ing an extensive prospect of the river and surrounding country, which cannot fail to excite the admiration of every lover of picturesque scenery ; in addition to the collegiate building, which is a splenJid edifice, here has recently been erected an extensive gymnasium. This is a well established and flourishing institution, conducted on philosophical principles. Poughkeepsie, is a corruption of the Indian word jSpokeepsing, signifying safe harbor. It was early set- tied, and in 1788, the state convention met here to ratify the federal Constitution of the United States ; previous to that date the state legislature frequently convened in this village, which has long been considered a favorite place of residence. The Landing opposite Poughkeepsie, is in the town of New-Paltz, by which name it is called. A ferry here crosses the Hudson ; a short distance from the river is a scattered settlement. Three or four miles above Pough- keepsie, is a turn in the river called Crum-Elbow. Hyde Park, 80 miles from New- York and 65 from Albany, is pleasantly situated on the east side of the Hudson. The principal settlement is about half a mile from the landing. It contains 3 churches, 2 public houses, several stores and shops, and 50 or 60 dwelling houses. No section of the country between New- York and Alba- ny, excels this part of Dutchess county for the beauty of its country residences ; among which, the elegant man- sion and grounds of the late Dr. David Hosack, were conspicuous. This fine seat is now occupied by Mr. Langdon. It appears to great advantage from the river, standing on elevated ground, a short distance north of the steamboat landing. At Staatsburgh, 5 miles north of the village of Hyde Park, is situated the country resi* \ AND ITS VICINITY. 25 dence of the late Gov. Morgan Lewis. Esopus Meadows, as they are called, 6 or 7 miles above Hyde Park, are ex- tensive marshes, covered with water during high lidej they lie opposite the town of Esopus on the west side of the river. Pclham is a small landing on the same side, a little south of the meadows. RoNDOuT, 89 miles nort)i of the city of New-York, is situated at the mouth of a large stream of the same name, where there is a lighthouse built by the United States government. This is a place of considerable trade, con- taining an active population of about 1,500 inhabitants ; many of whom are engaged in navigation, and others are furnished employment by the Delaware and Hudson Ca- nal, which terminates at Eddyville, 2 miles above Ron- dout. The canal is 108 miles in length, extending in connection with a railroad of 16 miles, to the coal mines of Pennsylvania. From the mouth of Rondout creek a number of steamboats, freight barges, and sloops are regularly employed in carrying an immense quantity of Lackawaxen coal, lumber, lime, and produce of differ- ent kinds. Stages run from this place to the village of Kingston, and to the Landing opposite Rhinebeck, where the line boats land and receive passengers several times daily. - Kingston Landing, is situated on the west side of the Hudson river, 90 miles north of the city of New- York ; this landing was formerly called Columbus Point. A steam ferry boat here plies across the river. The village of Kingston is handsomely situated on a plain, through which flows the Esopus creek, 3 miles west of the landing on the river. It was incorporated in 1805, and now contains about 2,300 inhabitants, 300 dwel- ling houses, 1 Reformed Dutch, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist church ; a court house and jail. 2 banking 26 HUDSON RIVER houser., an incorporated academy, in a flourishing condi- tion, ani female seminary ; also several well kept pub» lie house j. Stnges leave this place three times a week for Delhi, Delaware county; atri-weekly line also leaves for Ellenvillc, and accommodation stages are in constant attendance, and run to the several steamboats that land aiid receive passengers at Rondout and Kingston Land- ing. Kingston, anciently called Esopus, was early set* tied by the Dutch, many of whose descendants now re. side in this vicinity In April, 1777, the first convention of the Representa- tives of the state of New- York met in the village of Kingston, and formed the old Constitution of the state, and on the 16th day of October following, it was taken and burnt by the British army, under the command of Gen^ Vaughan, while marching to the relief of Gen. Bur- goyne, who was obliged to surrender to the American army on the following day at Schuylerville. Imme- mediately after destroying the village, the British troops precipitately retreated to their vessels lying in the Hud- son river, and returned to the city of New- York. Some of the ruins of the stone buildings were standing as late as 1836, when the last of the walls were taken down, and the Kingston banking house erected on the same spot. Rhinebeck Landing, 90 miles from New- York and 55 from Albany, is situated on the east side of the river. In this vicinity are located a number of beautiful coun- try residences overlooking the Hudson. The village of Rhinebeck is handsomely situated on a plain, 2 miles east of the landing. It is incorporated, and now contains about 1,000 inhabitants. This vicinity was early settled by Dutch families, many of whose de- scendants still retain the habits and language of their AWD ITS VICINITY. 27 (I i forefathers, and are a frugal and prosperous class of citizens. Baruytown, or Rcdhooh Lower Landing^ also on the cast side of the Hudson, is 97 miles from New- York; and is surrounded by several deliglitful country residences, The Catskill 31ountains, in the west, at a distance of some 12 or 15 miles, may now be seen from the river to great advantage j and the Catskill Mountain Honsej elevated nearly 3,000 I'eet above the Hudson, is distinctly visible in clear weather. It stands near the precipitous front of a rocky plateaUf of a few acres in extent, called Pine Orchard, from the scattered pines which formerly grew out from the fissures of the rock. H commands a vast and noble prospect, and is a most refreshing retreat from the heats of summer. TivoLT, or Upper Redhook Landing j 100 miles from New-York and 45 miles from Albany, is a regular steam- boat landing for both day and night boats. In this vicinity are also a great number of beautiful country re- sidences. The villages of Uppkr and Lower Redhook. are situated 3 or 4 miles from the river, on the stage road. In the Hudson, near Tivoli, are annually taken during the months of May and June, large quantities of shad and 'herring. A steam ferry-boat here plies across the river, landing on the west side near the iron works at Sau- gerties. Saugeuties, which is a large manufacturing village by the chartered name of Ulster, situated on the Esopus creek, near its entrance into the Hudson, w heie is a water- fall affording an immense hydraulic power, much of which is advantageously used in driving diflerent kinds of machinery. The village contains about 2, COO inhabi- tants, 300 dwelling hoi^ses, 5 churches, and 3 or 4 public houses. A steamboat and several sloops run fr«m the o^- ss HUDSON RIVER mouth of the creek, although the usual steamboat land- ing for the passage boats is at Bristol, or Malden, 2 miics above Redhook, and 1^ miles from Saugerties. A stage runs to and from the landing to the village, on the arrival and departure of the steam passage boats. East and West Camp, a few miles above Bristol, are old Dutch settlements on both sides of the river. The village of Catskill, 111 miles from New- York and 34 miles from Albany, is situated on both sides of Catskillcreek,near its junction with the Hudson; the prin- cipal street being about half a mile back from the steam- boat landing. It was incorporated in 1806, and now con- tains about 2,800 inhabitants, 400 dwelling houses, a court-house and jail, 2 banking houses, 5 churches, and several public houses. Here is owned a steamboat and 4 barges, besides several sloops employed in transport- ing produce and merchandise to and from the city of New- York and different places on the river. A ferry boat plies across the river from the landing at this place, to Oak Hill, Columbia county. The Catskill and Carta- joharie Railroad commences at this village, and is finish- ed a distance of 26 miles. A daily line of stages leave Catskill for Delhi, Delaware county, and two tri-weekly lines for Ithaca, at the head of Cayuga lake, and Spra- ker's Basin, in Montgomery county; the latter uniting with the Erie Canal and western railroads. A stage runs from Catskill to Hudson, via Athens, twice daily, and a stage runs semi- weekly to Prattsville, via Hunter and Lexington. Stages also run daily during the warm weather from the steamboat landing to the Catskill Mountain House, at the Pine Orchard, distant about 12 m'les from Catskill. The following ifl ' 1 AND ITS VICINITY. 29 I ' a glowing description of this well known, and charming Bummer retreat : '' Pine Orchard, forming a part of thd Catskill moun- tain range, is situated about 12 miles from Catskill, Greene county. It is elevated 3,000 feet above the tide waters of the Hudson, which noble stream, and the sur- rounding country, it overlooks for a great distance, af- fording a varied and extensive view of the greatest in- terest. On the summit is erected a large and commodious public house, called the Mountain House, for the accomo- dation of visiters, who resort here in great numbers during the summer months. In this vicinity are other mountain peaks of still greater elevation, and waterfalls of the most wild and romantic character, altogether form- ing unrivalled attractions, which are well worthy of a visit. From this lofty eminence all inequaliiies of sur- face are overlooked. A seemingly endless succession of woods and wat 53 102 •' Worcester, do. ) 54 156 " Boston and Worcester Railroad, .... 44 200 '* Distances from Albany to the City of Wash- ington, by Steamboat and Railroad Route: t^ew-York, by steamboat, 145 Miles. Philadelphia, 6y rail-road, 86 231 ** Baltimore, '• 96 327 '* Washington, ** 38 365 " 3S HUDSON RIVER Distances from Albany to Buffalo, by Railroad: Mohawk and Hudson Railroadj .... 16 Miles, Utica and Schenectady " .... 77 93 '' Syracuse and Utica, '' .... 63 146 " Auburn and Syracuse, " 26 172 " Auburn and Rochester, ^' .... 79 251 ** Tonawanda, via Batavia, 43 294 '* Attica and Buffalo, 31325 " Distances from Albany to Montreal, via Sara- toga SpriUsgs and Lake Champlain : To Troy, by stage, 6 Miles, Ballston Spa, by rail-road, 24 30 ** Saratoga Springs, *' .... 7 37 ** Whitehall, 61/ s^age, 39 76 •' St. John's, Canada, steamboat, 150 226 '* La Prairie, by rail-road, 15 241 " Montreal, by steamboat, 9 250 '* We copy the following extract relating to the early history of xYlbany: " The younger race of fashionables and semi-fashiona- bles know Albany, or affect to know it, merely as a big city-looking place, full of taverns and hotels, where they land from the steamboat, on their way to Saratoga, Ni- agara or Quebec. Another set of less locomotive good folks, especially in New-York and Philadelphia, have no notions about it, but those derived from the old tradition- ary jokes upon its ancient Schepens and Schoutens, its burly Burgomasters, ' its lofty spires glittering with tin. and hospitable boards smoking with sturgeon.' ''But in honest truth, there are few cities of the size any where, which can exhibit a greater or a more agree- able variety of society and manners. In Albany may be Ibund talent and learning, accomplishment and beauty. The towns of Europe of the same size and relative im- portance, can in this respect bear no sort of comparison with it. Then, too, its situation, the prospect from its AND ITS VICINITY. 39 higher grounds and streets abound in scenes meet for romantic fiction. Albany is rich also in more sober, but equally interesting recollections of our national history. There, (to use the once familiar personification in which Indian oratory delighted to speak of the French ; I Eng- lish governments,) Corlaer and Ononthio were wont to meet and plant the tree of peace, or else extinguish their council fire and part in wrath. There, about the middle of the last century, (1751,) the governors of the several provinces met the chiefs of the Six Nations, and the am- bassadors of the Catawbas and other southern tribes, and buried the hatchet between the whole Indian race on this continent, and p^inte 1 the tree of peace in Fort Orange.* There, three years after, was held that first General Congress, in whieU the earliest arrangements for national defence were maae, and where, by one of those remarkable coincidences with which the hand of Provi- dence has legibly inscribed the evidence of its own work- ings in every part of our national history, upon the fourth of July, 1754, Benjamin Franklin, and other patriots des- tined to the highest honors of their country, signed the first plan of American Union, and proclaimed to the colonies that they were one people, fit to govern and able to protect themselves. Why need I speak of the events of the Revolution? At Albany, in the most eventful periods of that struggle, Montgomery, and Schuyler, and Gates, and the elder Clinton, in turns planned or directed the operations of war, while the civil wisdom and moral courage of Jay, gave new confidence to public spirit, and fresh vigor to our counsels." *On the spot where now stands the house formerly occupied by the venerable Simeon De Witt, for many years Surveyor-General of the State, and at present known as the Fort Orange Hotel, situated in Market-street, near Lydiue-.Jtreet. 40 HUDSON RIVER L" ' ALBANY, NINETY YEARS SINCE, The following description of Albany, is taken from Mrs. Grant's interesting "Memoirs of an American Lady." **The city of Albany was stretched along the banks of the Hudson ; one very wide and long street lay paral- lel to the river, the intermediate space between it and the shore being occupied by gardens. A small, but sleep hill rose above the centre of the town, on which stood a forty intended (but very ill adapted,) for the defence of the place, and of the neghboring country. From the foot of this hill, another street was built, [now Slate-street,} sloping pretty rapidly down till it joined the one before mentioned that ran along the river. This street was still wider than the other ; it was only paved on each side, the middle being occupied by public edifices. These con- sisted of a market place, or guard-house, a town hall, and the English and Dutch churches. The English church stood at the upper end of the street; the Dutch church was situated at the bottom of the descent where the street terminated. The town in proportion to its population, occupied a great space of ground. This city, in short, was a kind of semi-rural establishment; every house had its garden, a well, and a little green behind, — before every door a tree was planted, rendered interest- ing by being coeval with some beloved member of the family." The City of Troy, 151 miles north of New-York, is pleasantly situated on the east bank of the Hudson river, at the head of tide water and steamboat navigation, 6 miles above Albany. Its existence as a village, may be dated from 1790. It was incorporated as a city in 1816, when it contPiJied nearly 5,000 inhabitants j it has recently AND ITS VICINITY. ^l been made a port of entry, and contained in 1840, 19,334 inhabitants, who are mostly engaged in commerce, naviga- tion and manufactures. Since the completion of the Erie and Champlain canals in 1825, which, opposite this place, at the village of West Troy, unite the waters of the lakes with those of the Hudson, Troy has rapidly in- creased in wealth and population. Here are a fine court* housPj built of marble, in the Grecian Doric order ; a jail constructed of brick ; a county poor-house, to which a farm containing about 200 acres is attached j the Rens- selaer Institute, founded by the late Hon. Stephen Van Rensselaer, where the sciences are practically taught ; the Troy Female Seminary, a flourishing chartered insti- tution ; the Troy Academy, also an excellent classical and chartered institution for the education of boys, besides several select schools for males and females. Troy con- tains two new, finely modelled and expensive market buildings ; seven Presbyterian churches, three Episcopal, two Baptist, two Methodist, one Catholic, one Univer- salist, one Friend's meeting house and an African churchj six banks, with an aggregate capital of $1,568,000 j two insurance companies ; onelyceum of natural history, with a choice scientific library, and an extensive collection of minerals and collections in various branches of natural history ; a Young Men's Association for mutual improve- ment, with a large library and extensive reading room. The public houses in Troy are numerous, and several of them celebrated for being well regulated establish- ments : The principal hotels are the American Hotel, Fourth, corner of Elbow-street ; Mansion House, 4 Washington-square ; Mechanic's Hall, 140 River-street ; National Temperance House, River, corner of Ferry- street ; Northern Hotel, 394 River-street ; Troy House, River, corner of First-street ; Washington Hall, 331 River-street ; York House, 252 River-street. I ft f 42 HUDSON Rivr.n Here are owned about 60 masted vessels, four large passage steamboats of the first class, two smaller steam passage boats and five steam tow boats with 22 barges, which ply between "J'roy and New- York, transporting annually an immense amount of produce and merchan- dise. Four lines of passage and freight boats run on the Champlain canal from Troy ; a line of packet schooners run from this place to Boston, and other eastern ports ; a line of canal packets to Whitehall, and lines of daily stages run to Whitehall, and Bennington, Vt., and to Brattleboro, Vt., and Boston. The water power at Troy is immense, and a large portion of it still unoccupied. AVithin the limits of the city and about a mile east of the Hudson, a tunnel has been excavated by Mr. Benj. Marshall, ex- tending from the Poestenkiil, a distance of about 800 feet, and gives a fall of 180 feet. Several large mills and fac- tories to be supplied with water from this fall, are now in the progress of erection. Near the northern boundary of the city a dam has been built across the Hudson, by the state, which here makes a fall of 11^ feet and creates an incalculable amount of hydraulic power. This place is abundantly supplied with wholesome water, brought from the Piscawin creek, through large iron pipes with hydrants at the torners of the streets. The Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad commences at this place, crossing the Hudson river by a substantial bridge 1,650 feet in length, to Green island j thence it continues north across several branches of the Mohawk river to Waterford ; following the valley of the Hudson until it reaches Mechanicsville, where it diverges to the west and continues to the village of Ballston Spa, a dis- tance of 24 miles, and unites with the Saratoga and Sche- nectady Railroad. The Schenectady and Troy Railroad 21 miles in length, was completed in 1842 ; it communi- jy AND ITS VICINITY. 43 cates with the western roads at Schenectady, and will be extended to Greenbush, on the ea&it side of tjie Ihidson river, opposite Albany ; there to connect with the Alba- ny and West Stockbridge railroad, which, when completed will make a direct railroad communication from Troy to Boston, and furnish a continuous line of railroads from Boston to Buffalo. There is also a macadamised road already finished from Troy to Bennington, Vt., a distance of about 20 miles. Troy is connected with the village of West Troy, in Albany Co., which has risen into impor- tance within a few years, by means of a commodious bridge and two ferries crossing the Hudson river. The city of Troy has long been celebrated for its beau- ty and healthiness. The streets are laid out at right an- gles, are generally wide, remarkable for their cleanliness, and planted with beautiful, and in the hot season, most grateful forest and shade trees. From Mounts Ida on the east and Olympus on the north, an extensive and charm- ing prospect is presented, embracing a view of the valley of the Hudson for miles, the city of Albany, the villages of West Troy, Lansingburgh, Waterford and Cohoes, and the Cohoes Falls ; a landscape presenting more beauty and a greater variety of scenery, can hardly be imagined. From the elevations just mentioned, the eye rests at once, as on a map spread out before it, on city and village teem- ing with life and activity — the broad Hudson rolling on in majesty to the ocean, and bearing on its bosom fleets of boats and vessels — a long extent of the Erie canal, it- self no common stream, floating to market the products of the west — railroads, over which are passing with light- ning speed, multitudes in pursuit of business or pleasure — on woodlands and cultivated fields harmoniously blend- ed — and on a western horizon of undulating highlands, which towards the south, blend with the famed Catskill mountains, lifting their giant heads to the clouds. 44 HUDSON RIVER 1 1 i i J 1 ? H i L West Troy, situated on the west bank of the Hudson river, 6 miles above the city of Albany, is a place of growing importance. It was incorporated as a village in 183G, and now contains about 5,000 inhabitants, 800 dwelling hoi.ses, 8 churches, 8 public houses, a large number of stores, and mechanics' shops. The Erie Ca- nal, which passes through the centre of the village, com* municates with the Hudson, by two commodious side- cuts. It is a convenient depot for vast quantities of pro- duce, lumber, and merchandise ; being on the Junc- tion Canal, and at the head of sloop navigation. The southern mouth of the Mohawk here unites with the Hudson. The Watervliet ^/irsenal, situated in West Troy, near the river, was established by the United States govern- ment in 1813. This is the largest arsenal of construction in the Union, having great facilities for the manufacture and transportation of warlike implements, and is well worthy of a visit. The grounds attached to the arsenal, consist of about 100 acres, enclosed in front by an iron fence, and in the rear by a stone wall Here are located 33 buildings, comprising storehouses for small arms, gun sheds for cannon carriages, timber sheds, magazines, saw-mill, paint, carriage, machine, casting and black- smith shops ; offices, barracks, hospitals and officers' quarters. About 200 officers, soldiers and hired work- men are constantly employed at this post, which number could be greatly increased if found necessary. Here are now manufactured munitions of war, amounting to an estimated value of $100,000 annually. The total value on hand, January, 1841, amounted to $1,662,320. Lansingburgh, 3 miles above Troy on the east side of the Hudson, is one of the oldest villages in the state, being incorporated as early as 1787 ; it now contains AND ITS VICINITY. 45 about 3,000 inhabitants. During the Revolutionary war it was a place of considerable importarce. It has since increased but slowly, owins: to obstructions in the chan- nel of the Hudson, and the consequent growth of Troy. Waterford, situated 1 mile above Lansingburgh, on the opposite side of the river, and 155 mi^'is north of the city of New-York, is at the very head of sloop naviga- tion on the Hudson, with which the northern mouth of the Mohawk here unites. Navigation is kept up to this place by means of a dam and slooy lock at the upper part of the city of Troy. Waterford was incorporated in 1805, and now contains a population of about 1,400 inhabitants. The village of Cohoes two miles west of Waterford, is situated on the southwest bank of the Mohawk river, a short distance below the Cohoes Falls and near the junction of the Erie and Champlain canals. Here is af- forded by the Mohawk, an immense amount of hydrau- lic power. If found necessary the whole volume of wa- ter in the river can be used for propelling machinery to almost any extent, having a total fall of about 140 feet. Here are several extensive manufacturing establishments ; 6 churches j 1 hotel" j 12 stores, and a population of 2,000 inhabitants, mostly employed in the above manufactories. Stages pass through this village several times daily, run- ning between A Ibany and Waterford, a distance of 10 miles. Cohoes Falls, situated in the immediate vicinity of Cohoes village, is an object of great attraction. It is much resorted to during the summer months, by visitors from all parts of the Union. The water of the Mohawk here has a perpendicular fall of 70 feet, besides a rapid de- scent above and below. The banks of the river present a grand and romantic appearance, varying in almost per- pendicular heighth of from 50 to 120 feet, for the distance of half a mile below the falls, where a substantial bridge, about 800 feet long, spans the stream. 46 STEAMBOATS. If ,5,1' I HUDSON RIVKIl STEAMUOATS. Tho followinu'lisl (Miibnu-cs ull llie Passaoe Huats built and niiHiin;); on the Hiuisori Uivrr, between Now- York, Albutiy and Troy, since llu'ir first iuirodiirtion by llobcrt Fulton, in llie lull of 1807. Built. Name. Tons (/OMMANDIiKS. Remark.j. 1H07 riermont, ■ - • James Winan.-J, Name changed. 18(« North H!vrr, - ■ 160 Samuf 1 Wiswall, - • Broken up. 18fi9 Oar of N<'piunt', - 29.^> A. n R(»orabacli, • Broken up. 1811 IIopp, - . - . - 280 K. S. Hunker, - . ■ Broken uj). 1811 Porft'viT.inr.o, - - 2H) J Sliertnan, - . . - Broken up. 1811 P;irii*:oii. - - - .331 AndrexT Harllioloinew. Sunk, 1825. 1B1;{ Kic.lun.iul. - - ■ :i7o Jo.d) Center, Broken up. 1815 Olivi' |{i,iiii)i, - - 2<;.'i James Moore, . - Broken up. Isk; Cli. Livititcston, - - 4^M S. Wiswall Sandusky, - - - 289 James Penoycr, • • - m?jy Constitution,* - - 276 Wm. J. Wiswall, . . Now Indiana. 1S:.^5 ('onstellation, - - 276 Rfibprr a.Cruttciiden. Tow baruc. I8y.j Cli. .lus. Mar.sliall,t ,300 Richard W. Sherman, I.osl in L I SU I8i>r> SaratOfra, ... - 2.'')0 Jiunf^s Benson, - . . Tow bariie. 1826 Sun,: 280 H Drake, Burnt, 1K31. 1826 New-Piiiladi'lpliia, .300 (Jcorjife F, Seymour, - Delaware riv« • 1827 Albany, - - . - 308 J (i. Jenkins & 11. Macy llims to Troy. 1827 Inile >end«Mire, • - 368 Wm. J. Wiswall, - ". Phila. route. 1827 Nor! 1 America, • 497 Cideon l,athrop, - - I)(>.s. by ice,1839 1827 Victory, . . . . 2W San ford (^obb, - - - From Itondouf. 1828 He Witt Clinton, - 571 J Sherman &S.R. Roe, Fiii:. in Knick. 1829 ()hio,§ . . . . 412 M. Bartholomew, • - Tow barife. ia30 Novelty, - . 477 Daniel Perk, - ■ From Rondouf. 1832 Cbamplain, - - . 471 Adolphus Gorham, Tow bart. E. S, oaty as I under ilton in 2t deep, 2cl to 18 L. The Bolton, Fulton, Brown, 5t 1807, tiver to ing she ""'•A I I I h ' ^1 I In I ,i li : J£,i P QPJjAKB CHAMPMjA />' Willi tile dislaiiceN from W'liilplinJI . S^Tarh fmrnUud ^XDmtmnM m** TOUR TO THE SPRINGS, LAKE GEORGE, AND CANADA, >. : 1^ There are now two or three Railroad Routes from Albany and Troy to Ballston Spa and Saratoga Springs, 1st. From Albany via Schenectady, on the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, and the Saratoga and Schenectady Railroad, terminating at the village of Saratoga Springs. Total distance, 37 miles. 2d. From Troy, on the Schenectady and Troy Railroad^ 20 miles; thence by railroad to Saratoga Springs, a fur- ther distance of 21 miles. 3d. From Troy, on the Rensselaer and Saratoga Rail- road, terminating at Ballston Spa, a distance of 24 miles, there uniting with the railroad extending from Schenec- tady to Saratoga Springs. The above railroads afford the traveller a choice of several interesting routes. There being little difference of time and expense, it is well for the tourist to go by one route, and return by another — thus changing the scenery. ROUTES FROM ALBANY AND TROY TO MONTREAL AND QUEBEC, There are several routes and modes of conveyance, dur- ing the summer season, to Canada, via Lake Champlain- 1st, By Railroad and Stage, via Saratoga Springs and Glen's Falls, or by Sandy Hill to Whitehall. 2d. By Railroad and Canal, via Troy and Mechanics" ville ; or from Albany by Canal Packet Boat. 3d. By Stage, via Troy, on the east side of the Hudson ; all connecting with commodious steamboats at Whitehall, Ifl n] : I 50 TOUR TO THE SPRINGS, ETC. a distance of 72 miles from Albany. To St. John's, Cana- da, is a further distance of 157 miles, through Lake Champlain by steamboat. A railroad 15 miles long extends from St. John's to La Prairie on the St. Law- rence; and thence a steamboat runs to Montreal, a further distance of 9 miles. In going by the first route, through Saratoga Springs, the traveller has a choice of passing direct to Whitehall through Sandy Hill, or diverging to Glen's Falls, and thence to Caldwell, situated at the head of Lake Gs^orge, or Horicon, where will be found a favorite public house. Passengers are then carried over the above charming piece of water in a steamboat, to the foot of the lake, 36 miles; thence by stage, 4 miles further, to the landing at Fort Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain, where is dc.li!/;htfuliy situated a well kept public house. This is by far the most romantic and picturesque route, affording the traveller an opportunity to visit many points of great interest, connected with stirring events, recorded in the history of the old French and Revolutionary wars. The route by railroad and canal packets, is considered the most expeditious and pleasant, as rgards comfort ; passing through the villages of Waterford, Mechanics- ville and Stillwater, (by Bemus' Heights, and battle ground, where Burgoyne surrendered to the American army under Gen. Gates, Oct. 17,' 1777,) Schuylerville, Fort Miller, Fort Edward and Fort Ann, to the village of Whitehall ; being most of the way in sight of the beau- tiful Hudson, skirted by scenery of the most enchanting character. At Mechanicsville, 12 mi?es north of -the city of Troy, is the place where the cars running on the Rens- selaer and Saratoga Railroad unite with passenger boats plying to Whitehall, during the season of navigation. TOUR TO THE SPRINGS, ETC. 51 The village of Stillwater, is an old and quiet settle- ment, 4 miles further north. It was incorporated in IS 16, and now contains 400 or 500 inhabitants. In the north part of this town, is situated the battle ground where Gen. Burgoyne was defeated by the American army under General Gates in 1777. THE CAPTURE OF BURGOYNE. The place at which we have now arrived recalls one of the most important events of the Revolutionary war, and a brief notice of the principal incidents which preceded and accompanied the surrender of Gen. Burgoyne and his army, may not be unacceptable to the tourist whom we have undertaken to guide. The army of Burgoyne was probably the best equipped and most effective force brought into the field by the enemy for a specific object, during the whole contest; and its fate was mainly decided by two battles fought on very nearly the same ground, one on the 19th Septem- ber, and the other on the 7th of October, 1777. The battle ground was on Bemus' Heights, about two miles from the Hudson river, in the town of Stillwater. The battle of Sept. 19th, was brought on accidentally rather than by design, originating in a skirmish between two advanced parties in a cleared field surrounded by the primitive forest, and known as Freeman's Farm. A small house in this clearing was occupied by a picket- guard of the British army, which lay to the north. A small party, detached from Col. Morgan's Rifle Corps, as the American army was advancing toward the enemy, fell in with the party posted in the house, attacked and drove them from it, and in pursuing them came unex- pectedly upon the main body of the enemy, by whom a part of their number were captured, and the rest dis- il 52 TOUR TO THE SPRINGS, ETC. perseJ. This occurred a little past noon. In about an hour the fighting was partially renewed, but the action did not become jjeneral t'll about 3 o'clock, when it com- menced in earnest, and raged till night, both in the woods and in the clearing, the latter being the scene of the greatest slaughter. The batile was a very bloody one. The British forces kept their station in the rear of the clearing; and the Americans returned to their camp a lit- tie to the south. Burgoyne claimed a victory, but his loss, between five and six hundred, was nearly double that of the AmericanSj and the relative circumstances of the two armies rendered his loss proportionately still more severe. The battle of October 7th, may be said, speaking in general terms, to have been fought on the same field as the former, but it covered more ground. It was brought on, (says Professor Silliman, in his "Tour." published in 1820, where these battles and the incidents connected with, are very fully recounted,) by a movement of Gen. Burgoyne, who ordered a body of 1,500 men with ten pieces of cannon to the right of iiis own line, with the view of forcing the left wing of the American army and covering a foraging party in that direction. This occur- red ajout the middle of the afternoon; and the Ameri- cans, though destitute of artillery, promptly commenced the attack, and the battle soon extended along the whole line. '^ After a sanguinary contest of less than an hour, the discomfiture and retreat of the British, became gene- ral; and they had scarcely regained their camp when their lines were stormed with the greatest fury, and part of Lord Balcarras' camp was for a short time in cur pos- session." The entrenchments of the German reserve, under Col. Breyman, were also stormed, the Colonel killed, and TOUR TO THE SPRINGS, ETC. 53 his troops forced to abandon their position with j^reat loss both of killed and prisoners ^ and had not the night put an end to the fighting, the whole British army would have been overwhelmed in their entrenchments. But though the coming on of night saved the enemy from further slaughter, yet the battle was decisive That same night the British abandoned their position, retired to their works on the heights, and on the succeeding night, leaving their camp fires lighted and various tents standing, commenced a further retreat with the utmost prac- ticable secrecy. The heavy rains and the deep roads so embarrassed their movements that they did not reach their last station, on the north side of the Fishkill creek till the morning of October 10th. There, on the high ground overlooking the meadows bordering the river, they took up their final position. They were speedily followed by Gen. Gates, whose forces were now greatly superior in numbers and were so advantageously disposed as to render further retreat by the British impossible, whose position, moreover, was completely commanded by the Americans. *' Every part of the camp of the royal army," says Silliman, '^ was exposed not only to cannon balls, but to rifle shot; not a single place of safety could be found. Even access to the river was very hazardous, and the ar- my was soon distressed for want of wtiter.'' In this exposed and hopeless situation the British con- tinued six days longer, when hostilities were terminated by the surrender of the whole army. The articles of capitulation were executed on the 16th, and the surren- der took place on the next day — October 17th, 1777. The ground on which Gen. Burgoyne delivered himself find his associates in command to Gen. Gates, was on the south bank of the Fishkill creek, near where now stands the village of Schuylerville. Gen. Wilkinson, an aid of 5i TOUR TO THE SPRINGS, ETC. (Jen. Gates, and an eye-witness of the scene, descriLe^ it as follows: " Early in the morning of the 17th. I visited Gen. JBurgoyne in his camp, and accompanied him to the ground where his army were to lay down their arms, from whence he rode to the bank of the Hudson river, which he surveyed with attention and asked me whether it wai not fordable. * Certainly, sir; but do you observe the people on the opposite shore?' * Yes, (replied he,) ' I have seen them too long.' He then proposed to be introduced to Gen. Gates, and we crossed the Fishkill and proceeded to head-quarters, Gen. Burgoyne in front, with his Adjutant- General Kingston, and his aids Captain Lord Petersham, and Lieutenant Wilford behind him. Then followed Maj. Gen. Phillips, the Baron Reidesel, and the other general officers and their suites, according to rank. '* Gen. Gates, advised of Burgoyne's approach, met him at the head of his camp, Burgoyne in a rich royal uni- form, and Gates in a plain blue frock. When they had approached nearly within sword's length, they reined up and hailed. I then named the gentlemen, and Gen. Bur- gone raising his hat gracefully said — ' The fortune of war, Gen. Gates, has made me your prisoner;' to which the conqueror, returning a courtly salute, promptly re- plied, * I shall always be ready to bear testimony that it has not been through any fault of your Excellency.' " Maj. Gen Phillips then advanced, and he and Gen. Gates saluted and shook hands with the familiarity of old acquaintances. The Baron Reidesel and the other officers were introduced in their turn." The ground on which the captured troops piled their arms, was on the north bank of the Fishkill near its con- fluence with the Hudson. Li is 34 miles from Albany^ TOUR TO THE 8PRINGS, KTC. 55 their con> Dany, and 11 miles above Stillwater village, pnd 10 miles east of Saratoga Springs. The severest individual loss of the British during the severe and bloody struggle between these two armies, was in the person of Gen. Frazier, wlio was shot by one of Morgan's riflemen posted in a tree, in the battle of October 7th. He was buried the next mornin^r within the principal retloubt on the heights. Mr. Silliman states on a visit to the spot, in 1797, he found the grave still visible, with a slight enclosure round it, but that subse. quently the remains were removed to their native land. He w^as an accomplished and gallant olficer, possessing the entire confidence and good- will of the army and greatly respected and beloved by his associates. The circumstances connected with his death and burial; the Capture of Major Ackland, of the British Grenadiers, who was disabled by a severe wound and taken prisoner in the same battle j the heroic fortitude of his wife, lady Harriet Ackland, and of the Baroness Reidesel, in the various scenes of peril and suffering through which they passed; and the kindness and courtesy with which they were treated by the victors, particularly by Gen. Schuy- ler and his family, and which gave additonal lustre to the victory, all these incidents have imparted to the principal events of this scene a degree of romantic interest with which few others, if any of the military occurrences of that war are invested. A visit to the battle grounds has become a favorite excursion to travellers, and by visiters sojourning at the Springs, during the summer months. Ballston Spa, 12 miles northwest of Mechanics ville, is an old and celebrated watering place. It is situated in a valley near the Kayaderosseras creek, 30 miles north of the city of Albany, and 24 miles from Troy, by ; SARATOGA SPRINGS. railroad. It was incorporate J in 1S07, and now contains about 1,500 inhabitants, a court-house and jail, 1 Presby- terian, 1 Episcopal, 1 JJaptist, and 1 Met' odist church j 1 banking house, G hotels and taverns, an; ^everal pri- vate boarding houses for visiters during iiic summer months. The oldest and still the most esteemed foun- tain, is known as the *^ jrublic trell,^' en the flat west of the centre of the village. It is said to have been first dis- covered l)y the white*), in 17G9, during the survey and par- tition of the Kayaderosseras patent. It issues from a bed of sti/fblue clay and gravel. J3esides the above, there are several other springs of less note, possessing medicinal properties of a similar character. The Saus Souci ITotal at this place, erected by the late Nichlas Low, Esq., in 1803, is an old and popular board- ing house, delightfully situated near the centre of the village. It is often thronged during the summer months with visiters from every section of the United States and Europe. The Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad terminates at this place, where it unites with the Saratoga and Sche- nectady Railroad, thus affording a speedy communica- tion with the cities of Schenectady, Troy and Albany, and with Saratoga Springs, Cimiles north of Ballston Spa. The village of Saratoga Springs, pleasantly situated on a plain, surrounded in part by a beautiful grove of pine trees, is the most noted watering place in the Union, the mineral springs, possessing great medicinal properties, vary somewhat in their analyses. It is built chiefly on one broad street, and the numerous large hotels and houses for the accommodation of visiters, give it an im- posing appearance, particularly when thronged with com- pany, as it usually is during the summer months. It was incorporated in 1816, and now contains about 2,500 I d SARATOGA RPKTNGS. 57 jnlmbitants, 300 dwelling houses, one Presbyterian, one Kpiscopal, one Baptist, one Methodist, one Universalisl and one Koriian Caliiolic church ; one mutual insurance company, an incorporated academy, a female seminary and several select schools ; the Young Men's Association, a new and popular chartered institution, numbering about 150 members ; 35 stores of different kinds ; 2 iron foun- dries, 1 machine shop, an extensive carriage manufac- tory, and 3 printing offices, besides many other kinds of mechanic work shops. The hotels and boarding houses are numerous, and many of them fitted up on a large and magnificent scale, unsurpassed by any similar establishments in the Union. The United States Hotel, situated near the railroad depot, is a large four story brick edifice, furnishing accommoda- tions for 400 guests ; the location is central; and within a short distance of all the principal mineral springs. Con- gress Hall, and Union Hall, are both old and popular es- tablishments, situated on the south of the village near the Congress Spring. The Jlmerican Hotel is a new house built of brick, in the centre of the village. It is well furnished, and is kept open through the year, affording good accommodations both in winter and summer. The Columbian Hotel, Montgomery Hall, and Jldelyhi Hotel, are all well kept public houses, and remain open for the accommodation of visiters during the whole year. The Washington Hall, Railroad House, Eagle Hotel, Tempe- rance Hotel, Congress Spring Temperance House, Har- mony Hall, New England Hall, and Prospect Mansion House, besides some 20 or 30 private boarding houses, tilso accommodate visiters. There are several public bathing houses near the springs, where cold and warm water and shower baths can at all times be obtained. The railroads aflford a speedy communication between the Springs and the cities of Albany, Schenectady, and Ji 58 KAHATOOA HI'RINCS. Troy. The Saratoga iind Wasliinglon Railroad, when completed, is to extend from Saratoga Springs to While- hall, a distance of 40 inih's. Stages now run from the Springs to Glen's Falls and CaKlueirs, as well as to San- dy Hill, Dunham's Basin, and Whitehall. The celehrated Mineral Waters, which nre the great cause of attraction to this place, require a particular des- cription. At what precise period these springs were first discovered, cannot now with any degree of certainty he ascertained As early as 1773, a settlement was made here, a little west of the High Rock Spring, for the dou- ble purpose of trading with the Indians, and accommo- dating invalids. The High Rock and Flat Rock were the only springs at that time known. The Congress Spring was first discovered in 1792. There are now within the distance of about half a mile, some 10 or 12 important mineral fountains, flowing to the surface, and most of them located near the margin of a brook which runs through the village on the east. Congress Spring, Wash- ington Spring, Putnam's Spring, Pavilion Springs, Io- dine Spring, Hamilton Spring, and the Flat Rock and High Rock Springs, may be named as the most valuable for their medicinal properties, and as objects of curiosity. A cluster of mineral springs known as the '' Ten Springs." are situated about one mile east of the village. The most celebrated of these springs is known as the Union Spring ; in the vicinity of which is the Mansion House, a well kept summe establishment. Large quantities of thcBC waters are annually exported to different parts of the country, affording a handsome income to the several owners, most of them being private property, although no charge is made to visiters, other than what they vol- untarily give to those who are employe ^ xq vv^ait on them. I >l SARATOGA 81>III>G8. 59 Tlic Ibllovving are analyses of some of the principal Springs of Saratoga. CoNORKss Si'iuNo. — From cxpcrimcnts and d('ition. 'J'hey proceeded in four columns to Ti- conileroga, and di-plnycd a spectacle unprecedente 1 la the New World. An army of sixteen thousand men, regu- lars and provincials, with a train of artillery, and all the necessary provisions for an active campaign or regular siege, followed by a (iect of batten ux, pontons. &c. They set out wrong, however, by not hav ing Indian guides, who are alone t(» he depended on in such a place. In a short time tlic columns fell in upon each other, and oc- casioned much confusion. The advance guard of the French, which h;id retired liefore them, were equally be- wildered, and falling in with each other in this confusion, a skirmish ensued, in which the French lost abcAe three hundred men, and tl.e Englisli, though successful in this first rencontre, lost as much as it was possible to lose, in one man — for here it was that the valiant Lord Howe, the second in command, fell mortally wounded. He was shot from behind a tree, probably by some Indians • and the whole army were inconsolable fur a loss they too well knew to be irreparable. " The fort is in a situation of peculiar natural strength j it lies on a little peninsula, with Lake Champlain on one side and a narrow opening communicating with Lake George, on the other. This garrison, w liich was well prepared for attack, and almost impregnable from situa- tion, was defen led by between four and five thousand men. An engineer sent to reconnoitre, was of opinion that it might be attacked withoutMaitingfor the artillery. The fatal resolution was taken without consulting those who were best qualified to judge. 72 TOUR TO CANADA, J3TG. (I ** I cannot enter into the dreadful detail of what fol- lowed. Certainly never was infatuation equal to this. The Turty-second regiment was tlien in the height of de- served reputation, and commanded by a veteran of great experience and military skill, Col. Gordon Graham, who had the first point of attack assigned to him. He was wounded at tlie lirst onset, and of the survivors, every officer retired wounded oif the field. Of the fifty- fil\h regiment, ten officers were killed, including all the field oflicers. No human beings could show more determined courage than this brave army did — standing four hours under a constant discharge of cannon and musketry from barricades, on which it was impossible for them to make the least impression. Gen. Abercrombie saw the fruit- less waste of blood that was every hour increasing, and ordered a retreat, which was very precipitate ; so much 80, that they crossed the lake, and regained their camp on the other side, the same night. Two thousand men were killed, wounded, or taken in this disastrous engage- ment ; which, was however, quickly succeeded by the dear bought conquest of Quebec, where fell both the ri- val commanders, Wolfe and Montcalm." Mount Defiance, about one mile southwest of Fort Ti- conderoga, on the south side of the outlet to Lake George, is a bold promontory, elevated about 800 feet above the level of the Lake. While the ascent from the water or eastern face is quite steep and difficult, the approach from the west is easy. It was from this quarter that Gen. Burgoyne, in 1777, ascended this mountain and planted several pieces of artillery — obliging the Ameri- cans to evacuate the fort, which was before considered al- most impregnable. The top of this eminence gives a grand view of Lake Champlain and the surrounding country, and is well worthy of a visit, which can easily be accomplished on foot. TOUn TO CANADA, ETC. 73 The villac[e of Ticondeuooa, two miles west of Lake Chnmplain, is situated on the outlet of Lake George, where is ii thriving settlement, surrounded by picturesque mountain scenery. One or two miles farther west on the rond to Lake George, is situated ano- ther village called Upper Ticonderoga or Alexandria. Here is a most beautiful fall of water, affording immense hydraulic power, a small part of which is only used for propelling machinery. The steamboat landing, at the foot of Lake George, is about one mile west of the latter place, the whole distance to Lake Champlain being four miles. SiioREHAM, 2 miles from Ticonderoga, on the opposite side of the lake, is a regular steamboat landing. Bridport, 9 miles further, is another landing on the Vermont shore. Chimney Point, 6 miles north of Bridport, is also another landing on the east side of the lake. Crown Point, 18 miles north of Ticonderoga, on the west side of Lake Champlain, presents an interesting ap- pearance from the water. The ruins of the old fortifi- cations are situated on a neck of land running into the lake ; the embankments are visible and indicate an im- mense amount of labor expended to render this point in- vulnerable to an approaching foe, whether by land or wa- ter ; yet it was taken by surprise, at the commencement of the revolutionary struggle, by the celebrated Col. Ethan Allen. Port Henry, on the west side of the lake is situated on Cedai Point, at the mouth of Bulwagga Bay, which separates ^'rown Point from the main land. Here are the works of the Port Henry Iron Company, with iron ore of good quality in the vicinity. Westport, 54 miles north of Whitehall, is situated on northwest bay, on the west side of Lake Champlain. It 74 TOUR TO CANADA, ETC. 'i I I t contains 6 or 700 inhabitants and is a thriving place. A horse ferry boat here plies across the lake, running to Basin Harbor, Vermont. Fort Cassin, 7 miles further north, on the east side of Lake Champlain, is situated near the mouth of the Otter river, which is navigable to Vergenncs, a distance of 5 miles. Split Rock, on the west side of the lake, 2 or 3 miles south of the village of Essex, is a rocky promontory pro- jecting into the lake on the west side, about ]50 feet, and elevated above the level of the water some 30 or 40 feet. This is perhaps the greatest natural curiosity on Lake Champlain. The part detached contains about half an acre, covered with a small growth of trees, and is sepa* rated from the main rock about 20 feet. It is evident this rock has been detached by some convulsion of nature, as the two faces exactly fit each other — the prominences in the one corresponding with the cavities in the other. The village of Essex, G3 miles from Whitehall, is handsomely situated on the west side of Lake Cham- plain, opposite CharJuiic Landing^ with which it is connected by a horse ferry boat. Tlie lake here expands to 3 or 4 miles in width, and presents a large expanse of water towards the north. The Green Mountains of Vcr-' mont, and the Adirondack Group of Essex county, are here seen stretching north and south in vast mountain peaks and ridges. The CamcVs Rump, being one of the highest peaks of the former, is overlooked by Mount Marcy on the Nov.- York side of the lake, the latter being elevated 5,4C7 feet, or upwards of one mile above the tide waters of the Hudson ; and near it this noble river has its most northern source. TOUR TO CANADA, ETC. 75 Burlington, Vermont, 82 miles from Whitehall and 75 miles from St. John's, Canada, by btcamboat route, is most deliglitiuUy situated on the east shore of" Lake Champlain. This is the most important place in the htate, lying on lUirlington ^iay. It possesses a convenient and safe harbor for steamboats and lake cral't. The United i^'t-ites government have here erected a breakwater, which protects the shipping from westerly winds, and is a great addition to the security of the harbor. In 1S40, it contained a population of 4,721 inhabitants; about GOO dwelling houses; the University of Ygrmont, consisting of four spacious edifices; the Episcopal Insti- tute; a court-house and jail; 7 churches of diilerent de- nomi;>ations, an academy and 2 female seminaries, 2 banking hou' 's, several well kept hotels, and a number of stores of i.../ercut kinds; besides several factories and mills, and most every kind of mechanic establishments. This villngeoverlooking the lake, with its bays, islands, and adjacent scenery — the passing steamboats and other vessels; possesses a beauty of location probably unsurpass- ed by any other place in the Union. In trade and commerce it is closely allied with the interests of the State of New- York. Steamboats stop here daily on their route from Whitehall to St. John's. Canada; a steamboat also plies from this place to Port Kent, on the opposite side of the lake, a distance of 10 mUes, and thence to Piattsburgh, a further distance of 12 miles. Port Kent, is advantageously situated on the west side of Lake Champlain, 12 miles south of the village of Piattsburgh. It contains about 250 inhabitants, 30 dwel- ling houses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 3 stores and 2 ware- houses. The site ol" this place is beautiful, command- ing one of the finest views on Champlain, extending to I 76 TOUR TO CANADA, ETC. the opposite shore of Vermont. It is contemplated to construct a railroad from Port Kent to the Au Sable Forks, a distance of 16 miles, passing through the villages of Keeseville and Clintonville. Immediately south of the landing at this place, lies Trembleu Point, the com- mencement of the Clinton range of mountains. Keeseville, is situated on both sides of the Au Sable river, 4 miles west of Port Kent. It contains about 2,000 inhabitants, 300 dwelling houses, 1 Congregational, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist and 1 Roman Catholic church, an incorporated academy, 1 banking house, 2 taverns, and 18 stores and groceries. The vv^ater powder at this place is very great, and advantageously used by several manu- facturing establishments. The ''Keeseville Manufactur- ing Company" is chartered, with a paid capital of $40,000; they own on the north side of the river, an extensive water power, on which is situated a forge with three fires, a rolling mill and nail factory, which manufacture into roll iron and nails about 1,000 tons of iron annually. The '' Keeseville Wollen and Cotton Company" is also chartered, with a paid capital of $30^000: they own on the south Fvie a large factory builJing, to which is at- tached a drying house and a dye house, all built of stone in the most substantial manner. There are also 2 flouring mills, 4 extensive sawmills, which make annually about half a million of market boards; 1 furnace and a ma- chine shop, 1 plaster mill, 1 brewery, 1 large wheel- wright shop, 1 tannery, and 1 printing office, together with most other kinds of mechanic work shops. At Birmingham, 2 miles below Keeseville, is a suc- cession of picturesque falls, in all about 150 feet descent. Immediately below the lower falls the river enters a deep ravine of singular and romantic beauty. Through the chasm thus formed by the wearing of the waters, or TOUR TO CANADA, ETC. 77 some convulsion of nature, the rocks rise from 75 to 150 feet, almost perpendicular, for a distance of about two miles, averaging about 50 feet in width, altogether form- ing a great natural curiosity. In addition to the above, there are other ravines in this vicinity of singular for- mation. Plattsburgh, is situated on both side of the Saranac river, on the west shore of Lake Champlain, 162 miles north of the city of Albany. It was incorporated ita 1815, and now contains about 2,600 inhabitants, 350 dwelling houses, a court-house, jail and county clerk's office; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist and 1 Roman Catholic church; an incorporated lyceum and an incorporated academy ; 5 hotels and tav- erns, 30 stores and groceries, 1 flouring mill, 1 grist mill, 2 colton ftictories, 3 woollen factories, 2 marble mills, 2 fulling mills, 2 saw mills, 2 tanneries, 1 machine shop, 1 soap manufactory, and 2 printing offices, together with almost every other kind of mechanic work shops. The water power at this place is very great; the Saranac river here having a succession of falls, making a total descent of about 40 feet; only a part of which is occu- pied for manufacturing purposes. The surrounding coun- try is rich in agricultural and mineral productions, and Plattsburgh is the proposed termination of the Ogdens- burgh and Lake Champlain llailroad, which when com- pleted, will greatly tend to develop the resources of the whole northern part of the State of New-York. This is an United States military post, where the government are now erecting extensive stone barracks, near the lake shore, south of the village, and a permanent breakwater for the protection of the harbor. Plattsburgh was the scene of an important engagement betv/een the British and American armies, in September, 78 TOUR TO CANADA, ETC, 1814, which resnlleJ in the defeat of the British, under the commnnd of Si** George Prevost, .'in:l the cipture of the n* itish iieet rudci Coin. Downie, who was killed ju th" ^ctioii. The A.merican army was commandeil by M:.j. Gen. Macomb, and the fleet by Com.,McDonough. The oificers, oia both sides, who fell in the several encounters by land and water, on the nieniorable occasion just mentioned, were buried in the public cemetery adja- cent to the village of Plattsburgh; but their graves were left, under the pressing exigencies of that time, without any permanent monument, or stone of mcmcrial. That community, long discontented with an omission which seemed to betoken an apathy not at all in unison with real feelings, at last determined to make amends for their neglect, and fufil all the rites of sepulture. Accordingly, a little previous to the return of the anniversary of the battle, in 1S43, meetings were held at ^vhich it was re- solved to celebrate the day, by placing marble monu- ments,, with appropriate inscriptions, at the several graves, and thus render to the brave and devoted dead, the remaining public honors so eminently their due, and so long lei\ unpaid. This design was carried into effect under the superintendence of the Clinton County Mili- tary Association, and the anniversary icp'cred deeply interesting by the placing of these monuments, with ap- propriate ceremonies and religious services, accompanied by commemoration addresses. The graves are arranged in the form of a parallelogram, with that of Capt. Downie, the commander of the British flotilla, in the centre, as the officer of highest rank. The nrmes of the others, so far as known, are as follow: Of GUI own countrymen, Lt. George W. llunk, of the U. S. A.; Lt. Peier Gamble, U. S. N.j Lt. John St.ans. bury. U. S. 1^ j Sailing Mast'.r Rogers Carter, U. S. N,j TOUR TO CANADA, ECT. 79 MiMsh:i)man Jfimcs M. Baldwin, U. S. N.; Pilot Joseph iSarron, U. S. N., and another pilot, nnmc not hnown. Of the British army; Col. Wellington, .3d Ttrgt. iiufts, Capt. Purdiess, 7t)th Regt., and a Lieutenant; name not known, of the 3d Kegt. Bulls; and of the British navy three Lieutenants, names not known. The beautiful lines of an Irish poet of the last century, (Collins,) can never be more appropriate than to this occasion: " IIt)\v sloep the brave '.vho sink to rest, By all tlicir country's wislips blost ! When sprinfj with (Jowy fingers cold, Ilelurns to deck tlieir hallowed mould. She there shall dress a sweeter .sod Thau fancy's feet Itave ever irod. There honor comes, a pil^^rim grey, To bless the turf (hat wrap.s their clay. And memory shall awhile repair To dwell a wcei)ing lierniit there." Cumberland Head, is a peninsula extending two or three miles into the lake, opposite the village of Platts- burgh, forming Cumberland Baij, into which empties the Saranac river. CuAn, or Hospital Island, lies 2 miles south, and near the track of the steamers on their way to and from the landing at Piattsburgh. It was on a line near- ly north and south between Cumberland Head and Crab Island, thnt the British and American fleets encountered each other, on the lltli of September, 1814, a day which brought so much honor to the American flag. South Hero, and North' Hero, are the names of two Tslr^nds belonging to the jurisdiction of Vermont. The former is connected by a ferry, on the west side with Cuml crlnnd Head, and on the east side with the main shore of Vermont. 80 TOUR TO CANADA, THTC. 11 Chazy Landing, 16 miles novth of Plattsburgh, is a convenient steamboat lauding, on the west side of Lake Cham plain. Isle au Mott, opposite the above landing, is a fine island, also attached to Vermont. It is 6 miles long and 2 miles wide, containing much good land, and a valuable quarry of marble. The town of Alburg, Vt. is a triangular body of land, projecting from Canada into Lake Champlain, by which it is surrounded, excepting on the Canada side. On the eastern shore lies the village of Alburg, a port of entry, and a few miles north is Alburg Springs, where is a small settlement, and mineial spring of considerable efficacy in scrofula and other cases. MissisQui Bay, still further northeast, is a large body of water lying mostly in Canada, or north of the 45lh de- gree of north latitude. The village of Rouse^s Point, in the tow^n of Cham- plain, 25 miles north of Plattsburgh, and 132 miles from Whitehall, is situated on the west side of Lake Cham- plain, about one mile &outh of the Canada line, and has a convenient steamboat landijig. It is surrounded in part by a level and fertile region, which extends west to the St. Lawrence river. One mile north of the village is a military position commanding the navigable channel of the lake. In 1815, the government of the United States ?ommeiiced the construction of a strong fortress at Rouse's Point; but ori running ou* the boundary line between the United States Otvj Caaiu'a, under the treaty of Ghent, this point was foirad to If" north of the 45th degree of north latitude, and the worts were suspended. By the treaty of Washington, conclude 1 in 1842, the boundary was so adjusted, howf ^^er, as to give this point to the United States The suspended works are in a very dilapi- !i^ TOUR TO CANADA, ETC. 81 tlalcd condition, and serves at present only as a Innd-mark to indicate the line of division between two ua tic mil juris- dictions. • At the Line, the lake, which, a little south, is 3 miles across, narrows to about a mile in width. On the east, as the steamer passes into the Canadian waters, may be seen a lone? line of road cut through a forest : this marks the boundaries between Canada and the United States. Ash Island, 4 miles north of Rouse's Point, is consi- sideredthe foot of Lake Champlain. Here the Richelieu, or St. John's river, as the outlet of Lake Oiampluin is called, is about half a mile wide. TVielandon both sides of the stream seems almost level with the water, and presents this low and flat surface for many miles. Isle aux Noix, situated in the Richelieu river, 12 miles north of Rouse's Point, is the first steamboat land- ing after entering Canada. Here is a strong fortification occupied by British troops, and commanding the channel of the river. The American steamer is compelled to land at this place to take on board a custom house officer, and to show their permit as it returns. On the arrival of the boat at St. John's, being as far as the river is naviga- ble for steamboats; the baggage of the passengers is subject to the inspection of custom house officers, before being removed on shore; a duty being levied on such arti- cles as are not allowed to enter free. St. John's, or Dorchester, 157 miles from Wliiliihall, is advantageously situated on the WTst side of the Riche- lieu river, a bridge connecting it with the village of St. Anthanaise on the opposite shore. It is 23 miles north of the American line, 24 miles southeast of Montreal, and contains about 2000 inhabitants, 250 dwelling houses, a custom house and barracks for soldiers, 1 Episcopal, 1 F 82 TOUIl TO CANADA, ETC. Roman Catholic, and 1 Methodist church; 10 hotels and taverns, of which Mann's, Morehouse's, and Mrs. Wat- son's are the most noted; 9 stores and 2 forwarding houses, 2 tanneiies and a number of mechanics' shops of 'iifierent kinds. The Chambly Canal, extends from St. Sohn'sto Cham- bly, on the north west side of the Richelieu river, a dis- tance of 12 miles. It was completed in 1843, at a cost of about $400,000. There are nine locks on this canal 120 feet long, 24 feet wide and 6 feet deep; lift 10 feet each, making a total descent of 90 feet in 12 miles. This canal was constructed by the Provincial govern- ment. It affords navigation for v^esselsof 100 tons burden between Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence river, thus furnishing an uninterrupted water communication from New-York to Quebec. The Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad extend- ing from St. John's to La Prairie on the St. Lawrence, a a distance of 15 miles, belongs to a joint stock company. It was completed in 1826, at a cost of $200,000 including depot buildings, locomotives, cars, &c. The road runs over a level sectioii of country, and was constructed at a less sum than the estimated cost. The usual fare from St. John's to Montreal, is one dollar in first class cars; fifty cents in second class cars. At La Prairie, a convenient steam ferryboat conveys passengers to Montreal, a distance of 9 miles. The aspect of the St. Lawrence is truly grand and in- teresting, as you approach it on the south from St John's. Towards the west is seen the Lachine rapids, one of the most dangerous on the river. Opposite Montreal it is 3 miles wide, embosoming the beautiful island of St. He- len, which is fortified and garrisoned by British troops. TOUR TO CANADA, ETC 83 As you approach Montreal by water, the city, ship- ping, and wharves are seen to great advantage. The lat- ter — the wharves — probably exceed any thing of the kind in America, consisting of a range of massive and solid masonry extending along the river for upwards of a mile. *#* For a description of Montreal, and other places in Canada, see the Tour through Canada in the " Picturesque Tourist." in- TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN ALBANY AND MONTREAL, BY THE MOST DIRECT ROUTE. PLACES. Place to place. Albany, Troy, Whitehall, . . . . c, . Ticonderoga, Burlington, Plattsburgh, Rouse's Point,. . . . , St. John's, Canada, Montreal, 6 66 24 58 25 25 24 24 From Albany. 6 72 96 154 179 204 228 252 From Montreal. 252 246 180 156 98 73 48 24 84 TOUR TO CANADA, ETC. TABLE OF DISTANCES FROM MONTREAL TO QUEBEC, BY Water. To Verennes, 15 Miles. William Henry, 30 45 " Lake St. Peter, 8 53 '' St. Francis, 30 83 '' Three Rivers, 7 90 " St. Anne, 25 155 '' Richelieu Rapids, 20 135 '* Cape Snnte, 15 150 '* Cape Rouge, • 22 178 '' Quebec, 8 180 " TABLE OF DISTANCES FROM MONTREAL TO KINGSTON. To Lacliine. by stage 9 Miles. Cascades, by sieamboat, 24 33 " Coteau du Lac, fty siagfi, 16 49 " (2ornvf9.\\, by steamboat, 41 90 ^' Dickinson's Landing, by canal ,.., . 12 102 " OgdensburghjOrPrescott, .v/c«7?;6oaf, 38 140 '* Brockville, do. 12 152 '' Kingston. do. m 212 " From Kingston to Toronto, by steamboat, 180 miles. To Niagara Falls, by Steamboat and Railroad, 50 miles further. Total distance from Montreal to Niagara Falls, 442 miles. u n u (I a (( (( ii ;< ii Ii « ii,l l ' il 1 il>i> i «i i ><