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Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole ^^- signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN ". re Maps, piates, charts, etc.. may be filmed et different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre fiimis A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd. il est fiimd d partir de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants lllustrent la mithode. y errata }d to nt ne pelure, ipon d U 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 %t=5s:¥- SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. //.///- /'^^^/Z^:^ ^DLES OF THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES. BY OTIS T. MASON, Cniul,,, „fllir lhl>iut,„c„l uf Ellt>,„U,sy. ITH NOTES ON THE ARTIFICIAL DEFORMATION OF CHILDREN AMONG SAVAGE AND CIVILIZED PEOPLES. BY Dk. J. II. I'ORTER. I \^ l'r<„n tlu- K,.,„„t „f U... N.Ho.u.I M„s..,„„, ,ss„^s;, ,k,j.,s „„.,,^. 1 WASHINGTON: aOVEI{NMi;NT ruINTING OFFICR. i«cS9. >f,r !Hi.ai|!!ias!H':y*v'- r-rnwj i:>' h^ _ mimji^mi'^i*' ^ << . . SMI UNITEC -t: RADLES 01 WITH NOTES ON AMON ! -> From the Ri „: 4- / ,„.,y ■■¥--. :X,: s^'-Y" '**7i •*'.'^> ■• i ,.^S„;^'- .■■^;-"N^ "■t:.i-.f^''i.'^l^'^.*: :^- .( U./^ SMITHSONIAN INSriTUTION. UNITED STATES NATIONAL IvIUSEUM. fei RADLE3 OF THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES. BY OTIS T. MASON, Ciiratio ol Ihe Ihpurlmeiit of I'.lhnolngy. WITH NOTES ON THE ARTIFICIAL DEFORMATION OF CHILDREN AMONG SAVAGE AND CIVILIZED PEOPLES. BY Dr. J. H. PORTER. f Hniin llic Report i>f tlif National Miiscniii, iSS(,-'S7, pact's I'il-J.^s. J WASHIW^TON: QOVEKNMENT PHINTINO OFFICE. 1889. ^:% ' \ 'l f- ."' ■;a3 « Many rei't Uiiow of its lite. It is cdi till' wlioU' Niitioiiiii y and ci'iulli south. A in order t< hctbrniii dc'si;;n»'d, ('oliiiiil)ia I pnlTrtfwf i "TTTiTIi'sT;;' Mound pt't occipital H infant witl In liotli in sonic so abont. Tl (1) It is (L') It is to sleep cil (.'5) It is the motlu'i dandling I always nu dt'tcrininc( * I wisli to and relert'iic 11. } =;*■■, .L-^\vi^ '''!*y'ii3P'yi^'i;-)'^"i» 3F 1 I f CRAPLKS or TIIK \MKI{1('\N AROHIfllNKS.* Itv .stions in aiitliiopolityy depend lor tlieir answer M|>(»n a e<»r- reet knowledj^e of tlie manner in wliicli tlie eliild passes tiie liist year of its life. It is eoninioniy lielievrd tiiat llic sliape of tiio head and, indeed, of tlie whole frame is modified liy the «!iinlle. From tiiiu' to time tlio National Museum at W iishin;;toii ii. eome into possession of' eradh's and eradie-frames from the farthest north of their limit to t':e t'arthcst south. A deseription of these with accurate drawinj^s is herein given in order to throw further light upon the problem. Deformation of the head, as is well iiiiown, is hotli designed and un- designed, Amoni' Jiif ('liinuks inul otiicr tribes near tlit'inoiitli of (12 ^ ("olumhia Itiver and northward, liatleiiing of the iiead was intentioiially p rilTrtrretf TrriTTTla fiTiFr To Tie he n-a f I «' r j^lj^yirieTir, T'Tidi'sTgiTedTit^iTsTTTi^HiTg Tsr~l»elie\e(l to have rt'siilted among the Mound people as well as among our modern Indians, es|ieeially in the oc'ei|iital legion, from the eontaet of the soft and pliable head of the infant with the cradle board or frame, even with the downy pillow. In both Americas the majority of aliorigiiial children were coiiliiied ill some sort of cradle from their birth until they were able to walk about. The cradle during this period .serves many i»urposes : (1) It is a mere nest for the helpless infant. {'-) It is a bed so constructed and manipulated as to enable the child to sleep (fither in a vertical or a horizontal position. (.'{) It is a vehicle in which the child is to be transported, chietly on the mother's ba(;k by nieaiisof a stra[) over the fou'liead, but fretiuently dangling like a bundle at the saddle-bow. This function, of course, always niodilies the structure of the cradle, and, indeed, may have determined its very existence among nomadic tribes. ' I wInIi t" cx|>re.ss my .siiict'ic^ tliiiiiks to Dr. .1. II. I'difcr tor tin' valuable notes and ri'l'erences wliieli acc()iii|iaiiy this paper. o. r. M. II. Mis. 000, pt. 2 — -11 ^^.^^^^ itil / / V J / T 1^86028 1(12 HKI'OKT Ol' NATIONAL MI'SKl'M, \M1 (I) It is iiitU't'd a craillt', Id he hiiiitf upon the limbs to rock, answer- ill),' litcrallv to tlu- mirsi'iy rli.viiic : liiM'K a livi' liiiliy II poll tlic ll'i'i* lop, Wliiii llic wiliil lilii«M IIh' cl'mllr will l(nk, When tin' Imiii;;Ii ImikIs llir (Tiiillc will t;ill, l)o\Mi will t'oiiii' Itiiliy, iiiiil ci'iiilli', mill all. (')) It is also a piay-liousj' and liab.v-jiinipcr. On many, lu'arl.v all, .«*po('iiii('ii« may be sei'ii tiaiijtiiii;,' objects to evoke the senses, (botiests by means ot" which the little one may exercise its le}{.S besides other conveniences anticipatory ol' the ciiihrs needs. ((») The last set of functions to \vhi(!h the tVame is devoted are those iclatinjj to what we nniy call the fjradnation ot infancy, when the pap- poosc crawls out of its chrysalis little by little, and then abandi»ns it aito;i;etlier. The child is next seen standing jiartly on the mother's cincture and partly liaii;;inj,' to her ueck or resting like a pijf in a jtoUe within the folds of her blanket. An exlianstivc treatment of this subject would include a careful study of the bed and especially of the pillow, in every instance, as well as of the frame, lint collectors have been extremely careless in this reji.ird. Very few cradles in the National Museum are iccompanied with the beds and pillows. Were it not that here and there a traveler or a correspondent had made observations on the Jield, a hopeless la ciina would be in our way. .Much remains to be done exactly at this l»oiiit. and future investi^iators must turn their ntteiiiion to this subject especially. In this investifjiition much (lei)eiids upon the age at which the child is placed in the cradle, the manner of bandayiiiK and of siispeiidiug. Also there are a thousand old saws, superstitions, times and seasons, formularies, rites and customs hovering around the first year of every cliild's life in savaj-ery that one should know, in order to comprehend many things attached to the cradle and its uses. Indeed, no one but an Indian mother could narrate the whole story in detail. Awaiting information from these sources, tve shall describe as faithfully as pos- sible the material now stored in the National Museum. The method i)ursued in this description is that adopted in the series already begun in the rejmrt of 1884. The design is to apply the rules aiul methods of natural history to the inventions of mankind. We fol- low up the natural history of each human want or craving or occupa- tion separately with a view to combining them into a coini»arative psy- chology as revealed in things, Again, IJastian's study of "great areas'' finds a beautiful illustiation at this pohit in the fact that the cradle-board or frame is the child of geography and of meteorology. In the fro/en North the Eskimo mother carries her infant in the hood of her parka whenever it is necessary to take it abroad. If she used a board or frame the child would perish with the cold. Indeed, the settled condition of the Eskimo does away with the necessity of such a device. II vt v" l'^-.^4ii ^#-* II lit CKADI.KS OF THK. AMKKK'AN AUoKUllNKM. 16a It is Hoinowhiit dillliMilt to mark tlir Hoiitlicrii limit of tlit^ cnKlit' IVaiiic owiii;; to lli<> ^iviit elevations in Mexi(*o and middle America. The Na- tional Museum does not possess a eradle t'lame of any tiihe living south ol the northern tier of .Me\iean States until we eross tluM'(|uator. The most stuithern triliosof Mi>\ieo from which speeimeus have eoine, aru the Pimas, Vunias, and Vaipiis, it is not here denied, however, that tribes fartluT south use tiiis device. No attempt is here made to exhaust tlic study of child life in t-iis- anery. All who rea«l this paper are douofl'SH funnliar with the worU of Dr. IMoss, entitled " Das Kind."* The most exhaustive analysis of the suiiject will be found in the treatise of Dr. K. Pokrooski, of Moscow, published in the fourteenth volume of the Transacticns of tlw So«'iety of Friends*;' Natural Sci- ence, Anthroitolojjy, et(!. The work is devoted especial, ' • the differ- ent peoph's of Itussia. The table of contents is here app» uded because the volume is likely to be overlooked, and in order to show the ramili- cations of this interestiiifi thenu': C'liaptiT 1. AlttMition imid to llif iiroti'otioii mid (Icvcloiiiiiciit of tlif finliryci, liiTcditj, rtdntioiiH of tint m'xt'H, ('ondition of woiimn, coiiHiitiKiiiiio inari'iu^'<-N, |hiI\>;iuii,v and iiolyandry, iiiariianc in claHsical aiitiiinity, fare talKnant woiiicn iilMolii; ancient and modern |)eo]ileH. Cliapter II. AlMiriion and inlaiitieidc: motives: NnpeistitioiiH, feurofiuoimtcrH, misery, etc.; Je^iMlation relative to al)ortion and int'unticidu. Cha)iti.T III. I'artiiritlon and thtt uondillon of the new tiorn. Cliajiter iv. (-'are relative to the ninliilieal cord. CIniiiter v. Dwelling of the infiiut in the family uf the {lareuts. Cluiptcr VI. Caro of the nkin. Chapter VII. liathiiiK ot'infniitH. Chapter viii. Cohl hatbr* and liaptlHin, In Kiir()]ie, in Thiliot, etc. Chapter IX. DreM.sin^' of infantH among aneient peopleH and mo''nni Havagea. Chapter x. Dres.sinn of KiisNian ehihlren. Chapter XI. Knaiiieling (emmaillottunent ). Chapter xii. Kneadini; and reetilieation of the liody of the infant. Chapter XIII. Artilicial deformation of the Nkiill, ancient niaerocephalx, deformation amonK iiKxh'rn peoploH, cNpccially in RnsNia, CaueaHia, l'ter XIV. Inllnence of the iiifant'H poHlure in iiN lied npon the deformation of the occiput, cnstom of hedding cliildrcn among the Tliraeians, MacedonianN, (ier- niaiiN, and Helgian.s of the Mixtccnth century, and among thii modern ANiatics. The form of the occiput in kusHiaim of the Ivonrgans, from the craniological col- loctioiiH of Moscow. Chapter XV. The cradle among difterent i)eoideH. Chapter xvi. The cradles of the RuNsiaiiN. Chaptt^r XVII. Cradles among other iieoples of Ifiissia, Tsiganis, Fins, Kstlis, Livon- ians, I^aps, Pedes, Jews, Lithuanians, Tchereinis, Kashkirs, Nogai, .Sarts, Kirghiz. Ivahnuks, Yakuts, ISuriatu, Tunguses, .Soiotes, Wogiils, Samoides, (tohloi, Koriaks, Kaiucliadalcs, Caucasian:), etc. Chapter XVIII. Met hods of putting cliildrcn in their lied.s, of carrying them and trans- porting them, dependence (>n climate, mode of lifo ; hearing them on the arm, Itack, neck, liead, liip ; in bags, paniers, chests, skins, etc. ; customs of the Chinese, Negroes. Hottentots, American Indians, Kaiuchadales,, Japanese, etc., in this regard. • Dr. 11. I'loss. Das Kind in Urauch iiiid Sittc der N'iilker. Antliropologischo Stu- dien. Leipzig (1W4), Griebeii, '4 vols., svo. /' M i 164 Uni'OUT UK NATIONAL MUHKITM, MH7. ('Illl|lll'l' \l\. AlllllSt'lllt-lll III' till' I'llilll ll^\ till' IIIIiIId'I' Ml KllMNill, C)iit|tti>r XX, Ari'MNldiiiiiiK rill thllil lo Hit iuhI to ^o on all I'oiirM. C.'litipirr \\i. Till' iipiiKlit piiNiiiiiii mill U'iilkiiit{. Cliii|iti'r \sii. liii|Mii'iiini'o III r I. Cliiijili'i' Will. .Siii'Klii.^ iMiiiMi^ viu'loiiH |iiio|ilitH, iiiu'letit iiiiil inndiTii. Cliiipti'i' wiv. Aiiiiiiit{ tliti KuHNiiiii»< C'liiiph'i' XXV. Aiiiiiti^ iitlii'i' pcoploM of UuHHJa. CliiipliT \\\ I. I'ltliiiir mill IliiliiiiiH III' rliililt'i'ii : tiilloo, ilcpiluHon, pirrt^iiiK ttin nimo, till' nnx, till' llp'<, III' llii' rlirrkN ' llllti); iiiiil ii'iiios inu; tin' ti't'tli, raNlnitinii, rii'' rlllliriNJiill, IMkI MJiiiJliir llllllilallllll^4 ; ciilNlM, Cllilli'Ni' t'i'i't, llit(ll'l|i'rlril IiiiiiIh, i'Ii>, Cliiiptcr xxvii. (iaiiit's, Npoi'ts, Kiiil iiiimM'tiii'iits iiri'lillili'i'ii, CTiaptur xxviii. Ti'i'iiinu'iit of tin- niiiluillt's of ihllilri-n unions illlVrrciil' pi'uploH. Popiiliir rlillil' iiirillciiH' ill |{iimnIii, (ii'niiiiiiv, Kiijrliinil, .^wit/fi'liiiiil, lliiliiiiitiii, KiiliiiMrk-', K'.r^lii/, ('iiiiraNiiins, anrii'iil lliiiiliini, Ininiiiiis, rtc. Cliaptrr WIN. Cull' rcliitivi' to tin' roipori'iil ili'Vrlopiiiriit of rlillilri'ii anil tlir iiu'mms i(l liy animals in tlio rilinatiiin of man— rowM, ifoaN, iIo^h, slli« woivrs, apes, I'ti'. CliaptiT XXXI. IMiyNical I'diiratimi amiiiiK tlio chililrrii of KiisHiaii pi'aNiint.s, ami tlm roNiilts, CTiapttM' XXXII. ComliiHioiiH. tlli-liil 'iivfil K.-iKIMo CUADI.KS.* Tlio Il.vpcrbon'aii.s or K.skiiiio.s .skirt t\n\ ArvVw. conHt in (Jrct'iilaiid, Liibnulor. the isliuni.s noi'tli of Ciiiiaila, at tlii' iiioutli oltlit' .Macknizii'! KiviT. all armiiitl Ala.ska t o .Mount St. Klia.s. (jj^all i >l tlicsc airas tlu ) motliQi' lias till- ii iHitl of lior .skin rolu^ or ])ari>a iiiaih' vr i y lai;;i', so n.s t o c ury tlififin li t-r haiu'^ wliicli iif.stlt's aioii ml tlic i iioliicr's lu-rk siTtiic Iroiii tlif coiir (I''i;;s. 1 and 'J.) Tlu' iioiiic lilt' ol" tlit' llvpfilio- leans i.s nioif priinancnt in its cliaractcr tiian tliat of IIii' .soiillii'in Indians. Tlitrc is provision made in tlu> lints of the Mskiino for any bailies tliat may be present. Tlie Indians coiitiyiioiis to tlie lOsk iiiio in Alivska ivnd nortlieastern Canada beloiin' to tlm prcat Tiiiiieaii or Atliapascan stoek. Tiiey aro called Kntcliin in Alaska, and in tlic basin of tlic Maeken/ie Kiver liavo names cndiii^^ witli Irnn or ticiir, or an eipiivaleiit voeable. in tlu^ Ian- •iiiaj;*' of the iliidson jJay fiir liad«'rs tliey bear various titles, most of I, yon, (':ipt. (i. 1'. (I'llvatc .louinal. i. i . ol rank's Arctir Kx., I.omlon. I'^'.'l, -vo ), IT marks i h.it llir Kskiiiio woniiii of ."{i' Islaiiils hail lar(;t' liooils for tin' pnr- posi' ot I'anyinu lliiir vouii^; cliililirii stark iiakcil a;;;iiiisl tin' liark (p.W). Of tliii Kskimo in ^.'riii'ial In' saxstlial tlicy li.ivi- " slight I \ liowi'il '' li'i;s(p. ;tlH). Tlii'ir fi'at- iii'c's ot' till' fart' are ilivir^itiril in an rxlraoiilinaiy m;iniirr ip. ItO','). Alioiit a sixili parr ' * • hail lii;^!! Iiomaii nosi's (p. lild). Kvi'rywln'rc tin' hood answers tho piirpoM- ol' a iliiiil's I radlc ( p. ;!1.")). Kink, l>r. Ilciiy (Iiaiiisli (ireriiland, London, 1-77, I'Jmo) a.ssi'rts thit tin- rxtiT- lial riirvatiiri' of thr Iffjs is Mciirijil amoiif; Kskimo wom.'n of iniddli' a^i', and that it i.s dill' to till' nanipnl jMisition in which thry sit on thr hd^i- in thi' lint (p. I'll ). Ili'iiot, (i.CI'ravi'ls tlinm;;h Ihc Caiiadas, London, Ir(l7, Ito) drsi'riln'H tlii'"Lski- inanx " woini'n of Newfoundland as having " their capnchiiiH * ' * iiineh larjjer Klorii, 111 |)li'rnliiK tliK tioNi', "i'litiii|, Diihiiiitiit, tc. ilrrri ikiiil III)' iiii'iiiis I, itHciitiulMin, horse- IVIIJJCM, ((• 1 1,0 ;!!-). 'lliiMitVat- '). AliiMii a sixth lllHIll ailHWiTS till) s ti;.it tlif cxtcf- <• a;{r, ami that it ' lint 1 p. l.M). crilu'H tilt' " Eski- * iiiiK'li larger CKADI-KS OK nn; AMKKICAN AlinKKJINKS. IbT) tliciii ti'i'iiiH of (It'tisiuii.* 'lite classiiUMtioit ut' tlic Tiiiiit- of Ahitika i.s •fiwu by Da II. Kit;. I EoKlMi! Woman <>v Vn\fi llAiiiiow. CAKIlVIMi ( mill. Eskimo Woman "V I'msi lUmio I'AllllVINct NI.I'I.I'INII I llll.li. .1 II— iKr.Mul l..,r.il.l..' ■ '■ iPPIlin |IUl'«'.l-N Till' TiiiiM'an Iriltcs use sonic sort of slidiild cxiu'ct, liowrxcr, to HimI tlifsc iii'limis also i'o|>viii^f llir Ivskinio ri.iille liooil. t Slra<'lian .loiu-s, i__i_ ^ iliaij ilioic o; till' iiH'ii, " in oiiliT to I'dvcr tliflr c'liililrt'ii .';t). t')\vai(l> llirif nIioiiIiIi'I wlu'ii llicv w IhIi locaiiN llii'iiioii llii'ir liarks " ( KiMiikliii, ('apt. .1. ( NanatiM' of Sfioiiil I'.xpiilii ion, Loiidoii. !■'•,'"', Ito); Tlic Haiiic kiiiil of hood, for thi' Haiiic piirposii as that ai ;; ilif l.oinlicux, wan hoimi in nm- aiiioM>; till' Hnklliio woiiii'ii ii -ar tlii' iiioiilli of the Markrii/ic, on the Arctic count i p. ■ Contiil'iitioiiH III N. A. Iltlinojo^v. Iliif. l';ilinolo;,'y, i, "Jl ; al-io Tlif ^'ativc Triliivs of Alaska. A. A. A. S., Ann Ailior, l^,-l.". I Cradles (Dixon'n \o\a;;c, p. •Jll'.i): It minlit he iina;;inrcl that the thihiicn of tbi-M* Hiivu^cH would oiijo.v the free and luiieHtraiiied use of their liiiilis from tlieir earliest iiifancv. 'I'lii s Im^vever. is not altojjelher the ease. 'I'hree piei'<'sof hark are fastened together, no as to foiin a kind of ehair. The infant, after lieinj; wrapped in furs, is put into this iliair, and lashed so close that it can not alter its posti '.m'Ii with slriij;nlini;, and the chair is .so contrived that when a mother wants to fe 1 her child, or ^i^e it t)ie lireast, (hero is no ocasioii to release it from its sliaekles. Soft moss is used li\ the Indian nurse to kiep her child (lean ; hi'l little rc;rard is paid to this article, and tin.' poor infants areolten terrildv exccn iate Mr(„i,.in.i..i.i-,.i leeU'd thronglioiit the entire western i'iSkiiiH* area, the model i)f a trough-shaped cradle ot birch bark, made from three l)ieees, forming, respectively, the bottom, the top and hood, and the awning. (Fig. 4.) The two pieces forming the bottom and the hood overlap an inc.li and a half, and are sewed together with a single basting of i>iiie root, with stitches half an inch long. Aroiiml the bor- IHV bi Di KicliMnlMiirs iiiiirritivt' ol' liis i'x|n'(iil ion <;ist ward fmni 'lie iiieiitli ol'tiii" Maikciizic, lu> sjx'uks ot' coaNt Mskiiiui wmiifii who " draw tlicir cliildroii otil ol" tlicir wide hoots, where tlit'y uro acciistoiiit'd to carry them naked'' (i, p. "J'Jli). Franklin, I'arry, IJai'k, RichurdHdii, anil the more modern explorers, sjieak of the llat nose of the Kskinio. A^ in Oeeaiiiea this may he the result ot" compression, since ,Sir .John Koss I N'oya^e to Hallin's bay, bonilon, l-Il', Ito) found "small slrai;;ht " noses and '• lar){e aay, to till' Northern Ocean (l..ondon, 17',>.")). iul'orms iis that no cradles are in use anion}; the northern Indian triheshet ween alt aiidii- noith. Ilesaysthal the major- ity of the children are how-le<;lin'erN, siieak of the Hat 111' coiiiiiressioii, since Sir "small Niraij;ht " imses ot" I'riiice Kefient"s Hay I'riof ])ait iif the hea : ' distortion of lc;;s, fnmi { I'iil. notes, paxKim, \i. der of tlic body and just under tiie margin, continuing around tfieTiiTF-" der of the hood and awning, lies a rod ol osier. A stri|) of birch bark laid on the upper and inner side of the margin serves as a stitfcner. It is sewed down by an ingenious liast- iiig, with stitcthes an inch or niDre long, which pass dttwii through the two thicknesses of birch bark, iiroiind the osier twig that lies Just below the margin, and ii[) again through the two thicknesses of Itirch bark by another oiiening, to com- mence the next stilcii. Tiie hood is formed by puckering the birch bark after the manner of a grocer's bag. The bordering osier is neatly sewed to the edge of the hood and awning by a coil of .split spru(!0 root. l\ows of beads of many colors adorn the awning jdece. In a country iiitol- eralile by reason of mostiuitoes it is not strange that i>rovision for sus- taining some .sort of netting should have been devised. I'laytliings of \ arious kinds are also hung to this awi\i!ig for the hands and eyes and cars of the infant occupant, and it is (piite sure that this bow lU' iioud saves the face of the child many hurtful blows from a fall.* FiL'. 4. I'.MiCM llAUK CUMH.I-, I liOM VlKON IllVrU, .\L.ASK.\. I'.l. Nr TOls.-,, [-, S N, M N..r|,.iiS.i I. C.ll,-, f,l N, M N..r|,.ii f •.>:!•.*.) ( Voya;;es. etc.). raptain Kiiii; slates (hat he oliserved the custom of carryinf; children ill the hood amoiiK the Cliiickcliees ol'the east coast (x\-|,:!(il. note). On the other coast Captain Cook remarked of the dresses at i'rinee William's Sound that "some "only had hoods (\\i. 'J-lM. '1.0110, . I. (Voyages and 'I'ra . els id' an Indi.'in !nler|ii(ii'i-, London. ITlM. Ilo^: lie descrilics the cradle of the Chippew.-is, who ran^n' north to the .\retie Circle : descriln'S also the positiim and mode of cariyinn- thecliild. and ils swalhinij: statesthat liefore the I'rench occupation of Can.iil.i there were no swathin^js in use, I'ailiu;; nialerial for thein(pp tic.f'd). Meforc the I'leuch period the cradle was "a trounh liUed with dry rotten -wood dust." in whicdi the liahy. -'coveied '.villi furs." was - kept until weamd" I p. ."d). The he.-id of the elrld in the ( 'hipiiewa iiadle is protected liy a liooii i p. lid'. Hack. Captain(N','iir,'itive of .\ictic I. and lAp.dilion, I'hilidelphia. l-Hf., -\ o i ; On I he shore of Great Slave Lake he saw iufanls " swaddled ami una hie to stir." Han 's .lourii; 1. ('I'll.' title pa^r,. of this wmk is lost. Harmon's expedition was made ill 1-^1)0, .1 ., under the auspices of the Northwest Company, he lra\ to a certain age, and has become almost if not universally ado|)ted in llie lannlics of the Hudson Hay < 'omi >aiiy's cmployt's. The natixcs retain the use of the bag to a late peiicMl, say until the child passes a year, during which time it is never taUe n out except to change the mos s. To this ])ra cti('e, continued to sncT rjiii a^'c. 1 attribute the turned toes and rather crooked leirs of many of these Indians, (mic is somewhat reminded by this jn'ocess of 'he lOsUJnio sleeping-bag. In the National collection are seveial small bags of the same ])attern, l)ut the label does not authorize the conclusion that these small bags were used as cradles for infants. Horderiiig the Hskimoin the Labrador Peninsula live the Nasko]>i or ScoHies, in latitude as far north as .")3 degrees. Ijucien Turner spent two years among them, ami has collected much ju'ecious inftu imition. He (ells us that when the Naskopi child is boin it is not washed or allowed to inadi' i)f M pit'ci' (iC IcatliiT. ' ' ' Sii.m' hkiss is ImhI in tlif ImiIIoiii cil" tliis ll,•l^. llic (hiM is liiiil into it, ami moss is iiisi'ilcd lictwi'cn its li-as. 'i'lic \);iji is tlnu hiccil In till' I'oTi' siili' of llif ihilil MS liijili as its iii'ck. Tiiis baj^ is laiil n|Miii a linanl. t! rip cil' Iralln-i" (p. :il()i. l-'tirtlicr (l<'tails ()l'ariaiij;i'iiii'iil' tiniaiiiciitatioii. aiiil mifs'iij; (pp, :>li'i, 'M'). Mai'krii/jc. Sir A. (Voyajirs IVoiii Montreal to tin' I'ro/in and I'aiillr Oceans. Lon- don, l-oi.ltdi: Dcsciiptivi' oC the "nw adned hv liandaui's ''was in nse in a snb-ai'ctic elinnite"! Kcmallv op- posid to lleaiiie"s statement eoinei iiini; the al)senf iraillv." tin) inl'eience hein;; thai the lieaver " s\\ addliny-lioai'ii " was used li\ the ( 'hi|ipewa. Knisieneanx, Assinihiiines. etc. I'll/ William ^Noithuest I'assafie li\' Land, p, '"^.'i i say.s that Ihe ciadle is ''a Imaid with I «o si lie Maps of cloth, which lace to;;clhef np Ihe cenlef. The (hi Id is laiil on Us liiick on the lio.'ird, paidvcd with soft moss, and lai'id liiinlv down with its arms In its sides, and onl\ tlic head at liherly. The cradle is sin nj; on Ihe hack of the molliei when tiavelin;;. or reared a;;ains| a tree when icslinj; in camp, the child lieinj; iinl\ oil asionally icleascil from liondafje for a tew nnnnents. The little prisoners are re- mai k;ilil>' ;;(i(id : im sipiallini; dislnrlics an I ndiaii c;imp." Whyniper (.Maska, ji, ■Jvilh; "The Ten,in Knichin (Tiniieh) chihlren are carried in small chairs made of hiich hark," liichardsun i, journal I, lls|) iriakes tim saiiU' statement, Itaneroft (Nat, i'aees, etc, I, l.'A) says: "The woimii c.irry their infants in a soil of liark saihllc. tastineil to the hack: they liamla;;e their feet in order to make them small." 'Smithsonian I'c|Miri, lsi.")i;, p. ;!(i'.). take the it prepi Unify wrajt and V far a^ the a limbs grow when into ijiiau until wonu l-i; r.retd civili remit blan! whit( ion o Oil shan Nutli M, 1887. * "Aiuoii g tlic Ea s tern iiiy, the iiif'aiit is laid IT, ami lined wit h hare- ;ed witli._ _Tliis bag is natura l i)ositi()iis, am i y. Ill tliis i)liase of its nuimn\.'" (."radles are iif^' is an ex(!ellent ad- a aye, and lias heooiiie es (if the Iludsoii l^a.y se of the baf;' to a late ;■ wliieh time it is never l)raetiee, eoiitinued to ratiier crooked h-f - fs of ided hy this jiroecss of ctioii are several small uthorize the eoneliiHion ifllMtS. nla live the Niiskojii or neieii Turner sju'iit two s iMformation. He tells t washed or allowed to t !ii' liolloiii of tilis li;i^. I III' I. 'I'lic lia;t is tlicii Jnccd In Mill M|Miri a liiiiinl. to wlilcli licriliiaiN (iranaii^i'iiu'iil- II anil I'Mi'iCic (Icraiis, Lnn- sid liy till' Ht'avri' Iiidlaiis of lllos>. Ill wliicll it 1 tlir tk' rliiiialc"! i;(iMall.v (i|i- iraillrs iij tlii'M' ri'fiiiiiis is III' < iiilii. aflrr it liail ln'in prailicril iicic, I. I .. near it'iiiarkcil tliat Maikin/ii' ICO lii'iliji thai llir I!ia\(f lll\, A.ssiiiiliiiiiics. clc. lal t III' irailli' is " a linaril nln. 'I'lic cliiltl is laiil nii iiil.v ilnu n with its anus in (111 tllr liaiU 111' tllc lllolluT aiii|i. till' chilli liriiiir imlv I'hr little lu'isniicrs aft' n- iiiirh ; rhililrcii all' carrii'd il I. ii> I ) makes the saiiie w niiiiii eai'iy their infants a^e their I'eet ill order to CKADLKS OF Till': AMERICAN ABOKIGIXK.S. I(i9 take the breast until three ermitted to takt! the bretist before that time. The mnther prepares sidiiisiiuin moss by beatinj;' it until it becomes (piite soft and IliilVy. A portion of this moss is placed about the child, and it is then wrajiped in clotiies or skins. The swiKhllinj;' i»rocess beyins at the feet and wraps the lower limbs (dose together; the trunk is alsoswiithed as far as the neck, until the child resembles a cocoon. At earliest infancy the arms iire wrai»pe'wain is lo the iiiaiiiicf born, the hammock reminds one of the far south, while the baby, eiiscuuccd in t'lir and blankets, without ,\ pretense of lashini;, itoiiits to I'^skiiuo its well as white man's methods. Dr. Dall's remark tibout the Alaska Indian fash ion of the hammock may be recalled here. On the Pacilic side of the Kocky .Moiintitiiis ajipear in turn the Kolo shall, tlie Ilaidaii, llaillziiKaii ((i>iiackiooI), Sali shaii, W akaslian, or Nutkan stock. All of these people are more f)T less the slaves in all ri ^ 170 liKI'ORT OK NATIONAL .MUSEUM, 1887. I< tlicir arts to the spleudid forests of pine and cedar wliicli cover tlieir lands, 'riie IJdladioolaor llilUlmlii belong' to tbe th reat Salislian s toclv. Tlieir home is in tlie vicinity of IJentincIc Arm. Tlie cradle of this ]»eo- j^\ fdtjtt£\^ i>le is probably a fair sample of that nsed by the stocks north and south of the Bilkhnlas (Fij;. 0). It is a tronsh shaped frame of cedar wood imtd e in two pieces, as follows: The bottom and head-board are in one piece about one-ha lf or three-tjuarters inch thick. The two sides and f oot are also in one piece. T he aujj^les anirthe bends near the child's knees are elfc cted by scarfing' the \y ood almost through on the inside aud_ boilin«i: and bending it into shape. I n tliis art these Ind ians are very expert, making great numbers ot boxes for food and clothing, wim Fill. 7. I)L(iOI 1 CUADl.E. WITH III' AH 11. \ ITHM.Sc^ AirAHAllK. (C»t. N.>. 'i'.in 11, r. . v. M. 1 Inn C.ll.it.'il l.y joiMts invisible on tlic outside. The Joints of th is cradl e are united by ii icaiis of small withes of willow. The cliaiacterislic~iiiarl< s ari^ a liiTt bottom ; , h ead-board, lik e a little grave-stone, pain ted in n'TT and Dlacl ; with conventional symUoTot a totem. Twi o streaks of red paint s kirt t he upi)er margin of the sides . The cliange in the angle of convergence of the sides near the child is etfected by scailing and bending. The b ed consists of a m ass of tiiiely s hredded (!<'da r bark. This is overlaid with some kind of sheet ot elotli or tnr, and the la.sjiiiig jiasses through I-1-" ''^mS: M, 1887. odiir which oover their c {^ rciit Salislia n atliiJ^'- The (tradio of this ]>t'o- stociis north and sotitli d frame of cedar wood heail-board are in one sk. The two widea and bends near tlie child's tlironfjli on tlie inside s ar FIT lese Indii ins are food and clothing, wim , Willi lIl'AllH.UIKMN.. VIIAllAil S. M 1 li. >.k lii.ljiiiii. |-.,!|,.,t,'.l l>y is crad le are united l»y •ristie^naiks aie a IhTt lin ted in red and hiack 't-aks of red naint skirt le aiifile of eonveifvenee njj and ltendinnpearinj'just above her shoulders. But if she is workin}; she suspends the infant from the i)liant branch of a tree, or, sticking the ]»ole in the jjrouiid at a slight angle, han^s the ciadle, sometimes iiprij^ht, sometimes horizontally, on the end of it. Tliey move jiole and cradle so as to keep it near them, and every now and then give it a swing so tliat it rocks up and down. It is said thai when ciiildren die they are i)Ut in some lake or jtool, in their cradle, and left to tloat, the water ln'ing icgarded as sacred ever after. Swan, in his "Indians of Cai»e Flattery,"* says: "The practice of ilattening the heads of infants, although not universal among the Ma- kalis, is jterformed in a manner similar to that of the Chinuks and otiier tribes in the vicinity of the ("oU\nd)ia K'iver. As soon as a child is lioni it is washed witii warm urine, and then smeared witii whale oil and placeil in a cradle madeof l»ark, woven basket fasliion, or of wood, either cedar oi' alder, h()Ilowed out tor the purp(»se. Into tlu^ cradle a quantity of linely separated cedar bark of the softest texture is lirsl thrown. At tlu' foot is a board raised at an angle of about 2") degrees, which serves to keep tiie child's feet elevated, or when the ( i;i intended to compress tlie skull or not, and that detbrmity is aeeoin jdished by drawing the strings of the liead-i)ad tightly and keeping up the piessnre lor a long tone. ("Iiililreii are usually kept in thesecradles till they are a year old, but as their growth advaiutes they are not tied up (jnite so long as for the first few months. The mother, in washing lier child, seldom take.-; the trouble to heat water; she simply fills hei mouth with water, and when she thinks it warm enough si)irts it on the child and rubs it with her hand." Inhab rectly c( people w heTUt: Thej) to wliici it can II pilHTWp in thee' da^ljlra] i\ s pla ce line froii ii? Ki't'llTT fi'ontiU (I 'Siuitbsouiaii C'oiit. to Kii()v\li'(l);t', No. '2'M, jip. lti-19. The si or - iiic Hides, nii heads. I'.y thi its natiii or injure timony e and asce inferior i sliape. r M, 18H7. CRADLES OF THK AMERICAN AHORUilNES. 173 )f the ci'ivdle are sutti- I by ii cord passeil tVoiii as a pillow. When thf T back ill nearly an up- (ve her sh(>iiUlcr.s. But I the pliant branch of a -ilijiht angle, hangs the ally, on the end of it. ir them, and every now I down. It is said thai pool, in their cradle, and ever after. says: "The practice of niversal among the Ma- lat of the (Jhinnks and i'er. As soon as a <'iii]d smeared willi wliaie oil ■^ket fasliion, or of wood, pose. Into the cradle a ' softest texture is liist gle of about 2.1 degrees, 1, or when the cradle is ipport for the Imdy, or a (he-se-,vu). A i)illow is to keep the head in its • elevated nor dej^ressed. x'lly extended, its arms lark or cloth laid over it; dy is liiinly laced up, so hen the body is well se- Id's forehead, over which the head is tirmly lashed it leniains, seldom taken X, and then only to wash i' a small opening left in s, to enable them to void to be used whether it i> hat deformity is iiecom tiglitly and keeping up ally kept in these cradles vances they are not tied Tlie mother, in washing ter ; she simply tills hei rm enough spirts it on Inhabitiiij^ he lower ]) arts()f t he Columbia are a small tribe who c or- tectly eome under the naine of Flat Heads, as they a r e almost the only pr-ople wlio strictly adhe re to the custoiii of s(pieexiii. and tlattening the hen ft: ' ' ' "^ " T he process of tlatteiiing consists in ])laciny the ill^;ll| ^ mi n Immd, to which it is lashed by means of thong i to a position from whicii it can not eseaiie, and the Imck of tne head su i )ported l>y a sort of piiniAT^Tnade ol moss "or~i' abbit -ski lis, w ith an incl ined i)iece (as seen in the drawing), r esting on the forehead of the ch ild, be ing every dii y drawn down a little tighter l)y~iiieaiiTora <;oi'd, "which holds it in" it s place until it at length touches tlie nose , t2ius formiiitf a straigh t line from the crown of the head to the end of the nose. This process {tr7?CTmii igiy a ver y «'ruel one, though 1 doubt if it causes much iiaiii, as^TFTsTloiie in earliest infancy, while tlie bones are soft and easily de- p resse(i_ _inioJ ji^is distorted sha pe, by fore i ii g the occipital up and the frontal down. ! I'lAI 111 -Ml Wci.MAN ANIi Cllll.h. iSliMvMiiK til.' iirinii.r top nearly the wi least diminished or iiijiiied in its natural functions. This belief is drawn from the tes- tamony of many credible witnesses who have closely scrutinized them ^nd ascertained that those who have the head llattein ' are in no way inferior in intellectual powers to those whose hciids are iii their natural shaiie. 174 UKI'OUT OF iJATlONAL MUSEUM, 1887. In the i»roct'SK of llaUi'iiiii}; tlu' liciul there Js another forniof crin or ciiidlc into wliicli tlic cliihl is placed, inticli in thu tbrru of a sniail caimc. (In;,' out ol" a Io'. lever, with an elastic sjtrin;,', that comes down on the forehead of tin ch'ld and pnuluces the same elfeet as the one 1 have described. Tli' <'hil(l is wrapped in rabbit-skins and jdaced in this little collin UK' cradle, from which it is not in some instances taken out for sevem weeks. Tiie banda<;es over and alunit the lower limbs are loose and repeatedly taken off in the same day, as the child may reqnire (rleansin^. lint tin head and shonhlers arc kept strictly in the same position, and the breaM i Froi Kviio Tin: ClIIMK MF.TIICiIi OE Fl.ATTF.NISO TUP. IlF.AIl. ( I'lale 21IIV.. v.. I. II. Catlur-. Ki«ht V.-.ir-, ) given to the child by holding it np in the cradle, loosing the outer en oi the lever that comes over the nose and raising it nj) or turning aside so as to allow the child to come at the breast without moving ii head. The length of time that the infants are carried in these cradh is three, five, or eight weeks, niitil the bones are so tbrmed as to ke«' their shape. This cradle has a straj) that ]»asses over the woman's forehead whil- the cradle rides upon iier back, and if the child dies during its subjectio' to this rigid mode its cradle Decomes its cotlin, forming a little (ianoe, wliich it lies lloating on the water in some sacred pool. (Catliu, voi 11, p. 110.) • Bauer fifittiMiii C'llllKlok liuii quotes I tllll .'>C'() biiiit \\i Swan Iii'S(ri|ii l>l:oi(i (, fill.vtwi arc Mjnli liariir ti'ad-ila i Kl'M, 1887. CRADLKH OK "UK AMKKICAN AHOKKilNKS. 175 ■e is iuiotlier form of crin j Ffo m tlie ()n-;,mii coast t li«^ Wilkes Kxpi'ditioii* lnoii^lit a cradle icli ill tin* form of a sinai viiiciris sliowii in V\<:. !•. Tiif fiaiiu^ cavity Just larjn' nioiiit'; ,lMMn]^,trti\v.'l o r s|»ar liiu-k.skiii js^ scwed lie 1 have described. Tin ^^^. \;ysUv,\ down, and tiie lla|>s loriii il in this little coninlik' the inclosiim- wn. ppitifs ..r tli.. diild. ices taken out for several |^^ triaiijiiilar " tly " covers the lower Vxtreinitics. Compare this portion of bs are loose and repeated! \ ,1,^. ,.n„|ie witli tiie Nc/ lN'ic«''s (Ha- LMpiire cleansing. But tin imptiiin) cradle described I'lirthcr on. lue position, and the breast rj'),,. imo d is of rawhide, overlaid with ?^ cover of beaded buckskin. U^ can rcailily be seen 'hat; thi s hood may b e'ilrawii to any tension across tht) forehe ad of the inl'anl. TIk^ ornanien- tatioii and the head band or carryiii};- htrap are similar to the same parts in other eratlles. Wilkes (Kxidor. J-lxped., IV, 3.S8) says: "At Nicnliiita ]Mr. Urayton obtained a drawiii}; of i\ c liihrs head that had Just been released irom its bandatres. in order to s ecure its Hattened appearance.. Jfoth jiarents showed great delight at the success they had met with in eft'ect- ,,^„ iiig this distortion." (See Fig. 10.) ■Miirchaiid ( Vhvii^ch) rt'imrts tliiit ainoDgthu Tliinkt-cts, iiifnntN are •'Nooxcoriftteil by IVriiieiittMl liltli, ami so sciiirt'd by tlicir fradlc. tlial tlicy carry flit' marks to the pravf." (ISaiuMoft. Nat. Kacfs of Pacific Stafcs, vol.1, p. ll-J.) Lord (Nat., vol. ll. ii. 'SVi), Scimlcr (Loud. (ico;;. .Soc. .lour., vol. Xf, ))]>, 21'^, 2'iO, fi'.i'.U, Sfhoolcriift (Arcli., v(d. ii, ]i. '.Ivi'i) incntioii flic cu.stoiii of flattening the bead in infancy iinionji tlic ll)lidall^^ ((^oliirnbiuns), (Pancroft, Naf. Kaces, etc., I, ir>t?.) In tlicir iilatforni liou.scs flicy HU'|>t on " c«>dar niat.s" (p. lt!l\ Bancroft (Native Kaccs of flio Pacific .States, N. V., 187.">, vol. i) : '' The ciistotn of "idle loosing the outer en flii'tcninj; the head is practiced liy the NootkaH in common with the Sound and Fit:. ». CllAlll.K OK Olir.liON iNrHASrt. u a:i7.'.. f. S V M C,.ll..,t.->1 l.y \\ ill I'liinrm Kxi'tMtitK'ii, n TiiR IIeah — ■ ■•• - i-.ii«iiifr it iin or tiirnillL' t'liinook families, l.nt i» not universal " (p. 180. See, also, note, p. 'S). l.iisiiit, iL upui I f, Paneroft (Native Races of the Pacific .States, N. Y., !«">, V(d. I, note, p. 177 1 breast Without inOVIIIg II «,,,,,„..,1 ,.,.„„ntM ,,I('.,.,L- M..fir..u M..Cr,w \|.i,.r>.. .'>,.,>l.. KmHI .• M..vw.,ii1!. \t.ivn.- quotes the accounts of Cook. Me;iics, Mofras, .Maefic "oole, Siifil y Mexicana, Mayne, ire carried in these cradh „„i ,s,.„i,l,.r, to theeHect that the Nootka Indians ae liow-lc«j,'cd and intoeii from ^'S are so formed as to kec Loat work, and have deformed limlis from the ell'ect of narfers. Swan, J. (!. (Indians of Cape Flatfery. Smithsonian Contributions, No. 'i'-iO): ... I)escription of tlio process of head-flattening amonj; the Indians of Vancouver ho woman's lorehead whil> j^,.,,,,-, ^^^^^ j^ ,.,^ Id dies during its subjectic ii,.,.i„t, O. (Travels tliron},'h the Canadas, London, 1M()7, Ito) ; " In the latitude of in, forming a little (janoe, V f ft y- two degrees, on the northwest coast of America, there exists a trihe whose heads ; sacred pool. (Catliu, vol fi'- nuilded into a wedge-like form" (p. :?0:i). Mancroft (Native Races of the Pacific States, N. V., l"'7r), vol. i) : The custom of |iead-llatteuiug, apparently of sea-hoard origin and growth, extends • » » across 170 KKI'nlM OF NATIONAI, MDSKl'M, 1M«7. (lint'iiiitr Sti'vniH (lii«l. Alt'. K't'p., \X'>i, p. L"J7) snvs: "TIh' woiik'Ii hi Wallii Walla sit astridu in a sadtllu made with a vory h'\iiU [loiiiiiiu! aiiil Kli: 10. SIIOWINO rilK KKKKl I UK IlKAK'Kl.AT'rK'Cmil. Fr.iin ilr««in« l r >lf llril»I"r. ihjIiIi.Iw.I mi Wilki->' Kl|il<>tirii| Kii thai tin' dislditioM Is Im'Ciiiiiiii;^ (|>. Ill), Maclir (iilem., p. Ill) ^ivi'M tin' I'ollowiii;; acciiMlit of tlu' iiroccNs of lioad-llal triiiii;; aiiioii^ tlu> coast trilii's : " Tin' cliild, us soon as liorii, ih idaccd in a cradl' si'iMipi'd out of a lo^ of tinilxr. 'I'liis nid(> ark is tlul at tlio liottoin, and raised at tli' piiinr wilt re till' Tii'i'k of llir chilli ri'sts. A llat slonc is tastriii'd to tlif lirad of ih. iiil'ani ill tills piisliirr liy tliin strips of twistnl hark. In tim sitiialiim ImlirMtcd th' rhild is kept till aide to walk, and its fori'lirad has ln'cii molded into the rt'<|iiireil shajie.'' Ill the (^natsino distriet the skulls of the women have " a tapering or coiii calform" ' ' ' prodiiied Ity artilieial means. < liily the lamiliesof ehiet's(tena>s ami '•gentlemen eonimoner.s" (tyliees) are permitted to modify the form of th' head. I ISancroft (Native Kaees of tln,« Taiitie States, N. Y., l>*ri, vol. i): 'I'he Sound In dialis, amoiifi the Colnmliiaiis, llatten the head, " hiif none carry the praetiee tosiicl an extent as their iieij^hhors mi the south " i \>. "Jlih. H.imroft (Native K'aees of the I'aeille Stales, N. V., HT.'), vol. I): Anion^' th' Chiiionlis the '• le;>s are liovved and ol liervv ise deformed hy a constant Hr|iiat tin ;{ posi tion ill and out ot' their canoes" ip. 'J'.il). Ilead-llatteniii^ ".seems to have ori^ iiateil • ■ ■ .ilpoiit the month of the Coliimhia,'' and the t.'hiiiooks carry the en- (niii 111 an I'Miss of deformity (]>. vi'Jil). Haiii'iofi iem;M ks that " the Chinook ideal of facial heaiity is a str.ii;;ht line froi the end ot' the nose to the crown of the head. 'I'lic llatlenin),'iif the skull is eHectcd li\ hitidin}; llie infant to Its iiadlc immediately after liirth, and kee))in^ it there froii three months to a ycir. The simplest t'oriii of cradle is a piece of hoiird or plank, o!' which tilt,' eliild is laid iipuii its hack with its head .sli>;htly raisetl hy a lilock nl wootl. Another piece id' wonil, iir hark, or leather is then phneil over the forehcM': ami tictl to the (dank with striiifjs, which are ti^hlenctl more anil more each day iinli tin skull IS shaped to the rei|iiired pattern. Space is loft for lateral expansion, .iml nnderordinaiy circiimslances, the child's head is not jillovved to leave its position iie lil the process is complete. The hody and liiiihs are also hound to the cradle, hui more liiosely, hy liandanes, which are soinctime.s removed for cleuusing purposes. (Native Kaces, etc., vol. I, p. •.i'.iT.) iiiin<> >l ^latl.'ii Ml. *a I'liitl llicchi foot. . iMi.sitioi uftfiw; to nix I lection lihont I In his I • Meal Hcribi's t Nootka i Wilko Two pla <)hserve(l of liead-( of an on (lis Ueli llicis ( p, tCatIi jloll, IH7( ^iressioll lion of t li lice ot' lorded h liead di> ; Cox. h nil heiid pp. II).'., Ill' rot nil ill iiioiil ill! forel this fii-ij Iciisarc the legs Wood the proi I.CW is 1-U. Ii.id 'M! from tie paws, o Hliin"! ai tilled (\ liave to tioli " ( V •( id. ). :'nio W. general I'M, 1MM7. !7) Hiiys: "Tlic wonioii in ii very lii^li [loininul iiii.« rxirlil liy all llic ll ilii's ol lie tbii'liciiil iif JiiraiitM, anil till- lia, Liiniliiii, iHtl'i) ; HcIwim'h ivmmI ciiust of Aiin'iii'M lliittn I'ciiiiiin;; ( |i. Ill ). of till' indcfss of lifail-llat as lioiii, IS jilaci'il in a irailh till' liiittiini, anil t'ai>i t'astrllril to till' lirail ot' IIm In tlio sit iiatiiiii iiiiliratcil tlii Im'i'ii mioIiIciI into tlu' i'n|iiin i' mil liavr " a tapciiiif; or coni > till' I'aniilit'siif ('lil('l's(ti'iia» II tcp iiiiiility till' I'onii of till 1*T.'), vol. 1) : Till' SoiiTiil III none cariv tin' practict' to such v., l""."), vol. I): Anion;; tip [I liy a constant H(|iiattin;; jium Itriiiii^ "scciiis to have iiri^i ml the C'hinooks carry the en- I licaiity is a straight line fion cniiinof till' .skull is cilii icil In rtli, anil kn pin;; it t licii' frm is a |iirn' of lioaril or plank, o: .sli;,'lit ly rai.st'il liy a lilock ni then plaicil over the fiiielii;e, 1 iiioi'e anil mole each ila\ iiuli left for lateral expansion. ,iini llowed to leave its i»ositioli up also homiil to the crndle, hut loved for cleausin;; purpoMCS. ' I4itiii<' aiitliorify nii.vh Mint tho ClallaiiiH, and in Itu'.t all tlio iSouiiil lixiiaiiH, lallrii till' liciul (L'4;<).* .Mr. William .Mciiiolil, in .MoiKlin;; to t\n\ Niitionsil MiLscnin flic .skull of I l-'liitiit>a*l liitliaii IVoiii iiortliwcst Montana, wiitrs ti.s toilows: '' Wlit'ii li<> cliiM is about oik^ wvvk oiil it in juit on a board aiitl tird liiiiid and bot. A small ba); of sand is ticdovor tin* f()ivli*>ad and nMnalns in this Hisilioii fif^litor tiMi day-s. It is tluMi taken olf for a sliort n-st ami iricrwanls iasti'iii'd to tliu boartl ii^ain. Tllis(;ontinll(^s from six weeks ^o six niontlis. Tln^ bead tlieii has its shape and ^rows in tho ri^lit y hiitiihiK<'s. Says the process llatlens tli(! nose (vol. ii, (i. lit). Wilkes, CoiMinaiider (II. S. Hxplorin); Kxiicdition, I'hihidelphia, l«l.">, Ito, vol. iv): O'wo plates illustralin;; heail-llattenin;; anions the Indiaim of N'iciiliiita (Wallawalla), Oliscived hy Mr. iMaylou ( p. ll.'i). I'hiwer i|iiiites Kane's description of thii process pf hcad-compiession in V.incouver (p. Ill), lie refersto evident distortion in the case of an order of Chinese mendicants, as indicated hy plate t:tl, vol. Ii, I'icart, llistuire des l{elj;;ions. lie ipmtuH TowiiHiMid'H lU'coiint of liead-tlatluiiiii^ uiuoiig tbc VVuliu- Iliets (p. II). tl'atliii. (icorKe. ( Illustrations of the Manners, etc., of the N. Atiier. Indians, Lon- lliiii, H7l>, ''vo, \ ol. I. ) Head of Crow chief distorted into .semi lunar , it ape, with coni- |)iessiiin of forehe.iil (p. .MM. Vol.11, llead-lliit ti'iiiu;; anion;; ( 'hiiiooks. Descrip- lioii of cradle and process (pp. 11(1,111). Stateintuit coiiceriiiii); tliti former jireva- Iciii e of this ciisiiim anion;; C'hoctaws and Chickiisaws (p. ll'.i). Tin" evidence at- fiJiileil hy this and other works deal in;; with the details it life points to llii< fact that )icad distortion is less practiced now Ih.iii forini'rly. Ii existsat present sporadiciUy. . ('o\. Ii. ( The Coliimhia Uiver. London, IH:!'.2, ltd cd. Hvo.) On the Lower Coliimliia lill heads were distorted; and there was a perfect uniformity in their Hhapx (vol. i, pp. 10."), IfH'O. SpeakiiiKof '• Klatheads," says, their " heads have their fair proportion 111' loliiiidily " (1. pp. •iHt-'.'',''J). (iathlaniah>., Killymiicks, Clatsops, Chinooks, (Miiltn, lit mouth of (,'oliiinhiii, llatlen the head. Cradle ohioii;;, with pillow. I'ad and slah im forehead held hy cords. Time, a year No pain (vol. I, pa;;t> ~'7ti). Anion;; iliis ;;roup of trilies the hody and limlis anion;; the men well sliaped, hut tlie women's lc;;sari' "iiuite handy, " owin^ to the ti;;lit li;;atures they wear on the lower part of the legs (vol I, p. 'JTCO. Wood, ,1. (i. ( I'licivili/i'd KacesofMi^n. iiartfonl, H71. >*vo.) Description of the process of head-llatteniii;; amon;L; (he Coliimliia Indians (|ip. IIWII, llt'J(l), Lewis and Clark. ( i'lxiieditioii to the Source.s of the MisHimri, etc. riiiladelpliia, J-ll. f'vo.) On the Kiniooeiiini. anatlliieiit of the Coluinhia, "the Sokiilk womni" had " their heads tlatteiied in such a maiincr that the forehead is in a strai;;ht line liom the nose to the crown of the head" (vol. II, 1>. I'i). Tlio woiiuii of the Pishiiuit- paws. oi. theColunihia, had " their lieatls llattemd " (vid. ii, p.'JI!). Aiii(m;;tlui Eiice- uliiir '. diul KIc'.iuIoots " the heads of the males, ac wtill as of the other sex," wcrt^ llat- tiiied (vr'. II. p. I'l). The icoHifM of an unnamed triheon the same river "universally liiive t.ieir heads tlattened," and they s.iw '•female children uiider;;oin;; the opiia- tion" ( v(d. II, i>. .'iT). Pressure of anklets and mode of sit tin;; also distorted tluir Icl;s j(i(/. ). "The Ski Hoots, hotli males and females, have the head llatteiu'ir' ( vol. ii p. ll',). ITho Walikiacuiim "all have their heads tlattened"' (vol. II, p. d'.'). Ilead-llatteniii;; is ■general among the " Chinnooks." Men's le;;s '' .small and crooked; women's Miuietied U. Mis. GOO, i)t. L' 12 ( • ll 1 ll, h 17H KIJ'OHT Ol' NATIONAL MHSKl'M, 1HR7. 4 Tlui lliipii liiiliaiisof i»»rtli\v«'Ht«'rii Ciilirornia holontj to tlio Tiiiiu' ,i oolnrnl Htock. 'I'lir.v Imvf lifcii (IcscriluMl in ii itapcr nititlcil, " 'I'lii' IJtiy CI ur<'r sliapt-il, Dpni work l)ask('t m tli<- Mci osier wiirp, aiitl twiix'tl weavin, t,M>«'- I foiistiliitt'H l!u' 1)0(1\ of tlicciiuli l"'" "' (Via. 1 1.) It is \\ov«'ii as follow Tln-ic .i ('oiiimtiicinn "t 'l'<^ iipptrc'iKl, in nt'aily a small i'lids of tlu' twijjs art' licld i P'> '""' place one cijilitli of an int-li apin h"" '"• In tiiU'c rows of twiiu'd wcaviiiu '1 li<' ;; followed l»y a row in which an » \ h«''''» ^^'i tra stienjitheninj^ twi^' is wliippn siiarper orsewetl in plaee, as in thi^ Mak.il •*•' ""' ' hasketiv. At intervals of L'A to h<'«'l. "I inches aie three lows of Iwiiid Aroui basketr.v. every alternate si-iii boidei' i liavin;; one of the stren;;theniii/*''*' '^^' (wiy;s, increasinji in thickne- *'"' ''•''' (h)Wiiwar(l. The twi^s eonstitii " '"' • iii;r the tine .lottoin of the so calh work, e; slipper coMtiniic to the end of lli ^^ "'*' •' scpnire toe, and are fastened nil *'"' '"'•' 't^JtqL whih' those that form the siih- »'■""'"': ^ ^ are inj^cinously lient to form tlh**'- '" vamp of the slipper. This pait ,, Spirally the frame is held toj^cther by row "'{'•'•' •" oftwiiM'd \\vii\\\\ii(lii>iisfioi)ht'(l(iii *.^''"*' "" When two rows of this kiinl ■ 't>"J^ •'" twinin;,^ lie tpiito close it has the appearanc*' of a fonrply plaiting, am*'"' ^" has been taken for such by the su])erth'ial observer. pn'ic ot The binding aronnd the opening of the <'radle is foiined of a bnndl' *'"""•' of twigs seized with a stiip of bast or tough root. ®^ '," The awning is made of open wicker ami twined basketry, bonnd witli i •'"*"' dasional liy |iicsMnic of licail iiiikJrtHi^ vol. li, )i. I ir>), 'I'lic ConUoooo.si', on llic I'ac'ilic coaHt, doi' 40 (It"'!'! Ilaltiii tlic liciid (vol. II. |). ll'.t). It is.sijitcd tlial "tlir Klllaiiinck.s,('lalMo|is,('liiMiiool - w,.;i|'s (,|, anil Callilaiiialis ' ' • liavc thick ankles and (look. 'l U-j^h" due to"llirni vtT.sal inact ice of M|iiutlinji, ' * * and also to tlie tijjlit lianda^jcH of licadH ir ' I'cioii Ntrin;;s Worn around till' ankles liy llic wotncii."' wliosc liiiilis air " paiticnlaily il D,si ripii ttliapid and swollen." "'I'lie <'iinIoiii * * * of llatlenin;; tlie head liyaililici J)v the Cu pressMre dnrin;; infancy, prevails anioiifi all tlu^ nation.s we have seen west of H nn.nt of i Hocky Monnlalns" (Snakes and (,'ooko i>-e they llieinselves eNcept ). "To Ihe e:i- jg. ,,||,,j, ^y of that liaiiier the fashuni is • • • perfectly unknown." An (Mror! "On ll t li.incn lower parts of the Col mil hi a kot h sexes are universally llal heads; lhe( iiMtoin diiiin ^1,. ( ciitr; :id >, N >l, llniM Viill..)r, e«lif(irni,i. I.. .1.1. I'. II. ii.ij. r. M. A.I kIi tin;; east win till anion;; tin- reiinder Irihes, near the ins." till' practii ci.iihiied to a few feniah (\ol. II, pp. I'.iO, l;U). 'Siiiithsoiiian Keport, ISdO, i., pp. 205-'i:!'.», pi. .v.wi. ISO KKPOKT OK NATIONAL MIISKUM, 1H87. itiick (III ii line with tlu' nose, ,vot his facnltios set'ine«I iiowiso iiiipai Tlic conspicuous paiiistakiiiK which the Mochu; se, tlie Mi woh, coiitemptiionsly call it the doy's H'iMi-on it is anionj- Indians like these that we hear of infanticide. sboul rea ah iiU a y h] Fij;. r.'. Kl AMAIII CHAlil.l-, (M WliKKH ANIi a SMI'H r, 1. N... l!«i'.K r. .- S. M. Kl.iMiIii li..i;.iii-. 1 .1.' II;. .M ('.lllloriii;!. (".ill. . t.'.l Lv -r.pl. .n C.^vi.. Kin. !■<■ I'llAMK dl- Vm KlM-.ll CliAM i ;(..t s.. 'JI4II. i(i..>ij.i V iiii'v. c.iii;. r.> .S,M. l'..IU.|-||..ll.,V.-l>«|i|lH|||'ii«r Thecradleof the Pitt Kiver Indians is a transition between th>' foi'Opt 2 stick and tiie oxI)ow type. A pole of Wdod, with bark removed, is liWS of in the middle, the two ends crossed and lashed toj^ether. Across |l*j '•"< primitive frame are laid broad laths, perforatetl at the(;orner8, and la.'-^DK th to the poles with buckskin strings (I'ly. l.i). The foot rest is a block t''^' wood 7 by t by ',' inches, perforated, and thron<;li it are pas.sed rOUKh two ends of the |)ole. The converjience '0» '"i* \)Wji down of this little platform. Comparing' this cradle with one tiM>"K the vicinity, called a cradle of a new born pappoose, if will be seen i "*• t'' wc have before us two extrenu'sof a series, commenciny- with a \\"^Ji '" tray for au absolulely helpless creature to a standing place for a ciTh*' ^ i MIISI'UIM, 1H87. CRADLES OK TIIK AMERICAN AliORIfilNES. 181 iiltit's seoiiuMl nowise iiiipai' „. 11 Modoc squiiw siwiids on I . lovo. IndiH'il the IModoc. 11 tlic otiicr liiind a Califoi; 1 (U't'p conical basket, tlie s.iiu ts, leaving liiin loose and liaU ear of infanticide. leadv lo learn U> walk. Iicfrardin^' tlie <'radle in the iij,Mit of a alls, we discover notf coiled s(>wing on the inside and a close iierring bone on the oiit- lashed to"ether. Across |l*) ""^l '« uiade as follows: Commence one edge and carry the twiiu> •rated at the corners, and la!-^^Og three osiers, bending to the lel't. bringing it back two and through !.')). The toot rest is a block 'l**^ front, forward two, crossing uMmbeione; tliiough, back two, uid through it are i>assed rough to front, just over ami over, Ibrward three, back two, lorward • ol the ends prevents the -'Oi back two, ready to start again. larin-; this cradle with one liI^"K leather h)oi)s are attached to the bottom of the (tradle where it n pajtpoose, it will be seen |M the upright sides to receive the lacing-string whic^h holds the cries, commeiuiing with a n'Oy •" phi<'«. to a standing place for a ci^*' Tulo and Tejon cradle-lrame consists of three parts : the fonnda- Fitf. i;t. I'UAMK 01' I'lTT l!l\ Ell CllAM iC.ll S.. il4ll. H"iili,l V illry, fahUir' !■.>. N.M. Culleclftlhv.'^lepluMt t'niver- 'f 182 RKPdRT OV NATIONAL MUSEUM, lft87. M *> (ion, wliicli i.s a loiktMl slick ; Uic cioss-bius, laslicd lu'iieiitli, and (lipron.; slat of twijj^s upon which the bed is hiid. Solium parts of fliis trainrmls dcinaiid luiimtcr description. The fork is a coiniiton twifif, not nee Tin sarily syniinetrioal, with short handle and pronj^s nearly 3 feet Ion. up as si)readiny about 10 inches at the distal end or top. I a I'iC. 14. POMO CliADI.l.. 'I'm Cllll.n HITS IX TlIK UOrXliKH roKTIO.V. (f.ii. N.,, ■.M.'W", I'. .« V. M. I'dil.i \:t\\f\-. ('ililorii!:!. I'..|l.-.t.l ly slat-work or slats on the front consist of a separate transverse rod, the in which about forty twigs are atlacthed by bending the large end of •; this one around the rod and then holding the series in place by a rov follow two of twined weaving with split twigs. To fasten this crib-work aw la place the, rod is put behind the two ends of the forked stick, ami oon(H» twigs laid in order on the front of the series of transverse rods so adoose, fill neatly the spa(!e between the forks. These I wigs are held in pi A( by lasliiug them here and there to the transverse rods and to the >l(njg. nSKKM, 1S87. ('RAI>M:.S of the AMKRICAN AnOIMGlNES. 183 ais, liislu'd IkmhmUi, and (I p^ii,i,'s. '\'U'\s lusliiiif,' (M-oshoh tlio twigs (liagonally in front and tln^ . 8oni«^ parts of tliis Iran ro4n l»t'liind vcitically, s a coninion twig, not ncc Tlie Moiiavc ciadic-fnuni^ is a ])rettil,vn!ad(' ladder or trellis, bnilt d prongs nearly 3 feet Ion, up as roll(»ws (Fig. 15): A jtole of hard wood about 7 feet long is beut d or top. l>r^ ir>*" niK KorXIPKl" I'OIITION. ,i:i. r',,ll,, I...I l.y ries of transverse rods so a- These twigs are held in pi transverse rods and to the > McillAVI'. ClIADI.K, Willi Ill.n n|- t;|llll,|i|i|:|i liAIIK. M'lt. N. . -JlUii I ^ S M. r,,l„r:i.i.. l;;v.-i. Ai-7..ii,:i. (■.ill... 1..I l.y |.iK>-irJ I'lliiL't, ) mthe shape of an ox bow, the sides 7 inches apart attoj) and .').V in(Oies »|; bottom, so tiiat the cradle is a little narrower at the foot. Hleven 3I|)ss-bars, like ladder rounds, conned and strengthen the frame, com OMBncing at thi' bottom and ending near the bow. These rounds con- slit ea(!h of three elements: a rod or spreader between the two sides: a strap-like binding of two or three split twigs clas)>ing the sides and laid along on the spreader; a seizing (»l tough twigs holding fast the straps and spicadei'. The drawing of the reverse side clearly .sets forth the m;i liner of administering the light but strong cross i)raciiig. lI|)on this laddei' is laid the cradle bed of willow or MH'/(iiiile bast, made as follows: Three bundles of strip] led bast, each about an inch in diameter. are lashed at their middle with bast. They are then doidded togetliei ooiK'entrically ami spread out to form a i)ed. On this is laid a little lObse, tlnelyshredded bast like a lu'st, and the bed is leady for the baby. A dainty d at the .;>p like a cincture. This braiding is w t ( f I , / i\ J » 184 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSKUM, 1H87. uuiiliii', 1111(1 >s(» very iK'utl.y done as todeiiiaiul cxpliiiiiitioii. T\V(»stii|.,a^t. ,,| of bast an* seized about their middle by a siii<,'le twist oC the two » jqu),, ineiits of twined weaviiifjf. Of course two halves will piojeet above a i||{]|| m., two below the twist. Lay two more strips of bast in tlie second bi;:ii„||p,,(|, of the twist and draw down the first two upi)er ends, one to tiie right > rawing and the other between the second pair of strips, seizin;,' them in phi' ra^le t ))y another half turn of the twines. Lay on a thin p lir of bast sfriii-aaie, v and briny down the sectond pair of ends projecting upward, as at lii ipeil. Tile weaving consists of four niovements, namely: Laying in a |)air aby is bast strips, grasping them with a half turn of the two twining welh The i bending down the two ui)ward strips just preceding one between tliiaiitl a other outside of the last two strips ; and grasping them with a half tin Vljen t of the twine. The lashing belts of this cradle are twelve to fifteen |i hell of braids, made of red, green, white, and black woolen and cotton cord-s the < braided after the manner of the peculiar tyjie of ornamentation uiitl( laoes signedly originated by braiding with threads of ditVeieiit colors. ( iilionlile this belt of sever.il colors the threads are so arranged as to produce dets in continuous series of similar triangles, tilling the space between two )iiii|)ont a iillel lines by having their bases above and below alternately. Nf )tliel the gist of the oriiaineutation is the i>arallelisin of the braiding tlnead-iat s\v now to one side of the triangle, and in the next figure running in a i Like I rection exactly at right angles. One of the (iommonest ornaments > :p).i!i the pottery, rude stone, and carved wood is this distribution of lines iition? triangles. otlis, ; Of the I'imos, neighbors of the IVIohaves, Dr. Palmer says, that on Ion.) inaii jouineys they use the cradle-board ; but as soon as a ciiild is able i'h|i;h,i standidone the Pimo mother allows it to mount upon the immeii-vill, an cincture of bark worn on her back and to grasp her around the neeiv "gpod I The floor of the Yaipii cradle is of the slatteded lyi>e, ."ib inches lonpjahec A dozen or more reeds, siuth as arrow-shafts are made of, are fastein itfeast in the same i)lane by a dowel-pin. The reeds are not bored for the piii^l^»ted but simply notched in a primitive fashion. (Fig. IC.) lild ii; There is no cradle-trough, but a bed of willow orother bast, shreddi iktber I is laid on longitudinally. The pillow consists of a bundle of little split {•jj^iid. laid on transversely, at either end of whidi is a pad of rags. There Wher no awning; the lashing in this instance is a long cotton rag, takiii'l^y a the place of a leather strap, passing round and round baby and fran i ith re( anil fastened off in a martingale ariaiigemeiit, (iiossing th(> feet ani(> llcliiy, in lSt>4, uliii iii y^^'"'- liavc lii'cii tilt' Viiiiias of llic U\it (lihi, I'litlic siivm: " TIh'v ciiiitiivc to iiillici in 'y* " ' Met ii| tlicir cliildicii an artilicial dcl'iirniitv. 'I'licy llattfii tlicir licailH liy incssiii;.' a Imh lildr iilMin llii'ir tiMxli'i' scaljis, wliidi tlicy liind Cast Ity a lif{iitiii'<'. Tills lioanl is so lai _°*^"'^' ami tij;lit' that I liavr seen wtnncii when s\viiniiiiiif{ in tlii^ river witli their ciiililii ''"<"*• .^ towlni;- tlii'in after tlii'iii witli a strinj; u liicli llicy held in (heir nioiitli. The lit ; "1'"' *"■ things neitlier Mitlei'MJ noi' eoniplaiiied, lint Ihiated liehind their niotheiH like diiek 'Ci'.idli (I'atlie's Narrative, Cincinnati, Ohio, I-;',:!, p. >.\'^.) 36'.'. i**- IISKUM, 1887. CRADLES OK TIIK AMKKICAN AliORIOlNKS. 185 uid I'xpIaiMiliun. Twostrif. , siiijili' twist of tlic two ( I lialves will projet't above iii| vs of bast ill the second bi^iiHi pper ends, one to the right ipj strips, seizing them in i)lii',ra in a thin p.iir of bast striii-ail •qjecting upward, as at liI^lpd nauiel.v: Laying in a i)air latt ni of the two twining weil> '§ preceding one between tlijai ', of soft Hags, a foot wide, joined b,v cross rows of twined weaving lies apart. This mat is bordered by a braid of Hags, and the two are puckered or dniwii to a point. The cradle belongs to the open, (MJed type, and is msule by doubling the matting at the head and ing it togetlier to a point at the foot. The two edges next to the e-frame are joined and lastened to the e, while the oiit«'r edge is allowed to Hare . In this little ark of Hags or rushes the is placed.* le children of the California iieiiinsula 1 and walk befoie tliey are a year old. rasping them with a half till Vl^i) tiiey are born they are cradled in the idle are twelve to tifteen plliel of a turtle or on tiie ground. As soon ck woolen and cotton cordis i§e child is a few months old, the mother type of ornamentation nmlclai^s it jterfectly naked astraddle -.,; her >ads of diiVeient e(»lors. ( "iiioilldcis, its legs hanging down on both so airatiged as to produce d^ in front. In this guisc! the mother roves g the space between two iiiiibqit ail day, exi)osing her helpless charge lid below alternately. Nnv) ^^ imt ,ays of th(^ sun and tlie rh\]\} winds 'lisiii of the braiding threadM^ sweep over the inhospitable country, t I next figure running in a (ii Hkeiier white sister, the Indian mother (to lie commonest ornaments (Hepu Monti'. . ;iid her friends make i)rei)a- s tills distribution of lines mlHins lor tiie coming event by (M)llecfiiig Q^is, and the board tiiat thetdiild is to pass Dr. Palmer says, that on loii:);liiany hours of its first year of life on, IS .soon as a child is able I'Wfch, if richly ornamented with beads, otter- mount upon the immen-iM, and fringes, with bells on them, is worth grasp her around the neck, "Mod horse, which is generally what is given atteded type, ;!(> inches loii;:itahe child's board or cradle. Tliis is usually fts are made of, are fasteiini« case when tiie boy or girl is given and 'ds are not bored for the piii^l«>ted by another mother. So an Indian (Fig. 16.) iflil has generally two molhers, and of course two fathers, but the illow or other bast, sliredddlitfer has but little to do with the child till it is old enough to run ^ts of a bundleof little splirici;!!!!!!!. h is a pad of rags. There %'lien the child is born it is taken in charge by its adopted mother, is a long cotton rag, takiiij-lly a hired woman. It is washed, 4, will) 111' •y^'^"^'- I-|«""<1<>»- t"'**- •'^^■"•-' Ot'ttio "Cliicliimccas"— savage iiiomUaiiiceis-lio vs: "Tiii'v cDi'itrivc In i'nilict ii) ^ '^i^ "T\w wives likowiM' winl a liuiitiiiii witli tliiMr liusbands, leaving; tlicir yomn ■11 tlicir heads l.v inesNiiifr a Ixii "fc''''" i" •' '''"'' p^niier of reeds, tied to llie lioiigiis of a tree," (Vol. ii, ]) ..'.0.) a liKat.ir.". Tliis board is so |a',,e*lfl-"atteninK. (Mexico.) '• Las i-arleras liac'en que las eriatiiras no teiiijau eolo- a in tlie river witli their childn''^'' • ^ '"** niadres la,s tieueii echadas en eiinas de tal siierle que no les irezca, ■ held in their mouth. The liti 'r^'"' «'' l>''><'iin> «ii> 'I" fOomaia, Mejieo. ji. lid.) I behind their niotheis like duck tCradle oCTurtki-Hliell, Low. Ca!. Iiids., I77:i. liaeKerl, in Smithsonian Kei*., Irt0:{, YAlill CliAIHR. MAliK OK CaNI'.S. Sni-T iio.ssiw isni) roll I'll. LOWS. il'. .S. N. .M. .< ra. Mriir.i. r.ill.., tf.l hj K.lwanl I'alnier. ) I ' l! T ^1 18fi Ki;nn;i or national mtski'm, ih«7. ^ hhmiikI Idils icliilioiis' Indies lor iiispcct ion. hlvcr.v »'V«'iiiii;; il isliikjij lioiii iis n"'iiiM'iiifiil In l)i> Wiislictl, |iaiiilr«l, aiitl (li'tvs.sctl ii;;iiiii, i liefid- jjivascd. Tiii' (irst clolli «ivrr its itostciior is hiid witli acoatiii;; <"1 'iTwtli luilv('ii/«-(| liiilVaio dnu^ or ('lii|)N, aii feet in length, and 1. 1 feet in bnlye of board. The Nez Peice Indians belonj,^ to the Sahaptian stock, and wi; once a noble people, dweliiiiy on the Smike Hiver and its atlbieiits i Idaho. They Inive produced the historical character. Chief Joseph, li are now redneed to an enervated remnant dwelliiifj on the Nez I'l n Keservation. The basis of the cradle is a ron<,'h board, j^em-rally In out, '^ feet liifi'h, lo inches wicb' at the t<»p, and not more than an iii' thick. It is sliai»ed somewhat like a tailor's sleevelioard, but is nm tapering' (Fiji. 17). This board is covered with bnckskin, drawn |m I'ectly ti^ilit upon the back and acrross the bioad part of the front as I iiiiir;;iii to st-ciiro the ciii i ill otluT iiiiiiiipiiliitiiiiis. 'i'lic iippiT portiiMi of the I'loiit isi-overcd w i lifiidworU, solid l)lii«> },'roiiiid, with bird-sli.ipfd ii;;iii'('.s in uiiilu'i- in ]iiiilv beads. On tin* li^lit side «)t' the hood lianas a loii^ inedicine Im of ItiicUskiii, adorned with li^ht Idiie beads of lai';;(' si/e. A iiews]ia| < <'i)i-respoiident from this rejrion iiieiitioiis ii biickskiii string upon tin ^ eiadles in wliieh a kintt is tied for every moon of tiie ehihl's life. Tin i are little buckskin striii<;s in the iiiar;;iii of this cradle near the ho< > but no knots have been tied in eitluT of the cradh's here described. In tliese two, as in many others mentionetl in this pajjcr, there i charming' combination of the old and the new. The slab, thcbiicksk i the medicine baj;-, the fringe, the lasjiiiijf are all pre-Columbian. T i beads, the llaiinel, the cloth liiiiiif,', etc., are evidently derived n tcrially fi'oin the whites. There is no change of utructiire or fnnctn elfeited by any of these tliiii};s. They simply replace <»ther materin such as quill- work, shell work, native cloth, fur or buckskin, in use 1 i fore the advent of the whites. ^'^rVMiri^frrff'i* 'i 1 i 1 KCrrrrr FiR. 19. NF.VAIH TTK ("RAIU.E-inAMK: OK Uoil.s, WITH ,M) .irsiAiii.r. AWMNii. Il'.il. Nil "lir.'U. r. ". N. M S|...liii.ii I liMiiii-il Iroiii Ihi- Nii.i.l.i i->liil.il ill till- Ni-w (liliMiii- K»liii»Mii.ii , Via. 20. Nl'.VAIlA TTTR CUAIiI.I'.; Kl 1.1. llhi(iKI) (C.il. Nil. Il«mi. I. S. N-. M. ryi.iitii.l l.aki. ,Nn riillfilcil l.y .^trplifii I'liwtT-, y sijrn The. One of the widest-siiiCii;! stocks of Indians formerly were the Shifind t shonians, reachiiif,Mlowi> thedreat Interior Basin thronj-hoiil its windtskiii, ^. ^■i J.SKIIM, 1KS7. CUADIiK.S OK Tin; AMKKICAN AHoKlOlNKH. IHD it lop, iiiMl lower s ill iUiil)«-r in iiaii>;s :i loii<; tiictliciiu' I' i. of liir^t' size. A iu'\v.s|)ii|i hiickskiii Ntriii}; iijioii tin m on of tli(>«-liiltr.s lif«>. Til. I if tills (Miiilio near tlie lioi im'1y cliaii;:ed liaiiils of life, *riic rtes of I^vraiiiid Lake, Nevada, make use of a Hat wicikercradlc- nfnie, kite shajM'd or ron^ihiy triaiifjular. The wideiiiii;^ is effected by tiK intercalation ot rods as they are wanted. At the top the rods are bces. T|e twined weaving; is (dianicteristic of the I'tes in all of their textiles. Al»rctty addition to the Ute cradle is the dcHctiite awiiiiij; of liKht wicker attaclied i»y its lower iinuow border to tlie bed-frame and held at the pKDlH-r angle by means of braces niaile of the same material (I'iys. li), 20). Tliree specimens from this area are in the Museum, showing them as t'r$mc and as tiiiislicd cradles. IuiIcimI, we have only to cover the lat- tl|c' with Idickskiii alter \\\v. manner of those used by the Siiokanes and tbe atfair is complete. In the eastern portion of I'tali once dwelt various tribes of Tte In- dtaiis. Ill the National cnllcctioii is a cradle from this region iiiark«'d Uncompaghro Utes (Fig. L'l). it is an old a IVair, showing scarcely a FiL'. -M. r.NCiiMl'Ai.llHK I'll: ClUIll.l'.^ SlIOWINi. IKONI \Nli HACK. Fifl- 20. Jl (Cat. Nn I'JW.'. I' > S M. I n...lii|MiilMV lli\. I, lul.MMil" l: ■ < "M.-. l. a l,v l',,,,i;i,il II.', kwilli. 1'. S, A.l NRVADA UTK OHAIiI.K ; Kl l.T. IlliiC.KI). ■ ,1 s,. I1KI40. 1 y N. M. r„"m.M.nk.. N.V, sifCnof wliitc coiitact, exce|)ting a bunch of blue rag over the hood. i„ii,,i,,i i.v.M.,,!,,^,, I'.Mv,,. , Tbe cradle is built upon a thin board 1 feet high, IS iiuihes wide at toj), lians formerly were the Sim ami ta]ieriiig to half that width at bottom. The covering is of buck- ir Basin throughout its wholiSWii, seamed on the back, and very clumsily put on. There arc two I *' . J/ \ >l fl 100 |{i;rUiii has l tlic <-liil to the liicpinpa^iliir tliild llic lorclu-ad of a I'lallicatl is a kiinl of tiara, mad*- of liltir t\vi;;s lasli«'i| to stioii^ci -mils, lowt'i' inai';;iii over liic cliild's lurclicad i.s ImiiiihI witli soft biirL Tlic liani ciatllc l)oaitl allit's il to tlic N'(»rlli»'iii l.vpc, wlicrc tiiid laij;t'r, laliici than to tlii' piiit^ I'tt' type, wiicn' a liiirdlc^ talic placi' ol" lilt* Itoanl. The cradU'lramc oi' tlic Soiillit'iii lt«'s is so \v«'ll mIiowii in tlic i (lra\viii;:;s presented a.s not to need very minute deserii»tion (I'ij. '2A,-l). Tlie liaine work consists ol' tliiee parts, the slats, the li iHfUt 'ikln e( Hoogtew Aott 1 Al^oi n ii d( ngl'oi :o tin- lie \\\ laok w hem i ngs. e ,'raes \ ical tc The Vanie, imt's ! The \Stl II >f thu ttietel iiiB \\ vest rbca llgu O l)l< .vari I lie Im L'be n >yii 35. L't; Till and the hood. A dozen twi^s like airow-sliat'ts, 4 feet lonj;, are lisfoi: in place ity here and there a twim'ol' hasketrv; across the portimJ fe«'i which the ends of tin- headl)aiMl aic t l<»w 'l<>\^" 'iwillii;i of ilir vr.uWv. \Vj< aiv iiiiw n-ad.v lor llu- t'ov.T, wlihili is lurmcd M lose tlM' (•lilltl. llirli |,ynvvi(l(' Mirer of llic \vliit»'sl iMlckskin, \M'iip|M'«'l"'i>^,,„jp^^,,,^,i„,, ,.,,,!, .ilhnii t.vi.c, wlific tiinl This criidl" iuis the o\ Low fiiimc hitlicd Mimn the hack wilii twin's pc, \viu>ro a liiirdlc take .j^^^ Iiufi-thcr and held in place hy a coni iinoiis sci/iiitf of sinew. AUboii;;h a riiili^ atVair, Mils tiicf isevideiitlyihie to tiie hick of material is so well shown in the t 11 A desert coiiiiti'N rather tliaii to want of taste in tiie maker. Theawii- ininnte description (Ki^ ugfnv the fa<'e is a l)aiid of wicker, 1 inches wide, attached h\ its ends ce parts, the slats, the 1, ,,^ ^^^ ,j^j^, (.^..^ii^^. ^^,. ,||^. ,,,..„ii,.. '|'|,i,s l,.,,,,] is of twined weav in;-, tlic tveft riiiiiiin^ hoiistrophedoii. Notice especially that caidi half turn oi he twine takes in two warp twij^s. ;iiid tliat when the weaver turned )aok^^ald she did not imiose the same pairsof warp lwi;,^s, l)iit twined heni in <|')i"('""*'ii>".^< *'i'*'<"i"^' '> mass of eloii;;ati>d rhomlioidal open ngi, exactly as the Aleutian Islanders weave their marveloiisly line \\ />'' • i ' i\ ,'rass wallets, w liilc the lie weaving;- is a model of coarseness in an ideii- \, r-l' M iii\ jog] ti.(||iii(|iie. The head hand of luickskin is not tied immediately to llie howed ratiM', hut is knotted to a loop made of a iiiiirow string', wonnd three itnt's around the frame and knotted.' The elements of the .Moki cradle-frame are the lloor and the awiiiii;;-. \aH loiiiidation a stout slick is heiit in shape of tiie oxyoke how. liods )t' the size of a lead-|M'ii<'il are attached to the curve of this how and (tietched |tarallel to the liinhsof tin how. 'rwi;;s are closely woven on hiB warp hy regular basketry wcavin;;. Tlu' .Moki arc theoidy savaj-cs yt${ of the KocUy .Mountains who practice this real wicker weaviiii;. File aw niii^, as the «lrawin;; shows, is a hand of the same kiiidof weav- oii a wai|t of twij;s in hunches of twosor thi'ces. these lust attached locks of wood at ihe ends i\\' tin- faluic. The awiiiii;; is howed np- .vtJord and the cud iilocks lushed to Ihe u|i|M'r portions of the limhs of he how. A small apeituii' iii the llooi' is Ibr coii\cuience in cleansiii<;, Ibe next fifiiire shows how hy usinn parti coloicil and liner twi;>s, and )y a dilVerent admiuistralHin of the middle warp strands and the awn- lig, pretty varieties of the same style of cradle may he etfe(;ted (Fij;s. ^Iie /iifii (;radk'-hoard is wiuthy otdiir closest stutly ( l-'iy, JT). It ■ow-shafts, 4 feet loii^i', are li-"* founded on a roiij;li piece of iioard, hewn out to an iiicli in lliickness, hasketrv; across the portim 5 fW'i lony, and ahoiit a foot wide. A pillow-rest of wood is fastened » he attached a rod is laslici <0 as to steady tlic head. This is pe>i;;ed oi nailed down to the hoard, ip of twi;;', ediptical in lorn •P(i\^,;i, M.ij. ,i.w. i;\|i (ii.iiion ..iih, ('(ii(,i;i,in i^v. r. Wiisliin-ion, l-:,".. iic). In llld t(l t he end i (it' till' (!r(»SS 1 iMWl'l ' iifiiin llli' lliiliiiris •• iiimUi' il wirkir 1m);ii •o*ilica a('foni|ilisli tlit> hisliing. TIk^ most ciiiioiis part ol' tluMippiinr a si^ricH (it toai' liows or iialf li li(iar lioaid anil to «-acli of the hoops at a n>rtain liistan that when llu' loose cntl Kit' -.'■>• MiiKI ('ll.MH.I -FIIAMK. OK COAUHK Wl( KF.li, Ullll AWNlNli. (C'.ll N{.,, .1 W l',,»,.|l. 1 MOKI I liAl'l.l I IIAMK, IlK l-INI'. Wll ^ >l'',MIII.INIKI> MKAI. lliA\ IN rXli^lK. (I'.,l. N li;»!P,i. I > N. M. .M..ki I'imI.Im Cullri I.',' I.y >i/ij. .1. W. I'.iix'll. t(ip," or adjustable iiood to the cradle. In no other eiadle is the leiii more delicate. It di'iicnds almost entirely uiton the lied to i the etVects ot'tliis cradle. Without examining' the heads of /iifii Im ose m at all we oiifiht to tind the occipnt pushed in, tiattened, and asyin ay ti rical. Should they lucive otherwise, it is li^ht to assume a lied al le C'l couidenict this intluence. cliibit The Apache Indians of Arizona and New Mexico* maUe a 'adle elalioiatt' cradle, the snhstantial part con.sistinyof the frame aiiii 'enn\\ hood. (Fi^. US, (( h) Tlu' frame is t'lliptical in torm. the outline I ■ The formed liy a |>o!e of wood bent and the two ends spliced and la getlii Upon this ellijise are laid laths of white pine. ]>lancil. Over the cl > tht- • IJiliKToJ't. (Niltivi' RjicfsorOui I'iifilir Stiiti's. New Vnik. l-r:!. S'ol.l.) A ""' till' A|i;i(lir,sol'tlin I.owtT ('(iloiivdo llir liii'iil t ic " is wiilclv sc|nir;iti'(l In mi llw n wliicli uiist's proliably I'loiii wading; in iiiarsliy liolluins" (p. |7'.l). % II Si;|!M, IMH7. CUAItl.KS or TIIK AMKICICAN AHoKKUNKS. 1!)J il loops aloii^ till' cdi^M's 11, Mills piirt ol' tlir iip|iarii' nitliiis. 'I'licsci arc wov ilraw in;;. A string; is ti oops at a Hi' latlis ' ire ,)[)i'v ••li'il, so as lo ;;ivt' a pivtty ' 'ifeft to til*- fiiiM'd siiit'act'. 'I'Ik! I'iililt'i NMiilt on tlio cradle roiisistH it* ||IK'>'>li' <>' wliiti> l>iii;kskiit to tliu lood, :i liindiii;;' ol' liiown l)iicil' wiiiii' l)iit-kskiii, and, liiiall\, tlio li'Uehidfs or capsiilt' of tlit' i'imiIIc, otUlislin;; ol' a strip of soft luowii Mioflsi^iii, say 10 iinrjics wide, cut in f'rinyt' :iloii^;ils lower liuider and dged Willi lViii;L:e III' while bm-kskin oug its upper oilier «'d;ie. This trip is fastened to lint eiiidie eon- iiuonsly, eiiinineiiein^ at iiii upper largiii of tlie awnin;;, (Mi'iied aloii;; lis awniii;:. I'asleiied lo ils lower largiM I inches aliove the iniielioii t tbe awniii;; and tVaine, passes on ) ^i> foot and aroiiiVl lo the other de, as al lirst. Slits me made in i« U|iper ed;;(' ol llie Itrowii iiiiek- via, JnsI lieldw wlieie ilie white iK^skin lriii;:e is sewed nr run on, and liaek and foiwiii'd tlii'oii;;li lak slits a iiroad soli hand of Itnekskiii piisses to form the eradle sfti;:'. To perfect the oi namentalioii of this beautiful object, tassels ickskin in two colois, nnd sli iii;;s of red, white, and blue beads are ised With ;;rcat Ciiie. Thanks to the ;;eiierosit,v of I'lieiids liviii;^ • S«»' frontier, it is possible to leprodiice from photo'-raphs (he method In no other «'iadle is the pr&Btenin;; the child in the cradle. ^Im;,'. -'.•.) A bed of fur lies between 'iitirelv upon the bed to iin'ieHick of the infant and the Moor of the cradle. Tlu^ head is ]ierfectly inin;; the heads of Ziifii Imi: (w iiiid free diiriii;; wakiii;; imimeiits. Indeed, there is always fife cd in, tiattcned, and asyini ajrto the child's head in nil cradles except on the Pncitic coast ;iroiind s ri;;ht tu assiiiiic a bod al'iie Cojiimbia Uiver and I'liyct Sound. Another dr.iwiiiy- (I''i;;. '.'>{)) cliibits the method of niirsiii;; llic babe withoiif removing if from tlio d New Mexico* make a v'adlt'. Finnlly, !•"!;;. M shows an infant and a small child that have lousistin;; of the frame ami Jeilsuliiectctl to the cradle board. )ti(!al in form, the (uitliiie li Tl|t' <'i'adle frame of the Xavajos is made of two pieces of wood lushed .' two eihls spli(;ed and 1:l^l gW^'i' >"<(> iis to make the upper eml or head in slia]ie like a boot-Jack. l)iiie, planed. Over the cl:i>tlle sides ol these boards loiiu loops of buckskin are attached lo aid XrwVi.ik l«7:! \'i>l I.) \ tJ*c hishin;,' (Im;;-. ;!•-'). A new feature in western cradles iijipcais in ■Ms wi,l..|vsri.illiltctirinillllliM.'' M.Mis. (ll)O, pi . 'J !,'{ Ill.ltOllls" (p. I7'.t). KiK. -'7. Zl'Kl ClIAhl,!-'.'! IIAMR. (fill. N... liWIIS. r. ». N. M. /...ill I'm.I.I.,, S,'w M.'llrn (' \ M. Mi.ki I'' l.y M.I .1 W, I'm I t V H If ', .i h 104 KKI'OUT OK NATIONAL Ml'SEUM, IH«7. tlu' si)ociin(Mi tifjiirt'd. It is tlie tbotboiird, so coiniiKtu in all tin UDiikiii and Ir(M|niiis specimens. The pillow is to be noticed espe( i (•(Hisistinfj- of soft fnrs and laj^s rolled up in soft ImcksUin and fash; to tli«' board. The awninji Irame is a wide bow of thin, hard \ c over wliicli falls a wide, Ion;;; vail or llap of buckskin. This .v Dr. If. W. Sl.ufeldt, V . 8. Army, who kindly made m invt'stij^ations relative to the use aud ell'ect of the Navajo cradle. Fig. 28. Al'AC lir rilAliI.r. FlIiiNT ANli liAl K VIKW. (Cat. N.I. -Jl.'ia.l, I s .N .M ,^n^|.lla T.Tril.,iy J(.M,-.l.-.i l.y In I II. Wlul,., V S A.) Of some two or throe dozen children of all aj^es from the infani wards that I have examined I have yet to lind a case wherein tln^ N.r mother has not. taken the special i)recaution to place a soft and in pad in the cradle to protect the back of the child's head. Morti I have yet to see a case, except for a few days or more in the youngest of babies, where the head is strapped at all. On tlie ^ hand, this part of the bo ly is allowed all possible freedom. I am enabled to jjresenta picture, whicli shows v'xactly the method enipli by these .squaws in both carryinj;' and .strappinj? their babies in cradle (Ti;;'. .'i.'5.) ft will at once be observed that the head of the child is perfectly : and that it luvs been mipplied with a thick and soft pillow at the 1 of It, last d( form I ineasii of the Id( differi occasi I ooul back I it wa.-- Ani this i; alwny up in suBtai pres.si back • We ot plajii when Anion self-; ted li: heads girl, \ Aoat( Tlie ia con thoui: to ma differi thfj pi order I hav have tinua that but I Hkul NoM way, head I'd was \ and :i MfSKUM, ISK7. OUADLKS OV I'lIK AMKKICAN AHOKIGINKS. 195 ml, so coiniiion in all tli> low is to lu' iioticA'd cspt'i :i ill soft buckskin and fash: \vi(li>, bow of thin, lianl wi of bnckskin. This cradli t\riii\, wlio kindly made » L'ct of the Navajo cradle. AMI HA( K VIKW .lli-it.'.i l.v llr 1 II. Wli.i,.. |- S A.) of all aj;«'s fi(»Mi the infant 1) find a ease wheiein the N.i ntion to place a soft and iin [if tiie child's head. Moni few days or more in the ^ strapped at all. On the n 11 possible fieedoiM. I am ! vs 'xactly the method emph 1 strai)iiiii{? their babies in ;'ad of tln^ child is i)erfectl.\ '• lick and Huft (tillow at the I oif it, whereas the body and limbs have been stra|)ped nj) almost to the liUSt dejiiee. This child has li};lil, thin hair, throii^rh which the {j«''>*'»"'l form of the skull could be easily examined, but alter the most carefnl ineaenrements I faile- ure, wlncli had been applied so as to cause the snprasquanious i)ai; the occijjital bone and the jxisteiior three-fourths of the|»arietid to si' u|>wards and forwards. The frontal rej;ion did not exhibit any tlaii inj:', so that in this individinil, and it may be in his tribe of Jndians. jiressnre applied in infancy was ai»paiently limited to the back ol bead. Owinj^- to this artificial distortion the lonj^itudinal (l .skull. The cram was hyperbrachyceithalic. pracil ;oiica liatuc hie ii ]m Bii erior rheti imete UI.'SKUM, 1W7. vi> tliiit tliis tlaltcniiifj ol ! of tlic ie[»rfSL'Utatives ol ii 197 ORAin.KS Ol- •rili; AMHUICW AlioUlUINKS. Till' Iniulil of tlic sKiill WHS iilso very cniisidcral)!*' ami icarlinl, as may '>•' si in fmm tlir laiilr. 1 l."i inilliinrtci.^: tlic \rrtir.il iml<'\ w.is .S!>, sotbai till' sUiill was liy|tcia'ao('i'|)iialic. In all |iri»l)aliilil,\ ilii' prcssmv iliiriii^ infancy, ■Nvliicli slmrtcni'il rlu' sknil in its anlcioposlcriui' direc- tion, forcod the vertex upwards and added to the Iieijilit (»f the <'raniiiiri, so tliat tho liigh vertical index was occasioned both by diminished length and increased height. The skull wi'.s ery|)to/,y^()Us, for not only was the breadth iiitlie parietal lejiion urcat.biit the Stephanie diameter was l.'5T millimeters. The <;laliella was not very prominent, but the ,sn iM. Cnii.i). Fif.'. 31. ArAciii: Mdi 111:11 Willi Ciiii.nKr.N, IKr..rn pliotner ii.li. to Prof. Sir William Turner, scribed in tlie Journal of An follows: Tiie skull presenile obviously due to artificial pi ' use th(^ snprasipnnnons pan 'e-fourths of the parietal <<> ^''pragiij.,,.^ vidgea were tliick and stroiij,'. The i.ridue of the nose was ;ion did not exhibit any '!"" .o,,^,,,.,. forward, so that the tip projected to the front. The basi-nasal ay bo in liis tribe ot Jiidians. liam,.^,.,, ^^.,,^ 1(15 millimeters ; tiiebasi alveolar !>S miliimeters, the yiia- ntly limited to the back ol j^j^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^..^^ ,,.5^ .^i^^, ^^^^^ ^,.||„ ^^..^^ „rtho,!'iialliic. The nasal spine of i.ii the lonjiiludinal «l'i""«'"'' i,e siiiierior maxilla- was moderate. \Vli(«re the side walls of the aii- lidic index Ml.d, computed ^ ^,^1^^. „ares joined the lloor the mar-i" «>l' the openino- was rounded. Mtli and breailth, was <''«''■' '['he traiisversediameterof theorbit was 10 millimeters, (he vertical di- ndeformed skull. Tho tiram^m^j^.^, .^^.^ ^,,^j „rbital index was !t(l, and the orbit was megasenu'. The ^ t ■ ai ' .M ' » w L — .wv '' I" 1 1 I I > 198 KKI'CtKT OK NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1«87. nasiil Wiis IS niilliiiM'tcis. IIic iinsiil widtli '2't, llic. luisal index \\;\ and tlii> nose was nu'sorliint". The palato maxillary Icnj-lii \va> the pahito inuxillary width was 7li iiiilliinctorH; the palato iiiaxilhii \ (U'x was 128, and tlie roof of tiic month was hracli.vuranic;. The ti were all erupted and not worn. The cranial sutures were all unossHh tlirou many leatbt Goi jarrj. \Vhei [toles. iTTSn Uitut( )ome Fie. :!•-'• NaVA.Mi (1. Mil.K: Kn.I.ltKiCKIi I UK I'Udiii'.ii wiitr. Fri-rii :\r,ii.rta. Ol- FiR. 33. N.\VA.IO CH.MiI.K. with WdllUKN lllii AWMSci liK lililiSsKli Ill'CK^KlN C.il. .V... larUl.'i. I s, N. M K,,rl Wifi«al.-. N. .. (nil,., 1^,11. V lir. n. \v. ."<>)^w~~UuLJUOK^prtmltj,v t»-wa(ne in tin tional Musvum (Kij^JUjT^Tis a atrip of blaeiv bear sic in 'M) inches I an d 20 w.ide, doubled together in form of a crad le frame. Aloiii: side eiliriijijoops ol buckskin are made to receive the lacing. Tlie are fornu'd as follows: A buckskin strinj,^ is j)assed tliioufjh a hcl the bearskin and the lonj^er end passed tlirouf'ii a slit or cut in shorter eml. Tiie loiiy end is then passed tiinuif^Ii the next hoh drawn until a loop of antlicient sizi^ is left ; a slit is made in the si uear tlu; last bole passed throu}>h, and then the whole lasliiug is di C( TbJ hU8< ind ashei asbii hrou itriu{ *Ha 'or He> lip, Ol irSKCM, 1887, CRADLKS OF TIIK AMERICAN AHORIOINES. 199 L'.""», tilt', iiiisal iiidrx \v;i Miroiigli lliis slit. This .scivcs flic piii'ijose ol'a knot at each hoh', as in it(» iiiaxiilaiy Iciijith wii> many other i'ladlcs. A l'ooti»icci' oC bcarsUin is sowed in with <;oars<.i tors; tlio pahitoinaxillai . leather strinfj.* vas brach.vnranic. Tho In Governor Stevens (Ind. Atl, Kept., IS.")!) says t he IMackfeet women ial sutures were all unossiiii '^arr y their eliihlrcn in tlieir arms or in a rohi^ licliiiid their baeks. \ Tlieu traveling, the children ar>' placed in sac its of skin on the tent l >oles. ILsa.^i^^tH> ^ el■^J*^^j ^.t^nLy-tisyut. We have in this mention a par .^ dlel to the Comanche type. Note also the u.so of still' rawhide as a sub- ^f. Uitule or antecedent of boards to secure stitt'ness. The subject will pome up again in speaking of the Sioux aud other Easteru cradles. '-mii Fiji. ;i:t. S'AVAJO CIIAIHB, Willi WOdliKN III" AWNINarl at the upper end, are held in ]tlace by croas-i)ieces a8be<1 and apart just the length of the leather cradle sheath. This ashing is very ingeniously done ; four holes an inch aj)art are bored hroogh the frame board and cross-piece at the corners of a stjuare, a itring of buckskin is |»assed backward and forward from hole to hole •Bancrol't (NalUc I'fiiccM of tlic I'acitii; States. N. Y'., \^T.\, vol. I): As soon ana ^oinanclii) eliilii is lioi'U " it is r,isli'iii'(l to a .small lioard by liaiiila;^<'s, and so canit-il or seviM'iil iiioiillis on the. liaiK of I lit' niotlicr. Later tlie child tides on tlio luotlier'.s lip, or is eurried on her liaik in a li.i^kel or lilanUct " (pp. 013, 514). 200 Ur.I'OlM' OK NAII(»NAI. MlSKl'M, IssT. * • I, )' n I f\ \ iiml tlu'lwo fiiils lied, (ir oiir riitl is |>;is.sci| ||iniii;;li :i .slil ciil m oilier. '11 If l.isliiliy lilies mil einss I he st|ii;iie oiicil liei' siile (li)i};iii; Above the ii|i|ier eross-jiitH;!' the tiiiiiie jiieces proiect ii foot ;ii .i slrninhteiieil iilop like feiiee pieUeis. DisUs of (ieriiiiiii silver lii'iiss-lieiiileii iiiiils jire used in prol'iision to roriii Viuioiis ^'eiiini nriiiiiiieiits; upon tliii front of the fninie, between the eidss-piiri strip of bntfalo hide is sewn, with riiwliidei siriiij'' |iassin<; tlirouj;li 1 liored in with the hiiir side (the side jMeces) towards the eradiebi i The ineiosiii^i- case is a shoe-siia|ied baj;' niad«' of a NiM;;le pi.^ soft deer skin lashed toj^'ether half wav on top in Hie usual ni;iir and kept oiieii aioniid the face by a stilVenin^df biilValo leather oi : hide. A small oiieiiinji- is left oiiposite the penis, and a stitfenin;; | keeps the iiaj; open at the lect. This case is attached to the fi:ii n thoii.i; lashiiijis. Little slcij;li bells, bits of leather, feathers, etc. i plelc the ornamentation (I'if;- '''»)• n^;. ;;(j. \'\ti- 'Mil- Oi;l.AM.\ SkiIX CliAlH.K. OlM.Al.l.\ Sliil\ WoMAN. Silllilill til Kiy. :i.'l, V :> T,ur.„l, I (Cut, N... TMr-.' <::,. k II I1-, |l,l..l:i I The Sioiix cradle is a frame of two diverginfi; slats, ])aintcd yc held ill place at the head and foot by cross-slats, lashed as in tii' iiiaiiche cradle, with this dilVeiciice, that the strinji' crosses betweci holes diagonally. This is true, but may have, no si{;nilicanc,e. The ot the side jiieces i)roject above the cradle sack at least IS inches. ire stii \s in t )f calii ihaped d" hull aid on >'i a w I roper s then .8 to f(l lally ai olored leather triugs bont t hich !• ml tbi last re Anot irved ainted f side f doll ■ack-bi lot-ref' ork ii I'ated Mr. ( illecti ide; aiiitei lake {)eiiiii nng is radle "eight iches "Thi eculii iem,t eeu a d'auc mda^ ley a )ld •oai>Ks of (Iniiiaii sil\ i : II to Inl III VillioilS J;('CM , ', bctwcrii \\\v noss pit n »' sliiii^' pussiiij;- tliroiijili I I's) tdWiiKls tilt' (M'adlt'lii I ),\'^ iiiuilc (if a siii^in \)\v, on lop in llif usual iim' imi^of liiill'alo leatlicr oi i«' prnis, aiitl a stitri'iiin^ I sc is attaclii'd to tliu IVain of h'atluT, IVatluTs, etc.. CUAHLKS OK nil', AMKUIt'AN AMOUIGIXKS. 201 Oi^i.Ai.i.A SiDi X Woman. ,Fr..iiM.ll..l(.|)r»|'l' ) livi'i'ging sliits, painted yt cross-slats, laslicd as in tli : tlic striii};' crosses lictwcci have, no sif;iiilie,ance. TIic idle sack at least IS inclu-s. ire studded Willi Inass headed nails in sliai^hl lines (Ki^-s. . 'JO, .'!(! fr). \n ill the roiiianclie ciadle there is a bottom or inattiass, and a (piilt )f calico, lined, supplants the hiilValo hide. 'I'lie l»ab,v-case is shoe- shaped, the pail aroiiiiit the head and shonldeis stilVened with a liiiiii;.;' >r hnflalo leather. All over the «»ntside of the l)al)y(;ase head-work is aid on in };eoinetrie itatterns of bine, red, yellow, ^reen, and bine-black Ml a white <;rouiid. The beads are strunj; on a line sinew thread in • roper niiinber and color to extend t|iiite across the cast^ This .string s then tacked down at intervals of three-t'onri lis of an inch so legidarly ,s to form coiitiiiiioiis creased lines, extending fioin the foot longitiidi- lally rtronnd the baby-case to the foot on the other side. St reamers of alored tajieand ribbon take the phute of old-fashioned strin;;s, fur, and leathers. The edges of the lower half of the case are joined by four triugs tied .separately, instead of the universal lashing. Then^ are bout this cradle .several marks of inoditicaiion by (!oiilact with whites, inch show at the same time the tenacity with which old forms remain nd th<' readiness with which they yield to pressure at the jioiiits of 'ast resistance, indicating also where the points of least resistance are. Anotlier specimen of Sioux cradle has thi' back-I»oard sijnare at top, irvert and painted, barrow-shaped, like last, awning-frame biMit and ainted, covering cloth (lecorate inches. •ack-board carved on front above; back liiiu^e has large rounded ends; lOt-rest low, curved around at bottom; cradle covered over with ing across the back, by a device, which may be called an ear mortise, is beld down over rod by an iron dog fastened to side of cradle. radle, -HA inches long, I'J inches wide; length of side board, L'A inches; 'eight, l.h inches; height of awning-frame, 14^ iiuthes; width, Ui.h iches. "The custom of carrying the cliih^ among the Mississippi Sioux, is not eculiar to this tribt-, but belongs alike to all, as far as I have yet visited iem,and also as far as i have been able to learn from travelers who have ueii amongst tribes that 1 have not yet seen. The child, in its earliest nifaucy, has its back lashed to a straight board, being fastened to it by ,indages, which pa.ss around it in trout, and on the back of the board ley are tightened to the necessary degree by lacing-strings, whiidi )ld it in a straight and healthy position, with its feet resting on a .'oad hoop, which [)asses aioiind the foot of the cradle, and the (ihi Id's >¥ 202 Ur.rolM' OK NAIhlNAI. MlISKl'M, IH«7. I |iosilioii (iis ii iiilrs nil its iiiollin's Itat'k, sii|)|iiirtt>il lt,v a liniinl that passi's across her loifliratl), lliil nl' slaiidiii;; frcet, win. n doiilit, lias a lfiiil«-iic\ to pi n; ^ TI ri'T fir %MrL m.-^ sHai-liI liml.s, soiiii.i luii^ . reel tliawiii;; of a Sioux i i \\lii(;li JH ill iiiy collcctioi; was |Mirclias('(l IVom a Hioii\ man's itacU, as slni was can, her iiit'aiit in it, as is nihmi n tci c ol' the same phitc. " III this instance, as is i^ tlie case, the [)aii(hij;«'s tiiai i aioiind tiie cradh*, hohlin ; chiUI in, are all the \va,v en, witii a heaiitil'nl enihioidi i porcii]n!ie (|iiills, with in^i i. li;;nres ol horses, men, eli lii'oad hoop <>r elastic wooti | i around in I'loiit of the child- to protect it in (^ase of a tall i the front of which is siispeiMl< littli! to.v of exipiisite ' .noinii for ih(> child to handle and ;>ii itself With. To this and otli< i tie trinkets han^iii^ in tVi n it there are attached iiian.v I tinseled and tinkliii;;' thin;;sni lnijihtest colors to amuse both the eyes and the ears of the child. \\ tiav«'liii)i' on horseback the arms of the child are fastened umh i l>anda;i('s, so as not to be eiidanjiered il'tln' cradle falls, and when iii tlic> are j^ciierally taken out, allowiufj the infant to reach and m itself with the little toys and trinkets that are jdaced befon' ii within its reach. 'The inlaiit is (tarried in this manner until it is live, six, or -' months old, after which it is carried on the back in the manner i> seiited in two of the ti;;ures of the same plate, and held within the i of the robe or blanket. "The modes of cairyiiii; the infant when rittiii};- are also here sIm. and the manner in wlii(;li the women ride, which, ainon;>st all the In is astride, in the same manner as liiat ])racticed by the men. •'Letter //, in the same jdate, is a mourninji cradle, and opens i" view of the reader another very curious and interest iii}^ l K, (CI Sm ;:u\\ r - \ m m. Hi>i-r r„n,.. ith bii u;upie< >r a ye; , unil am, w ml tall ifaiit, i ) stron 'rs uot ave til ay to < le cUili "In t >re the i'icuH, )lled u I tbe c rotect« " Lett f tbebe 'ero ve ley cut le littl ealth ( letn ii igbt ^ * Long I'AJKbt ■ad, "1 ottonw ick, ill ). 179). The pi )4). ('liarU he T6t« line fri ^iire, u •iulle " aiiada, rained lo oriiii Lalioi liese ol awren !i Bays : a adds ■X-i^ MISIM'M, I8M7. , .sii|>|K)rl('(l l»,v ;i hroiid <>r sliiinliiiji <'i'rct, win. ii ilil, liiis a triMli'iicv to |)i II li^lit liinlis, soiiiitl lull;; . a liic. 'Ill pliifc LML', Ictlt'if/, 1^ I t (liiiwiii;; (»(' ii Sioux ( I i trinkets haii^in^ in frmi there are attached iiian.v I nseled and tiiikliii;>- thiii;:s ni iiid the ears of theeliihl. W le child are fastened iiiidi i he cradle falls, and when iii tli(^ infant to reach and im that are ]ilaced befor*' it er until it is live, six, or -> the iiack in the manner n plate, and held within the i hen ridiiiy: are also here sin ', whii-li, amongst all the In racticed t»y the iiieii. iriiiii;; cradle, and o]>eiis t<> IS and iiilerestiii;,^ custom. s allotted to it to he carrin iisolate niother tills the cu rUAOLKS <)!' TIIK AMIIKH'AN AlldltUilNKS. 203 itb black i|iiills ainl Icatheis in the pails which the child's body had ;cupied, and in this \\a.\ carries it around with her wlKM'ever she f;:oeN, >r a year or more, with as much cari^ as if her iiil'ani were alive and in , iind she ojteii lays or stands it leaning; ai^ainsl I lie side of the wi};- am, where she is all day ennayed in lici ncedlewoik, and chatting 11(1 talkiii;: to it as familiarly and affe- )re the child's face, is carefully and siipeistitioiisly pieseivcd llie iiin- i'icus, which is always secured at the lime of its hirlli, and, liciiij^r )IIed up into a little wad of the si/.e of a pea and dried, it is im^lo.sed I the centerof this liltlc iia;; and |»laccd iu'lore the child's face, as its rotector and its security lor •• ;;()od inck " and Ion;; lite. "Letter r, same plate, exhibits a number of forms and dill'erent tastes t'thew. little toys, which I have purchased Iroiii the women, whictli they ere very williii^i' to sell for a tiilliii;i present; but in every instance ley cat them open ami removetl from within a bunch of cotton or moss, le little sacred medicine, whi(!h to part \/ith would be to endan;;-er the ealth of the child, a thin;; that no <-onsideralioii would hav«> induced lem In any instance to have doiH'."* (l*a;;is l.'50-l.L', vol. ii, Catlin's light Years). * Long, Mii.j. S. II. (i^Niii'dilidii til I lie SdMicfHcii'iln" St. I't'tci's Ivivi'i'. I'liiladi'lpliiii. (24. 8vo.) AiiKiriK till' I'kIIu" iiicpiiijc Hiciil oaif is takt'ii tliat Hit* hudv .Hliai! lio might ami well tin iiii'tl ; no Mtii'mpi * ' is iiiaili< (<> cliaii^^tt llio Nliaptt of tliu ■ad, "tliis liriii;; rrijaidcil a.s iiii\iiif; :i Iriliiil .si ;iiirMaii(i' " (\), .in AI;;oiiiiniii niln' north of .Monti oa I, •' have their i.ine from the ronmlnes.s of their lieads; they think there i.> a ;;ie.il lieanty in this ijure, and it is very piohahh- llio iiiothei.s Ki'e it to t heir ( hildien while in the iulle" (vol. 1, Letter XI, |(. ). Spcakin;; of the line li;;nies of the " Imlians of anada," (liailevoix says that one reason foi- this is, that " Iheif hodiesare not e TfiiiirsstT iiiid llii> Nmlli^l.i, Ciiinliiiii lihf, jihI miiiiIi li(i(|iiois, ill tlic nurlli ol New York and iiciii' llu Ciiiiiida liiu", liiivc lor iiiaii.v .vt'ais Imii-lii 1 tiifii ( radii- IkkikIs IVihii (lie wliili'.s m made llinii nt' iiiati'iial lioii;i HM Tl .(' SpfClllHIl ili..siialcd has tlic Itack carved in llmvcis and liirds, and painft'd Itliu', red, j^rci'ii, ai.il yellow. 'I'lie cleat at the upper cud ol the hack is a n.odcin chairroiind. 'Ilh Tool lioa 1(1 is a small shell' or lifackt't. mi w Inch the child's feci rest. All iiiteiest ii.i; lelic of sava;x«'i'y on tlii> (|..ilc civilized ciadlc aie the iiotclios m the avviiiii^-hovv, failinj^' down ovci' tin' ends of the cleat, extended and held ii place l».\ hiaees of leather thonji. Tin hoop selves maii.v functions, such assiip port for sunshade, lain jnotector, inns <|iiiio net, oriiaiiients, danj^lin;;- trinkei« to ((lease the child, etc. is ,(M>. Cradle hack Itoartl. carved ii: lieacocks, and painted liri;;ht (;oIoi-> Stpiare at top. Avvninj; frame inoitisid at ends, wliicli allow them to slide ovt i awnin^-har. Held down and nn.ved li> stays on opposite side, lias a inovalili loot rest at bottom. Thoii^^s alonj;' side- for lashiiij-' liahy in. Lcnj^th, l".*', inches; width, top, KM inches; hot toiii.Si inches. Koot rest, height, ;},Uiiclics : width, (» inches. (Fifi. ."W.i The follow iii}X notes lejiardiiij;' the Indians east of the MissiN.sippi Hiver have been collected in the course of the author's readiiiff, and arc here ai)pi'iidc(l to throw additional li;;lit upon the subject : Ilciin|,(i, ( I'mvils tiir.niL;lMlir Ciiii.iihis. I.iiikIihi, I-(I7. tin.) " Tlic usu of ii I'ii: .W. IliO(jroi9 CiiAin K Hack vikw. .M. Nm, ]<«Hh;. I V S \I >if I;, a . V. .s \ I)illo\v is know ii to Imt m tV iiiioim llic Iioi|ii.iiH trilics. Itiiviiio sciii tiiiit article 111 use, ilicy imit:itc it •• witii u liillci of wiioil, with u mat rolluil iiji, or with sliii.; Hi II in with liair (ji. -J-T'; if llicir li;tcks wcic ffhifil lo tliciii, liciiiy s iKhllcd in linn w liicli tiic cllildllMI lit and kept on witli sw.ilh hands inn fhidiif;li tlic sides id' the hoards. To these hoard- sof tri'cs" (vol. II, tlioy tie strings, hv whicli ilicv liaii;,' theii- children on tlie l.raiM In 1>. 7). "As soon as their eliildi'i'ii coi n|i to the chill." Tlic Daeotahs, Aleut lie into the world tlicy dip lliein in warm water ian Islanders, e| c, use cold water. 'After this they swathe them down n|>on little l.oards or plaiiks, stiitled with cotton, whcrt they lie njiou I heir hacks'" (Mil. il, \>. i:!). ll'cryu, T. (: 1 i.iidoli. I*'1 idv" I heir naiiil IlllIlK 1- llic ' I 'I' lie" (I'll! l.ciMcoiiri till IV mill h 111'" linald II Hcrall.v Hil ,1. 1. >'ff| -ult ol' a Indian ill,, I >vlieli atd> •'flieir int |,'. \iiill vvliil iMili of Wal their skiimc I ivviiv. 'I'h. N.ifi-,.-'!' entertained ■• I'lainc l>c; ■|li.Mrcliil«l>' (II sciitly." AiihalitH»ov ,.1 ihe Vii';: ilii- coldest i.viiUi'.eiits wi'illinvt til iicular acci ,,f a culloa with a kirn belt yt is > ('apt. Smil itoiii the vv [ ,Si disf^nis I lieanty to i (to Ul<*'" : \ face iS: Im tlli'll. dttl Soc. !'•<' -These cradle in bound ai because is as a d '^^mi§\^- ^fajSfKttsiiii^&Mii)^ is.s: CKADIJvS or Till-: AMKUICAN AMoKHlINKH. 2(>r) ""'^'" "ii.l In.,,,,,,, '" '•"■ 'i«»iii LM (,,,, '■""« "i'lt-r ),( III, ^•"Iv iiiid II,.,,,. ||,, '""".V .V«'ills l.nil I, '"" "'<• nliit.'.s ,„ ' ''<»"i«li( fidii, „ "'• Til,. Nj),.,.!,,,, , •'"'\<''l in (l(.\\,,> '" ""' 'iplM'r.11,1 ■liiiir i()i,i„i. 'jji, '•' fl"' IKXclu's I,, ^ ii«. Tli, "'"■^' ■^'"■ll !I.S.S|||,. ' l»''>(i'ct„r, „„„. '""«''"«■ triiik.-N ! liaiM,. iiKiitiscd ''"' '<> .sli< aldllj^r .si,|,., '"l< ificlM.,s; |,„| ""^ 'Mi.ssiN.s),)p, ''"•J'i'f:, JUKI jiir •I : ) "TIm. u8« or ,1 ' «''''i that arti.l, "1>, <•!■ Wifll Hiij,,, ■•'"''"-■'I ill lilMl..I, '" 'liiNr iM.ai.N ''''"■'"^"(v..l. „, ' •" «an,i water "at.T. "Art.M "'cotton, wlit'iv f ,liir< r.v^, 'V. (Nat. ami Civil IliHt. of I'itikIi Doiniiiio.is in Noitli ami .Soiilli Aiiit'i-- ;i. 1 .'iiiloii, l*t!(), I'ol. ), Ntivsof AI(;oi:kian 'IV'lt'N ill' Kon' : "Till' {{oiinil'lli'ailN ' " " iiKr ilii'ir iiaiiii' tVoiii I'lo li;;iii'i' of llii'ir lirailN. ' ' Il is ln'lirviil llial iIik liiiiiKi-. ' ' * t'orm tlio IiuuiIh of tlii« rliililrrii iin.. iliiN hIi:i|m' when tliiinil ilown on a pinr of thick lionnl, .s|n'i'ail with >oft ,— iiMi-> ' ||oii|i.s proli'it Iho faci'. !'hi' rradlr-honril i-. ■^iispiiiilcil on tlu> inotlni's liack 9\\ III II ir.'ivi'iiii};, lit liir wise hiiiiK hv tin hrMil->lr.'i|i. Iiil'aiitsari' .li'^n put in liaiinuuctkH, 'SiiMil tvjii'ii ahh' to rrawl air irli^asi'il froii, tlir riailli- ln'iiMl (p. ■t'^T). ^1 Tlirif inrniits ;ir«' Indiic with Imiit' on tlifir licads, iiiid iirc (if coin- ||ili \i. The coiiiitr*' of their haiie is iilaek d^ tlieif e.ves black." || NiifK. — The itlea that the Inilian was hmti white wa.s very coiiinioiiiy ■ I iiliiiiiiiieii in the liisi jiallor the scveiitceiitli ccniiiiv. Lcchlorii. in his • I'iiiiiie Dcalitii;," p. ."lO. says; "They areol'coiiipU'xion swarthy i\; tawny. Tlicii ehihiien an iMirnc while, I'ut they liedaiihetiiem wiihoyiciJteolonr.s II r>i'ntly." .losselyn al.so speaks of the Inilians ''ilyino- their eliihlien ^ iilia li(|tioi oflioilcd lleiiilock ISaik." (Two N'oyaucs, p. IL'.S.) Speakin}^ III llic \ii;;itiia woiiicn .Sp.iiili .says: "To make tlieif chiiilii'ii iianlie in ilic coiilest inoiiiinji's they tiictii wasii in t lie rivets, tlv by payntitij;' & i\ ii'tcciits so taniie tlieif .skinnes tiiat alter a yeaf or two no weather "ill hint them." ('rnte. Trav t'l.s, vol. i, p. l.'!l.) Stiachey jiiv«'sa moi'e par- I ictiliir account ol the .Mippo.M-d process: •' The Inilians are fieneraily il a cniionr lnowiie or latiier lawny, wiiich they cast themselves into uilli a kinil of arsenic stone. «!<: of tlic satiie line ate their women, liow- beit yt is supposed neither of lliem iialiiially borne so discolored ; for ('apt. Smith (lyviiig .somtynH'.s a!iioii};st tliein) alliiiiieth how they n\v Imni the wotiili iiiililVetcnt whit«', lait as the men, .so doe the women dye vV dis^iii.se tlu-mselves into this tawny cowler, estecmiii^i' yl the best licaiity to be neerest siicii a kynd ot niiniey as a soihleti ipiinec^ is of (to liken yl to the neerest coiilor I (;an), for which lliey daily anoint both face iV boilyes all over with such a kind of fiiciis oiiin^nent as can cast tlicii, iilotliatstayne." (Ilist()rie,(i3.) (>• New Kiioli,s,|| t'anaan." Prince Soe. Koston, bS.S.'i, p. ] |7.) '•Tlie.se infants tire eanii'd at their mofher.s' backs by the help of a cradle made of a boaid forki't at both ends whereon the chilih^ is fast lioiind and wrapped in liincs: his knees thinsl up towards his bellie, liccaiise Iliey may be the Miitir tiscfnll tor tliciii when he silleth, which is as a dojif^e does on his biiinmc ; and this cradle surely pre.serve.s them n \ h ■i P 2()»; KKI'oi;!' Ol' NAIIoNAI- MI'SKIM, 1HM7. Itt'lli r Ihiiii the rt;itlU's ol' oiir iiiiliiiii, loi as iiiiicli as we liiiil tliciii u>; l>niiM»rii j;i\c tlit'ii riianatici in a wordc, lIu'V ari* a« propiT nu-n aii«l \vonn n iml Icatiiic .111(1 iiiiihs as can lie lonnd, lor tli-sli and Mood asaittivc." (•• \y\ i;n;;lisli Canaan." I'riiuT Sue. Iloston, iss;j, p. 1 17.) TIh> ChoUlali llalicn llicir lori'liciidH witli ii Iijik of niiiuI, wliicli \vit|:| ;;rfat cart' tlicy keep lasliiii'd on thf sknil ol i1m> inl'ant wliilc it is n tender and inipcrlfct state. Tims Ihe.v tpiile del'orni their I'aeeand ^i\r tiieiiisehos an appeiirance vvliieii is disa<{ii'eal)le lo anv bnt tho-<'i>i| their own Ml cness.* (Adair's .\nn'riean iinlians, p. 'J.S4.) ••The Indians llatteii their iieatls in divers I'nrrns, lint it is ehiell.v tli» I MOW n ol the liead llie.v depress in orth-r to lieantil'v themselves, as ilici; wild laney terms it. lor they call us hm;; heads liy way ol' eonte:n|ii The < 'hoKlaii Indians tiatten their t'oreln-ads from tlietopol' tlio IkmiI tti the eye lirows with a siiiall liau of sand, whieii yives them a liiihdn. ap|iearanee. as the loreiieatl naluiallv .shoots upward, aeeordiii;; as it !< Ilallened, III lis. the lisiii;: < if the iiii>e, iiisttsnl of liein;; etpiidistant imn the lie^iiiiiiiiii; of the eliin to that of liie hair is. Ii\ their wild me(■llanl^ll. plared a .^leat .deal nearer tn the tine and l.irthei from the otiier, lli Indian nations loimd .Sdiilli (aidliiia and ali the way to New .Me\h (properly ealled Meehikiij, to etVeet this, li\ the lender infant on :i Kii of eradle. whiMc Ids feet are tilted aliove a I'tiot !ii;;lier tiian a liori/onii positifin. his head bends hack into a hole mide on purpose to receive i , where he hears the chief part ol his wci ..lit im theemwiMif the lir,i<: upon a small h\\<^ of sand wiihriit liein;; m theleast ai>le to iimivc hinisilt 'I'he sknil, resemliliny a tine earlila;iinoiis siilistance, in its inliiir state, is ejipidile of takiiii; .iny impressiiiii, I'y this piessnrc, and tin" thus llatteninji llie crown (if Ihe head, they coiiscfpiently make llni: heads thick and Ihcii laces limad, fur when the simioth channel \n|lll'\. ('. I'. lA Vi.'U .M' tile Sciil UIMlCjilimlr iif the fllilcd .StlltCH of AllH'l l'lllli|llll|llliil, l^lll. ^ Ml. ' ll IS " III!' CIIStlMII III' lllf ('illMlilWH til lllllllld llio sl (lie l'l:il-Ilr,i(|s" I p. :i('i.")^. .\iiiiii;o ihr 1 1 iliis iii;ir I In' In Mil ol' t lie WaliUHJi, " Wft'M ■ I'il.MMii"., S;i\\ Uiis. l'\.iiikisli.i\\s, :iimI .Mljiliiis. • ■ the lilililli s * " ' Cii;' "11 • l\Mi iliiiiliiii lii'hiiKl lliiiii In :i sort ol liuff, tlir cikIs of wlijcli iirc tied ii: 'heir iMnlu-iKl. In llus i.spni t|i,.y tiiivc ii stniiii; icsfiiilijiiiicc to our [tlic Krcn gypsies'' ( p, ;',.",;{ I. Hiirtiiiin, Wniuiiii. ('I'r.nri- lliioiiuh Ndrili ;iiiil .Soiilli (■.irolliia. (icoiyja, I'lon '■'<■■ ' l""i. n'.M. -M .(1. -vo,, "TIic t'iicMliiwH Miv (iiili'd liy the triulfis I'ial- flat Mcails. all llic males li.i\iii;,r tlic fore ami liiml partN of tlicir sUiills aililiil,. ll.itlcncil or rompiisscl •' 'p. .M.",). '111,. mianl is plaii-d ••in a wooden lasc," on • li.ic'k, "a li.i^' (irsainl Im'Ihl; i.iid mi ilie t'oitdicail, which. Ii.\ < ontiiiiiiil n«'iitl(' cdriipi' ■ sioii," laiisis 111.- li.ail loslopc ■•oii liackwards • • • llom the tt'iiiplcs niiwanl Thr occipiil is I, r.lMd in a i .iiiravll> ■• fashioned liKe a hri.k inonld " (p. .'.1.'.). lliTiol, (; ■fi avrjs thiiiii;;h tin CanadaN. London. 1-07. ||( 4 •'■il'is ol I isiana llalleii ihc InndiiMd oC tlnir idiihlicn. an ' Some of li'iiiiiiiatc in a |ioiiit. head lo a round loin l . In I hi'li' I'oni'ciilion I I iiiisi' tho siiniiiiii oiisjsis ill inoiildin;; > IliatiireixHtoii lin>l lUeli'by e Ml', we not jaiinl'iile tin Icoiiiiect Iher tin II animal nriiliei' n'i>^' il:iis look on ami silify oi ovMi." (Adi l.alitan" • The «'rai mil pretty li-lil wood, font, lo^ive as ihoii"'' w.iy mat it ilie point ti ihal ll shot fhe swathl painted ski 1, ■passed in ihe cradle, (Idthes ha hind when ;i lialf cir<'l nid wliich liicatln'fii' (if mostpiit iiilnry if t (if poreela serve as a lentitlis ot rnalile tin all their ( some bnii while she '■ The I the furs, inns (cat bark of ' toinviiiti furs; by thighs, ^ I «*«»>:t I SS7. rUAKLF.S OF tin; AMK.KICAN AltoKUIlNKM. 207 I's w«' find f||(.„i ^veiH|i;itiiii>iHst(>p|M' ^vo not t(» this ciistoni, antl iis ti ni-cfssiii v t'lU'rl of lliiH caiiso |,v III'' tiinliis F|,i|. llKir skulls iiiljdri,, I "ir.). ""• I "Son f r '■■■III'*"' lIlO sllliiMlil IIMi.Sis ill IIIOIlllllllM i ;3 iiiiiliiite their licUU', wild, and erne! tempers / Ivspeeially, when we Icoiiiieet therewith lioth a false edneatv^ ..'id tiivM exj'reise (o ajjitate lliii II iiiiiiiial spirits. When the brain, in eooli r people, is distiirbetl, it iii'iilitr reasons nor tIeterniineN with proper jnd);inent. The Imlians jil:ii> look on e\er.\ tiling; around them tliiiii|o|| their own false medium, III \ilifyonr heads because they have yiven a wroni; tnin to their Ml.' (Adair's Anu'riean Indians, p. of cradliii;;. The child enveloped in line far is lis ill •-> ' '.he niiited planks, an«l is placed standing; np in a \\,i> mat il shall han^' over a little led;;(' of wood wlieie its Icet are, llie jMiiiit liinieil nndei for fear lest they should ;;et hiiil, and in order ilial II slioiijd hold Ilie fold by which it is necessiiiy to carr,\ lie frame, flic swaddlin^'clotlies or fnrs are held np in front by lar^c bamls of {Minted skin, which does not st retell miieh, and which are passed and M'pas.sed in the small loops of toii;;h skin which han^; from the sides of I lie cradle, where they aic lii inly laslened. They let these swaddlin|.j- ilothes han^'eonsiderablv below the cradle, ami they throw them be- hind when they wish to ;;o walking; with the child, »tr let them fall over ;i half circle, whieh is fastened to the plaid )iild, iiimI whieh ean be made to tnrn forwards in order that the child t >ii breathe freely w ithoiit beiii}; e.vpo.sed to the cold of winter or to the stinj^s of moM|i)itos oi (glials in snmmer, and in order that it shonid n , i ■e4MV(> Hilary if the cradle fell. They put over that half ciicle little inaeelets of ponrlain and other little tritles that tlie Latins call rrepiDidid, which .serve an an ornament and as playthinjjs to divert the child. Tw«» laroe len^jths of stronj,' leath«'r, ".vhich come out from the eradle at the head, enable the mother to cany it everywhere with her, and to fasten below all their othei' liiindles, when they sio to the fields, and to suspend to some branch of a tree, wheie cradled and .soot lied to sleeji by the wind, while she winks. "The ehildr*'!! are \er.\ warm in the cradle and very easy, for besides the fnrs, which arc very .soft, they |)iit nui(!li wn taken from tlio eala- inns (cat-tail, rush .'). w Inch lliey stiitf in a wad, or perhaps the pounded hark of the peinclie (liircli .'), with winch the winiicn sconr their hair to invifiorate it. They are al.so very careful so that it c;in not soil their fnrs; i>y nwans of a little skin oi a raj;- which they pass between their thiuh'^, which hano-s out (»vei' the fore part, they ean attend to their Morn IS (Irs S;lll\ M^cs .\ lini ii|IM i I IS, vol, I, |i 208 i;i;i'()i;t ok national mi'skcm, iss:. 'J ( ( !'l natuial needs witlioiit tlie inside hoinj: wet or soiled, except the down, wliieli is easily lepliiet-d with new. "Some iiiilions in I.onisianii, t, who 1 hem mime III' tiat hi m\> » * * have a jiiciove praitieallv in tlieirei' rile, in wliicli Ihe mother |)nts the cliihrs head ; siie applies on the front iini haei< of the liead a mass of elav whieli hinds and bears down witli li force. Siie eradh's tlie eiiiid all the time until its lii-ad has taken n- sliaiie. and when Ihe sntures of the head have taken consistency. Tin ehildien siilfer extreiiiely, liei'oine almost iilack ; a white and vise .11. liipiDT comes from the eyes, nose, and ears ; ihey snifer mnch ni<»i'e th'i, the iini'asy sitnation, where tiiey are forceil to pass all the time dniin, the lirst months of their infancy, bul il is the co>t (\{' iiec(»min>r Iteaiiti fid liy art and t!ie sntferin^; lo ji'et tiiat charm which natnie refuses. "TheCai'ibs and must ot' the Soiitheiri Indians have also ilatteinii forelieads and jjoiiited heads. Their molheis lasten the head di \ with little boards and jiads of cotton bound stron ' ""I.- < if the hcji ■■The child has no other ciadle but a hammock proportioneu ><»tlM.: height in which the mothers can sns|)end them and transport them mi commodionsly. and wluTe the (diildren are I'radled all naked, witlhiir any pain from eonlinement. ■'The Indians, wliicli are called in Canada (le jiens de Terres) (htii^.- fliiiiriHiiiDii, have a ditferent lastc from the I'iatheads, foi' tiieir l»ea :■ consists in havini; a rpnnd iiead : thence they are called 'l>u:r Meads""' (pp. .")!».!. ."iiC). >■ The tirst years the child is ke)>t all naked in the cabin lo keep i:- body fiom beinj,' injnred ity the air. When larger it works for il^ family. They cany water and little billets of wdod; this they rej;.!:; a>>poit. rp to puberty they pe^lect their person; rn) ornannMits ;iii wotii nntil they are enrolled in the body of yonnj; men. They are eiin eated like Spartans" (p. .")!»7). '• Women strong and lobnst but are not prolilic. Tin* enceinte wow.v does not take care of lierself; she carries heavy burdens and work- harder as she api)i()aches her time. 'I'hey say this violent exei(;> facilitates theii' parlnrilion and makes the child more robust. No ni (!an deny thai lliey do brin;^- forth with suii»risiii}> ease. II eanjihi labor away from (he cabin they attend to themselv«'s. and are ap|.,i; eiitly able to do their regular woik the sann- da,\ "' (pp. .■>!•(». ."iid). " They do sulfer and die sometimes, but they bear their pain ui! such fortitude (liai they (hi not seem to sulfer" (p. .V.H!). "Honu" Souiliern Indians (hink if the women do not bear their p;ii with fortitude (lie children wil, inherit their weakness, and they l>i those children that 'lie bom of such a mother. They kill the inotln of a siill iiorn elidd. and also sacritice one of tw ins, because one inoi h' is iio( eus real. I hot wean I Mars old 3 In Son I -cell in N ; in lliesha i ii'.uioiis ti I NorlliAii rAraiicai I anyiug ; than a the Ilea r«'s!8 a;. In add] CltADI.ES OF TIIK AMERICAN AHOKIGINES. 209 'xccpt the down. Ii liiivc jiivcii ilii lly ill tiicircni ill, |s on llio front mni ■Ills down Willi ,ii [cul liiis taken i;- (•oiisistency. Tin i\ iiitc 1111(1 visi "M. r iiiiit'li iiKiro 111"! 11 till' tilllC! (llllili, liccoiiiiii^i: bi'iiuti Hill lilt' I't'l'llSt'S. lavc iilsii tl;ittriiiii en llic head dn a '■'•••• of tiie liiail, ijiorl loiu-ii >o tin:: raiisporl tlieiii \ r: 11 naked, \vitli"ir IS de Terres) OVo'- Is, for their hca' ' are ealled 'IJii!:. Ihe eahiii to keep i ! i;er it works for il > )d ; tliis tiie.v rej; iii: I ; no onianieiits ;ii' ineu. Tliey are eilu The mcciiitc woiii.i' Itiirdens and woik- this violent exeni- lore rolmst. No m ! ease. Ii eaii},dil 'Ives, and are apji,!! (pp. .V.Kl. .">| riie.v kill tlie inoilM . heeaiise one nioih' hers to lirint; nji. ! i yet ill tile eradh . ! hi'oiij,dit up in tlie I'aiuiiy, and tvliat appears slraiiye, old }>raiidiiiotii- n -, who iiavo pas.sed tlu^ aj;e of iiavinj; children, liave their iiiiik return '.. ilieiii, and take tlie plaeo of tiic niotlier. Indians love tlieir i'iiildren Aitli an extreme passion, and aUliou.iili they do not siiow tiieir affection li\ lively caresses, as do the Europeans, tlieir tenderness is, iiowever, not |r>-i real. They suckle their chihlren as loiij;- as they are able, and do ii.it wean tlicin but from necessity. I have seen children three or four \( ais old takiii;^ milk with their younp'r brothers" (p. oiK!). Ill kSoutli America the same eiistoiii si'ems to oiitain tlmt wi; have >i'(ii in Nortli America, namely, in the tropics the carrying of children n I he shawl or sii^h, and bedding it in tlie liaiiinio( k; wiiile in the colder ic^ioiis the cradJe-frame ai»peais. Frames corresponding;' to some in Niii 111 .America are found in Peru. Simon de Schtyvcr, in his lioyanme rAiaiicanie-l'atajr<»nie (18S7), ti;;iires at iiaj^e 21 an Araucanian woman ariyiny a child in a frame (Fig. ;3!t), which seems to be nothing more ^^ Fig. 39. AU.\IC.\NI.\N WdM.VN (AllllVINi. Cllll.l iliry>..r'.. ■■|l..y.i.. 'I' \ (Frniii Miii.Mi til* .'ifliry^.t'-. " Iti.y.i.i .1' \r,i.i. ,i r.tt.i«..rii''.") than a short ladder, with crossbars. On this frame thec-hild is lashed, the head being peitectly free, except that the louer part of the occiput rests against the top cross bar, as in the case ol" the Polynesian pillow, In addition to her living Ireiglit the woman carries in front a bag ol U. Mis. (i()(». pt. Ii 11 •J 10 Kr.l'oK )1' NAIIONAI. MISKIM, 1SS7 l>ri)\i>i|'('i mI.iI liy .1 cord ilciii-iHliiii; tVom tlii' ht'iiil-strai> at junction w itli till' c'ratlli'-lniiiu' li: ;(ll' iVdlll . i. :m 1' I ;rna (It'l „ J ) 1 i\ Tlif iiiscri iH'l-wor! I'iu'. in, I'l i;ki- I'.xc K. ill. .1- |-l,..l... Ml. iu I . ^ N. >l A Iciiluii' 111 I lie wcaviii.; of till' l';ila.L;(tiii;iii wallet is wortliy oi' at (fill ion. ;illiioii,i;li its (li.'.scTipl ion would he lici liT ill a piiixT on wcaviii. 'J'iicn' i>- ill tlic National Miiscuni iiiit'lta<' iVoiii .MafUt'iix.ic I'ivi and anoiliur Iroiii Ivodink, made ot cxcfcdin^ily liiic habhiclit' or bin skill cut into striii''' Tlic wciiviiiu is cllcctcd l»v iiicaiis of cliaiii til' liiill'iiilclics. en, li loiip ciii^lit inlo loop licldw. In Ccnti: Aiiiciic I, ('\ ciyw licic. Iliiiii ;;inds of oprii iict-worl liaus of all sizes an J CRADLKS (»F IIIK A.MliKU.'AN Ai(OKI(iI.Ni:S. ■ill L'iul-.stiai» iit ;> ii: iilc t'roiii tlu' pitii lihtT, tlic sliiii^s of wliicli loop in llic .siuiic iriaii- 11,1, -11 IViii tlic saiiu' stitt'li (icciiis. hikI ikiw fioiii ratafioiiia and Titiia (U'l l''iu'j;o \vc receive examples of the saiiie inetliod of weaviiiy. ii>;>^ I'ii;, 41. OhTJAK • ItAllV .ll Mil U." 'I'lic iiisertidii (d'a md t>v a humlle of iiislics serves to convert the open lict-wdik liai;- into a watei-ti.ulit wallci or a v\- lelow. In Centi; ays of all sizes an OST.IAK CllAIH.U. (FtoMi ."■fluiliiiiV •• Mill nil ni A cliild lias Itccii plaiu'd in a |)>>| dlci's pack for convi'iii»'ii IMiist'iiin do i ni justify aiiUliin;; liki' an cxliaustivc Inii. incnt of the casti'iii continiMit. In three lij;uies shown (Fifis. 43, 41, 45) see tht Noitlu'in device, in whicli safety of tiie eliild fnMii cohl is tiio n sonrce of anxiety. The Japanese unit is con('«'iiied partly witli teMii»erature ami partly witii transpoitaiioM. The AlVirm MM)ther eonsnits transportation al(ii:r, There is nothinji' in the ordinary tre.ii inent of tlie ehihl to (xtcasion a delorin ;\ of tlie eiiiMiuiM. AMy ehan}j;e of the sh;i r of tlie iieatl Muist be attril)iited to con/;i n ital causes or to custom. liii' lllc i;iiii IIT l-'ii; 4;;. Al'\cili: Si.ii' vu CMniMVi. > Ciiu.li. Fiu. 45. Ai'iiicAN Woman i aiuivi.ni; a Cuiil' NOTES C TIui iicco r |)lriiient to jl Aliorifjinef^ •i I he sidtjeet < liildren in ^ "htaininj;; ill reeeiv* The autl ill)' lihrariii lull for Miai inlentiiM I ml iliaii o iiccM atteni of men, i)ii I T.iuial typ \1. Topina li'Hi with iiijiiin'MMM i \(;essive, many whi(J dcviatioiisl 3 daces in t lions in llil ICCdMM s tl oj;(»ns par| As a M llM'ir elen vei'telira; aiMitcMMic; m (1( tail {fr |'hli III I'. «. N. M. ) of an or; In additil Hn,\ eiMMi :i standal from art loi^ieal I that will iu)t at a| fornu'r \| Aiiit'i'ica AUTIl'ICIAL DEFORMATION OP CIIILUUEN. 2i:i ;;.«(». Tlie\\o. rrmkisli (iyii .\. tlact'ii ill a |>< ^ ft' <)r(;:ii'rviiij; llllSt'lllll do Inl Kliaiistivc tic ii litiiicnt. Ill lie js. i;?, 44, 45) a,. ', ill wliicli till. folil is tlio main iipancsi^ iiiutlii r :ciii|)(>ratiii'(> ami 111. Tilt- A Trie III lioi'talioii aUiir. oniiiiarv ticii isidii a (Iftbriiiii) iiij^v of tlu' Sllll.r Imtod to conti' I iMAN 1 AU11VIN(. A CUll.l' i.lc.Kr.ilOi III I'. ». N. M. ) NOTES ON THE ARTIFICIAL DEFORMATION OF CHILDREN AMONG SAVAGE AND CIVILIZED PEOPLES. Lwnii A nnii.KKiKAniY.] My Dr. .1. II. I'oinKK. rii(( iU'coiiipaiiyiiig notes are eolleetcd IVom various sources as a siip- lilriiit'iit to Professor .Mason's pajuM' on "The Cradles of tlie Aiiicrieaii .Mioiifjines.''* The lime allotted did not permit the eom[>iler toe.xliaiist ^ I he siil»je(!t, but enoiijrii is here {jfiven to show tlie jiraetiees coneeniiiifi f iiildreii ill their lirst year throughout the world, and tlie varied lieliefs ■litaiiiiiij;' as to the elleets of sucli Irealment. In the future the siihjeet ill receive more earefiil and systeinatie- study. riic author eiubraees this op])ortunity to express his oUlijijalioii to ill!' liliiaiians of the State, War, and Navy Departments at Washiny- !iiii for iiiaiiy courtesies, liitciitioiial modilicalions of the form of the head, although le.ss gen- t ill than other fashions by which eonforiiiity U) an ideal (>f beauty lias iiccii attciiiped, liave, nevertheless, been widely prevalent among races nl iiieii, but can not be said to include all the variations from an average nniial type actually e.xistiiig in nature. The ethnical classiticatioii of \1. Topinard (roiements d'Anthropologie (ieiierale) displays deforina li'iii with retereiice to race in a manner which fiiltills all jiractical ie(|iiii'ements. Deforiiiity is, however, as real when slight as when J xtu'ssive, and apart from those distortions he has described, from the many which are due to pathologic d causes, and Ihe yet more numerous deviations from symnu'try wliicli unintentionally exerted pressure pm- diiees in tlu- incompletely ossilied skull, there still reiiiaiii llio.se varia- lioiis ill the pi'oces.sesof ii'drition and growth through which assymetry liecoiiH s the rule not in the I ead and not in man only, but in the homol- ogous parts of all axially devlopcil animals. As a matter of fact, and exclusive of the embryological i«b'iitity of their elemcnt.s an idea) head is no inor*^ demonstrable than an ideal vertebra; and whatever may be hereafler accmiiplislied, at present the anatomical and iiliysiological constants of neither can be detciniiiied ill detail. It therefore ai)pears to be inexact to speak of the deformities of an organ whose (!oiiformatii)ii has not been distinctly a.scerfained. In addition to this, only a small ]iortion of mankind have arii\ed at any common .judgment on the subject of cranial <'ontour, and wherever a standard is furnished by such a consensus of « piiuoii, this is «leiived ,| from art and not ire: i science. Roth emiiirical knowledge and physio, logical principles Justify the general conclusion that the artistic form is that which is usually a.ssociated with sujierior brain power ; but it does not at all follow that an alteration of outline that would destroy the former would similarly alfcct the latter. Such facts undoubtedly dis- ■ Mosi of tlic liij^lio^iajiiiy n'liiliii'f 1" llm iutiticiul ileforuiiilion ol' cLiklrtu in North AiiK-rica in ciiiljodifd in I'loi'esMor Muhdh's work. 214 IIKPOIM" Ol" NATIONAL MI'SKUM, 1««7. u» panifit' aliUf lilt' iiiciIkkIs ;iml llir results ol' iiiitlii'opolojiiciil ri'scn. i, ill coitiiiii iliicftioiis, liiil llifv iicitiit'i' oln i;ilc tlif necessity ol' iiiitiiil I'mtlier study iVoiii existiii.:; iiiloi iiiatioii,iior iiiij)!!;;!! its value as a win ,, . Ill eoiisitieiiim the natural liistorv ol' the liiiiiiaii head, aeeoiiiit iini-t »rn I) I' liie I'aet that man, w liiie ik*! alone in this I'espeet, is iie be t; tlieless an exeecdin^^Iy aliiTrant loria anion;;' the Maiiiinaiia. On ;i theory of life. Iiowe-.er, exi'i'i'l that, of s|ieeial creation, and indepei eiit!,\ of (•onllictin^- estimates of the systematic implications of sti'Uelni the oivuanizaliiin ol iliis most liiuhly s|)eciali/ed hein^' must be rejiaiih as the oiiicoiiie of descent, with moditication, and should thei'elbre I considered ill eoiiiu'ct ioii with that of the ;;ronps to which man is ail iated. As has liceii said, there In no absolute form for the head <»i' (or ll vei lebr;e ol w iurJi it is roin| i|io>eil, and the lad that all clas.>ilicalii restini; upon iis li-iiliiies have faileil, does nol eiicoiira^c the iiope IIl;' the resn!l> soiiuli! tliriMmlMiaiiii'iiieii \ will licallained i)\ means ol ;, descriptive aiialom.v . All liiat can lie pro|>ei ly alliiined is, that dnrn . tlie immemorial sciies ol adjiislmcnts li\ which the mammals cnli iialfd III man. and le w liich c\ oliitiniial clian;;'es of all orders an- : clmli ll. I lie iniiiiaii lie.id ^siimcd .in iiicompji i(l\ dislinci ive form, w hi is. both in itselt and in lie caii>es w Inch deleiiiiine its variations, niii or less clearly irvealed iii liie tribal history of maiiUind. The sta; iiH'iiI thai tlie aiiiliropDid le-ad brcomcs less linman with dexelopnn has been ueiicr.illy iimlcil willi ihe a'^smiipt ion that this implies n iKiitant li'eiiciic dilfeicnccs IhIn'ccii them, and if the olocrvation \\i !• true in the sense in which il isfni the most part understood, it won!.: do so. its special siuiiilicaiice is. liowcxcr. dcliacted fi'Mn by the ; ■ ei.il truth that in /oolo^^y ilie iiilc i> that, foi' obvious reasons. ,\oiii'. ciciiiires are less diifcicniiatcd llian those which are mature; wliili. on tlic oilier hand. I'le d.ili'iiitv of diseiiminat iiii; between tlie adiiz iiiaiii> of some (d' tlie liiuhrr apes and those ot' certain sa\a^fs, nri\ !" I Me speriii lie. Ill I ;1m nervoin :e coiispic iie e\ reim ,al its con I'M mil ies ; I .■iiirasled roii\ eys in i>l the head \>\ the .Man \o variatic Mie inliiiem uiaii head \ |il|u|o;,'y of fhe |■aet^ coiisitlcred a- i|iiaiil'\ ill- the former assertion to so yreat- a decree a> sii'ju'est error, or at least iiie\,ict iiess, in the observation. No don' the nii>lalve i-, paitiall\ ai i i iiiiii alile lo misccMiccpl ions arising' ('KUa - i'iea of the li\ity of .-.peeie-. Imi! ill ilvelf. the error is iiuohed ill cniniiari^ons betwicn iiniike Ihiiius. 'I'o feiiiul a paraihd upon the i teriial tablsiiiiilai' eleillelil -, and I hereby \ it jale t he com pari son. 'I'lie e(mtoii: of the iiead in these in.-laiices aie dilfereiitiy related, and, consideiin llie plates of the skull especiall.v , t he external table, of the ape's c: Ilium is much mme promineni ly associated with the miiseiilar ,ipp aiiis I lian is t lie case w ilh man. in w lioin the subordination td' liiei lii'ehead to I lie eiiceph.iloii is except loiial. This is but a sin;;le illn nation of the ^'1 iieral fart that Ihrniii^liniit the \-ertebrate (dass theci, niiiiii jirojier, amid inniiinei able siili(.idiii;"e vai-iatimis, assumes li I iinlllal rec( ■i I ill spei'ial. hj ai'Hc iiiiniC' I 1 ;c's of his s admit ot ci loiality to aiammallai \ elopmelil more re^'ii or^ani/.al ii mass incre col resjiolii Thes.- II c.O'ordinall directly. t| crea.sed m'ow in III comitai the fealiil ]ihalic^a| brain, aiif What, moi'iiholil (pule va seipieiieil of (aanii tallied vl weaUeuil Hkull as the or"'i AIM'II'ICIAL l>i;i"OUMAll(».\ OF CIIILDKKN. •Jlo lld^ical resell i|) irii'aiii ,'- ,ui- liic hojic til ' il ii\ means nl ;> (1 is. liiiil (liiiiii- mammals eiilf, ill orders are i el ive form, \\ Iii< s variations, mi.i .iml. 'I'iie stai' w '!li dext'lopnii : I this implies i :; oiiservation w i !■ lei'stood. it woiiiii 1 fi'Mii l>y the ; > h IS reasons, \ on 'e mature; wIiim. let ween the ;nli' I sava^res, 111 i,\ lat a de.inree a^- alioii. No don ' IS arisinu' from ■ s in\ol\ed in allel upon the < haraetei isi ie ;iii.i hide in I he |eiiii« ill. 'I'iie <'imt(iii:- , and, eonsideriiiu ' of I lie ajie's c i ■ mn->enlar app- inal ion of the < Ittit a sin;;le illi.- rate elass the ei i oils, assumes i!i' Hie S pecializcd eliaraeler of a Inaiii fase as we ascend in the organic^ -. lie. Ill fishes, where tln^ head eonlains oilier or},faiis than those of ihr nervous systeiii, its iiidelinile relations to the eereitrospinai axis ;ceoiis|)ieiioiis. A moil j; the ileptilia, liioiii;ii euiiiainin.u only the Inaiii, :lic ex'reme dispropoi I imi liet ween the head and ils eontents indicates :ii,il ils eoiilormily with I he eereliral Ljan-lia is siilwidiai> toolhereoii- I .iiiiilies; while in iiirds the limited raii^e of llie cranial eavitv. as .-ntrasted with ils raiiyt' when eompared willi the inilk of the liody, ■iiiiveys in a iiiodilied form the implieat ion of iiiereasiim' speeiali/alion PI I I 1 he head. A:; iiii^iit he expected, the aiialnmiciij cv nleiice furnished ii\ the .Mammalia is eorroltoral i\ c of liml derived lidiii lower liioiips. \n variation, however eNlreiiie, is eoinpeleiit to free a siiiictiire from ilie iiitlneiice of heredily. and il miulil he aruiied n ptimi ihal the liii nan head would iiave I he oiiiline> of its liisloi v delincnicd in llic mor- |.li(ilo^y of the primaies. I' he facts in 1 Ins instance J iisl ify i he ani ieinalioii. .\s in I he dev elop- iiiciilal record of hirds. anion;; w hicli I he oriii I liic stamp, eit her general 'ir special, is hut gradually and indirccilv evolved, so nlso with the iiiMie inimediate eoii;;eii<'i's of man, w here I lie more salient <'liaractei is- iics of his ty|ie, distrihiited tliroii^hoiil a uronp of aiil liropoids. do not ailiiiil of eonsccntiv f arranv.ement. and can not healtrihiiled in their lolality to any speeilic toriii. I'ldiii the primates, as rnnii Ihe other iiiammaliaii siih-elasses, a cranial liunre inv olv cd in the meiamerie de- velopment of f lie eiieephalon, madnallv ilisen;;aues itself and hecomes more regular and more iletiniie in ils eerehral lelal ions as i he L:rade of ornani/.alion iselevaleil; sotliat I he pinliles ssociated with uaiiulionic mass iiKM'ease in prominence, while those v\ hi, .i are ot liervvisc associated coirespoiidin^ily diiniinsh. Tlie.se inatomical traits link themselves nalniallv wiih physioloffieal coordinate.-;. I'lvciy where encephalic stiiieiiiie is relaled. thoiiuii not directly, to tiineiioii. lailiaiici'd iinporlanee in the hraiii implicales in- creased solidaiilv ill the entire oi uanisin. .\s the eerehral eleiiienls ;;i'ow in mnltiplicil V . variety, and complexity, t his development is eoii- coinitant with cranial amalgamation, with pro,:;'ressive ohliteration of the teatnres attaeliiii}^ to iovver forms, with eondensation of the eiice- ]diali(' gaii^ilia. with a more direct <'(nresi ion deuce hel \\i en I he skull and brain, and tinallv .villi a ;;rca'.er conform iiy of the hodywith the head. Whatever phylo;4enetie siiiiiilieance iiiav he t'onnd in t hese facts, their iiioi'i)liolo;;ical and pl•■ysioh■^ical heariiiLi' i-^ nnmisiakahle. 'l'hroii,i;h (|iiite various st iik;! iiral }:i'adatioiis there ajipcirs. tlioii;;li not in linear seipieiice, "a series of forms," which nil imalely display In niotlili<'atioiis of ( raiiial contour a more delinite eoaplalion of the envelo|ii> to itseoii- tained visciis in dcv clopmenlal inoiiress, and in I he falliiii;' away a''.,i weaken in;.;' of its muscular at lac I imeiils, * ,ie para nioii lit fiinetioii of tli(.' hUuII as ,1 hrain-ease, and the snhordinalion of its struct'. re to that of the ^^. U It is not neccssiiry liorc to ('lUisidiT tlic clt'inciitK \vlii(!li coiiiposc . ;iiii(' loriii (Utile coinlitioiis tliiit (Iftfiiiiinc tlicir iuran^'cmciit. 'I liiiiu;. 1" occss. so tar IIS till' lifiul is coiici'i iicd, luis hccii, to a yn'at extcri. iiiiislvcd iiiiKiii;^ tlif Vfitchratfs by adaptation t(» otlier tliaii oii(M'i»Ii;i ri'liitidiis, wliilt' lilt' i>ait was cariird tlinui^ii tlic cartilajiiiioiis, hcp ossniiis. iniainal,i;arnat('d.aii(I('(>nsnlidalfd tyju's ol'(;iaiiia, tooiu' wliit as icpirsciitativc of tlic most iiiiporlaiit or; an ill tlic body, lias ii coin MM. Illy scli'ft I'd l>y tlic a lit liropolo;jjists lor in \ estimation, and };tMicra I' liclievcl to promise results coi responding with its position and Ii riiiietioii il sustains. Tried by tlic tests alloided by ci'aiiionietry, liow ever, it a|)peais to have little or no taxiiiomical value, siinv tli'.MHitcoiii of these iin asiiremeiits is to transpose races and I'ilso peoples otiieiwi iiiow II to lie distiiicl. At the same time, in man, cranial outlines are iiiKpU'stionaldy pii poiHleiaiitl.N detcrmiiicil by the brain, while the featnre.s by which il - action isobsciired have been so iVeipicntlx and coiii]iletcly described th;' tin'y need iini be recapitulated. Ihit altlioiij;h this stateiiient holds hi the iiiorpholo^ical side of the (Hle^li(nl, from the physioloj;ical stain; ]uiiiit the CISC IS not the same. The brain limits the shape of the lieai; and is itself limited by the laws of j;ro\\|li, heredity, and struct in a conelaliviiy : but in the jiheiiomeiial series «'erebral development i- antecedent to cranial evolniioii, and the relation subsistin;; betveen these — a relation which is in its nature <-ansal, so far as shape is con ♦•eric (1 — places tiie factors nnoii ditfereiit planes. In virtue of |iicpoii derani function and c are but pailiallx and incompletely adjusted, is not snrinisinj; : and wliilc it must be assumed ii|>(ni biolojiieal jironnd> tliat Ihe plaslicit.N of the brain has lessened since its deviation from ihc ancestral type, win-net' issued in divei-ei't lilies that of man and liis con j^'cners, still, the tacts of descent siijii^cst that to its organic varlabi lit \. and to that cxiiressed in specilic adaplat i(Uis, ilicr*^ must be added a strong inherited leiideiicy in this direction. The cerebral history of the primates seems to warrant the theoretical eoncliisiiMi that among llie..e great variability of the head exists. In Leiniirida', wlicr*' the si(i()ii iind I, iiidiiu'trv. Ii(r M'v' tllMoUtCDI; . '■^tioiiably j,i( "^ '».v which ii. •l<'N('iil)('(| til, I 'IIH'llt holds ,, <>l<»«-i('al sfjiiii; I"' •>'■ the h(.;i,i '"•1 Stlllctlir;i '\<'I<»|>IIIC|lI I sfill-i- iM't Vr.Mi '"ip"' is con "II' oC pc-jpoi, "re in N|Mci;i """iictiiiitioiis '<'<'\nfh viiii.i lll'llll ;mi«| |»|v »"iUm1 cliis.siii <'iivin»iiiiicii( St a;--;in.o;,,,,, i'»" lis l)Ci|st.S. y i' certain races of men. Anionj;- the I'lal.vrrhiiii iip, put craiiKilo^ical classilicatioii out of the (pu'stion; but in Catar- iliiiies and Anthropida' dilferences obtain, which. tliou}fh less extreme, are e(|iially decisive, and without anatomical details, for which there is IM» space, it may be said that the heads and brains of Semnojiitlieci and <'olol>i vary from those of Macaci and Cynocephali as si;iiii(icantly as I he same structures do in thennmlike apes. Ajuiarently, then, no typi- cal cranium exists amon^' the simians any more than amonj^ men, from whom an artistic preconception ha.s to a j^reat extent concealed its absence. With repird to this standard of art, also, it must bo remembered that it is primarily one of /'o/w, while, pliysiolo<;ically, form has no necessary ('(Mincction with the c(uistitution of a }jfaiij;lit»n. Such «'xpressions as "nervous arc" and "rellex action" emithasize as if essential, that, which, except contingently, has notliiii};- to do with either curves oranples. In ''the buildin:,' of a brain " the terminal elements of nervous tracts are cellular, and a}X}j;lomeiation therefore results in the composition of a mass attached to a pedi«!le. Nothinjf which is generally more exact than this can bi' advanced. Components like these nnike up the parts and w'.ioies of all nervous systems, and how they have cond)ined in man and his(;lass, and with what defjree«»f uniformity, has already been iinlicated. Of course it is not meant that the luunan head has nt)t an averafjje shajic. <|iiir«'iiii>iih. I;iil ri'sciiiMiiiii't's III' tills kiiiil iirt' ikiI iIio.c wliirli ;m'c cniilcinplatftl m :iiitliin|)iiiiM'ti'.v, wliriv the rcliiliiiiis of sliiictiiri- iiiul I'liiirtioii, iiml < i I lifsc In I III' ( niiililions of lite. Iia\t' Imtii tllsrt'^iirilt'il in :i scarrli |. IIKI rplinli'UiiMl ('(iiis|;iiils. wImisc imiiii iciici'. iiihIit IIm' rirciiiMstaiic Miii'li Itiil iiol all has Im'cii doiir ti wa-H iHiild^icallv iiiipDssiiiii'. Miii'li Dili iioi an iias im'cii (loiir inwaiil a sticiicc (il mail, ulu-ii tlit' ili\ crj^cnl rmiiis of iijs class lia\t', Iiccm iiiiilril lt,\ I'oi HIS lliat all' iiilrriiirilialc, ami vvIm-ii Ills pfiii;;!'!'!' has Ih>i-ii rci'i'iisli iirliil on III!' basis ul' kiiislii|i. 'I'ln- wlioir iiiii'stiim nl' nirc i. iiii'Imli'ii ill this <:i'iii'i'ali/aliiiii, allhuii^^h il is no! thi'it-lty riill,\ f\ |il.liliril. Ili'llhrl' IS il likrl\ In I ir I'l llriilal I'd ll\ mra-lll'i'Mirllt S. \\ ilhoiil piirsiiiii,u till' siiliicii riirihcr il iiiav be rcinaiLnl tliat,al> strarll,\, sti'iii'tiin- ami I'iiiu'Iidii air ili'lrrmiiii'il in all or;;aiiisnis h\ lln alliiiitii's of thrii' iinils ol' romposiiion ; ilial loiiiplcli' hoino;^('nt'it_v in a uiniip III proioplasis is impnssiith'. ami lliat initial ili\ I'l'sitics will in ci'i'asr (Ini iiiu r\ oliilioii TI II- minntrm'ss o I III rsr nlliinali's mav iin ailil to tli(> ilH'liniltN oT t'oinpi'i iii'iisioii moi'i< than is Ihi' casr wilii thus ili'alt with \i\ moliriilar plivsics ami rlninistiv. Init it is othi-iwist' wlic till' plaslirit.N ot litr is aihlril. Thai ailaptation is roiiiii'ctril w II rliaii;;rs in I'linctioii ami sinii'tnri' is olivioiis. Iml iicilhi'i' in an oij^.m ism. an oi'^;in. nor in l hr plastidiiirs w hirli niniposr ihrm, is ad apt at imi a liiial Iriiii in tin- pinurcss rinm honio^iciii'il V to hi't('ro;;i'iicit\ , Iron. siiiipiifitN loi'omi>l('\ils . Iioiii imli'liniti'iii'ss todflinili'in'ss ; sincr, with out altt'ialioii it ion, tlii'ic air no ronrrivaldi' cii (•niiislanccs iimlrr wliirli ii'-adinstnii'iii can he rrt'i''li'il. As it is with I lii'sr phi' IIOI III 'na w linli lio at I hi' Ion ml at ion of lil'i', sn is il w illi all tlir vital plit'iioiiiriia to w liirii nalnial and si'\iial sr h't'tioii. urowih, survival, ^riifsis. Iicii'ility applv. Amid, all dr;;r('('s ot'compo sitioii ami irnimposilion. rniiclion constitutes ihr snbslanco, adapta tioii t III- toi'in III' nil .vi-i'V sialic II d\ namical distrilnitioii of or iaiiic cmr.u.v liy wlii(-h incident loiccs arc met is im-lnded in I'lim-tioii ; iml liioii;:li III la rue groups ol'iii Lianisms, correlative c!iaiiji'cs,striictiiral iiid fnm-tioiial. oeeiir slowly and within »-oiiip:irati\i-ly narrow limits. vet llie\ are, in the nature of t IlllJi'S, relativciv indelinite, Init coiil III vs UciitlN pcrmam-iii. and do not at'lnid on this siiliii-ct tlie data w liicli s Iciiiatic etliiiold^y leipiires. Not liss tlmii its co ordinate, llie (-\oliition nli'uriii. does |iiiysiiiiuuieal ili-\ elopmciit pri-ss lor interpret at ion in e\ cry iliiotioii ielaliii>; to race, and the diK-tmie that all factors l»y wliieli dif leieiiees aiiinim men are unrked out are resolvahle into results of i he in lercnuise 1 let Ween I lii-se and t he conditions under which the,\ are plai-cd, is essi-ntiaiiy a coiollaiy tioni liie persisli-nce ot I'orc-e. Sjiace lias p(-rmill(!d hut the im-rest sketi-h of this sulije<-t, hut llieie yet remains a ipiestioii which soom-r oi- later (-onfronts the invest i,L;ator of cranial deloi'initit-s, and this is thai of tln-ir transmission. I'reseiit opinion almost nnaiiiiiiousl\ cippuses the helief that tliesc may, in any decree, he he iiiililitai iiial rests, polotiical loiinded. possihility lln- experii a hi(>)o;;it'i in^; variat tirst. lieees ipiiieineiit |iie(-onci-p and etpial the limits Tliere is modilieati* rest on pi the Itody. called, the that if stii sti iielnn heiiteil, a| nci'led wit not soeiii t .\(-eoidi that specii ties of tin sm-s will I ciiinponen perpetual the cas(-, tend loWii olo;;ical h ever, one stnictiiri- iif its ell- harmony fiinctioii, eieni'-nts ellj:,. ndei To opl do not hi found |>a to he elVt inheritin involves AltTIFICIAI, DIW'OKMAl'ION or (IIILDKKX. 21!) '•'•I'lirciiH'iii "il<'lii|»l;it<'(l hi "•■•ion, iiiiil .,i " :i NCilll'l, I,,; '•il<'lllli.s(:ll|ir •'••lie l()\\;i|,: •SS Il;|\c I,,.,. i;^r<'f has Im'I'Ii ioii iif ran. . "■•■I'.v Itlllx ,v cuts. '■|>C(| (llJll, J, I, IllisillS l(V III! "iH.-vriciiv II, iMlirs will in ti;ilcs iiiiiy i\n> •■^•' Willi (huvr 'li'-iuisc wild miM'ch'il wiii, ill nil uii;.(M '•^ inlii|ptaii,,ii »«<'ll«i(\, tinii, <; Niiicf, Willi iH'fiviililc cii i'lii IS in ail such prolileiiis, tlu^ Ills! necessity is to view them under liioloHical conditions. 'I'li s re- {iiiiciiieni has not in this install piecoiiceptioiis seem to have li ce lieeii complied with, 'reieolouieal • I It iiid iiaih >o, I (lie limn '•■'■II I e or less oli.-,|riietive of the view, iieoirect paialh Is hel ween alteiationsappareiitly within sol' lieallh, ami those which involve iiiorUid coiiseoiieiices. 'I'licre is iiodoiiht that iiiodilicat iinis of develop t involve fiiiictioiial modilicatiiiiis, and thai iiiipeivi'plihle Icciilar chafes in the 1 )iain rest on precisely the same i)asis as peicepi ihlc ones in oilier parts of the body. The iiicoiiceivaltilify of sponiaiiroiis variati properly so called, the heredity of fniiction that if striieinre chaiiLred Ity lunctioii i> ir strnctiirc which have pliysiolo-ieall.\ altered I'linciinn must heal IS well IS ol siriictiirc, the certainty msinillcd, aiiv altcialioiis of so III liciilcd, apiicar to sii;;^csl an e\plaiiathin of certain pliciiumcna con- nected with this siiitjcct, which, except on the principle of desceiit, do not seem to lie interpii'tahle at ail. .\ccordiii.i; to (lie slalemeiils iiiiiiL; these ailiiistmeiits and re adinslmeiits, how- ever, one of two alternative results inevitably occurs. Ilithcr the strnctiirc will take the shape determined by the prc-cxistiiiL;' tendencies nf its elements, or the a.ii.<,'re.uate's altereil tbriii will mould these into fcclion of ■ilriieltiral iM'comes one oi assiimci liarimmy Willi itself. The (piestion tliii- rniielioii, because, Ibr every reason, it mi elemeiils oi;;aiiically c,|iaii,i;-cd will, when actiiij;- as reproductive eeiilers, ciij;'. nder sicilar chaiif^es. To o|)pose to the.se Ntateiiients the common assertion that mutilations do not become ,'on;;('nital, is to misconccix c their cliaracter. and to <'on ormal in order le 11 Ibiiiid patholo;;ical conditions wit h tlmse w liicltmn.- lo be elfeetive. It may readily be siispeclcd l hat the impossibility of inhcritiiiii' artilicial alteratiinis has been too hastilv Slimed, since this involves an additional assiimptioii, which has not been demoustrateil, 220 RKroKT <»F NATKiNAI, MlIsKtfM, IHX?. viz, tlmt Mncli cliaiijjrN *lo not. lu'Cdiiu^ orjiiiiiic l)«'(rimHO tlioy ii>i>.v occiii ^vitliotit impliciitiiiu liiiictinii. Tlie proloiiiMl nltt-niliniis cIViM'trd 1>\ iirtilicial sclt'ctioii iin>, of coiirsf, iliif to I'lirirtioiiiil im tliticatioiis, Ixit ii li.is not IxM-n .sliiiwn that tlics*' can not Ik> ittilifiiilly intliiccd, «)r tlial dt't'orniation ninst lie iinivt'i'sally morbid cliiinic.tor Ix'ciiUHi^ it in a (l('|iaitiiif iioiM siu'li standards olorpmic tyjn' iis nt)\v «'xist in iina^i nation. On liU' niniplntlojjical side tlio (|m>Htioii Hi'PinH ('(|uall.v inKuTfiiin. (iivt'n, however, any nause wiii<'li rvill «'tl'('(*tiially modify t'unrtion, and inodilicatlon ol'struotMn' is iiicvitahh'. No natnralist sui>p(tsi"4 that tin- di;:ital \ ariations it'coidcd as iniicritcd, or tints*' of tin' tifctli, siiin, oir,. an- attriliutaldti to any otlior vniisp than physioIoKi<"al (diaii},'*'; ami tin saniu with transmittc*! <-lnl) foot, liarclip, amaurosis, d<>afnfss. Knr- tlii'r, adjnstmcids i»y involntion talic place in natnrc as veil as those liy evolution, and althonj,'li there are no strnctures whose pi()p«'rtics are not originally ascrihahle to predetermined strniiliiral traits, there are yet strn<"tnres which iiave no discoverahie physiolojiical features; and wlijle iMorpliolojiical species, or species whose speeitic forms have no hidjojiical vidne, are rocojinized in zoolo^jv, and wineh, whether pernia nently or not, are, withdrawn from the action of natural selection, it is ditliiidt to see why (he produetion of variety l>y any means that would ellcchially chaiij;e tnnction should Ite disallowed. As was stated, there are reasons for susi»ectin;( that some auch process has occurred amou}; mankind to a limited e\t(>nt ; but whether or not, when all acces.^ilde information on the sid)ject is orj^ani/ed, this may not prove to lie a niisconceittion attributable tt> iusullicient knowledp-, remains to be deternnned. OENKRAI. NOTES ON OKl'OUMAI Ii (N. Milltc-Uniii. (,Gt'()j;iii|ihi(' I'liiM-rst'llc. 1'a\. dl' l,uv:ill(r. I'aris, l^TtS. Ito, t. I.) (ii'iicriil I'fiiiarkH on t\w caiiHCH niid iiiocIch of iliNtortion of the lusul (p. ',W,i). Iliiiiiliolilt iV 15oti))liiiiil. ( Voy 11 !,'(•, t'ti\ Paris. iSll. Ilo, .(' partic, t. 1. '' F.Hsai r(ililii|ni', I'tc.) IviiiMiUs on licatl-tlattcniu;;, its cliuiactiM' and cansc anion;; Indians oiNoilli and .>>oiitli Aim ri<:a. (Note, pp. K», 'MK) .Iriinvs nniarUs upon tlii' line forms of the Indians of Nortli Ainrrira, and savs tin- fact is attribntaldf to " their Ijodiptt not Ixdn)? swatliod luid straitened In tlie cradle " (part I, p 0(1). The cradle-lioard was in nse arrion;,' all the trilirs dcserilied l(v liini: lint this error is not surprising in an author w ho characterizes the Kskiiiiaiix as " tall iif Ntutiire," and speaks nf '• their tlaxeii hair, their lieards, the whiteness of thiir skin * i|niti' as fair as that (d Luropeann" (part 1, p. i:!). Certain lilond Iriliesdo occur anions the Hyperborean raees, Imt not where Jederys places tln-ni ; altlion;,'h the Eskinianx are nut really darkskinneil. With rejfard to tiie line foi ins so conslantly noted aiiion^' tin Aiiieri( an and other sava^^es, most writers have iisciihed it to their modes of life: llumlioldt addiii]L;, in the ciisi' of tho Americans, a certain racial ini- idasticity. MosI uf the earljcr anthorities liave evidently judged an aHsloned etli- nolo^ical fact from the siaud-point of a social theory. There does not apjiear to lie any natural reason why a sava^'c should he helter shaped than a civilized man, and that this is the case remains to he shown. There is, however, an excellent reason why those who are physically defective should he elimiuatud from all aggregates in .late of sav ;|,,wcrealiiri ,i.poif the vi H^t peoples li nailre a\ec 'iiiian and mrke, W S. MJre Onniilli ija Califoro lleiiiieitin, iM.iig the nor /lied theehih . v.. H."ili, p ilenlly meliti easoll Wl iioken only . ( found ill HI 1 i^oiial olisei iiong the Ap Ki' mentiioi liiUoductors . ,.. :t.-.7). In conMcclii 'pain, bond' i:..'>i. Mko til ciiiong nation^ "known." I' I . rin Ian, and Aeie natural. S.piier (Tlie the etiect that iiiiiahl, " lh« < I'nder tin- 1 lullowing : " I tains penpU's . iifaiis, dcs ijii Hire de la tet r.ancrol't. i MiUieii earrio ;lie head and .1 lieain or lioi (ioinara (('< MaliouH liy an .mil, Native lliinilioldl'! ii iiiaiks (Nat 1 1(1(1 to :i con In he shown limires uiioii which the in Sahagun, that when a {>lace,v iIii' arlioii of naliiral m-li'clion iiinl l<.v Unit of their IJiiw-t'i'ealiiriH. A very liun« ImkIv of |iriior emilil lie reiiilil> liroiight I'lirward to ,i>|iiirt llie view that Wrungi'll's stuleiiii'iit ronei'ming tin' I'liiiUrliri"* iielil triiiMif ..«! |ieo|)|i's ill iiMJiiiilarst eial pliitHo, vi/ ; '■ I, a inort ulteiiil reiilaiit i|iii ;i |r nr.ilieiir nallrii uvec. I'liria, l"!:!, vol. i,|i. ',»i»*. ' I'liinin unit Itiisli iiiitili> like idiservatiiiiis in the same region, iiml (.'a|it. .loliii (i. >iirke, I'. S, Army, liim |ioliiteii out Ihit in tln^ soiitli tliii eiisloni is inentioneil liy I iilro tlnmilla ("OnnoMi." Matliiil, 17 II, \t. :ill), ami Irt Clavigero ( llistoria ilo In Ilia (.'iiliftinii;i. Mesi.o, IH.V,', |i, "J*). I tl'i not- lerull any refei-eni:i' of the Haiiie kind I lleiiiie|dii, Le Clere, Cliiirlovoix, ote.; lint thongli ihii eiistnin iiiiiy hiivii exiitted uioiig the iiorlhern trilieM, desjiite Itoliert Mill's assertion that all llm .\nierii'aii Imliaim illed the ehililreil who "a|i|ieaird feelile or del'rrlive ' (IlisI, I>i>. A Set. of Ainerieil. \. v., is'ii'i, |>. I tt), there Ih no doiiiil that in llie literainre of travel it iit ninro fre- • iiieiill.v mentioned iiH oeenrriii'.; among the southern trihes; and iIiIm may hitvu hueii ■ no retttioii why tho earlier tliseoverors, I'oinmlins, VeHpucei, Veria/zano, tVe., havo iMiKi'ii only of ihe /iue apjiearanee of the unlives. The same loiitrasts, however, I I' found ill Hiivage life in tliii< ait in other res|ieets. ('aptaiii lloiuke I'linliriiiH fruni pi rminiil oliservatioii tho siali 'iieiit make in Kmory's '■ Ijeeonnoi.ssitnee " (p. lit), tluit Miiing the ApaelK'H the deformed aro miiiietinios well eared for. lie also refers to it Ke mention in KiMiieiH 1 .irkiimii (The .lesnilN in North Ameriea. lloston, 1*'li7, liiliodnetory, XI.), and also to Peter Martyr's nanative (llaklnvl. Voyages, vol. .'>, Ill eonneetidti <. ith heud-llittteiiiiig in Aiiieriea, llnmliohlt (Political Ksnay on New >pain, I,ondon, )S14, -vo, vol. i) asserts that the liaek-lnad is naturally flat (p. IVi). Also that the Aniericim eraninin is normally "depressed liackwards • * " iiiioiig nations to wlioin the means uf arliliciallv proilniiiig ileforniily are • " * ■■l.iiown." 'file ,\/.lecs '• never disli^iire the heads of their eliildren." The Mexican, l',iii\iaii d Alnrcan liemlH— all tlatleiied; those Ponpland mid himself piociired Ai II' nalnial. "Certain hordes do cumpre^s the heads of children" (pp. I'll, l.'i.'i). Sijiiier (The StalcH of Central Aiiierira. N. V., Is.'iH. Svo) i|iiotcs Valcn/nehi to tiie elieet that among the Indians found 1)\ the .Spanish al Lacaiiilon (Dolmes), (iiia- iiiiiala, '■ Ihe cradles lor their children were made of iceds" (p. .M'l"}. I'lider tlie heading Tf'le, Kneyclopedie den t^ciences, etc., Nciifclnitel, l, is the l.illiiwiiig : "II est ]im\6 da'is les voyages et dans les geographies nioderncH, de cer- l.iiiis iienples i|ni .se reiidcnl la tcte plat une l.'i main, el i|iii meltiiit la ti^le de learn I nfaiis, des <|n'ils sont nes, entr« d'lix prisscs, on planches, sin le front it le der- I II re de la t<^te pour ('.ippliitir." NOTKS (IN A.MK.UK A. liaiicrot't. (Native Races .if the I'acitic .States, N. Y., l-TI!, vol. 1.^ Chicliinii'c M'liiiii carried their infants on the hack, "wrapped in a coarse lottmi doth. Iiaviiig I lie head and arms free" (p. *'>X\). The cradle wa.s a wicker liasket Biispciided from I lieam or lioiigh (p. ti:):!). (iomara (Con. M.'x.,l'ol. ill-') states thai the occiput was ll.itlciied among the Nahua nations hy an arraiigemeiil of the cradle, this form lieiiig consideieil l.cciiiiiiii;;. (Han- croft, Native Kaces, etc., vol. ii, p. -Jsl.) llnmlMildt's Htat.'inent that the Aztecs did not distort the head was, as lianeioft 1. marks (Native Races, vol. n, p. '^D, too sweeping. That the eiislom "waspiae- liccd toaconsideralile extent in rcninle t imes liy people inhaliiting thecoiiiiliy sceiiis III he Hhown liy the deformed skulls found in their graves, ami liy the scuiplnivil lignreH upon tho rniiis." Klemin Htates that " the cradle consisted of a hard hoard to whicli Ihe infant was hoiiiid in such a manner as to cause the malformation." Sahagun, Toriiuemada, Clavigero, Ilrasseur de Itoiirhoiirg, Carliazal Espinosa bay liiat when a Tcochichiince child was horn on a.joinney "the new-horn liahc was placed in a wicker liasket and thrown over the hack of the mother." (liaucrott, Native Races of the PaciUc States. N. Y., l^T.'i, vol. II, p. -'"1, note.) ^ r. ^-.-»m^?*;^?»% ')•)•) Ki:rni;i' of national- mi'.ski'.m, imst. I ll •• 1 iiniMciii hI:i i l!c"'K MW > li. -M) >l.•^ll•^ lli;il llir Imliaiis," in .Mi'xiin, "used to di'- rmiii llu'ii lii;;N \\\\\\ w \ii'\\ In ii|i|n';ir iiKMi' I'liiiiiiduhlc." (S|iciici'i-, l)es. Sot'. An Litui MiN.iaii-, (.'cnlral Ainc rican.s, iic, p.'-JT,) l.aml.i (>' \\ '. '•'I'lic Indians of ^lu■Mlan arr, * * " as a rnic, -• ♦ » i„,\\. 1(mm.im1, I'm 111 llair inraucy llii'ir innl hcr.s carrv llu'ni alidnl Misjirnili'd at I lnii lianmli liiiins. I'lu \ \M IT inailr • M|ninli-y('d,''' and llu'ir licad.s vmic lial li'inil ai lili('iall\ (Siunrci. 111--. Siir. Ainicnl Mcxifails, Cclilral Ainciiians. dr., |i. "JT.) l..iiiila ( ' \ w 1 lU'x riln's till' |iiiicc>s: •' I'.mr nr ti\ •• ila>s nlirr Kirlli I lif cliild \va- |,iil 111' 1 sniail i»(l made (if rods, and llic'.T, tlir fiui' lniiiL;' iindcnii at li, llu' lii'ad w.i- |,iii ImIwiiii iwo hoards, in front and ln'hind. ISrlwri'ii IIu'm- tlnv coniinTSMil i! ■ until I Im 111 ad was llatlcnrd aiul .sliapi'd liki' tlicir own." ( himi. |i. -j;. ) r.i.iiicioii. ^^all\l• K'lucs id' tin' I'aci lii- States. N. Y., 1-T:!, vid. I > Tlii' (,>iiii-lir wuiii.ui .Criiiral .\niciira ) carries \uv lialiv on lirr liarU "in a clotli passed aronnd liii- l.od> " (p. 7iin. Haniioj'i. ( N.iiiM- i;aer> id' tlie Taeilie States. N. V., I -T."«, \ ol. ll, -\ o ^ 'I'lie \iea i.ii;n.i and VinaJan iiit'anis' Inads wiic conipresseil and j'.iTinanent l> llattencd lie- Iwci n 1 uo l.naiils as a si'^n of ncdde liirtii, Sipiiei- assei Is that oeeipilal liatleniim « a-- ettei'ird liy tlie eradli-lioaid anion;^ llie l,>ni(lies, ( 'akilni|ni'ls, and /ntn;;il- , |ip, T.'.l. 7:i',' . l>iin llmatio (in/anan, minister from NiearMuna. iiitoniis me tliat iio eompie^^i 'f tke head ami no swathing nf the infant is now inaetieed in any pan of I liat iiMlliil \ . Ilaih ii'I't. (Native li'aees of llir I'aeiti'- states. N, v., l-Til. \ol. 1.1 'I'hi- Smoo-. Indians of the Nhisipiilo (lioup Ihitirn the torehead hy a pi-occ-.-, lihe that in w-^ ainoiii; the ('nlnnihians ( i>. ', 17 i. I'nenti s. I I'alaiio. p. imi. ' In (Inatemala eliihlieii were fa«leiiril "loalioanl l>> ine.ins ol' si laps w iiiiiid ronnd the luidy ' " " fioin lliefirt tollie shonldeis, in iiiii>i .|iienie III' \\ hieli all the Indians ha\ e I he haeks nf I heir heads smooth and llat." (S|ienril. lies. Sor. Am lellt Me\iian>, t'enllal .\niel iealls. ele., p. •.'-.) .lel'lei ■! - r. I N.ii. and <'i\ illlisi. of I'remdi i loin in ions in .North and .South Amerii'a l.iiniinii. ITi^ii, fol. 1 .\iiioii'.i I he ahoii^iiiis of llis|ianio|M '• |iii> sin pillar eonfm niatiiMi iiflheliead ' * " is iiiii led h> ai I " Mo: In i -. pii>,eil I heir infant's sUnll, eil liei li\ liand or v, ilh hoaids. until it u as di^toi li d, "and in a manner lient haek upon II -lit " ( Pari II. p. > '. Os irilo. I 1 li>loiia ( ieiiei al y Natural de I ml i as, liook 11, idiap. .'i i I lis statement ill' 111 ad-llalleiiin;; is ratlier \ aune. " Ton pie a I liempo ipie naeeii los iiinos lis aprie Ian la- eahe/as." ele. The \( id ill of I he I'll 11 1 1 head. « hieii In- remarks ns the lesiil I ol' art ilieial interfirenee, iioinis lo i he same fnriii, and like applianees, notieed hy i'orto- Si liiilo, and oilier-, in I'.ra.'il. i /i/i m, honk t'.', eliap. :'.. ) (iomara isiited as ;;iviiii; llie ,-anie e\ iilenee eolniinilm tile nali\esof Sail ! >oiiiile,;ii. lie says they llatleliei! the head w itii 1 "I toll eolnplesses foi- llie purpose of enlaiuin.u thefaee. ••.\priel,ui ;i los 111 fnis la eahe/a iiiii\ hlaiido. pero minko I'nlre dos allnohadillas de aluoiloii, para eiisaiieli.irles la i ara. < le. The In seems lo lia\ e In en some eonl'i. ion ill I ■ on I a la's mind nn this snlijeet — liei mil I lia/. sa\ s I hell' « a- nil all -nhjiets. .\ I all e\eiils he l;i\ es allot her aeeniinl nt' I In maiiiii'i' in w hii h I lir infant 's In ,id was disinrii d. w liieh amniints to I In-,: thai it was done liy I lie midu lie al llie niniiient of hill h. or short l,\ at'ler. In I his ease, a very eomnioii one ammii; dith'teiil rihes, the j'.aet apparenily iiidieales m'.'idiial e\linelinn of the 1 lis! 1 nil, si nee I he e Dee I i. ' simple Ilia II ipii hit ion would he lein|iorai y, ami w lll're dislorl ion implies as miieli as it sonntimes does, its ahsein e exposes I he iiidividiial to the greatest iiiisfnrlniies. Tnpiiiard. ( l^liiiunts d'.Vni hi ipolonie I'oiili 1 hanieal defm -mi's slateniel In eoneliisioii nil wliieh to r • if Aiiii'riea in I hanieal iiieai llie ( 'arihs ol -peak of I he e .illriliiitcd lu / / '-'^ AIMIKICIAI. ItK.rORMATlo.N (>F CHILI »1{KN. 223 '. "used III ,|, i>lS. Sor'. All * Imiw I lii'lr liMiiiii'li I'll arlilii'l:il!,\ 1 1 lull! H^i I III' JHMll w ,,. 1 li|M|irf.SM-(l li
  • . "JT.) Tllr <,>llii-li, |pa~>i'il Mrdiimi ^ 'I'lic N'ici- iImIIi'Iii'iI ].,■■ il.il llallciiiim ami /iilii;,'!!-- riis nil' I hal 111' ■I'll III an> pail ) Till' Slnnli, ki' liial III iim ' ti> a liiiai i| li\ 1' sliiiiildci'.s, ill lootli anil Ihii." ) Soiilli Aiiii'i icii ir cuiilni iiialiiH h'^ >kiill. I'lilin I'lil liack iipiiii ili-^ >tali'liiriit iiii'iips Irs aprii' • as ilii. I'i'Mill 111' iticcil liy I'oi'lii- I'iti'd as >;jvilit; i tlii'N llatlflii'i' I'l'- ■■ A|irii'laii ' alucidnii, pala iti'.iJfi't^Ki'iMal ai'i'uiiiil (if I III lis: I lial i( was lin I'asi', a vi'r\ liial cxtiiii'lioii ai.\ , and u lien <> iiidi\ jdiial Ik . ) It'i'iiiark.s III M'lit — "iiiraiia- I. I'liiWi'i' liiilds iiiili'ss I 111' ma Las Casas ( A|»d..oi.i ira Ilislni'ia. Madiid, I-::., ihap. :;|) ri'iiiarUs llial in I'mi 1 1 distiirlioii was dislinclivr nl' ilir Inca tainil\ and dC llic lili;lii'si nnl.ilitv. l'i'ivili';;io liiandf ('iinci'diaii lo.s did Pi'ii'i a al^iiiiii.s scnoi'i's \ qni' I'lh.s ipicrfaii la- ,1'H'rcl'" (p. :>t(ti, riilr MaE'rol, imlrs). Major, I.'. II. (Htdi'ct LfltfrsiifCIiristiipliii' Culniiilni.s, rtc. Lmidon, jsro. SitoihI • ilioii. Ilakliiyt So. I'lili. ) Dr. Cliaiica. IN I'l siiioiiiii nn Cidiiinlins's sfiniid voya;;i', ~i\s, (if (111' iialivc and Cai'ili wiiniiii In llirVVcst Indiis. llnil llir lalUT wori' "nn ' irli li-^r two liands of woviMi I'oltnn, tli ' fa-'iiicd iniind Ihr kwir. Ilii' olliri' : 'iiiid llir ankli'; li>' lliis nii'aiis llicy niakr iIh- rah r-. nl' 1 lirir Iri^s lar'^c, aiiil llir (iMiM-ini'lilioni'd |iai'ls vny small. " " * l!\ this pi'mliai il> ui' ilisliimnislicd llii'iii " ( p. '.l(h. I>i. Clianca .supposed IIiIh cnsloiii in d<')irni| upon an idra llial I lie disim i ion was ' ^ I niniriL;- -"(pii' rslo ini' pai'ci-i' i|ni' I ii'iim i lln> imr msa t.;riii il" i p. ;i'i -. Ill- U'o.liil'oil, ('. (lli^lidir .Naliii'i'lli'. .'ic, di's Ill's AnliUcs. L'nlii-idain. Ili.'iS. li.i. ^ Noli IT id' lii'ad and iiosi' llattriiini; atnoiii; I In- ( 'aiilis i p. ;',«•.'!. lliimlioldl and lloiijiland. i N'oyaui', I'lr. I'aii--, l~l',l. Ilo. sitoiiiIi' pailir, p. ||. I, 'rial ion llisiiiiii|iii', I I lisloi'timis piarlirnl li\ i hr ( 'aiilis nn ihr Oi'iimi'u i p. ■,':!,")). Mliiii'i, I'., (i. ^Nicaiau'iia. I'll'. Nrw Ymk, l-,V,'. -\n, \'ol. ii, t llrad-llalli'iiiti-; iiiioiij: alMiii^Miii's. I'l'iH'i'ss and loral oi'ii;in nl' rnslnin -p. :',|,'ii. I l,lr li'rlarion of I i.'iv liiiliadilla on Ilir s.'iinr points, i Arrliivn ilr liidi,i.>. ■ ,' llrriol,(i. (Travids 'riiroiirli 111,' ( 'anaiLis, l.nndnn. l-ii7. lin.i " llir I 'ii ailis '' IM' t lii'ii' I'oirlii'ads llal li'lii'd. ' " ' 'I'lir lirad nl l lir inl'anl i> rnnipir-.vrd iilln :!;isshapr li\ plarlliL; on ilslirnw a picir nl' Ima i d 1 h d w i I li a liandaur. u li irii is al- i\\r{\ III iriiiain mil 11 tlir lioins lia\ r .n i|niird i'nii--i--li'iirr " p, :;|- I. llrriol,(i. I'l'iavi'ls 'riirniiL^li llir ( 'anad.'is. I .nndnii, I -I'T lln.i ( 'arili Liii'N liavo I rnllon sock wovi-n Id till' li'i;, .'iiid "so ilii-i'|\ ■ ■ • ihal lIu- rail' llirl'rli> ar- liiiirs moll' iliirkiii ss and .snlii|il\ iliaii il wmild natniallv pnssrss ' i p. :|IIT ). .Vi'inas, ,lnaii I. dr. ( l,rs ( 'i .'incs ilils 1 Irlm iiirs. I la \ ana. I'-.'i. > Ilii-. is a p.'ipi'i' rrad 'm'Ioi'i' t III' .\iillii'opiilo^iral Sorii'l \ ol' ll,i\ ana. \n\ i'iiiIh 1. I --.., 'n pii.M i li.'ii mrrliaid- al drronnal inn id' t he Iliad w a.s iic\ rr pr.irl irnl in i lir \\ r-i Iniilr-, nr nil 1 hr rnlil ilirll,. (iiai'Us, \'ilanova and ,\rras. ( Kappni l pii'M-nlr a Madrid, Ir •.'! .Mai ■-. I -7 I . > Tliis Aas 111 llir rllri'l lhal rri I am n ania Ii'imii Ciilia. lakni In In- llaMrind I 'ailli skulls, 'niild not III' idi'iitilii'd a.s alt iliriallv ilrriiinird, Inil wrir pinli.ilds natiiial Inads. rill' tt>.\l is, " lias In^ not iri'il that In llir lioiii and ii.'irk p.irl nt'llirlirad l lir drprr^- •inn is not iinil'ni'ai. l lir nun mission is iiirlinnl in i nnsidn I lii> llal Iriiiiii; .is nal iiral. •'Ir." 'I'lii'sr skulls ~ri'in In lia \ r lii'iii rniiiid li\ linn li. I'l'I'liT. w Ilo s ri'\ I in I \ --a \ s liat I liry can mil lir rrL;,i i did a- sprilinrns nl' lirad llal Iriniin ainniiLr llir t '.'l I'd is, lir- ' aiisi' lliri'i' wrlc lii'Vrl' any ( 'aiilis in Ciilia. (Dc .\!'mas. ( 'laiirs ilits I ir I'm in is, p, < . ) I »!' .\rinas ( I .cs ('rAncs diis I ii'l'iirini's) sa>'s iliat no such prari iir miilil lia\r lirm ^riirial in .Viiiri ira I'm \ ai inns irasmis. \ i/ il was dilliriill. In I inns, and pa in In I. and n mild li.iM. Iiriii ilr^iiiiriiM' In I hr inl, ilrcl I .' ' ; alsniliai ihr Indians. I ll.lll^h s,'i\ - 1^1'^. w rir iiirii Willi llal llial tri'linrs Inward I 111' i I' oDspi iiil: which wniild liavr pir \ I'lilrd I lii'iii I'll nil pci'pct rat ili<; .1 cnstoni so dcsl i iirl i\ r as ilislml inn ot° llir I nail i p. IIW'SM/.). lla\ Iiil: rivi'ii I Ids illiisirat inn of his know Ird^c ol I hr lilrraliirc of iiii- I lllnpnlni;\ . Ilr llrr la Irs I ha I lll'il llrl alnillli; I hr I'l'l'm lail llllllllln irs llnl in I 111- r\isl- iiii; lai'ti could \nii 'i'rliildi and l>i\i'l'n ilisrnsn a jn^t iliral imi ni' llir llinU'v nl' iiir- rlianical dcfminal inn. .\ fail . and ii sinnnlai mir. Inil nn nimr ilrri>i\ r l liaii Kniiril - ^niTs Htali'iiiciit tli;il till' inniind skulls of .Vmili Aiiiciica air all nnnnal pp. I-I, l."i). Ill ronrliision 111' finiaiks tliaf "tlinc is no li.isis, sciciitilic, liisioiicil. or rational, "11 wliicll 111 I'i'sl llir alliiiiialinn that tlinr wrlr " ' ■* ,'llld ale " ' * parts "f .\nici'ica in wliicli tin- natnial fniinil.mi of ilir hrad was (or is) mndilii'd liy iiic- I Inuiiciil means." And inorc pai'tii'iilail> is tins a sillcxiili-nl triilli w itli icnard to llii' Carilis of till' Li's.siT ;VnlilIi's: lirsl, iM'caiisc imnc of the cailic-l rliiniiirlcis -peak of till' en slum ; ainl second, I in .'i use I lie rrani.i nl' I lii^ prnplr Ii.im' iint llir form 'itti'ilinteil to t lii'in. Of roiiiso it was not possildr for dr Armas in drii\ the iiiisym- ««dM)^^i^ibiiiiiMi" .;< 224 REPORT OK NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1887. i int'triciil iMHitoiir of certain skulls, Init lie iissi rlcd thai this was natural, and if II'. statement conhl be relied on, none could he made of more importance. The weitjhl oi ividiMice is. ho\vc\er, oveiwhelminj^ly ajjuinst him. De Aiiuas also as.seils that 0\ i. 'JHTU SeiMM' .Mutis I)nian, of the Colombian Icfiation at Washin;j;ton. states that no tribi of Indians known lo him in New tiranada or Colombia distortu the head, bnl that era nial compression in.ay be ))racticed by otlu'r tribes of this area which he had nof ob serveil. Handa^iinji infants with the idea of preservinj; the .synimetr.N of their rornL.>. is Lieneial animi;? all classes. The cradles used by the wealthy are imported or made after Lnroiiean models. .Vnnin;; the ])ooi'er classes there are two foinis of ci'adle in n.se — one a boat-shaped case of lii^ht wood or bamboo, which will rock on an\ plane surface, and another const rncted of similar nnilerials and of like form, which i> suspended from the end of a crooked rod ami swunj; in the air. Ililhouse, William. ( Warow Land of liiitish (iuian.-i. ,Iour. Koy. tieo. .Soc. Lou doll, l-:!l. \'ol. IV. I I >r. Hancock remarks I uote, pp. :i;t., Ii:!H, ini Ililhousi''s accinini of the Indians seen here) that " these tribes have also,'" i. i ., like the coast tribes ol the .Maianon, " ihe sjncad in thi' I'ooi. or iluck's foot. • » • Their feet and toe- •■ire spread out in Ihe nianiicr most suilable fur walUini; on the muddy shores and luarslies they inhabit.'' ImThum. K. V. i.Vnmni; the Indians of (Iniana (i. i .. liritish (iuiana). London. 18-li. ~\(>. I llcad-llal tenin;; cnslonuir\ annmii p"oi)li' id' iippi'i' Ksseipiibo K'iver: foruKilv piev;ilent ••imoii;; chief tilbes llironf^hont (iui.nia and auionj; all ''Irnc I 'a ribs" (p. I'.M 1, I listortion id' wimiin's li'fjs by ('a ribs ( |i. V.^.i). I'hiss, l»r. II. I lias Kind iin lir.inch nnil .*>itli- der \'iilkei'. Leipzij;, lr^«|. 'JAull.. •-' Hand. I I icsciiplion of llit^ tri'atment of inl'anls in I'l-ru under the Incas ( /Jchi, p. r>T). The saMU> with respect to children in .Asiatic Turkey and Chinese Turkestan (lil(iii. p. tlOi. Kemarks on the eti'ects cd' position at icst (IiIdii. \\]i. -\. —J). ,Slate- menls conccrnin)^ the cradle-board and hcnl-llattenin;; in America ( A/o/i. pp. 101 102). l>escriiition (d' the sueklinu'-boaid and swaddlint; of int'ants amoni; the .Maron- iles and Modern (iernians {lilviii, p. IIH, lit). Sipiier, L. ({. il'eru,etc. New York, if''?, -vo. ) Distorttd Ayniara sknll from Chidpas I p. 244). AiipcndiN li. Extract fi'oin Fourth .Aniund K'eport of I'eabod\ Mnsi niri. Caiu- lirid^e. Uemarks of I'rofessor Wynum "On crania. Two modes of ilistorlion, their ell'ects," etc. i pp. r>80, ."if^l). f'idi I'adre Ariiafiii on this custom, I'ricliaid. .1. C. {Researches into the I'liysical History of Mankind. Lomlon.lHll. 1th 1(1. -vo) HiKiies Spix and .Martins on the separation of the j;real toe anion;; the I'liiis, Ci lopos. and Coroados. Soulh .\ineriia. Marcoy, r. (Travels in South Anieiica. Loiulnn, 1*7,-). llo. ) Headllatteiiin^ formerly ]>racticeil by I'ciiivian Coiiibos. Obsolete within two ^lenerations. All very (dd people .seen by Marcoy had distorted ciaiiia : no yonn^' persons. (Vol. ii, \i. •10, and note.) Acosta, Joai|. (p.'J4). The I'aiiches (Cbibch:is) coinpres.sed the skulls of infants bo- I cen boards ini . > iiiral Ainericai i''(iii. Lenji-tlii the first- four iriillles) of the -).. ihe Orejone I'lrdlMhila. (I , elistom of p * in sin h I he same stoid hliiu. Conipri -nro.) Now o r (jluichna On iipiiianibas of 1 \ the roilii;;u lie mistook a til Cii'/.a (eh. 100 :ittened behind iiirin<; childhoo Owen, Prof. K ,11 r the skull " 'ink of the bea I Iral disloi'lion iieiit is iii.ade co Cieza (eh. .'lO), I'oai'ds. so that i . .iiidiiii\ e lo li .\iiierieans, elc, l.l.w. Pis, N ■Lulls of till' ail Meyen (p. iii'o lirail. lvi\ero I'l'IU '■ nele mil : ,ll I Vl's. p. 7s, -illy and easily Marcoy, P. .if dislorl in^ lb I iires showing; . .inlains niaiiv ill. Ihe (,»ilirhll 'lisiorl llieir h I7t;, .'•.l,'-).) Tori|uemada . liililreii wasa ' hal of I be ro,\ '11.. li.'J--.) In all lliesi' i '.'111, sixteelilli that, if Ihe ill II is not possil ib.it after Ihe I 'llo:i, .liian .Villous the (^11 pillows or ;iiiy shoiihlers. I \' IL M -^ ..,?! U»-^i-. jpj — tji — ;UJ imI, ;m(l if 11-, TIk' wcijilii (It il iliMtoriloii oi l>iit (Hiiiiai'.'i. (I llin cviilciici 'ct tliiit anioiii; II tlifir liarks.' ■■ broad .stiip.^ ices, ' * r,.ir>. ) rill' iiativt'H (i| itcrior liark ni t he lupiijrli.s 111 s tliat no trill! I, lint tliat cra- II' liail nut nil if tlii'ir riinii> |i(ii'l<>il iir Miailc iMins of cradle 11 rock on an.\ form, wliiuli i> It'll. Soc. Lon- louwc's iiccomii coast f rilich oi r feet and toi - ild.v slioics and tna). ]iondoii. 'I'linilio K'ivci' ; lonj; all '• true , l-ai. >J Anil., Incas ( I (link, |i. icsc 'I'liiki'stau -1,>-J). Hlutc- ( /(/<-/». Jip. lOl iiiK tliti Maron- iiara ■■ikiill from InsiMim. Cam- iMtorlion, tlicir London, 1- 1 1, toe anion;^ tin- Icadlliittcninj,' icratioiiN, All IIS. (Vol. II, j(. Lsof inraiits bo- ARTIFICfAL DKFORMATION OK ClIILUREN. 225 1(11 linanls into a •'|iyraniidal" sliapo. (.Spencer, Do.s. Soc. Aiieiont MoxicariH, I ciitial Aineiiciins, etc., \i. 'J"^.) Idim. lienjitlieiiin;; (Mpart from |iieriiii;;) the lolie of (lie ear was a royal fashion I he lirst lour Incas. After Mayta-Ciipas it liccaiiie desif;nativo of the Caracas ,irii|iiis) of the liody f^iiard. Now prevalent ainon^ cert.iiu trilies of the Ama/ous, ./.. the Ore.jones (Spanish), hroad-eiirs. (Vol. ii, p. •JTO.) I'iidrahila. (liook 1, cli. '-•.) The Coyaiinas and N.ita;;ayinas (Chilii lias"i "liiive 1 ,1 custom of piillinj; Ihe lender head of a iiew-lioiii child lictween two hoards ' * in such a way that it » • • geLs tlattemd." The I'iclians and I'ajiches I the same slock do lliis also. (Spencer, l)es. Soc. Aucient Mexicans, etc., p. tl"'.) /(/on. Compression oftlic head into the shape ol '• a hishop's milre." (lii/crorto- iUiiro.) Now ohsoleto anion;; the <)nia;,'iias or I'lathe.nls — a Sjianish co; ni|)tion of !!ie (jiiiehna Omahiias. These are an eini;;ianl slock— the I'maiias, called liy the hipinamlias of Brazil IcBii;;a-iiena (llatlieads), which was contracted and ci'rriipted \ Ihe l'oilny;iiese into Caiiilndias, whence La (,'ondamine's mistake. {Vide Kef.) lie mistook a title for a lacc name. (Vol. ii, :(U>-;i4-i.) Cie/a (ill. 10(1) says of tiie Peruvian Collas that ''their heads arc vry loii^ and ilittencd liehind. hecaiise they arc iireHsed and llattuncd into what shape they choose iiirine; cliildhiiod." (Spenier, I)es. Soc. .Vncieiit Mexican.s, Central Americans, etc., !'.•>.) Owen, Prof. jj. (Anatomy of the Vcrtelirates. Londun, l^dl"). .•*vn.> In the Inca ,i(ithc skull " is lii.nh liehind, owiiin lo the haliil of carryin^r the infant with the .:irk of the head restiiii;' on a llal hoard, Ihe pressure usually producing misyiiniie- I iial distort ion of the occiiiilal p.trl of the skull." (Vol. ii. p. ."iiiT.) The same state- iiiciit is made concerning the l'ala;;i>niins. ; N'ol. li, ji. .M'p-. ) ( 'ic/a (eh. .Ml). Amonn the ( 'ar.ii|iies of I 'en, the child's head was jircsscil liet ween I'liaids. so that it " was lonu and limad. Iiiil llal hcliind." The liiili.iiis said I his was . oiiducive to health and \ i^or. (.Spencer. Des. Sue. .\ncienl Mcxicaiiv, Central Aiuericans, etc., p. 'J-^.) I'Um. ris. Nos. ;Wi, liST, and ;!'■'■', vol. 11, p. .'iil7, cxhiliil artiMcially distorted ■knilsof the ancient Peruvians t'rom Tilicaca. Me>i'n (p. ;!ro nieillions a decree of the Lim.i Synod of I.'i'^ri aj;ainNl llatteiiin^ the 111 ail. Ivivcro and Tschndi say that the iirc;;iilariliis in crania I'roni I In- cn.-ist of I'cMi " were iniiloiililedly produced liy niei hanical causes'' ^p. :!'.'). Santa Crii/, \ar- lalives. p. ?*, >lales Ih.'it .Maiicot 'ap.ic inl loduieil head llal leiiinn; |o make ihe people -illy and easily ruled. (Spencer, Des. Sue. Aniieiil .MeMcails, elc, p. '.'.-'.) Marcoy, r. I'I'ravels ill So;;! h .\iiierica. Louilnn. l~T."i. Ilo.) Notice of ciisloiii Mlilistorliii;; the head anion n the Ayniaias. (N'ol. i. |ip. (17, (i'^.) Old A.\ iiiara sculp- lures showing; Ml Ileal and anteropostei lor ll.ilteiiin;,'. (Vol. I, p. l-.'i.) This work . .iMlaiiis man,\ "typical portiails" ( I. l(i:{) " taken fnuu life " ( 1, ."iH). Ifcorrcct at ill. the (Vniehiias on the west, and Ant is and Chonlaiiuiio Indians c.isl of the Andes, distort their heads «oir, thoiieh Marcoy does not say so. ( I'ii/. pis. Vol. i, (ip. 103, iTi;, .M.').) Tonincniada ( liook xi\ , eh. 'J.'d .illiriiis thai permission In shape the heads of their . hildren was a f.i vor ^iranteii hy the Ima to some noliles, .. •/., I lie artilicial eon tour was Mial of Ihe roxal famils. (Speneei, Hes. Sue. .Viiiieiil .Mexicans, (.'entral Aiuericans, .1,.. p. •J-'.) In all llicseconteniiioraiy facsimiles, and in tlieportiail medallions (Vol. i, jip. 'JIO, .'H'.. sixteenth century) of Incas ,ind Coy.is— " I'lie liiipeii.il Tree"— it is iiolcworlhy ihat, if Ihe delineation is at all accurate, some heads are dislorled and some mil. II is not )iossilile III this instance lo reconcile the purl raits with Las Casas' st;itenieiit lli.il al'ler Ihe fourth Inca the eiislom ceased. nio.i, ,lii,'in and Antonio de. (Voya«c to South America. London. 1H07. Svo.) Amon^ the (^lilo Indians, " llieir heds consist of twoorlhrec sheepskins, without pillows or anylhiiiK idse." (Vol. I, [ip. liH, 111'.). ) Children are carried on the mothers' si Iders. (Vol. I, p. lO'.i. ) 1 1. Mi.s. y,m. \\\. 2 1") If' u •J2(; RKl'Olfr OF NA'rU>NAL MUSEUM, 18S7. H, H 1 Mil IS, J Criiivi'l;* in Cliili Miull.ii riiil.i, liOiidon, IH'JC). 8vo.) Tlio Paiiipa Ti. tliiiiis "lU'ViT wnlU ;ui.\ ilisiMiii !■ * * " sonic use Miiddli's. but iint (ill ; * * tlu'V ni't' ill iiiiulr. " . \(>1. 1. |i|).-'r>(). v!ri7. ) Hr. hcinlitoii says of flic " liorsc'' Imliui orCliili, tli;it " tJKii Ic-s :iiv m'liciMlly liaiiily." (Vol. ll, ])- t":!.) Among till' Jiii1kiii> 111' Cliili; •• llic cliilil is slnni; in a kinil of basket, tovnicil of n WDOilcn iiooii liiivinsi a net-work strctilicil aemss it ; it is iuint; by tlMini;s to tlie loui of ilm lint." (Vol. ll,)!. ICrJ.') Do La Conilaniim". i,l>elation Alnejji'iMl'nn Voya.Ljc, etc. MacHtiicliI, 17"H. l','nio. Derivation o'' the triii.il nanus. Oniau:nas anil t.'aniberas, from llic custom of ihitliT, inj; the lieiol : noiiee of ihe proeess (|i. 70). I Ida Porto-Scgiiro, Historia (icral ih l!ra/il. Vol. I. p|>. I-. l'> rorto-Seunro. (llisloria (ier.il :lo r.ra/.il. liio ile Janeiro, 1^7-'. Hvo. Vol. i Ileail-Flattenini;-. ) l"l vnioh);;ii al reni.nks on the dciivation of ttic iiaiin' of eertaie Tniii ((iuaraniel trilies, from what appeiirs to be antcro-posterior compression. '' Pareridas a minus dr bispos." ( ^ ol. i. pp. H, 10.) Sontliey ri marks (History of Ur,i/il. London, l-^l'.t. 'Un. Vol. ill, p. 70;>) thai when Kilieiro eneoiniteied tiie remains of t lie Oniafiiia at Olivenva in 1771, " the\ had left oil' ihc' appaialn^ for ll II teiiiiw- the foreheads and elongatinjj; the beads ol their inl'iiiit--; siill liny adniiird the old st;mdaril of lieiinty so niiiidi that fhe\ moulded llieiii liy h,-ind; Iml the eii-.tom is now wholly disused. In Note '.]'i, \'ol, III. p. -'M'', he ailils that ''several ..'bes of the IJio Ne;;ro llatteiicd their heads lik. tlie ( )iiiai;nas." lliimlioldl Cl'olit ieal Kssay on Nc\v Sp.iin. London, l~ll. f^vo. Vol !. p. l.'in^ays, "ihi' li.iiliaroiis eii-.|iiin * ' ' of piessiiiLj the lieiids of (diildrei belween two boaiils'" in ,'soiilli .\nieriea. " was. like the (ireek c\ag^;erat ion of th' facial aie^le, the Kaimnek nose, the Hot I en lot lips, an atteiii|>t to conform to an idea of beauty.' Spix and Marlins. ''I'laMNin lira/il. Lonil I-''.M. >vo.) It is staled that tin w oiiii'ii of I he ( 'oio,i(Hi> (if liasl iira/i! ■■ I'.ari y I heir ehildieii aboni on their back-., and from llie eoiile\l. a> well a> llie fact llial llie sli-epiiif; cradle Is a lianimoek, i seeiiis probable I hat I hey aiv ■ ai riril in a ^iiiii^. ( \'ol. n, p. ','17.) liiowii and i.iilsloiie. (I'illi'iii 'I'lionsaiid .Miles oii Ihe ,\iiia/on, etc London 1-/-. -\ o ) 'riiey |iieii|i(ni aiiolher cNc.plion lo the use of the haminoek. 'lie I'.iniai \ Indian--, on I In- b'io ,\c'.;iii. ■■ lia\ e no I I hr peciiliai ily of n>inf; ha in mocks, Im i sleep on tie- I loo I of llii'ir tciils " on ■■ mats of plaiteil palm leaves " i p. III:!). Ilcriol.t;. Cli.'K els 'rhion'.jh I lie < aiiadas. London, 1-07. Ilo.) '•'I'lic lira/il ians. andsc\er.il other n.-niniisin Smiih .Vnierira." plnii'^e Ihe iicw-born iiitant inlu water. 1 1 is then " sw.idilli'd to lii t |c lioaids lined with ■■otioii, and more fi i'(|iicnl 1\ wii h moss " (p. I'. |:! 1. In loiineetion with ret'ei'ciiccs to nose-llat telling as a custom anions Hia/ilian aiiil other Soiifh .\mciic;in Indians, (he followiii!,' indicates hoih the variability of tin facial i\pc ami that of I he standard to which nasal contour conforms when art i- tieially modiiicd. ]»r Monssy, \'. .\L i Description, etc., de la (!onfcderatiori Arnen- tiin'. I'aiis, isiiii. s\ii. , ipiotcs d'( )rbiL;ii\"s 1/homiiie iim^ricain, etc., lo the clb'ct that in the I'ci avian brainli of the Ando-Pcriivitiu lace the nose is long and high 'lie/ lonu', tiis .acpiilin." In i he A mi si an branch of same rtico it varies — " iie/ \ari- able " in till' .\iaiii anian lir.ainh of s.anic race it is " tn-s court ." 'I'he 1 'a in pa branch of the I'aiiipc.ni race lia\ e i hr •• nez tii-s-conrt. t les-i'^pate. a narincs larges, on vert is." .Vmoiig III,. ( 'biipiiti an biamli of this race the nose is "court, un pen cpate.'' In the thiid or .Mo\caii 1m im h oi the I'ampcin race il is ''court, pen large," Among the • uiarani t ribi'- of I he lli a/ilio( inaranian race, the feat lire isdeseribed as "lie/ court. I'tfoil. n.arini"; eifdiii's." Ijinjlh is a natural characteristic; the rest may be natural or artilici.al. but no doubt arc laruely moilillcal ions. ('('(/<• references. /(KsKi'm. (\'ol. II, p|i. 1 l.'i-l !7 ; Hole ) l>obri/hoiler. M. (Aii Aicmmi of the Abipmics. London, \^ti. ^*vo.) Fiitlier Uobrizholl'er was in I'aiagiiay IVoin 17 1>> to 17i;7, and his ethnological m.ittcr is t)x- , ptioually vain; liiir babies in w I his is the first i Dobri/holi'cr, .minted tribes- ;, nnfiiniislied nf the logs isotici Dobri/liotl'cr r ,ho are iimvide ,r\ cr see an Ab :iaiis ride more, I'.iilicr Dobri/hi at ion in this r iiiib among the :n the use of a s King, t'ol. ^. -\ii. ) 'I'lieChil noses would bci I'arrish, Sir V , hes -" I'ine Tr uho, from beiii; tent of del'ormi I'his points to t rrlmcli hcs-l'at Harris, .L (I Scbald lie Wcer Sliaitsof Mage u as cs idelilly I 'rhcreare sev , .lase. As an i Harris', Navig; ir,-.';i, to the ii:i (icial il. f^vc). Vol. , Imiiic ()(■ (•(■ihiiii \r i'"iii|>ri'HMi(iM. . i>. to;;) tliiii ill 1771, " tlir\ ii till' licnds III iu'li iliat tliiv Noll' :w, \-,.i nil- Iliads ]\l. -1 I. ■'vo. Vol ids of ( liildic-i I'lat ion of (il, ii'iii I" an idi :i Mtalcil lliai III, II their l)arKs, a liaMiriioi'k, i; 111' London .'iniirnii'l<. 'I'h, lianiMiiM'U,s, lull i;i:!). '•I'll.' Hiiizil '■' laiit into inlc Ciciiicntlv Hia/illaii and ialdlily of tin nils w licii aili- f^ration AiXfii- , to tho I'ir.ci ii{,' "lid liif,'li ■!*—" iir/ vaii I'aiii|>a liiaiMJi ,'i's, ipiivcrtis." jiiiWv" In III,. Anioiiir the IS " IK'/ court, Illy III' initnral imn^iin (\'(d. ^V(l.) FilthlT iiiafttT \n ox- ARTIFICIAL DKKORMATION OF CIIILlJRKN. 227 ■|iiloimli.v valiialilf. OC a cfrl^iiii I lilic at Mliain.'ia. Iio says: "Tlio niotlicrs |Mit lialdi's ill wii licr Itasl^cts, and carry (licin on ilicjr shoulders." (W I his is tlie lirst notice or.iiiv cradle l)'it, a 11. r.ii.) Iiii'4' ill this re^icni Doliri/.liotl'er, M. (An .\ccoiini of the ,\lii|ioiies, I Ion, l-^'J-J. f*\:,.) Tlui ainted trihes — Iiidios luavos - of 1' ;. iiiil'iirnishcd with saddles, even." 'I'liis f: if the Icf^s noticed ill pri'vions rcfi'reiiics. (Vol i, |)(dirizhotVer remarks ol' the Ahiponcs of ('Inn o, iia^iiay "ilo not \\:i,' stiiriiiis, ,ind most id' them ■I .iccoiiiiis for the excessive ciirvatiiro 1-. ^;!t; .ho aro provided with siiddjes, thonj^li " siirrnps are i:ot in .;eiieial n an ci|nestiiaii |ieo|de," hut. that 'ver SCI' ail Aliipom with handy hn-i." Like the Kimhl/, all t'lcsc In- ,i!is ride more than they walk, ,incl ,iri' placed on liorschack ,il tl arliest father Diihri/.holier's statement is not n ,iccord;iiH'i. v, il li the t'aels of coininon olii latioii in tills reuaril; Init, taken with some icsirvaiion. the enalcr Hyinmetryof liiiih amoiiir the trihea of (!liaco is evident ly due to the dilVeicnce of position involved HI the lisi' of a saddle. (Vol.11, p. li:!.) Kini;, Col. .1. A. ('rweiity-fonr \'ears in llie .Vr^jciit iiie liejiiildic. I.oiiilon, Hlli. -vo.) 'I'lie (liiri vicme Indians ol' ( ir,'ui-('lia<'o would not eal iiiiil ton t'or liar " their noses would heconie tlat " (p. lll'.h. I'arrish, .Sir \V. ( ISiii'iios .Vyres. London. I~.i-.'. Smi.) .S|ie,ikini; of ihe r.lnicn- , lies -" i'ine 'rrees" — a Tampa hr,aiicli, lie s.i > ^ ; •■ j |i;,\i. sreii some of these. Indians \v ho. fi'iiin lieiiii^ so eoiistanl ly on liorscli.ok, had Inionie liou -jcij^rcd to sinli an c\- Icnl of del'ormity thai the sides of their feci wnc lunicd inward, clc'ij.. 17;!), fills points to t he aliscnce of a s;idille, such as iiscil, at Icisl, li_\ I heir con sellers, the I I'liio h lics-l'ata^onlans. llaiiis, .L (Navii^antiiini atijiie II lncr,iiil iiini liililiol heca. London. 17 11. I'olio.) Siliald lie Weert speaks of t he "' crooked h^s " o|' .i ceilain Indian \uiiiiaii foiinu in I he .^1 laits of NLancllan. (\'ol. i, p. pj. ) I'loni what is said .ilti iwards i /(/< m. p. l;i) (his u as e\ idcnl ly a I'liei^ian. There are se\ era I references to t he distill I inn ol' liinlis aiming the I'llc^iaiis, and to its 1,1 use. As an example of the niieii t.iml.v attach in;; to ri|iiirl s of the cai l\ \ oya;;ers, llai I is", Navi^ant inni, etc., 'inotcs .laipns Ic llerinilti \oyaL:e of ('ircinaiia\ lualion, hij;;, lo the cllect that the Inhaldtants ol' 'I'd la del l'Me;;o wcie "a. fan , is ;iuy in I'.iiiope; ' ' " very stion;; and well proportioned, and ;;cneially almiit Ihe l,ci;;ht ofthepeoph' In I'.nroiie." (Vol. I, p. 71.) Ol'tlie same kind is Cuplain (!ow- Ic.v'sstatcineiit. made tioin personal olisciv at ion, l!:al I lie 1 1 oi ten lots ■ aic Imrn « Idle, liiit make themselves Id.iek w ilh son I.'' i Harris's I'.ildiothcc.a. \'ol. i. p. -;i. ) Cook, Captain. ( \'o.\a^''s. etc London. 177:1. -vo.) 1 Icscriliiiii; the heds of the ii,iti\cs of Terra del l"nc;;o, s,iy ,s ttiai " ,i lit I le ;;ias.s * * ' served liol h for lied ,iiid ciiiiirs.'' (\ol. II, p. ,'>ri.) M)li;s ii\ it.itiil'l;. IJae, F.d. criie White Sea I'eninsnla. Loiidoii, 1"L "^vo.) liowcd leu's are men- tioned as (diaract eristic of the .\orwc-iaii Lapjis. Not ,i pure r.icc like t hose of Sunt Ii Fiiimark and Terski Lapl.ind. liishution pioU.aldydne lo ihe skin-hai; cradle (p. •j:!-M. Lain;;,S. (.lonrnal of a K'esidence in Norwa\ . London, l>:ii;. -^vo.) lledeserihes .IS a (diaraeteristic the howed lei;s of the Norwegian Lapps, " I'hcy form a ciirvo with I lie h'lr-lioiie do« n to ihe fool, so Iliat in slaudinu- wil h I heir feet close together all ahiive is far apart " (p. •,'I7). rressiue In the hood, etc., diirinu infancy piolialdy causes t his. I'liuofka.T. (Mannersaiid Ciistonisof the (ireeks, Liuidoii, l<»'.l. 4to.) Descrip- tion (d'the AfM'ir, lU" wicker, shoeshapcd swinnin;; cradle of tireece (Ft. II). (iiiiil ami Koiii-r. (Life of the (!ici ks and L'lim.iiis. Lmidon, -. f*vo.) "Tho antiiine cradle," i. c, the .\iKr„r of the lleioie a-e, •'eonsistnl ofa Hat swin^^of l«a.s- ket-work." Tho child, enveloped in the (7T.i,)jiim, must iiecoH.sarily liavo heeu bound mm t&iH,- 228 IJKI'Ol.r ol' NATIONAL Mir.sHir>r, is«7. ^' t(i ilii^. III till' sIh" ^liiiiicil li.iski't-crailli' ilio iiiriint ()<'i'ii])iiMi ii Hitliiif; ]ii>,siti()ii (I'ir/c 111., [). I'.Ci), Tlir lasi-iiMiiiril craillc liiul tiMiidli's, 1i\ wliiili it rdiild lii'd cvcrywlicrr in (ircccc, t'xii'|if, in Sparta, wcni dcsiHnfil to iiii'vciil (lii-tiii'lioii. I'lrsidcs llio .swaddlinif-ilollii's. liowcvcr, llu'icwas in t oiniiioii i;>i' a Milliiiciil \ai iii\ ol' lird-flol lirs lo nako any I- ind tif roslinj; |daro for I lie clilld soli riioii^i;li to iiisiiic sal'i'ly a.s;aiiist iircssurc, vi/, llic! i,/.ir// of lioinor was coMTcd uilli hides ('.(,.m;). and oMT this hiy the i'irre I'erlhc^, r., (\o\aec en L'lissie. Paris. I^MI. I'Jiiio.) K'cmarks on no.sc-llat- leiiiiiL; in Asiatic Ivn-'sia. and proliahle cause ol' the ciistoin i\>. "Js"). Ihiiton anil l>r.ikc. ( rncxplored S\ ria. laindoii. l-T'J. -vo.) Craninm said {<< he 'riii.ini.in, e\lii'iiiiiii; •' iinilaleral liatteninj4 " * from iise of the siKd^linj;- hoartl." (Appendix, vol. it, p. 'JTT.) liiirton and llialo. (rncxplored Syri.i. London. |r|iiin <>t' >\\ailiiiii; the chilli's head tij;litly after hirlli" (rii^- l'ii\illc on the )iiipccs>k 'I'liis distortion of t he ciharci was in the ••a'-e of a SiMiiilie ( prolialdv .lewishi sUiill ( p. I! Hi i, \iliiil., .\ppendix, \ ol. IM. Speciineii of lirai h.\ ccphalons (iia co-Kcd w liih- in this position ( pji. ti'-', lii! ). I'l iehard. .L C (K'csearclie^ i nil) the |'li\ >iial I list my 111' Mankind. London, 1-11. Itli cd. -\ii.) Hv' (|iiotcs I'allas to the ( licet that the only deformity visible aimuiif Kaliiinks i>",in cnitward bendiiifiof the arms and lci;s, resnltiiiji from the |iract ice of call sill;;- (dii hire n to re-t in their cradles on a kind of saddle "( vol. i, p. o|i:i). I'rejval-ky. ('ill. X. (Moii;.;olia. London. 1-Tti. sAo. \'ol. I.) Chapter ii, pa;ie 17 I'l s, 1/ . " is e-peeially devoted lo I he 1 ihiioloLiV of .M one I ilia." lie sa\s of the .Mon- gol, ■■his lei.;s are bow ed by con-.tanl eiiucst rianism ; " but iiolhiiijf of any form of cradle, or mode id' carry in;^ infants, or of ma lloniia lions other than the above, is Huid any wlicre. In I'limiiclly's Aeioss Aineiiea and Asia, La Lar,ne(p. I'.i'.i) has ;;iveii fac-similes ol' wonil.eiii> lepreseniiiie \ai ions defiiniiities 111' ihe head. e\ idciitly arlilicial. .Jap- aiicsi! art, and especially ticnie art, is of a hi;;li order, iiol rehilivcly, but positively, unil lis il can not bo supposed that such kIioiiKI bo tlio caso without a kn\)\vled<'o ot I he fact that all characteristics tt I'lirincrly any •■n^ Kroni Dr. W. N 1 hildreii are can I hat the crossed ( 'apt. .lolin (!. H to that dcHcribci a board, into wl liv the .lapani'Hi '|"he Kmperor vays: "'I'he ane little hard bed, Ihittcncd and bi ihe new born i rower.'' 'I'hisw l!il>k, (ieiiri^e nil a skull leriU' •• almost sil;j,^ef ,s;peiicer, IL Arabs.) ••Nobl I'his was done N'ambi'ry, A. head is"propo ..limce" that in ell. lb" ip. •,".••;) l,ly the lolisciil Pallas. (I,'.'- w hich arc <;ent like the arms." I'catbeinian H-7. •■'vo.) ' burdens, have (p. ',!t7). Fealherman 1--7. .-vo. j . "A block of w Laiiesdorf, .\in.>s (.Lipan llic people of luodiiced by : iiij; is said of I 111,, ease of iiil M'erctary id' t carry in;i iiifa is never band Mifl inattress( to clasp the 1 thi^ outer Ki"' History of I on all voya^i Cilocester, IT clotbs." No Iliiif,' iiONitioii |l'I 111" ciirricd , iitlii'i' forms "^" (l'|>. \'X>, I' ilcsiniicd to fs in (i.iii'iioii loi' llif chilli \v;i.4 covcicil ||"lli;i|i>. ,\l • illi li'.ithcrs, llij; lii'il I (•(((). lilt' kind (>{' ;i 'liinriii'.}/i(iT(i, vi's iniu'Ii llif Ik' (ili'idiHaiid iiili. "i'lalo iii-ni ionril •■ li MH, .•llld llnvsr 1> i'ni|.|o\fd, •f.ir.s (iiat oil- lioiiivs, isiiici, II' in(';iiit was 111 li;iii|)cn lo on n(»,c>-d,it- iiiiiiiM said to III'- Micklin^- I. Ali|irndi.\.) •■liiM's head I 111' ral\ air:i '■. A|.|M'iidi\, iii^^asyninict- liiiaid" (pi). liiN riadio as ■''liaiM" of (li,. iiiil and flirts, '. c-'.t;:!). iiiidiPii, Hll. isiUIr anionjr tile luact ici' 'Ill' II, |iaj;i- "f tlii-.M(,n- illiy fiiiln of l>ii\f, is hail! ii'-Niinilis id' liiial. Jap- I |losilivi'l,\, l>.'W]l'l|ii of williuio liaiai'lrrisliis to the lirHrci- of f;iolfsi|ni'iii'ss, il would In' uidl to imiiiiiv if ■ iiinrl'lv uiiv riistoiii, rlr., jilslilii'il llii'.si' niiiloiirM. now or I'loni l>r, \V. \V. Roiddiill (lin iiifoniiat ion Ih ri'cijjvfd that in (,'li ilia and Moiij;iilia rliildri'ii ari> canii'il in llii" sanin way as di'srrilii'd liy Mr. AUahaiir in .Japan, cxcitpt Ilia I till' rrossi'd liaiiils to siTiiri' tlir rliild on the niolln r's liaclv ari' not iiiaili' iisr of. t 'apt. .lohii (i. itoiiiUi'. 11. S. Army, states that the Navajss iisi' a, rradli'-linard Himilar 111 ihat dcscrilird liy Major I'owidl on tlw Colorado, vi/, a Innkskin sail; fasti'iii'd to ;i lioaril, into wliirli tho infant is put wilhoiil liriiiLj >« allird, .\o cradli's aro .isnl liy till' .lapaiirsi', Cliiiirsi', or in Miinj;olia. Ni>'n;s ON A.-iiA. '{'Ill' I'.iiipi'ror of China, Kii'ii-liiii;; ( ITl'.ti-lTlMi), in his work Muiiililiu ■ijitin-llitii-la 'fill- anrii'iil MaiidilionsMoini' days afli'i' tlir liii I h of a rliiiil pirparrd for it a III 111' hard linl, and laid it thrri'oii fan' up. I.ittli' hy hi ! ! thr hark of || II' iirail u as llal li'iH'd and lii'i-aiiii' lar r;;i'r. 'I'hi' C ini'si' ha\ !• a riistnm opposili', (o I !iis. 'fhry lav ihi' iii'W 1)11111 upon ils sidr, lilst rinhl, I Inn Irl't, whi'irloir ihr li.:id is madi' nar- rowi-r.'' 'f his wonldinaki'lhi' Maiidrlioiislirai'liyri'phalsand llu'Cliinisidiiiirorrphuls. Iiiisk, (iiorj;i' (.loiir. .Vnlhrop. lust, (inat Mrilain and Irrlaiid, Vov., 1-7''', "Xoti's oil a skull li'rmcd Xalial liaaii '") says t hat ri';;ariliii^ tin' norma lalnalis, its oiitliiii's •'alniosl sni;i;rsl that thr skull has lii'i'ii ronslrirlrd hy a haiiila,i{i'." Spcinrr, II. ^ I)i sriipl ivi' Siiiiolii;;y, \. \. Asiatic Kaccs anions the Xomadic, .\ rails.) " Nolih' lam i lies iisid to alter thr shaiic of i hildrm's heads." ('I'.ihle xxxi.) This was done in I lie a;;i' of Alioii-Zi> d. (liastiaii. .Meiisih. ll,'.'',".l. Id., p. •jl.) X'ainlii'ry, A. (Skelehes of CimiIimI Asia, liomion, l^li-. -vo.) The' 'I'lirkom.-in In ail i- " |iropi>rl ioiially small " .llld oIiIoiil;. This I'orm " is asei ilu d lo the rireiini- ^laiiie" that iiifaiils are not iradhd. lull " idaieil " ' ' in a s« inj;' made of liiuMi iliilh" (p. ',".111). The Tiirkomaie. (■ommoiily liav(\ " their I'eet lieiit inwardl.\ ; proh.i- li|>' till' eoiisei|nenei' of t heir eon I inn a My riding; on 1)'. -'diaek " (p. 'JlKii. I'allas. ( I, '.•-, I / Ml/. ) 'I'he- Kalmneks " are Well . il h Ihe exeepiion of thr |e_^,., w hieh are };eiierally hiiil (a sin;; from liein^ so miirli on hoiseiiaik >, .iiel slender, lik(' the arms," (Speiieer, |)es, Soeiol. Asiatic li'.lie--, p. ;'., ) l-'ealherman, .\. iSocial '(is|oi\ of I he K'aees of .\iankiiid. 'Jil di vision. l.ondiMi, I-'"7. f^vo.) 'I'he women auioiie the Ni'asrsa, "who are aeeiislnnieil to liear heav\ liiMileiis, have their knees inriied inward, and their hips are more or less deiormed" Ip. :tlT). I''ealhernian, .\. (Social llislory of l lie Kaies o|' Mankind, '.'d division. London, I--T. .-Ml.) Amon\; the .Nieohar Islanders " l he skull Is depressed hy ail " i p. ',':i',i). "A I dock of w Olid aiisw CIS the purpose ol' a pillou " ^ p. '.'IIM. I.anysdoif, ;real niimlur of other insl.inces, imtli- iiii; is said of the appliaiires used ; luil I he iiil'eieiice is (ha I siieli miisl I ia\i' existed III lhi. ra if in la Ills. 'I'he t'ol low in;; information, eom mini ica led lis Mr. Shiin Ak.aliaiie, seerelary of the .lapaneso lee'.'ilion at \Vasliin;,'tiin, exhihits a \ery simple mode of carry in;; infants on lln- liaek. No cradles of any kind are used in .lap.in. i'he child is never )iaiidae;ed. It is u rapped loosrly in a cloth of some kind, and placed on a soft mat tress on the lloor. 'riiere it remains, except w hen nursed, until il Isold eiioneh to clasp (he lioily of its parent with its Icf^s, when il is placed on llie hack lienealh the outer e;;irment, and snpporled hy 1 wo hands passing; ii\ er ils liack like cross-hell.s. History of Kaiiit chat k-.i(tra nsla I I'd .iiid ahridned I'ronioriicial Kiissian account, haseil on ;i|| voyai;cs ami travels to K.inilchalka and K'urile Islands, l>y Hr. .lames (irievc. (ilocester, 1T(M, •Ito). The Koieki ^Kiiii.iks) "use neither cradle nnr swaddliii;;- clotbs." No uicutioii of any kind of hodily iiuilfonualiou (p. 5i^3). t,„ aao in;i't»i;r oi' nation ai. mu«i:um, 1887. I As (irii'vo siiys ln' , it iii:iy l>i' tiin' tliMl in Kanitiiialka and tlii> Kii rili's crailli's (ici iisi'cl. I'.iiili animii; ilic Ainos ami 'J'aitai's, K'ollin'.s ilcNfriptidiis iroiiit to dislorf ionn. Tin liilluw iiii; ail' liisnanial ima.siiit'iiu uIm in Sa;;lialioii anil at tin' liaio dc CaNtrics Islam! of TfliiiKa (Say;lialii'n ), rircnMilVii'nri- of lirad, I Inni, lo imlics, I lines; Ioiil; dianii'ti r, '.' ini'lirs, > liiiis ; ^lll>l'l diaim'trr, fi inclns, - linrs. Hair df Casliirs, i ii iiiiiilriiiHT of licail, I fool, '•> inclns, I lines; Ion-; diaineler, K Iniln's; shorl dianieln i'l Im ill'--, 1 lines. r.ii--li, l». .1. ( IJeindeer, |)iins. and Sniiw-Slioes. X. Y., 1^*71. f^vo.) In Oelolief Hiisli saw a nil hi;; I lie I iilaks, mi I lie Aniimr, "a ha lie liL;litl,v lianda^ed in a wnnilen In is m I ladle, sunietliiiii; like lliat nsed liv mil Ann rieaa liidians, I ml w illi its lei;s IVniii lie knee diiu nwanls iinrelleinl," 'I'liis i radle was lien^ \erlieall,\ tii tlie " iidi;e-|i(ile'' III a " lean-In" shell er, ami, I he elulil'-, feel Iiiiiehiiin' the ;4riiiiiii|, il '-sw liiit; itsell" ^ |i. I".':'' 1. in I II ir I Ilea si Silii ria in .laiinai y, liiish saw " I wn lit lie Imys,' lielonnin;; In llie nmiiail Tniiunsjaiis, •■ lashed lii;;eiher and llinnvn over a paek-saddle, the mie lialaneinj; the 111 liei. • - » They were eaih sewed iip in single nainieni * ' inadi- III' heavy reimleei- t'nr." ()iil\ t| \esaiiil imse were visilde (|)|i. •.Mn.'Jll). A. v.. \ii|ilell»kii"iiil (\'nva;;e nl' ihe \'ei;a, l.nndmi, I-^l, .^\ii, \ nl. Ill deserilie^ '•a v\iile skin eiiveiiiij^ Willi the lej;s and alius sewed (of^etlier down wards " as the Milisiitnle fur the eradle aiiimiL; the Cliiikihis. Similar deviees used hy most poliir tribes aii|iaielll1>. No V isihle eailse I'lir il istm I lull (p. III'.'). Xorits UN ,M IIK'A. Wdiid, .1. (i. 1 I'l'iivili/iul IJaees 111 Men. llaill'mil, 1-71. '^vo.) 'I'lie .Miyssiliian liiidwives niiild the Iraliiles ul' iiil'iiils •■In 111, ike llieni handsonie " (\i. ti.'.-i. AViiiid, .1. (i. ( I III ivilizeil l.'.His i.r Ml II. Ilarll'iird, 1-71. -vi;.) Aiiimii; the I'aii- the eliilil is carried astriiK- nl' a ii.iik lull (p. ."lillh. The " p.iiiiLjkiHint " nr eiienlai mat el oak nl" Aiistr.iliaiis serves m earry Ihe eliihl, verlieally plaeeil. The .\iisl r.ili.-iii i'lirm is exeeiitim.ills line . ji. li'.l'.l I. The i r.ulle nf I he New Zealand ililant isaiiial wrap ( p. -17 1. In .New (iiiinea ihe eliild lies "in a ,snil nl slinj; '" of l.'.av es nr hark, and is sn e;iriieil (p. '.ml i. Alexamler, Captain (.Iniir. Unval (ien;4r. Soe., liiiiidnli, iKf.'i, Vol. V, p. lil"", note) says of the l'iii;;iii ,s (nr Wanderers) nl' .sinriih Al'rie.i, that their "(diildreii are eaniod hidiiml wripped in lie/ karnss." l-iftli,ll. I .\I.iilaj;ase,ir. Ivilmhiii'Lih and ].,iiiidi)n, 1—^1. l-.'ino.) Tip' Maf^alasy " Hint her e.iiries her ill fall I npiin her li.iek. and iinl in her arms " (p. (il). No deserip- linli lA' ihe m■■all^ IImiI in sll|lpnrt the ehllil. On p:iL;e I'.K! nf .M. ( '. lliiel'- .Maila.i;ase;ir la Iv'eine des lies .M'rieaines, there is a |ihlle nf .1 wniiiali eari\\ i ii^ a eliilil. |il,iri i| in a snrt nf linnd fnrmeil nf a fiihl nf t he niiier ;;aiiiieiit, w liieh may e.\|il.iiii l.it I le's si aleiiient. Wilkinsnn, .'t, e.r airniilm'^ In I'mphyry " ,i lialf-eyliniler nf wnnd in lien nf a pillnw." v..is in .^.iier.il ii-e in Duypt. i \'iil. i, pp. Is.'i, ISI).) Wilkinsnii ailiN I hat the sam.' kind nf a pi llnw is I'mind in China, Japan, and aniiiii;; the Ashanlees and Kaliirs. This i-, a very iniomplete slateineiit of the penples w lin use the heail-rest; lint there is a slight iiii-()ii),'iiiit.v between his asserlinn (if the uni- versal use nf t hi- kind nl' ],i llnw. ami that made ( Vnl. I. p. 117 1 tn tin- ell'eel that the F.j,'ypti;ilis eniiimniily --lept nn cmu'le ■•, liee.anse many of thnse depleted ill his plates wmilil lint have iiermilted the head-nsi In he nsed on aeeoiint of their iorm. He says also th.il tin- ll^yptian hed was often a skin jdaeeil on the ^froiind nr ,i frame of Jialm w ioker-wnrk like the iiimlern ealVass, and in these eases ii wooden pillow, eiisli- inned as in Japan and China, for the rieli. nii^lil have, been eniployed. 'I'lie Madi women earry their inl'.ints in skins whieli have keen dried in tho sua and scraped clean aud smooth with a stone and softened w ith butter. Tho skius of ^;i)atH, HU'/.elies, sll i.ver the mother's with its head hel the sun. When ( i--;i-H», p.:i'^:>.) I'nrlies, W.O. l-s."i. fvii.> In' spallie," whiili i> niie sleeps nn a b a pieee nf si|iiare |)i. ,1, (1. (larsi |irneiiriil by fori llinie or less llalt |iriiiliieed by lay like that desi ribi imir in Timoi-I/ whether the Ilea- I larsnn observes |.. dih," a faet ,,: eeipital tlatl 1, al iiienmplete iliirin^; ;;riiwtli i faet, and of emi Cambell (Cen^r li'nyul (ieo;;r, S. made of "pieees Iheii eranial el ir.:t). • * " ' ' • as tin lint iinivi'i'sal ii mats, and havi C.iplain Lewis. I'Inwer, Willi II, Nn, -i^.) 11 the ell'eel that I'J). I'eatherman, 1.-.-7. Hvo.) / purpose, is iisei low" (p. '-'riH). Iveyiiolds, J. that the heads sun fnr this (p. (iiiillemard, ."snlii Arehipeh of a long bam' rock the ehilil women " with I'eatheriiiaii 1887. Hvo.) I'i'oin early iiif Mai'sdeii (p, oliildreu uowl; AKTil'KJIAI. l»i:i'()K.MAI |(.N (»|.' Cll IL|)I{K\. 31 li' InIjukIit- aiiil till- Kii MtioiJH. Til. " as till' l\ lllllfil |iii|;il •' Aliyssiiiiaii "ii;; rhc Kail. "!• rli'<'nlMi H" Aiislrali.'iii Cant i.N a iiial avcH (II- liark. ||. :!l-, in(ic) II ain ciiiriod li" MaijaliiNy Nl) lll'M'|'i|l. •<, tliiTc is ,'1 a I'liM 1)1' till' ', New ^'(irk, il<'r of wiiiid . and Miiioiij; |M'ii|i|is win, 1 of tlin iiiii- t!L't (hat till' » Ills iilaliiH I' fiiriii. Hi- r a fraiiin oC illciw, <'iih1i- III till) sua riio skius of ;iMt.s, K'a/..'li..s, Hh.'.'i,, and ..ajvi's aiv mh..,!, il,.. I.'j., I,,.,,,;, i,.,i tnui'tluT and Htiim- ■'^'■'■""' tli'T'ssliimliiii-H. Till' l.al.N „|,l;M'i'ii in lli.'sU,,, iiii.Iit the woiiiuii's anii^ uilh ilNJiead liehind S..iii..| imi's a .,- d ,s pjar vii- Hi,. Jir,,,! I.. |in.t('c,t II tVnin lir.sim. Whfii "Id. r, the .'hild isianii'd i.ii III, .m,, ( I'mc, |;,,y. Si.c Kdiiiln.i'.,!! I "if- VI, p. :w.-) ) . . „ , NOTMS ON (iri:.\MCA. I',,il,i's, ll.('). (,A Naliiralisr A'andi'iini^s m I lie I'liisli'in Ariliiprlatjii. Xeu Y.irK l-<>. -v.i.) lirriiiinr.|,aiil , lanlNare laiil ••i|iiit(' ii;iK,'d • ' ' ,>ii a hard |>alni -|,allie,"' wliieli is N|iiead in a siwela or •■ ri.i|i;li rall.iii l.as'o't ' (|)i). ;!!.'., :\V\). Kverv ■ HI,' sleeps on a liaiii|iielte ei)\eii'il with liaiiihiiii niais. ami tl, ,v ■lesi (heir ln'ails on .1 pill',' of si|nared liaiiilioo with riiiinded edges'' (p. :'.|^^ in. . I. (i. Ilarsiiii (Appendix Io I'ail IV, p. :;l:!), ileseriliiiit; I li,' 1 imoi - l.aiil iraina |,r,M-iiri'il l>\ l''oilies. reiiiai Us thai "all tin' liiaeli\ eephalie sknlN • " - |..\hiliil nior • less IJattenin^i in ihe oeeipilal ami pai ieio-o,'i ipii.il ri'i^i sm h as woiiM lie piodnei'd li\ layin;^ an infaiil, will | any miIi mati'iial hr its lieail, in a iiadle like Ihai di'si lilied." Owinn i" •'•le. inlei mixinre theieai',' I wo types of ciaiiial eon- loiii' in 'riiiioi'-Laiit; Init it is vidi nl that the same condilioiis luiisl be ojieiative whet her the head is Nhmt or loni;. The dilleii nee is oi r dei^i'.T, lie (d' kind. Dr. I iaisiili olisei'ves also I hat "the lieii;lil ol' I lie skulls is in all iiislanei < li'ss I hail llie 1' dth," a I'aet wliieli (all lioii:;li iml iiieiil imi, d a-, sii, h; is of Hie same elass as that IP! eeipilal llatteniii^, ami appaii'iil ly dil,' l,i the same eaiiH,', vi.;, the wei;;lil of a I, al iiiconipletely ossilied lesliim on an niiyieldiii;,' snrtaee, and in whieli nstitiitioii liming ;;rowth is prevenled hy the snlisi'ipii'iil Mm' 111' ,1 u,io,l,'li pillow. .\ii isolated laet. and of eoiirse having only that value in this eoiimeli'iii, i-, slaled liy .M.-ijor raniliell (( ieo;^raphieal Miinoir of Mi'l\ ille Isl.iml. iinii! i-l nl' Aii-Ualia, in .loiii'. Ii'oyiil (;eo;;i'. Soe. Knndon, l-:>l, \'ol. IV i. He sa.\s that the pillows lie saw \vi'i'(\ mail,' of •' pieces of soil silky hark, rolled up in si\,ial loiiU" (p. |;,7). and also that their eianial eharaeleiislie is that "the liai 1; ot lli,' head priij,'!!. v,'iy imieli (p. l.'i;i). • • • The alioi'inin,'s ot' MeU ille ,'uid lialhiu-^l Isl.imls .ir,. ot Hi,' same laee * ' * us those throiii^liont New llollaml (p. l.'i-). Ilai.l nr wnniliii piilows aii' not niiiversal in w arm eonnnies. The < >valis of Mad.inasi ar sit on eiishions. li,' on mats, and have a in.-ittid hoist, r.'' (.lour. Roy. (i,ii;,'r. Sue., l->:i.'i, Vol. v, p .iiJ'J; (Japlaiii Lewis.) I'"h>wi'r, Williain i I. ( l'"asliioii in l»,'t'iiriiiiiy. idimlmMl l.ihiars , \,'w \'iiik. \'ol. II, No. ".i^. ) Till' author lepiirlH a sl.ilenieiit iii.nle 1,, liim--'lr liy .Mi . II. I',. I. aw. to Ihi'eirecl that III,' 1 lyaks ol' Aiawak pr.ntieeil ai i ili, i:il ll;!l tiiiiin; of I lie oeeipnt (p. l'.'). I''eatheriiiivn, A. (.Soeiikl History of Hi,' Iv.iees of Miiikiml, •,',! ili\ ision. Ii,imliiii. !~s7, rtvo.) Amoiifi tlie I )y,iks .'i mat like He Me\ir.iii pel.i ir, w lii, h serifs Hi,' s.im,' purpose, in used for a hed. "A ha.i; si iillcil w il h i;i:i.s , ins wits iIi,' piii p,i>i' of a pil- low " (p. V-TiH). Iieymilds, ,1. 11. (voya;;,' o. Nt'Kiitto ami Malityii-i'olynt'Hiiiii Hairs, |i|i. -.'ii.) IValli' rmaii, A. (Sinial Hintory of llio Hupoh of MiiiikiiHl. Loiiiloii. H87. Mvn. Allien;; tlii' Mclvillr I-il.iiiil trilifs "a roll i>f fliiii, HJlky liark mitvi'm as a inllow ui ni^lit :iiiil as a soat ,ii tlu' ilay-(iiiii'." (I'aiiiiii-.Mclaiit'Hiaiis, -Jil iliviH., |i. Ivill. ) iM'Mlln'i'maii, A. (Social History of tin' Kai:im of Maiikiiiil. Loinlon, l."<"*7. Hmi., Tin' a 1 11 iii filial Ta>niaiiian wmiii'ii (ra|Mian-<') " tlilow ovrr tlii'ir sIiihiIiIith tin' sUin i.i an iiiilaiiiiiil kiii"i'i(i or iiiiiissiiiii," in wliirli llirv plati' tlii'ir rliililii'ii '• when rall'.N ih<; llir n llir liarU.' ( l'a|iii(> anil Malayo Mrlaiir.siaiiH, '^il ilivis,, ]i. 100.) Clink, ('a|ilain. (VoyaK'' lowarils tlir Sonlli J'oli', t'ti'., II, (i. lU.) NiiliM'sof Mal- lirollo wi'.ir a lirit wliii'li "tln-y tin ho li^lit ovit tin) Itolly tliiit the Nliapr of thru IhkIIi's is not iinlikr that of an oM'i'^rowii pisniini." (S|>i'nror, Di-n. Snr. Ni'j;riii(i anil Malavo-l'olynriian Kan's, p. v!(), ) liiisk, (ii'oitri' (.loiir. Aiitliio|i. lii.st. (Iroiit Hritain and Ireland, .Ian., H7~) Hjii-aks of till- "fxtfi'inr llatleniiii; ' ' ' of thr frontal ii'^'ion'' in ciTlain Mallicoliit .sknlls as "artil'nial," ( liriviT, II. T. "Till' nnnatiiial llatli'niii;; of the ort'i|iiii " (in thr Hawaiian IhmiI) '■ is tliiiil^hl to ln> ii\viii;i til till' way I he innllirr Imlils liiT lialir, w liiili is liy llir It'll hand Miiiiioriin;; the hack of its head." (Siionii-r. Drs. Sue. \i'y:iiiio and .Malayii- I'ldynrsiaii Kari's; pp. ','(1, "Jl. ) Occipital llaltciiiii;; also prninulcd liy tin' nsc ol a mat pillow or one of wood. D'.MIiirtis, L. .M. (New (iiiinca. I.onilon, l-'-^l. f*\o). On Villi- Island "chililitii wiMi'ianiid ■ ■ " in nclliil lia^s, n'stin;i on till' hai'ksof llii'ir moihrih, siispciiilril l>v a cold llial passed loiiinl the wmiien's heads. » » •■ 'I'heir le;;s were sni.ill in propiii'liiin to theii lioilies," (\'o|. I, p. 'Jli'.'.) Itolh on the coast and in the inti'iioi of Villi' 1-laiid the natives wear a lisiht, Inoad licit, •'sonietinies woven on Iheliody." Coinpfcssion fioni this rcsnlts in distoition, jiivin;,' I he li;,'nrc a •• \ciy peculiar apjicai - aiice," ( Vol. II, ]i. '.'Ai'2.) I'citlieiiiian, A. (.'social llistmy of the li'accs nf Manki ml. hoiidon, I"""?. -\i>). State that the K'iara women ^ I'apno-Melancsian ^tinip') c.'irr,\ I Inir children "on their liaeks in a hay of iicl-vMirk * » • hiispcnded from the forehead li.\ a hand " (p. .'d) Oilier I'apiians i arry tht'ir infants in the " Map" of a cloak ni.'iile of coeoa-nnt liher (p. 'Jl). The Tasmaiiians carried them "wrapiied in a kaii};ai'oo-skin, which hnm; lichind the liaek " (p. •.'! ). I'nilid States l",\ploiinn F.xpedition (Wilkes), (llo. Vol. vi, " KtliniiL;iaph\ ." Horatio Hale. I'hiliideliiliia, l-*!!').) (iencral rcmarl^s on prevalent occipilal llalliii- iiif; amon;^ Polynesians (p. 10). In coniicciion with Ihe references to occipital llatlcnini^r imiony the I'olyiiesiaiis (a fact vaiiiMisly explained), lint not in any case, so far, reforred to the ;.:eneral ciislom of layim; in fan is mi hard mats in warm conn tries, and especial I. v so in ( iccanica, thus inide .iuncdly eoiniiressiim the head hv its own vvei;;ht, the following statements arc made: Sir .1. liovvriuK (I'hilippine islands, London, IH.VJ, fvo) i|not('H the etlinolo;;- ii al tahlesof Ilnzeta lo the elfect that the "iinre Indians" (T.'iyals) of the I'liilippincs have this characteristic, whereas amony the Mestizos and Nej;rittos it is not nieiitinned (p. ITii). \V 1 (rncivili/ed Ivaces of .Men ; ll.irtford, 1-71; "vo) states that /» <7n7./- hiiiiit Ihe Ihishman skull cxhihit.s excessive occipital iiniiiiliini. and this naturally (p. •24'.t). Fnrlhcr, that the .sanio is the case with the Ovamho at all a;,'es i p. :il(ii. Finally, that marked convi'xity of the front as well asthe hack head distin^niishes the W ahimia ( p. 100). These facts, /<.i/ //icHi.ic/rfi, c;incel any int'erences from lliee\ccp- t lonal (onloiir of a sni'/ic cranial hone nnsuiiported liy evidence of ahiiormal growth or mci hanical interference. Hard mats and a wooden iiillow explain the faetofoccip- it.'il tlattcnin;;, where a V(^rti(;al oceiimt is not a decided race feature. Wallace, A. H. (Australasia, London. l-'7'.t, l',*mo) ij notes Captain Krskine to llio ctl'cct that amony the Polynesian or .\lahori race it is the ciislom to Hal ten the nose duriug iufaucy (p. Vj:\). He remarks (hat the occipital liattuuiuy may be artilicial 11. r.»l). Tliioii nil notices of (lis if N'aiiitoro, San , livaled liy circi Pritchaid \V. ' ..■riliin;; the proi hive Ihe ciistoii lormity with ihi pp. l-.'7, I-.'-). Marl 111. I»i'. 'I -vol On \ nlc ihe molhcrs, siis ■W.) Uiillev, ,1. (Fi nose-llattcniii;; Foster, Dr. .1. I77-. tto). Noli I'eopleof Tierra iinl tlio toes til ipp,,-ili:l, :.'.>l). f Foster desclili ,11111 of Ihe plni I iencral de his 1 Tnrnlinll, .loli noses of the Ola lancy" (p. ^''Hk Fllis. William of in'aiicy" in i ,inil \vere;sener:i III handaj;esiir w and its feiitnres s|iread out llie ii of I.eanly." (V I he hoys were j shape of a wed ,\ol. I, p. :u:!.! Ill i;cneral rei ciiiy, Caroline, sialure." lint il III inonnlaiiion" lioni nsin^; Ihe 'ihelaeialaii^ is not so mnei 111 aiiiiiline." iliicl's liavo ma OiiCarpeiilal liy pressiii!^ it \ Or. Karl Sell 11111 that anilic •J'.'O). Ucmark .Anieriea (ihiil.. Wood, .L(i. iiiv; and liose-lh United Stat trated. y ■■■-^r^'* E: r r r! r gr g *i aBSS??mR9«apfsgse9!9Rn I " ML P JL ' P Ut 'lP'B-ggWWrg™ AKIIIICIAI. DKIOUMATION or (IIILDHKN. ■rolyiinHiuii . H87. Hvo. M ,1 pllldW 111 l.-iH?. Hvo. 1 s I III' .sKiii III U Ill'TI CliriN I'M).) i» I't 111" Sliil- lapi' of ilii.ji' Sue. N(';4rittn 1-T7) .spi'iikN in .M;illirii||ii w.iiian licail) is liy til.' Ii'fl anil .Malayii- I III' ll.si' 1)1 ;i 111 "rllilillrn IN, •'IISpllllliil vcri' Niriall in I till' iiiliM'iiir III 1 111' lioily." illi.'il';ippi'ar- 1H87. Svo). roil "on (lu'ir iiinl" (|>. .-.I) iioa-iiiit liliiT , wliit'li liiiiij; llllunlMpliy." pita! Ilatlrn- iil\ nrsiaiiM (.'I IK r.'ll ^ll^lll||| '•laiiii'.i, IIliis ali'Miciil.s arc ll'' I'lllllllloM- ■ I'liiiippiiii'-, 'I ini'iit iiiiii'il lliat /// I !,ilil- lis iialiii;illy 'K'-.s ip. liltl), ii;;iii.'>li('.'< till' II I lie r\(('p- riii.il Hii'wih lad (il'Dc'cip- ikiiio (o till! h'll (III' nose bu ai'tilii;ial I p. I'Jl). Tlii'"M;{lioiit lliis woiK anil lli.' ('tliniilii;;i('«l iip|ii'iiilix liy Kcaiic. ilnii' air no notici's iil'disloi'lion ntln r llian tin' alio\ i'. On pa;^i< I'll is ii portrait of a " rlin 1° if N'lliiiloio, Santa Cm/. NlanilM," u Imsi' mUiiII .tppnim to liavr lirrn loiiiidi'ssril anil 1 li'\atril li.V ril'clllar lpanila;;rH. rritrliaiiMV. T. (I'ol.s in'siaii li'iiiiiiiHcciiii's. Lonilmi, l-iiii. Hvo.) Willmiit dn- ■I'l'iliin;; tlir proiTHM, Iio hIiiIi'h tin' I'ari llint llic 'roliKium, Siuiioiiiis, anil KiJI Isjiiinli'i-.s liivi' till' riistoni "oC Ni|iirr/,inLi tlir lii'ails of iiiliiiitH into * ' ' a "Iiiipr in rijn Miiiiiity witli till' if itli'al of lira lit y " (p. 117). U'i'IiluUh on run loin of ili>.ioi tril .•.Knil pp l'J7. I'.'-K Mart in. 1 ir. .1. ( An .\rr niiil of tin' NatiM's of tin I'oiin.i iNlainls, l.oiiilon, l-l.-^. ~vii> t )m Viilo Islaliil " rliihli'i'ii wi'ii' lannil in mlli'il Ita ;;.'<, ii'»tiiin on ilir harks of ilii' niotlii'is, Hiisprnili'd li,\ a roiil that pa^siil nninil Ihi' »oiiii'n's hra U." (\'i>l. t. p. •M-i.) Itiilh'i', J. (Forty Ycar.s in Nrw /calanil. London, \'*~h. I'Jmo.) Description of iiiisi'-tlattinin;; and i li ligation ot slia|»' ot' liiiihs hy inaiiipiilation (pp. '.M.'i.'Jtii). l"n>ti'r, I >r. .1. ll. (< >hsirvatiiiii> inadi' iliirin« a Voyani' round I he Win Id. London, 177-. Ito). Notiri'ol anlri'ii-posli'riordcpii'ssioiiof slnijl in Malliii'llii{ pji. '.'l'.','J<'i7,'.iil-), I'i'oploof Ticrra drl l'nr;;o, roiisianliy in ivinni's, hasr " llo' li'>;s liciil, Ihc knris lai;;i', ami llio toi'.'i tiiinrd inwards'' (pp. •■iM, -li'^). l.'i'inaiks mi iiosi'-llaMiiiiii;; In'raliili (pp. .'ilKI, .".'.M). Says llottcntot.s and iialivi'sof Marassar IniM' same <'iistoin (|i. .'ilM). Foster di'srrlln's llic proriss of llalti'iiiiiK till' noso III Tahiti, and ipioti's hisdrscrip- 111111 of till' prori'ss iiHi'il li,\ tin- llolli'iituls and in M.nassar fn'iii (ioniara, llislmia ili'iii'ral do las liidias (pp. MK!. ■'I'.M). Tiirnhiill, .Iidiii (Voyai;i' K'onnil llm World, I.ondon. l-l;i, -vi>) iriiiarks that the iiosi's of till' Otahiitans air " iini\crsall\ ll.il, orci-^iohnl li\ pn ssiirr linriiij; llicir in- lani'y''(p. ;ill). Notliiiin I'm llnr said. KIlis, William. (Polynesian Ki's.'aicliis. London, I S',",t. -vo.) " I luring ilie period nf iii'aniy" in I ho .Sieiety and Caroline Islands •• the eliildreii ueieseldnni eloilnd, .Mill weri! ;;('iierally laid or earned in a hori/unlal position. 'I'liey were ne\ er eon lined in lianihi^;i'sor wi.ippeil in ti;iht elothin;;." In laiiiti " the shape of t he eh i Id s head" and its features were caiefnllv oliseived, and p.irenls and niiises "ol'leii pressed or spread out tlio iioslrils of the females, as ,'i ll.it nose w.is i sidered liy tlieiii a iiiarU of heaiily." (Vol I, p ;?l:t.) In'l'aliit i " I he t'orehe;id and the l.aek of t he head of the lio\s wero pressed iiiiwaids, so tliat the iippei p:n t of Ihi sKuJI appeared in the shapi' of !i wedi^e. This, tliey s.nd, was done to add lo llie hrror oft heir aspe.l ." (Vol. I, p. :vi;i.} Ill Koneral remarks on the "South Sea Islanders," i.... natives of tin (ieoiKian, So- 1 nly, Caroline, "and adjaei nt isles," KIlis savs tlie,\ " are t;en. rally ahoM'the iiinldle si.ilure," liMt their linihs are not eorrespomlinnl.s inusi iiiai, lhoiii;h • well loniied. In moniitainons ]iarts the\ have inlnrned feet ami an •• e\eeedine|s awkward yail, lioiii usin;; tho naked teet ill elinilnn;; roeks :,nd ravines. Fxeepl w hen distort. 'd. ■■Ihisl'aidalaii^'loisfre.pn iiil> as perpeudimlar as m the F.iiropean." Nose-llalleniiiii IS not, so general as it was formerly, ami the nose "is seldom llat," hut " reeliline.ir 1.1 aiiniline." (Vol. II, pp. l:t-l.'..) The Led of the niajorils is a single mat. I'lie, 1 liiefs Iiavo many. Tlie pillow is wnodeii. ( Vol. it, ii. 117.) Oil Carpentaria finlf.Anstr.ilia, the mothers tlailm the nose of their > 01111- .luldren l.v pressing it, with the hand on the i.oinl ami lav in;; lln rhild mi its laie. Dr, KaiiSi her/er. (Voya-e of the Vmwn,. London, 1 -i.:!. -vo. Vol.lll.l Op,,,- lou that arlllieial llalteniiiK "f oeeipilal le^'ion prevails anion- women of ialnli (p. •J-,'il). Uemarks on artilieial dislorti d' head on west eoasi of North and South .America (ihid., pp. :!17,:M^^, ;!'.r.!). Wood, J. (i. (rncivili/ed Knees of Men. Hartford, 1-7 1. Svo.) Occipital llat (en- iii-r and liose-tlatleiiin- anion- the Tahitans, with descril.tion of I he process ( p. lO.iU). Uniti'd Stales ExiiloiiuK Expoditiou, i, 'JoD. Method of carryiiig childicu illus- trated. I .''I } Lv^^l wmfmmmmmm^mm^^ •j;ii UKI'OKT UK NATIONAI, MI'MKl'M, \SHl. Al V Culvrii, T. \\ . nnil.l. (Tiji mill till' FiJiiiiiH. N. V., IM^. Pvo.) Tim lud nf m i Im i IMiliIi' (111 till' liil 111 lilt' 111', •• I.-, rovficil with IhlllM, VIII'.X in^ ill llllllllirr I'll nil two In i\ I- mill .s|irt'liil iivi'l ;i lllirk lll.M'l' iil'illii'il ^liisH iillil t'lilnllr I'll IIM, \\ lil|t> (III Ihi'lll ill' pliuril I VMi III' tllirr linil wimmIiii or limilliim |iillii\\ m" (|i. 111-). 'I'lii'l'i' was all I'IiiIim I'iiIk loriii III' ui'iirial lii'il. All iiil'iiiil is "aimiiili'il Willi nil and Imiit'iic," liiit ii|i|iai I'lill.v not Humlti'i! ill any wa.". 'I'lir I'i'Ii'IiiIh " plait isiiiall iiiiiIn, incaNiirliiK aliniil I'l'i't liy I, I'wl llii' nmllii'l' In liiil'si' lii'l' lialir ll|iiili,'' 'I'lirir is no iioliii' llial IIh In i| i mil likr I lull ili-Hi'i ilii'il aliiivt' (|i. l:l* I. "Nativi's iiiii>i' llii' cliilil Ail lih;j ijnilo iiai^ < a;, w Ini't' II is krpl riniii railing li.\ liiT at'in " (p. \W). Till' ( ';il\iiis aNo lic'sriilii' ilii' iiiisi' as " wi'll sliapnl, willi fnll iiosirils. yil illHliiiii lldlll till' IKL'Io l\ pi'." rill' • lliwrr rMl'l'lllilirs " ail' "of lllr plopoll inn ^I'lll'lalii Iniiiiil aiiinii^ while pcnplr." 'I'lic ''Inolil ol' till' lioilv is ilrtiili'tl ly Klllciprail'' (p .'■.'). I»i. I'ii Im riiiLj (liiiii's nl' Mill. p. I IT' sa\s ilir T'ljiaii irania aii' iiniiiii'', lia\' " i:il In r llii' murn mil iiui'."' w liili' " llii' pioiil.' " appears In lie " as \ iTl iral, il' n^'i llinle sn, than in the while lai e." Ninil,.S. (.Inlir. I!o_\ al (ieour, Sim . I,nlli|nii, |-:l'.'. Hvn. \iil. I.) I •csi'liliilli; lllllivi of Kill '4 li('or;;e's Si 111 III! (Swan Kivi r enlony >, Aiislialia, he says: " For the liisl few wi'eh> Ihe rhilil \-i eaiii"il on llii' Iifl aim III a fojil of the I'loak, Inil siiliseipienlly i- Ml,s|ii llilrll nil the ^liolllllers" (p. ;l',M. l'o\ille,A. I llillileiire lies N'eleiiii'lls slir lios Orj^aiies. (>lc. Paris, H:M), ilesililie- rasi's of cranial ileforiiiity ami iiieiilal inrapaeily iiiniliii'eil liy lianila^jiii;; the he.nl ilill in;; ililaliey l''n\ ille i|lle|iN I ll llliiell liaill ( I 'nlli i| in ( 'I'a llinlll in ) with le fere nee In ease-i of allli'l 1 1 posleiinr llalleiiiii;; ai rnin|iaii led If\ nceipilal pint liwioli, ami In inslaiiees nf lli. pUaiiiiilal Iniiii nf llie I'eliniaii sLiill. lie -.tales ih.-il 'rnikish elaiiia ;;|noveil \>\ iiyat lires lia\ e Iieell fniiml. M. \ He;, (Alt. "I'lifant." I>ii'. ili's..siei. Miil.) asserls Ihal eaps ilrawii li;;lil In I ililiniis w ill •■ I'niee I hi' lieail into a siiL;ai-loal' shape, ami pi'iHliiee iilioex " in infant ~ l,a llrel. ; Cninpl. 1,'eiiil. See. ill riinln^ie, I'aris. 1 S''p'.'. I\../-.m/.) Sii r 1,1 defni mat inii arlilicielle ilii era lie en .\iiieiii|iie. The anllmi ^i\ es a n'siinie nf Ihe npiiiioiis of well know II w rilirs nil the prniliietinn of i r.iiii.il lie fnriiiily 1i,\ arlilieial means in Noi I L ami *, I'TH. Vil Se|. \, :;-'.> i I mij. ), " < )lilii|iliti' pai pi'ipiil>inn niiiliitiiali ." ile^eiiUes a ease nf llalteiiiny; nf the oeeipilo-piiriel al li'Hinn nil one sjije, areoliipaiiieil liy eorre-'poinrnin pliijei-l ion nf the nlliel, line 111 eiiiisl.-inl pnsilimi nf the heail mi a li.iril siiii'aee iliiiiii'^ iiifiney. I'r. .1. Tlniiiinni 1 1 tii .^v misin^i-, nl tin' t'l inial linue-. I.nmlmi, Isiiri), (|(>scrilii's a lilai li\ lepluilmis ^Klll) IVmii llie Iv'niiiiil r>aiiiiw-.', with a Innail, shallow ilepressinii passing lieluinl the li'lnu.lj Mltlire .inil n\er llie nl'l iplll ill the line nf the I r,i ns\ el>i spine. This was eviileiilly llie etleel nf Home Uillil nf heailill es> ; pi nli.'ilily , niie slieli as M M, I'nville anil Ijinier h.'is ilesei ilieil as imw in use in I'laine. I,. A. ( Mi',>ei ; l!,-^ai siir h-s ili.fm liiatinii's ml i''eielles ihl el:ilie. Paris, IH.'i.'i. Aek- eiiiiaiiii. Nines .Maua/in \ mi lialilliiiLii'i'. I>il. '.'. p. .' i. -^a.s ^. " 1 1 line nimeiii in < ieriiiiinia sat is n>itat mil (".M- ei I.aiirenlii i'^ ; eiiain I lamlnii :!' ii>is eapita iiemiatniuin viiieiilis al tilieii'M' ennililessissl'." .'^ehaile, .1. He ,siine||l;|i j elailli elljllsillini llelnrniilate, (;r>pliia', l-.".s, II." I ill III I.nnier ( Hssai siir lesiir-fm mat inns art itieielles ilii eiane. (Josse. Paris, ISH.")), reti r> til litis eii-.iniiias prevailiiii; . llie Pramo-liallie "invinees, ami ailils, •• lla;;iie li.'iml ilillii lie inielleeln viiletiir, flit ^itmi ctiaiii liiijiis eraiiii (lelorniilalciii ea caii.sa atfeetam e^>e." II. ^ liliiii. .AmliA iliosse's essai) reports llie same in l-'lamlers. .Shailel ieeoi;nizes the iiilra-nleniie e.iiises, ami for t lie niii>t ji.u'l oeeiipies himself with ilislml inn iliie In alVeetioiis of Ihe siiliiies, fnllowiii;^ Hyrll, Slalil.ainl N'irehow. Case of what (lin'-niot ealls (lliliipiite par pr 'piil>imi iinilaterale, "' repnileil l>y M. Mociiiiet. (ISiill. Sne. Anat. lie Pmis, Is?.'), 1. M. ) Cause staliil to lie in all such cases, I'l' i.iiwt, |iruloiiu('i I ion ami weiejil o Itollike, Capl. " erailles of llal In I he M .iiiil ill the shape llial parietal cm: -lalenieiiis iiiiiy, ! ihe w hole line, tV { I, |i. '.'In I. Ill li Straits, the type lllake. Dr. Cart ileserihes a fclliali lUessinn of the pi Mavis. (Collcc ^iiiall, low i--laiii "Tlie> lake a pie ehihl's lieail, anil I heir hacks like :i Dawkiii-.. W . i: notes oil the era pressioii across 1 1 the appcaiam e n ilefnriiiatinll the enr.toiirs nf I lie I enmpressimi i p. Professor lliisk colli ili;;eill nl til' tni'ies " llseil In i III the same w liiachsceplialnils an iinyieiiliii;; cl I he ScUiKUeiin.\ r-^ I^MU^^J^.H*^ mmKmmn*imK»*w^ ■■IV "ir""'*^^- AETllMCIAL KKI'OKMATIOX oK CIIILDUKN. •>'5P, lull III' II rlllrl III I u o III It h ' nil llll'lll Itll MIS Mil I'lllllu ," lint ii|i|iiii ll'lll)r alllMII llUl ilH lll'lj I-. 1 i|nili< iiakii! I. ,Vrl lliMtilHl lull {[{t'lii'rail V iiiii|ii'iiii °' (|> iniii|iii', liiiv < rliciil, if iiiM iliiiiK mitivi'^ till' I'iinI I'i'w liMiilHrlllly is II 1, tl('Mrrilii> ii>! llir Ill-ail Hrsnl' ailtrlii- UIII-I>H III' till 1 ;;riiiivi'i| li\ vvii li;;lil In \" ill inraiil- I ill liii mat inn linns III' wi'jl •alls ill Xnrtli I lliliiiiiitl' |l;ll i|iiln-|iaririMl nlllcl. llnr In ), tIt'Hrlilirs a IW l|l•|l^l■s^i^l|| 111' I lansvi'iM III V, nIK' slnll 1, Ki'i. A- I ill < iirniania iriiiii s liiriilis llrlnrililtati'. Paris, IrtCri), lil-^, ■• Itanui) trill ca culi.sa ■i'n;;ili/.('s tlir nrt inn llnr to ■llnltlll liy M. ill SUcll ca.SL'M, ni' laoHt, iiroloiiui'il prt'nsiiin nvi'i' iirri|iitO'|iai ii'lal ir^lmi I'lnin haul |iilliiw. anil poni- I inn anil \M'i;;lit nt' Inail. Iliiilikn, Cajit. .Inlin (I, (Siial(i'-I)aiiri' nf tlm Mniinis, N'i'vv \i>\U, l-"*!). ilrsn ilns " I'lailii's of llat III Mills, with a M'liii rilrilliilMrl'Cfii t'nr III'' Inail. Tiii'Ht' illDrl' atiiii|i)r ilii' Miii|iiis ill nil t's^M'iiiiai rmin tin' nriliniiiv I'laillr-linaiil nl' lliv Nni'ili Ainriicaii liiiliaiis. Wlirii llir rliilil is plari'il nn it It Is \N ia|i|ii'il ii|i li;;lill,V in lilatikrts, with its .inns piiiinlii'il lin;litl,\ to its siilrs" (pp. 'J lit, '.'111 . VaniliiT.V, A. (Skrtclirs nl' Ci'iltlal Asia. Lnmlnii, |-^l>i. ^'wailillili;; rliitlirs all' hi'i'i III ^I'lirrai 1 1 SI', anil I lir Uinilik Ki'srii, m rnttiT nl' tin ^.iiin, is ii pi rsnii nl' nun li I ciMsi'i|iiiMn'i', lirrailsi' llii' art nl' I'littiii^ tlirsn (inl iH an niiipaiiiiil li,\ inaii.v i iifiiin- II la I iilisiTvanrrs. N'aiiiln'r.v sitiiis In iiiilicati', Imuivrr, i lial llir r hi M is nut hw at In 'i I Inr anv lrti;;tii nl' t iliK'. Ilairis, Maj. \V. ('. (Ill;;lil.iiiils nf I'.lhinpia. Lninlnii, |-||. Tin' liraiis n|' Ihr HaiiUalisantl SiiiiiailM, at 'rajiiia, "rinpln\ in lii'iint' a pillnw a siiiiill wnnilm lin|>ti'i, ^liapiil jiki' .1 It iltrh-lialiillr, >vliirh rrcrivcs llii' inik ' " ' alnl pnsriMs llir, lii'iiwi;; rniiii ilriaiiyiniriit " (I, p. .'8). 1 1'.Mhrlli-.. li. .M. ( NrW (illilira I. "(il'ral \ ai i' I irs nl' tv pi'. Ill rnlnl, phs sinylliilllV, anil ill llii' sliapr 111' till' skull," nil' rniilnl nn raiii;ian Islainl. Iliii' it is nlisciN.ii tiiat )iarirlal I'nniinrssinii pintnnlrs llin Mipra nrl.iial arrln's (I, p. •.".'). 'I'lii' sanir slali'inrlils iiiiiv, lir sa.Ns, hi' inailr nl' tin' lialivi's at Oiaii'.iiM in Ihl.V il, p. IC i. .\liin;; till' whnli' liiii'. Irnin .Snimi;; In Pnri'v, tin' iinsi' vai'iiil in rni'iii ll'nin |lal In ai|iiiliiii' (I, p. \illl). In Ills plain III' till' liiilintiiitiril Inail ;;nt I'lniii O.lllilry Islainl. 'Inllrs Sti-aits. tlir tvpi' is inarlnii'phalniis. Itlakc, |)r. I'artrr ( App>'n'li>i I'ln'^l'l""'! J^.M'a, ItiiilniiiV Ihakn. I.ninlnn, l"^7v!), ili'siiilii'S a I'l'inali' skull t'lniii tlir l»a> iMar .Miisa rl llalia', " pinliaMv r.iiisi',1 liv iisr nl' till' '•.HinkliliLj-linaiil.'' Mavis. (Cnlli'i'tinn nl' \'ii>a.:is ami 'IraMls. I'tr. Lnmliiii, IT l.'n. " In .Mntiia, a small, Inw islainl, l.sim,' in tlir riviT nl lln' Ama/mis." I'liililiiii ai. thus railiril- "'I'liry takl* a pirri' nl' till' llliil nl' a lii'C, anil u ilh nlin CImI llnlrnt' I 1m> r.ivlill I'll' ihilil's Inail, ami .iliniit thn ann nits ami s'lniihlns with lh<' ntln r, ami >n li.iii'.; it nn llii'if harks likn a tinkii's Innlm't " ill, p. 1^7 i. Kawkiii-,. W. Itnyil. (CaM' lliiiitim,'. I.nmlnii, l»rii. li'rl'ris In I'ml'is'-nr I!ii>k's Iiiitcs nil till' riaiiia nl' I'm I hi Chwaii'ii, in wliirli ii skull with "a vmII iiiaiki'il ih'- pri'ssinii ai'inss till' niiihlli' III' llli' nri'ipital linni'" is lirsiiiliiil. riii> ih'piis^inii hail till' appi'aiam I' III' hi'iny; "raiisnl hy llm rniiHtiirtinii iif a li.inila'^i'." I',\ri'p( this ili'fninial inn tlin skull was " nm'II Inrmi'il anil synimrli iral." nnl lia\iiiL; an\ •<( thn ('nl.tiinis i,t' ihi' lili' aniinlailr. ilin'. arrnnliliL; In M M l''n\ illr anil tin-,si'. In niiipil.ll rnill|irrs~.iiiii i p. I7ll 1. I'lnl'i'S.snr liiisk stall's, ill iiis nl liiinhi.:iiil miti's (('a\i' lliilillii:,'!, that I he lini Inr »'i>ntiii);i'iil III till' Mnnrish iiivaili'is nt I'liiinpc in the I'i^lith, iiinlli. .iml tiiilli i in- tiilins " ilsi'il ti> I'liiii'^'iiti' thr skull pn.s| I'lini ly ami tlallcii llir Inail" i ]>]>. 17n, 171 i In till' sanir wnrk l'riifi'-.i'i Dawkins sii.^.^ri.^is Ih.il llin ihilli il nn ipill nl' llic liiarlixn-phalnns iii\ ailris nl' iii'nlilhir I'.nlaiii '• in.i\ h i m' liinn raiisnl hy I Im iim' nt an iinyii'liliiiK nailli'-l .I I'l iiil.iiii>" i |' l'.':'«). K\ iiliMilly tlio llatti'Ufil vi'i ti!\ "I till' .SfUiKueaiix lavr was imt naliiral ip. '^VJ). P' u. ■i. /J :m ■ m , i 4iij. ' ^^iA" i l ' )> ' >. ' yj ' Xftm^^f- I