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Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur ia darnlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon ie CBs: Ie symbols —^ signifie "A SUIVRE", ie symbols V signifie "FIN". IVIaps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tabisaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de reduction diffArents. Lorsque ie document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seui clichA. ii est filmA A partir de i'angie supArieur gauche, de gai che A droite. et de heut en bas. en prenant ie nombre d'imagas nAcessaire. Las diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 12 3 4 5 6 I I ■•i^#S«A i 'V^'-' ' I »n I' ^X■,t *'■' ti n 'S- ' I CHAxMPLAINS EXPEDITION OF r6i5 Reply io Dr. Siika .\\^) (JtlNKuAi. c'iark 4-: IIY "•■>?. O. H. MARSHATJ- v;./: ..1. ? '^' Ri^riHttd /torn T/i* Mugiicin* of Aim n\ an Ifutory, Aii^fat, iB-H '" 'h>- '. .■ V ■^^\ c^-. ."■■it' ■'.■■ glBUOTHtCA -(<^ ■^■ tK< a w jf: ».t- i '»»: mmmmm I > I H »i» I y, ■'^■, <•;>; ■i ,. ' u ^ . ^'v i^t;.. "■" :■ . r ■ - ' •.#" 7'. ^ y- . V ••,.•• i^> .V ^; ^ .."f^".. *■ ^ ,. .,, .\ . • * , • ■....'■ •* J ■ < '.. ' -' 'J . . 'V- ^'^r ^^ S. • .^"^ .'<'A.-M I • >"•( < 11 M ^i:.- r \ r '•• I V -i ,-< < r , V. '' ' ' :■•■ \ ■ ■■■/• -^ .■^ii ■j-^' '.,♦; * I 1 ' i A. ' i A* \ .., r ^ , '>\' ffc" -' K I i/V / >, 1 I 'X . '; ■i^ s' : ' ' f i Vj 1. F-. *)■. * I ( ,V-^-'^''^'"' ( i f ■J V ' ^'t J V ' 1. -^ > 1- 'v.r^ i*^ '■)'l r,-^ »* " t ■■- 'W, .v' ■, ;6 t .Ji--*^ ^*^-' H"' \1 ■'■ .% M "w; '■•/ .-iVf y f*\.-' ^■^ . ♦ . ' I. A K R <' rJ T /\B I I' / i It'-" '^ -J '''^•Br-'.>«*'..»j, «(U fu i.J ;()i 11; oi- 1111, ciiA.MiM.AiN i:.\i'i;i)ii ION itu; CHAM PL A INS E X P K I) I T I () N () I 1615 KI'.IM.Y TO UK. SHEA AND (iKNKKAI, lIAKK The fust mimhor ol this maj^a/int' (Jan., 1X77) contains an article on the Expedition of Chainplain ajijainst the (/nonchi^as, in 1615. It was founded on a coninmnication read before the New York Historical Society in March, 1X49, in which I had discussed the evidences which exist as to the route of thf; expedition, and the site of the Irocpiois fort which it besieged. My position havinjj; beei> (juestioned by seveial eminent historians, who chiiined a more western h)cation for the fort, the main object of my hist article was to fortify my former conclusions. In it I endeavored to trace Champlain's route across Lake Ontario to its south shore, and from thence to his objective point. While my location of the fort in the Onondaga, rather than the Seneca Country, has gen- erally been approved, some difference of opinion is enterttiined as to its exact site, as well as to the precise route by which it was reached. General James S. Clark, ol Auburn, in a paper read before the Buffalo and New York Historical wSocieties, and Georges Geddes, Esc;., of CamilluL , in an article in the last Sej)tember number of this magazine, vol. 1., p. 521, while thev agree that the site was in the Onondaga Country, dissent from my views in other particulars. Dr. John Gilmary Shea, in a recent article in the i'enn Historical Magazine, vol. II., p. 103, coincides in the n)ain with General Clark. I am glad that a writer of Dr. Shea's ability has taken the held. I have read his paper atten- tively, and fail to see that it has disproved any of my main positions. It may be pro[)er to state that General Clark's address, thus reviewed and endorsed by Dr. Shea, has never been published. It was delivered before the alcove societies during my absence in Europe. Since my return, 1 have endeavored, without success, to obtain a copy. I can only judge of its contents from the references in Dr. Shea's review. That the General is accurately quoted therein, may be inferred from his having reproduced the article, with verbal corrections, in an Auburn journal. In a published address, delivered last September before the Pioneers' Association at Syracuse, General Clark stated the conclusions to which his investigations had led him, but gave no facts or arguments to sup- port them. In doing so, he used the following emphatic language; « iiAMi'i.Ais's r.Mi.DmoN ()i ir)i5 ) < " I (la ill) csiirtially to mule i stand tin* rciurd ol ( 'liaiii|ilain l>v tnllowinj^ his iiai iati\ r ,1 ri>iili)n it hdriidiu, and aiirjilinii; liis I'stiniatt > d ili^tanci-s, his map and illnstrati< derstandinL!^ on this (|uestioii. I lake the atiirmative and throw down the f^aimtlet to all comers ; and il any choose to cuter the list, I have the most iinlxuinded confidence that it will not be me that will he borne from the lield discomliled. I identify the site as certainly as any j^jenlliinan presinl can identily his wife at the breaklasf table after ten years of married life," etc., etc. It is to be rej^retted that Cleneial Clark has not accompanied his ciial- !enj;;e. so forcibly stated, with llu* proofs and reasons on which he relies. The pnblic conid then judj^e whether such historians as O'C'alla^dian, I'aikman, nroadhead, Laverdiere and his neighbor (ieddes are, as he asserts, niislakt'ii in their conclnsions. Is is (piiti- e\ ident that Cleneral Clark is an enthusiast in his Study of Aborii^inal llistoi\. A ceitain amount of zeal may be desirable in the invest iij^ation of such subjects, but conscientious convictions, howeser decidedly entertained, are not always in harniony with just cf)nchisions. It is only by patient and candid in\ csti^^atioii, b\- lompariuLj, wti^hin^ and siftiiifjf the eviilence, that historical truth can be elicited. I will consider in their order: Jurst. The authenticitv and accuracy of the map. Scioiiif. The staitinij^ iK)int of the Expedition on Lake (Ontario. Third. The route across the Lake. J'ourt/i. The landini; on the south shore. I'ijth. The march on the beach. Sixth, The inland route to the Fort. Scunth. The location of the I'ort. Till-; AL'iiiLNTicirv AND ACCUKACV OK TiiK MAP.— Ill order to ac- count for the many manifest disciepancies between Chamj)lain's text of 1619 and the map annexed to the edition of i^>3-', I su<;i;esled that the map and the latter edition were not the work of Champlain and never passed under his personal supervision. 1 ^ave my reasons for this opinion on paj^es 5 antl 6, vol. I, of this magazine. Dr. Shea replies to this, that " the map is evidently Champlain's, and he was too j^ood a hydro<;rapher for us to reject his map as a jj^uidc for parts he actually visited." This, however, is assuming the authenticity of the map, the very point in issue, witlujut noticing the objections I advanced. If the map were actually constructed by Champlain, it is of course competent evidence, without however being conclusive where it differs from the text. It is not possible, however, to reconcile the two. Where they disagree, one or the other must yield, and in accordance with well settled rules of evidence, the text must govern. -M! K 4 ri fC S '»H •r. '•1 "1 ciiami'Lain's Kxi'i.iiirioN or 1615 3 Tlu* mrist competent critics who have c\:»miur(| the tvlitlf)!! of i<)33, fit svhii \\ iilonc llic map is annexed, iiu linlinj^ Lavcrdii'ic, Mar>;rv and llarrissf, a^^rci' that if bears iiiteiiial evidemtr of lia\iiij^ lieen compiled, by a l'Uei;;n hand, tiuiii ibi* various e(btird.s. His construction of the route certainly requires " tirant a I'oricnt " to refer to the direction pursued by Champlain, which is in conflict with Dr. Shea's translation, while the route 1 propose is in entire harmony with it. Dr. Shea further says, " That Champlain was actually at the head of the St. Lawrence, of which he gives the latitude, seems almost certain. For one who had loundcd a trading settlement on the lower river, the examination and exact locating of the head of the river, when he was so near it, seem im])eratively demanded." It must be remembered, however, that Champlain was on a war expedition, aided by only a few of his own countrymen, with sev- eral hundred Huron and Algonkin warriors, approaching a hostile country. Under such circumstances he would hardly have gone so far east, and so much out of his way, to make geographical or hydrograph- ical observations, either during a cautious approach or a hurried retreat. Although Champlain gives the latitude of the entrance of the river, instead of that furnishing an argument in favor of his having been there. CHANirLAIN'S KXrFDITION OF 1615 5 laims that iciiy to a the River n lea^aics. the route Jt appear. rn end of a. y reached r (or bay) inch east he words )se words to the end ays, "one ice of the there are his inter- shition of le for the extension ii of those r orient'' flict with harmony e head ot t certain, iver, the le was so n a war vith sev- i hostile ne so far rograph- l retreat, he river, 2n there, I t its effect is directly the reverse, for the latitude which he records at forty-throe d(\u;'rees is quite eironeous, and would place the entrance as far South as Syracuse. The true latitude is 44''' 6', a difference 01 over a degree. A gross error for a Captain in the I-'rench marine to make from actviai observation. Ti:e ROi'Ti-; ACROSS Till'! i.AKi:. — If 1 am right in fixing the starting point opposite I'oint Pleasant, it would follow, both from the text and the map, that the route extended southerly, between that point and Amherst Island, to the False Ducks, and along the Main Duck, Crallo, and Stony Islands, which stretch across the lake in the direction of Stony I'oint. That this was the course pursued may be inferred from the following considerations : First. On examining the Champlain maj), the line indicating the route starts from the northern shore of the lake, and passes directly south between I'oint Pleasant and the first island easterly therefrom, which would corresi)ond with Amherst Island. The next island on the map east of Amherst Island wcndd correspond with Simcoe Island, and the next, lying in the entrance of the river, would correspond with Wolf or Long Isl.ind. These three islands constitute all that aie repre- sented on the map as lying in the east end of the lake, except those along which I claim that the ex[)edition crossed. Now if, as claimed by General Clark, the crossing was along Simcoe, Wolf and Grenadier Islands, which closely hug the eastern shore of the lake, then those islands would have been so represented on the map. Thj chain of islands along which they did pass, as shown by the dotted line, are laid down at some distance from the eastern shore. If it be claimed that the map refers to the inner ones lying close to the eastern shore, then the outer chain, equally conspicuous and in plain sight of the others, are not represented at all. To a party crossing the outer or western chain, the islands lying in-shore would scarcely be distinguishable from the adjacent land, while the outer chain, with nothing behind them but the open lake, could easily be seen from the inner islands. I am aware that the dotted line on the map exhibits a general southerly course, but the expedition, folhjwing the islands indicated by me, fulldls the conditions of the text, by crossing from the north to the south side of the lake, and for nearly a third of the way on a due south course. The map is on an exceedingl}' small s':'ale, rudely drawn and nowhere preserves with any accuracy the points of compass in representing either the crossing of the lake, or the inland route as claimed by General Clark. Where the map and text are irreconcilable, the former must be rejected. It r"- \ 6 ciiami'Lain's exfedition of 1615 could not be expected that a chart, 33 inches lonjj^ by 20 inciics wide, embracing a territory extending from Newfoundhind to Lake vSuperior, and from tiie frozen ocean to the Carolinas, could exhibit a route like that traveled by Champlain, on a scale of sixty miles to the inch, with- out presenting numerous discrepancies. They are so gross, even in those places actually visited by Champlain, that it is difficult to see how he could pcjssioly have been its author. It was not drawn in reference to this si)ecial expedition of 1615, but to illustrate all his vo)ages in y'Vmerica. S('coii(i. Chami)lain says, on arriving at the nortliern bank of the lake. "Nous fnnes la traverse" — "we crossed it." lie iKk-s not intimate that he coasted along its northern border for 22 miles, and then again around its eastern shore. Effect must be given to the expression, " We crossed it." Third. Champlain gives the distance he consumed in crossing as fourteen leagues, or thirty-live miles. " Nous fimes environ quatorze lieues pour i)asser juscpies a I'autre cote du lac, tirant au sud, vers Ics tcrres des cnnemis." The actual distance by the way of the Ducks, Galloo, Calf and Stony Islands to Stony Fcjint, where they would first reach land, is 385 miles. To Henderson Bay it is 44 miles; to Stony Creek Cove, 42 miles; to Little Sandy Lake, 53I miles. The actual distance from the same starting i)oint, via Kingston and Simcoe, Wolf, Grenadier and Ston)- Islands, to Little Sandy Lake, is 70 miles, and from Kingston, 48 J, miles. From this it aj)pcars that the actual distances on all the supposed routes exceed in each instance Champlain's estimate. It will be noticed, howevcM", that the excess is the greatest on the route claimed by Gen- eral Clark. The j)robabilities, therefore, so far as relates to the length of the crossing, as given by Cliamplain, are in favor of the route I have suggested. FouriJi. Tlic expedition, coming from the loest, would nat- urally use the shortest route to reach its destination. That parties were accustomed to cross by the chain of Diit:ks, (lalloo, Calf and Stony Islands, is substantiated by the traditions of the Canada Indians. Hence, the j)()int on tin' peninsula fi'om which they embarked, was named by the Frencli voyageurs, Point Traverse, and is so called to this day. The islands lying along the eastern shore of the lake were used by Indian and voyageurs ascending or descending the St. Lawrence. The I \XDL\G. — I suggested in my article that the expedition proba- bly landed in the secluded cove now known as Henderson Bay, shel- tered by Stony Foiiit. Not that the text or map of Champlain indicates that, or any other particular place with any certainty, but First. Because it appeared a convenient and ai)propriate locality. '^■ V '... . . ft_^.Ci^.Jli^A champlain's expedition ok 161:; 7 •* 20 inciics wide, > Lake wSupcrior, ibit a route like ) the inch, with- ss, even in those t to see how he reference to this j:es in America. ank of the lake. L's not intimate , and then a^^-ain the expression, he consumed in IS limes environ c. tirant au sud, the way of the int, where they \y it is 44 miles; 53 i miles. The ton and Simcoe, .ake, is 70 miles, rdl the supposed t will be noticed, :laimed by Gen- ;s to the length the route 1 have rivjr/, would nat- That ])arties alloo, Calf and Canada Indians, embarked, was so called to this lake were used 5t. Lawrence, pedition proba- :rson Bay, shel- of Champlain rtainty, but :)priate locality. I It did not seem probable that Champlain, accompanied by so large an armv, would boldly land on an enemy's shore, exposed to observation for twenty miles in two directions, with scarcely a hope of successfully C( ncealing the canoes wiiich were so essential for his retuin voyage. Strond. iiecause Henderson Bay, long previous to the setth^ment of the country, had been a favorite landing place for the Indians passing to and fiom Canada, as is well attested by tradition. Tlie name of "Indian W'haif" still bears witness to the fact. A portage road lecf from the landing to Stony Creek, called by the French the " riviere a Monsieur le Comt(,>." That the expedition landed there, was a mere suggestion derixed ii'oin the ])robabilities of the case. I do not insist upon it. In good weather an ecpially favoral)le landing could have been made in the small eo\e at the mouth of Stony Creek, though not so secluded irom (observation. It is not possible, from the meagre details of the narrative, to state with any certainty, n)iich less to prove the exact j)oint ol laufling. That it took place at Little Sandy Lake, selected bv General Clark, is not probable, and for the following reasons: Assuming loi' the present what I expect to prove in the se([iicl — that the expedition followed the sandv beach of the lake no farther south, than Salmon l-iiver, where it le^t for the interior — we must look, acccjrd- ing to the text of Champlain, for the following conditions between the places whei'e he landed and where he lelt h)r the interior. TiiH MAKCir ox TliK liEACli. — Cham|)lain savs : " Les sauvages cacherent tons leurs canaux dans les bt)is, ])roche du rivage. Nous limes par terre (luclqucs quatre lieuiis sur une i)lage de sable, on je remarcjuai un pavs lort agrcable et l)eau, traverse de plusieurs ])etits I'uisseaux, et deux petites rivieres, (pii se dechargent au susdit lac, et force etangs et prairies." "The Indians concealed all their canoes m the woods near the shore. We proceeded by land about four leagues over a sandy beach, where I observed a very agreeable and beautiful country, intersected by many small brooks and two small rivers which empty into the said lake, and manv lakelets and meadows." On relerring to the maj), we find it furnishes nothing in addition to the above, except it represents three small bodies of water as lying along the route parallel with the shore, which are undoubtedly those re- ferred to bv Champlain under the name of " Etangs." There are still exist- ing three such collections of water between vStony Point and Salmon River, two of which are known by the name of North and wSouth ponds, and the largest by the name of Little Sandy Lake. The latter is about 3,000 acres in extent. Dr. Shea says : " General Clark identifies the If 8 CHAM plain's KxiM:niTroN OK 1615 I three small lakes noted on the map, as North and South Ponds, in Jef- ferson County, and Little Sanrly Lal to the mouth :nced there by , from want of Cahihonoiiaghd, ' ' A Ms. map of ois and Loups CIIAMPI.AIN'S EXPEDlTKtN OF 1615 9 land to go on the Beaver trade at New York." It is is evidently an Onondaga word, and is given by Morgan as '*(i(i-/u'n-7vd'-ga." It bears a strong resemblance to the name applied to the place by Pouchot and other writers. There is, therefore, little doubt but what the expedition left the lake for the interior from this well known point of debarkation. Tliirti. Champlain says : " Tons les canaux etans ainsi cachez, nous laissames Ic rivage du lac," etc. "All the canoes being thus concealed we left the border of the lake," etc. Dr. Shea thinks that the text implies that; the canoes were twice concealed. \ do not so imderstand it. If all were concealed on landing, there would be none left to con- ceal at the end of the march on the beach. The second statement, " All our canoes being thus concealed," is, therefore, but a repetition of the first expresssion, '* T':e Indians concealed all their canoes in the woods near the shore." Iu)urtli. Champlain's description of his route after leaving the lake, is quite brief and unsatislactory. " Nous continuames notre chemin par terre. environ 25 ou 30 lieues: Durant quatre journees nous traver- sames quantite de ruisseaux. et une riviere, procedante d'un lac qui se decharge dans celui des Entouhonorons. Ce lac est de I'etendue de 25 ou 30 lieues de circuit, v>\x il y a de belles iles, et est le lieu 0(1 les Iroquois ennemis lont leur pechc de poisson, qui est en abondance." " We continued our way by land about 25 or 30 leagues. During four clays we crossed numerous brooks and a river Hi)wing from a lake which empties into Lake Ontario. This lake is 25 or 30 leagues in circumference, contains beautiful islands, and is the place where the hostile Iroquois catch their fish, which are in abundance." It will be noticed that no mention is made of any of the lakes which are so con- spicuously laid down on the map, contiguous to the dotted line, except Oneida Lake. On the gtii of October, tiie Indians met and captured eleven of the enemy, who were going to the fishery, distant 4 leagues from the enemy's fort. The expedition reachcl t' c fort at 3 o'clock in the afternoon of the loth. There is nothing in the text of Champlain to indicate the site of the fort, excei)t its situation near an unfailing body of water, which Cham- plain calls " //// I'tiVig." Dr. Shea translates it " pond," that being its primitive signification. But as used by Champlain and other French writers of the 17th century, it has a more enlarged signification, having reference, in numerous instances, to a small lake. Those which are laid down on the Cham})lain maj) opposite the route along the sandy beach above referred to, are called '^ctaf/gs" by Champlain. One of them is admitted by General Clark to be " Little Sandy Lake." Bouil- i i 10 chami'lain's expedition ok 1615 let says in \\'\s DictioHairt- dis Sciences, eic, ** Iit(Uii(s nd/urc/s" arc smal lakes of fresh water, produced by rains or springs." Lake I'oiilclii train, near New Orleans, 40 miles lonjjj by 2\ broad, is called " ui/ cfnnx by La Salle in 16S5. There is therefore no such limitation to the meaning; of the wok ettrNi,'-, as to render it inapplicable to a lake as larjj^e as ()nondaj;;i. Champlain, havitifj^ recently passed throuf^h Lakes Huron and Ontario would very naturally apply a diminutive term to so small a body o water. The location of the fort.— it is utterly imi)ossible, from the Champlain text and map, aided by the best modern charts, and an accurate knowledjre of the country, to establish, with any certainty, the exact position of the lro(|uois fort. The location which I su<;f^ested was on or near Onondaga Lake, 4 leafj^ues or 10 miles from the fjreat Iroquois fishery at the foot of Oneida Lake. The limits of this article forbid my presenting;- at this time my reasons for this conclusion ; I will therefore contine myself to an examination of General Clark's position. He locates the fort on Nichols Fond, in the north-east corner of the town of Fenner, in Madison County, 3 miles east of the villajj^e of Penyville, and 10 miles by an air line, south of the east end of Oneida I^ake. The followini;" are s(Mne of the reasons sut^<(ested by Champlain's text and engraved view, ajj^ainst this proposed location. F/rsL Nichols Pond is over 24 miles, measured on a direct line, from the outlet (jf Oneida L.»kc, where the ex[)edition crossed that stream. By any route practicable in 1615, It could not have been reached by less than 30 miles travel, owinj;- to the intervenini:^ impassable swamps. Champlain stales that the fort was 4 lea^-ues (10 miles) from the "lishery," a distance more likelv to be ex"<^L(erated than understated. Second. The expedition reached the fort at 3 P. M. on the loth of October, the day after they had met and captured a party of Iro(|uois, who were on their way to the fishery. Now if the fishery referred to was on Oneida Lake, and within 10 miles of Nichols Pond, it must have been directly north of the latter. How then could Champlain have met a party ^i^oing north from the fort to the lake, when his course, if bound for Nichols Pond, was on a line from the west end of that lake in a direction south of east? The lines of travel of the two parties could not luivc intersected. Third. Nichols Pond docs not correspond in important particulars, with Champlain's engraved view of the site of the fort. I do not attach much importance to that birds-e^^e sketch, evidently fanciful in most respects, but as General Clark and Dr. Shea rely on its correctness, it is I ' ..\\ ciiamplain's EXPEurnoN OF 1O15 II natunls " are small Lake Pontclii- s called " itn etati^^" ■rmiii^ of the word rj;e as Onondaga, iiron and Ontario, '" sniall a body of x'ssihie, from the rii charts, and an any certainty, the vhich I .sii^^rested ilcs from the j^nx'at nits of this article conclusion ; I will »l Clark's jjosition. north-cast corner -■ast of the villa^a. f the east end of ons suo-^rcstcd by )osccl location, a direct line, from 'sscd that stream. :\\ reached by less passable swamps, fom the "fishery," ted. Second. The t)ctober, the day •ho were on their on Oneida Lake. ;n directly north xirty ,i;oing north >r Nichols Pond, irection south of have intersected, taut particulars, I do not attach fanciful in most correctness, it is lair to use it in tcstinj; the soundness of their positions. Th .• )ri^inal is a well-e\ecutetl copper plate line enj^ravin^, inserted in the edition."' of 1619 and 1632. The copies reproiluced by Laverdiere, and in this Majj;a/ine (vol. 1.. |). 561 1 are wood cuts, and do not, of course, do justice to the original. flic latter ic|iresents the lortilii'd villaj^e as bounded on two sides by two stieanis, emptying :'nto the lake from elevated j^jround in the lear; whereas the inlets into Nichols Pond are on ojjposite sides, not contiguous to each other. The pond iscjuite insi^iii- licant, scarcely an acre in extent, nearly surrounded by a marsh of perlia[)S four acres more, which may, in wet seasons, have formerly been overllowed. I'oiirtlt, The \ iew represents the lake as much broader than the palisaded water front of the fort, and the fortified village as quite exten- sive, much larger than Nichols i'oiid could ever have been. The latter therefore fails to answer the conditions reciuired by the engraving. /'/////. General Clark sa\s, that "the lortii'ied village on Nichols Pond was occupied from about 1600 to 1O30.'* The mean between the two luii)pens to be the exact yt:ar of Champlain's invasion. llow has General Clark ascertained those dates? llow does he know that the village had not ceased to exist long anterior to Champlain's invasion ? In fixing limits to the periods of aboiiginal occupancy, it would be more satisfactory to have the evidence cited. In legard to this village, ii one of any considerable exlent existed on Nichols P(jnd, all we can certainly know is, that it belonged to the Stone Age. Who can tell when its fires were lirst kindled, — wiien, or lunv tliev were finally extinguishetl ? HistoiN, and even tradition an- silent. Sixth, (general Clark concedes that the expedition was directed against, and besieged a lort of the On(jndagas. Why then does he seek to locate it on a pond in the ancient teiritory of the Oneidas? Seventh. The site of the fort, as claimed by General Clark, is on the water-shed between the s(jurces of the Sus(iuehanna and the tributaries of Oneida Lake, an elevation of nearly 1,000 feet above the latter. To reach it wcnild have involved an ascent so ditiicult and toilsome for an armv like Cham[)lain's, that he would hardly have failed to notice the embarrassments in his narra- tive. Eighth. The siege lasted six days. If the fort had been on the heights of Fenner, a beacon light in its neighborhood could have Hashed a summons to the confederate tribes, and brought such prompt assistance that the besiegers would speedily have been attacked and overwhelmed. Champlain would luuxUy have trusted himself s(j long in a hostile country, and so far from his landing. Ninth. Champlain mentions the islands in Oneida Lake. General Clark assumes the knowledge of their 13 CMAMI'I.AIN's KXI'F.ltl I I"»N or 1615 h 4* existence could only have been derived from their luivin^ been seen l)V Cli;nn|»I;iiii Irom the hills near Nichols |*rt,l and l)c;^MM their retreat on the loth ol October, and reached their canoesl on the iSth, a man h (|uite incredii)le, if fiom so distant a point as Nichols Pond, encumbered as they were with their wounded, and impeded by a| drivinjj^ snow storm on the last day. Ilavinjjf discussed the location of the Inrt, aided by the text and engraved view of Champlain, let us now see what assistance can be derived from llu- ma]), claimed by (.ieneral Clark and Dr. Shea to be so accurate and authentic. Whenever the text and map ai,nee, they nuisl be accepted as conclusive. Where thev do not, and particularly in those instances where the nuij) differs Irom well authenticated modern surveys, I prefer to reject it, whether it was made by Chamj)lain or not. TIkic it does not aiji'ree in important i)articulars, either with the text or with the actual topoijraphy of the c(juntry, is clearly evident, as I have already shown and will now endeavor to point out more in detail. The mn|) differs f|-om the text, First. In landinjj^ the expedition directly at the point on the south shoi'c of Lake Ontario, where it jjassed into the interior, instead of tirst carryiiif^ it for at least "four leaj^ues aloni; the sandy beach of the lake." as clearly represented by the text. Srcond. In representing Champlain to have landed at a stream— claimed by Gene- ral Clark to be Little Salmon Creek— and to have passed directly iidand from the mouth of that stream, and to have crossed it twice before reach- in^;^ the fort. Tliird. In representint;, at th<^ sources of that creek thus crossed, three lar;;e and two small lakes, near the lari^cst two of which the expedition i)assed. If, as Cleneral Claik holds, neither of those lakes is Oneida Lake, then the live lakes thus delineated on the maj) are not noticed in the text at all. Champlain is utterly silent in reij^ard to them, and rii^htfully so, for in point of fact there are no such lakes in existence. They will be souijht for in vain on any reliable ma{) of the country. Fourth. The map differs fioni the text in another important ])articular, that is, if the theory arlvanced by General Clark and Dr. Shea is correct. The route, as indicated on the map, after windini:^ amons^ those m)thical lakes, and leaving- the sources of the Little Salmon, passes directly by a southwesterly course to the Iroquois fort. This fort is located, by the map, on the easterly curl of a lake, assumed by both General Clark and Dr. Shea to be Oneida Lake, the outlet of which Hows into Lake Ontario. If it is not Oneida Lake, then that lake is not represented on '^. ■-<>' 1 A CIIAMIM.AIN'S EXI'KDITION OF 1615 15 IVJD^r !,(.(.„ j;p^.„ |j^. ''".tr tlicv .',r<' only " 'c he crossfd flic ^I'lVcof tlu; lore, ^"•li('(l tlifirc.iiioos '' l'"''>' Jis Xicliols •"•'I impt'dcd l)v a '»)■ fl'f text and •i^^sisfancf can bo "•I '>!•. Shea to be '•'iip iik^rec, they • •"•'I parlicidarlv t'lificatcd rnodcr'n ^ liamplain oj- uot. ''<•'■ with the text «'"ly evident, as I It niore in detail. M't'dition flirectly if passed into the '•a^nies alonj^- the fit' text. Second. claimed by Gcnc- ■cl directly inland 'ice before reach- f that creek thus i^t two of which cr of those lakes 'ic map are not I'Ci^ard to them, '/vi- /// existence. "' the country, tnnt i)articular, 'Shea is correct, those mythical s directly by a located, hy the -lal Clark and >ws into Lake •cpresented on the map at all, unless it isone of the live imaj^inary lakes on the soutcis of the Littk- Salmon, which is disc laimed by (ient ral Clark. Ihit the loufe o| the e.vpcdition, as sliowii by the map. instead of erossinjjj the outli-l of wli.it he claims to be Oneida Lake, as distinct I v asserted by the text, does not (Ljo near il. I )r. Shea says, Cieneral Clark and Mr. Marshall a^'ree that Champiain crossed that outlet. I certainly do, because the text asserts it. Hut the map contradicts it. It is for (ieneral C'laik to recon- cile the two. IJolli (ieneial Clark and Dr. Shea repudiate the map when they say, " the dotted line of the march on the map, to coincide with Champlain's text, slio id have continued across Oneida outlet, which it alicady ap|)roaches on the map." 'lliey are in error in sayinjif that il ai)proaches the outUi. The whole lenytli ol the lake lies between them. II the dotted line had crossed the outlet, where, on the hypothesis of Cieneial Clark, would if then have ^one ? h'iftlt. If the tnap locates the lort at the east end of ()n«M(la Lake, as it ceitainly does on the theorv of (ieneral Clark, what then becomes of his location (»n Nichols Pond, at least 10 miles in a direct line south of that lake? Sixth. The map places the fort on a small lake, the outlet of which empties into Lake Ontario. Hut the wateis of Nichols I'ond How into Oneida Lake, first passin;^ tliiouij^h Cowasseloii. Canasera^o and Chittenaiif^o Creeks. How is this discrepancy reconciled? Dr. Shea impuj^ns the coirectness of the fiu-sitiiilc map in one particula . Hesavs: "In the rei)roduction in the nia<^a/ine the dotted line jroes to the town ; in the oriLjinal, however, it stops before reaching the lake near which the town is placed." I do not understand the fejrce of this ciiticism. Hoth the oritiinal iw\([ facsiiuih' place the town on the lake. The chitted line of the fac-siniilc ([uite reaches the town, while that of the ori<;inaI falls two or three dots short of it. The line of the ori|Lcinal is (evidently intended to exhibit the route as cxtendini^ to the town whether carried quite to it cjr not. Does Dr. Shea mean to be un- derstood that the ex[)eclition did not reach the town by the line indicated? The considerations which I have presented conclusively show diat the map and the text are irreconcileable, and that one or the other must, in some of the particulars, be rejected. I prefer, for the reasons already stated, to be governed by the text. V'et Dr. Shea says that "General Clark seeks a theory which will reconcile the text and the map." Whether he has found it the reader can now decide. The effoit to harmonize what can- not be reconciled has led to much of the obscurity and confusion which have involved this subject. The route of the expedition, as claimed in my two articles, is certainly the most natural, the most feasible, and the •4 ciiami'I.ain's kxi'kdition ok 1615 most in liannoiiy with the narrative of Champlain. No other across the the hike, and inhind to the fort, presents so few objecti«)ns, and no other whiih has yet been su^f^ested can stand the test of critical exatninatioti. As t<» the location of the foit, I reached the conclusiotj, after a caiclul consi(U*ration ol all the data that could he obtained a comparison ol the map and text of Champlain, a study of the topo^iaphy of the country, aided by the best maps attainable, and by correspondence with persons familiar with the various localities -that the objective point of the expe- dition, the f(irtitied villajj^e of the Onondaj^as, was on the lake which bears their name. I have seen nothing in the publications of (ieneral Clark, or in the learned article of Dr. Shea, to disturl) my first impressions. Cci fainly nr) otiiei' place so free from objection has been pointed out. The stronj^ lan- )j^uat;e used I y Cieneral Clark in support of his views, while it is in keeping with his enthusiastic convictions, is not justified by his facts or reasons. His conclusions are valuable, to the extent only in which they are sustained by reliable data. I understand that he has ready for the press, a work on the *' I lomes and Migrations of the Inxpiois." Possibly it will con- tain his views more at large on the (picstions here discussed. Whenever any atlditional facts and arguments to disprove my positions are presented, I will give them a candid and careful examina- tion. I am Cviiistraincd to believe, however, that We cannot hope for any new data, but must )e content to rest the case on the scanty records of Champlain, the testimony of the early travelers, and the few relics, which time has spared, of the era in which the Iroquois met and successfully resisted the firearms of the white man, in the heart of Central New York. O. H. MARSHALL ^ ) other across the i»ris, aiul no other tical examination, n, after a tarelul ^'()ni[)aris()n ol the ' of the country, ice with persons >oint of the expe- the hike which Clark, or in the IKS. Certainly no Thestron^r lan- Ic it is in keeping iacts or reasons, ley are sustained ic press, a work i!)ly it will con- here discussed. disprove my areful cxamina- lot hope for any anty records of ew relics, which nd successfully )f Central New lARSHALL