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TERBISS.— For Blackwood or any of tho Reviews, |H a year. Blackwood and any one Review, tT.
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RE-PUBLICATION

OF THK

London, Edinburgh, North British, and Westminster

QUARTERLY REVIEWS.

THE

WESTMINSTER

REVIEW.

W CLXX.-OCTOBER, 1866.

AMERICAN EDITION.

NEW YORK:

THE LEONARD SCOTT PUBLISHING COMPANY, 38 Walker Street.

AI,30 FOR SALE BY THE FOLLOWING BOOKSELLERS : *

The Amp:rican News Co., N.Y. ; A. Willl\ms & Co., Crosby & Nichols, and W.
McAdam, Boston ; W. C. Little, Albany ; D. M. Dewey, Rochester ; W. B.
ZiEDKR, Phila. ; Henry Taylor, and Ja^ies S. Waters, Baltimore ; John Russell,
Charl'^ston ; W. T. Williams, Savannah ; Woodhouse and Parham. Rich-
mond and Petersburg ; R. Bell, Alexandria, Va. ; George Ellis, N. 0.;
T. S. Hawks, BulValo ; James IVI. Cuvweord, St. Louis ; W. A. Gildek-
iT,NNY, and Hi:nry Miner, Pittsburgh ; T. H. Pease, Now Haven ;
George H. Whitney, Providence, R I. ; S. Thompson &, Co., Wor-
. coster, Mass. ; Huijson Taylor, Washington, D.C. ; J. A.
Roys, Detroit ; MoNally it Co., and J. R. Walsh, Chicago ;
F. A. Crump, Louisville. Ky. ; W. C. Chewei't
& C<J., A. S. Irving, and H. Rgwskll, Toronto:
J. DuRiE, Ottawa ; Gicorge Barnes & Co.,
Hainiltoii ; D. McMaster, Port
Sarnia ; Taylor Sc Wilson,
London, C.W. ;
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Detroit ; J. W. Sullivan, Geo. H. Bell, and Stratman & Co., San Fran-
cisco ; Dawsou Brothers, Montreal ; P. Sinclair, Quebec ; Z. S.
Hall, Halifax ; J. iS, A. Mc^Iillan, St. .Johns, N. B. ; Hibben &
Cahswell, Victoria, Vancouver's Island ; Thomas Mfjjzies,
Peterboro, C. W.

* SubMcribery ordering fi'om Bookuellers must look to them for their numbers.

m*l

■pwrnn

"* \

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wmmmmmmmmm^m

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I860.

CONTENTS OF NO. CLXX.

F09

OCTOBER, 1866.

ABT.

1. The Irish Church, - - ...

2. The Apostles. By Ernest Renan, ...

3. The English and their Origin, - -

4. The Abbe Lamennals on Dante, - -

5. The Canadian Confederation and the Reciprocity Treaty,

6. The Dog : His Intelligence, •

7. Our North Pacific Colonies,

8. The Forest of Fontainebleau, - - - •
Contemporary Literature, ....

PAGE

183
146
159
lU
184
192
199
206
215

Peace through the Truth, by the Rev. T. Harper— Catholic Orthodoxy and Anglo-Catholicism,
by J. J. Overbeck — The New TeBtament for English Readers, by Henry Alford — Hunt's Essay on
Pantheism — Bodichon on Humanity — Essays on International Policy — Emily Davies on the Higher
Education of Women — Views and Opinions by Matthew Brown — Across Mexico in 1864-5, by W.
H. Bullock — Hawaii, by Manley Hopkins— Hartiug on the Microscope — The Oberland and its
Glaciers, by H. B. George — The Lake Dwellings of Switzerland, by Dr. Ferdinand Keller— Physio-
logical Pathology of the Nerves, by G. Valentin— The Decline of the Roman Republic, by George
Long— Carl Kichter on the Political and Social Law of the French Revolution— Harriet Parr on
tt e Life and Death of Jeanne d'Arc.

■y.A^%-mim'^^^mi^'^^''^'^s^'^'^^-''^'>

1806.

FAOE

183

146

159

114

184

192

199

206

215

athoHciBm,
B Essay on
the Higher
B4-6, by W.
md and its
er— Physio-
by George
let Parr on

Our North- Pacific Colonies.

109

was continued until the year 1825, when the
celebrated lion Nero was baited at Warwick,
when a bulldog named Turk exhibited an
amount of pluck and courage which led even tlie
brutal spectators to cry out "shame," and in-
sist upon his being taken from the lion. The
bulldog indeed may be looked upon as a pecu-
liarly English dog, and perhaps as the most
courageous of all animals. There would i"^ ^n\
to be nothing which ho can by any possibility
interpret into an enemy, upon which he will
not fly, and any infusion of bull-blood into
another strain communicates a pertinacity in
following out its particular instincts which is
not attained by other dogs of the same kind.
The true bulldog, therefore, must be looked
upon as a reservoir of .staunchness, but the
breed has considerably degenei'ated of late
years. This, however, the si)ortsman must en-
dure with patience, for it is certainly better
that our breeds of dogs should suffer a little
deterioration than that the public mind should
be debased by such exhibitions as occurred in
the bull-ring and the dog-pit.

In the preceding pages wo have been able to
do but little comparatively towards giving the
reader even a taste of the great store of curious
information laid up by Mr. Jesse in the volumes
before us. They suffer, undoubtedly, as the
author seems to have felt, by the very imperfect
manner in which they are arranged and tacked
together, and must be regarded rather as a
magazine from which future writers may draw
much valuable material, than a treatise on the
British dog. Tiie illustrations, from the au-
thor's own pencil, are generally of a more or
less humorous character. Some of them are
good, others very indifferent.

Art. VIT. Our Nortu-Facific Colonies.

1. Vancouver Island and British Columliia.
Where they are; What they are; and
What they ma^ become. By Alkxander

Rattkay, M.D., Pi.N. Smith, Elder & Co.
18(52.

2. British Cohimhia and Vancouver Island.
By D. G. F. MacDonald, C.E., F.R.G.S.,
&c. Longmans. 1803.

3. Travels in British Columbia., with the
BescrijJtionqfa Yacht Voyage round Van-
couver Island. By Capt. C. E. Barkett-
Lennard. Iluvst and Blackett. 1802.

4. Four Years ill British Columbia and Van-
couver Island. By Commander R. C.
Mayne, R.N., F.R.G.S. John Murray. 1802.

5. Facts and Figures relating to Vancouver
Island and British Columbia. By J.
Despard Pembekton, Surveyor General,
Y.\. Longmans. 1800.

6. Vancouver Island and British Columbia.
Their History, Resources, and Prospects.
By Mattuew Macfie, F.R.G.S. Longmans.
1865.

7. Prize Essay. — Vancouver Island. Its Re-
sources and. Capabilities as a Colony. By
CuAKLEs Forbes, Esq., M.D., R.N. Pub-
lished by the Colonial Government. 1802.

8. British Columbia. An Essay. By Rev.
R. C. LuNDiN Brown, M.A. New West-
minster. 1803.

9. Blue Booha relating to Vancouver Island
and British Columbia, Parts L, IL, IIL,
IV. 1800-04. ^

10. " British Colonist,'''' and " Victoria Chro-
nicle:' 185S--06.

Vancouver Island and British Columbia, till
within the last eight years, were regarded by
the mass of Englishmen as a terra incognita,
embracing a region of the globe wretchedly in-
hospitable and ho'iclessly given over to sangui-
nary encounters between savages and beasts of
prey, having no claim to be improved by in-
c ustry, or visited with the benefits of civiliza-
lion. Considering the difficulty of access to
these colonies, compared with our thriving
dependencies in the South Pacific, the very
limited knowledge possessed in this country of
their topography and resources, and the con-
flicting statements that have appeared in books
and newspapers respecting their adaptability
for commercial, mining, and agricultural enter-
prise, it is not surprising that the most diligent
efforts to reach a satisfactory conclusion as to
their condition and prospects should have often
ended in perplexity and disappointment. Lucky
emigrants who make "rich strikes," looking at
their adopted homo wholly through the sun-
shine of their prosperity, extol it as an Elysium.
The unsuccessfVil, on the other hand, wincing
under " the stings and arrows of outrageous
fortune," rush into print to cool their indigna-
tion, and execrate the country as a Sahara.
The facts now to be submitted may possibly
help to unravel this tangled skein of contradic-
tions, and show the truth to be midway be-
tween the opposite exaggerations referred to.

Vancouver Island is situated in the latitude
of Great Britain, and sustains to the Continent
of North America, in the Pacific, a geographical
relation similar to that which the parent coun-
try sustains to the Continent of Europe in the
Atlantic. It is 240 miles long, by from 40 to
70 broad. Entering the Straits of Fuca, on a
clear day the spectacle is peculiarly lovely.
The Olympian range of mountains in Washing-
ton territory lift their rugged summits, capped
with eternal snows; and beyond the rocky
shore of the island, there stretches a mountain
chain in a north-easterly direction, serving as a
backbone to this colony. These heights are
covered with thick vegetation, and the surface
of the country is generally of an undulating
character, containing lakes, rivers, inlets, for-
ests, and prairies, in every variety. Masses of
metaniorphic, trappean, and sandstone rocks,
fringed with lofty pines, crop out along the
coast, and often in the interior. The Gulf of
Georgia, between Vancouver and the mainland,
is studded with islands from the size of a
flower-pot upwards, presenting a scene rivalling

163342

200

Our North- Pacific Colofiies.

October,

in benutv the celebrated " lake of a thousand
ishmds,''' near the entrance of Lake Ontario.

The coast lino of British Columbia measures
450 nrles, and the breadth of that colony is
from iiOd to 400 miles, or about the si/e of
France. liike the sister colony, its seaboard is
broken up l>y numerous inlets of great extent.
The geology and physical geograpliy of Uritish
Cohunbia derive their character primarily from
the i)rescnce of the Kocky Mountains. This
great chain, running from north-west to south-
east, forms the a.xis of elevation of the Western
Coast of America. It is of volcanic formation,
and is subject to eruptive forces, to which the
craters of three neighbouring volcanoes answer
as safety-valves, (iranitic and trajipean ridges
extend in different directions, and terminate in
peaks varying from 1000 to 10,000 feet high,
timbered half way up to their tops. Some of the
mining regions form spurs of the Rocky Moun-
tains, and are generally so strangely contorted
and erupted, as to be represented as a tumbled
sea of mountains.

The insular position of Vancouver Island,
and the China current (which exerts an influ-
ence corresponding to tlie Gulf Stream in the
Atlantic), with other causes, combine to secure
for it a cliinati. singularly equable and exempt
from the more rigorous extremes to which Brit-
ish Columbia is sul)ject. From Octo))er to
JIarch frequent rains fall in the island, alterna-
ting with lengthened intervals of bright dry
weather. Showers are rare during sunnner,
and wlien they do fall are obliging enough to
come at night, when no one is inconvenienced
by their descent. But the limited fall of ruin
in this season is abundantly compensated by
heavy dews, which cause the warmest days to
be followed by cool nights.

The growth of vegetation is rapid, and reaches
its aftinial maturity at the end of June. There
is no naval station at which the crews of her
Jlajcsty's ships are so little liable to disease
from circumstances of climate, and none wlierc
mortality is so light, as Esqnimault in Van-
couver Island. British Columbia presents every
shade and variety of temperature. Certain
belts of country are warm and dry, while
others are moist; the character of the climate,
in fact, being much determined by altitude.

Previous to 18o8 these colonies were held
by the Hudson's Bay Companj', under lease
from the Crown ; and the white iidiabitants, a
few hundred in number, were chiefly employed
by the Company in fur-trapping, or stationed at
tne Indian trading po,sts. For a dozen years
extensive and valuable coal beds in the island
had been worked by the company ; vast for-
ests of timber had been discovered ; some of
the baser metals were also known to exist ;
and in addition to these elements of wealth the
capacious harbours of Victoria and Esqnimault,
in the south of the island, foreshadowed a
bright commercial future for the colony. But
for the discovery of gold, however, Vancouver
Island might have " dragged its slow length
along" at an imperceptible rate for many years.
In 1857 a party of Canadians, impelled by
vague rumours as to the existence of gold in
British Columbia, started from Fort Colvillc,

near the American boundary ; and, " prospect-
ing" on the banks of the Thompson and Bonn-
l)arte rivers on their way to the Fraser, were
sufliciendy encouraged in this experiment to
devote themselves to the occupation of "dig-
ging." Intelligence of their success soon
spread through Washington territory and Cali-
fornia; and between March and June in 1H.j8
steamers from San Francisco, crowded with
gold-seekers, arrived every two or three days
at A'^ictoria. This place, tiU then a quiet ham-
let whose shipping had comprised only Indian
canoes and the annu.al arrival of the Company's
ship from England, was instantly converted by
the golden spell into a scene of bustle and ex-
citement. In the brief space of four months
20,000 adventurers jjonred into the harl)Our.
The easy-going i)rimitive settlers were over-
whelmed by this invasion of foreigners. Indi-
viduals of every trade and profession in the
neighbouring American States, imder the in-
i fiuence of what was called "the yellow fever,"
threw up their employments and in many cases
sold tlieir ])roperty at an immense sacrillce,
and repaired to the new Dorado. This motley
throng included those scouts of civilization,
gamblers, "loafers," thieves, and ruilians, with
others of a more respectable stamp. The rich
came to speculate, and the poor in the hope of
vaulting into sudden wealth. Every sort of
property in California fell to a degree that
threatened the ruin of the State. Tiie limited
stock of provisions in Victoria was speedily
exhausted. Twice the bakers ran short of
bread. Iininnierable tents covered the locality
in and around the town, far as the eye could
reach. The sound of hauuncr and axe was
heard everywhere. Shops, stores, and "shan-
ties," to the number of 225, sprang up in six
weeks. Investment in town allotments attained
an extravagant pitch. The land office was be-
sieged, often before sunrise, bj-^ the multitude
eager to buy building land ; and the demand so
increased that sales had to be suspended in or-
der to allow the Government surveyor time to
measure off new divisions of land. Allotments
bought at from 10/. 'to 15?., were re-sold within
a month at sums varying from 300/. to 000/. ;
and sections twenty feet by sixty in the central
thoroughfare, fetelicd a rental of from 50/. to
100/. per month. The majority, consisting of
Micawbers, brokers, merchants, and French
cooks, finding that they were yet some hun-
dreds of miles from the "diggings," remained
in Victoria, anxiously watching the turn of the
real estate market, which was the barometer of
their hope:J. But several thousands, undaunt-
ed by the hardships inevitable to crossing the
Gulf and a.scending the river, proceeded to the
source of the gold. The difficulties to be sur-
mounted in extracting gold from the " benches"
and " bars" of the river never entered into the
calculations of the unheroic spirits that tarried at
the scene of land speculation ; and as shipments
did not come down fast enough to satisfy their
wishes, most of them shook the dust off their
feet on the country, heaped curses on every-
thing English, and placed the reported discov-
ery of gold in the same category with the.
" South Sea bubble." A check was thus given

Ei^igR9B9BC

October,

1808.

, " prospcct-
m and 15oiin-
Fraser, were
cperinicnt to
ion of "(lij:;-
iiccess soon
ory and Cnli-
]nne in 1H58
rowdud with
IV three days

a (luiet liam-
il only Indian
[icCon\pany'3

converted by
jUHtlc and cx-
■ four months

tlie harhour.
rs were ovcr-
ligners. Indi-
fcssion in the
under the in-
yellow fever,"

in many cases

icnsc sacrifice,

This motley

of civilization,

I ruiTians, with
imp. The rich

in the hope of

Every sort of

a de,t;ree that

;. The limited

a was speedily

i ran short of

."red the locality ^

the eye could |

r and axe was

res, and "shan-

prang up in six

)tments attained

d office was be-

f the nuiltitudo

II the demand so
suspended in or-
urveyor time to
id. Allotments
•c re-sold within
. 300/. to OOOZ. ;
ty in the central

of from 50Z. to
ty, consisting of
ts, and French
yet some hun-
;ings," remained
T the turn of the
the barometer of
,sands, undaunt-
^ to crossing the
proceeded to the
ulties to be sur-
;n the " benches"
entered into the
its that tarried at
ind as shipments
;i to satisfy their
lie dust off their
;urses on every-
reported djscov-
tegory with the
!k was thus given

Our North-PacifiG Colonies.

201

to immiuiration, and a reaction in the price o(
land followed. ]}nt hundreds of indomitahU-
fellows, soberly viewing as unavoidable the
hindrances incident to locomotion in a wilder-
ness previously untrodden for the most part by
white men, pushed their way into the interior
of Ihitish Columbia, animated by the expecta-
tion of their toils being ere long amply reward-
ed. Not a few were obliged to creep for many
miles through underwood and thicket, with a
bag of Hour on their backs ; struggle by turns
under and over huge trunks of fallen trees,
scramble up precipices, slide down masses of
projecting rock, and wade up to the waist in
swamps. For weeks together some did not
taste Hour or salt, but had to appease hunger
with a meal of honso flesh, salmon, or wild
berries.

At length ocular demonstration of the rich-
ness of the mines appeared in the arrival of
considerable quantities of gold-dust. In spite
of the fearful difficulties that resisted mining
progress, the yield during the first six months
was much larger in proportion to the number
of hniulu at worh, than it had been in the
same time and at a similar stage of develop-
ment, in California and Australia. The gold
product of California in the first six months of
mining operations in 1849 was -10,000?. All the
gold brought to Melbourne in 1851 amounted in
value to about 333,290?., while the mines of
New South Wales gave for the first six months
of their existence about 144,000?. But \nfour
months, from the end of June, 1858, when the
mines of British Columbia were opened by a
more handful of actually working miners, to
the end of t)ctober, the value realized in gold
was 141,000?. Yot this was taken almost en-
tirely from the beds of a few rivers. Other
parts of the country have since been success-
fully explored, the richest districts being Cari-
boo in the north, and Similkameen, Kootanie^
and Big Bend in the south. A space eighty
feet square, in the first named of these districts,
yielded in a few months 24,000?. From a
second " claim " 1300?. was extracted in a day.
Several partners in a third netted 1400?. to
their individual share in less than half a year.
In another instance — exceptional, of course —
103 lbs. of gold was taken from a mine in a
day. Between October, 1802, and January,
1 1863, three claims previously " improspected "

yieided 00,000?., eiich claim measuring 100
I square feet. The gross yield of gold in the
[country for 1804 to two or three thousand min-
, working with the rudest appliances, is

jiven at about 500,000?.
A vast concourse of miners has flocked this

California ; and by an effective application of
capital and labor, there is nothing to prevent
this part of our colonial empire becoming one
of the most profitable fields for mining enter-
prise in the world. The population hitherto
has been so sparse and migratory, that the
country remains comparatively unexplored.
But each successive year brings to light dis-
coveries of the precious metal offering induce-
ments for placer or surface diggings that can-
not be surpassed in the northern or southern
hemisphere ; and when the colony is ripe for the
introduction of machinery for quartz-crushing,
steady and remunerative employment may bo
afforded to scores of thousands.

As many of our readers may be unac-
quainted with the process of mining adopted
in the North Pacific, the principal methods in
use will now be rapidly sketched for their in-
formation. The metallic sand, which contains
the gold, is first sought ; and the peculiar
quality of earth in which the amalgam is found
is known as the " colour." While engaged in
the pursuit of this indication of the presence of
gold, the miner is " prospecting." The requi-
sites for this task are a "pan," and some quick-
silver. When the miner comes to a spot on
the ' lank of a river which he thinks to bo auri-
feroi s, he proceeds to test the value of the
"dirt" in the following manner: — Having
filled the pan with earth, he gently dips it in
the stream, and by the assistance of a rotary
motion which he gives to its contents, loosened
by the introduction of water, the black sand,
with pebbles, is precipitated to the bottom,
ffhe lighter earth is allowed to pass over the
edge of the pan, and after all has been removed
except the sand and any specks of gold that
may be in combination with it, the pan is
placed by a fire, or in the sun, to dry ; the
lighter particles of sand are then blown away,
and if the gold bo very fine, it is amalgamated
with quicksilver. By thus ascertaining the
value of the remaining particles of gold-dust,
skilful " prospectors " conclude whether the
groimd would jiity to work. In this rough
method of searching for gold, the superior
specific gravity of that metal over every other,
except platinum, is the basis of operation —
auriferous particles on this principle settling
at the bottom.

The readiest and most primitive contrivance
for washing gold is the "rocker," which is
still used by Chinamen and a few white men
on the banks of the Fraser. The "rocker" is
constructed like a child's cradle, with rockers
underneath ; this box is 3^ to 4 feet long,
about 2 feet wide and H feet deep ; the up-

bear to the Big Bend " diggings," where fabu- 1 per part, and one end, are open, and the sides
|ous returns are said to be obtained. Excellent i gradually slope towards the bottom ; at the

Is to the auriferous centres have been
armed, lines of steamers have been established

^n the great lakes of the interior, and the lead-
ig towns throughout the colony have been

Connected by telegraph with the United States ;

Ind are now, by the Atlantic cable, in com-
lunication with England.
The gold-bearing range in British Columbia

|s a continuation of the Sierra Nevada, which

constitutes the chief source of the wealth of

head is a section closely jointed, with a sheet-
iron bottom, perforated so as to admit of small
stones passing through ; along the bottom of
the rocker, "rilHes" or strips of wood are ar-
ranged after the manner of a Venetian blind, to
arrest the gold. This apparatus placed on the
margin of a river, the upper box is fed by one
miner with earth, and by another is rocked and
supplied with water. The gold and pebbles
passing down to the bottom, the water carries

202

Our North-Pacific Colonies.

October,

away the latter and tho riffles detain tlic for-
mer. In case tlic gold is very fine, part of
a blanket iH laid along the under box, covered
with quirlvsilver, to attract the gold-dust.
By this simple agency from 1/. to 10/. per
day and upwards, to the hnnd, has been real-
ised. In a rocker, from 8 to 10 lbs. of quick-
nilver is employed daily ; but after the gold
lias been retorted from it, the sanie (luicksilver
may bo applied several times over.

'i'ho next method — and one which prevails
most in these colonies — is i^hiicitig. This mode
of mining can be conducted on any scale, and
in connexion with tho labour of an indefinite
number of men. It is almost invariably found
in conjunction with a system of "flumes," or
wooden aqueducts of various extent, running
parallel with tho claims on a " creek" or river.
To separate the earth from the gold that is
mixed with it, it is necessary that each sluice
should be sujiplicd with a fall of water, and if
the stream contiguous to the mine run on too
low a level to supply this want, miners— as has
been already stated — are often compelled to go
considerable distances in quest of water suffi-
cient!}' elevated to afford the object desired.
Flumes are thus brought into requisition, and
by openings made in that side of them opposite
the mine, water is admitted to the sluice, which
is placed at such an angle that the water may
have force enough to carr}' off the earth while
leaving the gold behind. Sluice-boxes arc of
various sizes, and arc fitted closely together,
so as to form a strongly-built and extended
trough. The fall of the water in the sluice-box
is adjusted to allow time for the riffles a.m\
quicksilver to arrest the gold as it passes ; and
the supply from the flume is regulated by a
slide in the opening on tho side of it. The
bottom of each sluice -ally intersected

with strips of wood, an tic interstices of

this grating quicksilver is .^.icad, to intercept
the fine gohl in its descent, nuggets and grains
of coarse gold being caught by the grating it-
self The sluice is supported upon trestles, so
as to raise or lower it to the level convenient
for shovelling in the earth. Several miners
throw in dirt on either side, and others assist
in loosening the heap and removing large stones,
so that gold may be easily precipitated.

" Ground sluicing" is now a very general, as
it is a very effective method of getting at tlic
" pay dirt." AVhen a section of tho ancient
bed of a stream was alighted upon in which the
presence of gold is indicated, but over which
a layer of barren earth had collected, the old
plan was to sink a perpendiculiir shaft, or make
an opening horizontally from the present river
bank ; but now, by ground-sluicing, a strong
jet of water is turned upon the bank ; the top
dirt is thus removed, and with the help of picks
and shovels the old channel of the river is soon
laid bare. The force of the water carries off
the dehria, and the gold, by its own gravity,
f^lls close to the hand of the miner, who washes
it by the regular methods. Space forbids de-
tails of the process of mining b)' tunnelling, the
Jiydranlic principle, and quartz-milling.

It is well known that the occupation of min-
ing everywhere is a lottery in which blanks are

the rule and prizcn tho exception ; and it is not
womlerful that so many pioneer emigrants in
British (^lunibia and Vancouver Island — in
some instances from causes that might have
been avoided, but more freciuently from con-
tingencies be)'on(l their control— have been
ruined by the experiment. But in addition to
the testimony of several among the writers
whose works stand at the head of this article,
we have the personal authority of the most
trustworth)' and skilful Columbian miners in
support of the opinion, thatif steam-jjower were
introtl iced to master the water that is ever ris-
ing in the shafts, the yield of the miner would
soon bo increased twentyfold. Many jjlaces
have becii examined in which it has been un-
mistakeabiy proved that immense fortunes are
imbedded. Yet, after toiling season by season,
and spending their all in attempts to reach tho
be<l-rock, or having reached it to take out gold,
many companies of miners have been compelled
to beat a retreat before this hostile element,
which their imperfect machinery is inadequate
to subdue. There is not enough capital in the
colonj' at present to cope with this difficulty,
and Ihitish capitalists have not a sufficiently
accurate knowledge of the resources of the
country to tempt them into investments at so
great a distance. But if a few substantial com-
panies could be formed in England, and send
out steam appliances, under the direction of
- 'sponsible managers, we have no hesitation in
Delieving that the enterprise would be found
highly profitable, and the colony receive from
it an impulse that would start it in a career of
steady and hopeful progress.

Over-speculation 'n land and trading has
brought temporary cominercial distress upon
tho port of Victoria ; but its commanding geo-
graphical position, the varied and exhaustless
resources by which it is surrounded, its con-
venience for receiving and distributing European
merchandize to foreign countries on the coast,
and its proximity to the naval station for our
Pacillc Squadron, combine to inspire the hope
that it will soon emerge from the cloud that at
present hangs over it. All who have had op-
portunities of observing tho growth of trade in
the great Western Ocean are agreed that com-
mercial intercourse must eventually be devel-
oped between Asiatic ports and those of North-
West America as extensive as that Avhich is
now carried on between Europe and the Atlantic
States. Exports of timber and flour from Ore-
gon, California, and Vancouver Island to Chinn,
and return cargoes of tea, rice, silk, and pre-
serves, are rapidly on the increase, and the fol-
lowing able remarks of a leading American
journal illustrate American sentiment in regard
to the prospects of Victoria as a probable rival
of San Francisco in the future struggle for com-
mercial supremacy on the Pacific shores of
America: —

" That England has great purposes to effect in this
part of tho world is no doubt true ; that she has
grand prospects on foot, looking to a union of licr
North-American Colonies, and the opening of a
highway from ocean to ocean, she does not seek to \
disguise. That these new settlements [Vancouver
Island and British Columbia] are yet to become

com]

inert

deny

hithc

and

pcop!

turo.

vent

mate

this ({

to im

her or

capita

cnco

the En

Th(

Pacifi

lars.

itants,

— war

j tals, s

i deuces

is well

' Besi

; quanti

\ land, h

'I a new (

cle, cx]

: naimo :

tion. (

; in both

i Ofth

,i oountrji

\ Dough t,

i economi

i this des

i( Internat

I for som(

j often a

Itial for !

lunrivall

supply! I

|Governii

uilding,

ihe Paci

.5,000,0

The
non in
md at
he river
ndians,
atch till
^hich is
tick ten
e rapii
' the pi
•unds il
■in 60o)
irgeonf
bushelf
ight ir
that
ded w
le catcl
id with!
the n(
mensol
iction
.tter c(|
jry genj
idles,

9BSS

October,

1806.

Our N'orth-Pacijic Colonies.

203

competitors for the trade of the East, if not tliocom-
nicrciiil Rupromacy of the raciflc, it wore useles^j to
deny. Kntrnputs nve soon to spring up on tlicse
hitlierto inidixturlicd waters ; there will bo sliipyarda
and fislieriea, and to these lands will a numerous
people go to dwell and to mine beyond a peradven-
turo But however wo may regard tlie ad-
vent of England upon our shores, or whatever osti-
mato wo may sot on the value of her possessions in
this quarter, one thing is certain — wo have now got
to meet her on this side the globe as we have met
her on the other, and encountering her enterprise and
capital, her practical, patient industry, and persist-
ence of purpose, dispute with her for the trade of
the East and the empire of the seas."

Tho imports of tlio infant "London of the
Pacific" for 18G5 amounted to 3,00U,00(t dol-
lars. It already numbers five thousand inhab-
itants, and contains many substantial buildings
— warehouses, shops, hotels, churches, hospi-
tals, schools, public ofiices, and private resi-
dences. It also supports two daily papers, and
is well supplied with gas and water.
Besides gold, which is found in increasing
\ quantities in the island as well as on the inain-
' land, large coal scams arc being developed; and
i a new company, engaged in working this arti-
■ cle, exported last year from their mines at Na-
; naimo 82,818 tons, chiefly for foreign consump-
tion. Copper, silver, lead, and other ores exist
in both colonies in abundance.
': Of the many varieties of wood with which tho
] country is stocked, the Douglas pine {Ahics
: I)oiJ(/h(sU) is the most extensive and of most
i economic value. Sections cut from a tree of
I this description, 30!) feet long, were sent to the
i International Exhibition of 1802. The bark
j for some distance from the base of tho trunk is
I often a foot thick. In all the qualities essen-
|tial for spars, this sort of timber is pronounced
unrivalled. Sawmills have been erected for
isupplying masts to the dockyards of European
iGovcrnments. Planks are also shipped for
uilding purposes to countries in all parts of
he Pacific, and one firm exports upwards of
5,000,000 feet of timber annually.
The bays and streams teem with fish — sal-
on in particular being incredibly abundant,
nd at certain seasons the caflons or gorges of
ihe rivers are densely crowded with them. The
ndians, who live chiefly on salmon in winter,
tch them with a pole, attached to the end of
hich is a cross piece of wood ; in this they
ick tenpcnny nails, and harpoon tho fish in
e rapids, impaling one or two at every descent
the pole. Trout arc found from four to six
unds in weight, and sturgeon which often at-
in 500 lbs. and upwards. Frotn a female
rgeon, killed in the Eraser a few years since,
bushel of caviare was taken. Halibut arc
ght in large numbers, and of enormous size,

f^m,,,.!,, .„. t^'^t ^ vessel of GOO tons may sometimes be

Pacific" shores of j^^<^'^ ^^'^^ them in forty-eight hours' fishing.

■^ ' l^c catching of cod, too, has begun in earnest,

"^A with great success. A kind of smelt, called

the natives Jioolalan, is caught by them in

mcnsc quantities, and utilized for the pro-

ction of oil. From the degree of oleaginous

iter contained in the hoolakan, they are in

|ry general use among the Hydah tribes as

^ dies, being lit at the tail.

and it is not
emigrants in
r Island — in
t might have
ly fron\ con-
— have been .
in addition to '
; the writers
if this article,
■ of the most
ian minors in
m-power wore
:mt is ever ris-
e miner would
Many places
; has been un-
;e fortunes arc
ison by season,
ts to reach the
. take out gold,
been compelled
ostilc element,
f is inadetiuate
h capital in the
, this difflcultv,
b a sulHcicntly
sources of the
vestments at so
;ubstantial com-
rland, and send
he direction of
no hesitation in
n-ould bo found
ny receive from
it in a career of

nd trading has
I distress upon
)mmanding gco-
and cxhaustless
oundcd, its con-
buting European
es on the coast,

station for our
inspire the hope
the cloud that at
-10 have had op-
owth of trade in
a"-rccd that com-
.tufdly be dcvcl-
d those of North-
is that which is

and the Atlantic
,1 flour from Orc-
r Island to China,
^, silk, and pre-
case, and the fol-
cading American
ntiment in regard
! a probable rival

struggle for com-

:e.

OSes to effect in this

true; that she has

; to a union of her

'the opening of a

le does not seek to

ements [Vancouver

are yet to become

The country cannot bonst tho agricultural
capabilities of the Western States of the Union,
though tliore are broad tracts of meadow land
in every direction well adapted for tlie growth
of esculent roots and cereals. Turnips have
been cultivated weighing 20 lbs., cal)bagc9 15
lbs., beetroots 11 lbs., and potatoes 2i lbs.
each ; but these specimens are not adduced as
showing tho urevdfff productiveness of the soil.
Melons of prodigious bulk and excellent flavour
grow in the open air, and apples, pears, &c.,
ripen to perfection. Tho superior ipiality of
the pasture lands in British Columbia is proved
by the thriving condition of the sheep and cat-
tle grazing upon them. Farming is as yet fol-
lowed to so small an extent that most of the
produce consumed in the colonies is brought
from neighbouring American States, and aa
prices rule high, the inducements oflcred to tho
settlement of hard-working farmers are tempt-
ing ; 1 00 acres of unoccupied land is allowed to
each to I id Jul settler, and when tho (iovern-
ment survey shall have extended to the portion
selected, jaymcnt at tho low rate of is. 2d. per
acre is called for in four yearly instalments.
Military and naval officers of seven years'
standing and upwards are entitled to free grants
ranging from 200 to 000 acres, according to
their rank and term of service.

AVitliont attempting to enumerate all the
species of indigenous wild animals, those may
be named which are of special interest to the
sportsman. Bears, racoons, martens, minks,
otters, and foxes are not uncommon. The
puma or catamount prowls in the vicinity of
flocks, is exceedingly destructive to sheep and
hogs, and is more than a miitch for any other
animal in North America. The beaver is
trapped by the Hudson's Bay Company. The
stag and elk abound, and some have been shot
equal to a small horse in stature, and weighing
000 lbs. Deer arc found in large numbers, and
generally are very tame. The mountain sheep
is known close to the Rocky Mountains, and
when full grown weighs several hundred
pounds. It is covered with long, coarse, woolly
hair, and provid«d with enormous crooked
horns.*

For the last two years the Government of
Vancouver Island and British Columbia has
been administered by two separate bodies of
officials. But as this double stafF was felt by
the mass of the settlers to be out of proportion
to colonial wants, and to entail a more burden-
some taxation than was agreeable, they me-
morialized the Crown to fVame a new Con-
stitution, and unite the colonies under one
Governor ; and the passing of a bill in accord-
ance with the wishes of the colonists was among
the first acts of the Derby Cabinet. These de-
pendencies are not yet deemed strong enough
to be entrusted with what in Canada and Aus-
tralia is technically called " responsible govern-
ment." In other words, there is no ministry,
tho solo minister of state being the Governor.
He is assisted in the direction of public affairs

* An elaborate work on the natural history of
these colonies, by Mr. Lord, naturalist to the late
Boundary Commission, has just been published.

204

Our North- Pacific Colonics,

October,

by n, liCj^iHlativc Council, ono hnlf of wbidi is
cloctivi; mid the other lialf iioiniiinted hy Him-
self (IS her Miijcsty's rc]ire,-;eiitativc. Iti.s now
rcsolv(Ml tliat N'ictoriii slmll reasc to be a po-
litical centre, and that New Westminster, near
the mouth ol' the Fraser Uiver, shall lienceforth
1)C the seat of (iovorninent. The island |)orts
havo np to the present hecn fri'c fi'om nil fis-
cal restrictions, the revenue of Vancouver heinj^
derived from a tax of 1 per cent, assessed upon
the market value of real property, and a
tradin); license levied upon the principle of
a slidini^ scale. Tho income of the sister
colony depends chiefly on nn import tariff ;
but it is expected, when the hasis of the union
about to take effect is fully adjusted, that
customs duties will extend to Vancouver, and
become equalized in both colonies.

Colonial society in North-^Vest America is
necessarily of a mixed description, aiul com-
prises ri'presentatives of nearly every nation-
ali'.y under heaven. Wc have counted up at
least tliirty-flvo crosses in different degrees
certain to residt from heterogeneous luiions of
the Caucasian, Mongolian, Indian, Malaj', and
Negro in that part of the world. What will be
tlic efl'oct on posterity of this commingling of
races, .so varied in physiological, psychological,
moral, religious, and political aspects ? We
know that circumstances of climate, .scenery,
race, and natural production determine the
specific mould in which the thought and life of
peoples ancient and modern have been cast.
What then will be tho rcHulUuit of the manifold
and une(|ual forces operating in the formation
of distinctive national characteristics on the
British North American Coast of the Pacific^
Does the presence so largely of inferior races
forbodc the tainting of the young nation' .s blood,
or will the vitality of the governing race triumph
over the combination with which more primi-
tive types threaten it? This inquiry is being
hotly pursued by ethnological theorists in the
North Pacific. There are 45,000 Chinese on
these shores, and their numbers arc ever in-
creasing with the improvement of their pros-
pects. It is argued by many that to tho Cau-
casian race has been assignee! intellectual and
moral supremacy over the rest of mankind ;
that in proportion as inferior races in consider-
able numbers mix with the superior race, must
its degeneracy be hastened ; that as under
Ghcngis Khan and his successors the Kirghis
and Calmucs from the North of China were
hurled upon Russia in the twelfth century, so
hordes of Asiatics, attracted by the gold of
California and British Columbia, may, in course
of time, come over in overpowering numbers
and blast these new lands, not with war, but
with the physical and moral deterioration sup-
posed to be attendant on their commerce. This
apprehension — whether founded or not— is
shared by leading minds in California, and the
civil disabilities imposed by the State Legisla-
ture some years ago to check Chinese immigra-
gration, arc justified by them in consequence.
It is the same dread of amalgamation with the
negro that is the root of the prejudice against
him. It is maintained that by intermarrying
with tho descendants of Europeans we repro-

duce otir own Caucasian type, while by Bano-
tioning matrimonial alliances with the other
races referred to wo create debased hybrids ;
that tho primary law of nature is self-preser-
vation, and that such protective enactments as
have been adojitcdare essential to the well-be-
ing of the country. In these colonies, however,
the coloured races arc as yet eligible with white
foreigners for naturalization ; but even on tho
hritish side of tho boundary there is a dispo-
sition tc look coldly on the inunigration of
"celestials." It must be acknowledged, to their
credit, that on tho Nortb-Wcst Coast of Ameri-
ca an unemployed Ch.naman is seldom to bo
seen, ai.d a more industrious and law-keeping
class does not reside in the country, notwith-
standing that in their domestic and social ha-
bits there is room for improvement, esjiecially
in respect to cleanliness. They arc, lor tho
most part, Cantonese of the lower order, and
imported by Chinese Companies established on
tho coast. San Francisco is their central do-
pot, whence they arc distributed over adjacent
British and American territory. The proper
character of these associations, which form a
marked feature of Chinese social life out of
their own country, is something between a club
and a heiicjit society. They were originally
composed of persons from the same or some
ncigldjouring district in a given province. Mem-
bership is in no way compulsory, but it has so
many advantages that there are not a thousand
Chinamen on the coast who are not connected
with one or other of these companies. They
have largo houses for tho reception of immi-
grants, in which the sick and indigent find tem-
porary shelter and attendance, with the means
of cooking. But those without funds must
procure food from private benevolence. Agents
arc appointed by the company to find employ-
ment for new-comers, whose first savings arc
religiously sent home for tho support of needy
relatives. Nothing seems more odd to a p]uro-
pcan visiting one of these complex establish-
ments — which include a theatre and a temple —
than to find all the apparatus of a Buddhist ritual
set up in the heart of a Christian community.
.Vs it is thought discreditable for the women of
China to leave their own country, it may rear
dily be imagined to what class the few belong
who have found their way to America. Bonds
arc given to the Government of China, for tho
return, dead or alive, of every native that emi-
grates from the " Flowery Land ;" and this ob-
ligation is sacredly kept. After death the corpse
is left in foreign soil till considerably wasted by
decomposition ; it is then oxhymed, and the
flesh separated. When a large number of
skeletons have accumulated, each of them is,
we believe, duly labelled with the name and
address of the deceased, and shipped to China,
where it is claimed and decently buried.

There is a considerable muster of negroes in
these colonies, who sought refuge from the so-
cial and civil oppression to which they were
subjected in California, before the rush of im-
migration to Fraser River; and through the
advanced value of the property they bought for
a trifle, these worthy blacks soon took rank
among the wealthier citizens. Nor did they

■PWIPPHWSff

Octobov, IBCO.

Our North- Pdclfk Colonies.

205

liilc by sanc-
lli tho other
4C(l hybrids j
s sell'-prcHcr-
iiftctiiicntrt as
) tho wcU-bo-
lius, however,
)lcwith white
even on tho
ore is a ilispo-
iniii);ration of
'(l(;e(l, to their
jast of Ameri-
sehloin to bo
il law-lveci)in(i;
ntry, notwith-
and social ha-
ont, esi)ecially
f are, for tho
ver order, and
established on
eir central do-
l over adjacent
. The proper
which form a
:ial life out of
between a club
n-erc originally
same or some
n'ovincc. Mcm-
y, but it has so
not a thousand
1 not connected
npanies. They
eption of immi-
digent fhid tem-
with the means
lut funds must
olence. Agents
to find employ-
rst savings arc
port of needy
odd to a P^uro-
ilcx cstablish-
ind a temple-
Buddhist ritual
an community,
nr the women of
i-y, it may rea-
the few belong
merica. Bonds
China, for the
native that omi-
;" and this ob-
death the corpse
rably wasted by
iqmed, and the
rgo number of
ach of them is,
the niimc and
lipped to China,
y Ijuried.
er of negroes in
ige from the so-
hich they were
the rush of im-
nd through the
they bought for
soon took rank
Nor did they

no;;lect tlio opportunity nfTorded l)y their sud-
denly iinprovcil circuinstanros on i!rili>li soil
. of tiUMiin;;; up tlieir noses at tliu Aniorican ar-
j rivals, wlio n'i)resented their forniiT oppressoi's ;
nnil lor yc.irs ii succession of ./'/v/cr/« occurred
: between ' the wliites and tlie nenriies on ([ues-
tions of social standing. 'I'iic bidlc of Anieri-
; cans would only consent for a wliile to at 'ml
the saiiic! place of worship with then\ on condi-
tion tliiit tlie inferior race should be c<mtined
to one side of tiic church ; and the presence of
even one person of colour among llie whites at
• tlie theatre, more than once occasioned scenes
; of violence. .\ negro's signature in the list of
"; subscribers to tlie lU'st literary institute brought
j the movement to an untimely end ; and one or

■ two useful societies came to grief from a simi-
i lar cause. The weak point in tlie policy of the

negroes consisted in trying to e.xtort, volenn vo-
htix, from the whites, sentiments which coer-
cion wiis seriously calculated to repress, ihit
there is at length a suspension, and we trust a
cessation, of tiiis social strife.

Several of the books on Vancouver Island

and Uritish tJolumbia treat minutely of the

, aborigines, who, as in all other parts of Ame-

■ rica and in our possessions in tho South Paci-
' fic, would seem to be melting away at the ap-

■ proach of civilization. Stories of Indian feasts,
medicino mysteries, incantation, courtship,
marriage, sepulture, and religious traditions,

: have often been told ; and to those familiar
i with tho manners and customs of other native
1 American tribes, there will not be found in the
> narratives before us much that is new. Ca-
:'; tholics and IVotestants are engaged in mission-
; ary labours among them, and not v\ liliout soma
■; favoiu'able result upon their morals. But so
; absolute is tiic physical, social, and moral deg-
|radationof tho Indian, that after very many years
I of strict religious training ho is readily tempted
|to conform to tho vices of tho pioneer whites;
land thus th'i hard and self-denying toil of the
Imissionary is soon neutralized.

i " The rapid diminiition and threatened extinction

if the primitive inh.abitants of tho American conti-

ent and the ii^lands of the Pacific, is a fact of niel-

ncholy interest to the Christian philanthropist and

ho man of scionee. . . . We naturally cling to the

ope that bidin, China, and Japan will form a splen-

iii exception to the ravages introduced by tlic su-

crior races, under which so many millions of abo-

igines have elsewhere been effaced. ... So limited

the extent, however, to which these seats of bar-

arism liavc been occupied by the whites, that we

unable as yet to determine whether extensive

ntact between them and the original inhabitants

11 be succeeded by tribal dissolution, as in the in-

;ances previously cited. . . . Past events bearing

this toi)ic incline me to the impression that the

anees of a barbarous people surviving the usually

ital consequences of their country "being largely in-

bitod by the wliite race are simply in proportion

W their degree of intellectual and moral vitality

y be adequate to resist the demoralization to

ich they are inevitably exposed on their first con-

it with white society. Shall the barbarous tribes

th whom we are, as yet, but slightly lu comrnuni-

,tion, be prepared to stand t'.ie momentous tost

en, in future generations, it comes to be severely

plied ? . . . The empire of iho Incas, the subjects

Montezuma, and tho felloT '-countrymen of Poca-

linnias, exhibitod intellectual mid moral (|iiulities
ciiiiipiircd with which llici-e iil' the iiiiisl fiiVdiiiiible
.MVicnn types are not Wdvtliy to be menlioncil. Never-
theless, nt the np])eaiaiiei; (if the advelitiiroiM ex-
plorers from the sliores of MuKipe by whom thi'ir
countries were severully iliviided, lliey vanished like
a dream. Is the fear, then, iitteily ^'round'ess that
under similar condiijons, in future ages, a corre-
sponding fate may overtake the negr<i race ? For
the rhinese, Hindoos, and .lapanese, I anticipate a
more promising desliiiy. Del'eetive as are their re-
spective systems of morality and religion, still Itrali-
minism and lluddhism both contain iiioial precepts,
and Set belong their votarii s patterns of virtue, eal-
ciliated to enkindle pine and exaltcil asp'.ialions." —
.lAd'/Zc'.i I'diii-iiiictr J.ihdiil and JJrili.ih Culninliiii,
pp. 'iHT, •I'.Xi, Itll.

A'ancouver Island being a sort of Fl/iin"
T/iii/i; is an inviting retreat for iiuman wail's
and strays from all parts ; and the anecdotes
that might be told characteristic of colonial life
would till a volume, immigrants used to class
distinctions obtaining in oM ])opulations aro
soon nuulc to feel how completely the social
pyramid is inverted. Sons of admirals and
daughters of clergymen are sometimes found
struggling with hardshii), while men only versed
in the art of wielding the butcher's knife, tho
drayman's whip, or tlio blacksmith's hammer,
are arrayed in soft clothing ;.iul I'..; siim])tii-
ously. One example of social trans') ■ ition is
too ludicrous to be withheld. A gentleman and
his servant came out in the same slip together.
The hireling having quarrelled witli bis master,
resigned his situation, and obtained employ-
ment in the police force. The first tians-
gressor with whom ho was officially brotight in
I contact in liis new capacity was his former
master, who unfortunately liappened to expose
himself to tho suspicion of being "drunk and
disorderly." Oxford and Cambridge men, ar-
riving with light pockets, are obliged to turn
"navvies" for a living. A respectaldo ex-mis-
sionary to tho heathen earned his bread for a
while as cook in a third-rate eating-house, and
a "valued correspondent" of a well known
English monthly also earned his bread by ply-
ing tho culinary art. Clergymen who did not
emigrate to pursue their sacred calling turned
"diggers ;" and those gentlemen now rejoice in
hiro'jnitos considerably less euphonious than
their family names, at the same time wearing an
exterior that might bo apt to startle the proprie-
ties of their late congregations.

Religious service at Cariboo was at first con-
ducted in a bar-room, which was also a billiard
saloon. At one end of this long apartment the
preacher was surrounded by a group of rough,
but reverent minors, while, close by, the traffic
of the bar jingled on without a moniont's inter-
mission. At the opposite end of the. room a
band of desperadoes hung over tho gambling
table, staking the gains df tho preceding week.
Sunday was set apart for marketing and wash-
ing up, and tho tumultuous scenes around tho
tents and " shanties " of the miners on that day
would have given every scope for the unremit-
ting application of Sabbatic discipline to all tho
Free Church Presbyteries in Scotland. Going
to Church was usually spoken of as " the re-
ligious dodge," which was said to be " played

206

T/ie Forest of Fontainebkau.

October,

out." The slang in vogue in the mining dis-
tricts is as expressive as it is original ; " guess-
ing," and "calculating" are exercises of per-
petual occurrence. If one has the best of a
bargain, he is said to have got "the dead
wood "on the other party in the transaction.
A mean and greedy man is " on the make ;"
whore a claitu is to be disposed of, the propri-
etor is " on the sell ;" if he be hard up, he wants
to " make a raise ;" and if ho be tricky — look-
ing two ways at once — ho is "on the fence."
A conceited man thinks himself " some pump-
kins," and when any statement is made, the
truth of which is doubted, it is a " taP -story."
When a "claim" disappoints the hopes of the
proprietors, it has " iiz/led out." Credit is
"jawbone," or as it is otherwise expressed,
" shooting off the face." Deceit in business is
" shananigan." AV^hen one has run oft" to elude
his creditors, he has "vamoosed the ranch."
British Columbia, from its extremely western
position, is called " the jumping off place."
The issue that seems likely to arise from a
given course of events is " sticking out." Two
parties playing into each other's hands for their
mutual advantage are " log-rolling."

It may 1)0 imagined that in a country where
so many are governed by impulse, and often
rendered desperate by losses in speculation,
cases of highway robbery and murder should
sometimes occur. But the proportion of crime
at present is decidedly small, considering the
character and number of the population.

In this brief review of the colonies it is not in-
tended to urge at so early a period of their ex-
istence, the indiscriminate emigration of either
capitalists or artizans. Men of bold heart and
strong nerve will carve their way anywhere,
through difficulties that might appear insur-
mountable to persons less distinguished for
stamiiKf. But those destitute of indomitable
energy and patience, especially if their ex-
chequer be limited, are counselled to seek their
fortune in an older and less exciting sphere.
But there can be no doubt that the country
offers powerful inducements to farmers, agricul-
tural labourers, and female servants. Wages
range four or five times higher than in England.
Army and Navy officers and other gentlemen
having a few thousand pounds at command,
would find life there peculiarly enjoyable. In-
terest at the rate of one and a half and two
per cent. p/;r man th may easily be obtained for
loans on fair security. Most of the convenien-
ces and even the luxuries of the parent coun-
try are to be had without difficulty. The
climate is highly invigorating, especially to con-
stitutions debilitated by residence in tropical
latitudes ; the scenery is exceedingly beautiful,
and there is no lack of pleasant society.

Akt. VIII. — The Fouest of Fontainebleau.

1. Ij Lidicnteur de Fontainehleau. Visited n
Paid is ct de la Foret. Par C. F. Denecoukt.
Fontainebleau.

2. IJIndicateur ITistorlque et Descriptif de
Fontainebleau, son Palais, sa Foret, el set
Environs, Par C. F. Denecoubt. Fontaine-
bleau.

3. Le Palais et la Foret de Fontainebleau.
Guide Historique et Descriptif, auici Wun
apcr^u d'llistoire Naturelle de la Foret. Par
C. F. Denecoukt. Fontainebleau.

4. Compliment des Guides de Fontainebleau.
Par C. F. Denecoukt. Fontainebleau.

A.M0N0ST the minor differences between the
English and French character, none is better
marked than the way in which each shows its
love of Nature. The home-keeping quality of
the French mind, and the English spirit of ad-
venture, arc amongst the great distinctions be-
tween the two nations. And this last has af-
fected not only thejr destinies, but the destiny
of the world. The results of English coloni-
zation are everywhere felt. In India and Aus-
tralia, and the gigantic Republic of the West,
English habits of thought, English love of free-
dom, English speech, are dominant. Of this
we are not going to speak, but of that lovo
of scenery, which is a minor form of that spirit
of adventure. No two people travel with such
different ideas. To the English, travelling is
a pastime, to the French a labour. An Eng-
lishwoman takes a portmanteau with her, a
Frenchwoman a wardrobe. An Englishwoman
travels to see, a Frenchwoman to be seen. So
with the men. A Frenchman puts on his best
clothes for an excursion in the country, an
Englishman his worst. With the former the
dress makes the pedestrian. And a Panama
hat on the head is supposed to add strengtli
to the feet.

And each, too, looks on nature with very
different eyes. The French garden and the
English garden well represent the difference.
A pair of compasses is the Frenchman's gar-
dener. By the help of the shears he has de-
veloped a series of cabbage-headed shrubs, and
a species of vegetable mop. Ho shaves the
tops of his poplars as ho does the tails of his
poodles. He clips his limes into arbours. For
a pole covered with flags is his idea of a tree.
Everything, too, must be uniform. And so ho
puts fig-leaves on nature to cover such inde-
cencies as rocks and thickets. AV^hat an Eng-
lish garden is, let the reader turn to Milton's
description of Paradise. Here is —

" not nice art
In beds and curious knots, but Nature boon
Poured forth profuse on hill and dale and plain."!

So also in life. Tho Frenchwoman prefers thol
smell of pustiles, the Englishwoman tho scent!
of fir-woods after rain. The Frenchman loves!
his ice in the cafe, tho Englishman his glacicrj
on the Matterhorn.

We do not deny that there are great oxcop|
tions. We have seen people in England stare
at a fine tree, as if it were a kind of wild beast '
Englishmen, too, are undoubtedly selfish. Ifl
an Englishman had an echo in his garden, he|
would probably wish to keep it all to himself;|
but a Frenchman would certainly want tog
bring it to Paris. Bo tho causes, however/

Descrlptif de
. Foret, el sei
BT. Fontaine-

i^ontainehleau,
tif, suivi (Vun
ila Foret. Par
Icau.

Fontainebleau.
lincbleau.

3 between the
none is better
each shows its
jping quality of
ish spirit of ad-
distinctions be-
his last has af-
but the destiny
English coloni-
India and Aus-
ic of the West,
lish love of frec-
[inant. Of this
lit of that lovo
jrm of that spirit
travel with such
sh, travelling is
bour. An Eng-
jau with her, a
n Englishwoman
I to be seen. So
puts on his best
the country, an
1 the former the
And a Panama
to add strengUi

laturo with very
garden and the
t the difference,
i'renchman's gar-
hears he has de-
adcd shrubs, and

lie shaves the.
Is the tails of his 1
.to arbours. For '
lis idea of a tree.

inri. And so he ]
cover such indo-j
What an Eng-

turn to Milton's

THE ROMANCE OF MODERN ENTERPRISE.

♦»

I are great excop-
J in England stare
lind of wild beast i
Itedly selfish. If|
In his garden, Ul
\ it all to himself;|
trtainly want tog
causes, however,|

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