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SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 OK 
 
 HENRY HUDSON, 
 
 riiKi'AiiKn 
 
 FOR HIS USE IN 1G08, 
 
 FIIOM TKE 
 
 mrt m^niuti of K^at* iSartrisen^ 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES; 
 
 A DISSERTATION ON THE DISCOVERY 
 OF THE HUDSON RIVER, 
 
 BV TUB 
 
 Rev. B. F. DeCOSTA, 
 
 Al'TUOU OP THE rilE-(OI,UMIlIAN DISfOVEKV OF AMERICA BV 
 THE NOIITIIMEN, ETC. 
 
 .1 L/iANV : 
 J O K L M IJ N S K L I^ 
 
 1 8 tj y . 
 

 8413:" 
 
 vy 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 It was the iinthor's intention at the outset to print 
 the treatise of Ivar Bardsen with a few exphmatory 
 notes; yet the interest proved such as to induce the 
 author to enlarge the phm and inchide a dissertation 
 on early voyages to America, with especial reference 
 to the discovery of the Hudson river, together with a 
 new translation from the text as given in Gr'dnkind's 
 Ilistoriske Mindesmmrkcr and Rofris Antiqnitaks Ameri- 
 camv. 
 
 The influence of this work on modern cartography 
 would, of itself, afford a fair subject for an essay. But 
 few of those, who in times past used its material at 
 second and third hand, knew anything of the origin of 
 tlie influence that shaped their views. It is to be 
 regretted, however, that in the day of Torfieus the 
 means of interpreting Bardsen aright had been lost, 
 and that the locatioti of Old Greenland was so long 
 misunderstood. As it was, however, Torfseus knew 
 leas of the location of Old Greenland in 1(517 than 
 Antonio Zeni in the year 1400. This suggests the 
 high probability that the Zeni brothers became ac- 
 
vi 
 
 IMJKFACK. 
 
 quaiuted with BurdHeii's troatise, when in Frislaiul, the 
 Faroesland or Faroe, whence the original of Ueimj Hud- 
 son's own version came about the year 1490. At all 
 events, Antonio Zeni had the equivalent of Bardson's 
 treatise, and drew up his map of Old Greenland by its 
 light, while more modern wriiers, like Torfreus, were 
 unable to comprehend its purport. Antonio Zeni 
 knew induHputably where Old Greenland lay, which 
 Torfffius did not; a fact that is alone sufficient to vindi- 
 cate the ancient date of his map, — the first, of which 
 we have any knowledge, that shows any part of the 
 continent of America. 
 
 Stuyvesant I'akk. 
 New Youk, 18r>t». 
 
inscriOetr 
 
 TO 
 
 THE HON. CHARLES P. DALY 
 
 THE JUST JUDGE 
 
 ANU 
 
 ACCOMPLISIIED G EOGRAPIIEll. 
 
C O N r E NTS. 
 
 I. Preface. 
 II. Introduction. 
 
 III. Treatise of Ivar Bardsen, 
 
 IV. Revised Translation op the Treatise 
 
 OF Ivar Bardsen. 
 
 V. Index. 
 
 :*■ 
 
SAILING DIHIXTIOXS 
 
 or 
 
 II E N II Y H U D S O N . 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 fJroenlaml was first colon izod by Erie the lied, a 
 man banislicd from Iceland for the crime of mnr- 
 der.^ He sailed from Iceland with a company of 
 his friends in the year 982, saying that he would 
 seek the land formerly seen at the west by Cunn- 
 biorn,- when, in the year 870, he was driven away 
 from the Iceland coast in a storm. In due time 
 he reached the eastern shore of Greenland, sailed 
 southward, doubling Cape Farewell, and passed the 
 winter in Ericseya, one of the fiords on the western 
 shore. The following summer he fixed his abode 
 in a place which he called Ericsfiord. It is said 
 
 1 Christophossen supposed that Greenland was discovered in 
 the year 770. and Pontanus (pp. 07-8) gives the Bull of Gre- 
 gory IV, in which Greenland is mentioned. The first impression 
 is that the document must be a fraud, but possibly the disagree- 
 ment may be otherwise explained. 
 
 -'See the notes to the text of Ivar Bardsen's treatise. 
 
 % 
 fi 
 
 
 f 
 
10 
 
 SAIIJNO DlliHCTloNS 
 
 that " the same suminer ho explored the western 
 desert, iiiid jiave names to many places."' The 
 next winter he si)ent on an islnnd called Ualhs- 
 gnipa, returning the third year to Iceland. 
 
 In the summer of the year U8G, he sailed for 
 Greeidand again with a Jleet of thirty-live ships, 
 only fourteen of which reached their destination. 
 
 Gradually the colonists multiplied, Christianity 
 was adopted, churches were Ijuilt, a line of bishops 
 was established, voyages to America were inaugu- 
 rated, and society took a somewhat settled form. 
 
 Eventually, however, the colonies, after surviv- 
 ing for a period of no less than three hundred years, 
 fell into decline, and then became extinct. 
 
 The Greenland settlements were divided into 
 two districts, or h!J<i<l'<, called respectively the Ea.^t 
 and the West li\'gds. When attention was first 
 called to the subject, it wasgenerally, if not unani- 
 mously, believed that the eastern community was 
 located on the east coast of Greenland, and the 
 western on the opposite side of that country. But 
 soon the whole question came into dispute, and the 
 most eminent of the northern scholars and anti- 
 quarians united in the discussion. In the end, the 
 old view was found to be untenable. 
 
 1 See Pi'of. lia/ii'g Antujiiitit'ii of A7)t(rica, p. 12, and the 
 author's work on The I'rc- Columbian Discovery uf Amin'ca by 
 the. NortlimiH, p. 17. 
 

 OF HKNHV IITDSON. 
 
 11 
 
 Tn order to settle the (juestion still more eftbctu- 
 ally, an expedition was dispatched by the kin^' of 
 Denmark in the year 1828, with instructions to 
 proceed to Greenland and explore the entire east- 
 ern coast, thus ascertaining by a ])ractical survey 
 whether it was once inhabited or not. The person 
 placed in command of this expedition was (Japtain 
 (Jraah, an officer well fitted foi- the work by his 
 courage, prudence and capacity. I lis explorations 
 extended through a period of two years, in which 
 time he performed all that, under the circum- 
 stances, any individual could have accomplished. 
 
 Starting from Friedericksthal with two boats, 
 manned chieHy by natives, he passed around Cape 
 Farewell, and made his way, with much labor and 
 peril, along the eastern coast, exploring the bays 
 and fiords in search of some memorial of the North- 
 nuMi, who were said to have formerly lived there. 
 Spending two sunuuers, and extending his search 
 as far northward as latitude ()0° oO', he was 
 linally obliged to return to Friederichsthal, with- 
 out discovering a single indication pointing to the 
 former occu})ation of that part of the country by 
 Europeans. 
 
 This region indeed proved less inhospitable than 
 was generally supposed, and notwithstanding the 
 too unapproachable character of the coast, it was 
 found to be not Jiltogether destitute of inhabitants. 
 
12 
 
 S.MLIN(i l)ll{K(T!(».\S 
 
 Here and thorc he discovorecl n liaiidliil of natives, 
 who subsisted on the products of tlie hind and sea; 
 yet it was rleiir iVoni what he saw tliat no consi- 
 derable European population couhl possibly have 
 remained there long. IJesides, the natives them- 
 selves, who were perfectly acquainted with every 
 foot of the territory, had never seen or heard of 
 ancient ruins of any kind, and had no tradition of 
 a European settlement. 
 
 After the publication of the results of Captain 
 Craah's ex[ilorations, nearlj' all ol' those who 
 had formerly held the old view gradually gave 
 it up, and to-day it would perhaps be impos- 
 sible to lind a student of northern anti(iuities 
 who miiUtiiins the Icelandic occupation of the 
 eastern coast. ^ 
 
 besides, the accounts which exist in the Icelandic 
 chronicles evidently teach that both the East and 
 West liygds were located on the opposite side of 
 (Ireenland, Mud nothing but a misapprehensicm of 
 the text of the manuscripts led scholars for a time 
 to think otherwise. 
 
 The I'ullest account of the colonies in Greenland 
 is given by Ivar Bardsen or Boty, who, while gene- 
 
 I The learned Aslier uf Ainsterilaui indeed supiioses that the 
 Hettloiiieuts were on the east coast, but he does not appear to have 
 attended niueli to the history of Greenhmd. His erroneous 
 view obscures his discussion on p. cxliii of his Ifenr>/ ITiuhuii. 
 
OF IIHNUV IIIDSON. 
 
 18 
 
 rally correct in his statements, nevertheless ialls 
 into some errors. This, however, is not of much 
 consequence, for the reason that still earlier writers 
 aH'ord the means of making the necessary correc- 
 tions. In the notes which accompany the text of 
 Bardsen his errors will be pointed out. Considering 
 the character of the times in which he wrote, his 
 account must he accepted as exceedingly intelligent 
 and fair. 
 
 Of the narrative or treatise of Ivar Bardsen we 
 have several versions. One is given in the learned 
 Prof. Kafh's great work, Anfitjaifafcs Americana,^ 
 and a translation in Pnrchw Hh Pllgrinies.' It 
 is there stated that it was translated out of the 
 Norsh'' language into high Dutch in the year 
 IjGO, and from the high Dutch into the low Dutch 
 by William Barentson, which copy was preserved 
 by Jodocus Hondius to l)e translated into English 
 by AVilliam Stere in IGU.S, for the use of Henry 
 
 Hudson. 
 
 The interest of this document consists, first, in its 
 antiquity, since 
 
 '■•I 
 
 it far ante-dates the age of Colum- 
 
 ' P. 300. — See version, in driiidtnu/'A I/iaf. Mluda^mnrkrr. 
 
 -'Vol. in, pp. 518-21. 
 
 3 Prof. Uiif'n's version is in iin antiquated Danisli, wliicli i.s 
 probably meant by Nbrxh. Tlie lanf>uaire of tbe Nortlinion is 
 most properly known as the ()l(/ Xurtlimi, or IH'm^h- tihii/a It 
 is now spoken in Iceland alone. 
 
 
14 
 
 SAILINO DIUKCTIONS 
 
 bus. The substance of it also exists in the ancient 
 LawhiiKihiit-h)h\ or Dooms-da}' book of Icehmd. 
 Second, as it comes in the version of Purchas, with 
 all its chan,i>,es, corruptions and additions, it is a 
 liteniry curiosity. And in the third place it has a 
 deep interest, with those who admire ancient thin;is, 
 on account of its association with Henry Hudson, 
 who carried it with him on one or more of his 
 voyages. I)r Aslier, the accom[)lished editor of 
 Ilenry Hinhson the Navi<jat(n\ published by the 
 Ilakluyt Society, prints the treatise in the appen- 
 dix to his valuable work, but he does not notice 
 its chief interest. The reason of this is perhaps 
 to be found in the fact that the history of the 
 document has not been thoroughly understood 
 heretofore, except l)y northern anticji. nins like 
 Professors Kafn, and Magnuss<m, who also have 
 I'ailed to point out at large its connection with the 
 famous Englishman. While interested in the ex- 
 ploits of Bardsen, these scholars were not particu- 
 larly drawn to Hudson. Yet the select number 
 into whose hands this little work is liable to fall 
 will perhaps take a kindly interest in both, and 
 find some material for thought in the fact that the 
 renowned English navigator, whose name will for- 
 ever be linked with the history of America, sailed 
 for the northern parts of this continent, carrying 
 with him the sailing directions used in the Pre- 
 
(IK lIKNin IIIDSON. 
 
 15 
 
 ('olnniliiiin ii.,i;e by tho Northnion in tlicir voyaj^es 
 IVoiii Xorway iiiid Icoliind to the Orcenlaiul coast. 
 
 or llemy Hudson little is known. lie up[)eara 
 lor a brief time, and then vanishes. We know 
 that he was an Knulishman who had one or more 
 children, though nothing positively certain can be 
 gleaned in regard to his lineage. After a careful 
 investigation, Mr. Head in his interesting work on 
 Hudson concludes that he may have been the 
 grandson of Jlenry Hudson an alderman of Lon- 
 don who died in 1 •">•")•"), being one of the f'nniders 
 of the Muscovy Company. John, the son of the 
 first mentioned Henry Hudson, was alive in IGLS, 
 living in Ijondon. It is possible that Henry Hud- 
 son the Navigator was born '* within the sound 
 of Bow Bells." His whole life, as known to us, 
 extends only through a period of four years. We 
 see him first in the Church of St. Ethelburge, 
 London, with his crew, receiving the sacrament 
 prior to setting out on his first voyage, and we 
 view him for the last time drifting away in an 
 open boat on the cold North sea. 
 
 His first voyage was made in 1007 for the 
 Muscovy Company, in search of a north-east route 
 to China along the coast of Spit/Jiergen. The 
 second, in lUUS, was for the same purpose, and 
 led him to the region of Nova Zenibla. The third 
 voyage, performed at the expense of the Dutch 
 
 %'\ 
 
16 
 
 SAII.IN<i I)1HK( "IMONS 
 
 East India (>oin])any, was made in 1G09. He 
 first sailed north-east, Avhere he was repulsed by 
 the ice near Nova Zemlda, and then sailed west, 
 reaohinj;- our own shores, and exploring the Hud- 
 son. In KUd, Hudson again sailed to search for 
 a north-west passage, the expense of the voyage 
 l)eing borne by three English gentlemen, when 
 he explored the bay and '^rait that l)ear his name, 
 passing the winter of lGlO-11 in the southern 
 part of the ))ay. On June 21st, he was set adrift 
 with his son and seven companions, in an open 
 boat, never al'terAvard to be seen. 
 
 In his third voyage he probably had with him 
 the sailing directions of Ivar Bardsen, though on 
 that occasion he did not come in sight of the 
 Greenland coast. During the fourth \ >yage (jlreen- 
 land was seen June -Ith, in latitude G5°, where he 
 was " encuml)red with much ice."' When the nmti- 
 neers were returning to England with Hudson's 
 ship, they saw " the Desolations," or the southern 
 part of CJreenland. A))acuk Prickett says " this 
 land is a great iland in the west part of Grone- 
 land." In the notes an explanation of the origin 
 of this name will be given. From the Desolations 
 Hudson had made his way through the strait that 
 bears his name. 
 
 Of what practical use the directions of Bardsen 
 proved we are not able to say, yet it is reasonable 
 
(»!•' IIKM \ IIIDSON. 
 
 17 
 
 to iiilrr that tlioy worocoiisiiltt'fl, IVoni the lUct that 
 they were trail shitod for hissi^'cial bciidit. rndcr 
 the circiniistaiuTs. he would not lia\r o\('rh)okt'd 
 any sn;:j^ostions. though lie probably did not have 
 the faintest siis])i('ion of their practical \ alne. IJe- 
 sides,it is probable that he viewed the (ilreeiihindor 
 I var 15ard.se 11 as extendiiiji; around to the region of 
 Spit/bergeii and Nova Zembla. At least such was 
 the eoniiiioii view at the time. It" he had not under- 
 stood IJardseii as describiiiu' the eastern coast of 
 Greenland, but had caught at his real ineaning, his 
 fourth voyage would have had an entirely diifereiit 
 termination, and possibly producediiiuch more good. 
 If he iuid known that cohmies existed for the space 
 of three hundred years on the western coast of that 
 southern regi<m of Greenland, then called Desola- 
 tions, he would have sought the old Icelandic 
 track, and taken the course which they pursued in 
 tiieir high lun'thern ex[)loratioiis, making his way 
 towards Lancaster sound; and when there, enlight- 
 ened by the ex[)erience of three hundred years, he 
 would have abandoned the delusion of a practical 
 north-west passage, returning at last, perhaps, to 
 his home, publishing those discoveries concerning 
 the Northmen that Egede afterwards gave to the 
 world. But this was not to be. A mournful fate 
 awaited him in that dreary clime. In the mean- 
 while he was to rove in the south. 
 3 
 
IS 
 
 S.\ll,IN(i lUUKCTIoNS 
 
 tt 
 
 Stiiitinti iVoiii Anistcnlani Mnrcli '2'). ^ (»()'.>, he 
 Siiih'd (irst I'm- \o\u /cmldii in search olaii o[h'1i- 
 in<i' to tho Flowery Kingdom. Hero the iiubrokeii 
 ice l)arriers ()|)jH)sing his [)ro.iiress. and liis men he- 
 coniinu; dissalislied. he <iave them their choice of 
 sailing- to Davis's straits, to seek a north-west pas- 
 sage, or oluoinu to the American coast in hititude 
 I'orty. 'I'hev \(»ted in favor of" the latter proposi- 
 tion, and tliouuh iliidsons instructions, received 
 IVom his superiors, enjoined liis return to Holhind, 
 in ease tlie north-east passage couUl not be eflected, 
 he delil»erately (hsobeyed, and turned the prow of 
 tile llair Moon towards the west. 
 
 Wlien tlie lieiglits of Greenland came in view he 
 veered to the south. Reaching the latitude of 
 Mount Desert, on the coast of Maine, he delayed in 
 that romantic region to step a new fore-nnist. lie 
 next sailed down the coast near the borders of 
 Virginia, and returning, entered Delaware bay. 
 Continuing his northward course, he found the bay 
 of New York, and, Se})tember, lOd'.l. dropped an- 
 chor inside, off Sa;Mly hook. Delaying here only a 
 few days, he entered the river, passed the Palisades, 
 wound hit? way through the Highlands and reached 
 the limitofnavigable w^ater. Itis j)leasant to follow, 
 in imagination, and view liim as he appears in Tal- 
 bot's noble picture sailing uj) this stream. It is the 
 nut-l)rown mouth of Septeml)er. and the birchen 
 
OF IIKNKV iirnsoN. 
 
 1!) 
 
 trees are hej^inning to frlow with iuitunmal splendor, 
 while the sky. lilled with hi/ily lloatin^' eloiids, is 
 ah*eady droaminu' of the I'veninji' lioiir. Thi' sa- 
 vages (lock to the hanks, and embark in tlieireanoes, 
 to follow the ship of the Manitou. which, borne less 
 by wind than tide, slowly makes her way alonii 
 nnder the noble Palisades, now Hinging themseh es 
 down at full length on the calm, pulseless tide. 
 The (puunt little Half Moon, which afterwards, in 
 lG10,disappeared on the coast of Sumatra, no longer 
 tosses among the bergs of Zembla, but sluggishly 
 heads up what Hudson may htive hoped was the 
 passage to India. Yet in the end, whatever may 
 have been his hopes, he was unde(;eived ; iind after 
 thoroughly exploring the river he set sail for home. 
 
 Thus, though he failed to iind a route to India, 
 the popular notion is that he first discovered that 
 noble stream, which, born among the peaks and 
 passes of the Adirondacks, Hows majestically on 
 through those lovely scenes which it partially 
 creates, until it loses itself in the sea. And since 
 some scholars ai'e of the same opinion, let us 
 bi'ielly incpiire into its worth, at the same time al- 
 luding to various early voyages to America. 
 
 We have already stated the probabilities in 
 regard to the degree of practical intluence that 
 Bardsen's work had upon Hudson. He held the 
 key to old Greenland in his hand, but he does not 
 
20 
 
 S.MLINti l»ll!K( TI(».\S 
 
 ii[)i)('iir to li;i\(> iiiidoi'stood its Ui^o. Hut li't Uf^ 
 gliilici' iilso ;it till' ciiso ol' others. 
 
 It liiis often Iteeii jislved irColmnhus uiiiiied any 
 lid'oniiiition Croin tlie Icelamlei's wlieii. in the year 
 I 177. lie \isited that eouiitr\. This docs not a[)- 
 |K'ai' prohahle, lor the reason that il" Ik- had oh- 
 taiiu'd any iiil'orniation it would Inuc doubtless 
 heeii in suhstancc that gi\en ])y Ivar IJardsen. 
 Cohnnhns, of I'ourse. knew nothing ol" the Ice- 
 landic, and he could not always he sure of meet- 
 ing an [(rolandie navigatof who spoke Latin, or his 
 own tongue. If he had obtained the old sailing- 
 directions, ho Avould prol)al)ly, in his ago, have fol- 
 lowed tlioni. In that case, ho would have sailed 
 between Iceland and the FaWie ishmd until he 
 sighted Greonland; then, coasting south, doubled 
 the ancient Ilvarf at (Jape Farewell, and after- 
 wards sailed into Kricsliord or some of the higher 
 bays. As it was, however, he had no conception 
 of land in that direction, and sailed b(»ldly west 
 past the Canaries, until he reached the island of 
 Ilisjjaniola, which, to the day of his death, he 
 firmly l)olievod constituted the western part of the 
 East Indies. 
 
 In regard to Sebastian Caljot the evidence is 
 clearer. For aught we know he njight have re- 
 ceived instructions from the Icelandic sailors who 
 n his day fre([uentod the port of Bristol, England ; 
 
ol" IlKNIiV IIIDSON. 
 
 •J I 
 
 iiiul when lit' actually went I'ortli. roai-hiiig tho 
 Aiiiorieau continoiit foiirtccn months ])olort' it was 
 seen by Coluin))ns, he took snhstantially the eonrse 
 ot* the old Northmen. 
 
 In this connection it is interesting to note the 
 fact that Sir John Harrow, in his (Jhwiiohxiicul 
 III-s/di'i/ of Voi/itijis fo thr X(trlh-v'i.st, adduces a 
 Pre-Columbian voyage by John Va/ Costa Cortereal, 
 a gentleman of the household of the infanta, Don 
 Feruiuule/. This person, on the return from the 
 voyage, was appointed governor of Terceira, one of 
 the Azores. His commission was dated at Evora, 
 April 12, 14G4. The statement rests on the au- 
 thority of the Portuguese writer, Cordeyro. JJid- 
 dle, hiboring in the interest of Cabot, attacks. Sir 
 John Barrow with that partisan warmth which 
 leads us sometimes to suspect the fairness of his 
 statements, and declares {Life of ChIm)!^ p. 28')). 
 that Sir John had not even looked into Cordeyros 
 work. Major, however, in the introduction to 
 his LdlcfK of Cohimhus (p. xxxi), doubts IJiddle's 
 statement; but, in defending the priority of Co- 
 lumbus's claim, also ({uestions the voyage of Costa 
 ('ortereal, who is represented at that time as seek- 
 ing a north-west passage. 
 
 First, it IS said, that in his commissiim as go- 
 vernor of Terceira there is no recogniti(m of his 
 voyage. Hut at that early time the voyage ma}' 
 
22 
 
 S.\riJN<i 1>II>'K( TIONS 
 
 not hav(^ a])poai'0(l so particularly iiu'ritorious ; 
 w'.iilo. it' it had bocn, it is not so cortain tliat it 
 would ^ain mention. Ajiaiiu it is said that his 
 attempt to make a north-west pivssage, took lor 
 grant<'d tlie existence of a large body of land lying 
 in the region of America.^ But Major does not 
 prove that the knowledge of that land was totally 
 unknown in P]urope. lu the eleventh century, 
 Adam of Bremen knew of the existence of that 
 Lmd, which was called Vinland. Major, some- 
 what in opposition to Biddle, says that that Cor- 
 deyro was a respectable historian, and that the 
 whole question turns on his account. The fact 
 that no notice of the voyage is found in the cata- 
 logues of Lisbon voyages between 1412 and 1040 is 
 hardly conclusive. Costa (Jortereal nuiy have had 
 access to some of the sailing directions of the 
 Northmen, while we actuallv find Gomera men- 
 tioning the navigator John Kolnus, who in the 
 year 14 70 was clearly sent to Greenland by the 
 Danish king. Christian 1, who reigned in Den- 
 mark and Norway. This is declared by various 
 old writers. Wyttliet, in his Description is Plole- 
 
 ' 15y conceding the authenticity of the Zeni chart, which was 
 certainly drawn up iVoni Icelandic authorities, and upon which 
 Hudson, in turn, larijili/ haanf hix oini nui/), the diificulty, if it 
 be a difficulty, entirely di.sappoavH, since the Hsiotiland of the 
 Zeni was a part of America. 
 
OK IIKNUV IICDSON. 
 
 23 
 
 iHiilrit Aitf/nifjiftnn. i)iil)lisli(Ml in I(t0.», al'tei' s[)eiik- 
 iiiuoftlie voyajiL'ortlic /ciii hnitlu'is to (li't'enliiiid, 
 ti'lls »js tlifit tlir s('('( 1(1 person to rediscover tliiit 
 eonntrv was .lolm Sktlnns, tlio Pole, who, in the 
 year I I7(t. beinj; in the nervicc^ of Kin^' Christian, 
 sailed hevond Iceland and (Ircenland, and landed 
 on Lahrador, the Kstoliland ol" the Zeni brothers.^ 
 ilnniboldt accpts this voyajie as anthentic, ro- 
 niarkin;:. •• Skolny was in the service of Christian 
 II," ol" Denmark, in IITO, and they say that he 
 sailed past the coast of Norway, (Ireenland and Fris- 
 land of the Zeni. and landed npon the shore of La- 
 brador." Yet he is in donbt, in regard to Skolnns 
 havinjj;' reached Labrador, and says: "I cannot 
 hazard any oi)inion on the statement made to this 
 effect by Wytlliet, Pontanus and Horn. A country 
 seen after Greenland, may, from the direction indi- 
 
 ' The fipllowin^j; is tlio hinuiiam) of Wytfliet : Sccmulum 
 (Ictcetjo luii'is rL';^i(Hiis dcciis tulit Johaiiues 8culiius Poloiius, 
 iiui aiiiiu repiinito salutis M. cccc. LXXVI. Octoj^intu it sex 
 anius A piiiiiil oius lustratione nauigans vltra Nouegiaiu. Green- 
 lamliain, KrislaiiiliaiiKfae, IJoioalo hoc frctuni iii^ressiis sub ipso 
 Aretic'o ciiciilo, ad l^abaratoris haiic terrain Kst(itihiiidiaiii(|ue 
 delatus est, imilto deiiido teiiiporo iiitentatuin hoe iiautis mansit 
 littus duiii ulgeiais cliinatis ii;olii, aut infcsti maris horrent proccl- 
 lis hand satis difjiiuni ob prjwiniiun (p. 102). Pontanus (p. 70;)) 
 quotes the accounf. of Wytfliet with approval. 
 
 - ]}oth Humboldt ami .Major make the mistalie of putting- tin's 
 event in the reign of Christian II. Christian [ reigned from 
 1448 to 14S1. 
 
24 
 
 SAIMN(i DIUKCTIO.VS 
 
 iP 
 
 oatod, have been Labrador. 1 am, however, sur- 
 l)rised to (iiid that Gomara [('ha[). xxxvii] who pub- 
 lished liis IliKfon'ii (Ic Ids Indias atSuraiiossa in l-")-)o, 
 was cognizant even at that time of this Pohsh pilot. 
 It is[)ossil)lethatwhe)ithe('odtisliery began to bring 
 the seamen of sontliern Kurope into more frequent 
 connection with the Scandinavian sailors, a sus^^.,!- 
 cion may have arisen that the land seen by Skolny 
 nnist have been the same as that visited by John 
 Cabot in 1407, and by Gaspar Cortereal in 1-3(10. 
 Goinara says, what in otlier respects is not quite 
 right, that the English took much pleasure in fre- 
 quent' .ig the coast of Labrador, for they found the 
 latitude and the chmate the same as th.at of their 
 native land, and tliai the men of Xorimuj have h^en 
 thd)e too with the pilot, John SlMlny^ as well as the 
 English with Sebastian Ca))ot." Jlumbohlt adds 
 to this : " Let us not forget that Gomara makes no 
 mention of the PoHsli pilot with reference to the 
 ([uestion of the priority of Columbus, though he is 
 malignant enough to assert, that it is in fact impos- 
 sible to say to whom the discovery of the New 
 Indies is due." [E.ranien C/itique, vol. n, p. 153—4.) 
 The sentence given from Gomara by Humboldt, 
 is found in chapter xxxvii of his Gvnenil History 
 of the Indies. In cha^jter xxxix he also remarks 
 that Bretons and Danes have like\ase gone to the 
 
OF HKXHV HTDSOX. 
 
 26 
 
 Biicaloas. Kunstiiianii also calls attention to the 
 subject in his woi'k. Die Eiii<h<hiin<i Amcrihas. 
 
 Tie says (p 4-")) : On historical jii'oiinds, however, 
 is a voyage hitherto too little noticed, which was 
 undertaken by the men of the north who formerly 
 visited the coast of America from Norway in the 
 second half of the fifteenth century." He then con- 
 tinues : " Francis Lopez Von Gomara, so called 
 from the name of one of the (Janary islands where 
 he was horn, had, according to his own testimony, 
 obtained from Olaus of (Jotha much knowledge 
 a))out the condition of Norway and her shipping. 
 We may thank him for the information given in 
 his I)f.scn'j)tii)it of Lahnalor, that the men from Nor- 
 way and the pilot, John Skolnus, and the Knglish 
 with Sebastian (Jabot had visited tliere." 
 
 In support of the voyage of Koli>iis, we have 
 the map of Michael Lok, of the date of 1527, as 
 given in Ilakluyts Dicers Voi/iajes toucldtnj ike Dls- 
 eoret'ie of America, Avhich was printed, in 1-382. 
 This map, Lok says, was based by him upon a 
 map drawn at Seville, and presented to Henry 
 VIII, by Verra/ano. A large tract of land, which 
 appears to be the same as that now known as 
 liallin's Land, is marked, "•.lac. Scolvum, Groes- 
 land." 
 
 The voyage of Skolnus does not, however, appear 
 much like a marvel, when we remember that for 
 
26 
 
 SAlI,I.\(i DIHKCTIONS 
 
 centuries prior to his time the conuiiuiiicatioii 
 was maintained with more or less reguhirity. The 
 hist of the seventeen bishops of Greenland, An- 
 dreas, was sent over in the year 1400, and three 
 years hiter we liave the proof of a marriage per- 
 formed by him in the Catliedral of Gardar. More- 
 over Wormius tokl Peyrere {E(/e(fef< Greenland, p. 
 xlvii) that down to the year 1484 there was a 
 company of sailors at Bergen in Norway who still 
 traded with Greenland. The Icelander, Bicorn von 
 Skardfa, also speaks of a Hamburg sailor, who 
 sailed in the North seas at about this period, 
 whose adventures had earned for him the name 
 of Jon Greenlander. 
 
 It is proper here, however, to notice the fact that 
 Peyrere had scruples about what Wornuus told 
 him of the Bergen sailors ; 3^et the only argument 
 that has been brought against it rests on the fact 
 that in (iueen Margaret's reign, lo8l), some Nor- 
 way merciumts fell under the ban of the law ibr 
 sailing to Greenland without the royal license. 
 This fact, almost accidentally preserved, helps, 
 instead of conflicting with, the statement of Wor- 
 mius that trade was carried on in 1484. Yet 
 it is a fact that connnunication had ceased about 
 the year loOO. Nevertheless, the truth that a 
 great continent lay in the ocean at the west, 
 was still familiar to a class of Scandina\'ian 
 
OF IlKNUY IH'DSON. 
 
 27 
 
 minds ; for when in the year 1518, King Christ- 
 ian II ascended his throne, he bound himself 
 with a solemn vow to reopen the ancient com- 
 munication with Greenland. At the same 
 time, Eric Walkendorf entered upon the work 
 with much enthusiasm, but, eventually sharing 
 the misfortunes of his sovereign, he went to 
 Home, where he died without accomplishing his 
 purpose. 
 
 When, therefore, we consider the whole question, 
 the alleged voyage of Costa Cortereal, in 1404, 
 does not appear at all improbable;^ since he may 
 have conferred with some one of the Scandinavian 
 sailors then voyaging to Greenland, and, on the in- 
 formation thus gained, embarked in an expedition 
 of his own, which at that time might easily have 
 passed as an event of minor importance to the 
 world, and thus gained no prominent place in the 
 
 ' In this conaectioii it may be of interest to note the fact 
 that tlio autliorof a privately printed work on Columbus (p. 82 ) 
 speaks as follows : " Santarem (juotes two works : One by Eras- 
 mus Slimid {iq>u</ Kabricius Jii//. i/rat., i, 145), which tends 
 to show that Homer was aware of the existence of tliis conti- 
 nent ; the other, by Ue (luignes, Jinmanjurs (Jvogntphlqiirs ct 
 Cn'tii/iirx, from which we learn that the Chinese had established 
 important eomniercial relations with America as early as the 
 year loS of nurcra." Which of Santarem's works are referred 
 to, he does not state. There is no doubt much valuable material 
 is stored up in the Chinese archives, which in course of time will 
 be brouii,ht to liylit. 
 
28 
 
 SAILINO DIKKCTIONS 
 
 cliroiiick'S of tlic'day.^ It may, thorefoiv, yet be 
 (U'lnon.strated to the satistiiction of liistorical stu- 
 dents that the old sailin<>' directions of Bardsen 
 were known hy a few on the European eontinent 
 in those early days of the Cortereals.' And it is 
 of sulhcient interest to mention in this eonueetion 
 
 ' rt" (Jolmiibiis liiid liooii lUiniliar witli tlic Iceliiiidic, lie iiiii;lit, 
 have gained this knowledge ibr hiniselt", when, the i-iri/ i/<<ir 
 fi)llnirhi(i tlw r(i//(i(/r of SA'ofinislm sailed far into the north and 
 visited Iceland. 
 
 In the year 1477 he wrote to his son Ferdinand, tlnit " he 
 sailed a hundred leagues beyond the isle of Thule, the southern 
 part of which is distant from the ec^uinoctial line seventy-three 
 degrees, and not sixty-three as some assert; neither does it lie 
 within the line which includes the west of J'toleiny, but is 
 much more westerly. To this island, which is as large as Eng- 
 land, the Engli.sh, especially those from IJristol, go with their 
 merchandise. At the time that I was there the sea was not 
 frozen, but the tides were so great as to rise and fall twenty six 
 fathoms. It is true that the Thulc, of which Ptolemy makes 
 mention, lies where he says it does, and by the moderns it is 
 called Frislandiaj" that is, FtiromfdiK/^ov l''aroe We may re- 
 member here also that the IJristol traders saved Iceland from 
 the fate which overtook Greenland. For letter of ('olumbus, 
 see Silrrt Li.Uirx. of ('o/iiniJtiia, p. xlv, by ^Major. 
 
 - " The family name was originally Cosfd or Cosfn, and is of 
 French extraction, having come to Portugal along with (Jount 
 Alphonzo llenriquez, under whom one of the Costas served in 
 the taking of Ijisbon and conf(uering Portugal from the Moors. 
 The family settled in Algarve, and when dohn \'az (!osta(some 
 say his father) came to the Portuguese court, he used to live in 
 such splendor and hos[iitality that the king observed to him, 
 ' Your presence, (losta, makes \ttin(if ('mir/.'" Mn/nr'K Ijitlcrx 
 of ('of mill) IIS, p. xlvii. 
 
OF IIENRV HUDSON. 
 
 20 
 
 tlio tcstiinoiiy of Las Casas, who saw a work by 
 
 Coliimhus' liiinsi'lf, On the InfornKition <iatlnr<<l 
 
 from Portwjuene an<l S/»uny<h Idiots roncerinnn 
 
 WcNtcrn Laruls (vSee Noirfi on Co/iinihm', privately 
 printed, Astor Library, p. So). This seems to in- 
 (li(!ate very clearly that .souicf/ihi.;/ was known l)y 
 the Spanish and P()rtn<:;nese ; and possibly, when 
 tlie treatise referred to by Las Casas comes to light 
 from among the ruljbish of some old library where 
 it is now })nried, we may ,///«/ t/w name of John 
 
 Va:: Conta Cortercal written therein. 
 
 But we must now turn to Flemy Hudson. The 
 cliaracter of Hudson, judged ])y the age in wbich he 
 lived, was tolerably i'air, though, of course, hardly 
 superior to ordinary examples. If it is true, as Mr. 
 Read supposes, that Hudson was nurtured under 
 the inilueiu'es of the Muscovy (Joinpany which 
 Alderman Hudson helped to Ibrm, we should })refer 
 to have seen him adlu-ring to the service of the 
 English, instead of taking the pay of the Dutch in 
 his third voyage. But for this change he doubtless 
 had satisfactory reasons. It has also been reniiirked 
 that in his third voyage he disobeyed his orders. 
 On tliis [)oint we may conclude that he was (piite 
 
 ' ("olunibiis first tli()ui;lit ol" laud at the wost in 147<t. In 
 1473 ho rocoivod a map rohitivc to the subject from the Floren- 
 tine astronomer, 'I'oscanelli. 
 
m^ 
 
 30 
 
 SAILINO DlHEt'TIONS 
 
 %' 
 
 ascapal)le of judging as the Company. His insub- 
 ordination was, on the whole, beneficial. In his last 
 and fatal voyage, it is said that he secretly amassed a 
 large quantity of the ship's stores, after having pro- 
 fessed to have made an equal distribution of all the 
 provisions on board. This was douljtless with the 
 best of intentions, since, if he did not ultimately 
 share them with his men, it must have l)een clear to 
 his mind that he could never bring his ship into port. 
 He also fell into needless trouble with the natives, 
 which cost lives, and allowed some of them to 
 become intoxicated on botird the Half Moon, where 
 in her little cabin, they held an unseemly revel. 
 This, however, was a mistake of judgment. He 
 lived in an age much ruder than ours, a time when 
 manners on ship-ljoard were more generally de- 
 praved. On the whole, Hudson Avas hardly a man to 
 be spoken against. But, on the other hand, his cha- 
 racter does not demand the high praise which some 
 have given. He was of fair courage, and persever- 
 ing, but not original or great, in any sense of the 
 terms. His was a respectable mediocrity. In 
 navigation he had no new conceptions, but was 
 rather a copyist. This being so, we might infer 
 at the outset, that he was not the first to discover 
 the river which bears his name. We find even 
 that the voyage to this latitude was suggested by 
 another. 
 
OK IIHNHV IIIDSON. 
 
 31 
 
 This was his Irioiid, Captain John Smith, who 
 argued that in hititiide forty he would find a pas- 
 sage to India. The influence of Weymoutli, to 
 wliose voyage he liad a(;cess through Plantius, ap- 
 pears to liave been considerable ; while he may also 
 have seen the globe made by Euphrosynus Vlpius 
 of Venice, in 1042, which lays down a narrow strait 
 leading westward in the latitude of the Hudson 
 river. Hudson must certainly have been acquainted 
 with the map of Michael Lok, pul)lislied in 
 Hakluyt's work of 1082, and WytHiet's of IGOn. 
 The map of Noruml)ega and Virginia, given by 
 the latter, though wrong in the calculation of lati- 
 tudes, shows that navigators were then perfectly 
 familiar with the coast. On this map Cape Hatte- 
 ras and Chesapeake bay are laid down under those 
 names, while the map of Lok shows numerous in- 
 lets Ijetween Florida and New York, among which 
 there is no difficulty in finding Delaware bay. But 
 in conducting the inquiry let us first ascertain what 
 were the early opinions in regard to the priority of 
 the voyage of Hudson. 
 
 The common representation teaches that, ac- 
 cording to the tradition of the Indians, Hudson 
 was the first European that visited this river, the 
 beautiful Cohotatea of the aborigines. Yet this is 
 simply a partial view, obttiined for political use, 
 and is manifestly untrue ; for no less a personage 
 
82 
 
 SAILlNti DIHKCTIONS 
 
 n„ 
 
 !ii 
 
 than Potnis Stuyvesant. tho governor of New 
 Ainsterduin, hiiiisolf admitted that the Dutch were 
 not the first visitors, and inclined to award this 
 honor to the French. Anion^' other testimonies 
 we have that of the Dutch Lahadists, who came 
 to New Amsterdam in K'lT'.). 'IMieir journal, re- 
 cently translated from the Dutch by Mr. Murphy, 
 for the Long Island Historical Society, contains the 
 very interesting* statement, that when they visited 
 Long Lsland the Lidians told them that the first 
 strangers ''seen in these parts" were ''Spaniards 
 or Portuguese," but that they did not remain Umg, 
 and that '•' (iffern'arils'^ the Dutch came. (Z. 7. 
 Hist. Coll., vol. I. p. 27o). This alone stamps the 
 story of Van Der Donk with its true character 
 where he makes the natives declare that they 
 ^' did not know there were any other i^cople in the 
 world'' before the Half Moon arrived {N. Y. Hist. 
 Coll., ser. 11, p. 137). 
 
 Afterwards the Labadists went to Albany, and 
 on the west side of the river, just below the town, 
 they saw the remains of an old fort " biult as they 
 [the people] say, hy the Spaniards." [L. I. Hist. 
 Coll., vol. I, p. 318) . Here, then, we have the Span- 
 iards again, though the notion that the fort was 
 built by them appears to be sulliciently well dis- 
 posed of by the fact presented by Mr. Brodhead 
 in his HiMory of New York (p. 55), where we find 
 
OF HEN'IIV IIl'DSON. 
 
 88 
 
 that llt'iidrit'k Chri.stiiU'iisen l)uilt a Ibi'tilied trud- 
 in«:;li()usi' on the island relerrt'd to, ill 1(114. It had 
 a strong stockade, a, moat eighteen I'eet wide, and 
 was armed with two large gnns and eleven swivels. 
 Still, though it is clear that the tradition in regard 
 to the Portuguese and Spaniards, existed when 
 the Lahadists visited Albany, we must not, at a 
 time like the present, when American history is 
 freeing itself from the meshes of fable, allow our 
 selves to fall into the error of bringing a tradition 
 to prove a /act, but we should rather use facts to 
 prove the tradition. Let us therefore inquire Avhat 
 it is really worth. 
 
 First, then, we find that the priority of Hudson's 
 discovery is denied by the Dutch themselves, who, 
 according to Dr. O'Callaghan [New Ni'therlan<l, p. 
 2G), had two ships, those of Sieur Beveren, sailing 
 in American waters in 1512. Of course we have 
 no knowledge of the partic^ular places visited. But 
 when we come to the period of 1598 the statements 
 assume a tangible form. In the year 1644, the 
 committee of the Dutch West India Company, 
 known as the General Board of Accounts, to whom 
 numerous documents and papers had been in- 
 trusted, made a lengthy report, which they begin 
 by saying : " New Netherlands, situated in Ame- 
 rica, between English Virginia and New England, 
 extending from the South [Delaware] river, lying 
 
:?4 
 
 SAILINO DIlfKC'I'lo.NS 
 
 I',' 
 
 in 'M'j (k'lirct's. to ('ii|K' Mulaliar, in tlic liititiide 
 of 1 1 :J (IcjiTcc's. wiiH Hi'st IVcquontc'd by the inliahit- 
 nnts of this country in the yciir l-V.IS. and ('S[)e- 
 cially In those of the (Ireeidand ('on»[)any, but 
 without making any fixed settlements, only as a 
 slu'ltei- in the winter. For whieh thi'y eiveted on 
 the North (Hudson) and South (Delaware) rivers 
 there two little forts against the incursions of the 
 Indians." (.V. ): (h/. Doc, vol. i, 140).- 
 
 This testimony, which we have no means of dis- 
 proving, sweeps away at a single blow the claim of 
 Hudson as the discoverer of the Co/iohifrx of the In- 
 dians, as well as that of the noble Delaware; and 
 so far as the Englishman may be concerned, we 
 miuht Avell rest the case where the conunittee of the 
 West India Company leave it in their report to the 
 states-general. But there are other claims to be 
 considered. 
 
 We must pass over the statements of Holmes, 
 Chalmers and others, that Cabot, who sailed down 
 the American coast to the latitude of Gibraltar, 
 made himself ac(|nainted with all this part of the 
 
 " On this testimony Mr. JJrodliead says, in liis llixtnri/ of Xnr 
 Vnrk (p. 3.5 */.), that the statement " needs confirmation," and 
 refers (in Appendix A) to JV. Y. Hist. Soc. Proc, app. 9G; ^V. 
 Y. Lit. World, No. 322, p. 271; .Y. .1. Rrv., ix, 103-105; 
 and llockewelder, in ^\^. Y. Hli^t. Coll., siriis II, vol. i, 71-73. 
 None of these references, however, conflict with tlie Dntcli re- 
 port, which, being based on documents, and coming from 
 
OF IIF-NKV liri>S()N. 
 
 ;}•) 
 
 continent, foi* the roiison that we do not know what 
 he actually accomplished, and conic to Verrazano, 
 who is generally believed to have explored the 
 coast in l-Vi^. If the record is anthcntic, it ninst 
 also be admitted that this navigator, who made him- 
 selt'so famous as Juan Florentin, actually entered 
 the bay of New York and discovered the mouth of 
 the river. His alleged letter to Francis I, king of 
 France, dated July 8, 1524 (see N. V. Hist. Coll., ser. 
 II, vol. I, p. 45), states that in sailing northward 
 along the coast, evidently in the region of New 
 York, he '' found a very pleasant situation among 
 some steep hills, through which a very large river, 
 deep at its mouth, forced itsAvay to the sea ; to the 
 estuary of the river, any ship heavily laden might 
 pass with the help of the tide, which rises eight feet. 
 But as we were riding at anchor in a good berth, 
 we would not venture up in our vessel, without a 
 knowledge of the mouth ; therefore we took the 
 boat, and entering the river, we found the country 
 on its banks well peopled, the inhabitants not dif- 
 fering much from the others [previously mentioned] 
 
 :iii liDiioriiblo body, soeiiis ontitlcd to credit. Hcckowoldor, in 
 tlio above reference, simply gives the Indian tradition of the 
 arrival of Hudson, wliich, without sayini"; so, appears to teach 
 that Hudson was the first European who came to the river. 
 IJut we have already seen, frou) the forced admission of the 
 too partial Van J)er i)t)nck, that such was not the unanimous 
 belief auion<r the natives. 
 
86 
 
 SAILIN(i I>II{|;<TI(>NS 
 
 lu'lnji (Irossod out with the rcatlicrs of birds of 
 various colors. 'VUvy came lorward towards us 
 with evident dt'lij-lit, i'aisiii<.>' h)U(l shouts of adnii- 
 ratioii. and showing us where we could most se- 
 cur-'lv land with our boat. We passed up this 
 river about half a lea}i,ue, when we found it formed 
 a most beautiful lake three leagues in eiivuit, upon 
 which thej wei'e rowing thirty or more of their 
 small l)oats, from one shore to the other, (illed with 
 nudtitudes who came to see us. All of a sudden," 
 he says, " as is wont tohappen to navigators, a violent 
 contrary wind blew in from the sea, and forced us 
 to return to our ship, greatly regretting to leave this 
 region which seemed so commodious and delightful, 
 and which we supposed must also contain great 
 riches, as the hills showed many indications of 
 minerals." Here the description will be recognized 
 as tolerably good, while the reference to minerals 
 agrees with the impression received by II udson when 
 he looked upon the white-green dill's near the 
 Elysian Fields at Iloboken. (See linxlhead, p. -]4, 
 and ^ls7/cA //</t7.so//, p. '.10), Leaving New York, 
 this voyager professes to have sailed northward to 
 Rhode Island, and from thence passed on to Maine, 
 where the coast is well described. 
 
 Verrazano was an ollicer in the privateer service 
 of Francis I. In l52o he captured two ships sail- 
 ing from Mexico to Spain, freiglited in part with 
 
OF IIKNKY III'DSON. 
 
 87 
 
 tlic ;ii'ms and jewels ol' Moiite/uiiia and his lords. 
 The caijtiirc onahlcd liini to make [jrincelv presents 
 t«t the Uin<:; and nohility of France.^ It has heen 
 conjectured tliat he was lianged tor piracy, about 
 the year J-")27-(S. 
 
 ]Jut thi' discovery of tlie Hudson does not di'pend 
 even u[)(»n W'rra/ano. We have another early 
 naviiiiitor, who sailed u[)on thesi> coasts, in the per- 
 son of Estevan (ionie/. Sir .lohn Harrow says in 
 his (JhruiKf/ofjiral Accomif nf Noitli-ti'cutern Vat/di/cs 
 (p. 'j4), that (Jaspar Ens is the only writer who 
 mentions Clomez at all. And yet Gomez is no 
 myth, as we shall see. Purchas's account, taken 
 IVom the brief tract of Claspar Ens, published at Co- 
 logne, in lOl'J, is very meagre, yet the voyage of 
 Clomez is periectly well known," though not men- 
 tioned by various prominent writers. In lolU 
 
 ' 'I'liiisu wlio dijisiri" to ri'ud what is to Ix; said atiaiiist the 
 aiitheiitii'ity ul' tlu; ^'ol'^a7.allo letter, are referred to the soareh- 
 iu'j: ]»aper of Huekingliaiii Siiiitli, Ks((., who is so eiiiiiiently 
 (lualitied by his researches in tiiis department to speak on the 
 subject. 
 
 - Tiie references Biddlc <^ivcsarc the foUowinir. which all bear 
 on (ioniez : P(t( >■ Mur/j/r, dec. vi, c. x. and dec. viii, c. .\ ; 
 Oriiiht (^(,'inrriif I/istnn/), c. x; Jimniixi'i, vol. in, p. 52, in In- 
 dex, title iStcphaiio ; (/otiHira, c. xl ; M Jin/ ( d'f. 1'"//-)) P^- '^'i 
 p. OK •,Fiim)i{ I/ix/nn/offhrJii(h'('s), fol.49; I/rrrrrn, dec. Ill, lib. 
 VIII. c. viii ; (lulnnio ( Ilnl.-Iiti/t, 1 (Jdl ). p. Ofi; E<hii ( Ihrndrs) fol. 
 213; Sir H7///(f»t J/oy/w/( (Naval Tracts}, b. IV. Tutheseniay 
 bo added Wjjtjktt, p. 101. 
 
88 
 
 SAll.INO DIRECTIONS 
 
 i ;':::; 
 
 :llii|- 
 
 
 he sailod as tlio chief pilot of MageUan, but 
 finally left him at the Majiollan straits under 
 unfi^rtunate, if not disreputable circumstances, and 
 returned home. After finding him engaged in 
 that southern expedition, it is not difficult to believe 
 that he subsequently explored the northern parts 
 of the American coast. 
 
 Galvano says of Gomez that, failing to obtain a 
 conunand in the new expedition to the Moluccas in 
 1524, he went to the northern coast of America to 
 search for a new passage to those islands. The 
 " Earle Don Fernando de Andrada, and the Doctor 
 Beltram, and the marchant Christopher de Sarro, 
 furnished a gallion for him, and he went from 
 Groine in Galicia to the island of Cuba, and to the 
 point of Florida, sailing l)y day because he knew 
 not tho land. He passed the bay of Angra, and 
 the river Enseada, and so went over to the other 
 side. It is also reported that he came to Cape 
 Razo, in 40 degrees to the north ; from whence he 
 came l)acke againe to the Groine laden with slaves. 
 In this voyage Gomez was ten monthes."^ 
 
 It was the theory of Gomez, that as when with 
 Magellan he found a southern strait leading to the 
 Indies, so he would now find a short route to the 
 
 ' ll,ikhu,r>^ Sdrctwm,eA. 1812, p. U; IMn' Mortip; decade 
 VIII, p- ^iOl ; (/ow.ira, lib. T, cap. v. The«e ure the references (.1 
 Galvano. 
 
OK TIKNKV iirnsoN. 
 
 80 
 
 same place by searchinji;' the American coast at the 
 north. He accordingly obtained a caravel, and set 
 out, according to Navarrete, in February, 1 ')25, to 
 ])er('orm the voyage. He failed to find any open- 
 ing to the Indies, but nevertheless explored a great 
 portion of the coast and discovered the Hudson. 
 Of this the most satisfactory proof exists.^ 
 
 His voyage was of im])ortance for the reason that 
 it convinced several of the continental governments 
 of the folly of searching any longer for that unreal 
 passage which employed the best energies of the 
 Dutch and English for nearly a century afterwards. 
 But let us now speak of the expedition more in detail. 
 
 P]stevan Gomez was a Portuguese sailor in the 
 service of Spain. In 1524 he attended the congress 
 at Badajos, Sebastian Cabot likewise being present. 
 At this congress, Portugal, being jealous of the in- 
 fluence of Spain, opposed the plan for an expedition 
 to the Indies ; but soon after the difficulties be- 
 tween the powers were adjusted, and the king 
 of Spain, in connection with some merchants, fitted 
 out a caravel, as already stated, giving Gomez the 
 con nn and. 
 
 Peter Martyr having described the council of 
 Badajos, held in 1524, which dispatched a fleet to 
 
 ' See /j>,pc::(^/fisfi)n/ i>f DkIIh), cd. ];jr)5, e. 12, 40; Orictlo 
 {llialiinj ofliulid). 1537, toui. II, lib. XXI, c. 8-9 ; A»h<rH Ihiin/ 
 Jlixhiin ; pp. L\x.\vii,cxlv ; llisfon'cul Maijazinc, 18GG, p. 3(58. 
 
I , J 
 
 40 
 
 SAIMN(J 1)II{K(T1()NS 
 
 hi 
 
 tlio [ndios by the old route, he speaks of the deci- 
 sion arrived at to seek a new route northward by 
 America,. He writes : ''It is also deci-eed, that one 
 Stej)hanus (lomez (who also himselle a skillful 
 Navigator) shall goe another way, where by be- 
 tweene the Baccaloas, and Florida, long since our 
 countries, he saith he will tinde out a way to 
 Cataia : one only .^hippe called a Caravel is fur- 
 nished for hiin, and he sludl have no other thlntj in 
 chaiye, then to search out icethcr any pamaye to the 
 (jreai Chan^ from out the diuers ivinduajfi, and vast 
 conqiassbui of this our Ocean, loe, ;■ to he found'' 
 (dec. Yi, chap. x). Peter Martyr thus speaks of 
 the return of Gomez: '" Now I come to Stephanus 
 Gomez, who as I haue already sayd in the end of 
 that booke presented to your Holinesse [Pope 
 Clement VII,] beginning (before that) was sent 
 with one Caravel to seeke another Straight be- 
 twene the land of Florida and the Bachalaos 
 sufficiently known, and frequented. He neither 
 finding the straight, nor Gaitaia which he pro- 
 mised, returned Ijacke within tenn monethes after 
 his departure. I always thought and presupposed 
 this good man's imaginations were vayn and friuo- 
 lous. Yet wanted he no sufl'rages and voyces in 
 
 ' Pope Leo was so much pleased with the narrations of Martyr 
 tliat ho used to sit up late at night reading theui to his sister 
 and the cardinals. 
 
OF MKNKY IITDSOX. 
 
 41 
 
 liis fiiuor and defence. Notwithstandinji' he found 
 pleasant and profitable countries, ajrreeahle with 
 our Parallels, and degrees of the Pole." The writer 
 then refers to a matter which he had treated of very 
 extensively in Decade vii, chapter iii, saying : " Li- 
 centiatus Aiglionus [Ayllon] also a Senator in 
 Ilispaniola by his freindes, familiars travailed 
 & passed the .same •stranife sftores to if Norlh (\f 
 Hispamola, Caha, and the Incaian Mauds neere y^ 
 Bachidam^ & the countryes of Chicora, and Duraba 
 whereof I speake at large before. Where, after 
 the declaration of the rites, and customs of the na- 
 tions and the descriptions oi notable hauenfi and (jreat 
 rimi's, groues of Holme, Oake, and Oliues, and 
 wild vines euery where there spreading in the woods, 
 they say, they founde also other trees of our coun- 
 trey and that surely not in short Epitome, but con- 
 suming and expending great bundles of paper 
 therein. But what need haue we of these things 
 which are common with all the people of Europe ? 
 to the South, to the South [sic] for the great and 
 exceeding riches of the iEqunoctiall they that seek 
 riches must not go vnto the cold, and frosen north." 
 The full account of this voyage does not men- 
 tion what was done at the northern part, near 
 
 ' dabot appears to have fourul this Badquc word in use anions 
 the natives, which, if true, proves that the IJiscuy lisheruien had 
 anticipated the voyage of Columbus. 
 (! 
 
 
•ff^^r^ 
 
 42 
 
 SAILIN<J DIRECTIONS 
 
 :||lli|i 
 
 the " Bachaloas," bj which was meant the country 
 above the tbrty-fourth parallel. It is therefore to 
 be regretted that Peter Martyr did not think it 
 worth while to give the contents of those great bun- 
 dles of paper. These regions he had already re- 
 marked were " long since our countries, " 
 
 One story is related of Gomez's return (D. viii,cx), 
 thought very laughable. He tells the pope: "In 
 this adventure your Holinesse shall heare a plea- 
 sant & conceited puft'e of winde arising, able to pro- 
 cure laughter. This Stephanus Gomez hauing 
 attained none of those things which wee thought he 
 should haue found, lest he should returne empty, 
 (!ontrary to the laws vset down by vs, that no man 
 should ofter violence to any nation, fraighted his 
 shipp with people of lx)th sexes, taken from cer- 
 taine innocent halfe naked nations, who contented 
 themselues in cottages insteede of houses. And 
 when he came into the hauen Clunia, from whence 
 he set sayle, a certaine man hearing of the arri- 
 ual of his shippe, and that hee had brought Escla- 
 vos that is to say slaues, seekinge no further, came 
 postinge vnto us, with pantinge & breathless spirit 
 sayinge, that Stephanus Gomez bringeth his shippe 
 laden with clones and precious stones; and 
 thought thereby to have received some rich pre- 
 sent, or reward. They who favored the matter, 
 attentiue to this manns foolish and idle report. 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 48 
 
 wearied the wliole C/Ourt with exceediiige great ap- 
 pLaiise, ciittinge of the worde by Apha^resis, pro- 
 clayiniiige, that for E.sclavos, hee had brought 
 Clauos (for the Spanish tongue calleth slaves Es- 
 clavos, and clones Clauos) but after the Court vnder- 
 stoode that the tale was transformed from (Uoues 
 to slaves, they break foortli into a great laugh- 
 ter, to the shame and blushinge of the fauorers Avho 
 shouted for joy. If they hadd learned that the in- 
 fluence of the heauens could be nowhere infused 
 into terestiall matters prepared to receiue that aro- 
 maticall spirit, saue from the j^Equinoctiall Sunne, 
 or next vuto it, they would have knowne, that in 
 the space tenn inoneths (wherein hee performed his 
 voyage) aromaticall Clones could not bee founde." 
 Gomez appears to have done his work quite 
 thoroughly. In the course of the voyage he drew 
 up a map, the outlines of which were afterwards 
 embodied in the planisphere made by Ki))ero, now 
 preserved in the British Museum. At a congress 
 held at Badajos after the voyage of Gomez, where 
 the most distinguished geographers of Spain and 
 Portugal met to settle the disputes arising out of 
 Pope Alexander s grant, the (mtlines of America 
 were fixed for the first time from the discoveries of 
 both nations.* 
 
 it 
 
 ' Sec As/irr's llnirif IIihIkou thr Xiiv!<jith>i\ p. xci Aslier 
 complains that (joiucz's discoveries were so poorly put upon paper 
 
 "if 
 
44 
 
 SAILIN({ DIUECTIONS 
 
 The explorations of Gomez appear to have been 
 the most thoroufih in hititude forty and forty-one. 
 Oviedo had his reports, and gives among his de- 
 scriptions the foUowing statements: 
 
 " From Cape St. John to Cape or Promontory of 
 the Sands, in 38° 20' are thirty leagues North North- 
 east ; thence other 30 leagues North is Cape San- 
 tago in 30° 30' ; thence the coast turns South-Avest 
 20 leagues to bay St. Chripstabel in 39°. From that 
 bend made by the land the coast turns northward, 
 passing said Bay 30 leagues to Rio St. Antonio 
 in 41°, which is north and south with said bay." 
 {Hist. Mag., \%m,^. 309). 
 
 A careful comparison of all these accounts 
 will persuade the reader that by the l)ay of St. 
 Chripstabel is meant the lower bay of New York 
 in connection with Raritan bay, and tluit Rio 
 St. Antonio is the Hudson river. The latitudes 
 are sufficiently exact for those times, but what 
 is more noticeable is the fact stated, that this 
 river lay north and south with the bay, which can- 
 not be affirmed of any other river of note in this 
 locality. In Ribero's map/ the whole country from 
 
 by Ribero. Yet wc must remember that tliis was done at a 
 time when map-making was in its infancy, and scientific accuracy 
 was not always expected. 
 
 ' The following, in relation to the early cartography of America, 
 may here prove appropriate. Juan de la Cosa, otherwise known 
 
OF HENRY IirDSON. 
 
 45 
 
 New Jorsoy to Rhode Island is called the land of 
 Esfei'iiih Gomez, while the land southward is called 
 the land of UAyllon. Sprengel unites with Aslier 
 in demonstrating the discovery of the Hudson 
 by Gomez. Aslier thinks that the Spaniards who 
 came to the coast after Gomez, also sometimes 
 
 as JuanViscuyno, was a Biscayaii. This person, accompanied 
 Columbus on his second voyage to America, and took part in 6vc 
 expeditions, two of which he commanded. IJernardo de Ibarra 
 says "that he saw and heard the Admiral [Columbus] complain 
 of Juan de laCosa, saying, that because he had brought him 
 to these parts for the first time, and as a man of ability l.uid taught 
 him navigation, he went around saying that he knew more than 
 himself." (^XoUia on Colmnhnx, privately printed, New York, 
 186G, p. 38) Peter Martyr also says, speaking of the early maps : 
 " Of all other, they most esteem them of Johannes de la Cossa, the 
 companion of Fogeda (whom we sayde to be slayne of the people 
 of Caramaivi in the hauen of Carthago) and another expert pilote 
 called Andreas Moralis, had set forth." (Occ, ii, cap. x.) 
 These testimonies show that his reputation was deserved. In 1507 
 he received a pension of 50,000 maravedis for his services to the 
 king. In 1507 he was appointed mayor of I'raba, and two years 
 later, attending the expedition of Ojeda, at Darien, he lost his 
 life, being slain by an Indian. 
 
 In 1832, Humboldt found his Mappomunili in the library 
 of Walcknaer. This map was sold at auction in Paris for 4,020 
 francs. Perhaps it was the identical map that Petyr Martyr 
 found in the study of Bishop Fonseca when he went to consult 
 him in 1514, on the subject of newly found territories IJeecher, 
 in his Lamlfall of Columbus, p. xiv, says it is an "old docu- 
 ment not worthy to be called a chart ; " but Humbuiut testifies 
 that it is the most important map known concerning the earliest 
 history of the geography of the new world. Santarem and 
 Lelewel coincide with this opinion. The map covers more than 
 fifteen scjuare feet of surface. The inscription is as follows : 
 
46 
 
 SAILING DIUECTIONS 
 
 called the river by liif« name. Rio de Gamez, as 
 some also styled a river on the coast of Maine, in- 
 stead of Rio St. Anthony. Asiier informs ns that 
 the Hudson is thus called in the Spanish routiers 
 made at the time for the use of those timid sailors 
 who, even down to the seventeenth century, were ac- 
 
 Juan <Jc In Coxa la fizo en d piierto tie Sta Maria en ano do 
 1500. 
 
 Above the inscription is a figure of 8t. Columbus, carrying 
 the infant Christ through the sea. holding a globe, surmounted 
 with a cross, in his right hand. A portion of the map in 
 outline is given in Lelewel's Collection of Ancient Maps. Also 
 in fliiniholilt's Ejutmrn Critique, vol. v ; in Ghillani/'s Behuini ; 
 and in liaman de la Saijra. 
 
 The oldest printed map which contains the new world is the 
 Vnivcrsailor Coynoti Orbit of John Ruysch, which appeared 
 in the edition of Ptolemy printed at Venice in 1508. The 
 part upon which the western continent appears is given in 67**7- 
 lunej/n Betuiim. 
 
 The first person to suggest the name America as a proper name 
 for the new continent was Martin Waldsee Muller, or Ilylaco- 
 mylus, who pri.ited it in his (HoIjus Mundi in 1507. A writer 
 in a German review, in the course of an examination of Kunst- 
 mann's maps of America, declared that he had seen the name on 
 au old map attached to a work by the Pole, John de Stobnicza, 
 which appeared ih 1512. liut a careful examination reveals no 
 such nujp, and the probability is that the reviewer in question 
 was in error. {Archeolo(/ia of the London antiquaries, vol. xl). 
 
 A copy of a hitherto unknown map has, however, been disco- 
 vered in the queen's library at Windsor Castle, and Mr. R. T. Ma- 
 jor, the accomplished author of Prince Henri/ the Xavigator, lia.s 
 exercised his ingi^nuity in providing a date for it. lie claims 
 these points for this map : namely, that it is the earliest map to 
 indicate the severance of America from Asia, of Cuba from Japan, 
 and the first to represent the southern continent. - • 
 
OF IlKNRY IirUSON. 
 
 47 
 
 customed to skirt the const, instead of steering boldly 
 in a direct course for desired ports in the West Indies. 
 The mouth of the Hudson — Rio de Gamez — was 
 one of their stations, as was the case with tlie island 
 of Nantucket, called by the routiers Juan Luis or 
 Juan Fernandez.^ 
 
 In this map Cuba and the Baccalloas appear as islands, and 
 the name America is given to the southern continent. Mr. 
 Major fixes the date of this map at 1513-14, for this reason, 
 among others, that it seems to indicate Balboa's discovery of the 
 Pacific. He attributes the authorship to no less a person than 
 that great genius Leonardi DaVinci ; and it must be confessed 
 that he sustains his positions with no little candor and ability. 
 But when we come to the year 1520 we have the word America in 
 a map whose age no one can dispute. This is the MitpjxamDnll of 
 Appianus, which is given in the work of John Cauiertis. 
 
 One of the most interesting of the early maps is that of llibero, 
 which bears the date of 1527, and gives the results of both Span- 
 ish and Portuguese explorations down to that date. A section of 
 this invaluable map is given in the work of the unfortunate 
 Lelewel. It is of especial interest in connection with the present 
 work, for the reason that it performs an important part in esta- 
 blishing the discovery of the Hudson by Gomez in 1525. Other 
 ancient and highly interesting maps relating to America will be 
 found in the collections of Kunstmann, and Jomard. The map 
 of Antonio Zeni is referred to elsewhere. 
 
 ' In answer to a letter of inquiry, Dr. Asher writes to me, 
 under date of Heidelberg, Feb. 24, 1869, that the rontiers 
 referred to are in the British Museum. In this connection I 
 may state that the old maps, which I have consulted, invariably 
 call the Hudson, Rio St. Antonio, and never Rio de Gamez, as 
 stated to be the case in the above mentioned nmtlers. On tiie 
 other hand the river of Gomez is always represented in the 
 latitude of the Penobscot, to which Gomez himself possibly 
 gave his name. 
 
w^ 
 
 48 
 
 SAIIiINO DIHKCTIONS 
 
 From ill! the foregoing testimony it must he 
 'ilear to unprejudiced minds that, whoever may 
 claim the honor of first discovering the River of 
 St. Anthony, Henry Hudson can claim no part 
 in it. Verra/ano, Estevan Gomez, and the Dutch 
 of 1598 all rise up to claim ahmg priority. Thus 
 the old Labadist tradition takes life and meaning. 
 
 And such a result seemed long ago to have 
 been anticipated and feared by the friends of 
 Hudson who have, at times, caught a glimpse 
 of the truth. The statement of Wassanaar who 
 {N. T. Doc. Hist., vol. i, 35) speaks of the river 
 of St. Anthony (for such we have a right to 
 call it), as "the river called, first Rio de Mon- 
 tmjnes, now the River Mauritius, lying in 40 J de- 
 grees," seems to have troubled Benson, like some 
 handwriting on the wall, cancelling Hudson's claim. 
 Still he was of good courage and inclined to be 
 fair. Yet, notwithstanding the river was called 
 River of the Mountains, he tells us that the early 
 explorers, whoever they may have been, probably 
 did not approach nearer than the Narrows.^ It 
 
 1 Benson quoted Van Der Donck who says : "There are some 
 who maintain that the Spaniards were in this eountry many years 
 before, but, finding it so cold, left it; but I could never so under- 
 stand it." But the Ijabadists so understood it, and even Petrus 
 Stuyvesant, the Dutch governor, favored the French. Benson 
 hesitates to sanction Van Der Donck, and says, " He was a Dutch- 
 man, and doubtless penned the passage, in asseveration of their 
 
or HKNin iiidson. 
 
 49 
 
 would, in the absoiico of all testimony to the con- 
 trary, appeared quite as reanonable to have con- 
 cluded that they sailed up the Hudson, for when it is 
 once fairly entered, the name given by Wassanaar, 
 who was never in this country, and obtained it 
 a))road, ai)[)ears every way appropriate. Indeed, 
 no one can say that V^errazano himself did not give 
 this name its European reputation. For in his letter 
 he well nigh brings out the idea, when he speaks of 
 the stream as a river of, or among, the steep IiiUs. 
 According to our best knowledge, if we concede 
 the voyage of Verrazano, that navigator first 
 found ^ this grand river {GnincUsdma riviera), and 
 Estevan Gomez named it. They were separated 
 from one another by scarcely a year's time, and 
 neither appears to have had any knowledge at the 
 time of what the other had done. 
 
 title to the river as the first discoverers of it. lie also says : 
 " I cannot forbear from the conjecture that they [the Spaniards] 
 approached so near as distinctly to discern the opening-, the 
 iVfirrows, and concludiuf^ it to be the entrance to a river, and 
 Nevesinek and Staten Island being the only land on the coast 
 apparently mountdlnous, thence the name Riocr of the Mount- 
 uins" N. Y. Hist. Coll., N. S., vol. ii, p. 90. My own view, 
 after carefully consultinf>- the map of Eibero and others, is that 
 the name Kiver of the Mountains may have been first applied to 
 a river, east of Mount Desert, Maine, and afterwards transferred 
 to the Hudson. 
 
 ' One well known and accomplished writer says that Verra- 
 zano simply " looked into the harbor of New York." This, how- 
 ever, is not the way that navigator states it. 
 7 
 
50 
 
 S.\II,IN(i DIUKCTIoNS 
 
 What VciTiiZiuio m'('(nii|»lish('(l iit tlic Itivor of 
 the Slvcp Hills \vv arc pcirectly assuri'd of, but 
 liow ''iir (lotnc/ ascended the so-called /fio 
 tSf. Aiifoitio ' we are unable to say. Vet wlien we 
 consider that his special aim was to si'arch for 
 some strait that mijiht carry him to the Indies, it 
 is not at all likely that he would have neglected to 
 ascertain whither this broatl opening led. 
 
 There is anotlier point that has been claimed for 
 Hudson which it will prove interesting to examine. 
 One writer tells us that Hudson, by noting the sin- 
 gular amelioration of the climate, originated the 
 great idea of an open polar sea," and refers to Mr. 
 ^Murphy's monograph on Hudson as first bringing 
 forward this fact. But Mr. Murphy simply says (p. 
 12) that after his second voyage he became known 
 " because he had reached, as was supposed, that 
 tempting region of Arctic exploration, the open 
 Polar sea." ^", Veer's account of the Dutch 
 expedi*^' .o94, which account (p. 41) was 
 
 ' ]> ,, in his j1/mho(Vs says, that " the prouioiitovy in the 
 
 lliglilandLi [is] called Aiifoiiic's jVozr, after Atifoiiic JJr Iloogt, 
 secretary of the colony of Kensselaerwyck." lie jiives no au- 
 thority for the opinion. The liabadist brethren culled it An- 
 tonis ncKs (A. /. J fiat. Coll. vol. I, p. 330) and say that all the 
 headlands," bear the names that were originally given to them," 
 and tliis because it has the form of u man's nose. All the Dutch 
 Antlu)nies appear to have claimed it in turn ; but what if it 
 should finally appear that it was named by the Spaniards, who 
 gave the whole river into the charge of St. Anthony !* 
 
OK IlKNUV IllDSON. 
 
 -)! 
 
 probably written bv Barcntz. arjrncs substantially 
 in favor of an open nea. It is distinctly di'dared 
 tliat " the noarni'ssof the pole was not the cause i)f 
 the great colde we felt." 
 
 The writer says tiiat it is •• as hot under 23 i" 
 as under the line," and asks " what wonder then 
 .should it bee that about the North Pole also and 
 as many degrees on both sides of it should not bcu 
 colder then right under the Pole." He afterwards 
 i'ontinues. "Thus much will 1 say, that though we 
 held not our direct pretended course to North-east, 
 that therefore it is to bee iuged that the colde 
 would have let no one pass through that way, for 
 it was not the Sea, nor the nearnesse unto the 
 Pole, but the ice about the [nuiin] land that let 
 and hindered vs (as I sayd before) for that as soon 
 as we made from the land, and put more into the 
 Sea, although it was nmch further northward, pre- 
 sently we felt more warmth ; and in that opinion 
 our pilote William Barentz died." 
 
 In the accoiuit of the voyage of 15U5 the writer 
 argues against the old idea " y' ooO miles at least 
 of the North Pole on both, sides are not to be sailed, 
 which appeareth not to be true, for that the White 
 sea and farther northward is now say led." The 
 writer also says that it is by the farre colder there 
 [on the main] then it is a greate deal nearer the 
 pole in the large seas." His theory was that the 
 
52 
 
 SAILING DIllECTlONS 
 
 ice came down the rivers of iiortliorii Europe and 
 accumulated on the coast, while the water to the 
 northward was open, affording a route to China. 
 Hence the expedition of 1595 boldly tried to push 
 north of Nova Zenib] instead of seeking to go as 
 at first between that island and the main. If any 
 na»^igaLor of that period is entitled to be considered 
 the originator of the theory of an open polar sea, 
 that person was Barent/, the pilot of the first three 
 expeditions, with which Hudson had no connec- 
 tion. The same view is supported by the letter 
 of President Jeanin, written from the Hague, 
 January 21, 1609, to Henry IV, and given b}^ 
 Asher in his Ilejiry Hudson the Nackjator (p. 244). 
 In this letter (p. 245) he says " an English pilot, 
 Avho has twice sailed in search of a northern pas- 
 sage, has been called to Amsterdam hy the East 
 India Company, to teli them what he had found, 
 and whether he hoped to discover that passage. 
 They were well satisfied with his answer, and had 
 thought they inUjlit succeed in the scheme." This 
 does not even bejir out the remark of Mr. Murphy 
 before quoted, where he intimates that the Dutch 
 had supposed Hudson had reached the open sea. 
 Jeanin afterwards says, " Plancius maintains, ac- 
 cording to the reasons of his science, and from the 
 information given him, l)oth by the Englishman 
 (Hudson) and other pilots who have been engaged 
 
OF lIENliY HUDSON. 
 
 53 
 
 in the same navigation, that there must bo in the 
 northern ports a passage corresponding to tlio one 
 found near the South pole by Magellan. One of 
 these pilots has been there three [thirteen, i. e., 1594] 
 years ago." 
 
 This pilot who preceded Hudson has already 
 been jilluded to, and his oAvn language shows 
 that it was he, and not Plancius, who worked out 
 the idea of an open polar sea.^ This claim for 
 Hudson is therefore unsupported. Indeed it will 
 be found impossible to erect a character of great- 
 ness for Henry Hudson. As already remarked 
 his mind Avas cast in an ordinary mould, and 
 possessed no elements of originality. He was a 
 good copyist but hardly more.- 
 
 ' I liere use tlie popular languafio in regard to the I'oliir sea. 
 In the year 1500, it is believed Columbus predicted the disco- 
 very of the North polo. 
 
 - Foster claimed that Hudson discovered Spitzberuen. having 
 forgotten his own declaration, in another place, where he says 
 '• Hudson saw Spitzbergen in 1(J07, which had been discovered 
 eleven years before by the Dutch." Barrow, speaking more 
 to the point, says in his ('/iriiiio/o(/icti' 'fistnn/n/'ArcfirJuyinnf, 
 that " it deserves to be remarked that he was the lirst of north- 
 ern navigators, and probably the first Knglishman, who made 
 observations on the inclination or dip of the needle." His 
 observation made in his second voyage may be found in Ashn- s 
 Jlcnri/ lliuhdti, p. 25. If IJarrow had said that Hudson was 
 the first of a class of navigators to vnnnl the dip of the needle 
 it would have been better. He certainly could not have been 
 the first to notice the fact, unless all his predecessors wore blind. 
 
54 
 
 SAILINii DIUKCTIONS 
 
 Tt only leiiuiins now to spoak Jirit'll y of tlic tiaiis- 
 lators of Iv^ar |{ar(ls(!n'.s work. 
 
 Kiisi is Williain IJaroiit/, oi* IJaiciitseii, IIk; dis- 
 til igiiisli ed explore!!-. Uarciitson was a Dutch 
 navi;^at'M", who made thrcu voyages I'ortho [mrposo 
 ol" I'oachiiijr China by north-east sea. His liist at- 
 tempt was in l''>'.)4, and the second in l")!)-"), and 
 the third the Ibllowinf^ year. The account of these 
 expeditions, orijiinally writtc^n in Dutcdi, nre^iiven 
 \iy Purchas,' with sonu; briei'rneinorandii hy Haicnt- 
 sen hirnseir. Purchas says that he found the sail- 
 in;i' directions ot" Hardseu anionj^ llakhiyt's [)apers 
 in JJarentsen's own hand. Ilaklnytsays tiiat it was 
 loaned to him, by Peter IManci us, in Amstei'dam, 
 March '27, 10(J!). It does not appear that IJarcmt- 
 scn ev(!r nuule use of the directions. The date of 
 his death 1 do not find. The version ol' liaidsen 
 which fell into his hands is, in the opinion of Pi'of. 
 Ridh and others, the l)est extant, 
 
 .lodi(;us llondius, who is mentioned as posstsss- 
 infi" the first translation, was born at Wack(!iie, in 
 Khmders, in the year I ")();>. In his eijihth year 
 h(! be<z,an to draw and en;:,Tave on stisel jaul ivory, 
 aftei'wards bectomin^; distinj^uished as a scioitilic 
 map engraver. Dui'ing the siege of Antwerp, 
 Ik' was employed by the Duke ol' Parma in e.\<'- 
 
 ' St>o /'iirr/ids /iiK l*!l<iriwiH, vol. Ill, |)[). 47^, .'ilS. 
 
OK IIK.N'UV IIIDSO.N. 
 
 i).> 
 
 ciitiiij;' soiiK! stiitiics in bron/o. H(! was rocoui- 
 inondcd by tlie duk(3 to vi.sit Italy to study art, 
 but difcliiicd the openinji;. Al'torvviirds h(! went 
 to I^^nj^land, but eventually setthid in Anist(M"diiin, 
 vvliorc be died in Kil I. His son su(M'eeded biin in 
 
 tlu! [lortraits wbic.b be en- 
 
 bis [)r()l(!ssiou. 
 
 JUOU"' 
 
 graved iire tbose oi' (^ueen Kb/abetb, Sir Kranc;is 
 Drake and 'IMiomas ('avendisb. 
 
 or VVilliani Stero, iner<diant, wbo ti'ansbatisd 
 IJiirentsen's vtjrsion into Kn^lisb, notbinji,' ol" |)arti- 
 cubiv interest is known. 
 
 Peter IMiincius was a minister of tlie reformed 
 I'aitb in Ainstercbun. IJoi-n in i)i-enoutre, Kbin- 
 dei's, in l-")')2, be pursued bis stu(nes in l']n^biud 
 iuid (lerniany. II(! wiis onbiined to tbo ministry 
 in l")77, and picaebed in Viirious parts of \hd- 
 biuit. His books were pubbely burnt at Y|)res. 
 Aftc'i'Wiirds becoming minister of tlie llefoi-med 
 Ofnireb )it IJrussels be oiruMiited tbere for a jx-i'iod 
 of six years. On tbe ciipture of tbat |)bi('.e by tbe 
 Duke of I'jirma, lie esciiped into Holland, disguised 
 as a soldier, iuid settled over tbeeburcli in Amster- 
 dam, wbere Im' proved a determined opponent, of 
 tbo doctrines of Jjutber iuid Arminius. He siit in 
 tbe synod of Dort in tbe yejir 10 IS, and wiis a 
 meiid)er of tbe committee on tbe translation of 
 tbe Old Testament. He died in tbe city of bis 
 .uloption May 2'"», 1022, aged seventy yen rs. He 
 
i(«irn 
 
 56 
 
 SAll.lNCi DIUKC'I'IONS 
 
 f-jivc (liivc'tioiis concernin}"' his burial, in iiccord- 
 aiu'c witii which his ivmaiiis were iiitcnvd in tho 
 south church-yai'f] of Anistcrdaui. 
 
 The Kov. Potoi- IMancius, in c(3rnin()ii with many 
 of his ilel^ian countrynion, did much to niai^o 
 Holland the centre of geographical knowledge. 
 Asher says that Planeius was one of the most emi- 
 nent of the geographical students, and, like the 
 late Sir John liarrow, was universally known for 
 his interest in the search for a northern route for 
 (Jliiua, a subject which he had discussed with Hud- 
 son himself,^ taking an active interest in all the 
 voyages of the distinguished navigator. It is also 
 said that Ik; o])ened a school for the study of navi- 
 gation, with especial reference to new routes to 
 (Jhina. He afU^rwards had an interest in a ven- 
 ture to the Hudson river. It must be conceded 
 that his inlluence upon the whole subject of disco- 
 very was highly beiielicial. 
 
 Since the foregoing was put in type, tho new 
 volume oi" the Maine Historical Sot^iety, edited 
 by Dr. Kohl, of Bremen, has come to haiul. 
 (Joncerning the voyage of Kolnus, he says on 
 page 114 : 
 
 ' Sec Jshrri^ limn/ JlinfKoii, \>. xhi. 
 
OK iiioNin' iini)S(»N. 
 
 •')( 
 
 " Many have repeated this report vvitliout (iudin^ 
 any otlier authority lor it tlian Ooinara and Wyt- 
 lliet. But the Danish and Norwegian writers u[)()n 
 this subje(;t consider that voyage as altogetiier 
 apocryphal, and say, that tlieir old northern hist( 
 rians and documents do not contain the slighter' 
 mention oi' such an ex})edition. Moreover, they 
 think thiit if it was made at all, it could have been 
 nothing more than an attempt to find <;!• again the 
 lost Old Greenhmd, and not to make .iw disco- 
 veries in the distant west. The learne Polish geo- 
 grapher, Lelewel, though inclined, I'n in a patriotic 
 motives, to make a great deal of the undertaking, 
 ascribed to his countrymen, has found no Tolish 
 authority wliatever." 
 
 To these statements no weight need be attiiched, 
 for a variety of reasons. 
 
 The sweeping declaration that Danish and Nor- 
 wegian writers consider "that voyage as altogether 
 apocryphal," is rested on the opinion of Finn Mag- 
 nusen, expressed in (h'Utdand's JlisUtrlnkc Alhiden- 
 tnairker (vol. iii, p. G30), and in his Eway on, the 
 Aiieiod Tnidmij Voyaije-s from Eui/lond to Icflo/id. 
 As regards the fact that the "old northern his- 
 torians and documents do not contain the slightest 
 m(Mition of such an expedition," it may be observed: 
 First. That we have no proof that the »tate ar- 
 chives of Denmark, at the period referred to, were 
 
 '%'■ 
 
58 
 
 SAILIXO DIIU'X'TIONS 
 
 oi' that perfect and comprehensive character which 
 would insure the record of every such event. 
 Second. Tliat if they were thus perfect, originally, 
 we have no proof that the collections remain unim- 
 paired. Third. We are not positive that these or 
 other archives do not contain some reference to this 
 voyage. Ilakluyt lamented that there was no 
 account of the ships or the persons engaged in the 
 English expedition of John Rut to America, in the 
 year 1527, and his regrets were echoed by the princi- 
 pal writers who followed, down to the time of Dr. 
 Lardner and the Ediuhargh Cabinet who accom- 
 panied the expression of regret with others that 
 savored of indignation. Yet all the while the evi- 
 dence existed, and might have l)een read at thc^ time 
 even in Purchas. And if so many writers could 
 overlook, for so long a period, the testimony in re- 
 gard to Rut, it is not at all unreasonable to suppose 
 that the full history of Skolnus may still be lying in 
 some neglected corner. At least the multitude of 
 similar cases that might be cited should inspire us 
 with a large degree of caution. 
 
 Gomara, in 1553, did not bring forward John 
 Skolnus without reason. Michael Lok in 1582, 
 appears to have had entire confidence in his voy- 
 age ; while Wyttliet had quite full information of 
 the expedition in 15U7. It is of course, to be 
 lamented that he made no mention of his authority. 
 
i)V IIKNHV III'DSON. 
 
 Still the Swedish historian Pontaims followed him 
 without hesitation. On I'ar less authority, Dr. Kohl 
 accepts the voyage of Denys of llontleur, set down 
 for 1506. 
 
 As to Dr. Kohl's remark that the northern his- 
 torians confine the object of Kolnus's voyage to a 
 search for Old Greenland, we have only to say that 
 no one attributed to it a larger aim. Yet, even with 
 that purpose in view, it would have been just as 
 easy for him to have discovered Labrador in 14 7G, 
 as for Biarne when, on a similar voyage, in 085, to 
 discover the continent of America. 
 
 The insinuation that Lelewel felt inclined to 
 magnify this " undertaking ascribed to his country- 
 men," has no foundation in the Polish writer's 
 simple and disinterested account. Besides the voy- 
 age was never ascriljed " to his countrymen." It 
 was uniformly ascribed to Denmark, Kolnus being 
 merely the pilot. 
 
 It is a sufficient reply to the statements that he 
 "found no Polish authority whatever" for this voy- 
 age, to say that Lelewel did not look for any Polish 
 authority (see his (koijraplue Da Moyeit A<je, vol. 
 II, p. 106). 
 
 Laying aside all national prejudices, and viewing 
 the alleged voyage of Kolnus in all its bearings, 
 it, on the whole, api)ears sufficiently reasonable to 
 be classed among authentic voyages. It miglit 
 
 
 iil. 
 
m 
 
 SAII,IN«J l>ll{K«TU)NS. 
 
 well have liocri lorjrotten by the people of Denniiirk 
 (if it iiHM Ibrgotten) at a time when the nation was 
 constiintly tlireatened by calamity. The great ob- 
 jecticm to the voyage of Kolnus is, very lik(!ly, 
 based iipoti that unfortunate hallucination which 
 still swayw so many minds, and leads not a few his- 
 torical students to l(M)k upon pre-Columbian vo^^ages 
 Jhm l/ic Eumpmn Chntivcitt, as a sort of libel upon 
 the name of that illustrious navigat(jr whose real 
 merits do not always enter into estimates ol 
 his character, or dignify traditional admiration. 
 Happily, however, the world moves; and when ill- 
 founded prejudice has passed away, the opponent 
 of pre-Columbian voyages will find that he has been 
 shorn of his most powerful argument. 
 
SAiLiN(; DiuixrnoNS. 
 
 A Trc.dllse of Ivku I: ^'Y a fjlroiiliiiidcr, Irdiishifal 
 (Hit of flu: Norsli LmKjudue into J/lf/h J)ut(!h, in 
 t/if, f/eare 1 500. And (ffter oat of lllijli Dutch, into 
 Low Dutch, hy William IUuentson of AniHtcr- 
 (hiTu, who woH ch'ufe Pilot aforesaid. The .same 
 Copie in Iliyh Dutch is in the handn <f Iod()(JVS 
 IIoNDivs, wJiich I hane neene. And this was 
 trannlattd, out of Low Dutch hy Master William 
 Stkuk, Marahcnt, in the yeere IG0(S, yov the use of 
 me JIknhik Hudson. William Uauentson.s 
 Iholce is in the hands of Master Petkk Plantivs, 
 v^ho lent the same to me. 
 
 '^ /irimls, it iw reported by men of 
 Wisedorneiind Vnderstiindiiig Ijorne 
 in Gron/and, That from tStad^ in 
 Norway to the East part of Ih- 
 huid, called llornnesse," is seven 
 dayes sayling right West. 
 
 Item, men shall know, that l>etweene Island and 
 
 'The words in tlic old Diui'iHli toxt f!;iven by Kafn is also 
 Slad, a city or town. ]Jcrf»cii is tho place referred to. 
 
 - Iforn-nesse simply means Morn-Cnjic, the term ncxsc or ncss 
 having the same signification wherever it occurs. 
 
G2 
 
 SAILINO DIUHCTKf.NS 
 
 (lorn- 
 
 /loriint- 
 ukure. 
 
 Gt'onJa/u/, lyoth a Ki.sso ' calU'd Goin/toriisc-fi/aire.'' 
 There they were wont to have their passage for 
 
 1 lii'sKc, tlio old prctcrito of tho verb n'sr, used by Hen 
 Jonsou, but now obsolete. It seems to menu a place where tho 
 ocean's bed is lifted up above the water. The term does not 
 occur in the Danish. 
 
 - ftomhonixis/t-iirr, i. c, Gunnbiorn's arlin r or ruck. Hero 
 the locality of these famous rocks is left undecided, but the Dan- 
 isli version says that they lay " half way " between Iceland and 
 Greenland. Torficus says that these rocks were six sea miles 
 from (It'irfiiijlialirr oft'Ileikiavik, and twelve miles south of Garda 
 in Greenland ; yet it is possible that they may have been sunk 
 in some of the many convulsions that have happened in and 
 near Iceland. The Lfuidannma, or Icelandic Dooms-day book, 
 has some account of their original discovery by Gunnbiorn, Ulf 
 Krage's son, in the year A. \). 87G. In the year 970, Smebiorn 
 and a company of adventurers sailed from Iceland to these rocks 
 where'they spent tho winter. Tho account says that : 
 
 " Smvbiorn also took Thorod from Thingness, his step-father 
 and his five sons, and llolf took Stjcrbiorn. The last named re- 
 cited the following verse, after he had a dream : 
 
 Both ours 
 
 dead I see ; 
 
 all empty 
 
 in Northwestern Sea j 
 
 cold weather, 
 
 great suffering, 
 
 I expect 
 
 Snajbiorn's death. 
 
 They sought Gunnbiorn's Rocks and found land. Sn.ebiorn 
 would not permit any one to go ashore in the night. Stierbiorn 
 landed notwithstanding, and found a purse with money in an 
 earth hole, and concealed it. Snjebioru hit him with an axe so 
 that tho purse fell down. They built a cabin to live in, and it 
 was all covered with snow. Thorkel Hod's son, found that there 
 was water on a shelf that stood out of the cabin window. This 
 
OK IIHNKY ilUDSON. 
 
 03 
 
 Gr<rnliiiiil. Ikit as they roi)ort thoiv is Tee on tlioT>i"'> 
 
 •' i North li 
 
 same Kisse, eonie out ot'tlio long North Bottonie,' so '" 
 
 l)Ot- 
 
 wiis in tlic inoiitli of Goo [about Fc)>ruiiry.] Tlioy hIiovoIciI the 
 snow away. Sii.'i'bioni riirgcd the ship; Thorod and five of" his 
 party were in tiie hut, and Stiorbiorn and several men of'Kolf's 
 party. Some liunted. Sta^rbiorn killed Tliorod, but both he 
 and Kolf killed Sna'biorn. Ked's sons and all the rest were 
 obliged to take the oath of allegiance to save their lives. They 
 arrived on their return at Helgoland, Norway, and later at Vadil 
 in Iceland." See Pre-Cobimhldn Dixrovery, pp. 11 -15. 
 
 I'his is about all the positive history connected with Gunn- 
 biorn's IJoeks ; yet it may be interesting to state what (Jraah 
 saj's on the subject in his account of the boat voyage along the 
 ciistcrn shore of Greenland. When in latitude about G5° 35' a 
 lieavy gale set in which drove some ice out to sea, " by which 
 means," he says " T got sight of two, or perhaps, three large is- 
 lands in that direction, distant from forty to fifty miles. These 
 are, probably, the islands between which Dancl states that he 
 passed in the year 1052, though they lie sonuiwhat nearer the 
 main land, than, according to his account, they ought. It is like- 
 wise in all likelihood, these same islands that the ancients called 
 Gunbiiirn's Skerries, and which, they state, lay midway between 
 Iceland and Greenland, that is to say (according to iny interpre- 
 tation of the words) midway between Iceland and the l?ygd in 
 Greenland, which, in fact, they do exactly, if, by the IJygd wo 
 are to understand the present district of Julian's Hope, and 
 keep in mind, that, in the early period of the Greenland colo- 
 nization, those sailing for the colony did not shape a course 
 direct S. W. from Iceland, but first steered west till they made 
 the land and then proceeded south along the shore." — G'raah's 
 Expcditlun, p. 100. 
 
 1 North Bottomc. The Danish is iiw^ft/;, meaning the North- 
 ern ocean, from whence, since the times of Kric the Ked and 
 Snacbiorn, the ice has been drifting more freely than before. 
 It now crowds upon the eastern coast with such force that it is 
 almost impossible to make a boat voyage along the shore except 
 at certain brief and favorable seasons. 
 
<;i 
 
 SAIMNO DIUKCTIONS 
 
 that w(^ (laniiot uhc the s.imo old l*ii,ss!i<r(! us they 
 thiiikc' 
 
 //////, Croiii ri()u^-n«'sse "on tli(! En.stsifli' ol' Ishnul 
 to tlit> ahoiic said llorn.-ninnc^^ is tvvodaycs sayN' to 
 the /irini-fifont: Mount.' 
 
 ' Tlii.s j)aiii;^ra|ili, it iniisl, he ob.scrvcMl, is not so lull iis in 
 lliifn's Danish version, vvlii<'li also says that tho <listanc(! I'roni 
 SnailellsncsH to (jrotdiland is ' tw<» days' and two iii>;litH' sail." 
 (iraali says of tin; Danish version : " I'1;^'^(MS has, in my opinion, 
 satisl'actorily proved, that the old writers havt! eoniniitted an 
 error hero in stating .lit; distaneo to Ix; a two days' sail to the 
 west, and that in the place ol' tim we should rand Juki: Wornia- 
 kiold. on the otlmr hand, whoeomhats l")irjj,(!rs's statements, holds, 
 that tlu! (!rror lies in the piirietuation of tlu; passaj^e. I, lor my 
 part, heliev(! Itoth are ri.^ht ; and whili' I read with I')^l;ims /o/o' 
 days '; instead of two, 1 plaee, with Wormskiold. a (■omnia alter 
 tho words ' </• hnrtiM HI (/riiiifniii/,' [slKU'test to dreenland] 
 from whi(!h (.'orreetion it results, that the ilistaiie(! from Ireland 
 to (iiiiil/iorii's S/,-irn'rx was four tlays sail to the west, and 
 (lunhiorn's Skerries bein<; expressly stated to ho exactly half 
 way between Iceland and (jreeidand, that is, between Iceland 
 and //(*: lii/tJ'ly t'lt-' distance betweeti the latter, was vv^\\i days' 
 sail" (p. DM), /,..). 
 
 -The Danish says that /j>)iii/-iirssf, or /jimi/incsn, is on the 
 nurt.kiiiM side of Iceland, which is the more (!xact statement, as 
 will be seen by consultinj^ a ^ood l(;clandie map. 
 
 ' This is what is now known as the Mast Horn, or ('ape. 
 
 ' III the Danish version we read till\j<>'\ Srnlhurili' [in] llnffx- 
 Itiitiini. Svalhiirtli: indicates a frozni s/mrc, and J/(iJfn/>i)tniii, 
 a sea-bay. llafii calls attcMition lo the oriirinal observation on 
 this point in tin; <S'<(//(r of Olaf Try^;;;vessoii, in ,S/iir/rsi/ii's llilni- 
 nh-riiiijhi. See /iitj'n's Aiifii/iii/d/rn Aiid ricdiur, p. JiOi}, n. ; and 
 Ij(iiiii/s llvmslcrliiijlu. 'i'he Hrlmstoiio mount referred to is 
 ll(!cla. J'urchas says that in the last voyaj^e of Hudson " they 
 passed Island, and saw Mount lleela (last out lire, a noted sij^ne 
 ol' i'oule weather towards; others ccjiiceive themselves and do- 
 
OK IIK.NHV III l>SoN. 
 
 or, 
 
 Ttnii. if yoii i2()(' from fl ri/rn in Nortnii/, the 
 course is iij;lit West, till you l)(!0 Soiitli of //o/v- 
 nrsNi ' ill /.s/att«/ : iind distjint from it tliirt«'Oii(! ■ 
 miles or Ifuj^uos. And with lliis course you sluill 
 «!ome viider that hi^li liiiud that lyeth in the Mast 
 [)iU't of (ifniir/it/n/. and is called Sinns/cf.' A dny smi^i.,: 
 before you come there, you shall have .sight of a 
 iii<'h Mount, (tailed I/iiif-sar/.r.-^ and hetwiM'n [["/ilf- \\/,i/.- 
 
 III rki 
 
 w//7iv and (iroinhind ' lyeth a headland called /Av- ii.ni.ii.iuH 
 
 •^ lludki'. 
 
 Hiddufi y/oo/.y; ; '■ and thereby lyeth an Uaueii, where 
 
 ccivo otiiors with I know not wimt purj^atorio fiihli-s horcMd'cin- 
 f'uteil by Anijiiini Jonas, :in i.HlaMiItT, who njjirovtith tlii.s and 
 many ollici' droanis related hy aiitliors, .saying' that IVoin tho 
 y(!ar l;')r»s lo I.'dlLj it neviir cast f'orlli any flaniu.s." (yls//»/-, p. 
 140 ; /'iin/iiis, III, j). {\i)\). 
 
 ' lloikianuss, the uapi; near the capital of Iceland, at the 
 Houth-west extnfinity. 
 
 '-The Danish version says fin/rr. Olal' 'i'ry^vesson's Sai/n 
 also Hays lu'ilur. These twelve miles e()iialled about seventy or 
 oi,u;hty ooininon miles. 
 
 ' 'i'he Danish lor Simhli r is linn/, which nnians a |»la<'c of 
 turnini^, by which is iimbfrstood the promontory sonn; distance 
 northward from the south point of (irecnlaiid. 
 
 In the orij:;inal lliililairl,-, which means wlilli s/ii'r/, the /Vy- 
 I,- II f lit the extremity oi' (irecnlaiid. 
 
 ' Hy (Jroneland is nuiant that port for which tlu; icelandtirs 
 usually sailed, and called the Kast li//i/</, thon^'h situated on the 
 west eouHt, in the modern district of, Julian's iiope. 
 
 '' III rniililiin llniil,-!^ is simply llcriuirsne.'^s, a little to the west 
 of lliiiilm il,\ In this cuntnu'lion we must notict; thec()rrcs[»ond- 
 ing directions oi' the Luiiiliiiunnii Hi>h\, which aj^rce with the 
 directions laid down in this para^'raph : " l''rom the houses 
 [Her^'cn] in Norway, you must .sail steadily to the west (o 
 Ilvarf in (Greenland, passing north of the Shetland [islands], 
 
66 
 
 SAILINCi DIHKCTIONS 
 
 Sound 
 liaueii in 
 Orone- 
 land. 
 
 the Norway Merchant Ships were wont to come : 
 and it is called /Soutnl Haae}i} 
 
 Item, if a man will sayle from Island to Gron- 
 land hee shall set his course to Snofnessc^' which is 
 by West Rokenesse'^ tliirteene^ miles or leagues right 
 West one day and night's '' sayling, and after South- 
 west to shun the Ice/' that lyeth on Gomhorn^e- 
 share ; and after that one day and night North- 
 
 so that the horizon is seen between the mountains, if the weather 
 is clear, but South of tlie Faroe Island, so that the horijon is seen 
 between the mountains, and south of Iceland, so that you fall 
 in with birds and whales." The region of whales is situated 
 about where Ivar IJardson puts it, twelve Icelandic sea miles, 
 or nearly eighty ordinai'y miles from the coast. Graah, after 
 summing up the whole matter, says at the conclusion, " I am very 
 confident that a seaman of the present day, if, without compass, 
 chart or quadrant, he was directed to sail from liorgen to Capo 
 Farewell, would follow the exact course laid down in the Landn- 
 iKima Jion/c." See (iiaah, p. 157. This book was begun by 
 Frode, called the Wise, about the year llOU, and was finished 
 before thi' death of lOrlandson in 1334. See Prc-Cofiimhlini 
 Disrorcn/, p. xxiii, n. It is interesting to know that Iloury 
 Hudson went forth on his voyage of 1(309 with these ancient 
 directions, which might have proved an invaluable guide. 
 
 ' S')H)id Htiucn, i. <\, Sand Haven. 
 
 - SiKufellsness. 
 
 •' lleikianess. 
 
 1 The Danish again differs from this translation, putting the dis- 
 tance at iwr/ce miles. 
 
 •"'The original says, crii D(i<jh och cnt Xatt ; on which Rafn 
 remarks : /brs(Vru( H da'ijr (fuoliua iii/rthcmerus. 
 
 " That fine old Icelandic work called the Royal Mirror {Spe- 
 culum Jicj/ctle), speaking of the ice, says : " This ice lies more 
 in the direction of north and north-east than south, south-west. 
 
OF llENHY niTDSOX. 
 
 G7 
 
 west. 80 shall ho with this (!oiii'se tall right with 
 the aboue sayed /Sivwiter, which is high Land, un- 
 der which lyeth the aforesayd Head-land, called 
 Hernoldas Hoolce, and the Sound Ilauen. 
 
 Item, the Ea.ster'^ Dorpe^ of Onnielaml lyeth Ea^t 
 from Hcrnoklus Hmilce, but neere it, and is called 
 Sl'a<jen Ford ^ and is a great village. f^!^!^"' 
 
 Item, from SlMijeu Ford, E]ast, lyeth a Hauen 
 called Bearc Ford,* it is not dwelt in. In the //<«'" 
 mouth thereof lyeth a Risse, so that great ships 
 cannot harbour in it. 
 
 Item, there is great abundance of Whales : and 
 there is great Fishing for the killing of them there : A-iont 
 
 00 O llshiiii; for 
 
 but not without the Bishops consent, which keep- ^^ '"'■'-''*• 
 eth the same for the benefit of the Cathedrall 
 
 and west; for which reason, he that would reach the land must 
 sail around it, till he passes all the ice, and then sail in for the 
 land." It says that it has " often chanced that those sailing for 
 this land have held in too soon, and have thus got caught in the 
 ice, where some have been lost, and others have with much ex- 
 ertion escaped ; and the method they have usually adopted was 
 to haul their boats upon the ice, and make the best of their 
 way with them to the shore, abandoning their ships and all 
 their goods on board of them to destruction. Some have man- 
 aged to live on the ice in this way four or five days, others even 
 a longer time." See Ra/iis Antiquitatts Amtricanuc, p. 305, n.; 
 Graah, p. 159. 
 
 ' luistrr, or east. 
 
 -' Dorpc, the original is />////(/, a district. 
 
 •' S/i-itf/rii/ortt, that is Skdf/djinrd, from Skoiji'fjord. 
 
 1 lii'm-r fitrtt^ from Ihrr fjnrd, the fiord of hears. 
 
 ...i 
 ill' 
 
68 
 
 SAIl.IN(i DIHKCTIONS 
 
 ch urch . Til the Haiien there is a Siualtli :^ and when 
 the Tide doth riiiine out, all the Whales doe runiie 
 A srcat into the sayd Su'cdih. 
 
 Swiilth. ^ 
 
 Item, East of Beare Ford, lyeth another Ilanen 
 
 Aihthmuj called Allahonq Sound : ^ and it is at the mouth 
 
 narrow, but farther in, very wide: the length 
 
 whereof is such, that the end thereof is not yet 
 
 kiiowne. There runneth no Streame. It 1} eth 
 
 store of full of little Islcs. Fowlo and Oxen are there com- 
 
 oxuu. 
 
 ' Swalth, eddy, or whirlpool. In such jjlaces the smaller fish 
 usually resort to play or seek their food, and hither they are 
 always ibllowcd by the wh^.lcs. 
 
 - AlliihuiKj S(jiin(l. It is with difficulty that we recooiiize the 
 phrase in Purchas. The old Danish is 0//innf(ii(jn\ which Ilafn 
 translates, Omiu'nin-li'ni/issimuit, the lon<rest (fiord) of all. 
 Those who in old times supposed that the East Bi/ijil lay upon 
 the east coast of (jreenland located it in latitude 7t)°, making it 
 identical with Scorosby's Sound, which place was discovered by 
 the Dane, Volgvard Boon, in 1709. In the very old maps of 
 Greenland, the sound was represented as narrow, and extending 
 nearly across Creenland, which it almost reduced to an island. 
 We know now that this place was certainly on the west coast. 
 Besides, Scorosby's Sound, as (Iraah observes, has strong cur- 
 rents, and no isles, birds or eggs ; while its mouth, instead of 
 being narrow, is four or five times wider than any other li(U'd 
 in (irecnland of which we have any knowledge. There are 
 nevertheless places that correspond to Olhim-klngri iu the 
 southern tracts of Greenland. At Illoa Arctander saw green 
 fields, and in two of the enti'ances to this fiord there are nume- 
 rous small isles and holms. There are also many birds and eggs, 
 though the current is rapid. Yet the current uniy have been 
 created by one of those changes constantly occurring, while in 
 the day of J5ard.son the ice-blinks may have cut ott" approach 
 and remlered it impossible to reach the end. 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 69 
 
 inoii : and it is playne Land on both Sides, growne 
 ouer with greene grasse. 
 
 Item, East from the Icie Mountayne, lycth an 'H]'^^^]^^*' 
 Hanen Femhhotlter ;"" so named, becanse in Saint 'Fill'nmuii 
 Ohives time there was a Ship cast away, as the '"'"'"'• 
 Speach hath been in GroncJanfl ; In which Ship was 
 drowned one of Saint Olaves men, with others : and 
 those that were saued did biirie those that Avere 
 drowned, and on their Graues did set great stone 
 Crosses, which we see at this day. 
 
 Item, from somewhat more East toward the Icie 
 Mountayne lyeth a higl) Land, called Corse Ilowjld^ ^>)w 
 vpon which they hunt white Beares, but not with- in" di""^' 
 
 , . Wliitc 
 
 out the Bishops leaue, for it belongeth to the Ca- "I'.fri^Eust- 
 thedrall church. And from thence more easterly, i)«»ert. 
 men see nothing but Ice and Snow, both by land 
 and Water. 
 
 I^^ow we shall return airain to IRrnohhi.s //(x>/.y' iik' tow.m 
 
 '- ' IVoni Ikr- 
 
 wliere Ave first began to come to the first ToAvn "lullkl 
 
 I Fiiidclxilliir. Tlio original is Fiiis/nti/rr. Tlio iiutos oi' 
 liatii throw no udditioiiiil li^lit on tliis paKsatro. ]iy rotbrrinjj,- 
 to the .sauas which rohito to (ireenlanil, it will be i'ouiid that 
 shipwrecks were of very fre((uei)t occurrence. The j:reater part 
 of Kric the lled's fleet was cither driven back from Greenland 
 or lost. 
 
 - Corsr lIoiKjht. The orij^inal is Knarsooc or Cross Island. 
 Worniskiold, who advocated the exploded theory of a settle- 
 ment on the east coast of (Jreenland, thouuht that this island was 
 Jan Mayen, sixty-five miles from the nearest point of (Jreen- 
 land, and eiuht hundred from what he thondit was the Kast 
 
 :'.;,„;'l 
 
70 
 
 SAII>IN(J [)IHE("n()NS 
 
 WoBt- 
 
 warU. 
 
 The towne 
 1)1' (JodoH- 
 I'urcl. 
 
 A great 
 Church 
 with a 
 white 
 Cross on 
 It. 
 
 that Ijetli on tlio east side of IlernoUhus Hoohe, 
 called iS/i(((j('ii Ford: and so we will Avrite the 
 names of all that lye on the West-side of the Ford 
 or Sound. 
 
 Item, West from Ilernoldus Hoohe, lyetli a Dorpe 
 called Kodosford,^ and it is well built : and as you 
 sayle into the Sound, you shall see on the right 
 hand a great Sea and Marsh : and into this Sea run- 
 neth a great streame : and by the Marsh and Sea 
 standeth a great Church/ on which the Holy 
 Crosse is drawne, of colour white : it belongeth to 
 
 Jii/'jd- In Zorgdragor's map there was a cross, yet it did not 
 indicate tlie name of the isle, but pointed to the graves of 
 seven Dutchmen who in 1043 attempted to winter there. We 
 may yet be able to identify this place in some of the fiords of 
 the west coast. 
 
 ^K</(Ia!</or(J,from Ketilsfjord. Every chief settler who went 
 to Greenland appropriated some advantageous spot and gave it 
 his own name to mark his proprietorship. Thus we read that 
 " Among those who emigrated [A. 1). 985-G] with Eric and es- 
 tablished themselves, were Heriulf Ileriulfsfiord, who took Ilori- 
 ulfsness, and abode in Heriulfsness, Ketil Ketilstiord, llafn 
 llafnsfiord, Solvi Solvidale, Helgi Thorbrandson Alptafiord, 
 Thorbjornglora Siglefjord, Einar Einavsfiord, Ilafgrim Ilaf- 
 grimstiord and Vatnahvor, Arnluug Arnlaugstiord : and other 
 men went to the west district." 
 
 This name h'rtll, is probably that from which all the modern 
 ibrms have been derived. 8ee Saga of Eric the lied in Anii- 
 ipi!t<itri^ Amcrlnniir, p. 15; iinil Prf-CdliDiilnaii Dkcnvcrjj,]). 17. 
 The location of the fiord in question cannot now with certainty 
 be pointed out. 
 
 - The Danish calls it Auroox Chiurh. 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 71 
 
 Enelneme de Hokcsony,' and the land to Inters 
 Wiker 
 
 Item, by Peters Wike lyeth a great Dorpe called r.ters 
 Warts<lah,^ by which lyeth a Water or Sea of twelue 11^;. 
 miles or leagues ouer: in which is much Fish-S'"'"' 
 And to Peters Wike Church belongeth WartsdalJ^" 
 Bay or Towne, and the villages. 
 
 Item, neere this Bay or Towne, lyeth a Cloyst^r 
 or Abbey/ in which are Canons Regular, it is dedi- 
 cated to Saint Ola^es, and Saint My^iMines name. amo„„s- 
 And to it belongeth all the Land to the Sea side, '""■ 
 and towards the other side of the Cloyster. 
 
 Item, next ajdosford^'lyeiXi a ford called Rompnes 
 
 ' Who this per.soi. was does not now appear. In tlio Dauish 
 versioa £uc/„rs'sr <lr Hokrmn;, is not mentioned. 
 
 ■^Prtrr. Wlk,' {m;;,h) or bay. The orij^in of this name is 
 obsenre. 
 
 •' Warts(hi/r from Vafnsdnlc. 
 
 "The voyage of tiie Zeni brotliers perforn.ed very near the end 
 of the thirteenth century, gives an account of a n.onastery in 
 Greenland ; but the account is so poor that it leads us either 
 to (jucstiou the correctness of the narrative or to find some 
 other location for the abbey. Besides it appears to describe 
 what was seen on the east coast, where no monastery was ever 
 built, and the writer confines liimself almost entirely toa sin-le 
 point, as if he really knew nothing about Greenland. Yet this 
 IS not so. He simply lacked correct information on this point 
 
 Ot the reality of the religious houses in Greenland at that early 
 
 period there can bo no doubt. 
 
 ^ Here Purchas's, or rather, Hudson's version, varies from the 
 
 I>anish, which says, " nc.Kt to Ketilsfiord," instead of Godo.fhnl 
 
 which m<iij mean (lunlajvml. ' 
 
72 
 
 SAIIJNO DIRECTIONS 
 
 .4 • 
 
 A Nunnc- 
 rie. 
 
 ^Yer|en. 
 Kerke. 
 
 Hot wiitcrs 
 in (irouc- 
 liuid. 
 
 ford •} and there Ijeth a Cloyster of Nuns of Saint 
 Benedict\s Order. 
 
 Item, this Cloyster to the bottome of the Sea and 
 to Weijoi Ker1xe^~ was Dedicated to Saint Clave '' 
 the King. In this Ford lye many small Isles. 
 And to this Cloyster belongeth lialfe the Ford and 
 the Church. In this Sound are many Warm Wa- 
 ters.^ In the Winter they are intoUerable hot : 
 but in the Sunnner more moderate ; and many 
 Bathing in them are cured of many diseases. 
 
 ' Rompnes ford is Rafitx/Jord, or the bay of llufii, an early 
 settler mentioned in a previous note. 
 
 - We(jf:n Kerke. The Danish is Voije Kicrchc. 
 
 •'Saint Olaf Trygvesson, king of Norway at the close of 
 the tenth and at the beginning of the eleventli century. 
 
 •' These thermal springs are found in (Ireenland, as well as in 
 Iceland, where they especially abound. Graah says of the 
 (Jreenland springs : " On our way back we visited the liot springs 
 at Ounartok. The western side of this island, which lies at the 
 mouth of a firth of the same name, is lofty, rugged and almost 
 totally naked, while the opposite side is low and clothed with 
 the most luxuriant vegetation. It is on this side that the 
 springs are situated, lying, all three of them, close by one an- 
 other, at the N. E. corner of the island. Of these springs, the 
 one nearest the sea is altogether insignificant : the temperature 
 of its water was found to be 20° ; the second, a few paces from 
 it forms a lake of about forty-eight feet in circuit, and the tem- 
 perature of its water was 27° ; the third is still larger, being 
 about seventy feet in circuit, and its water from 32° to 33^°, 
 all of Reaumur. The depth of these pools nowhere exceeded a 
 foot, and their bottom is composed of a soft, blueish clay, through 
 which the warm water bubbled up at several places. The two 
 large ones the Greenlanders have dannned up with stone, and 
 make use of as bathing places. Near the middle of one, Arc- 
 
OF IIENUY lIUnSON. 
 
 78 
 
 Item, bctweene Rompnen and the next Sound, 
 lyeth a groat Garden called Vose/ ])ek)n<;inji' to the 
 King."^ There is also a costly Church dedicated to 
 Saint Nicolas. This Church had the King before 
 this. Neere it lyeth a Sea of Fresh water/' called 
 
 in which is great abundance of Fish, without 
 
 number. And when there falleth much Rayne, that 
 the waters do rise therewith, and after fall againe, 
 there remayneth vpon the Land much Fish drie. 
 
 Item, when you sail out of Emestties Ford,'* there 
 lyeth an inlet, called /South-ivoders toike y' and some- 
 
 A jiliico 
 ciilli'd I'oge 
 belonging 
 
 tl) till! 
 
 Kin;;. 
 Siiiiii \i- 
 clinliiK 
 Cluircli. 
 
 Fi>ril. 
 
 Southwo- 
 ilers yyicke. 
 
 tandcr found, in 1777, tlie remains of a small building, which 
 he took to be from the time of the old colonists, and whose walls 
 were then a foot and a half high. Every vestige of them has, 
 however, vanished, and their place is occupied by the remains 
 of an old Greenland hut. The water of these springs deposits a 
 siliceous or calcareous sediment like Geyser and Strokr in Iceland. 
 The Greenlandcrs state that it is much hotter ii winter than in 
 summer : but this opinion may proceed from the circumstance of 
 the atmospheric air being much colder." — Expidition, p. 3(5. 
 
 ' Fosf, original F<>ss. 
 
 ~ The revenue derived by Denmark and Norway was not alto- 
 gether inconsiderable. 
 
 ^ The Danish does not indicate that the water of this lake was 
 fresh ; yet curiously enough this has been reported by others. 
 Arctauder says that at Kakartok he discovered on the top of a 
 small hill a fresh-water lake, containing cod and halibut, and 
 whose waters rose and fell. Arctander is posi'ive, yet Graah 
 says that he could neither tiud it nor learn anything about it 
 from the natives. A man like Arctander certainly could not 
 have altogether imagined this. 
 
 ' Enicxtncs ford, Danish, Kiiio-x/jord. 
 
 ' Soiifh-irodrrx ivikc, J)anish Tliorvaldsvlij, the fiord or bay of 
 Thorvald, one of the early settlers. 
 10 
 
74 
 
 SAll.INO DIHKCTIONS 
 
 »(ti I 
 
 Iltoiniiir/. 
 
 Gran- 
 wickf. 
 
 ntilftli 
 Gaidni. 
 
 Wood. 
 
 what higher in the same Sound, and on the same 
 side, lyeth a little Cape called Bhuniinj :^ and l)e- 
 yond that lyeth another Inwike called (tmnwike^' 
 and above that lyeth a Garden called JhilcfJi^^ 
 which belonjreth to the Cathedrall Church. And 
 on the right hand as you sayle out of the same 
 Sound, lyeth a great Wood,^ which pertayneth to 
 the Church, where they I'eede all their Cattell,"' as 
 
 1 li/oumiut/, the Danish is KIliiiiKj. On tho significance ut' 
 tliis name Ilafn remarks : Prmnoiif'/riiini Ultttl i»-<>/)ii/>l/if( r 
 (ihunditrit <il!(ju() (injUlir, <<i/cix out timl (/ciicrr, iii mnronim 
 cunxtructioiil vti tirni lixtirmln! <tpfo. — AiifiqiiifdtcK Amo'iaimr, 
 p. 311 n. 
 
 - (/riinirikr. Danish (iiumi'viij. I'rof. Kafn remarks that this 
 name has a variety of derivations. Among otlicrs he gives 
 (iniii(r!(i (^(irdfiirik) sinus /(ixsanini id Scjiuhhoriim, which 
 wouhl indicate tiiat it was the (lolgotha of Greenhmd." Aiitnjui- 
 fiitfs Amirlvamv, p. 311 n. 
 
 •^ Dalcth. The word was suggested to the transhitor by Dahr, 
 from the Tcclandic Dulv^ a common name lor gardens in Icehmd 
 and Scandinavia. 
 
 ' Vt'oods. A great wood or forest in the mind of an Ice- 
 lander need not amount to more than a patch of birclies vary- 
 ing from one foot to ten feet high. In Iceland there was stand- 
 ing a short time since, one tree twenty -six feet high, which was 
 regarded with wonder. Ivar Bardsen doubtless i'clt that the low 
 birches and shrubs that are found in parts of Greenland merited 
 the term applied. 
 
 ■' Cattle are frequently mentioned in the Sagas that describe 
 Greenland. It is not likely that many were kept in the later 
 period of the colonies. In modern times there has been nothing 
 to prevent the people from keeping such animals, though it has 
 bee^ found better to substitute dogs for horses, ('rantz says, 
 that in "the year 175D, one of our missionaries brought three 
 
OV IIKNHV IU'DSON. 
 
 76 
 
 0x011, Kiue and Horses: And to the Church per- 
 tayneth the Sound of Ementne-s Ford. Tlio high 
 Ijand lying oft' Eniesfncs Ford, is called 77«' Ra//- 
 tiioH luiytli :^ so called, because that on those Hills 
 doe runne many Roe Deere, or Reijne Deer^' which 
 they vse to Hunt, but not without the Bishops 
 leaue. And on this high Land is the best Stone 
 in all Groneland. They make thereof Pots, be- 
 cause fire cannot hurt it. And they make of the 
 same Stone Fattes,' or Cisterns, that will hold ten 
 or twelue Tuiines of water. 
 
 Oxin. 
 Kiiic, anil 
 
 llDlrtCH. 
 
 ExccUont 
 Htono. that 
 liro cuiiuut 
 hurt. 
 
 sheep with him frouj Deninaik to New Tlernihiith. These have 
 so iiicroiiwed by briiitiiiij^ some two, some throe lambs a year, that 
 they hiive been able to kill some every year since, to send some 
 to liichtenf'els, for a beji,inning there, and, after all, to winter 
 ten at present. We may judi;e how vastly sweet and nutritive 
 the i;rass is here, from the followiiij^ tokens: that tho' three 
 lambs come from one ewe, they are larger, even in autumn, 
 than a sheep of a year old in (Jerinany." He says that in the 
 summer they could pasture two hundred sheep around New 
 irerrnluith ; and that they formerly kept cows, but that it 
 proved too much trouble. (.'r((nt:.'s I/intori/ nf (Jnx\dand, 
 vol. 1, p. 74. 
 
 ' Jidinos JIai/t/i or licnsoa. 
 
 '' Rci/iie Dvir. This affords anoth'U' proof that the Ice- 
 landic colonies were all situated on the west side of (Jirecnland, 
 as there are no reindeer on the east coast. 
 
 ■' Stouf Fdftcs. This material is still found on the west 
 coast of Greenland, though it is not abundant. In the course 
 of three hundred years it miiiht well become scarce. The Da- 
 nish Jinimxi is distinctly called an island, though the same idea 
 is conveyed by Hudson's version; tho language of which could 
 only bo applied to insulated land. 
 
76 
 
 WAILINO DIKKCTIONS 
 
 Ki^ht 
 firt'iil Or- 
 flianlK l)c- 
 loii<;lii(; to 
 
 till' ClltllL'- 
 
 drnll 
 Church. 
 
 Swmltr 
 Foril. 
 
 Enckit 
 lIoiirjM. 
 
 Item, West Ironi this lyeth auothor higli Land 
 called The Iwnj Ju'<j/t Lmid :^ and by another called 
 whereon are eight great Orchards,^ all belong- 
 ing to the Cathedrall Church. But the Tenths 
 thereof they give to the Warsdell'^ Church. 
 
 Item, next to this Sound lyeth another Sound 
 called Swaster Ford/ wherein standeth a Church 
 called Sicasier. This Church belongeth to all 
 this Sound, and to lionim Ford,"^ lyiwg next it. In 
 this Sound is a great Garden belonging to the 
 King, called Saint Ileulestate.^ 
 
 Item, next to that lyeth Er'wk.s Ford,^ and entring 
 therein lyeth an high Land called Ericks Ilnujht f 
 
 ' LoiKj Hujh Land. Lnngoa, equivalent to Long Island. 
 
 - Orchards Here again we must rciuembcr that we have a 
 Greenlandcr's idea of a great orchard, which we are taught by 
 the Danish to translate /r»>Hi,s. 
 
 •' Waraddf, i. c, Wartsdale. 
 
 ' Siciistcr Ford, Hualsefiord from Ifva/siit/Jnrd. 
 
 ''RonuK Ford. This should read RdniKLiK/iJiord. 
 
 " //(/(A ,s^»//', should read Thlixlltililcstdd. Kafn thinks it was 
 called thus after the wife of Kric the Red, and says iiim ull/a ita 
 prolxdjilltcr (ij)pclhtta cut a T/iJodhi/</a {^popid! Ihlloiia rd dc- 
 feitnttfrice), (juoil nimirum nomen uxor Eirik! liiifi cum haptlsml 
 Chrhtlan! sdcramcnto acccpit, prius Thorhilda (^Thoridci Bcl- 
 loiui) vocdtd. 
 
 ' Fries Ford. Ericsfiord, the home of Eric the lied, the 
 place where he finally found rest from his wandering, and from 
 whose village of Brattalid his sons and daughter sailed in 
 their voyages to New England, sharing the hardship and the 
 honor of the new discoveries with Thorfinn Karlsefne. 
 
 ** Fries froiii/hf, or isle. 
 
OK IIKNUV llliDSON. 
 
 77 
 
 whicli i)ert{iyneth the one hiilfc to JJetncrs Ktrke^ 
 and is the first Parish cliurch on Oronehind, and 
 lyeth on the left hand as you saylo into Erirhs Ford : 
 and Deivers KerlkC belongeth all to Mi'//ihnt Ford, 
 which lyeth North-west from Ericks Ford.'^ 
 
 Item, farther out then Ericks Ford, standeth a 
 Church called Skoiiel Kerl-e^^ which belongeth to all skmid 
 Medfot'd : And farther in the Sound standeth a 
 Church called Leaden lurh.* To this church be- 
 longeth all thereabout to the Sea ; and also on the 
 other side as farre as Boiisels} There lyeth also a 
 great Orchard called Grate Lead,^ in which the Gam- 
 mati (that is a chief or BaylifTe ouer the Boores) 
 doth dwell. 
 
 And farther out then Erk-l's Ford, lyeth a Ford 
 or Sound called Fossa, which belongeth to the Ca- Fus.<a 
 
 •Sound. 
 
 thedrall Church : and the sayd Fosaa Sound lyeth 
 
 ' Deu'crs Krrkc. Dyurencs church. This name, says Rafn, 
 comes from dijr a beast, or aiiiuial, and means prvmontorium 
 aniiiKilium. 
 
 - Mei/don Flint, from Mittfjord, signifying iMiddle-fiord. 
 
 •^ Sbogcl Kirkc, from Sotifjcllds Ki'crche, Solefiells (Jhurch 
 or Sunny Hills church. 
 
 ' Leaden Kerhe, from Lender K!erelie ; the term Lei/dev 
 having a derivation signifying a place of assembly, consultation, 
 or debate. 
 
 •"' BcinseLs, from the Danish Barfirlld, signifying caves of the 
 mountain. 
 
 •' Grotc Lead. Here we must recognize Brattalid, from Brattc- 
 fede, where the house of Eric the Tied stood. 
 
78 
 
 SAllJNti DIUKCTIONS 
 
 llri iJa 
 KorJ, 
 
 Liinndiil 
 Kuril. 
 
 let Uorpc 
 
 The Sker- 
 
 IcUJifl'S. 
 
 US ineii Haylo out tovvaidH /'Ji'lr/>-s Ford : and to tho 
 North of it lyo two Villaj^fos, the one (tailed J'Jucr 
 Bill/, and the other Fort/ier lin//, hccause they lye so. 
 
 /frm, from thence farther North lyeth liixda 
 Ford/ and after that Lurmoui Ford- from that 
 West, and from Ldnnnnt Ford to ihe West is Ar 
 Dori)e.' All these are places built, and in them 
 dwell people. 
 
 lte)ii, from the Easterbuilded Land to the 
 Wester Dorpe is twelue miles or leagues:^ and the 
 rest is all waste land. In the Dorpe on the West 
 standeth a Church, which in times past belonged to 
 the Cathedrall Church, and the Bishop did dwell 
 there. But now the SIccrHiKjers '' have all the West 
 
 ' linilti F(jril, or ni'odoliord I'roiii llndi fjunl. 
 
 - Liirmitnt Funl, or LodiuuiuUiurtl, from JjoiIduiihIJjiiiuI. 
 
 ' hi /htrpi Hcoins to refer to the rej^iou distinguishtd I'or its 
 iiicleuioiicy. 
 
 ' Tliis ii^ree« with tlie iiiodorn cxaniiiititions oftlio territories of 
 (Jreeiilaiid. Tlie testimony of the ruins eombines with the lite- 
 rary argument to put the East IJygd in the present distriet of 
 Julian's Hope, or eight days' sail from Iceland. Graah found 
 from the study of both sources of information that the West 
 l>ygd began in latitude 02°, IK)', almost exactly a six days' boat 
 journey, or one hundred and sixty-eight miles from Immarti- 
 uek, the most northerly and westerly fiord in Julian's liope, 
 where ruins are found ; or, as Graah says, the West Bygd be- 
 gan close to and north of the ice-blink of Frederic's Hope. See 
 GriKth's E.ipidition, p. 105. 
 
 '' t^krrlittijn-s, i. c, SkracUings, a term thought by some to mean 
 small men. Tt is the term always used by the Icelandic writers 
 
OK IIKNIJV IlI'DSON. 
 
 7!l 
 
 Tiiiiids iuid I)()ii)s. And thcii' aro now manyM'H'y 
 
 ' '' ll(l|•M('^<, 
 
 Ilor.ses, Oxen and K' c hut no people, neither KhR.'.""'' 
 ('hristians nor Heathen : hut they were all carried 
 away hy the Enemie the Skerh mjers. 
 
 All this helbre written was done hy Iner Jhtu-'-"!- iu,iy. 
 
 '' •' The Mil- 
 
 home in Grohhunl, a principall man in the Bish-"""^ 
 ops (Jourt : who dwelt there many yeers, and saw 
 and Knew all these plaeess. He Avas chosi'U hy 
 the whole Land as Captayne, to goe with ships to 
 the Westland, to driue away their enemies the 
 Skerlengers.^ But liee ooming there, found no 
 people, neither Christians nor Heathen, hut found 
 there many Sheepe running heing wilde, of which 
 Sheep they tooke with them as many as they 
 could Carrie, and with them returned to their 
 Houses, This hefore named lacr B(jty was him- 
 ►Selfe with them.^ 
 
 when speaking of those natives whom they met. Sec Pr>- 
 i'nhimliliiii Dii^rovrn/, p. 41 n. 
 
 ' A tradition ol" the conflicts between the Tcclandic colonists 
 and the natives appears to have been preserved in the account 
 <j;iven to Crantz hy the natives, who called the men who came 
 to Greenland Knhhun'tK, sayinji,' that a ((iiarrol arose, which 
 finally terminated in the extinction of the latter. A locality 
 called Plagilcsarhllc is pointed out in the district of JJall's River as 
 the scene of the battle. The name indicates a lAaccof shootimj 
 (irr')ics. Near by are some old Icelandic ruins. (^rmifr:, vol. 
 I, 204. 
 
 - Here the original ends, though I'rof. llafn gives four para- 
 graphs by a later hand. 
 
HO 
 
 HAIIJNO I>IUK(;TI().\S 
 
 Aunai, To the Noi'tli ' of tlic Wcst Liinil, lyotli ii ^rcat 
 
 WilUiii-- 
 
 !X'.'i//, WildonicH.s Nvitli ('lili'S or liockoH, ciilk'd Ilemd 
 
 7111 1 IIhIk- 
 
 fi/'.u>^}r//(,,fs/f/f.- Kartlicr can no man saylc, ht'caiise 
 limi^ ""^ there lye many ASu'dlf/cn''' or Whirl-i)ool(!« ; and 
 
 also I'or the Water and the Sea. 
 Mi.in^oi H<:iii, in (irondd/ivl -AYv. many Sihier HillH'and 
 1V'''I1 many white JJeares with red paUihes ' on tlien- 
 nllwk.v, heads; and also White Jlawkes, and all sorts oi' 
 
 nil fdilrt of ' 
 
 ""''■ Fish, as in other (Jountries. 
 
 Itaiu, there is Miirl)le Stone" of all coloiu's, also 
 
 " Thr North., (ho Ho-called uiiiiiliiibitabk; ro-'ioii ; thouf^h tlio 
 Northiiioii penetrated iinidi I'arther into tlic pi.lar re-ri.tii, and 
 had a HUinnier stati(.ii near tlie mouth of Lancasster Sound. Se(! 
 I'rc-Cdiiniiliidii /)is(()frri/, \>. xxxii. 
 
 ••i //ivnl lltihJHt, IVoni the Danish, Hmw/nirlix Fjilhl. 
 l{afii HUi^j^OHtH that thi.s is from //hninmki - nr/nni. jxlrnn rrf. 
 tnnr/riis. It probably tooi< the name I'rom a pinnacled roek. 
 
 ■■' tSini/i/il, from //illl'snr//ii/r. 
 
 1 tSifrrr llllh. The thin-^s here enumerated are also men- 
 tioned in the Roi/iil Mirror. Those additions to IJardseii's 
 work were not made; from a [lersoiial knowledj^eof the eouiitry. 
 (iraah speaks of the mountainous iceberj^s as resembling silver 
 bilb ; bui this is prot)ably not what the writer referreil to. 
 .11. is touch calls up the style of Si)aniard,s, who wrote after tlie 
 rediscovery oi" America by Colmnbus. (!rant/. mentions " (Jat- 
 Hilver." 
 
 •'This statement i.i from the lioijal Mirror. 
 
 " (h-autz says, " Of the limestone kind we find on the seaside 
 a orood deal of coarHC marble of all sorts of colors, but the \t}'iint- 
 est part black and wliite, with viiins ruiinin;; tlirou;,^h it. On 
 the strand we find broken pieces of red marble with while, 
 -^reon, and other veins, whi<di a(!(iuire su(di a jiolish by the fre- 
 quent rolling- and washingolthewaves, thatit isnotmuchinferi(U• 
 to the best Italian marble." — (1 rmiltniil. vol. I, p. 54. 
 
<»!'■ IIKNKV Ullj)S()N. 
 
 Hi 
 
 Zouoll sto.u. („• tho I.oa.l,st.,n(',' vvhid, tho firo van 
 n.>t hurt, whereof tl,oy uuiki^ many v,.,s,sel,s, ,,,»-= 
 I'ots, and other oj-eat vessels;' 
 fc^ in 6VrW«/,./ runneth ^reat .strean.eH, and 
 there ,s „u,<,h Snow and lee : Uut it i.s not ho eold, .w... 
 
 a.s It IS in h/and or Norway.' III:',:;:,:::!'' 
 
 /^<^///, there ^row on the hi^h Hills, Nnts an.l 1^^:;. 
 Acorns, whieh are as great as Apples, and good to 
 
 ' Oraah found a rock al, .Serk.tr.ouu, containing; a nu-Mn-tic 
 •substance of such intense power as to cause the eo^np.ss ^:Z 
 
 ■There is a hlank here in I'urchas's version 
 
 ^^ We ,,., notice here that (>.„t. says that this stone is • 
 
 oun.J .t ] al s R.ver, where it is .,uitc abundant. It is .-on.- 
 '"-Hlod of clay, and in workin, falls ofFlike fine flour, n.ai 1 
 ^0 fngers -.easy. It is easily cut, yet ponderous and o p ." 
 When ruhbed with oil, it becon.es very 'sn.ooth, thou-d. ' os" 
 ure to the air renders it porous. TI. native^ cut ^ ' ^ ! j ' 
 kcUlcs f ron. ,t, while it also n.akes the best of crucibles 'n' 
 Luke (.onu, the people forn.erly carried on ,uite a trade in v 
 -Is n.ade o s..d. stone. Hee ^r,...r,.J aW,.w ^^^^J 
 
 h. xxin. c.'2'- ^' """ ^ ''""'' '^''""■"' '">^""-!l. 
 
 ^ Conec^ni,^ this para,r„,h it n,ay he said, that the nlin.ate 
 ' <'.oe;dand is extren.ely variable, and that the cold weather 
 ' '''.UKb severe does not last hut a few .lays at a tin.e, tl" ! ! 
 -'•1 -"« ollowed byn,oderatcwearher; while in the sun^ 
 ..-. .so^^nnncondortablywarn.. Son.tin.es when it i" 
 ^—!y -1.1 u. Kurope, U.e winter in Greenland will •",. 
 wann. K.ede says that in the well k,.ow,. cold winter of 1 7 < : 
 40 there w.s ,.o .ee i,. the Hay of Disco until Mand., and that 
 Ibe w,ld ,eese vvent ,.orth in Ja.,,ary. C-antz think that^^ 
 
 -.w..dra.n alls .n(;reen|..n.! than in Norway. «ee .V,o, " 
 UriiidamI, vol. I, p. AO. " 
 
82 
 
 SAIIJNO iMiaXTIONS 
 
 cat. Thcro jirovvetli alno the best Wlioatc, that 
 can ^row in the whole Land.' 
 
 This Sea Card ^ was found in the lies of Ferro ' or 
 
 larre, lyinj^ between Shof-htid* and Mainly in an 
 
 old reckoning IJooke, written ahoue one hundred 
 
 }eeres agoe ; '' out of which this was all taken. 
 
 viimiKnMX htm. Pun nun and Jht/iar.se'' haue inhabited /s- 
 
 J'ol/iume. 
 
 ' llaf'ii says, and witli reaMon, that, the writer wlio added these 
 things to the account of Uardscn confounded the productions 
 of vJreerdand with those of Vinland (New Hnj^land). Con- 
 eerninj^ the grains, (h-aiitzsays: •'Tiie iOuropeans liave seve- 
 ral times attempted to sow Itarley and oats. 'J'hey grow as fine 
 and as liigli as in our countries, but sehlom advance so far as 
 the ear, and never to maturity." — f/ritii/diu/, vol. I, p. M. 
 
 - With the previ(jus]»aragraph tlie l>anish version of J{iifnends. 
 
 ' Situated north of Sccjtland, one hundred and sev(!nly miles 
 northwest from Hhetland and tliree hundnid and lifty south- 
 east i'rom Iceland. They are twenty-two in numlier. seventeen be- 
 ing inhabited. The principal is Stromiie. The ]ie(]jil(! are 
 descenilants of the Northmtsn, and sj)eak a dialect ol' the Norse, 
 though the official language is Danish, as the isles belong to 
 Denmark. 'I'iie possessor of this "Sea-Oard" came by it very 
 naturally. 
 
 ' 'i"he.s(!, with the Orkneys, wvvo, luild by Northmen and their 
 descendants. 
 
 "'This, it will be perceived, carries the somewhat modern ver- 
 sion from which Hudson's was translated, back to the period of 
 ('olumbus. All that follows appears to be of the same age as 
 the Karoe version of Hurdsen. At what time it reached Holland 
 we art! unable to conjecture, though a copy of the treatise was 
 probably in the hands of John Skolnus, and by him may have 
 been communicated to the Spanish or J'orluguese by whom he 
 Wiis known. 
 
 "The writer here, it must be rcuienibereU, is not IJardsen, but 
 one who knew much !e,s about Iceland. We are at a loss for an 
 
OK IIK.NIfV III'DSON ^o 
 
 O.J 
 
 land coortayiH. yoors, an.l sonietimos have o-ou(. to 
 «oa, and hauo lind thoir trade in Gronelaud. Also 
 /V/..,..^ di(] give tho M.M./CT. their Lawon, and 
 caused them to bee written, Which Law.s doe con- 
 inme to this day in /s/«W, and are billed hy name 
 PannvM Ltivves. 
 
 The (hursc from Idand 1u (himiUiml. 
 
 TF men bee So.ith from the Ilauen of Bml \\m\ 
 X in Nand, they shall sayle West, till they see 
 WInlmrh' vpon (h-u„. land, and then sayl some- 
 what South west, till Whdmrh, bee North oil' you 
 and so you need nor fear Jc.., but n.ay boldly sayk' 
 to Wkdmrh', and irom thence to Kru'k, Ifanen 
 
 Jr men bee North the JIaue,i of ]Jredfbrd in 
 1^1 ami, then .ayle South west, till WhUMarke beare 
 North : then sayl to it, and so come to Erlrk. 
 JIauen. 
 
 iiccouiit ..r l>Hu,n,^ and I'nilun-^r. The Ihvvs ,.(' r,.,.)..., I 
 
 "■•J. I" A™Kiim.l„„a»',„,c,.„„t„ric..,a„,l{l',,rtri «,■ I, 
 ..lcM.„ „,,„,„,,|j, „!■ i|,„ i„|,,,,i„„„„^ „,., ,„,„ ' 
 
 ' : '"■" «"■«'■"-» wi,.,„r ,,.,„, ,,,! ,.,„„, '^„ ;;^ 
 
 » c,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,c,l .„ ,,|,c „..,l,u„l,:,.s l.,„„ii„ i„ ,,,„ Z 
 ■'-<>[.']) »l..ml,l cv,.r;„l,c,-o „ivo |,h,„,. i„ ,|,„ ,,,„„„ „,• ^Z\»„ 
 
84 
 
 SAlLlNtJ DIRECTIONS 
 
 t/ioii. 
 
 Trnli'bo- 
 tlidii, a 
 Krciit WW- 
 
 The coiii- 
 mo(lilii!n 
 of (rion- 
 laml. 
 
 If you see Ice, that cometh out of Trolehothon^ 
 you shall go more Southerly, but not too far South 
 for feare of Freesland,^ for there runneth an hard 
 Streanie, And it is fifteen miles or leagues from 
 Fresland. 
 
 Item, Freesland lyeth South, and Maud East 
 from Gronland. 
 
 Item, from the Ice that hangeth on the Ililles in 
 Gronland, commeth a great Foggs, Frost and Cold. 
 And such a Fogge cometh out of the Ice of Trolc- 
 hotlion : and it is a great Wilderness. 
 
 There are Sables, Marternes, Ilermelens, or 
 Ermins, White Beares, and White Ilawkes, Scales, 
 
 1 Trolchotlwn . In the former part of the treatise, this is 
 called the Long North Bottomc. The Danish there is Botiieu, 
 for which llafn gives Trollfhotiicn. 
 
 -The whole subject of Frisland has often been treated as 
 a mystery. Asher, however, gives a solution. The Venetian 
 brothers are reported to have visited Frisland, Engroneland, 
 Iceland and Estotiland in 1387. Their chart, the original 
 of which .still exists, was derived from the Scandinavians. 
 Nearly the whole of the tiorthwestern part of Jodocus Ilon- 
 dius's map was copied from it. Still this map of the Zeni 
 brothers was very imperfect, Iceland not being so well drawn 
 as Greenland. Frisland also is badly depicted, being located 
 where no land was ever known, so that the only explana- 
 tion to be given is that they confounded Frisland with the 
 Faroe Islands. This led to the appearance of Frisland, in 
 subsequent maps as a separate country lying in the sea south- 
 west of Iceland. No one (juestioned its existence, and down to 
 a late period it was usually represented. Frobisher had n copy 
 of the Z(^ni chart, but owing to lines of latitude and longi- 
 tude placed u]»in it ))y l;it(!r hands was led in se\i>r!il mistakes. 
 
OF immtY Hl'DSON. 
 
 85 
 
 White and gray, Gold and Siluor Hills, also Pish 
 dryed and salted, and thousands of Salmons : also 
 store of Losh Hides and other Hides. There are 
 Hares, Foxes, Wolues, Otters and Veltfrasen 
 
 Now if it please God they come to Gronland 
 then shall they let but two men on shoare; who 
 will take with them divers kinds of Marchandize : 
 and let them deale with good order, and let them 
 be such as can make good Reports, what they 
 there doe see or finde ; and let them observe 
 whether men may Land there or no, with the 
 lou^f the Inhabitants. And I counsaile and 
 
 JdtdT''"° r' "' ^"'^°'^'''' '^ ^" '''''-"^^ 60°, but the 
 
 577 ie T '' "'T •" ''° ' '^''^^^'^'"S^^- -hon in July, 
 1577, he came upon the Greenknd coast iu latitude Gl° be 
 supposed that be bad reached Frisland. He therefor r p^ 
 
 etn wa. the southern part of Greenland. Davis also came in 
 s.ght the coast in latitude 61°, but fi .di„. that this w^tbe 
 wron, lataude for Frisland, concluded that Sus was n^ 
 covery and called it Desolations. Touching the coast la . 
 - Ij^tuude (3-10, be concluded that Desolations was 7 i^^ 
 nc.bav„., seen the line of coast between. Thus DesoZ^:^ 
 can.e to have a distinct existence on the map, and when llud- 
 
 oi what be has marked as Ure-.nland on bis n.ap. Bus.. Land 
 -ddown on many old charts east of DesoIatL,; bad a ^ 
 less real existence; one of Frobisber's ships, t be Bussr nee 
 
 tor an island ol ice, were unsuccessful. The nonuhr i.].-. 
 
86 
 
 SAILING DIRECTIONS 
 
 Good 
 tomisell 
 i'df trauull 
 iiif^ to 
 Gronlaml. 
 
 Tj-iidcr- 
 boxes for 
 Are. 
 
 charge those tliat shall trade for Groiiland, tliat 
 they set no more folks on Land, but they keep 
 men enough to man the Ship. And looke well to 
 the course you do hold to GronJand, that if those 
 that bee set on shoare be taken, they may come 
 home again with God's lielpe. For if shipping 
 returne, they may come home or bee released in a 
 yeere and a day. And in your living there so 
 demean yourselues to them, that in time you may 
 win the Countrey and the people.^ 
 
 Remember my Scholar and Clearke, which shall 
 there bee appointed as Commander, that you send 
 those on Land, that will show themselues diligent 
 Writers, and that they carrie themselues so, that 
 they may learn thereby the StaLe of the Countrey. 
 They shall take with them two Boats and Eight 
 Oares, and take Tynder-boxes for fire if there be 
 no Habitation. Also set vp Crosses of Wood or 
 Stone, if need be. 
 
 ' In reading the foregoing wo are forcibly rcuiiuded of the gene- 
 ral neglect of the true policy by Hudson, in conmiou with most 
 navigators and settlers, which neglect has cost so much blood 
 and treasure. In the account of Hudson's third voyage we 
 have the following : " In the morning we manned our scute 
 with four muskets and sixe men, and tooke one of their shallops 
 and brought it aboard. We then manned our scute with twelve 
 men and muskets, and two stone pieces or murderers, and drave 
 the savages from their houses, and took the spoyle of them, as 
 they would have done Oi us." Ashcr'n Ifciirj/ JfiKho)!,^. 61. 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 87 
 
 This Nniefollmmmj ivas found in an old Boohe of 
 Accounts, in the Yecre 1596. 
 
 IN primis, From Gtad, in Norway, standing 
 neere the Latitude of sixtie three Degrees/ 
 you shall hold your course due West : and that 
 course will bring you upon Stoartnesse, in Omnland. 
 And in this course is the least streame and least 
 peri 11 of Swahjen. or Indrafts. There is lesse perill 
 this way, then is on the North-side ; you shall 
 keep l of the sea on Freeseland side, and one 
 th i rd on Island side. And if it bee clcere weather, 
 and you haue kept your course right West, you 
 shall see the Mount of Sneucl lokid ^ in the South- 
 west part of Island. And if you have a storme in 
 the North, you must shunne it as you can, till 
 WhitsarJce bee North of you. Then shall you 
 sayle right with it, and seeke the Land : and you 
 shall find a good Hauen, called Erichs Ford. 
 
 Item, If you bee between Gronlaml and Island, 
 you may see ^neuels lokid on Mand and WhitmrJ^e 
 
 Courses 
 lor Omn- 
 laiiil. 
 
 A Storme 
 in tlio 
 North. 
 
 Whit- 
 mrke. 
 
 Ericks 
 I''or(l. 
 
 ' Here we have the first indication of modern science to be 
 ound .n these sailing directions; though imi^iediately after 
 m-eesland is mentioned. 
 
 •-' S>iau'l lokul, or Snjofellsjokul. A JUM is a mountain per- 
 iictualli/ covered with snow. 
 
88 
 
 SAlLlNCi I)11{K(TI()NS 
 
 on Grouhniil, if it be cleere weather. Therefore 
 men of experience doe assume that it is but thirtie 
 leagues betweene Ijoth. 
 
 Also if you haue a storm between GnmJand and 
 Island, you must haue care you bee not laid on 
 Freeslmid ^ with the Streame and Winde ; for the 
 Streame or Current doth run strong vpon Frees- 
 huid out of the North. 
 
 Also if you haue a storme out of the South, you 
 shall not sayle out «)f your course, but keepe it as 
 neere as you can possibly, till Whitsarke in Gi-on- 
 land beare North of you : then sayle towards it, 
 and you shall come into Ericlvs Ford, as it is afore- 
 said in the first Article. 
 
 1 Frecdand. We must note hero again that this is by a mo- 
 dern writer. Frisland does not appear in anything that Ivar 
 Bardscn or any other Icelander or Greenlandcr wrote. 
 
OF HENRY IITDSON. 
 
 89 
 
 Ivav Bar,hmH Sm Card, tramlatcd fmm. Prof. 
 Hafns version. 
 
 [AiitifjinftitcH Amrrirann; j). ;J00.] 
 
 Men of understundino- born i,i GroGnland say 
 that from the north of Stad in Nor^vay to tiio 
 oast coast of Iceland called Horn is seven days 
 sail west. 
 
 Item. Prom Smefellsness on the west coast of 
 Iceland the distance to Greenland is shortest, and 
 It IS said to be two days and two nights sail west- 
 ward. Then Gininbiorn's Rocks lie half way Iie- 
 tween Iceland and Greenland. This coarse was 
 anciently taken, but now it is said there is ice on 
 the rocks that has come out of the Northern Ocean, 
 so that it is no lon-er possible to go that way 
 without peril of life, as will afterwards be seen. 
 
 Item. From Langeness which is on the north- 
 oast of Iceland to the above said Ilorn-ness, it is 
 two days and two night's sail to Sualbarde in 
 IlafFsbotnen . 
 
 Item. They who sail the course from Bergen to 
 
 Greenland, without coming to Iceland, hold west 
 
 imtd they come in the region of Reikianess south 
 
 of tho promontory of Iceland, from which they 
 
 should then be distant twelve Icelandic sea miles 
 12 
 
90 
 
 SAl[,]N(i DIHKCTIOXS 
 
 south, and then, kec'i)ing the stmie westerly course, 
 steer for that part of Greenland which is called 
 Iluarr. The day Ijelbre the said lluarf is seen, 
 will be seen another snow uioiintain called lluid- 
 serk; and between these two mountains and Iluarf 
 and Tluidserk lies a ness called lleriulfsness and 
 near it is a harbor called Sandhaven, where mer- 
 chants were wont to come. 
 
 Item. In sailing fronr Iceland you must take 
 your departure from Sna'fellsness, which lies at a 
 distance of twelve sea-miles north-west from Reik- 
 ianess, and shape a course to the west for a day 
 and a, night, and then to the south-west until you 
 have passed all the ice above menticmed lying at 
 and around Gunnbiorn's Rocks, You must then 
 steer north-west for a day and a night which will 
 bring you to Iluarf in Greenland, where lleriulfs- 
 ness and Sandhaven are situated. 
 
 Item. The most eastern district in Greenland is 
 situated straight east from lleriulfsness, and is 
 called Skagafiord, and it is a village. 
 
 [tern. East of Skagafiord is a l)ay called Bears- 
 fiord which is notdwelt in. At the mouth of the bay 
 is a long risse lying across the inlet so that large 
 ships cannot harbor in it. There are many whales 
 and much hunting for them, though not without 
 the l)ishop's consent, as the hshery belongs to the 
 Cathedral Church. And in this bay is a large 
 
OF IIKNI.'V IIIDSON. 
 
 01 
 
 whirlpool, ill whidi wliiH|,„„I the wliulcs nin in 
 whon the tido runs out. 
 
 Ifnn. East of UL-ai'sliord i,s uuothor haven callod 
 the Lon-ost-of-AIl, whi(!h at the mouth is narrow, 
 l)iit liirthoi- in vLM-y wide. The length of it is so' 
 groat that the end of it is not known. There is 
 no current. It contains many little islands. 
 There are many hirds and eggs, nnd it is plaiii 
 land on hoth sides covered with grass. 
 
 Item. A little lin-ther towards the east fr<mi the 
 ice mountain there is a port called Finsbudr, from 
 the name of a page of Saint Olaf who with many 
 others was wrecked here. And those that were 
 saved bui-ied those that were drowned, and on 
 their graves they set great stone crosses, where 
 they stand to this day. 
 
 Still farther east towards the ice mountains, 
 is a great island called Cross, where there are 
 many white bears, which cannot be hunted 
 without permission ol' the JJishop, as the island 
 belongs to the Cathedral. J3eyond it to the east 
 nothing is to be seen at sea or on the shore but 
 ice and snow. 
 
 Item. Now we shall return to th 
 
 e affairs already 
 
 touched upon concerning the Greenland coloi 
 
 Item. On the East side of Heriulfsness is a 
 colony called Ketilsliord, which is well built. Sail- 
 ing into the fiord you see on the right hand its 
 

 
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92 
 
 SAILING DIIJECTIONS 
 
 mouth, into whicli ii groat Hood runs. Opposite 
 the mouth stands a church called Auroos Church, 
 consecrated to the Cross, which church holds all 
 the islands, rocks, and things thrown up by the 
 se.'i, without as far as Ileriulfsness, and those within 
 as far as the Bay of Peter. 
 
 Item, At the Bay of Peter is a large habitable 
 tract called Wartsdale, before which tract is a large 
 lake, twelve sea miles long, abounding in (isli. 
 The Church of Peter holds the tract of Wartsdale. 
 
 Item. Near this place is a groat monastery dwelt 
 in by regular canons, which is consecrated to Saint 
 Olaf and Saint Augustine. The monastery holds 
 all interior lands to the end of the bay, and all 
 those on the outside. 
 
 Item. Next to Ketilsfiord is Rafnsfiord, in the 
 interior of which lies a cloister of nuns of Saint 
 Benedict's Order. This cloister holds all the in- 
 terior lands to the end of the bay and the exterior 
 part as far as the Voge Church, dedicated to Saint 
 Olaf the king. In this bay are many little islands, 
 one-half of which belong to Voge Church, and the 
 other half is held by the Cathedral Church. In 
 these little islands are many hot springs, which in 
 winter are so hot that no one can approach them, 
 but in summer they are more temperate, so that 
 many Ijathing in them are cured of disease. And 
 near this is Einarsfiord, between which and the 
 
OF HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 aforementioned Rafnsfiord is a great garden called 
 the Foss, which belongs to the king. Here 
 stands a splendid church dedicated to Saint Nicho- 
 las, to which the king appoints priests. Next to 
 this is a great lake, abounding in fish, which, after 
 rising with tides and rains, flows back leaving a 
 great number of fish on the sand. And when you 
 sail out of Einarsfiord to the left is a Ijranch of the 
 sea called Thorvaldsvike. And somewhat above 
 in the same fiord is a promontory called Klining. 
 Beyond this is another branch called Granevig ; 
 above which is a large garden called Dalor, which 
 is held by the Cathedral Church. On the right 
 when sailing out of the fiord is a great forest, 
 which is the property of the Cathedral, in which 
 forest all the great and small cattle are pastured. 
 The Cathedral Church holds all Einarsfiord and a 
 great island called Kensoa, that lies before Einars- 
 fiord, where in the autumn season many rein-deer 
 resort, and which they commonly hunted, though 
 not without the permission of the bishop. In this 
 same island are the softest stones to be found in 
 all Greenland, of which they make pots and ves- 
 sels, which on account of their duralnlity tlie» fire 
 will not injure. And from one rock they made 
 vessels that hold ten or twelve tuns. 
 
 And far west from this lies another long island, 
 called Langey, on whi(;h are eight great farms. 
 
94 SAIIJNO DIUKCTIONS 
 
 The ('jithedral ('hiircli holds the wliolo ishmd 
 except a tentli, which belongs to the Wartsdale 
 church. And next to Einiir.sfiord is llualseliord, 
 in which is a church called J lualsef lord's, which 
 with the fioid and all adjacent belongs to Kamb- 
 stiidfiord. In this fiord is a royal garden called 
 Thiodhildestad. 
 
 And next to this is Ericsliord in the mouth of 
 which is an island called Erics Island, part of 
 which belongs to the Cathedral ('hurch and part 
 to the Church of Dyurenes. The Church of Dy- 
 urenes is the principal church in Greenland, and 
 stands on the left hand entering Ericsfiord. All 
 of Medfiord are under Dyuren<!s Church ; Med- 
 fiord extends north-west from Ericsfiord. Far 
 from thence in Ericsfiord is Solefields Church, 
 which belongs to Midfiord. Far in the interior of 
 the fiord is a church called Leyder Church. To 
 this church belongs all to the end of the bay and on 
 the other side as far as IJurfielld. All from the 
 outside of IJurfielld is owned ))y the Cathedral 
 Church. There is alsc) situated a great orchard 
 called Brattelid, where the IJailif lives. 
 
 Farther out from Langoa are four islands, called 
 Lamboer, or Lambornse, thus called, because they 
 lie between Langoa and Lamboer. Before the 
 middle part of Ericsfiord is another narrow fiord 
 called Fossafiord. The islands enumerated belong 
 
OF IIEXHY HUDSON. 
 
 m 
 
 to the Cathedral Church hefore mentioned situated 
 in Fossafiord in the middle of Ericsfiord. 
 
 And north opposite Ericsfiord are two branches 
 of the sea of whicli one is called the Exterior and 
 the other the Interior, by wliich names th(^y are 
 known. 
 
 And near by noithward is Breidafiord, in which 
 fiord is Medfiord. Hence far northward is Eya- 
 liord ; next to this is Borgafiord, after which is 
 Tiodmundfiord, then Isefiord, which is the most 
 western of the fiords in the East district. The 
 islands are all occupied by settlers. 
 
 And between the East and the West Bygd it is 
 twelve sea miles, the whole extent of whicli is 
 waste lands. In the west Byjrd stands a splendid 
 churcii, called Stennes Church where in Ibrmer 
 times Wtas the bishop's seat. Now the Sknvllings 
 liohl all the country west ; it is nevertheless full 
 of horses, goats, oxen, sheep, and all the animals 
 are wild. There are no inhabitants, neither 
 Christians nor Pagans. 
 
 ffcin. Ivar Bardson, a Greenlaiider, of Garda, 
 the E])iscopal seat of CJlreenland, who Avas Bailifl' 
 many years, related these to us, having himself 
 seen all these things before related, and been one 
 among them. He was selected as captain to go to 
 the West Bygd to drive thence the Sknellings. 
 And when they came there there were no men 
 
9G 
 
 SAILING DIRECTIONS. 
 
 neither Christians nor Pagans, but a great many 
 wild sheep and cattle, of which they put some on 
 board their vessels and brought them to their 
 homes. One of the men was Ivar above men- 
 tioned. 
 
 Item. Far to the north of the West Bygd is a 
 great mountain called Hemelrachi, beyond which 
 it is not advisable to sail, on account of many 
 whirlpools by which all the sea is filled. 
 
 Item. Greenland has many silver mountains and 
 many white bears with red spots on their heads, 
 white falcons, whales teeth and many fish such as 
 abound in all lands. There is also marble stone 
 of all colors, soft rocks, that are not injured by 
 fire, from which the Greenlanders make pots, urns, 
 vases and vats of ten or twelve tuns capacity. 
 There is also an aljundance of rein-deer. 
 
 Item. In Greenland there are never great tem- 
 pests. 
 
 Item. In Greenland there is much snow ; there 
 it is not so cold as in Iceland and Norway. On 
 the tops of the hills there grow alders, and fruits 
 of the size of large apples and very sweet. There 
 is also found the best of wheat. 
 
 m 
 
 NoTF..— fiino U, page 18, for " When," rani " Before." 
 The i^tatenioiit in the same purnj^raph depends upon the calcu- 
 lation of Hudson, who put the latitude of the place in 44° 1'. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Acorns, 81 . 
 
 Adam of Bremen, 23. 
 
 AdirondackH, 19. 
 
 Allmiiy, 32. 
 
 Alders, 96. 
 
 Algarvo, <i8, H.2. 
 
 AllalH)njr Sound, 68. 
 
 America, v, vi, 19, 59. 
 
 Amsterdam, 18, 32, 52, 54, 55, 56, 
 
 61. 
 Anti(iuitate8 Americanii', v, 13. 
 Antoiue's Nozo, 50, n. 
 Antonis Nt'iis, 50 w. 
 Antwerp, 54. 
 Apples, 81, 96. 
 Arctander, 68 «. 73 7i. 
 Arminius, 55. 
 Asher. 14, 52, 53 n, 56. 
 Astor library, 29. 
 AurfK)8 church, 93. 
 Azores, 21. 
 
 Bacaloas, 25. 
 
 BatHn's Land, 25. 
 
 Ball's River, 81 n. 
 
 Banlwn, Ivar, v, vi, 9, 12, 13, 68 
 
 n. 95, 96. 
 Barentz,13, 51,52, 54, 61. 
 Barrow, Sir John, 21,53,56. 
 Bay of Peter, 92. 
 Baylitte, 77. 
 
 Beare Ford, 67, 68, 90, 91. 
 Beares, 69, 96. 
 Benwm, 50 •«. 
 Berjren, 26, 61, h.65, 89. 
 Biarne, 58. 
 
 18 
 
 Biddle, 21,22. 
 
 Bisli<)])s, 10. 
 
 Bishops of (Jreonland, 26. 
 
 Books l>urnt,55. 
 
 Bo(m, Voljrard, 68 n. 
 
 Borgatiord, 95. 
 
 Boty, 12. (Set." Bardsen). 
 
 Bousels, 77. 
 
 Bow Bells, 15. 
 
 Brabant,. >'). 
 
 Brattalid, 77 /i.,94. 
 
 Bredford, 83. 
 
 Breidafiord, 95. 
 
 Bremen, 56. 
 
 Brimstone Mount, 64. 
 
 Bristol, 20,28 ;t. 
 
 Britons, 24. 
 
 Brodluml, Hon. J. Komeyn, 32. 
 
 Brussels, 55 ; llufonned church of, 
 
 55. 
 Bull of Gregory IV, 9. 
 Burfield,94. 
 Busse Land, 86 «. 
 Bygd,63,«. 
 Bygd, <"ast, 10. 
 Bygd, west, 10, 12. 
 
 Cabot, Sebastian, 20, 21,24. 
 
 Canaries, 20, 25. 
 
 Canons, 71. 
 
 Ca]M' Bloming, 74. 
 
 Cape Fill-well, 9,66 w. 
 
 Ca})e Ilattcras, 31. 
 
 Cathedral Church, 26, 67, 69, 74, 76, 
 
 91, 93. 
 Cattle, 74 n. 96. 
 
m 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ('iivfiidifili. Tlioiiins 
 
 ('licsaiM'nkc Hay, ;J1. 
 
 Cliiim, 15, r)3, 54, 5(1. 
 
 riiincsc, 27 7t. 
 
 Cliristian I, 23, 2;{, ii. 3. 
 
 Cliristian II, 27. 
 
 ChriHtianity, 10. 
 
 Cliristianw, !»5, 9(1. 
 
 f'liriHtoplicHHcn, !). 
 
 ('linmiclcH of Iceland, 12. 
 
 Clmrcli <.f I'.'tcr, 93. 
 
 Cisterns, 75. 
 
 Cliniatc of (Jrecnhuid, 81 n. 
 
 Cloystcr, 71, 73. 
 
 C'ohotutca, ;{1. 
 
 Columbus, 30, 21, 34, 27, 38, 29, 
 
 53. 
 Cordcyn), Hev. Fatlicr, 21, 22. 
 Corse Houjrht, (59. 
 Cortcreal, (Jaspar, 24, 39. 
 Costa, Jolui Vaz 21, (See CortiToal), 
 
 22, 28«., 27, 38«,3. 39. 
 Crantz, 75 n., 80 «. 
 Cross Island, 69 n. 
 Crosses, 69, 70. 
 
 Daler, 93. 
 
 Daleth, (»anlennf,74. 
 
 I>aly, Hon. Charles P., iii. 
 
 Danel, 63 n. 
 
 Danes, 24. 
 
 Davis Straits, 18. 
 
 De (hiijfnes, 27 a. 
 
 Delawari' Bay, 18. 
 
 Deneys, of IIonfleur,59. 
 
 Deniiiark, 11, 22, 57, 59, GO. 
 
 Desolations, 10, 17, 86/). 
 
 De Veer, 50. 
 
 Dewers Kerkc, 77. 
 
 Die Entdeokung Amerikas, 25. 
 
 Disco, 81 n. 
 
 D6nsk Tunj?n, 13 «., 3. 
 
 Dooms day Bixik, 14, 03 n. 
 
 Dort, Syn(Kl of, 55. 
 
 Drake, Sir Francis 
 
 Drenoutre, 55. 
 Dutch. 15, 59, 33, 50. 
 Dyuri^nes Churcli, 94. 
 
 East Horn, 64 //. 
 
 East India Comimny, 16, 52. 
 
 Easter DorjM', 67. 
 
 Eilinhurfrh Cai)inet, 58. 
 
 Ejred.;, 17. 
 
 Ef^gers, 04 II. 
 
 Einarsford, 93, 93, 94. 
 
 Elizabeth, Qui'en. 55. 
 
 Emestness Ford, 73, 75. 
 
 Entrland 30, 55. 
 
 Eric the Red, 9, 63 it.,(\Qn. 
 
 Erics Fonl, 77. 
 
 Erics Ilauen, 83. 
 
 Ericseya, 9. 
 
 Ericsfiord, 9, 30, 94, 95. 
 
 Erlandson, 66 n. * 
 
 Estotiland, 33. 
 
 EuroiM'. 53. 
 
 Evora, 31. 
 
 Examen Critique^ 24. 
 
 Explorations, Captain (Iraah's, 10. 
 
 Eyafiord, 95. 
 
 Fahricius, 27 n. 
 Farms, 93. 
 
 FarSe, vi, 20, 28 n, 66 /;. 
 Faroesland, vi, 38 «. 
 Fende)>otlier, (59. 
 Ferdinand, 38 n. 
 Fernandez, Don, 31. 
 Finsbuder, 69 «., 91. 
 Fish, 90. 
 Flandi'rs, 54, 55. 
 Florida, 31. 
 Flowery Kingdom, 18. 
 Fossa fionl, 94. 
 Fossa Sound, 77. 
 Foster, 53 ii. 
 Freesland, 84. 
 Friedericksthal, 11. 
 
 ijwi" 
 
INDEX. 
 
 99 
 
 Fiisiuiul, vi, 84 «., 88. 
 Fii.sliiiulia, 2!{, //.I. 
 Fn(liiMli,.r,84 «., 8.1 
 Fr.Klo, the WiHf, 00 ti. 
 FruitH, m. 
 
 <Jar<la, 2«. IW. 
 
 <»fir(ujfl(.sk.T, 03 n. 
 
 (ifitskorCJriiii, 83n. 
 <KT!iiaiiy, 55. 
 
 <'<ilp()tlia, 74 «. 
 
 Honiara. 32, 24, 25. 57. 58. 
 'Joiiibornsc-Skari', 03. 
 GoiiK'z, Esti'van, 49, 50. 
 «<>fMl t'ounsel 80. 
 
 "raah, 11, 13, 03 «., CO /i. 
 Grancvijy, Oii. 
 
 <Jran\vik(>. 74. 
 
 Graves, 09. 
 
 (JroenlaiKl, v, vi, s), 10, 15, 10, 18 
 
 IJ), 30, 28. 
 Grcenlaiulcr, Jon, 26. 
 <Jrcjrory IV, 9. 
 Groneland. 10, 02, 03.. (See 
 
 Greenland). 
 Grote Lead, 77. 
 Gunnhiorn. 9, 03 «., 63 «., 89 
 
 90. 
 Gunnl)i()rn'8 Skerries, 03, n. 04, « 
 
 Ouanian, tlie, 77. 
 
 "••riiilfncss, (15 //., iX), j)3. 
 "••nioldus Ilooke, 05. 07, 09, 70. 
 "iylilaiKls, 18. 
 
 JJUtorhkf MiiKhmim-k,,; ((Jrone- 
 
 land'H), V, 3.13, /,. 
 History off J,,. Indies, 24. 
 Hokesonjf, Enehiesse, 71. 
 Holland, 18,5.'), 50. 
 Ilonicr, 37 ii. 
 
 Hondius, Jodwus, 13, 54 n. 84 « 
 
 Horn, 89. 
 
 I'orn,('a|.e, 01 >,. 
 
 Hornnesse, 01,04,89. 
 
 Hiialsfiord, 94. 
 
 Himri; 90. 
 
 Pliidson, Henrie 61. 
 
 Hudson, Henry, vi, 13, 14, 15, 10 18 
 
 li».3!',3O.31.50,r,3.53« W 
 04, 06, 80, 90. 
 
 Hudson, II,.nry tin, Alderman 15 
 
 39. ' 
 
 Hudson, John, 15. 
 Hudson Hiver, 49, 50. 
 Huidserk, 90. 
 Iluitsarke, 05. 
 Humboldt, 23 n., 2, 24 
 Hvarf, 20. 
 
 Haff8l)f)tnen, 04 n., 89. 
 Hakluyt Society, 14, 25, 31 54 
 ."58. ' ' 
 
 Half Moon, 18, 19, 30, 33 
 Hecla. 04 n. 
 Heimskrinjria, 04 u. 
 Hi'lKt'land, 03 n. 
 Hi'inel Ilatsfelt, 80. 
 Henri<iue2, Alphonso, 28 n., 2 
 Henry IV, .53. I 
 
 Henry VIII, 3.'». 
 
 Ico, polar, 51, .53. 
 ! Iceland, 9, 10, 13, 15, 17, 33, 03. 
 Icelandic, 10, 30. 
 Hloa, 08w. 
 India, 19, 20, 31, .50. 
 Isefiord, 95. 
 Island. 01, 04. 
 Isles of Ferro, 83. 
 Italy, 54. 
 
 Ivar Bardsen, 06 «., 88 n., 89. 
 Ivor Boty, 01. 
 
 Jan Mayen, 09 n. 
 Jcanin, President, .52. 
 Jodocus, IIondiu8,01. 
 .lonas, Arnfrrini, 65 «. 
 
100 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 .loiison, Hni, (to II. 
 Jiiliuuh \h>\K-, (jy «., U.*) n. 
 
 Kiikartok, 7U «. 
 
 Kftilsliortl, yi, 1)2. 
 
 Kliiiiiijr. i*;5. 
 
 KiMloHtiird, 70. 
 
 Kolil, Dr., r)(J,r)i». 
 
 K..I1111S, .loliii. ',",>, 24 25, 5(5, 82. 
 
 Kriiyc, I 'If, 02 11. 
 
 KuDHtinunii, : 
 
 LaliiKiistH, ;!2, 50 11. 
 
 l.iiilira<l<)r, 2-1, 50. 
 
 Laiii^', (i-l //. 
 
 LanilMicr, 04. 
 
 Lanihoriisc, 04. 
 
 LancaHttT Soiiiid, 17,80 n. 
 
 Laiidanaiiia. 14, (i2 /«., 05 n. 
 
 Laiijrciu'HH, 80. 
 
 Lanjffy, 03. 
 
 Lanjroa, 04. 
 
 LanliitT. 58. 
 
 Las ( 'asns, 20. 
 
 Leaden Kcrkc, 77. 
 
 Lclcwcl, 57, 50. 
 
 Letters of ('(iluinbus, 28 n. 
 
 LeyderCliureh, 04. 
 
 Lichteiifcls, 75 H. 
 
 Lisbon, 22. 
 
 Loadstone, 81. 
 
 Lodnmndfiord, 05. 
 
 Lok, Michael, 25, :n, 58. 
 
 London, 15. 
 
 Lonfr Hi^h Land, 7(i. 
 
 Lonj; Island, 82. 
 
 Longest of All, 01. 
 
 Lonjjnesse, ((4. 
 
 Luther, 55. 
 
 Maf^ellan, 53. 
 
 Majrnussen, Prof. Finn, 14, 57. 
 
 Mnini'. 18. 
 
 Maine, Historical So<'iety of, 50. 
 Major, 1{. \V..21,22,2y"H.,28. 
 Maniton, 10. 
 .Marble, 80. 
 Medlionl, 04, 05. 
 Mi-dford, 77. 
 Mevdon ford, 77. 
 Monastery, 02. 
 Moors, 28, II. 2. 
 Mountains, 40 11. 
 .Mount Desert, 18, 40 /i. 
 Mur|iliy,Mr.,:i2, 50, 52. 
 Muscovy Coini)any, 15, 2l>. 
 
 Narrows, 40 //. 
 
 Natives, intoxicated, HO ; killed, 30. 
 
 Needle, dip of, 53 //. 
 
 NevesincK, 40/(. 
 
 New Anister<lani,32. 
 
 New llerrnhnth, 75 «. 
 
 New V<,rk, 18, 40 11. 
 
 North, 13. 
 
 North IJottonu', 03. 
 
 Northern jmssage, 58. 
 I Nortlnnen, old track of, 21. 
 
 Northmen, Pre-Columbian Disco- 
 very of .Anu'rica by, 10 «. 
 
 North jiole, 51, 53, a. 
 
 North sea, 15. 
 
 Norumbe;ja, 31. 
 
 Norway, 15, 22, 23 «., 01,03 /i.,87. 
 80. 
 
 Notes on Columbus, 20. 
 
 NovaZembla, 15, 10, 17,52. 
 
 Nuns, 72, 02. 
 
 Nuts, 81. 
 
 Olaf Try); jyvesson, 04 n„ 05 n. 
 
 Olaus, 25. 
 
 Old (Jreenland, 57, 50. 
 
 Old Northern, 13 «. 
 
 Orchards, 70. 
 
 Orkney, 5, 82 n. 
 
 Ounartok. 72. 
 
INDKX, 
 
 Palisades, 18, 10. 
 
 I'arnia, Duke of, 54, .V). 
 
 l'<'f«T's\Vikc,71. 
 
 I'f.vrcic, ;>((. 
 
 Pilots. 34, M. 
 
 PlIc.tH, Portufruos,. a„,i Spanish, 
 
 29, ;(2. 
 Plantius, I{,.v. iv.,,.r, 31 ..,3 53 -^ 
 
 5.^.'»((,(n. 
 
 Polar s.-a, ori^final idea of r,0 .-j;} 
 Po'itamis, !», 33 ,n|y 
 
 P<'rtii;rnl,28 /«. 
 Potharno, 83. 
 Pot stone, »;{. 
 Pre-Columbian ,^^^.^ 14 
 
 Prickett, Aliacuk, IG 
 Prin«, 81 /t. 
 
 Pr.KluctionHof(Jreenlan(l,84 
 Ptolemy, 28 «. 
 
 Piinnus, 83. 
 
 Piin-has, i;j, 54, 58^ 04 
 
 101 
 
 iiiniu; 27. 
 
 Itoinpnes, 7;j. 
 
 KoiiiHe Ford, 70. 
 
 Hoval Mirror, 00 h, 80 n. 
 
 Hilt, Jolui, 58. 
 
 tiut'cn Mar/Tarct, ofl. 
 
 Hafiisfiord, 92, !);{ 
 Haynios Ilaytli, 7,j. 
 
 Ki'Hd, lion. *J. Meredith, 15, 39 
 lu-aunmr, 72. 
 
 Hfc-koninjr Uooke, 83. 
 
 Heikiaiiess, 05 /i.,89. 
 
 Kcindeer, 93, 00. 
 
 iicnsoa, 93. I 
 
 «ciis8elaerw3-ck, 50 n. 
 
 R'Vvno deer, 75. 
 
 Ribero, 49 n. 
 
 liio St Antonio, 50. 
 Hisse, 02, 03. 
 
 KiverofthoSteo,.IIi]l,,4»,5o 
 Itiviera (Jraudlssiiia, 49. 
 Kokness, 05. 
 Holf, 02 ?i, 03 ti. 
 
 Sacrament, 15. 
 Sundlmven, 90. 
 Sandy Hook, 18. 
 Saiuarem, 27 n. 
 SarairoHsn, 24. 
 Scandinavian sailors., 34. 
 Schenchzer, 81 «. 
 Scolvum, Ja<', 25. 
 Scoresby's Sound, 08 «. 
 Sea Card, 83. 
 
 Scrketnoua, 81 »• 
 Seville, 25. 
 Slu'cp. ))0. 
 
 Shetland Islands, 05 n 
 
 Ships, 10. 
 
 Shot-lant 83. 
 
 Shmid, P^rasnuis, 37 n. 
 Silver Hills, 80, 85. 
 Ska^Ufafiord, 90. 
 Skardfa, Bicrrn Von, 20 
 Skogel, 77. 
 Skojren Ford, 07, 70. 
 
 Skolnus. 23, 58, 59, 00. 
 Skra'llinjrs, 95. 
 
 Sniith,Ca|)t. John, 31. 
 Sna'hiorn, 03 11, 03 n. 
 
 Sna'fellsiiess, 04 n, 89, 90. 
 
 Sneuel Joknl, 87. 
 I Snoffes-se, 00. 
 
 Solefields Church, 94. 
 
 Sound ]lauen,0(i, 07 
 
 South Pole, 53. 
 
 South Woders VVike, 73. 
 
 Spaniards, 32, 49 //., 50 n. 
 Speculum l{o;^:aIe, 00 n. 
 Spitzbergen, 15, 10, 53. 
 St. Anthony, 50, n. 
 St. Augustine, 92. 
 St. Benedict, 72, 92. 
 
102 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 St. Ktliclhuryr, church of, IS. 
 St. llciili'Htati", 70. 
 St. NicholuH, T.i, i)3. 
 St. Ohif, »1,02. 
 St. Ok vc, 09, 72. 
 Stad, 01, 87, 89. 
 Sticrliiorn, 02 h.,03. 
 Statcn Inhiml, 49 n. 
 St.M'i) Hills. 49, 50. 
 Stciint's Cliurrh, O.'). 
 Stcrc, William, 13, 55, 61. 
 St(»iu' Fattcs, 75. 
 SturlchM)!!. 04 n. 
 Stuyvi'saiit, Pi'triis, 33. 
 SualhanK', 89. 
 Suinatra, 19. 
 Svalbaiik", 04 //. 
 Swaljrcn, 87. 
 Swalth, 08. 
 Swartui'HSo, 87. 
 Swastcr, 05, 07. 
 SwaHtcr church, 70. 
 Swaster ford, 70. 
 
 Tallwt, 18. 
 Tcrc.'ira. 21. 
 Testament, Old, 55. 
 The Hague, 52. 
 TIiicKlhildestad, 94. 
 Thorkel, K.hI, 02 n. 
 Thorleif, the Wise, 83. 
 Thorotl, 02 71. 
 Thorvaldsvike, 93. 
 Thule, 28 H. 
 Torfa'UH, V, 02 n. 
 Toscanelli. 29,». 1. 
 Trading voyages, 57. 
 Traditions, 31. 
 Trolebothon, 84. 
 
 Ulflijot, 83 n. 
 
 Vadil, 03 u. 
 
 Van der Dimk, 32. 
 
 Vats, 90. 
 
 Venice, 31. 
 
 Verra/ano, .52. 49. 50. 
 
 Virginia, 31. 
 
 Vinland, 22. 
 
 VlpiuH, Euphrosynus, 31. 
 
 Voge, church, 92. 
 
 Vose, ganUtu of, 73. 
 
 Wackene, 54. 
 W.J.kendorf, Eric, 27. 
 Warm waterw, 72. 
 Warsd.'ll ("liurch, 70. 
 Wart sdale, 71,92,94. 
 Wassanaar, 49. 
 Wegeii Kerke, 72. 
 Western Lands, 29. 
 West Hokenesse, 00. 
 Weymouth, 31. 
 Whales. 08. 
 Whoate. 82. 96. 
 WhirliMM)l8, 80. 
 Whitesarke, 87, 88. 
 White Sea, 51. 
 Whitsarke, 05, 83. . 
 Wormius, 20. 
 Wormskiold, 04 n. 
 Wyttteet, 31,57,58. 
 
 Ypres, 55. 
 
 Zemhla, 19. 
 
 Zeni Brothers, v, vi, 33 n, 33, 71, 84 
 
 Zcwell Stoue, 81.