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Woman's Foreign Missionary Society OF THE Presbyterian Church Room 94, Confederation I«ife Building, Toronto, Canada. 1 « ,) Vrimdad Sts JIfistory and S?esources ALSO SAe ' the SPresd^ien'an T^ission, FROM 1868 10 THK KM) OF riiK CKN lUKY . . BY , . Vhe !^ev. John 9?forton, 7). 0. J^pprovod 6j/ iho 7^/sston CounetV, TJrindtMti. Woman's I orkign Missionary Socikit OK THK PRKSBYTEKIAN ChURCII Kooiii 94, Confederation I^ife Huilding, Toronto. Canada. PREPrtCC. PEV. F. J. COFFIN'S Catechism on Trinidad being out of print and out of date, the writer was asked to revise it. He thought it best to alter the form, rewrite and extend the work, and also supply an Index. The result was submitted to the Mission Council and approved July 2nd, 1 901. Unless otherwise indicated by the context, the statistics are to the close of the century. While primarily intended for Mission Bands and Auxiliaries, it is hoped that it will prove more widely useful. JOHN MORTON. Tunapuna, July 24th, igoi. ri^lNIDAI). I. Position. Trinidacl i tht-mosl muIv t'lly ol the \\ est India IsUuids, lyin;^ u'ar the noitli-east coast of \'eiie/ikia \\\ South America, between lo and i r df^ees north latitude, and in tin- same '' n^'itud • as ("ape lireton. - It is hounded- north hy the ; south l)v the channel which 2. Bmuids. ('aribhean Sea separates Trinidad from the Delta of tlie Orinoco; east by the Atlantic Ocean; and west by the Ouit of I'aria, which separates it from N'enezueia. 1 a- Its Sliaf^c. — Is nearly scjuare, witli i)ro- niontories at its four corners. Those at the north-west and south-west stretch for miles toward the shores of Venezuela, antl contri- bute to form the northern and southern boundaries of the (iulf of Paria. 4. Its Size. — Next to Jamaica it is the largest of the British West Indies. Its aver- age length is 48 miles, its average breadth is 5 35 miles, and its area is 1,122,880 acres— or about the size of P. E. Island. 5. Harbot*rs.—h\mo^i the only harbour is the Gulf of Paria, with good anchorage along the whole western side of the Island— a distance of 68 miles. The Trade wind always blows from the east— and this is the prevailing wind. 6. The Gulf of Paria.— \\. is an unrival- led harbour. It is entered on the north by the Grande Boca, or mouth, 10 miles wide, between Trinidad and Venezuela, and by other three narrow Bocas between small islands off Trinidad. On the south there is but one Boca- -the Serpent's Mouth— 13 miles wide, but not so safe as the Grande .Boca. The Delta of the great Orinoco lies at the southern end of the gulf, and some of the mouths of that river empty into it, so that flat-bottomed steamers pass down the gulf from Port of Spain, and up the Orinoco without going out to sea. 7. Mountains.- -i:\\QXQ 'are said to be three ranges of mountains in Trinidad. The north, near the sea, is well-defined and runs from the Gulf of Paria to the Atlantic, reach- ing an extreme height of 3020 feet. The southern is less continuous, less elevated, and further from the sea. In this range are the i \ Three Sisters three peaks from a common base, which was the first land seen by Col- umbus on Trinity Sunday, 1496 which led to the name Trinidad. The so-called (an- tral range is irregular and broken. 8. Si/iior /.ands. (i ) Along the western side of the Island from Tunapuna to the south of Couva, tha^ 's between the northern mountains and the central range of hills, is a plain, without a hill or rock. On this plain are the sugar lands of Tacarigua, Caroni, Chaguanas, and Couva. (2 ) South of the central range of hills lies Naparima. with San Fernando as a centre, and inland lies Savanna Orande with Princestown as a (^entre. This district is undulating, with scarcely any level land, yet all fit for tillage, with deep, free, loamy soil. In the centre of this district is our largest sugar factory, which manufactures 125 tons a day for over 100 days in the year. These are the two chief sugar districts. At the south-west corner of the Island sugar cane is grown, but we have no mission work there. 9. Cacao — From which chocolate is manufactured, was formerly grown only in the deep valleys that run into the northern mountains. It is now grown everywhere outside of the sugar and rice lands, if only the soil be suitable. In the northern moun- tains it is grown in the valleys and up the steep hillsides to an elevation of 2000 feet. The limestone hills of the broken central range are largely covered with cacao. The flat lands , behind the Caroni and Cha- ' guanas plain are drained and planted with cacao. The undulating lands beyond Princestown, and indeed all forest land out to the Atlantic Ocean, is being turned, with considerable rapidity, into cacao cultivation. Cacao is a tree about the size of an apple tree but less umbrageous. It is planted from 12 to 16 feet apart, with another tree of the bean tribe -bois immortel- -at 40 teet apart, among the cacao, to grow up above it and shade it. When small it is shaded by banan- as and other vegetables which are a great help to the cultivation at the outset. The cacao tree begins to bear at five years, but is not in full bearing for 5 or 6 years longer. The flowers burst out through the bark of the stem and larger branches, and so the fruit is never formed at the end of the twigs like apples. The pods are in color red or yellow ; when ripe about 5 inches long and 6 inches round, and contain from 25 to 50 seeds, 'ilie seeds are fermented in close boxes, from 4 to 6 days, and then driid, bagged up, and shipped to l.urope, the I United States or Canada. A rull-bt'aring tree should give at least from i\ to 2 lbs. ol dried cacao beans on an a\erage per annum, worth 15 cents per lb. This is essentially a tree for peasant pro- prietors. The East Indians are rapidly tak- ing up its cultivation, and this fact is of good promise both for them and for the Island. On this account I have written so much about cacao. Its use is rapidly extending, as it takes a high place as a '* grateful, com- forting," sustaining food. Our annual crop of cacao is now about 30 million pounds weight. 10. /^/ce is of two kinds, (i) Swamp rice, which is grown on the great Caroni Savanna, on the Oropouche Lagoon Lands, and on all our local swamps. This cultiva- tion has rapidly extended of late years. (2) Upland rice, which is grown on the uplands almost anywnere, and in new lands, is often sown as a catch-crop, when prepar- ing the land tor tree cultivation. We grow about 50.000 bags per annum. We have only one rice mill. East Indians generally keep the rice in husk till it is need- ed and then beat it out in a mortar moved by the foot— India fashion. It keeps best in the husk, and in that state is sold at I2.00 per hag or barrel. T , Cocoamtn. The cocoatiut palm grows al)un(iantlv on sandy or salt huid near ?he sea and thus occupies a distinct place, thriving best on land unsuitable tor sugar, cacao or rice. Til ' water of the voung fruit is used as a pure refreshing drink which is said to count- eract fever. The oil pressed from the ripe kernel is largely used as an article of food by the East Indians, and the refuse like linseed makes excellent food for cattle. We manu- facture all the cocoanut oil used in the Island, and we ship ripe nuts in large (pianti- ties. Copra, the dried kernel, is also being shipped. 12. Vei^cidhlcs or s^arden products are maize, vanis, sweet potatoes, tannias casava, and a great varietv of the bean tribe. by carefuf cultivation lettuce, cabbage and carrots may be raised. 1 , />«//>•.— The chief are bananas— 7 or 8 varieties— pineapples, oranges, limes in abundance, lemons in small measure, guavas, mangoes and tamarinds. Bread- fruit is never eaten as a fruit. When in the starch stage it is cooked as a vegetable. W^hen ripe it is edible but not palatable. 10 14- Flowers. — Roses, with care, bloom almost all the year. The frangipani, jas- mines, hibisci and crotofis, in great variety, make the gardens and hedges brighi 15. The Climate \^ \.xo\i\{i^\. The ther- mometer seldom falls to 62°. The mean temperature is 77°. There are two seasons: the dry extends from January to May, and the wet from June to December, with some- times an Indian summer of fair weather in October. Earthquakes are not infrequent, but sel- dom do any damage. Hurricanes are al- most unknown, and heavy windstorms rare. Trinidad is supposed to be out of the track of such disturbances. The average rainfall is about 65 inches. The time of sunset varies only to the extent of one hour, and the twilight is very short. 16. 21ie Pitch Lake is situated one mile from the Gulf of Paria, about ro miles south of San Fernando, at a place called La Brea. The whole point from the Gulf to the lake is formed of hardened pitch, which extends intc the Gulf. The lake covers an area of about 100 acres, and part of it is of unknown depth. It is 138 feet above the level of the sea. The lake can be walked over except in places near the II ctMitic. riic asphalt is >cnt down to llie wharf and into tlie steamer on an t-ndlcss chain, and is shipped in bulk, or i)uiiried at the shore and shijjped in barrels; 160,000 tons were exported in 1900. 'i'he removal of 1,720,000 tons during' the past thirty-lour years has a*[)parently made no im[)ression on the lake. 17. U is/on. Trinidad was discosered by ('olumbus in 1496, when it eame under S|)anish rule, and after ,:;oo years, was rv(V'(\ by Spain to (Ireat P)ritain in 1797. 18. Inhahildnh aud I\>[^uiali(>n. (i) The aborigines exist only in a small strain in the blood of other aces. South Ameri can Indians occasionally \isit Trinidad sel- lin>£ hammocks and baskets of native manu facture. (2) The .S/^/z/zV// element came in with the discovery of the Island. ( ^) An important FrcncJi element came in from the French West Indies and from France at the time of the Revolution, in 1783- (4) A few thousand Africans were intro- duced as slaves. About 4000 were liber- ated from si ers, and a great many have come from the neighboring Islands. 1 1 *i-' (5) Natives ol (ireat Britain, chictly /•^//;^/fs/i and Sio/c//, ha\e roinc in in con nection with the i^oxcrnment and with trade, or as estate proprietors and nianai^ers. >6) /^>/-///;'//('.V( . About 50 years ago a eolony of Portuguese came lo 'I'rinidad from Madeira. 'I'hey were eon\erted from Romanism to Protestantism, clnefly through the reading of the ITihle and through the labours of Dr. Kalley, a S(>oteh pliysician, who lal)ored earnestly on their behalf. I*>e- ing j)ersecuted in .\iadeira they emigrated to 'I'rinidad. A flourishing congregation of Presbyterians in i\)rt of Si)ain. \\\ connec- tion with the United Imvc Church of Scot- land, is (Xjmposed largely of these Portu- liuese and their descendants. (7) Chinese and E. (irant sailed h'om Halil'ix lor Trinidad in X()\ enihcr, icSjo, and iuive iahoured in Sin hernando cxer sin'i;. 26. (hi- S((ii//(f Sclioi)/ was <)}hmiH(irv was Rc'\". 'Thonias ('hristie, who was aj)|)ointed in 1875 to ("oiixa, in which three schools liad already been oi)ened. Mr. Christie lal)our- ed there for nine years, when owing to Tail- ing health, he was compelled to return home and died afterwards in (California. Mrs. Christie returned to Halifax and died in 1890. 'I'hose who succeeded Mr. (Christie in Couva can testify to the good result of his labours, but only those who were here be- fore the railway was constructed, can under- stand the dilfundties of his situation in the early days of the Mission. 28. J'/ie Fonrtli Missionary was Ke\'. John W. Macleod, who was appointed in 1880, and entered upon his labours early in 1 88 1, at I .icestown, when Mr. and Mrs. Morton removed to the new field at Tuna- puna. After five years' faithful labour, Mr. Macleod died at Tunapuna in April, 1886. X •I 20 } •» Mrs. M.iclcod, \villi lier iwo l)()y>, rfluiiK'd to Xdv.i Scotia and altt'i wards (lii'd .It Iriiro. 29. ()ur /'///// .]//.ySi; work in [anuary, 18S7. Mis. Macrae dii-d in iSScj. Mr. .Macrae still labours raithluUy in the district. Mr. .Macrae niarrieil again in 1.S97, Miss Sadie Mitchell, niece of Ke\. Dr. (irant 31, Ot4r Sfj'i'Nf/i Miss/()//ary was Kev. V . |. Cofliii, who was a|)j)ointed to ('oiiva in 1889, where lie remained till the close of 1 89 1. On the o{)ening of the college in San l^ernando he was removed to that i)lace. On account of ill-health he was obliged to return to a (M)ld climate in June, 1893. 32. Our JCi)^h(h Missiofiary was Rev. A. W. Thompson, minister for a time of Trent- on, New Glasgow, who was appointed in 1890 to Couva, and is still in charge of that 21 district. He married the on'y daughter of Dr. Morton in 1895. ^^. Our Ninth Missonary was Rev. Simon A. Fraser, who was called by the Foreign Mission Committee from Hopewell congregation, of which he was minister. Mr. and Mrs. Fraser arrived in San Fernando November, 1894. With the exception of supplying Princestown and Couva, when the missionaries were absent on furlough, Mr. Fraser has laboured with Dr. Grant in San Fernando. 34. The Tenth Missionary is the Rev. H. H. Morton, second son of Dr. Morton, who after three years' work in St. John, and a year of temporary service with his father, was permanently appointed his assistant and successor early in 1901. 35. The First Native Ordained to the Ministry was Lai Bihari Singh. He was one of the earliest converts in the San Fernando district, and after training and probation, was ordained in 1882. He has ever since labour- ed as the faithful assistant of Dr. Grant. He is a man of excellent ability, fine Christ- ian character, and much respected by all. 36. Other Ordained Native Agents. — Paul Bhukhan, Andrew Gayadeen and David 22 \ if i I if i Ujajar Singh were trained in the Presbyter- ian College together, and ordained at Tuna- puna on the >,rd of April, 1896. The form- er labours in the Taearigua distnrt, and the second in the Caroni district oi the 'I una- puna field. 1 )avid Ujajar Singh laboured in the south-east corner of the San l^ernando Field. 37. Workers in /he Mission in it^oi. Tunapuna. Rev. John Morton, 1 ).!)., Mi=i. Morton, Rev. H. H. Morton, M.A., kev. l>aul lUuikhan, Rev. Andrew Gayadeei^Nliss Blackadder, Canadian Teacher; 16 Native Teachers, 9 (\itechists. San Fernando Rev. R. J. Crant, I ).!).. Mrs. (irant, Rev. Simon A. Fraser, Mrs^ Fraser, Rev. Lai Biharl Singh, Rev. David Uiajar, Miss Archibald, uS Native Teachers, 10 Catechists. Miss Archibald has been temporarily relieved by Miss Grant, daughter of Dr. Grant, to enable her to undertake special work iti Couva, namely, superintend- ing schools and the work for women. Princestown.- Rev. Wm. F. Macrae, Mrs. Macrae, Miss Mary Layton, Miss liessie Mc- Cunn, Canadian Teacher ; 13 Native 'I each- ers, 16 Catechists. Couva.— Rev. A. VV. Thompson, Mrs. 23 'rhom|)S()n, lo Native 'I'eacliers, IJ5 Catf chists. 38. Cafcihis/s. There are 48 employed, who assist the missionaries l)y giving rehgious instruction in the schools, visitiivj^ in hos- pitals and in the homes of the pc pie, and holding religious services. They have near- ly all been trained in the college. Their work is directed and supervised by the n iss- ionaries, and they fill a \ery important place in teaching their fellow-countrymen, and in commending to them the Gospel. Taken as a whole, these men have done in the past a service to the Mission that cannot well be estimated. From among them and from a certain class of our teachers the native min- istry will naturally grow u[). 39. Cattadian Teachers. Of those enum- erated above, Miss Hlackaddar (our first Canadian teacher) arrived in Trinidad October, 1876. The following, once with us, have retired for service elsewhere : — Miss Temple, now wife of Rev. D. McI). Clarke, of Chipman, New Brunswick ; Miss (Jope- land, now wife of T. Geddes Grant, merchant, Port of Spain ; Miss Hilton, from Yarmouth, who retired on account of her health ; Miss Minnie Archibald, who died at Couva in 1887 ; Miss Graham, retired on account of 24 I, her health ; Miss Kirkpatrirk, and .Miss Lucy Fisher, who returned to Nova Scotia, and Miss Sinclair, now Mrs. Perry. 'I'hese in their time, and those still with us, have contributed much to our work, especially among the young. 40. .SV//yW.v. There are 48 schools, as- sisted by govenmient and under government inspection, and 12 unassisted. The first hour is devoted to religious instruction, sub- ject to a conscience clause, and 4 hours to secular instruction. These schools, besides their general influence on the men and wo- men of the iLiture, exert an immediate relig- ious influence on the young, and often through them upon their parents. Many ol our most hopeful converts are those who have been taught in our schools and are led at an earlier or later period in life to take their stand for Christ, and influence their friends and neighbors in the same direction. Many of our native teachers have given years of faitl- labour to school work and are worthy commei. itioii. The altendanv-e in 1930 was : On roll, 4757 ; average daily, 2741. 41. Tniinini^ School. Opened in 1894. Staff: Dr. Grant, manager; Mr. Frank Smith, teacher. Mr. H. M. Clark, now ])as- ^5 tor of Doak Town, New Brunswick, con- ducted this school for two years with mu<:h success and acceptance, and has been worthily succeeded hy iMr. Smith. The cost of this school is met by a government grant. 42. Training Coi/ej^e. Previous to 1892 catechists were taught and trained by each missionary. In 1892 this college was oi)en- ed in San Fernando for the more systematic training of native pastors and catechists. The work of the college has already borne good fruit. The staff consists of Dr. Mortor, President; Dr. Grant, Rev. Lai Hihari Singh, and \Vm. L. ^Macrae. 43. Naparinia College. — Managing Di- rector, Rev. Dr. Grant ; Principal, Allison Gumming, H.A., who was succeeded July 1901, by Harry Kent, B.A. This college was recognized by the government from January, 1900, and aided from January, 1901. The whole cost is met by the government grant and fees, without drawing upon Mission Funds. The attendance is 54. 44. Women's Work for Women. — The wives of the missionaries have always given much attention to work among Indian wo- men. For several years Mrs. Morton con- ducted a Home for Indian girls, with excel 26 lent results. A large number of the pupils have become teachers' wives and Bible wo- men. Mrs. Grant and the Canadian teach- ers in different ways have advanced this department of the work. Twelve Bible women are employed who render a special service to the mission by visiting and teach- ing their country-women. Their work is also helpful in getting children to attend school and in visiting the sick. 4 c Temperance "Nork has received much attention and is essential to the success of the work. Temptation and evil example are everywhere around us and require to be met by patient, persistent effort. 46. Baptisms from the beginning of the Mission till December 31st, 1900—6240. 47. Communicants at close of the century -812. 48. Contributions in 1900, $5204.36, or $6 41 per communicant. Great credit is due to those who in every field have for years set an admirable example of liberality to their fellow Christians. 49. Sunday Schools. In 1900, 73 schools ; 3663 on roll ; 2121 average. VVe are largely dependent, especially in the . Cropper of Demerara. Mr. Cropper's parents and family showed a deep interest in the work and the results were very encouraging. But the stoj)page of immigra- tion and the remo\al of more than half of the Indians to India, to Trinidad, and to other West Indian islands, has very consid- erably curtailed the work. (3) Jamaica. (Catechists have been sent from our own mission to carry on the work of the Jamaica Presbyterian ('hurch among Last Indians in that island. (4) Demerara. — Our mission, begun '\\\ 28 1SS5 by Kcv. John Oibson, ic-opoiud in 1S96 l)y Kfv. j. H. (V()i)i)fr. Hc1|kc1 lor- ward lor a time by the Kt'v. Gen. Ross, with Rev. (iCO. Suthcriaiul at the cciitrc now. nnd Rev. Ceo. A. ('.rant, son of Krv Dr. ('.rant, in Trinidad, prt-paring for IhiiU'rara. This mission is an i-xtension \vo\u Trinidad. (5) liuha A ronsiderablc number of con- verts hav(; returned to Iiuhii, some ol wliom are employed in missii)n work there. 151. /)////i'S. — (I) Of Missionaries. To learn the Liiiguage ; superintend md direct the wori<: of the ( atechists, and to so,r,e ex- tent ot the native ministers ; managi' the schools, conducting all necessary corresjiond- ence with the go\ennnent ; attend carcluUy to the ti nances of his district ; attend to the erection and repair of all buildings ; heal the sick ; advise on all matters that concern the welfare of the people, and /^rcin/i the Gospel publiclx and from house to house. (2) Duties of C'anadian Teachers. -To teach a miscellaneous school in a tropical climate ; mstruct their pupil teachers : sup- erintend one or more Sabbath Schools ; visit the parents of their children ; give theologi- cal,legal and medical advice with the delicacy of a woman and the confidence of a man. (3) Duty of the Church at Home. -To 29 •end out their best men and women ; to con- tribute liberally to the general fund so that the F. M. Committee can meet the wants of the field ; to read our reports and letters, and to pray constantly and fervently for us and for our work, that we may, none of us, be ashamed in the day of the Lord Jesus. f I 30 f I INDIiX. /'//<■ numhcn trhr A' /'>i>ii,i:i'ipli> not /o /"'>''' A Area or Si/o. 4. H — Hounds, 2. liaptistn-, 4(). C— (^^ca<^ 9. C'"'»a NiH>. 11. (Miinalc, 15 Casic, 20 (7). C'olk-^'i- Tiainiii^', 4-J- ^"'»' le^'c Naparinia, 4.;. ratccliisi^, |8. ( om numicanls, 47. Conlrihutioii^, 4X. D- -Dcmeiara, 50. Duties. 51. K— Kiist Indians, 20. Kxtens.on Abroad. 50. F- Fruits, 13. Flowi-rs. 14. (;_(ix,lf of I'aria, 6. Cardi-ii I'roduots. 12 (Irenada, 16, M — Harbtnirs, 5. History, 17. I —Inhabitants, 18. Ininii};ration Srhc-nie, 19- Indians, Fast, 20. India, 50. Jamaica, 50 L— Latitude and Longitude, i. M — Mountains, 7. Missions and Missionaries, 21-37. Ministers, Native. 35 and 36. N — Native Ministers, 35 and 36. I>_ Position, I. Paria, Culf, 6. Pitch Lake, 16 P( ; jlation, 1 8. R — Rice, ic. S— Shape, 3. Size. 4. Sugar Lands, 8. Schools first, 23 and 24. Schools, second 26. Schools, others, 40. Sciiools, Training, 41 Schools, Sunday, 49. St. Lucia, 50. T — Temperance, 45. Teachers, Canadian, 39. V — Vegetables, 12. Woman's Work, 44. Workers in 1 901, 37. » .i<^ "^^ c^ \ HINDCRSON 4 COMPANY. ■ -1« LOMBAND ST., TOKONTO,