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 1 
 
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ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 AND 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 For Public Schools. 
 
 BY 
 
 G. a ARMSTRONG, M.A^ aPaed^ 
 
 Priadpal Botdn St. Sckool, Toraato. 
 
 TORONTO : 
 Th. Hunt... Ros. Co., LimrBD. Tbmpl. Buanmc. 
 
 Ctfifli; {i 
 
f£llll 
 
 
 9 911S35 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 JT ifl not oonaiderad neoeiMry to oflbr an apology for the pabli- 
 caUon of a work on English grammar and oomposition for 
 the Public Sohoola of Ontario. 
 
 The pUn of the work is indnotire and practical, and the 
 author has endeavored to make the book a useful one for the 
 purposes of teaching. Every principle is presented through the 
 observation of examples of good English. 
 
 The study of grammar aids the student to master his mother- 
 tongue, but its chief fuuotion is to secure mental discipline. For 
 the development of the intellectual powers, the capable teacher, 
 well furnished with rational methods, will find this study superior 
 to all others. It is a study in recognizing similarities, in disting. 
 nishing differences, in making abstractions, in forming generaUsa. 
 tions. The object of Parts I.-IV. of this book is to contribute 
 something to the science of elementery English grammar. 
 
 Part V. treats of oomposition. The usual exercises in complet- 
 ing half -built sentences, in straightening out wrecks of sentences, 
 in combining simple sentences into complex sentences, in expand- 
 ing phrases into clauses, etc., will not be found therein. They 
 have done quite enough towards fostering stupidity in our schools. 
 The art of expression is acquired through steady practice, there^ 
 fore pupih should write compositions not once a week, but during 
 part of every period, about things which they understand. They 
 should be taught good form in expression, and trained to correct 
 their own exercises. 
 
f 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 praflt of ».. independent examination at th. * T 
 
 p.t«e «,I«,tion.. ^' eon.tn.otion of the 
 
 Thi« little volume owes wmethiof to .everal En.H.K 
 -r, .nd the debt i. he«by adcnowTedg^T ^ ^ 
 
 O H. ARMSTRONG. 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 TRI SBNTBNCI. 
 
 i^^'J:^,^' «P~«d in -eh o, «„ ,0.1..,. 
 
 a Who gMlnrad Uww bnatUul aoweni 
 4. Ho* nMij tl» bird, ring in .pring | 
 
 KXEBCnc I. 
 
 State the nae or offioe of each nf ♦!.« #^ii • 
 t«ll the kind of aenten^ - '""^'^ "*"*«•«»• «d 
 
 1. The suQ riaes in the East. 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 2. Every door opens to ft smile. 
 
 3. Keep thy heart with aU diligence. 
 
 4. Who is the author of that book I 
 
 6. How tenderly a mother cares for her child I 
 
 6. Every mom is the world made new. 
 
 7. Sharpen this pencil for me. 
 
 8. What bright uniforms the soldiers wear ' 
 
 9. The plowman homeward plods his weary way. 
 i^t. How many lines have you written t 
 
 BXIEROISi; II. 
 
 1. Write four declarative sentences. 
 
 2. Write four imperative sentences. 
 
 3. Write three interrogative sentences. 
 
 4. Write two exchunatory sentences. 
 
 LESSON II. 
 THE SUBJECT AND THE PREDICATE. 
 
 Name the thing which is spoken of in each of the followin. 
 aentenoea, and what is said about it :— ^ 
 
 1. Gold is a preoions metal. 
 
 2. Flowers grow in the fields. 
 
 8. The sailor's home is on the sea. 
 
 4. The flag of England floats above the citadel 
 
 ■n^^ n J T**"""* ***** '^P'*^ '''»•* » "id about the 
 ■abject 18 called the predicate. 
 
 a^^^^t"^'"^''"" -entenceisgenen^lly placed before 
 tne prwiioate, but it is sometimes placed after the predicate; .., 
 
 Sweet was the found of the evening beU. 
 
 0?er the swift rapids went the boat. 
 
THE SUBJECT AND THE PREDICATE. 
 
 ' I 
 
 ^ Name the snbject and the predicate of each of the followinjr 
 sentences : — 
 
 1. The city of Ottawa is the capital of Canada. 
 
 2. Three wives sat up in the lighthouse tower. 
 
 3. All the children were gathering flowers. 
 
 4. Our friends have arrived in the city. 
 6. Home they brought her warrior dead. 
 
 6. John Cabot discovered Canada in 1497. 
 
 7. AU along the banks were the skeletons of canoes. 
 
 8. Through this forest ran a beautiful river. 
 
 9. Colder and louder blew the wind. 
 
 10. Down sunk the beU with a guigling sound. 
 The subject of an imperative sentence is thou, ye or you. It 
 is seldom expressed ; as, 
 Listen to the singing of the birds. 
 Carry tibese books for me. 
 Pniae ye the Lord. 
 
 BZBBCISK II. 
 
 Name the subject and the predicate and sUte the kind of 
 tenoe of each of the following : 
 
 1. Who hath not lost a friend t 
 
 2. Gather up the fragments. 
 
 3. Here comes the train ! 
 
 4. Why did you take away my book » 
 
 B. The shade? <rf night wei* falling fiut. 
 
 6. How lightly she trips along ! 
 
 1 In one oomer of the room stood my grandfather's clock. 
 
 "^1;^ t. Send this note to the post. 
 • I % How strange our old home looks f 
 16. At the dawn of day he ascended the 
 
 hill. 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 szBBcnB m. 
 
 subject and the predicate of each wntence. 
 
 th« . ^"? 'T .*'"°*P^- **' "^ imperative sentence and name 
 the subject and the pnrficate of each sentence. 
 
 the 8uW^ti^rtr!!i*" '' an interrogative sentence and name 
 A ^ predicate of each sentence. 
 
 the 8„W^?^S?h'"!!i~ °' •? -^cla-atory sentence and name 
 ine subject and the predicate of each sentence. 
 
 LESSON III. 
 ' NOUNS. 
 ^Utothe word, that are used as ««».«. in the following sen- 
 
 2* '^^^^ r™ V^" "^'^*"" ^'~ "^^ ^ England. 
 
 2. Near this tree w the grave of apioneer. 
 
 3. Chaucer is the father of English poetry. 
 
 4. Love had he found in huts where poor men Ue. 
 A word used as a name is caUed a nonn. 
 
 EXEBCISH I. 
 
 ^ Name the nouns in the following sentences :— 
 1 There are seven provinces in Canada. 
 
 2. Then the fly lit his lamp of fire. 
 
 3. The bloom of that fair face is wasted. 
 
 4. The boy stood on the burning deck. 
 6. And then my heart with pleasure fills, 
 
 And dances with the daffodils. 
 6. He goes on Sunday to the church 
 And aits among his boys. 
 
PRONOUNS. 
 
 7. I hear in the chamber above me 
 The patter of little feet^ 
 
 The sound of a door that is opened, 
 And voices soft and sweet 
 
 8. A violet by a mossy stone, 
 Half iiidden from the eye ! 
 Pair as a star, when only one 
 Is shining in the sky. 
 
 BXKBCUB II. 
 
 Write sentences containing 
 
 1. The name of a place. 
 
 2. The nume of a person. 
 
 3. The name of a ti«e. 
 
 4. The name of a metal. 
 
 6. The name of an article of food. 
 
 6. The name of an animal. 
 
 7. The name of a quality. 
 
 8. The name of an action. 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 PRONOUN& 
 
 Name the nonna for which the words printed in italics ar» used 
 in toe foUowing sentences : 
 
 1. The teacher went home when h« finished the lesion. 
 
 2. The mother kissed htr boy when «A« received him. 
 
 3. A baby was sleepinj^ 
 Jta mother was weeping 
 
 For A«r husband wae far on the wild raging Be*. 
 A word used for a noun is caUed a pronoWL 
 ^r the use of the pronoun, a pawnor thing is wferwd to 
 villiMt naming it, and the too frequent repetition of the same 
 wmn M avoided. 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 KXEBCISB I. 
 
 Select the pronouBs in the following sentwices, ^d .tote the 
 noun for which eMsh is used :— 
 
 1. Men find plants where they least expect them. 
 
 2. The parents returned home when they found their child. 
 
 3. The king took the hw»d of his friend and pressed it to his 
 
 heart. 
 
 4. A boy who is always grumbling wiUlose the friends that he 
 
 has, and will n , . : <ake many new ones 
 6. The ball Ues wheu- , ju left it 
 
 6. The boy's father was anxious to send him to college, and 
 
 therefore he studied the Latin grammar till he could bear 
 It no longer. 
 
 7. Not a soldier dischai^g^ his farewell shot 
 O'er the grave where our hero we buried. 
 
 8. As John and Charles were walking by the river, they both 
 
 fell uto It 
 
 9. TeU me what brings you, gentle youth, to Rome ; 
 To make myself a scholar, sir, I come. 
 
 10. Then the maiden clasped her hands and nr ^ 
 That savM she might be ; 
 And she thought of Him who stilled the wave 
 On the Lake of Galilee. 
 
 BXEBCIgB II. 
 
 1 . Write a sentence conUining a pronoun used for the speaker. 
 2 Wnte a sentence containing a pronoun used for the names 
 of the speaker and others. 
 
 3. Write a sentence containing a pronoun used for the name 
 of a person spoken to. 
 
 4. Write a sentence containing a pronoun used for the name 
 Of a person spdcen of. 
 
ADJECTIVES. 
 
 6. Write a sentence containing a pronoun used for the namee 
 of two or more persons spoken of. 
 
 6. Write a sentence containing a pronoun used for the name 
 of a thing that has been previously spoken of. 
 
 I 
 
 LESSON V. 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Select the words in the following sentences that are used to 
 describe or point out the things named by the nouns :— 
 
 1. A tall man gave me this book. 
 
 2. That little boy has a kind sister. 
 
 3. I bought two sweet oranges. 
 
 4. These grassy fields are owned by a rich man. 
 
 The word taU describes this particular man. The word this 
 points out the pariiicular book that U meant. Such woids mod- 
 ify the nouns with which they are used. 
 
 A word used to modify a noun or pronoun is oaUed an adiee- 
 
 BZKBCISE I. 
 
 ^ Name the adjectives in the following sentences, and state the 
 use of each : — 
 
 1. I found a rusty knife with a sUver handle. 
 
 2. Wise ministers and brave warriors flourished during Blixa- 
 
 beth's reign. 
 
 3. The sick giri was watched by a skilful nurse. 
 
 4. Otters are much prixed for their soft, glossy black fur. 
 
 5. I lingered near the hallowed seat with listening ear. 
 €. His withered cheek and tresses gray. 
 
 Seemed to have known a better day. 
 7. Her aged hand on his strong young arm 
 She placed ; and so^ without hurt or harm 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 --Jm 
 
 He guided the trembling feet along, 
 
 Proud that his own were firm and strong. 
 8. His hair is crisp, and black, and long, 
 His face is like the tan ; 
 His brow is wet with honest sweat, 
 He earns whate'er he can. 
 And looks the whole world in the face. 
 For he owes not any man. 
 
 .»1I'^~?° xlject™ in th. (i„t «„„„„ ,™ „, .w^, . 
 Ifnxft. Rusty describes the thing knife. 
 
 BXEROIBE n. 
 
 Write sentences containing adjectives used to show •_ 
 
 1. What quality of thing is spoV-n of. 
 
 2. How many things ara spoken o£ 
 S. Which thing is referred to. 
 
 LESSON VI. 
 
 VBRB& 
 
 Select the words in the following sentences that tell or assert 
 something of the thing spoken of : _ 
 
 1. Boys play. 
 
 2. The sun shines. 
 
 3. The snow melts. 
 
 4. Mountains are high. 
 
 A word that is used te make an assertion is caUed a verb. 
 
 Note. -The word verb ia derived from the Latin word vtrh^ m««i« 
 • word, and this part of »pe«;h i. eocaUed bw^JIT it TT* ^T^ 
 moet imporUnt word in everTewiteno. Th-iT^L *** ""**' ^ 
 out a Tertw ^ "witenoe. There oao be no aentenoe with- 
 
ADVERBS. 
 
 . EXERCI8B I. 
 
 Name the verbs in the following sentences, and sUte what 
 each tells or asserts :— 
 
 1. The girls gathered some water-lilies. 
 
 2. That house was built last century. 
 
 3. He slept for three hours. 
 
 4. The gardener fell from a high tree. 
 
 6. The coachman struck the horse, and it kicked him. 
 
 6. King Edward I. nearly conquered Scotland. 
 
 7. She must weep or she will die. -' 
 
 8. And still they rowed amidst the roar 
 Of waters fast prevailing : 
 
 Lord UUin reached that fatal shora^ 
 His wrath was changed to wailing. 
 
 BXEBCISB n. 
 
 Write sentences containing each of the following woids used 
 as subjects, and underline the verbs :— 
 
 Plants, rivers, paper, gold, pen. fish, Urda, stars, BowmK 
 money. ^ 
 
 LESSON VII. 
 ADVERBS. 
 Name .the words in the following sentences that modify the 
 verbs, that show hote, when or uAen actions were performed — 
 1. The girls recited weU. 
 S. The teacher often read a stoiy. 
 8. I left my pencil there. 
 A word that is used to modify the meaning of a verb is called 
 
 Madyerb. 
 
 An adverb may also modify the meaning of an adjeoiive. as. 
 Heia wry quiet 
 
ID 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 •>, She writes more rapidly than you. ' 
 
 verb, an adjective or another adverb. "eMing of a 
 
 V KZBROISE I. 
 
 1. Here let us dt and talk of former times. 
 3. I never saw BO ol^r a sky. 
 
 3. How proudly they strode alo^g | 
 
 4. Now let me die in peace. 
 8. The grass is too damp yet. 
 
 6. The &oeol the country suddenly changed. 
 
 7. The nextnight it came again. 
 
 8. The storm came on before its time ; 
 She wandered up and down, 
 
 And m»y(a hiU did Lucy olimb^ 
 But never reached the town. 
 
 BXEBCIBE II. 
 
 a ^rb!^"'* '°" '*"'~'~ '^^ containing an adverb modifying 
 
 J«i]ltive.*" ""^'^"" ^' ""**^ ^ -^-'^ ^-^^y^ 
 
 LESSON vin. 
 PRBPOSITION& 
 Name tiie words in the foUowing sentence, that exprtBB the 
 relati^of a noun or pronoun to some other worf :J^ 
 1. We withdrew from the room. 
 
PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 tl 
 
 S. The bojs ran throagh the baU. 
 
 S. Thia box is BMde of paper. 
 
 4. I went to school with him. 
 
 A word that is nsed to express the reUtion of a noun or pro- 
 noun to some other word in the eentence iacalled aprepodtion 
 
 The noun or pronoun which the preposition connects in sense 
 with some other word in the sentence, is caUed its obiaet • as. 
 The men are in th^Jield. ^ ' ^ 
 
 KXERCmS I. 
 
 Select the prepositions, and sUte the words between which 
 each shows a relation :— 
 
 1. He threw the ball over the fence. 
 
 2. An old man fell into a pond. 
 
 3. A stranger oame within our gates. 
 
 4. Prom many lands comes the cry for helpi 
 6. The boat went under the water. 
 
 6. Thia letter was written by my sister. 
 
 7. At noon I went home. 
 
 8. I chatter over stony ways, 
 In little sharps and trebles. 
 I bubble into eddying bays, 
 I babble on the pebbles. 
 
 KXBBOISB n. 
 
 1. Write three sentences each containing a preposition ex- 
 pressing a relation between a noun and a verb. Underiine the 
 object. 
 
 2. Write three sentences each containing a preposition express- 
 ing a rehition between two nouns. Underline the object of the 
 prepoeition. 
 
 S. Write three sentences each containing a preposition ex- 
 preeung a relation between anoun and an adjecUve. 
 
IB 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 LESSON IX. 
 CONJUNCTION& 
 
 uaed m the «„e w.y in the following «,„t«„ce« :_ '^ ^ 
 
 1. The .un .hone out brightly and the mi^t cleared away 
 
 2. You may go, but I mu«t remain here. ^ 
 
 3. Cold and damp wa« the maiden', grave. 
 
 L l^T ^"^ '" "'' "'"^J' ^^ "» '^^ "«>»nuin .ide. 
 ^«te.-A phr«, „ . group of reUUni word, without . verb. 
 
 th.J • '"'""''^ wnteneee, or words, or phra«,8 u«h1 in 
 
 the «me way in a ^ntenoe. i. dJed a COnirui£!^ 
 
 BXKBCUE I. 
 
 1. I went to school, but my brother did not 
 
 I' T? ^ "• ^ ""^ *^' °' I »»*^« Jo«t them. 
 
 3. The boys ran away becauw they were afraid. 
 
 4. Though I fail. Ishall attempt todo II 
 f • ^ ^^ • ^^> yet he was not happy. 
 
 6. The nch and the poor meet together. 
 
 7. Iron is mora uwful than gold. 
 
 10. The morning came, the chaise was brought 
 But yet was not allowed 
 To drive up to the door lest aU 
 Should say that she was proud. 
 
 KZERCIBB n. 
 
 ; I 
 
INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 •3 
 
 3. Write a santenoe containiag a conjunction connectinir two 
 M verba. * 
 
 4. Write a sentence oonUining a oonjanction oonnectinir two 
 noons. " 
 
 LESSON X. 
 INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 Name the words in the following sentences th*t express sudden 
 or strong feeling : — 
 
 1. Hurrah! the work is done. ^' 
 
 2. Alas ! we were too late. 
 
 3. Hush I she is sleeping now. 
 
 4. Bravo ! he has reached the boat. 
 
 A word used to express some sudden or strong feeling is called 
 •ninteijection. ««»caiiea 
 
 An inteigeotion is not related to any word in the sentence 
 Interjections express a variety of feelings, such as joy, sorrow, 
 ■urpnse, pain, contempt and strong desire. 
 
 EXERGISB I. 
 
 Select the interjections in the foUowing sentences, and state 
 the feeling expressed by each :— 
 
 1. Oh ! my tooth is aching again. 
 
 2. Alas ! he heeded not my warning. 
 
 3. Hark ! what means that distant cry t 
 
 4. Fbhaw! it is nothing but the wind. 
 6, Hurrah ! for England's Queen. 
 
 6. Ho ! breakers on the weather bow. 
 
 7. But O I eternity's too short 
 To utter all Thy praise. 
 
 8. Hold ! if 'twas wrong, the wrong is mine. 
 
 EXERCISE II. 
 
 Write six sentences, each containing an interjection. 
 Underline the interjections. 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 LESSON XI. 
 
 We h«T» now IwriMrf all the different cJmm. of wo»l- i 
 Iw^iuge Md the name of ewh C1.M. ^'''^^'^ '">'^^^r 
 
 1. A rolling stone gathers no mo«i. 
 a. I live for thoM who lore me. 
 
 A !?*"^''»^«**««>«thebridg* 
 4. The cherries on this l»se are ripei 
 
 « Jll^'^ ?**''•'» ** '^ ^»*^8 flowers. 
 «• This boy kst his kite in a tree. 
 7. Tfce village mast«r taoght his Uttle «,hooL 
 «. Slowly And sadlj we laid him down. 
 ». Crash I a terrific cry broke from three hundred hearts. 
 10. I never was on the dull, tame shore, 
 
 Bat I loved the great sea more and mow. 
 
 LESSON XII. 
 
 KXBBCIBE I. 
 
 S*»*« *»»• Me or function of the italicised word, in fK # n 
 
 1. w e have a quire of jji^wr. 
 
 2. Our friends ,«p«. their walls every year. 
 
 3. Hep«thishatina,H9«rbox. 
 
INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 «S 
 
 4. ItiMmJimdMj. 
 
 6. MagistntM >m Umm who hrmk the l*wa. 
 «. Th« peoaltj is m fin» of twentj doUan. 
 
 7. I know (Aoi ttoiy. 
 
 8. He hM the book <Aa< I reqvire. 
 
 9. We know <Aa< he ia just 
 
 10. The word that ia aometimes oaed to oenr^. lentenoae. 
 
 11. Give him the iron peil. 
 13. The girls tron the elothee in the morning. 
 13. He hai » jOeoe of inn. 
 
 V 
 
 BXBBCnB II. 
 
 Show that the following words may hare dUIerent gnunmaticel 
 ▼allies:— 
 
 in. water, ring, pin, oorer. 
 
 w»«M. this, lock, oork, sUver. 
 
 Model :— Oome in. An adverb. 
 
 My hat is m the room. A preposition. 
 
 The w<Md in was omitted. A noon. 
 
 J!^'^ 'orbing •umpl. is printed in itaUos. PopO. wiU nnd«. 
 one tnsir szanpiM, 
 
PART SECOND. 
 
 CLASSES AND WFLECTIONS OF THE PAETS 
 OF SPEECH. 
 
 LESSON XIII. 
 CLASSES OF NOUNS. 
 
 1. These htfcleirirls live twifeh ♦!.«;. . - 
 
 2 M»«r »«J 8'™ "^«'^w» their parents ia Toronto. 
 
 3. On • httle mound, Napoleon 
 
 Stood on our storming d.y._i?„«„w 
 
 . mi^" * ^'^''"^" °' ^^^^"^^ P«««>» or thing is caUed 
 • mpn noun; as, Mary, Satunky. Lake Ontario, 
 ftoper nouns begin with capital letters. 
 
 or toings 18 called a common noon; as, girl, desk, river 
 
 BXEBCUB. 
 
 n. CONCRETE AND ABSTRACT. 
 
 obi^l? f JoUowiog sentences the nouns that aie n«nes of 
 object, which have a real and sepan.i« existence outsidTS t^J 
 
 i6 
 
COLLECTIVE NOUNS. 
 
 »7 
 
 1 
 
 mind, and those which are names of things that have no rettl 
 existence and are only thought of in the mind :— 
 
 1. Contentment is better than gold. 
 
 2. Virtue is its own reward. 
 
 3. Truth crushed to earth, shaU rise again,— 
 The eternal years of God are hen.— Bryant. 
 
 A noun that is the name of an object which has a real and 
 separate existence outside of the mind, is called a concrete noun • 
 •s, gold, water. ' 
 
 A noun that is the name of something which ^as not a real 
 and separate existence outside of the mind, is called an abstract 
 noon ; as, truth, justice. 
 
 EZERCIBI!. 
 
 1. Write five sentences each containing a concrete noun, and 
 underline the example in each sentence. 
 
 2. Write five sentences each containing an abstract noun, 
 and underline the example in each sentence. 
 
 3rofe.-An nooiiB may b« danified into (1) proper and oommon. (2) 
 oonor«te and abatraot. henoe the two preceding olaMifioationa are perfect. 
 The ola^fication. which foUoware imperfect, .ince they do not include 
 all noons. 
 
 HI. COLLECTIVE NOUNS. 
 
 Name the nouns in the following sentences that denote a col- 
 lection of objects :— 
 
 1. His family live in England. 
 
 2. The army advanced during the night. 
 
 3. The verdict is given by a jury. 
 
 4. A committee of six was appointed by the members. 
 
 A noun of the singular form that stands for a collection or 
 number of things is caUed a coUective nonn; as, He owns a 
 herd of cattle. 
 
 EXEBCI8B. 
 
 Write five sentences each containing a collective noun, and 
 underline the example in each sentence. 
 
t8 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 ly. VERBAL NOUN& 
 Select the nouns ending in ing th»fc »r« derived from verb. 
 
 I C'jiL"?"^ '""•''^^^ ^" '""^ ^°»--« -ntenl :!r 
 
 1. That 18 good ploughing. 
 
 2. Hia writing is very legible. 
 
 3. The singing was admired hj all 
 
 A noun ending in in^, that is derived from a verb and hM 
 toet all verbal function, is called a verbal noun; as, Ther« i« 
 good Weighing now. * ^ " " 
 
 EXEBCISB. 
 
 Write five sentences each containing a verbal noun, and undeiv 
 line the example in each sentence. 
 
 LESSON XIV. 
 V. GBNDBR-NOUNS. 
 
 f«^t °' *^* ^°"°'^ ''°'^' *^*"**** °"*^*^ •"** ''^'''^ ^""^^ 
 W. man. uncle hero, empen>r. 
 
 Sex « one of the two divisions of animals, male and femide. 
 Ihe distinction of sex is called gender. 
 
 father'" ^^ ^'''"'^^ * ""*^* " °* the masculine gender ; as, 
 motheT" *^** denotes a female is of the feminine gender; as, 
 ^^^ noumi are either masculine or feminine gender; as, friend. 
 
 Nowm that denote things neither male nor female, have no 
 gMider; as, book, tree. 
 
GENDER.NOUNS. 
 
 Gender is distinguiahed by difltewnt word. : as.- 
 
 »9 
 
 MMcoIine. 
 
 gentleman, 
 
 husband, 
 
 king, 
 
 monk, 
 
 nej 
 
 sir, 
 
 son, 
 
 nnde^ 
 
 Feminine. 
 l*dy, 
 wife, 
 queen, 
 nun, 
 niece, 
 madam, 
 daughter, 
 aunt, 
 
 Masculine, 
 bachelor, 
 drake, 
 hart, 
 ram, 
 
 ■<»g, 
 buck, 
 earl, 
 wixard, 
 
 n-«^ • J. . : wixara, witch 
 
 Gender is distinguished by different endings • as.- 
 ascalin& VAmin:.. %r » * — ^ 
 
 Feminine, 
 maid or spinster, 
 duck, 
 roe, 
 ewe^ 
 hind, 
 doe^ 
 
 countess, 
 witch. 
 
 Masculine; 
 
 heir, 
 
 baron, 
 
 county 
 
 prince^ 
 
 n^groi 
 
 actor, 
 
 Jew, 
 
 lion, 
 
 governor, 
 
 abbot 
 
 victor, 
 
 marquis, 
 
 peer, 
 
 Feminine, 
 heiress, 
 baroness, 
 countess, 
 princess, 
 n^ress, 
 actress, 
 Jewess, 
 lioness, 
 
 governess, 
 
 abbess, 
 
 victress, 
 
 marchioness, 
 
 peeress. 
 
 Maseuline. 
 hostt 
 duke, 
 master, 
 deacon, 
 
 poet* 
 
 executor, 
 
 hero^ 
 
 csar, 
 
 sultan, 
 
 infante, 
 
 widower. 
 
 bridegroom, brid^ 
 'o». vixen. 
 
 Feminine, 
 hostess, 
 duchess, 
 mistress, 
 deaconess, 
 poetess, 
 executrix, 
 hnrnne^ 
 «ffiarina, 
 raltana, 
 infanta, 
 widow, 
 
 Gender is sometimes distinguished by prefixing words ; as,- 
 Masculine. Feminine, 
 
 man^wrvant, maid^rvant, 
 
 cock-sparrow, hen-sparrow, 
 
 ^•t!°*»» she^t. 
 
 KZBBCmB. 
 
 1. '''^ -^hm triad wm. tor ^«ilmt>»Uk^ 
 
BNGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 2. The hero of this atorj is a young boy. 
 
 3. Great aathon »r« .eldom seen by the people. 
 
 4. Tell my mother th.t her other «,n. .hall comfort her old 
 ■ge. 
 
 6. He fled with his wife and child. 
 
 6. My sister went home with her aont. 
 
 7. Both a prince and a poet were there^ 
 
 ^tCl^'^TJ^' "Other. toseemem^teToue^^ : 
 
 of L M^y ***• ^^' "^'*"'' ^'"^ '^ ^ "^ 
 
 — Tmn^$on. 
 
 ti it 
 
 i> 'I, 
 
 ii 
 
 LESSON XV. 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Which form of the foUowing woni. d««,t«i one thing, and 
 which more than one thing t— ^^ 
 
 1^ -late, church, dty, tooth, 
 
 pens, sUtes, churches, dties, teeth! 
 
 ta^and the nouni. said to be in the n„^. n^mi^rrL 
 form of a wj,rd which name, more than one tW i. caUed 
 
 1. The plural u generaUy formed by adding . to the singular 
 torn ; ua ptn, ptm ; book, book$. *^ 
 
 2. Some nouns form the plural by adding « to the ringular 
 form; as, match matehe$; tax, tarn. «««•«* 
 
 <JTJ^ !^T'^ """^ '-'^ ^"^ «^ ^^ hero, negro, 
 OMgo^ echoi potato^ tomato. ^ 
 
 a^cuns en^g in y preceded by a vowel, form the plunJ 
 byadduigstothesinguUr for„,, ^^y,^.. ^^ JP^ 
 
NUMBER. 
 
 ai 
 
 Noon, ending in y p,«»ded by » oon«,n«,t. form the plu«l 
 ^r^gu-g the y into • .nd elding e.; m. «y, Wie.;%y, 
 
 /or/«tot>«id«ddingM;«^*„^<,,^,V«. ** 
 
 J^l«; :^;;°"o^'^-'^^ Ji'e. wol^ W. H.,, ,^. ,Hief. 
 
 tonn; M, o«. «w»/ cAtfd; cAtfrfren; brothm-, brethren. 
 
 e^Some noun, form the plaral by changing the Towel of the 
 nngttW; m, man, men; gnote, geete. 
 
 Singular, 
 radius, 
 beau, 
 analysiB, 
 index, 
 axis, 
 basia, 
 seraph, 
 
 Plura]. 
 
 radii 
 
 beaux. 
 
 analyses. 
 
 indices. 
 
 axes. 
 
 bases. 
 
 aeraphim. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 memorandum, 
 
 phenomenon, 
 
 crisis^ 
 
 erratum, 
 stratum, 
 oasis, 
 cherub. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 memoranda. 
 
 phenomena. 
 
 crises. 
 
 errata. 
 
 strata. 
 
 oases. 
 
 cherubim. 
 
 man-tervant, m§n-$ervontt. 
 
 BXBBCUE. 
 
 Write the plural of the foUowing nouns :— 
 
 1. desk, woman, cal^ foot, mouse, class. 
 
 2. cargo, piano^ sky, toy, crisis, potata 
 
 3. story, church, enemy, spoonful, chimney. 
 *. lily, yaUey, mother-in-law, wol^ pencil 
 0. UMinorandnm, sheaf; chUd, man-of war, 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 : !; 
 
 , LESSON XVI. 
 Note the foUowing peculiarities : 
 1. NouM tued onl7 >n the planl :— 
 
 •boriginea, Patina, 
 
 •atipodea, ^easle^ 
 
 "»^ news, 
 
 ^ nuptials, 
 
 ^^"o'^ oats, 
 
 2 Nouns that have the same form in both numbers :- 
 a«er, trout> sheep, heath«n 
 
 grouse, «hno« ^^ J**"**"* !»«*, 
 
 scissors, 
 
 shears^ 
 
 tidings, 
 
 trousers, 
 
 vespers, 
 
 victuals. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 penny, 
 
 pea, 
 
 brother, 
 
 die, 
 
 cloth, 
 
 index, 
 
 genius. 
 
 Plural, 
 pence (a sum.) 
 Pewe (a quantity.) 
 brethren (same society.) 
 dice (for gaming.) 
 clothes (garments.) 
 indices (in algebra.) 
 
 Plural, 
 pennies (a number.) 
 peas (a number.) 
 brothers (same family.) 
 dies (for stamping.) 
 cloths (kinds of cloth.) 
 indexes (to a book.) maices (in alg« 
 
 geniuses (mwiof talent.) genii (spirits.) 
 4. Nouns with a diflerent meaning in the pluml - 
 TrT^ compasses. ..i^ ' ^^ 
 
 "» irons. -«,-~ 
 
 8ood, go^ "^"^ «>"»«• 
 
 SinguUr. pj„^ ** 
 
 leC rr.itft\ —(-noe duties.) 
 
 number ^•***" (^^Phabet) letters (literature.) 
 
 V^ P^rts (divisions.) parte (awStfe.!) ^ 
 
CASE. 
 
 «3 
 
 LESSON XVII. 
 CASE. 
 
 Which of the italicized words in the foUowing aentencea ia 
 u*ed aa the subject of the sentence, which to denote owne«hip. 
 and on which does the action expressed by the verb end t 
 
 1. The boy is here. 
 
 2. The boy'a book is on the table. 
 
 3. He sent the bojf with it. 
 
 IB caUed the otlject of the verb. 
 
 tiie^object of a verb, and a noun used as the object of • prepo- 
 That girl's father shot a bear in the forest 
 
 wo^^in^th!*"*" 7^^^'" T" ^'•P™"^"" »>«•" to some other 
 word m the sentence is called case. 
 
 A noun used as the subject of a 'verb U in the nominatire 
 «Me ; as, The skUe is broken. A noun used to denor^nJ' 
 ship or possession is in the poSBessive case ; as, Jfary's book is 
 
 lT.^it^r "'^ ~ '^^ ^^'J^* °^ * "^'•^ «^ » proposition is in 
 the objective case ; as. He left his pencU on the cfeX 
 
 EZBBCISE I. 
 
 Name the case of aU the nouns and pronouns in the following 
 aentonoes, and state the reason for the case of each :— 
 
 1. I sailed a boat on the lake. 
 
 2. This man's hat was carried off by the wind. 
 
 3. Eight horses drew the Queen's carriage. 
 
 4. On the deck stood the captain of the ship. 
 6. Oft I had heard of Lucy Gray ; 
 
 And, when I crossed the wild, 
 I chanced to see at break of day 
 The solitary chUd — Wordnooril,, 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 KXKRom n. 
 
 n*L^ '°"i -ntenoe. ewh oonUining • noun in the nomi. 
 natire oMe, and anderline examples. 
 
 ^ Write four «mtencee each oontaininga noun in the po.- 
 ■eenve case, and underline examples. '^ 
 
 iTe^c.Il!!^''""'^?.'^'*" *^^ containing a noun in the obj«,|. 
 ire oaie, and underhne examples. 
 
 ri i: 
 
 I if 
 
 LESSON XVIIi. 
 
 Point out the noun, in t^e possessive case in the following 
 sentences, and state how the possesrive is formed :- ^^ 
 
 1. This is a giri's hat 
 
 2. The girls' yarf is veiy clean. 
 
 3. He found a woman's shawl. 
 
 4^^ The women's waiting room is a hirge one. 
 
 hv^H*^^ *** **' • P^"*^ "°"° *»>•* ends in s is formed 
 by^^^ the; (apostrophe) only ; as boy., boy.\ 
 
 formed by adding the 's; as in^n, men'.. 
 
 KXEBOUB. 
 
 ^ Jormthe possessive ««, singular and pluml. of the foUowing 
 
 ?•*; ^^n*. mother, 
 
 knif^ child. .ervant, 
 
 J™"'^ ^^ father-in-law, 
 
 acer, artist, ppinc- 
 
 Vi^ n . . y^uive, mouse. 
 
 grocer, 
 
 country, 
 
 mouse. 
 
NOMINATIVES. 
 
 «S 
 
 LESSON XIX. 
 Stete the oMe of th« itaUciMd noun, in the following wnten- 
 
 OM !— 
 
 1. Mj AofMb ar« oold. 
 
 2. He is » jatoywr. 
 
 3. Smith, the^rsMT, has moved »w»y. 
 
 4. John, shut the door. 
 
 5. The tlonn haying oeuwd, I went on. 
 
 ir^ta^J^ » «««i « the «ibjeot of a sentenpe is said to be 
 m the laljeet nomiiifttiTe oMe. or briefly in the nominatiTe 
 OMe ; as, The «ttn shines brightly. -*«•"»» 
 
 A noon that is used in the predicate with the Terb to *• to 
 
 "^IT^^ " t:! *»*« ^*»« predicate naminatiTa 
 
 OMe to the verb; as, This man is a^oei. 
 
 A noun that is added to another uoun to explain it, is said to 
 be in the 81»poritiTe (apposition) nomiliatiTe eaie : as Brown, 
 the mtrxhant, is here. ^ 
 
 A noun that is used as the name of a person or thing addwee. 
 
 edissaidto^inthenoniiiiatiTeof addreM; sslwishyou 
 Ionghf),my>Mnd ' 
 
 A noun that has no relation to any word in the sentence is 
 sMd to be in the nominatlye absolute; «, The <,»«• being 
 over, I withdrew. ^^ 
 
 ■ZBB0I8B. 
 
 Select aU the nominatives in the loUowing sentences, and sUte 
 the class to which each belongs:- «-, «ia state 
 
 1. Napoleon was a man ci detorminatdon. 
 
 2. My friend, the captain, is a citisen of Montreal. 
 
 3. Good mornings Mr. Henry, wiU you come int 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 Is 
 
 LESSON XX. 
 
 How many gnunnuitical objeots hu a^k «. u • .^ . 
 •entenoes f— "* ^ •^° ''•^*» "» *l»e following 
 
 1. He taught me muric. 
 
 2. The taUor made him a coat 
 
 3. I asked them the way. 
 
 4. He sent his sistei- a letter. 
 
 The object which represents that w»„«i. • j- , 
 the action of the verb^^X the c^ ^^T'' '^'^ ""^ 
 taught me draunng ' ^*^ ®^*«* ; "^ This man 
 
 - KXKBCME. 
 
 them rto^.::;: «!rtt:i'**"^^^« --"--' -<^ ^^ 
 
 l.^i- girl brought me some flowen. 
 
 2. The Queen gave him a present 
 o. 1 told hmi that story. 
 
 *. My father bought me a horse. 
 0. She sent my uncle a guinea. 
 
 LESSON XXI. 
 PARSING. 
 
PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 
 
 wiSlflTT ^ "T*"* '"'* "" ''"•^ '^"- --^J'nJO with or 
 wi^at. change m form. ^ cUW th.ir iaflactioiir 
 The infleotions of the noon mn nomber and oMe. 
 
 ■ZKBCnK. 
 
 PtaTM all the nonns in the following aentenoee •— 
 
 1. John lost hia brother's book on the street 
 
 2. The boys have bought a new boat 
 
 3. This Uttle girl's doll feU into the water. 
 
 4. Hia son is an excellent writer. 
 
 5. Mr. Wilson, the taUor, has a fine shop. 
 
 6. James, take this book to your sister. 
 
 7. My father gave that boy a beautiful pony. 
 
 8. Our friends are fond of driving. 
 
 IQ. But the half of our heavy task was done, 
 
 When the clock struck the hour for retiring • 
 And we heard the distant and random gun, ' 
 That the foe was sullenly firing.— Wo^e, 
 Kodtl-John, a proper, concrete oioun ; masculine gender: 
 angular nomber ; nominative case, subject of lost 
 J^». a common, concrete noun; m«Kmline or feminine 
 ge^er ; singular number; possessive case, possessing hooh, 
 
 ™ u.*rTT"' **''*^'* "**'*"' -ingular number; objective 
 case, object of the verb fort. "jwj«ve 
 
 J^ a common, concrete noun; singular number ; objective 
 case, object of the preposition on. ""J^uve 
 
 LESSON '^'XII. 
 PBRSONAL PRONOUNa 
 
 Name the pronouns in the following sentences, and state which 
 
 penon or thing spoken of ;— . 
 
INGLMH ORAMMAR. 
 
 1. H« aakcd at to fo with hia. 
 
 8. Too will ba «mij wImb joa ••• it 
 
 3. I Mkad ber to ooim with u. 
 
 A p««««n tht dH,w. by iU iom whth., it <W«,t« th. 
 
 A pwBoan that d6«»t« th« .p«A« or «,7 owpMy o# whom 
 
 THB DBCLBN8I0N OP THB PBR80IIAL PRONOUMa 
 
 Vint Penon. 
 
 Nob. 
 I. 
 
 Sogvlar. 
 FbM. 
 niiMi or my, 
 
 0»»J- Noo. Pom. obj. 
 
 "■•■ ^9, oorB, or oar, lu. 
 
 „ , Second Penon. 
 
 *""•*"•'• FloimL 
 
 _ , Third Perwn. 
 Nom. Ptom Obj. Norn. Po- nw 
 
 u, ,^ i^ y^_ tbeiiiKi, thai,, timn. 
 
OIMONSTRATIVB PRONOUNS. 
 
 7 ^« »«»«»«* ■ome nut. and |»T.tlitm to the ohUdwn. 
 S. lliis woouA hM lost ber poTM. 
 
 4. In^twoboytandth^toldiiiewhewtofindyou. 
 o. I hMl ft Uttl* clM^ter, 
 And iht WM giTtn to me 
 To iMd me gentij bMkwnrd 
 
 To the HeeTenly Fether*! knee. 
 Thiit I faj the forae of nntarc, 
 
 Higfat in eome dim wiae diTine 
 The depths of His infirite petienee 
 To this wajwMd sool of minsi^XoMdl. 
 
 Jlj^-TUpommir*hnmmir, %. W. ear, Mir sad «Mr sm m^ 
 with Bomis, awl tbtfoM, iiij^ rt«ZL».--«.Jir«!r*^ 
 
 LESSON XXIII. 
 OBMON8TRATIVB PRONOUNS. 
 
 Neme the pronouns in the foUowing sentenoM that point ont 
 or oaU attention to anything :— 
 1. This is a book, and that is a roU of paper, 
 a. These are sheep, and those are goats. 
 IWuns which point oat or oaU attention to the objects for 
 
 whtoh thv stand, are called d«moilrtr»tiT« pronoBM 
 
 The demonstratiTe prosoons are «*m, and <Aa< with their 
 plurals 0^$, and Oest. 
 
 i»a and rteis are used to rolBr to something nearw ; rtal and 
 
3P 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 i 
 
 'i 
 
 which it rsT^ ^"^^ ^'^^ ""' "^ •^'^"^on to the object for 
 
 It ia aoaaetimes demoMtiutiye. anrf «.«-*• 
 ^^ uMj.Tmxa.Ye, and sometimea penonal in iti 
 
 Compart : I am sura he ^dih T — t. . 
 
 going to come to-morrow ^^^ *"^*^'' •"*»*•» 
 
 LESSON XXIV. 
 COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 
 
 Foint out the pronouns iu the following wntencet tl,*. 
 Med to express emphati,, and those that ?«. !!. ^ ^^ *" 
 that is. as o6;Vc<.^i^ the^« ' u«>d « re^exives, 
 ^^^^^ _ ^ noting the same person or thing as the 
 
 1. I myself wrote that letter. 
 
 2. He himself gave the oane to me. 
 
 3. We often injure ourselves. 
 
 4. Thej praised themselves. 
 
 noQiii. » compound penonal pro- 
 
 Singular. ^, , 
 
 Second Person, f^oyself, 
 
 lyoursel^ yourselves^ 
 
 rhimsel^ 
 
 1^'";^ them^dv... 
 
 utael^ 
 
RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 LESSON XXV. 
 RBLATIVB PRONOONS. 
 
 1. % brother f„„„d th. Wl ,Mok h. I«t 
 »• M«7 hM the book that I booght 
 
 " Sr^.tTp^^s'rn*- «^"p- *o.«bt „, . «..„„ 
 
 retoave pronomi. """b" «"" «■ pronou., i. <,.u«j . 
 
 found. "• '^^y <*«< waa hurt. Here is the knife ^aTi 
 
 ■*. IFAorf does not have its anta«i^««* 
 what [that which] you ,equT« "* ^^'^"ed; as. I know 
 
 0. When a« is omd m ». «!„<.,• •. . 
 
i 
 
 ! 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 6. When *u« i« used •» » relative it has » negative foroe. 
 equivalent U> that not iim, ^^ 
 
 There is no fireside, howsoe'er defended, 
 But has one vacant chair. 
 
 Who and lehieh are declined as follows :— 
 
 SINGULAR OR PLURAL. 
 
 ^'^ who. which, 
 
 ^^ Case whose, whosii 
 
 Obj.Case ^ whom, which. 
 
 coif POUND RELATIVE PROUOUN& 
 PKmoons that are formed by adding «, «er. and sa«w, to 
 the «^le ^jonouns, are called compound reUtire prOBOimi ; 
 as whoto, whiehntr, tohatmmer. f^hwum, 
 
 BXBRCISB I. 
 
 Name the relative pronouns, their Mteoedents, the clauses they 
 connect^ and the case of each:— «««wiey 
 
 1. I require the penoU that I lent you. 
 
 2. Those who are down need fear no fiJi 
 
 3. He gave me what I desired. 
 
 4. ^ men shot a bear which was roaming about. 
 
 5. The long ranks on which I looked tramped stesdUy on. 
 S. I«t the mighty mounds 
 
 That overlook the rivers, or that rise 
 I«ithedim«orestorowdedwitholdoaks,an8wer.-J*yw«. 
 ■XXBOBB n. 
 CiMrify tb. Mha™, in tb. toUowiBg .mtoncM iato tho. thtt 
 
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 33 
 
 1. I live on the street which leads to the park 
 
 2. Those who Uve without a plan have never any leisure. 
 
 4. I met a policeman, who told me about the fire. 
 0. we were the first that ever burst 
 
 Into that silent ae».— Coleridge. 
 6. There, at the foot of yonder nodding birch, 
 
 That wreaths its old fantastic roots so hi*h. 
 His listless length at noontide would he strebT 
 
 And pore upon the brook that babbles by.-6r„,y 
 
 LESSON XXVI. 
 INTBRROGATIVB PRONOUNS. 
 
 Point out the pronouns in the following sentences, that a«. 
 used in asking questions :— -«-, «••. we 
 
 1. Who did this? 
 
 2. What are you going to do next ? 
 
 3. Which of the boys lost his knife f 
 
 S^f *^"*°^™*' "^ »»^Ao gave you the orange! 
 ^e interrogative pronouns are who, u,hich, «,d uAat. 
 
 ^ and «,A»c4 are declined like the relatives, 
 .r^ft;!^^"'- -'"^ "^- ^ persons or to things; 
 
 bof^isTo^l* '^•" '""" "** » »«*°« -»-«-» -. Wk^ of the 
 
 BXBRGIBE. 
 
 1. Who received the fi»b prize in your elaast 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 3. Of what is th^ article «<Mnpoged f 
 
 5. Which ol the girls hai the pencil t 
 4 What are you going to do next t 
 
 6. Whom did he send with the horse t 
 
 LESSON XXVII. 
 
 Point out the pronouns in thefoUowing sentences that do not 
 stand for a^ particular persons or things :— 
 
 1. Many went home before nine o'clock. 
 
 2. Each has his work to do. 
 
 3. All are here now. 
 
 Pronouns which do not stand for particular or definite persons 
 or thmgs, are called ili>dtfinite pronoiUUI ; as, Fetv believed him. 
 
 The principal words used as indefinite pronouns are aU, any 
 othe^ '^notUr, both, some, W*, few, many, one, none, each, either 
 tMil*«r. «d words made by joining m>me, ,„y, «^ and ,«, to 
 the words one, t/ting and body. 
 
 BXBBGISB. 
 
 Select the indefinite pronouns in the following sentences, and 
 give the case of each : 
 
 1. Some have gone home already. 
 
 2. I knew both of the boy& 
 
 3. He has not any to give to me. 
 
 4. Everybody goes to the wharf in the evening. 
 6. I told some one to bring it with him. 
 
 LESSON XXVIII. 
 PARSING. 
 
 «o panea pronoun is to state the class to which it Ukmgs. its 
 gender, person, number, case, and its grammatical relation to 
 other word& ._ Lk^ sentence. 
 
PARSING. 
 
 15 
 
 Pane all the pronouM in the foUowing sentMice. :— 
 1. I have the knife which you gave me. 
 
 3. He law the letter that I wrote. 
 S. Who told you they did it? 
 
 4. Few ihaU meet where many f^H. -Campbell 
 
 5. He ia the freeman whom the truth makes tr^-Cawper 
 
 6. There's a divinity that shapes our ends, 
 Koughhew them as we wiH-Shaietpeare. ^ 
 
 7. Ihave«»nhim buy such bargains as would «na« one. 
 
 ». re, therefore, who love merey, teach your sons 
 
 To love it too.—Cowper 
 9. I dare do all that may become a maiv 
 Who dares do more is nonB.—Shaketp«an. 
 10. Breathes there a man with soul so dead, 
 Who never to himself hath said. 
 This is my own, my native land.— &o«. 
 
 Model ;— I have the knife which ^ou gave me. 
 
 I, • penonal pronoun ; masculine or feminine gender : fint tmr- 
 son i singular number ; nominative oase^ subject of *«*« 
 
 '^^biLf''*''* ^""""^ **•*"* P~«' «°««W number; 
 objective case, direct object of the verb gave. 
 
 you, • P«»onal pronoun ; masculine or feminine gender ; second 
 
 "^ LJ^T'^ pronoun; masculine or feminine gender; firet 
 pws^l^singular number ; objective c«». indirect obj«,t of 
 
36 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 ! 
 
 
 LESSON XXIX. 
 
 CL.4SSSS OF ADJBCTaVBS. 
 
 ADJBCTIVBS OP QUALITY. 
 
 Point oat tho adjectiyes in the following wntenoei thst expren 
 Stio/^y or Wfirf in the objects named by the noun, with which 
 they are use-i :— • 
 
 1. This is a iweet apple. 
 
 B. I bonght an oak table and a silver tray. 
 
 3. These girls are happy. 
 
 Adjectives that express quality or kind in the objects named 
 by the nouns with which they are used, are caUed qiuUifyixur 
 a^Jeetiyeg ; as, Thesi and girls took some fr^h flowers V. 
 tide woman 
 
 Qualifying «ljectives that ar« formed from proper nouns aro 
 oalM propw acUectives. They begin with capital letters; 
 as, He gave her an Bn(^i»k coin. 
 
 Select the qualifying adjectives in the following sentences, and 
 state the nouns they qualify : 
 
 1. A wise man considers his words. 
 
 2. Gentle^ loving Nell was dead. 
 
 3. Her sleep was beautiful and calm. 
 
 4. Wonderful animals are to be seen in African forests. 
 6. With a slow and noiseless footstep 
 
 Comes that messenger divine.— Zona/yfow. 
 
 6. lake other dull men, the king was all his life suspicious of 
 superior people.— rAa<»bray. 
 
 7. O Caledonia I stem and wild. 
 Meet nurse for a poetic child I 
 
 Land of brown heath and shaggy wood. 
 Land of the mountain and the flood.— <Sbo«. 
 
PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. 
 
 37 
 
 LESSON XXX. 
 
 ADJECTIVES OP QUANTITY. 
 Point oat the adjectives in the following sentences. th»t« 
 
 1. This man iias little strength left. 
 
 2. I wish you much success in your studies. 
 
 3. There are three boys in the yard. "' 
 
 n^S^'m ^' *^T '^' ^""''^'y °^ """^^^ o' the objects 
 na««d by the nouns with which they are used, are caUed qiui- 
 Wying a<y ectives ; as, He won the ,ec<md prire. 
 
 EXBBCIBE. 
 
 Select the quantifying «ijectives in the following .«,tence. 
 •nd state the noun each modifies :— "TOwnces, 
 
 1. William has twenty marbles. 
 
 2. Much study is a weariness of the flesh 
 
 3. My brother has the thirf place in his class. 
 
 4. This poor man has Uttle coal for the winter 
 
 LESSON XXXI. 
 PTtONOllINAL ADJECTIVES. 
 
 1- ^**» belongs to my brother. 
 
 2. mU book belongs to my brother. 
 
 3. 'PAteA is your pen f 
 
 4. W^vsA pencil will you have t 
 6. AU are lying on the bank. 
 6. .<<ff man are mortal 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 7. Min$ are in the hooae. 
 
 8. Jfy ikte is brokea 
 
 pranominal wUeoUves ; m, m,, book. «>« mine. ^« bova 
 o>n leam. ' 
 
 There are five kinds of pronominal adieotiyog. 
 
 1. Poweoiira ^j6Ctiy«L Theee are the poeeeesive form, 
 of the personal pronouns used as adjectives. Thej are given 
 in Lesson XXII., and are as follow. :-my or mine, thy or Ihins, 
 our or ours, your or i,aur,,hu, her or her$,iU, their or their,. 
 
 a. iDtWrogatiye MUeetiyM. These areW«ic;i and tchat 
 
 when used with a noun to ask a question; as, JTAicA poem will 
 you reeite t 
 
 fPhat wrong have j<ki done 1 
 
 3. Ec^tiye a4jectiyei. These an the words tchich and 
 «^ used relatively trWi anaun; as, I know tchich pen you 
 prefer. I see what course you are taking. 
 
 4. Indefinite a^Jectiye^ Theseare'the words which, when 
 nsed without noun^ are indefinite pronouns; as. Few persons 
 behove his story. [See Lesson XXVII.] 
 
 6. Demonrtratiye M^eetiyet. These are thi., these; 
 that, thoM; yon, yonder, when used with nouns; as. That tresis 
 very tall. Ton ship is coming nearer. 
 
 To the foregoing list of demonstrative adjectivee we may add 
 a, a«, and <Ae. since they are «fcm<»Mlm««,i»«A«r nature, that 
 w they are used to poi«< «m«, but they have no ,,«»«,««,«/ toe • 
 •s,7%« man is weU again. i4n apple is on the table. 
 
 iiro«e._^ai, u,cd before awordbegfamingwithavowd^wnd; •., 4, 
 MM *'°!r*i''u**,r^ beginning with a oonsooMit «Mu>d; s.,^ «,„. 
 
 EZEBCIBB. 
 
 Select the pronominal adjectives in the following sentences, 
 give the kind of ea«h ftnd the vor4 it mpdi^es ;-, 
 
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 1. Which w»y did he go t 
 
 3. That Iftdy expUined my leHon. 
 
 3. Any othior pen will do. 
 
 4. I do not know what work he did. 
 
 6. Their father bought them some frOit. 
 
 6. BeMath thoM» nigged elms, that yew-trte's shade, 
 
 Where heaves the turf in many a mouldering he«x 
 B«5h in hjs narrow oeUtewvw laid, 
 
 The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep.-.^my. 
 
 LESSON XXXII. 
 COMPARISON OP AOJBCTIVES. 
 
 la the following sentences what degh*<tf quality do the dif. 
 ferent forms of the adjective large ezprfete ? 
 
 1. John has a largii ball. 
 
 2. I have a krger ball than John's. 
 
 S. James has the largest ball in the yird. 
 
 ni iWltettoB number 2, two balls ah) oompartd. In senttHi66 
 
 '^ir«^SSL" "^ '-'-^ '^'•'•' *^ °' ^'^•^^ 
 
 The form of the adjective, which mcHily expresses th« o„*l 
 ity is«uiedtheporitiyedegree;«.IhLea'3p^:* 
 
 The form of the «ijective that expires a higher or lower 
 djgree of tiie quality, is called the COmDihitite dlfiJjJ^Z 
 Charles has a #ma/fer pen than mine. »««Broe,as, 
 
 lowest degree of the quality, is oaUed the iUteHfttitA H«h>m • 
 «. The te^iher ha. the mall^ p,n in the r^ ***^' 
 Mt»t adjectives of one syllable form the Comberatltg bv ^ 
 
I 
 
 f. 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 PontiT.. Comparative. Superktire. 
 
 ^ *^er. taU-t 
 
 flM, finer, finest. 
 
 Mo.t«ljeotive.of more tlun one .ylUbl. are compo!^y 
 prefixing mow and «u««, or i«, and «w< to the Mmple fW- J. 
 ^^ Comparative. Superlative. 
 
 ^^ more beautiful. moet beautUul, 
 
 I?^' Ie«i worthy, i^^ ^^^hy 
 
 The foUowing adjectives of two syllable, are often compared 
 by •ddmgermndett, happy, pUam»nt, common, nobh, able,fum^. 
 
 The foUowing adjectivee are compared irregularly :— 
 
 Positive, 
 good, 
 
 bMl, evil, or ill, 
 little, 
 mnoh or many, 
 
 far. 
 
 (forth,) 
 
 near, 
 
 l»ta, 
 
 fore^ 
 
 old, 
 
 Comparative. 
 
 betW, 
 
 worse, 
 
 less, 
 
 more, 
 
 farther, 
 
 further, 
 
 nearer, 
 
 later, 
 
 former, 
 
 older or elder, 
 
 Superlative, 
 best, 
 worst) 
 least, 
 most, 
 farthest^ 
 
 furthestor farthermost^ 
 nearest or next, 
 latest or last^ 
 foremost or first, 
 oldest or eldest. 
 
 KZEBCI8B I. 
 
 Name each adjective in the foUowing sentences, state its 
 degree, and give the word it modifies :— 
 
 1. I never saw a brighter sky. 
 
 2. It was a cruel and most unjust sentence. 
 
 3. The shores of this lake are high and rocky. 
 
 ** T^7";«^;"^^*»»«»»*PPi«»fc tiraeofaU the glad New-year: 
 Of aU thegkd New-year, mother, the maddest, merriest day. 
 
 — Tennjfaon. 
 
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 4« 
 
 5. I sat and watched her many a day, 
 
 When her eye. grew dim and her lock. wei« gray. 
 
 6. Small service is true aerrioe while it lasts • ~ *** *"**" 
 Of friends however humble, «>orn not one'.- Wordsworth. 
 
 7. Look. She is sad to miss, 
 
 Morning and night 
 His -her dead father's— kiw ; 
 
 Tries to be bright. 
 Good to mamma, and sweet 
 
 That is all. "Marguerite."— 2)oft*)n. 
 
 EXBRcm n. 
 
 Compare the following adjective. :— 
 newr, bad, happy, 
 
 fi«t» grateful, numerous, 
 
 '•pM, fortunate, far, 
 
 sincere, hind, dreary. 
 
 wise, plidn, 
 
 brie^ lofty, 
 
 cloudy, handsome, 
 
 1^1^ extraordinary. 
 
 LESSON XXXIII. 
 
 Parse aU the adjectives in the following sentences : 
 
 1. Wudom is more precious than rubies. 
 
 2. This is a wonderful scene. 
 
 3. Let my little story answer this question. 
 
 4. It was lazy, idle work, lying in the tent all day long. 
 0. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 
 
 6. Prom a shoal of richest rubies 
 Breaks the morning clear and cold. 
 And the angel on the village spire, 
 Frost-touched, is bright as gold.^Aldriek. 
 
 7. Every hour that fleets so slowly, 
 Has its task to do or bear; 
 Luminous the crown and holy. 
 
 When each gem is set with caro.-^«JW«td, /Voc««.. 
 
4« 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 LESSON XXXIV. 
 CLASSES OP VBRB& 
 
 1. JuM* brake his peneU. 
 
 2. This boj foand a knife. 
 A Our girls like litermture. 
 4. The son shines brightly. 
 
 «. n»e birds fly into the traes. 
 
 6. The papils feel oold. 
 
 A verb th»t expresses »n ection or feeling that ooes out fr«n. 
 
 ", He .croto. letter. We fo.» our fHends. ™»"'»^«^«». 
 fi.;ri: "P'*^*'^'* »tate,or M action or ferfina 
 
 EZBBCI8K I. 
 
 Cl«sify the verbs in the following sentences :- 
 
 1. My brother sold his knife. 
 
 2. The boys play ball in the yard. 
 
 3. fie ran across the street 
 
CLASSES OP VIRM. 
 
 43 
 
 4. Thk UtlU girleot b«r IimkL 
 
 0. That tTM is TMj uil. 
 
 «. Th« .window WM brokm by a itOBt. 
 
 7. Maay birds baiki thtir nssts in tnss. 
 
 8. H. tud thwn o£ th. riTsr whos. mighty eorrsnt gar. 
 
 «• fiwhnsss lor • handrsd |«^f^ to OosMi's briny wnT* 
 
 ». ^•oanr«|notnlin^Mdwsnttsednotftston«, — < •• 
 
 Bat we Wt him done in his glory— Ch^rUt Wct/0. 
 10. I «• the wealthy miller ystt 
 
 His doable ohin, his portly sise^ 
 And who that knew him ooold forget^ 
 
 The basy wrinkles roand his eyest— rsim^wm. 
 
 Some rerbs have only an intranmtiTe ai»e beoanse they do not 
 
 L Write aentenoes osing the following words as transitiTe 
 ▼eriM :— 
 
 mAe, paper, water, sharpen, ran, 
 
 find, paint, reprove, set, ,tndy. 
 
 a. Write sentences asing the following words as intransitive 
 verbs :— 
 
 »n. rit, was, walks, read, 
 remain, foil, writes, dreams, move. 
 
 LESSON XXXV. 
 
 PWnt ottt ^ verb that is osed by itself to make a complete 
 itatement, and each verb that is not need by hsrif to ms^e a 
 complete stotement :- 7 -~« w maae a 
 
 }. The boy sleefie. 
 
44 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 2. MytMkisdone. 
 
 3. This rose smelli sweet. 
 
 4. The girls are oold. 
 
 Whea a verb by itself makes a complete statement, it is called 
 a Twb Of complete predication; as. Birds /fy. 
 
 ^al!!:^,!!''^ of incomplete predication; a. This man 
 
 BXBBOISE. 
 
 or ^^ !tT^ ?' incomplete predication, and stete the word 
 or words that complete the predication :— 
 
 1. This water is warm. 
 
 3> He became a sailor. 
 
 3. My brother studies in the erening. 
 
 4. This man has been sick for a month. 
 
 6. Some marmor when their sky is c\ei^.— French 
 
 6. A soft answer turneth away wrath.— ^»6fo 
 
 7. An idler is a wateh that wante both hands.-(7oi««r 
 
 8. Sweet was the sound, when oft, at evening's closeT ' 
 Up yonder hill the village murmur roae.~-Golebmith. 
 
 LESSON XXXVI. 
 VOICE. 
 
 U the "me idea expressed by the sentences in each group!- 
 1 j I out the paper. B^-pt 
 
 { 
 ( 
 
 With a certein form of the veris it. subject names the ocior; 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 The paper was cut by me. 
 
 John broke the window. 
 
 The window was broken by John. 
 
 He caught a bird. 
 
 A bird was caught by him. 
 
VOICE. 
 
 45 
 
 with another form of the verb, the subject names H^ thing acted 
 ^tpon. This change in the form of the verb is caUed voioi. 
 
 A transitive verb that represents the person or thing named 
 by Its subject as acting is said to be in the active Voice • aa 
 James truek the horse. ' ^ 
 
 A tranritiye verb that represenU the person or thing named 
 by Its subj^^t as being acted upon is «ud to be in th7paMive 
 voice ; as, The horse was atruck by James. F-«»t« 
 
 ^pr.^.t.on « « «lv.rbua «lj„nct; L, I rf-p-H SZ^^' J^^ 
 
 J^l^^"^ •*"* "^ ''• «^^* -*- ^ *««~*-i »y the p„po. 
 
 BXBBCISB I. 
 
 Name the voice of each verb in the foUowing sentences, and 
 ■tate the reason in each case :— 
 
 1. He found his knife under the table. 
 
 J>. Jay mend has written two letters. 
 
 4. This ring was given to me by my mother. 
 
 6. The bird flew away into the bush. 
 
 6. The old man was sick and hungry. 
 
 7. Near the moulded ar«h he saw low, dark grottos within 
 the cavern. ^^ 
 
 *• These ample fields 
 
 Nourished their harves^ here their herds were fed, 
 Where haply by their stalls the bison lowed. 
 And bowed his manki shoulder to the yok^.— Bryant. 
 TOOMCOiE n. 
 
 Change the voice of each transitive verb in the preceding 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 LESSON XXXVII. 
 MODS. 
 
 Point o«t in the foUowing ««tenoe. . verb tJiat .ft- «„^ 
 w»« •■ » fact, one th«t i. ii««d in «v **^ 
 
 tUta^^tionae^ethiT^;;,;^^^ * ^«-'^». <>"• 
 
 1. He knows his lenon to-d«7. 
 
 2. Are you first in the dMsf 
 S. I h^M that he suooeed. 
 
 *. Pot away your books. 
 
 The nuumer in which the verb nr.^.«^. *u • j . 
 aodfoftheverK ,''•'*' P'*«^^ *^« >*» w called the 
 
 A verb that i. u,ed to state somethinir as a ^L t« «w 
 
 Jr««fc_The vm-b in oonditioiua aentanoM i. in fk- v* 
 oMy wh«it .,p«^ ^«^^ -I^^TTou^ht of ^^""'^" "***• 
 A verb that expresses a command or nMin«.f i. : xi. * 
 
 ■ZBBOIBB I. 
 
 Jaa.a|e mode or mood Of each vert, and give the «^ j, 
 
 1. Home they brought her warrior de^.^Tmnt,^ 
 
 2. What «,ught they thus afar U-lfenu^ru. ^^^ 
 o. If my itandard-bearer IklL «.k- 
 
 Fta»«-ifa<»„Av. • ^' ** ""^ ''"*• 
 
THE INFINITIVE. 
 
 ^ niine own friend, and thy father', friend, lo«ake noi- 
 
 6. If fortuneienre me 111 requite thia kindne...-^ss,,*,-,^ 
 
 6. The meteor flag of England »«<»«WI«W. 
 Shall yet terrific bum, 
 
 Till danger's troubled night depart, 
 And the star of peaoe retum—CoaipWl 
 
 7. Backward, flow backward, O tide of the year. ! 
 I «! so weary of toa and of t«OT_ ^ 
 
 ToJ without recompenae-team all i; vain- " 
 
 Take them, and give me my childhood a^ain.^^. 4. 45^. 
 
 BZEBCmB n. 
 
 LESSON XXXVIII. 
 
 THE INPINITIVB. 
 aject from the foUowing ««f nee. form, of verb, that are 
 ^ I iTe'to^^:?, ^'^'' "^ -^-'^^ «- <^> - « X^e!:: 
 3. I came to Me the diip. 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 3. Hare you anj water to drink t 
 
 The form of the verb that does not make an assertion, and 
 that is not limited as to person and number is called the 
 
 inflnitiye. 
 
 The infinitive may be used as a noun; as, To forgive is 
 divine. 
 
 The infinitive may be used as an adverb; as, I came to eaU 
 you back. 
 
 The infinitive may be used as an adjective ; as. He has no pen 
 to unite with. 
 
 The infinitive may be used as the complement of verbs of in- 
 complete predication ; as, He appeared to hesitate. 
 
 There are two infinitives, the simple infinitive with or without 
 to, and the infinitive in tng; aa,I like to row a boat. He may 
 go. She is fond of toriting letters. 
 
 The infinitive in ing is sometimes called a gerund. 
 
 n.e infinitive has a variety of uses. Ito grammatical value 
 in English is always determined by its function in the sentence. 
 
 Name the infinitives in the following sentences, tell the gram 
 matical value of each, and state the reason ;— 
 
 1. To read well is an accomplishment. 
 
 2. I am glad to hear it. 
 
 8. This man has a house to rent. 
 
 4. There is little hope of finding him. 
 
 5. To hesitate is to fail. 
 
 6. She was about to leave. 
 
 7. Poverty is hard to bear. 
 
 8. When the rain ceased to fall, the wind began to blow. 
 
 9. I prefer to starve first. 
 
 10. There Honor comes, a pilgrim gray. 
 
 To bless the turf that wraps their day ; 
 
 And Freed ^hall a while repair, 
 
 To dwell a weeping hermit there. — ColUne. 
 
THE PARTICIPLE. 
 
 LESSON XXXIX. 
 THE PARTICIPLE. 
 
 I. Oa OMM th. b<^y running lightly 
 
 8. Hiring the noise, I wmt to th. door. 
 »• li.™. book TOtlM in Old EngliA. 
 
 •»«-«« v.rbS::I:noCiJ ^ '»^-='"« *»>«<i W . 
 A |i>rtici|>Io that i. m«J to daioto on«nirf,«l .^ ■ ... 
 
 ^ jHUTarapie, a«. He gave me » penoU /w,,a«i 
 
 _ Kn»018E I. 
 
 1. Onwrd th.y w«t, c^ d«tl. .nd nun bofo™ U,«. 
 
 2. I heard my own mountain tm^tm kL«-*- . * — ^•ww. 
 
 «-d beneath the protecLlrStSr::^ ^ "^ 
 
 ♦• Aiid. his chW bwitK 
 
 • r***; ''"^•^ t^ «*rth, .hall riae .^n; 
 3^.?<iW^ ywrB of God are hera.-!!*^ 
 
so 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 7* Poor lone TTftn ni^h^ 
 
 Sitting at the window binding shoee. 
 
 Faded, wrinkled, 
 Sittings Btitohing, in a moarnful muse. 
 
 KZERGIBB n. 
 
 -Lr*ey Lamom. 
 
 Determine the grammatical yalne of the italicired wonis in 
 the following sentenoei, acoording to the use of each :— 
 
 1. iraOtfi^ is good exercise. 
 
 2. Swing me coming, he came to meet me. 
 
 8. This building cost one hundred thousand dollars. 
 4. Every Ihaehing breeze chastens her purity. 
 8. He gave up all hope of recovering his health. 
 
 6. The fields are covered with growing grain. 
 
 7. A miaer gives up all the pleasure of doing good. 
 
 8. KnMiing down, I kissed the little flower. 
 
 LESSON XL. 
 TENSE. 
 
 Bute the time of the action in each of the foUowing switenoeB. 
 
 and point out the diflerent forms of the verb :— 
 1 He writes a letter. 
 
 2. He wrote a letter. 
 
 3. He will write a letter. 
 
 The change which takes pUce in the t»f* to mark this change 
 of time^ 18 called Unte. 
 
 Th«» are three natural divisions of time-present^ past, and 
 future, so that there are three corresponding tenses— present 
 pMt, and ftitnre. 
 
 A verb that denotes an action in the present time is in the 
 pnieiit tense; as, I jpso^ 
 
J!;!?!i^LI!!i!!!:?!f^^ ^^""^^ 
 
 . 5« 
 
 A verb th«t denotes an mjtn,^ i_ *i. 
 *««; -^ IvoT^ '**^"^ "^^ ««• "in thep«t 
 
 A verb (hmt denotee mn m^M^^ • ^l - 
 ftit«n»ten«,; «,i^;^^'«"»«« ft**"* time « in the 
 
 completed S pi tiiT^ 'T'^ ^' <*«-'- - action 
 Pleted in fatuwtime!^ ^* *"***• «•«*««» oom- 
 
 1. He has written a letter. 
 
 2. He had written a letter 
 
 3. He will haTe written a letter. 
 A verb that doiotee an a^f^^. 
 
 time i. in the pr^Tp:^^::. TfT^ ** t^'^' 
 
 A verb tiut denote. JS^I^vinThL ^^ 
 • certain part time is in the*^ |,«^ »««» completed before 
 
 Vofan before he wm arriT^ ^^^ **^' -^ I «*«« W 
 
 The present and the past tnuM. .^ ,• j- 
 a^everbitoetf. The otW t^'^^;?^ ^^ *^« '<>™ of 
 ^r\M,cMed auxiliary yer^^^'^'^^^»^<^/^r 
 
 TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE MOtoB. 
 
 ^^J- iWnt Perfect I have seen. 
 
 ™' I^w. PiMit Perfect Ih^seT 
 
 Futuie. IshaUsee. US,*- n _* 'n*a»een. 
 
 **• *^*«'«Perfect IshaUhaveseen. 
 
INOLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 Sdeot the verb., «nd state the tewe of «tch :- 
 1. The .eilor twitched hie shirt of blue, 
 And from within hia bosom drew 
 
 2 S! I^T^- *•?• '"• "^-^'^ Cory. 
 
 hLMt^^ir^"^ '•^^ ***' ^« «*"• ''Wch they hid 
 beheld weighed heavily on their spirits._5bo«: ^ 
 
 3. Hie boy stood on the boming deck 
 Whence aU but he had fled.- jy«„i„.. 
 
 wl! *""? '^'* "^^^y' ^"^ *« ''•*<* the sick. 
 Whom sleeping, she disturb..-, Co«5p». 
 
 5. When kindness had his wants supiilied. 
 And the old man w^s grat* '^, 
 
 5!««*0"«»ki8toinstrelpridk--8lH»«. 
 
 6. He was a man, take him for aU in all, 
 
 I ihall not look upon his like .gain.-,S»«*.,p^. 
 
 LESSON XLI. 
 PERSON AND NUMBER 
 
 Fust Person. I writa We write. 
 
 Second Ptawm. Thou writost You write. 
 Third Person. He writes. They write. 
 
 ^.fnlf^'^Af^u *^* • ""^'^ «»kes to .g,«, with the permm 
 
 oZ^Ll'S r*?"*'"* ^'"^ '"'* number W 
 «I il^ there is no change in the action expressed by the 
 
 The third pewoi, rtn|id«, h^ inthepi^eMit iadioativ.^ the 
 
-on. h.re no •ndi^X^t^'''"™' '""' ^°' "^^ *»- P*'- 
 
 ««ption. the verbto A^^TtT" w """"**"'• '^"' *»*«>'« 
 
 ' •^^•»»' Wears; Iw„^. We «w. 
 
 ga !r' T*' '^*'' Wk, 
 
 **^ "»• Pl*7. make, do 
 
 LESSON XLIU 
 
 WNjUCATlONSOPTHilvSRB. 
 «int oat how the put tm». .-j ^ 
 following verb. .« loi^ :^ ^"^ '*'**' P-'^^ipte of the 
 
 ^""•^ Pat. 
 
 7»^ wished. 
 
 .•^ took, 
 
 '^*^ wrote^ ^.«_ 
 
 A verb that fonn. it. past ten.. .«-i ^ 
 
 •dding^rforrftothepre.^te^r^.'*'*^, '**^^'^' »>^ 
 ornewecMj|i,^tionfr^^'l^-»><^«»e weak 
 
 A verb that form. itopMtteBir^.r^ 
 
 I««««<^««»d it. perfect S^rti^STw 
 
 •|»nt, i. a rerb of tL rtr^'lt,:^*:^ 
 
 widnd. 
 loved, 
 taken. 
 writtM. 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 H 
 
 Weak rerbs are wiled Terbe of the 11M0 Mmin.»»{<.. 1 
 
 Hw.kiiow UMprewBt toiMiani, ft. !»(, uri th, owfect 
 
 LESSON XLIII. 
 IRRBOULAR VERBS OP THE WEAK CONJUGATION. 
 
 fo™ 'tJ^"!!!!?** *^* "«^ TerU of the wei* oonjo«tiou 
 
 pi::;::^^^"^'""^^^* vrb. ^^^ theirp-t ten. «^ 
 
 "^ meanly nie«t 
 
 »»«»R alept, dept 
 
 ■*^' awd, g^^ 
 
 ""^ «**. oort. 
 
 J"in*r """'** **^u*'^'''''^*^'P"*^°* " """"Jed like t, 
 
 A«rt«ntbevowdofthep«sent;M,>j;/rf^,^. Othern«.bI 
 d^»oon,ugation ch«ge the vowel belo«'ig rf; L,^ 
 ^J^«dan««.berthatendin,or.raJ^eh:4;.^^ 
 
A LIST OP THE IRRBCULAH VERBS OF THE 
 WEAK COHJUOATION. 
 
 bend, 
 
 bent,^ 
 
 tMn* I 
 
 bent, 
 Jw«»ve, bewft»* benrft 
 »*••«*. be»ughi^ bewught 
 
 Wed, bled. 
 
 b«d. bred. 
 
 brought, brought. 
 
 **oiJ*»* built 
 
 burnt,* 
 
 bunt, 
 
 bleed, 
 
 breed, 
 
 bring, 
 
 build, 
 
 buni, 
 
 bursty 
 
 buy, 
 
 oast, 
 
 catch. 
 
 burnt 
 burst 
 
 cleave Mk«.i.oisye^« 
 clothe, dad,* 
 
 ^ogbt, bought 
 <««» oast 
 
 «fogbt, caught 
 cleaved. 
 
 cost, 
 
 creep, 
 
 cut, 
 
 dare, 
 
 deal, 
 
 dream, 
 
 cost, 
 
 crept, 
 
 cut, 
 
 durst,* 
 
 dealt, 
 
 dad. 
 
 cost 
 
 crept 
 
 cut 
 
 dared. 
 
 dealt 
 
 *«wn<^* dreamt 
 
 dwell, dwelt,* dwelt 
 
 feed, 
 
 feel, 
 
 flee, 
 
 gild. 
 
 gW, 
 
 have, 
 
 hear, 
 
 hit, 
 
 hurt. 
 
 fed, 
 felt, 
 fled, 
 
 gilt.* 
 girt,* 
 had. 
 
 fed. 
 felt 
 fled, 
 gilt 
 girt 
 had 
 
 *»«•«!, heard, 
 hit. 
 
 hurl^ 
 
 hit 
 hurt 
 
 keep, 
 kneel, 
 knit, 
 
 1*7. 
 lead, 
 
 lean, 
 
 leap, 
 
 learn, 
 
 leave, 
 
 lend, 
 
 ht, 
 
 light, 
 
 lose^ 
 
 maks^ 
 
 mean, 
 
 meet, 
 
 I»7. 
 pen 
 
 put, 
 
 quit, 
 
 read, 
 
 rend, 
 
 rid, 
 
 seek, 
 
 sell, 
 
 send, 
 
 set^ 
 
 shed, 
 
 ahoe^ 
 
 kept, 
 knelt, 
 knit,* 
 hiid, 
 
 leant,* 
 
 leapt,* 
 
 learnt,* 
 
 lef6, 
 
 l«nt^ 
 
 let^ 
 
 Ht,* 
 
 Itmt, 
 
 made, 
 
 meant, 
 
 met^ 
 
 P^ 
 
 pent,* 
 
 put. 
 
 if* 
 
 quit, 
 
 read, 
 
 rent, 
 
 rid, 
 
 said, 
 
 ■O'Jgbt, sought, 
 sold. 
 
 IVrf. rtwt. 
 
 kept 
 
 knelt 
 
 knit 
 
 Uid. 
 
 led. 
 
 leant 
 
 leapt 
 
 Wnt 
 
 left 
 
 lent 
 
 let 
 
 Ut 
 
 lost 
 
 made. 
 
 meant 
 
 met 
 
 pmL 
 
 pent 
 
 put 
 
 quit , 
 
 rmd. 
 
 rent .. 
 
 rid. . 
 
 said. 
 
 sent^ 
 set, 
 ahed, 
 ahod, 
 
 sold. 
 
 sent 
 
 set 
 
 shed. 
 
 ■hod. 
 
BN0LI8H ORAMMAIt. 
 
 shoot, 
 
 •hat, 
 
 sleep. 
 
 smell, 
 
 speed, 
 
 •pell, 
 
 spend, 
 
 spUl, 
 
 spit. 
 
 split, 
 
 spoU, 
 
 shot, 
 
 shot. 
 
 slept, 
 
 smelt,* 
 
 sped, 
 
 spel^* 
 
 spent, 
 
 spilt,* 
 
 •pit, 
 
 spUt, 
 
 spoilt,* 
 
 shot 
 
 shot 
 
 slept 
 
 smelt 
 
 sped. 
 
 spelt 
 
 spent 
 
 spilt 
 
 spit. 
 
 split 
 
 spoilt 
 
 SpiMd, 
 
 sprsMl, 
 
 sweet, 
 
 sweet. 
 
 sweep, 
 
 swept. 
 
 tOMh, 
 
 twght, 
 
 tell, 
 
 told. 
 
 think. 
 
 thought. 
 
 thmst^ 
 
 thruft. 
 
 weep, 
 
 wept. 
 
 weli 
 
 wet,* 
 
 whet, 
 
 whet,* 
 
 woA, 
 
 wrouj^t,* 
 
 'BooMUinw ooniugstMl 
 
 sweet 
 
 swept 
 
 tMffht 
 
 told. 
 
 khonght 
 
 throat 
 
 wept 
 
 wet 
 
 whet 
 
 wronght 
 
 w«»«rty. 
 
 LESSON XLIV. 
 
 A LIST OP THB VBRBS OP THE STRONG 
 CONJUGATION. 
 
 P^^and th«r perfect p^^ioiple b, «Ming ^ orn to the 
 
 abide, «bdde, 
 
 »">» ^•*, been. 
 
 *^ •«>••, eriaen. 
 
 •wake, awoke,* awaked. 
 
 abod& I begin, 
 bid, 
 bind, 
 
 bear. 
 
 /bore, / 
 Ibare, \ 
 
 borne, 
 bom. 
 
 bekt. 
 
 bite, 
 blow. 
 
 *««»n. began. 
 hwie,bid, bidden, 
 bound, bound. 
 
 bit, / ^*^ 
 
 beaten. | breidt, b 
 
 blew. 
 
 bit 
 bUiwiL 
 
VIRBS OF TMB STRONO CONJUGATION. 
 
 oome, 
 
 crow, 
 
 dig. 
 
 do, 
 
 drmfr, 
 
 drive, 
 
 driok, 
 
 WI. 
 flgfat, 
 find, 
 fling; 
 
 g«t. 
 
 gire^ 
 
 go, 
 
 grind, 
 
 grow, 
 
 *>«* 
 
 hidfl^ 
 
 iMld, 
 
 know, 
 lie. 
 
 oliid, 
 ohoM, 
 
 0l0T», 
 
 dnng, 
 
 onme, 
 
 crew,* 
 
 doft» 
 
 did, 
 
 drew, 
 
 drovfl^ 
 
 dnnl^ 
 
 ••t,»te, 
 
 fan, 
 
 fought, 
 
 ^nnd, 
 
 flong, 
 
 flew. 
 
 ohidden 
 
 ohoeen. 
 
 oloven. 
 
 olong. 
 
 oome. 
 
 crowed. 
 
 dog. 
 
 done. 
 
 drawn. 
 
 driven. 
 
 drunk. 
 
 Mten. 
 
 fiUIen. 
 
 fought. 
 
 found. 
 
 flung. 
 
 flown. 
 
 mow, 
 
 ride, 
 
 ring, 
 
 run, 
 
 ih^e, 
 
 ■henr, 
 
 ahine, 
 
 •how, 
 
 ihrink, 
 
 •ing, 
 
 •ink. 
 
 *>«gotk \ 'o«g<»tten, 
 (foigot 
 
 forMMk, 
 fran, 
 
 go^ 
 
 gnve, 
 
 went^ 
 
 *"""»d, ground. 
 
 •it, 
 
 •Uy, 
 
 ilide, 
 
 fling, 
 
 •link. 
 
 foraakea ( ilit, 
 
 froien. 
 (gotten, 
 (got 
 
 given. 
 
 gone. 
 
 grew, 
 
 grown. 
 
 •mite, 
 
 •ow, 
 
 •peak, 
 
 spin, 
 
 •pring, 
 
 stand, 
 
 •teal. 
 
 hnng,» hung.* «tioki 
 hid, / hidden, sting. 
 
 held, 
 knew 
 
 I hid 
 held, 
 known, 
 lain. 
 
 •tink, 
 ■trew, 
 
 stride, 
 
 «»«^ mowa^ 
 
 rod^ ridden. 
 
 ***** rung, 
 
 row, riae^ 
 
 **"! run. 
 
 ■»>«*. shaken, 
 •heared, shoni.* 
 •*»<»ne,» shouB.* 
 •howed, shown.* 
 ■*»««nk, shrunk. 
 ■«» •ung. 
 
 ■nnk, /•nnk, 
 
 tmnken. 
 ■•t. wit. 
 
 ■*•«'. •Iain, 
 
 ■lid. slidden. 
 
 ■»<»ng. •lung, 
 ■innk, slunk, 
 •ii*. •Ht 
 
 ■n»ot^ •mitten, 
 •owed, sown.* 
 ■poke, spoken. 
 V»n, apun. 
 
 •prang, •prung. 
 •tood, stood, 
 •tole, stolen, 
 
 •tuck, atuck. 
 •tung, atnng^ 
 ■**nk, atunk. 
 •toewed, /"trown,* 
 
 Istrown. 
 "*rodei striddea 
 
58 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 P»MMI«. 
 
 FmI. 
 
 Perf. PMt. 
 
 Strike^ 
 
 straok, 
 
 /Istmck, 
 Istrioken. 
 
 
 
 string, 
 strive. 
 
 straoj(, 
 strove, 
 
 Strang, 
 striven. 
 
 8we»r, 
 
 swore^ 
 
 sworn. 
 
 swim, 
 
 swam. 
 
 swum. 
 
 swing. 
 
 swung, 
 
 swung. 
 
 take, 
 
 took. 
 
 taken. 
 
 tear. 
 
 tore, 
 
 torn. 
 
 thrive, 
 
 throve,* 
 
 thriven. * 
 
 PNaent. 
 
 Pta*. 
 
 P*rf. Paurc 
 
 throw. 
 
 threw, 
 
 thrown. 
 
 tread, 
 
 trod, 
 
 trodden. 
 
 wax, 
 
 waxed, 
 
 waxen.* 
 
 wear, 
 
 wore, 
 
 worn. 
 
 weave, 
 
 wove, 
 
 woven. 
 
 win, 
 
 won, 
 
 won. 
 
 wind, 
 
 wound, 
 
 wound. 
 
 wnng. 
 
 wrung, 
 
 wrung. 
 
 'write, 
 
 wrote, 
 
 written. 
 
 • Atoo Uk. the wert oonJu«»tloii. 
 
 A UST OP DEFECTIVE VERBS OF THE WEAK 
 CONJUGATION. 
 
 PKMnt. 
 
 will, 
 must^ 
 
 PMMnt. 
 
 can, 
 
 may, 
 
 shall. 
 
 Pntt, Part. 
 
 PiMt. 
 
 oonld, 
 
 mighty 
 
 should, 
 
 ought, 
 
 would, 
 
 must, 
 
 ought, 
 
 ^ 
 
 LESSON XLV. 
 AUXILIARY VERBa 
 
 ^^!' r "" "* '^'^ *^ "'P"*- that an act took ^ 
 
 State which of the itaUci«d verbs in the foUowing^entences 
 -^mdependenUy, to express it. own meaning, a^ which is 
 Med to aid another verb to express its meaningil 
 
 1. I kam a knife. 
 
 2. I AoM written the letter. 
 
S9 
 
 3. He MM ft good student. 
 
 4. He uw fined for doing wrong. 
 A verb that is need tn h.i» ^^ • 
 
 THB PORKS OP THE VERB BA VM. 
 
 • lUKi 
 
 1. lUve, 1. We hare, 
 
 3. ^onb«t, 2. YonUye, 
 *HehM. 3. Theyhaye. 
 
 INDICATIVE IfODB. 
 
 PAST TKirSE. 
 
 1. Ihad, 1. Wehad, 
 
 2. Thoo badst, 2. You had, 
 
 3. He bad. 3. They had. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 
 
 PBUBBirr TESSB. 
 Bucttlar. 
 
 1. (M) I haye, , .if*~- 
 
 2. (If) thou have, 2* 2^^'*^ 
 MiDbehav. t'^/ZjtZ. 
 
 PA«T TBNaK. 
 
 "■uffnlar. 
 
 1. (If) I had, , ,.?"**;. 
 
 2.(If)th:rh«i. 2\?J'''^ 
 
 MlOhehad l:|J?%. 
 
 If 
 
 Stayatar,. 
 Have (thou). 
 
 IMPERATIVE MODE. 
 
 n«Mi. 
 Have (ye or you). 
 
 1^ 
 
 4i 
 
ENGLISH GRAlillAR. 
 
 (To) hav«, 
 
 iMPBtiFMfr ^Having, 
 PntncT— Had. 
 
 v«l7 ? ""^k" •^•"'"^ ^i*»» *he perfect participle of a 
 verb, to form the perfect tenses; as, r- *» «* • 
 
 Pbesemt Pbbfiot~I have written. 
 
 Past Pbrpiot- I had written. 
 
 PimjRt P«BrBOT-I shaU have written. 
 
 PiKFKJT IxFiNmvK8-(To) have written; having written 
 
 Pkbfwjt Pabtioipui— Having written. 
 
 EXEBOnB. 
 
 vert ^^^ ''^'^'l ^^""^ **^*'°«* iB A«« an independent 
 ^wb, and in which is it an auxiliary :— 
 
 1. The wheehnen have their own road. 
 
 2. I know that he has taken it. 
 
 3. England had won the sources of the Nile !— AiAw. 
 
 4. Have then thj wish; he whistied shrill, 
 And he was answered from the hilL~<Sbo«. 
 
 6. I have obeyed my uncle until now. 
 
 And I have sinned, for it was aU through me 
 
 That evil came on William at the first— TWiyson. 
 6. ^veyoutheheartt When your IhmkI did but ache, 
 
 1 knit my handkercher about your brows, 
 
 (The best I had, a princess wrought it me,) 
 And I did never •* it you agidn.^«i«fa9«„* 
 
-""""^ "" ™^ VERBS S»AU AND «r,u. 
 
 LESSON XLVI. 
 TUB FORMS OF THE VERBS *^^iX ^B^,^ 
 
 "»M"WT TENSE. ^'^ „,_„ 
 ««-»»»«. Flora,. «.„ PAOTTEKSE. 
 
 1. I shall, 1. Wealmll i t ^*^V' """»»• 
 
 2.ThouahaI, 2.YOU3S -Thorn'.. ^^ ^^^^'-'d. 
 
 3.HedialL 3. They S f ' ^'^^V ,?^^'"' ^' ^°" «''*'"'<^. 
 o.ifteyshaU. 3. He should. 3. They should. 
 
 1WB8BNT TENSE. 
 
 1. I Will, 1. We will, 
 
 2. Thou wilt, 2. You will, 
 
 3. He wiU. 3. They will. 
 
 WILL. 
 
 PAST TENSE. 
 
 1. I would, 1. We would 
 
 3. Thou wouldst, 2. You would, 
 - 3. He would. 3. They would 
 
 '- .i-^^r^rr Tor r r '■^'- - 
 
 »oii«it jMT. ' ""«^»»«g»to; HeiM« 
 
 I «^ ire/Tt for you , Y^ IJt.t ^TV'''"^ P*"°- ' ««. 
 ^*o«W «d ««u« have tt^ ^^ ; He .*«« cfo that work 
 ^^ ft»ve the same uses as Ma« and wiU. 
 
 EXERCISB. 
 
 w 
 
 i ' 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 
 5. Bat in my time a father's word was law 
 
 And.oit«haUbenowforme._7<m«y^. 
 
 6. If I talk to him, with his innocent prate 
 He will awake my mercy, which lies dead • 
 
 7. The cock's shnll clarion, or the echoing horn, ^^ 
 
 No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed.-Gr,tw 
 
 8. "If you are not the heiress bom, 
 And I," said he, "the lawful heir, 
 We too shall wed to-morrow mo-Tj, 
 
 And you shall still be Lady Clare."- Tmni„on. 
 
 LESSON XL VII. 
 THE FORMS OF THE VERBS DO AND BA 
 
 PBaBBirT 
 
 ttaffolar. 
 
 1. Ido^ 
 
 3. Thou doest 
 
 or dost, 
 3' He does. 
 
 DO. 
 
 INDICATIVE MODE. 
 TEN8B. p^CT rmsfSK, 
 
 nona. SlB«ta«r. nutmt. 
 
 J- We do, 1. Idid, ,. L We did, 
 
 2. You do, 2. Thou «|id8t» 2. You did,. 
 
 3. They did. 
 
 PRBBEnc 
 aiaciUar. 
 
 1. (If) I do, 
 3. (If) thou do, 
 8. (If) he da 
 
 Do (them or you). 
 
 3. They do. 3. He did, 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 
 '™"*- PAST TBNSB. 
 
 1. (If we do, 1. (If) I did. L (If) we did, 
 
 2. (If) you do, 2. (If) thou did, 2. (If) you did, 
 
 3. (If) they do. 3. (If) he did. 3. (If) they did. 
 
 Inllattlvca. 
 
 (To) do. 
 Doing. 
 
 PaHMplM. 
 
 Impbrfbot— Doing. 
 PnunKjT— Done. 
 
FORMS OF THE VERBS DO AND BB, 
 
 /3» i 'T^' J^^ ^° "^P"*" » de«»i»l; f^ I did not do il 
 (3) ToaskqueetionB; «8,/Hayou.«.himT ***** **^ * »<^ 
 
 c«J^"p^"^ ^ P^-. it is an independent verb; «. He 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 the UM of e«,h auxiliarv :- ^^ *" *" '^nxdiary, and explain 
 
 1. Do they not err th^.t devise evil U-£ibh 
 
 2. All their works t. .y do to be seen of n.en_i?«&. 
 
 3. Stone walls do not a prison make.~.Zoveiace. 
 *• And for that offense 
 
 ^•diat«lywedoexilehin,henoe.-5W«9«an.. 
 ™ •^'yhody praised the Duke 
 Who this great fight did win.—Southey 
 
 7. Sa httle they i»e, so little they fell, 
 
 m.ey did not move the Inchcape BeU.^Souihej,. 
 
 B. K I do so. it will be of more price, 
 
 B«ng apoke behind your back, than to your face. 
 
 INDICATIVE MODE. 
 "• PAST TBirSBI. 
 
ENGUSH GRAMMAR. 
 
 StfBJUNCTIVB MOOB. 
 ■»»«»»"• Plana '•AgTTrorsB. 
 
 uapMMiTe Mod*. tMiOamrtm. -^ 
 
 amAurf. , "^ P'**nve votee ; as, I 
 
 3. The verb to be, withnnf%K^!! v!^ ' •^ ^ «»» «^t»V. 
 
 •ct M a copWa (ooMecting U^) a^ «!! ' • "^^'^ ^^^ ^° 
 ever ia, i, right. '' ^ "«"" " '"'•«'• ^hat- 
 
 KZBBCnS I. 
 
 Jt^ the u.e of the verb *• in each of the following «n(«n- 
 
 2. Brevity « the soul of wit.^ Shakespeare 
 
 3. The waves were white, and «d the mom. 
 
 In the noisy hour when I was bom.~/»rUr. 
 
 4. It was a sammer evening, 
 Old KMpar's work was dine, 
 And he befo** his oottage door 
 Waa sitting in the sun.-^,<*«y. 
 
 fc l*»«yMy,0,iti«myiove! 
 
 U *!»» she kawr rtie w«re !-.»l«*«5„«w^ 
 
OTHER AUXILIARY VERBS. 
 
 6S 
 
 7. True worth u m being, not seeming.-^. Cory. 
 °' We are saoh staff 
 
 As dreams are made on ; and our Uttle Ufe 
 
 l8 rounded with a 8Uiep.—Shaie9peare. 
 
 BXEBCISE n. 
 
 J^ Writ, faor .x«.pl«, o< th. ™.b J. ««d „ „ tod,p««l„t 
 p42te ,^ ««np.« „, the ™b ^ ,«, in .n^ «„ 
 
 LESSON XLVIII. 
 OTHER AUXILIARY VERBS. 
 
 ^ *!»« ^«* *»»«« lemons we have studied the auxiliaries used 
 Tu^ilr «''**'"^°'"^'^*^°"- WeshallnowstTdy^ 
 
 FBESBNT TBN8B. 
 Stii«id»r. p,„^, 
 
 1. lean, 1. We can, 
 
 2. Thou canst, 2. You can, 
 
 3. He can. 3. Thej can 
 
 CAN. 
 
 PAST TBirSB. 
 StnyuUr. Flnnri. 
 
 1. I could, 1. We could, 
 
 2. Thou couldst, 2. You could, 
 
 3. He could. 3. They could. 
 
 ^ . J ' "• "" '~"*"- ^. ifiey could. 
 
 Ca« w used to denote power or abiUty ; as, I can simr H^ 
 could write very rapidly. «*«, a can sing. He 
 
 PBKSENT TEN8B, „»^ 
 
 1. I mav 1 w , Singular. Pln»al. 
 
 2 Th^^:, * iT*""*^' 1. 1 might, 1. We might 
 
 2. Thou mayest, 2. You may, 2. Thou mightest. 2. You mShi 
 
 3. He may. 3. They may. 3. He might. 8. They^hl 
 
 11 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 Y^Z^ r^ !J ^"""^ permission, poesibUity, or a wish • «. 
 
 Could and miyA< are used sometimes in a oondiUonal sense • «l 
 They rmght stay here if we could help them. "***««''". 
 
 The phr««8 made by the auxiliaries may and eon with the 
 m6„,t.ve of a verb are sometimes called JLTJZ^L^ 
 because they expre« that an action is po^^ZZe^^ 
 having power to perform it ^ 
 
 MUST and OUGHT. 
 
 obll^^ ° V**"*' '*^- I* » «»ed to denote necesdty or 
 obligation ; as, I must remain here. »«««ty or 
 
 Ouffht is the old past of the verb owa Tt ,p «-^ * j x 
 duty or obligation ; ^1 ou,;u to hdp hTm. "" '^ '*"°*' 
 
 The phrwes m«le by the auxiliaries «.,«< and o«i,A/. with the 
 mflnitive of a verb, are sometimes called obligai^J^2^ 
 because they imply obliffotion. <^'*9^*^ v»ri>.phr<ue$, 
 
 SHOULD and WOULD. 
 
 J;o^Ud^ u^ ,^ ,,, ^, ^„^ ,^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 Should and uHmld are especially used with the infinitive of a 
 verb U> express a conditional statement; as. . Mou« 2Z if 1 
 had the opportunity. ^« «.,t*W c(,r«e if I asked him 
 
 tiv!T/^ t"^ '°"°'*^ ^^ '^^ "** *««*« '^^b the infini. 
 XI verb imply a condition, they are called conditional ^ 
 
 JAi?nT^*I!"°°"'^^'' *'''^'' more independent mewiing. of 
 o^A<«ndi«Ater«»n«rf; as, I ,hauid go, I know. ^^ 
 wwne, no matter what happened. ^^ 
 
OTHER AUXILIARY VERBS. 
 
 1. For I o« weather the rougheet g»le. 
 That ever wind did blow.-Zon£/Wto«,. 
 
 2. She moat weep or .he wiU die—Tanwyon. 
 
 3. We oaght to obey God— ^iftfa. 
 
 4. And when he next doth ride abroMi 
 May I be there to see I— Coujwr 
 
 6. I would not for the wealth o£ aU the town 
 
 Hereinn.yhomedohiaidispa«gement.-5J«*Mp«„^ 
 
 7. For men may come and men may go^ 
 
 But I go on torever.^Tennyaon. 
 
 8. Ha storm ahould come and wake the deen. 
 What matter ! I duJl ride and «leep.-/W 
 
 9. R may be that Death's bright angel 
 Will speak in that chord again, 
 
 It may be that only in Heaven 
 
 I BhaU hear that grand AmeiL^Proeter. 
 
 EXEBOUB n. 
 
 ^ n^. 'nm,. «^ a,uU. -«»rsu..tk. JTTh 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAIL 
 
 LESSON XLIX. 
 
 COMJUOATIOH TO DINOTB THE TIIIB OR TBN8B OF 
 AN ACTION OP THE VERB PRAIBM. 
 
 AOnVB ▼OIOK-INDICATIVB MODE. 
 
 1. Ipniae^ 
 
 S. Thoapniaest, 
 
 1. Wepraiae, 
 3. Too pnuM, 
 8. Thej pniie. 
 
 '■■WBHT PBBraOT TKIWB. 
 
 1. J»«^« P«»»«l 1. We h»v p«i,ed, 
 
 3. Thoa h«t pr^ed, 2. Yoa h.v praiaei, 
 
 «. HehMp»»«d. 3. Thiyluveprmi«4 
 
 8. Thau p«jed.t, 8. You pr««d. 
 
 PA»P PBBraOT TKIT8B. 
 
 1. I W p«iaed. 1. wrhId*pmi«KL 
 
 8. Thou b^lrt p««rf. 2. Youh«ip«i«d, 
 
 3. Hoh^ipnuaed. 3. Thijy hid prZd. 
 
 0>«>otliw Fatnra Aotkm.) 
 1 rlf^I*'* . VkwtwA. 
 
 1. I ahaU p«iae, 1- Wo shaU pr««s 
 
 8. miou wUt pimiae, 2. Yon will praiae, 
 
 3. HowiUprwao. 3. They will pwiao. 
 
 '■««' 
 
CONJUGATION TO DENOTE TIME OR TENSE. 
 
 VVTUBB TBHtB. 
 
 ff>«>oai«« • ProoiM or Datannl . tloa.> 
 
 8. He .hall p«i». 3. ^^^ a^^,;^ 
 
 fwiuuB PBBrsOT TiarsB. 
 (I>«ioUiw Future AeUoB.) 
 '""•'**'• PlnnU 
 
 2. ^a wUt have pr«^ 2. You will hay. praiaed. 
 
 3. He wUl have praiaed. S. They wiU hare prnwd. 
 
 ■^'i'DBB PBBFBOT TBHSB. 
 
 . <D«>o«n« • Pwmtoe or Detoniilii»ttoii.» 
 
 ^^'"^* Plond. 
 
 1. I wiU have praised, 1. We will have praised. 
 
 2. ^<m »Wt have praised. 2. You shall have pnM, 
 
 3. He shall have praised. 3. They shall haveV^S. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MODS. 
 FBUBNT TUrSB. 
 
 Flual. 
 
 1. (If) we praise, 
 
 2. (If) you praise, 
 
 3. (If) they praise. 
 
 PACT TBNgB. 
 
 2. If ^ou pnuj«i. 2. (If) you praised. 
 
 3. (If)heprai«rf. 3. (If) they pndsed. 
 
 IMPBRATIVB MODS. 
 PVB«B5T TBNSB. 
 
 1. (If) I pnise, 
 
 2. (If)thonpraiseb 
 
 3. (If) he praise. 
 
 Phuae 
 
 (thou). 
 
 PIVMl. 
 
 P»i8e (ye or you). 
 
■NOUSH ORAMMAR. 
 
 (To) 
 PmUnf. 
 
 Fnidog. 
 
 wrwmvEM. 
 
 (To) Imto 
 Earing pnbed. 
 PARTICIPLBS. 
 
 Haring pndMd 
 
 PASaiVS VOIOK. 
 
 INO^CATIVB MODE. 
 
 I. I UB praiasd, 
 3. Thoo art praised, 
 S. Heispraiaed. 
 
 TBirSB. 
 
 nana. 
 
 1. We are ]M«ified, 
 
 2. Tou are praiaed, 
 
 3. IV7 are praiaed. 
 
 r 
 
 I'^^h^npr^^ 2.Yo«ha..been^^ 
 
 8. He ha. been praiaed. 8. 11.ey ha., been^j;^ 
 
 PAST TEKSB. 
 
 1. I wa. prai^rf, j. ^e wen» p«iaed. 
 
 2.Thoaw..tpr««Hl. 2. You wer.'prai«i 
 
 8. He was praiaed. 3. They were p«i»i 
 
 PAflT PEBFBOT TBHIB. 
 
 o iu ..^" '*'**^ 1- We »>«d been praiaed 
 
 ?"^^^°'"*^ 3. You h«i been praisei 
 3. He had been praised. 8. They b«l been>Zd. 
 
CONJUGATION TO DENOTE TIME OR TENSE 
 
 71 
 
 nrriTBB tbtib. 
 
 U>MioUi>t rntara AoUoo.) 
 Macatar. Ttuwmt. 
 
 1. I shaU b« praiied, 1. We shftl. U- p, vaod 
 
 2. Thou wUt be praiaed, 
 8. He will be pnued. 
 
 a. You wi'! ^t,p^^.3^J. 
 *. Thejr wui hp pen sed. 
 
 VtmatMag a PtoibIm or DMOTmination.) 
 
 *• Plana. 
 
 1. I wiU be praiMd. etc i. We wiUl)e praiiied. etc. 
 
 POTUBB PBRFBOT TSHSO. 
 
 (DraotlBC Fatura Aetion.) 
 Masttlar. p,,^. 
 
 1. I ahall have been praised, 1. We shall hare been praised, 
 
 •*«• etc. 
 
 FUTURE PBRPBCT TENUB. 
 
 (Danotliif • PromlM or DetormliMtioa.) 
 atacoUr. p,„^. 
 
 1. I will have been praised, 1. We aUl have been praised, 
 
 •*«• etc. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MODS. 
 
 PBB8BNT TBHOB. 
 Macalar. Plural. 
 
 1. (If) I be praised, 1. (If; we be praised, 
 
 2. (If) thou be praised, 2. (If) you be praised, 
 8. (If) he be praised. 8. (If) they be praised. 
 
 PAflT TEH 8E. 
 ■lacalar. p|„^. 
 
 1. (If) I were praised, 1. (If) we were praised, 
 
 2. (If) thou were praised, 2. (If) you were praised, 
 8. (If) he were praised. 8. (If) they were praised. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MODE. 
 
 P>«WB« TOOM. 
 
 Be (thou) praised. 
 
7* 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 (To) be praised, 
 Being praised. 
 
 . INPINITIVB& 
 
 IVrfeot. 
 
 (To) have been praised. 
 Having been praised. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 PTCMnt or Impeifeet. v^^..^ ,^ 
 
 Being praised pj*? ''4'^***''"^''~*- 
 
 ^uxg praised. Pniaed or Having been praised. 
 
 PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF THE VERB PRAI8B. 
 INDICATIVE MODE. 
 
 PKaent Teaae. 
 
 I am praising, etc. 
 
 PMt Tenae. 
 I was praising, etc. 
 
 Fatare Tenae. 
 I shall be praising, etc. 
 
 I*waent Perfeot Tenae. 
 
 I have been praising, etc. 
 
 Paat Perfect Tenae. 
 
 I had been praising, etc. 
 Future Perfeot Tenae. 
 
 I shall have been praising, etc. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 
 
 (UT^'"^ P«-t Tenae. 
 
 (If) I be praising, ete. (If) i ^ere poising, etc. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MODE. 
 
 F«*«ent Tenae. 
 
 Be (thou) praising. 
 
 INFINITIVES. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 (To) have been praising. 
 Having been praising. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Perfect or Preaent Perfect. 
 
 Having been praising. 
 
 Preaent. 
 
 (To) be praising, 
 
 P>«aent or Imperfect. 
 Praifling. 
 
PARSING OF VERBS. 
 
 73 
 
 HZERCUB I. 
 
 FuUy conjugate the yeth freeze in both voices. 
 
 EXBBOISB II. 
 
 Write out the progressive forms of the verb 
 
 nftg. 
 
 LESSON L. 
 PARSING OF VERBS. 
 
 To parse a verb is to state its claes, its conjugation, its voice 
 Its mode, Its tenee, its pereon, and number, andTts eu^ect. 
 Model— The boys have broken the window. 
 Have broken^ a verb, transitive; strong conjugation (break 
 
 tel\t~."^' "*"' ""^' ^'^^**'^- mode p^t^S 
 tense, thxrd person; plural number, agreeing with its s^t 
 
 Model -If they help my friend I shodl be glad 
 heS^^'.' r*^ transitive; weak conjugation (help, helped." 
 he^); active voice; subjunctive mode; present teL; tC 
 
 ^ZV, t "T^"' '«^^« ^"-^ i^ ^^bject they. 
 iJ^. A'\ ' ^''^^^^' "*«>»« conjugatiZ (am. w«^ 
 been); mdica ive mode; future tense; firs person ;^«al^ 
 number, agreeing with its subject /. ^ ^ ° ' wnguiar, 
 
 stakes withm their pahsade, to/orm a double fence. 
 ^^«»V/»roinrf«^ a present participle; passive form, modifying 
 
 PlafUed, a verb, transitive; weak conjugation (plant planted 
 p^.nted); active voice; indicative uLT; past tei; thW 
 pe«on plural number, agreeing with it. subject th^. 
 
 Xo^^^iZ:'''^'''''' '^^^^^^-^ u-dasan^iverb 
 
74 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 EZEBODE. 
 
 1. They are fond of building castles in the air. 
 
 2. On he comes, running lightly, with his hands in his pockets. 
 
 men -^ K i ' ''^f' """^ **>* ^«*°" ^<*^^ four^nch- 
 men still breathing— PorAman. 
 
 Jl« ?"* '"i"^'' *". "*" ''" ''°'' '*°'°^^' ">»<* • fr««h one of the 
 «ame sue placed in its room. -^cott. 
 
 6 When summoned to surrender, he fired at one of the leadinir 
 ««ilantfi, but was instantly overpowered.- IFa,*«rto„ ^^ 
 
 6. If terror were the object of its creation, nothing could be 
 unagined more perfect thi^ the devil-fish.-^u^o * " ** 
 
 enemy frem an assault, and partly to warn some of the soldiere, 
 who were hunting at a di8tance.-Por*m«„ 
 
 it t I'Z *°^** '^^^ '' " "•" '^***"* **» "^^^^^ ^^ "P «d bring 
 t to the ho«e, where are buUt brick arches, over which the Z 
 w evaporated in shaUow pans.- Warryn-. '^ 
 
 9. laves of great men all remind us 
 
 We can make our lives sublime, 
 
 And, departing, leave behind us 
 
 Footprints on the sands of time.— LongfeBow. 
 10. It was the schooner Hesperus, 
 
 That sailed the wintry sea ; 
 
 And the skipper had taken his little daughter, 
 
 To bear him company. —Zowg/Wfow. 
 
 LESSON LI. 
 
 CLASSES OP AOVERB& 
 
 Wbit does each adverb in the following sentences denote?- 
 i. Soon the cavalry arrived. 
 
CLASSES OF ADVERBS. 
 
 75 
 
 5. Onr frienda live here. 
 
 3. He walked slowly into the house. 
 
 4. We had a very pleasant eating. 
 
 6. Cei tainly, I believe it. 
 
 Claates o/Adverbt according to their niaii«i<^ y ._ 
 
 1. Adverbs of time and BUCCWSion; as, Sb^ seldom fails to 
 call. We come next. 
 
 hof; '^^"■*" ""^ ^^r^ "******" ' "• ^^^ '"^ ^ for an 
 hour. They are going ftocA. 
 
 that the mbjeot may foUow the verb • u Th^\,» t«r^. • *,™°**' 
 Wh«.iti.n«^inLauau.erittoaL!;j:^:L^^'^ 
 
 inat man acts fooltehly. 
 
 isa.^I^^r*'***^''***"'*'^'"^^*"^^^^'- She 
 IB a very industrious woman. 
 
 6 Model adyvbs-thoee that expre«, certainty or uncertainty; 
 ••, I ahaU •ure/y come. You are jw>6a% right 
 
 KXBBCISB. 
 
 How ia each adverb used in the foUowing senteiuies f — 
 
 1. This river flows rapidly. 
 
 2. I know how he acted. 
 
 3. Where is your father f 
 
 CUteeee o/ Atherbe according to their xuei— 
 
 1. An adverb that simply modifies another word is called a 
 ■imple adverb; as, SUnvly and eadty we laid him doum. 
 
 2. An adverb that not only modifies a word, but also connects 
 the clause of which it forms a part with another clause, is called 
 » «MUnilCtive adverb ; as, I .hall go when he comes. 
 
 t«l:tr*r*''"'i **"*' iB used to ask a question is called an in- 
 Wrogative adverb ; as, Why did they take it away f 
 
 J^'l^l^^"'^ '^ ,*"'*"'* ""^^ •djactiv..; I*. Soon. «H«er, 
 •owwstj •wiftly, more swifUy, meet ewifUy. 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 LESSON LII. 
 PARSING OF ADVERBS. 
 To parse an adverb u to state the kind of adverb its. H-««^ 
 of comparison, if it has any, «.d whatS moduli ^^ 
 
 Model— JTow you may read it. 
 
 mZ T it " "^ """^ *• '"'^'^ «* -* 
 
 moaeL— I know where you put it. 
 
 Where, a conjunctive adverb^ showimr place If «.«^.fi 
 
 ^XEBOISB. 
 
 Parse the adverbs in the following sentences :_ 
 
 1. He could not ever rue his marrying me --r-««. ^ 
 
 doctor's patience.-^«<^ ^ ^'*^^' expenmente on the 
 4. SUently down from the mountain's crown 
 The great procession swept. -ifr,.^fe,„,^ 
 ^ow closely he twineth, how tight he cling. 
 To his fnend, the huge oak-tree l—Dicieru 
 
 6. There was manhood's brow serenely high, * 
 And the fiery heart of youth.-^«^. 
 
 7. Aim straightly. fire steadUy ! spare me 
 A baU in the body which may 
 Deliver my heart here, and tear me 
 
 ^is badge of the Austrian away l-Jfre. Brouming 
 e. iJeheve not each accusing tongue^ 
 As most weak people do ; 
 But still believe that story wrong 
 Which ought not to be true.— <SWi*ia 
 
PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 77 
 
 9. Agun I looked at the snow-fall, 
 And thought of the leaden sky 
 That arched o'er our first great sorrow, 
 When that mound was heaped so high.— ZotoeU. 
 
 LESSON LIII. 
 
 PREPOSITIONS 
 
 I do the prepositions in the foUowing sentences connect, 
 and what relations do they express 7— 
 
 1. I came during the night. 
 
 2. He lives at home. 
 
 3. Our friends came by train. 
 
 4. The oar of the boat was broken. 
 
 Prepositions express a great variety of relations. The most 
 OiBmon relations are as follows : 
 
 1. Time ; as, The scholars go home q/fer school. 
 
 2. Place or direction ; as. He sat upm a stone. 
 
 3. Agency or means ; as, John cut his finger unth a knife. 
 
 ♦. FosseMion ; as, The call 0/ the shepherd was heard by his 
 flock. ' 
 
 6. Separation; as, James took the book fr<nn liis brother. 
 
 I' 7^^^^^ ; as, A man tc»M an axe in his hand came in. 
 
 7. Oppoiition; as. He is agaitut me. 
 
 8. Object ; as. The love o/ pleasure destroys many a life 
 
 9. Oanse; as, They did it thnmgh ignorance. 
 
 J^tZ^^a: "l""^ S~~ ^^'""^ •"^' ''^^ "" ^^ prepoBition. «,d 
 ^.^^*r !° ' "' ^* "°** •" >*^ «/ th-buUding. A woman 
 oain6oW</th6hou«^ He Uved accon/.,v to hi. light 
 
 PARSING OF PREPOSITIONS. 
 Model— I stood on the bridge at midnight. 
 On, a preposition, connecting the noun irtrfye with the verb 
 nood, and showing the relation oi place. 
 
«« 
 
 HNGUSH GRAMMAR. 
 
 f'^e'^r/'^^''''"' '° *^* ^«"'>'^« sentence..- 
 
 3. A child fell into the river. 
 
 4. My brother went instead of n.e. 
 
 ohe he^ht ' "°"''''' *••"**'•-' ^« -<i Bia men dashed at 
 
 6. Now see him mount o. again 
 Upon his nimble steea, 
 
 Pull slowly pacing oVr't, stores. 
 
 7 Sh.r*'°'' "** «^ ^--i-Cot^. 
 • • Kichard Barveved tha w, .. 
 
 hi«n, his looks bent u^; L " *' f'^ *" ^^^ "^ ^^^^^ 
 boBom. with the TZ^!Z ^ TT ^" '"°« ^^''^^^ <« »»is 
 
 exquisite workmZ^'^CX'wet "t^^ ^^^"^ ^' **"« --* 
 theu8.-^tt. ^ ^ *'^'" ^''^ *«««h of a Prome- 
 
 With blossomed fura unpro6tably gay 
 
 ^ere, in his noisy mansion, skilled to i^ule. 
 
 ^ ^'^^ "^^' ^"^h* his little schooL-firoW«nirt. 
 
 LESSON LIV. 
 CLASSES OF CONJUNCTIONS 
 
 «>nne.senteCthat\ro::ftT::r:: •-'^ ^-^ ^^ 
 
 I. Men may come and men may go. 
 A I have a pen and a book. 
 
CLASSES OF Conjunctions. 
 
 19 
 
 3. Henry remained but we went home. 
 
 4. My father knew that I did it 
 
 A conjunction that connect, sentences or part, of a wntence 
 of equal rank. i. caUed a co-ordinating CO^j^ction T^ 
 mght u. cold ar^ clear. It was sold.T«. llliZ .aktl I 
 know he came home, and took it away. 
 
 A conjunction that connects a dependent or subordinate clause 
 to a pnnc.pal clause is called a snbordinating COHJnnrtiT 
 as. James sa.d t^ he was sick. I cannot goT„/e« he^me ' 
 
 PARSING OF CONJUNCTION& 
 
 MbdeL-The teacher gave me a book, anrf I read it. 
 
 c W "rTJ'fT'"^ injunction, connecting the two principal 
 Clause., The teacher gave me a book, and I read it. 
 
 ModeL— The boy is strong but lazy, 
 
 Mod«L— His mother said that he might go 
 That,^ .ubordinating conjunction, connecting the subordinate 
 clause. hem^go,U> the principal clause, A«1*W «« 
 
 bxkbckm: I. 
 
 Parse the conjunctions in the foUowing sentence. :- 
 i- He often looked at them, 
 
 And ofte. thought, " I'll make them man and wife." 
 
 out of^K "^T,"! '^" ^'°^ '"PP«^ *^' *»>« ^^ZdZed 
 
 ^eir a^lT T"*"*^ °' "^ ^'^'^^ ^- '»>o- on 
 wieir ample wings.— Irving. 
 
 3. Here lie. hi. head upon the lap of earth, 
 
 A youth to fortune and to fame unknown.-6r«q,. 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 4. By ohftnoe it happened that in Atri dwelt 
 
 ot*er, they th«w themaelves .gainst the throng of enemie^ 
 rtnking «ul .Ubbmg with the fur, of „.adn.en. tiU the T.x,quS 
 ^ ;«"V •«*« voUey. and shot them down.--7W*ma».^ 
 6. Cheenly, then, my litUe man, 
 
 lave and kugh, as boyhood can ! 
 
 Though the flinty elopes be hard, 
 
 Stubbleepeared the new-mown sward, 
 
 Every mom shaU lead thee through 
 
 Freeh baptisms of the dew.—WhiUier. 
 
 BZEBOISB U. 
 
 ir^n'^^uTr*^'"'^ ^^ containing a oo<,rdinating con- 
 jun^on. Underhne example. 
 
 2. Write thwe sentences each containing a suboitiinating con- 
 junction. Underline example. •s«ig con 
 
 th^ ^"** "" *""^^* °' corrective conjunctions. Underline 
 
 LESSON LV. 
 
 INTBRJECTIQN& 
 
 wnt?.'** i-^^rjection bears no gr«nmatical relation to the other 
 wonis of a sentence, its parsing consists in naming the parts of 
 speech, and the feeling expressed. 
 Model— Hurrah ! we have won. 
 ffurrah, an interjection- expresses the feeling of joy. 
 
 BZEBGHB. 
 Parse the interjections in the following sentences :— 
 1. Ah I then and there was hurrying to and fro> 
 
 And gathering tears, and tremblings of di8tre88.-.^^v»». 
 
INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 2. News of battle ! News of battle I 
 
 Hark ! 'tis ringing down the •tntt.—A^toun. 
 
 3. Oh I I'm thankful yon are gone, Mary, 
 
 Where grief can't reach you more l-Ldj, Dufirin. 
 
 4. But,hushl harki » deep sound strikes like a riwng kneU. 
 
 • ^'u^'f' ^J '"*'" ^' " ""^ *^y P*'"^' *»»~ <*me7riU^. 
 ing band. — Hmnant. 
 
 6. "Alas," said I, "man was made in vain ! "_^c««o„ 
 
 7. "Indeed ! " said Uncle Tim, "pray, what dtJ you make of 
 the abstraction of a red cow t "—ffaliburton. 
 
 8. " Yet give one kiss to your mother dear I 
 Alas I my child, I sinned for thee." 
 
 "O mother, mother, mother," she said, 
 " So strange it seems to me."~2Wmy*(m. 
 
 9. Ho ! breakers on the weather bow, 
 And hissing white the sea ; 
 
 Oo, loose the topsail, mariner. 
 And set the helm a-lee.— ^S'tootn. 
 
PART THIRD. 
 
 SyNTAX. 
 
 *^'« '"•«•»« «»«*««,„,, hick „^b^ 
 
 LESSON LVI. 
 RELATIONS OF THE NOUN 
 
 iiJ'Zrce?;!""''"^^^'^ ^^ *^« itaUcued nouns in the follow. 
 
 1. 7Vm» grow. 
 
 2. This man is a earpetUet. 
 
 S. Mr. Brown, the nmrchant, has retired. 
 *. Boy,, dose the doors. 
 
 5. The u,heel being broken, I walked home. 
 
 6. John lost his kntfe. 
 
 7. She lives in the eUy. 
 
 8. I bought the boy a hat. 
 
 ,ft ^* '^*** °'*'' *»<'«*«^« grave 
 10. He lived here ten ymr». 
 
 ;*• This boy ran a «!«« yesterday. 
 1 7 i*°^^ ^»^ to be a good Aoy. 
 14. The people chose him ruler. 
 
 Snttject nominative. 
 
 J — - of a ve-*- - - " 
 nominaHve 
 
 The noun may be used as the sub- 
 play. The subject of a verb is in the 
 
 83 
 
RELATIONS OP THE NOUN. 
 
 2. Pndieate nomiiuttiT*. A noun tUt is wed to term a 
 ooinplet. predicate, and refers to the aame per^n or thing a. the 
 M^ect, IS in the noillin«liT« eU6 after tl>e verb; as. John 
 b^eA.,y. A noun «> used is called a pra<Uc»t* noun or 
 ^Jdic»t« nomlnatiTe. The verU b^ ^m, becom., aj,pear, 
 
 look are followed by a predicate nominatiye. 
 
 3. Appoiition. A noun added to another noun to explain 
 Its meaning is said to be in apposition to the first noun ; as. 
 
 Mr. Heniy, ow principal, is sick. (Nominative in apposition.) 
 We like your sister Jiary. (Objective in apposition. ) 
 
 4. Hominatiye of addreei. A noun that is used in ad- 
 dressing a person or thing, is in the nominative cate of 
 
 addrees ; as. Man, thy years are few. 
 
 6. NominatiTe absolnte. A noun that is not related to 
 «ny other word in the sentence is in the nominatiye abiolnte 
 caie ; M, The lily being bright^ I went for a drive. 
 
 6. Ol^eot of a rerb. A noun or pronoun on which tha 
 ■ction expressed by a verb ends, is caUed the grammatical object 
 of the verb; as. I broke my pen. 
 
 7. Direct of a prepoiition. A noun or pronoun which a 
 preposition connects in sense to some other word in the sentence, 
 M called the oltject of the preposition; as, He came from the 
 eouHtrjf. 
 
 8. Indirect object. A noun or pronoun that is used to 
 show to or /or whom or what something is done, is called the 
 •ndirec* object ; as, He gave »w a watch. The word watch is the 
 atreet object of pave. 
 
 9. PoMeuion. A noun that is used to denot« ownership is 
 m the poSMMdye case; as, Uj friend'* hat is missing. 
 
 10. Adyerbial ot(Ject A noun that is used like an adverb 
 to ejcpress time, distance, weight, or value, is called an adverbial 
 Objective ; as. He walked five mile*. It is worth eight dollare. 
 
 11. Retained object. When an active verb, taking two 
 objects, is changed into the passive voice, om object becomes the 
 
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ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 wb^ Of the pMdre v^rb, but the other i. «tai««; CM oM«* . 
 •■,Hew«.foi^Tenhi.«jf«ofc »««"«»« oft^ert; 
 
 12. OOfoata Ot^aet When the objectiTe hag • dmiU- «. 
 
 ttT»;jMk«owhimtob.«h«n«t™« P™l«>M» ol|)«^ 
 Terb.«ifl -llr^^f -^ They elected him prttidenL The 
 
 LESSON LVII. 
 RELATIONS OP THB PRONOUN. 
 
 What is the gender, person, and number of the itidicUed nm- 
 aooni in the following eentenoee U- »»uoMed pro- 
 
 1. A little girl gave me A«r book. 
 
 2. The sword ha. dropped from it* .heath. 
 
 3. I "ftw the man of toAow you .peak. 
 
 4. Thi. i. the woman Oat found your pane. 
 
RELATIONS OP THE PRONOUN. 
 
 ■XBBCI8B. 
 
 1. I traveUed with Smith, the grocer. 
 
 2. We helped the hdy who lort her puj^e. 
 
 3. It is wrong to deceive. 
 
 her in her widowhooS^Zr^i^r " '"" *" "^ ^"^ ^^'P^* 
 
 6. Set the Ubie, nwuden Mabel, 
 And make the cabin warm : 
 Your little fisher lover 
 
 Ja out there in the storm.— ^WHcA. 
 
 7. My dear one !-when thou wast alivA «;*». *u 
 
 I held thee the sweetest and "Utee'tfe t^ 
 
 8. But the Christisn princes felt that' .7^' ^' ^'^•*^- 
 h«i beheld weighed heavier u!^f • ** "^* ''*'»«'» *»»«y 
 •Mumed their l^teaTZ^ ""''' "P*"*^ '"^ although they 
 
 of doubt and am^mel^^jr' ^*' ^' ''" ^'^h the*«leni 
 
 mmiT v''*'''' °° ^^^ "^ -''O"* o» belt 
 Who loved hui foloomi with their crim«m h^a. 
 
 10. There is no terror. Csius. in your threatsr"^*^' 
 
 ^t they pa«i by me a. the idle wind, 
 Which I respect not-SkakBvmrt 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 LESSON LVin. 
 RBLATIONS OF ADJBCTIVB& 
 
 N«.ethe«djectiTa.intliefDUowing««tMioe.. Uuiti* u-«i 
 
 to modify noons directly, and tho«, that .w Med to modify noun. 
 •• p«t of the predication or MMrtion made about them :- 
 
 1. She is a good girl. 
 
 2. I have a soft pencil. 
 
 3. He was ignorant of this fact 
 
 4. The water is cold. 
 
 J'.^tl^*^'' "f** "'°^- • "°'"* ^^'»y i. «dd to be in 
 the attrilmtiye reUtwn i ^ A grand tr,^ U the ^UUdy oak. 
 
 2. An adjective that modifies a noun « pwi of the piedica- 
 toon or assertion m«le about it, is called a predicate »4J«etiTe ; 
 •>, This apple IS steert. I «n yfarf you succeeded. 
 
 8^ An adjecti^ that is joined to a noun in a loo^T and in- 
 
 d««ct way IS .«d to be usea in tJie apporitiTe reUtion ; as. All 
 history, anetent or modtm, contributes towards my theory. 
 
 BZBBCns. 
 
 state the relation of each ad jective in the foUowing sentences : - 
 
 1. A tremendous storm came on. 
 
 2. Hy dear friend is ill 
 
 3. Young, and gay, she heeded not my warning. 
 
 4. Pull many a gem of purest ray serene. 
 
 The dark, unfathomed caves of ocean bear.-^my 
 6. Along the crowded path they bore her now, pu« » the 
 newly-fallen snow that covered it.— Diehetu. 
 
 6. Sweet was the sound, when oft, at evening's dose^ 
 Up yonder hiU the village murmur rose.- OoldmnUh. 
 
 7. I met a little cottage girl ; 
 
 She was eight years old, she said ; 
 
 Her hair was thick with many a curl 
 
 That clustered round her head W<mitu>ortk. 
 
RELATIONS OF THE VERB. 
 
 87 
 
 LESSON LIX. 
 RBLATI0N8 OP THE VERR 
 
 1. The Bun shines brightly 
 
 2. The boys are in the garden. 
 
 3. I know thou lovest me. 
 
 1. A ooUective noun nqain, . ,,rb in the •iiuniU, _i,_, .v 
 »»™ th. «p«to indWdnd. of .hich it i. comX^ ZX 
 
 =:;:rr^\t*"*^'^ th. j^t^T-t 
 
 wg ««er« fott^Af during the term. 
 If two or more singular noum^ connected by ««rf are preceded 
 
 i^er to things considered separately ; as. Ever, man and womaj 
 
 3. When two or more singuUr subjects are thought of as one 
 
 thmg th,,,rb is singular; as. B.^d and butter i.*suffilr 
 
 tJe a verb TtH"" 'T T''''^ ^^ *^-'^' ««i^-«or 
 take a verb ,n the singular, but if the subjects are plural the 
 
 the boys nor the gii^ are here. 
 
 BXKBCIBB. 
 
 sJI^l" **!? ^"°! '""^ """^^'" **' *^« ^«'*« « «>• following 
 sentences, and give the reason in each case f— 
 
 1. WeUington and Nelson were heroes. 
 
ENGLISH G RAMMAk. 
 
 3. The Audience w«a diamiMed 
 
 5. Her health and strength has IkUed. 
 
 4. Either a pen or a penoU ii required. 
 
 6. The lowing herd wind alowlj o'er the lea. 
 
 6. Each boy and girl ia to hare a medal. 
 
 7. Neither cries nor tears avail anything. 
 
 8. No man and no animal was seen. 
 
 9. The secretary and treasurer is present 
 
 10. The secretary and the treasurer are present 
 
 to rel^r™"" '''*"" "^ «°^'™"'*"'' ^ P«>-^«^ »- 
 
 "• From the ground 
 
 Comes up the laugh of children, the soft voice 
 Of maidens, and the sweet and solemn hymn 
 Of Sabbath worshippere.— jBrya«<. 
 
 LESSON LX. 
 RELATIONS OP ADVERBS. 
 
 «mta^l°!!. '*** '^ °' '^* ^""""^ '^^'^ ^ *•»* '°»°'^« 
 
 1. She walks nip«0y. 
 
 2. My brother is quitt sick. 
 
 3. He acted very honestly. 
 
 adt^"*^ " "'•'' *^ ?««^!/S^«t^. ana^iecHve. or ancth^ 
 
 An adverb is sometimes used with the value of a predicate 
 •djective;a8,The8uni8tt/,. We were <A«re 
 
 y^t^fZ^'^ """^ f'"" ^"*"'^ * preposition ; as, He went /«r 
 beyond his instructions. The thorn ran cfcep into his foot 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 ^veOie construction of each adverb in the foUowing sent- 
 
. THE ORDER OF WORDS. «« 
 
 1 — . . 5 
 
 1. My diter is too lick to see you. 
 
 2. We were tre»tcd very kindly. 
 
 3. They Mted more wisely than we. 
 
 4. The moon went down behind the clouds. 
 0. He jumped clear over the fence. 
 
 6. I wind about, and in and out, 
 With here a blossom sailing, 
 And here and there a lusty trout, 
 
 ^adhere and there a grayliDg.~renny«m. 
 
 7. I ve lived since then, in calm and strife, 
 Full fifty summers a sailor's life, 
 
 With wealth to spend, and power to range. 
 
 But never have sought, nor sighed for change.-iVtK:<^ 
 
 8. Down came the storm, and smote amain 
 The vessel in its strength ; 
 
 She shuddered and paused, like a frighted steed. 
 Then leaped her cable's length.— Xonjy/Wfow 
 
 LESSON LXI. 
 
 THE ORDBR OF WORD& 
 
 Observe the order of the words in the following sentence :_ 
 The woods tos,«d their giant branches against a stormy sky. 
 The l^^cal order of the parts of a sentence is : 1. The sub- 
 
 ITt i"r\'*"t'^'"*">' '• ^*'«^^> 3- The object (with iU 
 attnbut(«) or the complement; 4. The adverbial modi6ers. 
 
 Thui order may be changed to secure greater emphasu, clears 
 nei* or degaftce. 
 
 A member of a sentence may be given prominence by Uking 
 It out of Its logical position and placing it firet. This causes the 
 arrangement of the other members to be changed and the sentence 
 thus acquire, emphasis by the members being placed out of their 
 ordinary positions. 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 1. The verb maj be plaoed fint ; ai, 
 -WwWaU tbdr Mbre. ban. 
 
 2. Tbe object mmj be pUoed fint; m, 
 XnouMgt I do not slight 
 
 3. The ooniplement mmj be pUoed first : m, 
 
 ««< m Mjf »V*< *«Mf carry gentle peace. 
 The subject of the sentence maj foUow the verb - 
 
 1. In interrogative «,ntence. J .«, Awyouthewt 
 
 2. In .xp««,ing a wid. ; .., May ^ .Ceed 
 o. in imperative sentences • u. RMk .^ ^»i. ^ 
 
 4. Inpoetryjas, ' "^ ***' «^ "«* ""J «^ "g-in. 
 
 Then off there flung in smiling joy, 
 And held himself erect 
 B, JMt ki. ho^. ,„^ ^ lx^._i(™„.i^. 
 o. In rabjonotin okiuM without t^- u. B.7 r .« j 
 
 ^4^.'"'™'"** '"^*™' -. "IWd^l. »M th. 
 
 ~bj.cti..,. ^ iti. w.Uo..;tni::t:^z:7'-" 
 
 Hhi object may pnoMj. th. wrb tbrt govern, it •_ 
 
 o i. 1 «•» tbe man ioio,„ yoa wait. 
 
 2. For eBpb-«ie ; ^ J,,^ ^y^ j ^ ^ 
 
 AtWbute. „t.,^ly •"**'' *• """^ "'■' <^ '■^I fcHow :- 
 
THE ORDER OF WORDS. 
 
 91 
 
 
 S. In ptMtey ; aa, 
 
 Sm how from lar npoa the eMtern road 
 The ttor-lwl wiiarda hMte with odora 
 
 Th^j«,tiv«.j.««dl*..lw.j.pr«»d.U,enoun. When 
 
 g«n«»lly precede it, but they .t«>d between the following 
 •djecUvee and the nonn to which thej refer :_ 
 
 1. Such; aa, One cannot admire each a mim. 
 
 2. Many ; as, Many a poor man's wn wonld have lain stilL 
 
 3. Both J ai, fioth the boys came home. 
 
 4. All; aa, AU <A« giria are in the room. 
 6. What; aa, What a trial it waa. 
 
 The nUttye is alway. the first word in its clangs but when 
 
 It IS governed by a prepodtion. the preposition generaUy precedes 
 
 it ; as, I found the knife «,*icA you lost I know the pswm to 
 vfhom you rafer. i~nwn w 
 
 The iMlywWal modiller. when a phrase, generaUy foUows 
 the verl^ or the object if the verb be transitive ; as, James feU 
 tnto Ms lak$. He found an apple on the ground. 
 
 The AdTWbUl modifier, when a single word, genermlly fol- 
 k,w. an mtrenritive verb, and either preo«ies a tramritive verb, 
 
 ^A^ir" *^ "^ "''•' ^"""^ ''^P^- ^* ^^ *»» 
 
 they should be dista^buted over the sentence ; .s. At the reg^t 
 o/msf father, I gladly left my studies, to aeeompany him. 
 
 An adverb may stand in any part of the sentence, but its mean- 
 ing generaUy varies with its position, hence the adverb should 
 
 Xla^ ".'*'*' " P^**** **» ^ ^<>«* o' ^<»^ it modifies. 
 Ubserve the foUowing example : 
 
 He^m/y lost his book. (No one else lost a book.) 
 
 Heon/j^losthisbook. (He did nothing else with it.) 
 
 He lost only his book. (He lost nothing else.) 
 
 He lost his only book. (His single book.) 
 
9» 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 The fullofriog it a liat of oorreUUve. :— 
 
 not onl/, 
 
 not, 
 
 onlj, 
 
 ■Ok 
 
 ■oeh, 
 
 both, 
 
 •^ well, won, 
 
 neither, 
 
 either, 
 
 bntalao^ 
 ^t, bat onlj, 
 not, 
 that, 
 
 •% 
 
 that, 
 and, 
 
 •% 
 
 nor, 
 or. 
 
 The oorrelatives moat be attmahmA ♦« ♦!.* 
 Md phme.: aa Thev LV. ^T^z oorreeponding worf. 
 
 • * j^T^' ^ J' *•'• ■"* ♦!«<*«• money nor ahnii. t 
 
 .-tjd on/y in the evening, nol in the morniT"*' '- 
 
 The prepontion generallj stands immediately befo.« f i. ^ 
 
 It goyems ; as, We Uye w Toixmto. ^ "" **** ''°'^ 
 
 1. When the noun has attributive adjectives. th« n-««.*- 
 precedes the adjective: as. I wM^ ,a t J^* P'^PO"**©" 
 
 9 wu ^t. •' , . '^^ "^ ^ walked through a beautiful narlr 
 
 2. When the object of the preporition b a relaZrl/T 
 portion sometime, stami. at the e^of tin, oU^2 M. T 
 the^he buUding which he Hves^ I^ZLTJ^CI 
 
 J. In poet^r ti,e preposition often foUows ite object • aa Th« 
 heavy night hung dark the hUb and water. oW. ^ ' ^ ^ 
 
 4. When two verbs or adjectives in association am foUowed hv 
 d^^ntprej»stion^^,p„p^.,.„„.^^^^j^^^^ 
 
 •ndd^,«j/rom on many ; or. He found him a man «;»<* ihl 
 he .greed on a few subjecte.y9^ w,om he diflered on^y 
 

 PART FOURTR 
 
 ANALYSIS OF SENTEXCES. 
 
 LESSON LXII. 
 THE SIMPLE SENTENCE. 
 Model l-Mwy brave i»]dier. lo»t their live, in that war 
 Kind, a simple declarative aentenoe. 
 Subject, solJiurs. 
 
 Adj. modifiers of subj., man/, bnve. 
 Predicate, loet. 
 Object, lives. 
 
 Adj. modifier of obj., their. 
 Adv. modifier of pred., in that war. 
 
 Model n-StiU in thy right hand car^ gentle peace to 
 silence envious tongues. ^^ 
 
 Kind, a simpln imperative sentence. 
 Subject, [you.] 
 Predicate, carry. 
 Object, peace. 
 
 Adj. modifier of obj., gentle. 
 
 Adv. modifiers of pred, still, in thy right hand, to 
 nlenoe envious tongues. 
 
 J^^ ™-H™« ««»ed the river, he ran into the adjoin. 
 
 Kind, a simple declarative sentence. 
 Subject, he. 
 
 Participial mod. of subj, having cr«»ed the river. 
 Iredieate, ran. 
 
 Adv. mod. of pred., into th« adjoining wood, 
 93 
 
ENGLISH GR AMMAR. 
 
 Kodd 17.— Mj pupils like to write iteriei. 
 
 Kind, * ainple dMlwafeiv* Matenot. 
 BttbJMt, pupUa. 
 
 Adj. mod.ofrabj., mj. 
 PMdiMte, like. 
 Object, (o write atories. 
 Object of lo torifc, etories. 
 
 Mbdd V.-TheichoUr.gavatheirteMher.beMtifulpreeent. 
 Kind, n simple deoUntiTe sentence. 
 Subject. wboUra. 
 A4j. mod. of snbj., the. 
 Fkwlicate, gnve. 
 Direct object^ present 
 A4j. modifiers of dinei obj., n, bcMtifol. 
 Indirect object, tm6*wt. 
 Adj. mod. of indirect obj., their. 
 Mbdd Vt-It is wrong to slight Toar work. 
 Kind, » simple deoUmtive sentence. 
 Reel subject, to slight yoar woi^ 
 B«presentetive subject, it 
 
 Prodioate, / ^*^*' o' incomplete predication, u. 
 
 I Adj. complement of predicate, wrong. 
 
 abjMst. the oompUtiag adjuiot is oalkd ths •-- 
 
 ■XKBcnm mm ANALTan. 
 
 1. My father t:%Te me a fine pony. 
 
 8. At this moment the noise graw louder. 
 
 3. There are eight girls in the cbss. 
 
 4. Seek the company of the good. 
 6. It is a sin to deceive anyone. 
 
 6. :pow could he mark thee for the sUent tomb ! 
 
 .. Crossing the field, I found a knife, rusty and broken. 
 
 if: 
 
- . _^_ '^ 
 
 iw. For their lean ooontrj maoh diKUin. ««™«. 
 
 We EnglJah often sbow. 
 11. Home the^ brogght her warrior ^u^ rmnir...-. 
 2. Brigh^^ed Wy once w« ^1^7:^1 
 
 14. The lowing herd wind, dowly o'er the l^^Or^ 
 6 Sir •".**" ^^ "^ the de-rt-i^nf ^• 
 
 17. '^•I-di^know.hi.pUoeof^.tfarinZ^.h.d. 
 
 18. Throagh all eternity, to Thee —^n. Htnum. 
 
 21. *» -ying, from the ruined dirine he .tept.-7V«n,«««. 
 23. On the first day of hia fasting. 
 
 -«^ neaa. He looked the Inetrou. stranger in the faoe.' 
 26. At daybreak on the bleak sea beach. --^««**orti«. 
 
 A fisherman stood aghast^ 
 To see the form of a maiden fair 
 
 sSriiin^^jr^TkZd":;^^^^ -i 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 \m' 
 
 i ,' 
 
 P 
 
 28. By Nebo's lonely moantain, 
 On this side Jordan's wave, 
 In a vale in the land of Moab^ 
 
 There lies a lonely grave.— i^r«. AUxanchr. 
 
 29. Wolfe had discovered a narrow path winding up the side of 
 the steep precipice from the river.— Warburton. 
 
 30. Along the cool sequestered vale of life 
 
 They kept the noiseless tenor of their way.- Gray. 
 
 31. The sOent influence of Shakespeare's poetiy on iniUions of 
 joung heart, in Engknd, in Germany, in all the world, shows 
 the almost superhuman power of human genius,— i/tf&r. 
 
 32. Now see him mounted once again 
 Upon his nimble steed, 
 
 Full slowly pacing o'er the stones, 
 With caution and good heed.— Cow/mt. 
 
 33. By comparing the words of these inscriptions with many 
 otherB, the proper method of interpreting this peculiar huigu«?e 
 was asoertamed— Oratorio Beader. 
 
 34. Failing in this, they set themselves, after their custom on 
 «uch occasions, to building a rude fort of their own in the neiirh- 
 bonng forest.— /»arAman. * 
 
 36. I heard a brooklet gushing 
 
 From its rocky fountain near, 
 
 Down into the valley rushing, 
 
 So fresh and wondrous olwT.—£ongf«Uow. 
 36. Up from the meadows rich with com. 
 
 Clear in the cool September mom. 
 
 The clustered spires of Frederick stand 
 
 w S^?T'?'^^y*^*»»^<tfMaiyhM»d,-.rAi»i^. 
 pi. No nightingale did ever chanti 
 
 go iweptly |o reposing bands 
 
 Of Travellevs in some shady haunt 
 
 ^noog ArmWw iftiKli.— ipbrcfe^^ 
 
CLAUSES, 
 
 38 The French, blown and exhausted, inferior beside in w«.-»i.f 
 bo h of njan and ho^e, oftered but a shirt resLC. J^«'* 
 39. Looking, looking for the nuirk, ' 
 
 Down the others came^ 
 
 Struggling through the snowdrifts stark, 
 
 Calling out his name.— ZttMttiyton. 
 *0. A voice so thrilling ne'er was heard 
 
 In spring-time from the Cuckoo bird. 
 
 Breaking the silence of the seas 
 
 Among the farthest Hebrides.- Wordtvortk. 
 
 LESSON LXIII. 
 
 CLAUSES. 
 
 ^T^Ieading thought of a sentence is called the priadpd 
 
 A clause that has the function of a noun, an adjective. «r .„ 
 
 adverb, is called a robordinate clansaT 
 
 Select the principal clauses and the subordinate clauses in the 
 foUowuigsent^nces, and stat« the function of each su^^^ll' 
 
 1. They knew who did it. 
 
 2. The book which you gave me, is here. 
 a. 1 shall go when he returns. 
 
 function of a noun, is called a noon 
 
 clause;.s,He8aidA.A„e«,A«fe„on. Sow 
 o'ttnatton is the question. 
 A noun clause may be used :— 
 
 2 l!!S*°*'i~*°*!'^'"**' "^ Heknew«^,«^ 
 
 2. Asthesub,ectofaverb;as. »Faa.eou«.A.;„„Wi. 
 
 / thall reaeh my 
 
 I did. 
 
 ■een now, 
 
 ^u^t^^ " ' •"'^''°" ■■-■''y'^ "noy«r 
 
 by what h« taid. 
 
 me 
 
 a 
 
?? ENGLI SH GRAMMAR. 
 
 rJ^^hJIh^ nomiiuttive ; «. The end of ifU is (that) he 
 
 .ntill^n ****?" *^* "•* °'' ^'^'^^'^ °' •" "djectiTe, is called 
 an wUective daiue ; «, He found the book tvhich he let. 
 
 .rf^A V^^^'^ **"* "'* °' ^"''*'°" «^ »" '"l^e'-b, is called 
 anadyerbial clanae; as. I shaUgo u>here theyar^ He ^^ 
 
 ^iroj it ufU^ufe hinder him. 
 
 n.or« subordinate clauses, is caUed a complex sentence : as. 
 I have met the person of whom you speak. 
 
 « 1 Jl!!i*^** *^* "°?^ °* ^'^^ °" '"^•^ independent clauses. 
 « caUed a compound sentence; as. Jame. came home, but 
 John remamed there. 
 
 or sunple and complex sentences, is caUed a COmponnd-COmptox 
 •jmtence; as. We ente^ the building, and a m^^^^JS 
 workmg there, gave us information about it. 
 
 BXKBCISBS. 
 
 and relation (if any) of each :— 
 
 JnT^"" llr? ^^^ °'"^* ^ ""* '"y ^y*- *°''*'d» the •"«>- 
 
 m the ha^t of a shepherd, with a musical instrument in his 
 hand. — Adduon, 
 
 Model- 
 
 f**^' "»««»V is an adv. clause, mod. cast 
 
 ■'*"»'• » »w:* is a principal clause. 
 
 ^^^ ..... .ni« is an adj. clause, mod. »ummit of a roek. 
 
 ^l»»reI..,,hamiiB«,»d\.o\mQBt>, mod. summit of a rtxA. 
 
 2. King Harold had a rebel brother in Flandera, who was a 
 ^^ /^~M Hardrada, king of Norway. -Dicifen.. 
 
 3. Iliose who knew him best aflirmed that this Mr. ToU was « 
 
CLAUSES. 
 
 99 
 
 very worthy character, and that he had done more good both to 
 children and grown people, than anybody else in thfworlA 
 
 \^T^ ^^'^ "•'^ '**"™*^' ^" »*» that hTppy temper* of 
 ^rfo "i; r:" ''^" ^ •***"** ""' conBciousn^"^ of wj' 
 s'^fr tJ'"^'^"*'^"' ^^-^-^^-P-*- enjoyed ever,thi;f 
 whl Tk . ? """^ °'^"' ^"^^ ^ "^^^ «> brightlybefore • and 
 when Uiat pleasant moon was hid behind a clL.^hen 7 light 
 
 5^ Once upon a time, there Uved a ver^ rich man. and a king 
 
 wW nobody but himself ever heard of. and-whose name I ^^er 
 never faiew. or have entirely forgotten. So, becanse I love «?d 
 names fc^httle girls. I cho<^ to call her Marygold-ZTalLiL:^' 
 *u J ^J^^ prepared to leave the Abbey. As I descended 
 
 eye w« caught by the shrine of Edward the Conf esso^^d I 
 -cended Uie small steir«« that conduct* to it. ^^Le^L 
 
 risr^'^.rTr °'?" ^"^'^^ of tomb;.-/^-:;"" 
 
 7. All things that love the sun are out of doors ; 
 
 The sky rejdices in the morning's birth • 
 
 The gnws is bright with raindrops ;-on the moors 
 
 l^e hare IS running races in her mirth.- WorAtcorth. 
 ». 1 thought of a mound in sweet Auburn 
 
 Where a little headstone stood ; 
 
 How the flakes were folding it gently. 
 
 As did robins the babes in the wood.— Zo«wff 
 9. Lightiy theyTl talk of the spirit that's gone, ' 
 
 And o'er his cold ashee upbraid him ; 
 
 But Uttie hell reck if they let h n sleep on 
 
 lA JlJ *''* *"''* ''^•^ • ^"'**" ^'« ^»** him.— roMr 
 10. The humble boon was soon obtained ; 
 
 The Affid Minnrel audienoe gamed. ' 
 
too 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 Il 
 
 11 
 
 l-\i 
 i!il 
 
 Batt when he raeehed the room oC itate^ 
 Where ahe^ witi» all bw ladle% aata^ 
 Berduuioe he wished his boon denied : 
 For when to tuw his hMrp he tried, 
 His trembling hand hwl lost the ease 
 Which marks seoority^ to ploeoo. 3mU, 
 
 LESSON LXIV. 
 ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX AND COMPOUND SBNTENCHa 
 Model I— Love had he found in huts where poor men lie. 
 Kind, a complex sentence. 
 
 AaaajrM* off (A.) 
 Kind, a principal dause. 
 Sabject, he. 
 Predicate, had found. 
 "'- ecti love. 
 Adr. mod. of predicate, in huts when poor mmli^ 
 
 Aniajrala off (B.) 
 Kind, an adj. clause, mod. hiut$. 
 Subject, men. 
 Adj. mod. of subj , poor. 
 Predicate, Ue. 
 Adv. mod. of pred., where. 
 Modd IL— TeU me who did it. 
 
 Kiwi^ »oomplez sentence. 
 
 AniUjraii off (A.) 
 Kind, a principal clause. 
 Subject, [you.] 
 Predicate, t«^ 
 . Direct object, v/hodidil. 
 Indirect object 
 
 
f?^!5fij^!?^f2;;[POUND SENTENCES. 
 
 tot 
 
 ^amlyau of (B.) 
 Kmd, a noun cUuae, direct obj. of telL 
 
 ft«dicate, did. 
 Object* it 
 
 Model m-He go- home when I return. 
 Kind, a complex sentence. 
 
 Analjals of (A.) 
 Kind, a principal cUuae. 
 Subject, he. 
 I'i^cate, goes. 
 
 ■An^yrt* of (B.) 
 Kind, an adT. clauae^ mod yo«. 
 Subject* I. 
 I^wKcate, return. 
 Ady.modefpred., when. 
 
 **•*•* ^•--Ife<iQth.a»i>ear»on «- 
 
 KmH •Jf'^y°» •«» • worthy judge. 
 
 *^»nd, a complex sentence. 
 
 Aaaljrab of (A.) 
 Kind, » principal ebiue. 
 ?<«»robject, you.ar»««w%.W«. 
 Representative Bubjed^ it ^^^^ 
 ^'^•^^^^ioth appear. 
 
 I*redioate, / ^•^ o* incomplete predication, oi^ 
 
 i oomplementolpredicate,«u«rrty>^ 
 
lOJ 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
 ! 
 1 
 
 li 
 
 I J 
 
 J 
 
 ll.^ 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 Model v.— The boy does not know thia part of the wood, bat 
 he runs on. 
 
 Kind, a oompoand sentence. 
 
 Anal/aU of (A.) 
 
 Kind, a principal clause. 
 
 Subject, boy. 
 
 Adj. mod. of subj., the. 
 
 Predicate, does know. 
 
 Object, part. 
 
 Adj. modifiers of obj., this, of the wood. 
 
 Adv. mod. of pred., not. 
 
 Analyala of (B.) 
 
 Kind, a principal clause. 
 Subject, he. 
 Predicate, runs. 
 Adv. mod. of pred., on. 
 
 Model VI— Prom yonder ivy-mantled tower 
 
 The moping owl does to the moon complain 
 Of such as, wandering near her secret bower. 
 Molest her andent, soUtary uaga.—Ora^. 
 Kind, a complex sentence. 
 
 Aaaljrals of (A.) 
 
 Kind, a principal clausa 
 Subject, owl. 
 
 Adj. modifiers of subj., the, moping. 
 Predicate, does complain. 
 
 Adv. modifiers of pred., from yonder ivymanUed 
 
 tower, to the moon, 
 
 of such o^ teofKbrMi^ 
 
 • • • tTtifftt, 
 
COMPLEX AND COMPOUND SENTENCES. 
 
 loj 
 
 ^■^yito of (B.) 
 
 »nd. M«y.claiue,moA«i<sA. 
 Subject, as. 
 
 Object, reiga 
 
 Adj. modifies of obj., her. ancieiit^ eoUtary. 
 
 Kind, a compound-complex sentence. 
 
 Analyala of (A.) 
 Subject, [you.] 
 I**«dicate, train. 
 Object^ child. 
 Adj. mod. of obj., a. 
 Adv. modifiers of p«d.. up, in the way A, .AouWpa 
 
 ■An-ly* of (B.) 
 Kind, Pn a4j. clause, mod. toas,. 
 Subject, he. 
 IVedicat^ the verb-phrase, should ga 
 
 A»M»iy«to of (c.) 
 Kind, an adv. clause, mod. wia depart 
 Subject, he. 
 
 Predicate, / ^'•*> «' incomplete predication, it. 
 
 1 complement of predicate, old. 
 Adv. of mod. of pred., when. 
 
 Aiudjids of (O.) 
 Kind, a principal clause. 
 Subject, het 
 Predicate, will depart 
 Adv. modifiers of pred., no<^ from i^ u^enheucU. 
 
ENGLISH GRAMMAft. 
 
 i} 
 
 I 
 
 »«4 
 
 1. The ev,! h^t men do Mve. rffr ii^.-8haie.pear^. 
 
 2. An idler «, a watch that want, both hanT-^. 
 «. M-jnners entice thee, ooneent thou not-i^iM..^^ 
 
 8* lL^rJi\r^''" •^'^B^^o; "hereitiB."-Z«m6. 
 5. I t^uik of U,«« upon who«, re.t he t«unple.._i^^l 
 
 J'tJ! " ' «~* *»»y -J^**^ the sled ia lo«ied ^th UieTTkete. 
 «d the procaaaion atarte for the yroodB.^Wmmer 
 
 7. Meantime the French had mven wav *n^"_. a • • 
 all directions.-ira,*„rto«. ^' ""^ ^"*« *" 
 
 10. nie things we have dem^bed occupied only a lew minutes. 
 
 iLh^"^^ r^ ^"^^ o^' «« *»««efield b^TowT 
 sUughtenng as they advanced.— ifV>,*«, "^ 
 
 was tdcen to heart before they slept.-£r«j,A«.. 
 13. General B««k, who had risen as usual before daybreak 
 in^^rf"^ ^^^ ^ Niagara^ r^r^ 
 
 Wn J"" '"^* r** "^^ "P ^^'^ "'*>°"*^ beWnd Montreal I 
 
 l::;.;^* ^-^ ^^^^^ ^-^-^ ^^^ -^^r reservolrTthe 
 
 16. Then was committed that fearful crime, memomble for its 
 
 16. She was a phantom of delight 
 
 «m to those ^wb» BMde his graven— ilmoML 
 
S^^^^ASDCOUPOVSD SkNTENCES. .^ 
 
 Which nm among the hilJ..-.,K6^ 
 *»• Thy drew wm like the litim, 
 
 ■ihe terms of tRBOB •»«, i^.^7^ ^ 
 
 It was not therefcaa te ««»»«.. 
 ForIhadburi«iaa,,jT^ 
 
io6 
 
 b-i 
 
 fiNGLISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 89. So th« storm rabaidM to oalm ; 
 They aee the green trees wave 
 On the heights o'erlooking Or^ • 
 
 3o.2::roiitLTt^^^^--^-^^^ - 
 
 Guide, through the boundless dcy thj certain flight 
 In the long way thirt I most trewi alone 
 
 oL^r?^*^ to p^ them with gentle word, and 
 promise, of large reward. ; but finding that they only increJS 
 m clanwr, he a«amed a decided tt>ne.-/rri«^. ^ 
 
 M^ Wolfe and the troop, with him leaped on diore; the light 
 ^try, who found themwdve. borne by the currolt a Zl 
 Wow the intmnched path, clambered up L .t.^* 1^^^ 
 them«dn» ly the root, and bough, of the maple «d»ru«^ 
 
 »^^^ r ''!? r*^"" ^^ye>^ oldTiSiy the 
 «Mie«, whomher word, had in.pired with «m.e little coTnT 
 
 34. She h«l toW Tom. howew. that .he would Kke h^toTt 
 
 3? m^ ^ that wonn. couldn't feel.- G^arg. SlioL 
 
 35. The beadle, who performed i1^ had filled hi. Wthand with 
 ^eUow ochr^ th..ugh which, after every .ti^e. heTrew thel^ 
 of hM whip leavu^ the appeanuice of a wound upon the JT 
 but in reality not hurting him at ^^C<nvper ^^^"^ 
 
 36. On a rock whoM haughty brow 
 Frown, o'er old Conway', foaming flood. 
 BobedinthewWegarbofwoe^ 
 
 ^ith haggard eye. the Poet rtood.-6r„«^. 
 87. Between the dark and the daylighl^ 
 When the night i. beginmng to lower, 
 |^«e« • pauM in the day's occupa«ona 
 Thati. known a. the Children'. Hour.-Zong/Wfowi 
 
WMbofninlwtinthel.p 
 
 Miglit hi. foul t«MU5hery e.ny, ^ 
 
 NojraoaghtthecMtlebutteiy, 
 
 Whew m«»y a yeonuu^ bold wd fwe. 
 
 KeveUed m merrilj »nd well 
 
 A. thoee th«t wt in loitlly .elle.-A»«. 
 
i! 
 
 ■ 
 
 Ml 
 
 4 ■ 
 1 1 
 
 I^ART PIFTa 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 LESSON LXV. 
 CAPITAL LBTTBR& 
 
 letJeJ*'* firrt wordof •T.iyMntwu.diould begin with • oapitol 
 - 2. The pronoun /Md th^ inteijwjtkm ahoold be wriftten in 
 
 VOou wmUbivUwJmr Mdrom aright, 
 
 nK^t^^T'"'*^'?'^ "'**'• week «d the n«ne. of the 
 
 7. JMee of individuri., and title, of book. «d newmap.™ 
 
 General qf Canada. Bmjm^e Xound Table. ^'^"rnor- 
 
 '^■,:MiT~ ^ *»« ^^. «d word, .twding for Hi. n«n«L 
 
 9. Name, of people. «d kngunge. riiould begin with <Zul 
 tetter.; a., /teftoni^ ©,^,1, ^ '"'"'^ 
 
 '-IILTt'^'^z''*'**^ ^"*»^*^ "^J** Win with • 
 capiUl tetter J M, 5». a««c»«j; " J%i, Maff ««^ aT^ 
 
 io8 
 
PUNCTUATION. 
 
 LESSON LXVI. 
 iMiifBte. ^ ""^ »»• '99F**am built ma$nvt 
 
lie 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 If X 
 
 the rest of the sentence by a comma; as, James, hand me Ou 
 brush. 
 
 11. The clauses of a compound sentence, when short and 
 closely connected, should be separated by a comma ; as, I finished 
 my work, and then earns home. 
 
 1 2. The clauses of a compound sentence, if the:f »« contracted, 
 or are long, or are not closely connected, should be separated by 
 a semicolon ; as, Man counts his lifs by years ; the oak, by eentur- 
 tes. His Ufi hand only was free ; his open knife toas in this hand. 
 
 13. A directaugtation should be enclosed by quotation marks • 
 •«, He said, " I shall go." " He is a taU and stately king." said 
 Harold ; « but his «»nd is near." 
 
 14. If a quotation is short, it should be separated from the 
 preceding part of the sentence by a comma j as, ffe replied, •• / 
 ar/» a Briton bom." 
 
 15. If a quotation is long, or if it is formaUy introduced by as 
 follows, thess words, etc., it should be separated from the preced- 
 ing part of the sentence by a colon ; as, JETe rtjp/isrf »n «A«« uwtfc ; 
 "lam a Briton born, and a Briton I shall die." 
 
 16. When an unexpected break, pause, or turn occurs in a 
 sentence, it should be indicated by a dash ; as. 
 
 To-night will be a stormy night- 
 Tou to the town must go. 
 
 17. Explanatory words which are not necessary to the sense 
 of the passage, should be enclosed in marks of parenthesis j as, 
 
 Know, then, this truth (enough for man to know), 
 Virtue alone is happiness below. 
 
 18. The parts of a compound word when they have not become 
 united into one word, are connected by a hyphen; as, Itniiy, 
 windorgan. 
 
 A hyphen is also used at the end of a line when a word is 
 divided into syllables. 
 
THE USE OF WORDS. 
 
 LESSON LXVII. 
 THE USE OP WORDS. 
 
 E™.7 on. who d«i„. to fc«»n. . g«rf .p^„ ,, ^^ 
 
 -.b»U^ »d be ^tor .f th, ^^^ J^^^ 
 thewonfcolwUohttisoonipoeod. 
 
 Jl^ "1*" '^"' '-^'k. best au«„^ conv.™. ,i.k «„ 
 ^>i. «d ™» th, word. h. th™ «,„i^ i, hi. „„ ^. 
 "~t^ Th. dicti,^ d,«M •« in d«I, ™ to CX 
 M«t mooing Mdforool new word,. 
 
 Me used by good writera. 
 
 J. Employ -ord. i. ae «„ a, ^ ^ 
 
 rr r"* "-^-'"'fr'i.obwjfco.th. 
 
 d.ctH,o..y .ad f«m ob«»™tion in «ding the b«t «.tbo«. 
 ». ^"*»'«>'dth.t„p««.theex«tn.e,»rfngint«»Mto 
 
 ^tl^t '^*"'"°'™*»'■■•"'y«•••«"™^• 
 ■>» «d o«*Uly .tndying th. «,n« in which e«h i, oeed. 
 
 KZBBCISB. 
 
 Dirtingoiah the meaning of the foUowing wordB. «.d write 
 -entenoee in which they are accurately used:- 
 
 Si^eet; may. can; think, guees; expect, suspect; lie. lay • 
 H««ed. h^; teach, learn; stop. sUy; fly. flee; amc^. ^' 
 *w«een ; eMsh other, one another. 
 
Ill 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 LESSON LXVIII. 
 THE SENTENCE. 
 A complete thought expressed in words is called a sentence. 
 In a single sentence every part should be subordinate to one 
 principal assertion. 
 
 KINDS OF SENTKROES. 
 
 Sentences are classified into Periodic, Loose, BaUncad, Short 
 and Long. 
 
 A sentence that is so constructed that the complete meaning 
 ia dalajed tiU the doee^ ik caUed a periodio SWteiiee; tm, 
 I^rommmttj^lMubieomMthaeiy for help. Svm on the drieat dmy 
 thia vapor i$ never ab$entjrwn our atmoaphere. 
 
 A sentence that is so constructed that it may be stopped before 
 tiwend, aometimaa in aevwal places^ and stiU be complete in 
 Minse, is oaUed a loOM senttnce; m, Thoee tcenee, rude and 
 humileae Ihey are, have kindled beaui^ emotione in hie eoul,\ 
 ncNe thoughte, and definite reeolvee ;\ and he epeake forth tohat ie 
 
 *nhim,notJnmanif outward eedl of vanity or intere»t,bui ieeauee 
 hie heart ie too /ua to be eileni.—Carfyle. 
 
 A sentence that is so constructed that the di£krent elements 
 mre made to answer to each other and set each other oflf by 
 ■inularity of form, is caUed a balanced sentence ; as, In peace, 
 dhiUren hury their parente ; in war, parente bury their ehiidren. 
 He defined him when living, amidat the clamora of hie enenUee; 
 and praieed him when dead, amidet the eilence o/hie/riende. 
 
 A short sentence ia more easily understood and more animated 
 than a long sentence. 
 
 A long sentence gives more scope than a short one, for the ad- 
 dition of particuhtrs, and for the expansion of the main thought 
 
 iro«R— Th» looM Mntenoe is adapted to cndinary oonpodtioo. being 
 simpla and olaac. The periodio MiQtenoe is niitable to oMnpoaitioaa of a 
 fwdUe natwe ; tiie balanced sattenoe to oompontiou in which oharaoten 
 
 ormbjeotaanoomputed. ^■-'-*t' "rtht ihnniiMMiw iifluiiji 
 
 ■nd ehort HBtaneMi. 
 
THE PARAGRAPH. 
 
 "3 
 
 ftnphatic places of the Sentence. The natuna emphatic 
 
 pl«e8 of a «ntence are the beginning and th. end^f^f^ 
 to give special distinction to somT^Irticular word or phTLit 
 
 SHn^r T "'*'"* ^'^°°^ Since the b^^J 
 the end of a sentence are the natural plac* for the^Zf ^d 
 
 predicate respectively, the subject is made e .phatic by^^ 
 
 ^at the end, and the predicate by placing it at the ^2^ 
 
 the sentence; as, Jf?i,.A«/aU their sabres bare ""°'«*'"^«' 
 
 LESSON LXIX. 
 THE PARAGRAPH. 
 
 A connected series of sentences dealing with a single tonic is 
 «lledaparagraph. It i. a whole composition ..d S^^S^;; 
 
 THB PBnrcIPLBS OF THE PABAORAPH. 
 
 1. Eve^ paragraph should possess unity, that is, it should 
 
 are related, forming elements in its development. 
 
 2. The sentences that compose a paragraph should follow one 
 
 ^::ZT^ u!^"' "'°"^°* • logical'prog.^ of thoVht 
 xnis principle IS called con<tntt»<y. ^ 
 
 3. The connection of each sentence in the paragraDh. with th. 
 between the paragraphs themselves. 
 
 Jlis connection or expUcit reference is «Hmred in tiie foUow- 
 ing ways : — *wmww 
 
 1. By conjunctions and adverbs. 
 
 2. By demonstrative words and phrases. 
 
 S. By a clear and unmistakable cowwelion in sww. 
 
"4 
 
 Composition. 
 
 Ml : 
 
 I; 
 
 EXEBCISB. 
 
 He kepi his course westward taking advantage of the trade 
 wind which blows steadUy from west to east between the trct>ic8 
 (Topic sentence). With (hi, favorable breeze (Explicit reference) 
 they were wafted gently but speedUy over a tranquU sea, so 
 that for many days they did not shift a sail 
 
 Nevertheless the situation of Columbus was daily becoming 
 critical ; his crews began to grow extremely uneasy at the length 
 of the voyage J they were already beyond the reach of succor, 
 and beheld themselves stUl borne onward over the boundless 
 wastes of what appeared to them a mere watery desert. They 
 were full of vague terrors, and harassed their commander by 
 incessant murmurs, or fed each other's discontents, gathering 
 tether in Uttle knots, and stirring up a spirit of mutiny. 
 There was great danger of their breaking forth into open rebel- 
 lion, and compelling Columbus to turn back. In their secret 
 conferences they exclaimed against him as a mad desperado, and 
 even talked of throwing him into the sea.-/rrtfl^. 
 
 1. What is the topic sentence of the second paragraph t 
 
 2. How does the author make connection or attain expUcit 
 reference between the two paragraphs? 
 
 8. Show that the sentences of the second paragraph foUow one 
 another in a natural and logical order. 
 
 4. In the second paragraph, point out the means by which the 
 author relates each sentence to the prec«ling one. 
 
 6. Is there any statement in this paragraph that does not 
 bear on the topic? 
 
 LESSON LXX. 
 FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE. 
 The two great divisions of compoaition are prose and poetry. 
 The grand distinction in form is metre or measure. The chief 
 
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE. 
 
 »y«ge to pleane, to adorn, to iUustrate, or to explain. 
 
 1. An expressed oomparwon is called a gimUe • as. ^- -JUi? a- 
 
 6. Win, two nnliko thing, m oontrMled. that <»l. m.. 
 o. wnen the mind is aroused hv a Annf..j- *• i_ "^•«**- 
 
 ■ZBBCI8B. 
 
 Name the figures in the following ~ -„ j ..^. . , . 
 
 gi^edbjtheuseofeach.— *'*'**«~' wd state what is 
 
 J. Some people are too foolish to commit follies. 
 
ti6 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 
 a. Youth and beauty most be kid in the grave. 
 
 5. A true friend, like a mirror, wiU teU ue of our faults. 
 4. War flings his blood-stained banner to the breese. 
 
 6. The light of the Constitution shines in the palaoe and the 
 oottage. 
 
 6. Though gentle, yet not dull ; 
 
 Strong, without rage; without o'erflowing, full.— Z)«iAam. 
 
 7. There is a tide in the ai&irs of men, 
 Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune. 
 
 8. Sweetfriendsi What the women lare "~^*"**^P**~- 
 For its last bed of the grave, 
 
 Is a hut which I am quitting; 
 
 ^ • garment no more Atting.— Arnold. 
 
 9. Ayr, gurgling, kissed his pebbled shore, 
 (yerhung with wUd woods, thickening green ; 
 The fragrant birch and hawthorn hoar 
 Twined amorous round the raptured scene— ^um«. 
 And, as a bird each fond endearment tries 
 To tempt its ndw-fledged ofipring to the skies, 
 He tried each art» reproved each dull deUy, 
 AUured to brighter worlds, and led the yrvj.—GoldtmUh. 
 
 10. 
 
 n 
 
 LESSON LXXI. 
 STYLE. 
 The skilful adaptation of expression to thought is caUed style. 
 The essential qualities of style in composition are cleameM 
 
 force, and beauty. ' 
 
 Some of the means by which olearness is secured are:— (1) 
 by discnmmation in the choice of words ; (2) by expUdt refer- 
 ence ; (3) by contrast ; (4) by the orderly arrangement of nhrasee 
 And sentences. 
 
 II 
 
STYLE. 
 Tfce quriity of force i. gained by means of-(l) brevity • ^2^ 
 
 tl.T^^ "d exclamation; (6) the employmen Lf con- 
 trast , (6) the repetition of words ; (7) the order of words • lt\ 
 
 m quaUty of beauty is secure! by means of-<l) good taste 
 mtheu«, of words; (2) alliteration ; (3) hap^ph^^lt 
 W«oed structure; (6) rhythm. The oomU^Jn Lris^^ 
 elevation of thought withal. poKMa 
 
 MODEL. 
 TBAnjHG ABBUTUa. 
 
 ... m» ground w«i whit, in q»t. with hd£™lMd mow 
 Afawwhri,rf„„wh«l.«„e down in th. night mJuTJ; 
 — toocoldtodn^to^in. Som. gr»n ll^ SlS^ 
 
 ^"I^R-bntn.. «„ of th. „„t ,x,.i.it. ol m N.,«™ 
 I did not «dt in™!.. Th. hill. WM, ,„™«i with it. It, 
 
 cMnmng IWMly. Mtty UoMona, toOk quit. «pM,d«l, did I 
 «nd ; ra. pni, white, «d . few m„„ delidoudy Vgiwi^th 
 P»fc IW n«,ly „ honr I w«,d««l op «rf down, to^^ 
 
 t^j^tz^'^ "d«~gin,th«. :;.t.rr 
 
 b.t.«.««di.p«iti.., it wTnU th.'nUX^C^ 
 S;^ :Sni" WW*. littlT thing ItTh.^ 
 
ii8 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 teS^r "^ T ""^ " "• ■""■ »« »« w *. w„ 
 
 lor au the flowers on the hUlside. ^ 
 
 P»u« u modeet. Some flowers seem determined to m^ke ^ im 
 pr««ion on yon. ITiey sUre .t you. llieyl^te t'r^,"' 
 
 -^; thl^v!:' '°" ^'^'''^~' •"'' genen-ity.tt do 
 ooyer«J with russet leaves, that you would not suspect its araoee. 
 
 drdiS^ 't^A^'"*'*" **• ^"*«^ ««»' ««»^ that »ther 
 Srto"ltS"L"'"'°"r'^- I* »«>y.-thout design. 
 
 srJSd^i mt ;;o:rrw^!^^ -'^'^ ^- ^^^^^^^ ^ -- 
 
 ^«^U^S1^ ^°'*'*°''*''"*" P«^°'» «>« «>riJl that 
 the e«rh«it blossoms bnng, which tell us that winter is gone that 
 growmg days have come l-flemy Ward Beecher. ' 
 
 BzieacisK. 
 
 I'a 
 
PROSE. 
 
 LESSON LXXil. 
 PROSE. 
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 coma.-. Aperirs?ou1dtpt:S"^:^;'^-r'*^V 
 
 The W.Vv should be pkcKufc an r '^.'^'' ***^^- 
 
 the top of the nam. .n^.K^ v • ^ "'*'*' '^^ » ^'^ ^«>«n 
 
 «d ia fcouH., i.«rj z^* t ."^r ' t '^■»^. 
 
 «» beginniitt of . lrt«.,^!T'v. ■ "^ "''•■ P'"*' «' 
 
 -.«.« no* ^^^^,f^' l™ <* *. h.«B^. It 
 The $tUut€ition is the ffmnHna -,-*k v ^ 
 
>(• 
 
 J! COMPOS ITION. 
 
 Tbt mmt fomuU Mdntatkm fa "Sir " H <^, «.i *: 
 
 ..^j;;;^^^ ^ •**"-*»«•»««««- firm th...l„t.Uoni. 
 qMM ud to tha tuht. It Jv«-u^^ / ^^ ""'• ■»»' 
 
A FAMILIAR OR SOCIAL LETTER. 
 
 A WAMIUAB OB aooIAL 
 
 (4 CJAOM>€/no\ St^ 
 
 S<*1 pe^ uou .5«^ w % tfi£ W TTvaii 
 
 TWMotMTu^anTWoS 
 !-''TlaAio u/fucKoornp^ii^tluidiAlhLctiof 
 
 Tru/ne;ui£ u^eoft/x cf tKatpo/d: of La 
 
IM 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 Mi 
 
 mjM cxt Sojudtt 51il.TTla^Jifi,,■t(u j2xtmbM>c 
 Tu/Jcfl£ (dcpo^Hli) -njiOA. Suudhxjui/ omxL 
 tKji>^ujeKcc6iTTwnjib imtKc. virmmm of 
 T2at RyLUi^e.. Ttwrn aAiiTru££ioTU) of ocAfiZ) 
 oj'good^EamcLb uu-fuJiccm^Wll^ca* 
 
 JjitmsiWi ipaaJfout a"^/x}lc<jfxu;e 
 "SomAcaxliim c^tl&jaoojtliM. UJtiatCW 
 
 Bcn| TM! UJIaim tKii l\i^ 
 ujcu) quiii ipjim§,lui) fatKfln.c(kla/nji liL6 
 TTidtlm. uxib Tiot a>662.1b k^ 
 IruL voy' uuob d^J^jrrumsxL to fuvue cmjid: 
 
 dax^ uwyJc, Ivii opp^iacLlii/rri^^ 
 
 to diismd.co^!Jlsjt^^QA^ 
 
 veccjwji a p^jofeMon. i/n a u/ni/ue^i^Cbu: 
 
 Jfota.— In aooiiiaia^^fa ^ cuWpcw it oniUtd. 
 
INVITATION. 
 
 >«l 
 
 UnriTATIOH. 
 
 
 f?u^- compamu at cUmfiA on 
 
 aI.^ia>€oi d'cfoclc. 
 
 124 
 
 untk St 
 
134 
 
 CQMPOSITION. 
 
 AOOEnAXCE, 
 
 iTbi. !4 Tn.T^ axxeptb uH±K 
 M)6m Cabck, UkW)c^ fiAmmc;5uma2i2E 
 
 BBOBET. 
 
 i^^'^^iMI^ orn acammt of' a pAmou^ 
 ^nYi^(mwnt,1b ojccejottlu i/cAli Icimol 
 i^T^unMi/rn c| TTk ami TTbib. %rmsu> 
 
APPLICATION POR A SITUATION. 
 
 "i 
 
 APPUCATim IQB A aTDATKHI. 
 
 ''(Tkitii^b.l^Mjwn ami Woqcm, ' 
 3XJ^V> dlpimn MAmW). 
 
 I il 
 
 i >1 
 
136 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 UBTTEB OBDEBnrO GOODS. 
 
 JAMES HOPE tt. SONS, 
 
 Bookaellers and 
 Stetioners, 
 
 &ru&)6«. Ml at tfOuA. f ou^eityiafa.. 
 
 cJa/nub: Hope, & Sorux 
 
 ^bte.-Fold • ktter.Bhea tram th« bottom forwud. bringi.. tho kmw 
 jdg.totUtop.«dth«,b«.kth.fold. Next fold t,Ztt7oth«»S^ 
 b^ng.tth.lrffdgc M«««tb«.foId.«,«to«tth.««S. 
 Fold •ii««e.a«< twice, from tho bottom forwwd. Uth»miHUwiBM^ 
 •qimn, a aiiiglo fold of the noto-ahaet is •uffioieot ^^ 
 
 12- 
 SM- 
 30 
 12. 
 
^mrmjovE 
 
 -ADDBB88B8. 
 
 '^^'^^t:^^ ---^ - p^ -»jt: 
 
laS 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 BZEBCISS. 
 
 1. Write a social letter to a friend, describing a holiday thftt> 
 you haye had. 
 
 2. You are clerking for a bookseUer. Write a letter to a 
 publisher, ordering a stock of books. 
 
 3. Write an invitation to a friend to attend your birthday 
 party. ^ 
 
 4. You have been absent from school for some days. Write 
 your teacher a note of ei^danation. 
 
 LESSON LXXIIL 
 NARRATION. 
 A detailed account of incidents, real or imaffinarr . is called 
 
 narration. 
 
 Narrations of fact include hiMtory, biography, and Imeeb. 
 J!«arration8 of imaginary incidents are caUedyEstion or vtorin. 
 
 THH LBADINO nUMOIPUBS OF MABBATION. 
 
 1. The order in which the events occurred must be followed. 
 
 2. Every event must grow out of a preceding one. 
 
 3. When possible, the whole narration should centre in one 
 principal event 
 
 4. When there is more than one important event, one is brought 
 up to a certiain point, then dropped untU the others reach this 
 partictthur place in the narrative. 
 
 6. The scene and the actors should seldom change, and never 
 without intimation. 
 
 6. Only the prominent pdnts are related, the reader wiU infer 
 thereat 
 
NARRATION. 
 
 »*9 
 
 MODELS. 
 
 Personal Incidents. 
 
 I- JAMBS BABBT AND EDMUND BURKE. 
 
 The father of James Barry, the Irish painter, was a sailor 
 who was dwgusted with his idle, di«uny, good-for-nothing son! 
 His mother perceived his natural ability, but tried ^» diiuade 
 him from study for the sake of his health. He had therefore to 
 prosecute hM art studies in the face of the gn»atest difficulties. 
 At length, wh,le yet a boy, he ventured to send to a public 
 exhibition in Dublin his first matured production-" St. Patrick's 
 Arrival on the Coast of Cashel" 
 
 it 3!!? ^K ^* ^Wbition opened, Barry with beating heart entered 
 
 iTnS H 'T*^ ^^ "^ *^** ^^*'*» ^* ^"i^Wy gathered 
 wound his picture, and murma« of approval arose on every side. 
 
 f^it dL J ?r* """^ ""^ '°' °"« "^°" judgmen7none 
 might d«pute-the orator, statesman, and philosopher. Edmund 
 
 ^T^' °5 «»°^ed the composition closely, he praised it 
 
 ^'^'^Z'l^'^''' "'^^t'^epain^rt",^ asked; 
 
 «.n^*^'^*"';!^T° ''""«*'•• *h«i"^i««««i. pallid Kttle boy, 
 oould contain his fierce delight no longer. « I am the painter ! '' 
 he exclamied from amid the crowd. "You. a boy; imposrible !» 
 W.8 the «ply from many Hps. But when Edm'iind Cead- 
 H^. <»^'«»»te him, he was overpowered. He burBt into 
 asudden gush of t^^rs, covered his face with his hands, and rushed 
 from the room.— JKoyai S^^tool Series. 
 
 ^ 'lillTl^ UNO AND THE QUEEN. 
 
 There is a pretty story told of Queen Victoria and Jenny land. 
 It belongs to the year 1848. and shows how the modesty of two 
 women-the Queen of England, and the Queen of song-lmade a 
 momentary awkwardness which the gentle tact of the ainiier 
 
I30 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 nr • TJSJ' ' '^^^ '^^^'' '^^'^y Lmd WM to ring at her 
 Majesty's Theatre that the Queen made her flr»t appJZioe after 
 the memorable Chartist day. For the great artiatTto^ was 
 a arst appearance, for it was the beginning of her season at a 
 place where the year before she had won unparalleled fame. 
 
 It happened that the Queen entered the royal box at the same 
 moment that the prima donna stepped upon the stage. Instantly 
 a tumult of acclamation burst from every comer of the theatre. 
 Jenny Lind modestly retired to the back of the stage, waiting 
 tillthe demomitration of loyalty to the sovereign should subsid * 
 Ihe (^een, refuring to appropriate to herself that which she 
 imagined to be intended for the artist, made no acknowledgment. 
 The cheenng continued, increased, grew overwhelming, and stiU 
 thMe was no acknowledgment, either from the stage or the royal 
 
 At length, when the rituation became embarrasring, Jenny 
 I^ with ready tact, ran forward to the footlights and sang 
 •God Save the Queen," which was caught up at the end oflhe 
 solo by the orchestra, chorus and audience. The Queen then 
 came to the front of her box and bowed, and the opera was 
 resumed.— 7oa«A'# Companion, 
 
 BZBRCBra: I. 
 
 Examine carefully the construction of the foregoing incidents 
 How far do they Ulustrato the principles of narration t 
 
 EXEBCISB n. 
 
 Write a comporition of about six paragraphs on one of the 
 following subjects :— 
 
 1. Our Sunday School Picnic 
 
 2. A Virit to Niagara Rdls. 
 
 3. Learning to Swim. 
 
 4. A Snow-balling Matoh. 
 0. A Drowning Accident 
 
NARRATION. 
 
 i3t 
 
 6. On the Way Home from School 
 
 7. A Sail Down the St Lftwrenoe. 
 
 8. A Soene in School 
 
 9. A Fishing Ezcnnion. 
 10. An Apple-Bee. 
 
 JToet-Brfow writing, imke u uiJyiii of your rabjeot, ud dimw up • 
 pb»i diowfag th. chirf topic, of your oompiiUon. 2™.g«^ rJIt^ 
 
 A plan for the first rabject :— 
 
 ocB 8inn»AT soHooi. Pioirio. 
 
 lime and place of picnic. 
 The joarney to the appointed place. 
 Th^arrivaL 
 The amnsemente. 
 How lunch was served. 
 I The return home. 
 
 (^ Fleasare derived from the onting. 
 
 The Btovf, 
 
 OonalaaloB. 
 
 Bistorieal NarratiTei. 
 
 I. THB IiANIMHO OF OOLDMBUB. 
 
 It was on Friday morning, the 12th of October, tnat Odombos 
 first beheld the new world. As the day dawned he saw before 
 him a level island, aevenl leagnee in extent^ and covered with 
 trees like a oontinnoosordiard. Though apparently uncultivated, 
 it was populous; for the inhabitants were seen issuing from aU 
 parts of the wood* and running to the shore. As they stood 
 gwing at the ships, they seemed by their aUitudes and gestures 
 to be lost in astonishment Columbus made signal for the ships 
 to cast anchor, and the boats to be manned and armed. He 
 entered his own boal^ richly atUred in scarlet, and holding the 
 royal standard ; two other boats foUowed with the captains and 
 other office!?, each with a banner of the enteri»ise emUaioned 
 
t3< 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 with •green oron, having on either ride the letter. F. «,d Y 
 the uutial. of the C«tili.n monarch. Ferdinand and Ysal^ 
 .urmounted by orowna. ^^^ 
 
 A. he app«N«,hed the .hore, Colombn., who wa. di^owrf for 
 ^ k nd. of agr^ble impression., wa. deUghted withX^rf^ 
 ^d .uanty of the atmo.phere. the cryetal tran.parency of th^ 
 
 aJ-o, fruit, of an unknown kind upon the tree, which overhung 
 the riio™.. On landing he th«w hin,.elf on hi. knees, kiS 
 the earth, ami returned thank, to God with tear, of Ty iS 
 
 flowed with tije «ne feeling, of gratitude. Oolumbu then 
 «^ drew hia .word, displayed the royal standard, and a.- 
 jemWUng around him the two captaim^ with the rest who h^ 
 ^ed. he took solemn possession in the name of the Castilian 
 BorenignB, givmg the isUnd the mune of San Salvador. 
 
 — Wa$kington Irving. 
 
 n. 
 
 THB TAKING OF EDINBUBOH OASTUB. 
 
 coZ?ji h- ?'"'• ""^ «^"*"y ««"^8 P««««ion of the 
 
 to^S'^H ;'°*°"'*^'' ^^'"^ EdinburivTe principj 
 town of Scotland, remained with it. .trong castle in pLe«£n 
 
 ofthemvadert. Sir Thoma. Randolph, a nephew of fiV^^d 
 
 imL°^ . ^' "T'**"' ""^ '^'''"^'^y ^«'^"» to o»>t^ thi. 
 important place; bu^ a. you well know, the castle i. rituated 
 on a vejy steep and lofty ixK^k. so that it i. difficult, or alm^ 
 
 2iT "'r'' "^r' "** ^ *^* ^°°* °' *^« '^'^^ much more to 
 climb over them. So. whUe Randolph was considering what was 
 to be donj there came to him a Scottish gentlen^ named 
 R«ic«. who had joined Bruce', .tandard. and asked to speat 
 
 he hadlived in the Castle of Edinburgh, and that hi. father had 
 then been keeper of the fortress. It happened at that time that 
 
NARRATION. 
 
 1_ _______^ m 
 
 sons ao fi<i>n,»n»i. • ^' , """* ""»• *r»ncia had oome and 
 gone so frequently m thu dangeroiu mannAr ♦!,.♦ *i. t -. 
 
 «.e.o. th,„ ,„.M i:^''^".,'^j^tvf^'"t 
 
 »•• that of being iuKnnd b, th. -TT? Tt *~' "* 
 »f -ceding th.*clifl; in wZhtr.™^*^ r* " *t *" 
 
 gnidanoe of Francis, who w«n* il*^! ^^ ^°*' *^® 
 
 •^ . p.* *.» w„ ,^i^z z^ t *• °^- 
 
 stone faUiniF or a «n»i -««u jl. ^^ * •^°* "°^ o^ • 
 
 wiu. tb, g«.«e p„«.ti^^ *^.^r*, "°°" 
 
 Md Mw the foimditiou o( a» W.IL tk^ T^ ... "^ °"* 
 T»__ j^. . J , . " •** ''■■ sare in and about the oastla 
 
 And whJetheywe« .siting in fc^tU^,j^ the,^.„. 
 
194 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 CM«;ol«right. One of U.. «rfdi«f. of the oMtle, wUiing to 
 ■tMtla hi. oomwde, .addenly thivir a rton. from the wllUnd 
 enedout, "Al«,I.,eyouweUl'' The stone cwie thunderimr 
 
 thqught themwlve. dieoovered. If they hmi rtined or nuuie the 
 shghteet noiae they woold have been entirely dertroyed. for the 
 «>Wier- above might hare killed erefy num of them mei^y by 
 rolhng down .tone^ But being coun»geou. and ohoeen mei 
 they remained quiet, and the English aoldien, who thooghttibrir 
 oomr^was merely playing them a trick (a., indeed, he wasV. 
 PMMd on without further examination. 
 
 Then Randolph and hie niin got UR and came in harte to the 
 footof the waU, which was not above twice a man', height in 
 
 ^t place. They planted the kdder. they h«i brou^Md 
 »rana. mounted fir.t to diow them the way. Sir Andrew G«y, 
 a brave knight foUowed him. and Randolph hm>»lf wa. the 
 ttird man who got over. Then the lert foUowed. When once 
 they were within the wall, there wa. not much to do, for the 
 »|«™nwere «leep «id unarmed, excepting the watch, who 
 
 ir^^^*^^^^ Thu.wa.EdinbuighO.rtle taken in 
 the year 1313. -&o«'. TaU$ of a Cfmn^fiuCr. 
 
 foregoing extract.. What principle. 
 
 Ibke an analyris of 
 of narration are illurtrated in eachf 
 
 JBUBucnn n. 
 
 Writea oompodtion of five or dx paragraph, on one of the 
 following nibject. :— r ««. 
 
 1. The DiMovery of America. 
 
 2. The IfaMaore of Glencoe. 
 
 3. The Death of Sir Immo Brock. 
 
 4. The Capture of Quebea 
 
 R Laura Seoord'. Brave Deed. 
 6. Tie Taking of Detroit 
 
The Storjr. 
 
 Conwlwrton. 
 
 STORIES. 
 
 T. The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers, 
 fi. The Belief of Ladysmith. 
 9. The Canadian Rebellion (1837). 
 10. The Invasion of Ronia fay Napolten. 
 
 A plan for the first subject : 
 
 iBtroduetion. f Columbus and party set sail ; time; place. 
 Incidents of the voyage. 
 The sighting of land. 
 The landing. 
 
 The natives ; appearance and actions. 
 What the SpaniMrds saw. 
 [ How Europe received the news. 
 
 STORIES. 
 ^' OOBNEIIA'S JEWBUB. 
 
 It was a bright morning in the old city of Rome many hundred 
 years ago. In a vine-covered summer-house in a beautiful 
 garden, two boys were standing. They were looking at their 
 mother and her friend, who were walking among the flowera 
 and trees. 
 
 " Did you ever see so handsome a lady as our mother's friendt" 
 asked the younger boy, holding his tall brother's hand. " She 
 looks like a queen." 
 
 "Yet she is not so beautiful as our mother," said the elder boy. 
 "She has a fine dress, it is true j but her face is not noble and 
 kind. It is our mother who is like « queen." 
 
 "That is true," said. the other. " There is no woman in Rome 
 so much like a queen as our own dear mother." 
 
 Soon Gomelia, their mother, came down the walk to speak with 
 them. She was simply dressed in a plain white robe. Her arms 
 and feet were bare, as was the custom in those days ; and no 
 rings nor chains glittered about her hands and neck. For her 
 only crown, bng braids of soft brown hair were coiled about her 
 head ; and a tender smile lit up her nobl^ ft^ as sh9 looked into 
 her sons' proud eyes. 
 
>3« 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 TMjr bowed brfow her, M Eonum tadt wp. t.n.n ._ J 
 
 w JL";::: Jifrrs » :.*r ""-^ "-■"■" '•«■• •" 
 
 The brother. looLed dyly .t their mother's friend W- i. 
 
 0-^.1^' JT'i' °"'^°°' "*"^ '"•''^•' • -^t brought the 
 CMket from the houm. Hie lady opened it. Ah. how thoee 
 jewel. dMried the eye. of the wondering boy. I There w^ 
 i^pe. of pearl., white m milk. ^ «noo1h .a itin^ hea^^ 
 ^uungn^bie.. red a. the glowing coal. ; «.pphire. 1 WaeTthi 
 Z'^l:^:'-''' -»^<»^«-tfla.hedand .parkll^- 
 The brother, looked long at the gem.. 
 
 awty.^*" however, the caeket wa. clo«d and carried carefully 
 
 frild '^.^.^^"'"''rl"* ^°" *^"* -^^ JeweUfadced her 
 faend. 1-^ttrue.a.Ihavehearditwhi.pered.thatyoua™ 
 
 "No, I am not poor,* aneweied Cornelia* and a. .he ««niro 
 Jhed^whertwoboy. to her dde; "for ^eretTrnJ^jeTe^' 
 They are wortih more than aU your gonw." 
 
 I am .u« that the boy. never foigot their mother", pride 
 •nd ove and car«; and in after yea™, when they had be^me 
 
 garden. And the world .till like, to hear the .i^nr «* n v. 
 jewel..-J^/'amo«.<Stori«. ~ "^ *•"**»* «*<»'7 <>« Comeha'. 
 
6TORIES. 
 
 •37 
 
 •k7 where the .tor. were floating like white liUe. on the .ur«.oe 
 
 few more hopelew being. th« hin..elf now moTed tow^nl. their 
 oertain goel— the tomb. ww-ro. uieir 
 
 .J^^l *"• J^ PMeed .ixty of the .to^ which leiwi to it 
 «dh«i bH>aghtftrom hi. journey nothing but er..r. J^^ 
 mor.e. Hm heJth wm de-troyed. hi. mind v«owt» hi. hewt 
 •orrowful. and hi. old .ge devoid of comfort 
 
 mie day. of hi. youth ro«» up in a vision before him, and he 
 r^alled the «>Iemn moment when hi. fkther h«I placed him at 
 the entrance of two roade-one leading into a piceful, «,nny 
 l«d.oo^eredwitha fertUe harvert. and r^«>u^wUh i^^ 
 •weet Bong^iihe other le«ling the wanderer intoTdeeR d^' 
 cave, whence there wa. no i»,e. when, poi«,n flowed in.to«l of 
 water, and where Mrpent. hiued and crawled 
 
 He looked toward the Ay, and cried out in hi. agony •-« Q 
 youth, return I O, my father, place me once moT^f heen 
 toancetolifcthatl may choo«, ti»e better way I" B^t ^ 
 day. of hu youth, and hi. father, had both paMed away 
 
 ♦i.^',"''''"'*''^ "«''*■ float away over dark mardieeand 
 Aendmppear. Thew were like the day. of hi. warted life. 
 He.awa^^faUf..m Wenand vanil in daTkn^^ 
 WM an emblem of him«.lf ; and the rf..rp anx>w. of unavailing 
 r^on«.tn,ck home to hi. heart Tlien he remembered^ 
 
 W. r^"* T""' "^ "^ ^^'' ^•^ "o- ^o2^ and 
 happy on thi. New Year's Eve. 
 
 * J\**** w*^* '^ ^^^ *''^''«^*^ *^^" *>°°'*«J ««<Jdenly from 
 the church-tower the mu.ic of the New Year, like dietont holy 
 hymning.. The tone, filling on hi. ear recaUed hi. parent.' 
 
•9B 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 •wlj love for him, their erring wn J the le«oiui they had t«urht 
 whebMd with duune «id grief he dared no longer look tow«d 
 
 Sl'^rwiTt"*'^.''"^".''''^*^ '- darke:Seye.d!^;;:2 
 teaw, and w^th one despairing effort he cried aloud, "(W 
 
 back, my early days, oome back I" 
 
 And hi. youth dirf return, for aU thi. w- but a dream which 
 ^Wd hj. jlun^ber. on New Year'- Ere. He wa. still ylunft 
 b»f^te alone were «^ He thanked God fervently tha^t tix^^ 
 waeatUlh-own, that he had not yet «iter«i the deep, dark 
 -^butthathe wae f«e to tread ti.e ,«rf U^^Jt. 
 peweful land where lunny harvests ware. . """"W ^ «»• 
 Ye who rtiU are young, lingering on «ie thrediold of life 
 doubtmg which &teto choose, remember that when yei« «^ 
 pMsed «id your feet stumble on the dark mount«ns, you will 
 «7 bitterly, but cry in rain, "Oyouth, retumrS.K 
 back my early days ! "_yaan Pa«f J?icA«er. 'P^"' 
 
 - XZBEtOISB I. 
 
 pr^u« ir °'**"°* ^ * "*°'^ "'^''^ ^°° ^^* ^"^ «-» ** 
 
 Ki^-hx ooDoaction with this •zerciM the taMher la adviMd tA ».b. 
 
 ■XBBcns n. 
 
 Write a story on one of the foUowing themes : 
 1. The History of a Kite. 
 
 3. The Biography of a Pen. 
 
 8. How Harry Won the Priae. 
 
 4. The Autobiography of a Bicycle. 
 6. Lost in tile Woods. 
 
 6. The Story of a Newihoy, 
 
DESCRIPTION. 
 
 >3» 
 
 7. How Baa Eftnied a Jack-knife. 
 
 8. The Histoiy of a Gent 
 
 il^ote.— A ■torynwy or may not be tree, bat it mat be ideadai. 
 the iaddenteiif the etory •honld lead ap to a final event. 
 
 AU 
 
 LESSON LXXIV. ^' 
 
 OBSCRIPTtON. 
 
 Compoatkm that preaents a picture of an object or a place is 
 called deieription. ^^ 
 
 The three daaaee of objects that we most fraqaently desire ia 
 desoriba are (1) material objects, as buldings, (2) natural scen- 
 ery, and (3) persons. 
 
 THH UBADIHO FBHrOIPLm OF DB80BIPTI0N. 
 
 1. A general plan of the whole should be included with the 
 enumeration of the parts. The fbnn and magnitude of objects 
 often furnish this plan. 
 
 2. The object or scene should be described from the most 
 CaTorable point of riew. 
 
 8. The most striking and interesting features should be select- 
 ed and arranged so that they will easily combine intoawhole. 
 
 MODBLS. 
 
 ^' THs roam nr thb wood. 
 
 As soon as you get inside the belt of wood, and begin to go 
 down to the pond, the damp» and the dusk, and the aoent of 
 the dead leaves make you feel as if you were in a rery old 
 church. Plenty of wake4t>bin also grows in the wood, with its 
 leaves like spotted spearheads, and its stumpy i«d mkI purple 
 poMik wrapped up ia laded green satin ('*loid« and ladies^'* I 
 
I40 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 ^ grown all aboat the pond, and in it too THa «««. a- 
 iT^Tb^ ^' "f ""^ l"*^ • «~» <1~1 nicer ti.« 
 
 ^ri,^d^'"T'f ,*'^"°°'^^'^'^ «dyelJor all that, ^e 
 lLZ.^„r* ?{^'^"**^'°«°^*^«^"»i^d8. Little fish 
 
 ^- 8V98Brr ON DEBWICirrWATEB. 
 
 clJ[^"w;Shr*^:::en\'^rr'^'' Itwaaawannand 
 
 the shores of the silJT uv ^ ^ ^^ *^* ^P*"* '^ '<»«»nd 
 upon th?.^ wa^r .? y^ «^* ^*** ' *«•* "^ '^^ out 
 
 But all that glow of «d and yeUow in the north-w^t wm as 
 
DESCRIPTION. 
 
 »4t 
 
 nothing to the .tmnge gradation, of colour that app««d along 
 Je splendid range of mountain-peaka beyond the laka From 
 the romote north round to the south-east they stretched like a 
 
 .TnifTK ' ''5"*'^ ""^^ *^* sold and crimson of the 
 
 •unset they were of a warm, roeeate, and half-transparent 
 purple, as they came along into the darker regions of the twLht 
 theyg.-ew more«id more cold in hue and harsh in^uXe. 
 
 Uiat they themwlves seemed but light clouds of beautiful vapor : 
 but, as the eye followed the line of twisted and mighty shades, 
 the rose color deepened into purple, the purple grew d«ker S 
 more dark, and greens and blues began to appear over the wood- 
 ed udands and shore, of Derwentwater. KnaUy, away down 
 ti^ere in the south, there was a lowering sky. i„£ which rose 
 wild masses of slate^iolored mountains, and in the threatening 
 and yet dear darkness that reigned among these wlitudes we 
 could see but one small tuft of white cloud that doag coldly to 
 the gloomy summit of Glaramara. 
 
 That strange darkness in the south boded rain ; and, as if in 
 anticipation of the wet, the fires of the sunset went doCn, and a 
 
 the t^ hedges, thero was a chill dampness in the air; and we 
 
 ful weather that had lit up for us the blue water and green shore. 
 ofOrasmere.— ir«uwn5/ac*. 8"«« snore. 
 
 BZEBOISB I. 
 
 def riti^* ~"^ °' ***** selectiomi for the leading principles of 
 
 ■XBBonsB n. 
 
 Describe the scene in a picture hanging in your school-room, 
 or an incident that it suggests. ^^ 
 
144 
 
 COMPOStTtON. 
 
 BZBBCISE m. 
 
 Write ft deMription of on« of the foUowing :— 
 
 1. Sunrise at Sea. 
 
 2. Evening. 
 
 3. A Wet Day in the Obuntiy. 
 
 4. The Phases of the Sky. 
 8. A Waterfall. 
 
 6. A Moonlight Scene. 
 
 7. Night. 
 
 8. A Snowstorm. 
 
 9. A Scene in Autumn. 
 10. An Inland Lake. 
 
 A plan for the first subject :— 
 
 lateod-tton. fThe occasion, yessel, partly, amuigements 
 the night before. 
 Coming on deck next morning. 
 Sky and water before dawn. 
 Indications that the eye of day is coming. 
 The sun appears. 
 Sky and water afterwards. 
 Oo«*«i«,. [Gwieiml effect of scene. 
 
 Datatte. 
 
 ni. 
 
 llODELS-(Coottoued). 
 flUUfiPy HQU4>W. 
 
 JoH«tromM.yW^f„Av. •boot two »ifl«, th«, i. . 
 M. Tjlq,, or r.tl« 1.P „| Urf, .„„ high Ulh, which i. on. 
 
 A^.n i"^ " "*• '"■°" '""^ A ™.a brook glid« 
 ^^ with ,u.t marmar «>o.gh to Idl o« to „po«f ^ 
 «-~»«o«J wh„tl. oJ . ^ „ t.ppi^ ^ . ^^^ 
 
■■ .. DESCRIPTION. 
 
 I reooUect that, when a striplinfc my fi«t exploit in sqnirwl. 
 footing waa m a grove of taU walnut^tiee. that Shades Stride 
 of the vaUey. I h«i wandered into it at noon-Um^wh^^' 
 natnt* « pecdiu-ly ,nie„ and wa. rtarUed by the rZ^ ^y 
 owngun. a. tt bi^ke the Sabbath stillne- aroL. JZ^Z 
 
 ^tJ^ -^^^^^Wther I nught bI«U from the world and ite 
 ml7^:::r''^ q-eUy away the remnant of a tr.«bl^ 
 
 5w *r V ?°°' '"°'* Prominng than this litUe vaUey. 
 <^l^Z^t^^ repo« of the place, and the peculiar character 
 
 ^ttf«^^ ^ "^°r ^^^^'^^ '«>« tTori^nal ^ 
 wttiera, th^ sequestered glen h«i long be«» known^e^ 
 
 HoUow boys throughout all the neighU ng country. AdrotT 
 
 Certain it is that the place stiU continue, under the sway of 
 ^e witehmg power, that holds a spell over the mteLTthI 
 good people, causing them to walk in a continual revX Thev 
 
 "d Z^ir^ '"^"'^^^ «• strange sights, aid hear tZ 
 hLZZ K ^l."'- ^*"' ^^°^' neighborhood abomids with 
 ^ tales, haunted spot», and twilight «,pe«titiona Star,sh«* 
 and meteors glaro oftener across the vSey than in^oZl 
 
 I^T "T." *• *. "^ >««i« to g^w LgiZ™-^ 
 
t44 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 IV. 
 
 ▼raw OF usBoir. 
 
 uig>n^gniBo.iit Wbor, ud owlooking one ol the ^jZ 
 W«rt, «,« Athwa m the d.7, el her freed a. No».iti»em. 
 
 ^l^h^ ST"" 5T"°*"' "^''°« '°- "•• """'•T- 
 ly p»«a ia the mind of the beholder. tll^J^^t. 
 
 « !«,„ .^ ,^ kowever, on the ieir dde of the piotnre • 
 
 • !"«.». perhi,., en the brink of^ u^j^T.J^^, 
 b, natnre enUdet hill.. .II e<,„™d .. 1 CwtreTr^,:" 
 where gro™, of the fcwheet ™d«™ .re ht^Zd ^ 
 «d. . n,o«t«n ri«. into . c^x ler .bovS^Tc^^Z^ 
 
 riwlf? L J^ ^'^ *• ■^■W" •" •«« mo™ exten- 
 
 ?;if^r.t:;re-brth^rsr^;^ 
 ^ir:!ernt":?--i=tr?i^« 
 
 «>l«n„of theportie. .,«rMin delight «^ •:::ir^ 
 
DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Sl!2^!-^ ^'**°" °' "^^ city-lKK«» defended ben-th 
 ^a.«S «nku.g Inio-t pnKapito^jy to . «e«fal depth beneath 
 m^ whoBe frameworks covered over with vine, of ddicfgree^ 
 
 «ie opponte hiUa, which were crowned with turre^ doine^ man- 
 
 T^J on the «,uthem .hore, the coMt ro«, into wild and ba,! 
 ^ bill-, weannif an aspect of the roughest eublimitr and gran- 
 
 tT:J:i^ T" '^^ ^P^ «»• ^- o' the^greTt^ 
 ^twe^ the gbnous cty and the unknown wilds, laJTe calm 
 «d m.jerti,c nver. from two to three mUe. in width, «»n with 
 ^utmoe d«1inctne«i to its mouth, on each of wh^cTt^eT^ 
 
 ■Md dupe-onward, yet further, &«• a. the eye could reach, the 
 
 Uvu«oceanwa.gli.tening,anddups,likespecLofpurr^whit 
 were s^crosdng it to and fhs giving to^e scene an J^. 
 ary extennon, by canying the mind with them to far distoTt 
 
 fronreeted on the bosom of the air, and were reflected in «rfter 
 
 XirJli* ^^"•J^'**"^' »»"«*°^ enchantment, and I 
 ■OMoely dared to stir or breathe lest it should vanish away. 
 
 ^Tal/ourd. 
 
 V. 
 
 PEIf.FIOTCBK OF THB BOmnv AT BT. PATO'S 
 CATHSDBAIm 
 
 Juir» 22nd, 1897. 
 Biding three-«i-three, came a kaleido«x>pe of dasding horee- 
 
 I^rr:'"^'"^*^'^ •**^«^ -nbJLdor. andlriZ^ 
 ^the pompof allth^ nation, of the earth-«»rl.| a^J^ 
 

 m6 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 MOW .nd goW. purple and gold, emendd and gold, white and 
 gold— always a changing tumult of colors that seemed to Uve and 
 ^eam with a light of their own. It w«i enough. No eye could 
 bear more gorgeousness. No more gorgeousness could there be. 
 unless pnnoes are to clothe themselves in rainbows and the very 
 sun. ' 
 
 The prelude was played, and now the great momt nt was at 
 
 w*7Li^^^ ^"^•^^ ''^'^ ~"^°« "P '"" o' *»»« Queen's 
 kindred full of her children and children's children, but we 
 hardly looked at them. Down there, through an ayenue of eager 
 faces, through a storm of white, waring handkerchiefs, through 
 roanng voUeys of cheers, there was approaching a carriage drawn 
 by eight cream-colored horwe. The roar surged up the street, 
 keepmgpaoe with the eight horses. The carriage passed the 
 bamer; It entered the churchyard ; it wheeled left and then 
 ngW. It drore up to the rery steps of the Cathedral 
 
 We all leaped up. Cheers broke into screams, and the en- 
 thusiasm sweUed to delirium. The sun. watery untU now, shone 
 out sndden^, clear and dry, and there wasa little, plain, flushed 
 old lady, all m black, with a silver streak under her bkck bon- 
 net, and with a simple white sunshiMle, sitting quite still, with 
 the corners of her mouth drawn tight, as if she was trying not 
 to cry ; but that old h^y was the Queen and you knew it. You 
 did not want to look at the gUttering uniforms now, nor yet at 
 ^e bnght gowns and young faces in the carriages, nor yet at 
 the stately princes, though by now all these were ranged in a 
 halfKsircle round her. You could not look at anybody but the 
 gueen, so very quiet, so very grave, so very punctual, and so un- 
 mistakably every inch a lady and a Queen. 
 
 It was almost pathetic, if you wiU, that small, black figure, in 
 the middle of these shining cavaUers, this great army, this roar- 
 mg multitude, but it was also very glorious. When other kings 
 Of the world drive abroad, an escort; rides close at the wheels of 
 
DESCRIPTION. 
 
 «47 
 
 their carruges. The Q««« dro^e through her pwple qmte pUun 
 •nd open, with just one soldier »t the onrbetone between her and 
 them. Why not t They »,» quite free. They hare no cause 
 to feur her. They have much cause to lore her. Was it not all 
 for h«r ; j^ tmppings of the streets, men, horses, guns and the 
 linng waUs of British men and women t for the Queen summed 
 up aU that had gone before-aU the soldiers and sailor^ the big- 
 limbed colomals, and the strange men from unheardof islands 
 
 T'*!^ !^ 3* ^°'' ''°'' ^^^ '•"* ^^»«h »»d «»ne before 
 ^ stood for. We know « we had never known before what the 
 Queen sUnds for. The Empire had come together to revere and 
 bins the mother of the Empire; the mother of the Empire 
 hj^come to do homage to the one Being more majestic 
 
 There were the archbishops, bishops and deans, in gold and 
 cnmson cap^ and white, orange and gold embroidered vestment^ 
 w^tang on the steps. There, through gap. in the pillars and 
 scafibldings, you could see aU her Ministers and great men, a 
 strange glunpse of miniature faces, as in some carefully labored 
 picture, where each face stands for an honored nama 
 
 All stood, and the choir sang the Te Deum. Next rose up a 
 melcdious voice intoning prayers. The Queen bowed her head, 
 and then the whole choir and the company outside the Cathedral 
 and the whole company in the stands, at the windows, on the 
 house tope, and away down the street, aU standing, aU uncover- 
 ed, began to sing the One Hundredth Ptehn : "Oome ye before 
 Huu and rejoice^" The Queen's Hps were tight, and her eyes, 
 perhaps it was fancy, looked dim ; but then, " Three cheers for 
 the Queen, and the Dean, pious man, was wildly waving that 
 
 wonderful crmison cap, and the pillars and roofs were ringLg as 
 If they must come down. Then « God Save the Queen," a lusty 
 
 peal, till you felt drowned in sound. 
 The Queen looked up and smiled, and the Queen's smile wa? 
 
>4l 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 Uie «id of it .U— .mil. tl»t bwke down the «d mooth-. 
 ■mile that •eemedhdf.ndaotMt, so wirtftU, ,.t «> kind, » tin. 
 cw% to motWlj.-a W. StMvmu in Lombm Dtrify Mail 
 
 onptaon. Notioe the w»y in which th« th<»n« i, introduced, the 
 ••l^rtion nnd MTMigement of detM^ «d the eftKJtive conclorio^ 
 
 EXBROHB n. 
 
 Write m deicription of one of the following :_ 
 
 1. A Funeral in the Oonntiy. 
 
 2. A Shipwreck. 
 
 3. Tmety—Onr Dog. 
 
 4. APestoraField. 
 6. A Castle in Roins. 
 
 6. Laying the Poandation-st<me of a Church 
 
 7. A Vahige Chnrohyaid. 
 
 8. Arbor Day. 
 
 9. An Old Man. 
 
 10. Early Settlement Life in Canada. 
 
 A plan for the first subject :— 
 
 t 
 
 A brief account of the dead. 
 The gathering of the people at the house. 
 Leaving the house. 
 The procession to the village church. 
 The service in the church. 
 Scene at the grave. 
 How the people withdrew. 
 I Beflecti<mB on life and death. 
 
EXPOSITION. 
 
 »49 
 
 LESSON LXXV. 
 BZPOSITION. 
 
 A ooBpodtkm in whioh th« .abject i. explidned. interowteiL 
 
 t-o mindl will .»l«di th. tn.ta.Dt of „T Mblw* ,01 b, M 
 
 t; b.*;^ g«u«. 0* tb. i«„«, b,t tb. fcu.,b., j:: 
 
 (i)^Ti,g »i«trf bi. ..bj«,t, tb. r.ta rtK^id tbink o«, 
 
 n. mil tw.t bM MibjMt. H« m»j oommMio. witb tb. ni>«l 
 
 b»«^ Tb.log,e.lord«.„ftb.«,«,.lp.rt.A«Ub. 
 
 (4) H«fag dMid«l « bi. pl« or fcMM-work, tf» «,ril b« 
 
 • 01*7 <uny« bom r.(bct»n, bomcmmmlma, ud ftom md- 
 »«. A. tb«mt. «. ob..i^ k. Aodd aotalCZL 
 
 ™w .t W.U7 to «. a u. tbopgit. i.„ b.^^^^ 
 
»J» 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 th-^pniper pl»c^ and in th. most saitabU manner. After . 
 c«l«IcriUci«n by hun.d^ hedKHUd write out lu. o<4aliSon 
 
 II0DBL8. 
 I. 
 
 ttr^t^'* «««f*i<«^«— -Pi^theroJeoflin 
 Itllij JT " ""'^ " "''^* worth, and that whatb 
 eetewned among men I. the pri» of ellbrt and «df. denial The 
 nch harrert which rewa«ie the hu.bandman i. the fit^-^l^d 
 to a year of watohf al and provident exertion ; the .ulSul 
 
 comb^ed with the meet .kilf ul calculation ; whilet the »teX 
 Jtnjcture of knowledge which the -tudent ipi.«i to mr b^J 
 iK^t up by long year, of patient and .ustZ, de^o^ " ""^ 
 
 m1 «ll::i*T"* ?•* ^*~' ""-^ •"d i» di^ppointment 
 
 Me weU-nigh usele... Labor to be effective must be ^y 
 Bnergy must be under the guid^ice of punx-e. It iTthe^ 
 
 which is patent to generalX^^o; L'^SII^^JI^ S^fTu^ 
 MTerMoe thw in wut of aliiUtj. "^ 
 
 iJl^iT^" "• *^"^ "^^ a«.ii.dd«,tin tl»lib ol 
 
EXPOSITION. 
 
 «S» 
 
 hufing at th« .nd of • k»g thrmd of ito own .pinning, wm 
 trying to .wing it«lf from one b««n in the roof to •nother. for 
 the porpo.e of fixing the line for it. web. Not till the Mventh 
 attempt did it .uooeed ; bat iu lucoeM encoun«ed the King to 
 make one effort mora Hi. perwireranoe met with it. tewmrd • 
 for, •. he had never before gained a victory, to he never after-' 
 ward, .uflfered any Mrioo. defeat 
 
 If, then, perseverance U the Moret of luooeu in life^ it i. .ai«. 
 ly worth while for all to onltivate thi. virtaa The effort mav 
 be trying and painful at first, but repetition gradually make, it 
 •aey, and even plea<»nt. We idiould enter on the path of 
 effort betimes too, before habit, of .elf-indulgence have been ac 
 quired, which renders perMverance impossible. Nothing is more 
 certain than that this virtue is amongst the most precious lesa- 
 aes which matuier years can inherit from a Uborious and well- 
 •P«"*y««*»»- -James Curru. 
 
 n. 
 
 AroRBM TO BTITDEirTS. 
 
 Advices, I believe, to young men-and to all men-are very 
 
 httle faithful performing. And talk that does notTnd in any 
 fandof action is better suppressed altogether. I would not 
 therefore go much into advising ; but there is one advice I must 
 give you. It is, in fact, the sun %ry of all advices, and you 
 have heard it a thousand times, I dare say ; but I must, never- 
 theless, let you hear it the thousand and first time, for it is most 
 mtensely true, whether you wiU believe it at present or not- 
 namely, that above aU things the interest of your own life de- 
 pends upon being diligent now, while it is caUed today, in this 
 place where you have come to get education. 
 
 Diligent I That includes all virtues in it that a student can 
 have ; I mean to include in it all qualities that lead into the ao- 
 quirement of real instruction and improvement in such a plaoe. 
 
«s» 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 If yoa wiU beUere me, you who are young, yours is the golden 
 season of life. As you hare heard it caUed, so verily it is the 
 seed-time of Ufe, in which if you do not sow, or if you sow tares 
 instead of wheat, you cannot expect to reap weU afterwards, and 
 you will arrive at, indeed, little, while in the course of years, 
 when you come to look back, and if you have not done what you 
 have heard from your advisers-and among many counsellors 
 there is wisdom -you will bitterly repent when it is too kte. 
 
 At the season when you are in young years the whole mind is, 
 as It were, fluid, and is capable of forming itself into any shape 
 that the owner of the mind pleases to order it to form itself 
 into. The mind is in a fluid state, but it hardens up graduaUy 
 to the consistency of rock or iron, and you cannot alter the 
 habito of an old man, but as he has begun he will proceed and 
 go on to the last. 
 
 By dUigenoe, I mean among other things— and very chiefly— 
 honesty in aU your inquiries into what you are about. Pursue 
 your studies in the way your conscience calls honest Mot« and 
 more endeavor to do that. Keep, I mean to say, an accurate 
 separation of what you have really come to know in your own 
 minds, and what is still unknown. Leave all that on the hypo- 
 thetical side of the barrier, as things afterwards to be acquired, 
 if acquired at aU ; and be careful not to stamp a thing as known 
 only when it is stamped on your mind, so that you may survey 
 it on all sides with intelligence. 
 
 There is such m thing as a man endeavoring to persuade him- 
 self and endeavoring to persuade others, that he knows about 
 things when he does not know more than the outside skin of 
 them, and he goes flourishing about with them. There is also a 
 process called cramming- that is, getting up such points of 
 things as the examiner U likely to put questions about Avoid 
 all that as entirely unworthy of an honorable habit 
 
 Be modest and humble, and diligent in your attention to what 
 your teachers tell you, who are profoundly interasted in tijing 
 
EXPOSITION. ,,, 
 
 »■ '53 
 
 to bring you forward in the right way. as far as they have been 
 aWe to understand it. Try aU things they set before you. in 
 order, if possible, to understand them, and to ralue them in pro- 
 portaon to your fitness for them. Gradually see what kind of 
 work you can do ; f or it is the first of all problems for a man to 
 find .t what kind of work he is to do in this universe. In fact, 
 mora^ty as regards study is. as in all other things, the primary 
 consideration, and overrides aU others. A dishonest man can- 
 not do anything real; iwid it would be greatly better if he were 
 tied up from doing any such thing. He does nothing but darken 
 counsel by the words he utters. That is a very old doctrine, but 
 a very true one ; and you wUl find it confirmed by all the think- 
 u^ men that have ever lived in this long series of generations of 
 which we are the latest. 
 One remark about your reading. I do not know whether it 
 
 kinds of books. When a man is reading on any kind of subject 
 in most departments of books-inaU books, if you take it in a 
 
 ''fi!!T^r'' Z^ *°^ ^'^^ *^*" " » ««^°^ o' good books 
 and bad books-there ia a good kind of book and a bad kind of 
 
 t^ U \T ''°* ^ .T""* *^* y°" *•* *" iU-acquainted with 
 this , but I may remind you thatit is a veiy important consider- 
 
 Jlr.t f^T** ^* ""? '^**" '^'^'^'^'^ *^« »^«* *bat people 
 have ^t If they are reading any book-that if an ignoranVZn 
 
 ^reading any book, he is doing rather better than nothing at 
 
 JU. I entarelycaU that in question. I even venture to deny it. 
 
 ri^u T^ '^^' ^ *^'*''' ^°'^^d J»o bave no concern 
 with books at aUUian with some of them. There are a num W 
 an mcr«asing number, of books that are decidedly to him noi 
 naefuL But he wiU learn ahw that a certain number of bo^L 
 were written by a supreme, noble kind of people-not a very 
 great number-but a great number adhere more or less to that 
 nde of things In short, as I have written it down somewhere 
 else, I conceive that books are like men's souls-divided into 
 
<54 
 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 "heepandgoato. Some of them are calculated to beofvery 
 great i^dvantage in 1«aching-in forwarding the ZlT^Z 
 generationa Others are going down. Zwn, d^TZe .^ 
 mo«s wilder and wilder mischief. «"•« more ana 
 
 And for the resti in r.,gard to all your .tudies here, and wh^t- 
 ever you may learn, you are to remember that the object is not 
 l^rticuW knowledge-that you are going to get hi^li in ij^h 
 meal perfecfaoms and aU that .ort of thi^. "iZ U a hiZ 
 «mh«. at theH«.of aU tiu^t, especiaUy among those who a" 
 mtended for hterwy. for speaking pu«,uits-the sacred pi,>fe.- 
 
 TJ^^."" T ^^^ '^''^ *^*' '^«" ^ behind that 
 the acqumtion of what may be caUed wisdom- namely, sound 
 
 ZTTT' J-*/---« to •" the objects that" me 
 mund about you, and the habit of behaving with justice and 
 
 Zf T* °:^ ^' " wi«iom-great is the vine of wis- 
 
 dom. It cannot be exaggemted. The highest achierement of 
 man-«Ble8sed« he that getteth understanding." And that. 
 I behey^ oc««iomdly may be missed veiy easily; but net^ 
 ^^«^y U.an now, I Uunk. If that Is a filans J? il^ 
 
 — CarlyU, 
 BXEB0I8B I. 
 
 Examine carefully the foregoing expositions. Notice the 
 definite plan on which each is constructed. 
 
 BZBRCISB n. 
 
 ^Write an expository composition on one of the following sub- 
 
 1. Commerce. 
 
 2. The Pleasures of Conversation. 
 
 3. The Value of Time. 
 
 4. Friendship. 
 
 6. The Power of Conscience. 
 6. Fteoe and War. 
 
tXP6strtoti. 
 
 »5i 
 
 7. Fktriotiam. 
 
 8. Advantages of TraTeL 
 
 9. A Taste for Beading. 
 10. Ponotuality. 
 
 A plan for the first subject : 
 introdaotion. f Definition of oommeroe. 
 
 Origin of commerce. (TeU who were the first 
 
 to engage in it and when). 
 Its history. (Show the growth in the means 
 
 of transportation). 
 Great discoveries of other lands that have 
 
 extended commerce. 
 Advantages arising from commerce. (Dis- 
 
 tributes the productions of the earth, 
 
 helps to educate and to civilize). 
 
 IMmomIoii. 
 
 Oondualon. 
 
LIST OF ABBREVUnONS. 
 
 ▲.B. or B^ i^Mhelor of ArU-JB. . 
 
 f*?* Acooiuit.L.t 
 
 ^J' In the yew of oar Lord. 
 
 f**; Al»b«i». 
 
 AM . . Rdforo noon (ante meridian). 
 
 A.F. or M.A Maater of ArU. 
 
 f*®" Anonymoiu. 
 
 ™ Arkanm. 
 
 fV AugMt. 
 
 ~^ Avenuo. 
 
 JJ Before Chriat. 
 
 ••V Britiah Colombia. 
 
 B«O.L Bachelor of Civil Law. 
 
 ^•^ Bachelor of Dirinity. 
 
 B. Pad Bachelor of Pedagogy. 
 
 JW California. 
 
 Okpt 
 
 Co 
 
 Oo 
 
 East 
 
 For example (exempli gratia). 
 
 ^ aquim 
 
 ••6 And others ; and ao forth. 
 
 ^* February. 
 
 5*»--- ..Florida. 
 
 F.E.B..FeUow of the Royal Society. 
 
 ^ Georgia. 
 
 2"J GeneraL 
 
 ^j^ Goremor. 
 
 QoT.-Otii Govemor^GeneraL 
 
 Jy* Honorable. 
 
 ^^ Qlinoia. 
 
 J"* Indiana. 
 
 lUt . . .Instant— the present month. 
 
 _ ••• January. 
 
 ..Captain. Jr. or Jnn j„aii 
 
 Company. jEiUi. 
 
 CB 
 
 JO.D Cash on Delirety. 
 
 J^ Colonel 
 
 X^ Cotorado. 
 
 2"» Connecticut. 
 
 ** Credit. 
 
 .Creditor. 
 
 Or 
 
 ^0 District of Colombia. 
 
 D-O.L Doctor of CSvil Law. 
 
 J;^ Doctor of Divinity. 
 
 5?? December. 
 
 y« DeUware. 
 
 J® The same (ditoo), 
 
 J Debtor. 
 
 ft^:: "~^' 
 
 „.„,<5°"^-f" K^mti.,. 
 
 ^^^S^-^ f"'»*r. 
 
 *•" Loniaiana. 
 
 J** Labrador. 
 
 **•* Long Island. 
 
 i^ Lientenant. 
 
 liWVt-CU. .... Lieotenant-ColoneL 
 Umit-OoT. . . Limitenant-QovemOT. 
 
 J*-B Bachelor of LawiL 
 
 **•*' Doctor of Lawa 
 
 5«J-0«l MajoM3eneraL 
 
 ....ICanitobik 
 ___ Maasaohosetta. 
 
 *•• Bachelor of Medicine. 
 
 5'*' I>ootor of Medicine. 
 
 .Doctor of Pedagogy.'iifc:.::;.:::;::;; "^^ 
 
 »56 
 
ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 »S7 
 
 . ..Oentlemon (MeMieun). 
 
 Jtich Miobigko. 
 
 Minn MinneMta. 
 
 MlM MiauMippi. 
 
 Mil* Mwlemoiaelle 
 
 P-H .Post MMter. 
 
 PO PottOffioe. 
 
 ro P«gefc 
 
 ^W« Prwident. 
 
 -, ,ftf«' Ptofeasor. 
 
 JJ« Miwouri. Pro t«m. 
 
 JJ*": Monday. For the time being (pro <«ii|»re). 
 
 Jpy*: ....MontwiLprox Next month (pftttimo). 
 
 t K-. . T . . . r •* Pwtwsript {pott Bcriptwm). 
 
 Member of LegUlat?.eA..einbIy. Que (^^^ 
 
 Jfj- Member of Parliament. E«T Reverend 
 
 *•••'• B.I RhodelaUnd. 
 
 Member of Provincial Parlument. B.B Railroad. 
 
 J? Miater. Et. B«T iiuiht Reverend. 
 
 JP* ...Mi.tie«.8 South. 
 
 "■ Mannwsript. 8Mk SaAatohewan. 
 
 8*>* September. 
 
 ftr-ofSen senior. 
 
 8>0 SoatkC ralina. 
 
 8- Oak South Dakota. 
 
 8at Saturday. 
 
 Steanahip. 
 
 8t Street 
 
 Snn Sunday. 
 
 8npt Superintendent. 
 
 TflOll Tnnnnaaro. 
 
 *«•• ToMfc 
 
 Iknn Thuraday. 
 
 *«•■ Tueaday. 
 
 nit Laat month {MUimo), 
 
 ^•8 United SUtea. 
 
 n.8. A United SUtea Army. 
 
 TJ.8.A. .United Sutea of Amerioa. 
 
 V» Virginia. 
 
 ▼• Againat (•emu), 
 
 ▼* Vermont. 
 
 ^ Weat 
 
 W«d Wedneeday. 
 
 Wi« Wiaoonain. 
 
 ▼•■k Waahivfton, 
 
 Mannacripta. 
 
 ^ North. 
 
 N-B ofote well (note i«M). 
 
 H.B NewBrunawick. 
 
 W«b Nebraaka. 
 
 H«T Nevada. 
 
 H.O North Carolina. 
 
 H.Oak North Dakota. 
 
 Hfld Newfoundland. 
 
 W-H. r.NewHampahire. 
 
 H. J New Jeraey. 
 
 Ho Number. 
 
 Wot November. 
 
 V' 8 Nova Sootia. 
 
 HT New York. 
 
 O Ohio. 
 
 Oct October. 
 
 Ont ....Ontario. 
 
 Of Oregon. 
 
 i: p^ 
 
 nt Pennaylvania. 
 
 imtUBA B»f the hundred. 
 
 Vh-B Bachelor of Philoaophy, 
 
 Pk-D Doctor of Phnoaofdiy. 
 
 P>M- . . . . Aftemowi {pott mmdiem). 
 
INDEX. 
 
 187 
 ... 7 
 36-38 
 ...98 
 
 AbbrtTiationa. igg 
 
 Ad jeotivw _' 
 
 oUneaof 
 
 cUm w 
 
 oompuiaon of. 39 
 
 P««ngof 4i,'42 
 
 Adverbs. 9 
 
 ""•"^o*. ...*!.' .'.'!1.'74 
 
 Cl a M M gg 
 
 oompariaon of 75 
 
 P«»ngof .."76 
 
 Adverbial objeotive 33 
 
 Analjitt..?, 88, 94. 100, 101, 102,103 
 ezerdM for..94, 85, 86, 87, 104, 
 
 106, 106, 107 
 Appodtioii g3 
 
 Anxiliaiy verba .«^e7 
 
 ^*^ 106 
 
 '■*'* aa 
 
 Clanaea 
 
 Colon 
 
 Daah. 
 
 110 
 
 ...87,88 
 
 „__ 110 
 
 CompodUon. 108-105 
 
 Compoand aentenoe. gg 
 
 Complex sentaioe gg 
 
 Complement 94 
 
 S^™" 108,110 
 
 Conditional verb-phraaea 66 
 
 Conjogationa of the verb .68 
 
 *«^«new «s.flg 
 
 atnmg or old. 58, 66, 67, 58 
 
 Conjunotiona. 12 
 
 olaaaaa of. 73 
 
 V**^^ 79|Mode 
 
 'S8 
 
 Defective verba 53 
 
 Difierent valuea of worda .... 14, 15 
 
 Different kinda of aentencea 1 
 
 Daaoription jjg 
 
 •nodela of. 138 147 
 
 ezerdaea in Ul, 142, 148 
 
 Emphatic verb-phraaea 63 
 
 Exclamatory aentenoaa. 1,2 
 
 Exclamation mark ... 109 
 
 Expoaition .!!.!. 148 
 
 modelaof 150-154 
 
 ezerdaea in 154,165 
 
 Figurative language 115 
 
 Gender. 10 
 
 Oender-Donna igj 18, 20 
 
 Hyphen 
 
 .110 
 
 Impwative mode 4^ 
 
 Indicative mode . . .46 
 
 Infinitivea 47 43 
 
 InterjeoUooa ' u 
 
 pwaing of . . , 3Q 
 
 Interrogation mark ]08 
 
 In*golMitiea of oonjngation . .54, 65 
 '* 28,84 
 
 letters, modela 121 127 
 
 Letter-writing. 118120 
 
 *n 128 
 
 .46 
 
INDEX. 
 
 >S9 
 
 PAon. 
 NouM 4^5 
 
 olMMtof 16,17,18 
 
 olaiuM 97 
 
 P«»ngo' 26,27 
 
 pradicata gs 
 
 Narration 128 
 
 modeliof 129-138 
 
 ezerdaM in. 130,131,134,135, 138 
 Nomlnativei, dilbrant kinda of. . .25 
 Number 20, 21 
 
 Objaot 28 
 
 direct 26 
 
 indirect 26 
 
 ofaprepoaition H, 83 
 
 retained 83 
 
 Objective predicate.. 84 
 
 Obligative ▼erb-phraaea 66 
 
 Order of word*. 89 
 
 ]P*»graph 113 
 
 principlea of 113 
 
 Parte of speech 4.14 
 
 Ptetioiplea 49, 50 
 
 Pkrenthesia no 
 
 P«riod 109 
 
 Penon 28 
 
 Potential Terb-phraaea. 66 
 
 PMicate .'"'.2 
 
 oomplete 44 
 
 incomplete. 44 
 
 Prepositiona. 10, 11 
 
 paraing of 77 
 
 PwjgreMiTe verb-phraaea. 72 
 
 Pronoons. 5,9 
 
 clawes of 27-34 
 
 Pwwngof. 34,36 
 
 il^NMe, varietiea of jj9 
 
 Punctuation 109 
 
 Quotation marka 
 
 .110 
 
 ti 
 <( 
 
 ft 
 
 <t 
 <i 
 It 
 
 Relationa of the noun. 82-84 
 
 pronoun 84, 85 
 
 adjectiT*. 86 
 
 verb 87 
 
 abverb. 88 
 
 RepreeenUtive lubjeet , 94 
 
 Semicolon no 
 
 Sentencea. 1 
 
 ■imple 98.96 
 
 oompound 102-107 
 
 oomjin .101-107 
 
 lo<*« 112 
 
 balanced ng 
 
 periodic 112 
 
 abort and long 112 
 
 emphatic plaoea of. 118 
 
 8tyl« 116,117 
 
 Subjunctiva mode. 49 
 
 8ynt« 82.80 
 
 Uaeofworda m 
 
 Verba 8,9 
 
 daneaof ^48 
 
 tenae of. 00-52 
 
 voice of 44,45 
 
 •node of 45^ 47 
 
 penon of. jq 
 
 number of 52 
 
 conjugation of. 53-58 
 
 of complete predication 43 
 
 of incmnplete predication. . . .44 
 P«"ing of ....73,74 
 
 Verbal nouna ig