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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd A partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ontario ^■. '"'i c^. Premier Province of Canada Review of its Resources in Field Forest and Mine > iJ^/ »f;^> I A \ I) I I PU] n r/r ' '- ONTARI / /? /v.-.' PREMIER PROVINCE OF CANADA — i-' '•■'I DKSCRiPTION OF TIII^ PKOVIXCF- POIJTKWL LNSTITirnONS-NATrRAL KIISOURCES -ATTRACTIONS FOR TOl RIST SPORTSMAN AiNI) SETTLER ■•^- vi' PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRIOULTURB TORONTO, ONTARIO, CANADA TORONTO WARWICK BRO'S & RUTTER 1897 '•,_>V Vv. ■ ♦. •. ^'*X'AVX . SiSSsi a: 01 o X I CONTENTS '% InTH•'. to arous tliis intc Govcnii result b tlie two of gold investmf made to resource! Doniinio for this i that per not only embark, of deveh clear kii ^Jipon the I Whi Sportsuia pajj^es mc will not them ma; importan It is both of ] ^till Onti :^re main fttention 1 1 ON TARIO INTRODUCTORY ^HE recent stiutling discoveries reoar.lir the extent ;.n.l richness of the sold deposits of Britisl, Cohn . a and of Ontario, m hicJi promise ni the near future to i)lace Cana.la in the front ra.ik as a gold prodiicmo- country, have done more than anythincr dse to arouse the interest of the world in that country In cJat BHtaiu «ns mteres has been intensified by the determination of the ranmlian Government to a low the Mother country certain trade privilec.es ho resu beino. a notable strengthening of the bon.l <»f sympathv betw n the two countries, and an awakening of enquiry, not only on the subject of gold mining, Init also as to Canada's possibilities ns a field for \ he Uivestment of capita generally. In this pamphlet an attempt has b en niade to meet his demand and to supply information concernino- th" reources, development .nd capabilities of at least one portion ut to Doininion, namely, the Province of Ontario. It is thought that the ti o for this IS most opportune, for it is undoubtedly of the irtmo.t iinp rt u"ce that persons with money to invest should bobble to satisfy them oh s TmbT^h /••' "''""^'"'"' "^^'^^ enterprises in which they pro ose to embark but, in a young country such as Ontario, as to the p.-obaWl ties rlon l^ *^"T'V^ '"/!' *"^"'"'- ^^ '"•••'^•^' ^t a legitimatec.)nclus 1 a Upon the subject Will be of interest and value ^ While it is to the investor and business man the tourist ■..,.! fl.„ sportsman, ami co such as contemplate locatii.g in i.ta? t l" he c pages more directly appeal, still it is believed Uiat the gene reader Wil not find then, without interest, though his only <.lm^ct in perus n<' them may be o add s.^mewhat to his stoPc of know ledge co ice n n ' P important portion of the British Empire conccining an both V""^ '•'.F.'ettable fact that much misconception exists in the minds S?m n. f ^-^ '''"1" '''n ^'r^'"^'"'« regarding Canada's fair Domi i n ■Still Ontarians realize that the British Em]>ire is vast that its bA, 3= #ve inany sided, and that other countriesSia v!f b't St^ u^ ^S Jttention of the public in the past more than has OntalS '7o\nmy 2 N^;;^^^;;^,:::;^;;-^^ in tins peaceful Provin^^red trated public attention up n Lr N • h ^^' ^ n' ^1'"''' ^''''''' <^o"ee„Snfavoi "'vite thousands to Jut ,slfo "s "'ch .u-n 'h"'' ,''^^^' ^'^' Australi.lx. wh. sole ,H,upment,to s.arch CL't'n^^^ ^^^^'^'J as l,i world,, not hllod the pul.lie eye for t c thne 1 . ''^ '^''' 'T'^- ^»t'"-'« '"'in »'^'^- fortune was to he had fur tht^e kin" T^^^^^^ ns an EI Dora.lo whenbeen .h Cal.tornian gold Helds, with ^ hit fhuTnl ?"''' f ^''*^ Australian a,„then. f, won ,n an hour, where n.en went nad i Z '""f^'l- ' '*'? ^'^''^ '^*' ^^'t'"" It en.lur..d untold privation and h r ship o l^.f '^^^ ^^"'•'' '""^ ''""'Iivdan.! tlu Jiere. Ontario's 'k'Velopn.en h f L ^ ^ V "V"^ '^^^^'» ^'"«ctn wealth, proba]> y, dthouoh co,nplvratiely slow the T'"''^ f velopn.c.t, an, are acq, ccount. Her gold n.inL, now that the'v Z \ '" '''^''^^':^'-''^ <>" tha, th. thn onen.an n.ines," but a leoitinmeinZt;?.-''- "''"''" "P' '"'" '"" ^^■" -< for Its develop.ne.it. just as do lun bp,l ^' ^^""•'"^^ f'«pit t. "plnu du,g of the United S ates in ^'J^-k'/TY ^'"'"'^^^ *" th. mou.y i cannot hold a foot of ground in his ,« i "^ ' * '1 '''"'''' ^ I^^'^'sh citi;ce„ mav be whore h.. has no civil ngl' h Inav "',"'1^'''; V'"'"^''''^ t'"^' 'I^^'^^"«vaal desire t, tlH. pnvilege of e'ly, wdl not soon be for«ottJ Thl t ^^^:^',^''^^" '^''nk« were fallin,, of wars hnancal and industrial c^-cle the ZlT tP'"'""'"" '"^"^ ^'^^ress in the indu ";one.ary and conunercial poli;v of he^ nnl' "f^'^'t^'^ty as to th. # the m •stock an< n.oney markets, the Sural d 131? ^^' J'?, '"""^' "^'^^'■'^ '" the Sue ponty which in the past has "b , n 1 ? "'''^ "^ that unrivalled pr(,s. speedily growth and developnijj.t o? the An San ^.^'"'-^'-^^^ble feature in^ th. develop are tending to make business men look 1 I^fP"blic,-all these thing, dcvelo ,n engage in renun.erative enkZis's ^'^«««'»«re for opportunities to new dist Canada has waited loiuriiwi ri'o^- i.i ^ . and the hestowed upon her. The wqv hU^^^J*^ nX — /"^ ^iti^ennon now bein^ win be ■sl.e has n.t escaped the all ^'Zht^'lt!'' -^^^^^^^^^ in'I»«try, iiow to -.vait.and Onfnr,". .VrV'f.'"^ 'lepression. But she has known Whi results w -w to •,vait,an^d Ontari^'tre fLtes? fT""" • ^"' '^'^^ ^'^ ^nown forward, not as a n.endicant oCrint o th^ Provinces, can now com. -^o.... „ forms a part, but as the pri I'cr go Went of its position i^Ie future ^^^''"^^^'"«"t made in the past, con- ^ewcome Nor does Ontario claim «ffur^+,- e . «ttractivt S:.e i., .,tni Willi,,,, „;nj,:'p»"t "„ re,,"'*"","' »n'»ne„t„,e,elv. JiMi'^K pa.,t. to rest upon ],«■ merits, she is pn- Wck^l an f 3 '"nflfrt"^ Piovin,.,pared I.onestly to Htate her case, knowing that she will not compare «lio, ike Austrah.be where it may. All she asks is mtelli.rent in estio^.t^ m K f ^ t;? rir/'ttVt"'/"'^ T''^' p"'^-''^ "> particuiar,^h^„^^;,:i'-;:^^:;;^ ;1, ' ; in El l\,..ln 1 '^ loin, Jier ac.,ua.ntance with a little mor,- accuracy than has lo,its tales of fo,t„,„ It may l)e asserted as a fact that the general i)ul,lif in fJreat R.-it.,;,. i^oM an,lh„n.h.ed.aiid the United States have scarcely he^rd of (! t ■ o's\ ,^i . .' -a not been enact, wealth, nndevelopc.d it may be, but nevertheless undisT.utedl 'tus w Vo suD.staritial on thai the threshold ot (bscoverv, and wile it cannot li.. ^..iM ... >. f f i ' ."'^^ t^anT r;x" '""'ft' '^''-'^T' i-iust.,- invi^itaii^rlv^iiiw i!;: :::::Ld -rill, for attention lin.itless Extent, where the^iZ^ <^ hj;"^ L; f'me -il m av b mir:' ho has seen Britisl taken to better advanta^^e and with a su ei n-l et f vfln f^^^ >ic i R?^{ '"•*'" ""'""?■ '''"''' f ''""> I^'vhapsinany other o-old'count V in he wor t a ist^. T '^"'•■';S'''' ": '^t'^t-l confid...tly .and wJ court investiVatio^O tbvt thos wh >ar.ls the Transvaal desn'e to invest capital m this industrv will nowTuTe ti ,d •. mo.v f.. < taxes without eve,, able opportunity for doino- so than in Ontario. TI • w H not X' n h« '>^vn tongu.. a uold-bearnic. area of great extent, richness ancfpron isc but ilso a '"le'l to check con country where the iiuhistrv may be nroseeute.l toti e ...v w .U- . profitable invest both econo.nic and politicd. wliere ca .it^l m \^ tcS^ "^ , ^ ^^^ i'^n/dM"^'"^^ i "'? ->'^--lutions,an.l where \he natural cc:,uSi <. ^ w h ,^ ^ many crises in the at unri\alletl pros- >le feature in tlit .-all these thin,; dcvelopment-of-h^^^ni^^^rti:: in^; orcS^'^uld ^h jr^^"^" "^'^^ r onnortunities t new districts thus occasioned, nuisr;ttirte1il"w ' ^^of 'b^Z «id the new market which will be atibrded the farmer for 1 s p"h\ce SLtry''' '•«"'"»«-«tive than the one afforded by the lumbeih'i Lui™m b^^m li^ ^•'"' P?"'«ted wijl be good in itself, the indirect i. of wh.ir;i;:, ^^}fJ^t!^r^SrT^^^ entimentmerelv. W^r^J^li::\^ ^J^^ CtZ alilt^n^S ^ merits, she is pre- nickel and Ontario iron will b^ better knowj WarVf"th?pop^utZ Such advantage^ as these cannot long remain unheederl, but must .■cd.ly attract whatever capital may be re.piired (and it is re ,u red To eve op the iiH ustry outside of what the countrv itself possesses The leveloument of li,>i- min-.u fiw> ,-„« e _ -i i " , ,. ^ ->t-.->ni.i. j.ui. oppoi ention now bein:^ >y any means, and t she has knowii s. can now com sM that seeks its shores in quest of gold. Not only so, but attention will be directed in increasing measure to its forest and agricultural resources, and generally to the opportunities the country offers for the profitable investment of money and labor in various fields of industry. But more than this, the recent interest that has been created in mining in the Province has had the effect of awakening her people anew to the possibilities of the country. Throughout the land there is a general feeling of expectancy. Renewed confidence has been aroused and the impulse has been awakened to go on and make something of Canada. This assurai, i- and confidence in the future is of as much importance as all the gold and silver that may be taken out of the ground. Ah-eady ji revival is beginning to take place in all lines of busine.ss; merchants look forward to the future with as,siu-ance, and everyone feels that a quicken- ing of the dormant energies of the country is about to take place, and that Canada is rising on the wave that will insure its steady growth and success for all time to come. t; TORONTO. ittention will be Itiiral resources, r the profitable ry. been created in ler people ane\\ liere is a genera .roused and the hing of Canada. 1 importance as ud. Already a merchants look that a quicken- take place, an( idy growth and ONTARIO: ITS AREA, PHYSICAL CHARACTER- ISTICS, GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION, AND ITS I RELATION TO THE REST OF THE CON- I TINENT.-GENERAL DESCRIPTION ^ OF THE PROVINCE. EXTKXT OF THE DOMINION. A ivjVrence to tho i.mp of Nortli America will show that the Dominion or I aimdrt ot winch Ontario is u province, comprises the northern half ot that continent, with tho exception of a block of country at the extreme north-west corner called Alaska, wliich belongs to the United States of Aiiienca. Ihis vast territory extends from the Atlantic ocean in the east to the Pacific m the west, its northe'rn limit beinf the Dominion, cognized as the housand S(|uare 5') miles, and a Atlantic states le, Ne.v Hamp- •mbined ; larger id square miles, ih republic, and xtent can never /er its territory, avel by express all the day fol- lowing', fiiK the ni<,Mit followintr and far into the next day, and you still find yourscU wlurliiig ovr territory belonoincj to that province. In area Untaruj alone ih vast enoutjh to become the seat of a nH"<,d»ty empire. (Ieoghaphical Situation'. But ( )ntari() has other advanta^jes besides mere extent of territory Its freooTaphical situation, brinuin^r its southern limits almost to the centre ot the continent, and its remarkable water transportation faeiliti.'s afiorded by the lakes and rivers which bound it on all sides, are points in' its favor that m uiy countries niiiflit envy. Consider the i)ositi(jii of Ontario oirtlie <;reat waters that oix'n to the coniimTce of the woild,-the mighty inland seas, Superior, Hun.n, Erie w. •,•'"■"'' ?"*^'' ^''''"' ''"^^^'^^ ^" ^^"^ ocean, the river St. Lawrence. \\ hile Its northern i).)iiit is a port on James' Bav, its southern point, tiirther south than Boston or Chicago, is washe if=;:' i TORONTJ. y, iind you .still •ovinco. In area hty empiiv. I'lit of torritory. lost to tlu' centre tatioii facilities, les, are points in tliat open to the or, Kuron, Erie r St. Lawrence, southern point, waters of lake ysteni of inland •iven riglit into [Tnion: consider these lakes and I'es of industrial lily and cheaply ing of channels g]\t to the doors ! widening and lis, these same id, after touch- d on their way I limit of lake stance of 2,384 e canals at the is of navigation !i. than p.\sses lat the position ages of a mari- le cheap distri- le fore.st, to the 'ntario broadly st because the , on account of of the two. f 10 n,: SoiJTHEIlN OXTARIO. The settled portion of Ontiirio foniiH the trian^'le or wedjre of country OO.OOO si|uare imleH in extent, wliieli protrude.s Houthwnrd into tlie terri- tory of the Hinted St.ites, as pivviously stated. Southern Ontario con tanis twenty-three nnlhon acn-s of occupied farm lands, and is for the most i)art an a;,'rieultural country of ^r,vat fertilitv. It forms practically an island, washed l.v the waters of two lar^v rivers, the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa, and three of the (Jreat Lakes, Ontario, Erie and Huron, thus pcx-sossinjr opportunitioH for commerce such as few other inland countries eiyoy. Nearly the whole of Ontaiio's pop-ilation of 2,11 4,820 is contained within these boundaries: and the country is for the mo.st part thorough Iv or^ranized and developed in a manner similar to European countries or to tlie a(l.)acent States of the American Republic, having thorough municipal organization, a complete school system, abundant railway communication and adequate postal and telecrruph facilities. To the traveller in southern Ontaiio it will at once be apparent that the country he is passing through is a farming country wliich has already reached a high .state of development. On every hand he will see well cultivated farms, comfortable homesteads and commodious farm buildin will see well farm buildin^^s, the past at any on every hand, I. The scenery aps, but, on the y cannot fail to I to end of the 3W its southern of the twenty- ; country, laid 'istic feature of lining a home- lir of largeness, which might of the vegeta- ape. He must ently designed thriving com- ith feelings of ly agricultural iiing. In this acent States of iting character f the most part unexcelled, if [11] n IS ^«-^ri? ^^'' "^"'f "*' •;'" '■''"' '*^^ I^'^wivMCi. a.,.1 lako Ontario, tho e«WP^/hasanoIuvat...ii of fron 10(; to 200 tV^.t abov tl.c s. a levul *i-owlttk..; ',mtai;ior...rthwar,l (I... IaiK Niai,^ara river, where it -ives rise to the well known Falls of .^lac,am, to Cab,,t8 H«ad, a notab'e pnnnontory on the Oeor-ian Bav Itvel table land, v.hich, trom its j,avatest elevation of about 1,00) feet slops cjradually downward on either hand to the level of lakes Huron' anh Ene, winch bound it. about 575 fc^et above the sea. This iu.P.ons J?;^tnt, s'lb 'V ."'t ""''''■;' ^"'^'l^^y ''''' ^*« ""ti»-e extent, a.Kl con- Iv b..f a? H '"'1 ';">Vi'''"'r^^ a;,a-icultural section, not of Ontario 1 L L . , '" "''"t- "* .^''"'''''^- i '^•■""«''<>"t itH whole area it is nboken by lakes and its nvers are small and unimportant. It is the owtrrih/TH '";'•;•• ^" Pr-vince,aud on this\ccount, and also owin^,' to the iaot that it is almost surrounded and enclo.sed by the Great Lakes, Its climate ,s exceedingly salubrious and more temperate in winter vlTn^lr P • "'• ^" !''' ''X'''^ '^ ^'"^''^ '""'^'' ^ «'^'"« '-elation to the itst ot the Province as the southern and western counties of Encrland lZh.o ""^^''Y^'^'T ^^' ^^'^ Y'^''^' ^"^•''■^- ^^' '»«'^t favorable districts E?nl .IFinf ^''"^ ^"V T V^^ "P^" ^''^'^ ''''^^' t'^^' ^''•^'^test luxuriance. Hops and tobacco are cultivated m so:ne localities, and even cotton has been fjrown successfully. Length. Bread ch. Deph. K'evation, Area in milfg. miles. feet. feet. rfj. milp». 420 170 1,000 dWJ i;i,50i» 320 70 700 570 22,400 280 lOJ 1,000 574 21,000 240 57 200 565 9,000 180 55 600 235 6,400 «.S Jlr LiSSl.''4-:;sl!S'iij;A ss'SnrirJSatsJ " "■•" ""■ •■"• "" ii- JOm ko Ontario, the ■•' the sea lovt'l. snion of tyrmoca cl» it (lij)H (J<»\vii fain to a .soni< - ioka and Parrv rio." ipt clt'vation of »el that tilt' land ra <'H('(irpnit'nt." in a dirt'ct line, known Falls of Gcoi'iifian Bay. lit into a broad, •out 1,00) ft'i't, )f lakes Huron This inii'.onso xtent, and con- not of Ontario hole area it is ant. It is the ount, and also i by the Great )erate in winter relation to the es of Entrland arable di.stricts test luxuriance, 'en cotton has svatioii, Area in feet. sq. milp". GUJ Jl,50y 570 22,400 574 21,000 605 9,000 235 5,400 ete lakes with the 13 NORTHFR.V OnTAKIO. In a country so vast in extent as Ontario, one wo.dd scare..|v evne^^ ro,npl..u. ,,„,fon,,,ty „f ,,in.ate, ,.ro.luetiveness or deve .pn ''tIu Tt ImppeiiM that while .some sections nn> esixTiallv a.lanted „ fl ,.. n c cn,ps and live stock, s„ch as the souther!. ."tL: a '; v' .^ i^ Ul u.!; .so ex.81 , a v«Ht e... .. of territ...y totally dift'eivnt in its d a a' ris cs rE '"'"""'" "' "'"•'' "'■*• '•""""• '' ^''- •"•>"" ""•• tl"^ vs^ u A R.VBR S( KNE : NORTHBBN ONTARIO. pmrnmrnm l.cy were eccuBto.ncd t„ i„ tho soutli, thi.y found TOk and ri vtr h II »ke onevery hand. ,u,d „l,.,»,t »n,..notraMXttTa,>rsJ li wZ i wake of the lu„,b„. industry, but a i..-^..^::!;^^^'^:^^ tt u fertile plains of Manitoba rather than the rouyh aiiM l.roken countrv to which we refer. ThuH it is that even to-day its southerlv limits are onlv sparsely settled, and its towns of any pretension are few in number and widely scattered. In the still nior.." remote regions of the north the country is practically unknown and unexplored, and remains the terra tncof/,iitri of Ontario. We may take the Canadian Pacific Railway extending across the province from east to west as the dividino- line and state that, approximately, the whole of the countrv I vino- between 'that and Hudson Bay is little better known to-day than it was fifty or seventy- hve years ao'o. This northern countryr (sometimes called " New Ontario " from the tact that its actual possession by the province as a part of its territory is a matter that has only recently been set at rest) extends northward Sxnd westward from the older settleospitabIe and worthle^ss n-UIot ^vak •ock. Ihe fact was deplored that it was not a farini J conntrv Hke t ^ rest of Ontario and there can be no doubt that its o bidS J a^snett has s STtSs'tt^ r' ^^--»«p'-'"t. Butls tiiTuafpr JlCrLestTvLltr^b^ demonstrated that it possesses not only £~ ~ -I? oru.:Sld^;;^ir li Itirex^tence^of siF;.r"'^"' "' their extent and value, to say nothing of i^iit existence ot silver, copper and other minerals. ^ ■■t i 16 In addition to its minerals, it has a forest wealth which will if properly husbanded supply the needs of the lumber trade, one of the most important industries in Ontario, for an indeHnitely long period Its forest and mineral wealth constitute this section of country, or at least the bordei-s of it, the seat of the mining and lumbering industries at th.- present time. It is true as just stated that many parts of this northern land are too rough and rocky for tillage, and that it cannot on that account be classi- hed as an agricultural country. Yet there is a minor portion of it aggre- gating millions of acres which is covered with an alluvial soil of great richness and 18 capable of supporting a considerable population. Some ot these sections are as full of promise as any of the older counties 1 his IS especially true of the Rainy river and Whitefish valleys, west of lake buperior, where the soil is wonderfully productive. There are many other areas of equal excellence, as for example the valleys north of lake Huron, the region around lake Temiscamingue on the upper Ottawa river (where six million acres have been surveyed) on the north and west ot lake Nipissmg, the valley of the -Vermillion river and elsewhere Much might be made of these sections agriculturally, for the soil is admirably adapted to the growing of grain, roots and vegetables, while Its rich gTasses and plentiful waters make the country a typical one foi- the production of the finest qualities of beef and mutton, butter and cheese. It must not be supposed therefore that Ontario has yet reached the limits of Its possible agricultural development. This is not the case even m the older sections, and the fertile tracts in the northern districts are as yet but very sparsely settled. These sections are capable of providin-^ profluctive farms for thousands and assume so much importance and value when looked at in conjunction with the mining and lumberin-- industries in a country that is not strictly speaking agricultural, tluU their capabilities will be found more completely described elsewhere. The Hudson Bay Slope. Northward of the Laurentian region in Ontario, and bordering on James Bay and the lower part of the Albany river, the formation of the country belongs to the Silurian and Devonian rock systems, and in that respect resembles southern Ontario, although it is here of even greater extent. This section is of a much lower altitude than the intervening' rocky country ; so that if a line were followed due south from Jam(>"' Bay to lake Ontario, the land would be found to rise gradually from the level ot James' Bay until a maxinuim altitude of 1 600 feet is reached in the Laurentian area, after which the country again slopes gradual I v I southward towards lake Ontario. The region of maximum altitude called the " liuight of land," extends across the northern part of tin ilth which will it" de, one of the most long period. Its ;ountry, or at least g industries at thi^ 'thern land are too [ account be classi- ortion of it aggro - uvial soil of great copulation. Sonio ler counties. 1 his lleys, west of lake There are many leys north of lakV '' le upper Ottawa he north and west ur an force as it were ; .something she has held back all these years lest she should scatter her bounties with a too prodigal hand. It is a store house for the products of the forest and the mine, which, if properly husbanded | may be drawn upon for many years to replenish the coffers of the govern I ment of the province and promote the prosperity of its people. 1 i 1 1 ffl i i .ii 19 [t forms a natui'al 1 of it Howinw into ! south of it, to the Atlantic. y little can be said] ifian and then only -t its mineral, agri- ely tell, nor can its ntly well known. )ntario, — a land of' lenee and solitude ter and the beaver ?■ scattered Indians )ound in the trout ell be considered a be settler have yet 'xploration, except rincipal rivers ami One may travi I ag a single whitr Ontai'io's reserMj hese years lest shos It is a store house- •operly husbanded fers of the govern people. THE QNTARIO CLIMATE. A great deal of misconception exists regarding the climate of r-mn,!., Hie .dea is st 11 very prevalent in Englandlul tlfe U , e TsLt s^^^^^^^ hat snow and ice are us dominant features. It is not to be denied t ha luring the winter season, Canada enjoys real winter ^^Z^i]Jv if \l I : nnxture of rain, sleet slush and fo, b'ut a tas^ of er^p'iost^^^^^^^^^ bf f"°P ^^'a- '^^ "^"^ ^'^'' invigorating atmosphere. Bu^ on thcSer ti hh SeT^ndT";^ Tf^' ""•; -^•'. ^^PP-ently, dwellers onhe 5iiti.sli isles hnd It difhcult to comprehend that a countrv which leis vinters oi some severity may also li!xve summers tl,it av 4^1 n^te a t^nv degress warmer than those enjoyed on the English 8ou Ks ^' S:a^a"vL"tl?'"T" "^"^ '''' backwoods, aiKMr's^uthS jntario, at an;y late, there are tew opportunities of indulmn«t synonymous ofThem and he teol^.J'LlTth'"^^ ^'- ^ --^- in Cana at mS^ If .1*^' ^""^ strength is certainly a most enjoyable season rar more so than the corresponding period of the EngliZ year Th' Kht sunny days and cri.p atmosphere are most exhiliEg.^'''' " fc inToUlfJ waf 'it'^ ''''''' ^'^^^' ^^1^""^-- dierhXfightin^ |v«iy men ot the way. It is no uncommon thing for the weather fn >ip leMed w,th. When winter really seta in, there is usually about twelve I 20 degrees of frost on an average in the day time. Tlie nights are of cour' colder, and occasionally the thennonieter will take a dip to zero or om or two degrees lower for a few days at a time. In March the weathn moderates, bnt it cannot be considered that the \\ inter is safely over tili that month is out. During April and the early part of May there is usually consider- able unsettled, rainy weather, and spring is apt to drag somewhat. It i" the intermediate or early spring season that is the most trying feature of the climate — a time that is neither winter nor spring, but which serves to prolong winter when one wishes it were over, and that the wariji balmy days would come again. But May often sees some very warn, weather, and by the end of that month vegetation is in full leaf. From the time the buds first open the growth is exceedingly rapid. Summn is upon one before you quite realize it, and from then on until the end of September an almost uninterrupted stretch of fine weather may be looked for. Canadian midsummer weather is sure to be pretty warm. It i> usually from seventy-five to eighty degrees in the shade at midday, and occa'^ionally even higher. But of all seasons of the Canadian year, the autumn is perhaps tin most enjoyable as well as the most beautiful. " When *^he frost is on tin pumpkin and the corn is in the shock " — when the trees have taken or their gorgeous autunm coloring (which is such a noteworthy feature ii Canada), and a hazy .stillness pervades meadow, lake and foi-est, thei it is that the Canadian landscape has a charm that only the brush of tin painter can attempt to depict. The following table gives the annual rain and snow fall in Ontarii by districts, the averagi' of fourteen years bein< ig taken iiili, West and southwest . Centre East aad northeast . . North and northwest. Provincial average. . . District. Raiu in. 26.74 24,89 23.10 23.42 24.64 Snow in. 61.64 62.38 81.40 105.19 77.65 lif^hts are of course dip to zero or oiio larch tlie weather ir is safely over tillj s usually consider- g somewhat. It i^ it trying feature of J, but which servis id that the warm s some very wanii in full leaf. Froin ly rapid. Summii on until the end of her may be looked retty warm. It h ide at midday, and imn is perhaps th> *he frost is on th' •ees have taken oi ! worthy feature ii e and forest, thei y the brush of tli' )W fall in Ontaii' I 61.64 ) 62.38 ) 81.40 ! 105.19 77.65 i O u » P3 2: M s as < < 2: O I 22 Table showing for ,,ich month the highest, lowe.st and mean or aver- ISO temperature at ten well distribute.! stations in Ontario n 1896 also the annual mean for each station : ' ^^ Months. C Highest . January...-^ Lowest . ( Mean . . . f Highest . February . < Lowest . (Mean ... ( Highest March < Lowest.. ( Mean . . . April ( Highest . ■< Lowest . , [ Mean . . . /Highest May < Lowest.. I Mean . . . ( Highest . June < Lowest.. I Mean July j Hi jhe^t . . "\ Lowtst . , (.Mean .... ( Highest . August.... < Lowest.. (Mean ... ( Highest September. < Lowest . ( Mean ( Hisrhest . , October . . < Lowest . , ' Mean . . . NT u (Highest.. November . < Lowest . . (Mean ( Highest . . December . < Lowest . . ( Mean Annual mean, 1896.. Average of 15 years. $ 9 tc s OT M 36.0 -14.2 21 14 43.2 -20.7 20.51 49.8 -4.5 20.16 38.0 -4.3 23.65 45.6 -14.7 22.36 58.7 0.8 24.60 a o a I 79.0 84.7 13.1 I 19.6 44.99 50.05 84 9 33.1 56.16 88.9 86. 62.85 83.9 I 86.2 37.1 37.4 62.02 64.25 85.9 43.6 65.83 91.4 42.1 64.87 79.0 28.1 54.95 70 23.1 42.01 64.0 17 1 37.59 50.2 3.6 27.07 43.11 42.03 89.9 43.2 69 80. 93 42.5 67.45 83.7 34 5 58.13 71.0 23.8 44 90 63.7 12 39.70 43.8 -4.0 27. OD 46.23 40.0 -4.0 23.67 47.6 -17.0 23 35 60 5 -4.0 25,34 8(0 18.0 60.32 89.0 37.6 65.22 86.0 38.0 68.89 89.0 42.0 71 82 92.5 68.93 87.0 27 5 59.31 o 88.0 -9.0 21.92 44.6 23.5 23.00 56.0 -2.5 22.77 85.0 15.0 47. 63 O >• a S GO 2 s 73 a 86.2 37.0 61.16 38 -9.0 24.03 52.0 -14 24.84 62.0 2.0 26.61 91.0 20 47.34 93 40.0 61.79 86.2 92.0 39.0 41.0 65.33, 65.92 70.0 23 41.93 64.0 15.5 39.48 51.5 1.0 27. 02 47.35 44.36, 45.55 88 45.0 68.95 91.0 35.0 66.15 86.0 25.0 56.67 I 6S.9 20.0 42.83 63.6 14.4 37. »9 49.4 1 25.52 44.89 44.16.' 46.67 94.0 47.0 71.81 95.0 43.0 71.77 92.0 30 60 94 73.0 2S.0 45,9(1 37.7 -10.3 22.18 48.9 -17 9 22.62 54.9 4 6 23.57 79.7 18.3 45.97 90.8 36.6 59.79 86.3 41.9 64.75 91.3 47 2 68.72 89.9 42.3 67.49 86.3 27.6 57.41 66 8 28.7 44.77 32.9 -21.0 14 34 4t.O ■33.8 16.00 46.6 -5.1 18.25 3 > 70.0 63.8 20.0 I 17.5 43.17 39.45 55.0 48.9 8 1.1 29.90 27.81 47.84 45.36, 44.27! 81,6 10,6 46.01 87,6 36 4 59.25 89 6 38.8 64.06 93.9 44 8 67.72 95.6 38.2 66.92 89.4 23.9 66.42 65.9 24,7 41,67 60.3 9.5 36.59 42.1 -11.5 22.10 42.28 41.32 32.0 36 13.27 45.0 36.0 16.78 46.0 -16.0 17.31 78.2 11.0 44.83 81.0 33.0 58.59 87.0 38.0 61.89 90.0 45.0 67.95 90.0 40.0 66.61 84.0 24,0 55.22 65,0 24.0 42,64 60.0 18.0 36.65 as 3 IP 38.6 -25.0 11.89 43.0 -30.7 12 97 45.0 -9,2 18.69 82.8 13.0 43.81 90.6 37.1 59.15 87.4 42.6 64.08 92.8 48.6 68.94 92.1 41.0 66.99 32.0 -37.0 7.53 42.0 -37.0 10.60 50 -26.0 14.41 83 12.0 43.35 91.0 300 67.46 89.0 87.0 63.65 92.0 45,0 66.40 92.0 42.0 64.92 39.0 13.8 21.61 42.18 40.95 89.0 30.0 66,08 64.0 25.8 43.07 61.0 8.2 34.81 41.0 ■15.0 16.99 41.46 40.88 84.0 26.0 63.80 65.0 24.0 41.50 61.0 -2.0 32.68 40.0 -18.0 16.02 39.34J 37.05; i 23 and mean or aver- ario in 1806; also i a § > IS C9 s .«§ O Q O } 32.0 ) 36.0 U 13.2! 38.6 -25.0 ' 11. 8£ 32.0 -37.0 » 7.53 ) 46.0 S -36.0 » 16.7fi 43.0 -30.7 12 97 42.0 -37.0 1 10.60 > 46.0 -16.0 & 17.31 45.0 -9.2 18.69 50 -26.0 14.41 78.2 11.0 1 44.83 82.8 13.0 43.81 83 12.0 43.35 81.0 33.0 5 58.59 90.6 37.1 59.15 91.0 30 67.46 87.0 38.0 S 6t.89 87.4 42.6 64.08 89.0 87.0 63.65 90.0 45.0 J 67.95 92.8 48.6 68.94 92.0 45.0 66.40 90.0 40.0 ! 66.61 92.1 41.0 66.99 92.0 42.0 64.92 84.0 24.0 66.22 89.0 30.0 66.08 84.0 26.0 63.80 65.0 24.0 42.64 64.0 25.8 43.07 65.0 24.0 41.50 60.0 18.0 36.55 61.0 8.2 34.81 61.0 -2.0 32.68; 39.0 13.8 - 21.61 41.0 16.0 - 16.99 40.0 18.0 s 16.02! 42.18 41.46 39.34} 1 40.95 40.88 37.05; i ONTARIO'S INDTTSTRIAL CENTRES. Toronto. Toronto, the flourishing; capital of Ontario and the .second citv of the ouiinion, is situated on the north .shore of lake Ontario. Jt i.s a city f considerable commercial and indu.strial importance, ha\ in<; exten.sive ron foundries, rolling' mills, railroad and strt'et car building- shoi)s, pork acking establishments, carriage factories, distilleries, and other important Klu.strie.s. The chief shipments are grain, live stock, luinl)er, oils, furni- iire, machinery, farm produce, fruit and fruit trees, flour, pressed bnck, in work, bridge work, .steel and cast iron piping, beer, whiskey, groceries' amts, oils, varnishes, dry goods, etc. Its population is about 200,000. ■i Yon(;b Stkkkt Wharf, Tobonto. Toronto, " the Queen City of the West," as it is sometimes called is recent growth, dating back but little more than a hundred years. In e nnddle of the last century the site was a trackless wilderness, as was e rest of Ontario, the only inhabitants being a powerful tribe of ^dians In 1749, the French Government established a trading post ■here the city now stands, bearing the name Fort Rouille. Not long ter, the country passed into the hands of the British, and little change ems to have taken place during the next half century. In 1793, how- ler, Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe tran.sferred the seat of government •om the town of Niagara, at the mouth of the Niagara river, to this ite being attracted by the advantages of its situation and by its natural "-rbor, capable of meeting the greatest demands of commerce. On land- g, Simcoe pitched his tent near the shore and soon a large body of men ere clearing the forest and cutting roads. He named the city York, and 24 li;:-'. ! superintended tlie d.'velopinent of the infant capital until his ivcall t.J En<,dand in ITDO, After this, the yonnjf city experienced Irouhie.sonir' timeH, and its pioneers were early taut;ht that .security and independener : were only to lie ol.tnine.l after l)itt<"r conHict. The war with the Uniteilj States in 1812, turned all thoujjhts towards defence, and for nearly three years the city was under arms. An era of comparative peace followed,, and the city was a^miji placed on the hi<,diway to prosperity. In 1834, itj was incor])orate(l under the name of Toronto. In ISG7, on the federation' The Drive, Kosedalk Ravine, Toronto. of the various provinces of Canada, Toronto became the capital of tliJ Province of Ontario. This fact gave a great impetus to its commerce, a* did also the completion of the gigantic railway systems of Canada whidi placed the city in communication with the entire length and breadth of the continent. The Canadian Pacific and Grand Trunk Railway Companies operate eight branches of railway radiating to the north, east and west, while tin lake traffic over various lines of steamers is very great. The site of the city is low, although it raises gradually from the water's edge to an elevation of over 100 feet above the lake level. The streets resemble those of the modern cities of the United States, beiiii' laid out on the rectangular plan, and there is an up-to-date appearance- about the whole. In general attractiveness there are few cities on the continent of i America to equal it. It is seen at its best in the summer or autuiniiJ^ [months, •ipal hn li:ive it ! country ye eve iidured One [dunces, s [and tree! I been apt jful parks jcomforta I may trui Not I strip of 1 bay or hi [readily a there in municati (canoes, a lively an 2.5 until luH rcciill tu| MK'i'd h'ouhlcsoiiii and indcpt'iult'tuc ,r with tlu' Uuitcill 1(1 for nearly thrci ve peace followeilj erity. In 1834-, it; , on the t't'deration lie capital of the ) its commerce, ;i< of Canada whidi bh and breadth of^ ompanies operate id west, while tin adually from the ! lake level. The • ited States, bein|! )-date appearance . the continent d] Qmer or autuinnj onths, and all who visit it then admit its charm. All except the prin- cipal Ini.sinfSH Htreets are houlevardfd ajid linerl wit-li .shade trees which _nve it a verdant aspect that one is not accustomed to tind except in k'ountry towns. Green jL,'raas and luxuriant t'olia^^- meet and refresh the Lye everywhere, and render the life of the city dweller a thinj; to be liidured even duriiiif the hottest months of the summer. Thk Rack Colksb, Toronto. One of the chief charms of Toronto is the beauty of its private resi- dences, surrounded as they are in so many instances by lawns, gardens land trees Indeed Toronto is essentially an ideal residential city and has I been aptly termed " a city of homes." A drive through its many beauti- jful parks and its pleasant shady .streets lined with stately residences and Icomfortable homes cannot fail to impress this fact upon the visitor. It Imay truthfully be said that as a city to dwell in Toronto has few equals. I Not least among the city's attractions is the Toronto Island, a narrow I strip of land which extends almo.st across the city front and protects the I bay or harbor from boisterous weather on the lake. The Island forms a (readily available summer resort for Toronto's citizens, a number residing there in summer cottages during that season. There is constant com- mxinication by ferry with the city, and these craft together with yachts, j canoes, and other vessels of all sizes and description give the bay a very •lively and attractive appearance. 26 I'liu' linos of Hti'iuiu'i's connect tlie city with Montreal, Hamilton, St. CatliarincH and Nia^'ara. From Toronto acro-is the lake to Nia^jara, ami tht'iiei- to the Falls, or vvm to Hurtiilo by the Niajjara llivt-r electric roail, ami retnrn, is a deli^rhtfiil outing For a suinmer day, and one that Toronto citizens often avail themselves of. Toronto possesses some tine },'ovi'rinnent, municipal and connnercial huildings, ami is especially noted for the luimber and beauty of its I'hurehts. It has several lar>,'e departmental stores and a wholesale (piar- ter of some importance. It has good telegraph and telephone facilities, and Hfteen chartered banks. Its retail business streets are not so impos ing, so far as the building.s are concerned, but almost all are paved witli asphalt oi- brick. All the streets and principal shops ai'e electric lighted, and there is an especially well equipped electric car service to every part of the city. It is the centre ot a very extensive system of railways formed by the Canadian PaeiHc and the (Jrand Trunk and their various branche.s. Toronto's institutions of learning; make it the educational centre of the provitjce, and to some extent of the Dominion. The University of Toronto is one of standing,' and importance. There are also a number of medical and tlieological colleges, schools of dentistry, a law school, and two colleges of nnisic, a veterinary college, technical schools, etc. The city possesses three theatres and a fine concert hall capable of seating 2,000 ; and has its fair share of dramatic and musical attractions as compared with other cities of its size on the American continent. Hamilton. The handsome and prosperous city of Hamilton, the third city in population in the Dominion of Canada, is very attractively situated on a ; beautiful bay at the extreme western end of lake Ontario, 40 miles by rail southwest of Toronto, and oG miles northwest of Niagara Falls and! the American border. Population 50,000. Hamilton occupies an alluvial plain lying between the bay and tlie escarpment (or " mountain " as it in locally called,)— a continuation of the height over which the Niagara plunges at the P'alls. From this summit a magnificent view may be had. The city lies immediately below, and beyond it the broad blue waters of lake Ontario stretch away to the eastern horizon. The plain is covered in all directions with fine farms and dotted with thriving villages, for the city is the center of a magnificent farming section devoted largely to fruit. The spires of Toronto may l)e dimly discerned on tlui north side | of the lake, forty miles away ; and to the south on a clear day. the mist! from the Falls of Niagara, at about the same distance, may sometimes b( seen. No other Canadian city has won for itself the industrial celebrity I that Hamilton has attained, and it is often called the Birmintrhatn ofl eal, Hamilton, St. e to Niiif^ara, ami ,ra River I'lectric lay, ana'ity of its I wholesale ([uar- ophone facilities are not so inijtos II are paved with e electric lighteil, dee to eveiy part item of railways and their various national centre of 'he University of also a number of a law school, and sols, etc. •t hall capable of usical attractions 1 continent. the third city in ely situated on ,i ;ario, 40 miles by iagara Falls ami jupies an alluvial lountain " as it i.s lich the Niagara new may be had. id blue waters of plain is covered J villages, for the e voted largely to , a the north side' lear day. the mist! lay sometimes le lustrial celebrity 3 Birminfrhani (if I" H ! 28 Canada. The total capital iiive.sted in the manufacturing industries of the city is about $8,00 ),000, and the number of men employed is 14,000 ' It has extensive manufacturing indostries, including woollen and cotton | goo Is, sewing machines, glassware, lioots and shoes, stove and implement works, machinery, water and gas pipes, furniture, saw, and planing millsj rolling mills, bolt and tack works, bi-eweries, etc. It has a number otj fine public buildings, including one of the finest insane asylums in th province, besides numerous well built schools, churches, an opera house! two hospitals and a large public library. Hamilton also has completti water works and sewer systems, both gas and electric lighting, an exeel-l lent elecric railway to all parts of the town ; and by Vjoth rail and watci'l has communication and traffic with all parts of Canada and the Unitcil States. For public and high school education Hamilton holds a foremost place. It is unsurpassed as a residential city, and it contains a great number of beautiful homes. Ottawa. Ottawa, situated on the river Ottawa, 100 miles above Montreal, has! a population of 44,000. This city is the capital of the Dominion Canada and the seat of the Dominion Government. Its situation on thef river is veiy picturesque. It possesses some handsome stone buildin^sj including the Parliament and departmental buildings, a university, co leges, schools, and several tine churches. It has wide regular streets, isl lighted by electric light and gas, has a horse and electric street car servicif and is a modern city in all respects. The Chaudiere Falls which hen- interrupt the navigation of the Ottawa river, aftbrd water power for J host of saw mills and other manufactories. Vast quantities of lumber! are made here from logs floated down from the Ottawa river and its, tributaries. Its chief industries are lumber, machinery, foundries, sawi and planing mills, box, pulp, woollen and other industries. It ships graiiif live stock, manufacture I pulp, and matches. Lumber by the millions off feet is shipped to Great Britain and the United States. I Rideau Hall, the residence of the Governor-General, is two milosi distant. London. The city of London, 7G miles west of Hamilton and 121 from Toronto is the centre of one of the finest agi'icultural districts of the province. Its population is 32,000. Its chief industries are agricultural implements,breM- eries, car shops, chemical works, brick and tile works, and boot and shoe! factories, and it ships grain, live stock and farm produce, besides tlitL articles above named. The city is well laid out and contains some fi!« churches and public buildings. H L ly "'•t^ HAMILTON. uriiig industries ni^ 'luployed is 14,000 woollen and cotton ave and inipleniem , and planing mills. b has a number of me asylums in tin es, an opera house, L also has eomplet lighting", an excel- Dth rail and water la and the Unitt( u holds a foremost it contains a jjfre.it bove Montreal, hiis the Dominion o ts situation on the le stone Ijuildinys, :j, a university, col- regular streets, is c street car service Falls which here water power iov a lantities of lumber iwa river and its iry, foundries, saw! es. It ships grain, by the millions ofl leral, is two miles! 121 from Toronto, the province. Its] implements, brew and boot and shoe] oduce, besides th contains some fititB so .J a 2; o >.« So o X a) as O I* : n I [29] 1 1 fl: i.: i! ir ■ i l.:!-i If' : ■ 1 1 If 1 30 Kingston. Kingston is situated on the river St. Lawrence, 172 miles west of Montreal, and about half way between that city and Toronto. Its popu- lation is nearly 20,000. Chief industries : locomotives, car and steam engine shops, quarries, agricultural implements, cotton and hosierj, j pianos, organs, chemicals, etc. It has an English and a Roman Catholic 1 cathedral, and two important colleges,— the Royal Military College and Queen's University, also an observatory, museum and library. BlUNTFOHD. Brantford is a flourishing little city of 15,000 inhabitants, situate( on the Grand river, a)Kl in connnunication with lake Erie through a twi and one-half mile canal, to a point where the river becomes navTyable h. the lake. It is on a branch line of the Grand Trunk system. It contains j workshops of the Grand Trunk Railway, and is a manufacturing town of some importance in the line of agricultural implements, stoves, wao-ons| and bicycles. It is noted for its excellent schools, and also as the plac^' \yhere Professor Bell invented the telephone and operated his first trial line. It has an excellent electric car service, and a fine park and summer resort on the river. [ Among other places of importance may be mentioned Brockville, Chatham, Gait, Guelph, Peterborough, St. Catharines, St. Thomas, Sarnia.f Stratford, Windsor and Woodstock. Altogether there are 22 cities, Ol] towns and 2,500 villages in the province. Attractive Residential Towns. Many of the smaller towns of Ontario are particularly beautiful j and attractive, and form desirable places of residence to those who prefer I the repose and healthfulness of country life. As places of resort durint; the summer months, some of the towns on lake Ontario and lake Erie' are deservedly popular, and attract many visitors from the United States,! especially those who desire to exchange the heat of a southern summer for the cool breezes of the Canadian lakes. Notable among these may be mentioned Cobourg, Port Hope, Niagara Falls South, Belleville, on the beautiful Bay of Quints, the old town of Niagara, at the mouth of the Niagara river, right across the lake from Toronto, St. Catharines, and various others. In many such towns property is unusually cheap at the present time, and comfortable residences with ample grounds may often be purchased at a very low figure. Living, too, is inexpensive. IT^^'SrSJ^-HT-liiT?!--,- HAMILTON. 72 mile.s west of jronto. Its popu- 1 !8, car and steam I ton and hosier}-, a Roman Catholic \ litary College and j brary. abitants, situate( fie throuo'h a tw onies navigable 5teni, It contai nufactiiring town its, stoves, wagons also as the placL' ated his first trial ^ , park and summer 1 1 tioned Brockville, :. Thomas, Sarnia, ^ , B are 22 cities, 91™-' icularly beautiful those who prefer s of resort durinu; trio and lake Erie I he United States, | thern summer for I ig these may be Belleville, on the le mouth of the :. Catharines, and tally cheap at thej rounds may often j ensive. M i < o a c BS O 5 i 3-2 :^■■■• HOW ONTARIO IS GOVERNED. The Dominion of Canada is a self-governing dependency of tlifl British Empire, in which the Queen is represented by a Governor- Generalj appointed by the Imperial authorities. The principles of parliamentanj government are those of Great Britain. The central government of the confederated provinces of thj Dominion of Canada meets annually at the city of Ottawa, and is coiiil posed of a Senate and a House of Common^. The House of Commoii!! consists of 213 members elected from the various provinces by popula^ vote, of which number Ontario contributes ninety two. The Dominioiii Government has the control of matters of a general or national character! such as trade and commerce, postal service, militia and defence, public! works, fisherie", patents, copyrights,quarantine, customs, excise and financi' The revenue of the Dominion is derived chiefly from customs duties oti goods imported horn other countries by vnerchants — a form of indirect! taxation, as the peop'e in the end, who are consumers of such goods, puyj these duties to a greater or less extent. The only direct taxes on citizeii| ot the Dominion are those levied for municipal purposes. The Provincial Legislature. In addition to the central government of the whole Dominion, eacli of the provinces has its local legislature, for the control of matters oil provincial or local importance. In Ontario the executive power consist| of a Lieutenant-Governor, appointed for five years by the Governoij General of the Dominion in Council, and aided by an executive council ol eight members, who have seats in the Legislature, and are responsible to thJ popular house in accordance with the principles of English pai'liamentan government. The executive coimcil of Ontario is composed as follows : Attorney-General (Premier), Secretary and Registrar. Treasurer. Commissioner of Crown Lands. Commissioner of Public Works. Minister of Agriculture. Minister of Education. Minister without portfolio. In Ontario there is only one House, an elected assembly, consisting of ninety-four members, Every citizen who is a British subject and tins full age of twenty- one years has the right to vote for members of th« ■m- HAMILTON. dependency of the a Governor-General s of parlianientarvj [ provinces of th ttawa, and is com louse of Common evinces by popula 'o. The Dominic nii • national character, md defence, public i, excise and finance rom customs dutie; —a form of indirect! of such goods, pay set taxes on citizen ies. Die Dominion, eae itrol of matters oi ive power consist'] by the GoveriKu xecutive council o! ■e responsible to tli ylish parliamentan posed as follows : ssembly, consistin gh subject and th )r members of th F fi [33] Pflfil; \:i-r'\ ! i it 94 Assoinbly. Tlio duration of tlie Asseniljly is four years, .unless Hooue diHsohed. Sti^sion.s are uiuiual. McMiibers rocjuiro no property qualiticfn tion, and are paid a He.ssioiial indemnity. The subjects that fall within the lecrislative authority of the proviii cialjijovernnient are very numerous and affect immediately every mail woman and child in the province. Comfortand convenience, liberty and lil| all the ri, London, Kingston for idiots fit Orillia formatory for boji dumb at Bellevillj torv for women aiil t S220,000 is speiij for the care and pio iditures of the Pro 72 80 54 79 62 93 30 16 72 78 ^3 40 86 li'ii.i I Receipts. — Continueil. Sale of Animitie,H 177,7;}0 70 Education Dopartnicnt, Rovonuo .... 09,522 ?)4 Law stamps r)3,,5()6 82 Drainao;e DebeiiturL's 50,5 1 1 33 Various other sourcos of revenue .... 14>S,:i(J8 80 S3,4!)0,()7l Exfenditiirffi. Civil (lovernnient !S2.iO,032 05 Leoislation 141 ,754 1 7 Aduiiuistratiou of Justice 441,055 07 Education 702,457 01 Public Institutions Maiiitei;anc»! ... 7S)5,o()7 ()2 Tmniioration 7,2(i« 47 AKneulture 102,OH 9.S Hospitals and Chaiities 194,015 64 Repairs and Maintenance 75, '.'27 47 Public Bnildinn.s 208,874 0') Public Works ' 88,077 06 Colonisation Roads 102,7 19 24 Char9G, whereas in Br.uit county it was $4.28, and in WentworUi onll J?8.-.'5. ' tS^EE WIT of all couiuilj )y statute. AiiionJ 111 c'ouncilH are tli )l niaiiitcnunci', ;;)i| of meat and inill| bjects iiiiniediati is as a rule vtii illington. which if ra^e in all respectJ erl for all irnqxisil S+.19 per head loi 1 was ()L'8,121,niii| property, persoiiiii 4-, or based on tlij the owner of I Oil n,) would pay oiilJ it is renienil);ML'l t taxes, there beiiiJ I (that is town a ml nore, i.e., S4 6S pel e amount is hirjlitf tnce, it was nniclj county beintf $i).']l II Wentworth onli Two CoBOURO Rksidbncks. 40 EDUCATION IN ONTARIO. tlio Th(* Ontario syHtt'iii of t'lluciitioii CDiiiUiiu's the })ust. ft'iitures Sclu)ol at si X.I at the II ge of flinitted to tin.' ur or five years! )1 enables hiiu 1 1 the UniverNity 1 four years ami ree. Ontario is praeti-l ice is compulsoivl ^ national instead class or sect is| ;hest distinctions iy are most fic- r the sons — amii t' working nun. er own efforts -t he | tein is the recoij hrough the saimj special needs otl t along the liius Government witli and is a membi'i| 1 female, in thti is about 500,000 which are siil actions. In tlui [ ^ [41] I (!• 42 I II centre of eacli school section there ifs a puhHc schoc^l, which is presi-lVd over by a boar I ot trustees electe.l by the ratepayers of tlie section. In the well established portions of the Province these school houses are never nior. than three nnles apart, so that a child rarely has to travel Upi'Eu Canada College, Toronto. more than a mile or a mile and a half to school, even in country districts There are about 5,400 public schools in Ontario with 8,000 teachers In in towns and cities the number is in accordance with the requirements, from 1 f body of the people must be the " bread-winners," and from necessity never reach the High School, the course of study in the tftree "«'*'' ^''"^^'- ^^ ^ ^^^'/'^'^ Ejects of the most practical charactei thiee R s receiving special prominence. a RomaTrnnlr'"''"-'''^! ^"^^"^^ is generally Protestant, there is still chmph^W. K ^"''"T^^'- }'' ^"^"^' *« '"^«* the demands of this the sinir ^^.''^^'"'f r''"^' '""^^ "{l!^^'^"^ instruction, what is known as the Separate bchoo has been established, to which persons of that reli- fhooJs i?: T^ ''"" '''"^^"" '^ ^'"^ '"^ ^^^^^-^^ ThS-e are 250 separ^L scnools in tlie province. '■ High Schooh. After going throjgh the course of instruction in the Public School SiJh School" V "" f ^""^""^ .r)^Tartment, the pupil is read; For the i^ftu«ons Tho7f \?' '''"'^^^ V^' ""P«^'t*"'«« l^'^« one of these JcltoWi fl. VP v"" ^'^1:, ^^""'^^ting link between the common schoo.sand the University, as the course of study culminates where that l„l!/. f' '^^.'P'^'^"'*^"* ^'^^ «^'"'^' ^« the Public Schools IJeino- Situated a. stated, m every centre of population, a bright child no matter how poor, may take advantage of the n.e ,ns thu^ afi'orde d S 4?} After a tlioroush training of t>voor three years in the Hit'li Sehcls n.ost pupilH are prepared for university niatriiulation. Tl"/y are tl e^^^^ -vady to take up con.mercial pursuits, enter tlie teaching profe L or complete their education with a university course. P^oression, oi l'':i f Univhksity of Toronto. Universities. There are several good Universities in Ontario, the principal l.eino- heUniversiyot Toronto, a liberally endowed and well Luipn S ut.on, and the head of the educational .system of the Pr™e This mversity was founded in 1827. It has an endowment of over a niil ion 1 :boutl275 "Taf ''■ ^'"'T- ''' •^^"^^'^^■'^' '-^1^ -^ WlJnunT rpu ' ' • ^^ ^^^^ ^^ undenonnnational. Mtv areTf hWl ^^'''"" ""!'" P'.-?''>° '^^^'^"^ ^ denominational univer- .ilushoT vi7- ^'^^ff ^^^-^1 /".«t^tutions of the kind which have been tarnished, VIZ : Ottawa University Roman Catholic) Queen's Uni- "^^ sity (Episcopalian), Victoria University (Methodist) now 1-lerated with Toronto, and McMaster University (Baptist^ A number of .schools and colleges are affiliated w th the Provincial I mversity, including the Ontario Agricultural College School of P ctl cal Science, two Medical and a Dental college, and two colleges of Mus^c etc. 44 1 i' In addition to the aliove, a number of private and endowed schools and colleges are to 'oe found throughout the Province for the students of both sexes, some of which are of a denominational character. Among these the Upper Canads College is well known. Also a School of Tech- nology and a School of Art and Design, located in Toronto ; two Schools of Mining and three Schools of Dairying. The Teaching Staff. Ontario teachers have to qualify for their work under examination by the Education Department, and are graded according to the cei'tificate obtained. They receive their training in the Moilol and Normal Schools of the Province. Every county has a Motlel School for the training of teachers. This is simply the largest and liest equipped public school in tlie comity set apart for the purpose. There a young teacher must acquaint himself with the inetliods of teaching employed, and also demonstrate his own teaching ability. When he has taken the prescribed course, he receives a third-class certificate, which entitles him to teach in the lower grade of schools for a period of three years. After that, in order to continue teaching, he must pass the University matriculation examination, and take a course in one of the Provincial Normal Schools located in the larger cities. In addition to tliis a head or assistant master in a High School must have a df ;ree in Arts, take a course in the Ontario Normal College, and have a record as a successful teacher. Government Inspection. Each county of the Province has its School Inspector, himself a cer- tificate holder of the highest rank, who regularly inspects the schools, presides at examinations, etc. Normal School Toronto. (lowed schools he students of leter. Amonji liliool of Tech- » ; two Schools i- examination the certificate orinal Schools le training of iblic school in teacher must y'ed, and also tlie prescribed im to teach in After that, in matriculation ornial Schools I or assistant I course in the teacher. himself a cer- is the schools, [46] l^ ii fill 4() ATTRACTIONS FOR THE TOURIST ONTARIO. AND SPORTSMAN IN T(. till' toiirst and sportsiiiun Ontario can oft'er boauty and novelty of scM'm'iy, and an alnnulanct" of sport of all kinds. Numbers of Anjerieans visit ( )ntario dnrin^i' tlie summer months, but its attraetions are not as well known to the British tourist and sportsman as they deserve to lir Th.re i.s no more beautiful .scenery on the continent -ara and the sea. and for orandeur of lake .scener\ the north shore of lalve Superior is inisurpa.ssed, while the world offeis notluno- more (h'liohtful and unique than a trip throuoh the thirtv thou.sand islands of the (Jeoro-ian Bay, the northern arm of lake Huron To these attractions may be added the beautiful Ottawa river, the majestic Nepioou, „n the north shore of lake Superior, said to be the tinest trout stream in th(> world- the far famed Lake of the Woods, and the Muskoka lakes; not to mention the thousands of lakes and rivers of the wilds of northern Ontario, even the names of which ate unfamiliar where the forests abound with game and the waters teem with all kinds or h.sli. Ldke Ontario, (he St. Laivrence avd Ottauxi Rivers. (hie of the favorite routes for tourists in Ontario is to start at Nia^i-ara Falls, the beauties of which are too widely known to need description, and after viewino- the Falls and the river between them and ake Ontario, an attraction second only to the falls themselves, to cross lake Ontario, a distance of thirty-five miles, bv one of the fine steamers that make the trip to Toronto, the capital of the province, where thr traveller will be v/ell repaid for a few days' visit. From Toronto the route usually pursued is by steamer along thr north shore of lake Ontario, passino^ Port Hope, Trenton, Belleville, Pictou and Kingston by the way. Just below Kingston lake Ontari.. contracts into the funnel shaped head of the St. Lawrence river, enclosing, the iamous archipelago of the Thousand Islands. These lie scattere'ri along the broad channel of the river for a distance of some fifty miles They number in all about 1,700, varying in size, shape and appearanc^ from a small lump of barren rock projecting from the surface of thr river, to large fertile areas of land crowned with richest foliage and loft< trees The boundary line between Canada and the United States passes along the middle of tlie river among the islands, which belong partly to one country and partly to the other, and the vessel touches alternately on the Canadian and the American side. Taken as a whole the scenery of the Th.ousand Tsland.s, the advan- tages they afford tor boating, fishing and camping, and the purity of thr 0RT8MAN L\ by and novelty of ers of Americans 'tions are not as 'y deserve to br. Lmevica than that !• of lake scenery, tlie world offei's mfr]i the thirty of lake Huron, itawa river, tlu' , said to be tlic ' the Woods, anil :es and rivers of I ai;e unfamiliar, n Avith all kinds ivers. o is to start at known to need tween them and nselves, to cross lie fine steamers ance, where the lamer along thr nton, Belleville, )n lake Ontario river, enclosing se lie scattered )nie tifty miles, and appearance surface of the oliage and loft; id States passes >elong partly to dies alternately nd,s, the ad van - e purity of thi^ Wm Shadow River, Muskoka. Eala Fjlls— Lake Muskoka. U7J M i! 48 air, contribute to make the rei;'ion the most unique pt'rliap.s of Canada lift ween' the islaini elifinnelH wander id fVt'ry iliret'tion, H()\n\ contracted.witli swifti i'oamiiiif cur rents! otliers deep and sIukI. <)\\ y, t'orniiti<,' favoritJ liaunts for great blacli Jnige maskil atoga of the 8t. Lawrence," liass an( noiiu'e. The steamer (ri tlirough tlie^e island lasts for several houi always in daylii;hi and its variety views and pictures(|iii fffects has made i famous. i many the largtr i s 1 aiK handsome sunnii. ri'sidonces have liei hiiilt, and at diffeicK points tine hotels havj lieen erected for tl ;; "ommodation o visitoi-s. Nearly the oTcat hotels an the most imposi residences are up the AmevicHn side, 1) to the Canadian t longs the most beaut ful scenery as well the best fishing ai the most desirabll sites for camp or coi tagv, and tirst-cla hotel accommodati may be had at (} anoipie, Brockvil and Prescott. Ale: ndj-ia Bay, the " Si is one of the mrst popular wate prrliaps of Canada' Icnsure fjroi.inil M'twct'ii the i.slaiK liMiiiicls wander vrry direction, .sdiii DMtmeted.with swifi )aniin(f currents tilers deep and .sluii \vy, t'orniine Amevicunside, 1) ) the Canadian )nos the most beauti d sceneiy as well le best fishing le most desirabli tcH for camp or col ige, and tirst-cla ;)tel accommodati ay be had at (} iO(jue, Brockvi id Prescott. Ale: idria Bay, the " S est popular wate Chaudikhk Falls, Ottawa [49] 50 ing places in America, and ainoiii; its cottajjo owners and reoiikin frequenters are many distintjnislied people who are attracted by tlid natural beauty of tlie rei^ion, its wholesome atmosphere, pleasant socirt\i and excellent fishing. The adjacent islands are dcjtted with cottages in all sort of picturesque siutoiuk lings, some showing from among the tic perched on rocky bluff's, others snugly placed on low-lying islands iind nestling in beautiful coves. Another plea.sant trip in this district is between Kingston andi Ottawa by the Rideau lakes. These lakes are favorite resorts of fislicr-j men, canoeing and camping parties and for beauty of scenery are inisurl passed. The Angler's Club House at Long Island, is a most delight t'uj spot. After passing the city of Brockville and the town of Prescott, tli«| vessel enters the first of a long series of Rapids of the St. Lawreiicft They are Les Gallopes, Rapide du Plat and the Long Sault, representing a continuous descent of nine miles. A canal eleven miles long, witS seven locks, permits the passage of the steamer on the upward trip There are four .similar canals at other points. The "shooting of thJ rapids," as the descent by boat is called, is a novel and exciting epLsodJ of this trip. Like the first experience of the arrowy rush of the tobogganj running the rapids produces a sensation that must be felt to be undeiT stood. Though apparently dangerous, the passage is in reality quitJ safe, but the suggestion of peril adds zest to the undertaking. Ahead oj the vessel extends a glistening sheet of churning, foairing breakers, inti which the vessel daslies. With steam shut off it is carried along at speed of twenty miles an hour, lurching and tossing the while throuo;l| the white crested waves as though in an angry sea. Tlien follow th Coteau, the Cedars, Split Rock and Cascade rapids, and after a tw^elvj mile stretch of quiet water, comes the far famed Lachine, the last anj gi-eatest of them all. It is to St. Anne just below the Lachine rapids that Moore refers iij his beautiful " Canadian Boat Song : " " Faintly as tolls ho evening chime Our voices keeji tune and our oars keep time. Soon as the W' )ds on shore look dim, We'll sing at bt. Anne's our parting hymn. Row, brothers, row, the stream runs fast, The Rapids are near and the dayliglit's past. Why should we yet our sail unfurl ? There is not a breath the blue wave to curl. But, when the wind blows off the shore, Oh ! sweetly we'll rest our weary oar. Blow, breezes, blow, the stream runs fast, The Rapids are near and the daylight's past. eeii KingHton find be resorts of fisliii-i scenery are uiisni| 3 a most delightful m of Prescott, thej the St. Lawrence Sault, representing 1 miles long, vitt the upward tii{ ! "shooting of th«| nd exciting episode] ish of the toboggan e felt to be uni ^'■hJvi: &. ^ . -■•i*',* "Echo Kocks,' Lake Joskpu, Mubkoka. %^^ 1» P'*'*#-t£ m. iG»^^ ^w* W^M s ■^ 1J^^ ^:si^- m i; ,.J Ontario Sdmmkr Resorts: Scenes on the Muskoka Lakes. [61] m -I UUwHs' tido I this tiorab ing nioun Shall aeo us Hoat over thy surj^eB soon. Saint of tliis gruen islu I hear our pmyera, Oh, grant us cool lieavuna and favouring airs. Blow, l>rt!e/.es, blow, tlu; stream ruiis fast, Tlie Kai)ids are near and the daylight's i)ast. After the passajfe of the rapids is made the city of Montreal is mJ reached, wliich at the present time is the head of ocean navigation, is interesting to note in this connection tliat from Port Arthur on tlJ western side; of lake Superior tiiere is a continuous stretch of \v,it*| connnunication which, with the aid of canals and locks to overcome tlij ^-- ay l)e niaik' up tli )n'ario an niairniti'Ti rlookintjf the ri\i ., arc all ('Xtrcinti about the capital way clown the S i'rovincu of Qudiiii ', stoppin- Fronch-Canadiii! ai'gely by Toroiit one hundred niik- has an altitude oi and contain,s soiin akes are tilled \\ it! } widely and justN ling brook and laki g is good, and deei seph, the largest ii and Cottages. Th iealthfulne.ss of tin yjA ••miV Jt^ :*,-«r-^'^:^#;ir-* Poet Sandfikld, Muskoka-A Popdlab Lake Remoet. Poet Sandfield Hunt Clcb. 153J % 54 bracinij, pjru. In.Jen breezes Iihm made them faniouH m a rcHort. Muni loronou people own their iHlan.l and cottage in MuHkoka. where tluj fiend their tamilies to enjoy the heneHts of an unconventional outd.nr lite (lurii ; tlie summer months, and for children and younir peoole il certauily an ideal spot. *" * ^ The Mamhi of the Georgian Bay. . , V"^^^/,*'^^ »'««^ beautiful trips that Ontario affords is through tJ islands of the Georgian bay. It is estimated that there are about thirlv thonsjind islands in this immense arm of lake Huron Very few of tlies. have yet Ijeon appropriated by summer visitoiM, and they atill retail! their original wild picturesqueness. In general character they are similal to those of the St. Lawrence river and the Muskoka lakes, bu of con J Ibvnni'.^f, •"'''■% "'''^''''''"t- '^^''^ *^'"«'^^" '^^ "" *'^"'' •»«• five days' trip thiough this archipelago, by one of the steamei-s that regularly t raver* them, must be experienced to be appreciated. In autumn, when th(j toliage 18 changing color, the sight is particularly beautiful. The Great Lake Route. , • '^''APPPf^ Lakes inay be reached by the splendid Clyde built stenin lZf.^l^ ^""T^"" ^'^^ "' ^''^''''^' «'"barki'ng either li Owen Soun!l omu L ft n f' '•." tI" "^^'-^""^y f the Georgian Bay. or at Windsor aon S.1 n r^" TT,r ^^'«««ll.«t 2,000 t.,ns burden, with elegantlv appointed ami comfortaWe -.pper cabin staterooms, illuminated throu^rlj, out by electric light. The route lies through lake Huron, past Gm,t Maiutoulm and other islands to St. Mary's river, by which the overfly! tromlake Superior is conducted into the lower lakes. At the rapid. which occur at this point, named Sault Ste. Marie by the FrJuch r3f!l""' wT^t'""*'^ ''""f.""''' ^S^' '"magnificent locks Imve been con structed on both the Canadian and American sides, by means of which steamers are lifted to the level of lake Superior. To give an idea of tl, importance of these canals it will only be necessary to say that a greate Sif than '"""T '' ^""tKl^ t''''^^' *^^"^ ^"""g theiason of mv ff Saul X^M ■ "'T^.t ^-.^ ^""/ f^"^^ '"^ ^^ entire year. The tow. ot Sault Ste. Mane on both sides of the river, have grown up at this point where three great railways now converge, and they are rapidly becomn sTMaHp''""-."-""^ T'r """^ P^P"^^^ summefresorts^ /unZg Ih^ by vSrs. '" *"' '*'"°' '' ^"^ ^^- '^'"^ adventure, indulged i«l courseXifil^*"^^ Ste Marie for Fort William, the steamships take tl.ei course directly across the widest part of lake Superior- which is far more like the sea than a fresh water lake-and in le?s than twenty hou' come within sight of the rocky bluff of Isle Roy.al., and the t^emendS < a resort. Muni koka, wfien* tlui ivt'iitional outd'KiJ ■ouiig people it •ds 18 through thJ are about thiitjf Very few of tliesi tJiey still retaiJ r they nve Himilatj icH, buv of cour* )r five days' tr "e^larly travi itumn, when th^ ^Byt- x .v^n r ■■"^mm^^mA^iJf^ >«v ■ ^h i j Hyde built steniii| 42«r^' "~ f£s^B^\.w^- ''b^ '■'^^^V^i^^ hB t ' at Owen Sou ml /, or at Windsorl n, with elegaiitlJ ninated throujili-l uron, past Gri lich the overflo\1 _^^ _-«-^_ :^^_i^- At the rapidsl ' 'r:'9ftilMMHflM|ir '~A\^IB^ ^%K '^^Sr'-" ^ by the Frencbi have been eoii-l means of wJiich ie an idea of tliej ly that a grefiter] i season of navi ear. The tovvnsl 1 up at this point apidly beconiin»| ;s. Running the ture, indulged it nships take tliein >r — which is fan lan twenty hoursj the tremendc [66] 66 })nrple promontory of Thunder Capo-" The Giiuit Asleep." This turret. .1 headland shelt.-rs the hirj^e indentation of Thunder Bay and affords a grand harbor whicli has been taken advantaj,^' of to form the principal ports upon the north shore of the lake- Port Arthur and Fort William Her. the tourist will liml good hotel accommodation, and if he cares to stoi. over he can go by rail to Nepigon, 65 miles east, and adjacent trout rivers-to which fishing resorts this lake-tour forms an excellent means ot aecesH. Irom Port Arthur and Fort William the Port Arthur, Duluth ii Western Railway trains run to Stanley Park, 14 miles distant, from which It IS a delightful drive of four miles to Kakabeka falls, which aiv nearly as high as those of Niagara, and the surrounding scenery is wiM and pictures<|ue. Several steamei-s each week run between Fort William and Port Arthur and Duluth. Fish and Game. Nowliere in the world may the angler secure iiner sport than in th.' ..anadian lakes and rivers. For fine angling and big returns, aa a usual tiling the St. Lawrence river and lake Ontario are superb. The bass fish- uig ot the Niagara river below the Falls is excellent. Fine maskinonuv and bass h.shing may be had within easy reach of Belleville in the beauFi- tul Bay ot Quinte ; also throughout the Rideau chain of lakes, the Trent valley system of waters, of which Peterboro' is the central point. Peter- boro IS one ot the best large towns in Canada, and an excellent point trom wiiicli to start upon a canoe voyage, or a jaunt into the woods. The Utonabee river, a rapid and pretty stream, runs through the town and iurnishes power for many busy mills. From this point famous shootinr and hshing may readily be reached, the Trent vailey containing some of the best black bass and maskinonge fishing in the country. Lake Simcoe and the Severn river also afford tine fi,shing, and there are a number of good trout ponds within easy reach of Toronto. Two of the most exclusive aristocratic sporting organizations in the country are located at Long Point and Pelee Island in lake Erie the tormer devoted chieHy to game and the latter to fish. Besides these numeroiis other sporting organizations exi.t in various parts of the pro- vince The Pelee Island club is limited to twenty-five members, and th. •club house and its appointmentH are th^ finest that money can produce The membership consists of wealthy Americans, and shares are rjuoted at S;?! 1 li^T'"' '*'''' ^'^'^^^^''^ probably none could be purcliased for double that sum. ^ cv«vh^^l, ^^? f P°'^;""'", '"^"^^ ''-^Pl^i-ei- ^vho loves to see nature in her primeval w1 1 ;.p! in '"' f't'i '"^'\ streams of the great northland of Ontario the deer L1l^''l ^'''f ''' T^ ^f ^ ^'^^ ^'^^^""« '»«««« ^^"^^ <^^'-iboo, the deer and the bear, and may fish lakes and rivers that have never been 57 iisli.-y the great railways of Canada, the Canadian Pacific and the Grand IVunk, and also from Baedeker's Canadian guide book. t'M I Ontario's Noutkland : Rivkb Scene. It Residential Strekts in St. Uathauinks [60] 61 CANADIAN CURRENCY. £. s. (1. 1 ^ c. 1 0... 2 4 24 10 0.. .' •>7 1 0. 2.f4 10 4..S7 ' 48.70 View on the Ridead La KES. ^».000 divided by five mate about 1 1" W ''"""" '^ "™ ^ ''"■ '"»'*»- i ^1 i 62 RAILWAY AND WATKll CJOMMUNICATION FACILITiI->'. Ontario has 7,000 milos of steam railways. In this n-jrarcl tlu' south., n portion of tlio l^nnir-re is i>articularlv woll suppicl bnncr cover..! will, •i network of lines. These in onneetion with the lake, riy-r an.* caii.il navi.ration systems atf. ml excptional facilitie.'^ for ii.ternal conn;unma- tion Very "few farmers \n the settle.l portion of Onl in: are m.m- Hiau four miles from a railway station. ^ ^i /i , The principal lailwav systems are the Grrtn.l Trunk ;...:■. tlie Cana- dian Pacitictvvo splen.li.lly equipped roa.ls with fine road be EG < < as O u 33 o C4 ! I ease of coiiHtruction are among the forenuxst advantages of electric traiisj portation. The use of tlie public highway saves the otherwise htavr outlay for right-of-way, and its grade can for the most part be conforiiiiiii to. The track and road beil, even with rails heavy enough for standfirl freight cars, can be laid for little more than the cost per mile of a first- class macadamized roadAvay. About $10,000 per mile for road built aiifi| equipped is usually sufficient to cover the actual investinent. The number of electric railways both city and suburban in operjitioj in Ontario is twenty-four. The total mileage covered is close upon I'onJ hundred miles. The number of motor cars eipiipped and in service about four hundred and eighty : the total aggregate hor.se powei' oti motors used to propel the same being over thirty-thousand horse-powiij Tlu' actual capital investment represented by these electric raihvav>| built and equipped, is over ten millions of dollars. Of the above, tliJ street railways in the lar^e cities of Toronto, Hamilton, London amll Ottawa, represent neaily one-half the mileage and seven-tenths of tlu ca])italization. The remiiining two hundred miles of track and thm million dollars capital invested is made up mainly of light and subm'banl eleetric )'ailways. Amoiig tlie suburlian I'oads maj'ln' mentioned the Hamilton, Orimsbv) and BeaTHsville electric railway, running eastward from the city of Hainiif ton, through the fruit district, for a distance of twenty-three miles, to it| pi'esent termiinis at the town of Beamsville. A very large part of tlit| earnings of this road is derived from the carriage of light freight, nioi> especially fruit, to the city of Hamilton and for shipment on the stcaiiil railways to more distant points. Running from Hamilton to the noitlil east is the Hamilton I'adial electric railway, now terminating at Burliii"! ton, twelve miles from Hamilton, liut to be extended to Oakville, lial way to Toronto where connection will be made with the electric railwavl system of the latter city. This road, which at present serves the ncedJ of a large summer population at Burlington Beach, is equipped for hiwli speed service, with motors capable of running at forty miles an hour. I The Gait, Pre.ston &; Hespeler Railway is an excellent example of tliel electric railway acting as a feeder for a trunk steam road, forming as ill does a freight and passenger connection for the C. P. R. with the importi ant manufacturing towns of Gait, Pveston and Hespeler. An important development of the electric railway in the East, is ml the case of the Hull and Aylmer road, formerly operated by steam, as al branch of the Ciinadian Pacific Railway, connecting the town of Ayhnerl with the city of Ottawa. This railway is now equipped with electricityl for the heaviest kind of freight and passenger service and seems likely tol be the forerunner of many similar conversions of unproductive branehesi of existing steam roads. The Metropolitan Railway, running north from the city of Toronto,! through the county of York is another very important road, wliieh when' ELECTRIC RAILWAYS IN ONTARIO. gilt and subuihai [jiiniltoti, Oriiiislnj tliecity ot'Huiniif -throe iiiiloH, to itJ large part of tliJ ^ht freight, nioftl lent on the stcaiil Iton to the noitlil a ting at Burlini;-! to Oakville, liai B electric railwavl serves the nced'l quipped for higli iiiles an hour. I nt example of tlifi ad, forming ass iti with the importi O o o O b < 'fi (2 a ! city of Toroiitol road, wliich ■wlicij [^ ^ If- 66 cui'i'ied out t(i completion, will net as a loeder for freight and pasNfni,'ir busincHs to the city of Toronto for the whnio country to the north as ?nr ns hike Sinicoe. The terminus of the r* ij, ;U th , .l.fonco „f the province HO us to overonu' the .lifhculty of comnnmieation by tl,.- ht. I^awreiiee rivt-r in the event of war. The name " Trent River Navigation System " is applied to a seri-s ot water Htretche.seompose.l of a chain of lakes an.l ,iVem extoiulii.. trom Irenton, on the Buy ol (,)uinte, lake ( )ntario. to lake Huron At nresont !(.() nnles of .lirect an.l lateral navigation hav,. be,.,, opened np by means of (-anals. 1 lu- completion of this system will create a dir.r rout., from the upper lakes to the 8t. Lawrence for v.'swels of licrht draught. o S^Mi<.--. iXV-j,':;-t^'r.'-^cCk?;;rni iiication by tin- il)li(!(l to a H<'ii.'s ivfi'H cxtoiuliii;,^ iki' Huron. At b''fn opi'iiorl ii|) 1 cri'atu a diiici vessels of li southern part of w is known as the ''Rainy River District." The general description Northern Ontario given elsewhere applies to this section also. It o prises a parallelogram of country about 250 miles long by 100 or 1 .1U Gom-BKAniNG (^u.^rtz Vein, Rainv Riveu UiwruicT. f" ?o nna' ^''V» •»V"f'Ji^t«ly north of the State of Minne.sota, a tract at lea.st2 000 and probably 8,000 miles square. Here along the shon- „f the Lake of the Woods, Rainy lake, the Seine river, Manitou, Wabiyuoii and Shebandowan lakes, and elsewhere, a great number of promisina gold discoveries have been made during the past four or five years ana perhaps the best of them within the past twelve months Although wonderful six'cimens of gold have been found in tlitl vicinity ot the Lake ot the Woods for years past, it must be born, in raind that it is only within recent months that work has begun in eari,. 78 Bn tliia region, or that any marked degree of confidence lias been aroused ho;av ling tlie future that lies before gold mining in the province. Until tilt' fall of 1895 only one mill of ten stamps was treating gold ores in this jpn.vince. It is an old truism that "faraway fields look green," and iwlulc the majority of Ontarians never doubted, perhaps, the'i-iehn'ess of thf iiiiiios of California, of the Transvaal, or even of British Columbia, Itlu'V have been slow to awaken to the fact that Ontario itself has an iiilmiKirtnce of the precious metal that re((uires only capital, enero-y and iskill to extract. " That progress has been slow in the past one must admit, and the reason for this is not difficult to find. Unfortunately, in the past history iof^old mining in Ontario, the two factors, skill a ^d capital, have been wanting to a large extent, and for lack of them, enterprises that might otherwise have proved renunierative to their promoters have ended in faihiie; the operators were inexperienced, they began work experiment- ally, and at the first discouragement deserted the ground. Canadians liavc had far more experience in lumbering than in mining, and have Ixrii better able to size up the connnercial value of a timber Umit than a miiuTal prospect. They have been slow to realize that mining is just as le<,ntiinate a field, when properly conducted, for the investment''of capital, as is lumbering or agriculture or any other connnercial enterprise. But in addition to want of expr-rience and capital, there have been otluT reasons which have contributed to the slow development of gold milling in the Rainy River country. These were, first, a dispute to'^the province's title to this region ; second, the adverse opinions of experts ivgarding the properties first discovered, and, third, the belief that a large proportion of the (ire was highl^^ refractory. These diflSculties have now been set aside. It has been found that as a rule only a small percentage of the ore is not free milling, and even that is amendable to improved methods of treatment; expeiience has been gained, mines have been successfully operated, and capital is now rtiiwiiig into the region. Later de\elopments have proved that the judg- nieiit of those who condemned the countiy was ei-roucous, anil the liimndary dispute, through which for a period of ten vears or more no one could be sure of his title to a property, has been finally set at rest in ta\or of Ontario. One nnist not tlierefore confound the indifl'erence and unbi'lief of the pa.st with the progress now being made. As a result of tills activity there are twelve mills, aggregating 145 stamps at work, with others likely to follow in the imn)'!diate future, and gold bricks are being produced regularly by sevei-al mines. Under the Ontario Letters Patent Act twenty-nine mining com- panies were incorporated .luring last year. Only twenty-four of sucli com- panies were incorporated during the four preceding vears. Ontario's pro- duction of gold bullion has increased rapidly-. During 1896 six mines alone yielded a product in gold of $142,605, or nearly 200 per cent, more 74 Uiun all tu- province had y.olded durin' difficulties had .o W t le a^h nt^nn ^V" ''"'"; ""'^•"^'^^•"' '^"-^ oi the mist.Jces made w,. c midXhnt l^;''^'''""'^'?^ ^''' ^''^^''^ the concentrates X cyimde plant, costing .several thousand .lolkrs. proved worth!-.- fVr [■Atnicting ■Iff Hiillin Itimi plant i;ii was |ol' tlii> mil |i> possible "ii jifi'lVot vffVfi y part I iKiw Iteiiig i ainl nr<. jj^ lias now c I thirty-tive i Cent, five n <^iiite i wliifh it is stamp one, of I 're on 75 W irt'Coilint;-, and tli. assi'd the doxcldf, lit was olitaiiicili, of 814 83. Tlii. justice to till' rli. fvce and of jmoiv -'lit rate the i,iv t'_ En^dishnieii m,; •iiiioii of pnutici, lay, that for rid, t .surpassed citli'; •revailino- acfivi: •entals of mi I lift ly as larsible to procure for this class of ore, and work has been I'educed to ,ii iinl'i ct system and the machinery is running night and day, almost t_^,viiy particle of gold in the ore being extracted, the shaft of "the \ein Chlorination Pi,.\Nr of Sultan.v Mine. now being worked is down .some 380 feet, with ],00<> f.-<^t of drifting, iii'l 'u- is being taken out from the third and fourth K-vels. The \cin lias now developed into an iinmen.se body of ore, which varies from thirty-tive to fifty feet in width, and is from seventy-five oi- eighty per I Cent, free milling. <^uite recently another large vein was dis'^MNer .> ! on tlu' property, which it is the intention to de\elop at an early date. The null is a t("ii ^-tainp one, but cannot handle the outi)Ut, and the)\- are now l.oOO tons it '■!'' (!!>. the, dllHana /\f»nf\i'<1ir>!!! i- ni Accord ini anan"eni are m })rogr. or 76 'lay J ■sent j ■'or ( » Id' iiii ot $1,000 a week on the investment the behei tliat they will prove remunerative mines beyond a doubt. Advantages of the District. Free Millivg Ore. It is doubtful whether any otlier gold region in tho v-n.-M ^ . ulvantages of northwestern Ontarif for^Zlr^J^'^^r'^ loU tl. advanta,e;;;FnoS;;;;sS SZri^^r7r;ZZ^^T: mImnS ■ "whi F- "^"t' ^-l^-— t, the ore is I a Tr^^exten^' te n Pktf P '"'"'''" ^''^^^ '^ '"''y ^"^ """"^'^y ^^'^ <^lieaply worked wit quick return for a comparatively small outlay of capital. . Uie gold IS usually found scattered throughout the quartz bv it.,.lf British r..h, 1 • " I/" ^ conglomerate mass, as is usually the cas. i„ stmnf m^r ^^ olf-QO '' ""V ^fr'"^"^"^ to such an extent that with ^tamp mil. oO or 90 per cent, of the gold may be secured bv ouicksilve as the pu.veiized ore passes from beneath the stamps, aVLlv fro 1 to ZO per cent, is founrl in combination with sulphu? ConSmenth c'lnh!XtZldZ!tV ""^ ^^'^ ''''^^^ before the ookl thusS:,ftolh:°di.4';.icr:"'"™ '""•™'" °' «"='■ "■ >"' ™^'' f» i^« mini,'! J' J.' l"™"' '° T;"'' "' ?'"="•' ''"Posite as the poor inan's friemi f.» minins, as ho ,„ay with a pan o.- a rocker wash the soW „„t of tE'u " 77 lut A-ith a free-milling ore such as is found in Ontario, yieldincr $10 820 M'^0 per ton, and a null of five or ten stamps, which nmy he set up and I, ly.iinppedatacostof .^5,000 to $10,000. there is am^plc^ncouCe lient for a venture hy the niniing man who knows liis business aid" is lossessed of even modest means." So far as actual tests have gone the ore runs from $5 to i^30 and Jpwards per ton, he average being about $15. The indications ire thit t improves with depth, and that as development work proceeds the av i,. nehness oi the ore ,s hkely to increase. With cheap labor andclp 1.1 plentiful fuel and water there is no reason why the ore shouW not be korked at an average cost of $3 to So per ton, the higher rate be ^ f r ,he s-naller vems, which admits of even very low grade ores being worknl advantage. A ten stamp mill will easil/ put through twenty^five tor 'It So p'ei^ moS"""''' "''^' ''^ ^^P^^"^^ ^^ ^^P^-^"^^^ should not report for ]s9(j, Abundance of Water. The second great advantage of northwestern Ontario is the plentiful - pcssol the water supply for power and other purposes. An Cin lant l.pply of water IS v^ry es.sential in the treatn/ent of free-mill ng oms l-robahly no gold field ,n the world is so well provided in this veZ^ In western Australia, for instance, the legislative' assembly was si ed by l4'rooo"'l^' ""T^ to grant $12,500,000 to provide'a wat'supp^ > ^0,000,000 gallons daily to the Coolgardie gold fields. The whole arii [f he northwestern Ontario gold fields is a ne'tvvork of rivers and strea ns [;.th navigable hikes whose long arn.,s stretch inland such distances as to ive to comparatively small sheets of water like Lake of the \^^ods and fc* ft' 17' / p^ / ^ » ■'"'■• i i' m <— •*!59 If lance of tinilni i supply of tiiiilicr ground, for su],.! elds elsewlit'iv 'or any pui|iost. lereaw in-Oiitari(| ^1.50 per coid. be divided into FoLBv Gold Mine, North Dimv of 200.Koor levkl, Bonanz-a Shakt. tK ^ )a boundirv ofl m ■■■■■' Foley Gold Mill, 20 Stami-s. [79] 1 80 Sovoral l.u>r,. tnuiHaetion.s have been reported from the Luke ..I' tli. Woods diHtnct durii.^r (1,,. p;ist few inontlis. Amotur thos.- we inirrlf mention the sa e of the MIka.lo, the Cornucopia, the T.iun.ph, the Sta dar,.niy river and th,- Lake ..f tU- Woods After iiscen.lin.r the riv.i a Eat FortagkRkduction Wouks iuu Goi.d Ohk.s. jioit .Hstance from Rainy lake the second crold hehl is reached, knoun as '•Lower Seme. I rom the town of Rat Porta-e na vio-ation is nnbroken in il hort trances is readied, at which point a fall occurs on Rainy river A lock at that i^int would render it continuous to the mouth of the Nenie river, a distance of 300 miles. There is no railway rannina into _ ins section, nor is there at present any telecrraph coinniunication. To in,. ^?.«0!"^\«^^'^t a tedious journey, and its rapid development is coirespondmglv nnpeded. ^ 6 ' t)U IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ilia 1^ 2.5 '•25 III 1.4 2.2 20 1.8 1.6 150mm "/

attract attentinn tuthis ii'i'i;lihorhood. A nundier of otiier rich \ eins lia\e heen di-co\ ered in the • \iiiiiity, and e-reat a^;ti\ity is h'ini;- displiyeil 'i'he sliaft nn the Saw I'll! is down 17o feet in a spleinlid hody of oiv fi'om ti\eto seven i'eet >'.;'i''. anil cousiderahle driltin;;- lias also heen done. The ore not onl\- iui.'reaM's in (piantity. hut iin])rove-; in ipiality as depth is attained. Tlii'iv is a ten stam[) mill neirly ready for work on tic property-. The Hammond lleef near Saw IJill lake is one of the most reiirukahle 'ii-cn\eries of the district, and i)erha])s of the world, '{"his vr^'i of ■ lUartziferous rock has n Ien>,fth of alioiit three miles, and its ;;reat.'st uiilth is nearly five hnn(h'cd feet. A nn'Il test of live tot:s of ore showed |S17 per ton in free ijjold, hesidi's concentrates. ] )evelopment work is Ai'i'in^ actively pushed forward. It is estimated that the cost of workin:;' ■iiifl treatino' this immense hody of ore should not cost more than J51..')l) |"'i- ton. Till' Mduitov Coll lit r I/. The Manitou reeion lies l)etween Rainy lake and tlie Canadian Pacific Kiilway. It is reached from Wahioviou station on the C V. R. via Wahi- [pwii lake and Manitou lake and river, Here as many as oOJ locations liavi' iieen taken up ihirine' the past two years. This reoion is likely to I'-pfixe a y;ood deal of attention durin»' the present year, and is looked ii|"iii liy practical men as a most promisine- one. CoMMfXICATlON WITH Tin: illNF.S. At present the only means of access to the o-old ininiue' camps is hy '.It ard canoe in summer, and in winter via the frozen lakes, and roaris (liopj,,.,! throu>,di the hush, from the nearest i)oint on the Cariadiau i'acilic ^«, ■'■^k^S^t Taking in Si rri.iKs to the Saw-Bili. Lake Gold Region in Winter. [84] r Miails li.twc.ii thr t'lD/cu water stivtfliis /'■'■■ ■■iii'l it is ;it that sra ,,11 ,,\' tli. ■ ymr that Irs aiv takni into thfiuiiics liy sK'i^^hs aii'l ily ilt'\c'(,|,iiiriit (if thr ilivtrict.iiiivft railway ''■ihlc Siieli a rua'l hasah'^ady I n h'lMiviHv .•'inl I )ipiiiiiii(in ( ii>\ iiniii,.|its. ami its (•ll||stnl('• 'llS.-inv I'iver district with its'^n'old hrlt is t innnu-ivd Aloiio- the Atik-okun nia,^nctic ii-on raii<-v the iCad runs to tile, Saw Hill lake reo'ion. wheiva .lozeii mines are heiiieactivelv developed '"iitinum^r west, the surv..y follows the Seiii.. river to tli.' Shoal lake <-'iiip, which yielded .'?l(i,0('U in o,,ld in March last. Another iron .listrict 1-^ I'.issed and then Hainy lake, the pivseiit terminus, is reacli.'d. 86 Extent of Explohatiox. But imim-n.us and licli us tlif discoveries alroadv umdc iindoiiI)t...i;v| arc, th" district lias not lucii tlioroiijrlily prospected bv any means. X,w hnds are constantly l)eineeii coiiHned mainly to the watcrcoiiis... ilie act that practically all the locations tak.'n uj) hitherto are adiacn to the waterways indicates the truth of this. Th.' givater portion of tl country has not even been run over l)y i.rospectors,and cannot onaccni,,,- ot its great extent be thoroughly exploivd for years. It mav be a.ssr,t,.,; with truth that gold di.scovery in the district has onlv just Wmm ' It this is true of the coir.paratively small seotioirof Northmi Qniaii known as th.'Di.strict of Rainy River, what of the mineral po.s.sibiliti. ot the vast region hitherto untouched bv prospectors ^ There is no r, iv tor supposing that gol.l .liscovery will becontiiH.d to the .section in-licit. tortl.fcountry rock, which is Huroiiian .nd Laurentian, extends ov,,, tar wider section of territory, and even where prosp.rted with theextr.. tioii ot a tew localities, the exploration has been very superh'cial Tl rangy of discovery is widrnmg every y,,,r as prosp.'ctors push fnrtl. aheld. 1 I r Otiiku (loi.D Ri:(;i<»Ns ix Oxt.vkio. KIsrwiH'iv in ( )ntario besides the Raniy Hivcr I )istrift rich dis ..\ , li.. ot gold have I,,,.., mad.'. Tlir precious metal is found in the eastern par of the pnnince, „, tl... cunty of Hastings, where miiM's were work.'l :-. quarter of a cwituiy ago. In that .li.trict the ore is of a refract.HT nature, l,ut m consequences of th.' di.scovrv of a new i)roce.ss forsunv.:. fully treating it, th.- min.'s aiv likely to be work.'.l again and tn far greater advantage. An Knglish company has alrea.lv commence.l oi„.ivi tmns with a capital of tw.. and a half millions of .l.'.llars, and Can.^liaii comi)aiii.;s hav,. also Invn ..rganized to develop the proiierties A mi:! tor treating retract..ry gold <.ivs by an <.ntiivly new process is nearlv mn, pleted in Hastings c.iinly, which will have a capacitv of seveiitv-tiv. t.ins per day, the e.iuivalent of a fortv stamp mill A i.rospeet ..f th.. Ophir range on th.' north shore of Lake Huroii, i:i| eastern Algoma, disel..ses tie- fact that for twenty-five mil..? true H-ir x7 . tiartz veins aliouml. Tlicse vi-iiis liavi' Ix't'ii oitcncd in niniiy places, ami an touml to carry tm- and conibin.'d gold and to ^ivc gocjd indications nt pcnnancncv. Tlio rctrion is one of omit proniiscund altlionjrli so near to the Nettled portion of the jnovince lias Jiitlierto been nej,dected, the only mine developed to any extent being the " Ophir," which jrives indi- oifionH to becoiiiiiif; a i;ich pro])erty. AVoiiderful reports have from" time to time ni)peare(l about th." ijold 'l.}M.sitH in the vicinity of JSudbury, some distance north of the Ophir range, and in th.- Aauw great Huronian l)clt which prod iicet< ores of nickel and copper. Here nn lake VVahnai)ita' a large nund.cr of claims have lurii tiken np, and on several of tlir properties on which (h'velopmeiit woi k has l)een done the or(> is nndoubtedly very rich. So little work has liern of the Atikokan, to the west of lake Superior. These ranges ai'e su]ipo.sod to form a continuation of the wonderful .^Hnnesota deposits, winch now lead tlu' world in production, but are thought to be of even gi-ater extent in Ontai'io tlian in that State. The.se mountainous bodies "I 'ire may be followeil for miles, aud millions of tons could be quarried ar .1 Very low cost, while the supply is simply inexhaustible. «i - u I II ss The M.ittfiw.nii iviiiLTc lies i'nvty inilcs west (if Poi't Arthur. Tin- is ji hciiifititc of lii'ssi'iiifi- iiUfility, iivc'ra;,nii;; IVoiM .',() to (iO per cent iiiitjillic iron, uinl ultliou^fli not exceptionally I'icli, is j^vnerallv five fi siillilmr. 'I'he ore is siniiliu- to that taken from tlie Tower anil Ely mi ill .Minnesota. Ahont ninety miles west of Port Arthur other i-an(;es of mae-n. oie of vast extent occur ;ilon^' the Atik-okan ri\-ei'. The oi-e is rich , clean, of a l»essenier (|uality, ami I'unnine' fi'om (JO to 7(' per cent, met,i iron liei-e shafts liave l)een sinik iiml ci'oss cuts made, as well as teiisi\(. Inii-in^s w ith diamoml nsof piu; iron per rn Ontario nati\e copper has heeii fouml. Clialo]iyrite, an ore (jf coppi'r, is mined to some extent in connection with the nickel of the Sudbury region. This ore is also found on the north -here of lake Huron, where lietween 1849 and 1S70 the mines yieldecl $:l:}00,00() worth of the metal. The total produce \'()V 1S95 was •2,8(56 tons. Viut the indications are that the output is likely to be laro-ely increased as cheaper aniJe tile product o the raiiadi'-ni ( ', V r A^c^uZrV'*; '"'■ "'^"'^^ ^•'•"''' '^^'^p the AmeI;;:^.V capacitv ' '"'"""" *"'■ "'■*'^^» '"«"th« to their f^ hi tl"l ickJ ■ill.J m;^:.":-^;,-™-----;;;;.-^ I'Kiitains fi roasted an wlii'-h froi Lrnii :U:M] The ii fii.t that, I supply of I all island rViiMsylvai ext'iit of nnd New Ontario's c The v^ or rail ; in Railway, v covfiv wa- the ai W)is4,ti2t),(i 3,!t;»2,!)«2 I puuiid.s. '1 tons, of wh tons. In I $l.4;j(i,2i(). of flliOllt §(i All til nickel and pi'\>\y of the metal was drawn chieflv i'rom tl III! I sland in the Southern PaciHc, supphniented l.v the ( IVimsylvania, and a few i.solated i le mines of New Caledonia, p mine in I'Xtirit of the Siidhury de{)o.sits is altojetl nines im Norway and Hnnj^ary. The I lUK I New Caledonia, owned l»v the Krench 1 ler <'reater than an\- of th ese Ontario's only rival in nickol productioi \- watei iiiadian I'acifi Kiiilway, which intersects the deposit at Siidhiirv, that in l-S,s:Mhed [ eovtiy was oritjinallv made, c is- Tl le amount of fine nickel produced l)V the Siidl.i Wiis4,ti2f>,027 pounds: in IH!)2 the (piantitN „. _ , 3,it.»2,!)«2 pounds; in 1,S9+, +,<)07,4:<0 pouiuls/funVin SN!t.i,' '{.HHS.i pouiuls. The total of ore iiiiiied for tl iiy mines in IMOI was (j,0a7,4.S2 pounds: in I.S!W, 25 toils, tons. In ti\ |l,4;5(i,21(). witl of ahout S(i!»r.,000 le si,\ years, IS()0-!».">, was oJO.OOO f which was smelted and reduced to matte at the I uniaces 4;K),');]i) years this industry paid for lalior (he lar^v sum' of I an annual averauv product of nickel, eoppfilind cohalt All the indications j)oint to a steail V increase in tl le coiisim ipt ion nickel and ^d v. assurance that this industrv will «,ai.w to miifli larger proportions in Ontario. With new and improwd pi'oce,s,scs the co,st"ot' tl If metal IS continiiallv new uses are found for it. 1-iut it )ein(>; eheajjeiied, and as it deci eases in iince seems prohahir that the oivate.st (innaii.l for it_ will l)e in the manufacture of nickel st.'el. When united with steel it forms an alloy of ^r.-at strength and hanl IK used wIli'Tf S in tht liess Tl e inakiii"' ot cannon, smal ii'iiis, hollers an 'iiaehiiierw etc IS alloy treiio-th, malleal)ility,capal>ility to take a (iiif p. ,i .U and freed< fmiii rustinn' are valualile properties', () }m fiu'turers ill the Cniteil States useil in LS!).") 400 lie company ut liic\clf manu- form of nickel .steel allov, whici Im.' of th».' Ontario min ,01)0 pounds of nickel in 1 is lleailv oliftelltli of the total OI me luitario mines. Nickel .steel is also beino- laruvly u.sed hv the Cnited St pr. ites ( ioN'ern- iiK'Ut for armour platiii-; for Iwittle ships.'and it is thouoht that tl expi'i'imeiits of the last few y.'ars in (iivat Britain mav 'luetion of a nickel .steel armour plate whi.h will he satisfacloiv to that |)ro- Geviinment. If such is the ca ites of iron, pi I imp'tus to tlie Sudhurv mine,' The pyrrliiti' se, it will without douht "i\^ «;reat OS SlLVKH. Husi.' v, . ."•"'"••"f • '.^ net „r Ontario is r.n„Hn..,l al,„ u.sm I. .„ a .s..n,..s ,.f rocks |„.|o„u,„„. to Ih,. Can.l.ria,, syst,-.,. Ivii..^ r '"■ •""■•I' nn.l w..st of TImmmI.t l!ay or lak. Sunnior: Tl.. ' • ^ :;"'•""."••=•""» ;•;".'■" »l'""-'>ii(iu v i-rc it ciiitd cut. .1 u. va „.. t.. such an ..xtnU that tl vs conM .o v I. 1 Hy -ork...| Sm.... IS.4 ,l„. , s have I „ Hos..,| .low J , | J u ....... h.lkot o,.,.,.at,ons l.in;, r..snn.,.,). A ,. i.|.,,,.|„ ,; . , I h ; n^-r-'"''' '^•■"' ""'•^l''"-'. '"■i";;-.n>.l.r-ov,'ror, J ■III! I a iiii\ la I i|('])( isits. I ^.™:i:^,:;i;,-;:i;;:;;:v''7:::!::i-:;r;L':::rz .•"i^l::J,;;:';t-x;;;;',,'|'.;;,:;;;li"'' "■"'" ' '"■ ^ ' Pktuolki-m. l'1 yv.'i. to ...xt..|„| it uutsi.l.. f|„. pruvinn., „s (>,it..ii.. ,v( iW tllll lin^'ii iiiiiik.'t ill th.' rnit.'.l Stfit.s l\,v t\ lilt rs lire Niitiiiiil nils Inis Imm'ii i| IS clnss of uil." iscuvcivil ill ;i iiiiii,|„.|- ,,f iiinilit It .■l,i.;l y assMrmt.Ml \\itl, |M.th.i,.uiii. |„ tlir towns, ,F | ii.';>>ill.', Ill Ksscx, it isiisi'l for iiulii "'•■I ill Oiitjiiio .iiiiiiiKtoii and ImI llfltlll;!,' |illl|.osi.s. Mini .■■rr -„|.,.i|,.SH,V |.i|M..| tllilty liiilrs ri-oill th.. (i..l,| in sTll, ,1 ^\ ilk. nil!., aii.l Detroit. Kioi,, W.-JI,,,,,! ...v i^ i. ..; '•. W iinlsor liiittiili •••ii'l i-oiiiity It K |)i|M'>| into til,, citv MiNEUVL FlUIII.I/i; IIS. Mineral tVrtiiizcrs exist iiiOnti »|ili it '■ (>\ IIIMI- T ino as mar fl) tn !t, Inoi-apatitcs. Tlic niinrral le nitawa valk-y alioumls in pliosphat ') per cunt, of pliosplmtes, l.cinn' .is ; y|)sniii timl apatite or es, pj'opeily roni oeciiis in veinstone ami ( tains I" ■imuiis crystals (Vom this .jistiiet aiv to I. i'imhims of the worj.l. In 1,S!H the ontimt •,,1 una . 1 ..» .'i. I. . .• II ... - I lire as exists 111 nature. Tl le '.«')(): lint it has now fallen ofK to u,i ' seen in the important was 4.!t()() tons, worth tiled leaj.ly worke I Carolina ami Florida cT iin;^- owiii;;- t<. the c- Miipetitioi ••I iiiwer era le liut eposits. These phosjihati while the Ontario article is ,|iti ire sometlllies Worke.l with iitari( Salt ttoii, Kssex and Ki'iit, ami tl sipiaiv miles ill the C..lL_< .. 1\ 1.11.. I 1 .. I le tro- I'lllS II "iitario Hiilt is of exceptional purity, Init I the market the indiistrv is not" t.iapts are now l.einu- ma.l.' to d.'velop the chemical industrTes d "II salt as fi raw material, such on account of the limita- iiiaterially increasino, althou;>li pend- ■aoliiiin. powder, and if siicjessfid a I as soda, soap, liydrochhu'ic aci.l ami railahl XVif ir market will thus be ¥m 94 Hahite. Oil McKclliii' islniid ill l.-ikf SiiiM-rior, luirite is fouii ; snicc tlioii no cxpoits liavt made. This luiinTal is used chirlly In tlic niainifact uiv of white I (■a 1 1 SrmCTl'K.vI. ANI> (iTHKIi .Ma ri:i:i.\i,s. In -tnictural an M ilcciil iiti\i' materials ( )iitai-io is riclier ti laii ih Countries l.otli in renvn-d to \ariety and (juality. Sandstones, serpin. till"-;, iiiarliles and eiaiiites ahoiind in the northern districts, whiii? in tli. south theiv are sandstones, limestones, pottery and presse(I hrick c]:\\- aml tile iiianufaetures of' eemetit and f'ei't Ilizers. M nier il pieiiii'iits oi' natuial ])aints are ohtaiiied in a numi) localities, and some ot' them are \ery ahuudant. liimoiiite and hemaiitr. the yi'llow and red oivs of iron, used in tlio manufacture of I'ed ami \rl- low ochre lespectively, are extensively found, Lar■. \\ nil' hue, has been explored with a diamuiiil Asbestos, actinolite, ^^raphite, mica and talc are all found 111 coiniiirr- lavc not cial quantitios in tin- ea.stern counties of the Province, Tliev 1... yet boon worked upon a lar^'e .scali', wit); porlinps the o.xcoption of This mineral, from its posscssine- (fo(>d iii;.ulatinjr properties, has receiitl come into extensive use in connection with electrical machiiiei'v. iinca. •)Jl as rura IVfoulilZOU 95 nd ill tlic l;ir^.^^ mil ill 1S!)0 pi,,. <)M)ltS llUVf 111! Ill' wliitr li'.nl rirlii'T tliiiii ii,< -: iiilstoiics, s('r|H.|i- icts, wliih; ill il:i •sscil 1 prick c!.i\^ ill a iiuiiihri- (,f iti' anil liciii;iiiti'. ' 1)^' rril ami \t1- lll'[K)sits 1)1' IVi| 1 Fl'Olltt'liac. iillr iiiilr ioii^", while with a 'liaiiiniiij imml ill coiiiiiicr- Tlii'v luive not ici'ptioii of inica. tics, lias rcci'iitly •liiiii'i'v. iiiiiiiiin ( )XTARI< ) A(}RIC(7.TrRE. Its Imioutaxce. ill (»iitai-iu (lirivaiv about twelve ami a lialf i.iillioii ucivs ..f Jaml cultivation, wliili' tlif total amount of farm land assi>sse.l in IS')-, tfil to nearly i.S.OOJ.OOO aeivs. Tlie numlier of f hr 175,000, tl le a IV.-llIlf ^o (iCO. verao'e size of their farms I :U) acres, ami tl ii'uiers is estimateil le aN'eram -■■llv lie ceiisMis of JSftl „ave the total mimher of farmers ..,ni| farmers' t L'92,270, .Mill classed (i? per ci iit. of the total population of 2,114,- \^ :.:V:vt: imx^ % 0tf\ ^ """^m' '%**^ 'vv^^Sj^ yjgjg,' ;-.t'V^^^-a 'l^fiS^i ^l^':r>*...V- J*- <» -s^^X.-^ fe, tj An O.NTAHIO Hll.M) ScKNK. o2l as rural. This indicates that a very larj-e numli.'i' of the iieo],!,. of "ntano are directly interested in tlie cultivation of the soil, and tl lull ivcoiiiiizeu le im> tant posituHi assumed hy the aericultural industry will at once 1 le till' l.'ii Ontario is pre-eminently an aoricultural countrv, first, I l.n.ne number of her people en^raeed in aoriculturai pursuits : s( lieouuse of the fact that a larecai!se most other indus- i«|t 90 niicr for tlieir iiiiirkct and for tl tries (lcj)|. nil c'liiclly upon tlic f... ply of raw niatci'ial. In such a coiiiuumity is intliifnci-d to a verv o-ivat ('■xtcnt hv tl u;]i country, the pi'ospcrity of the w cultu be ov ro, so that, in this sense alsd, tl le CO ndit ion of a"! erestnnatei importance of the industry c iiiii(.' A comparison of the a<>-ricultural iutorosts of Out facturinjr interests of Ontario and of Canada, 1 ario w ith tl joars out the stat oi- example, there is inv<'sted in ( )ntario in lands I aliove made intjs, implements and stock the 1 10 iiiain, elilciiil numbers, in Ontario trad iro-e sum of Sl.OOO.OOO.OO;), i trades and manufactures of the whole 1) OS and manufactiires, S177,0()^,0()(), and Mill n ronii. in tli. words, there is five and a half t •ominiou S354.,0<)0,00(). In otl atrriculture as thor •e is in Ontario trad lines as much capital invested in Oi iKTl a half times as much as in tl ■s and manufactures!, and tin ther trad 111 ilairvin^- alone, 10 manufactures of the wlu)le D itan 'ee iiiiil /.''., the production of milk, butt( oiniiiion. r and d ■e IS invested in Ontario at least 8175,000,000, or as much as in all tl. s and manufactures in the province f It is ditKcult to determine tl iirm in Ontario, but the foil le annual value of the products of tl proliably within tl le mar •jwin;;' (iuures at current market price !'!'■''' P''";i'vt-^ 100,000 000 Live stock increase ;j.-,, 000,000 ' airy produce. ., .V, 000,000 'M'cliard and eardeii proilucts 12 000 000 Farm MCK.dlaiid prwduets ." .' inmomH) ' "''^""' • • , 4.O00.000 *i^i'<;'s,%W()o|, honey, etc., etc .'{.oOO 000 '''*'^''^' 8200.000,000 With this; c. .ntrast the value of the annual mineral production of tl. Dominion which ,s about S20,000,000 and the fisheries production n,| Uuiada amounting- to about 819,000,000. Ontaiuo's Agricultural Products. All this denionstrates that acrriculture is the principle industrv- the peope of Ontario, and as an agricultural country the southern m ol(er settled portion of the province is sin^nilarly favored. Its soil i< rich and pn.ductive, more so perhaps than any other similar area on th^ north American continent. Its climate is healthful and invigoratino- n.l admits of the gr.nvincj of a great variety of products A better sanml. and a larger average yield may be grown in Ontario than in the ViuLl 97 t Mini for thfii' sii] '••rity of the \vli..:.| I' CoiKlitioii of ,il;i;. :liL' industry Ciiini.- irio witli the tnain;. out the fstiiti'inri;!! irio ill lands, Iniilj.f 0,000 00;), ininnii.i 003,000, and in f|,.. ,000,000. In (ith.rl nvested in Oiitinii irts, and three aiii f)le Dotiiinion. mttcr and chns. much as in all t!i. ic products (jf til- 1 niarkct prices mv 100,0()(),()()() .S'),000,00() •i')()0(),(K)() 12,0( )().()()() 20,00(),()()() 4,50(),()()0 .S,.jO()()()() :oo,oo(),o()o production ol' t!.' es production ii| ciplo the ■<^red. nilar industry nfl soutlierii or Its soil i- area on tli'' nvigoratintj, ami A better sampli' an in the Unitrl iMi trs. An average of Ontario cereal production conipar. averages for the principal grain growing States of the Ai ;.'ives results favorable to Ontario as follows : d witli lik.- iierican Union Ontario vs. American States. This table sliows the comparative yield per acre. Fall Wheat. |Siiliiri» New York Pennsylvania Ohio I Michigan Indiana I Illinois I Missouri 1 Kpnsas I Califiiriiia Spring: Wheat j OiiiHrlo I Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa \ Nebraska The Dakotas 1896. Bu. lO.O 18.1 10.6 13 3 13.2 9.2 11.0 12.0 7.7 13 15.5 15. B 23.0 19.5 12.0 16.7 1894. Bu. SI. 2 14.8 IB 19. 1.5.8 18.4 18.2 15.3 10.4 11.3 14.6 16.5 13,6 14.8 7.0 9.4 Average 1882-95. Bu. 20.1 15.1 13.3 13 9 15 2 13.5 13.7 12.1 13.7 12.3 15.2 13.0 13.6 12.4 11.4 12.7 Barley. Ontario . . . New York. Wisconsin Mimes ta. Iowa Nebratka. . California . 1895. Oats. Oniarlo New York. . . , Pennsylvania Ohio Michigan. . . ., Indiana Illin lis Wisconsin . . Minnesota Iowa Missouri . . , . Kansas Nebraska Bu. 25.3 23.9 29.3 36,0 28.0 28.4 20.3 35.7 31.7 31.7 31.7 23.9 22.9 24.4 33.8 89.9 46.2 27.7 17.9 23 8 1894. Bu. 22. G 17.5 28.6 23.5 16.5 5.7 15.2 30.0 22. 22 30 26. 32 3 32,3 28.1 25 6 23.3 17.9 12.6 Averafre 1882-95. Bu, 25.5 21,7 24,2 23.9 22 2 20.8 20,4 34,3 27.1 26.3 29 9 30.3 26.8 31.7 30.6 31,6 31.8 24 8 27.1 27.2 As a stock raising country also, Ontario is pre-eminent. Its favor- able climatic conditions and its capacity for the production of nourishincr roots and grasses especially tit it for the raising of the finest of cattle It IS because of this that Ontario has become to some extent the breedin..' pound of stock of a high order, to which Americans are accustomed to turn to keep up the standard of their herds and flocks As a fruit growing and dairying country the merits of Ontario are equally marked. The province produces a better quality of several of I tl.o most useful kinds of fruit than any other province or state Ontario iHMl 98 apples sell more readily in the British market and at a higher price th .1, It is not claimed that Ontario holds the first place in the wnrl,i f ' Cos\%lLr""" "^' ^--lopment, but it is'SedVa't^tTl!,s i',' No more conclusive proof of the pre-eminence of Ontario's acr.io,, tund pro. nets than the fact that at thi World's Colun.bian Expoli tluca 257 198 fi7 071 1,494 art of the piu- radually giviii.' irio is still the I •sally. On t aril i , and is gnatlv of Indian corn i if the northern )wn in Onlari" Fall Wheat 1895 1891 1893 1892 ... .• 1891 Average of the 5 year.s 1891 5 .... Spring Wheat. 1S95 1894 1893 1892 1891 Average of the 6 years, 1891-95 ... Barley. 1895 : 189» 1893 ■ 1892 1891 Average of the 5 years, 1891-95 ... Oats. 1N95 Average of the 5 yars, 1891-95 . . . Peas. 1893 Average of the 5 years, 1891-95 ... Hay and Clover. 1895 Average of the 5 years, 1891-95 . . Product. 7(3,199 778,992 913,951 986,5.'2 819,956 850,525 223,957 230,016 356,721 651,302 510,634 394,536 478,046 486,261 467,815 499,226 553,166 496,803 2,373,309 2,070,965 799,963 770,179 2,637,674 2,6'09,«I0 9,081,H,58 10,509,(104 14,488,195 20,^00,736 18,115,524 I 12,937,961 3,472,643 .S, 367, 854 4,186,063 8,290,395 10,711,538 6,005,679 12,090,507 10,980,404 9,806.088 12,247,318 16,141,904 12,258,644 84,667,566 70,644,441 15,568,103 16,315,667 1,849,914 3,433,261 2,423,835 1,869.159 2,486 5-21 5,620,888 9,951,019 4,470,284 4,884.565 4,447,064 3,932,241 5,069,293 7,925,676 5,251,768 24,646,992 22 606,831 8,631,320 8,788,181 22,763,942 30,431,585 I Yield per acre. bush. 19.0 21.2 19,2 21,2 25,7 21.3 15.5 14.6 11 7 12 7 21.0 16.2 25,3 22,6 21 24,6 29 2 24 7 36.7 34.1 19.5 19.9 73 1.33 Market value per acre. 13 20 II W 11 5l) 14 99 24 47 15 21 10 82 8 13 6 97 8 63 19 49 11 33 10 23 9 15 8 41 10 15 14 33 10 57 10 39 10 92 10 66 11 41 8 97 11 75 Average value per bu. cts. 69 3 05,0 59,9 70.7 95.1 71.4 69.8 55.5 69.4 67.8 92.9 74.4 40.4 40.5 40.1 41 3 49.1 42.8 29.1 32.0 64.8 67.4 12.30 8.86 'is'il- 100 Iiiil.iiiii Cnrn. y*ar. Corn fur hufkiwj: 18H5 1894 189a 1894 Averageof the4 years, 1892-95.. Corn for fodder : 1895 1894 1893 1892 Average of the 4 yeara, 1892-95. . Total corn : Average of the 5 years, 1891-95.. Acres. 302,9'29 L'tir348 2ir,294 18l,4(i3 242,259 149,899 1U,3(!1 95,865 91,403 112,132 331,730 Product. bush, in the ear. 24,819,899 16,275,3.52 14,072,' til 11,229,498 16.599,428 tOtlH. (green) l,775,(i54 1,049, 7«5 1,049,624 948,807 1,2C5,9(!3 Market value. 5,(i09,297 4,247.8fi7 3,729,335 2,953,3:8 4,]34,9(;4 3,551, ,308 2,099,530 2,099.018 1.897,814 2,411,925 i^. Potatoes. 1895 Average of the 5 years, 1891-95... Mangel Wurtzela, 1885 Average of the 5 years, 1891-95... Carrots. 1895 Average of the 6 years, 1891-95..., Turnips. 1895 ; Averae-e of the 5 yeara, 1891-95.... 184,647 160,084 34,383 25,712 13,002 10,655 151,806 138,354 bu^h. 29,390,884 29,162,186 15,961,502 11,641,224 4,581,373 3,782,068 63,496,702 62,912,327 5,936,959 bush. 159. S c. 32 15 cts 20.2 6,229,785 120. 38 92 32.5 1,276,920 464. 37 14 8. 931,298 453. 36 22 8. 572,672 352. 44 04 12.5 472,759 6,349,670 6,291.233 365. 418. 455. 44 37 41 83 45 50 12.5 10. 10. Live Stock. As the breeding ground for horses and live stock of the first qui.litv Ontario stands unrivalled. The stimulating and invigorating quaiiti.,s of the climate, the remarkable freedom from disease, the nutritive qualitie,s 101 m Id Market value per acre 9 c. 18 62 15 89 17 IB 16 2K 17 07 23 69 18 85 21 90 20 76 21 51 19 22 Vain., per liu. Cti, 22 i; 21) 1 26.5 2(1. :i 24. !i er ton. S c. 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 $ c. 32 15 cts 20.2 38 92 32.6 37 14 8. 36 22 8. 44 0* 12.5 44 37 12.5 41 83 45 60 10. 10. f the first quality, rating qualitiiis of utritive qualities j „t it^ roots and grasses, and the skill and fiitcrprisc of its lnccdcis liavc ill 'ipiiti'ihut'jd to make it .so. No otluT section of tin- continent of ..jUfil size can eonipaiv with Ontario in the variety of bi-ccds, the nunihei- lit' iiiiiv-bred animals jtrodiiced, or, taken as a whole, in the ^^eiieral •'CiHi'nec of the indisidiial animals. In rt'C(i(;'nition of this fact, [.\iii. lican breeders are accn.stonied to iv.sort lar' animals are still seciu-ed as Incrjision demands. Cattle and live stock in Ontario enjoy immunity from disease to a ir^'c degree. Amojig cattle, neither pl"euro-pneum()nia, nor foot and I ifUith disease exists, and it may truthfully be said that there is no di.sea.se Mitively at work among horses or sheep. Cattlr. The following breeds of cattle are well estal»lished in Ontario, namely, tlio Shorthorn, (JalU)way, PoUed-Angus, Hereford, Devon, Jersey, Guern- "tv, Holstein and Ayrshire. In these laeeds, with the exception perhaps of Ayrshites, Ontario leaets and the Hiuiipshire Down. In nine classes, not including Merinos, Ontai'io took 241 awards with ■\-rl nniiujils at the World's Cohnnbian Exposition, against 191 with 478 finiiiials for the whole of the United States. Experts have declared that vi V ''•n ' r: /■ \ i H I tlic fxliihit of slice]) Jit tliiit cxliil not the Hlii'st (•(illcct'oii, tlifit tl 10: iiti.)ii was one of tin- Hiicst eoll i«'siilt ot tlii.scoi,i|„.titioii tukiii-.- tl '<■ worM has f\ ('!• seen. 'II <'CtlM|| !•' I'ciiiarki tries into consideration, was siicl tatioii for sheep lavedin..-. jxipiilatioii anil wealth of tl |e !•( 1 as to n-iv,. Ontario a world wide //. or.scs. lead J'ercl < hitai'io is in;^' pnre hiveds aiv noted for the |)i'odiiet as f( oron. Lioht hi-e.^ds-Hack- ion of a tine class of hoi H 'Hes. ollows: Heavy horses-Clydesdales, SI, nev, the Aliieri co-Aral), the Th oroii<.|il,i'. i*i t^ W:^'^- a L- t" ■iswki •he Berks 'iiitai'io. World's F The I !i iiort of I Ho Cat Shi Pig Poi The n emlin^ Jui Hoi Cat She Pig: Poll Hi(;ri Cjass Barn ash Stables. t«-.iv. „„.,„,i, ,u^,ir ci;';kii;u"r,L";s:.'"' '™ ""*»■ """"'" •■■ 'I TMn.worth. In \^::^^^''£'j^t'^ o^^"""'. ^^^'7 ^^''''^*' ■■'"' ' „L«vMn<,tlic Lnited States is ahea• i'l th.. .itv of Tor .'1V.1. Fit r IT, fii III 'oi-iib suuth.-rn or lake co.niti s vpv - / V'" , '''''''^^'' *'"^' ^'linuito of tl,. <•»• t"n.lor fruits sue ,;AL ':'';''■•'''•' ',""' ""A^'"' t" th. .rowtli ,.,,, «"i-l crop, l.mluci,";^ on.S; i, ;;^ P";'"''"% P^'^P^'''^ ^^^'•"^^' tl.en. .s. "••^•'-H« in a si.,.,l.u. :r ' ,/ ; : ; Is' '''"^ "-^ '''''''"' -' ■" J^'Ae Niagara Fnut District. tlu- peninsula vin^. l.^w.r.krF;. n'V "/^^ ^^'"*^"^^' ^'"«'^ f'"- river between Que.nst n a u ' \i ri^ ^^ ^'"'' "''""■ , ^^'« ^"'^""'^ '^1nr\i,^n!ro'wi , *'■ tl.irtv-fhe nnl,.s n tit so„H, «1 ''!•" ,<^^i'"nsby, a distance of al.,„„ 1-ly adapte: ^""1 which are ship,,. I <-'anada ' is unrivalle fo t) .niM. ' .•' " ^'''^ ^'"^* *'"'^ " «»'''' '•' "' -'il for fruit culture ''^'"'■' ''* '"'"'"•-t^ '^n.l the fortilitv of it. oised'^o;'rrS!i;;;;!r;:;dt^:; ^'- ^'--^te istheree..,.. t'.e a,yaeent s.tion of ^^^^^^U^^Z:^ -•' :.-''^C. «?:■►. • •'I l)y till' Oiii. 'i ;>iiiiil(iily I,, 1, CiiiiJidijiii 11,1 I' .'itN- of Tor. , II' I'lllJllicc ;irc .>i\, ; an oMici'i- of ,j iitions intcrcM. ly (itlicr ('i)iiiiii t useful \;ii'i,.ti,. loiisti'.'itcil ,'U til' irod the <;i'(';ir.'.; re of the JU'I;,'.'. Iii^^'her than ,un of its fi'uit. t' cliiiDite of the ^n-owth cw;, ^'I'ow there ,is„ (' planted out ii. ' The Garden m1 d, which foi'iib d are .separ;it< mns alon^f thi^ 3e.st in Ontfii'ic uit of viuif ance of aliout )il is also simi- (|Uantili('s of ch arc shij)iH'i lis " Garden e fertility of it- is tliere e.XiM- tani'e even ovrr >f fruit. m m It r- ill llu' .Ni/ly- iK'h im stTtiun oi Oiitai-iu tliat tlir fViiit indiistiv |, \v\vA ir- ;(r.-at..st .|rv..|.,|,ii..Mit. Kl.rtrif (■» .s from j| toll pn.sM tlw ilrih>^>y t'liiit ^rrowcrs' d , (•''MniTt thrii- l,.,u,.^ iiikI l.iiii;:.|.iily niark.-t iv,,oWs. " Tl H' city of II l<«»rM y vy liollC. ail<'i tflrpli Mill slM|.|.iii^' Stations of impoiiaiic.' in tlir section. \ ICIO air Kalis, hat DallKa.si... St. Cat! ( ( f I/. inM)sl)\- I) larnit's, •lord tin. II iiiii,fara, Nid; niiiH' l.SDC, IS.OOO Iiaiivlsof applcsal icains\illc W .11. iiioiia III. one wciv shipped I loin ninshy and (i,()()(i fnan Win.aia : and tin- tofd vain.- of all fruits si roni ca( 1 of those points is upwards of ."?|(K)(»C() i iiiip now liein^' taken i.y the Dianinion ( wareh(aise at (irinisliv, from which >er annum. tell^ ,n iir,'|. to<}re;it Hntain tw th rt'e miles I >o\ernment to estalilisli a cold st ccaisieiiiiients <.f fruit will he iii;,k" iiii|t ce Weekly. At Crimsliv tin- fruit st rip is al .f I iind know. I as tin onj,' and .it and iicao.) was .so impivs.sed with \vl )fth ners from L.ai.loii t.) inspect tl examine fui him.self th i.'it e province. Thi.s he .li.l, un.l aft.Twar.ls sent <.ut two ..f 1 hem as well. The.se th e viiu'\ us wards expresse.l it as th.'ir opinion that, witl '■-^■rii% Ontario should be the greatest tactii counti'v in the v oi !.! iree oeiitleinen attor- 1 a proper .system of ni.iini.| pape and wine prodi ii'lir' To tl -leaniinoio e n.a'th o. uu |is stniwhriTifs, ra.spheirii's.clu-iTii's, currants and ..-.his, 111 almost any section of tlic country. ^ Sonic of the finest plums in (/ana.la are -i'tt • s, M . 17 ' t;' "''"•"^"'' T^- •"'^''•^ •"•'^■^ remunerative. Stora,.- . ti.u>spo,tatioutacil.ti..s.-uvnowlH.ino-provid.-dbvtlH..,„v.,'nn...„t Wl ,, G.\THKni.\(i THK Gh.vck Chop, Ks.skx Coi \ty. toXphV2e'''^h'r' ^^I^^'^f «V "^ ^^'"'^ ^-^ Europe will not be confin.l to apph .>, alone. There seems to be no reason why, with the neceK.,n cold storage acconuno,lat on, Ontario's luscious pe.xe hes and othe tvi i ^^t.;;d'^Cf '"w'"^^'^""'^ '"' '" ^'^^^' •^-- - the n a k ■ 'l tile Sot all" '"^'^ J^""''^>» ^^t prices that would place the.n wi.hin st.,fi,!^. 't ''' ''''''' *?, ^^'f P''0'»otion of the fruit industry, fruit exnerii.uiit stations have recent v been estahli«lioH !>,- fi>^ i\ i. • ' ' "'■ '-^['^-ly'""^ diffeivnt sPPf,-n„« Ji\ ^".'^ablished b^ the Ontario government n th. flM-i- . • .• ^'^1.F0^'"ice. At these stations tests are ma-!.. „t the ditterent varieties of fruits in order to determine the most suit, ll , Snow.s, (ii'eia- Jii at the piVM lit L'xtt'iision of 1 1|,. s are exjiortcil tn st prices. With :, to(>vtlier with 'e no (ioulit rlii- ve. Storauv jiinl '•niiiiciit. Wild, not lie contiiifil tlie neces'-aiT <1 other finite he markets lit e them within Liit experiinciit L'rmnent in th' s are mad" of most suitilil'' 112 ...cnt, „..,„,. th/ iiri !i ;^Ms ,edi:;' trz:'"/" "" «•"'■'" i.y th?s "St 1 r«?K s,^tr Th""; "" •";"'","^' '■^"■■■^■' l.ml,i,, of 2,472 It, oWectl mT^i , '" As.sociation 1,«» a „„„;. a, to tlie best inc'tlKxls of frui^t ™U, ■ i "I »*'"'"»te» nifon,Mti„„ I»Kki„jt an.1 .nark'til of fruit ,T;r'^ '" '"/''".P"-"!""- !""„ , int<.,-,.„t of th. i„d,., ;f 'o „ 'etc 'w th'tir;'"'"' "*^'*""i '" "" pioii,im-iit and scientihc fniV ,m?,™V • .i A.,»oeiation aie the „„„, and insect foes ^ *''' Assocmtion m combatii.^. disoas,- Plum trees ... », Cherry tree.s 700,000 Pear tree.s 500,000 Peach tree.s 500,000 Grape vines. 500.00U 2,000,000 The Dairy Imdustry, Chee. e. the market by the superSy oMt™ 11,7 £eh 'of'^'Tf '''"f' ''" consumed bv the British r,.,Kl,V,-„ . j F^"uuct. iviucli ot the cliee.'^e sometime, ild^^^ l^^^^^^^^^^^ '^o^':^l^f^t:'T'^ CoIu.„b.an Exposition. Ontario choose swept dfbete it talt.TSi Theb chieHy owi [Toduct on mt"in.s are ; '"ice be st capable of ] iind with tl there i.s ev Bi"iti.sh mai tlir total air !in average ■ making bui «»d the nui The CO) and Butter . tills branch 8 i located. Tlies,. its to the ^'ovciii-' of a report uinl carefully fost.itMl ation has a iiicin. ssociations in tlic late.s inforiiiaticm proper handlini.: egislation in tC ion aie the inDst The painstakiiiir rieties of at l-nsi j in the proviinv. ;red unfavoiiil)!,. producing ar;a> nbatin^ disea.se> Jr of apple treis 05.S young ai»iil,. I estimated to l«- B of bearing tm: trees and views 700,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 2,000,000 )ntario agricul United States is adnoitti'dhj ost won by tlii'l e first placf on of the clioesej 3ugh doubtless Lt the WuvU'A , taking a total! 113 t thLlS^rJ 'ontS rrS:;'"' '' T'^\ ^ P-'-^e lOO point. «11 the awards, leaving but a sLui no .fi '^'l '"n''' '"l^^"''^'^' practically continent. No other 'reco.nL^llrL'ZX/'"' ""' ^*' '''' ^'"^''•^-" Ontario cheese is made under th.. f.-.f •"'tin the hon.es of the formers T.V^^^^^ f-tories have for the m^t^^^^Jcei^f uS-^; '•'""• """'^^"^ ^^'-'^ ably ^:£:::!:;!';;x:^,t j;^^^ r;KSt^^ r-'^ '- ^'-> -"-^- t'.' that tune about 8,500,000 lbs were .^, ^'''*",7 .'^''^^ '''""^t^^'- Prior Since then the growth has belMTarfoflows ^^'"'""''^ "' ^^^•' ^'^"" •''>i>i-^. lf^7l— Amount made in faefnvif.u . -. - . 1 881— " „ ^^ '*^" 1 2,500,000 11)8 ].S91— « „ 35,000.000 lbs 1894— " „ « 1,924,042 lbs 109,:'.'J0,840 lbs »"'! ni 1896, 134.,141,2«4 llw '" '**''" """ 1 ' '■.230,048 II,s., Butter. product on the world's ma S xn nrf.n?''" A^'^''' ^" placing the me.n,s are found for the ac olli hmCoVth'if H; ^' r" ^^ '^^' '"'ce be stimulated and receive the „ff I -l ''"^ter-making will at capable of producing a.s fine a 'ual t of f /^ '^ .^''"'•^"^^•"^- Ontario is and with the propel- means of m?n S / "*^^' .^? ^''^ Pr^J^ced anywhere tlHMe is eveiy^?:; :rof t urZd^c^^^^ "^^ transpoUation! British market The number of ^n P^n^Petnig .successfully in the tl'" total ainount of but?erSoducedT""'''!^ °P«^"'^*^«^^ ^" ^89.-. vvas 13.^ an average value of 1 9^7?ei^^^^^^^^^^ ^* ^'^^-VOB pounds at '"'^kmg butter during the wintSXn aS^ J ^ ^'T *>'^°"^'' ''^^^ ""^^' -i ^tteTSda'tS^^^^^^^^ two Cheese tins br^ch of agriculture as tl^^^i^ ol^^^^^S^^eUon for I'l f w L ■ ' J. < t I — ><«» «»-■ ■»«c'--..ii?si»ea :¥- r x'^ «AC^<»0'< ■;i-iavo ■n'i^^ ^C It iiiji to proiiioti of Ontario recojfiiizes population invostod, a of the com fiiice, and 1 whole unit- To a 5 iiient of Aj Hon. Johr Province a .said to be i in the Pro) legislation not extenest and 2^ alhln'M i;;:U.l "'"' ''^^'""-^-tion HOXKY. 8,0 0,000 poun, Is tro.H ,t.s 205,001) hives. Its ,,uality is (-xcelle t 3 T: Tf 1/'"" ^-"''t^ ^'^ •■■ ^^'''^"-«' >^«'venteen awards as a-vninstvi.nU I'l^ht tor tlio entire United States. «o'Uiim iw . my . What the Ontario Govehnmext does lum A(;i!i( cmlhe. It nuiy truly be sai.l that no j.-ovennHeut in anv eountrv .lues mom to promote the welfare oi the far.ner than the (Jovernment of he I'mvin ' ol Ontario, so tar as the scope of its adun-ni tration extend It IX recognizes the fact that an industry in Mhich a larov pn, orti.,, of 1^ population are directly interested, in which a lar.e Tinm . fc pi a L ..vested, and winch annually contributes probablv as much to th?. w aU? ot the country as another industries combim.d, i,; of param u im '.rt :;s; m^:f nt= -^ !i;:ixr^^ ''^^ ^-^^-^^y '^^ ^'-^ eommliu^::^^ fo a special dei.artment of the (iovernment known as the Dei.art, Hon "t f «-'''-^'V""'n"*^' ' '"^^^''^'^' ^■^^'•""- ^t 'ts head in t e p 's Jf Hon._ John Dryden. the su,,ervision of the aoricnltural interes s f" he .•ovince arc entrusted l|,e policy and work of the Depart,. ...i vt ■Ml to be entirely ,n the direction of raisin- the stan.lar.l of ao-ricul ur« ... he Province by educative means, and in intrc,ducin.. a. d 7. , • no legislation that will beneHt the industrv Th.- seor.. ..^ifl V '^"^•"^^'"g not extend to matte,, of i-.ternatiomdHrade t r^>imiiti d Ililm" '^r vstrict.ons these bein.^ under the control of thecenfal adn.i, tr ^m of .j; whole Donnnion. '.ne systen, contemplates the elevation ..f tie "xst m.ned farmer <. the rank of the best informed, bv am,rdi, /h m . struction and in ormation as to the best and ,nost approve.! methods of iMigt ot the tew to the possession of the many and thus?,, r..;... fi.. avem^c stamhu-d of the products of the farm d the hi^h evd S -v^ by the more advanced agriculturist in the communitv 'i^'ii'-ved J^irst, each of the voluntary a.ssociations having under its supervision ass;S;- T^' ?^ '^Snculture.-such as the breeders, fruit and airy uTZf "■\;f:?^-V''";-'^""^'ir/'^^^^"'^*'^'^ ^ ^-^-^"t to enable it to can- v on 1 is ino- ^\f\ '\?^'^«-^t^';" ^'^ this grant, the members of the association" couMstmo of the foremost representatives of their especial branch of aca-i- y^' JIO culture, lut'ot at stutccl tiiiit'H, rcail impors, deliver ji'l- (Iresses and engii;,'e in (li.scussions. Tlu' inforumtion thus ^fathered is after- wards printed ])y the (iovenniient and lili- ei'ally distrihutnl anionj; the fanners For their inforniatinn in the form of it - jiort.s. Tn the printiii;^ and distriliution of the various agi-jcnl- tui'al reports aiint §aO,000 is annually expended by tlif Government, l)e- sides grants to tlir associations them- selves which aggir- gate another !$2(),- 000. In no country is agricultural effort more efficiently ( or- ganized than in On- tario. The orwaniza- tion does not end with the associa- tions devoted to special branches of the industry, but is brought within the reach of every ffu- mer in the land. A me Every ele» the territ societies. play an in past twen ugricultur The I for furnisi Tlie.se Inst hold at stu 1)\' delegat who ileliv* informatio and most i W(jrkers, v Good anibulatinj instructioi and bread i have now and Kings and butler cheese and In tlu lished tw( different v representei Nor ii low agrici finest and The Ontar tion found direct corit of providir re(|uireniei class, it is hination oi institution of manual Not only d why and t' an extensi^ hut a knov most exten 117 e, meet at tiiiie.H, icacl delivor al- iind eiiga^'f ISsioilH. Till' iitioii thus 1 is after- r-iiitf'd by the iK'iit aiiil lil). listribut'il the faniiiis • infoi'iiiatimi form of IV- he printing' trilnition nf ious agi'ifiil- L'poi't.s ami *, and in the n and com- of agriciil- iinicipal ami -tistics, about is annually ed by th'u inent, br- ants to tin' OILS them- hich atfyit- otlier $20,- countiy is iral etfort iciently (n- than in Ou- iie oi'ganizfi- 3s not end e assoeia- levoted to branches of stry, but is within the every far- le land. A means for accoiuplisliinj,' this is found in the ajjricultural societies. Every electoral district in the Province has an anricultural society, and the territory is a<(ain subdividcil between township and horticultural societies. These societies are or^'anized under ({overnnient auspices, and play an important part in the development of a«,mculture. Duriiio- the past twenty-fotir years these societies have done much to improve the aj^a'iculture of Ontario. The Farmers' Institutes of Ontario constitute one of the best means for furnishing help and information to the rank and file of the farmers. Tlie.se Institutes have been organized in almo.st every township. They hold at .stated times a series of sneetings girc(mferences,Vhich are attended by delegations of speakers .sent out by the Department of Agriculture, who deliver practical addres.ses on farming in all its branches, and give information as to th'3 latest and most approved methods. Thus the best and nio.st advanced farmers have been called upon to assist their ft'llow- workers, who may mjt be so well informed. Good work has also been done in the past by tlie travelling or per- ambulating dairy .'■chools, sent out by the Department, by wdiicli meaufj instruction was given to farmers and their wives throughout the length and breadth of the province in modern daily met chang( ci)ses. It conditions tostttlenu it lifficult cerea! crof With the learned to wonder tin ing in emb inr the iisark.'ts, a the higher material in <|Uejitly he it to the r cheese, mei breeding st While by conservi labor and involved C( launch out a day, even which is no educational silently but fined gradu industry is of the most The av acres is still met with, al haiis of liis f>i iiiiicii less t( would others the case. Mai rs of lot "iiiploy only ( iivr ami it nu ixtia liaiwl w iV(ti'k of hai incsscs, and ir tliey tlu'iiiselv Ittelld to W (V'ork there ii 'loiM'. Tile climate -itates that ^lieiild ho hou; M ill winte Tile stables fo: 111' usually k'l (III' ,syst( III I, I' "iiiixci|"t'.iiii,. is callf iif , ami lc)i\i' II I' the iiiiiikrt, » nii.sc t'nniii,'li fiiltiviitf till' lossildv (iiiror s. Thr .„l. poultry, t';.';;s, •tiiit'iits !(ii)k- simiJv liy tin- it'c — l)riii;4 ill ' ffiiiiily Hill- tlii-yrniii aiiii lircfl fur his "aiscs on his iiictiini's iiiiir- i)ti,si(Ier;ilile addition, ly iiidicjilnl, lie jrclli I'ill •lllillnr ill ( )|i. prcsfiit liiiii' the priiiiui- ' stock Mill pr(^(lu(t>, the ^yow Iw^ r'oiid wli.it i^ i" the h'liiir :.lie w^n•\^ mi arm is i' mi' •y, In ^ «• [ and iv:i|i- ed-drill. rlic tlie s.jf- iiploved uni- Sot mir ilil- ;iii>lily "Hlllkv" plows, iiiiiiowH and c'ulti\a- 'ill's ai'e omphtyed, on ttliii'li the farmer .sits while lie is (jrivin" in.st as he does on his ii'a|iinj;' niaehiiie. 'I'ln. jHH liiirve,stei' and ns other lalioi- snv- iii;;- maeiiinery of all kinds. Steam thresh- in;; maehiiies are iini- vi'isally employed, ilid sometimes sttaiii •iiuine.s, but luoi'e fre liii'iitly wind mills, ;iri' Used in pumpiiiu- nater, cutting food fill' stock, etc. \>y the aid of lalmr ^living mach'iiery, the Ontario farmer is "niiiilid to dispon.se to a considerable extent "ith hired help, and til conduct the opera - tiiiiis of iiis farm with iiiiich less toil than Hiiiild otherwise be the case. Many farm - "IK of lOO" acres '■iii|iloy only one lalj- n'cr and it may be an I'Xtia hand when the "ink of harvestin,' IH'cssos, and in winter they themselves often ■ittend to whatever work there is to bo lioiM". The climate neces- •^itates that stock '•heiild be lioused and I'll in winter time. Till .stables for cattle 'lie usually built im 122 under thu harn, and are known as basement stables. They are constnicteMi ot brick and stone and serve as a foundation for the barn, a spucioii's wooden stru; ture m « liich the cereal crops are stored. This is found tJ be a very coi.venient arrangement as food and bedding can easilvbe supplied to the stables below. & . ^t Most farmers with any fiuantity of stock now have a silo in connec- tion with the barn. This silo is an air-tight chamber, in which the corn (Indian) cut green for fodder, is stored away, after being chopped into pieces about an inch long. By this means the corn is preserved in its fresh and succulent condition, and is fed to the stock as required. Weather, The summer season is very favorable to farming operations i,, Untario. As soon as the winter breaks up. the busy season for tlh tanner commences. The frost is usually out of the ground by the lu'^in ning of April, and by the middle of the month the land is sufficiintlv dry tor spring plowing to commence, and as a rule seeding is pretty wdl through by he first week of May. After the first of June the suunm IS short and hot; the crops rapidly grow to maturity and have toll. harvested m quick succession. First hay, then barley ; closely follow..! bv wheat and oats ; and the farmer works from daylight to dark. The wheat harvest commences about the third week of July in the most advanc. districts, and the bulk of the crop is harvested and in the granary l,\tl.. second or third week of August. ' • , V"" ""^''iu" '■'""*" *''■'' "suaily abundant, and sometimes exton.l ..ii into J une. The su nimer months, according to the English climate, n\ onid be considered exceedingly dry, every day being one of brightness and sunshina During the months of harvest there are sometimes not n ore than halt a dozen showers. Of course seasons vary somewhat, but ...ain and todder crops seldom suffer from an excess of moisture „«.l f^''''}'r '''''"'' «f.,^'?^'^;"l^er, outside work is practically at an end, and from then on until the beginning of April the farmer has compara- tively little to do, except to attend to his stock, which requires to b. housed and fed during the winter reason, or take his produce to market on his sleioh over the good roads which the snow provides for him If the Ontario farmer is hard worked in summer the winter season is one of comparative leisure, and it is then that he indulges his social inclinations but It IS scarcely an advantage perhaps that the Avork of summer and winter are so unevenly divided. ["squire" am Ihecwns his i The typ [abiding citiz [always a clos he shouW b( I independent social positio calling entiti system, arisir hands he em being, living a-days on the help is being Social CoxDixroN of the Ontario Farmer. m\Zl\i ?''^'''!!' ^f ^"'"^'V' ^-Tf^^ '' ^'''"^♦^^'' '^"^ ^" t'"« ^-espect is vervl difteient from the large British land owner, who rides around n^.r^vt".! ovei^ee the work of his men. Of landed gentry there are none, aii-ftbe The quest the outside wc and no phase . to the marke present time t ition in Canad its original ch condition as or For some [surplus agricul naturally mak. horses, sheep, there, and ever large proportio: to Great Britai enactments, th» self practically About this exclusion of Cf Ontario had sh: Britain, and ne the whole Unit market, and C feniiers and fat 123 are constiiicteil )arn, a spacioiis riiis 18 found to » can easily bel - silo in coiinec-! which the conil g chopped int. \'ed in its tVesl i. operations in season for the i by the l)co;iii- i is sufficivDtly ; is pretty weii tie the siiiiiiiK.'i ind have toU ?ly followed liv k. The wheat nost advaiici ^ranary i ly tl les exteml oi: climate, woiili riy-htness and imes not iroivi liat, but grain I lly at an end, has compara- •equires to bn uce to market ■f for him. If ason is one of] I inclinations: summei- and| espect is very! Mid niei''!y t'j 3one, and tliel "squire " and the manorial system are not found in Ontario As a rule hecwns Ins farm and in that respect is independent and his own master abiding cftE ^^^:r l""""; " ^t-^P-ate and moral man and a law laDuiing citizen He ih honest and upright in his dealings •ilflmnrrh always a close bargainer, as his circumstaifces and tra nwTequi -e tlfat tdeSnt life V' ' P^"^ '^'^'^ ^ plain, haiLoSgbu mdt pendent life. Consequently he may not always occupy so L^Sod a ,s c,al position as the British farmer, nJr so good as the d ^ty^of his wllng entitles him to. This may to some txtent be attributed to a system arising out of the custom of eariier times, under v "i ch the fann hands he employs become practically members of his fa nil for the ttme adaf's rn";f Vh' 'T' ^TT •'^"^ '^«"g ^' *»>« same a 1 But „r- LtTs Z^^^X^-- ^'^ -^^^»- «>'«teni of boarding fa4 : ' . ONTARIO'S MARKETS. the ou sidi worid ?« ^""TA"^ ^^'^ «««Peof Canada's trade relations with nd no nlir^ H r ^''- "'°'*^ P^^'n^nent in the public mind to-day and no phase of the question is more important than that which relates to the marketing of Canada's surplus agricultural nrodnnf^ H Ti! present time this branch of trade ma^ beS to be in^^ Sof tmn^^^ te ori^-nrrf' '" "^ '^ '^' '''' '''^' -^ ^'-' been divexte^krge y ?om t^Sttr^r:^ ^^"^^^"-- '' ^« -^ - - satisfactory a naturally makes the American market much to be desire krbrW herandT^' '-"^^/^^ hay in particular, a ready Iket wLfoS heie, and even in the face of a high tarift" trade in farm products reaehe Lv.i .^""%^'*i« <^in?e the position was rendered still more difficult bv th« n r^^l ?^««^f\li^'« eattle from the British market Hitherto Ontario had shipped about 60,000 head of live cattle Innua'ly to GreS I wKtnTt:fstT'''Jr^ '' """^ «"'^^^^ bullock^: wL tnt by ^arlTe LS Sadtn .f ''7''"'"^ ^'^^ P^'^^« '" t'>^ Liverpool farmers' and f.Vtenprl f 1 "' '*'''' ''''" '^^'''^y ^^^S^* ^'' ^<^^&^ wHiers ana fattened lor home consumption. ^' '-1 •/■'J I'' ^1 h 1 124 In consequrncr of this sbito of uttairs it Ix-cumo necessary to o,„ „ „„ new brmiches ot trad. >uu\ to seek outlets elsewhere. The^m , natUMll^N turm-,1 attention ,n that .hrection, and a -'"P'^te with cm ,: tli.it nave already .si':-invil an entry there. f„ll„>f!!'',ll'''"l'' ,V'"""''".'» .•■'S'-ici'ltn™! <»:?<"■'» to Gieat Biitain ,v. ,,. ,„ S™":»::;;: »'^i^ji Sheen 7oo,o0() Other animals " CiO] Wheat, ])arley, oats, flour, etc lo 109945 fc::::::::::::: • '^^ /^i], ^ •)41 .■ilO eZ" I'».2i2 of>^ T"?-t '")77 Bacon and hams o 70^*0 !{ Meat and lar 1 rm r-ro Annies <)0l,G62 PP ^^- l.(io9,48G 841,020,057 With the United States for tlie same vear the trade in the sim KHniit^^r^^^t^ " t^' ^-''''''^\^^ in other wo;;is:(w'B -s outlooris^!'^/'-T'""' '**'«"^«^«« ^'"''ved in the British market, th Im^^^^^^ encoura^in. although Canada's share of the tracl compaied \Mth the <,u mtity ot food products annually imported bv (U-ea Bnta.n - c.>.nparat.vely small, and leaves room for .^-eat^^ansi;.,,. m lh9b the value of Canadian bacon and ham sent to En Ian- amounted to nearly $G,000,00(), a large increase, as wil irobserve ov bnncC'tS/^r- ^-^ ^-l>-f-g ^he room' for the growth of th $ rOOOOOi IvH 'f 1' '* '"^^1 \" '^.^^''^ ^'^^^ ^^''^^ «"tain importer a'^h nv. .> 1'''';' ^"'' ^'^^'l^ '" ^^'''y'^' mentioned. A few' vear Sk ^""'-^^l""* bacon and ham were unknown in the iiritisl I ■^i^^::^^:v:^>;^^s?i5N -#^,-*v. Ill' "'■-:"'"^s*is^...; Ontario Faum Dwellings. [126] (»W. -I . "^ ' J I 12G But bot'orc Canada can sucmM] in capturing- any laiv^e si,;,,,, nf Bntisl. tra. cit is absolutely nfcrssaiy tbat proper proVision slu.uM b,!| imule or placn.u- her products on that market in as jrood a eonditi,,,, as when they leave the producer's hands. Hitherto this has not b..,.,, thr' case lor lack ot proper cold storaoe faciliti..s t'anadian i.roduets have- greatly deteriorated m transit. To reiue.ly this defect th.' Ca.,,Mi,n tiovernnient has man^nirated a complete system of cold stora.-v and i,n,M transportation, extei.din^. from the producer in Canada to the cons,,',' j in Ureat bntain._ Ihese arrancjenients comprise inland stora<.'e \\,rP houses at the points of shipment, cold storage on the railways ioldl stora-e at ports whei r exported, cold stoi a-e on the steamships and cold storage atthe points ot delivery on the other side. Arran..'ements \v,.rr. made tor improved mechanical refrigeration on board no't fewr than seventeen oceansteaniships running between Montreal an.l British „„rts liiese will provKle sale an.l reasonably cheap carriage for all shipm.nts aurmg the present season. On the railways refrigerator cars full\- iced will be run regularly.^ Each car will take up consignments of butt;.,' and other products requiring cold storage at exery station along the va.ious hues of tJie Canadian PaciHc, Grand. Trunk, Ottawa & Parrv Snund Kailways. Inspecting officers have been appointed to see that all tl,ese warehouses, ^.teaui.ships an. railways are fully up to the renuireni.iits oi tlie Government. This is likely to be followed by a lar-e ex .m' Hion of trade with Britain in such perishable comniodities^as , ,eat poultiy, eggs, butter, bacon and fruit. It is prH of tlie policy of the Liberal Goxernment recently electe, to power m Canadn to facilitate by every available means the tru-le o that comitry. While cultivating the British market by makin-r ar.a„ocH ments tor the prop<'r storage and transportation of food products th An.er,can market, ^vith which at one time so large a trade existed.' wi .lot be overlooked. 'Ihe efforts of the J)ominion Government hav already been successful in securing the ivmoval of the ninetv -lavs quarantine which for some ti.ne hainpen-d the trade in pure bred stoc between Canada and the ITnite.l States, and this industry is bou,„l t receive a new ini])etiis in conse-iuence. They wid continue their eiloit to promote trade still further in tliis and in other directions large sliaiv of iion slioiiM be- :i condition as not licfii the! products luivoj tilt' CaiiJi'Hanl ra<4V and lapid the Consiiiuerl storao'c ware- i-ailways, cold I ^hips and ooldl ^•onients wore) •t IV'Wcr (haul Britisli ports. all sliipiiicntsl !ir,s fully iced! of buttrr uudj g the vaiiousj Parry Snundl that all iltesej rcquiiviiii'iitsl lar^e cxjian- ties as meat J ontly (dccted the trade o^ cinJritish tenant; fanner, if lie be a man with a little cai.ital especially if hi.s inclinations lead him towards dairving and the gro!., ' ot stock, certainly should succee.l in Ontario. It would of cour.. I^ necessary for him to learn to adapt himself to the new circumstances hv which he would find himself .surrouiuled. The difference of clii„atV Avould necessitate some niodilicati.ms of the methods practised in Cvat Britain He must be willing to learn and to practise the most adva„rr,| n.ethods as applied to Canadmn agnculture, and not allow preconceiv.,1 ideas to prejudice him. '■ There can be no doubt that such a one would find the older .sen led portions of Ontario faf more congenial than the remote and smrsAv peopled districts of tlie far west. In Ontario he n.av secure a godl f.nu at a very lovv price, situated in the midst of well established social ,•...,! politick institutions and enjoy all the advantages of advanced civil.a- tion He need not deprive himself of any of the comforts and Iux,nies t.iat he has been accustomed to, or of the class of society that wouM h. congemal to him, especially if he locates in the neighborhood of son . of Ontario s pretty and attractive country towns. ;<' thcii' -.111' lly ifhc i.., t a<,n-iciil!iir. will gJlillNIN at hy ('iiL;iin'- of affluiiicc 1 imist I' Ilk i'«i'fly ((. Ill, Iiartinciit <<■ r and n m, staii(la)il .1 ually rai'-iil :hr illiliisliy ;t conditiiiii^ jiossiliilitics t liiiiisi'll' til 1)1' lias liiiii tilt' c'liaiii;i I'll fost'/iiiii; ii^'ricultmv, 1 its ninny vnnced a in I ttle capital, ie grow iiiii' [ conrsi' he istanocs hy of (•limatr 'd in (Jivat t advaiii'i'il •econcc'ixLil der .si'tili'd d sj'aiM'ly good Ijinn social and 'd civiiiza- d luxiniL's wouM ln'j )f son r of ^-■1. rv. 130 t::''i;;;;'r;:''''o;!:r;r;t:r'""''>'''-"'^-^'^^ jmHiouiuHMl bv those who hnv.. ..v, .,...; SI:. ""^ ''^•^ flJawhacks, it i. .■o„n.l, t„ 1,.. .t.icM." .tt ,1. ; ' of ,^ R 'v ?",','"■ " ''"'^' ■>■'"' ,«...i';; if v:;,::'z;; ^Is^^^si'iit;';,^™^^^"' -( '? '"■^- of Ontario fann.ti, rat " T h^ ,it t?'^' i"' ^^'''^^ ^"•^'" " "'""'"•'• nuinber of farn.s . ^i,!^ l !^" v^nta^^e as nmny have .liscovercl, A 1-en a deiaveia L ' / K. ^;,l '^ "V""/''*" "f'^^'t ^he result l,as thatthere\.uvai^^o, n vf^^^^^^^^^ present tin.e in Ontario ^ ^ann,s^^l„ch n.ay be purchase.! cheaply at the he^Z:i'7^:^!:u''::;^::!^,:^';;' Y^^^y *^'v\'-»- -iu.e nature i.. ^ive Unie ttf^F ^ m^ol^lii'"' "^l"t '^^^"'"^ ^'^^ -^'^ "' ^'^^ -^i'- -" be obtained] Properties and the tern.s upon which they uv.y .fl.flOO. instance ^o,00(i (hvide.l by five make ab(.-,t SAMPLES OF FARMS FOR SALE. County of Lincoln. . (roifletKiin's Hcsideix'", NUnmvo Fruit Tf.-t.-t m in bearing fruit. Lar^e suWi Ll « i . . ' ^^T^ ''"'''^'^ tine .sa.dy soil, .1! contaiaing 11 rooms and b h '^ .f A hf'-- '''''\'''''' '^n «tone foun.Ut,,,,,. wood and well iinished in o Every ftili v ^''^1''°. Tf ■*''^^"-''""*^ ■« ''-' nection. Cellar under whole house FnrnI/. [ ^''^'i.^''"' ''='i^'"^^- Telephone cu- oundation, cellar under wh,.le There a^ I Tu ^'*'"" '^"^'^"S '''^™ «" «'' -' ^ofts. carriage and fruit packing roon. Sni;:htd1&5'Kl =! iS^S, !::', '•t I't'Sulttwl ill least NO Far .o ' MO appl'dirli- (lis is found in Ijeach in sncl, 'iiiiat('])crli,i|,,s awl);ickN, it is f wliolt' yrnr ?H. Jt i.s'nr- iiiaiiliooil ,111(1 of 100 acivs ■*<)il, situation, 00 or gs.S.OOO a,s, outlioiisfs, lite a nuiiilii-r I'.v' eoiiditiuiis licli we ll;|\r • the XdiMli- •lucemciits— scovered. A le result lias COMICS alicint leaply at the e nature has vy, no other a^-ara Fiuit t region w il 1 they may ju-ice giv.'ii iiake ahiiiit aidy soil, all I foundatini). 'lout is hard- 3lephuno C' 11- irn on sti no ranary, h-M e house, c ., SAMPLES OF FARMS FOR SALF IN OXT-.U). b.tlt"r™?SVVSi'Svl?^ 20 acres ha.dwo.d bu.h ; . i,. encea; watered by three wells and one neverfaili, /sm W^U/'"'''" ' ^^''^ c«.dar rail and wire two-st .ry frame house, with nine rooms win «11k' J *^i' •i"*' *'='■*'« °f c^ cellarunderhalf thehoise; fraraTwoodsTied ?8vS4^^^ 1^^^^^^ •?"^"' f ^'^'^'^ attached. 18x2 1 8 3ne stables underneath for thirteen horsefandthtvJfh^^^^ ' /''"'"r ^'"''^' b""- 6-»x66. witH Price, aiO,COO (.rOOo", ^l^J.to^'^^XV.^lZ SuilZ SchlS"'-"'^^^ '^"^ '"'"'«- bush;tE s^'r Kra 'cS x::^}'n!i^c trc ^""^ ' %'^- --« ^^ '>-^-°d Bufflcent fall ; good rail and wire fences and he fi hL all iTwVL"'^'?.'^''""* ap,,earance. just and a valuable spring creek ; good orchard, all beanl • firTtot^^ ^1°]^ ' ^?tered by two wells e-Kht rooms, besides a brick kitchen attached, T6;20 ^e far 2 !%«h ^^ midence. with soft water cistern at „ tchen ; a fine bank liam j^iiof ■ u ^"^^'' ' ^"'^^ woodshed. 16x20- stabling under barn for forty head of cattl aSther amL7,'.\* '''^:''\^ attached 3(1x50 driving shed, 30x40; pig pen. 12x20; a sheerhCusranTothpV h 'm -^"^'^ ^°', **''^ ''"^''es used for pumping water and cutting fodder for stock This is a fir ''^i"^' ' "• '"^^ windmill is n every respect and only IJ miles from a village and close to „.if "*i*'''"'' «"iL" ""^ stock farm ^.r^:t ^.A^^.^}^ town onTj{'^.;!"v^,:tA^,-^^^^^^ i: t.;l cash, balance to suit the purchaser. [I31j l.-!2 rnH;;':i'^^/\^;iii.. "tsf :::;^::;:-r- -^i ;'■■'■-% -.... i, .....t i „ Park, wl.ert. th..n. i. si..;i,„l a "c ,.;. / ^V "'''•^^ "^ f''^' «ell-knu„n (;,• „t , I'lu^k iv.s„k.,ioe. concivti,. cellars vvi(!, la.iiMl. v n. 1. f ' ''"^''^'^ ""^''''^l " 'I f.o„L n,.vc. h,..H.., u. .t,.,K. fo„„aat ,, ;i\ X 4 ; . ;:';"'■'"' r t '=';'^"'' I^''«" u. •"'^•<' vi..,.. 4,H.«, i.ucl;^:,::!';';r;. ;. r'r;::^-;,.:^;;;/'-'- ^-^'^ t'^'^ -^'' '-'' : r. M.I. IS, collars Hi.iclo.set.s ct • • m.i^n ( ' I l' i"' i''l''1. LHr-c fia...c l,o„sc .■ noct...,,. S.tu Ucl at base of ...ountai.. t ..'.iles , ! ' ^ '..■';':/""" i •"'^1''""- -„,. front of farm ; on yravd roa.l. Price !*18 (V)() <'riin9l.y ; electric cars ,,ass drainage, Fcced will, posts ^'£rSiV'^ 'HTr.es i„ full I.eari,.,, ; 1 12 X 18 attacl.e.I, on sto..!, fou-.-l^Hor^inf^^r , ™ ";:'- ^8 x 32, with kluJn Jnune bar,. 21 x 40, with stables. Sit ate t 1 i ' "' K"- ^"' ^^'^'y ^ ^ ^■ ^^ln.llaR. I{. station and about ' ■■ „?: t , . ' "I'luntain 'J] miles fr,„„ «2,(.0.casl., balance ,;nn.o,tS:;!e.- " ""''' ^""" "'''''' ''''>^- I''''-- .^10,000 O,,;;: a., r'-t^n^: w t;:^i:;i:;''^.;;-'- ^-rS^ Nia,ara.-About 25 acres or , Soo, cellar 2(» X 3(», well ,lrai..e,l. (Jood s v 1 V ''",""" '''^'"'*^^-'' l*'^^''^'" : Shod (.0 X 33 jMjr ,,e,. Kitu.ated on the ^a 4^ r v m. .^'T ''r" •'" "^ •^"' ^'•"■"^' .n.les f..„n N.agara, and 15 ...iles f.nn St. c"£n ^ PHce "sm f m ' ^••— «-• ^ 12) acres, tiwnshii. of Nia''ai'a on th.> v; „ r,- ^lO.oOO. location. Price, $12,000. ' peaches, lo acres apples. Ueantifiil •^rU^^f^U::S^^^^^ f..o... St. Ca,,,, spnn.. stream runnin. thro,, r], the fann Fi„ , /, i ' "' ** '■^'"l ^.'l'^"'- All fruit la,.,l ; fi'a.ne t .na,.t houses, fra.ne bar..s, stables c rrl. , " •^^""" >e':'" bnildin^'s. 1,0' lO peach trees 1 yria- County of Wextworth. 170 acres tovnsl.ip of Salttleet — 1? -.prps ■ u plums pears, cherries and grapes, and 'on west "side 2 nnS '""■"'l ''''*"*^''^ ""^ ""'' Krame house containing 12 room,, cellars etc Now fr ? P*'^''' ^''^'^^ in beari,,,. !"•' "I'l'li* "iclnnl, all j„ f,,]] lM'iiiiii!,'iiii(i yioklny ,1 i,'.,,,! aii- niml iiiuouif. Ni'iit iind cm- '^itnho l;-s,.ry franu- I,„u8e, ox 28, w,n« 18 x L'». f:,„„l I'iMi 20 x ;!0 with loi,„ t„. 2 truit-imchiis? liousfs. all in ),e,st irom Uiiioim P. o. ,1,1,1 0. T II ■station Hiul uppcsifo Wii.nim lark. Piico, $8,0(0. TtTiim to suih .'!4 acres, towiiHliipi.f .Saltricet 10 acres btariii.,' onliai.l, 115 ai'plu-, 3!»5 1,'un.H, 2fi8 luar. 1,070 tiu.ifli. .'iA acres <,'rHp(s, (J acres berry bushes, :: acres ciir- raiits and godsebirries. nrick lioiise. 18 ncnis, cellais, etc. ; frame barn, sheds, et". Situated till stone n.adO nii'es from Ham- ilton, close to Stoney Creek ; H. (J. & B. Elcc ric KailHay I'ass farm. Price, j»7,0(K) Co I NTV OF HaLIUMAM", 105 acres, townshpof Oneida -S(jilrich loam, s!ii;hfy rol)in"i :- chard of about 250 tine trees, 111 tuU bearlnl,^ Fine large stone house (2 s' ories) and basement ^" -x 40, Jarte kitclien ai;d larL'e c.'llars ; well finished throudi- out. Frame houfo, yr.od size; -Jarj,'e frame barns « ith stine I'iisements, containi! g horse stables cow stables, hay mow. !M tutted . n tlie Grand river, 3 miles fron fiom R. R. ^.".,500. Cayuga, ,^ station. 1! nn'es Price, Ci r.NTV OF WntLANI.. 13(3 acres in the township of tfoH land.— This is beautifully situated on the banks of the » elland river, across from Port Kobinson. There are two sets ot buildings on it ; about 120 au'es cieared; 2 orchards, an al'undancc of water, and the soil i H M, in lissex cour»tv, which is a s. '. fru.t and peach-growin^r .section, are ijuoted as examples of what n v 1 obtained ,n that locality. Nowheri in (Canada ire the winter^!. ^ severe or ot shorter .luration than in this section — «rowH,^"sm'!:irT"''''T'* for grain grazing and roots ; 85 cultivated, rest un-l.T- Price, «3,600. ChhI,. »l.(iOO i^mortg^go f!u rUt ' ''°' ^ ; Leain.ngton, H. Fri.^^u^?"' u^'""ly '.*'^ l'°*°'> ''""'• l>i'«"tifully situated on the l)ank« nf I i- way If ?Jl°«ri''''(^r-^'^^''^''^P*"' "^ ^^^'^t '"'^y be obtained in the ot grain, stock and dairy farms in the Mi.ilanddistric'sof Ontari.,:- CoiNTY OF WaTERU.O .,..nffv r 'ir*" ' 17^ acres eloHre.l ; ^7 acres of hanhvoo.l I.uhIi ; s,.il, ckv loam- f f mu^ 3 evil • f 1 "' ""^ fences ; watere.1 by 2 wells and a cix^k cn.ssls^mck cm taini , J acres „f l.eanng orchard besides a lar-e variety of small fruits • -i lull «-r>T«< V I''"t\fO^;>j*- fi-'""« woodshed 12x18; kr«e cistern • fume bank 1, <,5 X 80 ; h..r.e stable 15 x 30 ; cw stnble f.u' 3'2 cattle ; stone oiL ne 20x ' f, dnvmgshed 2,x30; sheep house: root house 15 x 20. Tin fs Hrs^ chss" I' factoX'/" See *ll 0."^^/^ \::^>^'m 6<«) "''"" "•""'' """* "*'"^' '^^"""'-'^ -^'' ^''^ iiLB .i*,».ui» , |..i3.,u>!v ^t>,6liiij{ lUKluriiiNitli Mliet'|) hmme, Hi x IH farm, liiid noHily (ill «i x T"' with '. "< ..tlu.r..„t.l,u.I,lu.Ks. VhiH is H tirHt-clHHs Kminn,.: stock S,.,wl. 7'l "l ^" ""'"'"'' ^•'""•^■l'«H '"> ^ "' " "•"■'"« '""• '' »'^i"' ''^ "ne barn,HndHtr.WBle,lfor 1.™; JT, X'!^ 'i^/ ^*J= '*/<.'"« «t'^''li-'L' un.le; atUchfd, l(ix24; collar u.HloH.onM.f:. ^u*"' .** •■'"""'• ''^•^'''^^" '^ '^'^^•''^■» .hud, 2(.x-r, ; H,.t water ctLrTx ' Th? ' "« "'^^ •* '"'"'''"'' = ^'•'""^' ^^ l" fHnn, only U niiluH from a murL. / . ' ^'"! 'V '"•«t-^'"«« «••«'"• «t<.ck and dairy cheese fn^'V m c Z.^ "'"'^^ ^ ^^'J-, ^ o.hce hcIh.oI and chnrchen ; dose to purchaser. *'r«''"»tiy. luce, 811. 600; ,,ayal,le |«r.,0(M) ea«h, l.alanee to suit Coi'NTY OF GrKY. Hneetd3;;:!:dxS■?;;KftI;el^^^!;^ri:^?'^^ "t ^•^--'' ^•-" •-•■ Leautifully situated and lies well luini L s*! i " iV'^"^ i'""" ^ '''*' ♦'"'"' '"^ waterecll-y^wellsandaaeveSi^ "^i^'^^SS'fo , W ""^ ^f "'.'''"V l)<.ard fence in fr<.utan.l principally strain tfe,™ ' ' ''" ^^""T' "'^'^ 'Tchard. A first-class lA-storv st.-no Iwd ,1 ■ . .^'"■'"; ''"""^ >'"""X ''^■'^''"8 and 2 halls, stone kitten a ache MJ^^*^ " '' ^""fi ^■'*'' ** «-^'"-«"i'^l'^''l '•""".8 splende.1 cellar un.l 1 ,, sf'^T . re i^f.^ .I' '•""^- "'""'«h-»' 1« .^-^-^ ^'''•«'^' ^■'^'^"■" = l>Hrn, 24 x 28, with 7 roon.s an, v. .,/ ,1''"," , 'd ^ 1,'""'" H''^^ '""T" '1^"\'' "'« ^.HxHO, and other necessary outhuil i ,/s • s 1 ,h^^^ ^■'"'^- '"*'"• ivithin 1 niiles fi,,ni a first ckss livJr/. .°.1\ V ■ ^ '"''''• ^''"^ '^'"■"' ''"^ «itn»ted payable S2,0(K) cash! h.Iia^^'trsld^'il^Sl::^.;''"'' "" ^'"^ ''■ ''■ ^ »'"-• *«•-'" : Cor.VTY OF \\ HI.INOTO.V. A first-class lOO-acre jirain and stock- tnm • ■ 2 Hnished roou'is, be^i is a k tX ^a tl ) ^'Vf^u''^'^''' ^''''^ ''""^'''> «it'' 7 well- has all new buildings and new'fences Tul ? ■^f^''''*"'' -"■»» ""'^ «t"''k farm, and Hla.^e.jd lively n!^u.l^ft^:/S^two^;i^rS^ ..uce., mostly .rra>g,u ..1 ; all undenlran,ed that is rcpdredf watiml^l^;;:!!!:^ 136 \MthH wiii(]iiii]l for ],uiiii iiiy water into the housu and barn, und a valuable surhv creek near one end of farm ; good bearing orehard ; large number of shade and ornamental trees ; frame bank l)ani, 72x82, with hay shed attached, .'JO x WO ; ajs,, anotlier frame bank barn, r.2 x (JO, and a shed attached, 22 x (iO ; stabUng undenieatl ?fi"'l '"i"*^ '''^'■'' '""^ ^*"* '^''*^''' = I''^' I"^^" '^"*' driving house, 26 x 50 ; .sheep lions,. bV\ '"i"fe'»i I'oot house ; l)rick residence 28x41, with rooms, besides a I'.-storv Kitchen attached, 18x28, all heated by furnace ; cellnr full size of house ; i)antr\ irame woodshed an(' icehouse, 18 x 28 ; large soft water cistern. There is also a en ' cretu house, 20x28, with rooms. This farm has every convenience in i)uildiii.'., suitahility of soil and the advantages of a never-failing supply of jiure spring watn witli abundance of shaded pastures for stock ; it has always been used as a stock faini lor rjii.smg thoroughbred stock. It is .situated only 2 miles from a market town on thr i^Vn/wV' V'^f^ "*''■*'' '""^ ehurches; 1 mile from school. Price, 821,000 ; paval.l,. *iU,0(J(J cash, balance to suit i)urchaser. 210 acres; 170 acres cleared; 25 acres valuable hardwood bush, balance partly cieareil ; soil is best clay loam ; farm lies well, no h'lls nor Hat land ; fences are all new, straight rail and wire fences, all new gates and jiosts ; watered by 2 wells and t ''^''"'iip ' o?'^'-''' "^ t'^*^ staliling ; tine lar^re orchard, all bearing ; a tirbt-elas.s red bii,l< nouse, J(, x do, with 11 rooms, besides a U-story red brick kitchen attached, 20 x 24 • soit water cistern in kitchen ; 2 tine cellar.s-one under house, 26 x 35, and other under Kite len, 20 x 24 ; a new woodshed, workshop and carriage house, 20x68, attached u< Kireiien ; 2 arns together— one a tirst-class bank barn, 70 x 75, and the other is 32 x 52 • «tai)inig under the mam barn for 35 cattle and other animals ; horse stable, 20x4(1 ■ m pen, 12x30; sheej) hou.se, 18x30; large lAot house under barn in stabliui,' ; urivnig shed and other buildings. This is a fir.st-cla.ss grain and .stock farm, and one of the best planned and fenced iiftiie country ; a good market town ^ miles ; convenient to post office, scliocd and churches on C. P. R.- only Price, ^15,500 ; jiayable f 6,000 cash, balance to suit purchaser. 335 acre grain and .stock farm ; 120 acres cleared and free from stumps ; no stones; ]o acres hardwood bush; soil, best clay h.am ; well fenced with cedar rails aiiu picket and board fences ; water in almost eveiy field; size of fields, 10 and l.". acres ; 4 acres of fine orchard ; handsome white brick 2-.story dwelling house, 35x45 with 14 excellent rooms, well finished, besides a kitchen, 14 x 24 ;''well, soft wat.r cistern and (.ther necessaiy conveniences at house; barn burnt down; stablin.r fci liorses and cattle ; 2 pig jiens, room for tO hogs ; large driviiigshed and large slurp nouse ; al.so smoke house, ice hou.se and other necessary buildings, and situated oiilv •5A miles from a city, 1^ miles from village and railway .station, and convenient In seliool and post office. Price, *8,50(J ; payable )?3,400 cash, balance to suit purchaser. Rented Farms. Farms may also be rented or leased cheaply; usually from |'2.fO to S4.00 per acre per year, if this system be preferred. Long lea.ses are not customary, and the restrictions are not as a rule such as to embarrass tl:e tenant. To Farm Hands. To the efficient farm laborer ako, Ontario offers a good chance to better his position. Thi.s class of settlers would do welb to investigate the cheap and free grant lam's of Ontario's rorthern district (which will be found cV-,«cribed elsewhere), where he may obtain for hiirself and h\> ran.ily a fasm and Lcmc ard every piuspett of a ccmfoitable liveJihcni I '.»• 137 firm Jf/Jj"^'- "" ''''''■''• ^' '' ^^"H ^""'"'^ ^'°^" ^ y^^' «^- <^^o '^^ «» Ontario crrnc!^? f •^''T'-^PT'"'?."*^"^''"^'"^'"^'^^^^^^ be enabled to ' S l?r -n ';^' toM-ards making a start for himself. If he be a capable there . Jw ' "^ ['f '"'^^ 1" ^"^""^' ^^^ ^" ^-^^'^"^'"^ employment, as there is always a gcod demand for really efficient farm Imncls especially for n)en who are capable of undertakingthc Adding and care of livSck^ *arm aborers with tanalies can find ready employment if thev are vS?1?;r^ '^''' '^' """"^ "*■ l--«vicHng a littfe furniture ailp!;! Ltrnln '^1-0 young women in the iamily, able and willing^ to take places as servants, so much the better. ^ on.Jr^' '^''""^"? for female domestic serNants is constant in town and country everywhere throughout the Province at all seasons of the year. ONTAnO AgRICDLTCRAL CoLIEGE, Gl'ElPH The rate of wages for experienced servants ranges from S6 to $12 per month with board. Good general servants can readily find employment at from $7 to $10 per month. "^ The following rate of wages to farm laborers are averages derived trom returns made by farmers on July 1 :— Per year- ^T'' ^^^^'- 1894. rei year . $ 8 S (Yearly engagements) . / Z"^} ^"'Y^ • i 144 150 160 I Witliout boai d 243 240 247 Per month : «R n © „ « (For working-season) . . | ;;,\[\^ ^^'l™ • ; 14 67 15 38 16 65 I " 'tl'out Inward 24 11 J-S 45 25 01 u-,>l. *r nf ^'^'«r-'''"^ r^^"^ y^- ^'"■"' '■* '■ - '^=*^ *^'- ' • P^*" »^«»t h, as compared \\itli $0.07 in 1895 and $6.23 in 1894. g 138 THE CANNING AND PRESERVING OF FRUITS AND VEGE TABLES IN ONTARIO. 4o f J,^- 'T^?*' ^'''''■•' *" ^^''^ '^•'''' '^f attention has been devoted in Ontaii,. to the industry connected with the preserving or " canning " of fruits vegetables. At the present time there are no less than twenty sk factories engaged in this business in the province, some of Sch a p fully equipped ^yith all the most modern and improved utens Lam machinery. Fruits, such as apples, peaches, pears, plums cherries an PuUkTrien^^^^^ of berries, and vegetables, suc'h as'to^n^l sW ^^^^^^ Kl^^ ; w^ and other wax beans, green peas, asparacms etc are brought fresh from the orchards and the fields to the tLtorie tC they are carefully sorted and prepared, and are hermetically seale'n tins when partially cooked. The process employed serves to retan th^ natural flavor as well as other desirable qualifies^of thT^uits and -o^^ tables, and to keep them good in any climate. On account of thdr choan ness and excellence they are a great boon' to city dwellers especial h at ThTinl'^' r' ''^r T^' ""''^'^'^ cannotUerwTse be^obta >ed JC!l "" u'T' "V^"^'^*^ "^"^ "^*^y be purchased often more chZ • than they can be had even when in full season ^ ' Wl.^fl'^^'''*'"'^/^''''","''^ ^™^*''' ^"'1 vegetables is steadily increasincr bo hat home and abroad, and is likely to continue to do so^ In S nu 1 i 'T"^ ^PP^'' ^"^ IT^^"*^^ ^-"P^^'^^^y fi". |tlu! world. The li 'lie Sault rapids ; |A .second immen.se jjiiiills will draw tlu |Al<,'oma territory. Thb Li'mukh Im)U8TI(y, Ottawa. [UO] 141 wood is of a .superior ouaiTtv an 1 vo " Moreover Canadian pnli, factnrers of the Un 4te a 'Ts'T'"'""^''',' ^^^*^'^* ''J tluMuLu/- demand. WitI, re-^ard to oua f vVw • -'"u '" *'^"' ^^^'^''ly increasin.. "'"1 Sweden, if thf price ^"u^^^^^^^^ i«b,tter situated than Norwav f--in 189-^Cauadian^puptar; Id n fI'^'"" ? *'^'^'^" as a criterion, a to^w^l^ainst 820.7^^ d ^^^Sandin^l^ ^tt" ^^'^^^^^^ "^ ^^^'^^ U^1^^:!'l^:^tZ^,:f, ^^^yl'^Xf h.nd in Ontario, all the rivers of that te 4.r Zv ^ T^^ im,ne,liately avaihible As floated except to Hudscm Ba^am^ . 'T''' /"'''^^'•- ^'^"'"^ »<^t he Europe i. regarded as uncertain f, "'"^^f f'«" *'•"'" this great bay to establish .a^ ,,i„, o.rr'n tK. .":^r^^Th'";^'S'^^''^^"^^^^ lo-gnicr radways now in vo'n,e liow< ,o . .i "-' ^"''V'^P'y c-onstructed "V;; of one of 'the trunk iS way n ^ 'h rt 7 r'""^"'"'''^ "^^''^^ ^«"'P'- will render the forests of this v-^lf 1 -f ""'^ ^o run to James' Bay, '"'u-kot den.an.ls. ( ) the 1 .?^^,, V'"'^'"'^^; ^^'"''"^^'^ ^^« ^^^^^ as the -itable for pulp unvldn, s S ^^'^,;:;;;j' f^':; .^'-^-^ts whe.e wood >'i«ntioned the southe,-n portions of w,W- '■"'^:,^\'l"*"itities n.ay be Ottawa river. In the vJ'on of h iT^"^: ?""*''•>' ^'» ^he Upper District, spruce and popla^a oun.i ,1 ?.''; °p '^^' ^^^^'^^''•^' ^^^^"y Ri^er -Lstrict, with its tini Iva er p ver 1 K /r^'P' ""' ^"'^^'^ ''^' ''^^ Ipmnt tor the nwnuifacture of pulp "^ " '"''''""^ '"^ important Ithe world. The lake steaa'e.Npssi'T •:''!' ^^^''^^ '^'I'^PP^^l n^ill h» l.e Sault rapids aftbnl pou -r em ,. f to Z . ^^''''''^^' ^''^' '''''''^'' ^"^^ |A second inuuense mill is now n '• n ^'^.'"PP'^ '""".v such indu.strie.s. Inills will ,lraw then- sun 1 , cons ruction at that point These [Alj,'oma territory. ^^ ' ''^ ^'"^^' ''''^'^ f'-"'" ^^^- iiu.nediateiy a.ljacent 1 '1)1 '»"' The coinii fresh water fi.s fish, Salmon-tr( The total twelve years, valued at $17,( The prinei iHerri White tSaliiK The Raini ;5C0 miles of i iiiipoi'tance. T Although the ci fi million pound j,''eon caviare ai The Mholeot th Yield Kindt N\'hitel Trout Herriir ti Eels Sturge( Maskin Bass Pick ere Pike Coarse ; Perch 143 ONTARIO FLSHERIES. «sh, sawtvout, he. > z:iL';is:;irr.r ^^-^ ^'^^ ^'^^^^- twol''y::s^^Tw'l8 L'u "'f f ;" Ontano waters durin. the valued at $I7:G(!oO()0 ' '"""""*«^' *"' "<^^"-b' 294,000,000 pounds. The principal kinds „F fish cau^dit in the period nmned were : WhSlfth 07,000,000 pounds. '^'^'""^^^■^»-«"t (is.oooiooo " :^C0 ^^eJ'TL^^:^:!:^^,:^ ^^^^ -brac^ so.ne importance. Tho centre of fhl 4 i \ • ., '>V'"«'* *^»"e of much Akhoughthecatd.7whiefi ri."t^;^r^^^^^^ ^''^' ?^ '^'' ^^'«"d.s. >^ -illic^. pounds, and ^^S'l^t ^^^.^f "'^.n^r"^^ ^^^ f,a'on caviare and bladders for ^H^f^ r-^^,.l % i' pioduce ot stur- "K. . ,.„,„ . .,.e o„teh f.o;/s J dii;:r^™^t,; tl"thf s,f sz rieW and Value of the Fisheries of Ontario for 1895. Kind of Fish. n„. .•. W'l -i. n , Quantity. ^j;^''^f^^^ 3,08G,4:S5 ^^■""'^ 5,958,284 tr . ^^»"'s 1,040 Hernno- « g^^^^ Eels Sturgeon fresh caviare bladders niontpe Bass Pickerel Pike Coarse fish Perch ^bs 7,215,100 131,000 800,590 02,024 3,210 353,815 005,220 3,299,410 1,229,250 2,937.045 789,760 Value. S249,GG5 595,828 10,400 17,154 216,454 7,800 108 035 18,787 2,573 21,228 39,913 161,970 49,170 58,741 23,692 Total » 1, 58 1,474 ii:,!!''i 144 Tliere are 3,2(J0 iiicn oinployed in the inilufstry in (Jntario, tlio total capital invested boinif $852,000. Tlie fi.slK'ries of Hudson Bay are considerable, but they are nut included in the statements of the Department of Marine and Fisheries The Hudson Bay Coupany have established salmon fisheries along tln' lower part of the several rivei-s (lisnhararinrr into Ungava Bay. '^ Tli. fishermen employed are all Esquimaux. Troiit are taken in large quan titles and of great size, the large.st rcportel weighing fourteen" pouivU I'oKr CiMiwiai., Lake Slpkkior. and the average bein^ from six to ^ \on pouni.s. In addition to sdiina and trout, cod, whiting, hake, pollock and other fish abound. The whale fisheries of Hudson Hay are also extensive, and for fort\- years past American whale-s have regularly found harvests there. T1k> value of fish and wha'e oil alone taken from Hudson Bay by Unitt il States wha'ers and the Hudson Bay Company is estimated at'SloO.ODO a ye ir for the pist ten years. The hair seal is also very numerous in these water-*. The fact i in southern Oi kinds of fuel a natural gas ai great, while of for fuel outs id conveyed out c fourth and lai parts of the Pj tion of the nati with a growth most of the pe year by year (j accumulating c it grows. Th .«» eonsmners. The parts of the Province wlarever ZT} l V' 'l^'^^t^ties in n.anv tion of the natural <^^^^£^l^;^ 'S.^" *^-"-> ^' "bstruc:: table remains than he K^ s mtr^Vhe 1 h'' ^-""T i"'^^^""^ ^■^^^^'- turbed surface of the bo. ?n ^«- and confine its uL to the neigh'S^^^^^^^^ th T^' 7" "^"'f ^l^^ ^^^^*^"^^'' The necessity for a more econnlT.! ., , .H' *'«'» ^hich it is cut. than byhanil labor a" 1 trZhli^^y o?' n ' P-P--i"«, Peat for fuel more thoroughly freed from nSn, v? Producing a denser article attempt was made to turn neat trn' T'' ""^^^T^ *^« «°°" ^« «^^ on a large scale, \tr2rattemnrb '\ '"^^"'^f'^f during industries cesses invented to produce surhnnPf- 1^^^%^^" "'^de and many pro- included some oi^aTof the foI?nvv-t- . ^^'''^ ''!'^^'''^' ^'^^^ "«"ally the raw peat and so reducing ^to«°rfl IJ-^'^"'*'"^ ^' "macerating into blocks of conveSt^shnn/P/P^"^^^^^ either in the open a'rnVlrEiaTtr'ir' '"''"^' drying tLn^ turated peat i.n rendered mor^ rmnnl f u ^ '''''"^ Processes the tri- ^p enaerea moie compact by severe pressure. By means of ^'^r-m^. :.. •.^■ "'■^irfl- PEAT-uo(i, Wklland Couktv, Ont. Bales of Moss-litter bkadt for Shipment. [146] U7 tliis kind a rriHn\ articlf ^>^' tuol 1 tlif majority of instanceH the co.st 1 m,s ill many o(\se.s hv^'U produonl, hut 111 ia.s jK'tition with coal or wood in.pos.sil.l,.. This prohlt-in of clu'Ri) and cfhciont m-nf fii..l iv .HU :.. .. ^i' • cl and when a sohition' is reafhed J) and cfhciont peat fuel is still (■n<'-H eonnties of Kl,,., „.., Waterloo, alon,. the Hoi i, vi vtr n ^ ork ami Simcc.e counties, in Parry Sound and Nipi.ssin... | t c s along the hue of tlu- Ottawa, Arnprior and J^u-i v So,u d and C nadia'" ae.fic railways, particularly of the latter from JaUe \i ism toR, Porta,... ami ,n NN-ellaml county alon,. the Wellai d eana i 1^ ; H" ' At'n 7" 7^"'"V^^-'i-r'"^ ''""^'^'"^^ '>'-'>■ thousands of ^muv % - in ''^^t-nu'ntion..d place, on the lin,. „f the Welland canal , hn^ of ..,000 acres lu area is heii,. -xploited by the Canmlia, Pea F u ompany. who have erected a manufactorv an.l are now eno^a Id i h rnino. out inoss litter, for which a ready market existsln t^uf^.t States. Ihoy also propo,se to work the lower beds for fuel ami mim tacture the peat by a process which has been patented by lei ! t of the company. Mr. A. A. Dickson. We oive a couple of vie vs H 1,^ the company s operations. ^ ' ^'» ^\■J- ninstiat- ")! 1^ NORTHERN ONTAKlO AS A FIEU) B^OR SETTLEMENT. It iH (loubtt'ul wliethcrany country can prcHcnt j^'mvter .ulvantu-reM.) HfttlcTH of the right cIhhs tliaii the Northt-rn l)i.strirt.s of Ontari.) To (!.,■ IxK)r man it offei-n . up and fertile hinrjK, u healthful climate anirio has been wrested from the fonvst only at a cost of great hai-ilship. In these days the labor of ch..i)pin.^ out a bush farm, although severe, is child's play compared with whwt tlir former generation had to undergo. But it is claimed that a nmn poss, s sing good health, strong arms, a resolute heart, and a rudimentary know- ledge of agriculture, may go into these regions and make for himself not merely a living, but a competency as a result of his industry, and at t' r same time be accessible to markets and tt) the necessaries and even miiiiv of the comforts of civilization. The Rainy River Dlstrict. Boun dunes. Of the newer sections of -On'ario, the one to which the great, i- amount of attention is being (Jrawn at the present time is the country extending from the west of lake Superior to the Lake of the Woods nn the Manitoba boundary. It, comprises the southern portions of the Ramy river and Thunder Bay districts, lying immediately north of (he State of Minnesota. The international lim- forms the .southern limit an. I the C. P. R. may be said, roughly speaking, to be the northern boundars . thus constituting a parallelogram of country about three hundred mil.'s and from eighty to one hundred broad. Nature and Resources of the District. Taken as a whole, the district must be considered as a mining an. I lumbering rather than a farming country, yet it has the advantage .1 ^ ... — ....1, ,i,._.i._. ,,iiud..,-ic vi.a\sva us. litmnii;; ianu as rerxiie i- 149 any in Ontario an.l cttpal.Io „f H„p,„,rtinKa lai^reagric.iltunil pcnnlaticm • n >.ouKh c.o„.,,an.d vv.t 1. ' """^"' ^'"' ^h-e ca,; he . ixn'tiona ^^ ^""^' '"'''^' """ '" " ^*^'^ ^'''''^''^ '^"•'^""'« '^^K^' P''"- The hunherir.^r i„dnstry is consi.hMahly deveh)ped. but it is only Ht^ly that the vvea th of its n.ineral .leposits l.as been n.ad .- .wn It .s the activity of these two industries and th.- highly ren uner.t. . nar. ket they affoni to,- farm produce which renders this re, ion perh;. -"the llTsLuime ' ' "'''''•"'"' '•'"' ^"^'"'"^ '"^« ^'^ !fiV.r ;. the Water ar\d Railway CommunicJ III lot) The chain of navigation afforded by Rainy river, Rainy lake and tlic Lake of the Woods has an extent of two thousand miles of Qoast lin.^ which exceeds tliat of any other series of inland navigation on the con- tinent with the exception of the great lakes. Besides those nientiont'd there are many other lakes requiring but slight improvements on th.; connecting streams to enable vessels from Rainy lake to pass into them Extent of Farm Land. It is estimated that there are between three and four million acres of arable land in the Rainy river district. The greatest stretch of unbroken agricultural country is found in the valley of the Rainy river between the Lake of the Woods and Fort Frances. It is not confined to the river, but extends north-easterly along the shores of Lake of the Woods. This by no means includes all the good land in the district, as there are other valleys of excellent land, but none so large as the Rainy river valley. Rainy River Valley. The country on the Canadian bank of tlie Rainy river is an unbrok.n plain of fertile land extending back for a distance of from ten to thirty miles. The soil consists of a deep deposit of glacial clay, overlaid by u. great depth of the richest alluvial mould. It is of unpiiralleled fertifity and nowhere else in Ontario is there a stretch of eighty miles that Cii'n compare with it. The land is adapted to all kinds of farming. It is mostly coven m I by timber suitable for fencing, firewood and building material, and Is easily cleared. The great advantage of this country, especially as regards watof and wood, over a prairie country have attracted a number of settlers from the United States and Great Britain, as well as from the older parts of the Dominion. The land fronting on the river is all and in some places settlement extends back for several miles. the settlers have been located there for a considerable time .. ..... good houses and barns, large clearings, good fences and well bred stool Unfortunately this agricultural section is at piesent to be reach only by water from Rat Portage, but a road known as the Ontario -.v > Rainy River Railroad has now been liberally subsidized by both tlu Provincial and Dominion governments from Port Arthur and Fort ^\ liam to Fort Frances. Its con.struction will be begun without delay, an direct railway communication between the Rainy river valley and Superior will probably be completer; within a year or two's time, route ivi\] lie cbse to the great Atik-okan and Mattawan iron ra and will pass through the Saw Bill lake, Seine rivei- and Shnal lake mining sections. taken u] Some I and hav- lii'il u- aki' Tl ,1.1 151 Free Grants. free an., purehie an SioS eT.htl^^L^roL'S.^^e'' ''"^' Commercial Centres Mat Portage. Hne .^he Canadian ?r«fR:„X^:1 itcLr-^fArt-r, will bVoAntoeJ" 'Spol^'^fr' ri Pr-^"' '■'^'»'->- »'■ "'- t"*" tin iSr.ThriSa^ruSnTf'for ^ c: T r°/ 'rr-^'-' lation ha, steadily increasS a.™ in isof it '''°"' *f *'"« «if popu- thousand. The increaJT'lSM ha, e^ede. Z f '"^'^^' ^"■' period, and the population is now h;u.e:n fotlndteloir™"'^ Its Industries; Lumbering. develXU'TthttKSleT,™- ha "I'l " '»• '«"'"i"S -ith the which Contribute grS,tl -ft p™ X^Tl h^nbT'.^N LIT'i'-' :s^t^ wh& igStSSS- -' t -^"-^ l."2 Fisliinr/ Industry/. Next ill iinportaiic.. coiiios the fishing iiuhistrv of the Lake ..f th.. Woods, „t whicli Rat Portauo is the centre. It is estimated that thi^ business afiords eruployineiit for oOO men, and that the amount of moiux- brouglit into tlie town in 18X;) on account of it was S200,000. It will he a suri)rise to many to learn that the Lake of the Wood. produces about seventy-five per cent, of the caviare supply of the world ot the III capacity < Canada a two high ( is driven available. -, ■' Anot; lent wate] town are ( are capahl are about Wp:^,,,r.V^,;-^.^-^,^^ i",'^ T.*^1 8i*ki u ■ ■-' ■' jSf" ^^iWimm.- "dt.^' '■ "-fi^^'^Ai, *uSQftih ■ ]kCi*&^'(-i "> %^ 41-..---^ ■■5*1^ ■'?■'*£,'*"■. IIAT POITT**!. «rr.. Rat Pohtagk, Rainy Riveu Disikxt. \vhich is shipped to Europe and there pre?.ared for the market This delicacy IS prepared from the sturgeon, which abound in these waters. 1 he total catch tor 1895 amounted to five milli(ni pounds the <^reatei- portion of which was sturgeon, from which nearly two liundre.l thousand pounds ot caviare was made. F/(mr Mil Ing Industry. At Keewatin, which is virtually an annex of Rat Portage, the "Lakf ot the Woods Milling Co." has the largest Hour mill in Canada and on- Port An is^situated oi may be stvl W>9K^,Pt.»*-tiT» . (t 6WO ,,i,,, ,,„„„,, i::ii'nr;' .pi ;:r^*™„7,;,' ;''■'« .i-i" «,..,,.■.,,. IS driven ont rolv liv w t...- n/.-i i ' "ry"" ""■'^'lel^ ihe luaeliinerv •1 11 """''^ 'i\ \\"'» '■'''■'■ Tlii-se falls a... aiLt „ wSan;»;,'v.;;:it';.ciaTj;!;!^.,il;'"''«» "■■'*•'"■"■"■ »"■' Foorf Pw^p Industry. the fnailulS;:^' '.'.f'^;::;', 3" ^P™« "'.f' --fence i„ the J?rXi:x::.^ ^^^ ::^^^]yr^''f^ --I 7'i77i7jer Resources of the District tiona?tSei'\t;:;ih:^'tiruo^,^^'^^ ^ the woods are intema. the State of Mint'l Tl^e a'aff ^^'0"'^' ^'"'V*^''^, ^"^^"'^ *"^-°"' line draining into this ba n con nv 1 ^"""tiy on both sides of the acres. It c^^tains ir;^;^ pinSS;.";:^,i^!^, ^"" thirteen nullion are supp^ d with their lun.b'er and bui din " a H.r T?f "' '''' T'l now nia. by the I ake of flu. W,..w] ' • " '"attiiai J lie annual cut hundred ndlHon feef bL t pi h J^^^^ ""'?^1l from seventy to a in the region especialh sml^J" . n"?'' "*''''»" valuable timber ally find its wav' ^via t e Sus tHl E^ ^' ^^ ^'"'^ ^""'''^^- "^"^^ ^^"^tu- and its handling a 1 cutt n. t *i "^f'^'' ^f ^''"'^ ^^^ <^'^^' '"'^i^ wnterway, numbers of men wHl X-d mu> of T ^"^"'""'""g employment for large for his pro,hict."' ' "* ^'^''^ ^''•'^^ "'^'-'^^'t'^ the settler can have Port Arthur and Fort WUlian,. is-sitJ^itn'f mtr ^T "^ '"'^' »^'Po^-tance, and also a lake norf It may be styled the gate ay, at Uie western end of lak way of tlie great gold fields of i' Superior, and northwestern 15^ Ontario. It is on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway and has at its ba«k some very fine agricultural land very similar to that of the Rainy river valley, besides a country rich in gold, silver and iron. Set- tlers of the right class would do well there, but they should not come unless prepared to stand the rough, hardy life of the backwood. Within a few miles of Port Arthur is Fort William, a town of two thousand inhabitants situated near the mouth of the Kaministiqua river, a broad, deep stream with firm banks, affording extraordinary advan- tages for lake traffic. It is the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company lake steamships. The immense water power afforded by the Kakabeka falls near this point is soon to be developed for manufacturincr and other purposes. This fall has a drop of 126 feet and a capacity of 40,000 horse power. ^ ALGOMA AND NIPISSING DISTRICTS. Leaving Port Arthur, and returning eastward along the north shore of lake Superior, the country is found to be wild and rocky in the extreme. Whatever may be its mineral wealth, which has not yet been ^certained to any extent, it certainly is not suited to agriculture. At Sault Ste. Marie, however, at the junction of lakes Superior and Huron, another stretch of country adapted for settlement is reached. Ai this goint are two important business centres, known as the " twin cities of ault Ste. Marie," one on the American and the other on the Canadian u ■ i,-^^^ vessels sailing into lake Superior have to pass through one of the ship canals that here connect the two lakes, and the amount of traffic IS very great. The country to the north of lake Huron is known as the Algoma District, and includes St. Joseph and Great Manitoulin Islands. It con- tains a large proportion of fertile land, as do also the districts of Mus- koka. Parry Sound and Nipissing, lying to the east of lake Huron, and between that lake and the Ottawa river. These districts even in the southern portion are, as a rule, but sparsely settled, yet considerable development has already taken place. Numbers of settlers from the older sections of the province, and from other countries as well, have made themselves homes there and are now in a prosperous condition. Already there are thriving settlements not only on the large islands of St. Joseph and Manitoulin, but here and there along the north shore also, oT^^nT "^^^^ ^^^' *^^°"^ twenty or twenty-five miles north-west of Sault Ste. Mane to the valley of the Mississauga, some eighty miles to the east- ward ; and elsewhere. There are s iveral agricultural societies and farm- ers institutes in the district. At Sault Ste. Marie every autumn the East Algoma Agricultural Society hold a three day exhibition, at which a fine cxlabit oi grains, gi'as;ies^j, routs, fruits and vegetables may be seen. ay and has that of tho iron. Set- i not come i. wn of two iiqua river, iry advan- ic Railway ded by the ufacturing opacity of Drth shore ky in the t yet been Iture. At ad Huron, . Ai; this n cities of Canadian igh one of t of traffic le Algonia I. It con- ts of Mus- 'uron, and ^en in the tisiderable from the well, have condition, islands of ihore also, t of Sault I the east- md farm- tamn the at which Y be seen. 15(5 I he -country is ivadily accossiMe, tlie Canadian Pacific nninin<. through It from vnd to end, and tliis fact, together witli its nearness tH cent.-rs of population, and the clieapness of its iand, i-anging fi-oni AO cents to $2.oO per acre, render it an attractive field for settlement Theiv seems to be no doubt that it will one day beroine th<' seat of very larov sheep raising, dairying and stock raising interests, for which purnos.Mt ^ 18 pre-eminently adapted. Sault Ste. Marie is the centnd point of the Algiina district The to\yniseasdy reached either from older Ontario or tlu United >i;ifes It IS situated on the " b^)o line," a branch of the Canadian Paciiif eon- nect:ng with St. Paul and Minneapolis in the m est and Boston in tlie < asf In addition, several ste.unsliip lines call tliere. N( linvf of '/. f C' I urt try The land while very rich is not i.. :-n i? 'broken, (ontinuous stretch as IS tlie case in the southern portion -^f i}ui.i.r!o lb, physical character- istics and appearance are entirely diti'ereiu,, aS is adapted to special ]in(\^ »)(: agricultural production. As has beers th\scribed, this region belonos to the Laurentian and Huronian formalioos oij Canada, and consequently we ti/id that the rocks of tliose systems break up and intersect the lanii m tnt- form of ridges and mas.ses ("bluffs" as thev are locally called) while tne fii ;tful land is found in the alluvial deposits contained in the valleys or depi-essions which lie betwe. n. Taken as a whole, the country may be described as an undulating plateau or table Innd, elevated somV 600 or 1,000 feet above the sea level, covered for the most part by a vigorous growth of forest. Between the ridges and protected by them, stretches of arable land, often unbroken for thou.'^ands of acres, wind in and out. The broken nuture of the land has certainh- been a drawback to the development of the country, and its settlemeiit has been slow in consequence, many failing to realize that so much go(;d farm land exists there. But first appearances aie in this case deceptive, and often when a settleiiient is established it turns out that the amount of land fit for cultivation is even greater than was at first supposed. The country exhibits an endless variety of hill and dale, rapid and cascade, lake, river and forest. Its numerous lakes and rivers constitute one of its marked features, and no country could be more abundantly blessed in this respect. Water of crystal 'purity abounds everywhere. Moreover, it has been found that the 'soil is of surprising richness. It will grow to perfection as many varieties of grasses and grains as grow anywhere, and grow them well ; and its root crops are of such uniform excellence and certainty as to put the district's future for stock raising beyond a doubt. In cereals and grasses, its \irgin soil produces crops \yhich exceed in yield and quality the most favored sections of the United State.s, and even the average of Ontario aene- -:;;-. Wii gru-ises, water, it tiwi of ii •'''ock rai they are the valle^ of ti.e yi: tage3. ' s>'.!pre:')ie As J5 tag( ■: of and chea] duction Astc that nortl other sect Nipissing the winte] indeed, th greater pa Canadian heat is mo The A of minerals resources o show that and iron h» and it cont are now be > Anotht 'eh shou Joruers on ] It is in the c I'unniiio K-arness ti> ^ tVoni rO lit. Thciv very Jai'ffe purpcsc it rlct TIh- ;eo' >"(,;i U's. iciliij, niii- tl tlio < ast. .IS stietcli. cliaractei'- ecial linos n belong.s sequently t the land ly called), led in the e country ited some part by a by them. i, wind in irawback n slow in nd exists ten when nd fit for apid and institute undantly ■rywhere. iiess. Jt as gTo\\- uniform k raisin <; ces crops e United 157 Sultahnitij for Dairiiiwj and Stock Raismj. watt^r, it u, as will af once b; m nle^ 'T •" f ''"^'*"' '^"PP^^ "*" V^r. um of mutton ...i beef cheese and l.nff ^^'P'ff I ^?""t^T for the produc- ^tock misin, country pa/eSw'"^ „ i^ "cSl^tl/V^"?^^^ f" ^' they are with a vi^r,>rous .^-owth of fimW T f . 'f, ^^"^■'' ^^"<^''*^^ ^s the valleys where J^ttle an7l sheen n L! ' P'?*'''^ *''^ P'^^^^^^'^' ''"^^ of of t.e yJar, ,.,,..1 are not J^ eS w Z^ ''''''' ^""^ ^^^^'^" "-^^^^s tage.3. The sheep is exact v a We, ? A' ^"'"P^^^^ating advan- ^>uprem. .xceiience of thTn uti„ S in this'i '• '" •^"'^""' '^"^ *'^- As a dairx-, stock and sheen ra sfn . "'^^^^ ^^S!"" i« a matter of note, tagev, of cheap lan.l. good transnoi tS T^'^vF '^ •^^' ^" ^^' ^^^an- aiid cheap building mater a whHe t nV ?^'^''' "''^ •'^"' ^'^^^ ^'^ter. duction o^- vigoroits stcl'^id .'g^rit meT ^ ^'^ ""^^«^"^^» '^^ *'- P- Climate. that no^r^het OnSio" haf ^otiLo' S^ ;;^'^"^^^- TT '• '' ^^ ^-" P^-^ other sections supp,.sed to be more^avo.ed t/'' ^* 1" comparison with Nipissing although cold are infeite v T ,^'' • '''"*''« ^*' ^'^^^^^ ^^d the winters of the western states naS,'! ^ Hf ^ ?^^ ^^^« *^?"'S ^^^^^ indeed, the southern portion of thefe . w w ^"^ -^i""^^ ^""^ Minnesota ; greater part of the states rXvd to I'f ' "i ^*^'*^"^ ««»<^h than the Canadiau climate is niore tempemte th„n .^''^r ^'^"^"''"^ ^'^^' '^*^*"'^« *>»- heat is moderate and the SKbuJd^^^^^ ^"'""^"- '" '^"^"-^ ^^e Mineral Wealth. resource, of this rerion reairLrr^tH? '^t'T'"".'' *''''''''« """''™' «i.ow that it ha, a ftt„,e bZre fi t\hSZt^'" ToT, T''"'"'"' *» and iroT, liave leen dis,cove.-e,l to the north on?k„W ""'"^^ 'i""' "^-PP" and it contains the most extpnSvoMi^L i j ■ ^'^'<>'>. «nd elsewhere, are now being worlcSt tlre';i:toVof Sud'hT;.''' '" *" "''■■•"• *"■■«•• The Temiscamingue Country. =h^"£ldK:Sed1fSe'^lt "°'*™ P"" °' "'^P'-""- ^orders on lake Te,„i«cr/inm,' a br 1 "'"^'J'' f^''^' ■rW^o'mtrv » i^ in the Nipi.i„g district,:,r:.^.'-SS t^^Z^.I^Z^S lo.S and fifty inilos iiortli of Toronto in a direct line. It is reached fron, Mattawa on tlie C. P. R.. partly by railway, along the eastern hank ot the Ottawa river, and afterwards by ,steand)oat to lake Teniiscamingue. The country does not presi-nt 'the sanii" physical characteristics .is the rest of the district, as the geological forniation, instead of beir<.' Laurentian and Huronian, here suddenly changes and becomes siniilai- to that of southern Ontario. The country rock formation is known as the Niagara limestone, and it extends from the upper end of lake Temisca- mingue for a great distance to level in the northea.st. 'This is overlaid by a rich character, and ecjual in fertility to any in the alluvial soi province. The land is li.^ditly tindiered and may be chared witliout excessi\c lab()r. Its capabilities as to climate and productiveness are very similar to those of the country above described, but its unbroken character crives it an additional attraction. "^ There are fully (500,000 acres of fertile farm land in this section which^ has been placed on the market at fifty cents per acre. The country is very little settled as vet, but is attracting nuite a number ot settlers from the older parts of Ontario and Quebec. The region of the Upper Ottawa is to-drfy one of the most important lumbering countries in Canarla, and affords the settler an excellent mar- ket tor the products of the farm. Chauacter of the roi'ur.ATMx. The population of all the newer sections of Ontario may be charac- terized as quiet, orderly and distinctly religious. I'here has always been in even the most remote back-woods 'settlements a (Jod-fearing and law- abiding sentiment, which has made life and property as safe as°any where in the world. The older settled parts of these districts are well supplied with churches and schools. The Dominion census of 1891 gives the population of Alooina as 14,4^9, and of Xipissing as 18,000. " Th and fre make a P. Byrr the Def Inf be furni Copi above ad( icht'd from rn luink of icamingue. iteri.stics ms d of bt'iro- s .similar to own us the :e TomiHca- •1 hy a ricli my in tlic t oxcessi \ I • eiy similar actor ^ivt's li.s section, ng quite a important 'llont nmr- be charac- vvays been I and lavv- anywhere II supplied 159 TO OBTAIN FURTHER IXFORMATIOX. ^^^%^^^^:^0^^^ -^-c,in, the cheap nmke application for the Ontario NoAhernnf f ^7' "'^'^"^^ *«' '^'onld f- Byrne, Ontario Government In^n^v 7 Tnm 'Jf ' f '^P^^^* «^^'^«r to the /Jepart„,ent of Agriculture, To onTo o2Z r"'\ ^^^^^Tool. or to Information reffardinc. nil n^nfV ^"tario, Canada. DAVJD SPENCE. n^ , T> V ^^^"'^'^'^'^^T. Immigration Office, Old ParhauK-nt Buildings, Front Street West, Oi. t^ Toronto, Ont. PETER BYRNE, 7 Jame.s Street, Liverpool, England. t^lg'onia as v. f'^' ^~ lalrlii ISii utJrtvfii hotTT i(lilu Tr.' i:^^^% .w CO** yjei ,V»>J> f -iave Sea l,eu toch«st»r M -i s. ■ii s Cities in Latitade p a> ^ ♦ ST. PAUL * MILWAMKEL * CHICAGO. 9*^ l-imfttHilt . I-xlf4uing Jiftf HwuM Jn-' l«'M»aRl; 'Bonlh Itay V 9, t n o ''asBiiptawfl \i :<'lliit >1 ' ^ ^ar^^^'^ri^fK^K^!!'''^ "Otter I Jk^ ]'- " / ,-^ .^ u- r»ROVIMci5 OH ONTARIO. iciti nr %7tTrtr. «ii.ti. t>''«'«'.rV ^Ar k • VENICE. Hrni niK-^r, ?':;<^-»i rfr?. ISNOlllii fh III!-. *»//» «HltV ^imroi:' fyiCTA Jllaekt J x%, \ 'U/ "^ kvllle ^% |f^>J m, ft T K t >ti)vv* Sea l4v*l 'jYoiuigsiowij oLockpurt iochetter »/ iTlultt- ^J -1^} wv »Bu|f«U »^i. ^P /fc N ^. ^ \J ^"tiiudt INDEX, S-WTJaee Otpinu iadu,i,j u,„^ TOUONTO KaUrnads, « u Oswego --

' ^'T l,,v^^ *^»!SJ^* » L > 1. »i^ ' «>., '? Al ^Pteioi * MARSEIILFS ♦ TOULON. @| I NORTHWESTERN DISTRICT'S 0^"'"^^J^^V^ • ■ ONTARIO ' ^^' to •3' •C44« 0* ■■!,■ 90' »^^^ 'x:c~-?:H K'