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IVIaps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmte d des taux de rMuction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, 11 est film6 d partir de I'angle supirieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le ncmbre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. rata > elure. 3 I2X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 {Strklhj Prirtili and C'/iiJidcniiu/.) DEFENCE OF CANADA. Isl. Gonoral CharacUir (»f Country — Slivugll) of Militia — Lake District from Lake Superior (lo\vnwar 2ii(l. The District round Lake Ontario dowinvards to ()gdensl>ur<;, and the points on the American shore. ^ i .. ;ii(l. The District from OpU^risburjr to Montreal, including i]u) country between Luke Cliam|ilain and Montreal. — and the American ])osition at Rouse's Point. •Itli. Tiie roiiK,' fioiii tho Ocean to Qncl>oc — the means of Inland Communicati(m I'v i|u; Canals and Railways to the \Vcs( — and the imi)ortance ol a (lioi'oughly organized system for 1]i{> dcfrm.'c of ilie works. /itlt. The importance of ubtaitiing command of I lie ' pper Lakes — the number of Americtm and Britisii vessels ;- -and certain pructical suggestions. is/. Gemral Charudr t>f Covnlrij-^Strciigt/i of Militnt- Lak, Disliid from Lciki' Siiperun- downward.i to t/ic Falls of Ni(ia,vra. TIk' folloui'ig oh.scrviitioM'i linvo for object, to place llio proui'- iuiiijorivici- in possessiiin of such information, iir ncridental civcuinstaiices liavo put it in tlio power oi' the writer to eollecf. It lias ocenrred to liiin thac Kome of tliein miglit bo useful in the present emergency. He doo.s noi I'rt-snioe to offer any opinion on ilie niilivnry tactic.-, wbicli sliouli.1 be follow oil, and if he lias been betr.'iye.l into deing .so, it is because the expnssion of it is unavoidahio to a right understandiniv of his nie.ining. II the opportunity he has h.nd of making iiiniselfacqvuiinted \iiiii the Topography of the Country and its ititernal means of eoniinunication, enables bini to bring out any fact uhicli may be nia is wild and roadless. But on Lake llinon there air certain pl.n es at which a handing might bo eflected. 2 From tlio plnre just named, — Collirigwood, — to (he City of Qiudtoc, a liistanoe, by tli. ciicuitdiis route water, estimated n( nearly one thousand miles, the country is at certain itoiutsoxpimedto nitr.ck. For its dcfonoe, great reiiiince must bo placed on the militia of the country. Tlu' Imperial I'or.'c is small and can be but inadequately augmented until tlu; Spring. Till- population of Canada by the ceuHus of liwt year was a,0OI,:J7O. In 1858 the strenglli of the Sedentary Militia was . r . IN UPPER CANADA. Ist class service men — 18 yearn to 45 — single Gl,OS*> 2nd " " " " " " married 5(,,o5>7 • Reserve men, (45 to 00) ;}3,a98. IN LOWKR CANADA. 1st class service men — 18 to 45 — single 31,157 ■Ji\t\ " " " " " married r>],G41 SJi,79e Reserve men, (45 to (iD) 33,[i40. Total reserve, fiC.O.'JS Olficera and Sergeants, 19,37'"-' Total service men exclusive of Re3er\ es, 209,789 What number of this nominal return could In* brought into the field, the writer does not venture to say; but from the loyalty and spirit which all clasao« now display to rally in defence of the country, a larger proportion than usual mnv be relied on. The present Active force (included in the above ) which is ulready organised, ar nied and drilled consisting of seven itatteries of Artillery, a number of Troopa of Cavalry ond Companies of Rifles, amounts to 33!J Orficers, lt»49 non-commissioned Oflicors and men, and 1487 horses. This force i^ thoroughly efticient. The numbers both of the Sedentary Militia and Active force, are probably now somewhat in excess of th" rcnu-n given n.b"vc, — being for the year 1S58. Proceeding theti to onumcmte the points on the Frontier from the Georgian Bay, which are exposed to attack : The first is CoUingwood, where there is a good harbour tnd railway communication across the Peninsula to Toronto on Tiake Ontario, the distance being under 100 miles. The intermediate conn- ti\' iiowever is thickly wooded, rite ordinary roads by no means ;,'Ood, and any advancing force wuuld imvc the most serious difticulties to contend with. The next point, possessing an available hnrboui i.s < todericli, to which there is also a railway which connects with the various other lines miming through the Peninsula of Upper Canada. The last is Sarnia, O-') miles further dowri the coast, and here the (hand 'i'runk R.'.dway and a branch of the Great Western huvo their respective Termini. The country around i.oih Goderich and Sarnia, and lor a 'j;ood r.iany mikv^ inland, is also thickly vvdoiled and the ordinary roiuls are indifferent. Following the coast downwards from Sarnia, by the rivei 8r.. Clair, and the small lake of the sumo name, th».' next harbour is at the mouth of the River Thames, wliich is navigable to the town of (Jhatham, seventeen miles upwitrds. f Chatham is connected by jail with London and the other towns on the (Canadian Peninsula ; the country around is flat, and the roads are of a fair description. 'I'he ne.\t points, distant about forty miles from Chatham, are Windsor and Sandwich, directly opposite the American city of Detroit, from whicii they are divided only by the river of that name, and which is Il'ss than a mile wide. Lake Frii' is entered at this point. There arc b\i. few available harbours on the Western end of the north ihores of tliis lukc ; the coimtry on its boni.rs, except at the places to which ailu.iion will be made, would be dilftcult to traverse, and there are railways only at a few points. Tlie first point is Amherstburg, at the month of the River Detroit, where there are Barracks and a small garrison. The next is Two (U-eeks, a dangerous landing place, and suitable only for small vcs.sels,- the next. Rondeau, to which the same observations apply. The ru>xt point, about forty miles farther « n, is Port Stardey, where there is a fair harb«mrand where a railroad terminates, which con- nects 111 London, twcnty-fbiir miles distant, wiih the Great Western and Grand Trunk lines. The next 4 'At ,. 4^ 8 Imrboum nro Port Dover and Port Burwell, around which tho roads to the intftrioi ;'e better, and tht) country ninro settled — next come PortMuitliind and Dunnvillct at thu upper tnitranco of tho VVelland Canal, mill I'lirthtr on is Port CVdbonie, tlu> nmin entrance of the same work. Tlie harbourhereisBuitablo for veNRcIs of tlie largest imrthoii. Itisdisliint less than twonty-fivf luilesifromBuftnlo, and thti position is (if Uii' lirst iiiiportaiu'c. Tlie Weliujul Ciinal connects Luke Krie with Lake Ontario. Its si/.e, capubilitiosand advantages ol'poHilion will be move fully noticed heroaflcr. I'ortErin, opposite Butfalo, and Chippewa terminate tho list of noticeable points to the Falls of Niagara. They are both con- nected by rail and good roads with the interior. The great points on the Aniorietai sliores are Port Huron, Detroit, 'J'oledo, 8andiisky, Cleveland, Erie, Dtiiikirk and Rufliilo. These eiliet are connected svith the whole ehuin of railways tliroiii'hout tho Western and NoTth-Western Stirti h of tho L'liion, and munitions of v/nr can be brouijht to them with the greatest ease and expt^dition. • The great bulk of the shipping, however on the Upper Lakes, is owned at or resorts to tho cities of Chicago and Miiwaukie, on Lake Michijiaii. It .vould of course he important to conlinc these vessels witliin Lake Michigun, which is wholly in American Territory. Tho seizure of a position, such us BoIh Blanc Island, at the Slruita of Muo!\ina\v, a narrow channel, where Lake Michigan joins Lake Huron, or the stationing of a force ol gnn-bouu there, would accomplish that object, and diminish the risk of attack on the sliores as well of Lake Huron m Lako Erie. Vf 4 2nd. Tiie District round Lake Otitcrw dowmtwds to Ogdetisburg >:ivf the jiointa on the American shore. The chief towns of Western (Janada are situated on tiie No.th Shore of lliis l..akc. They are Hamilton, Toronto, Port Hope, Cobourg, Ilellcvillo, on the Bay of (^uinte ; KinL'ston, Broekville and Prescott. They all pos.se88 good liavbours, and are generally suitublo for the Inigest c1h8.s of vesseLs navigating tho lakes. Besides these points there are tho intennediate ports of Niagara, where the river of that name falls into Lake Ontario. Tiie river, which lH're divides Canada from the United States, is only about yards wide. Port; Dalhousie, the entrance on Lake Ontario to tho casiernend of the Welland Canal, — Giinisby, — Wellington Square, — OakviUe, — Port Ciedit,— Oshawa, — Colboruc, — and Presqu' Isle, are all sale landing places, and are connected with the interior by good roads, lielovv Kingston, on ihe River St. Tiawrence, to tiie point opposite Cornwall, where the stream cea.si'.^ to be tho boundary between Canada and the United State."?, there are numerous landing ]»laces on the Canada side. It is important in connection with the .suggestions hereafter ofttuiil as to tho obtaining command of Lake Ontario, to note the position of the American place;s on tho HoutJi side of thin lake, to which the enemy could bring up the necessary me;ni.'< tin- a hostile expedition. They are practically but si.\ in number, viz : — l8t. Lewiston or Niagara, already mentioned, at; the mouth ot that river- 2nd. Rochester or Charlotte, at lln^ mouth of this Genesee Tliver. .3rd. Oswego, on tin- river of that name, and Sodus Day, a small harbonr adjoining it. 4th. Sackett's Harbour and Watcrtown, botli on the same Bay. 5th. Cape Vincent, (ipposite Kingston, anti Gth. Ogdensbnrg, n>ore pioperl} on the River St. Lawrence, o[)posite Prescott. These arc the only towns which are connected by rail or wai'^v with Ihe Interior of the country > and, indeed the only places at whioh materials for an expeditionaiy force eould be accunmlated, or from which it could embark. If ilu'se places can he sealed up, tiie danger tii Canada is very much diminished, not only as respects a dii'ect landing on the adjoining region. I)ufiv* preventing the descent by water of any force to co-operate in a combined attack on Montreal. It is needless to advert to tho circumstances which make Kingston a position of so much impor- tance. It conmiands the entrance of tlie Rideau Cai ai. on which, it is po.ssilde, dependence for the conveyance of supplies nniy in a great degree have h> he placed. It conmiands in some measure the entrance to Lake Ontario. It has also a dockyard ami excellent harbour, and is so fortified that it cannot be reduced except by the operations of a vegni.ir siege. The Ride.iu Canal connects at King- nion Mills with the GrundTrunk Railway and if thecoinnmnications along the Frontier were menaced, fsnpplies sent up by the Ottawa UWvt and Uideau Canal might be transhipped at that point for the Western Section of the Province. Hi-il. Thi- niHriaJhnu it^dmslmrK In Munlreat, induilinx l/it rnuntnj htlwetn Lake ihamplmn niul Monlrefil,- unit the Ameriaiti floaition at Boutr'n Point. Tliu impoiumt {lOsiMon of Monlroal will nt once bf 16011 by rfirfffna- to ilic mup. Ajmrt from it^ iM-iiiK the Inrr.'ctt nnd most popuioii* city in JJritinh Anii-iicu, it. i» tiio point iit wliich all tlio rhiiii- iu'Ih i)f crtmiiiimiciitioii with the oiitiri' Wi'steiii Suction of tlio Provinto turniinfttp, and thionnh which snppii.^s of every litwcriptioii nuist of neccuxify puss. 'I'lioro is neither rail nor iiii\ igiiblc ri>er in the teur, und the onlinnry road* ol tlie country are of the worst description. No nnpplius or munitions of wnr can reach Upper Canada but in one of three ways, either ; Ist. througii the Cuniil between Mon- treal ,ind liflchino nnd (hnn'-e by water up the various other canals on the St. Liiwrence ; 2nd. by r.iil from McntronI direcf to Upper Cmiipdu; or 3rd. up 'he Ottawii river, by small steamers to otiawii city nnd thence tlirough the Kiilenu (Jannl to Kingston, — the point of depart'iro in the latter case still being Moutical. It wid also be seen that the city is open to attack by a lorce from two points ; — Lake (Jhuniplain on the one side, und on the other by a force descending /rom Ogo . dnirg or marching from the fron- tier on the borders of the County of Huntingdon to the Uiver St. Lawrence near Benuharnois, Chat- eauguay or Sai'.lt St. Lewis At Rouse's Point the Auioricuns have constructed u .strong Fort (I'ort Montgonu'ry), which efl'oc- lunlly connnitnds the channel leading into Lake Champlain. The works at this Foi't are not yet entirely cnmpleted, nor ixn- the guns in po.>r> junsi in |>OMition, and yA en barbette. This point is disl.ant but 45 miles from Montreal, — the intervening country is almo.-d entirely cleared nnd is a dead level. There is communication by railway, and the ordinni y rouds are tolerably good. Lake Ohamplain, sircLcliesinro the interior of the Sfafe ot Nev<- York for nearly K'l) miles, und is connected by ueanul from Whitehall, its Southern extremiiy, with the llud.son Uiver nt .Mbuny, Irom which city there is continuous navigation to New York for small sailing vessels and river sieauu'rs of the largt^^t cla.ss There are, besides, .several lines of railway terminating at Uousc'.s Point and at otiior places on the Lake, which connect with Boston, New York, and ull the populous cities in the States of Mussai;lin«8etts, New York, Now Hampshire, Vermont and Conuecticut. It will thus be seen that w;tb die beat water coninmncation in tlie rear, and so many railways terminating at this point, a large force n.ight with ease be collected under protection of the fortification within 45 miles of Montreal with a level country intervening. Wlmt didlculties a hostile force, supposing it to have reached the St. Law- . rence oppositcv Montreal, wu Id incounter in crossing, or how far the trity would bo attheir com- mand if they ell'ecteil a lodgement tin re, arc pointnou which no opinion is oliered. Another force might be r,)!lected at Fori Covington, Mulone, Mocrs, or the other towns on the borders of the County of Huntingdon. The conntiy except at one point for about ten miles from the frontier is cleared and well settled, und with tho exception of a niunber ol ravines at placc'i whore v.irious snuill stream- connetn, u-itli the Chateauguuy lUver, i^ level lo thepolutof cuiilluence of that ri\<.'riuiii the St. Lawrci;i:<.'. A niaich was attempted by the Ameiicun army by thi.s rond during the last war. but the 1 'oniitry lh''ii was a dense forest and far more defensible than now. The distance froniMoers to the Sr. Lawieiu e at Sauk St. Louis opposite Lachine is little over 20 mi'es ; the distance from the ,)t|i(r I'l'ints on the I'loviuce liiic m Chateauguay or Heauharnois is between .10 01 40 nnles. A third force, if ihc em my obtain conimand of the Lakes and Jfiver, might be collected and ili>u nd by water liom Ogdensinirg and choose its own point of landing on the Island of Montreal near I'liiMt St. Clair or Lachine, — the means of transport which they used in the descent, being a\ aihdde for I he crossing of the other force from lieanhariiois, Chateauguay, or Sault St. Louis. if • ■ith. I'he H'lite Jrorn the (kcun fa (jurhcc — Iho iiuann of Inland C'oimmim'catioti f)i/ the Canah nnd linilwfiijs III the U'est ;—and the iwportottcc oj a Itiorotigldi/ organized si/stemfor the defence of Ih, workt. In till' aliscnc o\' railway comnuiuication the only, or at Iciist the most practicable, route is by St , .lohnVNen lininswicl. upthe riverofthat name, to Fredericton and Woodstock — thence to the Province line nn.l thence across 10 Rivic'-re dn Loup. 'Inhere tire good roads to Grand Falls ; ilie distance thence to l!i\ ii're ilii 1,0111. '^ upwards of 1 1 miles, and though tlio road has been eonsideraldy il^pl•o^ ed by the Pro- vince of laiv yeais, it rnns chiefly through the Forest, und the nutans of transport ami housing are very li- mited, A 1 hoi oiigh sj ; feet Draught. 4lh. Frm tiie River St. Lawrence to Lake Champlain, 113 feet in Length. V ', , 22i feet Beam. 6i feet Draught. Thus the InrgeRt vessels that can pass from the sea to Lake Erie ond the waters west of it are 142 feet in length, 26 fi'et beam, 9 feet draft. The accompanying tracing exhibits the location of the various sections of these Canals and the Imes of Railway. The destruction of a Lock or the breach of a bank at certain poinl-i might . involvu an interrupiion of the entire chain from Montreal upwards, nnd render the transport of troops, provision.^, and rnnleriais almost impossible. The line of operations being extended over so long n lint oi narrow country, with tlie means of communication all centered on the frontier, the consequene',- of interruption would be more tlian usually disastrous. A well organized and efficient force should at once be detailed for the ^lerviee of protecting these works. The Lookmeii and ordinary labourers if armed would form a valuable auxiliaiy. The work peculiarly exposed is the Cornwall Canal. This work is .■. nly on tlm banks of thi; river St. Lawrence and, at certain places, particularly at a place cal.-d Barnl/ari's Island, is within gunshot of the Ameri- can shore. It is raised a. considerable height above ilie river and the I)lowing up of a lock or a sliglit breach in the bank on u long level — which could be efl'eoled by a few men wilh pickaxes and shovels in a night — might create such destruction as would take many weeks or even months to repair, even were the operations not to be impeded by a hostile force. The Beauharnois Canal, the smaller Canals at Farrens Point, Rapides Plats, and Galloiies am all likewise exposed. The Ridoau Canal, thoufrli running through the interior of ilie country, ought not to be left with, out protection of a like kind, for its embankments and artilicial works, at certain places, are of a nature that pc( uliarly expose it to destruction. Its entrance on Lakf Ontario, as already mentioned, is protecied by Kingston. The protection of ihe Chambly Canal connecting Lake Champlain with the St. Lawrence, via the River Richelieu, is also important. The WoUand Canal, which connects Lake Erie wilh Lake Ontario is one of the most important channels of communication in the Province. The eominand of this work is essential. Engli.sli gunboats and vessels niaj be moved from one lake to ll;;^ other as occasion requires, while llii' American vessels must not only remain inthe water.-^ where thf y at present happen to be winterings hut all communication, except for friendly vessels, would be impo-s.^iblc. Full information as ti> tho points where the works are most exposed, and the best localities for s.taiioiiing a force for their protection, can be obtained from tlie Office of Public Works ot Canada,— an olRcer from the deparlment iiaving examined the works with that object during the last spring. n Tlie protf>rtioii of tlin uriorinl linen of railway from tho KnHtorn 'IVriiiiiiiiN ol tlu (Irniid Trunk nt Riviftrn du Irii nl. Hitriiiu, iwnl i\w auxiliary IIium wliicli turin llio rna(l>vny (liroii^hoiit i\u' ProvincH, ii harfenil u froiitivr no cxtciidiMl ttiiil with so BJiiftll an availablu force, it is tasontial that the inont rapiil nicuim of trurmport and coni- niunioalioii Rhould uxixt. Tiio aunin dniigen to which thf cunuU ari> t>x|)0MHi, also thrctat^'ii the main Line of liaiiway. It Itordem on the St. I^nwronco from Montreal tit Toronto, and ut r<>rtain |ioiiiti<, important briUgiM, viadiii'tv, tic. nilglit be easily destroyed. In order to keep the land conmiutiication by llaiKvity o|H»n from Quebec to Montreal, an well n* lor the <1erence of the District known nH the KiiNtern Town»lii|M bordering on the States of Vcnitoni, New llam|>ii'iire and Maine, the Frontier aroiind Sherbrooke it is believed i)OSfH!8ai)H Nlrategic ndvantageH. The line of the Grand Trunk Itniiway Mhonid be guarded from the Frontier near Inland Pond tu ita termination at tli<> Victoria liridge. The employi^N on the line, if armed, wouM form a valuable guard, and with supports at intervals, the risk of destruction from nny sudden incursion would be avoided. 6M. The imfHtrttinct of ohtaining commawl of the tapper JAtkent—thf number of American untl Brilitli VeMeU,— and certain practical mg^efiliutu. It Im manife» lutinbrr r.-nnnot pan tliroitgb the Wclland Canal at all. It it n-ii.iiiili'd lliut OIK! I'uiirtli of itll Jlio American vcMilt, and Ihrro fDurlli^i of llir I'ro|M>llora ('hr inowl ***rvic<'abli' < lnH«) iiru too liirgo to paaM. 'I'lii' pr<-|)undL'runi <■ ol vt-HAeln iinil lonmigo lu'.iinttt ( commaimod, a very lor^e pK)poilioii woulij b,- loekrd up in Like iMioliigrm, and ihosu in Laki'H Eriu iind Ifnron would of ronriM bi' wioitjird trniii patsiiv; tlirouifli tlio Welland Cnn»l into Luke Ontario. It i> not ilinn'fori" uiircaHonnbli' lo njo'iuni- that < "dn i« iiiiirli more able to copf will) tlio United >Stai(>r< for the nnnlury of l.iilsu Onturiullian ol l.nk- . lii'. It la hownver, nil importntit iliiii n vuppiy nf (■unhontn NJioiiid b<> iioni Tho ptuiin^r of tln.KP v <>s*i-||i upwords, migiit howt-ver, be yieatly ri'inrdod if not wholly pieNciitrd, and it \^ hijjjily dcsir.iblr llini the ronstruotion of n nunit)er Hhould be begun at once in Canada. Tlie diipyurdrt al lvinpriiton,li>ionlo, St. Catherines and other pinres on the Upper wiitcru would produce u ruirenmpleineni in u few months, while at tiuebec, Montreal, and Surd there nre ficiHticM for iuiilding any numix'r with ih** grealeNt cvpeditioii. A number of engines could bucboc, would be iitteiided with dilliculties of no ordinary mngnittide, and Montreal must be reduced before an attack from that quarter can take place, It is, therefore, assumed that until the whole of the western country is in the power of a hostile force, Quebec is safe from assault.