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m
THE WORKS
OP
^1 HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT.
%]
THE WORKS
or
HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT.
\OLUME I.
THE NATIVE RACES.
Vol. I. WILD TRIBES.
SAN FRANCISCO ;
A. L. BANCROFT & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.
1883.
Kiili-iiil iiciunling t.i Art of Omgress in tljp Year Isxi', liy
HU15KKT H. TUNCIIOFT,
Jn tin- (iltici' (.f tlic Liliiiiiiaii i<{ Ciiiijjir^rt, at AViinliiiit,'t"ii.
All Rhjhts J ■'■nerved.
PREFACE.
In rur«n.a„cc. of a gonon.l plan involving the „--«i„e.
turn „f a *,.,o„ of „.„,.,<„ „„ t,,„ ,,^,,,^„.„ ,;... ^ ,^
Am;.,„.a, r ,„«o„t tin. ddineation of i,„ „„o,.i„i„,,
;;""••";- ■■■ "-. (h.,st. To ,!,„ in,„K,„.se ten-i.on I i , ."
> .^;>n th. wcstorn ocean fmm Ala»i<a to Da.ien „ i '
i-tivtHnn^' almost f™,„ ,„!,. t„ „ , . ,„'""", ^'•"^"■
witlii.. If r •. . ' '" "-'l"'U"i, and em iracm"
~.™.Hn.«;a„.,a,t,.o:x;:i.:i,S;^^^^
uits ha^e l..e„ i,,|,l «a„e«l,at asunder In- the ,
o cn.eu,ns.anc,.s vet are its .«u,,ants dra«„ I 'na ,
o nearness of relationship, and will l,e l,ro, il t
laits on the other. 1„„|, ,,,„„ ,^, , .
eharaoter,st,cs of ,|,is vast don.ain, n.aterial , .« |
ar. con,para.,velv unknown and are es.s..ntiallv IZt
of the «orld have contrihnted of th.ir ener>.ies. .„
th,.s con>i«sitc mass, leavened by it, desti,
-ri<in,M.nt thenew problem of it^f,;;:,,'^''!;:, :,,;:::
1".*.0- of tins West ante,late., that of the Kast v
» centu,,-, and although there .„a,. he apparent IZ^
(vii)
VIU
rKEFACE.
irciioity in the sulyect thus tc'iTitoi-ially tivuted, there is
an a[)[)iirent tendency toward ultimate unity.
'I'o H)nu' it may he of interest to know the nature and
extent of my ivsourci's for writing' so important a series
ol' woi'ks. The hoolvs and manuseri]»ts necessary lor the
tasl< existed in no lihrary in the world; hence, in ISoO,
1 eonnuenee(l coUcctiuLi' matei'ial relative to the Pacific.
States. AlU'r securiniz' eNcrytliiiii;' within my reach in
AnuM'ica. 1 twice visited l']ui'oi)e. s[)endin^i:' ahout two
years in thorough I'esearches in J'Jidand and the ciru-t'
cities of the ( "ontinent. liavinu' exhausted every avail-
ahle source. 1 was ohliged to content myself with lyinji;
in wait I'oi' opportunities. Xot lonu' al'tei'ward. and at
a time when the jjrospect of materially adding to my
collection seemed anythin.n' liut hopeful, the IHh/io/ia/,
/iiijK'r'nd (Jc Mrjlrn, of the unfortunate Maximilian, col-
lected duriuL;' a neriod of fortv \ears hv l>on .)os(' Mai'i'a
Andrade. litterateur and ])ul)lisli(>r of the city of ^lexico,
was thi'own upon the European market and furnished
me ahout three thousand additional volumes.
\n 18(10. having' accunndated some sixteen thousand
hooks, manuscripts, and })aui[)hlets, hesides maps and
cund)ersome tiles of I'acific Coast journals. I detei'mined
to iio to work, Ihit 1 soon found that, like I'antalus,
while up to mv neck in water. J was dvini:' of thii'st.
The facts which 1 reipiired were so co[)iously diluted
with ti'ash. that to follow dillerent suljjects throuiih this
trackless sea of ei'udition. in the exhaustive manner 1
had })roiiosed, with hut one life-time to devote to the
work, was siuiply im[)racticahle. In this emerjivncy my
friend. Mr Henry L. Oak, lihi'arian of the collec-
tion, canu; to my relief. After many consultations,
and not a few partial failures, a s^stem of indexing' the
PREFACE.
IX
subject-matter of the whole library was devised sufTi-
eie.itly general to be practicable, and suflicienth- partic-
ular to du-ect me innnediately to all mv authorities („.
'<uiy given point. The sy.stem. (m trial.'.stands the tct
Hu.l the ni.lex when completed, a.s it already is Ibr the
twelve hundred authors .juoted in this work! will mure
tlian doiihlo the practical value (.Cthc library.
Of tl... iuipc'tauce of the l;,sk undertaken. 1 need
not ,s.y that 1 have loaned the higiRst opinion \t
P>vsent the few grains ol" ,yWnt „,. ,„ j,;^,,,^,,^ ,,^.
tlH' mountain of ehalf as to be of couiparatively litll'e
|H'neht to searchei's in tlu- various hiau.'hes of" K^aru-
"ig: and to sift and select from this mass, to extract
''•">'i iHdky tome and transient jourual. from the arcbiyes
"I convent an<l mission, facts valuable to the <ehohn-
and interesting to the general reader: to arrau^^e th.'^e
'a.-ts ,n a natural order, and b, present tl.eui in s„rh -i
"""nicras to br of j.ractical benefit to in.juirers in the
various bran.-bes of knowledge, is a work of no nuall
nuport au.l iv>ponsibility. And th.aid. miiie is the
lahorof the artisan rathe- than that of the artist a i\>v".
•ng of weapons for abler ban.ls to wield, a prodncim-
•>f niw materials for skilled UHrbanies to weave and
^••>l<>i' at will: yet. in undertaking to brin- to b-bt IV.mu
.sounvs innumerable e>.en!ial fu-ts. whieb. from the
very shortness of lif,. ji' iVom no oth.T ea„se. ninst otlu-r-
wise be let-tout in the physical and s,u-iaUeuerab/aMons.
winch occupy the ablest minds. I Ibel that 1 en-a-e in ♦
no idle i)astime. ' '
A word as to the Nations of which this work is a de-
wnption.and my nietho.l of treating the subje-'t. \bo-
ngmally. for a savage wildei-ness, tliere was hciv a .hms."
poi.uation; particularly south of the thirtieth parallel
PREFACE.
and along the border of the ocean north of that line.
Before the ad^^nt of Europeans, this domain counted
its aborigines by millions; ranked among its people
every phase of primitive humanity, from the reptile-
eating cave-dweller of the Great Basin, to the Aztec and
Afaya-Quiche civilization of the southern tal)le-land,
— a civilization, if we niiiy credit Dr l)ra[)er. " that
might have instructed l']urope," a culture wantonly
crushed by Spain, who therein " destroyed races more
civilized than herself."'
Differing among themselves in minor particulars only,
and bearing a general I'esembluuce to the nations of east-
ern and southern America: diil'ering ngain. the whole,
in character and cast of features IVoui every other people
of the world, we haxc here presented hundreds of
nations and toniiues, with thousands of l)eliefs and
customs, wonderfullv dissimilar for so setireirated a
humanity, yet Avonderfully alike .for the inhabitants of
a laud that comprises within its liuiits nearh- every phase
of climate on the globe. At the touch of European
civilization, whether Latin or Teutonic, these Uiitions
vanislic'd; and tlieir unwritten history, reaching back
for thousands of a'ies. ended. All this time thev had
been com i nil' and uoiiiii'. nations swallowiuii' up nations,
annihilating and being lumihilated, amidst luunan con-
vulsions and struiiulinn" civilizations. Their strange
destiny fullilled, in an instant they disa])pear; and all
we have of them, besides their material relics, is the
glance cauuht in tlieir liastv liiiibt, which liives us a
few customs and traditions, and a little mvtholoiiical
history.
To gather and arrange in systematic compact form all
that is known of these people; to rescue some facts,
PREFACE.
XI
perhaps from oblivion, to bring others from inaccessible
nooks to render all available to science an,l to the
general readier, is the object of this work. Xecessarilv
-mo part, of it .nay te o,K.n to the charge „f drv ,«•
I have not l*e„ able to interlanl my f,u=ts with ini..rest
mg anecdotes for lack of space, and I have endeavor.,1
to avoKl spc^ulatua. believing, as 1 do, the work of the
lector and that of the theori.er to be distinct, a ri
a be who attempts to establish .some ,«.t conjecture
Une nnpartn.g general infonnation. ca!, harjlv be
.■n.,ted for nnpartial statements. With respect ,;, the
orr,tor,al d.v.sions of the lirst vohnne. whi •!, is co '
med to the Wild Tribes, and the neccssitv of i™
descr,p„ons ot the same characteristics in -eacb.' ther^
may be found u,ore apparent than real. Althou.!, there
are many snndar cu.^ton.s. there are als au^ nun ,
d.fterenee.s. and. as one of ,l,e chief dini,.ul,ie.; „f „,i
vobune was ,o keep i, witbin rca.sonable liu.it.s. , „|in'.
pe, to e.x^st The .second vohuue. which treats of , e
C b,.cd .Nat,ou.s. olfers ,re fascinating lield. and
th ample space and all exi..,ing authorities at b.ud,
heaul ,sthewr,tcrsifinreres,.,enotberee iued
I value. As regards .Nly,|„,|,,,,.,,,,,„,,^ ,,^,,,.
1 .c. and .l,gra„ous. of wbi.-h the Ibree remsiui, .
vobuucs treat ,t has been n,y ai,n ,o present ciearh a„d
oncsely all knowledge e.x.ant on these subje,.,;: and
he work, as a whole, is iutend,.d to e,ub,„h- all fa,.ts that
have been preserve,, „,„eorning these people at the tin.e
of then- ahnost snnultaneou, di.seovery and disappear-
an e. u w.ll he noticed that 1 have said little of the
natives or then- deeds since the coming of the JOuro-
xu
PREFACE.
poans; of their wars against iiivaclors and among them-
selves; of repartimientos, presidios, missions, leserva-
tions, and otiier institutions for their conquest, conver-
sion, protection, or oppression. My reason lor tliis is
that all these things, so far iis thev have any ini[)ortance,
belong to the modern histoi'v of the countiy and will
receive due attention in a subsequent work.
In these live ^■olumes. l)esides inroiuiatiou iu'(|nired
from sources not therein named, are ijoiideiiscd tlie re-
searcdies of twelve hundred writers, a list of whose Avorks,
with the edition used, is given in this \olume. 1
have endeavored to state fully and clearly in my text
the substance of the matter, and in reaching my conclu-
sions to use due discrimination as to the i'es[)ective value
of different authorities. In the notes I gi\e liljcral (pio-
tations. bothcorroboratixeof the te.vt. and touching points
on whicli autuoi's dill'er. together with complete references
to all authorities, includiu''' some ol' little \alue. on each
int, for the use of readers or writei's who ma\ either
h t(
l>*^
be dissatislied with my conclusions, or may wish to in
vestigate any particular lji"anch of the subject farther
than my limits allow.
I have gi\en full credit to each of the many authors
from whom 1 ha\e taken material, and il". in a few in-
stances, a scai'city of authorities has compelled me to
di'aw somewhat largely on the few who have treated })ar-
ticular points, I trust I shall be jjardoned in view of
the comprehensive natui'c of the woi'k. (^)uotation3
are made in
the li
muuaues ui whu
■htl
ie\' are Avritten,
and great pains has been taken to axoiil nuitilation of
the authors words. As the books cjuoted Ibrm [lai't of
my private library. 1 have been able, by com})arison
with the originals, to carefully- verify all references al'ter
PREFACE.
SUl
thoy wore put in typo; lioiieo I may confi.lo.itlv liopo
that fewer error.s have crept in than are n.sually found
ni woi-ks of such vjiriety and extent.
Tlie lahor involved in the preparation of tliese vohniie^i
wdl be appivciated by few. That expended on the first
XiAumv alone, with all the material before me, is more
tlmn e.ii.ivalent to the well-directed eiforts of one person
lor ten years. In the work of selecting, siftin- and ar-
ranging my subject-matter. I have called in the aid oi' a
liirge coi-ps of assistants, and. while desiring to place on
HO one hut myself any responsibility for the'work, either
lu Ntyle or matter, I would render just acknowledgment
for the services of all; esp,^cially to the following gentle-
men, for the eflicient manner in which, each in Iiis
special department, they have devoted their energies and
ii''ihties to the carrying out of my plan;— to Afr T.
Aiundel-irarcourt, in the researches on the manners
and customs of the Civilized Xations; to Mv Walter M.
Fi.-her. in the investigation of Mythology; to .Air Albert
<M.Idsrhmidt, in the treatise on Language; and to Air
Henry L. Oak, in the subject of Antiouities and Abori-'.
uial History. '^
if
COKTEKTS OF THIS YOLUME.
CHAPTER I.
ETHNOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION,
rAGE.
''"D;"!si[J'l'7~rT'r """™'"^ 0"«'"-Unity of Race!:
Z V ;f.'^«-''^Po»t""cous Generation-OriViu of Animals
I^lt T "r"""^ ^^"''••'-^•^ "^ l'o,.uIatio,.-I)istril,„t of
I ants and Anunals-Adaptubility of Species to Localitv-c'h siii
m of Si,ec.es Ethnological Tests4laces of the Pa^ifit-S 'i
Intercourse with Europeans '^
CHAPTER II.
HYPERBOREANS.
General Drvisions-HyperlK,rean Nations-Aspects of Natuiv-Vceta-
CHAPTER III.
COLCJIBl 4NS.
Habitat of the Cohimhian Group-Physical Geo.raphv-Sources of
!:;i^:r'^'-^""r'-^^''''"-icHn.ate-i^u:extrc.:a^^^
M.ml,.h._ri,eir Ho„,e-Pl,ysical Peculiarities-Clothin;r-SIu.|.
U-^Suscnauce- nipIenients-Manufacturc^s-Arts- Property-
150
CHAPTER IV.
CALIF0RNIAN8.
^r^r '^'r'"' Califoruians-The Klan.aths, Modocs,
ftiuL-'tas, I at L.ver Indians, Eurocs, Cahroc«, Hoopahs. Weeyots.
(XV)
XVI
CONTEXTS.
I'AflE.
Tctlcwahs, anil Ktifiuc Fiivf-r Indians jind tlicirCiistdnis -ThcTdia-
inas, I'tinids, I'kialis, <iiialalas, Sononias, I'rtaliinias, Napis, Siis-
cdls, Suisancs, Taniali-s, Kari[nini's, Tiiloniox, Tlianiicns, Olcliont's,
Hnnsicns, Ksci'Icns, and (itlicfs of Central Califitrnia" 'I'lic <'a-
liuillos, Dii'^'nenos, Islanders, and Missicin Hanclierias of Soutliern
California— The Sinikes or Sliosliones proper, I'talis, Hannoeks,
Wuslioes uud other Shoshone Nations IJ-'J
CHAPTER V.
NKW MKXICANS.
(ieo;;raphical Position of this Croup, anil IMivsieal Featnrcs of the Ter-
ritory-Family Divisions; Ajpaches, I'neltlos, liower Californians,
and Nortiiern Mexicans— Tin- Apaclic Faiaily: Conianclx's, Apaches
])roper, Ilnalapais, Vninas, Cosninos, Vain[iais, Valcliedinies. Va-
niajahs, Crnzados, Nijuras, Navajos, Mojaves, and their cnstonis
—Tiie I'uehhi I'aniiiy: Pneldos, .Moipiis, i'inias, Maricopas, I'apa-
<,'os, and their Neij,dil)ors— Tlie Coeliiniis, Waieuris, rericiiis, and
other Lower Califiirnians -Tlie Seris, Sinaloas, Tarahnniaiis, Con-
clios, 'J'epelmanes, Tohosos, Acaxees, and otliers in Niirtliern
Mexico 471
CHAPTER VI.
•WILD TlilliKS OF JtEXICO.
Territorial Aspects— Two Main Divisions; Wild Tribes of Central Mex-
ico, and Wild Trilies of Soutliern Mexico— The Coras and others in
Jalisco — Descendants of the Aztecs -The Otoniis and Ma/ahnas
Adjacent to the Valley of Mexico — The Panies— 'J'he Tavasios and
Matlaltzincas of Michoacan- The Itnaztecs and Totonacos of \'era
Cruz and Taniaidijias The Chontales, Chiiiantecs, Mazatccs, Cni-
catecs, Chatinos, Miztecs, Zapotecs, Mijes, llnaves, Chiapanccs,
Zo(|ues, Lacandones, ('holes, Manu's, Tzotziles, T/.endales, Cho.
ehones and others of Sonthern Mexico G15
CHAPTER VII.
•WILD TRUil'.S OF CENTUAL A5tERICA.
riiysical Oeofjraphy and Climate — Three (Jroupal Divisions; First, the
nations of Vncatan, (Jinitemala, Salvador, Western Honduras, and
Nicaraj,Mia; Secor.d, The Mosijnitos of llondnras; Third, the na-
tions of Costa Hica and the Isthmus of Panama — The I'opolucas,
Pipiles and Chontales — The Descendants of the Maya-(i>uiche Paces
— The Natives of Nicara;4ua— The Mos(|uitos, Poyas, l!aiiias, I,en-
cas, Towkas, Woohvas, and Xicannes of Honduras — The (luatusos
of the Uio Frio — The Cainumes, Payanios, Dorachos, (Joajiros,
Mandin;.'os, Savanerics, Sayrones, and N'iscitas livinj^ in Costa Pica
and on the I«tlinius 681
ArTIIORITIES QUOTED.
''■"iv::;;;;t'ft^'tt;i^';:"r'- "™ '-' - ''■'""•■ ':■■■"■
^'"■m;vH=I=-^^^^ ^^.,„,
i., ton,, i.x. •'■'^'-""""- t"i'i. 111.; Jcnmux ( ,,a„s, V„v„ .srii,-
AllHir.i .Mrxi.aii... M,.xi,.„, |,si<»
Al..l.M.\n.<.nH> .1.,. Di...,,.,,,,,;, (;..o,ni,i,.. His.on,.,,. Al.I.i,!, ITS,;
A.::r;i--'^v-=r'^ --
A I
A
A
A
''''i''in .\iilii|iiaiiaii Socicfv T
'■'.'■•' iv.'d (iO. 4 v„|s.
niiiNactioiis and Coll
cctions
M
oiccxicr
'"■'•."•iiM Ktlmolo^ri,,,! Sorii'tv T
ii'«''';i':iii Missions, H
iiicriian N.
•Ii's and (I
I'^lory of. U
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riiiladclpii
"-'■'-" (^.ar,erly K.gi.tor. I'Jni;;^!^ <
S18 ct .sf(|.
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' .'imii-i,.,! (Mrs Af. j ) \),s.,r.,l-., ir r >
' ""Kif ' -• '■•• "■--- |.''™;^;l'^;sr;t,,/:ssl'■''iv;,I,-■
'"'■■all,,, (s N.I, h,d,k.,,i« ,( s',,i ,;rrr •''"'"''■ '■■■••■■ "-'i'
;-'S::;;;l;iii,iEi'';5-;^;V^-!rt:t.,,,^
;;sii5i5sifi5i'=^
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• M.\i|,'l,.| (\li,.l..,l) I,. 1, , . . ,
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IMexican rictiire-\Viitin;;s. I'ac-similes of .\ncient Mexi<an I'aintinixs ami
II ier.i'4lypliics, in Kiiiuslioron^irs .Mex. .\ntii|., asfcdlows:
("odex IJcrliii, l'"ac-siiuile^ of Oiiuiiial Mexican I'aiiitinus ih'positi'd in the
IJoyal Lilirary of lierliii liy the Itaroii de llumlpiddt. Mil. ii.
Codex I'.odleian. I'ac-similcs, in llodleiaii l.ilirary at Oxford. (Nos.
■js:<s. ;{i;i."). :!_'07. "iki. i v(ds. i. ii.
(
oilex
r.ni
I
ouiiia,
( oilex l.nr^ian. rac-siini
l.ihrarv of the Institute, vol.
r.
:Mn-e
eiiin. Iioiiie. vo
I. iii.
Codex lioturini, l''ac->iiuile, C
itiou of IJoluii
Codex I >i{
I'ac-siinile, Woval l.ilirarv.
Codex I'eJcrNary, l"ac-simile. in |io>.Mssion of M. !■"
Codex .Mcndo/,1, Copy of till' Cidleclion of Meiidoza. vid
i. i;
de la C
ileccion. vo
Inl
criu-elion of the Colleclio
i1. iii.
xplicacion
n. vol. VI.
Codex Telleriaiio-lteuiensis, Coiiv, in IJov.il Lilirarv at Paris, vol i.
I'.xplicacioii, vol. v. I'.xplaiiatioii, \ol. vi
Codex \'al'calius. Copy, l.ilpiary of the
SpieL':azione didle Ta\oli
d.
Codex \
1'
h
T
il I
\at
<lati(
lean, iiome. vo
Is. ii. ii
ran
ilirarv. vol. ii.
d. vi.
^lexicaii Sculpture, Specimens ]ireservi 1 in llie
lioronuh's .Mex. .Vutiii., vol. iv.
lirilish Miiseuiu. In Kin;.
Mexicaiiische /iistjiiidt
dell .lahreii IS.'SII '_'. Stntl'.'art, !S;!7.
Mexico, .\iiales del .Mini.-terio i
le I'
miieiito. Mexico
IS,-. I.
M,
M
the Coiinlrv, IIif*tor\ am! I'edide. l,oiidon, IS(i:{.
exno III
ISl-_>. New V.uk
ISCJ.
Mexi<o, .Memoria |)reseiilada a S. M. Ill Kinperador jior td Ministro de Fo
nii'iito. Mexico, IStiO. Ito.
AUTIIOHITIKS QT'OTF.D.
XXXVll
Mo^in,. N,,,i,ias,l..lM ri,„l„l. Mrxi..... 1S;^5 -Uo
A.vin,, A Ini.io, i,v„ l!,.,ni.t,.,-. |,..,„1„„, isil '
A I'Miiiu ( ,„„|,„s, I'iiii.-, IT.V -vols
A .•M.|ii,.. I-;iM,l...s lli>i„n,,,„,., |.,,j •,,^.-,,
^ni i^.iu. sn.ani; i:s..;';.:*;";;-,ir,'i..i;""'^"""'^- ^-"•'""- '«'- •* -i.
^ 1 1 (Nicholas,, Hi.s,,.,v of MoNi..,,. I..„..l.,„, ls-'4
A '''■'■ '•'""■I'"'"- ''»^' Arn..,i-st Hi,. M.mIo.s. L,..h1o„ IST-?
^I:;;"L;;;:;I : t- 1: ']::;„^;:::",s;r ■'--- ">'"'■■"'-.- [.-.].
;;';t;;5:;;;;;:::'''v:;-.^';si>:;''^.;- -^.i— ..
::;:;'';tt;^s/r^'-i;:-::l':,;!;:7 ■••-■'-- -■a.i..n.i..s.
inVnTnti;^;;;:'''''''''''-''-'^^^^^ m,..
M..lllm,.s,.„,|!al,|,n„,, 1)..,- Hu.l.tli,,^. I,,;,.,!. ,s.;.> ., vols
MoIlliMiiNcii |l!,i!cliiiii), 'ra..,>l.ii,Ii ,. iM.r I',.; . , M- • • ■
^lo;vi;.;7^;!;,::;,;''-;^,^';r'H'''''^:', ■''--• ^-vo,.k. ,^.,.
''''''.;;;:' ^'i;^^^i;•^•:;:;.:y;r;^''''"'''^>'''-^^^ >..
i!!;:;-nin';S::.i';v:,!!::|-?, ;;;'/•';'- x,. na..„, ,s...
^l^iill- of vaiioas'l,,; I V ■■'■■"'•' !';••' • "'"I'^'ialiv \i,.wof tlio
,, i'inia,i,.i,,hi;;:'is!;:,V:iir"'' ^""""-'' >-"••:' "".i souh. Amm.;;!
Arosai,o .M-'Ni,.,-,,,,,, .M,,^i,„ ,S4,, o ; ^.„,
> nM,;,„,.l,„ I, |j,,.-,|„ ,,, -■ ' ^-ls.
:;:SrV:ti,--T;i'(;::-r-- - "-■
M
'viy i.S- I
^.n, Ft-
Ivotri), A
'i/oiia ami Soiu.ra. N, \- ^V
o\o I Mciiito M
lllcisio, ISCi.'i.
'fo;:lM|i|iy an, I i;,.>nii
nc> of A
l^ill.
li/oiia aii'l Sdii
oi-a.
Ilia ilfi, (
"lil''iM:">nlt ,i:,luar.li, \-,.,>„.|
lias Mcjii;,
lii'iiiias
C.i'u
'Ml. I), I
Mill!
M
(■Jii'o.
If
III i.loliii), I
"""'^' I". I^H. :.' \ol
I t'liiiT ;;vliviifii S, lii|,l,.|-
'III!,' <l<'i- i;, iiiilplik
\Valla III I',, II I
>''|iort on li,
'I'llloii.
W
oil-lillrlinii of a M
ili.aiN Kia.l )'
roiii
W
Ilia-
mmmmmm
MRM
xxxvm
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
MiillorM. 0.), floscliidito (lor Ainorikniiisrlicn Urrc'li;,n()non. r.ascl. ISOT.
IMullcr f.l. W. voii), Ucit'-jijic /iir (Ji'st'liicliti-, etf., voi Mi'xico. I^fiji/ij,',
iStM.
IMulk'r(.F. W. V -ii). Ivt'iscn in lieu A't'icini^^tcnstaati'ii, ("auiiila, uml Mex-
ico. Lcipzij,'. 'S(14. ,'i vols.
^liillcr (Max), Cliips fnim a (Icrmaii Worksln)]!. New York, ISd!). "2 vols.
M iilli'i' ( Max), Lcctiiri's mi the Scit'iicc of Laii^na;,'i'. New ^'ork, 1.S71-2.
•-'vols.
Miiii>li'r (Scliastiau), ^'osiiio.ui'aipliia. liascl, l.")4.">. -(to.
Miir;,f|iia, Ksfadistii'a a!iti;;iia >• iiioilcnia <ic la I'roviiicia <le (Jiiajaca. In
Sue. Mfx. <M'o;i:., Iiiilciin, toiii. vii.
Miirpliy and llarni'd, Tlii' I'm^^cI Sound nircctorv.
MniT (('liri>to|)li ( iolilicl) Mill), Naclniclit \(iii \('rsclii('(l('nt'n Liiinlfin dcs
Spaiiisilicn AiiKTJka. Ilallc, ISOlt.
]\!nna\ illii^'li), !li^tol■i(•al Account of Discoveries and Travels in Norlli
America. London, \s\l'.). •_' vols.
Z\ln--co Mexicano. Mexico, 1S4:! ,"). ,"» V(ds.
N. (N.), America, or an exact descrijition of flic West Indies. London,
l(i.V>.
2Savarii'tc (Martin I'Vrnandez), Colcccion de los A'ia^rcs y Descnliriniii'iitos
(|iie lucieioii los Ksjianoles desde lines d(d Siulo W. Mailri<l, ISu'.") .'{7.
rt vcds.
Ni'ixfra (Manuel Crisostonio), Disertacion scdire la len'j;iia < )tIiomi. Mexico,
lS4.->.
Xeliel (Carlos), Viaje I'intoresco v Anineol 'ijico solire la lU'inililieiv Meji-
cana, IS-.".) .'U. " I'aiis, ls:V.>. 'folio.
Nene Nacliri<liten von den.'n nenentdekten Iiisnln. lfanil>nri;', 177<>.
>.'eve y Molina (iaiis de). (Irainin.ilica dcdla Liniiiia (Momi. I'1s|misI,i en
Italianodal Conte I'/ica Silvio \'in<'enzo l'icc(doinini. Iioiiia, ISll.
Nicolai (|-lliiid). Xewe nnd Wailiafte Kelalion \ on West-nnd-Osf Indien.
Miinclieii, ICllt.
Nicolay (('. (i.), Tlie Ore^ron Territory. London. ISIC).
Xicvv.c Weerelt, Anders ;;lieiiaeMi|>t ^^'e--t-|||di(■n. .\msterdani, l('rJ'_'.
folio.
Ni/a ( Marco de), A Itclatioi of the r( iiercnd father l-'iier Marco de \ica.
tondiin;,' liis dis(cnieiy i " Cciiola or ('ilifda. In !Iaklii\l's X'oyaucs,
V'd. iii.; Ternanx-("oin|>ans, \'oy., si'rie i., toni. ix.; Itamiisio, Navi- ^
,u'atioiii, torn. iii.
Noriiia:i (IS. .M.), Ifamlileshy Land and Water. New ^'ork, iSl.'i.
Norman ll!. M.i, l!aml)les in ^■ncatan. New N'oik. ISIH.
Noitli .\nieiican llevicw. Itoston, iSMtct se<|.
Nolt i-l. (' ) and < o'o. ll. (Widdon. lndi,i;cnoiis Itaces .,f the Karth. Tliil-
adel|>hia. Iscs.
Noiivelles .\niialcs de> A'oya-fs. Paris, ISI'.) (".(». l(i,S vol.s.
Oersted. l/.\iiu''rii|iie Centralo. Uoi)enlia;;'ne, ISti.'i.
(^L;illl^ i.ioliiil. .\merica: llein.u' the lafcsi inid nio^t accurate Desi'ri|it ion of
the New World. London, 1()71. folio.
< henoll. Sketches of Mission Life aiiloii'.: the ilidiaiisof. Nt'W ^ oik. IS"it.
Orozco y liena (Manuel), (ieourafia ile las Li'iiL;iias y Carta Iltno.iriatica
de >L'>\ico. Mrxico, |,S(i I.
Onio il'raiici^co Xa\ ier .\lexo de), S<ducioiid<'l (uan ridlilciiia ac' rca de
«»rte-a
la I'olilacion de las .Americas.
ism de), .\iien(lice to \'cvtia.
Mexiio, I7ii;{.
(L
Hist.
.\nti','u;i
toni. III.
Ort(
ll-
rancisco i
le). iielacion de la I'.ii' raila
(iiii' iii/.o a
las Calif,,
(
Ulan I' lanci-co ile
seile ii., lorn. iii.
(irti'ua
el alio I
Ic li;;:i. In Doc. lli-t. M
Orti-'.ia i.Io-c]i|i del. \'oi';ilcila"'o en l.(ii;_;iia < ';i--icll,;na y Co:a. In Soc,
Mex. t;ei
litdetin, loin. \ili.
ISfiT.
Mpx-
In
AUTIIOrJTIES QUOTED.
XXXiX
OrtcMvs (Aliralininvs), Tlii'Mtrviii Orliis 'I'lTnuvm. Aiitvoi'|ii:ic, l."7'l. I'oli
(Iswalil (I'r.), Ciililoriiifii ijiil .--fiiH' \'ci'li;illiii>sc'. I.fiii/i;.', Isi'.i.
Ulis(l'\ N.), Istliiiiiis (It I'iiiiaiii:'.. New \i>\\
lS(i,.
<)ltii\ii>, I'lciiiHiiailc dans Ic (inliV ilu .Mcxi'i'.U'. In .Nnuvi'llts An
V
ls;{;{. tuiii.
ONcrland .MimiIIiIn. San I'ranriscii, ISCiS ct
•!■
( )\ icdi) \- N'aldcs (( Ion /a 1(1 I'crnandcz del, II i>iiiria ( i( iicial v Nat'iia! dr las
hiilias. .Ma.iiid, isr.i:). 4 vids. 4t.i.
(Ivi.
do V \'ald<s i( i
ill! Fcinandcz del, KclaciuM Snniaiia dc la Ili>tiiii:l
Natural di- la- Indias. In Itaicia, lii^lciiiadincs I'lini., ti
Ndrlli
(l(in,
liiMitdM
Moji-
Ni
I'll
is-. I.
|M<
Sue.
Parlii (.Ii)ac|uiii I'".), el al., ( 'idcn'iiin dc Dciciun.'nln-^ Ini'dito-; iclaliMis
al |)fsciil>riniit'nto. ( '(iiii|iii>ta y ( idnnizacinn dc las T
i:
.Madrid, lSi;4-
rts of IvNiilniat
vols.
tioiis anil Survt'vs
\\
isliiiiL:ton, Is.i.i-
•n An
Pacili.' 11. {{.. It . ,
(Id. i:! vols. 4l"o.
I'ldilla i.Maliasile la Mola), Cominista del llcino de la Nnc\a (ialicia.
-MS. (iuadalajara, I74'_'. folio.
I'mc (Lc';;li), Notes on a .lourncv fioni I>i'li/(' to ( Jiiatcniala. In Loiid.
r
(Jl'o;;'. S(
oar., \oi. VIII
I.
IL,'I.-S
iK
■I, N
oiivcaii \ ova'jv a
utonr du Moni
Taris. 17!I7
l'a.i;i's (!■'. dc), 'i"i'av(ds round llic World. London, 17'.':{. "J vols.
ralacio(i)ic;;o(;arcia dc), (aria diri;;ida a I licv dc i;s|iana. afio ir)7(i. | Willi
Pal;
I'al.i
Mnulisli transliition.
ii'io ( 1 >!(■"(! « laiiia dc), licl;
.Mlianv, ISCO. (No. 1 of Souicr's ( 'ollcct ion.
irlon IIC(
I). I'clioc II. IS;ni
ic a N prccci
ilin-l
lia |i
lor cl liiccniiailo lalacio a
n I ai'hci'o, ( oi. I
lios. Description dc la Province dc ( inalcniala.
reding.] In 'rciiiaux-t '(iin|i.in>, Kcciicil lic 1 >oc.
Itcy
Ic I loc. toni. \ i.
I'Translatiiin of prc-
I'alliscr i.lolm), l"..\|iloration of l'.rili--li .Vnicrit a. London, iSCiO. foli
Palliscr (.lolin). Solitary ll.iiiililcs. Loudon. IS.-)."}.
Palmer I. loci), .lournal of 'I'rascls oxer the L(
P
IS.-
ilou ( irain-i
iv.. toni. vi. vii.
sco), Notic
.M
ias dc las ( 'a!il'(
c\ieo, |S.-)7.
P.-ilo : 1 1-' rill
Itclaeion llistoriea
.Mountains, ( 'ini innat i,
In I >oc. II ist. .Mex., sei ii3
I \'iila V .\lio-tolir;is Tare:
\'<Mieralilc Padre j-'rax .luni|icro Scrr.
I '■'■. .Mil'. CIcs.), ( lianiinar ami Diet
.M
CMCO
I7S7
onarv ot the
.lUauia l.aie.;ila'.:e
r. ",• le-,
I.
iie.:\iistiis. No \'l.i New ^ (uU, isdi'.
de).
tiles V ( liriosa;
Noti
.Icl N
Ml
UC\o MivMco
( il
In Doe, lli-t. .M
p
ex., seric 111.
I It l\.
1 M.
ii.i.'io del, Proin|iluariii .Manual .Mexaano .Mexico
eic'), .louriNil of an lvx|ilorini;' 'I'oiir. Itliina, IM'J
Notes 'rakeii d'l
Pliiladclpliia, IS.-.C,
rini; tin
i:
X|reilllloll lllioll
;li {
v]i|on d
aruiiiaii i 1- r.iiieisi, The California and < Ir
'arkiiMii (I'rauri>
Trail. N< w N
IM'.l.
arrv (
III (l'rauci>i, The .Icsnils in North .\iiicriia.
\\ . M.i, .loiniMls of the lirst, second and lliinl
io-ton, isi,
o\ ;i::e^ tor I hi
Patf
•i\ of a Niiilli
■ \:
<t P
Lomlon. IsJS M. ti \i
ine- tt.u The Pcison.il N,
irrai i\c ol, eili
ted
inioiln
Di-,.
I'liiit.
< ini'iiiuati. Is:!:!.
Pall'.v (Del, Pci'lierrhe-. Philo-.ii|ihi(|lle~ siir le> .VliH'ricaili^. L
d
licrloa (.). D(
iiid llritish ( 'ill
il
-pa III I.
Fad-
iiiiiiiia.
Loiidi
I''i,u'iircs
II, ISIKI.
.'lalin.u' to \ aiicouv er'~ l-laiid
V ' / I I'lanciM'oi, Caii'i-i-nio de la Doelrina ('ri--ti
I Len'_:na ( lloini.
!cxii'(
>. ls;u.
h
/ (.III, ill), liclac'oii (
!e/ Milan I'lo/. ( roiiolii',^1
ll'cli
del
ill
viauc 1
II 1774 eon la fia'iata Saiitiauo. MS,
D
icion lie las < 'tK.is i
iceioiiario L'liiv. de li
,\liti;:ua de ^'lll•al,•ln, In l.atida I i>icuo de),
Ilea tan; in Slciiliclis' \'iiial,in, vol ii, ; and in
lie V
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111
AUTHOEITIES QUOTED.
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I'cturs (Dc Witt C), The J^ife aiiU Advent iins of Kit L'ai«oii. New Ycirk,
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IMlar ((iarcia del), Htdaeion ■. ■< '"I'ladade Nuno de Gu/niuii. In leaz-
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Tim (liedford), The Cateof the ..•. Loi don, 1803
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H ew
York,
Piescott (William IL), History of the ('on([uest of Mexico.
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AUTIIOKITIES QUOTED.
xli
Pru'liaiil (.lainos Towlos), Kesoarclies in the Pliysical History of MaiiUiiid.
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(jhicH'taro, Noticias Kstadisticas. Mexico, lS-t8.
(^uintana (Manuel Josef), \'idas de Esiiafudes L'elelires
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m
>
i :
i
i'i
THE NATIVE RACES
OF THE
PACIFIC STATES.
"WILD TlilBES.
CHAPTER I.
ETHNOLOGICAL LXTRODUCTIOX.
elothand stoam.on<nnus Lulf ''"'^ ^''*^^ ^'''^ ^^
'^••e woven into ,1 , i '-'T'' V""""*"^'^'^'^' ''^''ncs.
-•!^l-imn^otol.oine \:r;r^
^"'"Hd'acturor is X ^^^''^^^''^"1'^-, like that oftl.o
\l»e imncl it is indisnons; lo ' T ^''':'''''''''^' advanced
!|-''^)', l>ut facts i^Ar^i A r'"^*"? '!"^^- '^^-^ly lor
'-'^ ti.o sun, of as:;c;rt^!;ald L""^>' ^^"^^"'^^^^ '^
Vol. I. 1
acts, and that
OA'vi-y new
(1)
ETHNOLOGICAL INTKODUCTIOX,
fuct ])r()u:zlit to lidit.
pr
i'sor\'tM
iu\r.
11
ii(mii 111
to ill
m'lUM'iil fiiiid. is .so much ju'ided to tlio uorld's Atnv of
CHOW
k"d:
-"vvlu'ii Ave coiisidor lluit, ])i'oiid iind i\\v ;is oiii"
tlicoiics limy iviU'h, the reahii ot'delinite, tiiii.i^ihle, iisce"-
t.ihied truth is still of so little extent, the iuDoi '.u./e
of every nevei'-so-iusiunifieiuit Ji('(|uisiti()u is iiuuiiKst.
(Nnupare any fact Avith the i'ancies which ha\e liecii
prevalent conceniiiiii' it. and consider. 1 Avill iiv)t say
their relative hr'Miance, hut their relativi' iiiip(irtaiire.
Take electricity, how many e\i)lanatioiis lia\e licen
given of the lightning' and tlie thunder, yet there is \>ut
one lact; the atmosphere, how many howliiij:' demons
have directed tlie tem[)est, how many smiiiu^:' deities
moM'd in the soft hree/.e. For the one all-sulliciciit
First (^uise. how many myriads of uod.^ lia\e l)een set
up: for every [ilu'nomenon how many causes Ikim' Ii(( u
iuvi'iited ; with every truth how many untruths liaxc
coiiteiideil. with everv fact how main' faucic
Tl:
proli)iind in\'esti,iiations of latter-day ]»liilosopliers are
nothin;!' hut sinijile and lahorious inductions from ascer-
tained [\v('i:i, facts concerniuL'' attraction, polarity, chemi-
cal aiTmity and the like, for the e\j)lanation of A\hi( h
there are countless hyjiotheses. each hypothesis iinoU in;.;'
nuiltitudes of speculations, all of which e\aporate as the
truth slowlv crvstalli/es.
speculation
is \ahia
ihle t
o
science ouh' as it directs the mind into othcrwise-uiidis-
('ovi'ral)lc paths; hut when the truth is i()und. there is
an (']h\ to s[)eculation.
So much lor facts in fivneral : let us now look for a
mouicut at the j)articiilar class of facts of which this
uoi'k
a CO
llectl
on.
Th" tendency of [)irdosophic. inquiry is inoi-e and iiior;'
toward the orii^in of thiir^s. In the earlier stages of
iutelk'ctual inii)ulsc. the mind is almost wholly ai»-oi'!)' I
ill mini.-'teriiin' to the n
{':'{'
<<ltU
s o
fth
le ni'cscn
ll('\
t. th
nivsterious uncertainty of tlu> after hi'e proxokes iiii|uiry.
au I conteniplations ot" an et^'rnity of the future cnuiMi in I
attention : but not until knowledue is well a l\ance;l
TENDENCY OF PHILOSOrillC IXQUIKT.
does it iip[)eiir that tlicro is likewise an eternity of tlio
past wui'tliy of careful scrutiny. — without which scrutiny,
indeed, the eternit\' of the future nnist I'orever reiuMin
se
aled hook
Standing' as we do hetween these
two eternities, our view limited to a narrow thoiiuh
ura
lualh
\- wKlenmti' hori/on. as nature nnveils hi'r nns-
Is h
tcries to our iuijuiries. an inlinity s[)re;ids out in either
dir;'ction. an inliuity of minuteness no less than an
iniinity of iumu'nsity ; I'or hitherto, attempts to reach the
ultimate (^f molecules, have proved as lutile as attem[)ts
to reach the ultimate of masses. Xow man. the nohlest
work of creation, the only reasoninj;' (creature, standing;
alone in the midst of this vast sea of undiscovered truth, —
ultimate knowli'dge ever recedin.i:' I'rom his ,uras[). [)rimal
causes only thi'own I'arther hack ;is proximate j)i'ol)lems
iU'c solved. — man. in the study of maid^ind. nuist i'ollow
his researches in hoth ol' these directions. ])ackwai'd its
well as i'orward, nnist indeed deiive his whole l^nowl-
ed;ie of what man is and will he IVom what he has heen.
Thus it is tiiat the study of mankind in its mimiteness
assumes the gi'andest proi)ortions. \ iewed in this liiiht
tluMv is not a feature of primitive humanity without siu-
"iiicance; there is not a custom or characteristic oi' sa\-
a/e nations, however mean or rcNoltini:' to us. IVom which
impoi'tant le.ssons may not he ih'awn. It is only I'rom
till' study ol' ha>'l)arous and partialis cnltixati'd nations
that we are ahle to couiprehend man as a [iroiiressiNC
l)ein.i'. and fo icca!i'ni/,c the siiccessixe statics throuLli
whii'h our sa\a;A> ancestors lia\c passed on their way to
ci\ih/ation. With the natural jihilosophcr. there is little
thouiiht as to the relative importance of the manil'old
wo'.'l<s of t'reation. The tiny iusect is no less an ohject
• if \\\< i)atieiit scrutiny, than the wouih'rful and. complev
machinery of du' cosmos. The lowei' races of men. in
the study of humanity-, he deems of as essential imjjoit-
aucc as the hi'-i.hei' ; our present higher I'aces Iu'Iul:' liut
the lower types of venerations yet tc come.
Hence, if in the followiujj,' j)a;^cs. in the array of
I :.:
4 ETHNOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION.
minute facts inoidout to the snceossivo peoples of w.ilcli
we speiik, some of them ai)])ear small and mnvortliy of
notice, let it be remembered that in nature there is no
such thinjj;' as insignificance; still less is there anything
comiected Avith man nnwoi-thy of our most careful study,
or any peculiarity of savagism irrelevant to civilization,
Difterent schools of naturalists maintain widely diller-
cnt opinions reuardinu' the oriizin of mankind. Ivxisting
theories may be broadly divided into three categories;
in the first two of which man is considered as a spt/cial
creation, and in the tiiii'd as a natni'al development fi'om
some lower tyjie. 'file special-creation school is divi<ie(l
(ju the ([uestionof unity or diversity of race. Tlie first
party liolds by the time-hcmored tradition, that all the
nations of the earth are descended from a sinule human
])air; the se(M)nd allii'ms. that by one creative act wen* pro-
duced several special creations, each separate creation 1)eing
the origin ol' a race, and each ra"e j)i'imordially adajtted
to that i)artof tiieglol)e which it now inhabits The third
theory, that of the develo[)nient scho;)l, denies that there
ever were connnon centres of origin in oi'gaiiic creation;
but claims that plants and animals gcneratt' spontaiu'-
ously, and that man is but the madilication of some pre-
e.\istin'4 animal form.
The first hypothesis, the doctrine of the monogenists,
is ably supported by Latham. Prichai'd. and many other
eminent ethnologists of Murope. and is the favorite
opinion of orthodox thinkei's throughout Christendom.
The human race, they say, having sprung from a singl'.>
pair, constitutes but one sto.'k, though subject to vai'io'.is
modifications. Anatomically, there is no dilVerence be-
tween a Xegi'o and a Muropcan. The color of the skin,
the textuiv of the hair, the convolutions of tiie bi'aiii,
and all other peculiarities, may be attributed to heat,
moistmv, and food, .Man. though ca[>able of subduiiig
the world to himself and of making his home under
climates and circumstances the most diverse, is none the
OIIIGIN OF Man.
thero
^^B
tion ;
^B
tiine-
^^B
• pro-
B
Miists,
"'^
other
•1
vorito
lulom.
ario'.is
:3
CO 1>^'-
^
i skin,
ln-ain,
:H
ln'ilt,
W
)i'luiii;j;
"^B
uiulcr
ue the
-^
h'ss 11 cliild of iiutuiv. acti'd upon and inoldod Ijy tlioso
t'oiiditioiis whicli lie attempts to iioxcni. ('liiuatc. peri-
odicities of iiatiui'. material siirroimdin,t:s. lial)its of
t!ioii,::lit and nuxles of life, aetinj;' tliroii,t:li a lon.i-' series
1)1" a,u('s, exercise a powerl'id inlhience npon the linman
i)hvsical ori-ani/ution; and M't man is i)erreetl\' created
lor any .s[)here in whicli lie may dwell; and is <i.overned
in his condition hy choice rather than h\- coercion.
^Vi'ticnlate lan,i:uai:e. which lorms the jzreat line of de-
mai'cation lietween the human and the Ijrtite creation,
may ho ti'aced in its leading characteristics to one com-
mon soin'co. The ditioivnces hetween tlu' races of mi-n
are not siu'cilic dill'ei'onces. TIk' <:reater ])art of the
tloia and launa ol America, those ol' the circum[)olur
re;iions excepted, are essentially dissimilar to those of
the old world: while man in the now world, tliouuh
l»cai'in,Li' triu'es of hi,i:h antiqnitN', is spocilically identical
with all the races of tlu' earth. It is avoU known that
the hyhrids of ])lants and of animals do not possess the
])ower of ivi)roiiuction, while in the inti'rmixtnro of the
races of men no snch sterility of proiJLony can ho fonnd ;
and therefore, as there aiv no hnman h\ hrids, tl ei'o are
no separate hnman I'ucos or s[)ocios. hnt all are one fam-
ily. r>esides hein.u consistent with sonnd reasoninj:. this
theory can hrinii' to its sni)[iort the testimony of the
sacred writiniis. and an internal evidence of a creation
di\ini? and spiritual, whicli is saiu'tionod ])\ trailition,
and confn-nied hy most philosophic minds. Man,
mdiki' aiiiiiials. is the direct olls[)i'in_L!; of the Creator,
and as muIi he alono contimies to deri\o his iidierit-
ance IVom a divine Konrce. Tlui llehi'aic ivcord, con-
tiniio the monoLivnists, i- tlu' only anthentlc solution of
the ori.i-inof all thin-s; nnd its histoiy is not only I'lilly
sustained hy science, hut it is upheld l»y the traditions
i)f the most ancient harharous nations, "whose mythology
strikimily reseinl>les the Mosaic accoimt of the crt'ation,
the dehiize. and the disti-ihnticajo*' ])eoi)les. The ^^emitic
lamily alone were civili/eil from the hoLiinninii'. A pe-
I
* g
I i Hill i!
I
il
6 ETHNOLOGICAL INTIIODUCTIOX.
ciiliar jK'oplo. constiiiitly uplu'ld by spociul net of Frovi-
doiice IVom lallinji' into [iiipmisni. they iilono pos-^essed a
true knowledge of tlu' mystery of civatioii. A univer>id
iieci'ssity foi' some form of worsliij). a lielief inliereiit in
all mankind, in an omnipotent deity and a life hty ond
the ^ra\e. ])oint to a connnon origin and j^ophesy a
eonmion destiny. This ntiieh for the moiumenists.
The second liyi)othesis, that of the [)oly;ienists. holds
that there Avas not one only, hnt several indcjieiident
creations, each ^ivinji' birth to the essential, unchan^ealile
peculiarities of a separate I'ace; thus constitutin.u' a di-
versity of s[iecies with primeval adaptation to their
<it>()i:raphical distrii)ution. Aforton Agassi/. Clidd(jn,
and others in America, stand spoii>ors for this theory.
The physiolouical diil'erences ol' rac(>. they say. \vhich
separate maidvind into dassi's. do not result from climatic;
.surround injas, but are inherited fi'om original projienitors.
They ])oint to marked charactei'istics in various peoples
which have remained imchanLicd ibr -a period of lour
thousand \ears. In place ol' controvertinu' (li\ ine i'cac-
lation, they claim that Mosaic history is the history of a
•sinizle race, and not the history of all mankind; thai the
record itself contains an implied existenceof other races;
and that the distribution of the Aarious s[iecies or races
of men. accordin^i' to their i'elati\'e oi'pmisms. A\as jiart
of the cri'ative act. and ol' no less importance than Avas
the act of creation.
The third hyi)othesis. derived maiidy from the writ-
injis of Lamarck. Darwin, and lluxky. is based tipon (he
])riuci{)le of evolution. .Ml existin,^' species are dcNclop-
meiits of some prei'xistin^L' i()rm. Avhich in like manner
desci'nded by true ••eneration from a Wivui still kmer.
Man. say they, bears no impress oi'a divini' orii:iual that is
not common to brutes; he is but an animal, more [teifectly
(le\ eloped throuuh natural and sexual si-lection. Cnm-
niencinu' with the s}»ontaneous veneration of the lowest
types of vetii'table and animal life. — as the accuiiudation
of mold upon food, the swarminii of mai:iiots in nuat,
i!
HYPOTHESES CONCERNING OIliaiN.
a
tlic infusorial aniinalculos in water, the generation of
insect life in decaying vegetable sub.stance.s, — the birlh of
one form arising out of the decay of another, the slow
and gradual unfolding from a loAver to a higher sjliere,
aeling through a long succession of ages, culminate in the
grandeur of intellectual manhood. Thus nmch for this
lil'e, while the hope of a like continued progress is enier-
taine(1 lor llie life to come. While the tendency of variety
in organic ibrms is to decrease, argue these latter-day
niitui'alists, individuals increase in a proportion greater
than the provisional means of support. A predomi-
naling species, nnder favorable circumstances, rapidly
multiplies, crowding out and annihilating opposing spe-
cies, There is therefore a constant struggle for existence
in nature, in which the strongest, those ])est fitted to live
antl improve their species, prevail; while the deformed
and ill-la\'ored are destroyed. In courtship and sexual
selection the Avar ibr precedence continues. Throughout
nature the male is the wooer; he it is who is armed lor
fight, and j^rovided with musical organs and ornamental
appendages, with which to charm the fair one. The
savage and the wild beast alike secure their mate o\er
the mimgled form of a vanquished rival. In this man-
ner tlie more liighly favored of cither sex are mated,
and natural selections made, Ijy which, l)etter ever pro-
ducing Ijetter, the species in its constant variation is
constantly improved. ^lany remarkal^le resemblances
may be seen between man and the inferior animals, in
embryonic development, in physical structure, in material
composition and the function of organs, man and animals
are strikingly alike. And, in the possession of tbat
immaterial nature which more widely separates the
human from tbe l^rute creation, the '".r onable soul'
of man is but an evolution from Ijrute instincts. The
dillerence in the mental iiiculties of man and ani-
mals is immense; l)ut the high culture Avhich T)elongs to
man h;is bwn slowly developed, and there is plainly a
wider separation between the mental power of the lowest
8
ETUNOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION.
'1^ I
zoijplijte and the highest ape, than between the most
intellectual ape and the least intellectual man. Fhysi-
eally and mentally, the man-like ape and the ape-like
man sustain to ea^sh other a near relationship; while
between the mammal and the mollusk there exists the
greatest possible dissimilarity. Articulate language, it
is true, acting upon the brain, and in turn being acted
upon to the improvement of both, belongs only to man;
yet animals are not devoid of expedients for express-
ing feeling and emotion. It has been observe;! that no
brute ever fashioned a tool for a special purpose; but
some animals crack nuts with a stone, and an accident-
ally splinteretl Hint naturally suggests itself as the first
instrument of primeval man. The chief dilllculty lies
in the high state of moral and intellectual power which
may Ije attained by man; yet this same progressive
principle is likewise found in brutes. Nor need Ave
Ijlush ibr our origin. The nations now most civilized
were once barbarians. Our ancestors were sa\^ages, who,
with tangled hair, and glaring eyes, and blood-besmeared
hands, devoured man and beast alike. Surely a re-
spcctaljle gorilla lineage stands no unfavorable compari-
son.
Ik'twccn the first and the last of these three rallying
points, a whole continent of debatable land is sprcacl,
stretching from the most conservative orthodoxy to the
most scientific liberalism. Numberless arguments may
1)0 advanced to sustain any given position; and not un-
freqiicntly the same analogies arc brought forward to
prove propositions directly oppugnant. As has l)cen ob-
served, each school ranks among its followers the aljlcst
men of science of the day. These men do not differ in
minor particulars only, meeting in general upon one
broiid, common platform; on the contrary, they find
themselves nnable to agree as touching any one thing,
except that man is, and that he is surrounded ])y those
climatic intkiences best suited to his organization. Any
one of these theories, if substantiated, is the death-blow
PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
of the others. The first denies an}- diversity of species
ill ereiitiun uiid all iiinuutabilitv of race; the second
denies a unity of sjjecies and the possibility of chanji'e
in race; the tliird denies jdl s[)ecial acts of creation and,
like the first, all iminutabillty of race.
The question respecting the oriiiin of animals and
])lants has likewise underuonc a siuiilar ilux ol' 1)eliels,
but with dillerent result. ^Vluitever the conclusions
may be with I'cgard to the origin of man, naturalists of
the present day very generally agree, that there was no
one universal centre of propagation for pliuits and ani-
mals; Ijut that the same conditions of soil, moisture,
heat, and geographical situation, always produce a shni-
larity of species; or, what is eciuivalent, that there were
)nany primary centres, each originating species, -which
spread out from these centres and covered the earth,
'j'his dor.trine was helsl by early naturalists to be irrecon-
cilable with the ^^cripture account of the creation, and
was therefore denounced as heretical. Linnanis and his
contem[)orarics drew up a pleasing picture, assigning the
birth-place of all forms of life to one particular fertile
spot, situated in a gonial climate, and so diversified with
lofty uKjuntains and declivities, as to present all tlie
various temperatures recpiisite for the sustenance of the
diliereut species of animal and vegetable lil'e. The most
exuber;uit types of llora and fauna are found within the
tropic d i-egions, decreasing in richness and profusion
tow.;i;!s either pole; while man in his greatest jjerfcction
occupies the temperate zone, degenerating in harmony of
features, in })hysical symmetry, and in intellectual \igor
in either direction. Within this temperate zone is placed
the hypolheti;',al cradle of the human race, varynig in
locality according to religion and tradition, 'i'lie Cau-
casians are referred for their origin to ]\hnuit Cauc;i>us.
the ?^I<)n;j,olians to ]\[ount Altai, and the Africans to
^[ount Atlas. Thi'ce jirimordlal centres of po[)al:ii'(!n
have been assigned to the thi-ee sons of Noah, — Arauia,
the S.'Uiitic; India, the Japetic; and Egypt, the ruumtiv.-
10
ETHNOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION.
i !
coni:ro. Thibet, an\ tlio inaiint.iins ,sui'roun;ling (ho Gobi
desert, liavo b^uii dcisi;j;ii;ite;l us the point IVoni which u
genenil distribution w;is miido; while the sacrod writings
mention Ibui- ricli and boaiitilul valleys, two of which aro
watered by the Tigris and l"]n[)hratos, as the birth-placo
ol' ni;in. It was formerly believed that in the bciiinnin-j;,
the [)ri!neval ocean covered the remaining portion of the
idobe, and that from this central spot the Avaters receded,
tiiereb)' extending the limits of terrestrial life.
Admitting the unity of origin, conjecture points with
apparent reason to the regions of Armenia and of Iran,
in ^vestern Asia, tis the cradle of the human race. De-
parting from this geographical centre, in the directions
of the extremities of the continent, the race at iirst de-
generated in proportion to distance. Civilization was ibr
many ages confined within these central limits, until by
slow degrees, paths Averc marked out to the eastward and
to the westward, terminating the one upon the eastern
coast of Asia, and the other upon the American shores
of the Pacific.
Concerning the distri))ution of plants and animals,
but one general opinion is now sustained with any de-
gree of reason. The beautifully varied systems of vege-
tati(^n with which the habitable earth is clothed, springing
up in I'ich, spontaneous abundance; the botanical centres
of corresponding latitudes producing resemldance in gen-
era without identity of species; their inability to cross
high mountains or wide seas, or to pass through inhospi-
taljle zones, or in any way to spread far from the original
centre, — all show conclusively the impossibility that such
a multitude of animal and vegetable tribes, with char-
acters so diverse, could have derived their oriiiin from
the same locality, and disappearing entirely from their
original bi^'th-jilace, sprung ibrth in some remote part of
the globe. Linni^cus, and many others of his time, held
that all telluric tribes, in common with mankind, sprang
from a single pair, and desccniled from the stock which
was preserved by Noah. Subse(|uently this opinion was
M
PRDIORDIAL CENTEES.
n
moiVifiofl, dvlng to each f^pocics an origin in .some certain
sp'jt to which it WHS particularly adiipted by nature; and
it ^vas supposed that i'roni these priuiar\- centres, throut:li
SL'conchu'y causes, there was a general difl'usion through-
out the surrounding regions.
A comparison of the entomijlogy of the old world and
the new, shows that the genera and species of insects are
ibr the most part peculiar to the localities in which tbcy
are Ibund. J>irds and marine animals, although um-e-
stricted in their movements, seldom Avander far I'rom
specific C(!ntres. AVith regard to wild beasts, and the
larger animals, insurmoimtable difficulties present them-
selves; so that we may infer that the sysfeuis of animal
life are indigenous to the great /.oijlogical pro\inces
where tliov are ibund.
On the other hand, the harmony Avhich exists be-
tween the organism of man and the methods by which
nature meets his recpiirements, tends conclusively to
s!i()w that the world in its variety was made lor man,
iind that man is made ibr any portion of the earth in
which he may ])o found. Whencesoever he comes, or
howsoever liereaches his dwelling-place, he always finds it
Itrcpared for him. On the icy banks of the Aivtic ( )cean,
where mercury freezes and the ground never softens, the
lisi'cimo, wrapped in furs, and burrowing in the earth,
revels in grease and train-oil, sustains vitality b\' eating
raw ilcsh and whale-fat; while tfie naked inter-tro|)ical
mau luxuriates in lile under a ])urning sun, where etlur
boils and reptiles f^hrivel upon the hot stone over Avhieli
they attempt to crawl. Tlie watery iVuit and shading
vegetation would 1)e as useless to the one. as l!ie heating
food and aniuial clothing would be to the other.
The capability of man to endure all climates, his om-
nivorous habits, and his powers of locomotion, (nabl(>
liiui to roam at will over the earth, lie Avas i ndowed
^\ith intelligence wherewith to invent methods of migra-
tion and means of protection from nnfavorable climatic
in!luen(?e, and with ciipabilities for existing in almost
12
ETHNOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION.
any pju't of the \vorl(l; so tliiit, \n tlio oconomy of natiiro
tlu' iR!(!t;s.sity did not oxist uilli i-cjiiird to iiiiiii lor tluit
diversity of creation wliich uas deemed re(iui!;ite in tlio
ca.se of [(hints and animals.
Tlu! (dassilication of man into .sjiecics or races, yo as
lo 1)0 able to de.si^njite by his orL^ani/ation the family to
Vvhich he belongs, as well as the (juestion of his ori;^in,
luii? been the snbject of great diversity of opinion, IVoni
the fact that the various forms .so {iradiiato into lach
other, that it is impossible to determine which is sjHcicj
and which variety. Attempts have indeed been made
at divisions of men into classes accord inii; to Iheir pri-
meval and permanent pliysiolo,i;ical structure, but wluit
uniformity can be expected I'roui such a classificativai
anioiii;' naturalists who carniot so much as agree what is
l)rimeval and what ])ermanent?
The tests applied by ethnologists for distinguishing tlu;
race to which an individual belongs, are the color of the
.';kin, the size and shape of the skull, — detcrmine(' gen-
erally l)y the facial angle, — the texture of the hair, and
the character of the features. The structui-e of language,
also, has an important bearing npon the allinity of raiics;
and is, with some ethnologists, the primary criterion in
the (dassilication of species. The I'acial angle is deter-
mined by a line drawn from the foivhead to the
front of the nppcr jaw, intersected by a horizontal line
[)assing over the middle of the ear. The facial an,-lo
of a lOnropean is estimated at 85'^, of Ji Negro at 75 \
and of the ape at GO^. Eepresentations of an adult
Troglodyte measure 35^, and of a ^^at\r 30\ >^ome
writers classify according to one or several of these tests,
others consider them all in arriving at their conclusions.
Thus, Vircy divides the human liimily into two
parts: those with a facial angle of from eighty-five
to ninety degrees, — embracing the Caucasian, Mongo-
lian, and American; and those with a facial angle of
from seventy-five to eighty-two degrees, — including
the Malay, Negro, and Hottentot. Cuvier and Jaquinot
SPECIFIC CLASSIFICVTIONS.
18
make tlnvo classt's, placinp: tlio ^ra\aj and American
amoiiii' the ^^lll)(livi^i(ms of tlie Moniroliiin. Kant niaki-s
I'oiii" divisions under lour colors: white, Mack, copijer, and
oli\t'. I.inna'us also makes lijur: ]']ur(;pean, wliiti.'-li;
American, coppery; Asiatic, tuwnv; and AiVienn, black.
iJuii'on ma,i\es ilve divisions and IUumen))acli live. ])hi-
meuhadi's class! (ication is bused upon cranial admeasure-
ments, comi)le.\i()n, and texture of the hair. His di\ is-
ions arc Caucasian or Arvan, ^lonj^ohjui, llihiopian,
Malay, and Ameri(;an. Lesson makis six divisions ac-
cording!; to colors: white, dusky, orange, yellow, red,
and bluck. Bovy do h't, Vincent arranges fifteen stocks
under three classes wliicli are dillerenced by hair: lluro-
peau strai.Liht hair. American straidit hair, and crisped
or curly hair, in like manner I'rof. Zeune dei^Liuates
his divisions under three types of crania ibr the eastern
hemisphere, and three for the Avestern. namely, liidi
skulls, broad skulls, and lon;j; skulls. Hunter classifies
the li iman i'amily under seven species; A^:assi/ m;;kcs
ei,!_i,i; I'ickerinp:, eleven; Dc^smoulins, sixteen; and
('rawfoi'd. sixty-three. Dr Latham, considered by many
the chief exptment of the science of ethnoloiry in I'n-
[:inid, classilies the difTerent races mider three pi-imnry
divisions, uamelv: Monu;olida\ Atlantidie, and dapetid:.'.
I'richard makes three principal types of cranial confonna-
tion. which he denominates respectively, the civili;:ed
races, the nomadic or wanderinj;' races, and the sava;.:e
or huutiuL;' I'acis. Ali'assi/ designates the races of men
ac:'onlinL>; to the zoidojiical ])rovinces which they respecl-
ively oc','Ui)y. Thus the Arctic realm is inhabited by
Ilyp'jrboreaus. the Asiatic by Monirols, the Ihn-opean
by Avhite men. tlie American by American Indians, the
African l)y liku'k rar-es, and the I'.ast Indian, Australian
and PolyUv^sian by their respectl\u [n'wi,i"s.
Xow when we consider the wide differences hctwecn
naturalists, not only as to what constitutes race and
species,- if there be variety of species in the human
family, — but also in the assignment of peoples and indi-
u
ETHNOLOGICAL HiTRODUCTION.
viduals to their respective categories under tlie direction
of the given tests ; when we see the human race chi><.si-
lied under from one to sixt}'- three listinct species,
acc(jrding to individual opinions; and when we see that
the several tests which govern classification are by no
nie:uis satisfactory, and that those who have made this
subject the study of their lives, cannot agree as toncliing
the fundamental clianicteristics of such classification —
we cannot but conclude, either that there are no abso-
lute lines of separation Ijetween the various menil)crs of
the human family, or that thus far tbe touchstone ])y
which such separation is to be made remains undio-
covered.
The color of the liuman skin, for example, is no cer-
tain guide in classification. Microscopists liave asoor-
tained that the normal colorations of the slcin are not the
results of organic dili'erenccs in race; that complexions
are not permanent physical characters, but are sub-
ject to change. Climate is a cause of physical dil't'ei'-
ences. and iVcquently in a single tribe may be ibuud
shades of coloi- extendin'j; tbrouu;li all the various traiisl-
tions from black to white. In one people, part occup\ iug
a C(^ld mountainous region, and part a heated low-
land, a marked difterence in color is always ]:)orceptil)le.
reculiarities in the texture of the hair are likewise no
proof of race. The hair is more sensibly afr'ected by
the ai'tlon of the climate than the skin, i^very degrea
of coU)r and crispation may be found in tbe Euro-
pean family alone; and even among the I'rizzlod locks
of negroi>s e\'erv gradation appetu's, ir(^m crisped to
llowing hail". I'he growtii of the be;u*d may bo cul-
tivated or retarded according to tbe caprice of the indi-
vidual ; and in those tribes which are characterized b\' ;;u
absence or thinness of beard, mav be ibund the practici>,
continued for ages, of carel'uUy plucking out all traces
of beard at the age of inilnn'ty. N'o [)hysi()logicid de-
formities have been discovered v.bich ])revent nny peoijle
from cultivating a beard if such be their pleasurj. Tho
iJIII! .!!
ALL TESTS F.VLLACIOUS,
15
conformation of the cranium is often peculiar to habits
of reariiip; the young, and may be modified by acci-
dental or artilicial causes. Tlie most eminent scliolars
now liold tl)<> opinion that the size and t^liape of the t^kull
has far less inlluence upon the intelligence of the indi-
vidual than tho quality and convolutions of the brain.
The structure of language, especially uhen ofi'ered in
evi.lence supi)lementary to that of jjlnsicjd science, is
most unportant in establishing a relaiiont^hip between
races. But it should be borne in mind that langiuiges
are accpiired, not inherited; tliat they are less permanent
than Uving organisms; that they ai'e constantly changing,
merging into each other, one (lialect dying out juid iiu-
other springing into exif^tence; that in llie migrations of
nomadic tribes, or in the arrival of new nations, alilioiigh
languages may for a time preserve their se\eral ty, they
arc at last oljliged, from necessity, to yield to the as-
similating inilueiices which constantly surround thrm,
an;l become merged into the dialects of neighboring
clans. And on the other liand, a counter iniluence
is exercised u^uai the absorbing dialect. The dialectic
fusion of two conmiunities results in the partial disa[)-
])eui'aut'e of both languages, so that a constant assimilation
ami ilissiniilation is going on. " The value of language."'
sa\.; hatliam, "has been overrated;" and AVhitnev
aCiinus that "language is no inlidlihle sign of race;"
although both of these authors give to language the first
])la(v as a test of national afiinities. Language is not a
jtliysi()l.)gieiil characteristic, but an a('(|uisition; and as
such should be used with care in the chisiilicaiion ol
species.
Science, during the last half century, has unfolded
manv imjiortant secrets; has tamed impetuous elements,
called forth power and life iVom the hidden recesses of
the earth; has aroused the slum) )erimi,' cni'riiies of both
mental and mat; rial force, changed the currents of
thought, emancipated the intellect from religious tran-
Bcendentalism, and spread out to the Ijroad light of open
16
ETHNOLOGICAL INTEODUCTION.
day a vast sea of truth. Old-time licliefs have had to
t!;ive place. The deljris of one exploded do;;ma is scarcely
cleared away beibre wc are startled Avith a reciiiest ibr
the yielding up of another long and dearl}^ cherished
opinion. And in the attempt to read the book of Lu-
nr.mity as it comes Iresh from the impress of nature, to
trace the history of the human race, by means of moral
and physical characteristics, backward through all its
intricate >vindings to its source, science has accomi)lished
much; but the attempt to solve the great [problem of
human existence, l)y analogous comparisons of man with
man, and man with an'mals, has so far been vain and
futile in the extreme.
I w()ul(] not be understood as attempting captiously to
decry the noble eCbrts of lein ned men to solve the prob-
lems of nature. For who can tell what may or may
not be found out In' inquiry? Any classification, more-
over, and any attempt at classification, is better tlinn
none; and in draAving attention to the uncertainty of
the conclusions arrived at ])y science, 1 but reiterate
the opinions of the most proibund thinkers of tbe day.
It is onl)' shallow and ilippant scientists, so cnlled,
who arbitrarilj^ force deductions I'rom mere postulates,
and with one sweeping assertion strive to annihilale all
history and tradition. They attempt dogTnatically to set
up a reign of intellect in opposition to that of the Author
of iutelk'ct. Terms of vituperation and contempt with
whicli a certain class of writers interlard their sophisms,
as ajipliefl to those Iiolding difi'erent opinions, are alike
an ollensc aiiiiinst uood taste and sound reasoning;.
Xotv.ithstanding all these failures to establish rules
by which mankind may 1)0 dixided into classes, there
yet remains the s!iibl)orn f;ict that dilVerences do exist,
as palpable as '!ie diftereuco l)etween daylight and
d;irkness. These difivreuces, however, are so played
ui)on by change, tha' hiduM't(^ tlie scholar has been un-
a!>le to trans! ix those elements which appear to hiui
permanent .f.n.d chann'Jeristic. For, as Drsiper remarks,
ORIGIN OF THE INDIANS.
17
■ulcs
It here
•xist,
anil
laved
|i uii-
hlui
lark.s,
" tlie permanence of organic forms is altogether depend-
ent on the invariability of the material conditions under
■which thoy live. Any variation therein, no nuvtter how
insigniiicant it might be, wotdd be forthwith followed by
u coiTes[)onding variation in form, 'f he present invari-
al)ility ol' the world of organization is the direct conse-
quen -e of the physical equilibrium, and so it Avill con-
tinue as long as the mean temiieraturc, the annual sui)ply
of light, the composition of the air, the distribution of
water, oceanic and atmospheric currents, and other such
agencies, remain unaltered; but if any one of these, or
of a hundred other incidents that might be mentioned,
fdiould suffer modificatiijn, in an instant the I'ancii'ul doc-
trine of the immutability of species would )je brought to
its true value."
The Auiorican ludiaus. their origin aud consanguinity,
have, from the days of (V)lumbus to the present tiuie
proved no less a knotty question. Schoolmen and scien-
tists count their theories by hundreds, each sustaining
some pet conjecture, with a logical clearness equaled
only by the facility with which he demolishes all tlie
rest. One proves their origin by holy Avrit; another
by the writings of ancient pliiloso pliers; another b}' the
sage sayings of the Fathers. One discovers in them
Phoenician merchants; another, the ten lost tribes of
Israel. They arc tracked Avith equal certainty from
Scandinavia, from Ireland, iVom Iceland, from Green-
land, across Bering Strait, across the northern Pacilic,
the southern I'aeilic, from the Polynesian Inlands, iVoui
Australia. I'rom Africa, ^'enturesome Carthaginians Avere
thrown upon the eastern shoi't'; .hqianese junks on the
Avestern. The breezes that Aval'ted hither Ainerica's primo-
genitors are still bloAving.and the oe^'au currents by Avhich
they came cease not yet to How. The finely sjnni Avebs of
lo'dc by Avliich these fancies are maintained would prove
anuising, did not the profound earnestness of their re-
spective advocates render them ridiculous. Acosta, Avho
studied the subject for nine years in Peru, concludes
Vol.. I. a
T
18
ETHNOLOGICAL INTllODUCTION.
fill
Jill
that An\( rica was the Ophu* of Solomon. Ari.stotle re-
lates that the Carthaginians in a voyage were carried to
an unknown island; whereui)on Florian,(Jomai"a, Oviedo,
and others, are satisfied that the island was Ivspafiola.
" ^^'ho are these that lly as a cloud," exclaims ilsaias,
" or as the doves to their windows ?" Scholastic sages
answer, Columbus is the columba or dove here prophesied.
Alexo ^^aneg•as shows that America was peopled by Car-
thaginians; Anahuac being but another name for Anak.
Ijcsides, both nations practiced picture-writing; both
venerated iire and water, wore skins of animals, jjierced
the ears, ate dogs, drtuik to excess, telegraphed by means
of ilres on hills, Avore all their iinery on going to war,
])oisoned their arrows, beat drums and shouted in battk'.
Carcia found a man in Peru who had seen a rock with
something very like Greelc letters engraved upon it; six
hundred years after the nnolheosis of Hercules, ('oleo
ma-Je a long voyage; Homer knew of the ocean; tlie
Athenians waged war with the inhabitants of Atlantis;
hence the American Indians were Greeks. Lord Kings-
borough proves conclusively that these same American
Indians were Jews: because their " s\'mbol of inno-
cence" was in the one case a I'awn and in the other a
lamb; because of the law of ^Foses, " considered in ref-
erence to the custom of sacriliciug children, which ex-
isted in ^lexico and lern;' because " the iearsof Inmidts
of the people, famine, pestilence, and warlike invasion,;,
were exactly the same as those entei-tained by tlie Jews
if they failed in the performiuire of any of their rituid
observances;" because " the education of children com-
menced amongst the ]\Iexica)is, as with the dews, at .';n
exceedingly early age;" because '" Ijeating with !i stick
was a very common punishment amongst the dcAvs," ns
well as among the ^lexicinis; ])ecause tlie priesthood (;f
l)o!h nations "was hereditary in a certain iinnily;" be-
cause both were inclined to pay great respect to lucky
or unlucky omens, such as the screeching of the owl
the sneezing of a person in company," etc., and because
OrJGIX OF THE INDIANS.
19
Tican
inno-
in rc'i-
Ih e:v-
imr.Vi s
vitui.l
(.'(111!-
;it ini
s:' ns
lood (if
lucky
lociiube
It
ol' ;i lunulivd Oilier c'(|ujill_v wund and ivlovant ariiii-
iiK'uts. Aiialo,iioii,s reason iu,L!; to this of J^ord Ivinus-
borough's was that of the Merced Indians o[' California.
Shortly after the diseoverv of the Yosemite Vallev,
tidings reached the settlers of Ahiriposa that certain
chiefs had nnited with intent to droj) down from their
mountain stronghold and annihilate them. To show
the Indians the uselessness of warring npon white ni'-n,
these chieftains were invited to A'isit the citv of San
Francisco, where, from the nnmher and superiority of
the peo[)le that they would there behold, they should
become intimidated, and thereafter maintain i)eacc. IJut
contraryto the most reusonal»le e\i)ectations, no sooner had
the dusky delegates returned to their hinie than a coun-
cil uiis called, and the assembled warriors were informed
that the\ r<'ed have no i'ear of these stran<:er;
1-
or,
said the envoys, "the |)eo[)leof the great cityof San Fran-
cisco are of a diiVerent tribe from these wliite settlers of
Mariposa. Their maimers, tlu'ir customs, their language.
tl
icu" dress, ar
e all diil'erent. The\' wear black coats aut
high hats, and are not able to walk along the smoothest
path without the aid of a .stick
There ai'e manv advocates for
an
A si at
ic ori!j.ni, Motn
th
among ancii-nt and modern si)eculators. luxorable
winds and currents, tlie short distance l)etween islands,
traditions, lioth Chinese and Indian. I'l'fer the ]>eo|)lingof
America to that ([iiarter. Similarity in coloi'. leaturt's.
religion, ri'ci<oning ol' tinie. absence of a lu-avy beai'd,
i;ii 1 iiuuuuii'able other (()m[tai'isons. are drawn bv en-
tmisiastic advocates, to sujtjioi't a Mongolian oi'igin. The
iie arguments, in whole or in j)art. are used to ))ro\(!
that America wa
s pcopU'd hy
rcuch.
li>li.
roiims.
g\ ptiaii.*
I'isians.
hv
tl
.tbiopian
cxiUians; aiit
I
also that difu'ieid pints were settled by dilVeivnt peoi)les,
The test of language lias been ai)p!ied with eipial I'acllity
and enthusiasm to Fi.'.vutian. .1
I'W
IM
uemcian.
Carll
la-
iniaii. Sjianiai'd, ( 'hinese, .bipanese. and in fact to lu'arly
dl tl
le nations ot
til
e eart
h. A
coiiiiilete rcNiew o
f
!
20
ETHNOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION.
theories and oi)iui()ns concernin;^ the oriLiiii of the Tii-
(liaiis, r propo.se to ^'p e in another i)hiee; not that intriu-
■sically they ai'e of much vahie, except as showing the
clilferent fancies of dilVerent men and times. Fancies, I
say, for modern scholars, with the aid of all tlie new rev-
elations of science, do not appear in their investi|jiations
to arrive one whit nearer an induhitahle conclusion,
it was ohvious to the Euroj)eans when they fn'st
helield the natives of America, that these were unlike
the intellectual white -skinned race of Europe, the hiU'-
harous hlacks of Africa, or any nation or people which
they had hitherto enccnuitered, vet wei'o strikinjilj like
eacli other. Into whatsoever part of the newly discov-
ered lands they penetrated, they Ibund a people seemingly
one in color, physiojiuomy, customs, and in mental and
social traits. Their vestii-es of anti([uity and their lan-
fiua<:es presented a coincidence which was generally
ohserved by early travelers. Hence physical and psy-
chological comparisons are advanced to pi'ove etlnio-
logical resemblances among all the ])eo})les of America,
and that they meanwhile possess (ujuuuon peculiarities
totally distinct I'rom the natii^ns of the old world.
Morton and his coniivres. the originators of the Anu'r-
ican homogeneity theory, even gi) so i'ar as to claim I'or
the American man an origin as indigenous as that ol"
the I'auna and llora. ^J'hey classily all the tribes of
America, excepting only the Eskimos who wandered oNer
iVoin Asia, as the Amei'ican race, and divide it into the
American iamily and the 'J'olteciin fuuily. I'lumenbach
classifies the Amei'icans as a, distinct species. The
American Mongolida; of Dr Latham are divided into
Eskimos and American Indians, J)r Moi'ton })ercei\('s
the same chai-acteristic lineaments in the face of the
Euegian and the ^Mexican, and in tribes iidiabiting the
l?(K'ky Mountains, the ^lississippi A'alley, and Eloiida,
The same osteolotiical structure, swarthy color, strai<iht
liair. meagre beard, ()1)rKpiely cornered eyes, prominent
cheek bones, and thick lips are connnon to them all.
INDIVIDUALITY OF UACE.
21
r)r T.iitlunn dcscrilR's liis AnKTicaii ^roi^u'clidii' as vwv-
I'isiiiii' uiioii llio Morld a material ratlior than a moral
inllucnct'; v.\\
\\v^ 111
K'lii iiK'amvliik' 51 color. lU'ithcr a true
th
■\\liito iioi' a it't black; hair .straiulit and hlack. rarcU
liulit. sometimes curlv; eves sometimes ohrHiue; a broad,
iiat ^ace and ii ivtreatiiig Ibrehead. J)r I'ricliard con-
siders the American race, ])svch()k),iiically, as neither
supei'ior nor inferior to other ])rimitive races ot" the
"world. I'orv di' !*^t Vincent classilies Americans into
live s)H'( ies. includin<i' the Kskim<js. The Mexicans
he considi'rs as coiiiiate Avith the Malays. Unmboldt
characterizes the nations of America as one race, by
their strai;zlit ,iilossy hair, thin beard, swarthy com-
])lexion. and cranial tbrmation. Schoolciaft makes l()ur
fironps; the iirst extending across the northern end of
the continent ; the second, tribes living' east of the Mis-
sissippi; the third, those between the Mississii)pi and the
liocky Monntains; and the Ibnrth. those Avi-st of the
llocky Mountains. All these he subdivides into thirty-
seven I'amilies; but so liir as tliose on the racificCoast
are concerned, lie mi^ht as reasonably have made of
them twice or half the number.
All Avriters aiireo in jiiving to the nations of America
a remote anti(iuity; all admit that there exists a ^ireater
unifornnty between them than is to be found in
the old woild; many deny that all are one race.
There is nndoul)tedly a piwailinii' nnil()rmity in those
])hysical charact«-'ristics Avhich tiovern classification; but
this miiformity jioes as far tc) i)ro\(' one universal race
throuiihout tiie world, as it docs to jiroM' a race peculiar
to America. Traditions, ruins, moral and j)hysical jiccu-
liarities. all denote for Anieiicans a remote anticpiity.
1'he action of a climate ])eculia]' to America, and of
natural surroundiji,us connuon to all the people of the
continent, could not lail to produce in time a sinnlarity
of physiological sti'ucture.
The impi'cssion of a Xcav Woi'ld individuality of racft
was no doubt strengthened in the eyes of the ( 'oiupieror;:,
i i
22
LTIIXOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION.
and in tlie mind of the train ofwritors that followctl. hy
the fact, that tho newly di«u>vored trihos \\v\v nioiv like
cat'h other than Avero any other jjeoples tliey had ever
l)er()re seen; and at the same time very nnich mdike any
nation whatever of tlie old world. And s(j any I'eally
existing' physical distinctions amonp; the American stocks
came to he overlooked or nndervahied. Din-win, on the
anthority of l"]lphinst()ne, ohservt's that in India, '"id-
thouiili a newly arrived I']nroi)eini cannot at fn-st distin-
jinish the varions native I'aces. yet they soon aj)])eai' to
him entirely dissimilar; and the Hindoo cannot at fn-st
])erceive any difference hetween the several Knropean
nations."
Jt has hcen ohserved l)y Prof, von Martins that the lit-
erary and architectnral i-emains of the civilized trihcs of
.Vmerica indicate a hi_u'her de.uree of intellectual eleva-
tion than is likely to he found in a nation i-meriiin^'
from har))arism. In their sacerdotal oi'dinances. privi-
leu'ed orders, retiulatetl desijotisms. codes of law. tnid
forms of government are i'onnd clear indications of a
relapse from civilization to harharism. (/'hiite;nil)i"iand,
from the same premises, develojjs a directly o[)posite
conclusion, and ])erceives in all this hijih initi(|uity and
civih/ation only a praiseworthy evolution from primcNal
harharism.
I'hus arguments drawn from a comjjai-ison of pai-allel
traits in the moral, social, or physical condition ol" man
shoidd he received with allowance, for man has nnich in
connnon not only with man. hut with animals. A'ari-
ations in hodily structure and mental faculties are gov-
erned ])y ji'eneral laws, 'fhe ,ureat variety of climate
which characterizes America could not I'ail to produce
various hahits of lii'e. The half-tori)i(l llyperhorcan,
the fierce wari-ior-hunter of the vast interior I'orests. the
sluii^ish. swarthy native of the trojtics. and the intelli-
uent Mexican of the tal»le-land. slowly dcvelo[)in,Li' into
civilization under the rt-(inin,u' inlhiences of arts and
letters. — all these indicate variety in the unit\- of the
T
Sv
liACi::j OF THE rACIFIC.
23
lunii
'h in
Yaii-
n()V-
iinato
(ullK'O
orciJii,
-. llu!
ntc'lli-
Li' into
s i\n(l
)!' the
Amorioiui race; AvliiU' the insulation of American na-
tions, and the general chanicteristii's ineiilent to peculiar
])hvsical conditions could not tail to produce u unity in
their variety.
The races of the I'acilic States endirace all the va-
rieties o(" species known as American under any ol' the
classifications nientioni^h Thus, in the li\e ilivicions
of lilumenhach. the l']skiinos of the norlh would come
muU'r the I'ourth division, which end)ruces .\hdays and
I'olynesians. and wliich is distin«iuislied h\- a, hiuh
s([uare skull, low I'oreliead. short hroad nose, and j)i"()-
iectinu' iaws. To his fifth cla.'^s. the American, which
he subdivides into the .Vmerican family and the Tol-
teeun timiily, he <iives ii small skull with u hiiih apex,
ilut on the (K'ciput, hi<ih cheek hones, recedinj;' Ibrehead,
ju|uiline nose, lar^e mouth, and tumid hps. Morton,
ahhouj-li he makes twenty-two divisions in all, classifies
Americans in the same maimer. The Polar iiimily he
characterizes as brown in color, short in stature, of thick,
clumsy pr()i)ortions. with a short neck, lar^e head, fhit
face, small nose, and eyes dis[)o,sed to ohli(iuity. He
pei-ceives an identity of I'ace amonji all the other stocks
from .\h)unt St Klias to l'atap,<)nia; though he desi.iinates
the si'mi-civili/ed tribes of Mexico and I'eru as the
Toltecan family, and the savage nations as the Apjiala-
chian l)ranch of the Amei'ican family, Dr Trit'hard
makes three divisions of the tribes bordei'in,i;' the Pacific;
between ,\h...mt St Mlias and ('a])e St Lucas: the tribes
from till' borders of the I'skim- s southward to ^ an-
couvi'r Island constitute the first division: the tribes
t)f OivLLon and Washin;iton. the second: and the tribes
of rppcr and Lower ('alil()rnia, the third. Pickering
assigns thi> limits of tlie American, Mahiy. or Toltecan
family to California and Avestcni Mexico. He is of tin;
oi)inion that they crossed from southeastern Asia, byway
of the islands of tlie Pacific, and landed upon this con-
tinent south of San J''i'ancisco. there beinu' no traces (jf
them north of thi.'; i)oint; while the Mongolians found
r^
I
21
ETHNOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION.
4
4
tlicii" way from iiortlicastcru Af^lii across PxTiufX Strait,
'I'lit! Calif'oniiaiis. tlicri'lorc. lit" calls Malays: and the
inliahilaiits dl' N'aiicoiivcr Island. IJi'itish ( 'olimihia,
A\ asliiimton, and On-Lion. lie classilics as Monpslians.
Calirornians. in the eyes of this ti"a\t'k'r. dillcr IVoiii
their northern nei,Lihhors in complexion and ]>hysio<i-
noniy. The oidy physiological test that Mr I'ickerini;'
Avasahle to a])ply in order todistin^nish the I'ohiiesian iu
San i'rancisco iVoni the native ('alifornic i. an as that
the hah" of the former uas ua\y. Avhile that ot" the latter
Avas straight. ])oth have more hair than the Oreuon-
ian. The skin of the Malay of the Polynesian Islands,
and that of the Caliiornian ure alike, soft and very
dark. Three other analoiious eharaeteristics Avi're dis-
eovei'ed hy ^Fr rickerinu'. Iioth have an oj)en coun-
tenance, one Avil'e. and no tomahaAvk! On the other hand,
the Mongolian from Asi;i, and the Orejionian are of a
liiihti'r complexion, and exhihit the same j-eneral resem-
hlances that are seen in the Americtuiand Asiatic J']skimos.
In j:eneral the Toltecan family may he descrihed as of
good stature, Avell })roportioned. rather ahove medium size,
of a lijzht copper color; as having long hlack oljliipiely
pointed eyes, regular white teeth, glossy hlack hair, thin
heard, ])rominent cheek hones, thick lips, large a([uiline
nose, and retreating forehead. A gentle e\j)ression about
the mouth is Mended with severity and melancholy in
the ui)per portion of the face. They are hi'ave, ci'uel
in Avar, sanguinary in religion, and revengelul. They
are intelligent; possess minds well adapted to the ])in'suit
of knowledge; and, at the time of ihv arrival ol' the
Spaniards, were well advanced in hish)ry, architect-
ure, mathematics, and astronomy. They constructed
atpieducts, extracted metals, carved images in gold,
silver, and copj)er: they could s[)in, weave, and (\yv]
they could iiccurately cut ])recious stones; they culti-
vated corn and cotton; huilt large cities, constructing
their huildings of stone and lime; made roads and
erected stupendous tunndi.
SAVAGE iir:\iAxiTy.
C'crtnln ctlmolo^iriil /ones liavc bci'ii ohscrvcil liv
soiiu'. strctcliin.: iicrnss tlic conrnicnt in Niirions latitudes,
lirokt'U soiiu'wliat l)V iiitcrMctin;: I'ontiiU'utMl i'li'\iili()iis,
hut I'ollowiim' for the most ]r,wt isotlii-rniiil lines whicli,
on coiiiiiiu iVoni iUv I'iist. Ir'IkI noi'tliwanl as llir sol'tci*
iiir of lln' Piicilic is ontcrctl. Tims the l']sl<imos ncai'ly
Mnround tlif jioii'. Xi'xt come tlic Tinncli, stri-trli-
inji' across tlu' continent IVoni the east, sonieuliat irrcL;-
nlarly. hut thi-ir course marked ^enerallv hv tliermii;
lines. hen:lin,u' northward al'ter crossin;^' the liocky
]\h)untains. thi'ir southern houiKhu'v. touching!' the I'a-
eilic. ahout the (il'ty-lil'th paralleh The Aluonkin liunily
horder on tlie Timieh. commencin,::' at the mouih of tlio
St Lawrence llivi-i'. and extt-ndini:' westward to the
liocky Mountains. Natural causes alone jirevent the
extension of these j)i'lts round the eiiiii'e earth. In-
deed, hoth ])hilolo::ists and |)hysioloL:ists trace lini's of
allinity across the I'acilic. IVom island to island. iVoin
one continent to the other: one line, as we Iuim' seen,
crossinii' IJerint;' Strait, another I'oUowini! the Aleutian
ArchipehiLio, and a third strikinjz; the coast south of San
Francisco IJay.
It is connnon for those unaccustomed to look helow
the surliice ol' thiniis. to n-pu'd Indians as seai'cely
within the category ol' humanity. I']spr('ially is this the
ease when we. maddened hy some treacherous outrage,
.some dialiolic, act of cruelty, hastily jtronounce them
incoi'riiiilily wicked, inhumanly malij:naut. a nest of
vipers, the extermination of which is a riiihteous act.
All of Avhicli mav he true; hut. iudiied h\- this stand-
ard. has not every nation on earth incurred the death
jH'nalty? Human nature is in nowise chan-'ed hy culture.
The European is hut a white-washed sava-i'. Civili/.ed
venom is no less virulent than savai
e \('nom.
It ill
hec(jiues the i"ull <iro\\ n man to scoiV at the ineiVectKal
atti'uijits of the little child, and to attempt the cure of
its faults l)y killin-' it. Xo more is it a m..rk of henev-
olent wisdom in those favored hy a superior intel-
2(5 r;i;sT iNriincorKsr, wi'in r.nioiT.ws.
li;. vnc;'. with tlic written records of tlu" ])ast iVmii Avhicli
to (liiiw t'.\i>cri«'ii('(' iiiid li'iirn liow Iii-st to sluijic tlu ir
coiii'se lor tlie I'litiirc. to crv down the mitiiiiL:Iit man of
llic wildi'rnt'ss. denv liint a place in this woild or tlie
next, denounce liini as a sconrLii'. an oiithMv. and sei/i'
upon escrv liulit pi'et«>\t to assist liint oil' the A-.v'r IVoni
which liis doom
IS so raiiKllN removni
'^ 1
um.
W
e view
man in his primitive state from a wronji' stand-p(»int at
the outset. In place of rcLiardinji savaiiics as of oiu'
conmion humanity with ouisehcs. and tlu' ancestoi's
perhai)s of peoj)les hiLiher in the )<cale ol hein.ii. and
more intellectual than an\' the woi'ld has \t't seen, we
1
)laee them amouLi' the connnon t'nemies of mankind, and
retiard them more in the liyht of wild animals than of
wild men.
And let not liim who seeks a deeper insight into the
mvsteries of humanity desi)ise he^inninjis. things «'rude
and small. The dilVei'i'iice hetweeii ii)o cnlture(l and thi^
primiti\'e man lies chielly in the fact th.it one has a few
eentui'ies the start of the othi-r in the race of j)i(uress.
])efore condenniing the l»arharian. let us tiist examine
his code of ethics. Let us draw our liuht from his
liiiht. reason after his fasiiion; si-e in the sk\-, the earth.
th
le sea. the same fantasti(^ imauei'v
that
])lays upon his
fancy, and adajit our sense of rij^ht and wronp.' to his
social surroinidinj:s. Just as liuinan nature is alile to
ai)pi'eciate divine nature only as divine nature accords
with human nature; so the intuitions of lower o.'dcrs of
l)ein,t:scan he comprehendi'd oidy hy hrinninji; into play our
lower faculties. Nor can we any more clearly ap[)reciaie
the conceptions of heinjis helow us than of those ahove
us. The thouiihts. reasoniniis, and instinctsof an animal
or insect are as much a mystery to the human intelle;'t
as are the lofty contemplations of an archangel.
I
Tiii'.Ki: lii'Mdrcd ;iH(l tliiity-six y
stcin lioidtr ni Noitli Aim rici
(iirs were occn
jiiid in the (lisciivc'v "f tlii>
Fr<iin the tiiiic when, in I^OI, tlie lulvin-
tiuiins niifai'v of 'J'riuna. Itddliuo dc I'.iistidiis,
Od.'icllcd the TstI
iiiins (1
D,
i!irii,iu s( arch cf '_;ii!d and iuai]>, till tlir y( ar 1S:!7, wliin ^Messrs I):
f
iiul
PACIFICATION OF TIEKUA FIU5IE.
27
Piiii]wciii. l>v ordcviif till' TTiiil-iiiirs Tiny roirtmiiy, ('nt)i])]iti (ltli''siirvc_viif (ht>
liiu'tlii 1 11 I xtn iiiity, wliiili liiiiiinU tlu' Arctic ( Icciiii, llic iiitcrvciiiii'^ tci'vitniy
VMS iliscdvcriil at iiitcrvaN, lunl iiiulii- widely ilitVci'ciit circiinislaiiccs. |)ur-
in^; tli.it time, iimli r variuiN iiiiiiiccliat:' ii ciiiivcH, Imt witli tlic lnnad ]ii'iii( i-
jilc uf u\aricr iiiid( riyiii',' all, ^ilcU jiaits uf thin ti rritiny as wcic cDiucivcd
tn lie iif slltllcic lit value were seixed, illld the illlialiitlillts llUlile a |>l'e\ til tlie
r ipacity uf the invaders. Thus the ]iiir|)cpse df the worthy nntary liastidas,
the lirst S|iiiiiaid who visited th
iiitii: 'lit (if Ninth Aiiiericii,
was liaellic
liartir with the Indians; and his kind treatment was rewarded by a success-
ful tnitlic. Ni\t came Coliiiiiluis, fiuiii the (i)i])osite (lirectinii, sailiii;^ siiiilh-
vard iiiinii,' the eiiast iif llnlidiuas nil his fiuirth viiyiiKe, in I'lO'i. His was
the niilili r iiliject (if (lisciivciy. He Was stiiviii;^ to i,'ef thidu^jh (ir rdiiiul
this I'll rni lifiiit which, stainlini^ lietweeii himself and his llicdry, persistently
larreil Ins
lniiLjress Wis
twai'd. He had nu time for liarter, n(ir anv iiicli-
iiatiiui til jilaiit SI tth iiieiits; he was liinkini; fur a strait iir passaee thniiinh
or riiiiiid till sc (iiiti r ((inlims In the mure dinileiit rei^idiisnf liuli
lint,
unsuccessful ill his laudahle (
tVdit,
It leiiL/th vielded til th
(■ii]iiilily df his crew, li^' jn riiiitt( d his liiiitlicr, the .Vdelaliladu, to land and
)f Spain, and, in the year fullow-
t.ike piissessldli (It llie Cduntiy tnr Ille Klllj^'Ol
inn, ti) attempt a settlement at V( lat^ila.
Ill 1."i(m;-s, Juan de Siilis vith rinzdii continued the search of Cdliimluis,
nloii^,' the coast df Yucatan and ^Ie\i( o, fur a passaj^'e fhrdiiyh to the siMitliei n
ocean. Til" disastrous adventures of Alon/.o de Ojedii, I)ie^,'ode Nicui sa, and
Juan de la t'usa, oil the Islhinusof Diiricn, hefwceii the years l.")l)7 and l.'»ll,
l).iiil),dit into liion^ intimate ei litact the steel vveiipoiis of the chi/alroiis
lKdal;^iis \\ ilh the li.iked liddii s of the sava.i^es. Vaseo NilTiez de laillioa,
niter ,1 tiiiKoiiie jiiuriiey iicid^s the Isthnnis in I'tV.S, was rewarded hy the
first \iiw df the J'acilic Ocean, of which lie todk possession for the kiiii,'
of Sjiaiu on lh(( twenty-tilth of Septeiiilier. The white sails of ('('irdova
(Iriiaha, and (laiay. descried liy the natives of Yucatan and Jlexieo in
l."il7-l'.>, wi re (juicldy fnlaiwcd liy Cmti's and his keen-scented hand of
advi utureis, who, received liy the nnsuspeetiiij^' nativ( s as ends, wnnld have
111 (11 dismissed liy them as liiiids hail imt the invasion eiilniiiiat( d in tlio
Cdiiipiest df Mexico. ])urini,' the years ].")2'2-:il, Cortes made expedilions to
Tehuantepee, IMiiueo, and Ccntr.il America; tiil (ion/.ales and Cristntial do
Olid iuvadi d Nicaiiii^na and Hmiduras. Numo de Onxiuan in l-'i.'in, w ith a
lari^e force, tonk p issessiiiu of the eulin! imrtliern ciiuntry from the cllv i.f
Jlexieo (o the liorlheiii liouiidaiy df Sinald.i; and Calie/.i de Vaea erossid
the ediiliiieiit friiiii Texas tn Siiialna in the years MJH-liCi. Jnurnivs to the
liortli were made liy C.nti's, Cilna, Coninado, Jlendoza, and C.iliiillo Iietwe( n
the years l.">);(i and l.'ilJ. Hundn ds of luimaii Cathnlie iiiissii.naiies, n ady
t I lay down their lives in their earuest anxiety for the souls df the Indians,
spread out into the wilderness iu every direction. l)ui'in}; the latter jiart uf
the sixteeiiih fcntury had jiaice, — th(! expeditinn of rrancisco de Iharra to
Saialiia iu l.'i'i'i, (hu cimpaiyii of Hernando de IJa/.ali a^'ainst the Indians
{.f Sinaloa ill l-'iT't, the ailveiitnres of Oxeiihaia iu Harieniii l.">7."), th,' vd\-
nge '.(iiind the world of Sir rraucis l)rake, touching iiudu the Norihwest
f
28
riEST INTEKCOUUKE WITH EITiOrEAXS.
f'liast ill 1")7'.'; tlir fXiifili*'.()i\ of .Viitdiiin d^ Esik jo to New ^.Icxico in IHS";
Fnilicisico (Ic (tali's ret;]- ii fioiii .M.icao tn iNfcNico, liy \\;\\ I'f tiic XoiUiwi'^t
C'liist in ITiSt ; the viiy .;^" of ^Miildiiiiado to tlir iiiia'^iiiavv Straits of Aiiiaii iu
J'iSS; tlir <\]ii-(litiiiii (if ('a itano dc Sos^l to Xcw Mf\i-,;. in lo'.Kl; thi' vii\a;_'c of
Juan dc Fiica to the Strait;, of Aniaii iu I'l'.tl; tlic wivck of tlir 'Sail A^iistin '
•,\\>nn till' Xorthwist Coast in i.").!.); the voyaL.c of Sebastian Vi/.caino towards
California in 1. ":)(;; fhr disco vrrus of Juan dc < )riati' in \i >\ AfiNico in l")'.!'.!. and
luany others. Tiitcrcoursc with the natives was extended diirilii,' llic hcven-
teenth century liy the voya'^c of Schastian Vi/.caino from ^Icxico to Cali-
fornia in n!02; hy the ex|ieditiuii of I'raiicisco dc Ortega to Lower Calil'orniik
in |r,:il: liy the j(Uirney of Thomas (la'^c from ^Mexico to ( iuateniahk in Kills;
liy the voyage round the woihl of William Dampier in I<I7!t; hy the rccl;le:s
advenliir<sof the 1!uccaii((rs from KiSO to Hi'.id; by (he expeditiini of Isidor
de(Mi.ndo into I,ower California in KlHii; hy tin' exinditi ii of Father Kino
t 1 Sonoia and Arizona in l('iS:i; liy thi' expeditions of Kino, Kaii]ius, JlaiiLc,
Jienial, Caiiaseo, Salvatierra, and others to S( noia and Arizona in Ki!)!-!);
mill liy the occiiiiafion of Eower California hy the Jesuits, Salvatieiia,
l':4arte, Kino, and rircolo. from K'l'.tT to 17'i|. ^■(lyal;■es of circunnia\ i'.ation
Were made hy l)amjiier in 17():i-l; liy Iioltcvs in 17(!!S-11; liy Slielvoeke in
171'J-"2'2, and hy .\iisoii in 17K)-t. Frondac made ii voya;4e from China to
California in I7il').
The first voya.!.;e thr<iin,'li Fierin.i,' Strait is su]i]iosi(i to have 'lieen made
by Seniun l>esclinet1' and his coiii|ianions in the year l<il>>. and ]iur|iorts to
have ex]iiored the .\siatic coast from the river Kolyma to the south of t!ie
riv. r .Ui.idi)-, tlius lu-oviiijj; the si]iaratioii of the continents of .Vsia and .\iiier-
iea. Ill 1711, a Kiissiaii Cossack, named i'lumtl'. was sent from the fort
on the .\nadir river to sulidiie the n liellious Tsehukischi of Tsihul' ~
ts'hi N'oss. a point of lanil on the .\siatic coast near to the .Vmerican
continent. He there n ceived from the natives the lirst intellii^eiice of (he
proximity of the continent of Amerie.i ;ind tie charact. r of ihi' iiihahilants;
ail account of which will lie ;;i\en in anoilier jilace, hi 1711, Nitus Jierinj^
find .McM i Tschirikoti' sailed in compaii •. from l'( t) '.jinclnvski. for the oppo-
site coast of .Vinerica. They |iarted eoiiipaey duriiiL' a storm, the Lap r
reaching' the coast in latitude lifty-six. and the former lalidiiiL; at ( 'a le St
Klias in latitude sixty deirrecs north. The i arlie-.i information c dUci i niiii,'
the Aleutian Jslanders was ohtainid by tin Ku>siaiis in the ye.ir i7iri. win n
!>[i'-liael N'( vodtsikotf' sailed from ihe Kamlehatka ri\er in imrsiiii o lurs.
.V liiissiaii c; 111 I Mil rcial company, called the I'roiiix ^rhleniki. was fonm .and
other huntiii;.; and tradine- voyai^i
the And
s followt il. Lasari II' visited six isli-
if
reaiiovsu
i j-;roup in 17(il: and the year follow iiii,' was made t e dis-
ivery of the .\la^kan I'eiiinsula. suppoM d to In an island until af r the
survey ot tlie coasi
st bv Caiilain Cook. 1)
lusiiiin made a hmitii
il; e\p I itloii
to riialaskaand tlii' Fox Islands in 17ii
ami. iluriiiL; (lie sa
(Ir
line \ear. S!
<;iot(otl' visited th.
d of Ka'liak. Koio.in. SoloviitV. Svnd. (Ms
Kreiiitzeii, and other Fiiissian fiir-hunlers spent the years 17i;:i-"i amonu the
Aleutian Islands, capturing; sea-otlers. seals, and foxes, lunl exchaiiying, with
the natives, In ads and iron utensil
for fi
occur ATIOX OF CALIFOUXIA.
29
■111 ll'.Milt'
iriwi'ls t"
til i.f thi!
111(1 Anur-
ih. furt
-..liul. -
II I'iciiu
<lf tlio
.itiints;
III rini^-
■"I'l"'-
■ l.llllV
'ill.. St
iM riiiii;^
I. will n
tins.
I . Ill il
,ils i.f
t .■ i!i-
f 1- Ihr
I itiiui
S!i ;!li 11
■II iliii.
iil:- the
4. Nvilh
i
A jrrniiil tiiirisidiiiu'v inovi'int'iit, firowiiiL,' out of the religious viv;i!tii's
01 till! two j:rcMt oiiliTs of tiic ('iitliolic Cliui'th, lol to tlie original occu-
jiutioii ot I'piicr Ciililnriiia liy Spaiiiaids. The woik of Christiaiiizing Lower
.' iilifoniia was iiiauLiurattMl liy the Jesuits, under Fathers Salvatiena ami
Iviiio, ill l(ii)7. Wlieii the Jesuits were expelleil from Mexico in 17li7, their
luissions were turneil over to the Franciscans. This so roused the zeal of tiio
l)n.niiii. alls that thev iniineiliately aii]i('alecl to Spain, iiiul in 17(11* olitaimd
itu edict, givin;^ Iheiii a due sliart ill the missions of Lower California, 'i'ho
Franciscans, thiiikiiit; it luttir to cany their eflbrts into new fields tlmii !•>
contend for preiloniiualiee at hunie, j^'elieroiisly offered t(> ■. < 'le the vlmli of
Lower California to the Douiiuieans, and theinselvi s retiri' ;o the wild and
distant ri'i^'ions of Upper California. Tliis beini,' agreed upon, two expidi-
lions Were or^,'iini/ed to jirijceed northward sinmltaneously, one liy water
a 111 till other by land. In Jannary, 17(i'.t, the ship 'San Carlos,' coninianded
by Viei nte Vila, wasdis]iati'hed for San I)iei,'o, followed by the ' San Antonio,"
under Juan I'ere/. and the 'SaiiJosr,' which was unfortunately lost, I'ho
land exjiedition was sejiaiated into two divisions: the first iindir Itivera y
^[oncMila de]iaiti (I fidui ^rexiro ill ^[aicli, and aii 'vi d at San l)ie^'o in May;
the seeniid under (iasjiar de I'ortol.t and J'atl er Juiiipero Sena reacled
Sail I)iepiin July. 17il'.i. rorlola with his eoiniiaiiions immediately set out
by land for the l!ay of Monterey; but, imwittiiiL^ly jiassiuL,' it by, they eoii-
tiiuied iimtliward until barred in tin ir )iro;_;ress by the niaunilice' t Hay uf
San Fiaueisro. I llalile to lind tiie harbor of ^roliterey, they retli aid to
San i.»ie^'ij in January, 17711. In .\|ril, I'oitola made a second and moio
successful attempt, and arrivi d at !M,)iiteiey in ]\Iay. ^b'anwhile J'eicz and
Juiifpi ro Siria acromplished the voya,L;e by sea, s.ailini,' in the ' Sau
Callus.' In 1772, I'edro Fauies anil Juan Cresjii jirocei iled from Monterey to
exjilnie the J>ay of Sau Francisco. They were followed by liivera y Miui-
cada ill 1771, and ralmi and l'>.eta in 177.^; and in 17711. ^luiaL;a founded
the Mission of Dolores. Ill 177'), ]>odei;a y (,|uadra viiyau;ed uj) tho
Californiaii coast to the lifty-eiuliih . arallel. In 177(1, i)omin,L;uez and Es-
calante made an exjieditiiii fiuiii Sam i Fr to ^Monterey, jreiinnville jinir-
niyed to Oajaca in New Sp.iln in 1777. In 177!S, Captain Cook, in his
third y<\:v^<' I'lHiiid ihcw-.Jd, tnilehed aloli^; the Coast from Cape Flattery
to Xoitoii Smind; and in ]T7',I, liode^a y t^h.adia. Maurell , inid .Vrteicja
voyau'ed 11)1 the westmi enast to ^Immt St I'.lias. Diiriiii,' the years l7^s.-»-.S,
Voyaui's iif eiiriimnaviuatiiiii were mailr by liixmi and rorthick, and by J,n
I'erouse, all tiiiichiic^' upon the Niirthwest Coa-t.
Frmch ('aiiadi;in tradi-rs uire the tlist to jieiietvate the northern inti-rinr
west I if Iliid-.iiii li.iy, Tin ir luiisi distant slatimi was mi llir Sa>kateli. ■.I'aii
Ilivi r. twii thuusand mih s fnun eiviii/atiiui. in tlie heart of an unknown
wilileriiv>s inhabited by saxa^e men and beasts, 'I'luse cmov i(,-.s ,/,,s /,,.,'s ,ir
woiid-ran^ers, as they wi it called, wi re adiiiirab)-- adapted, by their disjiusi-
tion and superior addiiss. t. c.iiieiliate the Indians and funii settlements
amoiie them. Uiir< strain, d, Imv-vir. by cmitiul, they committed excesses
Vvhiih the Flench enveinmi nt iDuid eheik only by pnihibitinu', under jienaliy
of dialh, any but its authorizi d ,r.;i nts fiom tradiliL; within ;ts ferritoiies.
80
FIEST IXTEErOURSE \VITII EUKOrEAXS.
f
IHI
I^i'itisii iiKVcliiints at Nrw Yovk snon iutir( il iiit" cuinj)! titiou v.itli tin- fr.r
lirinccsiif MniitviMl. But. in KwO, a niorc fdi'iiiiilalilc (i|nin-iti(iii arose in flu>
()r'.,'anizaliiiii nf the niulsoii's IJay Coiiijiiiiiy. liy I'liiicc Itninit and otlii r
niililcuHu, nndi'i' a cliartcy of Charles II. wliidi '.^ranted cxi-Insivf ri^'lit to all
tlir trrrilory drained liy riv( rs llnwiiiL; into Hudson 15ay. Xotwillislaudin^'
constant fends with tlie French merchants' re^'ardin^' territorial limits, the
r'unipany prosjiered from the lie'4innini,'. jiayiiii,' aiimiai dividenils of twenty-
tive and til'ty p-v cent, after many times inci-easini; the capital stock. In
I mI'i, the Canadians formed tin- < '■'iiiiHiii,,ir i'" A'./i/, in order tln' more su<'-
cessfuUy to resist encroacliment. I'pon the loss of Canada hy the French in
ITi'.J, hostililii s thiclci ned between the (Mihipanies. aial the trallic for a timo
fell off. In ITSl, the famous Northwest Company was formed liy Cana-
dian niereliants, and the manai,'enu nt entrusleil to the Fro'iisher lirothi rs
and Simon M'Tavish. The head-quartersof th<- com]Mny W( ,e at Jfontre^d,
liut annual meeting's were held, with lordly stati. at Fort \\'iliiam. on the
shore of f.,ake Su]ierior. 'J"he comp.my consisted of tweiity-thiic partners,
and emiiloyed ovevtwo thons.and clerks and servai:ts. It ext reis.d an almost
feudal sway over a wide savai,'e domain, .and maintained a fornddalile coni-
petition with the Ifitdsoii's JSay Comjiany. with ■ hich Hay were for two
yiars in actual war. In IHllt. they j)in'ehase<l, from the partners of .lohu
Jacob As. or, the settlement of Astoria on the Columhia liiver. In 1.S21, tic y
united \. ith till Hudson's liay Comjiany: and the eh.irtev . ^ .\. riuL; the entire
region occupied by both was renewed by a<'t of I'arli.mii i.t. In I7<;'J. sonu'
merchants of New Orleans or'^ani/ed a comjiany wliiih w.is ei.iinnission! '1
liy li'Abadie, direct or-'_;eneral ^if Louisiana, umh r the name of Pierre Fi-
j^MlcsIe Laclede. AntoiiU' Maxan, and Company. Their llrst |i. ist occupied th.,'
spot njioii which the city of St Louis i • now siiuated; iiml, uiah r the auspices
of the lii-othei's Choiitean. they ju netrated iiorthwistwaril In \ond the IJo. I,y
■Mountains. In ISO'**, the Missouri Fur ( "mpany was foriia-d at St Louis,
(•inini'*fin^' of the Choute.ius and oih< »'».: and an < spedilion nnde, Major
J[enr,\ <as sent across the l{ocKy Mountains, whah established the liist po !
on the I ijundiia Iliver. Iietweeii lh< y< iir> I'-J.'Jand iH.'til. ih. Koeky^buii -
an Fur Colupai!\ of St Louis cxtei>l<«l their .pevations ov( {■ ('aliforiiia and
(lre;.,'on. lint at a lost of the livc» nt pearly "Ue half of their emjiioyi's.
John Jae b \stor end larked in tlie fnr ti.ide at Xew York in ITS I, imrcliasini.,'
i'.t thai time in M"<-,trial. In lMi>. he ol.taii.ed a < ! ,«rter for tln' .Vmeric.an Fur
C mpauy. which was, in ISl 1. na r'.i d into the South W( st <'omi)aiiy. In bsi",),
Mr .\ste.r conceived the iiroject of ,>-tab!ishin;4 a tran-e.ii.tinental line of
Dosts. His purp<isi was to coiiei iilrati- the fur tra<le of the I'liiMol Kfntes.
II 111 establish nninterriipti d communicatii n Ik tween tlu' I'aeirti- ami tiff .\t-
laiitic. He madi propos.ils of association to the Northwest Coni|>atiy. win, 'i
Were not oldy I'cji ( ti il. but an atli lapt \V:ai II lade by t j|..t assoei,,tion to iil.' :-
pale Mr .Vstor in his ojierations. by makini; a setthiui nl at tlie m><'Hh . ' fi .•
Ill iHltt. the racific Fur ( omiianv was foiiinl' 'I )>«» W
Columbia l!i'
Astor, and ai
.M
1 expeilition dispati'
ivelland bv \\a\ (if Si I^ouih hikI th
iss(uiri Itiver. At the same time a vessel was sent loiind Cape Horn 'n
(h
e mo
utli uf the Ciduiiibii; but, their adventure in
that
ijuaiter pi'uvku^
THE (JitEAT xoirrinvEST.
31
1 , '
tlrl tilt'
lliini '"
*
unsnrrcssfnl, tlio criminniy -was dissnlvcil, niul tin' nixTiitioii-* of ^fr A'^tor
were tlKT.'iiftcr (•oiiruud t« the tiiritdvv mst of tin' Ifm kv M(imit,tin~.
Siimili'l Hrani"'. an dlliccr of lln- lliu^nirs ];ay ('oiiiliaiiy. was lli" first
Em-diH'an to icacli the Aivlic Octaii tlinHii;li the int« linr cf the cnntiiuiit.
Ill' (li'scriiclcil ('(iiii)cniiiiie J!iv( r to ils iiiouth in tlie year 1771. The r|i;H'V
Misiiiipi liivn- was livst visited liy .Tiiscih Frobishi v in 177-",. 'i''ii.i' years
lati-r, 1)111' I'i'tcr roiiil priit'tratcil to witliiii tliiity luilis of Atlial.isca Lalci',
iind cstalilislicd ii trailiiii,' post at that jioiut. E'liiv c^'iioc-loails of in. rch.iii-
ilise Were .xcha-.i-^'c'd liy him foi- iiioii' lim- furs than his caiincs couiil eaiiy.
Other ad VI iitu rolls traders soon foUowid; hut not lone; aftiiwards the iiit vi-
tidile broils which always attenili <1 the early intercourse of Euvopi aiis and
Indians, rose to snch a heiL;ht that, lad for the aiipeiivance of th;d liliilile
seonrjie, the small- pox, the traders voiild lia\e heiu e\tir]',;ti il. Tlie
ravaees of this dire disease continiK d to d. iiopiilali' the coiinliy iiiiUl
17S'J, will II traders aeain apiieared aiiion;^ the Kiiis!eni:iii\ aud 'riniieli.
Tile mosi northern division of the "Northwest ('oiiipaey was at that time
the Athahascaii Lake neinn. ^^here Alexander Maekeii/ie was the man-
11^111},' partner. His winter residenee was at Fort {'hiiiewyaii, on .\tiiiiliase;v
Luke. 'J'he Indians who traded at his estaldishnu nt informed him of the
I >i.-f nee of a lar.L;e liver llowin^; to the westward from Slave Laki-. 'Ihiiik-
!M'.' !' reliy to reach the I'aeitic Ocean, Mr .Mackenzie, iii the year 17.s'.i. set
oiii upon an expedition to the west: and, desceiidinL; the noble stn am which
bears his naiin , found himself, contrary to his expi et;iiions. upon liie shores
(if till' Arctic Sell. In 17'.):;. he made a journey to the I'aeilic, nscenditi!.,'
I'eaee liivi'r, and reacliiuL; the coast in latitude aliout tifty-twii. 'i'he lii-.t
expedition or^'ani/.id by llie J!iili>h eovirnnient l'^ 'i' the purpose of siir\ ■ \ iie.,'
the nortlie'-n coast, was sent out tiiidi r I^ieiiti naiits I'ranklin and IViiyiii
IHIK. I liirine the year foUowine. 1'"r:inklin descended ('op])erniine liiver. and
-ulisi cjiiently, in \'^'I'k he made a jouiiiey down the ]\Iaeken/.ie. In ISdH,
1). W. Harmon, a jiartnir in the Northwest lom|ian\. ero^^eil the Uoiky
Ibiuntains, at «>■■ the tifty-sixth parallel, to I'raser and Stuart Lakes.
Till lints of (>ti< nativi'jt ^iviii by thisi- travelers and tin ir companions
lire IS- iitially tile same, and later voyaeers have failed to throw iiiiieh adcli-
tinial Ijeht upon the subject, .lohii ^[eares, in I7''^S, visiieil tiie Straits of
Euca, N'ootk; S, md. and Cook Inlet : and. liming the same year, two ships,
Kent out 1)\ r.oston iinrchaids, iiiid> r llobi rt (Irayaiid .Tohii I'leiidrick,
(•litirid X'Mitk.i Souiiil. l'".ste\an M irtim/ mid (i mzalo llaro. sent from
Mexico to look after the iiitenst of Spain ill these I' u'iolis, explon il I'rince
AVilliam Sound, and visited Kadiak. jMiiine the saiiii' year, the liii-sinns
( st iMi-.lud a tiadine post ill ('o|ip( r llivi 1 . in I, .lo>,. ph Ihlliii'.s visited
th • -Meilliall Islands, and till' lloNton \i ssi Is (>;plo)id the Eastei n const of
(^ui'cn Charlotte Island. In I7'.)l), S ilv i h.r I'idi'I-o was si lit by the Mi xiciiii
^overiiliielit to Nootka: and .MoiialdoeX) d tie Sirailsof .lualide Fllca.
In 17 'I, four shijis beloi uim; to lioston tie haiits. two S|ianisli ships, one
I'leneh and several Itilssiali vessels touched llpniitlie Northwest Coast. The
S,iallisli Vissi'ls Were 11 lider the command of .Ml jandroM ilespiiia; IJii line Mar-
I'hiind V as the tomniander of tlie I'n i: li shii'. 'Ilii 'Sulilv Mixieana' in-
32
riKST iNTEiirontsK ^viTii r.riiorEANS.
tcvccl \<Mi;k:i Siiiiiiil in IT'.l'J; inid (luriiiLjtl'p saiiic year, VaiKouvcrcoimnciici d
liis cxpldraliiiiis aliini,' llic (nast alidve Cape Flattery. In 18()U-4, Harnii Vnu
lliiiiilioldt was making' Jiis seaveliint,' iiiv(sti<j:atiiiiis in ^lexico: while the
eajitivi' \( \v Ei^lanchr, Jewctt, was daiieiii^' att( nchmee to !Ma(|iiiiia, kiii;^
of the NiJotl;as. ].e\vis and ('laik tiaveised tlie continent in l.SO."). In l,s(i(;,
n 'Mv riascr set out from Canada, and crossed the l{oeky ^lountains near
till' luadwaters of the river wliieh hi ars his name. ]Ie (hseended Evaser
liiver to the lake wliieh hi' also eallt d after liini«i( If. 'I'here he hnilt a fort
and oiiened trade with the native s. ]vot/el)ue visited the coast in ISKI; r.nd
the liUhsian ( \}iidilion nnder ]\vaniehi'nko, ^\'asilief^■, and Etoliii, in 1m:2.
Cajitaiii ^lornl ex]ilored the Californi.ai coast from San l)i(L;o to San J'rar.-
eiseii in 1S_."); ('a]Mains T.t'eehey and Liitke, the Northwest Coast in IX'2('>; a!:d
Sir Edward J!eli-h( r in ]S)i7. J. K. Townsend made an excursion w( st of the
liocky Mountains in ]h:!4. In ]s;i7, ])eaKe and Simpson niade an ojnn
boat voyani- from the JIackenzie Itiver, westward to Point Harrow, tlie far-
thest point niade liy !!(•( ch( y from the opposite directi(jn, thus reaehini,' the
I'U'iiiKi 'lliiilf of nortliwestern discovery. Sir G<'or;_;e Sinijison c-ossed the
continent in JSll. Freiiaint in ]S};t, and I'aul Kinu^ in ]«1"». Kushevarotl'
visited the coast in ls:),S, Lapla<'(> in 1n:>'.(, Connnodore AVilkes in 1*^11. and
Cajitain Kellett in If-ll). Eollowint,' the discovery of gold, the country was drl-
nged hy adventmcis. In IS,")!!-!, comnK nee d the series of explorations for a
I'licitic railway. The necessities of the natives were examimd, and renmaiils
of disapiiearini; nations were colhcted upon reservations niahr governna r.t
a,L;ents. 'I'he interior of Ahiska was lirst jienetratid hy the euijiloyi's of the
llussian-Americau Fur Company, ^hdakntl' asei nded the "\ukon in ]'->:;S;
and, in lsl2, l)erahin estahlished a fort upon tliat live)-. In XM'.K W. H.
Hooper made a hoat (xindition from Kotrihue Sound to the ^Iack( n;;!j
Itiver: and, in iMld, ^Villiam 11. Dall and Fredi'rick AN'hymper ascenilid tho
Yukon.
I have lere L;iven a few only of the ori;_;inal sources whence my infoi illa-
tion is i',iri\i d couci rnin.L; the Indians. A nniltituih> of luinor voyages and
travels have 1h i n ])erformid (hiring; the jiast three and a half centnries, and
accounts ]iuhlished hy early residents anion!,' the natives. th<' hare ( nunic r;i-
tion of wlii( h I fear would jirovc wearisome to the iiaih^r. Enoii;;li, how-
ever, has hceii given to show the immediate causes which led to the disi-ovi ly
and occupation of tlu' several jiarts of this western coast. 'J'he Spanir-h
cavaliers ciaved from the Indians of the South their lands and their gold.
The Spanish missionaries demanded fi'om the Indians of \ortliern ]\reNii o
and California, faith. The French, English. Canadian, and American fr.r
companies sought from the Indians of Oregon and New Caleihuiia. iieltries.
The iin^siaiis ciim|iellid thi' natives of the .\leutian Islands to hunt sea-
animals. 'I'he tilth raw-llesh-eating Eskimos, having nothing wherev.ith to
t<'mpt the cupidity of the sii]ierior race, retain their jiriniilive pe.iity.
AVe oli^i rve then tliric original incentives urging on civilixed whitn
men to overspreiid the (hmiaiu of the Im'.ian. The lirst M'as that th'r't
for gold, whieh characterized the lieiy hidalgos fioiii Spain ia their con-
CrriDITV ANJ) ZEAL.
iiifciiiiiii-
la,u;cs al.'l
hies, aial
UiniK 1':'-
',ll. llclW-
[lis'-iivci y
Spanish
Irir L,'iiUl.
■icaii fr.r
jK Iti'iis.
lint sca-
■with (i)
y.
il wl i;o
lat tl.'v^t
II ir i-Mii-
qiiists, aiiil til iilitiiir. wIi'mIi iki crnclty was loo scvcvp iioi- any sacvifioo of
liuiiiaii lid' till) 1,'irat ; as tlidil^li iif all thi' ^'ifts vdiiilisafrd tn man. material
or (liviiir. iiiif (luly \va,^ voith jiossfssiiii,'. Tlu' sicoiul, fdllnwiiiL! i-lnsdy
ill the fiiiitsti ps (if the ihsf. ami ol'telitimes cdiistitutiii;^' a [lait nf il, \\;is
li'li;;iii:i-i I iitliusiaMu; a /ealmis interest in tlie souls of the natives ami tlio
form in whirli tiii y wurshipe,!. The thinl, which oeeniiied th ■ atteiJien of
other auil niiu" northern Etiropeans, ;,^'rew out of a covetnus desire for
the wild man's elolhilii!; to seeure to themselves the ]iellries of the ^'reat
liv[ieil"irean riLiii-nsof America. From the soutli of Knrope the Spaniards
lalaled in tro|iieid North America, and exterminated the natives. Froiu the
north of Kurope the FreMeli, Em,Iisli, and llussiaiis I'rossed over to the
liortli' lai part of .\merica; and, with a kinder and nmre reiliied ( rui Ity, I'o
less 4 lleetuallv siiccicdeu in swee])in^' them from the face of the ( arth liy tlm
introduction of the iioisoranis elements of a deliased cultivation.
]-'iirtunately fur the Indians of the north, it was contrary to the interests
of while jieojile to kill them iu order to obtain the skins of their animals;
for. with a f( w trinkets, they could jirociu'e what otherwise would reiiuire
1 iia; and severe l^oor to ol'taiu. The policy, therefore, of the ;,'reat fur-
tradiii;.^ conipanies lias heeii to <-hcrish the Indians as their best hunters, to
livL' at peace Vi-ith them, to lieal thiir ancient feuds, a'ld to withlmld from
thcni iiitoxicatine liquors. The condition of their women, who were considered
liy t.l:i> natives as littlu better than beasts, lias been changed by their inter-
Mieial relations with the sci'vaiits of the trading companies; and their liioro
barbarous practices discontinued. It was the ah;iost universal custom of tlio
'.■m]iliiyi's of th(^ Hudson's Day Company to unite to themselves nativ(^
"..iiieii; thus, by nuans of this relationship, the condition of the women has
liei'U raised, while the men manifest a kinder feeling towards the white ra( c
who thus in a measure become one with them.
The etliiitsof e.irly missionaries to this region were not crowned with that
succi'ss wiiich attended the Sp.aniards in theirspiritual warfare ujion the sonfii-
ern nations, from the fact that no attention was paid to the temporal necessi-
tiesof t 111- native-.. It has loni; since been demonstriiti d impossible to reach
the heart of a sava'^i' throueh abstract ideas of morality and elevatimiof char-
acter. .\. reli;4inn. in order to find favor in liis eys, mtist first meet some
of his ni.aterial rei[uirements. If it is eood, it will clothe him bettir
and feed him better, for this to him is the (diiefest good in life. Intermix-
furesof civilized with s.avtige peoples are sure to I'esidt in tl;e total disappear-
anc- of '■! til 11 iiieiil III! the one side, or in the extinction of tlie barbaric race nu
the other. The downward path is always the easiest. (»f all the millions
of native Aiiit lie.ins who liiive pi rished undt r the withering inlliieiices of
Enroiiean civilization, there is not a single in>!anee on record, nf a tribe or
nation having been reclaimed, i cclesiiistically or ntherwise, by artiliee and
argument. liiili\ idiial savages have been educated with a fair degree of suc-
cess. I!ut, witii a iVgreeof cert.ainty far greater, no sooner is the white man
freed from the siwHid restraim of civilized eoiiipanionshi[i, than he imniedi-
atily tends tow-ivls l>arl«»risiii; and not iinfreipteiitly Ik cunii s sn f.-iseiuated
\Nitli his in w lis as to pj-<'fer it toany nthi r. Social develuimu lit is inhcrcut:
Vol. I. 4
!; (
I ,
I ,
!l I
34
riKhT IXTEKCOrUSE WITH EUIIOPEANS.
sn]i( 1 induci (1 cultuif.' is a failure Li ft alour, tln' iiiitidus o{ Amciiiu iiiiL;ht
liiivo iiufoi.lid into iiK 1 ri;;lit ;i livili/utidi as (hut of Eiir(i|ic. Tin y wiri'
iilreiuly will mlvaiK'i (1, and still raiiiilly ailvancing towards it, when tin y
wci'o so nivriilfssly strickiu down. 15iit for a stmuger to n-crcati; the heart
u.; liLiul of ii red man, it wcru easier tu changu tbt: color uf Lis skiu.
i !■
H
-i
:l-
'• J'l
Tt-'^-
i
IS"
^ — -
UMi' ' '■
Vi '
^ c. •« ^ .
— '"
'•
i ^,^,.>^»»
,^.l»"'
►U'-^*^
.■\.«*'''^
It
*.
-^-
N -
CVI*'
*^°r' t*^.
^ »'
.**vr,,.
\»*
tv
0>'
' .«>
vi
/
\"3
CMIAPTKI^ ii
iiVi'!:i;i;(>i;i;\Ns.
<^
(W:vKi;\i, I'lvii S-, IIviKiiiiiKK.w Natiuns - Aspkcix or Nvrt'i:!:— VFdfTA-
lu.N < ir;\rK Ammm.s - Tuk Kskimos I'iikii! ("(ii-nti;v Piiyskai,
Si,' IH.K; Snuw-SmoKs (iuYKIlNMKNT- lld.MKsllc All'AI
Ki -AmisKMHSTS
I)ISK\-Ks r>fl:l\l. I'lIK KiiNIAliAS, TIlKll! I'llY-^lrvi, AM) SuCIAJ. CoN-
imiiiN I'iii: Ai.Ki i>, I'liK I'lii.iMvKKr-; Thk 'I'inskh.
1 >li.ill ;ittt'iii|it to (lcs('ril)c the pliysical ami nu'iital
(•liaract('ri>ti('> iA' l!i.' Xativi- IJaccs of tlio racilic Status
iiiidci- st'xrii (listiiit'tivc tjiroui's: uaiiich. I. ll\|icil)()-
rcaii-. lifiiii tlio-r nations A\ lilt-, ' tcrritoi'x lies lua'tli ot'
tlif lii'tN -lit'lli paiallfl; 11. ( 'oliiniliiaiis. wjio ducll lic-
twfcii the lil'iN - tilth ami lort\ -sccoml jiarallds. and
wliox' lauils to sonic I'Xtt'nt ai't' draiiu'd 1»\ the < 'olnnihia
liivfi- and it^ tiihutai'ics; 111. < 'alitoniians. ami the In-
ahitants of tlif (ircat
i)asin
1\-. Ni'w M
o.Mcan^
inrhidiir^ thr nation- ot' the ( 'ojorado ITimt and nortlu in
Mexico; \. Wild Trihcs<.r .Mexico; VI. Wild Tri!.e> of
t'ciiti'il .\inciica; \ 11. t'i\ili/.ed Nati(Uisot" .Mexico and
( 'cniral Ainci'ica. It is niv |)nf|iose. \\ ithont. anv attempt
at et!inolo;.;ical elas.^-ilication. oi- Inrther coinnient con-
ecrninu; races and stocks, plainly to poitra\ such customs
an ! chai'actei'i-tic.-< as wiae pecnliar to each pcopit' at the
time ol' its lir-t in!ci'cour-e with I'-uropcan stiaii mt- :
l"a\in^' ^cit•n!i^ts to make their own deductions. ;nid
draw spccilic lines hetween linLiuistic and pli\ siolo-ical
families, as llu-v may deem proper. 1 shall endeavor to
jiictnre tliese nation- in theii' ahoriLiinal condition, a- seen
._2i-: _iS2i
^: '^' J .4 3^ 1..4 M r M
If,,/ c'li-
'Jr^':»i
A it »■' '-^
KATIVE RiVCI
of t he
HYPERBOREAN GROUP
S.-.1I,..
I
/AT \titrnff iiiilr.r tit nn tnrh
I'M H*
ui IH IM laa IIS 111 u« 111 <••
IK
\rj
■""WiliU h
)
Ni'ji'iiicKulrJ
r *
'•111* J
>"
-V,.-'*"
\
■ ■-?■>'.
C"*"" *.;
A'
1,-iiUll^ itilt<'lii<>
ft i''"y/ *<K,'
/tf»v /"'■'■^
I. . . iL-"''*
^*'' ^^ .^«.*\
v--
Vs
„.""'
/..■'"
Sl"i •^'
c
^^x\a<
V,
,♦ I
or t he
IC STiLTE
IBOREAN GROUP
-'%::.i ^"^
'"'^^ ^:# ^^^ — -r^ \^m
^atutti ntiUs to an inch
S»*V„r^^>,.
n**-
'iu
^^
^>
■svv
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
i
1.0
I.I
1.25
" "i2 IIIM
1.4
1.6
%
/)
^;.
■>>, •>
"V
y
y^
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
33 WIST MAIN iTRfET
WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO
(716) 872-4503
,»
l/.A
sa
HYPEKBOKEAXS.
1)V tlie first invaders, as described bv those who beheld
them in their savage jirandeur, and Ijelbre they were
startled from their lair by the treaclieroiis voice of eivili/ed
irieiuiship. Now they are ;:(H>e. — those dusky deiii/.eiis
of a tlunisaiid forests. — melted like hoar-frost liefore tin;
risiiiji' sun of a superior intelliiience; and it is oidy from
the eailiest records, from the narratives of eye witnesses,
mjujy of them rude unlettered men, trapjx'is, sailors,
ami soldiers, that wv are able to know them as they
were. Some division of the work into parts, how-
ever arbitrary' it may lie, is indis[)ensable. In deal-
in}; with M^ihology, and in tracinji the tortuous course;
of Language, l»onndari»'s will l»e dropiK'd and beliefs
and tongues will Ijo followed wherevei they lead: but in
describing Maimers and Customs, to avoid confusion,
territorial divisions are ne(;essarv.
in the groupings which 1 have adopted, one clustei* of
nations follows another in geograi)l.ical succession; the
dividing lino not being more distinct. |)erhai)s, than that
whl* h distinguishes svnne national divisions, but sulli-
ciently marked, in mental and physical |K'culiarities, to
entitle each groui) to a separate ct)nsi(leration.
The only distinctitui of rju;e made by naturalists. \\\H)n
the continents of lx)th Xorth and J^outh America, until
a comparatively recent jn'riod, was by segregating the
first of the abovif named groups from all olber piH)i)le of
both continents, and calling one Mongolians ami the
other Americans. A more intimate accpiaintnnce with
the nations of the Xorth ])roves conclusively that one
( f t^>> boldest tyi^s of the Amcricun Indinn proper, the
'iiuiieh. lies within the territory of this first group,
conteiminous with the Mongolian Mskimos. and ciowding
them down to a narrow line along the shore of the Arctic
Sea. The nations of the second group, although exhibit-
ing multitudinous variatit)ns in minor traits, aie escen-
tially one jx-ople. lietween the California Diggei's of
the third division and the New Mexican Towns- people
of the fourth, there is niore diversity; and a still greater
GROri'INdS AND Sl'ISDIVISIONS.
37
(liilVrcnw bi'twcoii tlie sivairo ami civili/od nations of
tlio Mexican tahlo-land. Any classilication or division
of the suhjeet which could he made would he oih'H to
criticism. 1 therefore adopt the most simple practical
plan, one Avhich will present the suhject most clearly tc
the jicneral leader, and leave it in the Ix'st shajH.' foi
puriM)ses of theorizin^i' and generalization.
In the fnst or Ih i-kkuokkan jironp, to which thischnp-
t«'r is devoted, are live suhdivisions. as I'ollows: The As/,/-
iiiin<. i'oiumonly calle<l Western Kskimos. who skirt the
shores ofthe ArcticOcean from Mackeir/ie Kiverto Kot/.e-
hue Sound ; the Koniaf/oxov Southern Kskimos, who. com-
mencinufat Kotzehue Sound, cross the Kaviak Peninsula,
h(M"der on lierinji Sea IVom Norton Sound southwai'd.
and stretcli over the Alaskan' IVninsula and Koniauan
i'ii.'iiiiiL; luiiiiy (•■iiitiirtiniis. soiih' aiilliurs wiit-
i'l ,' it ilitVc lilllly nil ilirt'' ■lilt |i:l','> S c.f tile SMlllr llcHlk. )lMs ,lt l<llL;tll 1h liPllll'
Alisht, as ajiiilit'd to the iiiiuu laiul; AUtsLt for thu pouiusul.i, ainl L'}fi-
88
HYPERBOREANS.
Lslands to the mouth of the Atna or Copi^er River,
extending Iwick into the interior alxnit one hundred und
lil'ty miles; the Aleuts, or peo[)le of the Aleutian Archi-
l)ela}io; the lldinki'dn, who inhabit the coasst and islands
between the rivers Atna and Na»ss; and the Tliinc/i,
or Atlijvbascas, occupying the territory between the
alx>\t, descrijjed boundaries and Hudson liay. Ivich of
these hunilies is divided into nations or tribes, distiii-
fiuislied one from another by slight dialectic or other
differences, which tribal divisions will ))e given in treat-
ing of the several nations respectively.
Let us first cast a glance over this brojul domain, and
mark those as[)ects of nature which exercise so [)owerfi!l
an inlluence u}X)n the destinies of mankind, ^lidway be-
tween Mount St Eliasantl the Arctic sealxjard rise three
mountain chains. One. the Rocky Mountain range, cross-
ing from the Yukon to the .Macken/le River, dellects south-
ward, and taking up its mighty line of march, throws a
barrier between the east and the west, which extends
throughout the entire length of the continent. Between
the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific. interiM)ses another
called in Oregon the Cascade Range, and in (^difornia
the Sierra Nevada; wliile from the same starting-iM)iut,
the Alaskan range stretches out to the southwest along
the Alaskan IVninsula, and breaks into fragments in the
Aleutian Archipelago. Three noble streams, the Macken-
zie, the Yukon, and the Kuskofpiim. float the lK)ats of the
inland lIy[)erboreans and supply them with food; while
from the heated waters of Japan comes a current of the
sea. bathing the icy coasts with genial waniith, temper-
ing the air. and imparting gladness to the oily watermen
of the coast, to the northenuuost limit of their lauds.
The northern border of this territory is treeless; the
southern shore. al)sor))ing more warmth and moisture
from the Ja})an current, is fringed with dense forests;
htshhi us the niinu' of tlio island. As thcst; niimos arc all coiTuptions frnm
8<mn' OIK! ori^'inul word, whatever that may he, I si'o no reason for j^'iviii;^'
tlu' error three ditien-nt forms. I therefore write Alaska for the mainland
uud peuiuauhi, and Uualaska for th'-' island.
MAX AND NATUKE.
CO
\vliilc the interior, inters^x^rsed with hills, and lakes,
and w(M)ds, and grassy jHains, dnring the short siunnier
is clothed in hixnriant vegetation.
Notwithstanding the frowning asjK-et of natnre, ani-
mal lil'e in the Arctic regions is most ahundant. The
ocean swarms with every si)ecies of fish und sea-mam-
mal; the land ahonnds in reindeer, m(K)se, nuisk-oxen; in
hlack. gri//ly,an(l Ar(;tic hears; in wolves, foxes, heavers,
mink, ermine, martin, otters, I'acctMins, and water- fowl.
Innnense henls of hnlfalo roam over the hleak gi'assy
plains of the eastern Tiinieh, hut seldom Aenture I'ar to
the west of the Kcwkv Mountains. Myriads of hirds
migrate to and fro hetween their hreeding-[)la('es in the
interior of Alaska, the open Arctic Sea, and tJie warmer
latitudes of the south. From the (iulf of Mexico, from
the islands of the Pacific, IVom the lakes of Calilbrnia,
of Oregon, and of AVashington they come, Ihittering and
feasting, to rear their young during the sparkling Arctic
summer-day.
'riic whole occupation of man throughout this region,
is a struggle for life. So long as the c»rganism is plenti-
fully sup[ilied with heat- producing I'ood. all is well.
Once let the internal fire go down, and all is ill. I'n-
liki' the inhabitants of e(piatorial latitudes, where, Kden-
like. tlu' sheltering tree dro[)s Ibod. and the little
nourishment essential to life may he obtained by only
stretching forth the hand and plucking it, the ilyper-
boreau in;ui nuist maintain a constant warfai-e with
nature, or die. His daily Ibod depends u[)on t!ie suc-
cess of his daily battle with beasts, bird.s, and lishes.
which dispute with him possession of .sea and land.
l/nl(>rtunate in his search for game, or foiled in his
attempt at cajtture. he nuist liist. The associate of
beasts, go\erni'd l»v the same eujeriicncit.'s, nrcNinu"
upon annuals as annuals ])rey upon I'ach other, the
victim supplying all the necessities of the victor, oc-
cu[)ying territory in counnon. lM>th alike drawing sup-
plies directly from the storehouse of nature, — primitive
40
HYPERHOllE.VXS.
mail (Iriivos liis vorv ciualitv from tlie lirute Avitli Avliicli
ho strii<zuk'H. The idiosyncriisics of the iiniinal iastoii
upon liim, and that uikjii wliich he feed.s Ik-coiul's a part
of him.
Tliu.s, ill a nation of hunters inhabitinji' a ri<:(»rous
chmate, wo may look for wirv, koon-scentcd uu n. ulio
in tlu'ir Avar ujumi wild boasts put I'orth str('U<:th and
onduraiieo in order to overtake and capture the slroni:;
cuiminu; is opjjosed bv superior cunuinii: a stciiltliy
watcbfiilness governs e\'ery movement, uliile the iiitiUi-
gence of the man contends with the instincts of the biiite.
Fishermen, on the other hand, who obtain their food
with comparatively little eiVort, are more slu<:j:ish in
their natures and less iU)blo in their development. In
the icy regions of the north, the animal ci-eation supplies
man with food, clothing, and caloric; with all the reipii-
sites of an existence under circumstances ap])arently the
most adverse to comfort; and when he digs liis (hvelling
beneath the ground, or walls out the piercing winds with
8110W, his ultimate i.< attained.
The chief diiVereiices in tribes occupying the interior
and the seaboard, — the elevated, treeless, gi-assy plains
ea't of the liocky Mountains, and the humid islands
and shores of the great Xorthwest. — grow out of neces-
sities arising from their methods of ])rocuring food.
l"]ven causes so slight as the sheltering bend of a coast-
line; the guarding of a shore by islands: the breaking
of a seaboard by inlets and covering of the sti'aud with
s 'a-weed tuid polyps, re(|uiring only the labor of gather-
ing; or the presence of a bluff coast or windy prom-
ontory, whose occupants are obliged to put forth more
vigorous action for sustenance — all govern man in his
devel()[)ment. ^furn now to the most northern division
of our most northern group.
TiiK EsKnro.s, Ksfpiimaux. or as they call themselves.
IiDiHit, 'the peo[)le,' from \nid-j 'man.' occupy the
* 'riit> naiuo is said. l>y Chiirlcvnix 'to lu' (Icvivi'd fnim tlic l:iiimiii^,'f of tlii'
Abenii([ui, a tribe of .Vlyoiiquius iu L'uutulu, wlio buuU'i- iiiiou tliiiii iiiul cull
THE ESKIMOS.
41
Arctic sfMl)oar(l from eastern (ireenlaiid alonpr tlie cn-
tiiv contiiicnt of Ainerica, aiul across Uerinji'' Strait to
tlie Asiatic shore. Formerly the inliahitants of our
\vhole nyi)erhorean sea-coast, from the ^hleken•/,ie Uiver
to Queen Charlotte Island — tlu' intei-ior heinjr en-
tirely unknown — were denominated Eskimos, and Avere
of supposed Asiatic origin.* The tril)es of southern
tlicm "EHqinmnntsir.
' L'ori^iue ilv loiinioiu ii't'st jhik certain. Tcnitcfois
il y 11 Mill lit' riij)ii!iv('iii'(' (pi'il vitiit dn mot Aliiiiii<|iii, isiiKiimiiit.sif ijni vi iit
(lire "iiiiii!^i'iii' (Ic vialiclc t'Vili'. >)M' I'rir/innl s llnjsiiiil ili-<i- ri/ "i Mm,-
Liiiil. vol. v., pii. ;i(17. .'(";{. ' French writers call them Kskimaiix.' 'Kii^'lish
iiiilliois, in adopting; this term, hav»- most ^^enerally written it " I^s(|uinian\,"
Imt |)r. r.ath.iiii, and other recent ethuoloi^ists, write it "Esldiiios." after
till' n.inish ortlionraphv.' ll'irlionlsnii's I'niiir Hi'i'nii.s. \t. 'iHH. 'I'rohalil.v of
Caiiadian origin, and the wonl. which in French ortln ^rajihy is written F.s-
(jiiinianx, was prohahly ori^;inally ' Vim' i/h'i iiiioitx ( in'iiinii i.t \ .' Iiifl^itrils'ni's
jiixfi'dl, vol. i., J). :i4(t. 'Said to he a corriiiition of /■^sLhinirlil,. i. i'. raw-
tish-iati rs, a nickname t,'iven them liy their former nei^hhors, the Mohicans.'
,sr iiii/,//i'.y \'(ii/iiiii' of tlic lliriihJ, \i.A. n., ]). Jl*. Eskimo is dirived from ii
Word indicatini,' sorcerer or Shaman. 'The northern Tiiineh nse the word
I'shi III}.' I lull's Aliishii, i)]i. 114, 5:11. ' Their own national desi,, 'ion is
'• Kiralil." ' M'^rt'iii's I'rnnUi Aiiitncfinii, \). r>'l. 'J'hey ' call themselves "In-
liuit," which si^'iiities "man." ' Ariiislrn,i<i'n Xiirrnliri', p. I'.il.
' It is not withonL rehietaiice that 1 clianj^(> a word from the commonly
necejited orthoLtraphy. Names of jilaces, thon^^h iirii^inalin;,' in error, whin
once istalilislii d. it is better to leave nnchanj,'ed. Indian niimes, coniinu to
lis fliroii._;h Itussiaii. (ternian, French, or Spanish writers, should l)e jircst nti d
in lai'^'lish hy such letters as will best produce the orii.'inal Indian jiioiiun-
ciation. Iviropcan ))crsonal names, however, no matter how loiij,', m r
how commonly they may have been erroneously used should be immedi-
ately correctcil. Every n.an who can spell is sii])[iosed to be able to j^ive the
cornet orthoi^'ra]ihy of his own name, and liis spel'iiti),' should in every
instance be followed, when it can be ascertained. Veit lierint,', ant;licc Vitus
1'" laiiiL,', wasof a Danish family, si'veral nieinbei'sof which were well known in
liteiaturcbi fore his own time. In Danish writings, aswdl asanioii^'thebio^'ra-
]iliiisof liiissiaii admirals, where may be found a fac-siiiiile of his aiito^'raph,
the name iss])i Hid ISir'nKj. It is soj^ivcn by Humboldt , and by the hii-tUinKuhir
<l< '■' '' irsiil'inii. The aiithorof the .\i'ii)..\<irlirirlil('ii run ilineii. pihi lAili lA a
'Jitsnlii, one of the oldest ]iiinted works on Itussiaii discoveries in .\iiierica ;
.ns Well as Midler, who was tin; comjiaiiion of IteriiiL; for many years; iu,d
Husehiiiann.— all write /.rrii-./, IJaer remarks: ' li h sciin ibe fi riii r I'.i rinij.
nb;,'leicli es jit/t fast allu'elaeill f,'eWorden ist, liehrilll,' Zll sclireiben. Ulld alleli
die Kiieliinder iiiiil Fran/oseu sich der let/tern Schnibait benuemt habeii.
lieriii;,' war ein l),iue mill seine Familie war laiiLre vor ihiii in der Literatiu-
(tcschielite bikaiiiit. Sic hat ibreii N'anieii auf die \mii mir aimeiiomiiiene
Wiise diiukeii Lassen. Dersi Up. n Schreibait ludi' nte sidi imi ii der Misfoiio-
praph Mailer, i\vr liiiiLjere Zeit unter sein.n D; felileii (,'e.|ieiit hatte. und
Pallas.' Sf-itinliiihe uml iH,iiifir'ipli'is"lii> Xin-lirirMfn, p. ;{JM. Tlieif is no
doubt that the famous navii,'ator wrote his nniiie Hirnm. and that the letter
'h' was subse.piently inserted to ^-ive the Daiiidi sound to the letter 'e,'
To accomplish the same i)urpose, perhajis, I'oxe, I.aiii^sdorll', Deeehi y, and
others write llitnui).
* ' Die Kailjacker im (le-jentheil niihern sich niehr deu .Xmcrik.anischeii
Staiiiiiii II luiil eh.ii.i,,,], in ihrum .Veiissern i/ar niclit deii i!skimos oder deu
V
a
HYPERBOREANS.
Alaska wvw then found to difli'i" ossentially from tliose
of the nortlu'rn coast, Inder tlio nanio Kskinios, tliiTc-
foro, 1 include oidy the AVestern Kskinios of certain
wnters. wiiose st)iithern Ijonndary terminates at Kot/.ehiie
Sound.'
Eskimo- land is thinly jxH)pled, and hut little is
known of tribal divisions. At the Copix-rmine liiver,
the KsUimos ai'e called X(i<j(/<'ukt»n)ifiti's, or deer-horns;
at tlu^ eastern outlet of the Mackenzie, their trii»al
mnno IS Kifh.yartifc ; l)etween the Alackeii/ie Kivcr and
Jiarter Keef, they jio hy the name of JuiiH/nniH Jniuiit;
at Point IJari'ow they call themselves ]\'iiiriin(/}nvfiK:
uhile on the Nunatok River, in the vicinity of Kotzehue
Sound, they are known as Xiiinit<tn(pniiU><. Their vil-
lajics, cousisting of five or six families each.'' are scattered
alonj; tlie coast. A village site is usually selected u[)on
souie |i(MHl landin,u-|)lace, where there is suilicient depth
of water to lloat a whale, lietween tribes is lel't a sj)ot
of unoccupied or neutral ground, \\\Km Avhich small parties
meet duriuj;' the suunner for pur[M)ses of trade.^
^riie Kskimos are essentially a jK'culiar peoi)le. Their
character and their condition, the one of necessity grow-
ing out of the other, are peculiar. First, it is claimed
for tlu'ui that they ari^ the anouialous race of Ameiica —
the oidy j)eo[)le of the new world clearly identical with
any race of the old. Then they are the most littt)ral peo-
ple in the world. The linear extent of their cx;cu})ancy,
all of it a narrow se Iward averaging scarcely one hundred
Asiatisclicu Viilkorii, wnlirsclicinlich lialirn sio <1ur('h f1if> yeriuischniit,' iiiit
(Icn Stiiiiimcii Aiiicrikii's iliic urspriin^'liclu' Asiiitisclic .insseri' (icstalt iiiul
(icsichtsliil(liiii;4 vtiloii'ii 1111(1 imr dit' Sinaclu' bciliclmltt'n.' linvr, Slnl. u.
fdiii. .V<(rlii\, ]). 121. 'lis icssciiiMi'iit lpcaiic<m|i atix iiulij^t'ucs dis ilcs
Cnrilfs, (l.'pciidaiitcs dii Jajnin.' J.diilair, t ircitiiimiciijtttion dc rArd'nnse,
vol. vi., i>. l').
5 ''I'lic tiilics rrowdcd lopftlior on tlio sliovs of R('oriri^''s Sea witliin n
roinparafivi ly small I'Xttiit of • i usf-liiic, exhibit ti f^'irater variety, ludli in
liersoiial aiii)eMralie(( and diale- ■, l^an that which exists lietweeii the W( stein
Eskimos and their distant crj'nitryiiien in Labrador; and ethnolo^'isfs have
found Home dillieulty in cl-.ssifying them properly.' Jiichunlsnn's Jvor.,
vol i., i>. It(i;t.
* For authorities, see Tkiijai, RofMMRiEs, nt the end of thii* eliiipter,
' CoUiiiaoii, 'u\ Luiiilva 'ii<"^r(ii)iiu:itt .Society Joitnud, vol. \xv. p. '_(J1.
rSKIMO TiAND.
i.\
miles in witltli. is estimated at not loss than five thou-
sand mill's. Hi'loro thorn is a vast, nnknown, iov (H'osm,
u)M)n which thoy searcoly daro vonturo l>oyond si<iht of
hmd : hohind tlioui. hostile mountaineers over ready to
dispute onoroaehment. Their very mother-earth, ni)on
whose cold lM)som they have heen home, aue alter a}^e
throiijih countless "fenerations," is almost imiKMietrahle.
thawless ice. Their days and nijihts, and seasons and
years, are not like those ol' other men. yix months ol'
dav succeed six months of* niuht. Three months of
sunless winter; three months of niditless sunnner: six
months of ^rnnmerinj^ twiliirht.
Altout the middle of Octoher'^ connnences the lonji
niiiht of winter. The earth and sia jjut on an icy
coverin^i"; heasts and hirds depart for re{:ions sheltere<l
or more conjicnial; humanity huddles in suhterraneous
dens; all nature sinks into repose. The little heat lel't
by the retreatinjr sun s(H)n radiates out into the deei)
blue realms of space ; the temperature sinks mj)idly to
forty or fifty dejirees helow freezin^i'; the air is hushed,
the ocean calm, the sky cloudless. An awful, ])ainful
stillness pervades the dreary solitude. Not a sound is
heard; the distant din of husy man, and the noiseless
hum of the wilderness alike are wanting'. AN'hispers
hecome audihle at a considerable distance, and an insup-
portiihle sense of loneliness op[)res;-:es the inexperienced
visitor.'" Occasionally the aurora l)orealis flashes out in
prismatic coruscations, throwing- a l)rilliant arch fV(>m
east to west — now in variegated oscillations. <>raduating
through all tlie various tints of blue, and grien. and vio-
let, and ci-imson ; darting, flashing, or streaming in yellow
colunms, upwards, downwards; now blazing steadily, now
>< 'Im iiordwpstlifliston Tlicilc von AiiiciiViii fniul Franklin <1<)i Dudin.
Mittc August, Khon in tin.r Tiifc von l(i /oil (^( froicn. Kiclmnlson siih nn
rincni iistlidHTcn I'nnUtc (Kr Kiistc, in 71' 12' Unite, die Kissdiiilit im
Jnlins inifm-tlmnt bis A Fuss untcr lUr kvantbwkL'ktt n Olieiriiichi'. Jlnu,-
bolitt, A'oswo.s, toni. iv. p. 47.
■J SilUman's Jonnnl. vol. \vi., p. 130. Stewann's Voy. Ihnikl, vol. ii.,
p. 13. Annslriiini's .\iir., j). 28!).
■lO ' Chiiractfiistic of tbu Arctic rogions.' SilVmaii's Jour., vol. xvi., p. 113.
d4
ITYPERHOREANS.
in wavy iindiilatioiiH, soiKctiinos up to tlio vitv zt'uith;
inoiiK'ntarily lijihtiii}^ up in maijostic jrrancU'iir tlio
I'lurrk'ss iVo/i'u Kcrnory, l)iit only to fall bat'k Avitli
I'xhaiistt'd I'ort'o, k-avinj;' a denwr ohscurity. Natmi's
I'U'ctric lantt'in, .siis[K>n(k'(l lor a tiiiio in the IVosty
vault of heaven; — nuuiifioent nature's fire-works;
with the polar owl, the ^Kjlar hear, and the polar
man, siH.'ctators.
In .laiujarv, the hrilliancy cf the stars is dimiued
pei'ceptihly at ntK)n; in February, a jiolden tint i-ests
upon the hori/on at the same hour; in March, the
incipient dawn liroadens; in April, the (hr/.iuji' Kski-
mt) rubs his eyes and crawls forth; in May, the suow^
bejiins to melt, the impatient <irass and llowers ariive
t (U
l)art!-
In June, the sumuier has fairh' couie,
as 1
I'nder the incessant rays of the never settiuji sun, the
snow speedily disappears, the ice breaks up. the <:liicial
earth softens for a depth of one, two, or three feet; cir-
culation is restored to vejietation,'" which, duj'inti winter,
had been stoi)i)ed,-— if we may believe Sir John Hicli-
ardson, even the larjii'st trees freezinji to the heart. Sea,
and i)lain, and roUinji' steppe lay aside their seaudess
shroud of white, and a brilliant tint of emerald over-
spreads the landscai)e.'' All Nature, with one I'e-
soiuidin<»; cry, leaps up and claps her hands for joy.
Flocks of birds, lured froui their wintei' homes, fill
the Jiir with their melody; myriads of wild fowls send
forth their shrill cries; the moose and the reindeer Hock
down from the forests;" from the resonant sea coiues the
" At Kotzi'lmo Sound, in July, Chovis writis: ' Lo sol I'tait <'nmilli' do
flcnvs dc ('(Hilcnrs varii-cs, dans tt)ns Ics fndri)itst)ii In ncij^'c vciiait dc lundrr.'
I'd//'/;/'' I'illnns'/iif. \>t. ii.. \>. ^i.
'-' ' In dir ILini (Ic <li r Insiln vnn \t'n-Sil)iricn tindin ^rossc Hccrdcn vnu
licnnthii'icn und /alillcsc Lininiingc nocli liiul.'innlicln' Nalinmj,'.' lliini-
hi)l(ll, l\'i>stiios,\o]. iv.. ]). 42.
iJ ' TliciinnnictiT rises as liii^li as fil'' Fahr. With « sun shilling,' (livi>njj;li-
ont tho twrnty-fonr honis tin- ^Vdwlh of plants is rapid in the cxtrcnie.'
Sieiiiiiiiii's Vnij. Jlmtltl, vol. ii.. p. 1">.
" ' Diu'inj^ the period of ineuhation of the ftquatic birds, every hole ami
proji'ctinj,' cia;^ on the sides of this rook is oeeupieil by them. Its shores
resonndwith the chorus of thousands of the featherj- tribe.' IkiTlny's To//.,
vol. i., p, 3-19.
Ill
rilYSKAL CIIARAC TEUISTirS.
45
noiw of spoutiii':; wliiilt's ami Iwirkiii^ wals; niid lliis w>
liitt'lv dismal, clurrloss iv}:;i()ii, I»)(H)1um whh an i'xIiiiIk'I'-
ancc of lifi' <'(|iial('(l only by tlio hlaa-tiu'ss of its dura-
tion. And in token of a jnst apprt'ciation of tiit'
Creators ;:«M)dni'.ss, this animated mi'dlcv — man. and
bi'iists, and birds, and ilslics — rises np, divide.s, falls t(»,
and ends in eatinji or in heinji ente'.i.
'I'lu' j)liysi('al characteristics of the Kskimos are: a
fair complexion, the skin, uhen Wvv from dirt and paint,
beinj;' almost Avhite;'* 'i medium stature, well pr(»iM)r-
tioned, thick-set, nmscidar, robust, active,'" with sujall
and beautifully sha^K-d hands and feet;" a p\ramidal
'■' ' Tlnir coiiijiltxiini, if divcstrd of its iisniil covi linj,' of dirt, can Imnlly
Ik> ciiUrd (lurk.' SiriiKiiin's I'd//. Ihrahl, v.il. ii., p. r>l. 'In coiiiiMrisdii
•with iitlitr Aincrii'iiiis, of ii wliitc comiilcxioii.' Mr<'idli,li'.v Alioriiiimil II s-
1 'ijl "f Aiiiiririi, ]). 'i(t. ' Whiti! Coinphxidii, not Coiipir mlourrd.' I>i:lilis'
IIkiIsiiii's liiijl, \i. i">0. 'Almost UK white as Eiiroinaiis.' Kubii's Tnirrh,
Vol. ii., J). 2<1."<. 'Not darker tluiu that of u I'ortUj^uese.' Ljim's JituriKil,
J). 221. ' Scarcely a sliu<le darker than a di'cp brmutte." Puirifs Wrd I'l'//-
((/c, p. 'liCJ. 'Their conijjlexion is lif^ht.' IhilVx Ahmhu, y.WXX. ' Kye-wit-
iicsses »|.,'ree in their superior lit_'htness ol complexion over the ("hinoipks.'
7'(i7, '/•i"(/'.s' 7i'(((T.s' of Mini, r, S. A';f. Ex., vol. ix., jt. 2H. At ('o]iperniine
I'liver they are 'of a dirty copper color; some of the women, however, arenioro
fail' and niddy.' llcdna's 'I'rdrels, \). KUi. ' Considerahly fairer than the In-
dian tiilicK.' Simi>si>ii'n Xiir., ]). 110. At Cajie Hatlnirst 'The complexion is
swarthy, ehietly, I think, from exi)osuro and the accumulation of dirt.'
Anii.-'tn.iiii's .\<i)\, p. 1112. 'Shew little of the copjjer-i-olonr of the Ued
Indians.' liirhiinlsini'n I'ol. Vic;/., p. IM'-'l. ' From exjiosure to weather they
heconii' dark after manhood.' Itichiinlsiin's \ar.. vol. i., ji. .'Mil.
'u ' Itoth sexes are well proportioned, stout, muscular, and a<'tive.' ,SVr-
litfliiii's \'<)i/. Jlinihl, vol, ii., p. .lO. 'A stout, well-looking,' peoj)le.' Siiii))-
soil's X(ir., pi>. 110, 114. ' IJelow tho nu-an of the Caucasian race.' l>r.
Jhii/ix i,i llislnrii-. M(ht<nhii\ vol. i., p. fi. 'They are thick set, have a de-
<-idi(l tendency to ohisity, and are seldom more than five feet in heij^ht.'
Fiiiiiii'i's lliiiiiiiii /i'<(i'i . J). 211. At Kotzeline Sound, ' tallest man was five feet
nine imhes; tallest woman, tive feet four inches.' Uirrliii/'n I'd//., vol. i., ji.
Hi'iO. "Avera^jte heij^'ht was tive feet four and a half inches.' At the mouth
of the Maekenzu' they ari' of ' middle stature, strnnj,' and inusculur.' Arm-
i-frui, t/'.i \tn\, pp. 11!*, I'.i2. liow, hroad-set. not well made, nor stroii;,'.
Jliiiriii's Trnr., p. ICid. ' Tlie men were in (general stout.' h'ntnl.liii's .\(ii..
Vol. i., ]). 211. 't>f a niiddh' si/e, robust make, and healthy appearance.'
J\'i,t:'l»ir'K I'd//., vol. i., )). 2(i!». ' .Men vary in lui^'ht from alJout Hve fe( t to
live feet ten inches.' Jtirlidnlsdii's J'al. Iii-<l., J). ;t04. 'Women were t,'en-
erally short.' 'Their fl^,'un' inclines to s(|uat.' Ilnniipi's '/'k.s/. i. )>. 221.
" 'Tons lea individus <pii wppartienuent a la faniille dcs Kskimaux, se
ihstiniiuent par la i)etitesse de leurs ]>ieds et ile leurs mains, et la ;^'i(>sseur
euonnc de leur.s tet'S.' Jti' I'miir. Hirlnrrlns J'lii'., tom. i., p. 2ti2. 'The
hands and feet are delicately small and well formed.' /;;(•/,(//•(/><. ,i's J'ul.
U'V., ]). .'JOI. 'Small and heautifully made.' Siviiiinin's I'd//, llinild, vol.
ii , p. •"ill. .\t Point Harrow, "their hands, notwithstanding,' the j^'reat amount
of manual labour to which they are subject, were beuutifully snudl and well-
40
IIYPEIIBOREAXS.
licjul;'" a Ijroad c<rg-.slmiKMl fjwo; liifili nmndrd choi'k-
Im)ik's; lliit iioso; huu\\\ ()))li<jUo v\vs\ liir<:i' iiiniitli;
ti'ctli rcjiwliir. hut well worn;'' coarse Mack liair, closely
cut uiM)n the crown, leaviuji a uionk-like riii;;" aiouiul
the edge,'*' and a paucity of heard."' The men iVe-
foniu'd, ft (IcHcriiition ('<iimlly iiitplicublo to thtir fiit.' Arwstrouif'a Sar., 11.
101.
''* 'Tlif lu'iid in of fjood Hizc, rather tint Htipcriorly, 'mt very fully ilcviU
opod jxistcriorly, t>vi(l<'iu'iiij,' 11 prciiondcriiuci' of tlic uiiiiiml iHissioiis: tint
foi'riK'iid WHS, for till' ii'ost jmrt, low and needing; in a ftw it was soim wliat
vertical, hut narrow. Aniisli-DiKi's .\ar., ji. Il);t. Th( if cniiiial clmnnli r-
istics 'arc llii- htroii^Iy di'vcloiicd coronary rid^c, the olili(|uity n*' tlic
/.y^;onia, and its (,'reatcr cajiacity coni])ared witli tlic Indiaii craniiim. 'I'lic
former is essentially ])yraniidal, wiiile the latter mure iii nlv aiipruachcs ti
ciiltic shi'l)'.' Jtiill'H AUishii, \i. ;t7(i. "(Jrcatest briadtli d tlie face is just
lielow the eyes, tlio forehead liipers upwards, ciidiiiu' uarruwly, liiit \\"\
acutely, and in liko manner the chin is a Munt com .' It'i(hiinlsi,ii\ l\:l.
Iliy., p. U(t2. l)r (tall, whose «(l)servatioiiK i>n tiie same skulls prest uted
him for plirenolotjical ciliservatiou are pMlilir.he<l by 'SI. I.oiiis rlioris. thus
coiunicnts upon the head of it fcnade Kskiiiio from K<>t/i'1iiie SmiiMi : ' L'or-
({ane dc I'iustinct dc la propagation He troiive extrcniemciit di'Velii|ipi' ixnir
nne tet*! dc femmc' He lin(ls the luusicul and intellectual or^'ans \ riy
developed; while vanity and love of children are well displayed. ' Kn ij'ni-
ral,' saf^cly <'oncluded the dtx-tor, 'cette tdi' femme pn'seiitait unc or>;Miii/a-
tion aussi henreiist! (juu cello do la )>lu]iurt des fcnimes d'Eurojie.' i'mj,
J'ilt., pt. ii., p. Ki.
''■*' Large fat nnnid faces, liigh cheek hones, small hazel eyes, eye-
lirows slantinj^ like the Chinese, and wiile mouths.' lim Ini/'s !'((//,, vol. i.,
p. .'14.'). 'llroad, Hat faces, IukIi cheek hones.' Or Ilni/isiii Hist. Mnii.. \o\.
1., p. fi. Their 'teeth are regular, hut, from the nature of their fuod, and
from their )>racticc of preparing hides by chewint,', are worn down almost to
the gums at an early age.' SceiiKinii's I'ni/. Ikrulil, vol. ii., \t. '>l. At
Hudson Strait, broad, liat, pleasing f 'c; small and generally ^ore eyes;
giveu to bleeding at the nose. Frunl.' 's .Vkc, vol. i., ji. 'i'.t. ' Small eyes
iiiul very high cheek bones.' Kntivbuc'n Vny., vol. i., p. 209. 'La face
platte, la bouche ronde, le nez petit sans etre ecrasi', le blanc dc Tueil
jaunatre, I'irisnoiret jieii brillant.' J)c ]'((itir, lleclnrchts I'liil., tom.i., \t.'2l)'l.
They have 'small, wild-looking eyes, large and verv foul teeth, tlie hair
generally black, but Hometinies fair, and always 111 extreme disorder.'
lirincntU's Iml. liticfs, p. 4(17. 'As contrasted with the other nativt* .\mer-
icau races, their eyes are remarkable, being narrow and more or less <>li-
li(pie.' h'irlKtnlsoii'.i .\(tr., vol. i., p. ',W.i. Expression of face intelligent
and good-natured. l$oth sexes have mostly round, flat faces, with Mongo-
lian cast. JI'iii/ier'K 'I'liaL 1, p. '2'2I{.
20 ' Allowed to hang down in a club to the shoulder.' Tlirhar(hiiii's I'ul.
h't-ij., p. H0.">. Hair cut 'dose round the crown of the head, and thereby,
having a bushy ring round the lower jiart of it.' Ilnrlni/'.-, \'iii/., vol. i.,
p. IMi"). 'Their hair is straight, black, and coarse.' Siiiinitin'.'^ (''»//. Jln--
!(///, vol. ii., p. r>l. A tierce exj)ression characterized them on the ^lackenzie
lliver, which 'was increased by the h)ng disheveled hair flowing aboiit their
shoulders.' Aniinlr'nnfn Aar. p. 141t. At Kotzebue Sound ' their hair was
done up in large plaits on each side of the head.' lUtrUi i/x Voij.. vol. i.. p.
HiiO. At Camden Hay, h)fty top-knots; at Point Harrow, none. .'Vt ( o])])er-
niine Kiver the hair is worn short, unshaven on the crown, and bound with
titrii)s of deer-skiu. IShiqjsun's A'lO'., pp. 121, loi. Some of the nieu luivu
nirUOVEMEXTH UPON NATLKE.
47
(|iuiitly U'iiw the liuir in a iiiitiirtil state. The women
<»f lev Keel" intnKlnce false liair amonj; their own. wear-
in;.i' the wliole in two ininienst' |m)ws at the hack of tiii'
head. At '. oint IJarrow, they separate the hair into two
party o • ' .iihis, .Maturatin«r it witii train-oil, and hindinj^
it int«) .still' hnnehes with stri[».s of skin. Their lower
fxtreinities are short, so that in a sitting' jKistnre they
l(M)k taller than when standin;:.
Were these jH'ople satisfied with what natin'e has
done for them, thev wonM ho pa- ;d>ly <r«H)d-l(K>kinji.
]>iit with them as with all mankind. n«( matter how hijih
the decree of intelli^iMice and refii.ement attiur.cd. art
must 1h' aiH)lied to improve njx* • nature. T'le lew fin-
ishinii touches neglected hy the Creator, man is ever
ready to supi)ly.
Arrived at the age of pulterty, the great work of im-
proMMuent l)egins. I'p to this time tlie .skin has hcen
ke}it siituiated in grease and fdth. imtil the natuial color
is lost, and until the complexion is hrought down to the
Eskimo standard. Xow pigments of various dye are aj)-
])ru'd. hoth i)ainted outwardly and |»ricked into the skin;
lioli's lire cut in the face, and plugs or lahrets inserted.
These uiH'rations, however, attended Avith no little .'^olem-
nity, iU'e suit[>osed to possess some significance other than
that ol' niei'e ornament, V[nm the tKcasion of piercing
the li[). for instance, a religious fea.st is given.
bnre crowns, but the nuijority wear the liuir liowing iifttiiriilly. The women
out till' hail- sill lit ill front, k'vcl with the eyelirows. At Hiiniiihn y Point it
is twistt il witii sciiuc fiilsc hair into t'.vo iniiiiense hc)ws on tlie li.ick of the
head, //"h/k-c's I'asLi, p. •22-'k ' Their liair lmnj,'s cUiwii hm^;, hnt is cut
(|uitu short on the erowii of the heail.' Kulnlnu's \'<iij., vol. i., ji. 'IW.
Haircut like 'that of a Capneliiu friar.' SceiiKtiiii'ii Vny. llvr(dil,\iA. ii., i>. "il.
-I ('rant/, says tlic (ireeiilauch-rs root it out. 'Tlie old men had a few
pray liaiis on tlieir chins. Init the yoinij^' ones, thou!,'li ^'rown \\\\ were heard-
less.' lifu-liiii'K Villi., vol. i.. p. '.'{:li. ''J'hf j)ossession of it l)''iird is vi ry
rare, hut a_ sli;^'ht moustache is not iiifrcipK nt.' SniiKiint's Tn//. lliinhl,
vol ii., |). ■")!. 'As the men pow old, they liave more hair on the face than
Ked Indians.' Uhlinnlsoii's .\iir., vol. i., "p. HKt. ' (lelierally an ahseiieeof
heard and whiskers.' Ani<stri,„if!. V((/'.,p. I'.I3. ' Ihard is uiiiv( rsally want-
int,'.' hnt:ihiii\ I'o//., vol. i., p •,i,:,2. 'The youn^ men have little" lieard,
hut some of the old <ines have a tolerahle shew of lonj^ ^rav hairs on tho
upi.er lip and chin.' I,!rl,<iri'.sin,'s ]'<,!. /,'««;., .• :i();). 'All "have l.eards.'
7V(//'.s (,n„ir<ii,l,!/, vol. v., p. •.;',)1. Kirliv aftirnis that in Ahiska 'many of them
Liive II profusion of whiskers nnd heiird.' Utiiitlmouian liiport, 1>^!U, p. 410.
48
HYPERBOREANS.
Oil the northern coast the women jiaint tlie eyel)r<nvsS
and tattoo the eliin; >vhile tlie men only ])ierce the lower
lip under one or l)oth corners of the mouth, and insert
in each api'i'ture a dou)>le-headed sleeve-huttoii or dumh-
l)ell-sha[)ed lahri't. of l)one, ivory, f^hell, .stone, j:lass, or
wood. The incision Avhen lirst made i.s ahout the si/o
ol'a <iuill, but as the as[)irant for improved beauty jirows
t)l(h'r. tiie si/e of the orifice is enlarged until it reaches
a width of half or three <piarters of an inch." In tat-
tooing, the color is applied by drawing a thread under
the skin, or ])ricking it in with a needle. Dillerent
tribes, and dillerent ranks of the same tribe, have each
their peculiar ibrm of tattooing. Tlie plebei.an female of
certain bands is permitted to adorn her chin with but
one vertical line in the centre, and one ])arallel to it on
either side, while the more fortunate noblesse mark two
vertical lines IVom each corner of the mouth.'-'' A fem-
inine cast of features, as is common with other branches of
the Mongolian race, prevails in both sexes. J^ome trav-
elers discover iu the faces of the men a characteristic
exi)ressioii of ferociousness, and in those of tlie women,
an extraordinary display of wantonness. A thick coat-
ing of filth and a strong odor of train-oil are iiisej)arablo
from an Eskimo, and the fashion of labrets adds in no
wise to his comeliness.'-*
"2 ' Tilt' lip is povfdratod for tho liihrot as (ho l)ny npprnaclios iiianhood,
and is I'uusiilcn (1 an iinjiortant era in Ins lifi'.' Annstroini's \iir.. \t. I'.H.
'Sonic woic lint niic, (itlaTS one on cai'li sido of the nnnitli.' 1 1" if it' h
'I'li^l.i, \). '1\1\. 'Li]) oi'nanit'nts, with the uialis, aiiiiciir to coiTcsjiond with
the tattooing' of tlif cllilis of thv females.' Ilnrhi i/'n I'c//., vol. i., )). USl.
21 'Tlie woirieli tattoo tlieil' faees in lilue lilies Jil'odnced liy niakinf^
stitcliiswitli a tine needle and tlm^ad. smeared with lamiililaek.' lUrlninlnnii'a
I'lil. I!i-i., \\. I{(l.j. J'xtweeii Kot/eliiie Sound and ley Ciijie, 'all the women
Were tattooed n])on the eliin wi!h three small lines.' I'hey hlaelun ' tho
ed,L;es of the eyelids with iilnmliago, rnhhed n}) with d little saliva upon a
jiieee of slate.' Il(ifl,ii/'s \'<'!/.. vol. i., ]). ;!(i(l. At I'oint Jtarrow, tho
Women have on the ehiii 'a vertical line ahont half an inch hroad in tlio
I'cntre. cNteiidiiii,' from the lip, with a iiaiallel hut narrower one nii eitlna'
side of it, a little apart. Some had two Mrtieal lines lUdtrudiiij,' from
either ine^le of the mouth; which is a mark of their hij^h jiosition in tho
trilie. Aniislnni'i'^ Xnr., ji]). 101, Hit. On ]>eriii>,' Isle, nun as well us
women tattoo, ' riusieurs honimes avaieiit h' visayi' tatoue.' ('Imiin. \'(ii/,
i'itl., pt. ii., ji. T).
'^* ' Oive a particularly disgustini,' look when tho boues are taken out, us
ESKIMO DRESS.
•19
For covering to the body, the Eskimos cini)loy the
skin ol' ill! the beasts jukI birds tliat come Avithiu their
reach. Skins tire pre})ared in the I'ur.'' and cut and
.sewed witii neatness and skiU. Even tlic intestines of
seals and wliales are used in tlie mannfactnre ol' water-
The costnme for both sexes consists
P'
■oot'overdresse."
ot* lonu; stockings or drawers, over which are l)ri'eches
extendinjj; I'roni the shoidders to below the knei's; and
a frock or jacket, somewhat shorter than the breeches
with sU'cves and IuhxI. This pu'ment is made wlude,
there bcini;' no openinjis except for the head and arms.
The frock of the mal(( is cut at the bottom nearly
s(|uare, while that of the female reaches a little lower,
and terminates b(>fore and behind in a point or scol-
lop. The tail of some animal jii'aces the hinder part of
the male frock; the woman s has a large hood, in which
she carries her infant. Otherwise both sexes dress
alike; and as, when strip[X'd of their facial decorations,
their physiognomies are alike, the}' are not nnfre-
(piently mistaken one for the other.'-' They have boots
kt, as
the saliviV oontinnally runs over the rhin.' Ziohi/^Kc's I'/;/., vol. i., p. 227.
At Caiiuli'ii, lahi'fts were made of lar;,'L' bhu; heads, ^^'liicd ti> )pic('ts nf ivnrv.
None worn at Coiipcvminc lUvcr. Sliiiii.iini's .\<ir., \>\>. II'.I. .'{17. 'Many of
thi'iu also tianstix the scjitiiiii of tht? ii()st> with a dintalimii slii.ll or ivovy
Ui'cdlc'.' liirjKirilsiin'fi \<ti\, \ il. i., p. ^I.").
*i ' Tluso natives almost uuivirsally nse a vnry unplrasant licpiiil for
floausiuj,' i)m-pos('s. Tlicy tan and softiii tlii' seal-skin nst d for lioot-soles
vith it.' Wlii/iniii'i's Aliislyii, p. Kil. ' Females oeeasionally wash their hair
and faces with their own urine, the odourof which is aLtici ;d)le tolmth sexes,
and till y are well accustomed to it, as this liquor is kt pt in tulis in tho
ji.irclies of their huts for use in drissiuL,' the (hir and si'.il skins.' IHclidnl-
H'lii's I'nl. III/., p. 3)1. 'Show much skill in the preparation of whale, sen),
and deer-skins.' l!ichitnlsi>ii'!< .\<ir., vol. i., p. li.-)7. They have it Ki'*>'t
antipathy to water. ' Occasionally they wash their lioilies with a certain
animal iluid, hut even this process is seldom gone through.' >('('i/(((/i/r.s
Ic//. Iliriihl, Vol. ii., p. ('}•!.
■^'' ' Durin;.; the summer, when on whalini,' or sealiutr excursioTis. a coat of
the f,Mtt of till! whale, and linots of seal or Wiilrr.s hide, are used as water-
juoof cov.rinj^s.' iSniiiimn'ri V'xj. Ii ntl'l, \o\, \\, yi. 't'.\. At Toiiit liarrow
they Wear ' Kamleikas or wattr-jiroof sliirts, made of the entrails of sials.'
i^'iiiiiifiim's A'"'., p. 15!). Women wear close-titling hieechi s of seal-skin.
y/"'/"('s Ti(si,i, p. '224. 'They are on the whoh' as good as tli.' best oil-
skins in England.' Ikichii/'A I'"//-' ^'"l' '■• !'• •""■
'^' Till' dress of the two sexes is much alike, the outer shirt or jacket
haviuL! a pointed skirt before and behind, those of the female beiim merely
a little lou'^^'er. ' Pretty much the samo for both sexes.' i'ijKLr's Ilutnaii
Jii-tr, p. 2U.
Vol, I. i
50
HYPElinOllEANS.
of ^viilnis or soal skin, mittens or {ilovos of door-skin,
and intostino w{itor-})roofs covering" llio entire body.
Sevei.J kinds of i'ur frecjuently enter into the composi-
tion of one garment. Tiius tiie body of the frock,
generally of reindeer-skin, may bo of bird, bear, seal,
mink, or stpiirrel skin; while the h(K)d may ))e of ibx-
skin, the lining of hare-skin, the fringe of wolverine-
skin, and the gloves of liiwn-skin.-'^ Two suits are
worn during the coldest weather; the imier one with
the fur next the skin, the outer suit with the I'ur out-
ward."' Thus, with their stomachs well filled with fat,
and their backs cx)vered with furs, the\' bid delianco to
the severest Arctic winter.*"
in architecture, the Eskimo is fully e(|ual to the
emergency; building, upon a soil which yields him little
or no material, three classes of dwellings. IVnetrating
the I'rozen earth, or casting around him a frozeri wall,
he c()m[)els the very elements from which he seeks
protection to protect lihn. For his i/u/'ii or winter
5'* 'Tlipyhove Wsitles this a jiickot mndp of oidti- drakes' skins rowchI
to^i'thfi', wliich, put oil nndtnu'iitli their other dress, is a tolrrahle protec-
tion aj^'iiinst 11 distant arrow, and is worn in times of hostility.' Ilivrli-
ei/'x \'iii/. vol. i., p. ;W<). Messrs Dease and Siniiison found those o£
Point IJarrow 'well clothed ill seal and reindeer skins.' I.nnd. Gimi. Snr..
tliiiu'., vol. viii., p. '221. ' The finest (h'osses are niaileof the sliiiis of nnboru
deer.' liii'li'tnlsiin's fill /iV(/.. p. ;!()(!. ' The h'^lf-develo|iiMl skin of a fawn
that has iievi-r lived, ohtaiiieil l)y driving the doe till her otl^piiii!,' is jire-
liiatnrily born.' ^ni/iiiiti r's Aldsha, p. 1(10. Eskimo woaun pay nuich
rci,'ard to their toilet. Hii-hnrdsDii's Xitr., vol. i., p. 'i'>'>.
-"■* Tlieir dress consists of two suits. Seiinuim's I'of/. Ikriihl, vol. ii.,
l>. "rJ. 'Reindeer skin— the fur next the body.' Annslnmii's Xor., p. ll'.».
' Two women, dressed like men, looked frightfully with tluir tattooed faces.'
Jinlsiliiii'n I'd//., vol. i., p. I'.ll. Heal-skiu jackets, luar-skin trowsers, and
white-fox skin caps, is the male costume at Hudson Slriiit. The female
dress is the same, with the addition of a hood for carryiiii,' children. Fnink-
liii's .\<ir., vol. i., p 2',>. At ("amdeii Hay, reindeer-skin jackets and water-
proof boots. Shll|>.^^n,l'!i \<ir., p. 11!) At C!opi)ermine Itiver, 'Wdiiien's
lioots which lire not stitVeiied out with whalebone, and tli'' tails of their
jackets are not over one foot long.' Hvariii''s 'Innrh, p l(l(i. Di > i-skin, hair
outside, ornamented with white fur. Kirhi/ ii Siii'iUif<iii,i<iii /I'l/''., IMIJ, p.
4HI. 'I'he indoor (b'ess of the eastern P^skimo is of reiiidrer-skin, with the
fur inside. ' When they go out, another entire suit with the fur outside is
put overall, and a pair of watertight sealskin .noc<asins, with siniiliar mit-
tens for their hamls.' SiHhiniii's .loKrudl, vol. xvi., p. IHi. The frock at Cop-
permine IJiver hiis a tail S(un(.'thing like 11 dress-coat, .'^iniiisfui'a Kar., p.:l')0.
■J" • Some of them are even half-naked, as a summer heat, even of 10' in
iusupportuble to thtni.' Kut^tbae's \'oy., vol. i., p. 20."i,
DWELLINGS OF THE ESKIMOS.
JlllltfC-
llUih-
losu (if
'(«/. Sdi:,
miboru
;i fiiwu
is jii't'-
imieh
111. ii.,
p. ll'.».
il:
fiiccs.'
rs, iinil
ffiuale
I'riiiik-
\ wiitcv-
(imcii's
(if their
iiii, Imir
ls(U. p.
villi the
itsiilf irt
liiiv iiiit-
iit Ctil)-
,l).:iril».
f 10 in
residence he dijrs a hole of the required dimensions,
to a depth of alx)ut nix feet."'^ AVithin this excava-
tion he erects a frame, either of wood or v/halelMHie,
hishinji; his timbers with thonjis instead of nailiii!. them.
This frame is carried upward to a distance of two or three
feet alxnc the ground,'^ when it is covered by a dome-
shaped rtxjf of poles or whale-rilts turfed and earthed
over.'" In the centre of the roof is lel't a hole for the
■mission of smoke. In ah-
admi
of lidit and th
nssion
sence of fire, a transmcent covermn' ot wliaie- intestine
confines the warmth of ])utrifying filth, and completes the
Eskimo's sense of comfort. Togain admittance to this
snug retreat, without exposing the inmates to the storms
without, another and a smaller hole is dug to the same
depth, a short distance from the first. Fiom one to
tlie other, an underground passage -way is then oi)eiied,
tiirough which entrance is made on hands and knees.
The occupants descend hy means of a ladder, and over the
entrance a shed is erected, to protect it fVoni the snow.'^
AVithin the entrance is hung a deer-skin door, and ante-
rooms are arranged in which to deposit fiozen outer gar-
ments Ijefbre entering the Iieated room. Around ti»e
sides of the dwelling, sleeping-places are marked out; lor
Ijedsteads, boards are placed upon logs one or two feet in
diameter, and covered with willow branches and skins.
A little heap ot stones in the centre of the nnmi, under
the smoke- hole, forms the fireplace. In the corners of
the room are stone lamps, which answer all domestic
3' ' Do\m to tlip fvn/pu subsoil.' IlifliiinlsDii's Pol. I!)'<i., p. 310. 'Snino
arc will illy above j^'roiiuil, utiitis liiivf tluir rout' scarcily ruiscil above it.'
Ikifliiji's I'')//., vol. ii.. |i. ;101.
1^ ' Formed of stakes plaeed iipriirht in the tjromiil about six fort liiKh,
either circtilar or oval in (oiiii. from wliiiU otli'is iiielined so as t<i f<irm :i
Klopiiiii roof.' Afuistntmi's Mtn., p. 1 1'.t. 'Half iiiiileii;ioniid, with the
elitvaiiee moro or less su.' Iliill'n Jhis'.ii. ]>. l.t. • 'I'hev are more than
half nnder;4r(Hiiid.' and are 'about twtiity I'eet square ami ti,s,'ht feetdiip.'
SteiiiL.i' -i I'll./, ll'i-iilil. Vol. ii., p. 57.
•'•' • Tlie whole bnildinn is eovered with earth to the thickness of a foot or
jnorc. a:id in a few years it becomes over 'own witii ifrass, looking from a
shott di-taiici- like a small tuuiulus.' Jorlririh'iii's I'lil. /,'fi/., ]i. ItKI.
" .V sm.iJIiT drift-wood house is sonietitiies built with aside-door. ' Li:,'ht
ntid air are admitted by ii lyw dyyr ut yuu end.' likli'inlson's At/r., vol.
i., p. lil.j.
i
52 HYPERliOEEANS.
purposes in tlio ii])soiico of firo-wood.''' In the Letter class
of buiklings, the sides and lloor arc Ijoarded. Supplies
are kept in a store house at a little distance from the
dwi'lling, perched upon four i)osts, away fi'oni the reach
of the do-i's, and a frame is alwa\s erected on Avhich
to hanu; furs and fish. Several year^ are sometimes
«)ocupied in ])uildin<r a hut.*'
.Mark how nature supi)lies this treeless coast with
wood. The hreakin<i-up ol' winter in the mountains of
Alaska is indeed a ])reaking-up. Tiie accumulated
masses of ice and snow, when suddenly loosened by the
incessant rays of the never-setting' sun, hear away all
bi'fore them. Down from the mountain -sides comes
the avalanche, uprooting trees, swelling rivers, hurry-
ing with its burden to the sea. There, casting itself
into the warm ocean current, the ice soon disappears,
and the driftwood which accouipanied it is carried north-
ward and thrown back ui)on the bea(;h by the Octolter
winds. Thus huge forest-trees, taken up liodily, as it
were, in the middle of a continent, and carried by the
currents to the incredible distance, sometimes, of three
lliousand miles, are dej)ositeil all along the Arctic sea-
board, laid at the very door of these people, a people
whose store of this world's benefits is none of the most
abundant.''" True, wood is not an absolute necessity with
them, as many of their houses in the coldest weather
3' ' Tho firn in tho oontro is never lit merely for the sake of warmth, ns
(he liiiii|is are sulVuient for that jturpose.' SitiiHtnn'n Vnij. Jlinilil, vol.
ii., p. aS. 'Tliey have no fire- iilaers; bnt a stone ])luee(l in the centre
Mrves for n snpiiort to the lamp, hy whieh the little cookiny that iis reipiireil
is performed.' JiivltiinlHou's .\(tr., vol. i., \). 348.
sii ' On trouvii plusii'urs Imttes eonstruites en bois, nioitir dans la terre,
moitii' «n dehors.' (7i")-is' 1'"//. I'ltt., jit. ii., j). (I. At Heanfort Hay are
Vdoiliii huts. Ni'oi/i.S'oi'.s Xiir., p. 177. At Toker I'oint, 'linilt of drift-wood
and sods of turf or mud ' Ilniijier's 'I'ltshi, ji. 'M\i. At Cape Krnsenstern the
houses ' appeared like little round hills, with feiiees of wliale-hone.' Jviizr-
liiif's I 'ill/., vol. i., J). '2M. ' They eonstruet yourts or winter residenees ujion
those parts of the shore which are adapted to their convenience, such as tho
montlisof rivers, the entrances of iidets, or juttinjj; points of hind, but always
upon low {ground. ' Jiicclni/'s I 'o//,, vol. ii.. p, :HW.
■'' 'I was surjirised at the vast iptantity of driftwood aocnmnlated on its
shore, several acres beinj,' thickly covered with it, aud many pieces ut least
sixty feet in leugtU.' AninslwHij'n JV«r., p. 104.
i
SNOW HOUSES.
63
have no fire; only oil -lamps lieing used for cooking
and heatinir. AVhale-ribs supply the place of trees for
house and boat tiuihers, and hides are eonnnonly Jiscd
lor hoards. Yet a bountiful supply of avcmmI duriu|i their
louii', cold, dark "winter conies in no wise auiiss.*** Tbeir
suiuuier tents are made of se;il or untanned deer skins
with the hair outward, conical or bell-sha[)ed. and witiiout
a smoke-hole as no lires are ever kindled within tbeui.
Tbe wet oi" frozen earth is co\ered with a few coar.^e
skins for a lU)or.''''
But the most uni([ue system of architecture in America
is iu»])rovised b}' tbe Kskimos during their seal-hunting
expeditions upon the ice, wlien they occupy a veritable
crystal palace fit for an Arctic I'airy. On the fi-o/en
river or sea. a si)ot is cliosen I'ree fr(-)m irregu-
larities, and a circle of ten or fifteen feet in diam-
eter drawn on the snow. The snow within the
circle is then cut into sla])s from three to lour
inches in thickness, their length being the depth
of the snow, and these slabs are formed into a
wall enclosing the circle and carried u}) in coui-ses
similar to those of brick or stone, terminating in a
dome -shaped roof A wedge -like slab keys the arch;
and this [)riiici[ile in arcbitectui'e may have iirst been
known to the Assyrians, i'lgyptians. Chinese or i']s-
kimos.'" L()o.>^e snow is then thrown into the crevices,
which (piickly congeals; an aperture is cut in the
side for a door; and if the thin wall is not sullicieutly
'« 'Eastern Esqiiiniiiux invcisicm toUiiukof tiiv us a nicansdf im;>iirliiii,'
Wfiriiitli.' SiiiijiS'iii's Xnr.. \\. :u<;.
■'■' Their liouscs iirc ' univcalili' t<>nts, cdiistnU'ttMl uf jiolcs luul sivins."
JlroicneU's lull. Uncia, j). |r,ii. • Xiiilur wiiiil nor wuterti^^ht.' l'>'i<-hi-i/.-i
\'"i/.. vol. i., J). :((;i. At ('a|)i> Sniyllu', lli>(ii)('r saw sivcn Eskinnt tciitH
of sciil skin. 7'".n7,/, p. 21i;. ' We' cnttivd u siimll tent (if niursc -skins,
niiiili' in th" form of a cnnoc.' A'. /;.///ii"s \'ni/., vol. i., y. 'J.i(i. At ('(ij)-
liiniiinc Kivcr their tents in sniuiiier are of <lrer-skin with the hair on,
and cireuiar. Ihirm'^- '/'(vo-c/s, p. li;7. At St Lawrence Island, Kni/d.iie
•saw no s( tlh'd d\velhni,'s, 'only several small tents l.nilt of tlie ribs of whales,
and covered with the skin of the iiiorse.' \'('i/U(IP, vol. i., [i[t. r.t()-r.)l.
*" 'In iiarallelo^ranis, and so adjnsted ns to form a rotumki, with an
arched roof.' >;/;,/co,s .fn,ir., v<d. xvi., ii. Ill), r'trn/'s I'm/., vol. v., ii.
20(1. FninUtn's .\ur., xul. u., IK il. J J'
I
6i
HITERBOREANS.
I
triin.sluccnt, a piece of ice is fitted into the side
for a window. Seats, taljles, couches, and. even Hre-
places are made with frozen snow, and covered with
reindeer or seal skin. Out-houses connect with the
main room, and frequently a numlx'r of dwellings are
huilt contiguously, Avith a passage from one to another.
These houses are comfortahle and duraljle, resisting
.alike the wind and the thaw until late in the season.
Ciu-e must be taken that the walls Jire not so thick as to
make them too Avarm, and so cause a dripping from the
interior. A s(piare block of snow serves as a stand for
the stone lamp which is their only Hre.*^
'■ The purity of the material," says Sir John Frank-
lin, who saw them l^uikl an ediiice of this kind at
Copiiermine River, " of which the house was framed,
the elegance of its ccmstruction, and the translucency of
its walls, which transmitted a very pleasant light, gave
it an appearance far superior to a marble building, and
one might survey it with feelings somewhat akin to
those produced by the contemplation of a (Grecian tem-
})le, reared by Phidias; both are triumphs of art, inimi-
tal)le in their kind.""
Eskimos, fortunately, have not a dainty palate. Ev-
erything which sustains life is food for them. Their
Hubstantials comprise the tiesh of land and marine ani-
mals, fish and birds; venison, and whale and seal
l)luhber l)eing chief. Choice dishes, tempting to the
appetite, Arctic epicurean dishes, Eskimo nectar and
ambrosia, are daintily i)repared, hospitably placed ])ef()re
strangers, and eaten and drunk with avidity. Among
4' ' Those housos nw dumblo, tlio ■wind has littlo effect on them, and they
resist the tluiw until the sun iicciuires very eousideriible power.' Jlichun}-
soit's Xnr., vol. i., ]). 3i")(>.
*' The snuw houses are called by the natives viloo, and the underp;ronnd
huts j/oiirts, or y arts, nm\ thvir U'litu hiii'l.s. Winter residence, 'i^lut.' /i((;/(-
<ir(ls'iii's Vol. /iV'/., p. ;tl(>. Beeehey, descrihinj^ the same kind of huildiiiLjs,
calls them 'yourts.' 1'')//., vol. i., p'. .'(Oti. Tent of skins, tie-poo-eet; tojiak;
toopi'k. Tent, too- pote. //>/(?., vol. ii., p. UHl. 'Yourts.' ^Sffiiituiii'a rn//.
.ll'i.(l(J, vol. ii., p. 5'J. Tent, topek. Dull says Riehaidson is wron^', and
that i|,'loo <n* iglu is the name of ice houses. Alusht, \). it'.i'l. House, ij^lo.
Tent, tuppek. Jlifhiirdsiiu's Jonf., vol. ii., p. 378. iSuow Louse, teyloo.
FninhiUi's j.V((r., vol. ii., p. I".
....... !L!JlH^^B«rr?-r-
MIGRATIONS FOR FOOD.
65
thorn aw: a Inml of coagulated 1)1()0(1, mashed craiilKTries
vitli rancid tiain-oil, whortle1)eiTie.s and Avah'us-hhihher,
alternate streaks of putrid l)lack and white uhale-fat;
venison stee[)ed in seal -oil, raw deer's liver cut in small
pieces and mixed with the warm half-digested contents of
the animals stomach ; l)Owls of live maggots, a draught of
Avarm hlood from a newly killed animal/' Fish are some-
times eaten alive. Meats are kept in seal-skin l);igs for
over a year, decomposing meanwhile, hut never hecoming
too rancid for our Eskimos. Their winter .store of oil
they secure in seal-skin hags, which are ])uried in the
frozen ground, (/harlevoi.v remarks that they are the
only race known who prefer food raw. This, howexer. is
not the case. They prefer their fcwjd co<jked, hut do not
ohji'ct to it raw or rotten. They are no lovers of salt."
In mid -winter, while tlie land is enveloped in dark-
ness, the l']skimo dozes torpidly in hi.s den. J']ai'ly in
!Se[itoml)er the musk-oxen and reindeer retreat south-
ward, and the iish are confined heneath the frozen cov-
ering of the rivers. It is during the short sunnner,
when food is abundant, that they who would not perish
nuist lay u[) a supply for the winter. AMien s[)ring
opens, and the rivers are cleared of ice, the natives Hallow
the Iish. which at that time ascend the streams to s})awn,
and spear them at the falls and rapids that impede their
progress. Small wooden fish are sometimes made and
thrown into holes in the ice for a decoy; salmon are
taken in a whalebone seine. At this season also rein-
deer are captured on their way to the coast, whither
they resort in the spring to drop their young. .Multi-
*^ Tlioy av(> so fondof the warm blnotl of ilyint,' niiimals that they iiivonted
nn iustiuiiuiit to sfi-m'o it. See lii-iflififs V"/A- ^'"1- i-- !'• !M'- ' Whalt-
1)lul>l)(r, thiii' ffi-cut (li'liciicy, is sii-kfiiiii^' iiiul daugi'roub to ii Kuroi)Lau
Ktouiacli.' K''t:il, Ill's I'nij., vol. i., p. 11(2.
■•1 Hcarnc says that tho uativos on the. Arctic coast of British Ann ilea aro
80 (lis;4nstiiinly tilthy that vhcn they have MecdiiiK "t the iiosr th.y lick
up tliiir own liloixt. 'rntnls, p. l('il. 'Salt always nppcand an alioin-
iiiatioii.' ' Tli.y sciilom codk their food, tho frost apparently actini,' as ti
bulistitiitc for tire.' I'ulliiisoii, in. Loml. (/eiiij. Snr. ,li,iir., vol/xxv.. p. 2(11.
At KotZ'))nr Sdtmd they 'seoni to subsist entirely on the tleshof ni,u-ine ani-
mals, which they, fortLe most i)art, cut raw.' KUztbuv's Voy., vol. i., p. 231).
«6
HYPERBOREANS,
1''
tiult's f)f o'ooso. (lucks, and .swuiis visit the ocean during
the suiie }M.'ri(jd to breed/''
August and September are tbe months for ubales.
AVbcn a wliale is discovered rollinii; on the water, a
boat starts out. and from the distance of a few I'eet a
wea[K)n is phniji'ed into its bhibbery carcass. Tiie iiar-
])oons are so constructed that when tliis blow is given,
the shaft becomes disengaged from the barbed ivor\' iK)int.
To this }«)int a seal-skin buoy or bladder is attached by-
means of a cord. The bk)ws are re[)eated; the buo\ sen-
cumber the monster in diving or swinnning, and tiie inge-
nious Ivskimo is soon able to tow the carcass to the shore.
A succes,sful chase secures an abundance of food foi- the
winter.**^ Se.ds are caught during the winter, and con-
siderable skill is rcMjuired in taking them. IJeing a warm-
Ijlooded res[)iratory animal, they are obliged to ha\o
air, and in order to obtain it, while the surface of the
water is undergoing the freezing [)rt)cess. they keep open
a breathing- hole by constantly gnawing away the ice.
They produce their young in March, and soon aiterward
the natives a])andon their villages and set out on the
ice in i)ursuit of them. Seals, like whales, are also
killed with a liar})oon to which is attached a bladder.
The seal, when struck, may draw the iloat under water
for a time, Ijut is soon obliged to rise to the sin-faco
from exhaustion and ibr air, when he is again attacked
an^l soon obliged to yield.
The Eskimos are no less ingenious in catching wild-
fowl, which they accomplish hy means of a sling or net
made of woven sinews, with ivory balls attjiched. They
also snare birds by means of whalebone noosi's. roiuid
which fine gravel is scattered as a bait. The_)' ma-
*•> ' During tho two snmmor months they hnnt and Uvo on swims, j^ceso,
and ducks.' Ilic!i(iriln(>ii's Xar., vol. i., \i. itlii,
*'' ' Sit'Ui-ps wintor ft'usts imd ubuudiinco of oil for the lumps of a wholo
villat,'!', and there is grt'itt vcjuicinf^.' JtirlKtrilsim's I'oL /iV;/., p. Jil;!. 'Tho
captnro of tho seal and walrus is ftt'cott'd ill tho samt; manner. Salmon and
other fish aro oauj^'ht in nets.' Sevmmin's Vinj. lla-uld, \ul. ii., p. (il. "Six
small perforated ivory halls attached soiiarately to cords of smu \v three feet
long.' iJaise lU Hiiniisun, in Lund. Ovij. .Sue. Jour., vol, viii., "222.
BEAR -HUNTING.
67
iiaMivre reindeer to near tlie edge of a clift' and. driving
tlieni into the sea, kill tlieni from oanoes. They also
uaylay them at the narrow passes, and ea^jturi' thc-m in
great lunnbers. They eonstriict large reindeer ixtunds,
and set u\) two diverging rows of turf so as to rejiresent
men; the outer extremities of the line heing sometimes
two miles ajjart, and narrowing to a small i-nclosure.
Into this trap the unsuspecting animals are driven, when
they are easily speaivd/"
To overcome the formidalile polar hear the natives
have two strategems. One is l)y imitating the seal, u[)on
which the ])ear principally feeds, and therehy enticing it
within gunshot. Another is hy hendijig a })iece ol' stift'
whalehone, encasing it in a hall of hluhher, and freezing
the J)all, which then holds firm the bent whalehone.
Armed with these frozen hluhher halls, the natives ap-
l)r()ach their victim, and, with a discharge of arrows, o})en
the engagement. The bear, smarting with pain, turns
u|M)n his tormentors, who, taking to their heels, drop
now and then a blub1)er ball. Jiruin, as fond of food
as of revenge, pauses for a moment, hastily swallows
one, then another, and {mother. Soon a strange sensa-
tion is felt within. The thawing blubber, melted by the
heat of the animal's stomach, releases the pent-up whale-
bone, which. s[)ringing into place, pla}'s havoc with the
intestines, and brings the bear to a painful Jind ignomin-
ious end. To vegetables, the natives are rather indiiler-
ent: berries, acid sorrel leaves, and certain roots, ai'e
n.sed as a relish. There is no native intoxicating li(|uor,
but in eating they get gluttonously stupid.
Xotwithstanding his long, frigid, ))iting winter, the
Eskimo never suffers from the cold so long as he has an
abuiuLmce of food. As we have seen, a whale or a, moose
su[)plies him with food, shelter, and raiment. ^Vith an
internal lire, fed by his oily and animal food, glow-
<' Nfiir Smith Rivor, a low jnooo of Ki'onnd, two iiiilcH In- tad iit tli(> hoach,
was fduiul inclosed liy tloiililc vows of tmf set u)) to rfi)V(> 'tit nun. iiairow-
iu^' towards a lake, into which miulocr were (Mveu and '. ilh d, .Vu/iy'son's
Aw., p. 135.
i !l!|
nYPERBOREANS
in;jC in his stomacli. liis IHood at fovor lioiit, lio Inir-
row.s comlortiihly in ico and miow and iVo/cn <>roMnd,
without ni'wssity for wood or coal." Xor aro tiiose i)as-
sioiis which arc siii)poscd to develop most fully under a
milder teuq^'raturc. wanting; in the half-fro/en ]l\|)ei*-
hoiean.^'' One of the chief dilfundties of the I'iskimo
during the winter is to ohtain water, and the women
sjtend a large portion of their time in meltinji snow over
oil-lamps. In the Arctic regions, eating snow is at-
tended with serious conseipiences. Ice or snow, touched
to the lips or tongue, hlisters like caustic. Fire is oh-
tained hy striking sparks from iron pyrites with ([uartz.
It is a singular fact that in the coldest climate inhahited
hy man. lire is less used than anywhere else in the world,
eipiatorial regions perhaps excepted. Caloric for the
hodj- is supplied ])y food and supplemented hy furs.
Snow houses, from their nature, prohibit the use of
tire; hut cooking with the Eskimo is a luxury, not a
necessity, lie well understands how to utilize every
l)art of the animals so essential to his existence. AVith
their skins he clothes himself, makes houses, hoats, and
oil-hags; their ilesli and fat he eats. He even devours
the contents of the intestines, and with the skin makes
water-proof clothing. Knives, arrow-points, house, hoat,
and sledge frames, lish-hooks, domestic utensils, ice-chisels,
and in fact almost all their implements, are made from the
horns and hones of the deer, whale, and seal. Bow-
sti'ings are made of the sinews of musk-oxen, and ropes
of seal-skin.''" The Eskimo's arms are not very formidtdjle.
4'' 'Ce qn'il y a encore de frappant clans la comi)lexion de cos harhares,"
c't'st rcxtrciuc chiilcur de Icur ostomae et de lour sanj^; ils echanffcut tello-
iiitiit, par It'ur halcini' ardtiitc, Ics hnttes (in ils assemlilent on bivor, (jno les
Europi'aiis, s'y st'Uti'Ut ('tuiirti's, conmie dans une <'tuve dout la chalcur tst
tnip j,'radai'(': aussi nc fi)nt-ils jamais do feu dans leur lialiitation en aucnno
Haison, ft ils i^'uorent I'nsai^i' dcs fheniini'cs, sons lu elimat lo plus froid du
globe.' De I'aiiw. llecln'rcla.-i I'liil., toin. i., ]). ^(Sl.
49 'Tlu> voluptuousness and l'oly<,'aniy of tbo North Amei-icau Indians,
nnder a temperature of almost perpetual winter, is far greater than that of
the most sensual tropieal nations.' Murtiii's llrilish i'olonk's, vol.iii., j). r)21:.
^" ' The seal is perhaps their most useful animal, not merely furuishinj{
oil and l)lul)l)er. but the skin used for their canoes, thongs, nets, lassoes, and
boot soles.' \ilt!/inpcr'ii AlutiLa, p. IGl.
SLEDGES, SNOW -SHOES, ANT) BOATS.
5'J
Biu-kc'd l»y his ingenuity, tlicy nrvcrtlu^loss provo sufTi-
cioiit for practical iniri)<)sc's; and Avliilc his ncijililjor
|)<)ss».»HS0H none bettor, all are on an e([iial footing' in
Avar. Their most iK)werful as well as most artistic
Aveai)on is the how. it is made oi' l)eech or si)ru('e,
in three pieces curving in o[)[K)site directions and in-
geniously hound by twisted sinews, so as to give the
greatest possible strength. Ilichardson allinns that
" in the hands of a native hunter it will pro[)el an
arrow with sufficient force to pii'ree the heart of a
mur>k-ox. or break the leg of a reindeer.' Arrows, as
well as spears, lances, and darts, are of white spruce,
and pointed with bone, ivory. Hint, and slate."'* Kast
of the Mackenzie, copper enters largely into the com-
lM)sition of Eskimo utensils.'"'" Ik'fore the introduction
of iron In' lluropeans, stone hatchets were connnon.'''
The llyper))oreans surpass all American nations in their
facilities for locomotion, both upon land and water. Jn
their skin ])oats, the natives of the Alaskan seaboard from
I'oint j/arrow to ^Mount St Elias, made long voyages,
crossing the strait and sea of Bering, and held commercial
intercourse with the people of Asia. Sixty miles is an
ordinary day's journey for sledges, while Indians on
snow-shoes have Ijeen known to run down and ca[)-
turr deer. Throughout this entire border, including
the Aleutian Islands, boats are made wholly of the
skins of seals or sea-lions, excepting the fnime of wood
''I They h;\\o 'two sorts of hows: nrrows ])ointe(l with ivmi. flint, aiul
bmic. or lihiut for liinls; ii durt with tlirowin.L^-hoiird for sciils; it s))iiir
hciulnl with iron or cojiiitr, the huuiUf about six fcft Ion;,'; iind fonuiilahlo
iron knives. Kiually ailaptcd for throwing, cutting;, or stuhhin^.' Shnjisnn':^
y'(r.. p. 121$. They asccnchil the llackonzif in former times as fur as
the Itamparts, to obtain tiinty slate for hmee and arrow points. Ilirlmiil-
.soil's ./(iiir., vol. i., J). -IV.i. At St. Lawrence Island, they are armed with a
knife two feet loni< h'.t-.i^hne's I'.-//., vol. i., iq). VXi, -ill.' One weapon was
'a walrus tooth tixed to the end of u wooden stall'.' Jin<:hii/'s \''>i/., vol. i.,
p. .ili.
'•- At the Copperniino Eivev, arrows arc pointed with slato or copp( r; hatch-
ets also are made of a thick lump of copper. JTarne's 'I'runlf:, pp. IC' -D.
i^t ' The old ivory knives and itiut axes are now sui)ei-seded, the I'lussians
liavint,' iiitroduc((l the connuon Eiiropi'au sheath-knife and hatrh, t. T'le
board f..r throwim,' darts is in use, and is similar to that of the i'olyue' s.'
i^tciiiniin's Vuij. Iknttd, vol. ii., p. '\i.
CO
inTERnOllEAXS.
or \vliiili'-ril)s. In tlic interior, iis well as on tin' coast
iniini'diati'lv lu'low Mount St Iliias. skin Moat.s disai)-
jR'ar. and canoi's or woodi-n boats arc used.
Two kinds of skin hoats arc cinidovcd liy tlu' natives
of the iMaskan coast, a lar^-c and ji small (
)nc
'11
K!
former is called hv the nati\«'s (inmnih-, and In' the Rus-
sians /iiiii/iir. This is ji lar^i'. Ilat-hottomed. open hoat;
the skeleton of wood or whale-rihs. fastened uith scal-
tskin thonji's or whale's sinews, and coveivd with oiled
seal or sea-lion skins, which are lirst sewed toj:tther
an(
I then stretched over the frame
Tl
le
haidai' is
nsnallv uhont thirty I'eet in length, six feet in extreme
l)readtli, and three feet in depth. It is propelled hy
oars, and will carry fifteen or twentv persons. ])nt its
cai)aeity is <i;reatly increased hy lashini-' inllated seal-
skins to the ontsidc. In storms at sea. two
or
tl
iree
haidars are sometimes tied to'a'ther
The small hoat
is called hy the iiiitives Z'^'//', and hy the Jlnssians hi/i-
ildt'la. Jt if
tl
cons
le same mannc
trncted of the same material and in
IS the haidar, exce[it that it isentinly
covered with skins, top as well as hottom, .sive (me hole
left in the deck, which is lilled ))y the navigator. After
'>^ Tho 'l>ftV(liivo is (I liirgo open lioat, quite flnt, nimlo of sfii-llnns' sldnw,'
nncl is us(!(l also for ii tent. At Lunfsclirrt' Island it was ' ii liiivc and jirol)-
iibly Icatlu'i'ii bout, with Mack sails.' J\'ut:iliiit's \'iii/., vol. i., jip. 2()2. •JH!.
' Tho kaiyaks arc iniiidlcd by a donblc-bladid jiaddli', nscd wilh or witliont
n central rest, and the umiaks with oavs.' Can 'jiroixl ♦heir kaiyaks at the
rate of seven miles ail hour.' j;icli(irilsnn's Jmir., vol. i., ^ip. 'iltH, ;)").S. At *lud-
Bon Strait they have canoes of seal-skin, like those of (incnlimd. I-'riiiiUi,,'s
iA((/'., vol. i., n. 2!). Not a drop of w ter can penetrate the opening,' into tho
canoe. Milli "'s I'".'/., p. 40. The kyak is like an English waf.'er-boat.
They are 'n I'h stroii<,'er than their lif,'htness would lead one to sni>]iose.'
Jliinijer's Tl' • ', pp. '22li, '2'2<S, Oiniiinhn or family canoes of skin; Hoat in six
inchc'Sof wa. Siniiisun's Xnr., p. UN. ' With these boats they make loiij,'voy-
a;^'es, fre(inoi • visitinf» St. Lawrence Island. ' />«'/'< Al'ishK, p. I})S(». ' Eramo
vorkof wood vheu this cannot be procured whalebone is substituted.' .\nii-
ulroiii/'s yur., , ')H. Mackenzie saw boats put toj^'ether with whalebone; 'sewed
in some parts, id tied in others.' I'd//'/;/' x, p. (17. They also use a sail. ' Ou
di'couvrit an ' in, dans la baie, un bateau ipii allait a hi voile; ello etait eu
cuir.' I'lioris, '(<//. 7'i//., pt. ii., p. fi. They 'are the best means yet discnv-
ei'f'd by mankind to go from place to i)lace.' Luniiaildrlf's I'lii/., pt. ii., ]). 43.
' It is wonderful what long voyages they make in these slight boats.' ( Kiiip-
hill's Ec//., p. 114. ' The skin, wlu'U soaked with water, is tran.slut'ent; aiul
a stranger placing his foot upon the llat yielliug surface at the bottom of
tho boat fancies it ii frail security.' Ikidnj's \'"!/., v(j1. i., p. 34G.
DOGS AND SLKDS.
61
s' skins,'
nd ))rn1i-
•20-J. ■>[(>.
witlmnt
It thii
MMnd-
■diil.tih'K
iitd tho
I'-lioat.
• i'liiino
Adii-
; 'sewed
•On
I'tuit I'U
dist'ov-
.,1). 43.
( <niip-
■nt; luul
attorn of
taklii!:,' liis sojit. and tlicivby nUlnir this hole', the (xvii-
liiiiif i»iit.s on ii wiitcr-prctl' oNcr-drcss, tlu' bottom of
which i.s so si'omvtl i-omul tlio rim of the liole thiit not
u (h'o|> of wiitor Ciin iK'iK'tnito it. This divss is pio-
vi(li'(l witii sk'ovos and ii hood. It is s'curcly fastciicil
at thcAvrists and neck, and \\\\vn tht» IkmmI is drawn cArr
the head, tho hoatman may hid (k'lianci' to the watiT.
^rht' hai(hn'ka is ahoiit sixteen firt in l('n,iitii. and two
I'c'ct in uidth at the- inichlk". tain-rin^' to a })oint at I'ithcr
end.'' It is liiiiit and stron
ri
an(
Uvl
icn ski
lifidlv han-
dUd is consitK'ivd vci'v safe. Tho iiatixo of Noi'ton
Sound will twirl his kyak coniplotoly ovor, turn an
a(|ii;itio soniorsanlt. and hy tiio aid of his <lonhk'-l»lat!i'd
paddii' oomo n[) safoly on tho othor sick", without vvvn
k)sin,ii' his soat. So hijihly wi'i'o thoso l»oats ostooniod
h\' tho Russians, tluit thoy wore at onoo nnivorsallv
• •■ ft
ad(>|itod l)y thom in iiavigatin<i' thoso wators. Thoy
woro unahk' to invont any im[)rovomont in either of
thoui. althoudi they made a ))aidai'ka with two and
tluco seats, which tlioy employed in addition to tho
oiu'-seatod kyak. Tiio Kadiak haidarka is a little
shorter and wider than tho Aleutian.'"
Sleds, sleilLios. dons, and Arctic land-boats ])lay an
imp ortant jiart in Kskimo economy. The Eskimo sk'd
is friuued of spruce, birch, or whalebone, strongly bound
with thongs, and the rniniers shod with smootli strips oi
_•« Tlio ' kiijiik is slia]ied like n wea\er's shuttle.' llMiardstnu'ti r<d. Hn/.,
p. ;!(is. 'The imdiUe is iu the liands of an Kskiiiio, whiit the lud.iuciug ixiki
IS to ii tii,'ht-ri)iie d:iiieer.' .'^■ninnu's I'n//- Jh-nild. vol. ii., y. Tit;.
^t- 'Tho Kohshimeii eonstnut liiich-liuvk t-anoes; Init on tho coast skin
bouts oi' haidais, like the ]^kiiiio kaivaks and umiaks, ...>, eiiii)loyed.' 7/;- '.-
i(/'./s../.\' ./.„(/•., vol. i., p. 4i(."), If h'v aeeident a liole should bo made, it is
stopiied 'vith a piece of the Hesh of' the sea-doL?, or fat of tho whale, whieh
they always c-arry with them. /,./„. ;.v,?.,c/r.s I'-w/.', ])t, ii., p. 1:1. They striko
' the water with iKjiiiek. rej^ular motion', lirst in ono side, and then on tins
cith-r.' Ci>,,L's Thinl l'„y/., vol. ii., p. TiK;. ' WieLjen u'w iiber ;J(I I'fund,
undhabeii cin diinnes mit Leder iilier/o^nes Geripiie.' Xmr Xavhrirhl':,!,
\). l.)2. 'The Aleutians put to sea with them inall weathers.' /vit-ilnit'.i Ar/'i
1 "// , vol. ii., p. .JO. At tlie Shuma^,'in Islands they 'are penerally about
twelve feet in length, sharp at each end, and about twenty inehes'broad.'
J/"(/r,s' I „,/.. J,. X. 'J'hey are as transjiarent as oihnl paper. At Unalaska
they are so light that they cuu be carried iu one Laud. ,S((i(ec, BHliwfs \'vu.,
p. loi, loD.
ill
02
HYPERBOREANS.
il
\vlialc's jaw-bone. This sled is heavy, and fit only for
traveling over ice or frozen snow. Indian sleds of the
interior are lighter, the rnnners being of thin llexible
l)oards better adapted to the ine(iiialities of the ground,
h^ledges, such as are used by the voyagers of Hudson
r>iiy, are of totally difterent construction. Three lioards,
each about one foot in width and twelve feet in length,
thinned, and curved into a semicircle at one vm\, are
]tlaced side ])y side and firndy lashed together with
thonus. A leathern bag or blanket of the full si/e of
the sled is provided, in which the load is i)laced and
lashed down with strings."^ Sleds and sledges are
drawn by dogs, and they will carry a load of from a
quarter to half a ton, or about one hundred pounds
to each dog. The dogs of Alaska are s^carculy up to
the average of Arctic canine nobilit>-.''^ They are of
various colors, hairy, :liort-legged, with large l)ushy
tails curved over the back; they are wold sh, sus])icit)us,
yet powerfid, sagacious, and docile, patiently jK'rl'onning
an incredU)le amount of ill-re(iuited labor. Dogs are
harnessed to the sledge, sometimes by separate thongs at
TURMpial distances, sometimes in pairs to a single line.
They are guided by the voice accompanied by a whip,
and to the best trained and most sagacious is "iven the
longest tether, that he may act as leader. ^Vn eastei'n
dog will carry on his l)ack a weight of thirty pounds.
The dogs of the nortljern coast are larger and stronger
" ' Thoy I'lvcviicto twolvo foot in loii'^th, two foot six iuohos in hoi^lit, two
foot biiiail, and liiivo tho fovo pnvt turned up in ii p'ntlo ourvi'.' ' Tlu; tlnor
rosouililos 11 gi'iitins,' withunt oioss-liars, und is almost ii fnot fioni tho Icvi 1 of
tlio snow.' ,'<i'iiiiiiiiii's Viiij. Ilti'ihl, vol. ii., ]). Tid. At SavitsoliotI' Islaiiu 'I
]>artioulaily voniarkod two vory noat slodi,'( s niado of nioiso and whalolionos.'
.A'./.-<7(/(c'.s \'iii/.. Vol. i., yt. "ilO. ' To niako tho luniuis j^liilo hniootlily. n
coatinvtof ioo is j,'ivon to tlioni.' llirliKrilnmi's I'ul. //i- ;..)). :i(i't. At N'oiton
Sound ('ai)tain Cook found slodLios ton foot loni; and twenty inolios in width.
A rail-work on caoh side, and shod with liono; "neatly ])ut toL;i ther; simui
with Wooden pins, hut mostly with thongs or lashin'-;sof wliiiie-lioii,>.' Tliird
\'"!/., vol. ii., j>, 41:i, 4t:!. Maokouzie doscrihos tlie sledges of IJritish Alner-
ioil, re//'/(/(.S, ]ip. ()7, (!M.
^•^ ' Aliout tho si/e of tlioso of Newfoundland, with diorter lerrs.' DnU's
vl/'(.s.',a, p. 20. 'Neither plentiful nor of a good class.' Wliijxqu.f's AIuhkh,
. 171.
AL-
PROrERTY.
C3
ihon tliosc of the interior. Eskimo dogs are used in
Imnting reindeer and musk-oxen, as Avell as in drawing
sledges;^'-' Those at Cai)e Prinee of AN'alcs a[)pear to Ije
of the same s[)ecies as those used upon the Asiatic coast
for drawing sledges.
Snow-shoes, or foot-sledges, are differently made ac-
cording to the locality. \n traveling over soft snow
they are indispensable. Thcv consist of an open light
wooden frame, made of two smooth pieces of wood each
ahoii^ two inches wide and an inch thick; the inner
])art sometimes straight, and the outer curved out to
about one foot in the widest part. Thev are from two
to six feet in length, some oval and turned up in front,
running to a point behind; others Hat. and ])oiuted at
both ends, the space within the frame l>cing filled with a
network of twisted deer-sinews or line seal-skin.™ 'J'ho
Hudson r)ay snow-shoe is oidy two and a half feet in
length. The Kutchin shoe is smaller than that of the
]>kiuio.
The merchanta1)lo wealth of the Eskimos consists of
peltries, such as wolf, deer, badger, ^xjlar-bcar, otter, hiue,
nmsk-rat, Arctic-fox, and seal skins; red ochre, plumI)imo,
and iron ])yrites; oil, ivory, whalebone; in short, all }iarts
of all species of beasts, birds, and lishesthat they Ciiii se-
cure and convert into an exchangeable shape.''' The arti-
cles they most covet are tobacco, iron, and beads. 'J'hey
are not particularly given to strong drink. On the shore
of IJering Strait the natives have constant conmicrcial
'■>^ The ill);;; will hunt bear and rc^indtir, hut is lu'iaid of its uvav illative,
thi' wolf. llrtiinwH'fi Iml. U'trrs, J). ITt.
''" An aveviif,'!' hn,tj;th is fnur and a half fi'it.' U7////(i/i(c',s' .l/(/.s7,rt, ji. is:}.
' The lunuit snowsliDe is small and nearly llat,' 'sildoui over thiity inches
liii^'.' 'Thiy art! always ri;^iits and lefts.' ln),'alik larmr: Kiitehin saiiui
style; Hudson Hay, thirty inches in hiiLjth. Iinll's Jln-iLn. ]i|i. I'.ii), ]'./i,
' They iU'c fniiu two to threii feet hm^Mi inot hroad, and sliyhlly tiirm d up in
front.' i^ii iiKiini's In//. //»/•((,'(/, vol ii., ji. (it).
■ '■' ' Blue beads, cutlery, toliacco, and buttons, were the artii-les in re(|Uest.'
./.'(((•//, //'s I'll//., Vol. i., p. ;i")".i. At lliulson Strait they have a ctisloiii (if
licking,' with Iho tonf,'U(i eacdi article iiurch.astd, as a finish to the baii^'ain.
Fri(i(l.iiii's y<tr., vol. i., 27. 'Articles of Itussian nianufactun^ liiid flu ir
way from tribi' to tribe idoii;^' the Auifricaa const, i.a.st\vaid to lUpulsc iJuy.'
J!icli<irds</ii's I'vL Iteij., p. 317.
tv ■' !
64
HYPERBOREANS.
iiitorcourso with Asia. They cross casilv in tlieir
boats, ciiivfuUy ohidiiig the vigilance of the fur com-
pany. I'hey frequently meet rt the Gwosdeft' Islands,
where the Tschuktschi l)ring tobacco, iron, tame-rein-
deer skins, and walrus-ivory; the Kskimos giving in
exchange wolf and wolverine skins, wooden dishes, seal-
skins and other peltries. The P.skimos of the American
coast carry on ([uite an extensive trade with the Indians
of the interior.''' exchanii'inii; with them Asiatic mei'chan-
disc for peltries. They are sharp at bargains, avaricious,
totally devoid of conscience in their dealings; Mill sell
their property thrice if possi])le, and, if caught, laugh it
off as a joke. The rights of property are scrupulously
res[)ecte(l among themselves, but to steal from strangers,
which they practice on every occasion with consideral)le
dexterity, is considered rather a mark of merit than
otherwise. A successful thief, when a stranger is the
victim, receives the api)lause of the entire tril)e.''' (^ny,-
tain Kot/ebue thus describes the manner of trading
with the llusso- Indians of the south and of Asia.
" The stranger iirst comes, and lays some goods on
the shore and then retires; the American then comes,
looks at the things, puts as uiany things near tliejn as
he thinks pro[)er to give, and then also goes away.
Upon this the stranger ap[)roaches, and examines what
is oilered him; if he is satisiied with it, he takes the
skins and leaves the goods instead ; but if not, then he
lets all the things lie, reti"es a second thne, and expects
'■'-Ave vi'vv nnxioTis to bp.rtor nvvnws, sonl-skin Iwots, mid ivory oriin-
monts for toliucco, licails, luid iiarticuliuly for iron. Jloojirr's 7'".s7, i, p. 217.
Somo of their iiiiiilciiuiits at t'oppcriiiiiie Kivcr arc: stomi kettles, wood-
on dishes, scoops and spoons made of bulTalo or musk-ox liorns. JlcnrHc's
Trarils, p. Ills. At Point IJarrow wcro ivory iniplonunts witli carved liLtures
of sca-aninials, ivory dishes, and a ' iiiie whalcbon" net.' Also 'knivc s and
titlier impli luents, formed of native cmiper ' at (\>pperuiinc River. >((/i/i.v./,',s
y<ir., j)j). 117, l.")(l, 2(U. At I'oint Harrow they ' have unipiestionaMy an in-
direct trade with the Rnssians.' Siiniis'in'fi AVn'., liJl.
(<■' 'They art> very expert traders, haf,'L;le obstinately, always consult to-
pothcr, ancl an' infinitely happy when they fancy tin y h.ave cheated aiiylio'ly.'
Kiil:ihHi''s I'l//., V(d. i.,]!. 'l.\. ' A thieving, cunniii;^' race.' ADu^lmn'i's Xnr.,
p. 110. 'L'liey resp(>ct tach oiU 'r's projierty, 'Imt Ihcy steal without scr.plo
from btranL-'ers.
■sp(>ct t'acli oih'r s property, 'Inn the
Lkinirdson':! Jiur., vul. i., p. 3'j2.
SOCIAL ECOXOJir.
05
an a<l.liti(m from tin. huviT.' ]f tlifv cinnnt .,
ciii'li ivliivs will, |,i„ ,,,„„i; "•> '^""""' ".-"•''.
£';;;. ^::„;;::-';:r z';.;;:-;:;;,,- *
TlK. '"..no „!• tl... iy<i,„„ i.. a mM „f ,i|,|, „,„, ,.,,,,.
'h"'''!!;;:'';a7' ;:'';■''"•;'': -"I'' i" ""''''. i«.t.i.. .».t„
' '*'-(. ^f/'.'il,, Vnl 1 1 1 (t r ' . • "^^ ■ -,-.'■".1 iii?^ ;nn niil'H V '
'•'••I'-''- :"r>;>'"'">'t-'"<-n,l,i,K..i„n„f,I,.n;!^:.
"'•'•lii<':il ;iii(l rc])ul);i,.,.i,i;
roposjiiizcliisiuitlKintv.'
;;'-l'- 1-. At Kot/,.h„„s„„n,l, arok.'t
v-niiu' mail uas taken t..' 1„
"■ partus sitting down „,„1 M-ilm^'i ,,„'";' j'''^ /V" "'""'^ ''V 1.0x1,,,;.
^'>^'-„i/ 7.';,.w,/i„v.A:;,,.. . 'i ' ;"n;'""v' "'?" -- i-'ow..,! i,v ;::...
Vol. I, 5 '"''"'.'b--' cvrcnouy La. L.eu pu'fun,„,l i^i;:
CG
IIYrERBOEEANS.
Avoiiuii is ])iit littlo iK'ttcr tliini sl.iAcrv. All the woik.
except the nobler ocoiipjitioiis ui' hiiiitinj:', (ishiiiu'. iiiul
tiizhliiii:', lulls to them. ^J'he lesson of lenuile inleri-
ority is at iiu eai'ly ajie instilled into the mind of
youth. Nevertheless, the l-lskimo mother is remark-
alily alVeetionate. and I'ullills her low (Ustiny A\ith j)a-
tient kindne;
rohi!i
imv IS eonnne-n: ever\- man hemy;
entitled to as many Avi\es as he ean iixt and main-
tain. On the other hand, if '»vomen are scaice, the nun
as easily ada[)t themsehes to circumstances, and two
of them marry one Avoman. ^larriaijix's are celihiated
as i'olhnvs: alter iiaininii' the consent of the mother, the
lovei' presents a snit of clothes to the lady, who aiiays
herself therein and thencel'orth is his ^vil'e.''' Dancini;',
accompanied hy siiiLiinji' and violent gesticulation, is their
chief annisement. In all the nations ol" the north, eveiy
uell-rcLiulated village aspiring to any di'gi'iv of respect-
ahility has its pnhlic or town house, Avhich among the
]^skimos is called the Cdsiiic or Ju(i</iliii. Jt consists of
one large snl)terranean I'ooni, better huilt than the com-
mon dwellings, and occupying a central jiosition, Avhere
tl
le
eoiile coniireuate on feast-da\!
jieoi
This hou
se is
also used as a public work-shop, Avhere are numufact-
nred boats, sledges, and snow-shoes. A large portion
oi
tl
le AV
inter is devoted to dancinu^'. Feastinu' and \h
iting commence in Xovem1)er. On festixe occasions, ji
dim liuht and a strong odor are tln'owii over the scene
(li'lity is varo.' !''>//. Ifirahl. veil. ii.. ]i. (10. 'Thiso jicdjilc an' in tlic li;iliit
(if ciilK ctiiiu; ciTtiiin Hiiids for the piniioscs oi tiiiinii!;,'; and that, ju(li;in,L;
fnmi what took place in the tent, in the most ^iieu manner, in the ju'e^enio
of all the family.' luirln i/'fi \'i'i/., vol.i., p. -id".
'''''Two men sometimes many the Kiime woinan.' SrcniiiiDi's I'l"/. //</'-
tilil, vol. ii., p. tiO. ' As soon as a f^'iil is lnmi, the yoiinj,' lad wlio wishes to
liav<' her for u wife fj;oes to Ik r father's tent, and iirof.ijs himself, Ii ae-
ci ])ted. a ])roniise is j^iveii which is considered binding, and the ;^ul is
d livend to her lutrothed Inishand at the jirojier aee.' l-'r<(i,l.liu's ^nr..
Vol. ii., ]). U. Wnmi 11 'cany their infants between their n indec r-skin
jai kets and their naked hacks.' Siiiijison's .\ '/)•., j). 121. ' All the dnid;_;eiy
falls upon the women: ev( u tln^ hoys would transfer their loads to tin ir
ulsters.' ('(illiiisDii, ill l.oiiiL lio'ii. S(ir. Jaiir., v<il. XXV., p. \10\.
'•' 'J'he • Ivishiii) is 1,'emrally built by thu joint labour of the connnuuity.'
liichurdson's J'vl. AV'/., p. 311.
AMUSEMENTS.
07
AVOlk.
Ll. iUul
inlcri-
ind of
•iiiink-
itli \rd-
i iK'injA"
luuiii-
lic im n
ml two
i-liratc'il
WW the
I iirviiys
•tnu'liip',
, istlicif
li. every
re.-jKet-
()ii<: the
nsi^^t^ ol'
lie coui-
u Avlieic
lou.H' is
niuiaet-
])()rti»)ii
lud vis-
>i(>ns. ii
le ^ceue
(lie lialiit
U, jilil,:;ili:4
v„i/. /;./•-
I NvislltS to
•If. 11 ac-
Itlit' ^;irl i^
|;„'.s- A.u-.,
liiil'i r---l':ni
.lni<l^;tiy
lis tu tilt u-
limmmity.'
1)V means of l)lul)l)er-lamps. Tlic dancers, -wlio are
usually younii inen, strii) themselves to the uaist. or
even a[)[)ear iih jiurk ti'itunilihiis, and go throu-ili num-
herless burlestiue imitations of birds and beasts, their
gestiu-es heini;- aceompjuiied )iy tand)ourine and sonjis,
Sometimes tliey «ii'0 lantastieally arrayed in seal or
deer skin pantaloons, decked Avitli do<^- or Avolf tails
Ix^hind, and wear feathers or a colored handkerchief on
the head. The ancients, seated upon benches Avliich en-
circle the room, smoke, and smile ap[)rol)ation. The
women attend ^vith llsli and l)erries in larp;e Mooden
])o\vls; and, upon the openinj; of the performance, they
are at onca relieved of their contributions by the actors,
who elevate the })i'o\isii)ns successively to the four cardi-
nal points and once to the skies above, when all ])artake
{)[' the feast. Then comes another dance. A monotonous
I'efrain. accompanied by the ])eating of an instrument
made of si'al-iutestines sti'etched over a circular frame,
biiuLis upon the lui'ound one boy after auother, until
about twenty foi'ui a circle. A series of ])antomimes then
commences, jjortrayinii' love, jealousy, hatred, and friend-
\). I)uriu;i.' intervals in the exercises, ])resents are
si I! J).
distributed to sti'an^uiers. In their national dance, one
'/\v\ al'ti-r another comes in turn to the centre, while the
others join hands and dance and siui:', not unuiusictdly,
aliout her. The most extravagant motions win the
!.rn'at('st ai)i)lause.'""^
Ai.ioua' other customs of the I'skimo may ])e men-
tioiH'l the following. Their salutations are made b_\'
r:ibl-iiig noses together. No matter how oily the skin.
Hi' liow rank the odor, he wlu) would aNoid olfense
•' ' 'I'iiiMf (l.i'K'o is iif tho rnli'st kiinl. ami (vtnsists merely in violent
niiifioa '■[■ t!ie iinus iuiil bus.' .'^i' hkIhi's I'///. //(/•//./, vn). ii., p. d:). They
) 1 'e' 't'.;" most coiiiieal motions witli thi' wliole lioly, without slirriiii,' finm
1 1 'r iilie'.' Ivifz'h'ii's I'o//., vol. i., p. \'.l>. Their son^' consisted cif the
\: '.-A ■: ' Hi, Yan',Mh yanijah; hii ha. yanijuh -with variety only in the iiillee-
ti lU of Y lice.' II i:,iii'r's I'lisl.i, p. 'JJ."). W'lieii lieateil liy the dance, even
t"i ' \v 1',! 11 Were stripjieil to their 1)reeclies. .s///ois.i,i's \,ir., p. l.">x. 'An
o' 1 ia;ii, all liiit naked, jumped into the rin;,', and was lie^'innino soni<' in-
d nt i; sHcnlations, when his appearance not nifi'tiii;^ with our iippiobii-
tioii he withdrew.' JJieclwi/'s I'"//., vol. i., p. 3'JtJ.
!
.'si I
I
)
68
HYPERBOREANS.
must sul)mit his iio.se to the nose of liis ITvpor])oivnii
l)rotht'r,''' ,111(1 his faeo to the caressing' hand of his ])olai'
IViend. To convey intimations of friendship at a distance,
they extend their arms, and nil) and pat Iheir Ijreast.
Upon tlie approach of visitors they i'orm a circle, and sit
hke Turks, smokinji; their ])i[)es. Men, uomen. and chil-
dren are inordinately fond of to])acco. They swallow
the smoke and revel in a temporar>' elysium. They are
called hrave, simple, kind, intellijient. hai)j)y, hospita])le,
respe(rtful to the ajied. They are also called cruel, un-
jirateful, treacherous, cunninii', dolorously complaining,
mi.serahle.''^ They are great mimics, and, in ordi'r to
terrify strangers, they accustom tiiemselves to the most
extraordinary contortions of ieatures and hody. As a
measure of intellectual capacity, it is claimed lor
theui that they divide time into days, lunar moutlis,
seasons, and vears; tiiat they estimate accurately 1)\' the
sun or stars the time of d.iy or night; that they can
count several hundred and draw niai)s. Tiiey also
make rude drawings on bone. rei)resenting dances, deer-
hunting, animals, and all the various pursuits followed
by them from the cradle to the gi'i've.
l)Ut few diseases are common to them, and a deformed
person is scarcely e\er seen. Cutaneous eru})tions. re-
sulting from their antipathy to water, and ojjhthahuia,
arising from the smoke of their closed huts and the glare
of sun-light upon snow and water, constitute their chief
disorders.'^ For protection to their eyes in limiting and
"" ' C't'tait lii phis f,'riinil(> miirqno (l'iuniti(' qn'ils ponvaiont nous .loiiiicr.'
Choi'ls, Voij. rut., ])t. ii., p. 5. 'TIk V canic up to nic one after the dthrv--
ciich of thciii ciiiliract'd iiir. riililiiil liis ipisc liar'l aj^'aiiist mine, mid iiidtil
his eari'sscs hy si)ittini,' in liis iiaiids and wipiiij,' them sevenil times ovir my
faee.' Ivitnbiif's I'"//., vol. i., ]ip. ]'.•_', ]'■>'>,
"" • Tlieiv iiei'soiial bravery is conspieudiis, and they two tho only nation
on till' N'U'tli Ainerieau Continent who ojiposi; their enemies face to fare in
opi-n tiLcht.' I!ii-/i<irihiiii's .Iuhv., vol. i., p. •Jtt. ' Sim|ile. kind jieople; very
jioor. very filthy, and to ns looking' exceedingly wretehed.' Mi't'l'iri's his.
.y. ir, J'lissinic, hi I.iiuil. (Iiiiii. Sic. Jiii/r., vol. xxiv., p. 'HI. ' JI(jre hold and
crafty than the Indians; Vmt they use their women much better.' Jklt's
(ii'ii'l.. vol. v., ]). 'JIU.
" ' Thiir diseasi's are few.' Sfinniiin's \'i>i/. Ikralil. vol. ii,, p. C,7. 'Dis-
eases me ipiite iis prevalent among them as among civilized people.' JJuU'ti
THE KOXIAGAS.
G9
borcaii
s polar
stance,
l)reast.
aiul sit
id cliH-
Avallow
lioy are
pital»k',
u'l. iin-
lainiii^',
»r(U'i' to
10 most
As a
lod lor
months,
y l)y tho
hey call
icy also
i>s. (lecr-
ibllowod
oformc'd
lions, rc-
Ithahnia,
ho ;ilave
loir chu'f
ing and
lis llolllK'V.'
Itllc (itlu'V--
and riuliil
^es uvir uiy
inly nutiou
ti) iiW^• ill
Miplc; vi'i'X
■O liolll lUlll
LT.' i>'/'^
f,7. 'Di^-
llu.' I'n'i's
fisliing. tlioy make j:o,i:,li1os l>y cnttinu: a slit in a piece ot"
sol't wood, and adjustiii,:;' it to the liic;'.
The Mskiiuos do not. as u ride, hui'v their dead; hut
doiihle the hody u\). and ])lace it on the side in a ])];nik
hox. which is elevated three (»r lljiir i'eet IVom tlio
j:romi(h and supported hy four ])()sts. Tlie grave-liox is
olh'U eovei'ed \\\\h });uuted fi;iui'es of Itirds. iishi's. and
iiuimids. Sometimes it iswi';ip])ed in skins. ])la»H'd upon
nil elexated iViiine, and co\('i'i'd w ith phiiiks, ur trunks of
trees, so as to protect it fi'oui uild beasts. I'pon the
frame or in the _<ir;ive-l)ox. are dejjosited the ju'iiis.
eloihing. and souietiines the domestic utensils ol' the
decea.sod. j-'rcupient mention is iiiiide hy travelers of
hiirial piiKH's where the Jiudies lie exposed, with their
heads placed towards the nortli.'-
TuE KoxTAOAS derive tlieir name from the inhahit-
antsot the island of Kadiak. who, when lirst discovered,
called themselves Kmunjid''^ ^^'hey were confounded
Aliisl.ii, \). ID."). ' Ophthitlmiii was vovy Kcin'i'^il ^vitli tlicm.' Duchi'ifs \'>it/.,
vol. i., p. ;nn. ''riiirc i.s scldoni any iiiDitality cxci pt (unonj,'st the old
j)"ii])lf and vrvy yonni,' idiildrcn.' .•l*'//i.s(/''./ii/'s .\'(ii\. )>. Ili7.
"' At I'liint JSarrnw. bodies were found in f^icat nnmlMVs scattiTcd ovci' the
^'voiuitl in their ordinary seal-skin dress; a fiAV coverc d witli pieces of wood,
the Iteads all turned north-east t<>\vards the extremity of the [loint. >///7'-
smi's A'//'., p. l"i"). ' They lay their deail on the (ground, with their head> all
tamed to the north.' ' The bodies lay exposed in the most horrible and dis-
^.'iistini; manner.' Doaso dial ■'^'mijiSDn, in Lmiil. (iffij. Si,t\ •Ioki'., vol. viii., p.
•iJl, 222. ' 'J'heir position with re^'ard to Ihe jKiiiits of the eompass is not
taken into ponsideratioii.' .'■'fniKiim's / e/y. //< )v('i/, vol ii., 11. 117. ' There are
many mor(> rjraves than present inhabitants of the villa^'e, and the story is
tlra the whole coast was once niU(di more densely populated.' hul/'s Alu^h'l,
ji. I'.i. Hooper, on coniiiiL; to a buri.d place not far from I'oint IS.irrow,
'conjectunil that the <'or]ises had been buried in an upri,Lrht position, with
their heads at or above the sm'face.' TusU, ji. 221.
'' Kadiak ' is a derivative, aerordiiiL; to some authors, from the I'ns-jan
Iviilid. a lari^e tub; more probably, however, it is a coi'i iiiition of Kania;^',
th" anci"nt Tnauit name.' linWa Al'is/.a, p. ."i:i2. Hohuber;.; tliiidis th.it the
Word Kadiak arose from K'll.rlitnl,. which in th" lanu'uatje of the Konia'^'.as
means a lar!,'e island. " Oer N.ime Kadjak ist oti'enbar cine Verdrehiur.; \on
Kikchtak, welches Wort in der Spraehe der Konjaneii '"Ltrosse Insel " be-
d'Utet und il.ihi r audi als IJenennunL; der ijri>ssten Insel dieser (iniiijie
ili nte.' h'Uni'i ;riiiilii.-r)(i' Sl,-iizi:,i. iih' r ili,' \'t"i /.i r ili'x Jlnssi!«:l(fii A)iii ril.". ji.
7"i. ■ .V la division Ivnihi'i'i appartieiit la parlie la plus se|itintrional' de
r\li.-1.a. et rile de Kodiak, ([ae Its Itllsses il]ipelleut vul_i,'airement l\!'l,liil. ,
ipinipi.', dans la l.inx'iie des naturels, le mot Kii,ditak ne d'sij,'ne vn Li.'iii'ral
'inline de.' llmtiltn'iH. l\ssiil I'nI., torn, i., ]i. iUT. f'oxe alHrms that the
natives 'call th;iiiselves Kana^'ist.' JinsMiin bis., p. lin. And Saui i' >ays,
liii
I II
IIYPEllBOREANS.
hy early Russian writers witli the Aleuts. Kuiilish
ethnologists sometimes call tlieui Southern I'^sUiuios.
From Kadiak they extend along' the coast in hoth di-
rections; northward across the Alaskan Teninsula to
Kotzehuo Souud, and eastwai'd to Prince Williaui Sound.
The Koniapni I'auiily is divided iuto nations as fol-
lows: the KniiuKpts proi)er, uho inhal>it the Konia-
ji'an Archipela.ii'o; the ('luKfihlicx''^ avIio occupy the
islands and shores of I'rince Williaui Sound; the A(j/(y-
i}i'it(!f<, of Ih'istol liay; the K('f(f(n(/i)iiit('.'^, ■who live upon
the river Xushauak and the coast as far as Cape Xew-
enhaui; the Aiinhiintes. dwelliuj^' n[>on the coast hetween
the lvusko([uim and Kishunak rivers; the KiixhtqHiii-
viiitcs,''^ occupying the hanks of the river Kuskixjuiui;
the Jfir/viniites, in the neit-'hhoi'hood of Cape llouianzotf;
the Kini'Jipiiijniuh'A^ .Kirlc/t/HiKjiinifcx^ and /^i.-^/ifo/i/ts, on
the Kwichpak, Kwickluak, and Pashtolik I'ivers; the
(Viiuiqiimfas, near Tashtolik I>a\-: the Auf'/f/iiinfrs, of (Jo-
1
igxii
ovum
]5i
"onm
70
u
ly, and the Kin-ial^i and Jfi/cinnffx, of Xorton
All of these peo[)le.'' says IJai'on von AVran-
gell. "speak one lantiuaiie and hi'louu; io one stock."
The most ])opidous district is tlie Kuslvoquiui Valley.'^
The suiall islands in the vicinity of Ka liak were once
Well peopled; ])utasthe Russians de[K)[)ulated theui. and
hunters hecame scaire. the natives were not allowed to
s(;atter. hut were forced to couiireiiate in towns." Sche-
likolV. the lli'st settler on Kadiak, reported, in that and
continuous isles, thirty thousand natives. Thirty years
later, Saritshelf visited the island and found but three
I
' tlio niitivi's cull thcmsplvps Sno-nn-it.' IT'lllnii's Ex., p. 17o. ' llaii vpvstunil
Vein iluicii, (las sic sich sclhst Iviinanist lu-micu.' yi'iic A'/c/o'., \>. lit.
Ti TscliiKintsflif-i, 'rsclinii'it4 111' Tsrii idtii . Latham, Xntire Jin<xs, [). 2M),
says tlic name is Athabascan, ami si^'iiitics 'men iif the sea.'
7-' l(iisl,iii/ii! nil "^■^■, Knsl.iili ii'iiiii-ii, KusLn/cicijiiiJdkn, KitacLnckirKi/nm utm.
KitKi'li l'''il' I'll "■" /■ '"' '' ''
)!• I{itsl.:tlfclirirah'.
"'■The terminution umli', iiiul, mint, imili'ii, or injnUii, sii,'nitics ]ic()]ili' or
villaLtc It is adilcil to the tribal name sometimes as a substantive as well as
in an adjective sense.
77 • Herr Wassil jiw schatzt ihre Zahl auf . lindestcns 70;)() Scelen beiderli i
Goschlechts nnd ji'i^liclien Alters.' lliur, s'nt. ii. l-'I'm., ji. 127.
"•* 'Es wareu wohl ciust alio diese lusolu bewohnl,' lldmb'Vj, KUui.,
SLlz., i>. 70.
m
LAND OF THE KONIAGAS.
71
"t
tlioiisiind. Tlio Chngatshos not lona; since lived upon
tlic island of K;idiak, l)iit, in eons(M|iienee of dissensions
Avith tlii'ii" n*'i;ilil)oi's, they 'wei'O ohli^i'ed to eiui.^rate and
take ii[) tlu'ir residenee oi' the main land. They de-
rived their iii;innei's originally IVoiii the nortiievn nations;
l)iit. alter lia\ ing been driven IriMU their ancient posses-
.•^ioiis, they nuulo raids n[)on .southern nations, carried
oil* their \voiiien. and, I'rom tho connections thus i'oi-nied,
nnderwent a marked change. They now ivsemlile the
southern rather than tho northern tribes. Tho Kadiaks,
CMuigatshes. lvnskoi|ninis, and adjacent tribes, according
to thi'ir own traditions, camo I'roin the north, while
the I nalaskas believe themselves to have originated in
the west. Tho Ivaviak.s intermingle to a considei'ablo
extent with tho .N[alenuites. and tho two lu'o often taken
for one jieople; l)nt their dialects are ((uite distinct.
Tho country of tho Koniagas is a rugged wilderness,
into many parts of which no white man has ever pene-
trate(l. Moiuitainons forests, glacial canons, down which
How inmimerable torrents, hills intersi)ersed with lakel-
and marshy plains; ice-clad in Avinter, covered with
luxuriant vegetation in sunnner. Some sheltered inlets
absorb an undue j)ro[)ortion of oceanic warmth. Thus
the name Aglegmutes signilies tho inhaljitants of a
warm climate.
Traxelers report chiefs among tho Koniagas seven
fei't in height, but in general they are of medium
stature.'' Their cuni[)lexion may bo a shade darker
"The ^Iiilcinntcs avo 'a r.ico of tall and stnnt poojjlo.' }]ln/mper's
Aldshi. ]). l.",;i. ' Die Kuskiikwiiuir siud, luittlcnr St;itar, sililaiik,
riistit,' uiiil (ift luit i^'rosstT Sliirkc l)i'u'al>t.' //(('■/•, Slut. h. h'llin., ji. I:!.").
Jli.fnit's !'"//•• !'• '^''- ' I'i'WcilfU fallen smjiar vicsii,'(! (Jcstaltcn ailf, wit;
icli z. 1>. fincn llanptlini,' in dcr iL;atsclitn liui-lit /u scluii (Iclii^'cn-
lii'it liatti', di'sscii L.'iii'^t' (i ., Fuss hitrn^'.' Ilnhiili-i-'i, Kllai. >/,);,, )>. 80.
Tlic chief at I'liiicc William Sniuid was a man uf low stature, 'with a
lon^' beavd, and seemed aliout sixty years of a;,'e.' l'ijrllnr//s \'i'i/.. p. 'i:!?.
A Strom,', law-lioned race, Menrcs' ' \'ni/., p. :{2. At Cook's Inlet tluy
seemed to lie of the same nation as those'of I'r. Wm Sd , but entirely ilirtir-
ent from those at N'ootk.i, in jiersons ami lant,'ua,i^e. ('<»(/, 's riiif<l \'iii/., vol
ii.. )). 100. They arc of ' middle si/.e and well propintioned.' Ii'lv^h's Vhi/.,
p. IIS. 'They eini'_;ratid in recent tiuies from the Island of Kadvak. and
they claim, as their hereditary possessions, the coast lying between IJristul
r
72
IIYl'EllDOREANS.
tliaii tliat of the Eskimos of the uortliorn coast, hut it is
Htill vi'i-y li^iht.* Tile (Miiiuiitsht's are ivmai'l\al)le for
their hii-^ie heads, sliort neeUs, hroiid faces, and small
eves. HohiilitTg claims lor tlie KoHia;ias a pi'i'idiar
foDiiatioii of the skull; tlie 1 tack, as he savs. lieiiin not
arched hut Hat. 'I'hev piei'ce thi' S('i)tum ol' the nose and
the luidcr lip, and in the apertures wear ornaments of
VMrious niiiterials; the most hii:hly prized hi'inu' of sliell
or of aml)er. It is said that at times amiier is thrown
up in larp' (piantities hy the txrean. on tlu' south side of
Ivadiak, ficnerally after a lieavy earth<|u.d<e, and that
at such times it forms an imj)ortant article of commerce
with the natives. The moie the female chin is rid-
dled Avith holes, the p,reater the respectahility. Two
ornaments are usually worn, l)ut hy very aristocratic
ladies as many as six.**^ Their favorite colors in iace-
paintinji' are red and hhie, thouiih hlack and leaden
colors iu"e common.'^" Youn.u' Kadiak wives secure the
all'ectionate admiration of their hushands hy tattooini;;
the hreast and adorninii' the I'ai'e with hlack lines; while
the Kuskoipiim women sew into their chin two ])arallel
hlue lines. The hair is worn kaiu; hv men as well as
women. On state occasions, it is elahorately dressed;
iirst saturated in train-oil. then ])owdered with red clay
or oxide of iron, and linished oil' with a shower of white
feathers. Both sexes wear Iteads wherever they can
iind a place for them, round the neck, wrists, and ankles,
E.iy and l)c('vinj,''s Stvaits.' Hirhanl.-ion^s Xar.. vol. i., p. niU, 'Die 'rsclin-
LMtsrlii'ii siiicl Aiikiiiimilin^'o voii tier Instl KailjiK'k. ilio walii-ciid iinicrd-
Zv,isti:^ki'ittii Vdii (Idit vci'trii'licii.' Iluir, Stul. ti. FAIiu.. j). 11{>.
'^i' Aclil;n.u;iniutcn, ' lifwuliiicrdrr waniiruGi'j^'ciKl.' Ilnfinlnni, h'llni. SI,U.,
p. 5. ' ('i)ii])ir coiiiplcxiiin.' J/isinusl.if.i I'l//., ]). l'-*4.
^1 ' 'I'hi V l)i)n< their umlcr lip, where they haiij,' tine hones of Ixnsts and
liivds." >7 /('A/)!i's Xiiiili. Arcli., p. li:!. ' Setzen sich aiieli — Z.dim' von \ii\ii 1
(id;v Thiei'kniiehen in Kiinstliehe Ueti'nimgeu der Uuttrlippu und nnter del'
Nas(! ein,' \viw Xadir., ]). 11:!.
'*'i Thi^ people of Kadiak, aecordinc; to LiinrjsdovfF, are similar to tlioso of
I'nalaska, the men hein.L; a little taller. They ditler from the Fox Inlanders.
\'i'i/., ])t. ii., p. ''i'2. 'Die' Insulaner waren hier von den Einwoluurn,
d. r vorhin entdeckten iil)rit;en Fuehsinsnhi, in KleidiinL; nnd SjaMehe zieni-
lieli versehieden.' Xcni; Xavhr., p. IKt. 'lis resseniMent lieaiieoiip aiix
indi,L,'enes des iles Curiles, depeuduutos du Japon.' Luplaw, Circintnnv.,
vul. vi., p. io.
KADIAK AND KUSKOQIIM DllESS.
.'11 as
'ss«.'(l ;
clay
Avliitc
can
inkles,
I'sclui-
.SAL-.,
thoso of
iliiiiilcrs.
iihiK I'll,
he ziflll-
(l\l]) ilUX
iiiiinav..
m
%
lu'sidcs inakin.u' a iimltitu(l(! of Imlcs loi- them in tlie
ears, nose, and cliin. Into these hoii's they will also
insert hiittoiis, nails, or any European tiinket Nvhicli
falls into their ^lossession."''
Tho alioi-i^ninal dress of a -wealthy Kadiak uas a hird-
skiu pavka, or shirt, IVinnvd at the top and hottoni. with
loll,-- wide sleeves out of AvlTu'li the wearer shpixd his
arms in an emerj-eiKy. This <ianuent was neatly sewed
with hird-hono needles, and a hundred .skins were some-
times used in the making' of a siuLile ])arka. It was
worn wilh the leathers outsid(( durini^ tlie day. and in-
side durinu; tho ni,i:ht. Uound the wai>t was fastened
an emhroidered prdle, and over all, in wet weather, was
worn an intestine water-[)roof coat, 'flu; Kadiak hreeches
and stockin.iis were of otter or other skins, and the l)(M)ts,
when any were worn, were of seal-neck leather, with
whale-skin soles. The Kussians in a nieasmv prohih-
ited the nse of furs amoiiL;; the natives, compellint; them
to purchase woolen ^oods from the com|)any, and deliver
np all their peltries. The ])arkas and sto(tkin,u,s of the
Kusko(|uims are of reindeer-skin, covered with eni-
hroidei'y. and trinuued Avith valuahle l'ui-s. Thty also
make stockings of swamp <:rass. and cloaks of stur^ieon-
skin. The Ahdemute and Kaviak dress is similar to
that of the northern Eskimo.""
s'' ' Thry wnro striii^'^ <'( I'oads siNiioiidod from ni)"rtnrfs in tlio Inwrr
li)).' /,i'v '(,/s/, //'.s I'"//., p. r.'"). ' Tluii' (ills live full of hoks. fnnii wliirli
1i;iiil; ]iriiilaiits of liono or shell.' Mniix-s' \'iii;.. ]>. xxxii. "Ellis |)oitt'Ut
(Irs prili'S oi-,liu,iiiciii('iit cii vciTi.' blcu, sns|)tii(lius au-ilf'ssoiis dii ncz
a iiu til pass' ilaiis la cloisou iiasalc' It'Orhi'iHi/, I'l.//., ]>. .17;t. ' rpmi tlii>
whole, I have ihuvIk re seen savaU's who taki' nunc pains than these pco-
j)l(( ill) to oinanunt, or I'ather to disliu'iire tlnir ]iei'sons.' At Priiin' Wil-
liam S lunil they aie so foml of oi'naninit ' tleit t!ii-y stiek any tliini.' in their
iierforateil li|); oil'! man aiipeariie.; with two of our imn nails jirojii-tinL; from
it like pniU'^s: and anothi r endeavouring; to put a larL,'e oi-ass button into it.'
rnii/.'s Tli'inl \'"!/., Vol. ii.. ii. .'i7it. They slit the under li[). and have orna-
ments of glass heads and nmseh-shrlis in nostrils and ears: tattoo chin and
■iM'k. L'lii'i-id'irirs i'l/., vol. ii.. p. iV.i. ' I)i,. I'rauen nriehi'ii l-'.insihnitto
in die Ijippeii. Der XaseukiiorpLd ist ehenfalls durehstoehen.' /;'"/', .^7'//. a.
J-:th„., ]>. l:i."..
-' Tlie Kadiaks d'vss likn the .Meuts, hut their imneijial L;arnient they eall
K'hii'i'ic"; Lmrisilirf's ro//., pt. ii.. p. (l:!. Like the I'ualaskas, the neck
li'ili^' more e.\|ioseil, fewer ornallielltatiollS. Sdm',-, I'AU'iinl's \'ni/., p. 177.
' Consists wholly of tho skins uf animals and birds.' I'urlhck's I c^., i\
71 IIVPEUnoltEAXS.
TIk^ ('liiij:atsli('s, iiu'!i, M'onu'U, and cliildrcu, di-oss
iiliki! ill 11 closo i'lu' iVin'Is. or rohc, icjicliiiiL; .smictiiiu's
to till! knees, hilt ;:t'iU'riilly to tlie iiiiUh's. Their j'eet
iiiid le,i:M iiro rniniuoiilv hiiri'. iiotwitlistaiidinn' the liii:h
latitiidi! in which the\ li\e; hut thev sonietiiiies Avear
f^kiii .^toekin::,^ and mittens. They make ii triincateil
(■oni(! Iiat ol' straw or uood. in Avhimsical representation
of tlie head ol' >oine iisli or hird, and jiarnished Avith
rolors.''''
The Koniauas hnild two kinds of lioiisi's; one a hn\Lie,
winter \ iUa.Lie rt'siiU'iice. caHed hy the llnssians Imrnhdni^
and the other ii sninmer hnntiii;i-hnt, plact'd usually upon
tho hanks of a stream Avhence tlu'V <li"aNV i(>od. Their
Avinter houses are very lar^e. accommodatinj.'; three or li)iir
liimilieseaeh. Tliey are e.jnstrncted hy diiztiinu,' ii stpiaro
space of the re(|iiire(l area to ii depth of two liet, ]ilacin,j;
11 post, l»)iir fei't \\\<i\\ ahovo tho snrface of tlie jironnd. at
every corner, and roofin;;' the space over to cinistitnte a
main liall, uhere eatinii; is doiu'. filth (h'positel. and
hoats hiiilt. Tlie sidi's are of planks, and the loof of
hoards, poles, or whale-rihs. thickly covered >vith ^rass.
In tho roof is a smokediole, and on tho eastern side a
door-holo ahoiit three feet stpiare. thr(»n_iih "which en-
trance is maile on hands and knees, and uhii'h i-< pro-
tected hy a seal or other skin. I nder the openiiiii' in
the roof, a hole is dui;' tor fire; and round the sides of
the I'oum. tonii)-like excavations are made, or hoards ])ut
up. for sleepinji-pkices, where the occupant rejjoseson his
hack with his ]jic •> drawn np to the chin. Adjoining
210. A cniit ppr\i1i ■;• *) Xdi'tou Snuml nii]ioaroil 'to li ■ in.idi' of vpctls
siwrd very I'lost ly npujctliir.' Ilixun's I'l'//., ]). I'.M. ' Xalicii iliii' I'niLiii
( Wiiitcr-Kli'iilii' 1 mis N'i'iijrlliiiutcii niid ilivr ICiiiiliii'n (Sniuiiiri-lvlfidcr) iius
(li'ii ( ;rl:iriiirii vdii Wallli -.I'licii uiul lii>l)l)rii.' II iir, SUit. k. l-!l.liii.,\t. 117. At
Norton Souiiil • ]>i'iuci[);iily of dn- -.kins.' Cnul.'s 'riiifl I'')//., vol. ii., |).
JSl 'Iliro Kliiil.T siuil iLin sc-ii\v;uv.i'ii Hill mill 'vii riiclisli:i1_;i'ii, Uiluc,
V()L;('lli;(Utcii, iuirJi jiiii>!. u Jl'niiOii.T iiiL.l Jcwr.isrhknifrll.u. allcs mil S.'li-
IK'll i^l'lllillt.' A«'(H A'lf ''/'., J). Jl:>. ' 'I'll.' llri'SS (if llcitll h.NCS CdU-'ists of
l)iirk;is and caiiilcykiis, Imtli of whicli iiiaily resemble iu I'onu a cartel's
frock.' {.lni<iiisl,'i/'s \''if/., ]i V){.
**' ' Il'iia tunica ciitcra dc jiielesqnc les aiiri,L;il 'liiistiinteniclite ' limli'iiii ij
Qnitilrn Sil'\, ;MS. )). Cd. • lly tlie use of such a 1.,'ivclie, it should seeiu that
they sometiiue.s go uaked.' CuuL's Third \'<ii/., vol. ii., p. i'-ii.
DWELLINGS AND FOOD OF THE KON'LVOAH.
lO
. dress
H'tillU'S
•ir i't'ct
10 liiuli
•S Wi'-.W
mcjitcd
iitiitioii
■d with
!i lar;iv,
1\ 111>(HI
' Tlu'ir
'or loiii"
L siniarc
])liU'in.u;
xiiid. at
«titiiti' ii
L'd. and
roof of
1 ^I'ass.
I side a
Icli vn-
i-! pro-
niii,::' ill
sidt'S of
I'ds ])Ut
s on liis
Ijoiuing
(if vopiIh
V l',(rl.';i
•iilir) iius
.117. At
|il. ii.. i>.
I'll, liilii'T,
mil S.-h-
llllsi-its of
|a cai-li'i-V;
seuiu that
rooms ar^ soinctinics made. Avltli low imd('r;j:roiind |xi.>-sa,^('s
K'adinn' oil' IVom llic main liall. 'I'lu' walls jmc adorned
with im])lements of tin? chase, and ha;j.s of winter liiod;
tlu' latter of wliieh. I)einir iju'vcrvsiajivof (U-eav . emits uii
odor most oUeiisive to nnlialiitnated nostrils. The ,!:r(»mid
iscarjieted with s^traw. A\ lieu tlio smoUe-liole is eovein-il
1»\' ail int.'stino window, tla^ (hvellinjis of the Konia'ias
are e.\ee»'diii:j.ly warm, and neither (ire nor elothiiiLi' is re-
([iiired.'*" ^fho /v/s//////. or |tiii»ru5 house of the Koniauas,
is hnilt like their dwt'Uin.Lis, and is capahle of aeeommo-
datiii'i' three or t()iir hundred jx'ople.^^ lints are hnilt hy
earthing' o\-er stii'ks ])laeed in roof-shajii'; also |>v ereet-
iiiL:' a iVame of j)()les. and coverinn' it with hark or skins.
The Konia'.:as will eat any diu'estilde siihstance in
nature except pork; from which fact Kin,i;sl)oron^'h miiiht
ha\e j)roven incoiitestahly a .lewish origin. 1 should
rather j:iv(5 them .swinish aflinities, and .see in this sin-
pnlarity a hesitancy to leed upon the only animal. e\ce[)t
thi'iiiselves, Avhicli eats Avith ecpial avidity hears I'xere-
ments, carrion hirds. inaLiiioty iish, and rotten sea-aiii-
mals.'^"' When a whale is taken, it is liti-rally stri[)pe(l
of everytliimi' to tlu^ ])are hones, and the.se also are
used for hiiildiug huts and hoats.''' These people can dis-
f*mi.llIL;('II. iM'nn .>((*■</-., J». J 1 1, _IM''_V ^I'lM'l.llIV tJlL lllfll jninl J;l\\, I
s niirtiiiiis till V liiiil it ill water li'iit(>il with lint stniics. Mnir s' I'o//., p. .\x
Tlif luctliiid iif (Mtchiiij,' wild i^ccsi', is to cliase ami l<iii>i'k tlnni (Inwii i
jiinli.-iti'ly after tlicy liavi' slud llii-ir larj,'i' wiuy-featlu i.>; at v, iiiili tiuir i\
luv lint alilc ti) fly. I'i.rll"<-/. 's I'"//., )). '1<<'>.
>^'' ' lull liattf aiif del' luscl Afui^'uak Golcgeuheit dciu ZLrschncidi'U li
t:i il
Ml
ii
' I il
:iii
7G
IIYPERr.OJIEAXS.
V
.f
10S0 oi enormous
thi'N" can uo a loir-' time ^vl
(liiiintities of lood; or. if iieeessarv
itliout
eat 111'
liei'ore the
introduction of intoxieatinjr drinks ])y -vvliite men. they
made a fermented liiiuor irom the juice ()f raspberries
and hhiel)erries.
d
Johacco IS m iicner;
use
hut
el lew
fi
it til
>k
nin" and snuhnr:" are more Ireciuent tlian smoKintr'. ^al-
moil are \'ei"y plentiful in the vicinity of Ivadiak. and
I'oi'in one of the chief articles of diet. Duriiiji' their
1
terioi
lical
ascension o
f tl
le rivers.
tl
ie\' are
tal
<en ill
ureat ({(lantities l)y means of a pole pointed with hone or
iron. !^;dmon are also taken in nets made of whale-
sinews. (\)d(ish are cau;j.ht "with a hone liook. Whales
a[)proacli the coast of Ivadiak in .June. Aviieii the inhab-
itants pursue them in l)aidarkas. Their whaU'-lance is
aljout six feet in len;ith. and pointed with a stcjiie upon
Avhicli is enuraved the t)wner"s mark. I'his point sep-
arates from the handle and is leit in the whale's iK'sh,
so that when the hody is thrown di'ad n\)on the ))eacli,
the whaler proves his propei't\' hy his lance-])oint.
^Fany siqierstitioiis are mentioned in connection witli
the whale-hshery. When a Avhaler dies, the hody is
cut into small j)ieces and distrihuted amoiiii; his fellow-
craftsmen, each of whom, after ruhhinii' the point of his
lance ui)on it, dries and j)rt'serves jiis piece as a sort of
talisman. ( )r the hody is i)lace(l in a distant cave, where,
))ei'v;ie
pvte. tak^^ it out. carry it to a stream, immerse it and
t!ien drink of the Avater. During' the season, wlialers
hear a charmed existence. Xo one nun' eat out of the
[t'nx'j: out n[)oii a chasi". the whalers all coiiurc'
same (
lish
tl
1 Willi tiiem. nor even aiinroacii
tl
icni.
Wl
it'll
ui
th
the season is over, they hide their weapon.-
niountains.
In May. the Koniagas set out in two-oared haidarkas
Wiilltisrlu's /.iizii'^iliin mill vi'i'siclicri', d-iss ii;uli Vcvlanf nm kanin "2 '.idindru
mil' (lir lilanki u Ivuncln'ii iiiif dtin I'l'i r la;.,'i'ii.' II dnilerj. Ktlii. Sl.l:., |i. !>].
'■"' 'I'ln^ Kailiiiks 'pas-, their tiuin in liuiitiui,', festivals, iiiul iil)stii:i iici'.
Till' first tali, s ])licc ill tlii' siiunwcr; tin' sim'hikI l)c;;iiis in flic iiuiiitli cf Pc-
(•(•iiilirr, iui;l (Miiiiiiiics as li'ii'^ lis any jirnvisidiis vciiiaiii: and thvii f.ll'iws
till' IK rioil (if faMiiti •, which la'its till Ih ' rc-a]ii>c:irani'i' of ti h in tin' v!\' rs.
Dnriii'^' the jicrind I.ist iiii'iitimicl, iiiany lia\ ■ iidthinr liit 'h'.'ll-llsh to siili-
sist on, nuiI hiuhc die fur want,' Lisiu-is!. /'s I ",'/., pp. "idJ, '2UK
THE Kl'SKOKWIGMUTES AND MALEMUTES.
77
for distant islands, in searoli of soa-ottor. As snccoss
nMjiiii'c's a smooth sea. tlicv can limit tliom only durinj^
the months of May and Jnno. takinj:: tliom in the man-
ner followiiiLi'. Fifty or one liinKh'cd boats ])ro('i'('(l
slowly throii;^h the Avator, so closely tcectlicr that it is
impossible for an otter to escape between them. As soon
as
th
le animal is (useoveret
li
d. tl
10 S!
unal
IS "iveii.
tl
le
urea within Avliich he must neccs;^arily rise to the siirl'ace
ibr air. is surrounded by a do/en boats, and when ho
ai)pears upon the surlace he is filled Avith arrows. Seals
are hunted Avith spears tenor twelve feet in length, upon
till' end of which is i'astened an inllated ))ladder, in order
to float the animal when (k-ad.
The Kiiskokwipnutes are less nomadic than their
neiiihbors; bein;.r housed in ])ermanent settl<Mnents dur-
in,n' the winter, althouiih in summer they are ol)li!j,i'd to
scatter in various directions in <[uest of food, j'lvery
morning' before break of day. during' the huntinu-season,
a l)o\' liiihts the oil-lamps in all the huts of the villatze,
when the women rise and pre[)are the food. The men,
excepting old men and boys, all sleep in the kashim,
whither they retire at sunset. In the morniiiti' they
are aroused by the appearance of the shaniiin, arrayed
in his sacerdotal robes, and beating his sacred drum.
After morning worship, the women carry breakfast to
their husbands in the kashim. At day-))reak the men
depart for their hunting or fislnng. and when they re-
turn. innnt>diat:>ly repair to the kashim. leaving the
women to unload and take care of the products of t!ie
day's wo''k, ]"'in'ing the hnnting-season the men visit
their wives onlv duriiiL; tlie ni'jht. returning to the
kashim before dayliiibt.
^fho Malemutes lea\'e their villages npon the coast
regularly in Fel)ruary, ami. Avith their nunilies, resort tj
tlio mountains, where th y follow the deer nntil snow
melts, and. tlii'U return tt) catch watei-fiwl and her-
ring, and gather eggs npon thi* clifts and. pronioidories of
the coast and islands. \n duly is their salmon feast.
The fawns of reindeer iiw ca.i'jht cpon the hills bv tlio
78
HlTEllBOKEANS.
.i^aiii
womoii in August, cither In chasing thcni tloAvn or
])y snaring thcni. Deer are stalked, noosed in snares,
or dri%'en into enclosures, Avhere they are easily
killed. At Kadiak, hunting l)egins in February, and in
April they visit the smaller islands for sea-otter, seals,
sea-lions, and eggs. Their Avhale and other fisheries
conunence in June and c(jntiinie till October, at which
tiuie they abandon work suid give tliemseUes up to
festivities. The seal is highly prized by them for its
skin, blubber, and oil. One method of catching seals
illustrates their ingenuity. Taking an air-tight seal-
skin, they l)low it up like a bladder, fasten to it a Ion?;
line, and, concealing themselves behind the rocks, thw
throw their iiuitation seal among the live ones and dniw
it slowly to the shore. The others follow, and are
s[)eared or killed with lunv and arrows. Blueberries and
hucklebrrries are gathered in ([uantities and dried I'or
Avinter use; they are eaten mixed with seal-oil. 1'he
Koui.igas are also very ibnd of raw reindeer-fat. They
hunt with uuns. and snare urouse, uiarten, and hares.
A suiall wiiite fish is taken in great ((uantities iVom
holes in the ice. They are so abundant and so easily
caught >hat the natives break oif the barl)s froui their
lisb-books in order to iiicilitate their operations.
Tbe white jiolar l)ear does not wamk-r south of the
sixty-lil'th ]);u'alkl, and isouly found near Bering Strait.
Some were found on St Mat^bew Island, in Beriug Si-a,
J)ut were supposed to have been conveyed thither U]>on
tloating ice. The natives approach the griz/ly bear with
great cautiou. Wbeu a lair is discovered, tbe opeuiug
is uicasured, and a tiuiber barrici!;le constructed, with an
aperture tbrough which tbe brai' uiay ])ut his head, 'i'he
Indians then (juietly a[)i)roa('h and secure their tind)ers
agaiust tiio opening of tiie den with ttones, and throw a
fire-brand into the den to arouse th< "^limal, who there-
upon puts his his head out tbrough tlie hole and met'ts
with a reception Avhich brings him to an untimely end.''^
... *
9< 'Wild imiiimls which thoy huut, iiiul (.'si)ediilly wild shoii), Ui'' (It sh of
■WAR, IlIPLEMENTS, AND GOVEKNIIEXT.
79
of the
ir^tniit.
\v U])()U
V \\\t\i
ucuin;.;'
itli an
. The
inibcrs
Illl'OW 11
lluTO-
HK'l'tS
vxkV
r UlhliOf
%
In former times, tlio Koniaiiiis -went to war Lcliind a
liiiLie wooden shield a foot thick and twelve feet in
width. It Avas made of three tliieioiesses of larch-wood,
1)ound toj:ether with willows, and with it they covered
thirty or forty lancers.''^ They jioisoned their arrow and
lance jiointsAvith a preparation of aconite, ))y drying and
])ulvei'i/.ing the root, mixing the powder with water, and,
when it I'ermented, ajiplying it to their \vea[)ons.'''* ^J hey
made arrow-points of copper, obtaining a .supi)ly from
the Kenai of (V)i)})er River ;''^ and the wood was as Ihiely
finished as if turned in a lathe.
The boats of the Koniagas are similar to those of the
north, except that the how and stem are not alike, the
jne turning up to a ])oint and the other cut olf sipiare.''''
Xeedles made of ])irds' ))ones, and thicad iVom whale-
sinews, in the hands of a Kadiak woman, ]irodueed
work, "many specimens of which."' wiys I.isianskv,
" would (h) credit to our liest seamstresses." '"'' ^I'hey
]»roduced hre ])y revolving with a how-string a hard dry
stick upon ii sol't di-y hoard, one end of tlii' stick being
held in a mouth-piece of bone or i\ory. Their im[)le-
wliich is ( xccllc'it.' T.isU(iisJ.i/'.i V'ljl.. Ji. 1SR. Thoy ('at tho larger sort of f(>r;i.
rent liiiljcil, aiul ;i snlistaiicc \vliicli sccukmI the inner Imriiof tin'jiini!. I nnl.'it
'J'liird I'"//., Vol. ii., p. H7L ' Die ]',iiiL;ili(inn ii fs^iii ditse Wur/flii (Laj^'at)
lull luul l;( kiirht; ims dir Wnr/il, nacliilciii sir in Mdil virwaiidilt ist, liiickt
man, niit ciiiei' f^'criuLtcu ]>riniisi-lnni,L; v<iii Wfiziiniu hi. siissliclic, iliiniiu
]uii-hen.' Siiii'isl.iii, 'I'k iJi'icli. ii Ihiil.-rhr. il. rn.ss. (ii'i,(j. '/(.s//., p. IJHJ,
'■>- ■ Hire liillzeruo Sehildo iieiineii sic Knj.ilii.' iV-cc .Xurhr.. ]). 114.
'•'1 ' S,l( I'liiii; tlie I'ciiiti (if HUch ]ilaiits us {^'row nlmie, thcsu roots arc dried
,''.nd pounded, or t,'rated.' SrnT, I'nUhi'i's K.f.. ji. IT'S.
!" ' i)' I'feilspitzen siiid am I'.iseu oder luijifer. ( rsteres crhnltoii sio von
d II Kenayerii, !( tzieres von dell 'I'aliieH.' ./.''(•/•, ^^(/. n. l-.iliu.. \i. lis. ' Oe
]ii denial en foniai de arpoli, cortado con tailt.-i delieadeza eomo pudieia haeer-
lo el 111. IS hiiiiii lajiidirio.' Iinihii<i // (J lutlrn, .\'M-., .MS. p. d ;.
"'At I'riiiee William Sound Cook found the canoes not of wood, as at
Xootka. .\t JJristol l!ay they were of skin, lint l>roa;ler. 'I'iiinl \'"i/., vol. ii.,
J)]). .'171, lliT. ' Dio kadjaicscheii liaidarkeii liiite'selii iden sieh ill der Form
(ill \veiii'_( von (h'lieli der audein liewohiier (hr aiiierikauisc In n Kaste, von
tieiien ill r Aleiiteii aher nanitiitlieh daiiii, das sic kiir/er und lir( iter siiid.'
l/'Jiiilicfi, Htliii. SI,};., p. l)l». At I'rinee William Sound. ' forniada la canoa
on cs(pie|eto la forrau jior fiirra con pieles de aiiiinales.' J>"(l( i-i .'/ 'jnailiu,
.Vin-., ;MS. ]i. (I."). '(^Juon se li^,'ure line nacelle de (jnati(^ metres d(> loiif.;
ct de soixalito centiluetres de larne tout nil plus.' J.iinUtrr, < 'iriuiniiitlr.,
\ol. vi.. p. IS. ' Thesis canoes Were covered with skills, the same as We hail
Hieii last season ill Cook's Kiver. hi.f'ni'^ 1'".'/., p. 1 17. 'Safir at sea in had
Weather than European hoats.' Lisi iii>il,ij's Toy/., p. 'Jjl.
'■>'• Their wbale-siutw thread was as liuu as silk. LinidnsLi/'s Vnj., p. '2U7.
01
m
80
H\TEllIiOREANS.
monts woro few — a stono iulzo, a slicll or (lint knife, a
polishinj^ .stono, and a haiiilled tooth.'' Yet tliov oxcol
in carvinjr, and in ^vo^kinJj5 Avalrus-tcoth and uliak'bone,
the fonnur being p!ui)[)lied them mostly by tlie Ajile-
mntes of tho Alaskan Peninsula. ^Phe tools used in
these manulaetures Mere of stone, and the polishinii' tools
of shell. Traces of tho f^tono aji'e ai'e found in lamps,
liannners and cnttinu; instruments, Avedjj.es and hatchets.
Carving is done by the men, \vhilo the women ai'e no less
skill'' l in f^ewinii', ])asket-makinu'. erochetiDij:, and knit-
ting. omen tan. and make clothing and boat-covers
from wki nd in*"estine>.''*' The Auuhnutes are skilled
ill the carving of wood and ivory; the Kusko([uims
excel in wood r.nd stcjne carving. They make in this
manner domestic; utensils and vases, with grotesque rep
resentations of men, animals, and bii-ds. in relief.
Authority is exercised only by heads of households
lint chiel's may, by f^uperior ability, ac(piire much inthi
ence.'"* Before they became ])roken np and demoralized
by contact with civilization, tlu're was a marked division
of commtniities into castes; an hereditary nobility and
commonalty. In tho former was embodied all author-
ity; but the rule of American chieftains is nowhere of a
very arbiti'ai'y character. Slavery existed to a limited
extent, tho thralls being mostly women and children.
Th
leir male nrisonei's ot wai
tl
lev eithei
illed
im-
inediatelv or reserved, to toi'ture for the edification and
impr
ovemeiit of their children
liW
r
po
n
tl
10 arriv
al of
■'" Th-^ oiilj- tool srrn was a stono ndy.o. frml.-'f; Tlih-il V<>i/.. vol, ii. p. ^13.
!H -'I'lirir siwiii^', ]il,iitiii'4 (if sinews, mid siiiull win'k on their little 1iiii,'S
may 1"' l''it i" ciMiipetitioii with the most d licite luaiiufaetnies fduinl in iiiiy
])iirt 1 if the known WDild.' CihiI/h 'lliiril I'n//., vol ii., jtp. liTil. ;t7t. 'If we may
judL,'o liy these tiLjiires, th(i inhabitatifs cif Cadiaek must have Inst mueh of
theii- skill in earviu;,', their old in-odurtions of this kind h^ in',';,'i'eatly superior.'
I.hiniisl.i/. J). ITW. The Inijalik's household furnitui'e is "lade 'von j^ehoi^'e-
jieiu ][olz sehr /ierlieh ^'earlieitet niid mittel-;t Krdfarhen roth. !,'riiu uiid
Idau an^esti'iehiii. /uni Koelen der Speiseu liiilieiiea sic sich irdeiier, iius-
{^chranuter (lesehirre. /lur, Stat. ii. l-.tlm., p. I'Jl.
'■'•'Tis most proh.dile thi'y are divided into clans oi- trilies,' T'Lvii's
Vol/., i).fj7. ' Tle'V htiveii Kinu'. whose ii.mie was Sh'^noway.' M'iiv<tt' \'i>i/.,
J), xxvii. 'They always keeji toi,'ellii r in famili's, and are under the direc-
tion iif tnyons or chlet's.' /.isi'^/v'. v's I'-iy , ]>. L")!.
i"" Feni de slaves aro sold lium one triLty to nnotli-.r. S'nur, BUHh'/s
Vol/., p. Ii5.
I . /I
:iIORALirY OF THE KONIAGAS. gl
the Kussians. tlio .luvos tlien ]k-1,1 ],v the native, tlm.l-
u - '"'"' "'^^^'1**"^ *''^' ^'-'^'^^^ '"''^ -t then
;:";;:':i\l^-ll,:;^];;;;r-t;atr;:^;;.:?'^!;;:!'
'iau'i.'"' '""' '" l''-"i"rti"" '" tlio ck.nuu.d for
I J,''!" ""■;"'■•''''=, '"•■'""CTS of Iho Konla-ns arc of tlio
and tiK. ,n„m-a,o .datio, -.i :;^ loo. I .:,'''''?,''' •:-
" tl-X "f value only as „>, a 1„ , ; * . l;''^""^''
cnouslv. )m)thers .,,,1 ., • "^'^'''^'^'^ l""*'"^''^"
Ti ■;• '''<*^"«-i''^ '"Id .sisters, piuvnts and diiMicn i"'
ihe Malennites are content with oiio Jl . t t .'-v
have no mamauc ceivinonv -nxl r...n V i -^
at pio,.„v Ti;^,,n.o, :^: ,;;;!;, c,,';:i,r.ih
tlie pris, taking (horn out into tlio ,vil,l,.n , ^ . h fT
K.*s n>fo t lu.i,. n,outh an,l al.nd.m!," 1 V^ ' f
.l.vn am Inghly est,™,,.,!. an,l tl,. b/n-. o, . , i :
q.roaH, a,non, iK... |,o,,io. Su.-l, porsons . , r,,'
!.» ..s to n,al<o a ,Ioll „■■ i„,a,v of tin, ,„Vsi„.In,, ,vlu"ir,lK. '
in 1*71*1
Vo;.. I.
"!/•< I't. ii., 2). Gl.
=rB
I'P
82
IlYPEKBOItEAXS.
H) J. really dcsiiv. and fondle it as if it were a real
child."" Two liusljiiiids are also allcmed to one wo.tian;
one tlio chief or principal husband, and tlie other a
deputy, who acts as husband and master of the house
durin;i the absence of the true lord; and who. upon the
latters return, not only yields to him his place, but
becomes in the meantime his servant.
r>ut the most repugnant of all their practices is that
of male concul)inaj;e. A Kadiak mother will select her
handsomest and most ])romising boy, and di'ess and rear
liim as a girl, teacliing hiuKJidy domestic duties. keej)ing
him at woman's work, associating him only with women
and girls, in order to render his elleminacy complete.
Arriving at the age of ten or fll'teen years, he is married
to some wealthy man, who regards such a companion as
a great acipiisition. These male wives are called adtunt-
tSC
luh'
or sen
(,pa
IIS
111.-.
A most cruel superstition is enforced upon maidens
at the age of puberty; the victim being conlined for six
months in a hut built ibr the purpose, apart from the
others, and so small that the poor inmate camiot straight-
en her back while upon her knees. Dui'ing the six
months i()llowing. she is allowed a room a little laruei',
but is still permitted no intercourse with
anv one
Daughters of princi[)al men obtain the rigid of access to
the kashim by undergoing a ceremonial yielding up of
"" ' IiUiiiJios (Ircwscd ill (liU'orciit fimiis.' Lisidiiskj/'s I'l//., p. 1~H. 'The
most fiivdurcd of woiinu is sho who liiis the j,'rciitcst iiumhor t)f chihh'cu.'
(Vdcv, llilliii'i's ''"//•' !'• l^''-
Kii ' I),.)' Viitcr oiler die Mnttrr Ixstiniiiicn den Sohii schoii in sciuci' fnih-
sten Kiudhcit ziuii Achiuitsuhik. wciiii cr ihiicn iiNidchcnhiift crschiint.'
JIiiliiihii\j, KUiii. !^IAi., p. ]'21. 'Male concnliiiics arc iinich more fiTiiiicnt
h(i-(^ thiin at Ooiialaslika.' I.iiiiiisiliirirs \'"i/., pt. ii., p. (il. They 'archa]i]iy
to sec thciii talicn liy the cliict's, to L;i'atify tluir iiiiuatural desires. SueJi
youths are ih'essed like \voiiieii, aii<l tair^lit all tlie-ir doiiiestie duties.' Suurr,
JiiUiii'i's Ki'., p. 17(). ' ('(>s penples sont tres lulonnes aii\ jilaisirs des sens
ft iiieiiio h nil vice iiifaiiie.' < liarin, Voij. I'ilt., jit. vii.. ji. H. 'Of all tlio
customs of these islanders, the most dis^^'ustin^,' is that of liieii. called .vc/uhv-
jiitiis. liviiiL! with men, and siipiilyiii',,' the ]ilaee of women.' Lisidiisl. i)\s J'"i/.,
p. 1'.)',). This shanieful custom a])))lies to the 'J'hlinkeets as well. '(inel(|U(S
jiersonnosde rK(iui])a^'e du Solide out rap])orte (|u'il ne leur est pas pdssihlo
de douter (pie les Tchinkiti'iiieeiis ne soieiit Kouilli's de ce vice honteux (iiui
la Th'oLjonie ininiorale dcs Grecs iivoit divinise.' Marchand, Voy. ant. da
Jlondc, toiii. ii., i>. U".
KONIAGAN SWEAT-HOUSES
83
1, ronl
j.iuiii ;
lior 11
liouso
on the
e, but
is tbiit
\{\ rear
:oei)ing
women
luplete.
narried
nioii as
achiint-
n aid ens
ibr six
foin the
tvaitilit-
tlie si.M
larger,
IV one.
CCX' ss to
Ig up of
178. ' The
Icliildivu.'
I'liicv fviib-
>i's<'h(iiit.'
' frniuiiit
live ll:i]iliy
■cs. Sncll
Is.' Sdurr,
(It'S sens
Of till tlic
Jlll'll .v('/(i)«-
|/, )/'.S /'"//.,
'Qu(l(|iicn
Is jKPSsililo
litc'iix i]no
I/, ant. da
tlieir viriiinitv to the shaman.^"*'' irarriap:e ceremonies
are few, and marriage engagements peculiar. The con-
sent of tiie father of the intended bride being obtained,
the aspirant for nuptial honors bi-ings wood and builds a
fire in the bath-room; after which, he and the father take
a hath together. The relatives meanwhile congregate,
a fea.st is held, presents are made, the bridegroom takes
the name of the bride's father, the couple are escorted to
a heated va[)or-bath and there left together. Although
e.\treuiely fdthy in their persons and hal)its, all Indians
attach great im[)ortance to their sweat-baths. This })ecii-
liar institution extends tiu'ongh most of the nations of our
territory, from Alaska to Mexico, with wonderl'ul uni-
Jbnnitv. J-'requently one of the side subterranean ajjart-
ments which open olf from the main hall, is devoted to
the purjHises of a sweat-house. Into one of thi'se
caverns a Kadiak will enter sti'ijjped. Rteam is gen-
erati'd ]»\' throwing water u[)()n heated stones. Alh'r
sweltering for a time in the conlined ajul heated atmos-
})here, and while yet in a prol'iiso perspiration, the
bather rushes out and plunges into the nearest stream or
into the sea, fre(|uently having to break the ice before
))eing able to fniish his bath. (Sometimes all the occu-
])ants of the house join in a l)atli. They then clear the
tloor of the main room I'rom obstructions, and build a
hot file under the smoke-hole. AVlieii the fire is reduced
to coals, a covering is placed over the smoke-hole, and
the bathers prweed to wash themselves in a certain rK|uid,
which is carefully saved for this andotlu'r cleansing i)ur-
poses. and also for tanning. 'I'he alkali of the thiid
comljines with the grease upon tlu'ir ])ers()ns. and thus a
lather is formed which removes dirt as effectually as s(ia[)
would. They then wash in wati'r. wraj) themselves in
deiT-skins. and rejjose ujion sludves luitil the lassitude
occasioned by pers})iration pas.^^es away.
UK ' p,,,. Schamiiiic hat srincr Ohlioitonhoit f,'oni;iss ndcr fins lipsoiidorpm
Wcihlwiilliii sif del' •IniiL.'fci'sch.ift lii'iiiiiht Ulid sii' wiiir niiwiirdi;,' V(ir dcr
^' vsannulnii',' /n I vsiIk iiirii, wnin sii- ilirc iTstc Lirhc ir.Lrciid ciiiciii .Viukrin
uiid uiilit dim SuhiiiuiiiK'U gc/.ijUt hiitti.'.' JJatr, ^(((<. ii. Etltn,, p. VS,i.
"^ , !l
84
HYPEKBOKEANS.
Festivals of various kinds (ire held ; as, when one vil-
lage is desirous of extending hospitality to another village,
or ^vhen an individual becomes ambitious of jjopularity,
a feast is given. A ceremonial banquet takes place a year
after the death of a relative; or an entertaiinnent may
be announced as a reparation for an injury done to one's
neighbor. At some of these feasts only men dance, and
at others the women join. Upon these occasions, presents
are exclianged, and the festivities sometimes continue
for several days. The men ajjpear upon the scene nearly
or (juite naked, with painted faces, and the hair fan-
tii.stic;ally decorated with feathers, dancing to the nnisic of
the tamI)ourine, sometimes accompanied by sham lights
and warlike songs. Their faces are marked or fantasti-
cally painted, and they hold a knife or lance in one
hand and a rattle in the other. The women dance by
sim[)ly hopping forwiird and l)ackward upon their toes."*^
A visitor, upon entering a dwelling, is presented with a
cup of cold water; afterward, fish or llesh is set belbro
liim. and it is expected that he will leave nothing un-
eaten. The more he eats, the greater the honor to the
host; and, if it be impossible to eat all that is given him,
he nuist take away with him whatever remains. ^Vfter
eating, he is conducted to a hot bath and regaled with a
drink of melted i'at.
k^agoskin assisted at a ceremony which is celel)rated
annually about the first of January at all the villages
on the coast. It is called the festival of the innnersion
of the bladders in the sea. More than a hundred l)lad-
ders, taken only from animals which have been killed
with arrows, and decorated with fantastic paintings, are
hung u[)on a cord stretched horizontally along the wall
of the kasliim. Four birds carved from wood, a screech-
in? 'Thoir (liiiipps aro proper tonrnaments.' Snnvr, JiiUiii'i's Ex., ]>. 17(1.
They iir(! iimcli luldictt'd to public (liiuees, (^sp(><'ially (luriuj,' winter. Wlii/in-
j)''/''.s Al'isliU, p. 1(1"). ' Miisks t)f tlu^ uiost hiilcons tiu'iri's iiro worn.' /./m'-
(iii!:l,!/'s V'li/., p. "iJO. ' Usi; a sort of rattlo c'oiu])osi'(l of ii number of tlio
beaks of the sea-parrot, struiij,' upon a wooden ero.-is, ' — sounds like eastanets.
J.iiiiiiailnrff'rt \'iii/., pt. ii., ]). (ii. ' l)ieT;'in/.er ersclieinen, ebon so, niit Wiirf-
f*piessen oder ^lessern in den Ilandeu, welche sie iiber deiu Kopfe scliwing-
t'u.' JJuvr, Stat. a. Ellin., p. US.
SUrEESTITIONS OF THE KONIAGAS.
85
no vil-
iliirity,
! a year
lit may
to one's
CO. anil
)rownts
ontinno
' nearly
lir ian-
nusio of
n fidits
antasti-
in one
anco l»v
V tCK'S.'"^
\ ^vith a
»t Ijolbro
liintr nn-
to the
en liini,
After
with a
ehrated
illajios
mersion
1 l)lad-
killed
n;ji;s. aro
ho wall
icreocU-
^.c, y. 17G.
II lij/iii-
|ni.' /.'■>■'-
Iluv (if llio
Ic'iistiint'ts.
Imit y^'mf-
: sclnviiig-
H
owl with the head of a man. a sea-gull, and two
})artrid,ues, aro so dis[)ost'd that they can ho moved hy
striniis urtl'uUy arran;:ed : the owl Ihitters his win<:s and
mo\es his head; the tinil stril^es the lioards with his
l)eak as if he werooatehiug lisli. and the partridges eoni-
uience to peck each other. Lastly, a stake envelo[)ed in
straw is placed in the centre of the lire-place. Men
and women dance hefore these elligies in honor of 'f"(/-
jtik, the sjjirit of the sea. livery time the dancing
ceases, one ol' the assistants lights some straw, horning
it like incense hefore the hirds and the hladders. The
jirincipal ceremony of the feast consists, as its name
indicates, in tiie innnersion of the ))la(lders in the sea.
It was iin[)ossihie to iliscovcr the origin of this custom;
tiie only answer given to (piestions was, that their an-
cestors hail done so hefoi'c them.
Tlic sham.iu. or medicine-man of the Koniagas. is the
spiritual and tem[)oral doctor of the trihe; wizard, sor-
cerer, priest, or physician, as necessity demands. In the
execution of hi? jllices. the shauiiin has several assistants,
mal and female, sages and disciples; the first in rank
heiug called In isc /,■><. whose duty it is to superintend
I'estivals and teach the children to dance. AVhen a jK'i'son
falls sick, some evil s[)irit is supposed to have taken pos-
session of him, and it is the husiness of the shaiiijin to
I'Norcise that s[)irit, to coml)at and drive it out of tho
man. To this end, armed with a magic tamhourine. ho
places himself near tiie patient and nmtters his incan-
tations. A female assistant accompanies him with groans
and gnnvls. Should this ])ro\e inelVectual. the shanuin
ap[)roaches tho hod and throws himself upon the person
of the suiVei'or; then, seizing the demon, ho struggles
with it. over[>owers and casts it out. while tl ■ assistants
rvy. '• lie is gonel he is gonel ' If the jjatient recoxtTs.
tli(.> physician is paid, otherwise lie receives nothing.'""*
'"'' ' Lcs sorcirvs ct chanums jonissciit (Vnno f^'Viiiulc fivcnr diuis ci ttc n'-
!?ii>!i u'liKv'c (Ic rAiii.'ricir.c.' Il'tirh'i luji. I'd//., |). .")? 1. ' SfhiUiirini' iiiul iiltt^
\Vr i'lii- kciiiicii vi'i'scliifdctii' Hriliuittil.' liftrr. Slit. it. Ktlm., \\. I'i'i. " Xi xt
iii rank tn thu shauiiiiis arc thu kascks, ur sages, whose (jllice is to teacli cliil-
86
HYPERBOREANS.
Colds, consumption, rlionmatism, itcli, lioils, ulcci's. sy}>r»-
ilis, Jiro iimong tlicir most common diseases. IMood-let-
ting is commonly resorted to as a curative, and exce})t in
extreme cases the shaman is not called. The Koniagas
l)lee(l one another l)y jiiercing the arm with a needle,
and then cutting away the liesh aliove the needle with a
Hint or cop})er instrument. Beaver's oil is said to I'e-
lieve their rheumatii^m.
'•The Kadiak people," says liisiansky, "seem more
attached to their dead than to their living." In token
of their grief, surviving friends cut the hair, hlacken the
face with soot, and the ancient cut^tom Avas to remain in
mourning for a year. No work may ])e done for twenty
days, hut after the lifth day the mourner may l)atlie. .
Lnmediately after deatii, the body is arrayed in its best
apparel, or wrapped with moss in seal or sea-lion skins,
and placed in the kashim, or left in the house in which
the person died, where it remains for a time in state.
The body, with the arms and implements of the de-
ceased, is then buried. It was not uiilre([uent in former
times to sacrifice a slave upon such an occasion, ^fhe
grave is covered over with blocks of wood and largo
stones.^*^ A mother, upon the death of a child, retires
for a time from the camp; a husband or wife withdraws
and joins another tribe.""
Tiie character of the Koniagas may be drawn as peaco
able, industrious, serviceable to luiropeans, adapted to
labor and commerce rather than to war and huntinu'.
They are not more superstitious than civilized nations;
and their inmiorality, though to a stranger most rank,
is not to them of that socially criminal sort which loves
darkness and brings down the aAcnger. In their own
eycii, their abhorrent practices are as sinless as the ordi-
dren tho different diinces, and supi'rintt>nd tlio pnhlio aninsements and shows,
of which they have tho siiprriiic control.' Xiscois/.'v'.s /"//.. p. "it's.
iii!> ' Th(> (lead l>o(ly of a cliiff is cmhahncd with moss, and huricd.' Sinur,
JlWiiK/'s /-.'.r., p. 177.
1'" ' In one of tlif small huildin'^s, or k(>nn('ls, as they may very pro])('rly
he cnll'd, was a woman who had retired into it iu conseipleuce of thu death
of her sou,' Li-iiitiisi.ij's \'<>ij., [>. iSi.
THE ALEUTS.
87
iiiiry. oju'iily o(miluft«'(l iivocations of tiny foniimmity are
to the nic'iiiljcrs theivol'.
Tii[-; Ai.Ki'T.s jire the iiiliiihitiints of tlio Alcullan
Arcliiiu'liiiio. Tlio ori.iiin of the word is uiikiiowii;"'
tho orijiiiial name ))c'iiij;' KiKjiitiiijtt A'o'Iimj hx, or " lucii
of the cast," indicating an American origin."- 'I'hi' na-
tion consists of two tribes s[)eaking different dialects;
tiie ['iKiiiis/itiiin^ occnpyinji' the soiith-westei'n jxntion of
the Ahiskan I'eninsnhi, the Shumngin Ishuuls. iind tlie
l'\).v Islands: and the At/i/ids, inhabiting the Andrean-
ovski. Kat. and Xear hslands. Migrations and intermix-
tures with the Russians liave, however, nearly obliterated
original distinctions.
The earliest iidbrmation concerning the Aleutian Is-
landers was ol)tained by Michael XevodtsikoiV, Avho
sailed from Kamchatka in 1745. Other l^ussian voy-
iigers innncdiately followed, attracted thither in search
of sea-animal skins, which at that time were very plen-
til'ul."'' Tribute was levied npon the islanders by the
Kussians. and a system of cruelty connnenced which
soon reduced the natives from ten thousand to but little
more than one thousand.
The Aleuts, to Ijangsdorff, '' ajj'pear to l)e a sort of
middle race between the mongrel Tartars and the North
"' ' Tlio word Alentinn sopins to ho dorivcd from tho intriTorfutivc juivti-
cl(> (tHi.i\ wliic-h struck strun^'ors in tlit; lani^'Uit^'c of that pfDijlc' K'^li'lnn'^
Viiy., V(j1. iii., \^. ;tl2. The llimlnskiis and ' the people of Ooniiiak, call tlieni-
avhcs I'liiriilniliiiiii'ii.' 'The natives of Alaksa and all the adjacent islands
tliey call Ivt'idtiihihiiiiii'n.' Smu-r, HUIhni'ry Kf ., ]>. lot. 'The iidialiitants of
I'nalashka ans called KiK/hiilitiilii; those of Akntan, and further cast to I'ni-
niak, Ki'jIiifiKsi; and those of I'niniak and Alaxa, K"''i'ili<i!/i'/,il.'i. 'i'he\ can-
not tell \vhei\ce these uiipellations arc derived; aii'l nv v liej^'ln to call fliein-
selvcs liy tilt.' ^'cneral name of Alri/id, ^dven to thfe. 'ly the liussiaiis, and
borrowed from some of the Kurile Islands.' Toav's li'nss. !)!•<., ]k 21'.(.
1'- Vet, says D'Orbii^'iiy, \'<>i/ft'i(', j). 'ul : 'Si on interroi^'e Its Ali'iuitiens
sur leur t)vi.L;iiie, iln disent tjue Icurs anci"'tres out hahiti' un {,'rantl ]iays vtrs
I'oucst, ft tjue tie la ils stint avuuct's dc proclie en proclie sur Ics ilcs th sertes
giistj'au ctiutinent anii'ricain.'
"■' Trapesiiiktitt' tot)k from nn unknown islantl in ITIH, 1020 sta-titter
skins. JiiH'net!' returned to Kamchatka in ITTit, wiUi li.OOd skins. Jn \1')'2
one crew tuuclietl at IJerinj.; Islantl autl ttiok 1,'S2'2 .Vretic foxes, ami '2, ■")()()
sea-liears. Chtilotliltitt', in 17.">;!, took from tme islantl I.CjOI) otter-skins.
Tiilstyeh in oiu' voyaijo tt>t)k 1.7SI) sea-otter. 720 blue foxes, antl biU scu-
bears. Cuxe's Ititus. D'n., pp. 43, 44, 4U, 51, 53.
! m !
!l: I
':li
'! i
88
IIYrERnOREANH.
John TA'dviinl. wlio visited riiiiliiska with
AnuM'icnns.
('aptiiin ('')()!<, saw "two dilVcrciit kinds ol' pcoplr: tli'.i
oni! wr kni'W to he the j-Jiorii^ini's ol' Aiiici'ica. whilo
wc supposed th<' otliei's to iiiwe eome IVoni the opposite
roasts of Asia.
'Ill
Their I'eatures are stroiiiU narked,
and tliose Avho saw them as thev ()ri;iinali^v i'.\isti'(K were
impressed with the intellijient and henevolent expression
of tlieir laces.^'"' They have an ahundance ol" knik liair,
which thev ('ut with Hints — the men i'rom the ci'own.
a I
id tlie women in front
m;
)tl
)oui sexes 11
ikU'I'l^o the
usual faee-paintinji' and ornamentations. They extend
tlieir nostrils hy means (jf a how-cvlindei'. The men
weai- a hone ahout the si/e of a ((uill in the nose, and the
women 111
sert p
iieces ot hone m the iiiK
th
der 1
ii».
V
lieu'
leus are howed, iVom siieiidini:' .so much of tlii-ir time in
hoats; they lVe([iientlv sitting in them til'teeii or twenty
hours at a time. Their figure is awkward and uncouth,
Aot rohiist, active, caijahle of carr\ inu' heav\ 1 I'deiis and
nnderiioinii' ureat t'atiuue
IIH
The hat of the Aleut is the most peeidi... ^ ..it of liis
dress. It consists of a helmet-shaped crown of wood
or leather, with an exceedingly long hrim in front, so as
1" Siifirl.s, I.i/f of h-ili/iinl, 11. 70.
"' A ^;i-riit d' ill of cliiiviictcr. f.iiii(if<i](»]tj".i I')//., ]it. ii., \t. ri2.
'"' ' U;ithrr low of Ht.iturc, but iiliimi) and Will shuiiid: with rather short
iiccks; swarthy chnliliy faces; lilack ey<s; siiiali heanls, and Ioiil;, strai|,'lit,
lilaek hair; which the men wear loose liehiiul, and cut htfore, bat the women
tie up in II buiiih.' Ckiz/.'s 'J'liinl \'<ii/., vol. ii., ji. alO. 'Von (iesiclit sind
Hie iil.ilt und Weiss, von !.;nter Statur, durcii^'aui^i;,' niit schwarzen llaareu.'
J\<iic ,V«('/./'., p. li")ll. 'Low in statiu'c. broad in the visaL,'!.' ('(tiiiphvH's !'('//•>
p. 11"2. Hair 'stroni; and wiry:' scanty beard, but thick on the n[)per lip.
iS(tufi\ IliHiiiiis' K.f., p. l.')l.
"" ' Li s feninies ah'outcs portaieiit anx mains et aux ])ieds dc'S chaiMl<>tn
(!(> pierres d(^ conleur et pn'fi'rablenient d'ambn'.' It'Orliiiiini. \'iii/.. \>. 571t.
' None are so hiijhly esteemed as a sort of lont; muscle, commonly called sea-
teeth, the ikiiUUiHiii riildlin of Liinians.' /.(iiiiisdn-fr'' ■ Vi'ij., pt. ii., p. JO.
' Wiimi n have the chin punctured in tine lines ray<'d from tlie centre of tlio
lip and coverinL; tlie whole chin.' I'liey wear brai'eh'ts of black seal-skin
iiround the wrists and ankles, and i/o barefoot. Smicr, IH'Innis' A'.r., p. 15,").
'Im Xasiii-knorpel und der rntei'Hppe maciien bi'ide (leseldechter Locliev
nnd set/( n Knoclien ein. welches ihr liebster S<diniuck ist. Sie stechen sich
audi bunte Fi'-;uren im (resicht ans.' Xcne Xarlir.. ji. 111'.'. • 'I'hey bore tho
Tipper lip of the youiiL; ejiil hen of both sexes, under the nostiils, wlnre they
Iiuiil; si'Veral sorts of stones, and wliiteued tish-boues, or the bones of other
anini.'ils.' .^t'lvliliii's .\"rth Arcli., p. 'M.
"'* ' Leur conformation est robuste ot leur permet de snjiporter des trii-
vnux et des fatigues de tout.' sorte.' J/OrlibjiiJ, V(iy., p. .")77.
ALEUTIAN HAT AND IIADITATION.
80
to jirotcct tlic I'U's iVom the sun's ivllrtiinn ujm ii tlio
Wiiti'i- iiiiil snow. I'linii tlic ;i|K'\ is a sniull (■iirvin:^',
(Idwn the l»:ick jnit lian;^ tl.r hcanls of sca-lioiis. while
ciiiAi'd s{ri|)s of 1)1)111' and jjaiiit ornanicnt tlic wliolc.
Tliis hat also scrws as a sITu'ld against arrows. The
l'o\ Islanders ha\t' cajts ol' l)ird-skiii. on which aiv left
the hriiiht-colort'd leathers, winus. and tail.'" As a rule,
the men adopt hird-skin clothiuL--. and the women i'lirs,
the latter hi;:lil_v ornamented with ))eads and tVin-es.'-"
The haltitatioiis of the I'ox islanders are cidU'd I'lldn,
and consist of immense holes IVom one to three hnndivd
I'eet in length, and IVom twenty to thirty leet wide.
They are covered with poles and i-arthed oNcr. leaving
.several openings at the toj) through which di'sctut i.s
mack' l)y laddi'rs. TIk' interior is partitioned \)\ stakes,
and three hundred jjcople sometimes occupy one ol" these
])laces in common. They have no lire-place, since lamj)S
hollowed from Hat stones answer every pur[>oso for cook-
ing and light. '-^ A hoat turned hottom upward is the
summer house of the Aleut.'"
"!' At Shiuna;-;iii I/,liin(l. their cips wovo of sea-lion skins. . !/«//' c's I'w/.,
]>. K), On tile fi'out areone or two siiiiill iniau;es of bone. I '■'iil.'s Tliiril \'"i/.,
vol. ii., p. •")1<I. A Wooden hat, 'whii'll in front conies out ln^fore the even
like 11 sort of nnihi'ella, and is romideil otl" liehind.' I.ittii;s<lii-irs \'"!/.. pt. ii.,
p. ;iH. ' J-^ini:;e halxil J^eun i le .Miit/ell voll eilii ill lillllten Vo;,'ilf 11. wolall
sie I'twas von den Fliiu'ln nial den Sejiwan/. silzeii la-seii;— siiid \(irii iiiit
linelll r>l'el(liell, \vi<! eill Sehinu V<iselili uud luit iJartell VoU Seeharell— {,''•-
sehiiiiieket." .\iiif Xai'lir., pj). l.")l, ]'i2.
I-'" On a feather t,'ariueiit. 'a |ievsnn is sometimes employed a wholi' year.'
'The Women for the most ]iart j^d 1iare-too*ed.' J.itinisilniirs V"!/.. \A. ii., p]).
!l(l, :ili. "Siaius covered with thin slips of skin, very elcLjantly emliroidi red
with white deer"s hair, },'oat's hair, and the siiiews of sea animals, dyed of
ditl'ereiit <'olonrs.' S'lixr, ll'.Hiinis' /'.'.r., ji. \'t>. ' Ihr I'el/.kleid wild iiherdeii
Kopf aiiLte/oLieii, nnd ist liiiit( u nnd vonp;aiiz zn. .1 >ie Manner traeeii es aiis
Vo;,'elh;iuten; die Weilier hiiiL;i"4en Voll IJiliern nnd juii^en Seeh.ir. n.' .\,io;
^'(flii\, ]t. I'il. ' Jloots and breiches in one piece.' <',iiii/'hiir.i I'liy., ]). ]]'.i.
'*' ' lioiind the sides and ends of the lints, tho families (for several aro
lod'4<'d to)j;etlier) have their separate u])artments, when' they sleeji. and sit at;
wiuk; not upon h iielies, hat in ii kind of <'oneavc tri iieli, which is iIiil; all
around tlu' inside of the house, and cover.d with nials.' I'-n/.'s 'I'liirl I ..//.,
vol. ii., p. oj-j. 'Winn they have stood for soiiielime, tiny liecome over-
},'rown wiih .u'vass. so thatii villa'^e has the appearaiie" of an .l'".uropean ehiireh-
yanl full of j,'raves.' ./,(.'.,■ ,.■,./. ;7/',s To;/., p. M'J. 'In den .Miiteii wird iiieinals
Fi uer an.L;ele|^t ninl doch ist es fieiiieinii^lich sehr warm dariuneii, so dass
beide treschleehter ean/ nakkeiid sit/en.' Xi'm' .\<ir/ii\, p. I'll).
1''' 'A bidarku or boat is turned up sideways, ainl at the distance of four
or five feet, two sticks, one <ij)p(isite to the head and tiie otli. r to t'li' stern,
arc driven into the yroaud, on tho tops of which a cross stick is i'asiciied.
I 11
iin i
90
HYPEEBOREANC.
' 'Mi
Raw seal and sea-otter, A\liale and sea-lion l)ln])])er,
fish, roots, and berries are staple articles of food amoii^'
the Aleuts. To ])'^)Ciirc vegetable food is too niueh
trouble. A dead, half-[)utrefied whale Avasbed ashore is
always the occasion of jiivfit rejoicini!'. From all parts
the p»eople oonjii-epite u[)on the shoiv. lay in thi'ir win-
ter supplies, and stuiV themselves until not a morsel I'e-
mains. Xoveuil)er is their best huntinjA'- season. ^Vilale-
fishinji' is confined to certain famiUes. and the spirit of
the craft desi'ends from father to son. IJirds ai-e cau;ibt
in a net attached to the end of a pole; sea-otter are shot
witl; arrows; spears, bone hooks, and nets are used in
fisbinti'.'-'' Alter the advent of the Russians, tiie n;iti\es
were not ailov\\n] to kill fur-animals without accounting
to theui therefoi'.^'"^
Their weapons are darts with sinu'le and double l);u"bs,
which they tbi'ow from Ijoards; l)arbed, l)()ue-]»ointed
lances; s})ears. harpoons, and arrows, with ))one or stone
points. At their side is carried a sbar[> stoue knife ten
or twelve inches lon;^. and lor armor they wear a coat
of plaited rushes, which covers the whole Ijody.'"' An
Till' oiirs are then laid ahnvi from tlic l)'>,it to tlio cross stick, and covered
with Seal skins, wiiicli arc always at hand for the purpost'.' JAshinti/. i/'s \'i>i/.,
1>. ]'>2.
'■■^1 ' An^.nt; the i^rcatcst delicacies of Oonalashka arc the \vel)1ie(l feet of iv
hcal, wlii'.h arc^ tieil in a bladder, buried iu the ^ffo.'ud, and remain there till
they .ii'i! chanj^'ed into II stinkiiiL; ji'Uy.' Jvitn-lmc's I ■//,, vol. ii.. p. Ki.'). Al-
most cverythinL; is eaten raw. Too/.'s Tliir(l \'oj/., vol. ii., p. 52(1. The sca-
:To!4 is caii.i^ht with nets, killed when asleep, or enticed on shure by a falso
cap made to resc iid)le a seal's head. J.i-^inn.-^l.i/'fi \''ii/.. p. 20.").
'-' ' L'Ah'onte pent tner les jiluxpU'S et les oiseaux, sans ctro obli^'.' d'eii
rcndrt! comjite h la eon ;)aL,'nie.' <'!i'iris, Votj. I'ltt , ]it. vii., p. \.
1-' 'J)ic Si>it;'.e selbst wird iheils ans Obsidian od-r Ijavaurlas, theils aneh
auH Traili;i t verfertiutt.' hitHil:, Hcisr, vol. i., p. 2ii!S. Spear-handles are fi'ath-
creil. (lie points of shariiened llint. .\i ne Xnnir., p. I'i2. ' .Vrrows are thrown
from a narrow and ])oiiited 1 lard, twenty inches 1 mi,', which is held by tho
tlrnnl) and three tin ,'ers. 'ihey an^ thrown strai^dit from the shoulder with
nstonisliin.Lj velocity.' J.isia^isl.i/'.i \'iii/., p. 2il5. 'Les amies d'fensives con-
fiistaieat eii uno cotte du joucs tress^'s (pii lenr convrait tout Ic coi'ps.'
jyOflihiiii/, I'll/-, y oT'.l. 'No such tiiiii},' as an otlensive, or even defens-
ive weapon was s ■en umo)i,L,'-;t the natives v( Oonalashka.' I'robably they
had been disarmed by tin; Jlnssians. CmiL's 'I'liinl \'iii/., vol. ii., p. 51").
' Wheri'ver any onti has li\ed his habitation, nobody else dares to hunt or
lish.' Sl'iflilln's Xnr. Arc'i., ]>. :I7. Tor birds tli(yi>oint their darts with thn- 1
lii^lit bones, s])read ar.d barbed, i^nniv, HiUiiiiis' K.r.., p. I."i7. ' Indeid,
there is a neatiies, and jierfection in most of their w.'rlc. 'hat shews they
touither want ingenuity nor perseverance' L'ook's Tidrd Vni;., ^ol. ii., p. 5ii.
I III
CUSTOMS OF THE ALEUTS. qj
Aloiit boar-trap consists of a board two foot sqnaro and
two mcbos thick, planted with ])arlK'd spikes, plar< .1 in
brum s patli and covered with dust. The nnsuspirrin-'
victun steps firndj npo.. the smooth surface oireiv(f
when his foot sinks into tlie dust. .Afaddened with
paiii. he i)uts forward anotlier foot to assist in piillin-
the first away, wlien tliat too is caught. Soon all four
ot the ieet are hmih- spiked to the board; the beast rolls
over on his back, and his career is soon brouuht to an
end.
Xotwithstanding their peaceful character the occu-
pants of the several islands were almost constaiitlv at
wai- hlood, the only- atonement Ibr oflense, must ))e
waslied out by blood, and the line of ven-cance he-
comes endless At the time of discovery, the Unimak
J slanders held the supremac\-.
The fabrications of the Aieuts comprise household
ntensils of stone, bone, and wood; missiles of war an.l
the ch-'ise; i.iats and baskets of grass and the roots of
trees, neat and strong: ))ird-beak rattles, tamb.airines
or (li-uu.s. wooden hats and carved fi-ures. F,,)m
the wing-b,me of the sea-gull, the women make their
needk's; from sinews, they make thread and ccnd '■'" ^I\)
o^.tam i-lue for mending or manufacturing i)iuM.oses. thev
.strike the nose until it bleeds.'^^ To kin.Ue a fiiv theV
niake use of sulphm'. in which their volcanh' islands
nbouu.l. aiKl the process is vei'v curious. First thev
prepare some dry grass to c;it<-h the (ire; then thev take
two pieces of (juartz. and. hoMiug theui ov<-r the'-ras.
v-.b them well with unlive sulphur. A few fVathei; a.v
sea tere.l over the grass to <,,teh the particles of sidphur
and. when all is ready, hukliug the stones over ine grass,
92
HYPEKBOREAXS.
tlioy strike tlitMii togctlior; a Hash is produced hy tlie con-
cussion, the snl[)hur ijiiiites, and the straw bla/es uj).'-^
The Aleuts liave no niarriaiie cereuiony. Jlvery uiun
takes as many women to Avife as he can sup[H)rt. or
rather as lie can Lret to supi)ort hiui. Presents are made
to the relatives of the hride. and Avhen she ceases to
possess attractions or value in the eyes of her pro})rietor,
.she is sent back to her friends. Wives are exchanticd
l)y the men. and rich women are permitted to induliio
in two hu'oands. ^Tale concuhintiiie obtains throu.ihout
the Aleutian Islands. 1)ut not to the sauie extent as
auionti" the Koniauas.'-'' .\h)thers i»hnm'e their crxinij;' ba-
bies under water in order to (|uiet them. This reuiedy
})erfoi-med in winter amid brjken ice. is very eiU'ctual.'"'
Kvery island, and. in the lariier islands, every viilajie,
has its ffii/oii, or chiel". who decides dilVerences. is ex-
em[)t Irom work, is ;dlowed a servant to row his boat,
but in other respects possesses no power. The ollict' is
elective.^'^
The Aleuts are fond of dancint:' and iiiven to hospitality.
Tbe stranpM" guest, as he a[)[iroacIu's tlie village, is met ly
dancing men and dancing wouien. who conduct him to
the house of the host, where food is iii\en hiui. .Vfter
sup[)er. the dancing, now perlbnued ])y naked uieu. con-
tinues until aU are exhausted, when the hospitahtii's of
I-"* Sintir, Uilliiifis' Kf., p. I't.i; I'ltuijihfTii ''".'/•) P' '~*'^-
li!'' ' ('oiiimc li's fiMir.iii's (Miiitairut clirr rii pri'scuts dc fian(^',iillrs. l,t ]ilu-
piirt dcsAli'outfs ii'tii iiviiinit iiii'iuic (HI dciix.' li'i irhiini/, \''>i/., ]>. ")7'.l. i'm-
rliiisii iis iiiiuiy ^irls fur wives us tliry (.'iiii sniipdi't. >'< or/', liiHiinis' /■.",(•., p.
l(ii). 'Olijccts of niniiitniiil iirtVctinii.' /'/., ji. Jtit). 'Tluir lizards me <m1"-
fuUy )ilurkc>(l (lilt assd.iiias tin y ItiLjiu to aiiiicar, and their cliins tattmMd
li!c'> thiiHc tif tlic wdiiieii.' l.Kii isilnriFn I'"//-. I't- ii-. !>• •l''^. 'Tin) llussiaiw
t:ilil lis, that they never had any iMiineetidiis with their Wduieu, lieeaiisd
tliey were Udt Christians. Our pedple were not so s('rn]iuldns; and some nf
tlieni liad reason to repent tiiat tlie fi Utah s of Oonalashka eiicduraijed lie ir
adilvesses wilhoiit any I'eserve; for their liealth snil'ered liy a distemper that
is not nnknown here.' ('nnl.'s 'IliirtI I'e//., vol. ii., p i"i21.
'■'" ' It often hapjieiis that a mother iihinues Ik riioi'-.' 'hild into wati r, even
in winter, and keeps it there till it leaves otl' cryiiiL;.' .Lisiinal. i/'s !'■ //.. ]>. lHJ,
' Sehreyt das Kind, so tviiitt es die Afiitter, es sey tVinter dder Sonnui i' nak-
kend naeh der See, nnd halt es so i,inL;e iiu Wasser his es still wiiil.' A'/cH
y:ichi:, p. IDS.
'" 'Have their own chiefs in each island.' t'mil.'n Thu'iJ \'oii.. vol. ii.,
p. i'lO. '(rener.illy is conferred (in him who is tliu most rem.irkahle for hi^
persDual (pialitics.' Coxn's Itatis. lils.. p. "iTJ.
CIIAEACTErt OF THE ALEUTS.
93
im to
A Wvv
. cou-
t'u's of
111 iiln-
• ittniMll
U'^MillH
( mil' iif
il thi ir
ii- Ihiit
r, (Vi'u
I'
_ii
t- 1l:ll'
tor his
tliG dwellinp; are pltvood iit the disposal of tho gnost, and
all ri'tiiv.^'' A ivli.uious i'cstival used to ho held in Dc-
cenihrr, at Avhich all the woiut'ii of the villat;e asseinhled
by nioouliji'ht. and danced naked with masked faces, tlio
men heing excluded under i)enalt_v of death. The men
and women of a vilkiiie bathe toiiether, in aboiiiiinal
innoceucA'. unconscious of im[)r()})riety. They are Ibnd
of pantomimic performanivs : of representing in dances
their myths and their le,2.en(ls; of acting" out a chase, one
assuming the part of hunter, another of a bird or beast
tr\ ing to escape the snare, now succeeding, now failing —
the piece ending in the ti-ansformation of a captive bird
into a lovely woman, who falls exhau.sted into the arms
of the hunter.
The dead are clothed and masked, and either placed
in the cleft of a rock, or swung in a boat or cradle from
a pole in the open air, Thvy seem to guard the body
as nuich as possilde from contact with the ground.'''^
\n their nature and disposition, these islanders are
sluggish but strong. Their sluggishness gives to their
character a gentleness and obse(|uiousness often remarked
1)y travelers; while their inherent strength, when roused
])y brutal passions, di'ives them on to the gi'eatest enor-
mities. They are capable of enduring great i'atigue, and,
Avhen roused to action by necessity, they will pei'form
an incredible amount of woi'k. sullei'ing the severes',
I'old or heat or hunger with the most stoical cahnness.
Thev are verv (luiet in their demeanor: sometimes sit-
tmg in companies within their dens, or on their liouse-
1 '- TliDsi' of the inhiibitauts wlui Imvo two wivis Ljive tluir Rnosts ouo, or
u sliivi.'. XvHC Xni'lir., j). 171. 'In the sprint,' Lilidays, tlicy wiar musks,
lU'iitly carvt'cl ami fiuicifiilly orniniifntid.' Suai-r, JiiHiKjs' A'.i'.. p. 1(10.
'i' ' (_)u avail soin dc IcilisiiMstiilc iiianii"'rc iicc (|u'il iw toiU'liat pas la tcnv.'
])'()rlii iiii/, I'"//., p. ">71*. ' I'hulialiii the Iiodiisof llif mill witli (liiiil mossaml
grass.' Siimr, IIUHikjs' l:',f..]>. IHI. Slavi'S s(iiurtimcsslaiiL;lit(rtMl. I,it,i(isili'rfj"s
/-il//.. ])t. ii., p. 48. 'Jiiiry tliciv ilrail uii tlir summits of liills.' Cnnl.'s 'I'Inrd
I'd//., vol. ii., p. fj'il. ' Wlii'ii a man dits in tin- hut hLlou'^iiit; to his wife, sho
rctiics into a (lark hole, whinshr rrmains forty days. Tin' husliaiid jiavs tlio
same comiilinu'iit to liis favorite wife npnu her death.' ('■mi'.s Huns, jiis., p.
218. ' Die Todten werdeu heu'ralien, mid man ^iebt dem Mann seineii I'iahn,
I'feilo mid Kleider mit ins Grah.' ' Die Todtiu umwinden sie mit Itiemen
und li,iiiL,'en sie in eiiier Art li'il/enur Wiei;e an ciiien anf /wey Galxhii
vuheudeu t^uurstuck ill dcr Luft uuf.' ^Vme Sachr., pp. iUl, IJl.
nrr
*W
u; ■■ \ H
94
HYrERBOREANS.
tops gazing at tlie sea for hours, Avitliout .^peaking a word.
It is said that formerly thej -were much more gii\- and
cheerful, but that an accpiaintance Avith civilization has
been productive of the usual misfortune and misery.' '*
It does not appear that the Russians Avere behind the
Spaniards in their l)arbarous treatment of the nati\es.'^'
Notwithstanding their interest lay in preserving lil'e, and
holding the natives in a state of serfdom as fishers and
hunters, the poor people were soon swept away. I'iither
Innocentius A'eiiiaminolf, a Russian missionary who la-
bored among the islanders long and faitlifuUy. gives them
the highest character for ])robity and propriety. Among
other thintis, he aflirms that during a residence of ten
vears in L nalaska, there did not occur a >i;mle fiuht
among tlie natives. Proselytes were made by tlie Rus-
sians with the same facility as l)y the j^paniards. ^frib-
ute was levied l)y the Russians upon all the islanders,
l)ut. for three years after their conversion, neopliytes were
exempt; a cheap release I'rom hatel'ul serA'itude, thought
tlie jHior Aleut; and a polit^• which brought into the lolds
of the church
1 iiauan iiiu
Ititud
es.
The Thuxkeet?, as they call themselves, or KoInscJicSj
as they are designated by the Russians, iiihnliit the coast
and islands from Alount St l"'ilius to the river Xass.
The name Thlinkeet signilies "man,' or 'human l^eing.'
'■'• ' Natni'tllcniont silciicionx.' T)'f>rhhiiii/, Vo)/., p. ~\~H. ' Sii' voiTichteu
aucli tlie Xcithilnrft niid das Ehc.ycschat't (iliiic iillc Schcu.' .\(iii' AVcA;'., j).
] "ill. ' A stiijiiil sik'iu'f rciLjiis iim<>ii;_; tln'm.' ' I niii jxisiiiidi d that tlic siiii-
plicifv (if tliiir iliaiactii' cxccids that of any (ithcr ]Kii]'ii\' J.isimiyhy's I (■//.,
PI). 1S2, I'S:!. ' Kiiiil-hcavti d and oliliLtinLj, siihniissivc ami curcfid; Imt if
roused to ani^'cr, they l)('<Miiiir rash and nnthinliint;, even niah'volrnt, ami in-
dilVirtiit to all danj^'cr.' 7/ni;;w/(./7/",s \'iii/., ]it. ii., ]i. 'i'2. ' To all aiiiicaranci',
tli( y arc the most pc lU'calih', imifl'msivc juoplc, 1 ever nut with. And, as to
lioncstv. tliiy might strvf as a pattern to the nmst civilized nation ii]ion earth.'
(■no/,, Vol. ii., p. WW.
"' ' 'I'd hunt was their task: to he drowned, or starv( d, or exliansted. wan
their reward.' Siivpudn's •Imir.. vol. ii.. ]i. 'I'lU. ' They are harndess, wretcdied
slaves. ' whose race will soon l)e extinct, h'liliihiie'n \'iii/. v?;!. ill., p. ;tl.">. The
liussian hunters "used not unfrccjuently to ]ilace tl.e nun close to;,'ether, and
try throuudi how iuany the hall of thi ir rilli'-harrelled musket would ]>ass.'
,Si((((C, lliiliiiii's P'.y. Ajiji.. ]). "iCi. '(>i a thousand men, who formerly li\cd in
this spot, scarcely more than forty remained.' .I,'(iiiis(liiijJ''x 1'"//., pt. ii., p. "iit.j.
' La variole, la syjiliilis, voire meme le cholc'ra depuis (pnli|ues anm'es, en em-
jiorteut lUiL' eftrayante <piaiitite,' Lh^./.k:-, i IrcdiiiHar., vol I J., {). ol.
THE THLINKEETS.
95
Koloscli,"*"' or more properly KdhKjd, is tlio Aleutian
Mord i'or 'dish,' uiid was uivon to this people In" Aleut-
ian seal-hunters Avhoni the llussians employed during
their first occupation of tiie Island of the Sitkas. Per-
ceiving a resenihlance in the shape of the Thlinkeet lip-
ornanient, to the wooden vessels of their own country,
they applied to this nation the name Kaluga, whence
the Kolosches of the liussians.
Ilolmherg cari'ies their houndaries down to the (V)-
lumhia Ivi\er; and Wrangell pei'ceives a likeness, real
or imaginary, to the A/.tecs.^'" Indeed the dilferenees
hetween the Thlinkeets and the inhahitants of New Cal-
edonia, Washington, and Oregon, are so slight that the
Avhole might without iuipropi'iety he called one people.
The Thlinkeets have, however, some ])eculiarities not
found elsewhere; they are a nation distinct from the
Tinneli, upon their eastern horder, and 1 therefore treat
of tnem separately.
'J'he three fauiilies of nations already considered,
namely, the l']skimos, the Koniagas. and the Aleuts, are
all designated hy most writers as Kskimos. Souie even
include the Thlinkeets, notwithstanding their ]»hysi('al
and philological diiferences, which, as well as their tra-
ditions, are as hroadly marked as those of nations that
these same etiniologists se[)arate into distinct i'amilies.
XomacHc nations, occupying lands hy a precarious tenure,
with ever-changing houndaries. engaged in perpetual hos-
tilities with conteruiinous trihes tiiat iri'((uently anuihi-
late oralisorh an entire conniuniity. so graduate into one
another that the dividing hue is often with dilliculty de-
tcnniued. Thus the Tldinkeets. now almost universally
helil to he North Amerit-an Indians ])ropi'r. and distinct
from the Mskimos. possess, pi'riiaps. as many allinities to
their neighhors on the north, as to those upon the soutli
and east. The conclusion is oh\ious. The nati\e I'aces of
America, l)y their geographie-al position and the climatic
'■''' Knlivin, Kuljiisli, Jviliimli, Ivibtsrh, h'llnsli, h'nfiisch, Jvilush, Ki)Ii,srliis,
Miucliiiinl culls tliciu 'rchiiikid'ilK'. \'"i/i( ;r nut. da Moudv, tola, ii ., ]). U.
II
I ipl
90
HYPErvBOllEANS.
Ill :
m
inflnenres which govern thoin, arc of necessity to a cer-
tain degree similar; Avliile a separation into isolated
connnunities which are acted u})on hy local causes, re-
sults in national or trihal distinctions. Thus the human
i-ace in America, like the human race throughout the
world, is uniform in its variety, and varied in its unit\.
The Thlinkeet family, connnencing at the north, com-
prises the Ij/dkiines^^''^ on the shore of the continent
between Mount St Julias and Copper l^iver; the Y<i-
]aifut>>, of Bering Bay; the Cldlhtt)^, at Lynn Canal; the
JlooJiiith, at Cross t^ound; the llomhuioox, of Chatham
Strait; and. following down the coast and islands, the
Taloos. the .1«Z'8, the Kahis, the /S';V/.W8,^''' the StUAms.^'"
and the T/iiKja^'s The Sitkas on JJaranoff Island'" are
the dominant tribe.
Descending from the north into more genial climes, the
physical type changes, and the form assumes mor« grace-
fid propoi'tions. With the expansion of nature and r»
freer })lay of physical powers, the mind expands, native
character becomes intensihed. instinct keener, savage
nature more savjige, the noljler (jualities become more
noble: cruelty is more cruel, torture is elevated into an
art, stoicism is cultivated,"" human sacrifice and human
slavery begin, and the oppression and degradation of
woman is systematized. '' If an oi-iginal American race
is acc('[)ted."' says llolm])erg, " the Tldiid<eets must be
classed with them.' They claim to have migrated from
the interior of the continent, opposite (^ueen Charlotte
Island.
The Tgalenzes spend their winters at a small ]jay cast
nf rijiilnchunuVi, Vij(tJj(tdimjulen, ['(inl'/dcliinutii, I'liuluLtinik's, I'ljnkiizi,
JJijdli'nioh, I 'it'ilfims.
I'W They 'call thcinsolvos G-tinlut, or S-cliiiikit, or also S-cliitrlia-i'hou,
tlmt is, iiiliMliitunts of Sitki or Sitcliii.' L'lii'isilnrtrs /'"//., pt. ii., 12!S.
1'" 'riic ortho^'ruiiliic varieties of this wonl are endless. Sticl,i'i:ii, Slc'.li),
St'ihliiii, St'irliiii, Sli/.iii, .^7((f/(i/i", >7(7. ('I'll, .^tihhw, Stijchine, are aiuony thosu
before me at tlie iiK)nient.
1" At the eiul of this chapter, under Trihal Boundaries, the location of
these tvihes is ^'iveli detinitely.
"•■! A 'l'hlinl;e( t hoy, ' win n under the whip, continued his derision, with-
out once uxhihitiiig the slightest appearuucu of sutl'eriny.' Li^l'um.'.ij'ii \'(>ij.,
p. 212.
are
the
'ijdkiizi,
ia-ch(iii,
Iiy tllllSl!
•iitidii of
THLIXKEET I'ECULIAIUTIES.
97
from Kiuliiik, niid tlu'ir f^uninu'i's near tlio inoiitli of
('o})l)t'r Kivcr, uliero they take lish in jireat (|iiiintities.
Their eoiiiitrv also ahoiiiid.s in heaver. The Chilkats
make t^vo anmial trading excnrsions into the interior.
The Taeully trihes. the Sicannis and XehMinies, with
uhom the Thilkats exehange J'iUrojH'aii goods foi- I'urs,
Mill allow no wliite man to ascend their streams.
Xatnrally. the 'i'hlinkeets are a fine raee; the men het-
ter formed than the lioatmen ol' the north;"' the women
modest, fair, and handsome;'" hut the latter have gone
I'ar out of their way to sj)oil the liandiwork of nature.
Xot content with daul)ing the hi'ad and l)od\ with (ilthv
coloring mixtiu'es; with adorning the neck with co])|)er-
wire collars, and the i'ace with grotes([ue wooden mtisks;
with scarring their lind)s and hreast Avith keen-edged
instrinnents; with j)iercing the nose and ears, and filling
the apertures with hones, shells, sticks, pieces of copper,
nails, or attaching to them heavy jiendants, which drag
down the organs and pull the features out of place ;"^
'" ' Loni ('(n']is ost raiimsst', niais asscz Idcii propdrtioniii'.' Miircliiiiid,
I'liy., torn. ii.. J). K). ' Very ticrco.' I'urilni-I.'s To//-- !'• -'■') ■ " Eiinlis strai^^ht
aiul well sliapcd.' liivon's !'<///., p. 171. ' Stolzc },'cra<lc llaltnii!,'.' IliliKlnni,
J.tliii. >/, i'i., i>. 1(1. ' Active and clcvi'l' ' ],is}(tiisl,i/'s 1'"//., ji. 2.'i7. ' ]!i^,'(itc i'i
iiiaiiera ile los Chinos.' J'inz, AV(r., MS. p. l-l. ' Liiulis ill-pioiiortioncd.'
Ki.hiliiit's y<'iD \'<iy., \o\. ii., ji. -lit. ' Tri's supi'rieurs in courage ct en iutelli-
genc(-.' L(t I'l.'Vdiinc, \ III/., toni. iv., p. it4.
'" The women ' ave ph'asinjj; and their carnage modest.' I'Drtlnch's \'iii/.,
]). 2!ll. AVlien washed, wliite and fresli. J)i.V'iii's l'"i/., p. 171. ' Dniddo
Hantfai'be.' Jlulmhi ni. Ellin. Skiz., p. 1(1. 'Evan de color lilanco y hahiii
iinxlios con ojos aznles.' J'lnz, 2\<tr., MS. \>. H. As lair as many Enro-
jieans. LiiiKisili.rjrs \'<ii/., pt. ii.. p. 112. ' Mn.'lios de ellos de iiu hlanco
regular.' licdi'iiii y (Jinnlrii, .\itr., JIS. ]). 4;i.
"j • Le>ir chevellire. (hire, epaisse, nieli'e, coiiverte d'ocre, de duvet d'oi-
seUUX. et de toutes Ic s onhu'es (|Ue la ni'gligence et le tem]is y ont aceumulees,
contriliue encore a rendre leiir aspect hideux.' Mdirlinml, \'ni/., torn, ii., p.
•111. ' .\ more hidions set of beings, in the form of men and women. 1 had
never hefor ' seen.' Cb nUiniVfi I'e//., p. '.H . The men painted ' a hlaek circlo
exten(Hng from the forehea<l to the mouth, and a red chin, which gave tlie
face altogethtr the ap])earance o' a mask.' J.isiihi/.si/'s lo//.. ji. Mil. ' I'our-
raiciit meme ])asserponr jolies, sans I'horrilile hahituihMju'ellcs ont adoptee.'
J.iijil'tri', ('ircuiiitiin-.. tom. vi., p. b7. 'That person seems to he reckoned tho
greatest beau amongst them, whose face is one entire piece (tf smut and grease.'
JtiX'in's 1 '<!//., i>. ()H. ' lis se font des cicatrices sur h's bras et surla poitrine.'
J.ii Pi'roHse, I'"//., tom. ii.. p. 22IJ. 'Um ausdemCTCsichte diese fette Earben-
niasse abznwasclieii. gehrauchen sie ihren eignen I'rin. und dieser verursacht
bei ihnen den widerliehiii (Terueh.der den sich ihm naheudeu I'remdliug fast
zuui Erbrecheu bringt.' llvlmbenj, Etiuu tikiz., p. 20.
Vol. I. 7
08
HYPEllBOUEAXS.
tliev appear to liavo taxed tlicir invontivo powers to the
utmost, and with a siiecess imsuri)assed In' any iiatujn
in the Avorld, to produce a model of hideous heauty,
^J'his success is achieved in their wooden lii)-ornament,
the ci'ownin,ir ^ilory of the Thhnkeet matron. (U'scriljed
])y a multitude of eye-witnesses; and the ceremony of
its introduction maA' l)e not inaj)propriiitely termed, the
ha})tism of the hlock. At the a,ue of puhert_\-. — some say
during infancy or childhood. — in the under lij)()f ail free-
horn female Thlinkeets."'' a slit is made parallel with the
mouth, and al)out hall' an inch l)elow it.^'" If the incision
is made during infanc\-. it is only a small hole, into which
a needle of copper, a hone, or a stick is inserted, the
size ))eing increased as the child grows. If the haptism
is deferred until the period when the maiden merges
into womanhood, the operation is necessarily uj)on a
larger scale, and conseipienth' more i)ainful."** Wlien
'■1^' 'Xlenrcs, T'(<//f^/c.s'. p. xxxi., stiitcs that at Prince William SoiukI, 'tlic
men have universally a slit in their under lij), between the jnnjectin.L; part nf
the lip and the eliiii, which is cnt jiarallel with their months, and has the iip-
pearance of another month.' Worn only by women. Jlixim's I'"//.. i>. 172.
11" 'About three tenthsof an inch below the upper part of the under lip.'
Viiiiroiivi'va Voij., vol. ii., p. "iSO. 'In the centre of the nndtr-lip.' hoiiis-
ihirff's To//., pt. ii., p. lb"). •Fendue (in ras des j,'encives.' ]ji I'l'i-misv, V"i/.,
tom. ii.. p. '224. 'In the thick part near the month.' Jltsax's I'"//., p. 1^7.
'When the tirst person havini; (his incision was se(n by one of the seamen,
Mho called out. that tiie man had two mouths.' ('(idI/s I hiril I'",'/., vol. ii., p.
li'ill. 'In Iheir early infancy, a small incision is made in the center of the
under lip. and a jiiecc of brass or copper wire is placed in, and left in the
wound. This c )rrodes the lacerat<d parts, and by consumint,' the th sh j,'rad-
nally increases the oritici', until it is Hutticieiitly hir^'e to admit thcMdoihu
appiiida;^e.' \'((ncii>irir's i'"i/.. vol. ii.. p. 4(W. 'Les femmes de Tchinki-
tani' ont <'rn dev<iir ajouter ii leur Ixanti' natnrelle, par remi)loi d'un oriie-
ment labial, aussi bi/arre (princommode.' M(tirli((iid. I'h//., tom. ii., p. -iS.
"■* ' Simply perforated, and a piece of copjier wire introduced.' Iii,viiii'<<
Viijl., p. 1H7. 'Les jitines lilies ndiit (Hi'une ait,'uille dans la Icvre infe-
rienre.' /,'/ P'^roum', I'"//., tom. ii., ji. 2'Jt!. ' On y pn'jjare les ]i(tit(S lilhs
aussit it (lu'elles sont nt'es.' /</., torn. iv.. p. 51:. 'At tirst a tliick wire.'
J.iiiKiailnrirs I'll//., pt.ii., i>. lb"). When almost marriat^'cable. Iv.tiihui-'s A'/'-
I'"//., vol. i'., ]). 51. ' The children havi' them bored at about (wo years of
iij,'e, when II iiiece of co))per-wire is jint throu]:.'!! (he hole; (his (hey wear (ill
the a!,'e of about thirteen or fourteen years, wliiai it is (akeii oii(. and the
wooden ornament introduced.' I'l rtlnrl/s Vi'l)., ji. '2H',I. ' Said (o d( no(e ma-
turity.' Wlijitiiinr's AUisid. ]). ltd. ' Se percer la levre inf('rieure des len-
faiice.' ' D'aurandir jieu a pen cet(<> ouver(ur<! au point de pouvoir jeunc
Jille y iutroduii-e nne co(|uille, ct fennne mari('(! mie enorme tasse de bois.'
I.n)ih«'.e, Circitiiniiti'., tom. vi., p. H7. 'Never takes ])lace dnrin;,' tluir in-
fancy.' I)i.i'OH's I'"//., p. 1h7. 'When (he event takes place that imjilies
womanhood.' 7j'.s«(/(,s7.//'.s I'"//., p. 2111. ' Wenu ziiui ersteu Mai beim ilad-
TIILINKEET LIP-OENAMENT.
09
the incision is mailo, a copper wire, oi- a piece of shell
or Avood, is intro'liiced, Avhich keeps tlie Avound open and
the iipertmv extended; and hy cidarjiinji' tiie ohjcct and
ket'i)in,ti' u[) a continuous hut i)ainful strain, an artilicial
oi)eninji' in the i'ae<; is made of the recpiired dimensions.
On attaininii' the ajie of mutni'ity. this wire or other
incuiuhrancc is removed and a ))lock of wood inserted,
^rhis hlock is oval or eHi[)tical in sha[)e, concaved or
liollowed dish-like on the sides, and grooved like the
wheel of a j)ulley on the edjie in order to keep it in
place."' 1'he dimensions of the l)lock are from two to six
inches in lenuth. from one to four inches in width, and
aliout half an inch thick round the edge, and hij:hl\- jiol-
ished.'""' Old age has little terror in the eyes of a Tidin-
keet helle, for larger lip-hlocks are introduced as years
advance, and each eidai'gement adds to the lady's social
status, if not to her iacial charms. A\'hen the hlock is
withdrawn, the lii) (lr()[)s down n})on the chin like a piece
of leather, displaying the teeth, and presenting altogether
chcn siuli Spiu'cn tlri- ^raiiiiliurki it zcit,'!!!, winl ilirc T'litcrlipix' dnnli-
stocl^; II mill in dicsc Oirt'niuii; ciiic KiKicluiispit/c, !,'<;4cii\v:ii'ti^,' ilmli li.iu-
ti;;t'i' <'iii Sillirrstit't j^tlr^t.' lluhiiliti-ij, Ktlm. Sl.i:., p. 21. • I'lus Irs iiartfi('>
que r-iiilo lo tciiiaii los cas.Klns.' I'cnz, .\i(r., !MS. ]i. IT).
'•'' ' Cdiicavc (111 lidtli sides.' \'(ini'i>ttcir'ti \ n;!., vol. ii., \i. 'JnO, ' Sn laiij,'t)
Bio unvcilnilatlut ist, ti;iL;t sie diiscii; cilialt sic aliir ciiitii Maim, sn |ii'tssfc
limn iiiiiii i,'V(')sscnii Sclumuk von Holz cider Kiinchcii in die ( )etl'iiuiii,', welclier
iiaeli iiiiuii, d. li. zur ZaLiiseite elwas trii>;f(iriii!f,' aust,'elii.hlt ist.' Jlnliulnnj,
Kiliii. SI, !:.. [). '21. 'I'lU! I'spi'ce tVeciulie dc Ixi s s.ilis alises cpii a})) llie coll-
tre les )^elicives,' La I'l'l'mist, T'l//-' tniu. ii., p. .V'.L I'ieces <if .-.liidl leselll-
liliiii,' teeth. Mums' !'"(/., p. xxxi.
I'l' ' As lai'L,'!' us a lai';-;e saucer.' I'diih ■(■/,'.•< I'e//., ]). 'JS'.), • Froin one cov-
nor of the mouth to the other.' I '(//;(''/(/ ('fc's I'"//., vol ii., p. 280. ' l'rcc[Uently
iiicreasKl to three, or even four inches in lenuth. and nearly as wide.' IiIxdd's
\'iil/., p. in". '.V comiimni'iaeiit an denii-jiouci' depaisseur, deux de dia-
iiictrc, it tvois jjoucis de lon^'." /.<( /'./i/ksi , \'"!/. toiii. iv.. p. HJ. ■ ,\t
least seven inches in circunifen iicc' Mnirrs' I'l///.. p. xxxviii. 'Jilt deii
.Tahrcii wird der Schniuck veri,'iiissert. so dass or liei eiiiciii alteii Weilie iilier
2 Zoll hnit anj,'etrotl'en wild.' /A<!y/l'/^/■;/. Ktlm. ,SI,h., p. 21 From two to tivo
inches Ioiil;, and from one and a half to three inches Im ad. Ladies of dis-
tinction increase the size. " I have even seen ladies of very lii^h rank with
this ornament, full five inches Ioul; and three broad.' Mr l)\volf atlirms that
he saw 'an old woman, the wife of a chief, whose lip ornament was so lari,'e,
that by a peculiar motion of lur ui'.ier-liii she could almost conceal her whoh)
fac(> with it.' ' Horvihlc in its appearau, •■ to us Europeans.' /.'((c/.mA. /•//".•,■
I'V/.. Jit. ii., p. ll.">. ' l"s una'alKitura coino de nudia puli,'ada dehaxo del
labiu inferior, ipie riineseiita seeunda boca. donde culocan una espccic de
roldana eliptiea de jiiiio. cuyo diamctvo mayor es de dos puluadas, ipiatro
lineas, y cl lueiior du una pulgada.' Stdil ij Mixicut't, \"i(('ji , p. 120.
:i
, I" i'
100
IIYPElinOllEAXS.
a ghastly sppctaclo.'"'^ Tliis ciistoiii is evidently associated
ill their minds with vvonuinly modesty, for ulieu Iai
l*ert)use asked them to remove their hhnrk, some rel'iised;
those who complied manilestinj;' tlu' same emharrassment
s-howu )ty a European woman who uiK'overs her hosom.
The ^'akntats alone of all the Thlinkeet nation have
never adopted this i'ashion.
Their dress, which is made from wolf, deer, ])ear. or
other skin, extends I'rom tlie shoidder to the knee, and
consists of a mantle, or cape, with slei'ves. which reaches
down to the waist, and to which the women attach a
skirt, or jiown, and the men a helt and api'on. A white
hlanket is made from the wool of the wild shee[), em-
hroidered with fiiiiires, and frini-ed with I'nrs, all of nati\e
Avork. This «iiirnient is most hitihly prized hy the men.
They wear it thrown over the shoulder so as to cover the
whole hody.
A^ancunver thus describes the dross of a chief at Lynn
Canal. His '•external robe was a very line large gar-
'■''1 ' Uuo enormc tixsno <!(■ Imis, dcsliiu'o h reocvoir l.i salivo qui s'cn ('cliiippo
C'oiistiiiiimciit.' Liijihirc, ( "irrHiiindr., toiii. vi.. )>. S7. ' Ji'cttit (If I'ct oniciiicnt
ist (le raliiittro, ]iiii' 1(! jioids di,' sii ])!Uti(i siiillantf lu li'vrt' iiifi'iiciirc sur In
luciiton, (k' cltjv<'lo])])ii' l<s cliiiniKS (liiui' ^'liiiidf Ipimclic bc'iiiitc, (jni jjiciid
1,1 fornic dc ccllc! d'tui fnur, <t df iiicttrc u di'cimvi'it uiie riiiit,'')' dc dciitn
j.iiiiirs ft sidi's.' Miircli(iii<l, \'(ii/.. tiiin. ii., p. 4',(. ' Slic is ()l)liy;cd to Ik' cnii-
staiitly (111 tlic wiitch, IcHt it Mlioidd full out, which would cover her witli con-
tusion." Li!<ii(iisl,ij's \'"!/., ]). 2-11. ' Till! wcijiht of this trcuchii' or oniaiiicnt
Weighs Uic lip down so us to cover th(! whole of the chin, leaviiiL; all tho
lower teeth and f,'niii (jnitit naked.' forllin'l.'s V<ii/., p. "JSl). 'lj'nsai;(' le plus
r.'voltant (pli cxisti^ j)eiU-ctre sur la terre.' i,'/ /''•;•</»>■(■, Vai/., toiii. ii., p.
'J'2(i. 'Always in pniportion to ii person's wealth.' 'l>istorts every feature
in th(^ lower part of the face.' l)ixoii'fi \'<ii/., p. OS, 17'2. 'In runnini^
tli(^ lip ilaiis nj) and down so as to knock soiiietiiiu s iieainst the chin and
soiiietinies a,i,'ainst the nos(>. Vpon IIk* continent the kaliij^a is worn still
larijer; and the female who can cover her whole face with lier iinder-lip
jiasses for the most perfect beauty.' ' The \\[)H of the women held out like ji
t-,dU,i;li. and always tilled with saliva stained with tohacco-juiee, of which
they are iiiinioderately fond, is the most alioniinahly revolting' jiart of the
H])cctacle.' hnliibiii's yrin \'iii/., vol. ii., p. f)"2. 'Dadureli cnstelit tine im
sellii^'cn Maasso nusgeilehnte IJppe, die hiichst widerlich aussi' lit, urn so
iiielir, dii sieli nun inehr der ^Iiind iiiclit sclilicsseu kann, Hondern unauf-
luirlich ciiieii brauncn Tahakssiieichel von sicli t,'il)t,' llolmhirii, Kllm. >Ais.,
]i. 21. ' So distorts the face us to take from it uliiiost the reseiuhlance to this
human; yet the privilcffc of wearini^ this ornament is not extended to tlit!
female sluves, who are jnisoncrs taken in war.' ('Ivnlitinl's I'o//., p. I'l. 'Look
lis if they had lurf,'e Hat wooden spoons growing,' in the flesh.' LiOKisilnrfl'/i
I'd//., pt. ii. p. 115. 'The sif,'ht is hideous. Our men used jocosely to say,
this lower lip would make a good slab to lay their trousers on to be scrubbeit.'
DRESrt OF THE TIILIXKEETS.
101
('(■Imiipo
rnciiu'iit
•I! SUV 1"
i piciul
I' (IclltS
ln' (•( n-
itli coii-
lliUIK'Ut
all tho
• Ic pluH
. ii., ]'.
fiatmo
liin iiiul
)in still
luli'V-lip
it lik" ii
f wliirli
,t of Ww.
cine iiii
, uiu so
uiiiinf-
I' to tilt)
|l to tho
'Look
;si/ii/'//'.s
• to SUV,
•ubbed.'
mciit. tlmt roaoluMl from liis nock dimii to liis lioels,
iiiadc of ^v()<)l from the moimtiiin sljc('|). iicatlv vjirit'-
ji'iitt'il with .scvc'i'iil colors, and cdocfl and othorwiso dt'c-
oratt'd Avith littlo tufts oi' frojis of woolen varn. dved of
various colors. His head-dress was made of wood, much
resemhliii;:' in its shaju' a crown, ailorned Avith hrioht
coi)lter and brass ])lates, from whence him^' a nuud)er of
tails or streamers, composed of wool and I'ur, wrought
tojiether, dved of Aarious colors, and I'ach ti'rininatin;;'
in a whole ermine skin. The whole exhihited a ina,ii-
nificent appearance, and indicated a taste for dress and
ornament that we liad not supposed the natives of those
rejiions to possess."'
'I'he men make a wooden mask, wliich I'l-sts on a ncck-
|)iece, M'l'v iniicniously <'arved, and painted in colore, so
as to re])ri'sent the head of souje bird or heast or mvth-
olo^ical i)eino'. This was i'ormerly worn in hattle, j)roh-
ahly, as J.,a Peronse snjijzests. in order to sti'ike terror into
the hearts of enemies, hut is now used only on festive
occasions.
l.VJ
A small hat of roots and hark, woven in tho shai)0 of
a truncated cone, ornamented with painted (ijiures and
pictures of animals, is worn hy hoth si'xes.''' Ordinarily,
howevt'r. the men wear nothinu: on the head: their thick
liair, greased and covered with ochiv and hirds' down,
formino' a sulhciont coverinji'. The hat is dcsioned espe-
cially for rainy weather, as a protection to the elaborately
T)iini's Ornjon, p. "277. ' Oii n(< coiuiaii point (Tixplication plansililc dc cctti'
luntilatiou, (pii, ilic/. lis Iiiilitlis, passe pour im siL,'iR' dv iiolilissc' Mofras,
K,vi>li)i\, toll), ii., p. ;!:i1,
1'- ' Die Maiiiurtracht iintci'sclniilit sidi in Niclits von ilcv dcr Wciljir; sio
licstt'lit iiaiiilich alls ciiu ni liis v.n diii Kuiccu j^iluiidcii Ilcindc.' H'liiilnrii,
Kt'iiii. SL'ii., p. is. Soiiii' of their blankets 'are so ciiiioii^ly wmked on oiio
side witli tlte furof the sea-otter, that they ai)pear as if lined w ith it.' ■ Some
dress themselves in short jiaiitaloons.' .Lisidnsl, i/'n I'j//., ]). 2 !S. 'Las mu-
f^eres visfeii liouestainente una es^ieeic^ detuiiiea interiorde pi<l s<iliada.' Sulil
y Mi'.i-icKiKi, \"ui If, p. exvii. ' Se vestian las niuu;eris tunieas de ])ieles ajusta-
das al cuerpocon lirazaletes decolire o hierro.' I'm'i, Akc., MS. j). 1"). ' I'sual
elotluH!^' consists of a littlea|iroii.' Knhchne's .Vckj 1'"//., vol. ii., p. 1'.). ' Tliiir
feet are always hare.' /,'(/"/si^//7/".s' I'ai/., pt. ii., p. lit.
IJ^ ' Usau soiuhreros de la corteza interior del j)ino en forma de cono truii-
endo.' Siit'il 1/ Mr.dcit/ni, r/(/;/r, ]>. exvii. Their wooileii niaslis ' are so lliiek,
that a iiinski>t-!)all, 11 red at a moderate distaiieo, can hardly peiutratu theiu.'
JAsiitiish ij's \'iii/., p. I'O.
Dili \
I'll
102
II\TEUnOREAXS.
(livf^scd liiiir.' '* IVsidos tht'ir cvcrN-diiy divss, tlu'\' have
a I'antast'ut co.stnnu' I'oi" trilial lidlidays.
l-'or tlu'ir winter liahitatioiis, a littU' l»Mck (Voiii tlio
(K'oaii. the 'ridiiikec'ts build Mihstaiiliid houses of plauk
or loji's, .vol 1 lot ii IK'S of f^iillioieiit Htivii,i:tli to wi've as a
fortress. TIh'V are six or eight feet in lieight, the base
ill the form of a s(|ii!ire or iJaruUelograiii, the roof of
])oles placed at an angle of fortv-li\e degrees and cov-
ered ^vith bark. 'I'lii; entrance is by a siiiall side door.
The fire, which is usually ke[)t burning night and i\,\\\
occupies tlii> centre of the room; o\er it is a smoke-
liole of minsnal size, and roniid the sides of tlu; loom
ari' aj)artments or dens which are used as store-houses,
sweat-houses, and private; family rooms. The main room
is very iiiil)li(! and very fihliy.'''' Summer huts are li-iht
jtortable buildings, thrown up during' hunting excursions
in the interior, or on the sea-beach in the rishing-seasen.
A IVame is made of stakes dii-,.n into the ground, sup-
]H)rting a roof, and the whole covered with bark, or w ilh
green or dry l)ranche, and skins or l)ark over all. i hi
(.•;or is ck)sed l)y bark or a curtain of skins. JOacii hut
l"iiii(ls, wliicli till y take iiwiiy with tlniii \\1
It is very siifprisiii^ to s((^ Imw will tin
hlioc-kiiii,' tiMils they ciniiliiy ; sMiiuMif tin i
lii'diul, iiiiiliiiit iiion'thau iiii iin-li tliirk.' J'o,
aiiil roomy, built of wood, witlitlii' hearth in iii
into iis many colli] lartiiK lit s as tluic arc familii s li\iii ,uili r the root'.' Iticli-
(irdniiK's Jtiiir,, vol. i., ]i. 41((. ' Lclit in Si'hoiipcn .tiis IJalkiu Ljihaiit. wo
I'.n (li'ii Siitcii fiiv jcili' Faniilic liisonilcn- I'lat/c ahui tlnilt sind, in (h r Mitto
iihir Ffinr fiir allc ziisamnnn aiininiacht wird. So ]ill(;.;cii jitniciiimlicli 2
bis Fuiuiliou eiuo ciuzigu Sehuiunj Liu/iiuthnRii.' JJiur'n Ethn. u. HUd., \\. IIT.
-i arc mailr of a few
tluir wiiiii r(|iiartcrs,
.|M' tlnir I villi Iho
- full 10 fift 1. ,. -J'., f.'.'t
>ro//.. -I'M. ' lii^,'h. lar:4c,
''l(M' nil the side s divided
i\iii .nder the roof.' Itlcli-
i
■iiscn.
I stij)-
with
T!i.'
• riio
• sides
">7.7, 's
s limy
s UIMIU
isc art!
•' '".'/•>
I'llitcS,
- nil 11
II few
iirlcrs.
ih tho
', f-'ft
lai'u'f,
livi.lcil
• //;.•//-
lit. wo
1- Mitto
jli.-h 2
,l'.i)7.
FOOD OF THE TIILINKF.FTS.
103
i- llic rciidi'/voiis for u f<iMiill coloiiy. iVt'f|iU'ntlv cowr-
iiiLi tut'iit\ (ir thirtv ihtj^ous, nil iiiuk'r tlio diivctioii of
one chict".' "
'I'JK' looil of tlie Tiiliiiktvts is <l('rivt'(l priiicii)iillv from
tlic oci'iin. jMid consists of lisiu imisscls. .vcii-wi't'ils. iiiiil
ill I'iict wliatcMT is left ii[»oii tlu! biMiii l»_v the clibiiin'
lido — wiiit'ii iit Sitkii rises and lulls oiiijitoni fict twico
:i diiv -or can l»o caught l»y artilicial iiicaiis. lloiiuhcrii'
says that all hut the Vakutats jiuto Avhale as tlii' .lews
hate [lork. Roots, grasses, heri'ies, and snails are ainon^'
their sniiuner luxuries. They ehe.v a ecitain plant as
some elu'W tohaceo. mixing' ^villl it lime to j^ivc it a
sti'oiiii'er elVeet.'" and drink "\\ hale-oil as a European
drinks heei'. l'i'elen'in,ii' their food et)oked. they ])ut it
in a ti^ht wieki'r basket, poiu'ing in water, and thi'ow-
ing in heated stones, until tho food is boiled.'''' For
'''' ' Viii:4t-(iii(i ])it(l-;(li'liiii'4suri)niiizi' .'i viiiLjt piiils (Ic l:iiv<.' /,'( /'r'roKsr,
I ''.//., tmii. ii., }i. 220. • Unof in tlicwlinlc with tliiliavk of tiii s.' hiatal no's .\, tn
Villi., vol. ii., \\ ■'•'• 'I'iis rasas in i[iu' cstos lialiituii tii las plavas snii dc
jioi'ii coiisiilrration y iiin;4Hiia siilisisti luia.' Ilfilfiiu i/ (jiculrn. .Sir.. MS. j>.
■l'>. ' A fiw iiiijrs stuik ill the l;i'ouiii1, without onli r or ii'^iilaiity.' Jiix"ii's
\iii/., l>. 172. ' (icliiiiulf liistihl ails laii;^iii, soit^f.-iltiu! licliaut iitii Ihittriii,
'1:i' kartriiliaiisarti;.,' iilur I'iiiaiiiliT t,'(stil!t, an zalilrtichrii in ilir I'liilc ni--
slt ckti 11 Staiiu'i'n l)rfrstit,'t, i-fclit ci^'cntlicli ciu luil/.trncs Zrlt liililm. Es
liatdii' Form ciui'V laiiglichen Jiaruku mil zwti Gieljilu.' KittliU, liiisi , vol. i.,
lij). 22(1. 221.
'''' -Ml kinds of tisli; ' suoh iis saliiinii. nmssils, and vaiions othrr shtll-lisli,
Kca-ctt 'I's, srals and jiorjioiscs; the liluMit r of the iiorpoisr, tiny iiii' n niaik-
iiMy fond of. and indicd the lli sli of any aiiiiiial that conns in tluiv way.'
J'i,rtliir/.'s \'"i/., i).2li(l. ' Voni ^rciic, an dcsstii L'fi riisiisii-listt ts ansiiddn,
fiiialtiii sir ilirc liaiiiitsachliidistf XahninLt; cini^'c Wiii/iln, (Jrasir ii. Jicir-
(11 yi'lii'iliii niiv zil drii liickciliisscn dis Siniiiiiiis.' llnlinhi r'l. illliii. Sl.iz., p.
22. Cakes made of haik of s]iiiU'e-tir. mixed with roots, berries, and train-
oil. For suit they use sea-water. Never eat whale-fat. y/z/ii/^'/i/ //"■-<■ I'".'/.,
yt. ii., p. VM. At Sitka, siiinnier food eoiisists of berries, fresh tish, and
llesh of aiiiphiliious animiils. Winter food, of drii^d salmon, train-oil, and
the s]>awii of tish. esjieeially herring's. J/iai'itislti/'s \'<>i/., p. 2:i'.>. ' Siis ali-
nielitos se ndlleeli a jieseado eorido li asado ya fresco I'l ya seco, vai'ias hier-
lias y raizes.' /ji/i/i';/i( (/ ijinnlrii, A'l/c, ^IS. p. ,")(). They chew 'a jilaiit which
ap])ears to lie a species of tobacco.' Iiixmi's I'"//., p. 17."i. 'Sunt converts
de vermine; ils font inie cdiasse assidne a ces aiiimaiix devorans. iiiais jimir It s
d'vonr eiix-niemes.' Mun-lniiiil. \'"i/., toni. ii., )i. '>2. ■T.iL,'liche NahniiiLC
(hr Fiinwohner — siiid hanpsiiclitlich Fische. docli hiiuliy auch .Mollnskeii and
Ecldivd'-rnien.' hitllil:. Iliisc, vol. i.. j). 222.
liS'L,. pills, on frais on fume, les oufs seclics de jioisson.' M'lrrli/oii/,
Viijl-, torn. ii.. p. (J2. ' Is sometimes cooked ujion red-hot stones, but more
{•ominoiily eaten raw.' luilnbui's yeir iui/., vol. ii., p. 5:1. ' Not so expert
in liuntiii),' as the .Vleutiaiis. Their principal mode is that of sliiiotin;^ the
sea animals as they lie asleep.' JJniunsl, i/'n I'ni/., p. 242. 'J'luy boil tin ir
victuals in woudcu vessels, by coustiintly putting red-bst stones into the
101
HYPERBOREANS.
winter, thoy dry largo quantities oi" herring, roes, and
the llesh of aninuds.
For catching lish, diev stake the rivers, and also use
.1 hook and line; one lishernian casting Ironi his canoe
ten or fiiteen lines, with bladders for iloats. For herring,
they fasten to the end of a ])ole four or li\ e pointed hones,
and Avith tiiis instrument strike into a shoiil, spearing a
fish on every point. They sonietiuies i>-..ike the same in-
strument in !iie shape of a rake. .'»;i.l translix the fish with
the teeth. The Sitkas catcii halibut with large, wooden,
bone-[)ointe(l hooks.''''
The arms of the Thlinkeets denote a more warlike
people than luiy we have hitherto encountered. IJows
and ai'rows; hatchets of flint, and of a hard green stone
Avhich cuts wood so smoothly that no marks of notches
are left; great lances, six or eight varas in length, if
l)odegay (^)uadra may be trusted, hardened in the fire or
pointed with copper, or later witli iron; a large. l»i'oad,
double-ended dagger, or knil'e. — aiv their princi[)al weap-
ons. The knil'e is their cbief imi)lement and constant
companion. The handle is nearer one end than the
other, so that it has a long blade and a short blade, the
latter beinu' one (luarter the len^ith of the former. The
handle is covered with leather, and a strap fastens it
to the hand when fighting. Both bladi's have leathern
sheaths, one of which is suspended from the neck by a
strap.'""
Wiitcr. rnyllocl.'a ]'i)i/., p. 2!)1. ' Diis K.ochcn i,'(S(liitht jitzt in tiscnu ii Kcs-
Sflii, V(ir tl( r l>ik;iiiiitsch;ift luit den Riissiii alicr wnnlvii div/.n aus NVur/clii
gflliichtcnc Kiirlic anucwiti'ilt. llni'iihrni, FAIm. Sl,i:,, p. ■J.'A.
'''• Tolli' ir lishiiiL; lines. Maddcrsarcfasti ii<il, ' ttliiili lloat upon the siii'faci'
of tilt' \vat<r, sd that (inr porson can attend t'l touvtetn or fifteen lines.' Lmiiis-
(liirij\ Villi., pt ii.. p. Kit. ' lis iieclient, coninio mms, en lianant les rivieres,
on a la li^Mie.' Ln I'l'nmsc, I o//.. toni. ii.. ]>. 'i^f'J. ' For taking; the spawn, tliey
use the liraiiehes of the ])ine-trec, to which it easily adheres, and on whicli
it is afterwards dried. It is then put into baskt ts, or holes purposely duL, in
the f^ronnd, til wanted.' J.isiiinsl. i/'s \'ii!/., p. 'I'.WK ' Sii coniun aliiiieiito es
cl salmon, yes in;_;enioso el nu'to(h) t\m' tieneii de jiescarle.' SnHL/ Mi.i-irinii,
r/i'i/c, p. cwii. 'Their lines are very strong', hi iii'^ made of the sinews ir
iiitestinesof animals.' Jii.e'ni's \'iii/.. p. 174. ' ])ie Itiiseiihutte, die in Sitchii
liiswcilen ein (lewicht von lit liis 12 I'lid errcicht. wird ans ihr 'I'ii :'e mil j^ros-
seii hiil/ernen Anu'eln, ilie niit \\ iderhaken aus l-'.isi n oder Knoeheii versehen
sind. herausLtezogcn. Die AuLtelsehniu' hesteht aus an einander etkniipften
ruciisst;inL;eln.' Ilnliiilicr'i. l-'.thu. Sl.'n.. )i. ',V1.
iiiii ' ]j,.". s and arrows were fiu-uurly their only weapons: now. besides their
THE TULINKEETS IN "WAR,
105
Thcv also cncuso almost the entire l)0(ly in a Moo'leii
and leathern armor. Their helmets have euriously
carved vizors, Avith firotesijne re})resentations of beinu'.s
natural or supernatural, Avliieh, when hrilliantly or dis-
mally i)ainted. and presented with proper >ells, and
hrandishinps of their ever-<zlitterin^' knives, are su[)[tosed
to strike terro)' into the heart of iheir enemies. They
make a l^rep.si-plato of wood, and an arrow-proof coat of
thill ilexihle strips, hound with strings like a woman's
stays.'"^
When a Thlinkeet arms for war, he paints his face
and })()wders his hair a hrilHant i"ed. lie tlien orna-
ments his head with wliite eagle-f'atliers, a token of
stern, vindictive determination. During war tiiey pitch
their camp in strong positions, and place the women on
Liuard. Trial 1)V coujhat is Ireriuenth- resorted to. not
only to determine private disputes, hut to settle (piar-
rels l)etween petty trihes. In the latter case, each side
chooses a chami)ion. the warriors place themselves in
luifacc
I.oik;.--
■i("'ri'S,
thcv
Iwhicti
IliiL, ill
llto IS
lie lll'l,
iws ')r
litil.ii
<i'(if-
•hiu
it't.n
itlitir
iiniskcts, thiy liavo (1iil;l;('Vs, niul knivos lialf a yard Innr;.' Iv.tiohiu^ Xew
\'iii/., vdl. ii., ji. 'm. Tlicir wcMpnns were bows, uri'ows, iiiiil s[)iars. Iti.i.nt's
!".'/•! !'• *'^- ' Iji'iir liiiiccs (lipiit ruiiciii.iiic furiiic u'ot )ias ciPi'MUr, est a
Jil'.'sclit comliKSc r <!(' deux ])it''crs: (If la lialll|i(', l(iliL;Uf ilc i|uill/<' nil (lix-
iiuit jiiiils, ct (111 I'd' (pii lit' Ic ('('(Ic ( 11 litii ;i ccliii dc la hallcliaidc dc ))ai'a(lo
d.iiit ('((lit aniu' nil Suisse dc iiai'oissi'.' Miirrliiiml, I'"//., tniii. ii., ]>, (IS.
Knives, some two f( ct loiii,', sliapi (I almost like a da;.;;;er, witli a iidi,'e in tli(^
middle. Worn in skin shcatlis liniii,' liy a thon.n to the iieek under their
rolic, prolialily used only as \vea{ious. ('<iiil,'s Tliinl V<ii/,, vol, ii.. m. :i7:i.
■ Las avmas ot'eiisivas (jue "general. neiite usau >on las tic clias, lali/.as d( seis y
ocho varas de lar^o con len'4U( t s de lierro.' liudr'iit y (^himliii, .\i(i .. ,A1S. ji.
•ill. 'The da,L;t,'( IS used in liattle arc made to stal> with either end, haviiij,'
three, four or tive iuclu s aliovc the li ami taiiered to a sharp |ioint; lait the
luijxr jiart of those used in the Sound and liiver is cxeiirvated.' I'url-
I'rl's \'in/.. JI. -111. ' I'lineipally hows and arrows.' l.iiiiiisilnrirs l'"//.. jit.ii.,
]'. IIU. 'Susannas se reduceii al arc o, la tleci.a y el juinal (]iie traeii siem|)ro
eonsii,'o.' Siit'il ji Mi'.ririiiiii, I'lK/c, !>. cxvii. ' Coinme nous exaininions ti("'s-
altentivcment tons ces ])(ii^,'nards, ils nous fireiit siL,'iic cju'ils n'eii faisaieiit
nsai;c (JUC coillrc les outs ct les autres hcttsdes forets.' /,(/ /'r/Mi(.s( , I'l.//.,
tun. ii.. p. 172. ' J)er |)ol(h ist sehr hicit und hat zwei ;,'( sehiillene ]{liitter
auf jcclcr Scitc des (Iritt'es. d.is oIk re jedoch iiur eiii Viertel vcm der L;inj,'e
des nntc rcii." ' Ueich' lilatfer odcr Klingeii siiicl mit lederneii Scheid; n vcr-
Hchen.' //..//,</",■,,.. I-:il,„. >■/,;:., p. 2.S.
!'■' • .V kind of jackc t, or coat of mail, made of thin laths, liound tci-^etlier
with sinews, whicli makes it cpiite ticxilile, thciu^!h so close as not to admit
un arrow or clart.' ('nn/.'s 'I hini I'm/., vol. ii,, )>. 1)72. ' Fiir den Kiic l,' hc-
sitzeii die' Kaloseheii audi vcui Holz u'earheitefe SchutzwatVeii : Itru^tharnischc,
Sturmhaiilien und seltsam
•linitztc Visire, mit erelh n I'arlKii
maltt
Vratzciii^'csiclitcr diirstcUcu.' KHUIU, lieit»', vol. i., p, 21(1
?f 1
■iill
''II i i'i
lOG
HYTEKBOEEANS.
l);ittl(' iirrav. tlic C()iii1)atant.s anned ^vitli their favorito
\v('a}Min. tlio (lautivr. and "well aniiored, sti'[) Ibfth and
enjia_i:e in liiilit: while the |)eoi)le on either side eniiaj:e
in sonu' and dance din'inir the CDnihat. Wran^ell and
La[)lace assert that hrave warriors killed in battle are
devoured by the ('oii(|uerors, in the belief that the l}rav-
ery ol the victim thereby enters into the nature of the
l)artaker."'"
CouiiuL;' from the north, the Thlinkeets are the first
people of tile coast who use wooden boats. Tliey are
made from a sinule trunk; the smaller ones about (il'teen
i'eet lonii'. to carry I'rom ten to twehe persons; and the
laruer ones, or war canoes, from fifty to seventy feet
lonu'-. these will carry forty or fiity persons. They have
I'rom two and a half to three feet beam; are sharj) fore
and aft, and have the bow and stern raised, the former
rather more than the latter. Keinji; very lijiht and well
modeled, they can be handled Avitli ease and celerity.
Their jjaddles an* about lour leet in leniith. with crutch-
like handles and wide, shovel-shaped blades. Boats as
well as paddles are ornaniente 1 with painted figures,
and thi' I'amily coat-of-arms. Dodega y (^nadi'a. in con-
tradiction to all other authorities, describes these canoes
as beiuii' built in three parts; with one hollowed })iece,
which forms the bottom and reaches well up the sides,
and with two side \)lanks. Ilavinjj; hollowed the truid<
of a trei' to the i'e([uiri'd depth, the Thlinkeet l)uilders
fill it with water, which tluy heat with hot stones to
soften till' wood, and in this state bend it to the desired
shape. When they land, they draw their boats up on
the beach, out ol' reach of the tide, and take great care
in prcH'rving tliem.^"''
111-2 ' 'I'll! y iim-i'v attiick their rnomios npcnly.' K'tzihiio's Xrir ]'•//., vol.
ii., !>. ").■■), 'L(s ;;aivriris fu's ou faits jirisonnicrs a la t,'iiciTi', ))assciit I'tjalc-
iiK'Ut sous 1,1 (Iriit (Ic Iciii's vaiii([niiirs (|ui. cii tli vorant iiiic jnoic aiwsi ilis-
tiii'^'Ui'i', criiiciit y ])nisi'r ili' nouvolks for 'I's, nuc ikiuvoUu ('inrj^ic' .LatiUu-c,
<"ir<-iiiiii,(ir., umi. vi., ]). ]'>'>.
1''^ ' l)ii 11 licilias di' una jiii'za con sii falc i sohrc las Ixinlas.' /'i/vr, \iiv.,
MS. \i. 17, 'On n'cst ]>as iiioins I'toiim' do liur stalnliti': iiial'4ri' la li'L;i"'ri't,'
I't Ic ]i(ii (Ic lariii'iir dc la <'0(|iu', (llos iiOiit pas bcsoiii d'l'Uo sdiiti'inns ]iar
ilus balaiii'ii'rs, it jamais ou uu lus iiccoupk'.' MarcliHud, Vnj., toui. ii., \). 72.
pU't'O,
s'uU's.
trunk
uiUk'i's
ones to
(U'siivil
up on
lit cure
1' //., vol.
■lit ('^.tali-
au-.si (lis-
rr, X,ir.,
: l';4."'r.'t>'
■iiui'S ]iav
ii.,l).7:i.
INDUSTRIES OF THE TIILINKEETS.
107
Tlio Tlilinkcots manifest no less ingenuity in tlie man-
ufacture of domestic and other impk'ments than in their
arms. llo[)e tliey make from sea-weed, water-tight hask-
ets and mats from withes and grass; and pijjes, l)o\vls,
and figures from a dark chiy. They excel in tlie work-
ing of stone and copper, making necklaces, l)ra(;elets. and
rings : they can also ibrge iron. They sj)in thread, use the
neetUe, and make l)lankets from the white native wool.
They exhibit considerable skill in carving and painting,
ornauienting the fronts of their liouses with heraldic
s\uil)ols. and alleu'orical and lu-torical iiiiures; while in
front of the principal dwelUngs, and on their canoes, are
carved parts representing the human face, the heads of
crows, eagk's. sea-lions, and l)ears."'' La Perouse asserts
that. ex('ei)t in agriculture, whic'h was not i-utirely un-
known to them, the Thlinkeets were farther ailvanced in
industry tluni tlie South Sea Islandei's.
Trade is carried on between Europeans and the in-
terior Indians, in which no little skill is manifested.
' Las rct,'nlart's rannas do quo se sirvon son do pinn, y no tionon mas oapaoi-
(lad <|Uo la (pio l>asta para contouor una faniilia, sin tiiiliainti ([no las hay sn-
nianii-nto i^'ramlcs.' /i'k/i ;'///7""''''" A'd'., ]\IS. p. JS. ' Uiiilly OA<MVat((laU(l
riMliic-iil to no particular shape, but each cud has the rosonililanrrof a liutchcr's
tray.' I>iriiii'n \'"i/., ]». 17:t. ' Their canoes are nmeli inl'erior to tliose of tho
lower coast, while their skin " liaidarkcs " (kyacks) are not ecpial to those
(if Norton Snunil and tho northern coast.' It A//i/i/ii7''.s Al'isl.'i, j). HU. At
Cooks luht, ' their canoes aro sheathed with the hark of trees.' J.isiiinsl. i/'s
\'<ii/.. 1>. l^'^. 'i'hes(> canoes ' were made from ii snlid tree, and many of thein
appeared to Ix^ from SO to 70 feet in length, lint very u.irrow, heiui,' no
l.roader than tho tree itself.' J/kz/vs' 1'))/., p. xwviii. ' Their Imat was tho
body of a laii;o pine tree, neatly excavated, and taperoil aw.iy towards tho
I nds, until they came to a ]ioint. auil the fore-part soniiwhat higher than tho
after-p.irt; indei^d, the whole was tinishud in a neat and very e.\.act luanuer.'
"'' ' Out fait beanconp pins do jirngrcs d.ins hs arts que daiis hi ninrale.'
Lu r^'rintsi', Viiij., torn, ii., p. 2:!:{. 'I'iiliidcec t women make baskets of bark of
trei's, ami grass, that will hold water. /,'/»;/>■(/ <(7/",s I'd// , p. ii., p. i:f2. They
has-c toleralile ideas of carving, most utensil^^ having sculptures, representing
some animal. I'nftlnrl,'s \'"i/.. \i.'2'.>l. ' Cos pi intures, ce.s sculptures, telles
(pi'ellcH sont, on en voit mir ti>us leurs nieubh s.' Mtvli'itul, \'(ii/.. tom. ii.,
p. 71. ' Do la vivacidad do sii ginio y del afecto ill candiiose debe infirir
son bastaiitemente laboriosos.' Jl^ili'ia i/ (Jifidrn, A'l'c., J[S. p. IS. ' Tieueii
lanii blancii CUV.) especie ignoraron.' I'rn:, \iii\, MS. ]», 10. ' Masks very
ingeniously cut in wood, and jiaiuted with tlitt'oreut colors.' A r.ittie, 'very
Well linished, both as to sculpture and |iainting.' ' One might suppose theso
productions the work of a jx ciple greatly advanced in civili/ation." I.ifii(iiisl,-i/'s
I'",'/.. W- 1"'". '-II- 'Found some square jiatches of ground in n state of
rnltivation, prodncingii plant that appearLil tu be a species uf tobacco.' I a/e»
tijuvcr'n I'ojj., vol. iii., p. '25ij.
M
^1 I
i! i
Pi
I
108
HYPERBOEEAXS.
Every article which they purcliase undergoes the closest
scrutiny, unci every slight defect, wliich they are sure to
discover, sends down the price. In their connnerciul
intercourse they exhibit the utmost decorum, and con-
duct their negotiations with the most ])econiing dignity.
Xevertheless, ibr iron and beads they willingly })art with
anything in their possession, even their children. In
the voyage of Bodega y (Quadra, several young Tblin-
keets thus l)ecame the property of the Spaniards, as the
author piously remarks, for purposes of con\ersion. Sea-
otter skins circulate in place of money.""'
The olHce of chief is elective, and the extent of power
wielded depends upon the al)ility of tiie ruler. In some
this authority is nominal; others l)ec()me great despots.''''
Slavery was practiced to a considerable extent; and not
oidy all prisoners of war were slaves, l)ut a regular slave-
trade was carried on with the south. When first known
to the Russians, according to llohnberg. most of their
slaves were Flatheads from Oi'egon. Slaves are not
allowed to hold })roperty or to marry, and when old and
worthless they are killed. Kot/A'bue says that a rich
man " purchases male and female slaves, who nuist
labor and fish for hiiu, and strengthen his force when he
is engaged in Avarfare. The slaves are prisoners of Avar,
and their descendants; the master's power over them is
■ uiiiMiited. and he even puts them to death Avitliout
scruple, When the master dies, tAvo slaves are nuu'-
dered on his gra\'e that he may not Avant attendance in
the other Avorld; these arc chosen long before the event
"'■' 'Tli(.' slvins of th.!^ soa-ntttn's fonn tlu'ir pviucijiiil wciilth, ni^'' a snl)-
sHtutf fdi' indiicv.' K"l :• hill's yi k; I'd//., vcjI. ii., j). 54. ' In diic |il;i(itluy
iliscovi Till ii cinisidiialilc huard of wooli'U olotli, iiUil as iiiuch diiiil I'lsh as
woilM have loaili'd ]")l) liiilavkas.' I.isliiiial, i/'a l'"'/.. p. lUlt.
iiiii ' hv (lonvciiuniriit tli's Tcliiukit'inc'eus i)aiiiili'oit done ho lapprochiv
il'l (louvcniciaciit patiianlial.' Miiri'lutint, \'"// ., tolii. ii., )). S.'i. • |)u su
f^ohicnu) iniisaiiioa cnaiidi) mas, oiriido el nioilo do soiuftiisi' a alu;niios \ii -
jos, scriii olij^arlut'o. Ilmlciid //(Jmnlrii, Xnr., ^IS. |i. 51). ' 'l'houi;h ih-' lovoiis
liave ])o\v( r ovit tluir siibjrits. it is a \rry limited power, unless wle ii an
individual of cxtraoi'diuai y .diilities starts up, who is sure to rule desjiniieally.'
J.isi'liisl.ii'K I'",'/., p.'il'J. '('liai(Ui! fanull(> semlih? vivre d uue nmniere iso|(-n
ct avoir un rej^iuu' ]iarti('nlier,' /,'( /'.'/'oww, I'd//., toui. iv., p. fU. ' Ces C'on-
seilij composes dus vieillarns.' Ltipluci:, VircuinnUi-., torn, vi., p. 155.
CASTE AND CLANSHir.
109
must
K'U he
AViU",
u'lii is
itliout
imir-
tvuce in
event
a snli-
laci' tlu y
il I'lsli as
ipjnoclii'V
\K- sil
niiiis \i(-
1k' tiiyoiis
wli'ii all
iitically.'
iTf isoll't^
I'lH Cull-
occurs. ])nt meet tlie destiny that awaits them verA' phil-
osopliirall V. ^Simpson estimates the shives to l)e one thifd
of the entire popuhition. Interior trihes enshive .their
})risonei*s oi' Mar, but, unlike the coasi trihes, they have
no hi'reditary shivery, nor systematic trailic in shues.
A\'ith tlie superior activity and intellijienceot'theThlin-
keets, social castes begin to appear. Besides an hered-
itary nobilit\', from wliich class all chiefs are chosen, the
whole nation is separated into two great divisions or
clans, one of which is called the Wolf, and the other the
llayen. U[)on their houses, boats, robes, shit'lds, and
wherever else they can find a place for it, thev jiaint ov
carve their crest, an heraldic device of the beast or the
bird designating theclan to which the owner belongs. The
Haven truid-c is aga" ? divided into sub-clans, called the
Frog, the (Joose, the f^ea-Lion, the Owl, and the Salmon.
The Wolf lamily com[)rises the IVar, Ivigle, Dolphin,
Shark, and Alca. In this clanship some singular social
ll'atures present themselves. I'eo^jle are at once thi'ust
widely apart, and vet drawn togetiier. '^^i'ribes of the same
clan may not war on each other, but at the same time
members of the same chin may not marry with each other.
Thus the \()ung AN'olf warrior nuist seek his mate among
the Havens, and. while celel)rating his nuptials one day,
he may be called upon the next to light his I'atber-in-
law over some hereditary lend. Obviously this singular
social fancy tends greatly to keep the various tribes of
the nation at ])eace."''
Although the Thlinlvcet women impose upon them-
selves the most ])ainful and rigorous social laws, there
are fev,' savage nations in which the sex liaxc greater
inlluence or couuuand greater respect. \\ hi'ther it be
the superiority oi' their intellects, their success in ren-
dering their hideous charms available, or the cruel pen-
""'" Tribos arc ilistini^'uishod l>y the cnloi-niid charartiu* of tliciv jiiint. h'f-
iihur\ yiir I'd//., vol. ii., ]). "(l. Tlicy ' aro divided iiitu tnlics; tlic jniiicipal of
viiich assiiiiii' fo tliniisclvcs titlis (if distilK'timi, fioiii the iiaiiics of tlic ani-
mals till y jiii f( r; as the tiibc of the brar, of tho ca^di', etc. Tlic tiiliinf tli(!
volf an- calli il Ciujiinntiiita, and bavi' many privik'^fs ovit the otb< r trilxs.'
JAsiuntiki/'s \'i<y., lip. 238, 212.
110
HiTERBOEEANS.
i
aiiccs inipDsod upon womiinliood, the truth is that not
only old men, l)ut old women, are respected. In fact, a
remarkably old and ngly crone is acconnted almost above
natui'e — a sorceress. One cause of this is that they are
much more moilest and chaste tiian their northern sis-
ters."'** As a rule, a man has ])ut one wife; more, how-
ever, heinii' allowable. A chief of the Xass tribe is said
to have had forty.
A vounu' u'irl arrived at the aa;e of maturitv is deemeil
unclean; and everythintr she comes in contact with, or
looks upon, even the clear sky or pure water, is thereby
rendered unprt)i)itious to man. She is therefore thrust
from the society of her fellows, and confmed in a dark
den as a being unfit for the sun to shine upon. There
she is kept sometimes for a whole year. J^antisdorff
suiigests that it may be during this period of conlini'-
ment that the foundation of her iniluence is laid ; that
in modest reserve, and meditation, her character i>!
strengthened, and she comes ibrth cleansed in mind as
well as ])ody. This infamous ordeal, coming at a most
critical period, and in connection with the ba[)tisiu of the
l)lo('k. cannot fail to exert a powerful intluenct! upon her
charactei".
It is a singular idea that they have of uncleanness.
During all this time, according to lIolm])ei-g, oidy the
girls mother approaches her, and that oidy to [)la('e ibod
within her rea(;h. There she lies, wallowing in her
filth, scarcely al)le to move. It is almost incredible that
human bcinus can ]»rinu; themselves so to distort nature.
To this singular custom, as well as to that of the block,
female slaves do not conform. After the uirl's imnunv-
\■''^h
if,s ' xiio woiniii possos n. prrdoniiniiiit influonco, anil iicknowlcdu'cil supi-
ricirity dvi'i' tlic iitlur sex.' Mitircs' I'l'//., ]). I!2:t. ' ravmi cux Ics fciumi s
jmiissciit (111111' ('('rtiiiuc <'onsiil('riitiim.' Luplncr, ('ii-ciiiiiidir., tinii. vi.. ]i. S7.
Tlicy triMt their wives uud elnldnu with iiuieh iitl'ectiiiii ainl teiuleniess, ainl
the women keep tlie ti'eiis'u'es. rmil'icL's I'n//., p. 21111. The Kahisli ' finds
his tiUhy ('(mntiywoiiien, with their liii-tnm^lis, so ehiirniinj,', tliat they often
awaken in liim the most velienient passion.' IOiIiiIiki-'h .Wir Vnii,. vol. ii.,
]i. 5(i. ' It is certain that iiiihistry, reserve, modesty, and eoiijn;_;,d ti(h lity,
are the general eliaraeteristiesof the femah' sex amonjj; these peojMe,' J/dkjs-
iliirjj"s I'"//., pt. ii., p. 133. ' (iuoiipi'elhs vivent sous hi domination d'hom-
TIILIXKEET SOCIAL CUSTOMS. m
mont is over, if lior parents are wealtl. v. her old clotliiivv
IS (lestnn e.l. she is Mashed and dressed'anew, and a j-rand
east -iven in honor of the occasion."'^' Tlie natural suf-
li'rui^s ot mothers dni-in-- conlineinent are also a«--ra-
vated hv eiistom. At this time thev too are eonsidc-red
uncleiin. and nmst withdraw into the forest or fields awa\-
from all others, and tak'e care of themselves and their off-
spring After the hirth of a child, the mother is locked
up 111 a shed j'or ten davs.
A marria<ic ceremony consists in the assem])lin..- of
Iriends and distribution of in-esents. A newlv man-ied
pair must last Ibr two da;vs thereafter, in order to insure
domestu! felicity. After the expiration of that time thev
are permitted to partake of a little fi)od. when a second
two days fast is added, after which thev are allowed to
coine together for the first time; hut the mvsteries oi"
wedlock are not fully unfolded to them until four weeks
alter marriage.
Very little is said ])y travelers reuardinn- the bath-
houses of the Thlinkeets, hut I do not infer that thcN"
used them less than their neighbors. In fact notwitli-
standiug their filth, ])urgations and purifications are
commenced at an early age. u\s soon as an infant is
born, and before it has tasted food, whatever is in the
stomach must j)e scpieezed out. .Alothers nurM- their
childivn from one to two and a half \ears. AVheii the
child IS able to leave its cradle, it is bathed in the ocean
every day without regard to season, and this cu<tom is
kept up by both sexes through life. Thos,> that survixe
the hrst year of filth, and the succeeding vears of appli.Ml
ice water and exposure, are very justlv held to be well
toughened.
The Thlinkeet child is frequentlv given two names, one
from the lather's side an.l one from the mother's; ..,„d
when a son becomes more famous than his I'ather, the
incs tivs-forof-.s, j,. n'ai p,is vu qu\'ll(.s on fussnit tr.-.ikVs ,Vxmv nru.i,'.,-..
to^'h-'lriu:"" '■ I'^-^t^-'^^'t la piupart d.s v„v:„.,n.s!' }:, i'" 'i j"''i • ;;:
UlL nuiK.. J\.i,t.cUtll: H jSciC I (;//., Vul. 11., J). 57.
ll
!
I!1
'M
112
lIYrERBOREANS.
latter drops Lis own name, and is known only as tlio
lather oC his son. Their habits of Hf'e are reiiidar. In
Niunnier, at early dawn they put out to sea in their boats,
or seek lor I'ood upon the beach, retiu-nini;: before noon
l()r their (ii'st meal. A second one is taken just belbre
night, ^i'lie work is not uneciually divided bi'tween the
sexes, and the division is based upon the econouiical
])rinciples of civilized connnunities. The uun rarely
conclude a bargain without consulting their wi\es.
^hu'cbaud di'aws a revolting picture of tbeir treatment
of infants. The little bodies are so excoriated by ler-
mented filth, and so scarred by their cradle, that they
carry the mai'ks to the grave. Xo wonder that when
they grow u|) the}' are insensible to pain. Xor are the
mothei's especially given to personal cleanliness and de-
corum.''"
^[usic. -IS well as the arts, is cultivated by the Thlin-
keets, and. if we may lielieve ^hu'chand. nniks with
them as a social institution. "At fixed times," he says,
'"evening and morning, they sing in chorus, every one
takes part in the cioncert, and i'rom the pensi\e air which
they assume while singing, one would imagine that the
song has some dee[) interest for them." The men do the
dancing, while the women, who are rather given to fat-
ness and llaccidity, accompany them Avith song and tam-
))ourine.'''
Their ])rincipal gambling game is played with thirty
small sticks, of various colors, and called by divers
names, as the crab, the whale, and the duck. The
player sliulHes together all the sticks, then counting out
seven, he hides them under a launch of moss, keeping
'"o 'lis no K'('('iivtf'nt jamnis do deux pns pour niicnn lusoiii: i!s nv chcv-
oheut dans ccs occasicnis iii I'oiiibro ui lu niyst^rc: ils (•iiiitinm lit la (diivd--
satidii (jii'ils out conumiK't'o, coiiinic s'ils n'avaicnt jias iin instant a j eid c;
ct li>is(jni' o'cst jxiidant le r(|)as, ils rcprinncnt li nr jilacc, diut ils n( ui
jamais ( t(' ('liiii;n s iVuni! tiiise.' J.u J'l'musi', 1'//., tcmi. ii., j). 2.1.
'"' 'Ont un L'oJt d('cidi' ikiui- le chant.' Marcli'iiid, 1'"//., loni. ii., ]i. 75.
' The Monun sit upon the ground at a distance of s(inie j an s .iv ni .he di lu eis,
and siii;4 a nut inharniunions niehidy, vhicli snp] lies the ]ila(e < f nn;sc.'
LdiiilsilDiirs \'i>;/., \)t. ii., p. 114. 'They dance and sint,' Cdnlinnally.' //.>i-
ininhj/'s I'"//., ]). '2-l(t. Besides the tanihiiurine, Captain Jnlclur haw a casti-
iiet and ' a new musical iustrumeut, composed of three hoops, with a cross
TIILIXKEET CHAEACTEll.
118
the remainder covered at the same thiie. Tlio izamo h
to guess in ^vhich pile is the Avhale, and the crah, and
the (hick. J)uring tlie i)rogres.s of the game, they pre-
sent a i)erroct i)icture of melancholic .stoicism/'-'
The ThlinkeetH hurn their dead. An exception is
made when the deceased is a shaman or a slave; the
hody of the former is preserved, after having heen
wrapped in I'urs, in a large wooden sarco[)hagiis; and the
latter is thrown out into the ocean or anywhere, like a
heast. T\iv. ashes of the hnrned Thlinkeet are carefnlly
collected in a hox covered with hierogly[)hic figures, and
placed upon i'our posts. The head of a Avarrior killed in
battle is cut off before the body is burned, and placed
in a box supported by two poles over the box that holds
his ashes.^'^ Some tribes preserve the bodies of those
who die during the winter, until forced to get rid of
them l)y the wai'mer weather of spring. Their grandest
feasts are for the dead. ]?esides the funeral ceremon\-,
which is the occasion of a festival, they hold an annual
'elevation t)f the dead,' at which times they erect mon-
uments to the memory of their departed.
The shami'uis possess some knowledge of the medicinal
properties of herbs, but the healing of the body does
not constitute so im^wrtant a part of their vocation as
do their dealings with supernatural powers.
To sum u[) the character of the IMilinkeets. they may
be called bold, brave, shrewd, intelligent, industrious, lov-
in the ceiitro, the circumforcuce being clobely Strang with the Ijiiiks of the
Alea (ircticii.' Toy., vol. i., p. 1013.
•"^ Tluy lose at this guniu nil their possessions, ami even their wives ami
eliiliii'en, mIk) then become the property of the winner.' Kid:i hue's .\iic \''>y.,
viil. ii., [1. (12. 'Co jeu les rend tristes et serieux.' La I't.'roHse, Toy., torn,
ii., p. •J.'!">.
1'' I'pon one tomb, ' formabu una figura grnnde y horrorosa que tenia
entre sus garras una caxa.' Snlil y Mcvwana, Viinii'., p. cxviii. 'The box is
fre(pieutly (licorated with two or three rows of small shells.' IUxon'.i In//.,
p. 17l). ''Hlw (lead are burned, and their ashes i)reserved in small wood-
en boxes, in buildings appropriated to tliat purpose.' Kotzrhur's .\rir lo//.,
viil. ii., p. 57. ' Nos voyageurs rencoutrei'ent aussi un niorai qui leur
pniuva quo ces Indiens etaicnt dans I'usage de briiler les niorts et d'eu eon-
server la tete.' I.a I't'i-oiise, Voy., torn, ii., p. 2(15. ' On the death id a toyon,
or other distinguished person, one of his slaves is deprived of life, and
burned with him.' Lisiunsky's 1 o(,'., p. 241.
Vol. I. 8
^
il
I m
lU
IIYrERDOltEANS.
w
ers of art and inuslc, n'spoctfiil to women nn't the nut'd;
yet oxtivnu'ly cruel, Wiil[)in;;' und luiiiniing tlit ir i)risoners
out of pure wjintonness, thievish, lying, und inveterate
gaiuhlers. In shoit they possess most of the virtues and
vices incident to savagism.
Tmk Tixxeii, the fifth and last divisicm of our Ilyper-
l)orean grou[), occui)y the '(ireat J^one Land.' hetween
Hudson liay -nd the conterminous nations already de-
scribed; a land greater than the whole of the I'nited
States, and more 'lone,' excepting absolute deserts, than
any part of Ameri(!a. A\'hite men there are scaici'ly
any; wild men and wild beasts there are few; lew
dense forests, and little vegetation, although the gi-assy
savannahs sustain droves of deer. l)ulfalo, and other
animals. The Tinneh are, next to the I']skimos, the jnost
northern people of the continent. They inhabit the un-
explored regions of Central Alaska, and thence extenil
eastward, their area widening towards the south to the
shores of lli.dson Jiay. Within their domain, irom the
north-west to the south-east, may be drawn a straight
line measuring over four thousand miles in length.
The Tinneh,^'* may l)e divided into four great lamilies
of nations; namely, tlio Chepewj/aiis, or Athabascas. living
between Hudson IJavand the Kocky Mountains; the T>i-
ciiU'a->>, or Carriers, of New C^dedonia or Xorth-western
Jiritish America; the K'lfchiiis, occupying both banks of
the u[)j)er ^'ukon and its tributaries, from near its mouth
to the Mackenzie lliver; and the Kt'iidi, inhal)iting the
interior from the lower Yukon to Copper lliver.
'{'he Chepewyan family is composed of the Xorthcrn
Indians, so called by the fiu'-hnnters at Fort Churchill
as lying along the shores of Hudson Bay, directly to their
north; the Copper Indians, on Coppermine lliver; the
Horn Mountain and Beaver Indians, farther to the west;
the Strong-ljows, Dog-ribs, Hares, Red-knives, Sheei>.
!■>< Calleil l)y G.illiitin, in Am. Aiilh). Soc. Trai^ict., vol. ii., p. 17, At'.n-
pii^C'i, the n;imo 'first j^'ivcu to tlic ("uti-iil p:ii't of tli" country tli:y inliiil it.'
Sir Jolm lliuhardsoii, Jour., vol. ii., \\. 1. cills th 'in •Tiiui'"', or 'I)tiiuu!, At'.i-
THE TINNEII.
15
.0 T<i-
(.■stcni
inks of
lOlltll
Iul:; the
.'!•; tlic
17, vir.'N
liliu, Atk-
f^iirsis, r>riish-w()()(l. XapiiliT. niul liockv-Mountiiiu Tn-
tliiUiH, of till' MiicUi'ii/K' Kivor and IJockv Moiintains.'"'
The Tacullv '"" nation is divided into a nndtitii(U' of
petty tribes, to which dill'eient travelers _<:i\e diilerent
names accordinj;' to I'ancv. Amonu' them tlu' most ini-
])ortant are the Talkotins and (Miilkotins. Xateotetains
and Sicannis, of the njjjter hraneliesof I'raser Kiverand
vieinitv. It is sullieient I i our jnwjiose, lu)\vever, to
tieat tlieni as one nation.
The Kutchins.'" a larj^e and ]i(merfid nation, are oom-
pf)sed of the folhmini:' tribes. ( "onmieneiu,^' at tlu' ^fa-'-
kenzie !ii\'er, near its mouth, and extending wesiward
across the mountains to and down the Yukon: the Lou-
cheux or (^uarrellers, of the Mackenzie l\i\'ei'; the \'antii
Kutchin. Xatdie Kutchin. and Yukuth Kutchin. of \\n-
eupine Uh er and neiuldiorliotxl ; the Tutchone Kutchin,
Jlan Kutchin. Kutcha Kutchin. (Jensde Uouleau. (lens
d(! Milieu. Tenan Kutchin. Xuclukavettes. and Xewi-
carji'uts. of the Yukon ITivi'r. Their strip of territory is
from one hundred to one huuch'ed and fd'tx miles in
width, hin"' inunediatelv south of the liskimos. and
oxtendin,ii' westward IVom the Mackeii/ii Kiver about
eiuht hundred miles.'''*
iibasc'iins ov Cluiicwyiiiis.' ' They style tlinnsilvcs <,'( luiuUy J)iiiiuh lucu, or
Iiuliiiiis.' I'm II Wilt's .^'tr., vol. i., ]>. 211.
1"' liirlmril.'iiiii's Joitr., vol. ii., jip. l~;i:!.
1"'' 'Lis ludiciis do liv cote on dc la Nimvcllo Ciili'donic, lis Tokalis, los
C'hiirm'Ui's (Carviirs) lis Sclionclioiiaps, 1. s Atiius, aiipavtuiiiiiiit (mis u la
liafimi (lis ( 'liiiK'iiiia'laiis dmit la lalii^'iic est in iisa^r dans li' nurd dn Cniili-
mnt jiisipi'a la liaii' d'llndsou it a la Mir I'olairu.' J/o/Va.-.-, Kspluf., loni. ii.,
!>. 3;!7.
1" Aro 'known under the names of Lnnvhinx, Iii'jritlii, and Kid.^hin.' ].n-
tlnnn's Aid. Jt<lcis, J1. '2'.)"2. ''I'lieyare called Drujulliee ]»ineis. or the (J7(..;-
rillirs.' Miirl.inizic'x S'uii., \i. '<{. 'On I'eel's liivir (hey name themselves
Kittcliiii, the final // IxinLj nasal and faintly pronouneed.' Ilii'liiirilsiin's •h-nr.,
vol. i., p. ;{7S. They are also called 'ri/l,titinr-iliiii,cli, J.ondu n\ or {^(narri lleis.
FriiiiLllii's Xitr., vol. ii., p. h:!. 'The Lomlieiix ])roper is spoki n liy the' In-
dians of Pci I's IJivcr. All thetrilies inhahitin^ the valley of the Yoiikon un-
derstand one another.' llui'tli^li/, in Sinitlisuiiiiiii liiit., IMii!, ]>. lil I.
''i'* (iallatin, hi Am. Anlii/. >nc. Trdn^act., vol. ii., ]). 17, iri'oneonsly rnli il
the Loneiictix out of his Athabasca nation. ' liu ;iussersteu Nordn^itn h ;t
nns (iallalin aufiuerksani i,'( iiiaeht auf das Voile der Loucheiix. /anker-lndia-
ner odi !• DiLjothi : an der iliiudmij,' des ^lackenzie-Flnsses, naeh lani^en ;:ii
i\ sscu heiilen Sciten (westlichc nnd (istliehi ); drssen (-praehe er naeli di u
liciscnden fiir fn lud den athapaskischen hielt : woridur siih die neiii u Xach-
richti u noeh widersprechen.' linf-rliiiKiiiii. Sfiirin do- .lit' I.. Sjiiiii'ln:, p. 71:!.
Franklin, Xttr., vol. ii., p. 83, allies the Louchuux to the Eskimos.
116
HYl'ERDOnEAXa.
Tlic Kcii!ii''''iiiiti()n iiicliuU'stlu' hii^nliks. of tlu* Lower
Yukon; t\\v Koltcliaiu's. of tlie Kusko(|iiiiii Uivi-r; and
to the .soiith-eastwiinl. tlie Keiiuis. of the Iventii iViiiii-
siilii. iuul tlie Atiiiis. of ( 'opper Kiver."^"
Thus we see tliiit the 'I'luueli are essentially an inland
])eo|)le. barred out from the fro/.en oeean by a thin strip
of Mskiuio land, and barely touehinji' tlu> I'acilic at CcmjIv
Inlet, riiilolo.ii'ists. however, lind (liale(,'ti(! resoniblanees,
imaginary or ival. between them and the ! inptjuas'"' and
Apaehes.'''-
TIh; name Chepewyan siimifies '[)ointed coat,' and de-
rives its oriiiin from the parka, eoat, or outer ji'annent, so
universally common throu.iihout this rejiion. It is made
of sevei-al skins diii'-rently di'essed and ornamenttHl in
dillerent localities, but always cut with the skirt ])ointed
])efore and behind. The Chepewyans Relieve that their
ancestors miuirated from the i-ast, and therefore tho.so of
theui who are born nearest their eastei'u boumhu'y. are
held in t!u' "reatest estimation. The Dou-ribs alone refer
their ori^iii to the west.
'i'he Chepcwyans are physically characterized by a lonj^'
full face,''^' tall slim liiiure :'"" in complexion they aredarker
than coast tribes,'"' and have small piercing black eyes,''
ISO
'"' Tniii. 'man:' Tniina Tfyn li. Thnainix, Kinai, Kcuai, Keniiizo.
I'*" Sic notes on Doiuuliirifs at tlic ciul of this i-liiiiitir.
'■ti 1! 'siili's the 'Umkwa,' bin.; outlyin;.; nicnilicis of tho Athaliasknn
Btodc,' thcii' arc tlio 'Xavalioi% tlio .Ttcorilla, the I'anahro, alon;^' with tho
Apatsh of Xcw !Mi\i('o, California, ami Soiiora. To these a(hl tlie Hoopah,
of (-'alifovnia. which is also Atlialiaskan.' I.'iIIkiiii'.i Cuinji. I'liil., ]>. ',V.Ki.
'■>^ William W. Turner was the tirst to assert ))ositivi ly that the Apaches
Bpoko a lanL;ua,L;o which helongs to the Atliabascan family. Jianfliiiniii,!, ,'Sj>a-
riiii dvr A:k'k. i^iiV'tclic, yi. 3i('i,
IS'J Fiicc' 'oval.' FrauhHii'.-i Xfii',, vol. ii., p. ]S0. ' Broad fiioos, projecting*
chcok-hones, audwiilo j; '-trils.' liL, vol.i.,]). 2t'2. Foreheads low, chin lon;^'.
Jfdrtiii'if lirit. ('('I., Vol. iii., p. ~>2i. An exact componnd lietweeu the Us(pie-
mows and Western Indians. .H'-'rcmr's llrmi. llnilxmi Hki/, p. 'M.
1^' (ienerally more than medi'im size. Hrdrin's Truv., ji. 3()">. 'Well jn'o-
])f)rtioncd, and almitt the niidUi size.' M'lrHn's lirit. (HI., vol. iii., p. Wl\,
' Lon.L,'-l)odied, with short, stout limbs.' Uin^s, in ^inilhuuuiati Jicpt., l,*-(;0,
p. 'm.
'■ij 'Dim,'y copper.' M-irti.i's JIrt'. Ci,l., vol. iii., p. .')2G. 'Swarthy.' Muc
Ionic's Vi'ii.. p. exix. Din^ry brown, cop])er cast, llntnu:'.'^ True, ji. JiC.'i.
'Very fresh and red.' FriuUiii'ti Xar. V(d. ii., p. 180. 'Dirty yellowish
ochre tinge.' hus.-i, in SinitJisih.i'ra Ucot., isrfi, p. 304.
'"6 ' Small, line eyes and teeth." Fran/din's Sar., p. vol. 1., 212.
Till'; CHITEWYANS.
IIT
flowing' liiiir,"*'' and tattooed rlu'cks and forolicad.'**'^ Al-
tnn'ctlicr they arc in'oiKiimcrd nn inferior raee.'"' Into
the coiiiiio'iitioii of their nai'nients enter heiiver. niooM-.
and (h'er-sUiii. (hvssed with and without the hair. si'Wed
"with sinews anil ornamented w ith claws, hoi'ns. teeth, and
featliers."^'
The Xorthern Indian man is nuister of his household.''"
He iiKirries without eei-emony. and di\-orces his wile at
liis pleasure.''- A man ol" forty huys or li;^hts for a s])ouse
of twtdve.'''' and when tired of hei" whips her and sends
iier awaw (lirls on ari'ivinu' at the a-je of womanhood
i''^ 'Iliiir Innk. 1)nt nnt nhvnys of a diiii^'y lilnck. Men in ^^'iiicritl cxtrnct
tluir luMiil, tlicu'.;!! hi.iiic nf tlimi iii'(^ sii-n to jircl'ir n lpu^lly. Mucl; heard, to
n siiiMiih chill.' .l/'C'/.f/cic's !'<'//•• ]'• •'^i'^' ]liiinl in tlic iiijtil ' hitwtcii two
mill thrr
' IJliu'k, striiit, mill vi
Ills Ioiil;, mid i)ivl'ictly wliitf.' l-'ronU'ii's Sur., vol. ii , ]), lui).
Mdrliii'fi llrit. Col., Vol. iii., |i. i'tll. ' N'lil
ii'V sex
liiivi! any Imir uiidfi" thi ir iiniipitM, mid vi ly litth' on miy ollur jiait of tin-
li.iily, jiai'ticiiliuly the wnimii; Imt on tin' iiiaro wlirrt' Nahini j)lants thn
Liiir. I M'vir kiirw tlii'iiuitti iii])t to (ladiiati' it.' J ffi in, <■'.■< 'I'rm
'•-•< T.itt
iioiUL,' ii|ipiars
to be nnivri'sal aiiioir'tlu' Kiili'lr
1'
;(()(;
Kilhl/, ill .Slililli-
g'^iuitii. //'■/''., I'^lit, J). Il'.l. 'I'lii^ ('IniiiwyaiiH tattoord ' hy intiiiii'.,' nil awl
or iiii'iUi' niidir tlio Kkiii, mid, on drawiii'^' it out ULtaiii, iiiiiiu diatrlv ruliMiii,'
di'rid
I'oal into tl
11' Willllll
1.' Jh
T,
;iiii;
I '.nth
iiavr hiiii' or lilark hars, or from oiii' to four s(raiv;ht Hlics on thiir rlnckH or
foi'rlicad, to distinguish thu trihu to whirli they luloiii^'.' Miirl.t
1'
C'XX.
1^' Women 'dostitnto of roal licantv.' Ihi
I'lor asoec
t.' Uii'liiirilsi
.In
Trni\, p. SO. 'Very infc
\\ii/.,]i. I'Ji'i, ' Positively hideous.' /.'
Vol, ii.. )). H. Women nasty. MifrLviiiii-'s
ill ,'^lll'llllHllllllllt
1"! .V Deer-n.irn Momitai
I drt
i:ijit., iMCi
1'
;mi.
insisted of a shirt, or iaeket with
, hood, wide lireeehes, Veaehini' Olllv to the kliei
d tiL'lit li-iryitis sewed to
the slioi s, all of deer's skills.' /•>'(»'/, //n's A'ir., vol. ii., jv. Isii. The lait ci
hists of th" skin of II deei's h 'ad. Mur'.en-.ii'^ I'e/., p. cxxii.
1>
i;'i .Vs witness this Kpeeeli of a iinhle chief: ' AN oiiieii were inaile for lal'or;
one of them can carry, or haul, as luneh as two men can do. 'I'hey also pifeh
our tents, make and mend our clothiuL!, keen us warm at iiiutht ; and. in fait,
tl
leri
is no such thini,' as traveliiii,' any considerahk' distaiui , in this country
without their assistance
]/■
II I'll!' S / ('(M
1'
1'- All Indian desiriuu' aiinther one's wife. tiLshtswith her hushand, princi-
pally hy jmlliiiij li:iir. If victorious, ho pays a number of skins to thu hus-
banil. ll'iijio-'^i TiisLi, p. lin:!.
I'J' ' Coiitiiienco in an mimaiTiod female is scarcely considered a virtue.'
' Their disi)ositii>ns are uotamatorv.
I have heard amimi,' them of two sons
KeepillL,' tlleir 111
ither
as a conn
lion wife, of another wedded to his dallelltel
1 of several married to tleir sistei-s. //
IlliillSnliiilil
310. ^y<
loiii.. i,s(it;. p
carrv their children on the back next the skin, and suckl"
Ihem until another is born. They do not suspend their ordinary occupa-
tion-
)f wi
fur cliil.l-birth. Mnrl.i'uzic's \'i>i/.. ]i. cxxii. ' .V temporary ii
iterch
vi's IS not nucoiniiiiiir.
and tlit^ ofi'i r of their
lersons IS cnlisii
lered
Jl necessary ]iart of the hospitality due to straiieers.' /'</., p. xcvi. Women
are 'rather tho slaves than t/io companions of the men.' .lidl'ti b'tinj., vol.
1''
m.
118
IIYPERIiOREANS.
must retire from the village and live for a time a])art.''''
The Cliepew vans inhabit hntsol' l)rii,>^li and ])()rtahle skin
tents. Thev derive their oriiiin iVom ado::'. At one time
iliey v.ere so stronglv imbued Avitli res[)e('t ibr tlieir ca-
nine ancestry that thev entirely ceased to em[)loy dojis
in drawing;' their sled.ues. Lireatlv to the hardshij) of the
Avomen u[)()n whom this laboi'ious task IMI.
Their food consists mostly of iish and reinde(M\ the
latter l)einii' easily taken in snares. Much of their land
is barren, but with sullicient veiietation to support nu-
mci'ous lu'rds <jf I'l'iu'lii'. and iish aboiuid in their laki'S
and stivams. Their huutinu' ^i:rounds ai'e held by elans,
and descend )»y iidieritaucc IVoni one li'eni'ration to a.n-
other, which has a salutary elVect upon the i)reservation
of _uame. Indian law rc(|uires tiie successful hunter to
share the spoils of the chase with all present. When
j^auie is abundant, their tent-fu'es never die. but are sur-
rounded duriiiLi' all hours of the day and nijilit In' young
and old cookinn' their food.^'''^
Superabundance of ibod. merchandise, or anything
wliich they wish to pi'eserve without the troid)le of car-
lyiiig it al)out with them Avhile on hunting or foraging
expi'ditions. is ((iclicd. as they tei'm it: IVom the I'^rench,
<>ir/,rr. to conceal. Canadian fur-huntci's often resorted
to this ai'tilice. but the practice was couimon among the
uati\es bcfoi'i' tiie advent of I'>uroj)eans. A sud(U'n ne-
ccssit\- ofti'U ariM's in Indian (ountj'ics for the tra\eler
'•'I They 111- • liursli towards their \viv<s, cxci pt when cnpciiito. 'I'lu y are
iiccnsi d (if !tl)iiii(liiliilii,' the a^,'('il ami su '<, Imt n.ily uiic case caliic to liis
Iciiciwlcilgf. Frniil.liii's \<(v., vol. i.. jip 'd i), -jri].
1''' H('(>atf>f', ]ii'(']>av<'d. frmn ilrrr only, is a kiiiil of Iia^Lji.s. made with the
Mood, a '_;o(nl (|ii;intity of f:it shi'cil small, souic of the ti iidcrrs' of the llrsh,
toijithrr with tiic Inait and luiiyscut, or icic coiiiliioiily cut into siiiall shiv-
ers; all ot which is put into the stoniaeh, nd roasted.' //i/,i,r '.^ 'I'rur., ]>. I 11.
' Not reiiiarl;ali|e for tin ir activity as Im 'ers, owin^' to the ease with which
they snare deer and s]i( ar tisli.' Mdrhcniiv s I'"//., p. cwiii. '1 In l>i < i-lloru
SloiuitaiiU'crs 'repair to the sea in spriinj; and kill seals; as the season ad-
\an.'"s, they hunt deir and musk uxen at some distance fi(.in the <'oast.
'I'hey ai>iiroach tlu' deer <illi( r hy crawlini;, or liy h adin;,' these aninials hy
v.in^es of tnrf towards (he s]Mit win re the archer can conceal himself.' ])<)
not use nets, Imt the hook and line. l-'riinlJiii's \iii\, vol. ii.. ]). IM. 'Xits
made of lines of twisti d willow liark. or thin strijis of deer-hide,' llUhtniJ-
.si.j.'.s ,/o((/'., vol. li.. p. •^:,. Ciirdleil Mo, d, a favorite dish, .'^iiiips'in's Sar.,
Tim NOllTIIEKN INDIANS.
11!)
to relieve liiinself iVom JMirdoiis. This is done Ity di<'-
tiiii,H' a liole in the eartli and dei)ositin,i-' the load therein,
.so artrulh- covering it as to escape detection hv the ^vilv
sa\'au'es,
(iood
s mav he cac
■hed
ni a cave, or \n
tl
le
le canii)
1'
Ijranchesof a tree, or in the hollow oi' n log. Tl
fire is lre(|iiently huilt over the spoi whei'e stoivs ha\\-
lieen dej^osited. in order that the distu.-hance of the sur-
iiice niav not Ite detectvu.
T\
le
u- wea})oi:s''"' anr' their ntensils^'' are of the most
]u-iiiiitive kind — stone and hone heing used in plaee of
metal.
Their dances, uhich are always jjerformed in the
night, are not original, hut are horrowed JVom the South-
ei'ii and l)o--rih Indians. The\- consist in I'aising the
leet alternatei;. in (juick succession, as high as possihle
without mov.ng the hodv, to the sound of a dru:ii or
rattk
I'.iS
Thev never hurv their dead, hut k-ave the hodie;
where tl'"j fall, to he devoi ed hy the hirds and heast;
of
\nv\
Ti
len- religion consists ch
■speeches to these hirds and heast
ietl
V ill soiitis ;ui(l
s and to imaiiinarv he
\')r, J
II' Wen
axes ami li
piius of the Clioiicwyans arc Ikiws ami an-ows: stcmc and bom
//
,/.;
lonuid of tliri'c piici's (jf tir, tl
p. is:]. 'I'lif liows of till- l)c
-II
■nti-(
in th.>saii)i'strai,L;lit line with tlu-l)owsfi-iiio;tl
pure alo
HI' lii'lit, till otlii'l- two ]
ollis • ai
VUll.
with
L'h t
uivw. !■:
< ii|irnniiii
iiiii
Honic animal or i
iiiost rclii's np
la
pii'i'i's arc neatly ticil together
vol. ii , p. ISO, III pic])ariim for an attack,
n paints his slii.lil with lif^nrcs of Sun, Moon, or
A-
aia'_;niarv licint's.
•ml 1
.V
Th
>,v mill
p. 7.".
ritan
ll'lii s
portravini; whatever charaifer Ik
'I'r'ir., p. lis. In some jiavts auntiiii,' enmi
U'e, ami the ri;,^ht of property is ri^i-'iy cnforceil. >;/,(/>-
leli' cookiii;.,' utensils aio luaile of pot-stone, and tliev form very
neat liishes of fir,' Fnn, /.Hit's A
lU'ts of '^reeu tleer-thon
nakei
'J'l
1: wi
M'lrl.,
vol. ii., J,, l.si. .Make lishiiiL'-lincs anil
ley are efrcat mimics.' Uirhurtl
■fl-, ]1, C\.\V1.
linen (In
ri,'-;lif to 1, ft witliont
SItii .S ,1(1111'
, V'll. ii
:mi
sseil. A crowil stand in .'i slraiijbl line ainl sjnilile f
Tl
ivitm the felt from the Lrnmnii. /It
n (l;inc(!
I'll 111
1'
le mill occasionally howl in imitation of
■/)
some aliiiual
.1/.
.i.T).
Tl
ifest
icy manifest no common rcs]iert to the mi niory of tlieir deimrted
friends, hy a ion;' jieriod of nioiirnii
mall
kill;,' nsc of till' ]iro]icrty of ll
ciittiiiL' oil' their hair, and m
le ilecea.sci
,1.' .)/<irl,.
- '■ I' ll' ■.!•■> «i'«>(-..-nii, .'i'''/if/(;(
Ihc death of leailiiiL; men is attrihnted to conjuiiii". Tl
d. ud, but 1
cave them, win
th
die. f.
ir wild beasts to di
>!/■. p. cwviii.
hev never blirv the
'"(•., ]). 'Ml. The ('hepewyans'burv their dead. W
//'■
ntivcs they L'ash their bodies with kiiiv
21. ->-2.
jr,vl,.(rl.
lien nioui'iiim,' for rd-
S'JU S •JtJitI
pp,
H
Hi
120
HYPERBOEEVNS.
inirs, for assistance in iieriomiing cures of the siok.-""
01(1 aji'e is treated with disrespect and neglect, one halt'
of l)()th sexes dying Iwlbre their time for want of care.
The Northern Indians are freciuently at war with the
Eskimos and Southern Indians, for whom they at all
times entertain tiic most inveterate hatred. The Cop})er
Indians, bordering on the southern boundary of the Jvs-
kiuios at the (\)[)[)ermine l\iver. were otiginally the
occupants of the ti'rritorv south of (jreat Sla\e Lake.
The I)oi;-ribs. or Slav('s as they are called ))V nei-ilibor-
ing nations, are indolent, fond t)f annisement. but mild
aud lios[)itable. They are so debased, as savages, that
the men do the lal)()rious work, while the women emi)l<)y
themselves in household aiVairs and ornauK'ulal uctMlle-
work. Young married men have been known to exhibit
s[)ecimens of their wives" needle-work with pride. I'rom
tlieir i'urther advancement in civilization, and the ti'a-
dition which they hold of having mitiiated from tlie
westward, were it not that their lauguage diiVcrs from
tbat of contiguous tribes only in accent, they miulit uat-
nralh be' considered of diil'erent ori;:in. Biuids of Don-
ribs meeting after a long absence greet each otli' rwith a
dance, wliich freciuentU continues for two or tluee da\s.
first (•]«■ ■! iu'j: a sixit of around, they take an arrow ii;
tlie r'!;:lit hand aud a how in the left, and turning their
hacks each baud to the other, they api)roach darning, and
when '•lo.M' together they feign to perceive each others
preseu»-»' for th*- tirst time; the l)ow and arrow are iu-
stautl\ Tnnisfei It il iVom one hand to the other, in token
of their non-ijiteritioii to use them against IVieuds. Th(\v
are vei'y improvident, and frecjuently are driven to can-
nibalism and suicide.-""'
2I1II 'The Niirthcrn Indians seldom attniii ?» tfrent ngf, thoiigli thcyliavo f( w
disciiscs." M'lrHii's llrit. ''/'.. veil, iii,, ji. i't'i'i For inward coinplaints, tlin
ddcldis lilciw /.lalously into the rectum, or itdj»i< nt i>ar(s. Ihiimv's 'J'yar.,
]). l.'S'.*. The <'(in.)unr shuts liiniseH nji (<* «l.as with Ihi patient, wiihdi.t
food, and sings over him. Fniii/Jiii's Sur. »'•! it., ]> H. AIedieine-iii( n or
(•onjnrers are at the same time doeKiTH. ll--'i>i i .< T' .]))). IilV tin, 'Tlio
Knteliiii-' praetice blood-littin;.,' "</ /i ('ni/i.' ifniiis, .Smillisiini'ii i /it., ].S()(i. )>.
.'(li.'j. ' Till ir iirin('i])al maladies are rheumatie paiuH, the rtux, iind consniu^)-
tion.' Miirl,-ni:ii's JVi//., j). cxxiv.
•■i''! Aeeordin.u' to tlH rejiurt of tli" ]>og-rih.-. (he Mountain !■ haus ;.'•*
I
1 il
I vs.
)W il.
icir
luid
i'l-
Ury
•ai'-
s. the
fV'IC..
II II <ir
'TIjo
hr,(!. ],.
■^uiap-
IIARES, DOG-EIBS, AND TACULLIES.
121
Tlie ILire riidians. avIio si)c:ik a dialect of tlie Tlimeh
scarcely to be distiuuuished IVoin that of the I)o<i-i'il)s,
are look('(l upon by their iieiuhbors as ureat conjurers.
The Uiuw and ISheep Indians look u[)on their women
as inferior beiuus. From childhood they are iinu'ed to
every desci-ij^jtion of drudiiei-y. and thou^uh not treated
Avith si)ecial cruelty, they are placed at the lowest point
in the scale of humanity. The characteristic stoicism
of the I'ed race is not manifested ))y these tril)es. SiM-ial-
ism is practiced to a considei'able extent. Thi' huntei' is
allowed only the tonii'ue and ribs of the animal he kills.
the remainder beinii' dixided amonii the members of the
tribe.
The Hares and Dou-ribs do not cut the fini'tr-nails of
iemale- children until ibur yciU's of iiue. in order that
they ma\ iiot })rove la/y; the infant is not allowed food
until ibur days after birth, in order to accustom it to
fastim;' in the next world.
The Sheep Indians are reported as beini: cannibals.
The l\ed-knives ibrmerly hunted reindeer and musk-
oxen at the northei'u end of (iR-at Ik'ar Lake, but they
were dually driven eastward by the Hoii-ribs. l^aws
and i!'o\ernment are unknown to the (Miepewyans.-"-
Tlie Tacullies. or. as they were denominated by the
fur-traders. 'Carriers.' are the chief tribe of \ew Cale-
donia, or North-western Ih'itish America. They call
themsel\('s Tacullies. or "men Avho ,a'o u\)on water." as
their travels from one villaue to another are mostly ac-
complished in cauoes. This, with their sobriipiet of
ciinuili.ils, ciiHtini^ lots for victiiiis in tiuu' of scarcity. Sni'/isni/s Var.. \t.
1H8. ' liistaiici's of si(»/'i(l(', hy li.iiii,''!!^,', frciiuciitly occur iininii^' tln' women.'
]litriii('ii'.'i,f"iii'.,i'i. I'.th. l)uriii;4tiiii(S(if starviition. \vliiclio<i uri|nitcfri i|uciit,
the Sliivi' Iiuliims cat tlnir fiiiuilics. Jlin./,, r's 7'".s/, i, p. 'My.i. ' Tlicsi' indj Ic
take tin ir names, in tic first instance, from tlieir (lo!;s. A yonii;.^' man is tiio
fatlurof aiti'tain iIol'. I'nt win n lie is married, anil lias a son, lit styles liim-
siif the fatlurof the luiy. The woiiien have a lialiit of rein'ovin'^' the (loi;s
very teiukrly when tlu-y oliscrve tluni tij.'iitin^,'. " .\re yon not ashanicil,"
s,iy they, "to '|uarri ) with your little lirother V" ' l-'r'i,ilJi,i'.s .Vi/'.. vol. ii..
]ip.H5. M(i. ' V. 'i( thir circumcision be jiracticeil nniont; them, T cannot |iri teml
to say, lint the a|'|ieaiance of it was j,'eneial anioii.L,' those wlioni I saw.' lA'c.
I,in:ii''n I'"//.. |i. It(!. I)oi.;-ril) Jnilians, somctiiiK s also rallcil Slavi's, "a naiiio
lirojierly meanini,' 'strant^ers.' linlliilin. i,i Ain. Arrh. Sue. VVircs.. vol. ii.. p. l',(.
■ -AH • Onlci' is maintaiiKil in the trihr soli ly hy ]iulilic opinion.' liiclninl-
eon's Jour., vol. ii., p. 2'). The chiefs are now totally without power. FranL-
■i ll
1
^iDI II
122
H\TE11B0EEANS.
'Ciiri'iers.' clciirly indicates thoir riiliii-r liit])ltu(les. Tlio
/rion ai'o more finely ibrnied than the women, the latter
])ein<i: short, thick, and disproiiortionately hirue in their
lower Hmhs. In their persons they are sl()\-eniy; in
their dispositions, lively and contented. As the\' are
uhle to jirocure ibod""'^ with ))iit little labor, they are
natnrally indolent. l)nt apjjcar to he a)iie and wiHin^' to
work wlien occasion reipiires it. Their relations with
white j)eop]e have been l()r the most ])art amicable; they
are seitlom (juarrelsome. thou^uh not lackinj;' brnAery.
The people are called after the name of the villaiie in
Avhich they dwell. Their })rimitive costume consists of
hare, nmsk-rat, badirer. and beaver skins, sometimes cut
into strips an inch ))road. a!\d woven or interlaced. The
nose is peribrated ))y both sexes, the men suspendinj^
therelVom a brass. C()i)])er, or shell oi'iiament. the women
a wooden one. tipi)ed witii a Ijead at either end.-'" Their
avarice lies in tlie direction of hia(iua shells, which find
their way up i'rom the sea-coast thi'ouuh other tribes.
Jn ISH). these beads wei'e the circuliitimi medium of the
country, and twenty of them would buy a <i'ood beaver-
skin, 'i'heir paint is made of vermilion obtained from
the ti'aders. or of a pulverized red stone mixed with
grease, ^fhey are iireatly addicted to uamblinu'. and do
not appear at all dejected by ill ibrtune. spendiuii' days
and niLihts in the winter season at their ,aames. freiiuently
irambliiiii' awa\" everv rau' of clothi)ii>; and everv trinket
in their })ossession. They also stake parts of a ,uarment
or other article, and if losers, cut olf a piece oi" coat-
sleeve or a ibot of gun-barrel. Native cooking vesselss
Vii's Xdi-., vol, i., ]i. I'lT. 'TIk'v arc inflnonccil, movo or less, liy ecvtaiii
j)riiit'i]i^ s wlii.-li i-diiilure t(i their Ltriu'val lioiilit.' Mdrl.iuji's \'iti/.. ]i. cxxv.
'"I • Miiiiy I'Diisidcr a Imilh. iiiailc liy iiiraus of the diniL,' of tlic carilmo
iiud the iiarc, to lu" a dainty dish.' lldiiiinii's .litur., ]i. II'JI. 'I licy " arc lazy,
dirty, and sciisnal.' and cxtrinicly lUU'ivili/cd. 'Tlnir hahits and persons
are eciually disLjustint,'.' Jhniii mrh's Jtimrtx, vol. ii., p. id. 'They uve a tall,
well fornuMl. i^iMid-liKildn;,' race.' \!r<i!ai/'s O'ln. Vi*'.. ]). 1")1. ' An ntter eon-
teni]>t of cleanliness jii'( vailed on all hands, anil it was iivnllin^ to witness
their viiracioiis <'ndeavurs to snr[)ass I'ach other in the gluttonous contest.'
JkiI. l.ij'r. ]>. ).■)('>.
'■"" 'i he women ' rnn a wooden jiin throULdi their noses.' Jl'iruicn's Jimr.,
p. 287. At their Imiial ceremonies they smear tlie face 'with a conipositiuii
,0111011
Tlioir
h iiiul
tribos.
of the
L'iiver-
IVoiii
Avith
(1 do
days
leiitly
inkt't
lueiit
OOilt-
osselis
civtaiu
\t. cwv.
ciiribiio
ivc lii/y,
IKl'SOllS
utall,
Itl'l- Cdll-
witiK SS
■DUtLSt.'
's .Itiiir.,
jKisitiuii
THE TACULLIES, OR CAURIEIIS.
123
are innde of bark, or of the roots or fibres of trees, woven
so as to bold Avater. in wliich are [)laced heated stones
I'or the pur[H)se of eooking food."'" Polyj.''aiiiy is \)viw-
ticed. but not generally. 'Fhe TaouUies are ibnd of their
ui\es. pcrforminji' the most of the household dnulL'X'ry
in order to relieve them, and eoiisL'([iR'ntly they are very
jealous of them. But to their unmarrii'd d;uiditers.
("itraniie as it may seem, they allow every libertv without
censure or shame. The reason which they give lor this
strange custom is. that the purity of their w'ves is there-
by lu'tter preserved."""
Diiiing a }torti<jn of oxi'vy year the Tacullies (hvell in
villages, conveniently situated for catching and drying
salmon. In April they visit tb.e kikes and take sinail
iish: and after these fail, they return to their villages
and subsist upon the fish they have dried, and upon
herbs and berries. From August to October, salmon are
])lentiful again. Beaver are oauglit in nets made from
strips i)f cariltoo-skins. and also in cypress and steel
traps. They are also sometimes shot with 'j:im^ or with
bows and arrows. Smaller gaiiK' they take in various
kinds of trups.
Till' civil polity of the Tacullies is of a very priiuitive
character. Any person may become a inhitij or chief
who will occasionally pro\ ide a villag ' least. A malefac-
tor may find protection iVom the a\i'ngi'r in tbe dwell-
ing of a chief, so long as he is i)erinitted to remain there,
or even afterwards if he has upon his back any i^ne of the
chiefs garments. Disjnites are usually adjusted by some
old man of tbe tribe. The boundaries of the territories
belonuin^' to the different vilhiL:es are desiunated 1)V
of tish-di! aiicl ihavcial.' When rdiiinriii'.r, the cliitf and his cfiiniiaiiinns
'wove a kiiiil of (MUc)iU't fnrniiii of the inviitid <la\vs nf the j.'ii//lv liiar.'
hid. !.i/', i>l'- 1-T. LIS.
2"' The i"aiulli(s have ' wdoihii disliis, and dtliiv vcssils of tlic rind of
thi> liinh and (line trcis.' •Jlavf also othi r vtssils made df small iddts or
filiivs df tin laini]iino tree, flosil y laci d t(i;j;i tluf, wliiili siivi' thini as
buckets to ]int water in.' Iltiniirm's Junr., p. '2'.l2.
*'■ ' In the suniniii' seasdn 1)dlli sexes liatho often; and this is thr only
time, will 11 the married [ledjile wash t hen isi Ives.' 'The Tacullies are very fund
and \i ry ji ahms of their wives, 'Imt to tluir daughters, they allow ivery lib-
!|
124
HYPERBOREANS.
3P
mountains, rivers, or other natural objects, and tht^
ri gilts of towns, as well as of individuals, are most gen-
erally respected ; but broils are constantly occasioned by
murders, abduction of women, an<l otlier causes, between
these separate societies.-"'
AVhcn seriously ill, the Carriers deem it an indis-
pensa))le condition to their reoovorv that every secret
ci'ime should be coni'essed to the magician. Murder, of
any but a meuiber of the same \illage, is not consid-
ered a heinous oiVense. Thev at lii'st believed read-
ing and writing to be the exercise ot magic art. The
Ct'rj'iers know little of medicinal herbs. Tiieii' pi-icst or
magician is also the doctor, but before commencing his
o[)eratio!is in the sick room, he nuist receive a fee, which,
if his eiforts prove unsuccesslul. he is o])liged to restore.
The ciu'ative process consists in singing a mehnu'holy
strain over the invalid, in which all around join. This
mitigates pain, and ol'ten restoi'es health. Their winter
tenements are frecpiently made by ojiening a s])ot of
earth to the depth of two i'eet. aci'oss which a ridge-pole
is ])laced. supj)orted at either end by posts; ]M)les are
then laid iVom the sides of the excavation to the I'idge-
i)ole and covered with hay. A hole is left in the top ibr
])ur])oses()f enti'ance and exit, and also in order to allow
the esra[)e of smoke."'"
Slavery is conunon with theui: all who can afford it
kee[)ing shives. They use them as beasts of burden, and
crty, f<ii' the ]ini'i)oso, ns they say, of kfcpiiiL,' the yoniif,' nion from intd'co'irse
with llic iiianiid wduicii.' lldniniii'x .fiiiir., \>]k 2Mt, "i'J'i, 'i'.Ci. A fiithci', whose
<l;in^'htir hull (Usholiiutd liiiii. IdUcd htv ami liinisi'lf. Jml. l.'ij'v. ]«!.
207 'Xhi' people of every village have a eeitain extent of eonntry. which
tlipy consider their own, luul in wliieh tluy may hunt and tish; Imt they may
not transcend these lioimds, with, nt pnrehasins,' the jirivileL'e of those who
claim the land. ^Mountains and rivcrw serve them as boundaries.' lldiiiiDn'H
Join-., p. iW.
""'* !Macken/ie, T'l//., p. '2.'!'^, found on Fraser River, about latituile ">;■) , a
dcsertt d house, :i() by 'id. with tlivi e (hior^. li by H', feet; tln-ic tin-places,
and beds on lithir side; behind the beds was a narrow space, like a nani^er,
hoiuewhat elevated, for k( eiiim; fish. ' Their houses are well formed of lo^s
of small tre<s, buttressed up inti rnally, freipieiitly ubo\'> seventy feet loni<
and lll'teen hi^h. b\it, unlike those ot the coast, the ro( .' is of bark, their
winter habitations are smallir, and often covend over with ;.'rass and eailh;
some even dw< 11 in excavations of the j^round, which have only un apt r-
tnro at the top, uud bcrveb alike for duor aud cLinauy,' A'ac/c^'s Vijn, 'iir.,
p. 151.
NEIIANNES AND TALKOTINS.
125
th(
his
I'or
lk)W
'(1 it
ami
vi-ii'irse
whose
wliich
•V iiiiiy
who
It'ift'tn s
■").")-, il
lilac'is,
■llllUIV,
t l"iii4
t!i( il-
•;nth:
II u|» r-
')<•/■..
trt'iit them most iiiliumanly. The coiintrv of the Rican-
iiis in the llocky Mountains is sterile, yielding the occii-
l)ants a scanty supply of food .and clothing. They are
nevertheless devotedly attached to their hleak land, and
\vill h^ht lor their rude homes ^vith the most patriotic
ardor.
Tile Xehannes usually pass the summer in the vicin-
ity of the sea-coast, and scour the interior dui-ing the
uinter for furs, which they obtain from inland tribes
))y barter or plunder, and dispose of to the iMiropean
traders. It is not a little remarkable that this war-
like and turl)ulent horde was at one time governed ])y a
woman. Fame uives iicr a fair comnlexion. with rrmdar
features, and great intelligence. Her inlluence over her
iiery pcojjle, it is said, was ])erleet ; while her warriors, the
terror aiul scourge of the surrounding country, (piailed
before hei" eye. ller word was law, and was obe\ed with
iiiar\eloiis alacrity. Through her inlluence the condi-
tion of the women of her tribe was greatly raised.
(Ircat oeri'inonies, cruelty, and superstition attend
lairiiiug the dead, which custom obtains throughout this
I'c'gioii,-"' and, as usual in savagism, woman is the suf-
i'erer. AVheii the father oi' a household dies, the entire
I'amily, or, if a chief, the tribe, are summoned to present
themselves."^" Time must bo given to those most distant
to reach the village before the ceremony begins.-" The
Talkotin wife, when all is ready, is compelled to ascend the
funeral pile, throw herself upon her husband's body and
then' remain until nearlx' siilVocated.wlu'n she is ])ermitted
to descend. Still she must keep her [ilace near the burn-
ing cor[)se, keep it iu a proper [)ositioii, tend the fire, and
2"!' ' (Jnclqnos iicnpliulos tin nord, tcUcs (pU' Ics Sikiiiiis, (>nt(iTiiit Iciiis
molts.' .M'tfriis. h't'iil''!'., toiii. ii.. \<. '.i'-W. 'Tln' Sicaiiiiiis hiiiy, wliilc thi' Ta-
iillliis, liiirii their dead.' llnniK'n's Ji'i{r., ]1. IDCi, 'I'hiy 'and tlic ( hiiiiiiusy-
aiis on the coast, and otlirr tiil'fs s]ifakinL; tin ir htiiL:nn;4c, hnyn the dead.'
L'inr.< XiiL, vol. ii., 11. 'I'M'i. Seo also J)iiiiii's iiitiI"ii, jjii. 7',*, Ml; Jnd. Life,
l>[>. I'iH. |;iil; />ii(i(()a('//'.s' Jlisnts, vol. ii., ])]), Htl'J, ;t(!3.
'■^'" Thry th'i' unim us a waiijiui,' to their friuiulM not to invade their sorrow.
M<l(:hvii:h ff \'<ii/., \). 111'.
'^" ' In the winter season, \ht' ('airl< I'm often Ueep tluir dead in their lints
ilurijig tive or six mouths, bifore tliey will iilluw them to he l)iunid.' Ihir-
1^
126
IIYPERROREANS.
if tiironuli pain or faintncss she fulls in tlu> porforniance
of her duties, she is lield up anu pri'ssed i'oi'wai'd by
others; lier ei'ies meanwhile are drowned in wild sonjis,
aecoiupanied hy the beating of drunis."^"
A\ hen the funeral pile of a Taoully is fired, the wives
of the deceased, if there are more than one, are plaei'd
at the lu'ad and foot of the ])ody. Their duty there is
to publicly demonstrate their all'eotion for the de])arted;
which they do by restinj;' their head upon the dead bosoiu,
by striking in fren/ied love the body, nursing and bat-
tlinu' the lire meanwhile. And there they remaiu until
the hair is burned from their head, until, suffocated and
ahnost senseless, they stagger off to a little distance; then
I'ecovering, attack the corpse with new vigor, striking it
iii'st Avith one hand and then with the other, until the
foiMii of the ]K'lo\e(l is reduced to aslu'S. Finally these
ashes ari' gathered up. ])laced in sacks, and distributed
one sack to each wife, whose duty it is to carry nj)on her
jH'rson the remains of the depaited for the space of two
3 ears. During this jjei'iod of niouriung tlu; wouien are
clotlied in rags, kept iu a kind of sla\ery. and not al-
lowed to marry. S'ot unlVequently these poor creatures
avoid their terui of servitude ])y suicide. At the expir-
ation of the tiuu>. a feast is giAi'U them, and th<y ai'o
jigain free. Structures are erected as I'epositories I'or the
ashes of their dead."'' in which tl:e bag or box contain-
ing tlie I'emains is placed. These grave-houses are of
split boards about one inch in thickness, six feet high,
and decollated with ])ainted representations of \ai'ious
heaveuly and earthly objects.
The Indians of the Uocky Mountains burn Avith the
deceased all his effects, and even thoM' of his nearest
relatives, so that it not unfreipiently hai)]iens that a
family is reduced to a])solute starvation in the dend of
'212 ' She ninst frr(inoiitly put licv luinds ('ivoiil;!! tlu' tliUiics luid liiy tliciu
njion liis lidsoiu, to siiow licr iMiiitniiU'd (livdiinii.' ]'(iii.ii''s h'xjilnr. 'Innr. |>.
2.'i'.(. They liavc ii custom <if inoiin.in^' ovi r the t,'Viivc of \hv diiul; tin ir
rxprtssiniis (if griuf me {.'eiici'iillv txiniliuulv vdiifirous. Jml, LUv, pp.
is.!, isi;.
'^'' On the t'lul of ii pole stuck iu (r(tiit of tlu- lodgL'.' Luid's y<d . vol. ii.,
p. '2'j~.
KUTCIIIN CHARACTERISTICS.
12*
the
tllO
a rest
lilt ;i
1 of
n(
ly tli» 111
■ r. |..
I; tin ir
:/'■- i>p-
vol. ii..
winter, when it is iinjxKsihlc to ])ro('iire food. Tlio nio-
tivo iissiiiiiuMl to this custom is. tlutt there may l)e nothing
left to hrinji' the deud to rememhrance
A sini:ular custom })revails among tlie Xateotetain
women, whicli is to cut oft' one joint of a fnigei' upon
the death of ii near relative. In consiMjuence of this
])i'a('tice some old Avomtii may he sei-n with two joints
olf every linger on hoth hands, ^fhe men hear thi'ii-
sorrows more stoically, heing content in sucli cast's with
shaving the head and cutting their llesh with llints.'-'^
'I'he Kutchins are the llower of the Tinneh family.
They are wry numei-ous, mnnhering al)out t\veJity-t\\()
trihes. They ace a more nohlo and inaidy peoj)le than
either the l']skimos u[)on the north or the contiguous
Tiinieli trih(>s ujxin their own southern boundary. The
finest sjH'cimens (iwoll on the Yukon llivei'. The women
tath)o the chin with a, hlack pigment, and the men draw
ii hlack stripe down the forehead and nosr, fre((uently
crossing the forehead and (iheeks with red lines, and
streaking the chin alternately Avith red and hlack. Their
features aie more regular than those of their neigld)ors,
more expressive of boldness. fraid\iu'ss. and eandoi'; their
foreheads higlu'r. and their compk'xiijus lighter. Tho
Tenan Kutchinof the 'fananah Kiver. one of the largest
tribes of the "i'ukon A'alley, are somewhat Avildi-r and
more ferocious in their appearance. The boys are pre-
cocious, and till' girls marry at fifteen.'-'''' The Kutchins
of Teel I\i\cr. as obserxed by Mr Isbister. "are an ath-
letic and (ine-looking race; considerable abow the av-
2" Women rut dlF ii JDiiit <if ono of tin ir 1111141 i'^- Miii niily cut dtV Ui< ir
bivir cldsc to tluiv liciuls, but .-il^o t'nc[U(iitly cut ami scratch thcii- faces aiul
iiniis. Iliiriiidii's Jc'ir.. \i. |S2. X\'ilh sonic sliar)> iustvuiiii lit tlu y 'force liack
tlio flesh lieyoiul the lirst juiiit, which they iiimiediati ly ainimtatc. ' Mitc/.i n-
zh 's Villi., p. J l^i.
^''' 'The iiieiiav(> foinplctfly destitnto f>f lieiinl, mid liolh men and wonu 11,
iiro intensely n.uly.' ./(),»>■. I'l .'^tiiithsahhhi l,tj,l.. Ism \t. ;;-_>o. 'They re-
niiiuled nie of the ideal North Auierican Indian I liad read of hiit n( vcr
seen.' II7(//;/'/i(/'',s A/ns'.d, p. 'J:!'.l. Distini^'iiishi-d from all other trihes fur
the friinkni'ss ami candnrof their demeanor, and lioiil einint. nanci s. Simji-
S:ia's yar.. p. IDI). ' .Males ari' of the averaife hiudit of Kumpcans. and \vi 11-
fornied, vitli re<.;iilav features, hi^h foreheads, and liLditer eoinple\ions than
those of the other red Indians. The wonieuieseniblu the mtii.' lyiclianl^nii'a
Jour., vol. i., p. iiT'J.
'\
12S
IIYrEUr.OllEANS.
oi'ii^^e statiiio. most of thorn l)L'inji' ui)wartls of six foot in
lu'i.ulit and I't'iiiarkablv avcH pi'ojjortioiu'd."'
'I'lic'ir clotliinii' is made from the skins of ivindoor,
dressed with the hair on; their coat cnt after the fasiiion
of the I'lskimos. with skirts peaked hefore and hehind,
and ehihoratelv trinmied witli heads and dyed porcnpine-
<|uills. The Kutchins, in common with the llskimos,
are distinguished hy ii similarity in the costume of the
sexes. Men and women wear tiie same (k'scription of
hreeches. Some of the men have a loni;' Hap attached to
their deer-skin shirts, shaj)e(l hke a heaver's tail, and
reaching nearly to the <ii'onnd.-^'' Of the coat, Mr
A\'hyniper says: " II' the reader will imai^ine a man
dressed in two swallow-tailed ct)ats. one ol' them woi'n
as usual, the other covering his stomach and buttoned
hehind. he w ill i:et some idea of this garment." Across
the shoulders and breast they wear a hroad liand of
heads, Avith narrower Ijands round the forehead iuid
ankles, and along the seams of their leizuins. Thev arc
great traders; ])eads are their wealth, used in the ])laco
of money, and the rich among them literally load them-
selves with necklaces and strings of various patterns.-^^
The nose and ears are adorned with shells.-^' "^^i'lie hair
is woi'ii in a long cue, ornamented with feathers, and
hound with strings ol' Jjcads and shells at the head, with
ilowing I'uds, and so saturated with grease and birds'
down as to swell it sometimes to the thickness of the
neck. They pay considerable attention to personal clean-
-"' 'Tunic KV shirt r(^rtcliin!:; to tho kiipos, nnd very nincli "rr.anioiiti'd with
Ix'iuls, (111(1 IIya(|Uii shells fiMiu tho Coluiiiliia.' Kivln/, in Siiiillisiiiihiii. Hc/it.,
ISfil, p. -lis. Thi- T( null Kntchius aru ''^ny with jiaintcd faci s, feathers in
their lolii^' hair, iiatches of n d day at the liaek vi thi ir head.' W/iijnqmr's
Al i>il,'(. ]>. '2.;'.l. .)aelv( ts lilvc tlio Eskimos. llicJnirilxdn's Jcitr., voL i., j). 221.
' Uoth sexes wear hree<dies.' iS'uiijisoh's y<ir., p. W.i.
^'7 'The Kutch-a-Kutelun, are essi'iitially traders.' Kirhi/, in StiiHlinnhi'in
Jicpt., 1S()4, J). -IIH. Apijcar to care more for useful than ornamental articles.
n7///i/iy,c;-',s Alnshit, p. 21U. ' Diiitalium and arunicohi kIk lis are transniittid
from the west coast iu trufHe, nud uro greatly vulut'd.' liicliardson's Jmir,,
vol. i., \). 3111.
•^'■'' Some wonr 'wampum (a kind of Ion},', hollow shell) throuf,']! the sep-
tum of the nose.' Itd'qiir'H Tnnhi, ]). '27(1. They pierce thi' nose and insert
shells, which are obtained from the Eskimos at a high price. FrunUbi's Nar.,
vol, ii., p. 8-L
FOOD OF THE Kl'TCIIIXS.
120
•lis/
hair
and
with
)irdH'
tho
oan-
■a with
lli'l'';
hi IS iu
'/iiijicr's
p. 221.
Iisoiiinn
vticlis.
■iiuitti (I
Jiivr.,
lie sop-
iiisoit
Is Nar.,
linoss. Tlio ICutcliins coiistnict liotli iH'niiaiuMit iinil(>r-
^roiiiid (hvclliiiiis and tlie tom[)orar\' Miiiunt'r-hiit or
U'lit;^'''
On the Yukon, tlio greatest ^*ca^f'ity of food is in llu'
spriiiii'. The \viiit('r's stores are oxhaiistoch and tlic liriulit
ravs of <li(' sun mion tlu' iii('ltiii,ti' snow almost hliiid the
«'\('s ol' till' dicr-liiiiitcr. Tin; most ]ilt'ntirid siipiilv of
i:!im(' is ill Aii;inst. Scptcmlu'r. and Octolicr. after ANliich
the foriuini;' of ice on the rixcrs ])i'e\ciits lishinj^' until
Deeemher. uheii the Avinter traps aie set. The reindeer
are in iiiood condition in .\ii,!iust, and *^rvsv are ])lentifnl.
Salmon ascend the river in June, and aii' taken in ^ri'at
([uantities nntil ahout the lirst of Si'jiti'mher; lish are
dried or smoked without salt, for winter use. I'ur-
luintinu' he,iiins in Octoher; and in Decemher. trach;
opens with the llskinios, with whom furs are exchanml
for oil and seal-skins.
The Kutchin of the Yukon are niiac(|naiiited with
nets, hut catch their fish hy means of Aveirs or stakes
jilanted across rivers and narrow lakes, havinji openin<iS
lor wicker haskets, ])y which thev intercei)t the tish.
They hunt reiiaU'cr in the mountains iiiid take moose-
deer in snari's.--"
l^oth Kutchiiis and Eskimos aie very jealous re-^ard-
inu' their houndaries; l)nt tho incessant warfare v.hich is
maintained hetween the littoral and interior people of the
■^1'' Tho Ldiulirnx live in lints ' fonii< dof prof n lirauchos. Iii\viiitoi-tlic ir
(IwolHii'js iiro partly iimlir ^'voniul. Tlio sjioils c)f tlio moose and voiiuloor
Imnisli thoniwitli iiuat, cldthiiiu;, ami tciits.' ,^()/i/>,s. n's Xar.. pp. Hl.l, I'.M.
Tho Co-Vukciii wiiittr (hvollin^'suro lumh^ Tiiuhv (ground, and inofi d over with
oarth, having,' u holo for Uie siuoko to csi'apo l)_v, in tho same niaiiiior as thoso
of tho Mahnmtos and IiiL;aliks. U'l'i/inin r's AldsLil. ]ip. 17"), 2(1."). Their uiov-
alilo huts aro oonstniotod of door-skin, 'drossod with tho hair on, and sowod
toLjothor, forniinu' two laii^o lolls, whioli aic strotcln d over ii fraiiio of hciit
jiolos,' with a siilu door and siuoko-holo ut tho top. Jums, in i'^initlis'ittidii
Jl']>t., ISCC, ;i21.
i!^" Tho I,onohonx aro ' <,'roat pnrinandizors, and will dovonr solid fat, or
( von drink ^'naso, to surfoitiiiL;.' llnn^nv's 'J'usl.!, p. 271. "Tho brars arc not
oftoli oatoii in siiiiinior. as tin ir thsh is not fj;ood at that tinio.' ,/iinis, hi S)inth-
>:'iiiliin Jltjit., isCiC), )). ;i2l. Sonu! of their roindoor-pounds aro over one linn-
drod years old and are horoditary in tho family. JHcIi'iviIsuk'k ,h>ur.. vol. i., p.
;i;il. 'Tho mode of tishiii^' thronj,'h tho ioo j)raoiiood by the lltis.siuus is
much iu vuf:;uo with them.' WliijuqA-r's Alasku, p. 211.
Vol. I.
IMAGE EVALUATION
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€ <i'
4.
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1.6
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<^
/a
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^
^
130
HYrERBOEEANS.
nortliorn coast near tlio ^fackonzic river, is not main-
tained l)y the north-western tribes. One of either i)eo-
ple, however, if found huntin<>; out of liis own territory,
is very liable to be shot. »S)nie Kutchin tribes |)ern!it
the Eskimos to take the meat of the jiame which they kill,
provided they leave the skin at the neare;ft village."^
The Kutehins of the Yukon liiver manufacture cups
and iH)ts from clay, and ornament them with crosses,
dots, and lines; moulding them by hand alter various
j)atterns. fu'st drying them in the sun and tiien baking
them. The Eskimo lamp is also sometimcM made of clay.
The Tinneh make paint of pulverized colored stones or of
earth, mixed with glue. The glue is made from buflhlo
feet ami applied by a moose-hair brush.
In the manufacture of their boats the Kutehins of the
Yukon use bark as a substitute for the seal-skins of the
coast. They lirst make a light frame of willow or birdi,
from eight to sixteen feet in length. Thei*. with line
spruce-(ir roots they sew together strips of birch bark,
cover the fr.'.'ue, and calk the seams with s[)ruce gum.
They aiv j)n)))elled ])y single jjaddles or poles. Those ot
the Mackenzie River are after the same pattern.'^"
In ahsence of law. nuu'der and all other crimes arecom-
l)ounded for.'"' A man to l)e well married must be either
221 The Kutehins 'Imvo no kn(iwle(lt,'c of Kcnlinnf;.' ' Wlitii a man kills
his cni'niy, hi cuts all his joints.' ,/n/,(s, in SiiiillisiDiidii ll'iit., isriii, ;t27. Thf
Louchi'iix of I'lH'l IJiviT and tho Eskimos are constantly at war. JIhojk r s
TusLi, i>. 27;t,
2'^ 'At I'tacr River the Imrk is taken off the troe the whole Icni^thof the iii-
tfiidedeanoc, which is eoninionly ahout ei^'htitn feet, antlissewed with watiijie
at both ends,' Mai'Linzh's \'iij/., )i,'iitJ7, When the Kutehins <liseover a leMk,
' they pi ashore, lit,'ht a small th'e, warm the tium, of which they always
carry a sui>])ly, turn tlie can<ie hottom ujiward and ml) the heidinj,' hidm in
a senii-lluiii state into the seam until it is a^-aiu water-ti^^iit.' l!7i//(///)>c ,s
,l/((,s7.((, \^. '2'2i). The 'I'aeullies "make canoes which are elnnisily wrou^iht. of
the aspin tree, as well as of the hark of tlii' s])ruce tir,' Ihinitmi'.i .Imir.. p.
'-!M. Rafts are employed on the JIaek<nzie. Shi'iismi'n .\<ii\. p, IS.'i, -In
shape the Northern Indian canoe hears some resemhlance to a weavers
shuttle; covered over with hircli hark.' Iliarix's Jnnr., pp, llT, Its, ' Kanots
aU8 Birkenrinde, auf denen sie die Fliisse u. Seen hefahren,' Hmr. >/"/. n.
KVin., p, 112. The Kutchin <'anoe 'is tlat-hottomed, is about nine feet lon;.^
and one hroad, and the sidt's nearly straij,'lit up and down like a wall.' ./'■ '.■••,
in SwHhKituinii Unit., 18(>l!, p. W'l'A.
2« As for instance for a life, the fine is forty heaver-skins, and may h«
paid in ^uiis at twenty skins each; blankets, e(jual to ten skins I'ach: jiowder.
Olio ekiu u lueasui'e; bullets, eighteen for ii skiu; worsted belts, two skins
THE TENAN KUTCHIN.
131
11 a limn ki
rich or strong. A good hiintor. wlio can aocumulate
l)oa(ls. and a good wrestler, wlio can \\'\\\ hrides l>y force,
may have from two to li\'e wives. The women ])erform
all domestic duties, and eat after the husband is satisfied,
hut the men ])addle the lK)ats, and have even U'cn known
to carrv their wives ashore so that they might not wet
their feet. The women carry their infants in a sort of
])ark saddle, fastened to their hack; they handage their
feet in order to keep them small.'"* Kutchin annisements
are wrestlnig, leaping, dancing, .and singing. They are
great talkeis, and eti(|uette forbids any interruption to
the narrative of a new comer.'"'
The Tenan Kutchin, 'i)eople of the mountains.' in-
habiting the country south of Fort Yukon which is
drained by the river Tananah, are a wild, ungovernable
horde, their territory never yet having been invaded by
white })eople. The river u[H)n which the\ dwell is sup-
l)osed to take its rise near the np[)er Yukon. They allow
no women in their deer-hunting expeditions. They
smear their leggins and hair with red ochre and grease.
The men part their hair in the middle and separate it
into locks, which, when jn'oiRU'ly dressed, look like rolls
of red nmd about the size of a linger: one bunch of
locks is secured in a mass which falls down the neck, l)y
a band ol" dentalium shells, and two smalli'r rolls hang
down either side of the face. After being soaked in
|(l\villi\vatui'<'
;ci)vtr II It :ik.
till y ul\vay«
iliiisi 1)alm in
liiiic ft'i't loll'.
lach. Tf'i''ji(r'.-< Tusk'i, p. 272. ' Fovtlu'ft, little or iiniiniiislinicnt is intlictcd;
fcir adultci'v, the wdiiian imiy is laiiiisli.il ' — smiHtiiius liy laatiiij,', scpiiatiiius
hy death. ./'>i«.s, 'ni Siii'itliS"tiiitii llijit., INi'iCi, p. ;12.1.
--' Kiitcliiii ' fi'Uiale chastity is jiri/ed. lait is inaily iiiiliiinwn.' .linxs, I'/t
SiiiitliSDiiidii h'l jil., iNflfl, It. ;{"J"). Liiucheiix iiiotheis had (ai^;iiially a ciislciiii of
eastiiij,' away their female children, luit i;ci\v it is mdy dmie liy the Mmintaiii
Indians. Siini'snti's \itr., p. 1n7, 'The Ivntchiii ' women are much fi'Wer in
nniiilier and live a much shorter time than the men.' K'nliij, in Sniillisuiiiiiii,
H'lit., isdj, p. U.S. The old Jieople 'are not ill-used, hut sim]ily neglected.'
U'lii/iiiiicr's Aliial.a, j). 'i'JD. 'I'he children ire cariiid iu small cliaiis iiicde of
hircli hark. Id., p. 2'>i'2. 'In a scut of hirch hark.' llliliiir<ls<iii'x .hm,' ., vol. i.,
p. ;m.
*'■'' The liiuiclu'ux dniices ' iihonnd in fxtruviifiant f^estnres, ami demand
violent I'Xertion.' Shiijisdii'.i .V<n'., p. KMI. See llnriHsli/. in Siiiillisni,ifiii lUiit.,
IHCii), p. ;{i;{. 'Sin^tiiiK is nmch practiced, hut it is. tiiou;,di varii il, u( a v<vv
hum-(lrum naturi'.' //Mn/zcr's 7'"s/./, j). :tlM. ' .Vt ;he festivals In al on the
meetiiit^ of friendly trihes, hapiuy and vvrt'stling are practised.' liirluiiilsi'ii's
Jmir., Vol. i., p. 3J5.
132
HYPERIiOilEANS.
I
frrocasc and tied, tlio hoiid in i)owdored with finely cut
.MWSin'H down, wliich jidliere.s to tlie greasy hair. Tiie
women wear few ornaments, iM'rform more than the or-
dinary amount of drudjiery, and are trefited more fdvo
dogs tlian human l)eings. Cliastity is Hcarcely known
among them. Tlie Kuteha Kutchin, 'iwople of the low-
land,' are cleaner and better mannered.
The Kutchins have a singular system of totems. The
whole nation is divided into three castes, called re-
s[)ectively C/iifr/icd/i. yhiK/rdtsei/, and Xatsa/il, each wcu-
pying a distinct tei'ritorv. Two i)ersons of the same
caste are not allowed to marry; hut a man of one castt!
mi'st marry a woman of another. The mother gives
caste to the children, so that as the fathers die oiV the
caste of the countr\- constantly changes. This s\stcm
ojK'rates strongly against war hctween tribes; as in war,
it is caste against caste, and not tribe against tribe. As
the father is never of the same caste as the son, who re-
ceives caste fi'om his mother, there can never be intcr-
tril)al wcr without rangiiiL;; fathers and sons auainst each
other. When a child is named, the father drops his
former name and substitutes that of the child, so that
the father receives his name fiom the child, and not the
child irom the lather.
They have scarcely any govermncMit; their chiefs are
elected on account of wealth or Jibility, and their au-
thority is very limited."'' Tiieir custom is to l)urn the
dead, and enclose the ashes in a box placed u})on posts;
«)me tribes enclose the body in an elevated box without
burninii"."'
The Kenai are a fine, manly race, in which l^aer dis-
tinguishes characteristics decidedly American, and clearly
tic ' IrrosiH'ptivc of triho. they nro diviili'd into tluvo rliisscs, Icrnit'il ro-
8]i('('tiv('ly, Chit-sii, N'iiti-sii. iiiul Taii}.'is-iit-sa. faintly rfprcsfutiii^,' llic avis-
toiTUfV, the niidtllf classis. and the jionrtT ordcrH iif civilized nations, the
fornu'V l)iinn the must wtaltliy and thf latter tho i)oori'Kt.' Jiirhi/, in Hiiiith-
sitniiiii liijd., IMCI, ]). IIH.
«" On Peel l{iv« r ' they bnry their dead on sta^'es.' On the Yukon they
bnrn and suspend the ashes in baj^'s from the t<>i> of a painted pole, hiihi/, in
iSinitliKi'iiinn liipi., l.'^fU, p. 41'.). They of the Yukon ' do not inter the dead,
hut yut them iu oblong boxes, raised ou posts.' WhymiHr's Alaska, pp.
207, 211.
THE KENAI.
133
distinct from the Asiatic Eskimos. One of the most pow-
oi'ful Kcnai tri^K's is tho Uiiukutjinas, Avho (hvell uim)ii the
Kovukiik Uivor, and plant thoir villajros alon^; the hanivs
of tho lower Ynkou tor a distance of one hundred and
fifty miles. Tiiey are l>old and ferocious, dominative
even to the jiivinji of fashion in dress.
That p.u"t of the Yukon which runs throu^di their ter-
ritory al)ounds with moose, which durinji' tiie sunnner
fre<|iieut the water in order to avoid the moscj litos, and
as the animals are clumsy swimmers, the Indians easily
ca])ture them. Their women occupy a very inferior |m>-
sitiou. heinj;' ohlij-ed to do more drudjiery and emlH'Uish
theii" dress with fewer ornaments than those of the upper
trihes. The men wear a heavy fringe of heads or shells
npon their dress, ei^ual sometimes to two hundred mar-
ten-skins in value.
At Nuklukahvet, where the Tananah liiver ioins the
Yukon, is a neutral trading-ground to which all the sur-
rounding tril)es resort in the spring for trallic. Skins
are their moneyed currency, the lx.'aver-skin heing the
standard; one 'made' heaver-skin represents twomnrten-
skins.
The Tngaliks inhahiting the Yukon near its mouth cjdl
themselves Kari/ti/t Kluitnim. Their dialect is totidly
distinct from the Maleumtes. their neighbors on the
west, hut shows an ailinity with that of the I'nakatanas
to their east. I'ohacco they hoth smoke and snull". The
smoke they swallow; snulf is drawn into the nostrils
through a w<K)den tuhe. They maiuifacture snuff IVom
leaf tohacco by means of a wooden m«»rtar and jtestle,
and carry hone or wooik'n smilf-hoxes. They are de-
scribed by travelers as a timid, sensitive ])eopk'. and
remarkably honest. Ingalik women are delivered kneel-
ing, aiid without pain, being seldom detained from their
household duties for more than an hour. 'I'he infmit
is washed, greased, and fed, and is seldom weaned under
two or three years. The women live longer than the
men; sojue of them reaching sixty, while the men rarely
attain more than forty-live years.
134
HYPERBOREANS.
The Koltscliaiios, whose name in the dialect of the
Kenai signifies * guest,' and in that of tiie iVtnsus of Cop-
])er River, * stranger,' have heen charged with great cru-
elty, and even cannibalism, but without si)ecial founda-
tion. Wrangell believes the Koltschanes, Atnas, and
Kolosches to be one ix'ople.
The Kenai, (jf the Kenaian ix^ninsula, u^wn recovery
from dangerous illness, give a feast to those who ex-
j)resse«l symj)athy during the aflliction. Jf a bounteous
provision is made u^Kni these occasions, a chieftainship
may be obtained thereby; and {ilthough the iM)wer thus
ac((uired does not descend to one's heir, he may ))e con-
ditionally recognized as chief. Injuries are avenged by
the nearest rehitive, but if a murder is conmiitted by a
member of another clan, all the allied families rise to
avenge the wrong. AVhen a person dies, the whole com-
nuuiity assemble and mourn. The nearest kinsman, JU"-
rayed in his best ai)parel, v.ith ))lackened face, his nose
and head decked with eagle's feathers, leads the cere-
mony. All sit round a fii'e and howl, Avhile the master
of the lamentation recounts the notable deeds of the
departed, amidst the ringing of ))ells, and violent stamp-
ings, and contortions of his body. The clothing is then
distributed to the relatives, the body is l)urned. the l)ones
collected and interred, and at the expiration of a year a
i'east is held to the memory of the deceased, after which
it is not lawful I'or a relative to uiention his name.
The lo\er, if his suit is accepted, nuist perl'orm a
year's service for his bride. The woo'ug is in this wise:
early some uiorning he enters the abode of the i'air one s
lather, and without speaking a word i)roceeds to bring
water. ])re[)are food, and to heat the l)ath-room. In re-
ply to the ([uestion why he ])erforms these services, he
answers that be desires the daughter for a wife. At the
expiration of the year, without I'urther ceremony, he
takes her home, with a gift; ])ut if she is not well treated
by her husband, she may return to her father, and take
with her tlu' dowry. The wealthy may have several
wives, but the property of each wife is distinct. They
TINNEH CHARACTER.
135
arc nomadic in thoir inclinations and traverse tlio in-
terior to a consideraJ)le distance in pursuit of jianie.
Tlie Atnas are a small triln} inlialnting the Atna or
'. \)l)[)er River. They understand the art of workinu;
co[)[)er, and have ctunmercial relations with surrounding;"
trihes. in the s[)rin}i', hel'ore the breakinji; up of ice uiK)n
the lakes and rivers, they hunt reindeer, drivinj;' tliem
into angle-shaix'd wicker-work corrals, where they are
killed. In the autunni another jieneral hunt takes place,
when deer are driven into lakes, and pursued and killed
in boats. Their food and clothinu' dei)end entirely \\[)im
their success in these fora\s. as thev are unable to obtain
ilsh in suiliv lent (juantities for their sustenance; and when
unsuccessl'ul in the chase, whole families die of starva-
tion. Those who can allbrd it, keej) slaves, buyinu' them
from the Koltschanes. They burn their dead, then care-
fully collect the ashes in a new reindeer-skin, enclose the
skin in a Imjx, and pljice the box on ^xists or in a tree.
]']ver\ Acar thev celebrate a feast in coriimemoration of
their dead, liaer asserts that the Atna . divide the year
into fifteen months, which are desijinaced only by their
numbers; ten of them l)elonj^ to autumn and winter, and
live to sprinji" and sunnner.
The Tinneli character, if wc may accept the assertions
of various travelers, visiting dilVeri-nt ])arts under widely
dillerent circumstances, presents a nudtitude of i)hases.
Thus it is said of the Chepewyans by Mackenzie, that
they are *' sober, timorous, and vagrant, with a selfish
disposition which lias sometimes created suspicions of
their integrity. They are also of a ([uarrelous dis}M)si-
tion. and are continually makinu' complaints which thev
express ])y a constant repetition of the word ediiij/, *it is
hard.' in a N^hiny and plaintive tono of voii'c. ^?o indo-
lent that num])ers perish every year from lamine. ^u\-
cide is not nnconnnon among them." llearne asserts
that they are morose and covetous; that they have no
gratitude; are great beggars; are insolent, if any respect
is shown them; that they cheat on all op[K)rtunities; yet
they are mild, rarely get drunk, and "never proceed to
186
HYPERBOREANS.
vit)lence l)cyon(l bad lanfjuage ;" that they steal on cvorv
opiK)rtunity from the whites, l)iit very rarely from eacli
otlier; and althongh regarding all property, including
wives, as belonging to the strongest, yet they oidy wres-
tle, and rarely nnn*der. Of the same jK'o[)le Hir John
Franklin says, that they are naturally indolent, selfish,
and great beggars. '* I never saw nu-n,"' he writes, "who
either received or bestowed a gift with such bad grjice."
The Dog-ribs are "of a mild, hospitable, but rather in-
dolent dis[K)sition,'' fond of dancing and singing. Ac-
cording to the sauie traveler the Copper Indians are su-
l)erior, in jjci'sonal character, to any other Chepewyans.
''Their delicate and humane attentions to us," he re-
marks, ''in a period of great distress, ai'e indelibly on-
graven on our memories." Simpson says that it is a
general rule among the traders not to believe the first
story of an I udian. Although sometimes bearing suffering
with Ibrtitude, the least sickness makes them say, '"1 am
going to die, ' and the improvidence of the Indian char-
acter is greatly aggravated by the custom of destnning
all the i)r()})erty of deceased relatives. Sir John llich-
ardson accuses the Hare Indians of timidity, standing in
great fear of the ]']skimos, and being always in want
of food. They are practical socialists, 'great liars,' but
'strictly honest.' Hospitality is not a virtue with them.
According to Richardson, neither the Eskimos, Dog-ribs,
nor Hare Indians, feel the least shame in being detected
in falsehood, and invariably practice it if they think
that they can thereby gain any of their petty ends.
Kven in their familiar intercourse with each other, the
Indians seldoui tell the truth in the first instance, and if
they succeed in exciting admiration or astonishment,
their invention runs on without check. From the man-
ner of the siK'aker, rather than by 1 is words, is his truth
or falsehood inferred, and often a very iong interrogation
is necessary to elicit the real (act. The comfort, and
not unfre([uently even the lives of parties of the timid
Hare Indians are sjicrificed by this miserable projx'n-
sity. The Hare and Dog-rib women are certainly at the
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES,
187
bottom of the rcjiIo of humanity in Xorth Anu'rioa.
Koss thinks that they are "tolerably honest: not ))loo(l-
thir.sty, nor cruel;" "confinned liars, far from being
chaste. "
According; to Ilarmcm, one of the earliest and most
observiu}!; travelers among them, the Tacidlies "are- a
(|uiet, inofl'ensivc people," and •'perha})s the most honest
on the face of the earth." They "are uiuisually talka-
tive," and ''take great delight in singing or hunnning
or whistling a dull air. ' "Murder is not considered as
a crime of great magnitude." Jle considers the Sican-
nis the l)ravest of the TacuUy tribes,
Ihit the Kutchins bear olf the palm for honestv. Savs
AVhyui[)er: "Finding the loads too great for our dogs, ue
raised an erection of jM)les, and de[M)siteil some bags
thereon. 1 may here say, once for all, that our men
often left goods, consisting of tea, ilou!'. molasses, bacon,
and all kinds of miscellaneous articles, scattered in this
Avay over the country, and that they remained un-
touched by the Indians, who frequently traveled past
them." Simpson testilies of the Loucbeux that "a
bloody intent with them lurks not under a smile."
^lurray reports the Kutchins treacherous; Richardson
did not find them so. .Fones declares that "•they differ
entirely from the Tinneh tribes of the Mackoir/ie, being
generous, honest, hos[)ital)le, prouil, high-s[)irited, and
(juick to revenge an injury."
TRIBAL norXDAUIES.
Acmratf'ly lo draw ptivtition lines l)('t\v<'on primitive nations is impossiblo.
Mi^ratint^ with tho i-easons, constantly at war, driviii;,' ami Ik inj^ driven far
past the limits of hereditary boundaries, extirpatim,' and bein^ extirpated,
ovei'whelmin^', interminj^din'^; like a human sea, swelliuL; and sur^in;,' in its*
wild stnigj^le with the winils of fate, they eonie and ^'<>, here to-d,iy. yoiidi r
to-morrow. A traveler passing over the ootmtry finds it inhabited by certain
tribes; another coming after finds all chanj,'ed. One writer j,'ives certain
names to ceiiain nations; another changes the name, or j^dves to the nation
a totally ditlerent locality. An approximation, however, can bo made suffi-
ciently collect for practical purposes; and to arrive at this, I will t,'ive at
the end of each chapter all the authorities at my command; that from the
138
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
Ktatiniriits of all, wlutlur ponftietiiiR or othcrwiHO, tho tnith inny 1)p very
iiiurly ariivctl iit. All uatioiiH, north of thu tifty-fifth parulkl, as before
iiu-ntioiu.'il, I call Hyi)i rborfaiw.
!
To TiiK Eskimos, I ^ive tln> Arctic Hea-linurd from the Copiiermino Rivpi
to Ktjtzcbno Sound. J.ato travi-k-rH iiiakti ii distinction between the Slalc-
Hinti'H and Kavcaks of Norton Sound and the Eskimos. 'NVhymiJcr calls the
I'orn'u'r 'a ruco of tall and stout ix'oplc, but in other respect, much reseni-
blinj5 tli(! Es(j\iiniaux.' Alnsha, p. 159. Kir John Richardson, in his Joiinidl,
vol. i., J). ;t-U, i)liices them on the ' western coast, by Cook's Sound and Tchu-
iitxt/. Ray, nearly to Mount St. Elias;' but in his I'oliO- Ikiiimis, j). '2!*!), ho
tcrniinutes them at Kotzi'bue Sound. Early writers f^ivo them the widest
si'ope. 'Die siidlichsten siiul in Amerika, auf der Kiiste LaVirador, wo nach
<'harlevcix dieser Viilkerstamm den Nahnien Es(]uimaux bey den in der Ni'iho
wohnendeii Abenaki fiihrte, und audi an der benachbarten Ostseite von Neu-
FundlK'id, ferner westlich noeh unter der Halbinsel Alaska.' Witir, Milhri-
)littis, vol. iii., pt. iii., p. 42."). Dr Latham, in his Wtrktics of Man, treatn
the inhabitants of the Aleutian Islands as Eskimos, and in Xntive Hares
iif the JiKsshiH Kiniiirr, p. 28!), ho gives them ' tho whole of the coast of tho
Arctic Ocean, and the coast from Behring Strait to Cook Inlet.' Prichnrd,
JiH.icitirlits, vol. v., p. ;t71, re<iuires more conii)letc evidence before ho can
conclude that the Aleuts are not Eskimos. Being entirely nnaccpiainted
with the great liutchin family in the Yukfin Valley, he makes the (,'arriers of
New Caledonia conterminous with tho Eskimos. Tho boundary lines be-
tween the Eskimos and the interior Indian tribes 'are generally formed by
the sunnnit of the watershed between tho small rivei-s which eui])ty into tho
sea and those which full into tho Yukon.' IkiU's Aloska, p. 144. Malte-Brun,
J'rr'ris (Ilia Gi'oiirajihir, vol. v., p. 317, goes to the other extreme. ' Les Esqui-
maux,' he declari'S, ' habitent depuis legolfe Welcome juscju'au ileuve Macken-
-■:ie,etprobablenunt justpa'audetroitde Bering; ils s'etendentau sudjnsqu'aii
lae do I'Esclave.' Ludewig, Aljor'KjinalLamiuu'HS, p. 01), divides them into ' Es-
kimo proper, on the shores of Labradi)r, and the AVesteni Eskimos.' Gallatin
sweepingly asserts that ' they are the sole native inhabitants of the shores of
all the seas, bays, inlets, and islands of America, north of the sixtieth de-
gree of north latitude.' ^lin. Antlq. Soc. Tra)isa<t., vol. ii., p. 9. Tho AVesteru
Eskimos, says Be^'chey, ' inhabit tho north-west coast of America, from CO'-* 34'
N. to 71' 24' N.' \'i>)j., vol. ii., p. 21)9. 'Along tho entire coast of America.'
Aniistriitiii's Sar., p. 191.
Tho tribal sululi visions of tho Eskimos arc as follows: — .Vt Coppermincf
River they are known by the name of Xaiitimld(>(mniti;n, ' deer-horns.' At tho
eastern outlit of the Mackenzie they are called Klttear. Between the Mac-
kenzie River and Barter Reef they call themselves KanymuU-liDiubi. Tho
tribal name at Toint Barrow is yun-auiiiuemi. ' Tho \una-t<in<iini-u)i inhabit
the country traversed by tho Nunatok, a river which falls into Kotzebue
Sound.' JHcharilsiiH's Vul. lieij. p. 300. From Capo Lisbnrn to Icy Cape the
tribal appellation is Kidyuvs. 'Deutsche Karten zeigeu uus noch im Nord-
west-Endo des russischen Nordumerika's, in dieser so anders gewandten
Kiisteulinie, nOrdlich vom Kotzebue-Suud: im westlicheu Theile des Kiisteu-
ESKIMOS AND KONIAGAS.
139
LukIps, iliis Hie Wcst-Grorfjicn nfinirn, voni Cnyi LiHlinrn Mh iilirr dus Eixpnp;
liiiiliinf'iul (Ills Vi)lk il<T Kitt'vjUfii.' lliisi-hiiKinn, Spiircnttir Aztvl.. >/</•<((■/((•,
ji. 71.'(, ■Till' trilicH iipju'iir to hv Hcjmratfd from cnvh othrr by it lu'iitriil
j^rduiid. ficrosH wliiih hiiiuII parties vtiitiirc in the HUininer for Imrter.' Tho
I'lml.!, 7'.sc/ii//./.s(,-/((, or TclmlsU, of tlu' Misti'rnniost point of Asiii, Imvt- also
l)(«n nftiTiil to the opposite coast of Anu'rica for their habitation. The
Ts: hnliti hi 'occupy the north-western coast of Russian Asia, and the oppo-
site shuns of north-western America.' Ludtwiij, Ah, L'lu'j., p. l'.'^-.
TiiK KoxiAOAN nation occupies tho shores of Bering; Sea, from Kotzehuo
Souiul to the Island of Kadiak. iiicltidinf,' a part of the Ahiskan Penin-
sula, and the Konia^jan and CliUKatschen Islands. Tho KnttUiiias jiroper in-
liihit Kadiak, and the conti^'uous islands, liiisrlimdiin, Siixroi dir Aili'l>-.
.Sj,riirhi\ p. r,7(i. ' The Koniet,'! are inhabitants of the Isle of Kodiak.' I'r'tch-
(inl's Iti-ii'iii-rliin, vol. v., )). U71. ' Die eif,'entlichen Konjat,'en oder ltew(dinev
der Iiisel Kadjiik.' Jli'linhini, Ktlm. Shi:., p. 4. 'Zu den htztern rechnet
man <lie .Vlenten von Kadjack, deren Sprache von alien Kiistenhewohnern
Von del- Tschuf,'atsehen-l'<ay, his an die l$erin^,'S-Strasse nnd selhst weiter
noch die lierseheiide ist.' /)'((()•, Stilt, n. Kthu., p. iiS. 'From Iliamna Lake
to thi' l.")'.ith deforce of west lont,'itude.' JJaU'n Alasht, p. 101. 'La eote (jui
s'eten<l de)iuis le (,'olfe Kamischezkaja jnsqu'au Nouveau-Cornouaille, est
habitee par cimj peui)lades (pii forment antant de f^randes divisions teiTitori-
ales dans los cohinies de la Hussie Aniericaino. Leurs uoms sont: Konia^,
Kenayzi, Tschugatschi, Uyalaehmiuti et Koliuyi.' IhmibukU, Essdi Vol., torn,
i., p. .117.
The <7)i(;/^//.s(7(M inhabit the islands and shores of Prince William Sound.
' Die Tchu^'atscheu bewohnen die {^'Wissten Inseln der Hai Tschnj^atsk, wie
Ziikli, <'htaj,'iilak u. a. und ziehen sieh an der Siidkiiste der Halbinsel Kenai
nach Westen bis zur Einfahrt in den Kenaischen Meerbuseii.' Jliilnibenj,
Kthn. Shh., p. -1. 'Die Tschupitschen sind Ankiimudingu von der Insel
Ivadjack, die wiihrend innerer /wistij,'keiten von dort vertrieben, sich zii
iliren jetzi^en Wohnsitzen an den Ufern von Prince 'WiUiam's Sound uiid
(,'e;^en Westen bis zum p]in<,'anj;e vun Cook"s Iidet hinfjowendet habeu.' liuer.
Stilt. H. Ktliii., p. IKi. ' Les Tschuj,'atschi occupeut le pays ipii s'etend depuis
rextreiiiite septentrionale de I'entn'e de ("ook jus<in'a Test do la baio ilu
l)rince Guillaume (t,'olfe Tschnj^'atskiija.)' Jliiinlioktt, Kssui Pol., ttmi. i., p.
Ills. According? to Latham, yntivc lini'is, p. 290, they are tho most south-
ern mend)ers of tho family. The Tschuf,'azzi 'live between the l'j,'alyach-
mutzi and the Kenaizi.' J'rirliuiil'.^ Jlvsemrliex, vol. v., p. 371. 'Occupy tho
shoroH and islands of Chngach (Julf, and the southwest coasts of the penin-
sula of Kenai.' Ditll'.'i AI'tsLn, p. 101. TschuKatschi, ' Prince William Sound,
and Cook's Inlet.' lAuha-hj, Alj. Lnmi., p. 101. Tchu^'atchih, 'claim as their
heroditaiy possessions the coast lyinj,' butweeu Bristol Day and Beeriug's
Straits.' Jtichiinlsini's Jour., vol. i., p. 3(!4.
The A'ikij)intti:s occupy the shores of Bristol Bay from tho river Nushagak
along tho western coast of the Alaskan Peninsuhi, to latitude 5G\ 'Die Ag-
legmjuten, von der Miindung des Flusses Nuschagakh bis zum 57' oder od^
au der Westkiiste der Halbinsel Aljaska; habeu also die Ufcr dor Bristol-Bai
140
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
iiino.* Itohiiltfrq, FAhn. Shh., p. 4. Dull onlls them OKlcmntoH, nnd says
that they iiilmliit ' tho uoHh cimKt of Aliitskii froiii thd irit^th ilt'^rcc of wiHt
loii^dtndc to the \wiu\ of Bristol Buy, ami nloii},' tin' north slioro of tliut Buy
to Point Ktolin.' Alitaka, ]>. 405, Die A^'oh ^'niiittii, an den AnHnliin<l^n^'('n
<k<r riiiHHu NuHchugaL-k iiiul Nuckui'ek, iingcfahr oW au dor Zuhl.' JiuiV, ,stut.
u. Ktlm., J). 121.
The Klhita'KjmnlfK dwell upon the banks of the river Nushu^'uk and nlonj{
the coast westward to Cape Newenhuni. ' Die Kijatai^'nijiiten wohnen an
den l^fern des Flusses Nusehapikh, sowie seines Nehenllnsses Iliv;iiji(kh.'
Jlolwhcni, Ktliii. Sl>iz., p, 5. Dull says that they call themselves NiislierKa^,'-
nmt, and 'inhabit the eoast mar the mouth of the N'usherKuk IJivi r, and
westward to Cape Newenhani.' Alonhi, \<. 4(1"). 'Die Kijaten ortUr Kijalai^,'-
miiten an den Fliissen NnMehaj,'aek nnd Ilj^'ujaek.' liacr, Stot. n. Klhn., p. 121.
'Am l'"l. Nusehunuk.' ]iiiscliuiu;oi, !-ipttrm>ler Aitfk-. Sjirarlie, j). TUO.
Tho AiiidiiiuUs inhabit th«i eoast between the rivers Knskotjniui and Kish-
imak. 'Die Aj,'nljmjnten haben sowohl den Kiistenstrieh als das lunere
des Landes zwisehen den MiindunKcn des Kuskokwim nnd des Kishiinakh
inne.' Ilobiilnni, Ktlni. Sl,iz., p. 5. ' This tribe extends from near Cape Avi-
noft" nearly to Cape Romanzotf.' DuU's Atoshu, p. 4(1(5, 'Den AK'dmiiten,
am rinsse Kwichliiwaek.' Jkier, Sltit. », i.Y/t»., \). V2'2. 'An der Kwiekjjak-
Miind.' Jliischuiunii, Simren dfr Aztck. Spnichc, p. 71!).
The KitsLdi/uhiiiiutes occupy the banks of Knskoqnim River and Bay.
' Die Kuskokwi},'m.juten bewohnen die T'fer des Fluxses Kuskokwim von
seiner Miindunj,' bis znr Ansiedelnn^ Kwy^'ysehjjuinaijmjnt in der Xahe der
Odinotsehku Kulmakow.' Jlolnihcrii, Ktlin. Shit., p. '». The Kuskwo^'muts
'inhabit both shores of Knskoquim Buy, and soim^ little dislauee up that
river.' ]><iirs Alasha, p. 40"). 'Die Kuskokwimer an dem Flusse Kuskokwim
und undern kleinen Zntllftsacn desselben nnd an den Ufern der siidlieh von
diesem Flusse j^ele^enen Seen.' Jitiei; ,'<titt.n. Ktlm., p •J'J. 'Between thtt
rivers Nushujjfak, Ilgajak, Chulitua, and Kuskokwina, on tho sea-shore,'
Lmhieiclil, Ah, JjlliiJ., p. 1)8,
The MdiiciiiiitM live between tho rivers Kishunak and Kipunaiak, ' Die
ila-^'nijnten oder Magafjmjuten, zwisehen den Fliissen Kiskunakh und Ki-
punajakh.' Ilnliiihcrij, Kiliu. Shiz., p. 5, 'These inhabit th(! vicinity of Cupe
Roniunzofi" and reach nearly to the Yukon-mouth.' Ihdl's AlusLo, p. 4(t7.
* Maf,'imuten, am Flusse Kysehunack,' Bovr, Skit. u. Ethn., p, 122, ' Im S des
Norton Busens.' Jiuschimtiui, Sinti-en der Aztrk. Sjtnwhe, p. 7(1(5.
The Kiciclipdijiiiutes, or inhabitants of the large river, dwell upon the Kwich-
pak River, from the coast range to the TTallik. ' Die Kwichi)ugiiijuten, haben
ihre Ansieddungcn am Kwickjjakh vom Kiistengebirge an bis zinii Nel)en-
llusso Uallik.' Ilnliiibcrii, Ethn. Skiz., p. i). ' Kuwichpackmiiten, am Fluss<<
Kuwichpack.' Jiitir, Slut. u. Etini., l^. 122. 'Tlagga Silla, or little dogs,
nearer to tho mouth of the Yukon, and proViably conterminous with the Es-
kimo Kwichpuk-meut.' Lutlaon's Nat. Itaces, p, 2t)3, On AVhymper's map
are tho Pc/wiosAi, near the delta of the Yukt)n,
The KtcicliltuKpinitvs dwell upon the bunks of the Kwichluak or Crooked
River, au arm of the Kwichpak. ' Die Kwichljuagmjuteu au don Ufern eiuea
THE ALEUTS.
141
MiliKliriffsnriiKH dcs Kwidipiikh, ilcr Kwichljuiikli.' Ilnhnhirij, F.thn. Shit.,
ji. i'l. ' IiiluiMt tlif Kwiklipiik Sll(^l^'h.• Dnll's Aluskn, p. 1<>7.
Till- I'lislilnliLn dwell upon the river I'lishtolik. 'Die ruHclifoliVinjuteii,
an lien I'feiii den I'listnlrtn—vn.' tli>hiilnr<i, Ktlni. Ski:., p. (i. ' I'lischtolii^r.
niiiti II, iiui I'luHHe I'lis'htol.' ' ■!•. Stat. u. Kthiu, p. I'J'i. Wliyinper jiliues
them iinniediiitily ncnt:. <i the <leiJ;! of the Yukon.
The I'll nil' iiiinli:i cn'oupy the const and iHlandH south of the Unalaklik
Itiver to I'lislifolik Hny. ' Die Tschnannijuten, an den I'fern der Meerhiisin
I'astol und Schachtolik zwischeu de!i riilHsen Pastid an rnahiklik.' lli'liii-
ti>ri, I'lliii. SL'n., p. (>. 'Den Tsehna^niiiten, (,'<%'en Xorden von den I'aseh-
tuli^'niiiten und K"'K''" ^Vesten I'is zuni Kap Uodney.' llmr, Stat. ii. h'.thu,, p.
IJ'2. ' Am. sdl. Norton-Uusen." Jlnsflitiioiin, Sintim ihr Aiti-k. Sju h'l , p. Hd").
The AidiiinnHtiK inhahit the sliores of (tolovnin IJay anil thi • luthern
roast of the Kaviak peninsula. 'Die Anly^,'nijuten, nn den I'f' in der Hai
(tiilowiiin mJi'dlieh vom Nortonsunde.' llnlniliirii, Klhii. S'.' ., j). (! 'An-
Ivj^mliti 11, nn di r (tolownin'schen Dai.' Ilan; Stul. n. Ktl , j>. 1'22, 'Ndl.
vom Norton-Send.' IliiHrlniiaiin, Sjiurni ikr Aitck. Sjirialit-, p. 7'2'2.
Tile A inhaliit the western portion of the Kaviak jieniipi^nl i, 'Ad-
jacent to I'oi't Clarence Mid Dehriiii,' Strait.' \\'lii/iii}» r's Am^hn p. 1(J7.
' J" iween Kotzelme and Norton Sounds.' Jiall'.- Atn.-ika, p. i;!7.
The Muhiiiiilvs inhahit the coast at the mouth of the rnalaklik Jiiver,
and northward iilon^,' the shores of Norton Sound across the neik of tlu>
Kaviak I'eninsula at Kotzebue Sound. 'Die JIaleignijuti'n hewohnen dio
Ki'iste des Nortonsundes vom Flusse I'nalaklik an und (,'ehen dnrcli das In»
m re dis Landes hinauf his zum Kotzehuesnnde.' llnliiiln'ni, F.tlm. Shiz., p.
(;, 'From Norton Sound und ]$ay north of Shaktolik, and the neck of tlio
Kaviak I'l niiisiilu to St lawik Lake.' DaU's Al'ixka, p. K)?. 'Den Maliniiiten,
iiaheiin den I'fern desdolfes Schaktulack oder Schaktol.' Itarr, Stat. n. Htlm.,
j>. 12'2. The Malemutes 'extend from the island of St. Michael to (Joloviu
Sound.' W'iiijiiijicr's Alatiku, p. KIT. 'Ndl. am Norton-lJuseu bis ziim Kotze-
bue Sund.' Jiaschinann, Spumi ihr Advk. Sjinwhe, p. 7(5(5.
Thk Ai.KiTH inhaliit the islands of the Aleutian ftrehipela<:;o, and part
of the peninsula of Alaska and the Island of Kadiak. They are dividt'd into
the .•t(A(//i.s-, who inhabit the western islands, and the I'ltalashms or east-
ern division. The tribal divisions inliabitin},' the various islands are as fol-
l(}ws; namely, on the Alaskan peninsula, three tribes to which the Itiissians
have given names — M<ii:sltiacsL<)Jf, lijiljhuirxhijp, and rmrlmrshiji \ on the
island of Unga, the I'ljuasiks; on the island of Uuimak, the Se.saiinhs; tho
7'i;/r(?(i(/>on Tiyalda Island; the ,bv(((/i'//i-.son Avatanak Island; on the Island
of Akun, three tribes, which the Knssiaus call.,'lW<//)io(C,s/L(y(', J!Jiit.irlascliH"je,
nnd SiredUMk'ijp; the Ahuta)ts on the Akutau Island; the I'xaliiaa on the
T'nalga Island; the Sidanahs on Spirkin Island; on the island of I'nalashka,
the UilUdlah; the Xijuyiik, and sevin tribes calleti by the Eussians Sati/kin-
ekoje, Pvstnjakoic-swoje, M'lsseloirskdje, ^fukuscl^iltskoJa, Ko.schiiiinsktije, T>-xhn'-
iioic-skojf, and Kalecliinshije; and on the island of Uniuak the Tullk.i. La-
tham, yat. lt((i:iK, p. 2'Jl, assigns them to the Aleutian Isles. 'Die Una-
laschkaer oder Fuchs-Akuteu bewohneu die Gruppe der Fuehsiuseln, deu
I
142
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
Kii!l\vostli(!lion Thoil dor Hiilbinsol Aljiiska, nnd dio Insol):n''ippc Sc'hiiinaf,'insk.
Di<^ Atchiicr odcr Andrcjiinowschen Aleutcn bcwolinon die Audrt'jiuiowsclifU,
diu liutti'U, uiid dio Niibcn-Insfln dfV Alentcn-Kette.' JLdiiibirii, EUin. Skiz.,
pp. 7, 8. Inliiibit ' the isltiuds between Alyiiskii luul Kiuuscbutka.' Ludewiii,
^[b. LiiU'j., p. 1.
Thk Thi.inkekts, or Kolosches, occnpy the islands and shores between
Copper River and tlie river Nass. ' Die eij,'entliehen Thiinkithen (Bewohner
dcs Arehipels von den Pnrallelen dos Fhisses Nass bis zuni St. Elias-bcrjie).'
Jliiliiibtni, KUin. Ski;., p. 4. ' The Kalosh Indians seen at Sitka inliabit the
eoast between the Stekine and Chileat Rivers,' Wlii/wjxr's Alushi, p. 100.
' Kaloflies et Ki|,'anis. Cotes et lies de rAni('ri()ne Rnsse.' Mufnis, Exiihir.,
toni. ii., p. 'MH. The 'Koloshians live upon the islands and coast from the
latitnd. TtO^ 40' to the month of the Atna or Copper River.' Ml. Aff. Ue]A.,
1S()'.(, p. 5Ij2. 'From aljout CO- to 43' N. Lat.. reaehinj,' therefore ai'ross the
Russian frontier as far as the Columbia River.' MMhr's ( liiiis, vol. i.. p. ;i;t4.
'At Sitka Bay and Norfolk Sound.' Ludewiii, Ab. L<tn<j., p. IW. 'Between
Jaeot)tat or Behrintj's Bay, to the 57th degree of north latitude' 7.isiif)ish/'.-<
Villi., p. '242. 'Die Volker eiuea grossen Theils der Nordwest-Kiiste voni
.Vmeriea.' Vidvr, MiUmdaten, vol. iii., pt. iii., p. '218. ' Les Koliugi habitent le
pays niontneux du Nouveau-Norfolk, et la partie septeutrionale du Nouvean-
Cornouaille.' Jfniiibuldt, Kssai Pol., torn, i., p. 34'.i.
The ('(iidcnzes or Ugalukmutes, the northernmost Thlinkeet tribe, inhabit
the coast from both banks of the mouth of Copper River, nearly to 5Iount
St Elias. 'About Mount Elias.' lAdlniui's Xat. Il<(Ci:s, \>. 21(2. .\djaeent to
Behriug Bay. I'rlchard'.'i liiserm-hes, vol. v., p. 370. 'Die Ugalenzen, die
ini Winter eine Bueht des Festlandes, der kleinen Insel Kajak gegeniiber.
bewohnen, zum Sonmier aV)er ihre AVohuungsplatze an d(>m reehten Ufer dcs
Kujiferrtiisscs bci dessen Miindung aufschlagcn.' llnhiibrrii, Kthii. Sl.iz., \<.
4. 'Das Vorgcbirge St. Elias, kann als die (Iranzschcide der AVohnsitzc
der See-Kolosehen gegen Nordwest angcsehn werdi'U.' Jtmr, Stat. u. Ktlni.,
p. ',)(). 'Les I'galachmiuti s'ctendcnt dcpuis le golfe du Prince Cruillaume,
jusijua la i'aie de.Jakutat.' llnmboldt, A'.s.sv(i I'al., Una. i., p. 348. ' I'galenzen
oder Ugaljachnijuten. An der russ. Kiistendwstl. vom St. Elias Berg.' Ihisrh-
vinmi, S}iuirit dir Azick. Sjirache, p. 807. '"West of Cape St. Elias and near
the island of Kadjak.' Ludeii-i<j, Ab. Lnmj., ji. 1!)4.
The yiihiOuls ' occupy the coast from Mount Fairweather to Blount St.
Elias.' Dmrs Abi.^hn, p. 4'28. At ' Behring Bay.' lud. Af. Ikpl., 1m;!», p. .-,7.'i.
The ('liill.id come next, and live on Lynn Canal and the Chilkat River.
'At Chilkaht Inlet.' 'At the head of Chatham Straits.' Iial. Af. /A/-/.,
18(i!), pp. r».i,"), r)7o. 'Am Lynn's-Canal, in russ. Nordanierika. Ilii.-<fliimniii,
SpHmi dtr A:ti k. Sjirwiic, p. 73('). ' On Lynn's Canal.' SrliimbTn/rs Ar<'l,ins.
vol. v., ]). iW). .V little to the northward of the Stakine-Koan. Jii'ioi's Ore-
ijmi, p. 288.
The Jl(iii)i'idx inhabit the eastern banks of Cross Sound. ' For a distance
of sixty miles.' 'At Cross S.>und reside the AVhincgas.' 'The llunnasor
llooneaks, who are scattered along the main land from Lynn Canal to Capts
Silencer.' //-(/. Aff. lt<j>t., 18('.1», jip. r)3."i, 502, 575. The Huna Cow tribo
is situated on (^ross Sound. SchookvifCs Arcliiris, vol. v., p. 48'J.
THE THLIXKEETS.
143
The ITochinoos ' live near the head of Chatham Strait.' ' On Aaniiraltv
Island.' 'Kat tribes „n Kyro and Kespriano Islands.' /»,/. Atf l!,,,l imu
pp.yiio .,<iJ, r,75. 'Ho..tsin,K,atIIood,siuooorH,.„d liay.' Sehoolcmtv's Arrf'-
ires, vol. v., p. 48!). ' Hoodsunhoo at Hood Ba.v.' (ndlatix, in Am Auth
.Soc. lrans<„t.,xul.ii.,iK:m. ' Hoodsunhoo at Hood Bay.' ' Eclikimo in
Chatham's Strait.' Mnc!;,, Ab. Law,., p. 175. A^'-Ukmio m
The 7W.O..S- dw,.ll 'at the head of Tak<.o Inlet on the Takoo Eiver
The Snndowns and Takos who live on the nuunland fron. Port lIon,-hton t,'.
Kner. Sr/,u<,l,r<ijt s Arch., vol. v., p. 481).
T , '^\" ''"v' t'"T '"'" "* *'"■ '"""*'' "^ *^" '^"'^"» I^'^'^'- «'"! on Admiralty
Island. 'North of entranee Tako IJiver.' M.oolcrajTs Arrh., p. 489. ' The
il'^rS-!' '' "" ^'""'^ ■I'rederiek's Sound.' .Im. Anti,. .Soc. TrausacL, voL
_ The IMas inhal.it the shores of Frederiek Sound and Kuprianoff Islan.l
'Tl e Kukus, or Ivakes, who live on Ivuprinolf Island, having their prineipal
settleni.nt near the northwestern side.' Ind. Af. !{,,,(., Ls,;., „ r,,;' .Th,,
Ark and Kake on Prinee Frederick's Sound.' .1.,. .,.,/,. .v„. Transact, vol.
lit, }1. ^\J^t
The ,v,7/,r,,s. oeeupy Uaranoff Island. ' They are divided into tribes or
elans.ofwhu.honeisealledCo,,uontans.' n.schuuuu,, Phna S,.r n d Str
derlMen, p. 377. • The tribe of the Wolf are ..ailed Co.iuontans '' 7 .•:
W.y.s. l,,y.,p.242. 'TheSitka-Koan,'orthe people of Sitka. 'This in.
elud..s th,. inhabitants of Sitka Bay, near New An^hangel, and the neLdibor
n.« island.' IMl'sAlas.a, p. 412. Simpson calls the ^.-Ic of S ,1 S"
Kuouays. Or.H.n,aj,,,,r., vol. i., p. oo,, -TUe Sitkas or Indiunsou Bare f
Island.' /;,(/. Atf. Jh'pt., IHCl), pp. 53,-,, 5^0. '"-ouorr
The .S7;Ac.u Indians inhabit the country drained by the Stikren Kiver
Do not penetrate far nito the interi,.r.' Judl's Alasha, p 411 The St 1. hi
in e 'live at the top of Clarence's Straits, which run ;, .w'l J :, a
nnles inland.' Dnnn's n>ryon, p. 288. '.'t Stephens l-assa.e.' 'The S il
'r' 7 ] Z,T ^1-l^taekine Biver and the islands n..ar Us numth.' /
Afl. L'V., 18 ;0, p. o,;2. 'Stikeen Indians, Stik.^en Biver, Sieknaahu tv
laeet.H.an. I.u>skuuatee, Kookatee, Naaneeaaghee, Tahp.atee, Ki<.ksat e'
aadgettee.' s,,„„,,,,_^,., ^,,,,,/,^ ,„, ^.^ ^^ .^^,^_ ^^^^^ Se<.at,uomns .Zy
he mam and about the mouths of the Stikeen Biver. and also the nJi^hbcS g
islands. .So/7,.ym'.sOiw/.(»,; ,/,>((,•;(., vol. i.,p 210
The 7V,,/'',s.,' live on Tonkas Island, and on 'the nr,rth side of Portland
Channel, y./ ,|^. l,,L, 18.;., p. 502. Southern entranc Carenee S
M dlt'7 '^^ r ;••;"'• "' •'• ''•' ''''' '^"""'"'•-^ -r Tun (ihaase ' J^
Muall trlK, inhabiting the S.E. corner of Prince of Wales's Aivhipelago '
Ivuste. ii, ,./,m.n,„, ,S;.„n. ,/„•.,,/,/,, ,s^,,„,;„^ ,„, . Xunghase Indians
of the south eastern part of Prince of Waless Archipelago. W..,/., if 7
vest from Hudson Bay, approaching the Arctic and Paciti.- Coasts .0 within
'44
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
from fiftj' to one hundred nnd fifty miles: (it Prince William Sound, tliey
even touch tlio sciishort'. Mackenzie, I'oi/., p. cxvii., j^ivcs houndiirics ujion
the basis of which (iallatin, hn. AnUii. Sue. TnDisact., vol. ii., p. !), draws n
lino from the Mississippi to within one hundred miles of the I'acitie at 52'
!}()', and allots tin m the northern intciior to Eskimos lands. ' Extend across
the continent' JHclnirdsiiii's Jour., vol. ii., p. 2. 'Von der nordlichen Hud-
simshai aus fast die ftimze Breite des ('{Uitinents dturhlauft— im Norden nnd
Nordv.esten den ftotvu Gradu. heinahe die ftcstade des I'olai-meers eiTeicht.'
Jlitsrliiiiaim, Alhiipii.^l,'. Siinichst., p. 313. -The Atliahascan area touches Hud-
son's Bay on the one side, the Pacific on the other.' LhIIkoh's Cmii)). I'ltil.,
J). 3H!S. ' Occupies the whole of the northern limits of North America, to-
(^[ether with the Eskimos.' Lialnc'iij, Ab. Tmikj., p. 14.
Hhoi'hi jififj/iiiis, or Athahascas proper, ^Mackenzie, I'm/., p. cxvi., places lie-
tween N. latitude fiU and G5 ', nnd W. lon^^'itudc KM) and 110'. ' Between the
Athabasca nnd Great Slave Lakes nnd Churchill River.' FruvMin's A'ar., vol.
i., p. 211. ' FrecpU'nt the Elk and Slave Rivers, and the ccnintry westward to
Hay River.' H'lrlKirdxnii's Jmir., \n\. ii. i>. ,'5. The Northern Indians occupy
the territory immediately n(U'th of Fort Churchill, on the Western shore of
Hudson Bay. ' From the fifty-ninth to the sixty-eiijhth der;ree of North lat-
itude, and fnun East to West is upward of fiv(^ hundred miles wide. IJmrue's
Jour., p. 32(i; M'lrlin'a llrU. Ctd., vol. iii., p. r)21.
The Cupper JuiVkius occupy the temtory on both sides of the Coppermine
River south of the Eskimo lands, which border on the ocean at the mouth of
the river. They are called bj' the Athabascas Tdntsfurhot-Ilbvich. Franldiii's
yar., vol. ii., 7<i; Hidi'din, in Am. Antif/. >'>«. Transdrt., vol. ii., p. 19.
The Hora Moantitii) ]ii(J'ntnn 'inhabit the country bitwixt Great Bear Lake
nnd the west i-nd of Great Slave Lake.' FraiilJui's Xnr., vol. ii., p. 82.
The ISe'tvcr liiiU'nm 'inhabit the lower part of Peace River.' Ihirmon's
■four., p. 3U1). On Mackenzie's map they are situated between Slave nnd
Martin Lakes. ' Between the Peace River and the West branch of the Mac-
kenzie.' Jlirliiird-'i'ii's Joiir., vol. ii., p. G. Edehawtawhoot-dinneh, Strong-
bow, Beaver or Thick-wood Indians, who frequent the Riviere aux Liards, or
south branch of the Jlackenzie River. FrKKhUn'.'i X<ir., vol. ii., p 85.
The 'ridiiiiirlKi-dhnicli, (U" Dog-ribs, 'iidiabit the country to the westward
of the Copper Indians, as far as Mackenzie's River.' FniuLlin's X<ir., vol. ii.,
p. 80. ilulhdiii, ill Am. Aiiti<i, Soe. Trdiisnd., vol. ii., p. 1!>. 'East from Mar-
tin Lake to the Coppermine River.' liichurdsini'H Jmtr., vol. ii., p. 3. At Fort
Confidence, north of Great Bear Lake.' tS'unp.ion's Kur., p. 200. 'Between
Martin's Lake and the Coppermine River.' LndiirUi, Ab. L<in<j., p. G(i.
The Ivticrlin-dliiKih, or Hare Indians, are 'immediately to the northward
of the Dog-ribs on the north side of Bear Lake River.' Fninldix's \(ir., vol.
ii., p. 83. They 'inhabit the banks of the Mackenzie, from Slave Lake
tlowuv.ards.' Iticliiinlsnn's Junr., vol. ii., p. 3. Between Bear Lake nnd
Fort Good Hope. Sitiipsim's Xnr., p. 98. On Mackenzie River, b' low Great
Slave Lake, extending towards the Great Bear Lake. Gallatin, in .Iki. Antiij,
Hoc. Traiisnd., vol. ii., p. 11).
' To the eastward of the Dog-ribs are the Red-knives, named by their south-
ern neighbors, the Taidsaut-'diiniic (Birch-rind people). They inhabit a
THE TINNEH.
145
stripe of country running northwards from Groat Slave Liiko, and in l^readtli
from tlu' (inut Fish Kivcr to the Copporniinf.' llii'litinlsnn's Jmir., vol.ii. j). 4.
The Ainhaicknrlwot Tiiiin-h, or Shpf'p Indians, ' inhabit the Rocky Jlonnt-
nins n«ir tlie sources of the Dawhoot-dinneh Kiver which flows into ^bw..
kenzic's.' FranUhi'H 3V(r.. vol. ii., ],. H4. Furth-r dowa the Mackenzie,
near the fi5 parallel. lUdiftrdmni's Join:, vol. ii., p. 7.
Tho Siirsis, Cirri'cs, Cirit's, Sarsi, Sorsi, Sussee.t, Suvspps, or Siavis, 'live
near the IJocky Jfountains between the sources of the Athabasca and Sas-
katchewan Kivcrs; are said to be likewise of tho Tinne stock.' j{lv},<inls„u's
Jour., vol. ii., p. 0. 'Near the sources of one of the branches of the Saska-
chawan. d'olldtin. ui Avi. Aidhj. Soe. Tnaisact., vol. ii., p. 1!>.
The nUhimlairhoot Timeh, or Brush-wood Indians, inhabit the uj.per
branches f)f the Rivn're <m\ Liards. Fmnhlin's X,ir., vol. ii., p. 87. (),, tho
Kiver anx Liards (Poplar Eiver). actUatin, in A,n. Anti,,. Son. Tmnswt vol
ii.. p. I'J ■'
The Xo.,(tUn; or Chin Indians, on Mackenzie's map, latitude r,2 ;t()' h.ngi-
tudo 122 to l•-^.^ 'inhabit the country about 52 .')(»' N. L. to the southward
of the Takalli, and thence extend south along Eraser's Eiver towards tho
Straits of Fuca.' J'rirlinnrs liisemThes, vol. v.. p. 427.
Tho Slounom Thinel, on Mackenzie's are next north-west from the Xa
gailer. Vater places them at 52' 4'. ' Noch niiher der Kiisto urn d.'U ry> 4'
wohntcn die Slua-cu.ss-dinais d. i. Bothtisch-Mann..r.' Voter, MnhrkhtUs, vol
111., pt. 111., p. 421. On the upper part of Frazers Hiver Cx'a AJmi p '•{•)•{
The Uonln, Momdmn Indhim are a small tribe situated to th«. south-west
of tho Sheep Indians. Fr„„Uln's .\<,r., vol. ii., j,. 8",. 'On the Unjitjah or
J eaco h.ver.' (;allatii>, in Am. Anti,). Soc. Trnumd., vol. ii., p. 19. On the
upper tributaries of Peace River. M<ichmzie'H Toy., p, K):}.
The 7Wc,,//;m, oi- Carriers, inhabit Now Cal.do'nia from latitude 52' .W' to
latitud.. ;,i, . ' A g.>n..ral name given to tho native tribes of New-Caledonia '
Mor^ s !,,,o>, p. ;,71. 'All the natives of tho Upper Eraser are calle.l by
to Hudson Bay Company, and indeed generally, •' Porteurs," or Carriers '
^%.e s /;. , '., p. 208. . Tokalis, Le Nord do la Nouv..lle Caledoni...' Mo,n,'.
Kn^lur., ton.. 11., p. ,^35. 'Norihern part of New Caledonia.' I'ivh.nn.r^
h<u-e^, in i S K.t. Ex., vol. ix., p. 33. ' On the sources of Fraser's River '
hulnn; Ah. Ly., p. 178. • Unter den V.ilkcrn ,les Tinne Stamm,.s. wclcho
das Land west lich von den Rocky Mountains bewohnen. nehmen ,lie Ta-
kuh (^\asscrvolk, Oder Carriers den grossten Theil von Neu-Caledonien
.■HI. nn..h,nann AthopusL SprueL.t ., p. 152. ' (hvater part of New ( 'alcdo-
mawc ,„•,/.,. s J,,., 1. H.. p. 31. 'Latitude of Q.u.n Chari„„es
Isand, JnrlnmU llesPmrlns, vol. v., ,,. 427. ' From latitude 52' :t(r. ^M., re
.t borders on the country of the Shoushaps, to latitude 5.1 , including Sin.p-
s.mshiver. /A,/, s «/,.,,,,;, r.S. A>. y-.r., vol. vi., p. 202. 'Southof , „■
Su.aun.s and Straits Lake.' n.n.nnrs Jour., p. l,..). They 'are divi.ld i,,''.
■U Ncn ..lans, or mmor tribes, whoso names are-beginning at the h„„.1i ,.s
b l-nvs: the Tautn. orTalkotin; the Tsilkotin or Chilcotin; the Nasl.„ii,;
hHh. in: thelsasnotin; the Nulaautin: the Ntshaautin; the Na.liau:
t.n, theNikozhautin: the Jat.shiautin ; and the Babiue Indians.' JIak\, J th.
Vui,. 1, iu .
UQ
TRIBAL BOUNDAEIES.
nog., in XT. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 202. 'The prinoipfil trihpH in tlip country
north of thf CohiniViin roRiona, are the (Hiileotius und the TiUcotins.' tirnn-
how's Ilisl. Oi/n., p. 30. The Tiileotins ' oeeupy the territory above Fort Alexan-
dria on I'razer lUver.' HnzHtt's II. ('., p. 7'.». 'Spend nmcli of their time iit
Rellhoulii. in the Jientinek Inlet.' Mni/ui's H. ('.. p. '2!»!). The Calkohins 'in-
habit New Caledonia, west of the niountainH.' ]>i^ Svirt's I.ethrs niid Slatrhf.'^.
p. 157. Till' Nateotetains inhabit the country lyin^' directly west from Stuart
Lake on either bank of the Nateotetain River, llitnnim'a Jour., p. 218. The
Nuskootains lie alouf; Fra/er River from Frazer Lake. /(/., p. 21.">.
The Simiiiii.i dwell in the Rocky Mountains between the Reaver Indians
on the east, and the Tacullies and Atnas on the west and south. 1(J., p. iOO.
They live east of the Tacullies in the Rocky Mountain, link's Ktliiioi). in
U. S, Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. '202. ' On the Rocky Mountains near the Rapid
Indians and West of them.' Morse's lieport, p. 371.
The A^(^!'/u(.^• are a lar},'e nation, extending from the Mackenzie River
westward along -the Yukon Valley to near the mouth of the river, with the
Eskimos on one side and the Koltshanes on the other. RuHchiiiann, Sjiuren
iler Ailfk. Spntche, p. 713, places them on the sixty-iifth par.illd of latitude,
and from lliO to ISO-" of longitude west from Greenwich. ' Das Volk wohnt
nm Flusse Yukon oder Kwiclipak und iiber ihm; es dehnt sicli nach Rich-
ardson's Kart(( auf dem (J'lten Parallelkreise aus vom IDO-MO W. L. v. Gr.,
und gehiirt daher zur Halft(i dem britischen und zur Ilalfte dem russischen
Nordamerika an.' They are located 'immediately to the northward of the
Hare Indians on both ^>anks of Mackenzie's River.' l-'runUiu's Skt., vol. ii.,
p. 83. Gallatin, Am. Aiitiij. Sue. 'I'rtdisact., vol. ii., p. 83, places their north-
ern boundary in latitude (>7' 27'. To the west of th(^ Mackenzie the Lou-
cheux interpose between the Esipiimaux 'and the Tinnc, and spread west-
ward until they come into the neighborhood of the coast tribes of Reering's
Sea.' h'icliordson's Jour., vol. i., p. 377. 'The Kutchiu may be said to in-
habit the territory extending from the Mackenzie, at the mouth of Peels
River, lat. 08'^. long. 134"^, to Norton's sound, living i)rincipally upon the
banks of the Youcon and Porcupine Rivers, though several of the tribes are
situated far inland, many days' jcmrney from either river.' Jones, in Smitlisnu-
iun Ihpt., 18t)(i, p. 320. ' They commence somewhere about the (Joth degree of
north latitude, and stretch westward from the Mackenzie to Ikhriug's straits.'
'They are divided into many petty tribes, each lu>ving its own chief, as the Tatlit-
Kutchin (Peel River Indians), Ta-Kuth-Kutchin ( Lapiene's House Indians),
Kutch-a-Kutchin (Youcan Indians), Touchon-ta-Kutchin (AVoodcd-country
Indians), and many others.' KWUy, in Siiiitlisouinn liipl., 18C4, pp. 417, 418,
The Dcgothi-Kutehin, or Loucheux, Quarrellers, inhabit the west bank of
the Mackenzie between the Hare Indians and Eskimos. The Loucheux are
on the Mackenzie between the Arctic circle and the sea. Shnpsoii's Nar.,
p. 103.
The Vanta-Kutchin occupy ' the banks of the Porcupine, and the country
to the north of it.' ' Vanta-kutshi (peojile of the lakes), I only tind that
they belong to the Porcupine River.' hithum's S<tt. Unces, j). 2't)4. They
'inhabit the territory north of the head-waters of the Porcupine, somewhat
below Lapierre's House.' Dali's Alaska, p. 430.
THE TINNEH.
147
Tho Natc'he-Kutchin, or Gens de Large, dwell to the 'north of the Porcn-
piue River. ' ' These extend on the north bank to the mouth of the Porcupine '
Dnll'H Al'tska, pp. 109, 430.
'Neyetse-Kutshi, (people of the open country), I only find that they l)e-
lons to the Porcupine river.' Latham's Nat. Races, p. 294. Whymper's nmi)
culls them Ent Indians.
' The Na-tsik-Kut-chin inhabit the high ridge of land between the Yukon
and the Arctic Sea.' Hardisty, in BaU's Alask-a, p. 197.
The Kukuth-Kutchin 'occupy the country south of the head-waters of the
Porcupine.' Dall's Alaska, p. 430.
The Tutohone Kutchin, Gens de Foux, or crow people, dwell upon both
sides of the Yukon about Fort Selkirk, above the Han Kutchin Jd m,
109, 429. " ' ' ■
' Tathzey-Kutshi, or people of the ramparts, the Gens du Fou of the French
Canadians, are spread from the upper parts of the Peel and Porcupine llivers
within the British territory, to the river of the Mountain-men, in the Eussian'
The upper Yukon is therefore their occupancy. They fall into four bands-
a, the Tratse-kutshi, or people of the fork of the river; b, the Kutshu-kutsLi;
c, the Zeka-thaka (Ziunka-kutshi), people on this side, (or middle people ;'
and, (}., the Tauua-kutshi, orpeopleof the bluffs.' Latham'sXat. Races, p. 2!»3.'
Tho Ilan-Kntchin, An-Kutchin Gens de Bois, or wood people, iuhabit'the
Yukon above Porcupine Kiver. Whymptr's Alaska, p. 254. They are found
on tlie Yukon next below the Crows, and above Fort Yukon. DnlVs Alaska,
p. 109. 'Han-Kutchi residing at the sources of the Yukon.' Richardson's
Jour., vol. i., p. 3',)6.
' The Artez-Kutshi, or the tough (hard) people. The sixty-second parallel
cuts tlirough th(ir country; so that they lie between the head-waters of the
Yukon and the Pacific.' Latham's Nat. Races, p. 293. See also Richardsons
Jour., vol. i., p. 397.
The Kuteha-Kntchins, or Kot-ii-Kutchin, 'are found in the country near
the junction of the Poreuiiiue and the Yukon.' Dall's Alaska, p. 431.
The Tenan-Kutchin, orTananahs, Gens de Buttes, or people of the mount-
nins, o-cupy an unexplored domain south-west of Fort Yukon. Their couiiti y
is drained by the Tananah Eiver. Dall's Alaska, p. 108. They are placed ou
Whymper's map about twenty miles south of the Yukon, iu" longitude l.")!'
west fr; i Gnetiwich. On "Whymper's map are placed: the Bin^h Indians,
or Gen:. .. iiouleau on the sotith bank of the Yukon at its junction witli
Porcupine Eiver; the Gens de Milieu, on the north bank of the Yukon, in
longitude MO ; tin Nuclukayettes on both banks in longitude 102-; and the
Newicaiguts, on the south bank between longitude 153- and 155 \
The Kvunls occupy the peninsula of Kenai and the surrounding country.
h<d. Aff. ]!q,t., mv,}, p. 502. ' An den Ufern und den Umgebungen von Cook's
Inlet und umdio Seen Iliamnaund Kisshick. Hair, Stat. u. Etlai., p. 103.
The Unakatana Yunakakhotanas, live ' on the Yukon between Koyukuk
and Nuklukal-yet.' Dall's Alaska, p. 53.
'Junakachotana, ein Stamm, weleher auf dem Flusse Jun-a-ka wohnt."
Saijoskin, in D'nk.trhr. der ru.ss. ijeo. Uvsill., p. 324. 'Die Junnakachotana,
am Flusso Jukchaua oder Juuna (so wird der obere Lauf des Kwichpakh
1^
TRIBAL BOrXDAllIF.S.
t,'"naniit> zwisflirn den Ncbfiiflii'scn Xulato niul Juniiiika, so wio am iintora
L;mf(> (Ics k'tzt^'i'iiiinntcn Fhisso;-!.' llitluihi'i-ii, FAIm. SUz., p. 6.
'Die Juiuiachotiuia l)c>\v<ihnpn don obpi-n Lanf dt's JukcLaua odor Jnnuu
vo]i del- MiinduJig dcs Jniiuaka.' llihnhirii, Kthn. Sl'iz., j). 0.
'Die Jiigi'liiutcn habcn ihri' Ansicdclungt'ii am Kwiclipakh, am Tsclia<^<l-
juk und ail dfi- Jliindniif; dos Innoka, I)i<' Inkalicliljaateii, am obcvn Laiifu
di'S Iiiuoka. Die Thljcfjoiiehotana am Flussc Thljc^jun, der iincli der Vcr-
iiii'^'un^ mit dum Tatsclicf^iio dtn Iiinoka bildct. llihnbrrii, EUni. Sl.ii., jip.
(>. 7. 'Thi'y t'Xtt'iid virtually from the c-onflnenc*' of tin- ("o-Yukuk Itivi-r to
Niichukayctte at the junction of tin' Taiiana with tlic Yukon.' 'They also
inhabit the banks of the Co-yuknk and otluT interior rivers.' Whi/tiqiir's
Alasht, p. 204.
The IiKidllLs inhabit the Yukon from Nulato south to below the Anvic
lliver. See Wlii/iiijivf'H Mnj). ' The tribe extends from the edj,'eof the wooded
district n(>ar the sea to and across the Yukon below Kulato, on the Y'ukon
and its ailiuents to the head of the delt.i, and across the portage to tlie Kus-
kocpiini River and its branches.' Di ill's Ala a kit, p. 28. 'Die Inkilikeii, am
nntern Laufe des Junna siidlich von Nnlato.' lliiliuUvni, Kthn. Sh'iz., p. (!.
' An deni ganzi'ii Itt(>ge wohnt der Stanim der Inkiliken, welcher zu deni
Volk der Ttynai gehiirt.' Sagoskin, i.i Dmlsi'lv. dir niss. (ji<>. <ivsr:i., p.
;U1. 'An den Fliisseii Kwichpack, Kuskokwim nnd anderi'ii ihiu n zn-
stromenden Fliisseii.' Hwr, Stul. n. Ktliii., p. I'JO. 'The Ingaliks living on
the nin-th side of the Yukon between it and the Kaiyuh Mountains vkiiown
as Takaitsky to the Russians), bear the name of Kaiyuhkatana or "lowland
j)eople," and the other blanches of Ingaliks have similar names, while pre-
Horving their general tribal name.' Jhill's Alish'i, \>. '>'.). On AVhymper's map
they are called T'kitskes and arc situated east of the Y'ukon in latitude Ol^'
north.
Tlit3 KoUschtinrs ocenpy the territory inland between the sources of the
Kuskocjuim and Copjier Rivers. 'They extend as far inland as the water-
shed between the Copper-river and the Y'nkon.' I.iitlniiii'a A'lit, /I'dce.s, p,
'.il)2. 'Die Galzanen oder Koltschaneii (d. h. Fri'iiidliiige, in der Pjirache
der Athnaer) bewohneii das Innere des Land<'S zwischen den (iuelllliisseii
des Kuskokwim bis zu den iiiirdlichen Zulliissen des Athna oder Kujifev-
stromes. ' Jlnhiilienj, Ltliii. Skh., p. 7. 'Diejenigeli Stiinime, welche dio
iiihdlichen nnd (istlich<'n, dem Atna zustromendeii Fliisse und Fliisschen be-
wohnen, eben so die noch weiter, jeiisi'its der (lebirge lebenden, werden vou
den Atnaern Koltschaneii, d. h. FreiiuUinge, genannt.' Jinir, Skit. it. Klloi.,
1>. 101. 'North of the river Atna.' Lmli'ii-iii, Ah. l.nwj., p. Of!.
The Nehanues ocenpy the tirritory midway between Jlount St. Elias and
the Mackenzie River, from Fort Selkirk and the Stakine Rivi r. 'According
ti) Mr. Isbister, range the country betwtHii the Russian settlements on the
Stikino River and the Rocky Mountains.' Lotldtm's ynl. Hitn.i, ]>. ■.;95. The
Nolihannies live 'upon the ui'jar branches of the Riviere aux Liards.' Fr'mk-
I'l'i's \iir., vol. ii., p. K7. They 'inhabit the angle between that branch and
the great bend of the trunk of the river, anil are neighbours of tlu' Reaver
Indians.' irirjiiiril.inn'n Juhv., vol. ii. j). fi. The region which includes the
Lewis, or Tabco, uud Telly Rivers, with the .alley of the C'hilkaht River, is
THE TINNEII.
149
ocrnpicd 1iy trilirs Imown to tlip HndHon Bay vnyarronrs ns Nthnnncf-s
Tlu)s<- (.11 the I'clly 1111(1 iriicniilldn rivt^rs call tlu.iiis('lvcs Affats-tcim. Horn.'
of tlunii uc-ar Lianl's Uiver call themselves Dalio-tcna or Achcto-tcua, and
others are called Sieaniiees hy the voya-euis. Those near Francis Lake
are known as Mauvais :M,,ii,|e, or Slav(' Indians. About Fort Selkirk tlu v
have 1)( (1. called Gens des Foux.
The A', ,„ii proper, or Keiiai-tena. or Thnaina, inhabit th(^ r<^ninMila of
Keiiai, 'Iin shores of Took Inlet, and thence westerly across the Chi-mit
.Aloui.i lius, nearly tothe Kiuko.iuini Itiver. Th.>y 'inhabit the country n, ,.r
Cook's Inlet, and Iwtli shores of th- Inlet as far south as C'liu-'aehik'un '
D'dl's Alishi. p. 4.W. 'Die. eijrentiicheii Thnaina bewolnien (lie Ilalbii',;.'!
Keiiai und Ziehen sichvonda westlich iiber dasTs(hi.,'niit-(}ebir-e zuni Jl.m-
taschtauo oder Tchalchukh, eineni siidlichon Neb(>iiriuss,- des Kuskokwiiii '
Jlolmbuy, mn. SIA:., p. 7. 'Dieses-an den Ffern und den Unij-ebun-cii
vou Cook's Inlet und uni die Seen Iliamna und Kisshiek lebende V("lk .-elui'*
zu deiu selben Staniuie wie die Galzanen odcr Koltschauen, Atiiaer uiul Ku
loschen.' /;«.;•. sua. n. Kthn., p. ]0;i. 'Les Kenmm liabitent la cAt.' oceid.-,,-
tale de l^'iitiv^e de Cook ou du ^olfe Kenayskaja.' lln,„h,Mt, Esmi /'„/., toin
i.. p. yj«. ' Tlu^ Indians of ('..(.k's Inlet and adjacent waters are called'"Ka-
nisky." They are settled along the .shore of the inlet and on the east slioio
of fhe peninsula.' 'East of Cx.k's Inlet, in Frince AVilliums Sound there
arc but few Indians, they are called "Nuchusk." ' lud. Atf ](, ,,l ' 18G'i
11. 57"). •' ^ ■' ■ '
The AliuiH occupy the Atna or Copper Eiver from near its mouth to near it.^
source. 'At the month of the Copper Eiver.' Latham's Cow p. I'hU., vol viii
l).:5',)->. 'BieAtlinaer,aniAthnaoderKupferflusse.'7/(>i,„/>,.,v/,A'//„i !s7, r p 7'
'On the upper part of the Atna or Copper Eiver are a little-known tribe' (,f
the above name [viz., Ah-teiia]. Th.>y have b.-en call.ul Atnaer and K.dshini
by tne Eussians, and Yellow Knife or Nehauiiee by the English. ' DaWs UasL,,
p. -i-J. 'Diese kleine, jetzt uugefahr aus CO Familien bestehcnde Vdlkn'
Bchaft ,voUnt an den Uferu des Flusses Atna und neuut sich Atmier ' Lw •
StaL. u. Li)m., p. DV. " '
CHAPTER III.
COLUMBIANS.
Habitat of the CoLiniBiAN Gnoup — Physical Gkoohaphy — Socecks of
fooD-i^^CITLV — iNFLUKNCK OF FoOL ANU ClIMATK — FoUK KXTKEME ClashKS
— liAlDAHS — THEIU lIoME — PlIYSICAI. rECCLIAKITIKS — C'LOTHINd — SuEL-
TKIl — SrSTENANCE — IMPLEMENTS — MaNIFAC I t'UKH — AllTS — ritOPKIiTV —
Laws — Klaveky — Women— Cl-stomh — Medicine — Death — The Nootkas
—The Sound Nations — The Chinooks— The Shushwai»s— The Salihh —
The Sauaptinh — Tuiisal Bocndauies.
Tlie term Columbians, or, as Scoulor^ and others have
called them, Xootku-Colainhians, is, in the absence of a
native word, snlficiently characteristic to distin«•ui^h the
aboriginal nations of north-western America between the
forty-third and fiftv-fifth parallels, from those of the other
great divisions of this Avork. The Columbia River, w hieh
sujigests the name of this group, and Nootka Sound on
the western shore of A'ancouver Island, were originally
the chief centres of Kuroi)ean settlement on the Koith-
west (V)ast; and at an early period these names weie
compounded to designate the natives of the Anglo- Amer-
ican possessions on the Tacific, which lay between tbe
discoveries of the Russians on the north and tho^e of
the ^^})aniards on the south. As a simple name is al-
ways j)relerable to a coun)lex one. and as no nK)re jierti-
ncnt name suggests itself than that of the great river
which, with its tributaries, drains a large portion of this
1 The XiiotLfi-ColiDiihiiiiis comprclicnd 'tlio tvilips inliiihitiiii;! Qiiiulrii iiikI
A'iiiicoiiv(i'"s Isliiml, uml tin: mljactnt inlets of tlic iiiiiiuliiii(l, down to llio
( iilnniliiii Itivcr, aiicl inrlmiis us far S. as UiniKjUii liivc r ami the iioiliuiu
liurt of Ntw C'alifiuaiu.' .'^conkr, in Loud. Otuij. •^vcJour,, vol. xi., p. 22L
-4
)■ , 'I, - ,p'r ■• A y ■,
NATIVE RACES
PACI'^IC 3TAT3EiS
COLU MBIAN CROUP
S...li'
7 ;{ <
T
COLUMUIAN FAMILIES.
151
torritorv, I (lioj) 'X(H)tka' and retain only tlio word
•Coliimhiiin. " Tlu'so nations have also been broadly
denominated I'latlieads, I'l-oni a enstoni la-aeticed more or
less by many of their triln's, of conijnvssinjj; tiie eraninn^
durinji inlancy;' althon^h the only Indians in the whole
urea, tribally known as Flatheads, are those of the Salish
i'amily. who do not llatten the head at all.
in describinji the ('olnmbiau nations it is necessary,
as in tile other divisions, to snbdivide the jironj); arbi-
trarily this may have been done in some instances, but
as natm-iilly as iM)ssible in all. Thus the iH'o[)le of (^)ueen
Charlotte Islands, and the adjacent coast Ibr about a
hundred miles inland, extendinjr I'rom o-j" to •')li" of north
latitude, are called lldHhihs Ironi the predominant tribe
of the islands. The <K'cupantsof \'ancouver Island and
the o|)i)osite main, with its labyrinth of inkts IVom ''»2'*
to t!l", 1 term Xoothis, The Sound Indhnn^ inhabit the
rejiion drained by streams tlowin^ into Pu^et Sound, and
the adjacent shores of the strait and (K'ean; the C/iinoo/iS
occupy the banks of the Columbia I'rom the Dalles to the
sea, extei.dini; along the coast northward to (J ray Har-
bor, and southward nearly to the (.'alifornian line. The
iuterioi" of Ih'itish Cohunbia, between the Cascade and
Uocky Mountains, and south of the territory occupied by
the Hyperborean Carriers, is peo[)led ))y the S/t/ix/nnij/s,
the Kooteaa'ia^ and the OkaiuKjdnn. JJetween 49" and 47*',
2 Gilbirt lliik'olni Sprout, a floso observer niul clciir writer, thinks 'this
wuril .\i II il,', I ill -no wunl at all— toj^cthcr \vitli an iiiiaj^iiiaiy wnnl, ('idniiilwtn,
lUnotinL; a sii|i|ios((l orij^'inal North Aiiitrican race— is i l)snr(l!y nscil to (h-
notc all the trilits which inhabit tlu' llocky Mountains and tlic wcsti i n coast
of Xoith Anicrii-a, froiv California inchisivdy to the rc^'ions inhalii'.i il hy the
Ks(iiiinianx. In this ^,'rcat tract tliirc arc more trilxs, diticriiii,' totally i i lan-
f,'iiaL;c ami custonis, than in any otlicr jjortion of the Anarican ci.niiiicut;
anil surely a Ik Iter L;eneral name for them could he fcjund than this nr aniui-
less and nusai)i)lied tiriu Simt'.iilk, i'oliiiiihlni.' >jirni Cfi >('/((.■;, p. It."). Yet
Mr Spi-oat su.;;4ests no othi r iiann'. It is (piite pussihlo (hat C'lolc, I' //. I <
the I'lifU'tc, Vol. ii., )). '2^S, niisumhrstoi>d (he native lianas of Kootha t-'oi,nd.
It is casv to criticise any name which nii;4ht he adojiti d. and t v. n if it wi rc^
j racticahh^ or (h siralile to chali;;(! all nualiinL,less an<l niisaii]'lii d j^cdj vi'ih-
ical names, (he Kame or f^reatcr ohje<'tions mi.^ht he raist d aL;ainr.t oilurs,
which lucessitv would re(iuiie ii writer to invent.
^ /r<f„('.s II »,„/., p. I7;i; .lA„y;, 's \'a„p.. hi., p. 411; CIlUi's X. Am. /-/,
vol. ii.. p. 1()S; thn name beinv; given to the people hetweeu the rcyion of tho
Coluinbia and 53' 30 .
152
COLUMBIANS.
l!: '
extt'iidhi^u; west from tlic (^israde to tlio Rocky Mouiituiiis.
cli icily on t\\v Colimiltia uiid Clarke l"V)rk. is the N///sA or
FliitJK'iid I'imiily. Tlio iiutious (IwoUiiii:' soiitli of 1 7' and
eiistol"the(^is('ii(l(M'jniii'('.ontlio(\>liniil>iii.tli(d(»\vi'r Snake,
and their tribntary streams, may hecalleil S<ili<iiit<ii^, I'rom
the name of the Xez IVrei' tribes.^ TlU" gri'at S/ios/toiie
i'amily. extending south-east iVom the upper Ava'ai'sol the
( 'oluiuhia, and spreadinji' out over neai'ly the whole of the
(ireat Basin, altiiouuli partially included in the ( 'ohuu-
l)ian limits, will he oiuitted in this, and included in the
Calilornian (iroup. which i'ollows. These divisions, as
before stated, are <ieojiraphic rather than ethnoiiraphic.^
Many attempts have been made by i)ractical ethnol(\iiists.
to draw partition lines between these peopk's accoi'dinu
to race, all of which have proved signal lailures, the l)est
apjii-oximation to a scientific di\isior bciuii,' that of phil-
()lo,Liists, the results of whose reseai'ches arc <iiven in the
third volume of this series; ])ut neither the latter divis-
ion, nor that into coast and inland trii)es — in many re-
s[)ects the most natural and clearly dcfnied of all'' — is
ada])t<'d to my present ])ur[)ose. In treatiu,i:' ol' the Co-
lumbians, 1 shall lirst take up the coast families. L^oinj;'
iVoui north to south, and al'terward follow the same order
with those east of the uiouutains.
No little [)artiality was displayed by the (Ireat S[)irit
of the Colmul)ians in the :i[)i)ortionment oi' their dwt'll-
inL:'-i)lace. 'fh(> (^iseade Mountains, ruimiim iVoui north
to south throughout their whole territory, make of it two
distinct climatic divisions, both luLbly but uueipially
I'avored by nature. On the coast side — a strip N\hich
' 'I'lic niiiiic \ti /'('cci/s, ' pici'ccil iiDscs,' is usually lu'dnuuuci il as if Eu-
f;lisli, .\' : I'i'r-fis.
■> Fi)i- iiaiticulars and arithoritics stu! Tuibai, r.or.NU.uaKs al tuil of this
(•liiii)tir.
'' ''I'hi' Indian triln's df tlu> Xoith-vcstcrn C'nast liiay ln' divided into two
{t'.'ouus, lUr Jn>ulai' and lln' Inland, i>v tliosi! who inlial it tht^ i:.lanils iind
i.djaciut slion s (if the niaimand, iind siilisist ahiinst cutiii ly liy tisliin;.;; iiml
tlidsc who livi' in tlio iiiti vicr and iuu ])artly hunt( is. 1'his <lisi imi is jkv-
It.ijis aviiitraiy. or at least iniix rfcct, as tluro an^ ki vcral trilics \\1iom' allhii-
tiis wi.h lithir gi'nn[) aro oli^Ni'iiir.' >ci/((/(c, hi l."iiil. (iro i. ^-nr. Jmir., viil.
xi . ji. 217. Sec ><('i 'IS. hi P'lv. /,'. ];. Lift., Mil. i.. ]iii. 1I7-S. and Mni/in's
.11. '., ; .LM2. 'Tho best ilivisiou is into tuastiiud inlaiul tiibi's.' Lnrd's Sat.,
Vol. ii., p. 'J^l'i.
sioiis, as
IIOSIT. OV THE COLUMlUAXfl. 1,-3
m;..v ].(' (';.1],.,1 n,io hmKlred and fiftv niili-s >vl.1(> juid „„,.
t ion.sHKl luilrs lo.i-— excessive cold is uiikii.mii. and
tlu-earlli. uan.ic.l l.y Asiatic cuiTeiits and Avatered l,v
nunienKis inonntain streams, is thickly Avooded : iiohle
ioivsts are well st(.ck(ul Avitii pa,ne; a feVtile soil xields a
^iivat vanetvot succidcut roots and edil,le herries Avliich
Jattei-iiieaiisof suhsisteiice were li-litlvappreciatiMJhv tile
indolent ndial.itants, by reason of tliV still more ahund-
ant an. ac(vssd)le food-supply afforded In- the fish of
ojvan. cha.n.el. ai.l stream, the sources oi" material for
Hotiun- ^unv. also hountiful far beyond the needs ol' the
l)eoj)le.
i'assin- the (\isoade barrier, the climate and the face
o the country chan-e. Here Aye have a succession of
I'lMiHs or table-lan.ls. rarely dej-eneratiim' into dvsvvt.
AVilh a -ood su])ply of oniss and roots: thou-h -enerally
jvithout tunber, except along the stivan.;.. unfl the
lieaydy wooded Ayestern spurs of the Kocky Mountains
aije reached. 1 he air having lost much ol" its moisture
aitords but a scanty supply of rain, the Avarmino' and
equali/.nig nilluence of the ocean stream is n.. lon-er felt
and the extremes of heat and cold are un.ler.„i,e ac<-o..l-
liiu' to atitude an<l seas.m. Yet are the .hveilers in this
i'lnd ))less,.l above many other aboriginal peoples, in that
ixnmc IS plenty, and .-oolsand insects are at hand in case
tne seasou s hunt ])ro\e unsuccessful.
Kthuol<,dc-ally, no well-defined line can be drawn to
<livide the ],eople occupying these two wid, ly difiTdit
regions Diverse as they ct>rtainly are in Ib.iu. char. •-
ter andcustoms,_theirenyironnient,theclimate.andllMi»
nietho. sot seeknig fbod may well be sunposed to have
made them so .Not only do the ].ursuit of .anu> in ll:o
inteiior and the taku.g of fish on the coa>t, ,h>vc1op
Clearly marke.1 general peculiarities of character and lill'
m the tn„ divisions, but the same causes prod>.,v < rades
move or h ss distin<-t in ea<-b division. AVe.t of lie ( ■,.-
ea(hj range, the highest posith.n is Ju.ld by the tribes who
n their cruioes ,,ursue the whale upon th,> o.van. an.l in
theellort to capture Leviathan become themselves -eat
l.-)!
COLUMBIANS.
and daring as compared with the lowest order wlio live
\i\)on shell-fish and Avhatever nutritious substances may
ho cast by the tide n[xm the beach. Jjikewise in the in-
terior, the extremes are found in the deer, ))ear, elk, and
huftalo hunters, es^iecially when horses are employed, {ind
in the root and insect eaters of the plains. IJetween these
four extreme classes may be traced many intermediate
jirades of physical and intellectual de\el()pment, due to
necessity and the abilities exercised in the i)ursuit of game.
The Columbians hitherto have been broujiht in much
closer contact Avith the whites than the Hyperboreans,
and the results of the association are known to all. The
cruel tj'eacheries and massacres l)y which nations have
been thinned, and llickering remnants of once powerful
tribes gathered on govermnent reservations or reduced
to a handful of beggars, dependent for a li\e[iliood on
charity, theft, or the wages of prostitution, form an un-
written chapter in the history of this region. That this
prtM'ess of duplicity was mniecessary as well as infa-
mous, 1 shall not attempt to show, as the discussion of
Indian ix)licy Ibrms no part of my present purpose.
AVhatever the cause, whether from an inhuman civilized
policy, or the decrees of fate, it is evident that the Co-
lumbians, in connnon with all the aboritiines of America,
are doomed to extermination. Civilization and savagism
will not coalesce, any more than liiiht and darkness; and
although it may be necessary that these things come, yet
are those l»y whom they are unrighteously accouipllshed
none the less culpable.
Once more let it l)e understood that the time of which
this volume speaks, was when the respective peoples Avere
iirst known to l']uro])eans. Jt was when, tbrougliout
tliis region of the Cohuubia, nature's wild magnificence
was yvt fresh; priuieval forests unprolaned ; lakes, and
rivers, and I'olliug plains unswept; it was when count-
less villages dotted the luxuriant valleys; wlien from
the warrior's cauip-hre the curling suioke never ceased
to ascend, nor the sounds of song and dance to be heard;
s\ lien bands ol gaily dressed savages roamed o\er e\ery
HAIDAH NATIONS.
155
]iil -,si,l(^; when humanity unrestrained vied with ])ird
aiK l.ea,st ni the exercise of hberty absohite. This i.s
no history; alas! tliey liave none; it is hut a sun-nicture
an(l to i.e taken correctly must he taken quickly Nor
need we pause to look hack through the dark\"ista of
u.iwritten history, and si^eculate, who and what thev are
nor ior how many thousands of years they have been' com^
ing and ping, counting the winters, the nu)ons, and the
sleeps; chasing the wild game, hasking in the sunshine
IH.rsmng and being pursued, killing and being killed.'
All knowledge regarding them lies buried in an eternity
of he past, as all knowledge of their successors remains
folded m an eternity of the future. ^Ve came upon
tlic;in unawares, unbidden, and while we gaze.l vhev
ine ted away. The infectious air of civilization pe.u^
trated to the remotest corner of their solitudes Their
Ignorant and credulous nature, unable to cope with the
intellect of a superior race, absorbed onlv its vices yiidd
mg up Its own simi)licity and noblenJss lor the white
man s diseases and death.
In tbe Ilaidah family I include the nations occui>vin.v
>ri,r r wV'^T"^'-^*"^ the southern extremitv <ff
1 i.nce o AU es Archipelago to the Kentinck Arm; in
7 '; • n r'T ^"■'■''•"■^' '' ^""'"''-^ "'» the north an
oast by the Thlinkeet and (\irrier nations of the IIm,',--
boreaus, and on the south by the Nootka familv oV the
Columbians. Its chief nations, whose boundaries how-
ever can rarely be h.xed with precision, are the J/.,s,.7.s.
.1 iH ^^^^^' /'^-''^ ^''" ^;'-^.-.s. of Queen Chark.tte
^1.11, Is; the Am;/<nn..,ot Pniire of Wales ArchipelM-M,-
the f huns;,a>^, about Fort Simpson, and on ("latham'
bound; the A.;s« and the .S'/v...,., on tbe rivers of e
sa.ne names; the .SVW.s. on I'itt Aivhipeh..o and the
sboivsot ,ardiier('liannel; and the Millbai.kVonnd In-
dians, including the //m/(ra, and the /irf/.roo/o., the most
.out ern of tins amily. Tiiese nations, tbe orthogr v
of whose names is far from uniform among dilVeivm Lt
ors. are st.U farther subdivide.! into numerous indefinite
tnluvs, as specified at the end of tiiis chapter
15G
COLUMBIANS.
The Tlii'uLih territory, strotcliinjj; on the mainland tliriM^
luindrcd inilcs in lenjitli, and in width souiowhat over
one linndrcd mik's from the sea to the lofty ChilUoti-n
JMain, is traversed throujihout its lenjith hy the iiortlifrn
extension of the Cascade Hanjie. Jn j)laees its spurs and
hroken l()ot-hills touch the shore, anil the very heart of
the riniuc is jH'netrated h\- innumerable inlets and chan-
nels, into Avhich pour short rapid streams from intei-ior
hill and plain. The country, thoujih hilly, is lertile
and covei'ed hy an al)undant gi'owth of lar^e. sti'aitiht
])ines, cechirs, and other forest trees. The forest abounds
■with <:ani(\ the waters with fish. The climate is less se-
vere than in the middle United States; and notwith-
.standinu" the hiuh latitude of their home, the llaidahs
have received no small share of nature's jiil'ts. Little
has ])een explored, however, beyond the actual coast,
and inl'ormation concei'ning this nation, cominji' fiom a
few sources only, is less complete tluui in the case of the
more southern Xootkas.
Favoi'able natural conditituis have produced in the llai-
dahs a tall, comely, and well-formed race, not inferior to
any in Xorth-western America;' the northern nations of
"! ' Tiy far tlio l)ost loolciiit,', uK>st intclligiiit .and cnrrgetic pooplo on the
N'. W. ( (ia--t.' yroiiler, iu l.nhil. (ivikj. Sic. ,l<,iir.. vul xi., i>. "iltS. AIm) vaiilu d
liy I'liiliaid as the finest spt'cinuns iiliysiuully iin tin' coast. /iVs. ((yr7.('>, vol.
v., p. l:!:!. 'I'll!' Nassjicoplo ' Were ptciiliaily i't)ii)( ly. stroiii,', anil well ^'idwn. '
Sinip^iui'a (inrltniil .laiirii., vol i., p. 2(17. ' Wonlil he liandsoiuc. or at least
comely,' weic it not for the jiaint. 'Soinct>f the women have excet diiiMly
liamlsiime faces, and very symmetrical tieures.' 'Impressed by liie manly
lieanty and liodily ])roi)(irti()ns of my islandi rs.' l\)iili-'s ijne' ii I huilultr Isl.,
pp. :il(l, .'HI. Mackenzie fonml tlie coast penple 'more corpulent and of
lictter ap]ieai'ance than (he inhabitants of the interior.' I"//. ]i]i. ;!J'J-I!;
SCO pji. ;w(l 1. 'The stature (at Ibnkc's Canal) was much more
stout and rubnst than that (.f the Incilans furtiier south. The ludmim nee
of their countenances and the rettularity of tin ir features, rcsiniblid the
northern Kur<i]>eans.' I'lOiconrc/'s \'iii/. vol. ii.. p "iH'i. .\ chief of 'tilLjantic
]iers(iii, a stately air, ii iioVile mien, ii manly poit, and all the characterisiics
of external dJLjnity, with a symnietri<'al ftuure, and a perfect onh r of Kuro-
jiean contour.' Ihnih'n ()riiiiiii, pj). -iT'.*. '.i")!, '2s;{, '2S.">. Alayne says, their
(lunti nances are dicidedly plainer ' than the soutliern Indians. />. ' .. ]i. 'i.";!!.
' .V tall, well-foimed )ieii])h'.' H< ikIi I's .l/'.r. .bcA., j). "jO. "No finer men. . . .
c in lie fiiund (in (lie .Vuierican Continent.' Sju'ihiI's So ins,]'),'!',). In "i,") , 'Son
bien corpulentiis.' ('ri's/ii, in /''"'. Jlist. .l/».i'.. s. iv., vol. vi., p. (ilfi. ' I'lie best
liKiKiti!,' Indians we liad <>ver met.' ' Much taller, and in every way sn|H rier
111 till' I'liL'i t Sdund tiibes. Tlie women arc stouter than the men, but nut so
^{oiid-ldiilunj^ ' Hu'd's A((/'.
PHYSICAL rECULIAKITIES OF THE HAIDAllH. V>7
tlio family ])oiii<«- geiierallv superior to tlic M)utli('ni «
;>n<l liavin- pln.sicul if not linmiistic afrmitio.s with tlirir
liinktvt iRMul,l,ors, nitlu'r than ^vith th(> Xootkas
ihi'ir lacos are JM'oad, witli hi-li cliook honos;'' iho ('\(s
Miiall ov,K.i-ally hlaok. thon-li Jnwn and gray ^vitll a
icddish tin-ic liavo Ik'oii ohsurvod anionu' tluii'i.'" The
f('u; ^^\m have won their faces free from paint i)ronom)ce
then- complexion linht," and instances of A Ihino charac-
teristics are sometimes loinid.'' The hair is not iini-
lormlj coarse and hlack, ])ut often soft in texture, and of
Viu-ymo- ,sl,a,les of hrown. worn hv some of the tri hes cut
close to the head.'' The ),eard'is iisually j.hicked out
with nreat care, hut inou.staches are raised svanetimes as
strtmg as those of Europeans;" indeed there setins to
!"->' — '-tiv.- and d..„ly tEn tile tr il;. i ^'Jr */ ' """o "'r
|".1AW,,.,:;,V I-,,,/., ],,, :{<,!»-l(), 3-22^:?, :!7()-]; L.rd-s ynf., vol i, „
^'; vol ';;;;'i:"i;!7!^'" ^'^^ '""« '^'"^ "— ••' ^/"''- ^'^"-/■. ';- r. v i.;
1 li v t t il V- V '"•^""■■'V f'"'" '"••"! <" f-t. tl"',. is .n ,,t r.aso,,
i-sn|;';'';'.'7. '''•'■ '■""-/'"'!'>■ ••^l'"«"l <<> <1h> ind.,,,. ,„ v a„.l a!t,.,-
Tluirvoin'/w , , ;,' 1 J"""''!- '" f<'>"I'l'xi"n <l.an tl,.. Y;,n,uuv, .•,,„.. '
/.-'v/s .V,/!. vol'li!! j;,;t|;!!X"^ • ^''"'•*-^'^l'*-l-""^"f fair,.o,„,.K.xion.'
.l/'/(7i ('//;('( ',s' I't/// III) 'to '< 'i'^1 . I- . .-
I ■ ' 1. \\ iMt I. v.,.y unusual un.ong th... ubun^iucs uf .Vnandt, th.^ 'havo
158
COLUMBIANS.
1)0 little autlioritv for the old belief that the Xortli-
western American IndianH were de.stitnte of hair except
on tlie head.'"' J)r t^conler, comparing Chimsyan .sknlls
■with those of the Chinooks, Avho .are «ainong the he.st
know 11 of the north-western nations, finds that in a nat-
nral state both have broad, high cheek-bones, with a re-
ceding forehead, bnt the Chimsyan sknll, between the
parietal and temporal bones, is broader than that of the
( 'iiinook. its vertex being remarkably flat.'" Swollen and
deformed legs are connnon from constantly donbling them
niuler the Ixjdy while sitting in the canoe. The teeth are
freipiently worn down to the gnms by eating sanded
sidmon.'"
Tbe Ilaidahs have no methods of distortion peculiar
to themselves, by which they seek to improve their iiae
l>hysique; ])nt the custom of tlattening the head in in-
fancy obt.tins in some of the southern nations of this
family, as the Ilailt/as and Bellacoolas,'" and the Thlin-
kcet lip-piece, already sufficiently described, is in use
throutihout a laruer part of the whole territorv. it was
observed ])y Simpson as far south as Millbank Sound,
where it was highly useful as well as ornamental, iflbrd-
ing a firm hold for the fair fingers of the sex in their
drunken fights. These ornaments, made of either wood,
bone, or metal, are worn jjarticularly large in (^ueen
thick licnrds, which nppear envlvin life.' Hale's Ethnnq., in U. S. Ex. Ex., vol.
\i., J). I'.iT.
'' 'After the iv^o of puhcvty, their hodios. in their niitTiriil state, are cov-
«'re{l in tlie same luaiiiier us those of the Eiiroiii'iins. The men, iiiileed,
esteem a beard very unliecoiiiiuj,', and take ^Teat pains to f,'et rid of it, nor
is th<'re any ever to he ))erceived on their faces, except when they j^row old,
and liccouK^ inattentive to their ai)})earance. Every crinons elUoresceiice on
the other i)arts of tlie body is held nnseendy hy them, and both sexes employ
much tiiiu^ in their I'xtirjiation. The Nawdowessies, and the remote; nations,
pin 'c them out with bent jiiecesof hard wood, formed intoakindof nippers;
whilst llioso who have communication with Eurojieans prociu'e from them
wire, which they twist into a si'rew or worm; applying,' this to the ])art, they
])r(ss the ring's toLjetlur, and with a sudden twitch draw out all the haira that
are inclosed iietween them.' (Jarvei-'s 'I'nir., p. 22.'i.
•'' ScDiilt'i; in Loml. (hitij. Sue. Jour., vol. xi., p. '220.
" M'tcLemie'.f \'<»j., pp. U70-1; Lord's \<tt., vol. ii., p. 22C; Dunn's Oreijnn,
p. 'JS7.
'" J,o7-(l's Nat., vol. ii., p. 2112; S^oouler, in Lonil. Geoq. Sot;. Jour., vol. xi.,
pp. 21H, 220, 223. ' The most northern <if these Flat-head tribes is the Haut-
;;uk.' Scltoolcrofl's Arch., vol. ii., p. 325.
L._
HAIDVII DIIESS AND ORXA^IEXT.
153
riiiirlottp Islands, wlioro thoy seeni to l)o not a mark of
rank, hut to he worn in connnon l)y all tlio wonu-n.''^ I'c-
ni(le.s tlio rcgnlar lij)-})io('e, ornaments, various in sliaj)o
and niatcrial. of shell, hone, wood, or metal, are Avorn
stuck in the lips, nose, and ears, apparently accord inii' to
the caprice or taste of the wearer, the skin l)einji' sonn'-
times. thoujih more rarely, tattooed to corres[)ond.-''* ]5olh
for ornament and as a protecti(m asxainst the weather, the
nkin is covered with a thick coat of paint, a l)lack ])olish
hein<i' a full dress uniform. Figures of hirds and hcasts.
and a coat of jirease are added in preparation for a feast,
with line down of duck or jioose — a stvlish coat ol' tar and
leathers — sprinkled over the hody asanextra attiaction."'
AVhen the severity' of the weather makes additional })ro-
tection desirahle, a blaida't, formerly woven hy them-
selves from dou's luiir. and stained in varied colors. l)ut
now mostly j)rocured from Kuroi)eans. is thrown loosely
over the shoulders. Chiefs. es|wcially in times of feastin<i',
wear richer ro))es of skins.'^'' The styles of dress and orna-
ment adopted around the forts from contact with the whites
neeii not l)e described. Amonn the more unusual arti-
cles that have been noticed by travelers are. "'a lar<ie hat.
lesemblinji' the toj) of a small parasol, made of the twisted
iiltres of the roots of trees, with an aperture in the in-
s.de, at the l)roa(ler end" for the head, worn by a Se-
bassa chief; and at Millbank Sound, ''masks set with
1'' yi)((;)S(,))\' Oi-i fhniij Jmirn.. vol. i.. pp. 204, 23.1. ' This woodon ornampiit
SfHiiis t(i ill' wiur 1p\ iiU tlii'scx iiulisciiiniimtily, whfi'ciis iit Nmfdllc Sdiuid if.
is cont'nii il to tlidsc of suinvidr raiik.' Iti.ain'n Vi'ii-, ]>ii. 'l'.^>, 2ns. with u cut.
A piece of lii'iisH or copper is first put in, iuul 'this corroihs tlic laeer.fetl
parts, mill by consiuuiiiL; the Uesh f^'riidiiiilly iucreasesthe oritiee.' Vanrutivi r\
I Ol/., vol.ii,, pp. 27'.i-S(l, 4i).S. ^-ciinlir, in Lnml. IIukj. >iic. .Imir.. voh xi., j). 21^;
IluiDi'a oriijiiK. pp. lTC), 271t; Cnsjii, in /Ajc. Hist. Mix., s. iv , vol. \i., ]>. (l.")!;
C'Drnimllis' .\cti: Khhiriulo. p. led; I'lttliii'.i X. Am. ImL. vol. ii., p, 113, with
pliito.
•^» .lfr///)r'.s /i.e., pp. 281-2: I'iioysQ. Char, hi., pp. 7."), 311; liitrnll-hn-
imviV.i Trni,, ])p. 1")-U; /Vkox'.s i)ri'if<m, pp. 27'.), 2N.").
21 I'x'ik's (J. Ch.ir. M., pp. S2,lUti, 310, 322-3; Mnyi'fi's B. C, pp. 2S2,
263; J>i(i()i\'< Vn-',i"ii, p. 251.
« Mdiph's J!. I'., p. 2iS2; Dwih'k Orcqon, pp. 251, 27(1, 'iitl ; J'nrhr's K.rpliv.
Tiinr., p. 'id;!; J'd'ih'sQ. Clinr. l.-iL, p. 310. 'The men hil)ituiilly^,'o naked, Imt
when they ;^'o ol!' on iv journey they wear a blanket.' Ilxd's .\<tr. '('u<'ro
lie nutrias y lobo niarino . . . souibr»'ros de junco bien tejidos con hi eiipii
pnutiiiguda.' Cnsjii, in Doc. IJisl. Mvx., s. iv., vol. vi., p. OIG.
I !
i(;o
COLUMniANS.
t^cals wlilskors nnd fciitliors. whicli expand Yikv a fan,''
Avitli secivt sja-iiius to open tlio mouth and eves.-' Mac-
kenzie and \ ancoiiviT, wlio Aveiv anion>i; tlii' ciuTu'st vis-
itors to this ivi-ion, Ibinid fi'injivd I'olu's of hai'k-fihro,
ornamented Avith i'ur and colored threads. A eireuhu'
mat. Avith an openinj;' in the centre i'or the head, was
worn as :i ])rotection from the i-ain; and uar garments
eonsiste(l of sesend thicknesses of the sti'ouLiest liides
l)rocnrahle. sometimes strengthened In strips of wood on
the inside.'-*
The Ihiidahs use as temporary dwellinus, in their fre-
(pient sunnnei' excursions for war and ihe liunt, sim])le
k)d,!i('s of poles, covered, among the poorer (Masses by ce-
<iar mats, and among the ricli hy skins. Their perma-
nent villages are usually built in stronu; natural iiosi-
Tions, guarded 1)y precij)ices. sometimes on rocks detached
from the main land, hut coiniected with it by a narrow
])latl'orm. Their town houses are built of light logs, or
of thick split pliuiks. usually of sufllcient si/e to accom-
modate a large nund)er o<' families. l*oole UK'ntioiis a
house on (^)ueen Ciiarlotte Islands, which formed a cube of
lil'ty I'eet, ten I'eet of its height beingdug in the ground, and
which accommodated seven hundred Indians, The build-
ings are often, however, raised above the iiround on a
])latl()rm sup])orted by posts, sometimes carved into hu-
niiui or otiu'r figures. Some of thci-e raised buildings
seen by the earlier visitors wei'c twenty-five or thii'ty
feet from the ground, solidly and neatly constructed, an.
inclined log with notches serAing as a ladder. These
houses were Ibund only in the southern part of the llai-
2:1 Dmm's nnyoii. ])p. 2.-)3. 270-7; C'litlin's .V. .l»/(. Iml., vol. ii.. p. llli.
-1 At SiiliiKiii Kivi-r, ')> r>S'. 'their dress eniisists of a single robe tied
liver the shiilll(hrs. filllillL; dciWU licllilld, to the lieels. lUld liifnre, ;i little below
Ihe knees, with il <Ue|i frinu'e rouilil the liottoni. it is ^'eller.illy liia<li' of tlie
1 iuk of the ('(iliir tree, wliicli Ihi y jirepare us tine as lieiii]i; thoULrli some of
thi'se L;arnieHts are interwoven witli strips of tlie sea-olt<r skin, wliiili ,L;ivo
them tlie aiijieavanee of a fnr on one side. Othi rs have slri[ies of red and yel-
low threads faneifnlly introdneed towards the borders.' Clothiier is laid
aside whenever eoiiveiiient. "The Women wear il close fi'in^'e haiiL;iiiL; down
before them about two feet in len,L;th, iind half as wide. When ihey sit down
they draw this between their thiifhs.' M(tck:€n:k'ti V'<(j., jip. 322-;f, 1)71; Van-
C'luvcf's Voj., vol. ii., pp. ".iisO, oJ'J.
IIAIDAII HOUSES.
101
a Ian,
Mao
.'st vis-
k-llbiv,
•iicular
1(1. was
Li'inents
t li'uk'S
kood on
K'ir fro-
, .simple
s l)y ce-
ponna-
al posi-
let ached
narrow
Ions, or
( ac'coni-
^itions a
cuheot'
1. and
Iniild-
1 on a
to liu-
Idinii's
tiiirty
toil. an.
These
le llai-
p. ii:!.
l(il)(' tied
little bflow
aili' I'f tlm
.'ll snliK' of
whicli ^ivi!
(liiiulyi'l-
iiT is liiiil
_v sit iliwu
oil; \'an-
ni(
ni
Muh terr'dorv. The fronts Avere fi'enorally painted with
ti^ni'es of men and animals. There \,c're no window s or
chimneN : the floors were spread with cedar ntats, on whicli
the occupants slept in a circle round acenti'al lire, whoso
smoke in its exit took its choice hetween the hole wliicli
served as a dooi" and the wall-cracks. On tlu' south-
eastern ])oundai'y ol' this territory, Mackenzie found in
tiie villani's larjic l)uildin;.is of similar hut mori' careial
construction, and with more elahoi'ately carved posts, hut
they Wi're n(jt dwellings, Ijeing used jtrobahly for religious
pui'poses.-"
Although game is plentiful, the llaidahs are not a race
of hunters, hut lU-rive theii' food chielly iVom the imiu-
merable nndtitude of iish and sea animals, wiiich. i-ach
-' A honso ' (-rccti'd nn ii ]i]iitfonii I'liiscil find siip])ort(il luiir thirty feet
fiDiii thf :4liiniiil by iMijxiiiliciilai' simi's of a very lav;,'!' si/c; the wlmlc dccii-
(lyi'.iLT !i s))ai(' (if alii'Ut lliirty-livr liy liftciu lyards), was i-ovcicd in iiy u iciuf
(if Ixiai'ds lyiiiL! lit ally lidli/dUtal, mid parallel to the jilatfoiin; it set iiu d to
lie (lividi ll into tliree diH'( rent Imiises, or rather »|iiirtineiits, each ]ia\inu it
separate access foniieil liy a Idiin tree ill iin inclined jmsitioli from the jilat-
fiirni to the erouiid, with notches cut in it liy way of steis, alioiit a f( ot mid
11 half asunder.' I'liiicnuri-j's I ((//., vol. ii., 1>. liTl. See also pp. 1:17, '.ii'.T M,
27"2. 'iSl. "'riieir suiiiiiier mid winter resideii.ts nre built of split plmk,
similar ti tlio-.e (if the ClieiiiKiks.' I'lirl.cr's Kvji'ur. Timr, ]i.2i>',\. "Ilshabi-
I lUt dans des lo,!.;i s de soixaiite jiieds de lou^', colistruites avec des troiics (h>
s.i])in it reeouvertes d'l Corces darbres.' Jli't'ni.':, i.'yji'ur., toiii. ii., p. 'Xil.
■Their houses are neatly conslructid, HtandiiiL? in a row; liavi'.i;^ laiue ini-
I'.ees, cut (lilt of wood, resi inbliiiL; idols. The dwelliii'us ha\e all ]iaint(d
fronts, showing imitations of nieii and aiiinials. Attaeln d to fie ir houses
most of them have lar^e jiot.itoe f^ardeiis.' h'liin's {ir(ii"ii, pp. '.iH;! t. See
also, ]ip. ".ril-'J, "iT:)- 1, •^'.•'•; l.iiril'.-i .\>ii., vol. i , ]i. Hi); vol, ii., pp. 'J.'i,!,
■,^">"). with cuts on ]). t!")") and fidiitispiece. ' Near the house of the chief I
observ( (I se\( ral oblll|l^' s(piarcs, of about twenty feet by cielit. 'i'ln y wcro
made of tliiek cedar boanls, whidi were Jniiied with so iiiiieh nealiii ss, that
I at first ihiiiieht tiny were one piece. They were painted with hi( io;;l\ phics,
and li'^ures of ditl'eii nt animals.' iirnbably for ]iurposes of di volioii, as
was 'alai'ee buildim,' in the middle of the villa;_'e ..The L;foiind-]iliit was
lifty feet by fiirt\ -tii c; I aeh t nd is formed by four stout ]iosts, lixed )M||M lldic-
iilarly in the mniiial. The c'lrner ones are plain, and sii]iport a Ix .iiu of tho
whole leiiiith, haviiii,' thict! interniediate projis on each side, but of a Ian,'! r
size, and ciLrht or nine fe( t in liei;.,'ht. The two centre ]iosts, at caidi ( nd, am
two and a half fi ( t in diaim ter, and c'arv( d info human fii^ures, su] iioitiii;.;
two ri(lL;e Jioles on tin ir In ads, twelve fe( t from the ^'round. The liuures at
(he uii])( r part of this s(|uare represent two ))ersons, with their hands u| on
their knees, us if they supported the weij^dit with ]iain and (UlVii ully: the
others op])osite to them stand at their ease, with their hands restinu' on tin ir
hips. . . Posts, poles, and li^ures, were jiainted re(l and black, but tla sculp-
ture of these peojile is superior to their jiailitiliLi.' .lA/c/. (■/cic'.-t I'"//., p. :;;!(.
See also pp. ;!()7, :tis, :t2S-:i(). ;!;!;>, :t4."i: /V,../. s (j. tl.ar. InL, pp. Ill, ll.'i-i;
i.ci/',s .V((;'.: Mnri'hiiiiil, Voi/.. torn, ii., jip. \1~ \\\.
Vol.. I. 11
102
c'OT.rMniAXs.
Vin'i(>ty in its sonson. fill tli(> nvist ^v!lt('i•s. ^Fost (^f tlio
const ti'ilu's. Mild all wlio live inlinid. kill the deer iwA
otlici" iuiiiiials. particidarly since the introdnction of (iiv-
anns. hnt it is <i('n('rally tlic skin and not tlic llcsli that
is soniiht. Solium trihcs ahont the IJcntinck channels, at
the time of Macken/ies visit, wonid not taste llesh e\-
cejtt IVoni the sea, iVoni sii|ierstitioiis nioti\'es. IJirds that
hinTow in the sand-haid\s are enticed out hy the <:laro
of torches, and knocked down in h\V'j:v nnnihei's with
chihs. Thev are roasted wilhont ])hickin,ii' or cleaning',
theenti'ails heinnleft in to inqirove the llaxor. Potatoes,
and small (piantities of carrots and othei- V(';ietal)les, are
now ('idti\ated throniihont this tei-ritory. the crop heinji"
ro[)eated tmlil the soil is exlunisted, when a ni'W ])lace is
cleared, \\ ild jjarsnips are ahnmlant on tln' hanks of
lakes and streams, and their tender to])s. roasted, I'nr-
nish a palatahle food; herries and hnlhs ahonnd, and
the inner teiiinnent of some varieties of the jiine and
liendock is dried in cakes and eaten with salmon-oil.
The varieties ol' tish sent In* natnre to the det'i) inlets
and streams for the llaidali's food, are xcry mnnerons:
their standard I'cl i a nee foi' r(\Linlar snpplies hein^uthi' sal-
mon, lierrinu', enlachon or candle-fish, roiind-lish, and
lialihiit. k^almoii are sjK'ared ; dipjHMl up in scoop-nots;
entan;j,led in dran-nets manaiied hetweeii t\vo canoes and
forced h\' poles to the l)ottoni; intercepted in their pnr-
1
suit of smaller fish In' uill-nets with coarse meshes, made
of cords of native hemp, stretched across the entrance of
the smaller inU'ts; and in'c caimht in larL;v wic!<er hask-
ets, placed at oi)eninus in weirs and embankments which
are
1
hnilt
tl
icross tne rivers.
The salmon lishery dilVers
little in diitt.'rent ])arts of the Xorthwest. The candle-
iish. so iat that in frvinir they melt almost completely
into oil. an<l need only the insertion of a ])ith or hark
wick to furnish an excellent lamp, are ini])aled on the
}<liarp teeth of a rake, or comb. The handle of the rako
is from six to eijilit feet lon<j.'. and it is swe[)t through
the water l)v the llaidahs in their can<
H's h\- moon-
light. Herring in innnense lunnbers are taken in April
i
FOOD OF Tin: ii.vinAiis.
iiiij
by minlliir rakes, as \v('ll as l)y (li|)-n('ts. n larjio part
of tlic whole take beiii.ii used lor oik Stsils are s|»eiii-e(l
in tlie water or shot wliik' on the riK'ks. and their Mesh
is esteenie(l a ;j.reat (k'lieacy. fMains, eockk's. and shell-
fisli are captin-ed hy sijuaws, such a»i eini»k>ynient he-
inu' heneath niaidy dignity. Fish, when ('aii;:lit. are
(k'livei'ed to the women, whose (hity it is to prepare
them lor winter use hy (h'vinj:'. Xo salt is used, hut the
fish ar«' dried in the sun. or smoke-dried hy hein^' hmi;;'
IVoui the to[> of dwellings, then wrapi»ed in hark, or
j)a('Ued in rude baskets or chests, and stowed on hi|:h
seaiVolds out ol' tiio reach of doiis and childri'n. Salmon
areoiK'iied. and the; entrails, head, and back-hone removed
hi'lbre drying', hiuiui^' the pi'ocess of dryin,n', sand is
blown (jver the llsh, and the teeth of the eater are often
worn down hy it nearly I'ven witii the <iums. The spawn
of salmon and hei-riuL-- is jireatly esteemed, and besides
that ohtaini'd iVom the lish cau.iiht, nnich is collected on
pini' houiihs. which are stu(!k in the nnid until loaded
with the CLiiis. This native caviare is dried for ))reser-
vation, and is eaten prepared in various ways; ]M)un(le(l
between two stones, and heaten with water into a i'ream\
<'onsistency ; or boiled with sorrel and dilVovnt benies.
and moidded into cakes ahout twelve inches s(iuare and
one inch thick by means of wooden frames. After a
sullicieiit su|)ply ol' solid food lor the "winter is secured,
oil. the ji'reat heat- prod ucinu' element of all northern
trih 's. is exti-acted from the additional catch. b\- hoilinj;
the lish in wooden vessels, and skimming the grease from
the water or si[uee/iug it iVom the refuse. The arms ami
breast of the women are the natural press in which the
mass. wrap|ied in mats, is bugged ; the hollow stalks of an
ahund;uit sea-w<\'d fui'uish natui-al bottles in which the
oil is preservcil foi- usi' as a sauci'. and into which nearly
everything is dipped hefore eating. A\ hen the stock of
food is secured, it is nnvly infringed upon until the
winter sets in. but then such is the Indian api)etite — ten
pounds of Hour in the ]>ancake-form at a meal ])eing
nothing iijr the stomach of a llaidah, according to L'oulo
U'yi
COHMIMANS.
1' i " i !
- tliat wliolf trilK's fiv(|iK'iitl\ siilVcr (Voin Imiifivr ln'Coiv
S|>l'lllji/-"
Till' Iluidali wciipons aic s|)('iirs IVoiu four to sixteen
r.ct loiiji'. some with u iiioNiilile head or harh. whicli comes
otV wlieii tlie seal or whale is struck; hows and arrows;
h.itchets of hone. horn, or iroji. with whii'li their planks
are made; and dai:|;'ers. lioth speais and ai'rowsare I're-
<|iientlv pointed with iron, which, whether it I'onnd its
wav across the continent iVom thi" Hudson -Hav settle-
ments, down the coust from the Hnssians. or was oh-
tained IVom wrt'cked vessels, was certainly nsed in Bi'it-
i^h ('oluml)ia for various jjui'poses hel'ore the cominjidf
the whites. IJows are made of cedar, with sinew ^lued
.'iloiin' one side. I'oole states that lu'Core the introduc-
tion of flre-aiMus. the (^ueen Charlotte Islanders had no
weapon hut a cluh. l>rave as the Ilaidah warrior is
admitted to he. open fair lljiht is unknown to him. and
ill ti'iie Indian stvle he resorts to niuht attacks, supe-
rior nmnhers. and .treacherv, to defeat his foe. Cut-
tinu' oil* the head as a trojihy is practice(l instead of
s.'alpinii'. hut though unmercifully cruel to all sexes and
a^i's in the heat of hattle. [a-oloniicd torture of captives
M-ems to he unknown. Treaties of jjcace are arranjied
hy deU'^ations from the hostile trihes, followin^i' set forms,
and the ceremonies terminate with a many days' feast.-'
Nets are made of native wild hemj) and of cedar-hark
lil)re; hooks, of two [)ieces of woou or hone fastened to-
p'ther at an ohtu.se anjile; hoxe-. tiOU_L''is. and hou.sehold
dishes, of wood: ladles and spoon-, of w(M)d. horn, and
hone. Candle-lish. with a wick of !)ark or pith. .ser\e as
-''Oil food of the Hiiiiliibs iiiiil tlic iiutliods of procmiiiL; it, see /.iml's
\it . vol. i., pp. H. 152; M(cl.i;,:k's I'.-//., pp. ;!().), :il:J II, iJiD-^l, :(27. :i:.;i,
;i:!'.», ;J(i;)-7i); I'oalr's (j. cinr. ;.s/.. pp. lis, 2st r,. ;ur( ui: \;iiii;,iir,r's I'..//.,
V il . ii., p. '27i!; Ihimi's i)ir inn, pp. 25 1, 'iCiT, 271, ilJU-l : .l/i//'/''(.s, h'.f/i'ur., torn .
ii , p. ;{:t7; I'l'iiilnrtnii's \'ni(couoir Isliind, p. 2:(; I'ar/.rr's h'd'jilnr. '/'k///'., p. 2ri:!;
Jicrd's X'ir.
"1 I'ltiifoiirfi's I'')//., vol. ii., ]). U;tl); I'o ilr's <J. ''Ii'ir. IsL. J). ;!l('i; Mur/.f,,-
n '.f I'll//.. )). Ii72-;J. ' Oiici' I siiw II party of Kai^'uii.vs of nhoiit two liiiiidiiil
ii'.c'ii rcturniuj^ fioiii war. Thu paddles of the warriors killed in the tiuht
w.'i'.' lashed ii|>riL;lit in their various seats, so that from n loiij,' distaiiee the
l: iliilier of the fallen eould he ascertailieil; and on each mast of the eanoes -
iiiid some of them had three — was stii' the head of a slain foe,' Jkiuki's
Ak^\ Arch., j). JO.
iiAriiAii MANTTAt rniF.s.
icn
Ijmip-;; (Irinkiim ncsscIs jiiid iiiprs ai'c carved with ^ih at
sUill IVoiM Ntniic. Tlic llaidalis arc noted loi- their sUiil
ill the coiistnictioii of tlieir various iiiipleiiieiits. particii-
hirlv I'or sciiI|ttMres in stone ami ivorv. in which tht y
('\<'i'l all the other trihes ol' N'oi'theni Aiiierica.-'"*
The cedar-lihre and wild hemp were pii-pared lor n>e
hy the women liy lieatiii;^' on the rocks; they were then
spun with a rude distalV and spindle, and wov«n on a
t'ranie into the material I'or hlankets. rohes. and mats,
or twisted h\ the men into stroii;: and c\en cord, he-
-'" 'I'lic KiiiLjiniii'S 'arc iiotrd fur tlii' licimty uinl size ( if tlnir ccdtir ciiiidi ^i.
lui'l till ii- sKill ill caiviiiv,'. Must cpf llic sidiic i)i|iis. inlaid wilii fia;,'iiu iit^ if
Il.diiitis (ir Ileal! sIkIIh, so rniiniKiii in < tlinniiiLiic a! cnlli clinns. arc tlnji'
liandiwiii'k, 'i'iii' siati 'i.iarrv finiii wliirli the stmir is (.litaim il is sitilatid <'ii
(/mill Cliailntti's Ulaiiii.' Jhill's Ahi^l.n. p. 111. 'I'lir ( liiiiisyaiis • uiaUi li^r-
iiirs ill stiiiic dnssi (1 likr l''ii;,disliiii( ii; jilatisaiid <itlii r iitiiisils cif civili/ .-
tinii. Ill liaiiiriitcd pilif stt'iiis and In ads, iinidcls uf hnii-iis, stmii' llntr-,
iidiiin il witli \vill-(aiv(il li'^'iins (if aiiiiiials. 'I'Ik ir imitative sKili is as
iiiiticralilf as liicir dixtiritv in caiviii^,'.' >i)niiir>i .»■(•(■,.(■>■, p, ;n7. 'J'lic sup-
piiitin^' posts tif tlnir pmlialili' tcniiili s wiic caivid into liuinaii fli^ims, and
all )iaint. li ml and lilark, ' Imt tlic sen 1] it arc of tlu>.c' iiiMiplr i ."I'i ' 'lO'i is siijh -
rior to ilicir paiiitiiiL,'.' .\f ir!,!, nil's I'o//., pp. :t:i(i i ; sec pp. Ilit.'l I, 'Oni'inan
(lirar Fort Siiiipsoii) known as tin' Arrowsniitii of lliciiortli-cast coast, had
(^olic f.ir 111 yo 111 I his com piers, liavin;,' jircparcd viry accurate charts of lii>.^ (•
jiarts of the adjacent slmris. ' >/i/i/(.si//('s (in rhiiKl Jimrn ., vol. i., p. "itlT. ' 'I'lic
Indians of the Xortlurii Family arc rciiiaikalilc for tlnir inui-nuity and iin -
cliaiiical dexterity in the coiistnictimi of tlnir canoes, houses, and dill'erei.t
warlike or lishiiiL; iinplenic nts. They con^truet ilriiikinu-vtsscls, tohacio-
jii[ies, \-c., from a soft ar'^illaeeons stone, and these ariielis are reinarkalile
for th'.^ syninietry of their foini, and the exeeedinely elalioiate and intricate
ti;,,'iiViS which arc carved ujioii them. W iih respect to carviin^' .■ind a faculty
for imitation, the (^ueeii ( 'harlotte's Islanders are ci|ual to the most iiii,'enio: .4
of the i'olyiicsiaii 'I' lilies.' Snml'r, in Lmiil. (!<iiii. ,Si/c. .Imiv.. vol, xi , p, 21s.
' Like the I'hiiiese, tliey imitate literally iiiiythinj,' that is j^iveii them to do;
so tli.it if you <_;ive them a cnteked ;_;nn-stoek to copy, ,ind do not wain tlnni.
they will in tht ir manufacture repeat the lileiiiish. Many of their shtte-carv-
in^'s are very L;iiod in leed, and their c|esi'.,'ns most curious," Mni/m's II, i ..
]i. "JTS, See also, ll'iini's "/'' ,'•■(/, \>. "i'.l!; M'lfris, l-'.Xj:''')- . tiilll. ii,, ]i. !,'.'i7,
and ]ilate p. :IS7. The SkidaL,'.ites "showed iiie Iieautifnlly wrought articles
(if their own desiLjn and make, and amiin_'st them some iliues manufaetui' d
from an unctuous hire slate . . The two ends were inlaid v>itU lead, etvin,;
the idea of a tine silver nioiintiiiL;. Two of the keys )ierfectly npresenn d
fro_;s in a sittini,' postiin', the eyes lieint,' ]iickt d out with liurnished lead. ... It
would hav(> iloiu! credit to a lairo|ieaii modeller.' I'nnh's (,/. (Intr. Isl . p. '!'<><.
' I'hejr talent for caivini,' li.is m.nle them f.imous far lieyond their own couiiliy .'
Ji luliTa .h'c.r, ,l/''7/,, p, 2'.(, A square womli n lio\, holding one or tw.i bushels.
is iiiaihj from three pieces, the sides iMiiii; fmni one jiiece so mitred ua to
lieiid at the corners without l)ieakinL(. 'Ouiin'.,' their ]ii il'ormalice of this
character of la' or, (carving;, etc, i tluiv suiicr>^litions will not allow any s)ii i -
t.ilor of the oper.itor's work.' H'fl s .\t(r.\ Iml. /,i/'f, ]i. '.M'l, ' Of a very tii:e
imd hard slati^ tiny make ciijis, jilates, jiiiies, little images, and various oriia-
nieiits, wroiii,'lit with surprising' ele;,'ance and taste,' llulc's /■^I'mi'ii., in I ■ >.
JCf. h'.f., vol. vi., )>, I'.lT, ' lis ]i ill lit aiissi a'.ee le nieine gollt.' 7i''j.s.s(, .'•Diiri-
»((/s, p. '2'J8; Ani.kru'jK, In Hid. Mn'j., yliI. vii., pp, 7J •">.
I
m
1]
16fi
COLl'Ml'.IANS.
twcni tlic Iiand niid tliii^li. k^trips of oltcr-sk'ni. liird-
ll'iithors, iuid other lUiitcriiils. were idso ^v(^\('ll into llio
])Iiiiik('ts. Doiis ol" ii jM'ctiliiir l)rfc(l, now nearly cxtinet,
were shorn each year. Inrnishinga, loni:' white hair, whicli,
mixed uith line henij) and eeihir. made the hest (doth.
])y dyi'in;.:; the materials. re;.iidar colored patterns uere
jiro'.hu'i'd, ea(di trihe havin,ti' liad. it is said, a jieculiar
pattern hy Avhich its mattinj:' could he distinguished.
Since the coming oi' I''ur(ipeans. hlankets ol'nati\i' man-
ulacture ha\e almost entirely disappeai'cd. Tlu> Hella-
coolas mad(,' \'ery m-at hasket^■, called :.filiixijtiii. ms \\v\\
as hats and watei'-tight ^•essels. all ol' line cedar-ioots.
I'^ach chiel' ahout I'oi't Simi)s()n kept an artisan, \vhose
husiness it was to re[)air canois. make masks, etc."'
The llaidah canoes are (Xwjl, out of ci'dar logs, and
are sometimes sixty feet long, six and a hall" Avide,
and I'oui' and a hall' di-ep. ticconnnodating oni> hundri'd
men. The prow and stern ari' raised, and often grace-
fully cur\ed like a swans neck, ■with a monsters head
at the extremity. I'oats of the lietter class ha\-e (heir
extiM'iors car\ed and i)ainted. uith the gunwale inlaid
in some c:ises ■with otter-tei'th. Mach canoe is madi' of
a single log. except the raised extri'milies id' the larger
hoats. They ai'c impelled ra])idly and safely o\er the
often I'ongli wate''s of tht> coast inlets, hy shovel-shaped
iiKKlk
lU
ant
1 wl
u'li on sliore, are in
ile.l
up and co\ere(
I
\\\[\\ mats foi' i)rotection against (he. rays of the >-\\\\.
tl
nice Uie comin
- of i:
uroiR'an.-
;is 1
!a\e lieen addi'i
to the nati\e hoats. and otlu-r n)reii:ii features imitated.
'•■"' M<ii-li
■I'A.
J>H
■!/■< V
;!:!S; Innfs Xal.
:.)i: jhhni
il it 1>
'/«/', ip,
il. 2'.;i, 'J'.ii.
:!.
i.. p. <::
A.
V
). Li I II
MCdllU s I)li;iMi' to 1)C worlvid liV tlir li:lll(l
i'lu v lioil llii' (■( (lar icKit
litat.-n with slii ks,
whiii Uii'V jiicli till' t\l)i'(
111
art iiitii thrc ails. 'I'l
t. vial -siuiw of till' ulial'', nr ilrinl liilii-tl.rrail.' lintl.t .\'
ai |i is uf 'i (lirt'i vi 111 iiiii-
•I'l talllii ilo
\ara in i-uailio Mi ii vistusu, trjiiln ilc jialiua tiiia dr ilos colni'i s lilaiicn y ihlto
ijiir tl jiilii 111 iiaulriliis.' (nsjii, in l)fi\ Hist, .l/i.r., s. iv., vnl. vi., i>\>. (117,
r,:,ii I.'
I'n.r^ 0. ,■!,',•. I.I..
I/., ]). li..,); .''(iiilis 'II .-! '/. !';• illll
. [i, II ).'); Siilil 1/ M x.rii III, I'll ;«,
-I'll, aiiil cr.is Ol
I.I'
> 1'
ii"/'/i.. Vol. 1.
iJI, •-'.11; .i;
Vi.ii: in-r:, \
ii'h I II : I' A
■\\,; /.../■./-.s .\
id.. \ol. 1 ,11. I I
'■ l\
.V. .1(11. 1,1 I.
vvilii j.lat ■• 'I'll' 1
' proaii ; '1 to const I'll, •! a ^. .■ .in- .'li^i hm I'l ■ ni.i.l 1 uf i.ur
til
llr Si
aniiT ap
Tin.' Was ii'oai
-0 to ;;i) fii 1 1.
'//.. \ ol.
hs
. S.illlr lini'' alti r
oil ', all in olio
ll'l.allril,!
Tlt.VDR AND GOVERXMFAT,
1C>7
l\:u\k ami \)n\\vv (Icpciid .urcally iiih)ii AvcalMi. wliicli
••onsists oi" iniplciiiciits. wives, an'd slaves. Adniissiou
to alliance \\]t\\ iiie.liciiie-iiieii, m hose iiiMiieiiee is -reatest
ill the trilH-MMii oiiK he ^aiiu'd hv sacriliee ol"" private
])r<>pei-t\-. Hefciv the disappea ranee ol' sea-otters IVoiu
the llai.lah ^vatel■s. the skins of that animal roinied (he
chiel' element of their tradi' and wealth; now the po-
tahu's cultivah'd in some pai'ts, and the vai'ioiis maini-
laetures of (^)iieen (Miarlotte islands, snpplv their sli-ht
neeessifii-s. There is -reat rivalrv amonu'lhe islanders
111 snpphin-'the trihes on the ma"in with' poiatot s. Ileets
(_)(' lortv or (iftv <'iiiioes en-a-in-' each vear in tlu' trade
from (,)ueen Charlotte Islands. .Fort Siiupson is the -ivat
commercial rende/vous (;f the snrronndin,!:' natiiais." who
assemhle from all directions in Septend;er". to hold a I'air
dispose of their -oods. visit friends, fl-ht enemies, I'east.'
and dance. Thus eontim:e trade and' nierrv-makin- for
severalweeks. Lar-e Ileets of canoes from the north' also
visit \ ictoria, each sprin^ii' lor tradin-' purposes.''
^'crv little can he said of the -(.v'ernmeiit of the Ilai-
didis ni distinction IVoin that of the other nations of the
Xorthwest ( 'oast. Anion- nearlv all of them rank is nom-
inally hereditary, for the most part hv the finale line,
hut really depeii.ls to a nreat extent on wealth and ahility
m Mar. Teimdes often possess the ri-lit of ehicriain.diip
In early iidercourse with wldtt^s the ciru'f traded for tljo
whole tnhe. siiliject. however, to tlu" approval ofthe several
families, each of which seemed to form a kind of Mihordi-
iiate-overnmenil.yitsell. !ii some parts the power of ilu;
I.i....(>--;t I:,,-,; tn r hnlluw, ,1 ,,nt-^rrs, .nMi,,^ tl,.. ,u,mI I .f „,„• St, ;„.„,• S!„-
XN.is hlark. vv.ll, ,,an,l,,l i,„.i-,: ,l,..k, ,| „„,■: ,■,,„! ha.i ,,a,l,l]..s ,, :„i ,1 ,
vn,lIn,I^msm„l..,■,•o^,,, , ,,,,;,„, |„.„M„un,l. Tl„. M,v,-s.uan v / , , '
M,. uas II,,,,,, .1 tn.mr ,;n;.K, an,| w, nt a, t!.. ,.,-,■ ,,f ,!„•, ,. : i;,., , | "
' , ';■':"' ■ ',"'""■'■■ ''^''""' """V ""'1 'I'i^ "''■^- <''""::ia ,:., V ,„,.M i , :
anil' '/;,,/.'.;/. f . ; ... •'"^\>- "'.i .,i-, I'l In.' l:ii,ii-,i!-s\av .'vo'-
Jl \,.
■I- ,_!,,.,«: ,s, „/,.,.„ s i),'n-i.u,.l.l.„in,., v..l. i.. ,,. -jii,;. / „.,/■, ', /
Ml
1(18
COLU.MP.IANS.
oliief sooms aLsdlutc. and is wantonly oxer 'ah] in tlic
(jonuuission oi' tlio most cnu'l acts accordini:' to liis jHcas-
xnv. T\\e cxtcn ive cnihanknionts and weirs I'onnd hy
Mackenzie, althon,i;li their construction nuist \\n\v re-
(juiivd tlie association of all the la1)or ol" tiie trilu', uere
coini)letely under the chief's control, and no one could
(ish Avithout his jH'rniission. The jieople sei-nied all eijual,
but strantici's nnist obey the natives or leave the village.
Crinics have no punishment l)y law; nnu'der is settled for
with relatives of the victim, hy death or l)y the payment of
alar^'esuin; and sometimes general or notorious offenders,
especially medicine-men, are put to death by an agree-
ment amoni;' leading men."'" Slavery is universal, and as
the life of the slave is of no value to the owner exce[)t as
l)ropei'ty. they arc treated with extreme cruelty. Slaves
the northern tribes })urch!>se, kidnap, or capture in war
from their southern neiuhbors. vb.) obtain them by like
means from each othei', the course of the slave trallic ])e-
inii' iicnerallv from south to north, and from the coast in-
land.^''
Polygamy is everywhere practiced, and the ntmiborof
wives is regulated only b\- wealth, girls being bought of
parents at any ])rice vhich may be agreed upon, and
retui'ued. and the price I'ccovered. when alter a jii-oper
trial tluy are not satisfactory. The transfer of the
pi'esents or ])rice to tlu; liride's ])arents is among some
tribes accompanied by slight cei'cmouies n<.\\hei'e fully
described. Tla> marriage ci'remonies at ^lillbaidv Sound
arc ]iei'forme(l on a platform ovei' the water, suj jiorted
b\- canoes. \\'hile jealousy is not entirely unknown,
chastit} a[)pears to be so, as women who can earn the
"■- M'ii!,-i'h:i'''fi I'll/., pp. .171-.'); Tiihn'io n)i(l Aitihrsnn, VI l/iriVti i\'((/., vnl.
ii., pp. 'IW -J, •J.\'\\ M<lfji<-'K 11, ('., p. .|-J'.I; .Sidiyi.so//';; (Irrr'uiiil Ji:'!!)., Mil. i.,
p. '10>; liixi ii's \'<ii/., ]i. '2'-7. ' 'riii'i'f ( \ists II -ill 111'; ih.iii avc,:rl:iriivi:-t(icr:icv."
'Tlic I'liii'fs iiri' ahviiys (if iimpu stimiiiMc liirtli, iiiul (ciicrally I'nr.iit a: ■•'r<i
tlicir aur( sti i-M lui u who wire faiiiinis in liatlli' aid (•(nun il.' ''I'lii' cliicf is
vi';_;arili (1 wiih all (lie rcvcniicc aial i( s]ii(t wlia li liis im?^;. liis riilli, and
liis Wealth call claiiii,' hut 'his iKiwcr is hy 11(1 nicaiis uiihiiiili il,' t'.iinlv >•
Ak:f. Ari'h., ]). Ill I,
:ii l).i„.,\i(ii: h;i. ji]). 'J7:! I. 2s:i: Parf.vr's Kxphu-. Tnu,-., ji. •_(;:!; I'nuhl's
AliX. Ardi., II. oO; Ivim ',s WkmL, p. 2iiU.
! i
IIAIDAII (i.UIIiLEIiS. ],.„
Kill "'""'T'; ■"',■ '''""'"'■^ "■'" ^■'■'■^" -'""ration /;„.
-m nud ml.nt.n,!,. ,„v „„t „„.,„„,„„„. T u li
I , J, t ,. ..,,,1 l,c,„-n,^ .xu.n.l.s to liMtvu. i;„,,..sK
1 •'■ on mats round a ccMiti-al iiu-'^ • .ui , iccp
'•"Kl oven, plavo.l with s.nall round stick, iu |i -h ,
|;:;;f -|3XSE;t;;i,:;:;;:; ? e
M.. i|»,i l,v l„s aiitii-oiiist ill m-usv Ml 1,., ,. I ■*
;:;;'' V' r''''^'>--i'-'- 'I- -;ot-\vh J :;;';:;
M^ : l.a, ,,., „itoxi..„tii|. ,lii„k l,.i;m.. At tlirir ,i '
;:;;i':"-T'' ^■^ '■''■?'■"'■•■"-'■"- ti-v a"
^i:;i:..i;'':;,;?:'!f'''''''^'vv'''|-"'|''---'-'.".>«-i
.)Hv^n.K a su.tal.le .vturu l.in,.' .xpcvtn! fWr
At these, rcrc.i.t.on ll,ists, nicu aud wo.ucu
.- . ■. . ' •• !'• '^•'•'- ^"' I'P. '-Jl-... ail, I v,,I i
111 iti .1 ,.,.,■* 1. 1 1 • ' '
aiv 111 L'.ii, ml V,.,.,. ;....i,., /. .; ■• ''!'• •"-!•>.
aiv 111 5,r,.,„,,.,,i V, ry, j,al,,iis(,f tl
I'liliviJiis ill
1
tati,
Iiaii] II
.1/.,-
K' II visit f(
iiic f.iiiiiil
I'P
Kir w,iiii(.ii.
ll.-,-i(; i:
'I'Ji,. 1
•/, I-
HI,. (.,iu,]i,.iit ji,.]i
11. '22.-,-(;,
liillalis
'//..(.. II
l>h>i! liims<lf.' .]/,
lll,-,lst (111 II
II.
y .L;(i||ii,' f,) Ills 1
-liu'.lcsiirl,. s,.l],laii,]„ v,'.("l,. 1
- lial'lirlli:,,],,,,:,.,,,]' ,,^,
If
"til.
lu'idln
.V 'I...
'■•., 1'. •-
|'<. iiiid
: ill,, r,
Imri.ia.
'On tl
■.'/. I'
!1.
"■«l-cniii)iaiJi.,ii, and (al,
^^111!,'.
/)
IV \v..,liliii-,lay tlu'v 1
<' ]ili. ;!i.O.
-'. /',//■/,
iliollnlis, (1
'/(/( .s' ()rt;it,)i, 1,1,
IC \vi(l(
I;IV,. It , ,il,|;,. f,,,„f^ ,,, ^^,,
i!|.4 IIIV
IMfy ],1; s,Ilt ,.f (I wif,
'j>s,.,, s dnrhiiil .A,
II' a K'll■^^.
xd
|. IS (111,. (
.fill
if (h.. (1,
Vdi.
>•! .-t, V8:»
A.
(■(.ast (1 is trail
.s .S
(.■(/((.S,JJ.
,'ivat( r-t li
1'
Ldl]
'I'niiirs (hat can 1
^l'< n, ,1 (,i l,:s
•'llii.t. i;.;.,,-
>!-' sLdwn il,, 10
>i!
170
COLUMBIANS.
!iro seated on l);'n 'lu's aloiiLi' ()i)[)'.)sittMv;ills; nt AveiLling
leasts l)i)tli si'xcs (luice and siii^j,' t(\;ietlK'r. In danciiig,
the I)(>;1\ . Ilea 1. and anus are thrown into \ai';oiis atti-
tndes to keep time witli the nnisic. very little use In'ing
made of the It'^is. On (^neen Charlotte Islands the uoui-
on dance at leasts, while the men in a eii'de heat time
with stieks. the oidy instruments, exeejjt a kind of tam-
honrine. I'or their danees they deek themseKi's in their
])est array, inelndinj i)lenty of hirds' down. Ashieh they
deliuht to cominnnic • ■*■' Mieir jKU'tners in Ijc^win;^', and
Avhich tluy also hlow the air at rt'irnlar intervals,
thron;j.h a painted tuhe. ;"heir ^on,li's are ;i .>im[)le and
monotonous ehant. with which t!Ky accom})any most of
their danees and ceremonies, thouiih Maelun/ie lu'ard
amoiiLi; th nt some sol't. plaintive tones, not uidike church
music. The chiels in winter jiive a jiartly theatrical,
})artly rtTiLiious entertainment, in which, after prepara-
tion hehind a curtain, dressed in rich apparel and wear-
iuLi' masks, tluy ap[)ear on a stai^e and imitate dilTerent
spirits for the instruction of the hearers, who meanwhile
kee[) u]) their soni:s.'''
.Vftei" the salmon seas(m, feastinj;' and conjin'in,^ are
in order The chief, whose greatest authoi'it^)' is in his
chai'acter ol" conjui'er. or hci-trnilal' as he is tei'ined in
the Ilailt/.uk ton,:^ue. pi'etends at this time to li\e alone
in the forest, fasting or eating grass, and ^\hiK> there is
known as hKunixli. AVhen he returns, elad in Ijeai'-rohe,
ehaiiU't. and veil-hark eoUai'. the crowd Hies at his ap-
])roach. exiH'pt a few hrave spirits, who holdly pi'i-sent
their naked arms, from which he hites and swallows
large moutlifujs. This, skillfully done, adds to the repu-
tation of holli hiter and hitten. and is ])ei'haps all the
foundation that exists for the re[>ort that these })eople are
^■' 'Tlif Qurcii ('liinl<itt(> Islimdci's snv]iass any jH'oplo that I v\v\ saw in
liassiiiiiatc adilictimi ' to j^'aiiililiii'^. 7''"//i '>■ o. ( hur. /■/., ji. ."ilS 'iO. Sic pp.
JS(i .^7, '.ItJ at. MdcLi n.ii's 1'",'/., I'p. '2SS, ;U1. 'J'lii' SdiasNas ai'c {,'rc'iit
j;a;nlili rs. and ' n siiiiMt' the ('liiiindks in ttuir piims.' Ihiiin'.'i Lh(:i;i.ii, pj>.
L.") 7, -".2 '.•, ~y\ '■''. -'M. ''J'lif Iniliau naidi' of danrini,' licavs ii stianf^e
rcsfiaManci' to tlia! in ii'^c anionL; tlic < 'liim .^|..' I'mji's <j. il.iir. Is'.. |i. SJ.
Li/i-'I's \'il.. \i<\. ii.. 1'. :'>'^: J'urhir'^ K,tj\"i\ Tour, j). lOII; luil. J.ij'f, p. 03.
wciLliii'T
(hiiiciii
;)iis iittl-
se iK'iiig
he uoiii-
leat lime
of taiii-
' ill their
id I they
iiiii', and
iitefvals,
i[)le and
most ot"
ie heard
e chiireh
leatrieal,
preijara-
ul Avear-
dillerent
janwhilo
iring are
is ill his
•rmed in
\e alone
there is
rar-rol)e,
: his ap-
■ [U'esent
sAvallims
he i\'|)ii-
^ all the
eople are
ever saw in
II. Si c J1[i.
iS arc ^'I'ciit
V'iC'jtJii, j>]).
S 11 stiilUKU
Is'., p. K>.
iff, \\. 03,
MAGICIANS AND MEDICINE-.AIEN. lyj
ranni]>als; althon-h Mr Duncan, speakin- of tlie rimn-
syaiis 111 a Joenhty not definitely [ix(,l, testifies to the
teann- to pieces and actual devourin- of the l.odv ol'a
munleiyd slave hy naked hands (,f ,„nnihal me.li.i.u..
J"cn. ()nly certain parties of the initiated practice this
h:.rl.ansm. others confining their tearing cerenionv to
the hodu's of doiis."'
Xoiie of these horrihle
orgies are practiced h\- the
n^^yn ( harlotte Islanders. The i.erformances o'f the
lla.dah magicians, s « far as they mav differ from those ,4'
tlH- .Nootkas haA-e no; ,. -on clearly descrihed hy trawlers
1 he magicians of Chatham Sound keep infenial sj.irits
.-Init up 1,1 a Ik.x away from the vulgar ua/e, an.l pos-
sess giyat ].ower hy reas(m of the implieit helief ,n the
part ol the people, in their ahility to charm awaN life'
i lie doctor, however, is not hevoud the ivacli of a" kins-
man s revenge, mjd is H)iiu-times murdered.''" AVith thdr
ceivmo.ues and superstitions there scms to he mix,.!
veiy htt le religion, as all their many fears have refer-
ence to the present life. (Vrhiin owls and s.piinvls are
rcganh.l with reverence, and used as charms; salmon
must u..t he cut across the grain, or the livin- fi>h will
leave thr nver; the mysterious opiM'atic.iis with astronom-
ical anil other Kuroj.can instruments ahout their rivers
canned great fear that the fisheries would hernine.l- fo-s
•I'v <'<.>iinred away without the slightest suspicion of the
sun s a;.vncy.- Kuropean navigah)rs they welcome hy
l'a<l. hug their hoats several tinu's ,,Mind the ship, mak-
ing long speeches, scattering bird," ilown, and siii-iic-^^'
tl
'' The liuliMiis (,f :\rilll.,uik Soniiil l),.cni!!c cxus
iiy i;;i vc luc 1
if 1 n!
for, I
li' Tliinir (if " »'/,/fi
I'liild si.it, tlirv
1. (■
XllSJXTIltcd M'_Mil|,t lllc
, '• sill, '11/:
111,1
wciiilil run ami try to take iip'tj
ii'cor,im,L;astli,Aaftrr\VMr.lsinfori,i',.,l
^1' or iiiau'iciaM; and li,. would i-l
.s- Q. I 7,
/.'■■'/'>■ .\'(/
])]). liT'.l-Sil; I'uol,'
"ir, (111 yiiitiiidi'd t
lariii liiy lifr'awav.' /;»,,
Hid will 11 ii(..-ir til
!tl
1' till' splUlr 111 soiii' l!:iii..
o j^ivc it to till ir
■M r,
'(!'•(;• .S In
I'P
1, r.:t
IJ-, Vol, n., jip. as.vy.
p. ■i2n -].
ii's <Jri<!i,ii,
III
'■.i"i>, )ili
I'l'
I'l'
-.71
Ill
II
' !
172
COLUMDIANS.
Ordiiiiiry prosonts. like tolKieoo or trinkets, are <iln(11v rc-
eeived. hut a written testimonial is most liiiilily })ri/e(l hy
the Ilai(hi]is, ^vllo regard wi'itiim' as a ureat and valiiahlo
mystery. They have al)solutely no methods of reeordinii'
ex'ents. Althoiiuli livinir so constantly on the uati-r. 1
find no mention of their skill in swinnninji'. 'while I'oole
states expressly that they have no knowledge of that
4(1
art
A'ery sliuht accounts are extant of the peculiar methods
of eui'ing diseases prac^ticed hy the Ilaidahs. Their chief
I'eliance, as in the case of all Indian trihes. is on the in-
cantations and conjurinjis of their sorcerers, who claim
supernatural powers of seeing, hearing, and extracting
disease, and are p; id liherally when successful. IJark,
herhs. and vai'ions decoctions are nsed in slight sickness.
hut in serious cases little reliance is placed on tlunn. To
the hites of the sorcerer-chiefs on the main, eagle-down
is ai)i)lied to stop the hleeding. after which a ])ine-gum
])laster or sallal-hark is api)lied. On (^neen ('harlotte
Islands, in a case of internal uneasiness, large ((uantities
of sea-water aiv swallowed, shaken up, and ejected through
the mouth for the purpose, as the natives say, of "washing
themselves inside out.'"
Death is ascrihed to the ill will and maliiin inlluence
of an enem_\', and one suspected of causing the death of
a prominent individual, must make ready to die. As
a rule, the hodies of the dead are hurni'd. though e.\-
ce|tti()ns are noted in nearly every part of the teri'itory.
}n the disjiosal oi the ashes and larger hones which
remain unhurned, tiiere seems to he no fixed usage.
l^ncased in hoxes, baskets, or canoes, or wrap[)ed in
4" Pnoh's q. Char. W., pp. 109-10, 110; Andnsnn, in LonVs Xat., vol. ii.,
p. '2\-2.
■" At nliont "I'i UV. Lctwccn the Friiscr Rivcv and tlio racific, Ma(li( ii/ic
nlisi'i'Mil tlic ti-catmciit (if a man with a hm\ nicer (in liis back. Tin v liliw
(in liini and wliistli d, jii'csscd tlicir fm.Ljcrsdn liisstdniacli. jint tin ir lists into
liis iiiiiiith. and spdnted water intii liis face. 'J'lien lie was (•aiii(d intu the
■Wdiiils. laid ddwn in a clear sjtot, and a tire was Imilt at-'ainst liis back wliilc
tile ddctur Kcaiitied tlie nicer witli a lilnnt instnuiieiit. \'"i/.. )i]i. liUl-MH;
7>i/(/-'.s iivi'ij'.}!, ]i]i. 'i.-iH. -jst; I'fih's q. I'liiir. hi . jij.. I^IC-'iS; Im,,,- n. ia
Mijin:'ii li. C, :i«'.>-'Jl; J!<eil's yar., in Olynqda Wosli. btund., Muij 10, 18ti8.
II.VIDAII BUlilALS.
173
mats or l)arl\. tliov arc hiiricd in ci- (U'jiosiUMl on (lio
}:r()iiii(l. [>la('C'(l in a tivo. on a ))latr()rni. or linnu IVoni a
])oli'. Articles of })i'oiH'rty jnv lVt'(|ni'ntly (U'i)ositi'(l \\\\h
the aslu's. l)ut not nnil'ornily. t^lavcs' hodics arc siniiily
throun into tlio river or the sea. Monrninii' for the ili ad
consists nsnallv of entting the hair and hlackcninjz' anc w
the lace and neck lor several months. >\monji' tlu' Kai-
uanies, uncsts at the hnrninji' of the l)odies are \vont to
hu'cratc themselves with knives and stones. A trii;c
visited 1)\ ^rackenzic. kept their jiraves free IVom shruh-
bery. a woman clcarinLT that of her hnshand each time
she passed. The Xass Indians paddle a dead chief, gaily
dressid. i-ound the coast villages. '-
The llaidahs. compared with other Xorth American
Indians, may he called an intelligent. hoiH'st. and l)ra\e
race, althongh not slow nnder l"]ni'opean tri-atnient to he-
come drnnkards, gamhlers. and thieves. Acts of unpro-
voked crnelty or treachery are rare; missionaries have
heen somewhat successful in the vicinity of l\)it Simp-
.son. finding in intoxicating li(piors their chief obstacle.^'
*- At r.dca (1(> (^nadrii. Vai)(';.(ivor fouiiil ' a box ii1)ont throe f('<t s([nan', niid
a foot and a half (lii](, in vhicli were th(^ ifiiiaiiisof a hniiiaii sk« Ictnii, \vhi( h
aiiiiiavrtl fidiii tile (•(iiil'iiM<(l situati<ili of tlir liolii s, lithir to have' Ix tii 4iit to
]iicc( s. or thrust with ^rcat violence into tliis small sjiace.'. . . ' I was inclim il
to sn]iiiose that this iiioih' of ilejiositin^' their (had is jjiaetiscd only in res|)eet
to ci'rtain iiersons of their society.' I'n//.. vol. ii., j). :>'>1. At Caiic Xorth-
ninlit rland, in T.t 4")', 'was a kind of vault formed ])artly hy the natural
cavity of the rocks, and ]>artlyliy the rude artists of tho couiitiy. It was
lined with hoards, and contained some fraijuu iils of warlike ini|ilenients,
lyiuL,' mar a sipiare box covered with mats ami very curiously corded down.'
/i/., p. :i7l): '■(</•, laidVi'.s' .\<ir El l)iiriiih>,Y\\. lOil-T. Ont^ncenl'harlotti- Iskimls.
' ('<'s nionuniens sont de deiix es]ic(is: h s )iicnii(rs et les )ilus sinqilis ic
sont coniposi's (pio dun seid |iilii r d'eiiviron dix j.ieds d't'levation et d uii
jiied de dianietre, sur le sonimet dmiuel sont t'lM'es (h'S planclu s fnrmaut nu
])lateau: et dans ijuehpies-uns ce jilateau est suii]U)rti' ]iar deux ])ili( rs. J,e
corps, d.'posc sur cette plali-folliie, est reconvert (h' nioiis^e el de eros>-es
pierres ' . . . ' Les niansolees de la seconde esiece sont ])lus com] loses: iplalic
]potcaux plant- s en terre, et eleves de deux pieds seulement au-d' ssus du sid
jiortent nu sarcophaL;e travailli' avec art. et liei-metiiiuement clos.' Murrliiinil,
i''ii/.. toMi, ii.. ]>]). ]'■'>'> <>. 'AccordiiiL; to another account it apjieanil that
tli( y actually liury their dead: and when anotlu'r of the family dies, the r( -
mains of the ]ierson who was last inteired, are taken from the er.i\e and
hurned.' Mitcl.ii':ii:'s \'<>!/., ]>. 'M)H. Sfc also ]ip. ;!7I, 2'.i-") W: Mmiisfii'.-i iii-.,-
/.ow/ ./i.c)'//., vol.i., i>]>. •iiKi- I: Dniiii'a 'h'riinii. pp."27"2. u7<), "iNO: M'ii/,,i's l).i .,
l>p. 'j7-J. •I'Xw Lord's \(i(., vol. ii., p. 23"); .l/r/c/i'i. '.s \'aii<\ hi., pp. IID- J 1 : IhtH's
,l/<(.s/,.'. ]. -117.
'■' On the coast, at ^)'2 V2' . Vancouvi>r found them 'civil, |_'ood.hun!om-ed
ulid friendly,' \t Cascude (.'anal, about ">2 l-i , ■ iu trullic Ihey proved ihcni-
174
COLl^JIDIANS.
TiiK XooTrcAS, tl>o second division of tlio roliiml)ian
groiii), iirc inr.iU'diiitclv south ol' the IltrKhdi country;
occulting Vancouver Ishnid, and the coast ol' the main
land, hetweon the fifty-second .and the forty-ninth paral-
lels. The Avoi'd iioothi is not found in any native dialect
of the j)resent day. ( Vptain Cook, to wlioui Me are in-
debted for the terui, prohal^ly luisiuiderstood the name
given hy the natives to the region of Xootka Sound. ^'
si'lvis t(i 1)1' keen triulcrs, hut aotcil -witli tlio striftost honesty;' iit ruint.
lI()l)l;iiiH 'tlicy !illl)('liiiv('(l very civilly mid honestly;' while fuith<v north, at
Ohsi rvatory Inlet, 'in their eonntenances was exjiressed ii (lej,'r(>e of savauo
ferocity infinitely snrjiassinj^ any tliin^^' of the sort I hiul hefore oliserved,'
])rcsents lieini,' scornfully rejected. Cey., vol. ii., j)]). "JHl, 2(''.(, Itll.'l, :i;i7.
Tho Ivitswinscolds on Skeena Kiver 'are represented as ii very superior
race, industrious, sober, cli anly, mid peacealile.' Iiul. Aff. Hcjit., INIIII, ]).
5 ill. The Chiinsyiins are liercer ami more uncivilized than the Inilians of
the South. SjiriDit's Sri-ill's, ]>. 'Ml. 'Finer and fiercer Tuen than the Indi.ms
of the South.' Mtij/iie'a II. ('.. p. '250. 'They appear to he of a friendly dis-
j)osili()n, but they are subject to sudden f,'ustsof [las^ion. which are as (|ui<'kly
composed; and the transition is instantaneous, from violent irritation to
the most trancpiil demeanor. (Jf the many tribes. .. .whom I have seen,
these ajipear to be the most susceptibl(> of civilization.' Murl.fnzir's I'e// , p.
5i7"), 'M2. At Stewart's Lake the natives, whenever there is any advanta^o
to be 1,'ained are just as readily tempted to betray <'ach other as to deceive!
the colonists. Miiflk's \'iuir. 14 , i)p. ■Jfiti-CpH, -I.IH- a!); [.nriTu .Vul.. vol. i.,
]). 171. A Kyj^arnie chief beint,' asked to i;o to '.ni^rica or En^dand, rifu-^ed
to i^o where even chiefs were slaves ^tliat is. had duties to perform — whilii
he at home was served by slaves and wives. The Sebassas ' are more active
and cnterjirisinL,' than the ^lilbank tribes, but the j^'reatist thieves and rob-
b, rs on the coast.' Dmiii's Oriiimi, p. "JHT, '27.'i. 'All these visitors of Fort
Simiison are turbulent and tierce. Their broils, which are inv.uiably at-
tended with bloodshed, f^'ener.illy arise from the most trivial causes.' Simji-
Siiii'n (>!•' rl iiiil .liiKrn., vol. i., ]>. 'iOil. The Ky^'arnies 'are very cleanly, tii no
and darini,'.' 'Phe islanders, 'when they visit the mainland, they are bold
auil t;( acherous, and always ready f(U' mischief.' Snnilir. in J.ninl. 'i'id;/. >'iir.
J ")•.. vol. xi., ]i. 'il'.l. The Ky^arnies 'are a very fierce, treacherous race, and
Lave not b(ien improved by the r\im and tire-arms sold to them.' Hull's .\'ii</.ii,
p. 411. (,»ueen Charlotte Islanders look upon white men as su]ierior 1ieinL;s,
but I'onceal the conviction. '1 he Skida.L;ates are the most intelli;4eiit race
ni.on the islands. AWuiderfully acute in reading' character, yet clumsy in
thiir o,vn dissimulation ...' Not reveni^'eful or lilood-thirsty. exce]it win u
smarlin'_; under injury or seekini,' to avert an ima^'iiiary wronj,'.' . . . . ' 1 never
nut with a really brave m;ni anion;.,' them.' The .\coltas hav(> 'i,'iven more
trouble to the Colonial (tovernniint than anv other alom,' the coast.' I'lmlr'ti
Q. Cli'ir. IsL, i)j). 815, ir,[-2. ]sr,-i\. 2(KS, 214, 2:i:i, 2:15. 2I."), 257. 271-72, 2Mt,
it()l>, .■i2t)-21. 'Of a {'nud and treacherous disiiosition.' Ilitlc's Kllmnj.. i,, {'. S.
E.w Kr.. vol. vi., ]). 11)7. They will stand u]) and tii,dit Ent;lislini<n with their
fists. Sjir'Ktt'.i Swncs, p. 2U. Intellectually superior to the l*u,t,'et Sound
tribes. li'd'.^ Xitr. 'Mansos y de Imena indole.' I'nsjii, in l)iir. Hit. Mix.,
s. iv.. vol. vi., p. ()4'). On Skeena Itiver, "the worst I have seen in all my
travels.' DiiHiiii', in Ii. ('. /'i(/»rs, vol. iii., p. 7:!. ' As imljucs, where all aro
ro^uis,' preeminence is awarded them. AiKkisim, in Jlist. M'ti/., vol. vii.,
*' • On my arrival at this inlet. T had honoured it with the name of Kini;
George's Sound; but I afterward fouudj that it is called Nootka by the na-
THE NOOTKAS.
17r>
nmti'V ;
K' main
I ])aviil-
; dialect
are in-
lO iiaiiio
;• iit Point
•V UOltll, !lt
i* of Siiv;l!4('
()l)SI'l'Vt(l,'
I, :{(i:i, :t;;7.
vy sniiividl*
.^, IWIi'.l, 1>-
■ Indians cif
tlic liiiliiUis
'liciidly dis-
(' us (|nicldy
irvitiitiDU to
liiivc SCIll,
Ir'.s I'h// , 1>.
ly (idviUitiit,'o
,s to dic'ivii
\'iil.. vol. i-,
jiiiid. i-cfn^cd
I
nil— while
lovc lutivo
ind roll-
tor
s of Fort
urialily iit-
scs.' >i(iil'-
luly, tiirco
y arc l)ol(\
't ;,<!'}. >■"<■.
ns nici'. iriiil
vior 1h iii'-;s,
lli:4i lit rai'O
clinn^y ill
X<Tl.t wllrll
. , • 1 iiivcr
j^ivcn iiiovc
ast.' /'i"'/''"s
71-72, •>■,»,
M,;..iH r. >■.
11 with their
n<,'ct Soniiil
. //; (. .i/'.i-..
u in :dl ii'.V
.vluiT all iirti
,;., vol. vii.,
nine of Kiii;4
a liy the uii-
Tlio first EiiropcMii si'ttlciiu'iit in this rcuioii \vas on tlic
h^ound, Avliich thus hocaiiu' the centi-iil ])()iiit ofcai'ly \\\\-
ulish and S[)anish intercourse Avith the Northwest Toast ;
hilt it was soon ahandoiie(h and nt) mission or tradi!i^'
post lias since taken its ])hice, so tiiat no trihes ol' tiii.s
fainilv have heen le.^s known in later times than tho.^e
on tiie west coast of \'anconver Island. The chief trihes
of the Xootka iinnily, or those on whose ti'ihal existence,
if not on the ortho^i-aj)liy of their names antiiors to some
extent ajiree. are as follows.^' The .\'ifiii<i(K, Chi/aqnofx,
and a\'oo//v^s•. on the sounds of the same names alonu' tiie
Avest coast of \'ancouver Island; the (^xdchi'ls and AV-
U'if(('i'f</' in th;> north; the ('oir'wlihis. Vclclax. and Coiiiii.r.
on the east coast of N'ancoiiver and on the o|)posite main;
the iS,ni/,iiiifH:;ir/t)i^~. in the interior of the island; the ('/<i/-
A'^z/s."* ,s'o/r,s-. iind P(if</H('iHi, on the south end; and the
Kiniiilli'nm and Ticfx.^''^ on the lower Fra.'^er River. These
trihi's dilfer hut little in physical peculiai'ities. or maimers
and customs, hut hy their numerous dialects they have
heen classi^'d in nations. Xo " )mi)rehensive or satisfac-
tory names liave. 'owever, heen applied to them as na-
tional di\ Isioiis.'"'
fives.' roo/, "s Vnji. to /'((,■., vol. ii.. p. 2SS. 'No Aht ludiiin of tho pvpseut
<l,iy evi'r hi aid of siih ii iiaiiir as Nootkuli, though iiio-,t of tlulii reeoj^'uize
fheothir words in Co dv s account of their Iaiii,'nai,'i'.' Sjirnat's Sn iifs, ji. ;il.").
Sjiroat conji ctiues that the iiiinic may have conic from Ximr/n'c .' \niii'l,i-i I
the Aht wo.d for iiiountiiin. A ]arL;c jiroiiortiouof j,'coL,'iaiihiciil niiiiies origi-
nate ill like niaiuii r tin'oiiji,'h iiccidi nt.
*' For full iiariii-iilar-i see 'rmiiAi. UorND.vitiKs at i nd of this cha]iter.
4'' ' I'he Ni watees, mentioned in many hooks, are not known on the west
coast. I'i'.iliahly the !\l,ih-oh-(|ualits are meant.' >//rn«/'.s' .^Vv- .is, ji. 314.
■i' There ale no indiaii-i in the interior. Fitziri 11 hk's Kvhliua', in Ifinl,
Ji. Co.. /,'./>'. >//"'. I'<i:il.. lS."l7, Jl. ll.'l.
■!■* Tlie s.-iiiie name is iilso aiiiilied to one of the ."^nfinl nations across the
strait ill W.ishiiiet. n.
•■■' Till! 'J'eetsor Ilaitlins are called hy the Tacullies, ' >V( ( 1,1 urn ' sti.iiit^ers,
A))(Ioiy'iii, ill U'kI. .!/«/., Vol. vii., \\\). l'.<-\.
^"Siiroat's division into nations, 'almost us distinct as tli" nations of
Enro|ie ' is into the 1,)iiim|1ioii1i1i ( (^>iiackolIi or Fort linp rt. in the iiortji iiiul
north-e.ist ; the ivnwilehaii, or Thuii'^eith. on tlie east and south; .Vlit on tlu'
West coast: and i\oiiiiix, it distinct trilie also on the east of A'aiieoiivi r.
'Tliise trihes of the Ahts are not confederated; iind 1 have no other warrant
for calliiiL; tieiii a natii .i than the fact >;[' their occiiiiyiii',' adjacent terntorii s,
mill haviiii; the s.iiiie sn|ierstitioiis a i'' lan.i,'iiaL;e.' ■'^iir^nrn .'^n.mt, jij). J,S-1',»,
311. Mayne makes liy lanL;iiaL,'e foil, nations; the tirst including,' the Cow-
itehi'ii in the h nlior and valley of the siuiii' name north of Victoria, with the
Numiiuiu u.ul Kwantluiu Indians iihout the inouth ul' the Fruser iiivcr, unj
Ill
170
C0LUMJ51ANrt.
Rotwocn till' Xootka i'ainily and its fisli-ciitiiiu' lU'ijih-
bors on the north and .south, tlio lino of distinction is
not clearly marked, hut the .iontrust is jireatt-r >vith the
interior huntinji' triho.s on the east. Since their (Irst in-
tercourse Avith uhites, the XcM>tl\as have constant! n de-
creased in nunihers, and this not oidy in those parts
where they have heen hroujiht into contact Avith traders
and miners, hut on the Avest coast, Avliere they IiaNc iv-
tained in a measure their primitive state. The savage
lades hel'ore the superior race, and immediate intercourse
is not necessary to pi'oduce in native races thosi'; • baleful
inlluenci's of civilization.' \vhich like a lu'stilcnce are
Avafted I'rom afar, as on the Avinus of the wind.''^
The Xootkas are of less than medium heiiiht. smaller
than the llaidahs, hut rather stronjily huilt; usually
]!lump. ))ut rarely corpulent;'" their legs, like those of
llic SrniL,'la('s; thcsionnd poitiin-isinf! tho Cnmonx, Nnnoosp, Nimjikisli, (Jiiiuv-
j^uult, t'ti'., on X'iilicduvcr. aiul tin; Siniawiiiislit, Sccliclt. (.'liilidOM', Icli -tali,
Maliiii-lil-a (•iilla. etc., (Hi tlu: liiaiii, and islands, Ik twt tn Nanainin and Fovt
Kupiit; till' third ami I'unitli t,'r(iniis include the t\v( nty-foiir wcst-coa.-it trilx'S
\\hi> speak twodistiiK t lan-^'iia^es, not uanied. .1/ (i.ki 's !'(/,.(•. />/., ]>\<. 'Jli'.i-iil.
(Iiaiit's division j^ives fmir laneiia;,'es on Vancouver, viz.. the (.iiiaekoll, from
('!ayo(iuot Sound iiiuth to C!. Scott, and thence S. to Johnson's Strait: the
Cowilchin, from .loliHson's Strait to Sanetch Arm; tlii! 'rsclalhini, or Clel-
hini, from Sani tch to Soke, and on the opposite .\mei-ican shore; and the
Macaw, from l'at(dieena to ('layo(]Uot Soimd. ''I'hese four (irinciiial hin-
f,'na;,'es .. are totally distinct from each otlier, both iu sound, formation,
and modes of expression.' (Irdi'l, ii Ln id. (,'fiiii. Sor. .lour., vol. xxvii.. p. "iitf"),
Scouler atti nipts no division into nations or hin^'uaees. Li.ihL (!(■■. >'iii\ Jnttr.,
vol. \i., pp. 221. 2_1. Mofras sin^^'ularly dcsiijnati s them as one nation of
2ll.(H)(l souls, uiiiler the name of (limhirh. Mi'i'ni^. K.vjtloi-., torn. ii.. p. WA'i.
itecent investii^atioiis have shown it somewhat ditleii nt relationship of these
lan^,'nau;es, which J shall j^ivo more i>artictdarly in a suhsecpunt volume.
■'•' See Simiitl's >c(//i.s, pp. '272-h(), on the "etlects npon savai^'es of inter-
course with el VI
ili/ed
• Hitherto, ( iS.'iCi) in N'aiicv.uver Jsland. the trihes
who have iirincipajly heen in intercourse with the white man. have found it
for their inti n st to kee)> up that intercourse in amity for the purposes of trade,
and the whiti' adveiituiers have lieeii so few in nnmher, tliat they have not
iit all interfered with the ordinary pursuits of the natives.' Untid, in Lmnt.
'I";/.
./,.
vol. XXVII.
1'
;t().s.
'■' ' Aluy roliustos y hieii ajieisonados.' ' Dc mediana estatura, oxcejito los
Xefes euya coipulencia se hace iiotar.' Siitil // Mi.vindiii, lii/ /(, pp. ")•"). I'i4.
'I'lie youiit; i)rincess was of low stature, very i>liimi).' \'ii
iifonii /• ,s
I "//.. Vol. i.
ji. ;i'.ir). Mac([uilla. the chief was five feet iii;ht inches, with S(p;are shoullersi
lid muscular limhs: his son was live feet ni
lie uiclies.
Jirlcl,,
pp. 11(1-12. The seaboard tribes have ' not mindi (ihysical streii<;th.' /'-
l>.i'hiii\ />/., p. 7;t. ' La ^'eiite diceii ser niuy robusta.' 7'( /•(.', Uil.iUl V
MS., )i. 2(1. ' I.,eur faille est nioyi
Lteiieral. nibnst and well ])ro)Hirtioned.' Mn
Mn/rns, /•.'.i/z/ii?'.. torn, ii., J). ;m:5. 'In
I''///., p. 'Jt'.l. Under the eoni-
iiion stature, jjretty full uud pluuiji. but uyt muscular — uever corpukut, old
!
I i,
NOOTKA rilVSUH'E.
177
iu'i;j,li-
ioii is
th the
rst in-
tly (k«-
• parts
hiulors
IVI' 10-
svvii<ie
rcourso
JKiloful
ICO are
«nalUn'
usually
lioso of
isli. (}u;nv-
, Lclr-tilh.
o iiiul l"l)Vt
Oilr^t tlilllH
,i..-2i:!-r>i.
•kiill. fioui
Stniit'. the
a, (IV Clil-
■ ; and iho
iciiml laii-
il'iiniiiitimi,
,s,,c. Jiiiir.,
liatidli tif
ii.. p. :!43.
i|i <it' tliL'se
luiiir.
s (if iiitcr-
, Uit' tribes
f fdiiiid it
■sdf Ivaik',
have not
ill Laud.
hxccltto los
(li. .",.■). lA.
In//., vol. i.,
I sliimMei'S
,!(/., \ul. i.,
111.' I'nultS
I hi ri((',e,
■^\•^. 'In
|r the (M)in-
iiukut, uld
nil tlic roast tribos. short, small, and frociuontly (lofonuod,
vith lai';:o loot and aid\los;''' the I'aoo hroad, round, and
lull, Avith tlio usual proniinont chook-hono, a low I'oro-
lioad. Hat noso, wide nostrils, small black oyos, round
thickish-lipitod nioutli, tolorahly ovon woll-sot tooth; the
uholo Iniiuinji' a countonance rathordnll and o.\i»rossi«)n-
loss. liut lVo(jUontly pleasant. '** The Xootka comi)loxion,
ly 11
ic saliM^ si/.c an
])(()jili' l.'im— sliort neck mid clniiisy Ivxly; women near
llic III! II. (,,<,/, 'x \'iij/. til I'll!'., vol. ii., \i\). ;i(ll-;t. ' Ol' snmllcr htatnic than
the NoiiIk 111 'I'riliis; till y arc tisuallv fatter and iiioic iiiiiscular.' >('«, (/(/■, 'm,
J.iiiiil. itinii, >(;(■. Jiinr., vol. xi., ]>. 221. In tlie north, ainoii),' the {'layo(|iiolrt
und (^iiacUolls, men are often met of five feet ten inches and over; on tho
Bouth coast llie stature varies from live feet three inches to live feet six iiielies.
Oihi'I, ill l.iinil. lii'iiij. Siii\ Jiiiiv., vol. xxvii., (i. 2!i7. ''I'lic men lire in \ii\\-
rral from almiit live fit t six to live feet ei,L,'ht iuchoM in liei'.,'ht; remarkalily
Btruiuiit, of a ^'iiiid form, rolmst and stroni,'.' Only my dwarf was sii n. ./« /'-
iil'x Sii,-.. iij). fid 111. 'I'lie Klali-oh-(inahts are 'as a trilic pliysieally the tiliest.
Individuals may ho found in all the trila s who reach ii liiiKliI *it live fei t
eleven inches, and a wcJLtht of IHO jmunds, wilhout much llcsh on tin ir
liodies.' lAtninc avera;^'e lui^'ht ; men, live feet six inches, women, live feet
one-fourth iiicli. ' Many of the im n have well-sh ijicd forms and limhs. Xoiui
are coriiuient.' 'The men i^enerall.v have well-set, stroii;4 flames, and, it
they h id 1 luck and skill, could proliahly hold their own iu a uraii|ile with
Kie^lisjimeii of the same stature. Sjn-udt's Scjii's. jip. '^2 U. ' liilln r ahovo
the middle stature, copper-colored and of an athletic make.' Simii/s l.ijn of
l.iili/iiril. p. 71: I'/ifl^iinl's /iVmkccAi.s, vol. v.. )). \['l. ' Spare muscular forms.'
linrrill- I.I iin'triVs Truv., \>y. '1-1; iluvihin's Hist, iinil <li'"j. Mim., ])|i. 1 1 -22.
'I Linilis small, crooked, or ill-made; larije feet; badly shaped, and prn-
jectiiiL,' ankles from sitting,' so much on their hams and knees. I'mil/n Vnii.
'/>< I'm-., vol ii., pp. ;i()l-;t. 'Their limbs, thou^'h stmit and athletic, aro
crooked and ill-sha[icd.' Miann' Viifi., p. 2-"')ll. 'Us (Uit les niemlires infi'-
rieures li';,'eremelit ari] Ill's, lis chevilles trcs-saillailtcs. ct la pointe des [liedrt
lonnii'e en dedans, ditlormiti' ipii provieiit de la mani('re doiit ils sunt assis
dans leiirs caimts.' Mni'rus, h'.riilor., foiii. ii., pp. IUU-4. 'Stunted, and niovo
with a lazy \vadillin;4 nait.' Miictii'a \'iiiii'.. /</., ji. IJK. ' Skehton slianks. . . .
not much physical streii|j;th . . .bi)w-lej,'j,'ed— defects common to the se.iboaid
trilas.' I'iKiii's (J. I'liiir. Isl., jip. 7.1-1. All the females of the Niutliwest
Coast are very short-limbed. 'Itaro es el (pie no tieiie muy salieiites los to-
billos y las piintas do los pies iuclinadas hacia deiitro. . . ,y una especie do
entumecimieiito (pie se advierte, particularuieiite en las mu,i,'eres.' .s»(;/ y
Mi:eir ml, \'i'i'ii\ p|). 121. ;ti>. (!J :l. They have <,'reat streiij^'tli in the tiiiL,'i rs.
I'^lifoiii.'s >/■(■//(■>■. p. ;i3. Moiniii, short-limbed, and toe in. liL. p. 22; Mnijuv's
li. ('., ])p. 2X2-;i. 'The limbs of both sexes are ill-formed, and the toes
timed inwards.' 'The Icl's of the women, especially those of the slave-,,
are often >wiilleu as if oedematoiis. so that the le^ ajipears of an uniform
thickness from the ankle' to the calf,' from weariiig a garter, .scoii/c;', in /.unit.
hiiiij. S<,r. ,/<»(/'., vol. xi.. ]i. 221.
'' "T'lie dirt'ereiit .\ht tribes varv in jihysioLrnomy somewljat— faces of tho
i'hiiiese and Spanish types may be seen.' • I lie face of the Alits is rather
bro.id and llat: the mouth and lips of ixith miMi and women are lai'u'e. tlimieh
to this there are exceptions, and tho cheekbones are broad but not liiL;li.
The skull is fairly shajied. the eyes small and lonj,'. deep set, in eoioiir a
lustre|e>.s inexpressive black, or very dark hazel, non(^ bein;.^ blue, ),'rey. or
brown. . . .One occasionally seesan Indian with eyes distinctly Chinese. The
nose. . . .in sonv instances is remarkably wt- 11-shuiJud. ' ' Tlie tcelli uio ley-
VoL. I. Vi
178
•COLr^ir.IANH.
m fill' as cfroiiso and ])aint liav*' allowed tiNnclcvs to ob-
wr\»' it. is (U'cidt'dlx li,i:lit. Imt apparcntlv a ^liadi' darker
than that oi' the Ilaidah laiiiilv.'"' The liaii'. worn lon|i'.
iiliiv, lull Htiiiniiy. iiiitl lire dt i'ui( nt in iimiiu'l at the )n>iiits.' ]>i vliiips frdin
liiliii^' saiul. il '■aliiidii. >i)ftiiit'x >('('/(i.s', 11(1. IW, 'Jl . ' 'I In ii fucis nvr \nv\^i'
1111(1 lull, tin ir clnrliH lii^,'li mid )ii(iiiiiiiiiif, with siimll Mack eves; their ikisi s
arc liiiKid and ilat: tin ir li|is tliirk, ami they have ),'. iiiiallv vc ly lliw tn tli,
mid <if till' iiid'.t hiilliaiit vliitciiisH.' Menres' I'd'/., jip. 2l'.i "iH; lliirnll-lji,-
iiiinl'x I'l'iif., ]). 41. ' J,ii lisoiKiiiiiii dc rstos (NitiiiatM tin dill'c ri iilc dc lii dc
loH hiil'ilalitis dc Xutlia: t( liiali < 1 ( lalic ci di' li^um natural, Ins njus cliiins
imiy iiii'ixiiiKis, car'.^ados Ins jn'iri iidns.' Jfaiiy liav<' ii laiiuiiid Innk, Init fi w
u htui id ii|i)M aiaiiiT. >(//;/ ;/ Mi^'icima, I laiie, it|>. LH, ;.(i. (12 )!. 121. 'I)idl
mid iiiixi n hsivc v\i\' ' rii|'rciiii--s(ssiiij,' niid stiijiid ((iiinti iiaiici s.' i'loi'i '.s
(J. I'liiir. Isl., ]ip. Vl, 8(1. 'I'lii' Wickitiiiiiiish have 'ii iiiiiih Iim; njuu aiid
liliasiiiL; i'\]ir( ssioii (if coniiti nan c ' than the Klaizzarts. 'J he Nrwclii iiiiiss
' \vi ic tlic most sava;,'!' hinliiiit,' and U^'ly liicii that Itvcrsaw.' ''Ihf slmi>('
nf till' face is oval; the features aii' tnlirahly rii^'idar, the 11] is 1 nil ii; thin and
the tilth very white and t veii: tie ir < yes are lilaek hut railn r Mnall, ami the
nose jiietty \vi II tnriiii d. Ill iiii; m illur Hat nor very i.iiiiiiiin iii.' The wmiun
'lire ill eiiKial very well-liinkim,', niid snnic (piite haiLilsumi.' ,lii''hl'n^\iii\,
jiji. Ti'i, 77, (11. ' Features that wimlil have iittraeted nutiee fur tin ir di lieaey
mid lieaiity, in tlmse jartsuf the world where the (jualitiis of the hiiluail
form are hi st iimlerstnoil.' Mitins' In//., p. 2'tiK Face loiiiid and fud, soiiie-
tiim s hriiail, with iiromimiit ehei k-lmiies. . hdliiiL; in In twii ii the temiih s,
the nose llatteliillL,' at the liase, wide nostrils mid a riilimled I'oilll .... forelieaii
low; eyes small, hlaek and laiieiiishine; mouth rminil, with larj^'e, round,
tliiikirh li| s; teith tohralily ii|iiai and well-si t, hut iml \iiy white. ]ie-
luarkahle sanieiiess. ii dull iilile<,'iiiatie want of exiiression : im |iretensioiis to
beauty auioiii,' the women. Conl.'s \'<;/. tn I'dU., vol. ii., jiji. 1101-2, See jior-
traits'of Xootkas in IUMkv'h I'..;/., vol. i..i). IhH; i-k.I.'s Atins. ]-l. :tS--li; Siilil
y Mcricmni, i'in'ir, AUhh; ]\'hi/iiiiiir'.s Al'inhd, ]i. 7"). 'Loni; imse. hivli cheek
iiones, latj^'e ULjly mouth, very loii^ eyes, and foreln ads villainously low.'
' The woiinn of Vancouver Island have seldom or ever f^'oml fiatiires: tiny
ftt" almost invariahly ]iu^'-nosed: tiny have however, fri i|neiitly ii I'leasiii}^
tljiression, and there is no lack of iiitelli^'eiice in their dail. h.i/i 1 eyes.' i,niiit,
id J.oikI. ii'iii:i. S(ir. Jiiiir., vol. xxvii.. ]iji. 2'.l7 H. 'Thoiiiih without any iire-
t<>r5sions to heauty. could not he coiisiden d asdisat,'reeahle.' \'i(iir(iiiri-r'n \'<iy.,
vii'. 1., ]i. lilt."). 'Have the common facial characteristics of low foreheads,
liij,'li cheek-hones, a<iuilini' noses, and larf,'e mouths.' 'AmoiiL; sonic of the
fj'ilies )iri tty women may he seen.' Mmjin's II. ('.. ]). 277.
!>■• ■ Jler skin was clean, ai.d heini,' iieiirly white,' etc. ]'iiii(<,uvi'r's V<ii/.,
vol. i., |). ;(',»;■). ' l{i'<ldisli brown like that of a dirty cojuier kettle.' Sonic,
when washed, have 'almost a tlorid coniiilexion.' Uraul, in J.nnil. lieoii. ,Sof.
Jiinr., vol. xxvii., jip. 2ii7, '21)1*. ' I'rown, somewhat inclining to a ('oj)[icr
cast.' 'llie women are much whiter, 'many of them imt hein^' darker
than those in some of th(» Southern parts of Euroiie.' The Newchcinass
(ire much darker than the other tribes. Jvliutl'ti .\<ir., \qt. (11, 77. 'Their
comiilexiou, tliou,i,di li,!.,'ht, has moie of a eo|iper hue' than that of the llai-
dahs. !^r<iiil< i\ ill LuikI. (Imij. Sur, .hiur.. vol. xi., p. 221. Skin white, with
the clear complexion of Europe.' Miari's' Vinj., i>. 250. Tln^ color hard to
tell on account of the paint, but in a few cases ' the wliiti iiess of the skin
(ipjieared almost to equal that of Euro|ieans; tlionoh rather of that jiale ert'ettt
cast of our southern nations. . . .Their children. . . .also ei|nall( d ours in
■whiteness.' Cudh's Vtuj. i> I'ur., vol. ii., y. :i()J. 'Tlnir comjilexioii is ii
dull brown,' darker than the llaidahs. 'Cook and Mi .ires )'ioliably men-
tioned exceptional eases.' Siiniid's ScDii's. \)]). 'l'.]—i. ' T.I 11 blaiicos eomo el
Tiiejor Esiianol.' J'ircz, Hel. ild \"ki'ii', MS. p. 20. Tor lo ijiie se ]iuede in-
ferir del (color) de los uinoB, imreee menos cibsciiro qne el de los iltxicanus,'
\O0TKA HAIR AND BEARD.
179
's to ()1)-
(• (liirktT
irii l<ni|j;',
rlnqis fniin
s .-ire liir^,'!'
till ir iiiisi s
line til til,
U((rii li-Lii'-
Itc (Ic 111 lit'
nji IS cliiiMiS
>U, Imt fi \v
\-l\. 'iMill
. s.' J'..'./«'.S
S (1]M 11 llllll
Icwcliiiniiss
'1 lir t-lmJH'
iil; tliiii imd
:ill. llllll the
Till' \vi>iiuti
■('•i./'s A'//'.,
.1 iv (li liiiicy
till liiiniiin
I I'H.l, MillK-
hc ti iiijiU s.
Y'J,V, Vtllllltl,
whiti . lii-
I trlisiolis to
!. Si I- liul-
, :!S. II; >i(/|7
lii'-li check
u>i_v low.'
luis; tiny
j'lciisiiij^
S.' lifllllt,
it any prc-
ri/s \'ni/.,
t'linlicrtds,
line of the
ri-r'a !'"//•.
Sonic,
'iliill. >()(•.
II coiiiicr
iv_; (linker
w cluiiiiiss
•'Ihcir
,f th. lli.i-
ihitc. with
1' haiil to
it' the skill
jiiile ett'ctc
(1 oilis iu
lixiou is a
ilily liicn-
IS COlllO d
I'Ueilc iu-
UOiiciiuus,'
is as ii nili' l)link oi* dark ln'own, coarse', and straidit,
tlioiijili instanci's an- not \vtintin;,i' wlicrc all tlicsi' <[tiali-
tirs ai'i' rcvi'i'.M'd " TIic beard is carcrnllv |iliickcd out
l>\ the voini^i:' nR'U. and this operation, i-ciieatcd for gen-
erations, lias rcndi'ivd tlio beard naturally thin. Old
men often allow it to jii'ow on tin* eliin and npper lip.
Tt) cut the hail" short is to the Xootkii u disgrace.
AN'orn at Jnll lenjith. evened at the ends, luid sonielinu'S
ent stiai^ht across tlii' li)rehead, it is either allowed to
liaiiii' loosely from nnder a band of cloth or lillet of bark,
or is tied in a knot on the crown. On full-dress occa-
sions the top-knot is secured Avith a jireen bou^h. and
after bein,u' well saturated with whale-^i'rease. the hair is
]>owdered jjlentifully with white feathers, which are re-
garded as the crowning' ornament for manly diiiiiity in all
these rep.ions. lioth sexes, but particulai !y the women,
take great pains with the hair, cinvfully cond>in,n' tind
})laitiiig their loniz' trt'sses. lashionin<i'tasteiul head-dresses
of bark-lil)re, decked with beads and shells, attaching!;
hilt iiiili,'iii^' by tho chiifs' <liin}ihtprs thoy nrc wholly white. Sutil y Mxii'iiim,
\iiiji\ p. J'J'"). 'A (liiik, swiii'thy coiiiicr-colourt (1 li.L;urc.' Linil's .\iit., vol.
i., i>. ll;i. 'I'licy 'Imvc lij,'literi,'ip|ii|'li\ioiis than othei'iil)oi'i^;iiicsof Aim riea.'
(iriiiiliiiir's Jli.st. O'jii., 1>. 1 HI. ■ Sallow ciiiiiplcxiiiii, vcrL^iii'4 towanls eo)i|'ir
colour.' liairiV-l.fHiiurd's Tntv., \)\). 4i-0. L'oiiiier-colourcil. Sjxtrh's J.'nf
(if Liiljiitnl, )). 71.
''• The jiair of the iiiifivis is never shaven from the heail. It is Mack nr
ilark lirown, wiilmut ^loss, coarse ami lank, lait not Hcaiily, wmn loii^,' . .
Slaves Wear their hair short. Now and then, hut rarely, a li^^lit-liaircil native
is seen. 'J'herc is one woiunii iu the Oiicchisat tiilic at Allierni vIh, li,.il
curly, nr rather wavy, lirown hair. Fi \v f^M'i y-hairi d im u c.iii he notieid iu
any tribe. Tim imii's heanls and whiskers are deticiint, jrnhalily fiuiii tho
olil iilli i,'i d custom, now seldom )iraetice(l. of extiriiatiiii,' the haiis with small
shells Several of the Xoolkah Sound natives i Jloouehahts) have lin^,'e
niiiustaches and whiskers.' Sjiri^al's >(•(/».■.•, ji]i. '.T)-?. ' Kl calii llo es lar^'o
Ik ill y Lfrueso, variando sii cdlur eiitre ruliio. olisciiro, castauo y in ^ro. Li»
h;irlia sale a los iiio/os con la misma ri'i^ularidad (jiie a los de otros ]iaises, y
lleua a ser en Ins aneiaiins t ni iiolilada y l.irt;a como la de los 'I'ureos; juro
los jnvelles liarei'eU illllierlies lionjue sc 1:1 arrallc 111 coll los dedos. I'l mas colll-
niiue ntc con jdlizas formadas de iiequeuas conchas.' Sulil i/ M( .ciriiKd, 1'/"^;',
jiji. l'21-">, 57. 'Hair of the Iu ad is iu i^reat idiuiidaliee. very coarse, and
hIioiil;; and without a sinL,de exct [itimi. lilack, stiai;4ht and lank.' No lieards
lit all. or 11 small thin one on the chin, imt from a naii'.ral defect, hut finiil
] luikiii),'. Old men often have beards. Kyebrows scanty and iiarmw. Cn,,/, '■<
I'..,/. /.( /'<(/•., Vol. ii.. j)|). :iOI-;{. 'Neither beard, whisker, nor moiistaelie
ever adorns the face of the redskin.' /.n/v/'.s .V(((.. vol. i. p. 1 H!; Jiiriil's Xnr.,
])p. I'll, 7"), 77. Hair •invariably either black (u- dark brown.' Gi-(ii,l, in Luml.
'I. >o('
Jnxr., vol. xxvii., p. •J',)7; Mi<(ris' I'o//., ]i.'J.")(!; Mni/iifs' It, (.'., jip
277-8; Mdcjk's I'une. JkL, p. llJ; >//«(7i'.s JJj'i; uf Li'ilyard, p. 71,
I
180
coLrMm.\xs.
l(':i(U'ii weiulits to tlio In-jiids to kcei) tlicm struiulit. The
bruised root of ii (vrtaiii [)l;int is tlioujilit by tlic Alits to
i)roinote the growth of the hail'.'"
'i'be custom of Ihitteninu; the Ileal is jM-actioed ])y tlio
Xootkas, in connnou Avith the Sound and Chinook fanii-
hes, but is not universal, nor is so nuich ini})ortan('e at-
tiU'iie(l to it OS elsewhere; althougli all seem to admire a
llatti'ned forehead as a sign of noble birth, even amon;^'
tribes that do not make tliis defoi'iuity a siiiii of freedom.
Amonji' tlie (,)uatsinos and (^)uackolls of the north, the
liead. besides bein^' flattened, is ek^nuati'd into a. conieal
suuar-loaf shai)e. })ointed at the toj). The ihitteninji' pro-
cess ])ejiins iunnediatel}' alter birtli, and is continued
until tlie child can v.alk. It is elVected by coiu[)ressin^
the head uith ti^^lit bandauvs. usurliy attached to the
lou,' cradle, the Ibrehead lieinii' iirst fitted with a soft pad,
a fold of soft bark, a mould of hard wood, or a flat stone.
Observers generally a,i:ree that little or no harui is done
to the l)rain by this inliiction, the traces of which to a
f:rcat exttMit disaiijicai' later in lile. Many tril)es. iii-
ciudinii' the Aht nations, are said to have al)andoned the
custom since they have been brought into contact with
the whites.""^
T\iv body is ke])t constantly anointed with a reddish
clayey ciirth. mi>.ed in trjiin oil, ami conse([uently little
ailei'ted by their fre(|uent baths. In war and mourniug
the whole hody is blackened: on feast days the heao,
liuibs. and body are painted in fantastic figures with V!i-
riot'.s colors, apparently accoiMling to individual faiuy,
although the chiefs monopoll/e ihe Wwn-y figures, the
■>'' Con/.'fi Voy. to Par.. vi)1. ii., ])]). .'iltl-S; .s'l//,'' (/ Mix'onva, Vl'i'ie, jip
J-'i-7; Sjirixit's ^^cciii's, \;\). •If',' t; Miarifi' I'n//., p. .r)!: ^f(tl^fi.l■^tl I'll,,', /.s/., p.
(t'J; Ji'irilt'n .V'O'.. ]i|i. 21. 'Jit, (I'i, (!."), 77-H; ilv<u,>, 'n LukiI. linni. ,S(«'. ,li'.ii\,
Viil. xxvii., p. 'JUT; Mii/m'a II. ('., pp. 'lll-H- lUirnli-Li mutnl's Tfur., p. 11.
■'■* Miiiihi-'s Ii. ''.. pp. '1\1. 'Ill, witli cut (if 11 child witli li;iii(l;i^,'i(l licad,
jiiul nf ii |_;irl witli ii hU'4ai--lir:if hcail, lllclisul•in^' ii;.,'litriu iiiclus fmiii \\m
•yes to ilic sniiiiiiit. Siirmit's Scciii.f, pp. _!S-:iii; (irant, in Luinl. (ii'mj. ,'-i.c,
./.»?'., vnl. xxvii., ]). 2IIS; Sc'inkr. in. I.iniil. Uvkj. Sm'. ,liinv., vol. \i., p. 'I'i'l;
M'lins' I'"//., II. '-Ill; Miiri'ii's \'iini\ /.s7., ]). Ill; Sniil ij Mr.nrd^iu, Vimic, p.
1.1; f.iinl's .\nt., vnl. i.. ]i. 171; vol. ii., p. loii, cut of tlivic skulls of 11, il-
t.iuil, coiiir'iil. iiud uatuial fonn; Kkh'-'h W'hi •'.. ]i. "Jll : .It ic'i'.l'n .\(ir,, p. 7(1;
I'-rliDnlrr'nV.i ,1/v/i., vol. ii., ji. 'M'l; llnrnll-l.
ll',f.l nml >.iv(iij. M'jii.. p. l\i>.
,''/',s Tnir,, \). 15; Uordvn'n
NOOTKA FACE-PAINTING.
181
it. The
Aht.s to
I l)y tlio
)k iiiiui-
illlCO ilt-
idinire a
1 uinong
VcH'tlom.
i-th, the
I conical
\u]X \)vo-
)uthn;i.d
I to the
soft pad,
at f^toiK'.
1 is (lone
ru'h to a
tibes. iii-
)iioil the
lot ^vith
•eddish
y little
)unii'!L:i;
' heaci,
ith va-
iaiu'v,
es, the
iii'if, jij)
(•.'/.s7,, |).
>()('. Ji'.ii-,,
ir.. !>. I!.
friiiii Iho
,■'.-;/. ,'■,.,■.
.i.. p. -2;
I PC/''. II.
lis .if U.it-
';'., ]i. 7(i;
; (i'i'/'(/t'(i'jj
comiiion peoj)le ])eiu,ii' resti'icti'd to plain colors. Solid
ji'retise is souu'tinu's a[)i)lied in a thick co.itinLi'. and oar\'ed
or moulded in tilto-rllkro into ridjii's and li,L:nres al'tei'-
Avards decoi'ated Nvith ivd i)aint, while shinini:' sand or
Lirains of mica are sprinkled ovei' ;j,reas'> and paint to
im[iart a i^litterini:' appearance. The women are eithei"
less iond of })aint than the men. or else are debarred ly
th(ii- lords IVom the free use ol" it; among the Ahts, at
least of late, the women ahandtni ornamental paint alter
the a;je of twenty-(i\e. In tiieir dances, as in war,
masks carved from cedar to represent an endless variety
ol" monstrous laces, painted in bi'ight colors, witii mouth
and eyes movable by strings, are attached to their he;nls,
giving theni a grotes(piely ferocious aspect.""'' The nose
■'■' At Valdcs Tsliind, 'tht! fiircs of Sdiui' wive lUiidi' iiitircly white, soiiio
Veil. Macl<, or li'iid cciloui'.' Viiiiviinn v'ti !'■•// . Mil. i , lip. •!'*". -Ul At .^'iifii/,
(I.-miKi Hay. 'sc iiiiifiiu do ciicaniado y iii't,'V(i ' ."^.|^7 // Mi .('intuit. Viit'ji , p. lin.
At Noiitka Sound, •('on csta j^rasii idc hallriia) sc wiitan todn el ciuiiio, y
dcspiKs SI' piiitin con una i spi cic di' liarniz i-oinpiu sto dc la luisnia ^'I'asa I'l
iic( yti', y di,' iil'.na;.,'!'!' en trfniinos (juc paicci- isti' su color natin'al.' Clii' fs
n:i!y may paint in varied colors, pliln ians lieini,' restricted to one.' hi., pji.
l'2.")-7. '.Many of the fenial'-; p;:i;itite.' tin ir faces on all occasions. Init Uie
men only at set periods.' \iiniilion is olitaimd liy liarter. ISlack. tin ir
War as d mourni;i,u' color, is made by themselves. Mnrjh's V'lur. I.-I., p. I !2.
' Ces Indi ns endiiisent hnr corps d liuile de lialeiiif, it se pii;4nent avi c
d s ocres.' (Iiiet's only ma,\ v."ur dirt'ercnt colors, and ti^ims of anini.ils.
•1/ Vs. A'.iyi'/'.. ("111. ii.. ]i. :U1. ' Kuli their Imdies constantly with .i red
paint, of a clayey or coarse <ieliry sutist-ince. mixed with oil . . .'I'lnir f.ici s
are ot'ten stained with a lilack. a liriL,'hti rr'd, or a while colour, hy way of oni.i-
n;ei;t . . .'I'hey also str 'v the lirown martial mica upon the p.iiut. wliirh makes
it '.,'li;'er.' ' iioi. '.s I''.//. V. I 'ill'.. > ,il. ii., )i. ;tli."). ' .\ line of vi rmilion extends
from til' ceiiire of the foiehi ad to the tip of the nose, and from tliis " trunk
line " ol he, 'sr, id iate ovei' and under the eyes and acros-. the clieeks. J!( t\M 1 n
till se ri d liaes white and lilue streaks alternately till tlie inlersliei s. A sim-
il.ir pattern ornaments chest, arms, and hack, the freseoiiiL! In iu'^' artistically
arrauLjed to L;ive ajiparent widlh to the cliest.' /."/•(/'.s' .\itl., vol. i.. ]i. li;i.
'Tlcy jiaint the fare in hideous desi'_;iis of liL-ick and red ihe only colours
Used , and the partiii'4 of the h lir i^ a No eolnnn d ri d.' .Muf/iii '■■< Ii. ' '.. p. -'i .
' .Kt 1,'ri'at feasts the f.ieis of the w.iiiii 11 .iii' paint'd nil with vermilion or
lierry -juice, and the men's faces are hlaelii ned witli Imint w loil. .Mu.iit iln.
«■,'(• of twenty-tlve til" woiiii 11 cease to ii- e paint . S^.m.' of the ynuiij iiii n
strealc their f.ici s with red, imt L;riiwn-ii]i tin n sildnm imw use ji.ijnt, iuil< ss
on particular occ isions .. 'I'lie h .iiler of a war i'N|iedili'in is di^tin'4ilis'ii d
liy a >;treaked visa'_;e from his Mack-f.ieed follnwers.' .-/nv/'ir.s' >r'(/c.s', p. l7 n.
The manner of paintiiiu; is often .-i niatti rof wliim. • 'i'hc most usual nu lliod
is to ]iaint the eye-lirows M.-ick, in form of a h.;!f iimon, and the face leil m
HUiall sipiares, with the arms and 1 '-s and jiart of the liody red; sonnlimi s
(11. hall of tic face is ]iainted red in sipiares, and the other Miek; at ollc v-.
dotted with red spots, or r.d ainl Mack instead of si|nari s, with a varii t\ of
olh'-r di vices, siidi as ]ia:ntiiej: oiic half nf llie f.'ici- and liod.v ivd, and tin-
oth'r black.' .In'ill'^ \u-.. p. i 1: 1/ "ci ^' I'..//., p. -J.'.-J; ];it'irill-Li.,iMii-i's
'Jfm-., i*. [i;-. .•-p'trL'.'i I.'i/i ir /.' I ',,'(■■/. p, 71,
182
COLI'MBIANS.
iuid cnrs ni'c i'(\iriil;irl_v pierced iiicliildliooil. with from one
to as iMiUiy holes as the ieatmv uill liold. and IVom the
])iiii('tinvs are siisp,tMi(U'(l ])oiu's. shells. rini:s. heads, or in
fact any oi'iiaiuent olitaiiiahle. ^Fhe lij) is sometinies.
thoujih iiioi'e rarely. ])unctui'ed. I'racelets and aid<lets
of any a\aila1)le material are also connnonly worn.""
The ahoi'iuinal dress of the Xootkas is a scjuare ])lank( t,
of a coarse yellow material resemhlini:' straw mattinjr,
!'iade hv the women from cypress hark, with a mixtnre of
doii's hair. This hlanket had usnally a. ])order of fur; it
sometinies had arm-holes. \ut Avas ordinai'ily thrown o\'er
the shoulders, and confined at the waist hy a helt. ( 'hiefs
wore it painte<l in varieuated colors or uni)ainted, hut
le conmion i)eoi)le wore a coarser material i)ainted nni-
tl
peoi
P
fornd\' reil. W'onuMi wore tlu> tiarment loni' -r and fast-
ened un-icr the chin, hindinii' an additional strip of (doth
closelv about tlu^ middle, and showing' nnich mode.^ty
about disclosin.u' the person, while the men often went
entii'idy naked. IV'sides the l)]aid<et. iiarments of many
kinds of skin were in use. particidaidy by \\\o chicds on
public days. In war. a heavy skin dress was worn as a
protection aLiainst arrows. The Xootkas usually went
1)areheaded. but sometimes wore a conical hat plaited of
ruslu's. I'-ai'k. oi- llax. I-'urojiean l)lankets ha\'e re[)laced
those of nati\e manufacture, and man\' Indians ab'out
the settlements have ado[)ted also the shirt and breeche,>
1)1
The liiiliit (if tatti
if Vi
the li'.ys ami anii>i is
(111 t(i all tl
Klaild: the lUOl dd iKit addlit it.' Iti-ai.l, ill /.null. I
ic WdlUCU
/■(■(ii/. >((('.
J'liir.. Vdl. \\\ii., ]). ;i(l7. 'NoKUcli )irM(ticc as tnttddiiii,' exists iiiiKiii;:; these
liatives.' .'•'/iC.i(//'.s ,' cci (■>■, ]). '2(.
■ri
le (iriiaiuent (ill wlii
tl
K V ajiiuar to set
till' iiidst value, is tile lidse-jeW(^l. if siicli au a]iji( lla'.idii may he j^iveii to tli
\Vd(i(l(li stick, uliicli Sdiue of tlielii ( lii)ildy fdl- this imi'iiose . . . . 1 have se(
til '111 Jil'djectill,^' IKit less than (1,1:111 or nine ilK lies 1 1'
side; this is made fast
ot It.
./«■
iritt.
V S( (Uri il 111 its plMee liy little WiM
il the faee (Hi each
■dm s (111 each side
1'.^/. /.' /'
I'i
I. (i.)-l.
.)/.-//
f'
M'U/ii
lliedicilie-ca[i.
Isl.
II. ('., [i
.. jiji. :ii)l H; Sidil !/ .1/.,
..r/i/ii/'.
nid, r
tdin. ii., II. Iil4.
./,■
I'-
ll 7i
1>1>. •111. I2i; 7; Miir-
iliniii
Al'iftl.d. ]i]). 117. 71. with cut df n
Wm.il.. pii. 2-21
uid illustratidli (if a h
with
Theii' cl(ial;H, wliieli tive cireulav caries with a lieh in the centre, eik
sea-dttei' slcin, av(
instructed fl-dlll tile iiiin r
I'lvdf II
■yv
a
•111
tarns the rain, is verv soft and iilialilc' etc. II' Irhi r\< I "// , vdl. i., )i
ii-iiial dress of the Neweliemavs 'is a l.nufs'r!, made of wolf skin, with a
iiu uhi r of the tails attached tn it . . hani^iiii,' frimi the tdp to the lioltdiii;
thdii-h thev sdinetiiius wear a siieil
itleof harkeldth, of a liiiK h
DWELLINGS OF THE NOOTKAS.
183
The Xodika.s choose strong positions lor tlioir towns iuul
t'liciuiipiiu'nts. At Dosoliition Sound, Vancouver iouiul a
village huilton adetaelieJ rock with pei-[)entlieiilai' sides,
only acces.-ihle hy plaidvs resting on the hranehes ol" a
tree, and protected (Mi the sea side by a projecting jylat-
i'onn resting on timbers iixed in the crevices of the
preciiiice. The Xind\ish tribe, according to Lord, build
their liouies on a tal»le-land overhanuinu' the sea. and
reached by ascending a vertical clill' on a bark-ro[)e lad-
der. ]!;i(h tribe has several villages in liivorable loca-
tions ibr Hilling at different seasons. The houses. A\lien
move than one is needed ibr a trilie, are placed Avith
regularity aloug streets; they Aar_\' in si/e according to
the need or wealth ol" the occupants, and are held in
connnon under the direction of the ehiel". They isre con-
structed iu till' uiannei" ibllowing. A row oi' large posts,
iVoui ten to lilteen ieet high, oiten grotes(|Uely car\ed,
supports an iuuuense ridge-pole, sometimes two and a
hair I'eet thick and one hundred Ieet long. Similar but
smaller lieams. on shorter posts, are })laced on either side
of the central row, distant irom it lifteen, twenty, or
twenty-li\(' feet, according to the dimensions ri'ipiired.
This i'rame is then coveivd with s[)lit cedar plaid<s, about
*^wo inches thick, and from three to eight feet wide. The
trxtmv tliiiiithatof X"(,tka.' Jc/'--7rs .V(c.. pp. 77 S, '21-;t. HC-s. (;2-(',. 'Tlnlr
ciimiiion (liiss is iL tliixrrt ^'avnuut, or iiiaiitlc, oniaiiunti il on tlu' ii}ii)<'i' iil},'i)
l)y a navriiw strip of I'm-, aiul at tlir lowrr cil^c, liy friiiLTis nv ta>s( Is. It
jiassrs niiilcv till' left arm, and is tiid over the rii,'lit sIkhiIiIcv, by a strinu; lir-
foi'i', and one biliind. near its niiddlc, . . .Ovci' tliis, wliich readies l>i low tho
knees, is worn
dl
if the same sulistanee. liki wise frim,'' d at tin
lower ))art. . . Tluir luail ir. covered with a (■■a]\ of the lii^nre of a truncated
cone, or liki^ a tlower-pot, made of tine matliui^. havin;,' the top frequently
ornamented with a round or]iointed knoh, or hunch of hatlu'rii tas>els." i en/, '.v
\'(>j/. (i< I'lir.. Vol, ii . ]ip. ;i(U S, '27it-l. "Jso. ■'! he ni( n's dress is a hlaiiki t;
the \voin( n's a strii) o*' cloth, or shift, and Manket. 'I'he old cosluna of tlm
natives was the same as at present, Imt the material was ditVevent.' Spf-nVH
Svii.ia, pp.2."), ;U."). "Their clothing,' e,,iuially consists of skins,' hut they
have two other vjarnicnts of bark or doi,'s hair. • 'i'heii- earnants i4 all kinds
are worn niantlewisc, an<l the liorders of them are fringed' with wamiaini.
Sluhi/s l.ih' i>! , ih/unl, jji. 71-2: Cfh/n; In Iml. AjJ. /.'-//.. isO'.l. p. ■",;!;?;
.'^Klil !/ Mixirn,',,., i"hiiif. pp. ;il)-l. lis, .")(i 7, 12(1 .S: .]hirix' 1'"//.. pp. 2-"')!-l;
(I'l'lllit, ill /,<■/, i/. Iirml. ,Sn(.'. .fiilir., Vol. XXVii., p. 2'.t7; Lcyil's Xnt., \lil. i.. jip.
l-i;t-l; Mi'i'i-ii^, K.fjilnr., tom. ii., pji, lUI ■'"); \','lii/tiii>' r'n Alnsl.ii. ]■. lo; iimn-
h'lir'.i lUsf. i);r,.. p. llil; .)r,irri's \'iii.. Isl., ]ip'. llll, 11:1; l:,irn ll-l • munrH
Tnir., ]i. ■{!'•. See portr.iits in i.'unk's Atl<i.'<, /A/c/,(;'',s l'"//., Satil // .l.'i.i'itMicf,
vIWks, and Whijii'iiLr's .\l'U-il,a.
4
184
COLUMBIANS.
!^i(l(' pliinks aro tied topvtlior ^vitll bark, and sn))] ortod
by sU'IkKt jM)sts in roiipk's just i'ar oiiouiih ui)iirt ;<) re-
eoivo tlio tbickiK'ss of the plank. A botiso liko tlii.s,
forty l)y one binidred feet, accommodates many iamilies,
eadi of Avliich has its jdlotted space, sometimes parti-
tioned off like i\ dou])le row of stalls, Avith a uide ])assafi'<'
ill the middle. In the centre of each stall is a circle of
stones for a tire-place, and round tlie walls are raised
couches covered with mats, in rainy weather, cracks in
the roof and sides are covered Avith mats. Xo smoke or
window holes are left, and when smoke becomes trouble-
some a roof-])lank is removed. The entrance is at one end.
These dwellings furnish, according to Xootka ideas, a
comfortable shelter, except when a high wind threatens
to unroof them, and then the occupants go out and sit
on the I'oof to keep it in place. Fre(iuentl\' the outside
is painted in grotes([ue figures of various colors. Only
the IVame is permanent; matting, ])lanks, and all utensils
are se\ ci'al tiiues each year packed up and conveyed in
canoes to another locality where a iranie belonging to
the tril)e awaits covei'ing. The odor arisini:' I'roui iish-
entrails and other filth, which they take n(» pains tt) re-
move. ap[)ears to be inollensive, but the Xootkas are often
dri\en by mosquitos to sleep on a stage over the water.'''^
•"■^ On till' cast sido of Vancouver was ii vi]lai,'c of thir, v-fonr houses, n.r-
rnntfed in rc-'ular slrccts. The house of the hai!er 'w.is distiuLjuishcil hy
three rafters of stout tiniher raised aliove the roof. aci'ordiuL; to the iirclii-
tocture of Nootk.i, thoULjh much inferior to tliose I had there seei\, in jioint
of size.' Jicil-roonis were s<'jiarati (1, and more ih'ceii'-y olisirvid than at
Nootka Sound. \'iiiirni(}-cr's I'ni/., voh i,, jip. ;U')-7. witli ii view of this vil-
liii^'e; also ]i|i. IVil-."), discrii'tion of the villaj,'!' on Desolation Sound; \>. ■i'-'iX,
on Valdes Island: ]>. .'i"2<), view of villatte on l?nto Canal; and vol. iii., ] j).
3U)-1 1, a iieeuliarity not noticed hy Cook — 'inniicnsc jiicces of timher which
nvo I'aisech and horizontally jilace d on wooden pillars, ahout liditeen inches
flhovc the roof of the laVL'est liouscs in that village; one of whiih ]ii((is of
tindier was of ji size sutKcient to have niadi' ii lower mast for a third rate
man of war.' S.(> Cunl.'s Vi'ij. to I'ltr., voh ii.. ji]). "JS], ;ii;!-r.l, aial AIJus,
plate III. A sort of II du])licate ii'iside liiiihhnj,', wiih shorter ] (ists, fr.rni-hes
cm its roof II staLje, where all kinds of jiroperty and sUj ])liis :;;'e stored.
,*«'///'M. /'s .^c, ,,. ,s, pp. ;i7- j;!. 'The ]ilanks or hoards which they make use of
for hnildiuL,' their houses, and for otli( r uses, they procure of ditt'erent
lcnu;ths, as occasion rec|uircs. hy s|ilittinij tlnin out. with liaid wooden
■wedges from pine I(it,'s, and afterwards duhliine them down with thi'ir chi/-
zels,' ./firill's \iii\, jip. ")•_' 4. (Iraut slates th t tiie Nootl;,i housi s are
jialisaih' iuclosures formed of stakes or younu; tir trees, sonic twelve or Ihir-'
U't'U lect liii^li, driven into the j^'round close toeether, roofed in with slah'S o(
FOOD OF THE NOOTKAS.
)| ortod
t :o re-
u' this,
iinilit's,
i ])iirti-
])ilSS>li'<'
•ircU' of
^ raised
•iU'ks ill
noko or
truul)lo-
1110 end.
ideas, a
ireatciis
and sit
outside
. Only
utensils
eved in
niiinii' to
)Ui lish-
ti) re-
e orteii
water.''"
lonscs, p.r-
tlic Miclii-
\. in jioiiit
il th:ill ilt
,f this vil-
cl: i;. :i-S,
1. iii., 11'-
ilicr \vlii<'h
•I u iiii-lit'S
h ^lilcrS (if
thira viiti'
.T'/s.
. I'i.Vlli -lU'H
'(' si lived,
iilic lisr (if
t' (litVcVCllt
l\ WiiikIcU
thi'ir ilii/-
li(i!ls( s live
1\.' (ir tliif-'
th sllll'Sdt
lis
The Xootkas. like the IIai(hihs, li\e ahnost uliolly on
the jiioihicts ol' the sea, and are naturally e-xpi-rt fisher-
lueu. Salmon, the jiivat staple, are taken in Au;iust and
Septeiulier. iVoni sea, inlet, and i'i\er. hy nets, spears,
pots or baskets, and even by hooks. Hooks consist of
sliav[) barbed bones hound to strai,t:ht ])ieces of hard
Avood : sea-M raek, inai)le-bark, and Avhale-siiu'w i'lU'uish
lines. Mbicli in sahuon-dshing are short and attached to
the paddles. The salinon-si)ear is a foi'ked pole, some
fil'teeu iee*^^ lonu'. the detachable head haviuii' in'onus
I ' I'll
pointed with iisli-])one or ii'on, and the fish in deep
water is sometimes attracted within its I'each by a avsmkI-
en decoy, i'orced down by along l)olo. and then detached
iiiid allowed to ascend rapidly to the suiiace. Sjiearini;'
^s carried on mostly by torch-liglit, A li^Lilit-colored
f?tonc ])a\('mcjit is sometimes laid upon the bott<»m of
the stream, which renders the fish visible in their ])ass-
aiie over it. Nets are made of nettles oi- of wild llax,
fotuid a!ou,u' Fraser liiver. They are small in si/.e. and
used as dip-nets, or sunk between two canoes and lifted
as the iish pass over. A jiot or basket lifteen to twen-
ty feet Ioul:'. three to fi\e feet in diameter at one end,
and taiK'iiuL;' to a })oint at the other, is made of pine
s[)lintt'rs one or two inches apart, with twivi-hoops; and
placed, larjie end up stream, at the I'oot of a fall or at
an o[K'niu;i' in an embaid<ment. '^fhe salmon ai'e driven
down the fall with ])oles, and eiiteriii,Li the basket aie
taken out by a door in the small I'lul. 'I'bis basket is
sometimes enclosed in another oiu'. similar but of uui-
f(jrm diametei'. and closed at one end. iM'nces of stid<es
across tlie rix'ei' oblijie the salmon to enter the ojien
Miouth in their passage up, and passing readily tliioiiLh
fir (ir cicLir. T."ir!. Hi'H'I. Sm-. .Imir.. \t\\. xxvii., p. 'ly.K 'i'lic 'W its li;ivr )i:il-
js,(l (1 ( hflu ,iiri s. Aiiitirs'ii, ill llixf, Mii'j.. vul. vii., |i. 71. • 'I'lir i lii. f n -
sid s it th" U]iiM r I iiil, Ihi' imixiliiity df his rilatixi :^ In iiiin IhIhl; ; (•( uidini;
to thfir ilcL;rci' (if kimh'til.' Mmiii's I'k/ic. !.•</. \i\<. I |:'> ! ; li'inn's < 'ri'nn, \).
2t.!; l!ilrl,ir's r.'//.. v<il. i., j). ll'J; I.i.rd'a Xul.. \..I. i.. ]<]>. I'lS, HI 5. ]i,7,
U2lt-_1; .'■friiini.ii's Viiij. I'f lliriilil. Vol. i., ]i[). Ill"; il. 'I'l.c cai'vi d jiill.iis me
111 it n'„'ar<li(l liy the iiiilivis us iddls in iinv sense. Sn i! // Mi.vir nii, i'i ',' . ]']i.
IJH I),' l(l_>: H'lrr.ll-I.iiiiiiinrs Tnir.. pii.'tT, 7:! \. Siiine Imnses ciL.lil.v \<y
two liunil',e<l feet. ('i.li,i'r. hi Iml. AjJ'. l!('ji.. lMl',1, p. .j./lt; Miljiti'fi 1). I'., p.
Vi'Jo; (.iijii.ltjii'.-i llisl. iiiiil (iinij. Mi'iii.. pp. l:.il 1.
186
COLUMBIANS.
an opoiiiu- loft in tlio ])()iiit of tlic inner l)as1<et, they
ilnil tliciusolves entrapped. In ^[arcli. licrriu^ ajipeiir on
the coast in ,ureat numhers, and in April and Mav tliey
enter the iidets and streams, Avliere they are tnken with
a dip-net. or more commonly hy the lish-rake — a pole
nrined -with many sharp bones or nails, llarly in the
season they can betaken only by toich-li.L'ht. Halibut
abound from March to June, and are caui:ht Avith hooks
and lon,u' lines, uenerally at some distant' IVom shore.
For all otlii'r (ish, European hooks -were er.rly adopted,
but the halibut, at least amonu' the Aids, uiust still be
taken Avith the native hook. Many other varieties of
fish, caujiht by similar methods, are used as food. ])ut
those named sup[)ly the bulk of the Xootkas provision.
In May or June, whales a])pear and are attacked in
canoes by the chief, with the select few fi'oni each ti'ibe
who alone have the right to hunt this monarch of the
sea. "^riie head of their hari)oon is imulc of two barbed
boiu's and pointed with muscle-shell; it is fastened to fi
whale-sinew line of a few feet in length, and this short
line to a wvy long bark rope, at one end of which are
seal-skin aii'-bags and bladders, to keep it alhsat. The
])oint is also liistened to a shaft from ten to twenty-five
feet in length, from which it is easily detached. W ith
many of these l)uoys in tow the whale cannot dive, and
becomes an easy prey. AVhale-blubbc!' and oil are great
delicai'ies. the former being prefei'ivd half putrid, while
the oil with that of smaller (leni/.ensof the sea preserved
in bkidders. is esteemed a delicious sauce, and < ;:tcn vvith
almost e\'erything. ^^ea-otters and seals are lil.-o s'pein-ed,
the Ibrnier with a weapon more barbed and .'irndy at-
tached to the handle, as they are fierce ti.Lihters: but when
Ibund asleep on the rocks, they are shot \\'\[\\ arrows.
Seals are ol'ten attracted within arrow-shot by natives
disguised as seals in wooden masks.
Clams and other shell-fish, which are colkn'tcd in great
nuiid)ei's by the wonu'U. are cooki'd, strung on cyj'vess-
bark cords, and hung in the houses to dry ['<n- -winter
use. rish are [)reseived by drying only, the use of salt
rOOD OF THE NOOTKAS.
1S7
boinjj.' iinkiKnvu. Salmon, afh'r losiiip; tlirir lu-ads and
tail.--, which arc catcii in the (isliin,u; season, arc split open
and the hack-hone taken out hefore dninii'; smaller liy
are sonu'times dried as tlu'N' come iVom their element;
but liali])ut and cod are cut u}) and receive a partial drv-
inu' in the sun. The sj)a\vn oi' all lisli. hut particularly
ol" salmon and hi'i'riiiLi'. is carefully pri-.'^erved hy stowing'
it away in baskets, uhero it fernu-nts. I'ear. deer, and
other land animals, as well as uild Ibwl. are sometimes
taken Ibr Ibod. by means oi" rude traps, nets, and covi-rs,
puccessl'ul oidy when jzame is abiuidant. Ibi' the Xootkas
aiv but indilU'rent hunti'rs. in the time oi'dewitt. three
peculiarities wei'e observable in the Xootka use ol' ani-
mal food, particulai'ly bear-meat. When a bear was
killed, it was dressed in a bomiet. decked with line down,
and soknndy inviti'd to eat in the chiefs ])ri'seuce. he-
lore bcinii' eaten; after partaking of bi'uins llesh. which
was appreciated as a rarity, the Xootka could not taste
fresh lish for two months: and while fish to be palatable
must hv putrid, meat when tainted was no longer (it lor
loud. The Xootka cuisine furnished food in lour styles;
namely, boiled — the mode par t'xcellence. ap[)lical)le to
e\cry variety of food, and ellected. as by the Ilaidahs,
by hot stones in wooden vessels: steamed — of rai'er use.
applie(l mostly to heads, tails, and fins, by pouring water
oM'i" tlu'ui on a bed of hot stones, and co\ering the whole
tightly with mats: roasted — rarely, in the case of some
smaller (isii and clams; and raw — lish-sj)awn and most
otlier kinds of i'ood. whi'U con\eniences Ibi" cooking wi're
n<»t at hand. Some varieties of si'a-wx-ed and lichens, as
well as the caniass. and otlu-r roots, were regidarly laid
up for winter, while berries. cNcrywhere abundant. Avere
eati'U in givat (piantities in theii' season, and at least one
Aai'icty jtre.served by pressing in hi..., ;,er\ In eating,
they sit in groups of live or six. with thi'ir legs doubled
under Ihem round a large wooden tray, and dip out tlu'
I'ooil nearly always boiled to a brothy consistency, with
their (iugei's or clam-shells, paying littk" or no attention
to cleanliness. Chiefs and sla\cs have trays ivpart. and
188
roLUJiniAN'S.
tlic ])rin('ii)iil niofil. nocordinj: to Cook, was nl)Oiit noon,
Fcastinji; is tlic iiivorito way of cntortaininji' IVicnds,
.so lonu as I'nod is plciitil'ul; and \)y a curious custom, of
the portion allotted tlicni, quests nuist carry away what
they cannot cat. Water in ahoi-iiiinal days was the only
Xootka diink; it is also used now when whisky is not to
be ha.l."^'
Lances and arrows, p)inted with shell, slate, Hint,
or hone, and clubs and daji'ucrs of wood and bone, were
the weaj)ons with which they met their foes; but lire-
arms and metallic da^tijiers, and tomaluiwks, have lon^'
since displaced them, as they have to a less di'^ree the
ori,;:inal hunting anil ilshinji im[)lements,"* The Xootka
tribes were always at war with each other, hereditary
''^ 'Tlicir licnils ami their Raniicnts swarm Avithvprmiii. wliich we used
to sec tlii'iii j)ick otl' witli L;r( lit coiniiosim', ami cat.' Coo/, '.s- I'l///. to I'lit'., vul.
ii., ]). .'id.'). Sec also ]i|). 1^711 SO, ;f|.s-.; I. ' 'I'luir iiiixlt' of living,' is vi ry siinplH
- tlicir f(M)(l ('(i)isistiiiL,' aliuiist wholly of lish, or lish spawn fresh or drii tl,
till' lilulilxr of llic wliali'. seal, or sca-fow, in isclcs, clams, and Ix iTi( s of
various kinds: all of which arc eaten with a jirofusion of train oil." Ji niK's
A'ir.. YiK .'iS CO. CH '.), ,Si;-S, '.n -7, lo:!. Si,rn<ifs Smirs. ])]).o'2 7, (11, S", 1 1 1 0,
21(1-70. 'The conimoii hiisincss of lishiiii,' for ordinary sustenance is car-
ried on liy slaves, or the lower class of jnopje; -While the nioi'c noMe occn-
)iation of killino the whale and hull tint; the s<a-otter, is followed hy none lait
the chiefs and wairio;s.' J/'oci.s" I'm/.. \). 25S. 'They make use of the driiil
fuciis ej^aiileus, aiiointe<l with oil, fiu- liues, in takin^i,' salmon and sea iitt( rs.'
liilcliirK \'iii/., vol. 1., ])]). ll'J-l.'i. i^nlil ji McvirdiKi, M'Kic, jip. 17, '^'>. I-") (1,
.'")'.l 1(1. 7(>, I::'.) I>(), 1:14 -~); (iriinl. hi Lund (Ifu'i. Sue. Janr., vol. xxvii . ]iji.
'2;»'.» :((i(l; M:ii/it,-s Ii. (\, i)p. J.")L'-7; Moetie's V'nir. Jsl.. jip. 1(1.", IIJ; >;,»/,-
SDii'n Orvfliiiil Jiinrn., vol. i., ]>. 2.10; I'linln rlnn's \'(tiic. Jsl., j ji. lS ;i'2;
J>iiiiii's Onyoii, ]). 21:!; M'J'rus, l-.'.riilnr.. toiii.ii,, p. li.'iS. The S,iu-kaudutiick
tr.lie 'are said t.i live on the ed.Lfe of a lake and suhsist |)rin('i|iallv on deer
aiiil hear, and such lish as thevcan take in the lake.' I.nrila XaL, V(.l. i.. ]ip.
l.'iS 0: Ji'imlt-Li'NiKinr.'i Tnir., ]>]>. -l:-i, 71-."'). 7(1 7, S.'>-(i. 00-1. I4l-."iO, 107-S;
vol. ii.. ]). Ill; ('(iriin-idHs' .Vc/r A'/ l><ir<iil<i. ]>. lilO; Fdrlii.i' Wine. Is'., jij).
T)! .">: li'iillridj'.s I'tinr. /.-/., pp. 77-S, 82 Ii; llnd. JUtij Co., Jlipt. >7'(e. r,,,„.
1N.">7. p. 111.'
''' Siitil 11 Mixlc'iufi, T'/'/i/r, ])p. .■)7, (Hi, 7'S; Jririlt'!^ X(ir., pp. 78 .SI; \'ini.
' ' .;J07; M'iriii's \'i(i(i;. Isl.. i). 411!; ( 'o.r'.s .h/n //., vol. i..
Ciiiin r
100.
// , \dl . 1 . , ] )
he unlive how, like th<
It is LCeiieiiilly made of yew or crali-ajipl
ind ]iaddle. is heaiitilully fon;ied.
1(1. and is tlu(
a halt f( et
lon'_r, with ahont two inches at cai-h end turned sli.n|)ly liackward-. fio:u tlir
siring;. The slrim,' is a ]>ieci' of dried s 'al-^ut, ile
The arrows are almut thiiiv inches loii'', and an
lew, or twisted h.irk.
tipp' il with six inches of serrated lioiie, or with two uiihi
lie of ]i
hoi
or cedi;r,
le or iron
pro!i;_;s.
I 1
lave never sieii all
•Aht
ivv with a harhed head.' >'iirt'iit's
tioiial ti
]). S2. ' n,,vin;.,' now to a threat extent discarded the use of the traili-
d as 1
\]i and sp
^[a
leirlooius amoni
th
my of these weajions ar
e, however, still uie-
/;.
itt-l.l
■-/'.s •/•)
and
p. 4;
Ni
nows,' '(ieiierally li^lit liaiid to hand, and not with missiles.' l-iUiiil'
h'liihiicc, ill JIml. IJnij Co. Jti;it., 1S,')7, p. 11,5.
NOOTK.V I5ATTLES AND IJOATS.
189
noon,
ik'iuls,
:oni. of
y uhiit
le only
not to
>, Hint,
i'. were
lit liiv-
/e lonii;
nre the
Xootkii
•edit;u-y
, . . wclisrd
( I'dC. Vtil.
•in-Niiniili'
1 (ir (liiril,
bcrvii s (if
il." .Irir-iU'ft
, H7, 111 it,
iiu'c is fiiv-
lolili' IICCU-
iiiilic Init
{h< (Irii'il
I iitlirs.'
■Ik \-> <■',
xvli . i-l'.
,.. -.s :!2;
iiiluiiick
v iiu (U I r
.,l.i.. VI'-
V). I'.iT ^;
SI; l'"H-
, veil, i.,
Iv fdvnird.
,1 liulf fret
1, I'.o-.n tho
istrtl biivk.
(iV cciliiV,
,iic 111' iniu
\\\,- tnuli-
r, still pn-
• >;(ilni\vs
.' .'-iZ-iri/-
([iinrrcl-i 1>eln,ii' liandeil down for ji-eneriitions. According
to tlicir idcii. lof^s ol' lil'e in battle can he lofgotten only
when an e(|iial ininiher of the hostile trihe are killed,
Their military tactics consist of sti'atap-in and snrpi'ise
in attack, and watclifiilness in defense. J>efore enpiii-
ing in war. some wei'ks ari> s[)ent in preparation, which
consists mainly of abstinence I'rom women, bathinii. scriib-
bin,Li' the skin with briers till it bleeds, and linally paint-
ing: the whole body jet-black. All ](risoiU'rs not snital)lo
I'or sla\('s ai'e ])iitchered or beheaded, in an attacrk the
elfort is always made to steal into the adversary's cam[)
at niiiht and kill men enoiijih to deci(h^ the \ictor\' be-
fore the alai'iii can be "iivi'ii. When they I'ail in this.
the battle is seldom long continued, for actual hand-to-
ha.nd iiLihtini:' is not to the Xootka taste. On tlu' I'are
occasions when it i.s considered desirable to make oxcr-
tures of j)eace, an aml)assador is sent with an ornamented
l)i[)e. anil with this emblem his person is sale. Smoking
a pi[)e together b}' hostile chiefs also solemni/es a treaty."'
Xootka boats are dugout each from a single ])ine-tree,
and are made of all sizes from ten to iifty feet long, the
largest accommodating fort\' or fifty men. Selecting a
]»ro|ier tree in the forest, the aboriginal X'ootka, fells it
Avith a sort of chisel of Hint or elk-horn, thri'e by six-
inches, fastened in a wooden handle, and struck by a
smooth stone mallet, ^fhen tho log is split with wooden
wedges, and the better jtiece l)eing selected, it is hollowed
out wiih the aforesaid chisel, a mussel-shell ad/e. antl a
birds-bone gimlet worked between the two hands. Sonu'-
times, ))nt not always, lire is u.sud as an assistant, The
•"'■'' The Alits '<l(i not talvo tho scalp of the ciKiiiy. Vmt cut fff liis luiul. hy
tlirci' (It'Xtcrons iiuivtiiu nts of the knife, iiiul the waivioi' wIki lias taki ii
iiuist lirails is iiKist praised aiul feared.' SiirmiVs >vi ms. y^. iSil lOJ. 'Scalp
(Very (Pile they kill.' Mirili's \'<tiif. IsL, ]i.47(i, li:!. 1(17. One nf tin- Xuotka
princes assured tiie Spaniards that the hravest captains ate human th sli he-
fiirc en;,'a;_;ini,' in hattle. Sulil // Mi.iini/iii. \'i(t :r. p. I. id. 'Jiie Niiiiuahts cun-
Kider the licadsiif enemies slain in battle as .s/f I'm hji'ukO. W'ti/inin r > \lisl.'i,
pp. i'A, 7S; .li'ii-iU'.'i .\ar.. jij). ]J) I; Lunl'^ Sni., vol. i., \\\i. \')7i V\. ir»s. ](;(!,
171, vdl. ii., J), 'i")! ;i. Women kee)) watch durini^ the ni^ht, and tt 11 the
I'Xploits of their nation iu k.cp awake. Minris l'"!/., ji. -<;7. I'diicniiri'r'a
I'l'//., vol. i.. ]). lilM!; ii'nti't. ill J.iihil, lifiiij. Scr.fldiir., vol. ^xvii., p. "-UG;
ilaijiic'.s IS. C, J). -7l); JJarrtU-Le.nKird's Intc, ^.p. -il--, 12'J-3G.
190
COLT'MJIIANS.
t'xtcrior is fiisliicmcil witli tli(» saiiic tools. The lM)iit is
•widest ill till' iniddlc, tii[)crs tinvai'd cacli end. ami is
.stivri-;iIiv'iR'd 1)\ lidit ('ross-j)i('('('s exti'iidiii;^ iVoiu side to
Fide, ■svlnoli. liciiiL"; inserted after the 1»oat is soaked in hot
Avater. niodify and iin[)rovo the oi'i<:inal lonn. The how
is loiii:' and i)ointed.the stern s<|nare-ciit or slightly round-
ed ; l.'oth inds are raised higher than the iniihlU' hy sep-
arate j)ieees of wood painted with [i^inres of ])irds or
l)easts. the head on the how and the tail on the stern,
'^i'lie inside is painted red; the outside. sli,iilitl\- hiiriied,
is ruhlied smooth and hlaek. and for the whale lisherv
is oinaiiR'nted along the j:nnwales with a row of small
.•-hells or seal-teeth. l)nt foi" purjioses of war it is painted
with liunres in white. I'addles are neatly made of hard
Avood. ahoiit live and a half feet long with a leal-shajjed
])lade of two feet. shar[) at the end. and \[><i'{\ as a weapon
in canoe-lighting. A eross-j)ieee is sometimes added to
the handle like the toj) t)f a eriiteh.'"
Jn addition to the iini)lemeiits already named are
chests and hoxes. hiickets, ('n[)s and eating-troughs, all
of wood, either dug out or pinned together; haskets of
twigs and hags of matting; all neatl_\' made, and many
of the articles painted or carved, or ornamented with
shell work. As among the llaidahs, the dried cu'oc/ion
is often used as a hunp.''" The matting and coarser kinds
c.r, •'I'Ihv liavc 11(1 scats. .. .The rowers !J:<'ii<'i'i>ll.v sit on llicir liaiiis. ln;t
sonutiiucs th(,v make use of a kind of small stool.' Matres' \'<ii/., jip. :!(;;!— 1.
1'lic larLji-r caiiocs arc used for shcpiiij,' and catiiij,', LciiiL,' dry and niori^ <c)ni-
fortalilc than the lionsi s. ''on/.'.s I'ni/. lo I'nc, vol. ii., ji[i.in'.(, ;i27, and.K/i^s',
] 1. 11. ' 'J'lic most skillful canoc-makcrs anionLj the tribes are the \i;in:.hts
and the l\lah-oh-ijiiahts. '1 In y make eaiioi s for sale to other trilxs.' ' 'ihe
l)aliiii,'-dish of the eanot s, is always of one shapi — the shajjeif the f-ahle-rcKif
iif a c'ltlaLte.' S/miiit's i^rans, Jip. hu, bi7 S; M<(i/in's II. ('., \k '2>i'.\, al,d ei'.l en
title-jiaj,'!'. Canoes not in use are lianled Tip on the heach in froi;t ( f their
villaLCs. (irind, in l.fiid. Umii. Sac. Jnur., mA, xxvii., ]i. Ildl. ''1 lu y hi (j)
time to the stroke of the paddlo with their sont,'s.' ,/< ir\il's yar., ] ji. I! '71,
75; '•.I'll 1/ Mf,rir<iiiii, \"n:i;c, jij). It',*, Kil!; J.<'r<l's Xnt., vol. i., p. Ill; I'm/.
<• invc'.s I III/., vol. i., ]). .'i.'tS. Their eanois 'are lielii v( d to suji ly ihe pat-
tern aftir wbl<h clipper ships are liuilt.' Miirjir'.s Vithc. J.4., i p. ■I'-l, 130.
Jj(irrfi-J.t'i.h(ii-ir>t Tniv., p. Ho. Coli/ir, in linl. .1//'. Ji'jil., liSfii), p. 5;!;!.
W('o.7,'.s Vol/, to I'dc, vol. ii., pp. -271, :t(is, 3!(;, ILC, :i2',) ;!(). >;»■..<(<•.<
I'-'cpiir.'., pp. iSd-li, :U7: >('///// Miwiciino, \'itifii\ jt. IlI'; l.niil'.s \i<t., vol. ii.,
pp. 207 H, which dcscrihes a jiainted and ornaiiicntt'd plate of native ccijipcr
some one and a half hy two and a lialf f( et, kejit with cnat cari' in a w li n
case, als(j elahurately oruamenttd. It was the pr<ppcrty of the tribe at i'ort
rUOPEKTY OF TIIK NOOTKAS.
191
l)i)Mt is
iind is
s'uU' to
in liot
lu' lum'
voiukI-
linls oi'
• stern.
Inirncd.
Cislu'rv
)[' MUiiil
piiintt'd
ot'liiinl
[-sliii\ie<l
, \vciHion
idik'd to
inctl iiro
iiilis. nil
iskcts of
III many
I'll Avilh
CIl/dcllOH.
VI' kinds
luiins. bv.t
J. p. •_n;!-i.
luiii't' (om-
I, iniil.U''(>',
If Xi',in;.lits
Ixs.' ''Hk!
|,i,t if llitir
i''llu V l^'ip
1 !'• ''',.''1'
111; 1' "-
Iv llic put-
.■■If-l, i^l).
Ill, S]n'"'it's
ii.,
of clotli iii'i' luidi' of )'iisli('s and of ])im' or codai' liark,
wliii'li alter Iteiim' soaked is l)eaten on a plank uitli a
}:ro()\ed itistniiiieiit of wood or lione until the (litres are
sepai-ated. Tiu' threads are twisted into cords lietween
the hand and thi;ih; these cords. Inniu' to a, liori/ontal
heani and knotted with finer thread at I'eunlar intt'ixals,
Ibrni the cloth, 'i'hread of the same hai'k is used with
a shai'iiened twijr lor a needle. Interconrse with lliii'o-
])eans has nioililied their manufactuivs. and checked the
develoitinent of their native in.ii'ennity.''^
Caiitain Cook foinid amon^' the Ahts verv '"strict no-
tions of their liavinii' a ri,i:ht to the exidnsive property
of everythinii' that their country produces." so that they
claimed p;iy I'nreven wood, water, and ^I'ass. The limits
of tril»al ])i'oi>erty are very clearly defined, hut indi\id-
uals rarely claim any ]iroperty in land. Houses helon^i:
to the men who comhini' to huild them. Private wealth
consists of hoiits iuid implements for olitiiinin^i' food, do-
mestic utuisils. sla\('s. and hlaid\ets. the latter hein;i'
^■enerally the standard hy Avhicli wealth or ]irice is
computed. ImioiI is not rejiarded as couunon jiroperty,
yet any mi;ii may help himself to his nei^hhor's store
when needy. 'Ilie accmmdation of jirojierty heyond the
necessities of Tde is considered desirahle only for the
])urpo:-e of distrihiitinji' it in presents on jireat feast-days,
and tlieiehy ;ii'i|nirin<i' a re[)utation for wealth and lih-
erality; and as these feasts occur lre(|uentl\'. an unsuc-
cessful iiiiin may ofti'n take a fresh start in the race.
Instead of heim:' ,L'i\i'n away, canoes and hlaidvcts are
ol"ten destroyed, which ])i'o\es that the moti\e in this
dis[)osiil of property is not to favor friends. !)ut mei'ely
to ajijiear indiiren lit to wealth. Jt is ci'itainlv a most
laijifif, 1111(1 viH lii,i,'lily ]iiiziil, ami only hrouLjlit out on i^'Vcat (i(-c:isii)iis,
thim-;li it> nv was lint (liscovcli'd. Jlucjii/'s \''(ii<;. /.•</.. p. III.").
WcMiliu clotlis cif all (It'i^n IS of liimu'ss, liiadc iiy liaiid and wovkid ill
'.
.1.
Itivc <■'>
hi a will"
pp. I'
liu
libc at I'oi-t
I i
102
CULUMniAXH.
I'l'iniirkalilc custom, and one tliat exerts u prcat inlliiciiro
on the uliolc |icoiilt'. (lifts j)lii_\' tni inipoitjiiit part in
jiroi'in-inji a wilr. and a division of iJi'ojK'rty accoiniianii'S
u divorce, 'i'o enter tlie ranks of tlu' nudicine-men or
ina;:icians. or to attain I'ank of any kind, {iropei'tv must
lie sacrificed ; and a man \v!io receives an insidt or suii'ers
any atlliction must teai" up the requisite (|uantify »>f
blankets and skirts, if he wonkl retain his honor.' ' Trade
in all their ]»roiluctionH uas cai'i'ied on hriskly between
the dilVerent Xootka tribes before the comin;^' of the
Avhites. They manil'est nnidi shrewdness in their ex-
changes; even their system of ])resents is a sju'cies of
trade, the I'uU value of eadi jiift beinj;' conlidently ex-
jiccted in a ivturn ])resent on the next festi\(' oct-a.^ion.
In their intertribal connnerce. a band holding' ii stiitnj;"
])ositi()n Avhere trade by canoes between dill'erent pai'ts
may be .^topped, do not fail to oiler and enforce the ac-
jv'ptance of their servi('es as middlemen, theivbx jireatly
inci'easin^' market jirices.'^"
The system ol" uiuneration. suflicii-ntlx' extensive for
till' lai'p'st numbei's, is decimal, the innnbers to ten
liaviiiii' names which are in some instanci-s compounds
but not nudtiples of smaller innnbi'rs. The liiiLicrs are
used to aid in countinji'. "^I'he year is divided iulo nioulhs
with some reference to the moon. ])ut chietly by the Jish-
si'asons. rijtenini:' of ])erries. nniirations of birds, and
othe)' periodical events, for which the months are namc(b
as: 'when the herrinjis spawn,' etc. The unit of meas-
ure is the s[)an, the tinjiers representing' its irai'tional
])arts.'' The Xootkas disphiy considerable taste in orna-
<>9 f^priviVs Sri'ncK, iip. 70-81, 8!), 11(5, 111-13; Kane's U'oi./., pp. '^•"'
Miirjif's I'""''. /.-••/., l>p. i-.K iltT; CiKil.'s I'l///. li> I'd!'., vol. ii., ji. 2S-(:
Mv,ttriii<ft, Ii'"'', [). 117; l.dnl's \iit., vol. i., pp. ]('>r)-(!; Mmiin's It.C..
"•I .Ivii-'iU'x y<tr., \i\t. 7s 81); Sproufs Sriii's, pp. ]!», Tm. 78 '.», !)i. 1
tlic luloiitiiin of lilaiikrts us a cun'fiicv, tluy used small sluUs from the . ■ i
liays lor coin, ami tlicy i.r<' still used liy some of the moic rcinoti' tribes.
a raid, ill, ],")iil. (liDij. ,^ur. .Iinir., vul. x.wii., p. o07. 'TLitir ai'utcuiss in
liartcr is vtiiiarkiibli'.' luirhcx' \'mir. Isl., ]i. 'I't.
" 'I'lic Alits •(liviilc the year into tliirtccii months, ov rallur moons, and
Ix'gin with the one that jirctty well answers to our Ndvcmli( r. At the saiiio
tinu'. as thi'ir names are ai ])lied to each actual new moon as it aj pears, tiny
lUX' not, liy half u mouth and luorc isometiiiics), ideutical with our culcudar
NOOTKA AUT AXD GOVEUNMr.NT.
103
nixmiiils
) ininriliH
ru'iitin;! ^vith snilptiin' Jinil iKiintiniis lluir iiuiiU'niciit.s
;iii(l hi-uscs, tlu'ir ('Iiicf clVorts bciiiii' m;i(k' on llic jiost.s
of the l;it1<'r. illld tin?
woo
\vn iiiii.sks wliicli tlu'\- wear
ill \v;ir iiiul ,<om(' of tlioii* (lances; hut all iuiiilriiR'iits
mav l»i' more or less carved iiiiil adorneil accordiiij;' to
tli(! ai'tist's laiicv. Tliey .•^oinetiiiies paiid (isliliiu' and
limitiiij;' s('(Mies, hut ^cuerallv tiieii' models exist oulv
ill iina,:-iuatiou, anil their works eouse(|ui utlv assunu'
Tlu-re si'cms to he no exidence
unin:elli;j:ihle forms,
that llu Ir ear\ed imajics and complicated paiutniL^s art;
in any si'ust; intended as idols or hieroi:ly|)hics. A rude
system of hei'aldi'v ])ri'\ails anion^" them, hy which som<'
animal is aii>.i)ted as a l'amil_>' civst. ami its li,-ure is
painted or emhroidered on canoes, ])aiidles. r,r hlankets.'"
To the Xootka systi-m of poxcrnment the terms patri-
archal, hereditary, and feudal have heen apidied. There
is no confideration. each ti'ihi- hrinu' indi-pendent ol' all
the rest, e.\ce[)t as powi'rful trihes are naturally domi-
nant o\er the weak. In each trilie the liead chiei's rank
is lierrditary hy tin' male line; his grandeur is dis|)layed
on Lireat occasions, when. d« eked in all his (inery. he is
the ceuiral li,i:ure. .Vt llu' fri'(|uently recurriiiLi feasts of
state he occu[iies the seat of honor; presides id all coun-
cils of the trihe. and is res[)ected and liiLihly hoiioi'c d hy
all; l)Ut has no real authority- onci- any hut his ,-l;i\es.
I'etwet n the chief, or kiuii'. and the ])eople is a U(/Iiility,
in nund)er al)out ouv' fiiurth of the whoK' trihe. composed
of st'.i'ral ;:rades. the hi,i:hest hein.ii' pariially heredilary,
hut also, as are all the lower "rades, ohtainalde hv feats
liu orna-
.'UtlUlhS 111
nouns, niKl
inoiiilis.' S^pmat'.v Sri',irfi, v)). 1C1-t. ' Ti is piTsoufiH niiis cultas ilivi'li'll rl
iii'in 111 ratiii'cc iiii'scs, y riilii uiio dr (■■,; li I'U vciiilc il:;is, ii,'i'i''-;;ii:'l(i liii'.;o
ulL;iiU(i-i (li:is iiitiivaliU'cs 111 liii dc cikI i im s. El ilc Julio, (jiic illos llaiiiaii
S :lt-l 'i-'iii', yes (1 I'limi ro df su afio, a mas di' sns vciatr <lias orili;. alios
tii'lK! tantos iufcrc alii 'IS (luaiitos il"va l;i alinmlaiui.i di' li'ii:.,'nai|os, atiilics,
etc.' S- I'll {/ Mf.yirHiKi, V'lit n\ lip. l"i.! 4, 14'i; Uraiil. in L'liiil, lii-inj. >i,r. Jmir.,
vol. xwii., lip. •Z'.C). :,(!'; /, /•,/., '■,../., . !. li.. p-i. ^4-4.
"- • i''i -y shrw tlii'iiisplvcs in.t,'i'uions '-cii'plovs. Tii' y not only ]iirscrvi',
wifli u'r it exactness, t'le ;.;. neval cliarac'er ot th' ir own laees, liat liiiish the
more ini uito parts, with a il. .jri e of a'Ciiracy in projiortion, and leatiiess in
v.^eiitiou.' Ciioks I'.//, ti I'ar., vol. ii., | p.' :!J , 7, anil .!/■'.>■. jd. li); /,m;v/.s
.\''^, vol. i., J))). KU-."), vol. ii., pp. 'J.^T-H, and eut, p. lOo; .)/(«;, a.s \'a,'C.
IsL, pp. lit 7, 4SI; .\i,iiji.v's li. ('., cut on p. 271.
Vol. I. 13
191
COLUMBTANS.
of valor or tiroat lilK'rality. All chieftains must bo ron-
finiK'd hv the trihe, and some of them a[)pointe(l by the
kinii'; each man's rank is clearly defined in the tribe, and
correspond inji' privileiies stri(;tly insistet". on. There are
chiefs who have full authority in warlike ex))editions.
Ilaritooners also form a i)rivile<'ed class, whose rank is
handed down from iiither to son. This somewhat com-
])ru'ated system of <rovermnent nevertheless sits liLihtly,
since the people are neither taxed nor subjected to any
laws, nor interfered with in their actions. Still, lonu-
<'ontiniied custom ser\es as law and marks out the lew
duties and privileges of the Xootka citi/en. Stealing
is not connnon except I'rom strangers; and olVenses re-
(piiring j)r.nishment arc usually avenged — or pardoned
in consideration of certain blankets recei\ed — by the
injured paities and their friends, the chiefs seeming to
have little or nothin'j; to do in the matter.'''
til
"■' ' In an Alit tribo of two Imndrcd nun, jKvlinps fifty possess varifxis Clv-
gl'ccs (if ii<-(|iiir( (1 or iiilui-itt il liiiik; tin if may lie alxnit as many slaves; the
remainili r arc inil'jiemlent numlurs,' Some of the Klah-iili-cpiahls ']'ay
iiiiniialiy t(i their chief certain coiilrihutions, cdiisistinj.' of Mank( ts, skii s,
etc.' ' A ( hi( I s '■ Mue 1.1( I (1 ■' avails la.t in a disjinte wilh oi c of Lis own
jieoj.le; 111' must fiyht his liattlo like (i coniiiion man.' ,'/7V c/'s Sri ins, up.
il;-17, Is '.ill, '.'ii'i. Clieslaliet s, il cliii f (11 ilolnison's Strait, was ildnic.r
Imt not siilionlinato in uuthorily to Jlaqniiina, the lanmus kiiij^' at Nootka
Sonnil, Imt the cliief at Ijoimhlioron^ji's ChaniK 1 claiim il to he nmh v -"\la-
(Uliiilia. \'iiiii'i.iin r's I'<w/.,vnl.i . ]ip. .'! Hi. :!.'! I . ' Jaidiuliiilad ile Tayses lu n ili-
taria dr padn s a hi jos, y pasii ri L,nlarnii i:le A < st iS Ii.cljo (pie estali ( n cilad
de i;nl)< 1 ii:ir, si los pa(h'( s pov aiieianidad I'l otras caiisas no ]iii((hn sc^inir
niandaiidc..' ' J'.l ^;oliii rno dc ( stdS n.itinah s piieijc llaiiiarse I'atriarcal : piu s
(1 Xife de l.i naeioii )ia<(' A nil ujismo ticnipo his ofieios de jiadre de I'aniilia,
de IJiy y d.' Suiii > Sacerdoli'.' '],os nolih s ^ozan (h' tanta coiisideraeinn i n
Xntka, (pie ni ami de jialahni so atn vi ii lus Tayses ft re|ir( ieinhrlos.' ' To-
d(is eonsideraliaii i'l cste iMa(|uinna) coiiio Sohcrano de las costas, desih' In
de liiieli.i JvsperaliZii liasia hi I'liiita de ,\rreeifes, con todos los Canales iiili ri-
ores.' 'I'll st^al, or to know carnally a Ljirl nine years old, is |iiinisliid wiiU
death, ."-ii:! 1/ Mixirtimi, \'iii<r'. p|).'llll, !.'!(!, llf, ]',», '25. 'Tlnre are siirli
men as ( liiefs, who are di>tiiiL;nisli( I by the name or title of , \cir- ' /, , and to
whom the others are, in some measure, sllllol•dinat(^ ]!nt, 1 ^lioii d )^ii< ss,
til" authority of each of these '^wnt men extends no farther than the family
t ) wliieli 111' l)eloni,'s.' '■'"'/. '.s \'n(/. (t I 'dr., Vol. ii.. ]))>. :t:!;i-l. • ],a forme d.'
leiir L;oiiveniciik lit est toiite jiatriai'cale, et hi diL,'nit(' de ch'f. h r ditaire.'
Mnj'ris. F.xj)hii\, torn, ii., p. ;ilii. Sever d very populous villaL;es to the north-
ward, included ill the territory of Maiinilla, the head chief, wi re entriisl( d to
the ^'o\crnment of (he principal of lus female relations. The whole K"^'' "-
liicnt foriinda political Imnd of union similar to the fcild.d system which
formerly ohtained in i'lnrope. Mmris' Vinj., pp. -'Js '.». ''['he kin;.,' or In ad
Tyee. is their Ic.'iih'r in war, in the mana^'enieiit of which ho is perfectly ali-
Kolnti'. II" is also ]iresiili lit of thi ir councils, which aie almost always ii i,--
iilati d by his opinion, Uul he has no kind of power over the ])ii'perty of bin
':llll
KOOTKA SLAVEKY AXD MAKlilAGE, 153
Slavory is praotia.l l,v m11 tlic h-ilios. :md (lie si.,,-,,
n.,i,. I„r,„s ,ni ,„>|,„rt„!,t purt „f tlu.i,' ,■„,„„,,.„■., Sla i^
mv ul.mt tiu. only pvopc.ty tl.nt must not l.o s,«. fea
,' i'>.n-a«,„-,l„,g to so„K. ,-u,thoritn.s onlv the
"Mcs-,,,,,, u,i,l Slavs. Mar a,„l ki,lnapni„« s,' p Iv
"• ^ uv.. „.a,.I..t. a„,l „o ,.ap,iv.., „-l,at..c' i,is^,„ ' »
Ihs "> m .;.;«. ,.,,1 OM-ap. (his (at... ox,v,.t l.v a heavy
. ...som „( ,..,.,1 .soon aCte,. he is (ak „,l ift, ■ i'
xhejvahouts iK.eo,„es ,„,k,„mn (o his (Vie.al.s. (N, ,| • ,'
M.u es. ll,e |«nver o( the im „ei- is a,■l,it,■al■^■ aiicl ui,
m, e, love,, the a,.ti,.„s a,„l li(eoC,l,e slave, ia, ., "
>.Mi, .-e ,( h,,s |«„ve,. se,.n]s oC rare ,H.,.un.e],ee -mmI
«|ve e har, lahor re,p,ire.l. the n.aterial e 1 tio (•-
lave ,s ,lesp,,s„, ,is hair is e„t short. a„.l hi «■ ,.. e
«.eo,Mes a t,.r,„ of reproaeh. l.V,„ale shucs aiv',
e. ler h,re. es|..e,ally in the vieh.ity „C «hit,. in 1
i;;;t,i,^;:rh',;!:;:.^r^™"'''"^ -'»'-'' ''-i^
TIio Xootkii iiia\- Ii;!ve as
sold
iiiaiiv wives as ho can hnv.
^^' ^''-'Inds^ wl., arc cardul n<>t to ila^m alwJuilil
g'va, will, t|„.i,.f„|i,„v,.,s • /A,„„ . 1/ "," "^ »,Hu,.n.... ,s i,..v,.rfl„.l,.ss v,.rv
■; • I M,al!y Juu.lly tc, :,t. ,1. .at'^f t h, I, "''i' ' ' i"'' '''i' T ' ^■"'- ^^i^- 1' • ^'i'-
">.-'sl; I's.' ■\,„„. l,„t th,. Ki„„ „„ 1 ,:,;', '""'■■""' 'V,. (,s M,.|| ,-. ,i„.i,.
"• '"ly lifty. n,„l,. M,(,l f. ,„(,!,., in s ( : '" v'^;;.^'r ' " ' ^■''i"''-'- l-al
J H' -\. u.tt,.,. (,.,1„. ,„.a,.lv ,..x,..,'„:i„,. u 1 1 V 1 , ,f ',""• "■'■'•• 1 • -■-'•^•
;^>^. •An.-,„.r,„i,l„ ^l huH(:un , . I' ' ' .l '^ /. ' 'V' '^ ' '^ • !>•
ill
19a COLUMBIANS.
familios henoath tliorn in ranlc. Especially particular as
to rank arc the cliicfs in clu.osinji: their first wile, always
l)referring the daughters of noble liunilies of another tribe.
Courtship consists in an offer of presents l>y the lover to
the liirl's father, accompanied generally l)y lengthy sp(>ech-
es of friends on both sides, extolling the value of the man
and his gift, and the attractions of the bride. Ai'ter the
bargain is concluded, a period of feasting follows if the
l)arties are rich, but this is not necessary as a part of
the marriaue ceremonv. Betrothals ar(^ oiten made by
l)iuvnts while the parties are yet children, nuitual de-
l)osits of blankets and other jiroperty being made us
securities for the fulfdlment of the contract, which is
rarely broken. (Jills marry at an average age of sixteen.
The common Xootka obtains his one bride Irom his own
rank also by a ])resent of ))lankets. nuich more humbki
than that oi his rich neighbor, and is assisted in his
overtures In' perhaps a, single fViend instead of being
ioHowed by the whok' tribe. (\)urtship among this class
is not altogether without the attentions which render it
so charming in civilized liie; Jis when the fond girl lov-
ingly caresses and searches her lover's head, always giv-
ing him the fattest of her disco\ei"ies. Wives are not
ill treated, and although somewhat overworked, the di-
vision of labor is not so oppressive as among many
Indian tribes. >h'n build houses. mak(> boats and im-
pk'uuMits. hunt and fish; women prei)are the iish and
Liame foi' winter use, cook, manuft'.ctui't' cloth and cloth-
ing. and iucreasi^ tli.o stock of Ibod by gathering berries
and shell-fish; and most of this work among the ridiei'
class is done by sla\es. Wives are considt( d in matters
oi' trade, and in fact seem to be ni>arl\" on terms of e((ual-
ity with their husbands, except that they are excluded
fi'om soun' public feasts and ceremonies. TluM'e is nuich
reason to sui)j)ose that befoiv tbc ad\'ent of the whites, the
Xootka wile was comparatively i'aithful to her lord, that
chastity was regarded as a desirable female (juality, and of-
i'euses against it sexcri'ly ))unislied. ^Ilie fi'malesso freely
brought on board the vessels of early voyagers and oU'ered
THE NOOTKA FAillLY,
r:.7
liar as
\l\v:us
L- tribe.
)Vor to
(jM^OCll-
K- man
"trr tl'.e
^ if the
part of
lade l)y
ual »!»'-
iiade i>s
•hicii is
sixtivn.
his own
huuiUlo
1 in his
of lu'inii;
this class
vndor it
jiirl lov-
uvs Li'iv-
aro not
. tho (li-
kg many
and ini-
fish and
nd (doth-
o; licirii'S
10 riiht'r
I matters
of I'Hual-
cNcdudi'd
is nnii'h
liti's. tlio
.ovi\. tliat
V. and of-
so iVcei y
id olVoic'd
to ll:(' men, were porliaps slaves, who are every\vhere
]ii'o.>;iiiiled for ^'-iii, so lliat tlie fathers of their ehibh'eu
Ih
7i
are iu'\'er l^iiown.
\V
oiaen rareU' ha\e more tliaii two
th
or lluce chihhvn, and eease heariiiji' at about twenty-hve.
fri'mu'iilly prove ntinj;' the inerease ol' their family by
aborLions. I'lvunaiiey and ehildbii'th afi'eet thim but
little. The male ehild is named at liirth. but his name
is '.: I nvards frecpieiitly eluuiiivd. lie is suekled by the
moilier until three or I'our years old. and at an early
aue beiiins to learn the arts of lishin,!j; by which he is to
li\('. Children are not (juarrelsome amouii' themsehi's,
aud are ivuarded by both parents with stime show of
aliei'lioii and jiride. (iirls at puberty are closely con-
fined Ibr several days, and iiiveii a little water l)ut no
food; lliey are kej)t iiarticularly lV(;m the sun or lire, to
see ei;her of which at this })eriod woidd be a lasting dis-
grace. At such times feasts are given by the ])areuts.
Dixorces or separations may be had at will by either
}»arty. but a strict division of property and return of
betrothal jireseuts is ex])ected, the woman being allowed
not only the property she brought her husband, and ar-
ticles manufactured by her in wedlock, but a certain ])ro-
poi'tiou ol' the common wealth. Such proj)erty as be-
longs to the father aud is not distributed in gifts during
his life, ov destroyed at his death, is inherited by the
eldest son."'
"' ' Tile wonioii po to bid first, and f)ri> up first in tho nioniini,' to ])rt']mre
liriiikl'iist." !>. oJ. ''J'lii' coiKlitiuu of llic Alit wduitii is not one of nns(( iiily
iiifi liority.' ]).!•:). 'Tluir fcinalf relations tut as niidwivcs. Tin re is no
sciiaratc jilaic for lyin^-in. 'riic < liild. on In int; Imrn, is rolled np in a mat
union;,' featln rs.' "'I'liey unclde one ehild till anotlu r Ciinus,' [). '.)4. ' A i ill
who was known to have lost her virtiK', lost w itli it one of In r ehalici s i f a
faronialile marriage, and a chief. , . WduM have put his daughter to ih alh h r
Kileh a la; se,' p. 1'."). In ease of a s )ia:atioii, if tlii' part ii s liilont,' to dill' r i.t
trilies, till' child! ell po with the naitliir. p. HH. ' No Iraf s of the existence if
jiolyaiiihy aiiioiiLr the Ahls,' p '.III. The pi iMinal inoilesty of the Aht \\o:ia n
when vouni; is iimeli i^nati r than that of (he men, )p. 'M't. .syi o'.rs .-f',,i<,
ji]). '.s': (I, 511 '2, !»:t lilii, 1(1(1. iCI. -<\r,. On.' of the chiefs said that thne was
the imiulpcr of wives permitted' 'eiimo iHiiie in mcesii io para no eomiini -ar
coll la ipie est 11 \ iese (11 ci lit a.' ' .MihI - de i llos nniei( n sin casarsi.' ' 1 .1
'i'ays no piiiile liacer uso di siis ihul, ii s sill vi r enteraiiieiitc iluiuinaih. i I
iliseode la lllllll " >"/*' // ,hi,. /c ■ ;i". 1 I'l/'/i', p i. 1H-(1. Wolili n treated wi!h
iHi |iiiitieular res]ieet in any situation. (((,,,'> \'i ii. In J'ur., vol. ii., ji. ;il,v,
I'l rsiiiisof the same crest a: e not iiUowi il to marry. ' The child ai^aiii alwi.vs
Uikcs the crest of thf niother.' 'As u rule also, descent is traced from lliu
108
COLUMBIANS.
From tlio middle of XoA'omber to the middle of Jan-
iiarv, i.^' the Nootka season of mirtli and festivity, ^vhen
nearly the Avhole time is occupied ^vith public and pri-
vate gaiety, '^fheir evenings are privatelx' passed ])y the
family group Avithin doors in conversation, singing, jok-
ing, boasting of past ex])loits, personal and tribal, and
teasing the women until bed-time, when one by one they
retire to rest in the same blankets worn dui'ing the day.'"
►^wimming and trials of strength ))y hooking together
the little fingers, or sculUing for a ])ri7x\ seem to be the
oidy out-door amuseuients indulged in hy adults, while
tlie children shoot arrows and hurl spears at grass iigures
of l)irds and fishes, and prepare themselves for future
conflicts by cutting off the heads of imaginary enemies
modeled in mud.'' To gambling the Xootkas are pas-
sionately addicted, but their games are remarka])l\' few
and uniform. Small bits of wood compose their entire
para[)herniUia. sometimes "sed like dice, when the game
depends on the side turned up; or passed rapidly froui
hand to hand, when the gamester attempts to name the
hand containing the trump stick; or again concealed in
dust si)read over a blanket and moved al)out by one play-
er that the rest may guess its location. In. j)laying they
always form a circle seated on tiie ground, and the wouieu
r"
rarely if ever join the gauie.''* 'i'li^^W indulge in suiok-
mothcr, not from the fath t.' ' IntrijJtup ^vitll the wiv(>s of mini (if other
trilirsis one of the coiiiiuoni'st Cimscsof quarrel auioii;^' the Indians.' Mki/hi's
Ji. ('., ]i\>. 'J-")7-S, 2711; M'lijii's \'iiiic. Isl., pp. IM-T. The woiiuu are 'very
reserved ami eliaste.' Meari.-i' I"//., ])|). 2')l, 258, •JCi"), '..(iS; Jvim's ]\'ii)iil.,
p)). 2;!'.) 1(1. 'I'lie Indian woman, to smith her cliild, makes use of a K|iiin^'y
stiek lixed ol)lii[iiely in tlie s^round to wlileli the eradle is attached by a strini^',
forniini,' a convenient baby-jumper, /.'inl's Sill., vol. ii., p. 'J")',*; I'vinh rtmi's
\',ii,r. JsL, p. llil; M'l/rns. I^xpli-r.. t ii., pp. :U()-7. 'AN'heru thi re avo
no slaves in the tribe or family they perform all the drud;j;ery of biini,'in^'
firewood, water, iVe.' drtiut, in Lmnl. <i'ii!l. N'/C. Junr., vol. xwii., ]i|i. 'i'.ti- '.),
liiU. No intercourse between the newly niariied ])air fm' a ])eriod of tin
days, p. I'il). 'l'irha])s in no part of the world is vlilue more jui/id." p. 74.
Ji'ii-HI's .\(ii\. pp. 5;) -1,0, 71, 127-'.); r,,niii-(i'!s' \nr i;i I). ,•((-/... p. mi.
"'' 'When relieved from the pi'eseiM-e of straii^'ers, they have iinieli pasy
nnd social conversation amoiiL!; themselves.' ' The convei'sation is frequently
coarse and indiceiit.' >y//'ee/'.v .si-i'm-^, jip. ."lO-l. 'Caiitando y baxlando id
rededor de las hoi^ueras, abandonandost' a todos los exi- sos dc la liviaudad.'
Until ji Mi.viciiiiii, \'iii'ii\ ]). l:i.!.
"!"! Sjirndl's Sci'i(i~:, pp. ."'.") (i; >i(^7 // ^f^•'l^'nl■l. ]'i't;i\ ]i, 111.
"■■' h'ritiil, in J.iiinl. iiiii'j. Sue, J^i .r., \ol. .\\\ii., p. •_'••■•; M(i^i.r's 11. i\, pp.
NOOTK.V AMrSElIENTS.
199
,f Jan-
, when
u\ pri-
hy the
l^^ jok-
al, ami
m\ tlioy
ic day.'''
;()«i:etlier
) 1)0 tlio
s. Avhilo
r i'uture
oiicniu'S
are ptis-
il)ly lew
ir entire
he puno
lly iVoni
lame the
oaled in
l)iie play-
uyj: they
|e ^^()llleu
u sniok-
in of otluT
IS.' M'ii/"< '■'<
In iU(! ' vtvy
|.i "s H'diiiy.,
,1' ii siuiuuy
,1iv !i^ii'iii;4.
\l'',,nl) rt'ili'H
ju ^h^v^• tiro
,,,..-^> i».
iriiiil of t(U
]/( il,' p. 74.
nil.
iHiii'li easy
fri qiuiitly
layl.iiiilii ill
liviainlad.'
Is /;. ''., VI'.
in;j:. the only ])ipes of their own manufacture heinii' of
plain ci'dar, filled now with tohaeco hy those who ean
aiford if. hut in which they formerly smoked, as it is
supposed, the leaves of a native [)lant — still mixed with
tobacco to le.s.xen its intoxicating i)roperties. The pipe
is jKissed round after a meal, hut seems to ho less used
in seiious ceremonies than among eastern Indian na-
tions.'''
IJut the Xootka amusement par excellence is that of
feasts. gi\en by the richer classes and chiefs nearly I'very
evening during ' the season.' Male and feuiale heralds are
euijiloyed ceremoniously to invite thegue.sts, the house ha\-
ing been first cleared of its [)artitions. and its floor sjireail
with mats."'^'^ As in countries more civilized, tlie coiuuion
people go early to secure the best seat,", their allotted place
))eing near the door. The elite couie later, after being
I'cpeatedly sent for; on arrival they are announced by
name, and assigned a ])lace according to I'aidv. In one
corner of the hall the fish and whale-blubber are boiled
by the wives of the chiefs, who serve it to the guests m
])ieces larger or smaller, according to their rank. A\ hat
ciui not be eaten must 1)0 cai'ried home. Their drink or-
dinarily is ]iure water. i>ut occasionally berries of a pecu-
liar kind. preser\'ed in cakes, are stirred in until a froth is
formed which swells the body of the drinker nearly to
burstiug.'^^ Kating is followed by conversation and speech-
making, oi'atory being an ai't highly pi'i/ed. in which,
with their line voices, they become skillful. Mually,
the floor is cleared for dancing. In the dances in which
the crowd participate. i\\v thuicers. with faces piiiutcd in
black and vermilion, It'i'ui a circle I'ound a few leaders
w lio gi\ I' the step, which consists chielly in jumping with
Is/.. 1). );U; Mtinh's ]'<(i>r. Is'.. )i. Ill; IS.irntl-
V
J.I'll. inril's 'I'rdf., p. 5:!.
''J >/.j'i<((/'s >(•!■,, IN. ]). i:('i',). l>ut l.iinl savs 'iiutliiiiL! can ]■•' dniic witlicmt
it.' .V /., v.il. i.. ji. I'.x.
'■"'rill' Iibliau iiivir Mivitis any of (he same crest as himself. .lA/iy'i '.s
^'|||.(■. l-l., H"). 'I hey are vi ly iiarticiilar ahuut whrnii tiny invite to their
fiiists, 1111(1, on !J!reat oecasii:ns. men and woiiicu feast se|)ar.itely, the wnincu
always takin'^' the iireceiUnce. />i(, ,<•■/((, in Mnijne's Ji. C'., j>i>. •Jt;;J-il; ."^pri/'it'x
Sciiii s, )!]). ;")'.)-(;(.
•*' Lvnl'n A'(/., vol. i., i>i). ".25',MiU.
200
COH'MBIANS.
both ^voi from tlio irronnd. l)ran(lisliinir woniions or ImhioIi-
osol" I'l'iitlic'i's. orsomc'tinK'ssini[)ly )K'iiilii)Li'tlu' hodv with-
out moviuu' the loct. As to thi> j);irtici|);itiou of women
ill these diinces. authorities do not iijiree/" In u sort of
('(nncrsiitionul (hince all j^ass briskly round the room to
the sound of nmsic. praisinji" in exclamations the huild-
inu' and all within it. while another dance re(|uires many
to crunh ui)oii the rooi' and there eontiime their motions,
'i'heir sjjccial or character dances are many, and in them
they show nnich dramatics talent. A curtain is stri'tched
across a corner of the room to conceal the prepai'ations,
and the actors, iantastically dressed, represent personal
coud)ats. huntinji" s<'enes. or the actions of dilVerent ani-
mals. In the seal-dance naked men jmnp into the water
and then crawl out and over the lloors. imitating the
motions of the seal. Indecent i)erformances are men-
tioned hy some Aisitors. Sometimes in these dances
men drop suddenly as if dead, and are at last re\ive<l
hy tiie doctors, who also jzive dramatic or maiiic peil'orm-
ances at their houses; or they illuminate a wax moon
out on the Avater. and make the natives believe they ai'e
conmuminji' with the man in the moon. To tell just
where au:usement ceases and solemnitv Ix'uins in these
dances is impossible.'^' Hirds" down forms an imjiortant
item in the decoi'ation at dances, especially at the lecep-
tion of strangers. All dances, as well as other cere-
monies, ai'e accompanied by continual nuisic, instrumental
and \()cal. The instruments are: boxes and benches
ll!<:i
"'- 'T li.ivc iiovir seen ixn Iiidiaii woninii diuico at a feast, nml luliivc it is
sclildiii if ivir doiii'.' Mdi/ia'a li. ('., \t\\. 2('i7-'.t. Thf wonii'ii •,'ciui'ally 'form
u scjiaiatc circle, and cliaiiiit and jiiuii) liy tin nisdvcs.' (imnt. in l.niil. (iaxj.
t^iic. .Iiiiir., viil. xxvii., ji. lidfi. 'As a inlc, the men and Wdnicn do imt daiico
toijetliii-; \vli( n the men are daiicin;.; tlu; women sin.L; and beat time,' Imt
tlleic is a dance ])eifoi liled bv liotll S( xes. >/;Ci.((r.s >rr/.rN. lip. <'<i 7. 'Oil
otle r occasions a male chief vill invite a ])avty of female t^uests to share his
lioNjiilalily.' M'lijii's \'iiiii'. V.v/., ]>. IIU. ' Jjas mnijeres liaylan desayradisi-
manieiile; rara vez se ])restan it <'sta diversion.' ShIiIi/ .]/(,ficiii.ii. I'"";<. p. \'>'2.
''■' 'La decencia ol)iiL;a a juisar en silencio 1>ps hayles fihsceiios ih; los Mis-
cliimis {common iieo]i!ei. es|iecialmente el del impoteiite a causa (h' la (dad,
y el del pohre (jiie no hi jiodido casarse.' Snhl 1/ Mf.\''u(i)i'l. \"i(it;t>. pp. 151 2.
18: Mi'rtlr's \'<iii('. Isl.. pp. ■t^i'i-T; .'■/ironr.s' .'^cc/if.s, pp. (')."> 71: Mtijin's II. ('.,
]ip. •.'<'iil-7: Jrintl's S<u\, ]i. Ifsil: (iranl. ill l.'iiii}. (liMij. Sov,. Jour., vol xxvii.,
p. 'JOii; CumicaUis' Seu) J-J Ijontila, pp. 'J'J-.iOU.
MISCELLANEOUS CUSTOMS.
201
llK'll-
with-
oiaen
ort t)t'
oui to
l.uiia-
iniiiiy
)tions.
thoni
sitions,
•rsoiuil
it iiiii-
■ ^v!ltcr
nu' tho
' incn-
(laucos
•cvivod
.'i-lbnii-
: moon
u'\ are
li just
1 these
huirtaiit
|> ie('(>p-
r eere-
luental
)euclies
liivc it is
lilly -fonii
,,,,,/. lifiiij.
linii-,' but
'On
1 share liis
.ayniilisi-
Jr;i. !>. 1">-.
|o Ids Mis-
Ill (.lad,
|,p. ir,i -1.
■.s /;. ''.,
lol xwli.,
■^tvuclv Avitli sticks: a iiluiik hollowed out on the uuder
side aiu
I heateu with (h'uin-stieks ahout ii ibot ion;
rattle made ol" dried seal-skin in the lorni of a lii^h. with
jH'hhles; a whistle ol" deer-hone aljout an ineh U)\\\s with
one hole, w hieli like the rattle ean oidv he \\i<v{\ hv ehieis;
and a hunch ol" nuis<de-shells, to he shaken Hki' castanets.^'
Their soniis are monotonous chants, extendinii o\er hut
lew notes, varied hy occasional howls and w hooj»s in stniio
of the more spirited midodies. pk'asant or otherwise, ac-
coi'dini:' to the taste ol" the hearer.'" Certain ol theii*
i'easts ai'e ^iven periodically hy the liead chiefs, which
distant trihes attend, and durinjz' which take place the
distributions ol" property already nientiont'tk A\ henevcr
a .uil't is oH'cred. etitpiette reipiires the recipient to snatch
it I'udelv from the doni)r with astern and suil\ look.^''
Ai
nionii' the nnscellaneous customs noticed hy the diller-
cnt authorities already (pioted. may he mentioned the lol-
lowinji'. Daily hathing in the sea is [)racticed. the vapor-
hath not l)eing used, (,'hildren are rolled in the snow hy
their mothers to make them hardy, ('amjjs and otiier
l)ropei'ty are moved Trom [)lace to phice hy i)ilin,u them on
a plank platl'orm huilt across the canoes. \\'hymper saw^
Indians near Ihite Inlet earrvinti hiu'dens on the hack hv
a strap across the lorehead. In a fiiiht they rarely strike
l)ut close and depend on pullinj:' hair and scratchinu'; a
chance blow must l)e made u[) by a preset
It. I
nvitations
**' .li'ii-iirs X'ir.
L'voh-
vv
:io, r, ■
Kiifiiurir s
r. //. ('» I'<ii'., viil. ii., pp. :Ui> II.
1'"//., Vdl. iii., pp. ;i(l7 1(1
Thiir inusio is mostly f^'rave inid serious, mid in exact eoneert, when
RUiier by L'reat inuiibcrs. 'Variations niuiierons and tx])ressiv<
d th
drnee or melody ]io\verfully soothint,'.' t'tm/.'s I'o//. /'> J'ac, vol. ii., j p. Ilid-
II, ■-><:!. J)islik(' i'lnrojiean nmsie. >i(/)7// .l/(,i'/(,'(ni'(, I'lV/f/e, ]'p. l-")! 'J. •'I'lieli'
tunes are f,'enerally solt an.l jilaintive, and thoui,di not jiossessjnj,' i^vaU va-
riety, are not deticient in harmony.' ib wilt thinks the words of tlie son^s
may lie borrowed from otln r trilMS. ./ii/iV/'.s yar., ]>. 7'i, and sjieeinn ii of
vvarsomj. i'. Ifii. Airs pon>ist of live or six bars, varyini,' sli;4hlly, time liein^.^
beaten in the middle of the bar. ' Melody they have none, there is nothiii^;
solt. pleas] n'..;, or toiieliin;4 ill their airs; they are not, however, without Mime
<le;.;ri f rude harmony.' iifiini, in J. (mil. tun /. Sue. ,/.../(•., vol. x\ iii . ]>. ; lUl.
'.Veert.iin In aiity of natural expression in many of the nativi' strains, if it
were |ios,-iilile to relieve them from the iiioiiotoiiy w hirh is their f.iiilt.' 'Jheni
are old men. wanderiiv.^ minstnls, who siiiu; w.ir soiiLrs and be^. 'It is re-
niarUable how aptly the nativi's catch and imitaie sonys heard from settle ra
ur travelers.' Sjimtil's Sfi'iny. p]i. C,:!-.").
"'' .U'(.7r's \'unc. Jsl., pp. 4;ill-l; Jdci/r.s .V((/'., p. 3'.).
202
COLUMniANS.
to out must not bo (leclinod, no matter how often repented.
Out of doors there is no niitive jiesture of suhitation. hut
in the housi's u ^uest is motioned politely to ii eoueh;
guests iU'e held siicred. and great ceremonies are per-
formed at the reception of strangers : all important events
arc announced hv heralds. Friends sometimes saunter
along hand in hand. A secret society, inde[)endent of
triln', family, or crest, is sup[)osed ])y S[)roat to exist among
tlieui. l)ut its purposes are unknown. In a jialaver
with Avhites the orator holds a long Avhite pole in his
liaud, which he sticks occasionally into the ground hy
way of eni[)hasis. An animal chosen as a crest must
not he shot or ill-treated in the presence of any wearing
its iigure; hoys recite portions of their elders' speeches
as declamations; names are changed many times during
life, at the will of the individual or of the tribe.
In sorcery, witclicraft, prophecy, dreams, evil spir-
its, and the transmigration of .-ouls, the X(«)tkas are llrni
ludievers. and these beliefs enable the numerous soi'cer-
ers of dilferent grades to iiciiuire great jiower in the
tribes by their strange ridiculous ceremonies. !Most of
their tricks are transparent, l)eing deceptions worked by
the aid of confedenites to keep up their power; hut, as
in all religions, the votary nmst have some faith in the
efficacy of their incantations. The sorcerer, before giv-
ing a s[)ecial demonstration, retires apart to meditate.
After spending some time alone in the forests and mount-
ains, lasting and Incerating the llesh, he a})pears sud-
denly before the tribe, emaciated, wild with excitement,
clad in a strange costume, grotescpiely ])ainted. and
wearing a hideous mask. The scenes that ensue aro
indescribable. Itut the aim seems to be to commit all the
wild iVeal^s that a maniac's imauination m:iv devise,
accoui[)anied by the most unearthly yi'lls which can ter-
rorize the heart. J/ive dogs and dead human ))odies aro
sei/A'd and tovn by their teeth ; but. at least in later times,
they seeju not to attack the living, and their ]H'rform-
ances are souiewhat less hoi-rible and bloody than tlu?
wild or;jiies of the northern tribes. The sorcerer ih
CUSTOMS AND CANXIBALTS^I.
203
tliouglit to have- nioro iiilluoncc uitli l)a(l spirits than
uith good, and is always rcsortrd to in tlio case of any
sorions mislbrtuno. New ini'mhtTs of tlu' fraternity are
initiated into the mysteries hy similar ceremonies. Old
women are not without their traditional mysteiMous j)ow-
er.s in matters of i)ro[)he('v and witchcraft; and all chiel's
in times oi' per[tlexity practice fasting' and laceration.
Dreams are helieved to he the visits of spirits or of the
Avanderiuii' soul of some living' jtarty, and the unfortu-
nate XoiJtUa hoy or jiirl whose hluhhi'r-loaded stomach
causes uneasy dreams, nuist he pro[)erly hiicked, scoi'ched,
smothered, and otherwise tormented until the evil s|)ii'it
is appi'used."' A\ hether oi* not these people were can-
nihals. is a disputed ((Ui'stion, hut there seems to he litllo
douht that slaves huxe ])een sacrificed and eaten as a
part of their devilish rites.*''^
"' 'I hnvo sfon tlio sorcprovs nt work a hundred timrs, Imt fh( y nso so
nimiy cliuvms, which aiiiicar to luc ridiculDiis, — thry siii;^', howl, and ^^<stiiii-
latc in SI) oxtnivaL;ant a manner, and snrroiind tlieir ellice wilii s\icli dread
and mystery. — that I am (jnite unalile to deserihe their jierfornianccs,' ].]i.
liiit-7il. 'An nnhielvv (hcani will stoji a sale, ii treaty, a lishin;,', hunting,
<ir war oxpedilion,' p. 17"). Siirmit's »• /( s, ] p. ]i.")-7"). A eliii f, otl'ered i\
jiieee of toliaeeo for allowiiii,' liis ]iortrait (o be made, said it was a small re-
ward for risking; his life. Ivt.n 's Uk/.i/ . ]>. •2-10. Shrewd individuals inqjoso
on their neiijhliors hy jiretendin;.,' to reet ive a revelation, tellini,' ila ni where
lish or berries are most abniuhint. Description of initiatory ceremonies of
the sorcerers. Mdi'lic's \'<lii('. Is'., pp. IK), 4.mI 7, 1~>1. .Iiirit'.'s \ar.. ]ip. IIS ',).
A brave jirince t^'oes to a distant l.ike. inm])s f lom a hit;h ro(d< into (he water,
and rubs all the skin oU' liis face with ])iec i s of rouu'h bark, amid the ap-
plause of his attendants. l)eseri|.tion of kinij's prayirs. and ceremonies to
l)rin^' rain. .'<i(til i/ .Miw'iftiKi, \'iii c. \<p. 1 !•") i!, ;>/. Candidates are thrown
into a sfatt> of iiksiik risin before their initiation. ' Mnliciin.' in llii'c!.iic;s' I'lil.
Mt'i.. vol. v., "p. 2l.7">S; Il'irntl-Li I'iKirils 'I'ritr., pp. r>l-3; Cd ifnrhins, .Xnl'i-
ci'ls, pj). ()1 S.).
■" I'hey bidui;ht for sale 'human skulls, and hands not yet quite strip]ied
of till' llesh, which thi'y maih' our peo|:te ]il.iinly understaml tlnyh.ad eaten;
anil, indeed, some of them had evident marks that they had l)i en upon the
tire.' i'tio,'.'.-< \'(ii/. Ill I'lic., vol. ii.. p. '-"l. Slaves are occasionally sarrilieed
and feastid uimn. .1/"0's' I'"//., p. •_.'")."). ' No todos habian conndo la earno
hnmana, ni en todo tiempo, sino solaiuente los|_;uerreros mas aniniosos ipnin-
ih) SI' jireparaban para salir a canipafia.' ' I'iirece indudablr ipie esios salva-
iirs han sido antropi')fau'os.' Si I'r i/ .\fi .i-'rnini, Vinjt. ]>, ll'.d. ',\t N'ootha
Sonmh an I at the Sandwich Isl.inds. Ledyard witnessed inst.n.ces of canni-
balism. In both places he saw human tlesh prepared for foixh' .">/"//■/. '.s L'lj'n
<it' J.'di/firil. ]i. 71: CiirniriiHin' .Vcc- /•.'/ /^"/v/f/o, pp. 111! i'.. 'Cannibalism, all-
thoUL;h nidinown anioie^' the Indians of tlu' Colunibi.i, is practised by the
sav,i'_;es on the coast to the northward.' ' ' .I's .\ilrpii., vol. i., ])]). lilO-ll . The
cannibal ceremonies ipioted by ^laetie and referred to Vancouver Island,
jirobably were intended for the llaidahs farther noi'th. I'".!'. Is'., j). J.'M. A
slave as late as !■-■");) was drawn up and down a pole by a hook throu^di tho
204
COHJMDIAXH.
Tlic X(K)tl<iis arc Lii'iu'rallv a l()ii"-liv( <1 race, and from
tlK> l)t\iiiiining to tlie railiiiii' ol" iiiaiiliood umk'rv.t) littlcj
cliaii;^!! ill appi'araiu't'. .Icwitt stati-s that during' liiscap-
t'nitv of tliri'c vcars at XootUa Sound, onlv livi' natural
deaths oi'i'uri'cd, and thc> jn'oplc sulVcrcd scarci'ly anv dis-
oaso t'Xtvpt the ('olic. Sproat mentions as tlie eonnnon-
ost diseases; l)ilious ('oui])iaints, dvsenterv. a eonsuniptioii
Avliieh almost aUvavs lollows syi)lnlis, ievers, and anion|j;
the aui'd. ophthahnia. Aeeidental injuries, as outs, hruis-
es, sprains, and hi-oken limhs, are treated with e(Mi-
.siderahle success hv means of sinqjle salves oi" uuiuf
CO
Id
>v
liter, [)ine-i)arl
hand:
iii'cs. and wooden si)
liiit^
Natural pains and maladies are invariahlv ascriht'd to the
ahsence or other irrcLiidar conduct of the soul, or to the
inlliieiice of evil s|)irits. and all treatment is directed to
the recall ol" the i'ormer and to the apiieasini:' of the latter.
Still, so lonii' as the ailment is sliiiht. simple means are
resorted to. and the patient is kindly cared lor hy the
Avomen
as Aviien
head;
icue, cohc, or rlier,mati>m is
treated by the ap})lication of hot <<r c(^ld water, hot a,-hes,
IViction. or the swalkminu' ol cold teas iiKuk' iVom vaii-
ous roots and leaves. Nearly every disease has a specilio
I'or its cure. Orejion j:rape and other lierhs cure syphilis;
Avasp-nest pou(U>r is a tonic, and l)lackl)erries an astrinu;'-
ent ; hemlock hark I'orms a, j)laster, and doii-wood hark
is a strenijjthener; an infusion of younii' pine cones or
the inside scrapiiiiis of a human skull ])revent too rajiid
family increase, while certain plants iacilitate al;ortion.
AVhen a sickness hecomes serious, the sorct'i'er or medi-
cine-man is called in and incantations hc^uin. more or less
noisy according to the umoiint of the [)rospectivo fee
sliin ami tciiilniis of tlio Imrlc. and iiftcnvanls (Icvonri'd. ,l/i '/.'r^.v, hi U"tfh-
iiitjx' I'.il. .'.''/ '., vol. v., ]>. '2 :>. I/authriiii(>))lia'.'i(' a I't '■ loiiiitfiir s en i;;a.::;o
. . . .pt iK'ut-i'-t re y exist c-t-i II' (1:0 )ic . . !,<■ chrf .Maciiiiiiii . . tuait iiii jiri sdh-
iiicr ii chaiino
]U11(> IKUlVi Ih
fs I't.'l
it iiivit 's h ci-ttt' li iriil)
frtc
.1/
in. li.qi'i'i'., tiiiii. ii., ]i.
']t is not iiiiprolial Ic that the sms-
liicinii vhat the N'oolkaus arc caniiihals may lie traced to the \.Yi
A
eustoni anala.i,'ous to the 'I'ud-t: Ui'. of the llacd t/.wl
virlcr. III
I.o,nJ., i:
iiein;4 a vietini i
.hiiir., vol. Ni., II]). 'l'l)-i. 'Tlie horrid iiraetiee of saeri-
'ither uuce iu three vears or
not annual, hut onlv oe(
t'lse at nnt'c
rtaiu intervaln
^t"
V
Ijij.
NOOTKA lUTilAL.
205
1 from
) little
iscMi)-
IJltlMul
II V dis-
luimsn-
jiil)tioii
ainonij;
, bniis-
h 0311-
• -mils,
sjiliiits.
il to the
r to the
c'ctcd to
I' latii'i".
■ans are
• hy the
\\\>m is
)t a.-hos,
)m vaii-
specilic
vj-hilis;
asti'in.ii-
|()(l hark
ones or
)o rajiid
hortlon.
l)r uu'di-
c or loss
tive lee
in jr'lrh.
Is en r.sa;^o
lull pri ;oii-
\r IrirrUilc
[A till' Mis-
Viic'.icc of
|>ci(7c;', ill.
lo of sacri-
Tu vouis or
and the luniihrrof relatives and friends ^vho join in the
iil»i'oar. A vei'v \yn)v wretch is pcnnitted to die in eoiii-
]»Mrative (|iiiet. In d'llicMdt eases the doctor, wrought ii])
to the highest state oC excitement, claims to see and hear
the soul, and to jnd<:e of the patient's |)r()s[)ects hy its
])osition and niovcnients. The sick man shows little
iortitiide. and ahandons himsell' hel[)lessly to the doctors
ridiculous measures. I''ai!in,^' in a cure, the jilivsician
o('ts no |»ay. hut it successi'ul. does not I'ail to make u
lariie demand. Hoth the old and the iielpU'ssly sick are
i"re(|uentlv ahandoned hv the Alits to die without aid in
tl
le lorest
After (h'ath the Xootkas hody is ])ronii)tly put away:
a slave's hody is unceremoniously thrown into the wa-
ter; that ol' a freeman, is placed in a crouching;' ])osture,
their favorite oiu> during life, in a dee]) wooden l)o.\. or
in a canoe, and suspeiide(l from the hranches of a trei',
deposited on tlu' iiround with a co\erinii' of sticks and
stones, or, more rarely, huried. Common [)eo|»le are i, -du-
ally left on the surface; the nohility are suspeiidi'd from
trees at heiuhts dilT
eriiiLi'. as some au
thorit
les sa\'. accoiH
i\\'^ to rank. The practic(> of hurnini;" the dead seems
also to have heeii followed in some jjarts of this region,
llach trihe has a huryiii,u'-,;zrouiid chosen on sonu* hill-
siiU' or small island. With chiefs, hlankets. skins, and
othei- property in larjie amounts ari' huried. huiio' \\\)
ah )ut the jirave, or hiirned durinir tin; funeral ceremo-
nies, whicli are not (N)mi)licated e\ce[)t foi" the luLihest
ollicials. The eolllns are ol'ten ornamented with car\'-
*■■' lihcumiiti-iin niul ]iuralysis :\ro varf iiialadii's.' Syiiliilis is ])rn1ialily
iii(liL;iiiiius. Am]iiitaliiiii. liluiKl-lcttiiiL;. ainl iiii lallic iiii diriiic imt cinjilnvid.
JL'lii'iius t) ])r()iliicc liivc arc luiiii'i-diis. ' Voiiiii,' and old of l)olli srxcs an;
rX|iosi(l\vli('iialilictiMl with liii'^'iiiii.,' disrasc' >///•< (it's >(■■/, is, )i]i. 'l')'.-!, "iSJ,
'.il:; I. • llrad.irlii' is cured liy strikiliu' tlic part atVccti d willi small liraiii'lii s
of til" s]nuci' *r('i\' Doctors arc ^,'ciicrally chosen from imn uho liavc
th<-m-.'-lvcs sutV ■i-c<l serious inala(Ucs. .lA(c;/'('.s T'O/c. />/., |)|). ■!■ S - 1(). •'I'lieir
cure I'or rheUinalism or similar pains. . . is hy ciittiii'^ or scarifying; the part
iitVcctecl.' ./I'iriVr.s' Xar., p. 1-12. They aro sen sick on Kiirnpiaii vi ssels.
I'niilf's (J. Cliiir. hi., p. Ml, Description of ceremonies. >ini,4, in M^n/m's
11. I'., jip. "iiii:}, :ili|. ''rii'> jialii nt is jnU to hed, and for the most part
Ktavvcd, lest the foiul should lie emisumcd hy his internal enemy,' ' I he
Warm and steam hath is vi'iy freipiditly employed.' .)/' c/iciu'*, iii Jhil<:liiiii,n'
Col. Muj., vol. v., pp. •J2(>-S.
m
coLr^rmAxm.
iiif!s or j)aiiitiii;j;s of tlu' (Icccasi'd man's crest, oi* uitli
roNvs of shells. When u tlciitli occurs, the woiueii of
the ti'ihe make a <j:enei'al liowl. and keep it u\) at intervals
i'or man\ (lavs or munlhs; the men, alter a little speech-
making', keep silent. The I'amily and I'riends. with hla<'k-
ened laces and hair cut sli(»rt. lollow the hody to its last
restinii-placiMvith nnisi(^ and t)ther manil'estations of sor-
row, jienerally terminatinji' in a least. 'I'here is ^reat
reluctance to exjilain their funeral usages to strangers;
death hein^' re,i:arded hy this jieople with lireat supersti-
tion and dread. iK^t from solicitude i'or the welfare of
the dead, itut from a helief in the ])ower of departed
s[iirits to do nmch harm to the livinj:'.'"
'I'he Xootka chai-acter jiresents all the inconsistencies
ohservahle amonii' other American ahoriuines. since there
is hardly a p)od or had trait that has not hy some ob-
server l)een ascribed to them. Their idiosyncrasies as a
race are perha[»s best jiiven by Sproat as ■'wani: of ob-
servation, a ;:i'eat deliciency of foresijiht, exti'cme (ickle-
ness in tlcir j)assions and jjurposes. hal)itual suspicion,
and a love of jjower and display; added to which may
be noticed their ingratitutle and revengeful disposition.
90 'I'],,, rustoii) of lmniin<,' or bnryini^' i)iojicrty is wIkjIIv ('(iiifiiM'tl to r-liiifs.
' Xiiilit is tluir tinii' for iiitcn'iti^' tlic tlcinl.' Jiiirtoou tricivs, m itli ii feast iiiul
iliiiicc, foniud part of tln'i'crcliioiiy. ./(!'• 7/ '.s- Xiir., jij), iO"). 11 l-'J. liM. At \al-
(Ics Islaiul, ' we saw two si j)nlchr( s l)nilt willi jilauli alioiit live f( ( t in lie i^'lit,
seven in Iriij^th, ami four in laeailtli. 'Iluse liuanls were curiously j er!'orat((l
at tile ( mis and siiles, ami the tops coveri il with loose jjieccs of jilank;' in-
ch isid evichntly the relies of many ill II'. rent liodies, \'ii,iiiiiir('r's I '<■//., vol. i.,
jip. Mis ',). ''J'he colli II is usually an ohl canoe, laslii il round and round, like
uii F,i,'yptian niunuiiy-ease.' Luid's .\iit., vol. i., p. 170. ' 'I'hc re is Ljeuerally
some eroteS(jUe tiu'Ure JiMJnted (in the uutside of llie box, <ir roU;.lily SfUl|.-
tnred out of \voo<l and ]jlaced liy the side of it. For some days after d( aih
the relatives liurn salmon or venison before the tond).' ' They will never
mention the nanu' of a dea<l man.' linint. in Ijntul. tlvnij. Sue. .!<:iir.. vol. \xvii.,
]']). ;i()l-lt. 'Ash rule, tlie Inilians bum their dead, and then br.iy the ash-
es.' ' It wasat one time not uneomnion fcir Indians to desert foiixir a lod''o
in which one of their family ha<l di( il.' Mnjii' 'n Ii. ('., ]\i
Mltll cu
t of
gravi
For thirtv davs after the fun
dirL;es are eliantid at s.inrise autl
nset. M'lriU-'s \'i(iic. /.s/.. [ip. 1 17 IS. Children frequently, but |
never. W(
re found haiiLtiu'.,' in tr(
.1/'
'■".'/•■ 1'
JM:
row n persons
r<(il'
ji,'. •_-")S"i,:(. The bddies of chiefs are huuj,' in trees on hi_h mountain
ile till
)f th
imnii>ns .-ire buriecl. that their souls mav li
^■hortel•
.;«•, pp. i:;'.l-
•10. • Tlie Indians never iuler their dead.' ai.'.d rarelv burn them, liarnlt-
journey to their residence in a future life, .'^util i^ M,,
Xc. !««/•(/ s Trar., ji. 51.
ClIAUVCTEU or Till'. NODTKAS.
r with
JU'll of
iterviils
i liliK'k-
its liist
< of M)l'-
is ;j,'n'!it
•iiiiut'i>;
iHHTsti-
>\[\\\v of
Icyiiu'tt'd
istl'IK-U'S
ICO tlu'i'o
■<ouu' ol)-
sirs iis ii
iV of ol)-
le lickK'-
iisp'u'ion,
icli may
^losition,
(1 to fliiifs.
il friist Ullil
;.;. AtVal-
t in 111 i.L'lit,
(■rl'iiviilcil
[l'il;nik;' iii-
,.(/., vol. i.,
Iinnnil, lilvu
|is mm rally
.lily sciil).-
iil'ti'v (It iith
I- will ii(V(i'
vol. xxvii.,
liiy tln' iisli-
l\rr M 1im1l;i^
I with fUt of
.mvisc iiiid
Iwii pn-soiis
lilt's .' cms,
liuountaiiis,
I'l' a >Uoit( 1"
l/'s I'P- '•'•'"
Iiu. liarnii-
llicir rciitViiU'^s lor WiV:. iiud ri'voltin^' 'mdiru'rciicc to
liiiiiiiin siilll'i'iii':. " 'I'Ik'so <|ii;ilitii's. liidLird 1)\' <'i\ ili/.iil
.•^tandiii'ds cciisiiriiblo. to tlio NdoiUa arc iiraiscwortliy.
Avhilc coiitrai'v »iiialit'ws ari> to I)L' aAoidc 1. I)\ a, strict
apiilicatioii. tliorcforc. of 'put yoiii'si'lf in his ))lacc" |»rin-
cijilcs. to whirh most 'pHxl Indians' owe du-ir rc|)utation.
Xdotka cliai'actcr nmst not be too liar^lily condcnnuMl.
Tlicy iO'o not. so I'ai' as jiliysical action? arc (•(••iccrncd, a
vcniiiikidily la/y ju'oplc. hnt their minc.s. idthonuh intcl-
li.Licnt when aron.si'd. arc a\('r.H' to c Tort and (|uickl_\'
iati,L!Ucd ; nor can they romitrchi-nd the idvantiii:t' of con-
tinued clVort I'or any I'ntnrc i:()od wiuc'i is at all ri-mote.
A'\ hat little ioresii:ht they haxc. has nnich in common
x\ith the instinct of heasts. Ordinal ily. tluy are (|uiet
iind well hehaM'd, especially the hiiilu-r classes, hut when
once ron.si'd to anjii'r. they ra^c. hitc, spit and kick with-
out the sliiihtest attemi>t at self-|iosscssion. A sei'ious ol-
feiiscaLiinnst an individual. althouLih nominally jiardoned
in considci'ation of presents, can I'cally never he com-
jiletely atoned i'or except hy hlood : hence pri\!ite. fiMnil_\',
and tribal ['v\\C\:^ continue from _i:enei'ation to ui'ni'ration.
A\ Omen are not innnodest. hut the men have no shame.
Stealin^i:' is recoi:ni/ed as a I'ault. and the ])ractice as he-
tweeii nK'mi;ers of till' same trihi' is rare, hut skillful jiil-
I'crii!': from stran,i:ers. if not ollicially sanctioned, is c.\-
tt'nsi\('ly carried on and much admireil: still any prop-
erty conlided in trust to a Noolka is said to he faithfully
returncil. To his vrifc he is kind and just; to his chil-
dren afi'cctionate. l''.l'.()rts for their con\-ersion to forclLii
reliuifais lia\e heen in the highest deurt'c unsuccessful."'
ll
i! I
20S
COLUMIUAXS.
TiiK R -uxn Indians, l»y Vvhidi Iltiii T fiiul it convon-
iriii t(»(K'siL;"iiatc llionaiioiisaboiit J'lr^et S()uihl,c;)iisti-
1 uti; lli(^ third ^".uuily <>1" llio ( 'oluiubiaii ji^Tou]). In this
division 1 inchu'eall the natives ol' tliat part of Wasli-
iiiLrtou whicli lies to the west ol' thi; Cascade li:in''';\
except a strip from t\ventv-(ive to forty mill's wide aloni;'
the north hank ol' thi' ('ohnnhia. The north-i-astei'ii
si'ction ol' this teri'itory. inchuiin,^' tlie San .Inan ^ironp,
A\ irulhey Island, and llie rciiion trihntarx to lU-Uin^hani
\\a\. is the home ol' the .\(i(i/iSii/,\ Lidiiiin. Saiin^li and
Sh'(i'i't nations, whose nei^liliors and constant harassers
on the north are the lierce Kwantlnms and Cowichinsol
the Xooika family ahont tiie month of the I'raser. The
eentiMi section, comprising the shores and islands of
Admirally Inlet, llooil ranal. and I'nLiet Sonnd |)rojier,
is occupied hy nnmerons tribes with \ariously spelled
names, mostly U'rminatin;^' in ////s//. wliii'h names, with
all tlirir oriho^raphic di\('i',>ity. have heen !^i\i'n lm'I)--
• ■rally to the streams on whose hanks the dlii'erent na-
tions dwelt. All these trihes may he tt-rmcil the A 's-
'l'iii!'ij nation, takinu' the name from tlii' most mnnerons
and hcst-known of the trihes located ahont the head of
the sonml. The ddHniii^ inhahit the eastei'n jiorlioii
of t!ie piaiinsnla hetween the sonnd and tin- Pacilic.
'I'lie western extremity of the same peninsnla. lerminat-
ln;.:at ( 'ape l''liitter_\ . isoc>'npled \\\ the ( 'fiiKSt l^{)V M(i!,ii/i^;
niiis.' I> mil .ii'cli's l>isirl<. vdl, i.. p. ss Tlic .vitlinalits ;,'ivrii to ^I'.'L'vcssixc
v.ir, Mill runs, ijiiciiily 'lir.ir a ImiI ii|iiil.iliiui.' Wiiiimjn r's Ahi-I. i, p 71.
>.ul 111' ivr, MM 1 a sli'^r],! iTpul-^1' ilamits Hi ni. ■ S'lici'Vc in liis fn'rmls lip, k'wA
t I liii ui;r aihl rhiMrrii, tiiiil c l('V(i|( (II \' liival t'o liis own li-ilic.' p. •")!. • lit
siclilic^s a!hl appniiicliili;^' dralli, I lie savii;.^r alwuvs 1mc<iiiic's im laiulinly ' p
I iJ. ■';,,:, /s >,• ,.,s. \^\). :io. :i.;, Tii, ill, il'.i -Jl, 'l.'iii I'pi;. is;, ■. n; •Ci'iiniix
mill \ iirl. I ih r, Ij.uvs Very Mava;.;!' and micivilizi il il'i!,'s.' aiul lli'' .S' ilKas im;
I ' ll' !iii'.i(,l. •('nii'l. lilipinllliii'siy, ti'i'aclii iiiU'< ami cowuidly.' i, ■(,.'. ;,*
J.ini'l. '.r ■!. >.»•. ./.),//•., vol. xwii.. p']). •.'.»!. -JDd. I'.is, :;(i.l. ;!ii7, .i/.i../ t's /;. c ,
|>. -! :: I/c;. 's \''iiii\ A-;'., pp« lllii, 10 1. 17-'. 177. ISI; /'noVs '/. inr. Isl.,
J p. - 'I 'i. ill'' Spaiiiai'ils !:,a\i' tlir Xocilka-- a iii'ali lii'K' v rli i ro v lli.in
^'lva:.,'l■^s of nlii, r nalidiis. >iitif ii .]/■. [■'!■■' imi. \"i i- < . pp. L.'i. .'tl ■.'. .i', '■'. ''■i. '.•!•,
ifi. 1. 1.!. l;,i ."il. I.'il f.; |■,,.■llls^ \'.i„r. 1-.I.. p. •_:.; l:itrriii/'s \:iin . /.v/., pp.
17'J It. T'h' riiiltas 'all' ,'i lialiil nf lii\\l''ss p'ralcs and !■■ iMi. I's, liwiii','
lilarl.-liiail nil all llir sill'l'i iillidiiiir tl'llirs.' Ilirv ll-l.ciiir.irirs 7'/'.'r., p. Ii.
' liiil.l mid I'd'ciciiius, sly .md .csc r\id. iml i asilv [iruvnki'il. lail rrv. n :. ful.'
Si,i-:/s i'l/c ,•/ l.nl /uril. p. 7J. 'I he 'I'd t ; li iv'r 'all lln" \ici s . f tli.' .'nasf.
f ■.•!!)! 's' wi h ' ii'i'ir of Ihr r,'d''i mill..; i|iialilirs of I lie iiilcrior n.itiou.s'.' ,l,iiii ;•-
*"./, ill lli I. M(;., Vol. vii., p. 7i.
Tir:: sound Indians.
:'(>nvon-
,i';!nst'l-
Inthis
i-oiistcni
ill 'JVOUj),
lliirJiam
iiisli and
liai'asstM'S
,i('hius ol
■;(.>r. TIh'
elands t)l"
il proper,
\ SjK'lK'd
IKS. with
,\i'ii ;.',''ti"
ercnt na-
il ic A.s-
IniiuK'rous
licail t)f
pDii'uiU
rarilic.
t'l'iniiiat-
.!/,7/,w//s;
a.;'jri'ssivi'
'.(-/,(. p Tl.
■ 1-, liji. kii''i
].. .M. -Ill
ain)M'l> ■ |i
• ( iiiniiN
.' .,■ . /. ;.*
' ;/ t S /». ' »
(/. '/..()•. /.■•/,
^1 (•■,! V (hiiii
:,■, ',1, (i;i, '.111,
,. . /.-■., I'P-
Ii--ii-.. \\. li.
I-, V. 11,.. fill.'
i.f til.- ciiiist
iiiiis.' AiMi r-
wiiilt' till' C/nlHi/i!^ and CnuTitz nation.^ are loiiiid on the
Cluliali.-^ lliver. (irav Harbor, and tlu' njjper Cowlitz.
JOxceittiiiii' a lew hands on the lieadwaters ol" ,'^treaiiis
that rise in the vieinity of .Mount BaktT, the Sound
laiiiily helonus to the coast lish-eatiiiii' trilies rather than
to the hunti'i's of the interior. Indi'ed. this family Ipis
so few marked peculiarities. possessin.L;' apjiareiitly no trait
or custom not found as well aiiioni;' the Xootkas or ("hi-
iiooks. that it may hi' descrihed in eonparatively lew^
words. \\ hen first known to Muropeau.-v they seiin to
lia\e heeii far less numerous than luiulit ha\e hieu e.\-
])ected from the i xtraordiiiary fei'tility and climatic ad-
vauiaiies of their country: and since they lia\e \)vv\\ in
contact with the whites, their mnuhcrs lia\e hccu re-
duced, chielly throuLih the a;ienc\ of small-pox and
a,i:ue. even more rapidly than the nations larlhcr to the
north-west.''"
"-' 'Tlii'sc wh<i canit ■within our iinticc so nearly roscniM. 1 (lie |i(i>)ilc of
Nootka, tliat the lii'st tli'liiualloii I ciii ulVir is u nl'crc -.Hr to 1. ■ iliN.-ii; tioii
of tliiisi' |i'-o]ilc ' (by I 'ool; ), ]i. 'Jil. .* ' ( 'ipi' llaKi ry Ui' y ( !o>. i . ir-,i niM. d
those III' Nootka and spoke the sa;iu' lai .jna'-'e. |). 'JhS. Atlir.iy llarhoi' they
.se( Mil il to \ary in little or no respect 'fioni those on the hoiiuil. iuhI im.ler-
stooil the Nootka Ion;.' lie, p. K\. ' 'I lie eharaeler iind a; pea ranee of their st v-
erid trilies here <liil not seeia to ditl'er in any material i.spt it fiuni eaeli oilier,'
Ji. -f^s. {'.videiiee liiat the eonntry was onee niili ii inon. thickly (k opicd. ]i.
'^51. V'liirii'irvr's \'<ii/., vol. i., p]i. 'Jis, 'Jo'i. •-.->l, "Jss: viih ii., p. Ki. Tim
Cheiialis eoMie <lown us far as Siioiil-wad r l!ay. A haii.l of Klikalals (Sa-
haptins 1 is s okeii of near the lie, id of th ■ < 'o\\ lit/, "'liie Alakahs n ^iiuliln
tin' northwestern Indians far more than tlnir nei.jhliors.' 'I'lic Luinnii aro
il hr.incii of the ('lallains. /.'m./ Iml. All.. IS.M, | p. •_ 111 I. 'ilie i.iinind
'tr.adiliolis had them to liclle\ e (at tiny are d'sci ml;; lie. of ji h. tlir r;ice
th;in comaion s;n;iL;es.' 'I he |.'eini;niiiias 'are inlcrniairicd wiili the north
li.iiid of the Liiniiiii^. aid ('owcLjans. and (i>nantlni:is.' The Nciik-w isaiid Si •
aniaiKis are called Sticlv Indiiins, and in l^.'iJ h;iil never s- . n u \\ hile. ' Tic
Nenk-s;icks ( Mountain Men i trace fmni t li.' salt w.ati f ln.!i;ii s, ' ; luj • :irc en-
tirely dillcrent from the oihers.' " Tin Loom is appear to iie more I'f a wiiii-
derin;4 el.ass lli.in the olli. rs ali.nit i;. Ili)i;di;ini lla\.' /■/.. h-'u. i i'. .127 '.•.
' 'J'hey can he diviiled into two ckissi s the s;ili-wati r iind the Stick I ml i ins '
/'/.. \S'>7. p. 'J-Jt. Of the Ni^ipialli' s 'some live in tlii' | kiins, and olliiis in
the haidis of the Sonnu.' The I'lassits have heen less all', eted lli;iil the
hy fever and a._;iie. Ii.im's ihiiji'ii. ]ip. LIM
Chin
a kindred hin'.,'na.4e to that of the .Mils. >i, runt's
no de est. IS natlllVlles de la 1 ull;id;i y e:inales de !■
tie his h;iliit:ieiiines las llianufiicl lll'as v VestidoH ulle lls:in
Ihe (Vail
p. -.7
lies spiiil
II.
i;
ih
lle;l
I I di-
Iio^icnm mil unv
u mi! V I :ir. ci
a los de los lialiitallti s de Nllliv;i.
Indians
i:.,: i:x..
II M
X'''<lli'i, I III
111.
lie .Siiinii
i\ e 111 "'real dre.id of t!
N.irt
rtliern nilies
11
\«
/
)l;i. The Mikahs deem theiiiselvi s iiiiiih sli|ii rior to
the trihes of the interior, h aiise ih'V (,'o out on the
Oriiidiiil M'liit/ili/, \u\. vii.. pp. -77 M, Thi' Nouksaks an
nil. ^r initlHl'l, III
iiitiielv distinct
Vol.. I. 14
I
r
I
210
COLUMBIANS.
Tlioso nativos of AVasliiiititoii are short and tliick-sc't,
uitli stronji' linihs, 1/iit bow-k'UiiX'il ; tlicv \m\v bi-oad laces,
evt's fine hut Avide upiirt: noses proniiiieiit. holh ol" l\o-
iiiaii and a(iuiliiie t_\j)e; color, a h,iih.t ('()[)j)ei'. perhaps a
shade (hirker tlian tliat of the Xootkas. hut ea])al)le of
ti-ausuiittiuLi' a Hush: the hair usually hlael^ aiul almost
uui\t'rsall_v worn Iouli.'''
All the tribes llatten the head more or less, hut none
earrv llie prai'tiee to such au extent as their neiiihhoi's on
the south, unless it he the ( "owlit/ nation, which miiiht
indeed as eorrectlv he classed with the ("hinooks. \\y
most of the Sound natives tattooiui:' is not pi-acticed. and
they seem somewhat less addicti'd to a constant use of
]iaiut than the Xootkas: yet on testi\c occasions a plenti-
ful and hideous ai)plication is made <►! charcoal or colored
earth [tuheri/t'd in iirease. and the women a])[)reciate the
charms imparted to the face l)y the use oi' vermilion clay.
The nose, particularly at ('a[)e Matteiy. is the ^rand
centn- oi" facial ornamentation. Pei'loratijiii is extiaxa-
froiii llic Lniiuiii, and sniiH' sniiimsi' tin iii di liavc cmiiii' fruin tin- Clallaiii
(•(iiuitrv. < ' l< iiiiiii, ill Jl'irjivr's .ii't'/., vdI. x.wix., p. T'.m. >lici us, i i /'((<■. ]i. It.
Jtcj'l., Vnl. i., ]) -l-iM.
'"At J'cirt Discuvcvv tln'V 'ssicmcil f-aiialile of ciKliiviiiL; ut'ciit fatitjno '
Thcii' cli' ik-l)()iics wen- hiijh.' Tlit (il>lic|uc eye df the ( liiiuse was luit
iliicoiinimii.' ' Tlieir cotiiitciiaiK'cs wort' an i \iii-c ^sioii of wililiiiss, and tin y
liad, in the '(■pinion of some of iis. a inel:,iH Imly cast of features.' Some <]f
■woaieji w'HiliJ with dilticulty lie distiiriuislu d in colouf froiii those of Kuro-
|M'|*II mee. 'J lie ( lasset Women ' ». I'e liiltell licttef lookiliL,' th.ili those of
Other H»ia>es.' J'ortiait of a Tatoiieh. eliief. Will.- s' Aar.. ii', / >. /..c. /•'.r,
Vol. iv.. |(j), ;il7 s, .')2(», .j17 S. • All are l)ow-len;^'ed.' 'Ail of a sad-cilon d.
CaravitULito hi'owu.' 'All l*avo coiirM. Iri.iek liair. and are lieafdh ss.' Win-
thniiia I iiiiiifi (iini Sdtl'i!- , ji. :!2. 'Till »lid htout.' Miinrill's ,l(iai\, \). LS.
S|ii(jat iiH iitions a <'l :'Jlain slave w' *-<mld m i> in the daik like ii rai oon,'
>«', ,i(.-.. p ",J. TheJ'lasset ' east ol niilitenancf is Very dilf'eitiit from that
(if the Nootkiaii" . .their eonijiiexion in also luti'-h faiier and their stature
sliortif.' ./('■'(■/'> \iii\, |i. 7."). 'i Ik' Nisipially Piidi.iii!* 'are of icrv laiLit)
Klatiire: indenl, the larutest I have ini t with on the eontilieiit. The womi n
iire ) artieuliirly lari;e aial stout.' Vi'/h's ll'w/e/., pj). 207, U-N. '.;VI. The Xis-
iliiallies are liy no ni(-ans a lari,'!' race, bein;^ from five feet live ii"'lies to live
fei t nine inches in height, and wei^hiii;^ from one huiulrt d and *i<.Hi\ l»» one
hundred ami eighty )miuih1s. Andvi'sim, i i Lunl's .\iit., vol. ii . j).2-7. ' l**' ros-
ti'o hermoso y de i^allarda liL;ura.' .Xai-i^rnli-, in- Siilil i/ Mi ,i<<ii,iH, Vinit, p. ■> i\-.
'i'h<' (.jueiunlts, 'the linest-lookinu Indians I had <vir seen.' Swuu's S. 'I'.
I'liit.sl, \<\i. 7H-',I. Neiiksacks stronL,'ir and more atliletic than «>(her t '.
^I.iny of tho Lumini ' very fair and have l;L;lit hair.' It'/it. Iml. Ajf .
]i. .'i^S; I'lchi-riu'i'.-! /.'"CO. in /'. >. i:,v. I\x., vol. i\., ji. 'j;!; Muiiiti, » i ,.f,,-,
l>. '21"), with plate of Cowlitz skull; ( I'Viiint'lis' \iir Kt Ih.rddo. \t. !(7j Vuii-
vuiVi-r's I'oj/., vol. i.. ]i. 252; Mnrjiiii/ ami lllninf, I'li'lit .'^iniiid ilinclnrij,
pp. G-1-71; Clark's JAjlda (ind Sliaihnrs, pp. 211- I'l, 221-0.
SOUND Dr.ESS AND DWEIJ.INGM.
211
■k-Si't,
ItU'C'S,
)f Uo-
i;i|)S !i
il.lc of
lllulOht
t none
;()rs on
ni'iLilit
<. '\W
'd. :uul
usi' of
|)U'iiti-
CDlorcil
iato the
)n cliiy.
' <^r;ui<l
xtVilMl-
|c ClMlliim
c. n. J!.
was Hilt
11(1 til. V
Sunn . f
f l.iivn-
lll(i-.( iif
/..r. /•->.,
■(■(llol'l ll.
^s.■ Mn-
., V. •-'^•
lai mill.
iMiu that
I' ^tatun'
ry liu;.;!!
wiiim u
I hf Nis-
. , to livi'
I , tt> lillr
• ]>t VI IS-
r, 1', v. iv.
> V w.
'.i7; I'dn-
pintlv ])ractl('r(l. ami iH-ndant trinkets of cvrrv rv;nn and
sidistance arc worn, those of hone or slicll preiei-rcih aiuh
le women tliest
th
if \\e iiia_\' credit \\ ilkes, hy some of tl
ornaments are actually kept clean.
The nati\e jiarmeiit. \\hen the weather makes naked-
ness uncomlortahle. is a hlanket of doji"s liaii', sometimes
mixed wiih hii'ds' down and hark-lilire. thrown ahoiit the
dioiddci':
■>ome lew fasten this ahont the neck with a
woodt'ii nm.
he women are more care
■fid
111 coveniiii'
the person with the hlanket than are the men. and gen-
erally wear nnder it a hark apron hanuin.u' Irom' the waist
in front. A cone-shaped, water-proof hat. woxcii from
:'ol
oreu
ira>
IS sonielimes worn on the iicai
'I't'injiorary ImntiiiLi-hiits in summer are merely cross-
sticks coxcred with coai>e mats made hy layiiiLi' hiilrushes
side h\ side, and knottim:' them at interxals with cord
())• vra^
)00
rer indi\ idiials or trihes dwt 11 nerma-
1! ihl\ 111 similar
\\\\h
s. impro\e(l
)\ till' a
Idit
ion ol
i'ew slahs; while the rich and jiowerfid hiiild snhstantial
loupes, ot ])lanl
>lit from trees l)\" means of hoii
weliiiiLs in iiian. ant
w<'d;es. much like the Nootka d
neaih' as laiLii'. These houses sometimes measure o\'ei'
one hundred fict in lenul
and are di\ ided into rooms or
Bi
At c
!'! 'Lcssl. ,lanl)
ill j'aiiit ami 1' ss tillliy ' tliaii tin Xmilli
•VV ' tll''V'Ailf«Mir!|:llllillts, tlliiUull lli'l
I- rial! I'.
II' Wire (ilisi r\ 1 1
At I'.irt
in their in'-n s.'
■lu'
till- S U.as. V
luini I riiallirlit was stlai; ht. instead nt' eli scellt-shnlii <1,
s. Valicfiuvt V sii )i(iM ll (111 ir eaiimiits tn lie cunii'iisi d
(if li ;'s liaij' Ji;iM d with (! e
hee, I ',:iirt itn r.t I '.'/.. \ « 1. i., 1 ]'
had K'.aall liva^s Ik 11 < l.i.i.',' in ilie lini vf tli
,1 of sum ■ wild aiiiiual, wliiih he did not
■MK •iCi;. At I'oit niscoV(>iv
nils V.-. ru t ;tti
d V l:U li.
The ( l:;ssi t.~
11 th
id fa
I'
IS. hiiue of the Skn-
d fond of liruss lines,
littaehcil to the <'arli':i
tl 11 11 nts I ieee, and l!
till ir liveathiiij.'. ' ji. "jII
■Ml, a: I, 411, r>ll 'J, ,■
mind !•( ■ ll sentations <
small J ii ci s of all ilidi sei lit mnssi 1-sliell,
of their iinse, whidi was in Hoine, of the size nf n,
iLi.li.r in sha) e. It is f// nerally lie) t in motion liy
wii:.
.\.
r
/..!■. /•.
vol.iv.
1:1'
.'ii
•JO.
r-H. Tli(> conical hats and stout liodits •broneht to
f s;ii
111 tiili
J ;ri.
1 1 ll II
7e
/./.
'•»/(,, V<i|. IX.
'I'he ClallaiMs ' wi ar no eloth;ii|,' in siiniim r.' Faces daulx d with i( d
iiid w'aite iiiiiil. llliistnitiiili (if he d-llatti nini,'. f\ii,i's W'lii'd.. \>\>. IMI, Ll)7,
ill)-;l, '^.i.
2!l'.t: /;/(..
All.
Oh.
'S (Ifl-Jiill, \)[)
's I e /. //.n./i/, M.l. i.. 111. JiiH 11; A'l
1 .")4,p.'2i:!; / /.
iS-"7, ll
1'
>iiii IriiKrUn. i,,iil,iUi. Mdi/ 2i, IS.',;); /,„/,
:(::'.»; Hfrii' in I'm'. I!. I,'. Hi/.t., vol. i.. p. );t().
(li'av Ilai'lior tliev wi re dressed Willi n-d di i r skins. .V(
,f.'
■til
C4-7 1 .
//'(, \i'i;i'. ]i. xiiv; ('nrini-iiU'iH Sur 1:1 /)i railn, ]>. 1*7; H7ii'/.co/i'.s
(/ .>!('/(//(•, ji. :;J ;i; Muriilii/ and Il'ir.iiil, in I'mjii S(l. J/irict., pii.
i-M
212
COLUMP.IANS.
pons, oaoli house aoeommodiitiiij:!; maii}^ families. Tliero
are several fire-plaees in each (hveirmjjj; raised l)eiu'he.s
extend round the sides, and the walls are oi'ten lined with
matting.""'
In sprinii: time they ahandon their rep;ular dwelliniis
and resort in small companies to the various sources of
food-su]ii)ly. l''ish is their chief dependence, though
!j,ame is taken in much larger quantities than l\y the
Xootkas; some of the more inland ?ound trihes sul)sist-
ing ahuost entirely \)y the chase and hy root-digging.
Nearly all the varieties of fish Avhicii support the north-
ern trihes are also abundant here, and aiv taken suh-
stantialh- 1)\- the same methods, namelv, hv the net. hook,
s})ear, and i-ake; l)ut fisheries seem to ])e carried on some-
what less systematically, and 1 iind no account of the
extensive and complicated eml)aiikments and ti-aps men-
tioned hy travelers in Ih'itish ('ohunl)ia,. To the sahnon,
stui'geon. herring, rock-cod, and candle-lishj al)undant
9. The Skiit^'it liilic bciiit,' exposed to iittiicks fnmi the north, coinl)ine
(l\velliiii,'s iuul tdi't. uiul liiiild tliinisi lv( s 'eiiclnsuves, t'oiirlmiulreil fee t louj,',
iiud eiijiidile of eoiitiiiiiiiiL! luauy families, which lire constiueted of jjickels
iiiiiih' <if thick ])laiiks, ahout thirty fee t hi^h. The ]iickets art! liniily lixtd
into th(! j^'i'ound, the spaces hetween them beiiij,' only snllicient to point tv
innsket tliion;,'h. . . .The inti lior of the enchisiire is divided into lod.uis,' ]>.
511. At Port Discovery (he Iodides were 'no more than ii few ru(lely-cut
slabs, covcnd in ] art by coarse mats,' ]i. .'ill), lI'/V/is' Anr., in V. S. I:'j\ A'.r.,
vol. iv., pp. :!!'•( •_(!, oil, ~>n. The Clallanis also have a fort of pickets ono
hundred and lifly feet scpiare, roofed over and divid<il into conipartnK ntrt
for faniili( s. ' There were abont two Inindred of the tribe in tlie foit at llio
time of my arrival.' ''I'he ]cidL;es are built of cedar like the Chinook lodj^es,
but much lar:4er, some of them beiui; sixty or seventy feet lon^,'.' /u/ze's
Wiiiiil.. pp. 'Jin, 'Jl'.i, 'J27 '.». 'Their lioiis( s arc of considerable size, often fifty
to one hnndre(l fe( t in h n^th, and stronely built.' /e///. hiil, yUl'.. 1)^54. pp.
'2Vlti. 'The I'lanks forminL; the roof run the whole leiitith of the building',
bi'in.L; guttered to carry oft' the water, and slopin;,; slightly to one end.' >lir-
«/(.s, ill J'lir. I!. I!. Hi/'l.. vol.i., pp. I'JIt-IfO. Well built lod^'cs of timber and
]ilank on Whidbey Island. 'I'liuriilnu'K O'jv. (iml Cnl.. vol. i., ]). ItdO. At
New Dunitcni ss, 'comixisedof notliinjj; more than a few mats thrown over
cross sticks;' and on l'u;4et Sound 'constructed some ihin;^ aftir the fashion
of a soldier's tent, by two cross sticks about 1iv(> feet liinh. connected at each
end by a ridi.;<'-pol<' fmm one to the other, over some of which was thrown a
coarse kind of mat. ipver others a few loose bran.clies of trees, shridis or
}_'l'ass.' \'iiiiriiiinr's \ "i/.. vol. i,, ]ip. 'I'l'). '2(!'J. The (^>ueiutllts somelimi s, but
not always, whitewash the interior of their lodjje s with pipe-clay, aial then
]iaint linun s of lishes and animals in red and black on tlie white surface.
See (It serijition aial cuts of ixteriorand interior of Indian lodf,'e in .^irmi'ii
A. ir. CiiukI. )ip. •.:(■)'; 7. :IIU1, X\H\ rrum'n I'dji. Mnn., p. (55; (.'ornicac'/is' Sew
El Jidfiiilii, ]). '.iX; ( Inrl. '.< J/h/hla uml .'^hadi'Ws, p. 'Z.'>.
FOOD OF TIIF SOUXl) IXniAXS.
213
ill tl:(' iiili'tsof tlic soiuul. tlio f'liisscts. l)v vciitiiriii,ti' out
to .'-;'ii. add u supply ol' MliaU'-Muhlior and ott( r-ircat,
olitainod wiili speai's, lines, and lloats. At certain {(.int.-
on tlic slioic tall poles arc erected, acr
t)SS \\
hicl
1 ne
ire
■spread; and a,uaiir><t these nets lar,ue nundiers ol" wild
I'owl. da/./led l)y torcli-lij:lits at nijzht, dash tluni-cKis
and fall stunned to the t:ronnd. uhere the natives stand
reaih to "tither in the ieatlu'rx harvest. A'
;ine(ni\ei' no-
ticed niiinv oi" these poles in dillerent localities, hut coidd
not di\nie then' use
J)e
er and elK in
the !'(
■rests are
also hunted hv niiiht. and hroupht \vithin arrow ->liot by
the s]iell ol" torches. For preserxation, lish are di'ieo in
tl
le si
sn or dried and smoked h\' the domestic hcai'th
and sometimes pounded line, a-^ are roots of \arious kinds;
clams are dried on strin<:s and hun,u uji in the houses,
or occasionally Avorn round the neck, niinistei'inu' to the
nati\e love of ornament until the str(>n<^er instinct ol"
hunucr impairs the heauty ol" the necklace. In the ) et-
ter class ol" houses, su[)i)lies are neatly stored in baskets
at the sides. The people ai'e extremely imj»rovident,
and, notwithstanding their abundant natural su]ij)lies in
ocean, sti'eam. and i"orest. are olten in ureat want. I'oil-
inii' in Avooden vessels by means of hot stones is the
ordinai'y method of cookin^ii'. .V visitor to the Xooksaks
thus describes their method ol'steannng elk-meat : '"TlKy
lirst dii;' a, hole in the 'ground, then build u wuml Ww,
])lacin!^' stone
on the toi) ol" it. As it burns, thi' stone
become hot and fall down. Moss and lea\(s are then
jtlaced on the to[» ol" the hot stones, the meat on ihi'se,
and another layer ol" moss and leaves laid o\ei it. A\ ater
is ]!oui'ed on. which is sjudily conxci'led into st* am.
This is retained by mats carerully jilaeid o\cr the luap.
in this wa\ tor a niuht. the UH'at is lound
\\
len
left
tciKU'r and wtdl ceei<e(l \n tiie mornmi:'.
I'ooked in the same manner b\ the ()ul'niult^
■owls A\ere
'I'll'' Nmitsiik^ 'kki' .-ill ililuml (rili.s, they siili-ist )'i'iii''ip;illy 1 iv tlic
IS.K
llV tl
loliu
\K :;2s. SttrL;
'•1/ iirr s . !<"■/.
I (1)1 iUi(>U1i«l we
Mil. wxix,. I'll. T'.i"). T'.i'.i. si"i: /c/. .1
'!. i:
III'' KKI to (.(III
(llllKls. M
11(1
Ink
ic I'lalliUii^. «>y iiiciins (.f .( s|pc.(|- witli ii liaiidlc s( vciitv t(i ( iuiilv d ct
w
IliK- 1\ iiii; (111 tkv IioMkUI ut tilt' liV(.r in SJ);!
tiiiKj, i'i>>h-ii()(jk.s
m
2U
COLUMBIANS.
I fiiul 110 mention of other woupons. ofTonsive or (1(»-
feiisivo, tliiin spwirs, iind bows iiiid arrows. '['\\v arrows
ami spears were usually itointed with hone; the liows
Avei'u of yew, and thoiiiih shoi't, were of jireat jiower.
^'ancouver describes n superior l)ow used at l*n,i:et Sound.
It was from two and a half to three leet lon<:'. made
iVom a naturally em-ved piece of yew. whose concave
sid(-' became the convex of the bow, and to the whole
length of this side a strip of elastic; hide or ser[)ent-skin
was attached so firmlvby a kind of cement as to become
aUnost a part of the wood. This lii
un»r at
Ided
•rea
tiy
I
n-c ina<'i(> of c'dur root with In
l)av1)s. Their njilv vci^ctahh s aii' th
mas, wa]i[iat(H), and fciii niots. A'-/,/('s WiiikI., ]i]), 2Io-14,
;ill--
At
I'nu'i't SoTiiid, 'null, %\'iiiicii and cliildrcii
!'(> hiisilv ciij^'aj^id Hl;c swine
iDotinj,' 11)1 this heantiful virdant nieadcw in (inest <if a si.<iii s nf wi!i
liud twii other roots, wliich in a]ijiearai;.'(^ and taste i^'reatly icsc mlili d llie s:i
IV,
tii'iiiirir s
il.
it).
!lil, 2(i'J. In lisliin^' for salmon
at I'ort l)iseo\erv ' tliev have two nets, 111;' diawiii'' and eastiii'' lu t, made of
a silliy i,'rass,' ' or of the titires of ti
its ot tre<'s, or (
'( th
larl; (it
til
wliile eedav
„/.,
^. V.
]). 1 17. ''J'he line is made (itherof k(l])
or the tilire of the eypn ss. and to it is attaili'il ;ni inllated hladder.' Siiiiiiiiiu'h
IS ] riivisions, consist-
','/
Ihral,!. V..1. i.
idH.
At I'oit 'il
aiellt en poisson si'cIk' an seleil on holieiiiu'
Sail roiiit
I'l
). IK'J
th( ir homes, and
never im
d. -h
tout rem]
dil(
/;
'I he Cialiaius ' live hv tishiiiL; ami hiiutiii'; around
I'siie the \\halr' and st al
do tl
a-coast till I
SiuiiiniiiDi, ill (Irii-ltiinl Miiiilli/i/, vol. vii., J). "iTS. Th(> I'thleeau or ealldle-tish
IS ns
d oil Fiiea Strait for fo.d
'S eaiu'des. Pn
-•A'.s I,:
il.
111. Lampri y ei Is are (hied for food and liuht hy the Nis(|iiallii s and Ch
lialis. ' Caii'iiiass root.
.stored in haskets. n is a kind of s\ve< t ninills. ami
ihout the si4^ v'f a small onion. It is extn tni Iv almndant on tli
ries. and partienlaily on those whiel
(1 liv till' small sti
II p
Cut of salmon lislierv.
.f th
vew free
Tl
II V are (
1 are oV( rllowi (
'oks are made in an ingenious maniii r
hielly emiiloyed in trailiiij< for lisli.' (lit
if hooks, ])\). 4-14 .-). Till Classets i^ake ii cut in the nose win n a while
IS taken.
ir;//,,w-
E
-skin float has n ilitl'ereiit iiatteni painted i n it
r
I'x. /•■.
.1.
I'l'
I'.l.
;!".. 441
h
The (111 lialis live clni tly on salmon. /(/., vol. v., ]i. 140. .Aceordin;,' to Sw;iii
th
Chin
n,L;i t Sound Indians sometimes wandi
l;ir
Slioalwati r ]>
terntorv, i
n tl
le s| rint.
The (tinninlt Indians are fund of h.rei
harnaeles, not eaten hy the Chinooks of Slioalwater J!ay. Cut of a sia-otter
hunt. The Indians never eiiteh salmon with a luiitnl hook, Imt alwavs iiso
the hook as a
mill ( 'ill., vol.
'1> "
'//•. y. \v. (•
si, ]ip
i'.i, 87. 11:2, Ic.:!, •id 1, 1:71: Tlinri.Ui
(ii:.
i., pii. -IW.) -i. ;i01, ;ks ;i: /,„/. .ur. Ii./^i., is.")t, p. -J!!; 7,
SI
lil'S, III
I!, n. l:<i.i
' ■ y
ih
didi
]ieiid 11) 'Oil Hsh, lurries, and roots for a snlisisti nee,' and i i I tin ir lixin;.' w ilh
L;reat ease ' .'• tiirlihii, in >rl,iii Irri'fr.t Aii'h., vol. i\ , I [>. (i( (• 2. 'J he Mal-.iihs
live ' hy eatchine; cod and halilmt oii the hanks north and east of Ca)e 1 laf-
ti ry.' //((/. Afi'., lUjil. Is-'is. p. 'j:!!. ' When in a state of semi-slarv;iiion the
liiast shows very plainly in them (Stiek Indiansi: they are ei nerally foul
fieihrs, lii;t at surli a tinii- they eat ai'vlhinir, and are disu'nstim; in the in-
trellie. III.. ISriS.
III.. 1m;ii.
A,
// /
l.i.ril'n \iii , vol. i., pp. ItiJ 5: //'//, hi I!
i>l'':i:ii, 11. ;
.. 4llS;']r
tin
up a I iihiii I
iiid Suililli', 11
I'l'
M'liintk 's Ji
:\IANrFACTURES OF ITCKT SOIXD.
215
irrows
1)()\VS
i(»\vt'r.
v)ini<l.
inudo
niu'iwo
uliole
iit-skiii
hocoiuo
grciitly
IT the <•!'-
, -iMI. At
il<c swims
•il(l (iiiitin,
1. a the sii-
[di- sithiidii
•t, lll!l(il' of
HI- liiirk til'
luvdf l<il!>
' Svniiii II ii'n
ns, coiisist-
,!(..' i:i'Ksi.
n\'^ iiv<imiil
liiist till" s.'
■iliullr-ti^ll
i>, vol. ii.,
snluK'lii-
quills. iilitl
(ij.t 11 |.ai-
1 stn iilHS."
liialilii I'
tivh.' «i't
II a vlrili^
|i it, ]■ ■"'.T.
,-., r,;7-is.
1.4 to Swan
ir l!iiv. iu
III (if i;;i-W
a s( !i-(ittfi'
lalways ii>^«
,„/..„■'>■ (i[.ii.
' 1 ; /.'ii/i/i's
hiy all iV-
lixiii'.' \viili
111,. M: l.ahH
(■„1,. llnt-
|r\alioil tlio
rally foul
ill tlir < A-
.'... 1'. '■ ";
;i).s; " tl'iii-
to the streiiutli of tlio l)()\v. ;ni(l uas not afit'ctcil l>v
n
loistiin'. '1'Ik' how-striiiii' was iiiadi' ol' sinew,
Tl
le
triltes were ('(Mitinually at war with eacli other, and Avith
northi'i'ii nations, generally losini:' many of their people
ill battle. Stickin.u' the heads of the slain enemy on
])()les in IVont of their dweHino's. is a common way of
demonstratinu' their joy over a victory. The Indians at
Tort DiscoNcry spoke to W ilkes of sealpin,ti' amonji' their
warlike e\[)loits, bnt accordin.ii to Kane the Classets do
not practice that nsa^iie.'"* Vancouver, /inding sepulchres
at I'enn ('o\e, in which were lartie ([uantitit's ol" hu-
man hoiu's hut no limh-hones of adults, suspected that
the latter were usi'd hy the Indians lor pointiii" their
arrows, and in the mamifactni'e of other imi)lement.'
The Sound manufactures include only the wi-ajM
>ns
and utensils Uf<vd hy the natives. Their articles were
made with the simplest tools of lione or shell. Ulaid^ets
were made of dou's hair. — larue numhers of (h)L!s heinu;
i-aised lor the pui'pose.- — the wool of mountain sheej). or
wild ,!j.oats. found on the mountain slopes, the down of
wild-fowl, cedar hark-lihre. raxflinos oi" foi'cion hlaid<-
ets. or move commonly of a mixture of several of these
niiitcrials. 'ilK> lihiv is twistid into _\arn hetwct n the
hand and thiiih, and the strands airauotd in perpcndic-
idar iVanies foi- weavinji' jiurposcs. Willcw and other
twi,cs supply material for liaskets of various ll.rms. oiten
neatly nuide and colored. Oil. hoth lor d()me>lic Hf^i.)
and Ibi' hartei". is extracted hy hoiliu"'. except in llicca.'^e
of the candle-lish. wIk'U hanoiiio' in th(> hot sun sulll
it is preserM'd in liladdei's and skiu-hottle:
ces:
h;u
')' I'oiii'iiuri !•'•< ]'iii/., vol. i., ]■'. '2')'.). At (iray Harl'nr tli,' Imws wi vi> sninc.
what Miort' c-in-iilar than t Isi w hni'. /-/,, vol. ii.. ji. M; II iihis' .\<ir., in I . .s,
J:'.\\ /,,r.. vol. iv., ]i. .'li',!; Ivh.i-s ]\;in,l.. i.j). •.(.'.1-1(1.
'■'^ l|■;//.'.^' .\"r, ni r.S. i:x. /,,■., vnl.iv..i..::i>l; Ivn.i's Tl'r/i,./ , i-|i. -J.-ll 2;
}',ii'Ci"i-i rs I'm//., vol. i.. ]i. 'J.'ll. ''i'lii'V ha\r linii iiiailv aiuiihih.ti (I liy
till- lionh s (if iiovth( 111 Mivau,'! s that have ilit'(sti(l. i.lal do now, ( V( ti .'it llit.'
jircsi lit ilay, iiifi i-t our own shores' for slaviH. TIk y had lirc-iiniiH In fori*
our trilxs. thus t;riiiiiii'j an advaiitauc Iml, .1.;''. /,'/■' , \!^'il ti. ;1l7' ' /i/7, «
7.1;,//-' ("/ Slllld^nrs, ]>. "i'-4.
'•''J \'o,ir'iri- y's i"//.. vol. i., ]i. '.IST.
"'"'A ^il;nlt' llir< ad i-- u.au.d mmv r. Ihi-- at th<' tc)' and I'ull.i ,.|' ^
»i<ltiur«. fninu-, si> as to loiiu a i-oui ■ i,- w if thr(n.L,h wiiii li nh i.ltiriiute
! ;
216
COLUMBIAN'S.
Cimocs arc made 1)\- the Sound Indians in the sanio
mannci' as hy the Nootkas ah'eady descrihed ; JK'ini: al-
^\■^\ s i\\\ii, out. I'orniei'ly hy (ire, IVoni a single cedar trunk,
and the ionn ini])r()vcd al'ter'wards by stretchin,u uliui
soaked in liot Avater. ()!" the most elc|^'ant jjropoi'tions,
tiu'\' a)'e modeled h\- tlie huilder with no <iiii(U' hut tiic
eye. and with most im})erl'cct tools; three nu)nths' work
is sullieient to produce a medium-si/ed lioat. ^I'he I'orni
varies amoiiii' dill'erent nations accordin^i' as the canoe is
intiMidcd lor ocean. .M)und. or river navipition ; hein^"
i'ound with how «>r stern, or hoth. in \arious I'orins. ])oint-
ed, round, shovel-nosed. I'aised or level. The raist'd
stei'n. head-iiiece. and stern-post are usually formed of
separate ])ieces. Like the Xoolkas. they char and polish
the outside and paint the interior ^\ith red. The lai'j:est
and linest specimen seen h_\' Mr. r^wan was l'orty-si\ leet
lonp: and six feet Avidc. and crossed ihe har into Shoal-
water l)ay N\ith thirty (^)ueniult Indians ii'om the north.
The jiaddle used in (lee[) water has a ciiitch-hke handle
UK
1 a si
lai
r-i
)0
nit
eil
Diane
lUl
Hill .111 is cunii il liy tlii' liaiid, ixiul pi'ossi'd cliiscly tnpotlirr liy a suit of
wipipili n ciiiuli: 1 V tuiiiiiiL; tlif idlliis cviry jiai't ui the woof is liinnnlit with-
in vtach (if llic weave r: liy Ihis iiicaiis a lin-^' I'nniud, ii\Hn at i iicli ( iid, wliirli
liciui,' cut (Idwii iiiakts a sijuavc lilaulii t.' IiHik's W'dml., jiji. 21(1-11. Cuts
show ill),' the Idoiu aud jiniciss of wcavilij,' auuiug thu Nootsalis, also Ikhisc
il wil.ow liaslicts. '
HIM).
tluv
I'i'i'liiilii, la llnijii I
M'l
vol. xxxix.. iiji. 7'.)'.)-
'I'lii Clallanis 'havr a l<iiid of car with soft and lonj,' wliitc hair, wliiidi
ir and mix with a little wool or thi' ravelin
if old blankets.
!'•
I!. /;. j:
vol.
1'
■Jlil. The Makahs h;
lilankets
liud cajies made of the inni r hark of the c(
Af. I.<,.l , !.s,-,-|.].p.-2ll--2; Wi.l.es' .\in-.,in T
C.S. I:x. I-:.
d edged with fur." hxl.
il.i
v.. p
:j-j.
Til
caiidh -tish 'furnishes the natives with their best oil, which is extracted
by the VI ry sinj)iie jiroci ss of hangiuL,' it nji, ex[iosed to the sun, which in a
Tl
J)
lys Seems to melt it
II V ' manufacture some of tl
77.1
-,/n
Ci,
and ('ill.. Vol. i.
blankets from the wi
if Ui
;t.ss.
lat."
)i/Ol .s
iin
I'f Ji'U. J). -.1
The(.iui niults Mho\v( d 'a blanket maiinfactiued from
tlu' wool of mountain sliee]i, which are to be fonnd on the jini ijiitnus slopi i
of the Olympian ^iountains.' .l//it ( tilih mbi, lili. 'J, ISOI. iiuoted in ' ((/(-
/ii/'ii" ' ■ ■ ■
Iliir
•11 I'l
I
oniii'ii
r
hll:/ ■>'>, ISCl
/-.'.r. /-.'.r.. Vol, ix., ]i. 2
His' Xcw El liomili,
V
/•;<•/,
iniiij s
D<
liiy |iresent a modi 1 of winch ii white niecliauic ndulit well be jirond.
■scri]ition
if niethiid of makii
lit/ canoes, and a v^lui niult ]i;uldli
nd cuts of (^ucniult, Clallam, and Cow-
.V. n\(i,<i.sl.
I'l'- '
i)-,*^•J.
Oridiard tliev 'exactly cornsiHindi d with the canoes of Nootk:
At Tort
ihili- lhiis(i
of some visitors were 'cut ott'siiuare at each
Cajie Orfiinl. At (Iray llarlmr the war i
id,' and like tlmse sei n below
'had II [iece of wood rudely
carved, piiforati d, .and ] laci il at i ai h end. three feet above the i^nnwah
tlirou-lill
holes tluy are able to discharge tin ir arniws.' I'k.ci
TI:ADE and (lOVEllXMENT OF THE SOUND INDIANS. 217
- i.l-
■mik,
kvluu
[ions,
it the
wt)rk
fonu
iioi' is
lu'lng
|)()int-
niisc'd
IL'd of
|K)lisU
l;n'"iL'st
ix loot
^^lioiil-
uortli.
liiuidlc
Tu thoir l)iirtor l)otwooii llio (lifl'ori'nt tril)os. iind in
esthiiMliii:'" Ihoir Nvoaltli. tlio hhiukct is Liciici'jdK- tiio unit
ot" \;iliu', and tlio /niiijiia^ a lon^i;' uhito sIii'U ohtaiiK'd oil'
Capo I'lattci'v at ii oonsiilcrahlo doptli. is also oxtonsivoly
nsi'd lor nioiicv, its \aluo iiicr(.'asinii' with its IomliIIi. A
kind of annual lair I'oi" trading' i)ur[)osi's and li'stivitios
is lii'ld by tlio triltos of Puurt ^ound at llajaila Point,
and lioro and in thoir otlior toasts thoy aro I'ond oi'sliow-
inu' thoir Mcallh and lihorality l)y disposing ol' thoir sur-
plus propoi'ty in jiit'ts.'"-
Tli.' system of jiovonunont soonis to i)o of tho siuii)lost
nature, oaoh indi\idual 1)rin,Li' ontirol_\' imlopoudont and
master of his own aetions. There is ii nominal rhief in
oach trilie. ^vh() sometimes a('([uires ^roat inllu'iice and
pi'iviU'Lics hy his uoalth or [lorsonal prowess. Imt lie has
no authority, and only directs tho movenunts of his
hand in warlike incursions. 1 iind no evidence of ho-
reditai'y rank or caste oxco[>t as wealth is sometimes
inheiited.'"' Slaves aro hold hy all tho trihos. and are
treated \t'ry nnich like thoir doiis, hoing looked upon us
,1 SliVt (if
■Jit \Mth-
1(1, wliiili
11. Cuts
,11 lldllSC,
,,,,. ?X.-
ir. wllirll
iliiiikils.'
Iil;ink(tri
111.' /"'/•
•,W. Tint
CXtVilctlll
hirli in a
.. \'. :iss.
M -oat.'
niil fvoiu
jius sl(iprs
ill ' <//i-
VicLi rhiifs
lir pvond .'
laiiil Cciw-
At Tort
Blilr IhllS*'
J 1 11 \u l(i\V
loil null ly
1 ij;nii\valt';
{iff' I ",/.,
Vol. i., ]). 'it'll; viil. ii.. p. SI. Tlio Clallaiii Imats wfvo 'low and stvai.uht, and
only iidaptiil to the siiiiiothcr interior watiTs.' Sckdiiikhi, in Oi-vrUtml Mnntlili/,
V'll. vii.. ]). 27s. Cut showiuL;' X'notsak canoes in I l<(rjii !■'.•< Mii'i.. vol. wxix., )i.
T'.i'.i. ■ riic sides arc cxci'cdinnly thill, seldom exceeding tlivee-foniths of au
inch.' To nil ml the caiioi' when craeks oeeiir. 'holes are made in the sides,
throu'.;h Mliieli withes are jiassed. and peiru'ed in sueh a way that the strain
will draw it tiehter; the withe is llun erossed. and tlie end secured in tho
same ii.aniii r. Winn the tyiiit,' is finished, the whole is jiiteln d with the
^um of the jiiue.' ir///.r,s' \iir., ill I'. >. /'.'.I'. /-.'.I',, vol, iv.. iip. ;iiO I. The
('lall.uiis liavi' ' a very larLjc canoe ii( ruder shape ami workmaiislii]i, lieiiit>
v.iile and shovel-nosed,' used for the traiisiiortution of ha,eea'-;e, /..r/. .1;/'.
Jic/it.. \S')i. p. '2l'>; Sti'i-fiis, in I'lic. It. I!, /e///.. vol, i-.^ip. i;lil 1; >i' imiiiit's
yii/. llentlil, vol. i., p. HIS; I'irl.i riir/s /e/co. in I'. S. A.r. /'.'.i',. vol, i\., p]).
'2.') (!; Wi.iUiroii's Caiwe Ond Smlilli , p. •_(!; ( lnrl.'s l.i ihts iiml .•^liinl'ins, jip,
'>2t-(!,
'i'2 Iviiir's W'liinl,, pp, -J:!?-'.); hill. .Ur. l;,i,l., ISC,'.). ], lull; Slnrlinii, in.
I'^r.hoolrniffs Arch., vol. iv,, ji. llul; I'irLi rimi's h'Kos. ill r. >. K.f. h'x., vol.
ix., ]). -M).
'"•' ' lis obi'isst lit ii nil chef, qui n'exerce son ]iimvoir ipi'i n femps de uner-
re.' //(w.si, Sonrciiirs, ji. li'.i:). .\t (iray II ii'lior 'thiy atipeared lo \u- dixided
into three diH'ereiit tribes, or ]iarties, eieh havini; one or twoehiifs.' ri'eCKii-
vvr'.s I'll'/., vol. ii., p. Hi. \\ilkes nut a s.piaw chief at Nis(|UMlly, who
' seemed to exercise more authority tlian any that had been met witli.' ' Lit-
tle or no distinction of rank seems f,i exist amoic_r tiiem: the authority of the
chiefs is no loic-;er reco^'nized," ll'(7/,c,s'' Xur.. in I', .s. I:'.,\ /■.'.!■., vol, iv,, )t.
•Ill; Vol, v., ]K lUl. Y. llow-euni had heeome eliiif of tlie Makahs from his
own ]iersiiiial j rowiss. Kkik's U'om/., pp. '2:!7 '.•; Iml. .1'''. Ji'ij'l., 1s."j7, pp.
y.7-iS.
218
rOTJ'MTlTAXS.
jn'opci'tv. find not Avitliin tlic catcporv of liuniiinlty. For
!i iiiiistt'i' to kill liiill' 11 (lo/.i'ii .'<lii\i's is no uronii'' or cru-
cltv; it only tends to illiistriitc the owner's noble disj)o-
sition ill so IVeely sjicrilicinii' liis property. SImncs aro
ohtiiiiied l)\- ^\•,\r jiiK
I kid
niil)|)iiu
UK I are so
Id ii
ai'i^o
nimil)ers to nortliei'ii trilies. According' to Sproat. the
Classets. a, rich and ])o\verl'id tiihe. encoura.iic the slave-
huntinu inenrsions of the Xootkas auainst their weaker
nei
)or;
llll
-hi
Wives arc houdit l)v presents, and some iierforinanoes
or eereiiionies. re[>resentati\e ol' ImntinLi' or lishiiiij scenes,
not particularly described by any visitor, take jilace at
the weddin.iT. Women have all the work to do except
luintiiiii' and fishinji. Avhile their lords spend their time
ni Idleness and uanihlinu'
ibli
^till the i'eniali's ari' not il
treated: they ac(|uire iireat inlluence in the tribe, and
are always consulted in matters of trade before a 1)ai\^ain
is closed. Tlry are not o\'erbnrdened -svitli modesty,
nor are husl a, i Is noted for iealonsv. lliriii"' out their
Avomeii. chielly howexcr sla\es, lor prostitution, has been
11 iJi'ominent source of tribal revenue since the country
"was partialh- settled bxuhite;
A\'
omen are not jirolilii
three or lour bein^' ordinarily the liuiit ol' their ol.sprin^i
]nrants. proi)erly liound U[) Avith the necessary ap})ariitiis
lor heiid-llatteninir. are tied to their cradle or to a piece
()ri)ark. and hun^ir by a cord to the end of a sprin,i:y pok;
kept in motion by a strini:' attached to the mothers iireat
toe. AU'ection for children is by no nu'ans lare. but in
I'cAv ti'ibi's can they resist the temptation to sell or gamble
tl
lem awa\
1IJ5
"II Sjircdt's SfCiV'.'^, ]). 02; S'lDipsim's Oi-i rhui(} Jonrn.. \o\. i., pp. ■2-l'2-3; Jvnir's
]]'<i)i/l., ])]). 2! 1-1."). 'I'hc Xdoksaks 'have no slaves.' Intl. .[)}'. H'j't., lK,"i7,
p]). ;l.7-.S; .'^rlintilrnilTs Arfli., vol. iv.. )i. (;i)l. It is said 'that the (Icscciid-
tints of slaves ol)tain freedom at the eNi)iratioli(jf tliR'c eeiituiii s.' I'irl.i r'dnj's
Hans, ill r, S. /•'.i'. I:'.i\, vol. ix., p. 2.S.
'"' The ^lakahs liavc sonic iiiaiviaLjcM'eronioiiii s, ' such ns poin;_' tlironL;h
the jievforniaiii-c of takiiiL; the wliale, inanninL; a canoe, and thvowini,' thn
harpoon into the liiide's honsc' lutl. AjJ'. liri't.. IS.'jI. p. •J.\l. The Xooksak
vvoiiii n 'arc vcrv industrious, and do most of the work, and jirocuni tho
jirincipal part of their sustenance' Id., 1N.~)7, j). ;t.i7. ' The women havi! not
(he sli:,'htest pretension to virtut .' /(/.. lsr)S. p. •i'J."); Siiaiali Xniill lis, ill oh/tii-
;;(■« irc/,s7(;//;,^on >t ihdanl, July 30, 1870. In nuitters of trade the opinion of
AMr.SEMF.XTS or THE SOrXD INDIANS.
LMO
Fcastl
lU
uiimhliii
jind siHokiii'j; iii'o llio favoi-ilc!
niiuiH'iiicnts; ill! tlu'ir jji-opci'tv, hliivcs. cliililrcii. iuul
('\('ii tlicii' own iVct'ilom in m nu! casi-s nre ri^lscil in
tlicii' ,i;!inics. S('V('i';il plants arc used ns tinhstiliitcs Hn"
tohacci) when tliat article is not olttainalilc. Jt* an\' ini-
1
M)i'tant dill'ci'cnccs exist lietweeii llicireerenioiiies. dance
}<on'js and leasts, and those ol' \'inicon\'ci" Island, snch
vai'iations liaxe not hcen rccoi'ded. In tact, nam
tliors (les(M'il)e the maimers and customs of 'North-
y aii-
\ve>t
A
merica' as il" occin.ied l)\- one ih'oi)U
1"'"1
li»;
Tl
icl'c IS n:)
evidence of cannibalism : indeed, dm'inii' \'ancou\er's \isit
at I'mict Sound, some meat otiered to the natixcs uas
reinsed. because it was suspected to he human Ik'sh.
Since theii' ac(|uaintance with the whites thev have ac-
(|uired a habit of assumin,Li' ,<:reat names, as l'u!<e of
^'oi'lc. or .lenny j/nid, and hi,Lihlv ])i'i/,e scraps of ])aper
with writing' purportinLi' to substantiate their claims to
such distinctions. Their superstitions are many, and
they are continually on the watch in all the coimnonest
acts of life a,^aiust the swaini of evil inllnencis. from
Avhich they may escape only by the .izreatest care.'"'
Disorders of the throat and lunus, rheumatism and
intermittent Icaim's, are amonii' the most prevalent foi'uis
of disease, and in their methods of cure, as usual, the
absurd ceremonies, exoicisms, and Li'esticulations of the
medicine-men ])lay the ])rincipal part; but hot and cold
))aths are also often resorted to without n^'jtu'd to the
nature or sta'je of the maladx
lllS
ne
hod
les (
if surh
l\: Kmif's
v.. V<''~,
Usi'i iiil-
uchr'iii'j's
•nri' tlio
[lilVf llllt
lih/iii-
iiiniciu (if
tl
ic \vi>ini 11 IS iiUViivs Cii
illr.l
1.1 til
(111 isinll il ciilcs til" 1
lari'alli. . n-
\'"U. Iliriild, \i>\. \.. y. Ills. ' 'I'll.- wliiilr IhikImi of (I'l'iH s i
fioii is tliriiwu ii]iiiii til
Cut of the iiiitiv
r
i:.,: i:.
I'.. Vlll. IV., \t[<
:ir,)-2i).
i:iliy-|niii])(i
117/,.
•U|
At I'.ilt 1)1: (ivcrv tluv I'U'rnil their chililivii fdl- sale, r
At Cnay llarlMH' tiny \v< re i.nt j aloiis.
1'
2:a; vdl. ii.
s:! 1.
ll-i 11. Siri/;
liaviii'4 liKJlT than tlin I'
irl.'s Ij :'i t< iiiil sA'dA-zr..,
I'P-
I'"' II';//.'s' A'
,) r
rx. i\
III! i I'll r:<fi
IHT |-
I ■•■//.
vcl. i , 1),
I'., \"\. IV.. ]>
VUl .111; /.
/■ s 1 ... VI
ir fiir.r ' el
I'
111
-i;
M, .' Illtl( 1,1,
Ktitioiis trilic, 1111(1 iiritiiid to 1
Ipv tl
1' ir unci .stdis.
M II '-1. is:.;».
•jCi '., LTO. '1 he I.
trailitiniis — li L'l II
niiiiiii 'iivc a \i ry sii].(r-
. liaiiiL (I (Idw 11 to ti
Kill
N
or 1 at 11 Jilu ii-.ali
17. ■!/.). No foili
1.. -••; 1: ll'oi//.,-: ,
11 ]icrsna loll I r
It.' /.,'/. .'ir. Jjil
pay will iiiiluic tlii in to Lillinov. j
Julhi
ll'(
salutation.
(('/.' I'll , S I III l.t, III
r. ,s-. 7..C. ;;,
1'
ii.
s ( '.h,,.v dill
I ilir. lip.
li- All
;tln'S;.
a-it-
•I>v. IIol:
IK'S saw a
11 oLl man in tin' last st:
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
//
1.0
2.5
'■'■ lil^ III 2.2
I.I
^ m
1.25
1.4 1.6
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
33 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 873-4503
5. -fer
/A
6
220
coLriir-iANS.
hsiicc'iiinl) to tlu'ir disoiiscs, or to tlio iiiciins employed for
cure, are disposed of in difiereiit Avays aeeordiii;A' to lo-
cality, trihi'. raidv. or auc. Skeletons are found 1)\ trav-
eler.s buried in the ground or deposit<Ml in a sittinj^
jMisture on its surl'aee; in eanoes or in boxes supjjorted
])\ posts, or. nioreeonnnonly, susj)ended iVoui the branches
of trees. Corpses are Avrap[)ed in cloth or niattinj:'. and
more or less richly decorated iiccording to the wealth of
the deceased. >^everal bodies are often put in one canoe
or box. and the bodies of younti' children are Ibund sus-
pended in l)askets. Property and implements, the latter
idways broki'n, are de[)osited with or near the remaius,
and these last restinti-i)laces of their peo[)le are relig-
iousl\' cared for and uiuarded from intn ><ion by all iho
tribes.'"'' All the peculiarities and inconsistencies of the
c'oiisniniition, KhivoriiiH from the rflVcts of ii culd bath iit tin' t( iuih
40 Falir< nlii it. A fa
•afiirc
)f
Vduritc n 111! ily in iiiiliimiiaiy cuiisiaiiiilidii is td titi u
l'ii]M' ti:_'lilly all 11111(1 till' tliiiiaN, si> as to fuii'i' t lie ilia jilivani to ixlfonii vcs] ira-
tiou \vitli.)ilt the aiil of tin' thovac
lf„/.(
r
i:.y. r.
vol. iv., !>. r)12. Aiiioii;^' till' Clallains, to iiuc a girl of a ilisiasi' of tli
(1(
llftt'V stiipiiiiig tlu> patii'iit iiakiil, tin' inciliriiii'-iiiau, tln-owiu'^ofl' liis lilaii!;it,
' coiuuii . ('Ill siiiL;iiij,' mill f,'isticiilatiii;4 in tlif most violiiit iiiaiiiicr, whilst
till' others kr]it timn liy Ixatiuy with littli' slirlcs on Imllow wooih n howls
il di'
nms, sinL'iiiLt contiiiuallv
Afirr ('Xci'i'isiiiL,' hiiiihilf in this nianiirr fo
nhoiit half an huiu'. nntil the piisfiiiatioii ran down his liody. hr darti
d-
di'iily uiioii till' yoiinji woman, ratchini,' hold of hi r side with hi^ ti rlh ami
KhaUin;^' lirr fornfrw iiiiniitis, wliili' tlii' i)atiitit st'ciiud to siilh r gnat auony.
Ho thin nliiiijuishi d his hold, and I'liiil out th;it he had '_;ot it, at the same
tiiiii' holdiiii; his hands to his month: after whiili he plnii'Jied them in llui
water and ]iretended to hold down with great diilieiilty the disease whii h ho
W'iiikI., P)i. L'io-f'i. Sniall-i)o\ siemed very pri v:dent
had extraeted.' A'
hv whii'li iiiaiiv had lost the sight of one eve. \'(ii'
oil.
>\.
212. To eiire ii cold in the faec the Qileiiinlts Imriied certain hi rlis tr
1>
cinder mid mixing them with grease, aiiointeil the fa
.y. II'. r„.,,s/
J), 'JCi"). .\moiig the Nooksaks mortality has not increased with civilizatii ii.
' .Vs yet the only causes of any amount aie consumption and the old dis-
rases.' Iml. At/. 11' pi.. 1S.")7, ji. .'tJ7. .\t Xeah l?ay, 'a scrofulous afl'.ctiou
jiervades the whole tribe.' '1 he old, sick and nminicd arc iiliandoucd hy
their friends to die. hi.. 1H7-', )>. ;t."):i.
10!) SI
hive no ri ,'lit to h
ir
,/
iiiria
1 pi
1'
'if
At a Qncniiilt
thei'lai
the dilVei-i nt colored lilaiikels and calicoes hung roitnd gavu
I'lai
ir.
ace
an ap]iearanei' o
f clothes hull'' out to dry on a washiu'.' dav.' Si
I. )). 2(;
At Port Orchard
"iillis were
'wrapped lir'idy in mat-
ting, lu'lieath which was a vhite iilaliliet, closely fastnicd round the hoily,
and under this a covering of Mue cotton.' ,\t I'ort Discovi rv hodi
•ajtiii d in mats and jilaced upon the ground in a sitting' post
lire, iiiiii sur
roundrd with stakes ami jiiect s of ] l.'nik to piuteet tliem ' On the Cowlitz
the liurial canoes are |iaiiileil with ii'.;inei. and gifts are not de[io^iti d till
.\i(r.. i.i r. S. J:.)\ /',r.. Vol. iv.. ])p.
d moiitlis after the funeral. W il,
3J:t, ;!I7-S, .")M'.l Id. .Uiioiigtlie Nisipi.-dlies holies of relatives are Konii tiiiii'fj
diuiutcrrcd at dillcri'iit places, washed, ri-wia]iped and luirii d again in oiia
ciiaiiacti:r of the souxd ixdi.vns.
221
Xftctka char.'K^ter jxM-liaps have ])OQn noted l)y travi'lors
ainoii^' tlie Indians oi' the SouikI. ])iit none of tliese jecii-
liarities are so eleaily niarke<l in the hitter [)eo|)le. In
their character, as in otlier res[)ects. they liave littU* in-
divi(hiality, and hoth their virtues .and vices are hut
faint reliections of tlie same qualities in tlie ^reat fami-
lies north and south of their territory. The ( 'ape Flat-
tery trihes arc at once the most intellijient, Itold, and
treacherous of all. Avhile some of the trihes east and
north-east of the Sound jiroper have iK'rha[)s the ])est
rei)utation. Since the partial settlement of their terri-
tory hy the whites, the natives here as elsewhere have
lost many of their oi'iuinal characteristics, chiellv the
hettc
r ones.
Tl
le renniants now
for tl
le most part ar
collected on govermuent reservations, or live in the vicin-
ity of towns, hy heguing and [)rostitution. Some trihes,
especially in the region of Hellingham Bay, have heeii
nouiinally converted to Christianity, have ahandoned
})olygamy. slavery, head-ilattening. gamhling. and super-
stitious ceremonies, and pay considei'ahle attention to a
somewhat mixed version of church doctrine and cere-
monies
110
llllilt-
IhmIv,
' ai't'
■-m-
Iwlitz
till
I'l'-
lir.ii'S
ll 1 11113
grave. Lard's XuL, vol. ii., ji]!. '2.'lS-0. ' Orm's do rulmiis ilo di versos coiil-
enrs, (le (lints ile jH)iss()iis, di eliiip; lets ( t d'luitres brindxirions dii s^'oiit di s
HidiViiLjes.' Itdssi, >(ii( fid '/■>', ))]). 71 5. On I'eiin Cove, in a dtsertid villiiKc,
were found 'several sepMlelires f(iniied « xaefly like a e(ntiy liox. Some (if
tliiiii Were open, and eoiitaincd the sliclcfons of many voiui!^' children tieil
11)1 in liaski'ts.' yimronvtr's I'o//., vol. i., ]i|). 2."ii-('i, kST; Iml. [{I'. Hi/il ,
IN.") I, 1). '242; X'CKi.s ill I'or. /,'. /,'. I.'iiil.. vol. i., j). l-i'.t. \ eoiresjiondellt
descriiies a tlathead inunimy from TuLtet Sound jiroerved in San Francisco.
'The eye-lialls are still round undi r the lid; the teeth, tlie muscles, and t(>ii-
doiis jK rfect, till' veiiih injiit((l with some presirvin^' liquid, the howils,
stomach and liver drieil \\]\ Inu not dccayeil. all ]iirfectly iires( rved. 'Vlui
Very Mankct that enfwin( s liim. madi of some thn ads of Imrk and saturat( d
with a ]iitchy suhstance, is ( ntire.' .^rlninlrrnit's .ice//., vol. v., p. (lUlt; rirl.-
lTiii<i'>: 1,'iirrs, in ('. S. /•.',!•. /.'.i',, vol. ix.. ]). It'J.
iiii -Their naiive haslifuiiiess r( ndt rs all sfpiaws poeuliarly sensitive to
any puMic notice or ridicule' I'roli.ilily the la/icst ]icoplc in the world.
Tic mails ar<> intruste(l with safety to Indian carriers, who arc I'trfccfly safo
from interference on the part of any Indi.iii they may nuct. Kum'^i IC'dk/.,
p. -O'.t H!. 227 H, 2;M, 247 H. ' I,a im'moirc locale ct persoucllc du sauva^'o
<'st adiuirid)le; 11 n'(UiMie jamais uu iiidroit id une ]iersoniie.' Nature seems
to hive f,'iveii him nieniory to sup|)ly the want of intelli:4cnce. Much iii-
elin( (I to venc;eance. 'I'hose havint,' means may avert vciij^'cance hy jiay-
luiiits. Ilnssi, Siiifrviiira, \i[\. 1 lit. 2'.l") H. ' Perfectly indirt'crent to <'xposure;
dec( ucy has no tncanini; in their lant'iiaiie.' Althoiiudi always lie>,"4iii^,', they
refuse to atx-ept iiuy article not in good eouditiou, calling it rwnluutuL, u term
822
COLUMlil.VNS.
The ruiNOOKs constitute tlic (ourtli division of tlio
Colunihijin {iroiij). Orijiinaliy the luune >vas restiicted
to :i tribe on the north bank of the Cohnnbiu between
Gray Vmy and tlie ocean; afterwards, from a simihuity
in lanjiuau'e and customs, it was ai)})lied to all the bands
on both sides of tlie river, from its mouth to the J)alles.'"
It is em], loved in this work to designate all the Ore<it»n
tribes west ol the Cascade Range, southward to the
Rogue River or I'mpiua Mountains. This family lies
between the Sound Indians on the north and the Cal-
iibrnian grou[) on the south, including in addition to
the tribes of the Columbia, those of the AVillanu'tte
A' alley and the Coast. All closelv resend)le each othir
in manners and customs, having also a general resem-
lilance to the northern families already described, sj)ring-
iug from their methods of obtaining fiMxl; and although
})robably without linguistic aUinities. exce[)t idong the
Cohunbia River, they may be consistently treated as one
of contompr. Srrmrivn's T'ov- If')'"liI.\<A. i.. I'p. IOS-0, Jliinlcr (if ii Spanish
liuul's iTiw iiilatihiilc 17 iiiC. Man, I ill's, /imr., jij). 'Jll, 31. ' Cluiifnl iiiul \vi 11
(lis; (pscil ' at I'liit On-liaril. At Strait of Fiica •liltlf moic tlcvalid in tlnir
liiiiral (pialiliis than tlic Fntniaiis.' At Nis(inall,v, ' addiitcd to sti aliiiL,'.'
' Vicions and txcccdiiiLily la/y, sltcj int,' all day.' Tlic Ska^its arc catluplics,
nnd av.' imirt' advanctd than others ill civilization. )l'i7/,i.s' Xar.. in I'.S. /•..c.
Ji.\:, vol. iv., jip. :(17, ■in, Glll-ll, r)17. H.)th ut Oiay Ilarhor and I'liutt
Sound till y vc ro nniforndy civil niul friendly, fair and lionest in trailc.
Kai li trilic elaiiued that 'the otiiers were liad ]ieciple and that the jiaity <|iies-
liolied Were tho only j^ood Indians in tho li irlior.' I'micnni fr's \'"i/., vol. i.,
p. '..") 1; Vol. ii., j)p. n:> I. ''I'he Claliam tribe lias always had a had charac-
ter, which their inti'icoiirso with shiiipin^,', and the introduction of winskey,
has hy no ni aiis iiiiproved.' Icil. .Uf. h'j't., ls"il. p. 21;!. 'The superior
couraL;c of the ^lakahs, as well as tie ir treachery, will make them luoro
diilicidt of niana^^eiiient than most t)ther trilies.' (*</ ic/iv, j/( /V c. /,'. /'. /■'r/.^,
Vol. i , ]). 'l-It. The I.iuninis and other tribes at I'xllineliam liiy hive al-
ready aliandoiied their ancient l>arl>aioii.s habits, and have adopted those of
civilization. Cini nntii, ia Jlirpir'n Mmj., vol. xxxix., ]'p. 7'.i")-7; .^hiijisnii's
(irerliiiiil .Iniirn.. vol. i., pj). '210-2. ' 'i'lie instincts of these jieople ar(> of a,
Very deL;raded chaiaeti r. They arc filthy, cowardly, lazy, treacln ions, dniiik-
I'li, avaiieioiis, and iimeh ^iveii to thieviii;,'. The women have not the
sliehtcst pretension to viitiie.' The ^lakahs 'are the most indejK iident In-
dians in my district -thcv and the (^uillcvutes, their near iieij^hbors.' Intl.
Af. lU/it., I's.'iH. pp. -i'J.".. -J. 1; ;,/., is 2, p.':,',»;i; /./., bs7(», p.lO; >c.',o.i/c,y(/7 ,s
..be'/., vol. iv., p. hdl; ]\"nd,'iri>ii'.i ('((not ((/((/ .S(((/(^c, p. oS; I'nnii's 'I'i'p. M' m.,
p. (15.
'" Perhaps the Cascades nii^'ht nuirc jn'operly bo named as the boundary,
since the re.eioii of the Dalles, from thi' ( arliest records, has been tlic r( ndi z-
voii.v fortishine, tradiiiL;, and ^;aiiiblin;^' juirposcs, of tribes from ev( ry jiart of
the surrounding; country, rather thau tho home of any particular nation.
THE CIIINOOKS.
fiimilv — the last of the jiivut coast or fisli-eatintj divis-
ions ol" the ('oluinl)iaii jirou]),
Aiuoii.Lj the prominent tribes, or nations of the Thi-
niK»k lUmilv niav he mentioned the followin'i: the \\)il-
/.ili/s or upper Chincxjks, inchidinj;- the hands on the
Cohinil.ia from the Cascades to th.e Cowlit/. and on the
lower Willamette; the lower Chinooks iVom the Cowlit/,
to the I'aeidc comi)risinji' the Wiil/ad'nuitf. and ('hhiooks
on the north hank, and the ('<il/if<tincts and ('htf>oj>.i. on
the i5outh; the ('((/(tjinoijas oeeupving the Valley of the
"W'ilhimette, and the ClKcbniuDi on one of its chief trih-
utariesof the same name; with the KiUniiKiohn and Viiiit-
cy//^'s who live between the Coast rvan;:e""and the ocean.
With respect to the present condition of these na-
tions, an
thorit
les auree ni
si)eakin'j; of them as a siiualid
|UJ
and ju)verty-stricken race, oiice numerous and [Xjwerful,
now few and weak. Their country has been settled by
w hiti's nuich more thickly than rejiions farther north, and
they have rapi<lly disappeared before the inlhix of stran-
gers. Whole trilu's have been exterminated by war and
disease, and in the few miserable renniants collected on
u ni-
ls.' ..f
\W
It In-
M< III.,
Iiluiy,
liiilt'/.-
livt (>{
lition.
CllilK
1>'
"■- I'civ (litiiils src TuiiiAi. r>iirxi)Ai;iKs at the ciiil of this chiiiitcr. Tlu>
Clatsops, Wiikiaknius aiul Catlilaimls
nsiiuliliii'' cai
h othi
th-.ss. 1;
iiiun
11(1 iiiaiiiK'i'."
'I'lir ( liiiKKiksaiid W:
ikiakiiius wcn^
iiii-'ilially one liilic, ami Wukiakiini was the name oi tlic chii f who sect iIimI
with Li-i la
(Ihfidits. Ir
Astn
1'1>
-<i. "Tluy may be rrj^'anlcd
as ihi' ilistimtivc type of thf triln s to the north of the Ofi'Lji'ii, for it is in
thrill th.it t!i(' i>r(Mtliaritirs of tiic poimlation of these regions art' seen in the
iiio.t Kliildii'' nianm r.
t:il
leS uhol
i.(<-/,s />->•,;•;>, vol. ii., pj). i.")-!',. :ni. All tl
ut the mouth of thi' t'olumhia "ajipear to be di seeiidid from tli
saiue stoc.
'I:
''I .,
1'
anil VI
i7-s.
lile one auotlii r in laM:;iiaL,'e. (In ss, and iiatiits. !!■ >n'
The Cathli vachi va( lis at tiie Cascadis ilitVi i' hut litthi
i>ni t:r
rh
/(/., j>. lil. Scoiili r cidls the (dlundiia lnli(s<((
H.l.l.s
l..„iil.
\\ eoiisi'liis tlieni ' iiitimat( ly related to the Kalajiooiah I'amily.
./..
d. xi.
J). --
'J'he Willamette trilxs •ditl'er verv
little ill tli( ir habits and modes of life, from those on the ('olimibia Jiivi r.
// ^ ■(>■
•i/K, i>. r.
.Alofr
!-oulh of (he ('(dumbia. /.'.
.1/
akes h'iliii.
■ji'iif.. toiii. ii., ]i. It")
general name for all Indians
lin
i/nil. l\h
HI
vol. ii.. 1). l:ii. Tile N< (Ik iidees on the WiUaluelte el
d
u alViaitv with the I'.lo'ts at the Naridws of the Columbii
re-
II. Ill (
tlirre semis
of one faiui
nbli! iu almost iveiy Jiaitieillar the Clat
sops ala
The
1 C'hiiiii
;iih<
7/
to b
jip. IJT. "lilt. 'Of the Coast 1 1
that 1 hav(
se(H
lltti
dirt'
er( lice 111
will answer for tli
in theii style of liviii;^' that a ih seriiilioii
iliole.' >/(<'(('.s- .V. ir. ( nil!-!. ]l|l. I.'.ll I.
' All the natives iiihabitiiii,' the soiith( ill shore of the Straits, and the de( lll\•
i.l leiited t'-rritory as far and ineludiii'^' the tide-wate;s of the Columbia, may
h ■ eoiiiprehendt (1 under the i,'(iieral li rni of (.'hinooks.' 7'(('A('/i/i;/'.s Iii(:f!<, in
i'. .■>'. £x. L.i:,, vol. i.\., \). 2J.
Ji
i
'f:i:
22i
COLUlIinANS.
rcnerv'ations or .strairjilin*? alxHit the Orop)n tinviis, no
truce is ai>part'nt ol' the iiidcpoiKU'iit, oasy-liviii;^' Lands
of the remote past
It is however to he noted that at
no time since this rejiion has heen known to Ilnropeans
has the Indian i)opidation heen at all in })ro})ortion to
the snp|)()rtin^' capacity of the land, uhile yvt in a ;hite
of natnie, with its fertile soil and well-stocked streams
and forests.
In i)hysi(iue the Chin(X)k can not he said to difler ma-
terially from the Xootka. In statnre the men rarely
exceed five feet six inches, and the women five feet.
]?oth sexes are thick-set, hut as a rule loosely huilt, al-
though in this respect they had douhtless de;ienerated
when described hy most travelers. Their legs are howed
and otherwise delbrmed by a constant s((uattin,u' position
in and out of their canoes. Trained by constant ex-
posure with slight clothing, they endure cold and hunger
hetter than the white man, but to continued nuiscular
exertion they s(M)n succumb. Plusically tluy improve
in pro[)ortion to their distance from the Columbia and
its fislieries; the Oalajiooyas on the upper \\ illamette.
according to early visitors, [)resenting the finest s[)ei'i-
mens.'" Descending from the north ak)ng the coast,
1'^ 'Tlic riu'o of tlio Cht'iioolcs is nearly run. From n. larjj;o and jiowcrfiil
tribo... Ihcy liavo dwinilliil down to aliont a Inuidrcd individuals,... and
tlit'si' arc It (irjaavcd, licentious, drunken s( t.' ^iniu'.i .\. W. ( mint. pj). Id.s-
H). 'J'lii' Wiilojialis 'may be considert d as extinct, a fi>\v wonit n only re-
muinin-;'.' >/''i</(.s', in I'm;. 11. It. liifit., vid. i., \i. \iH\ Mninni, Kv/har., tom.
ii., !>. ;)•"»!; Jinl. Aif, Hrpt., ]sr>4, pp. •.;i',)-4(l; l.cnl's .V'(/.,'vol. i., p. X>1\ vol.
ii., J). 217; !>'■ Sni't, J/i'.s.siod.s- ih I'ui'i'iihk, jip. 1G:J-4; Kmie's Wuml.. ])p. ITli <i,
I'Jd 7; Ir iii'i'x Asliiri'i. pp. ttli-j-ti; Fit:;/' ■•'ihr.i llml. Ii. i'<i., ])[). liU-J; Hims'
Oi'Vii'in, ])p. lOl-l'.l, '2lt 1; J'liiiriitiDi'.'i Oiiii. iiml Ciil., vol. ii., jip. r>2 'A; llmin-
lUi'h's livs li's. vol. ii., p. ;i>; I'ulmi'r'x •hmr., pp. St, 87; l''ir/.i'r's E.^idnv.
Tmn-., jin. Kd-'J. 'In tlie Wallami'ttc valley, their favoiitc country...
there arc hut f<'\v i-enmants Icfi, and they are dispirited and hroken-heart( d.'
liobi rl.'ihi'.i (ifi'iiiiii, p. l;t(l.
11' ' 'I'he ])crsonal ajipcaranee of the Chinooks differs so mnch from that
of the al'ori^'iual tiihes of the I'nited States, that it was dilliciilt at first to
recoLjni. I' til.' atliuity.' I'irhininfx Jiitris. in ('. S. J:',\\ Ex., vol. ix., \\ . '11 .
'There are no two nations in Europe so dissimilar as the triln s to tlie norlli
iind those to the south of thi^ Cohunliia.' hniKi'incli's iM-sciis, vol. i., p. hfS;
vol. ii., ji. • I'l. ' 'I'liick set lind>s' north; 'slij,'ht,' south. /(/., vol. i., ]). HN;
vol. ii.. ]). Iti. 'Very inferior in muscular powir.' Jd.. vol. ii , jip. iTi-Ki.
'.\monu; the U|.,'licst of liieir race. They are Ixlow the middle size, with
sipiat, clumsy foiins.' Il(il>'.< Fthmxi.. in I'. S. K.\\ /•,>.. vol. vi., ))p. I'.l.S, 210.
Tlie men from live feet to live feet si.K inches hiyh, with vfell-shaped limbs;
niixouK riiYsiorr.
£23
ITv|Krl!()rcans, (\)li:in);i;ins, and rjililomiiins <ini(liially
sissiiiiK' Ji inoro dusky litit' as \vi> jjrocccd soiitliward.
The ('!)iii[)U'.\inu of tlu' Cidiiooks may ho <'alU'd a trillo
dai'kcr than the nativi'sol" llic Sound, and of Vancouver;
tliou'-li nothin-a' is more dillicnlt than iVoni the va'ir.o
I IT)
oxjH'c'ssions ol' travcU'i's to (U'ti'nninc slwuU's of color
Toints of rc'sinihlancc have hccn noted hy many oh-
K'i'\('is hetween .the (Miinook and Mongolian jiliysici.'-
nomw consistin'i cliiellv in the e\es turned ohliiiuclv
upward at the outer coiMier. The i'ace is hroad and
round, the nose Hat and I'at, with larjre nostrils, the
mouih wide and thick-lipited. teetii irregular and unicli
worn, eyes hlack, dull and expressioidess; the luiir .uen-
erally hlack and worn lonj:'. and the heard carciiilly
l)lucked out; nevertiieless, tlieir I'eatuj'es are ol'teii rc.g-
luar
11(1
the women six to ci^^^'ht inclu s shorter, with bandy lej^s, thi<'k uiildis. liroad.
tlut flit, idosc hannilii,' l>n ii^ts. ( i ,r'.s ,l(/r
Vol, i.
I'l'
(i:i I.
(Iliniu
lltivc lace, ;,'iiierally Ik low tive feet the iuehis, with eroiikril \vl;<, ami tlliek
aiiklis.' "nrnail. llat feet.' Irrimi's Aslnri'i, | ji. NT, :>:)•). ' Jiut Hot <1( llcient
in stren.!.,'th or activity.' .V;co,'(((/'.s itrviiun, p. 1 l.">. Men 'stout, mnsi iil;ir and
htlohL;, iiut not tall:' women 'of the middle size, lint very stont and I'aliliV,
YX>. si)-'.»:t. At ( ai'.o
with
siKirt necks an
il sh
lilldl:
i;,
Ort'urd nolle exee( d tive fe( t six inches; 'tohralilv Well liinlied. thnii-h
tril).
in their iiersons.' I
lUii-iinri /• .s
I
kirc somewliat lar''er anil lietti
<'//..
vol. i.
^h
idth
d th
!•
•JOI. The \Vill,,ni.tt.
th<
of the ( ciliiniliia
1st. I.I irisfiiiiirifirl.i's 'I'nir.. j)]!. I,."), i;!; 7.")iil, r)iis. '/«, i,
]i]i. 7t) Ti; lliiiis' Viiij., {n>.HM, 1)1
■r.
if U
le mi 11 I'enera
are lather
sviiiiiii triial: their statuicis low, with li^rht riiii \vy liiuhs, and ii n
lil. delicate hands. The women are nsnallv mere rotrnd, and, ii
di:
1 seme m-
stanc
■s, even ainu'i
rh ol
)esity.' 'Ini'ii lull's ,". Id'., J). Ii.S. ' .MalV lint even
\iir.
tive feet ' Friini'li'
Hhari) sii'ht and heariii!,', hut obtuse smell and tasti
jip. '_l()-l. Call eiidnre cnld, but imt fall
The women are nn-
iilh
1. anil lioiii a com
'I'li'ir.. ]t\i. 'Jit-'"
bination nf cinses :;] ]Mar old at ai
1 earlv a'.'e
'I he [iiili.ins nortli nf the ( oliimbia
I', 1'er th
iiio.st jiart L,Mod-lookint;, robust men some of ihciii h.-iviie.,' line, syimiicirical,
forms. Tliey liavt; bet n reiu-esenti d as diminiilive, with cruoKiil ic^s and
nncipiith features. This is not corvect: but, as a general rule, the din et re-
verse is the truth.' >'
.V. ir
■'■I-
y.
(irr
I'l'- 1-
thl
'1
'"The folliiwin<_! terms aiV|)lied to ( iiiiionk <'om]ilexinii are taki n fim?!
utliors (|U()ted in the ]ireredin'^' Hole: ' ('opier-coliired bi'i'wn;' ' lieht
leer color
^''M olivi
fair
con iiiexiiin.
Not dai
wl
leli \oull'.
'UiiU|_;li tanned skins.' 'Diney
I'airi r ' Ih.iii caste: n Iiidi^siis
Fairer on the const than on the I'olumbia. Ibiif-Vireeds jiartake nf tlu:
Hwarthv hue of their mothers.
rile Cheenoiik criiiiium, i ven wlw n not (lattened, is lonj,' and nan
ijii'essed laterally, keel-shaped, lik ■ the skull of tlie l".si|iiimau>
mil lii'di cheek-bi
with a recedin.; forehead.' Srniilf
l.nml.
Kri
a
• l"(ir., vol. xi., ]>. 'J'JO. ' Skulls. . . .tot dly devoidof any |ieculiar dcvi lo|imcnt.'
Nii.so lliit, nostrils distended, short irn ;,'ular tectli; eyes black, pierciiiu; and
Vol. I. IJ
22G
COLUMBIANS.
It is sil)out tlio nioutli of tl»c C\)linnl)iii thiit tlic (Mis-
tom ol" lliitton'mji; tlie lu'iid sivms to luivo orijiinatcd. Ku-
(liatiuji from this coiitiv in all directions, and lu'coinin^
k'ss univorsal and ini[K)i'tant as the distance is increased,
tlie usajic terminates on the south witii the nations
uhich I have attm^hed to the (Miin«M)lv iUnjilv. is rarely
found east of the Cascade I{an;j:e, hut extends, as >vc
have seen, northward tlirou-ih all the coast hunilies. al-
though it is far from hein^ held in the same esteem in the
far north as in its apparently original centre. The or-
ijiin of this deformity is unknown. All we can do is to
rei'er it to that stranjic infatuation incident to humanity
which lies at the r<K)t of fashion and ornamentation, and
which even in these later times civilization is not ahle
to eradicate. As Al[)honso Ihe Wise rejiivtted not hav-
inji' been i)resent at the creation — for then he would
have had the world to suit him — so difierent ajics and
nations strive in various ways to remodel and improve
the human form. Thus the Chinese lady compres.><es
the feet, the European the waist, and the Chinook the
head, t^laves are not allowed to indulge in this extrav-
trcaclr-rons. Cnx's Adr")}.. vol. i., pp. 115, liO'l. ' lii-oiid fiiocs, low fovchtiuls,
laiili liliii'li liair, wide niuuths.' ' Fliit noses, anil cvi's tnvncil ul>lii|n(ly uji-
wiinl lit the outer corner.' Jl'th's l-Aliimn., l.i I'. S. I.x. E,\\, vol. vi., jip. 1',>M,
UK). 'Faces lire round, with small, l)ut uniniated eyes. Their noses are
broad and tlit at tlit' top, and tli'shv at the end, with liirj,'e nost.-ils.' li-rini/'n
Ast'iri<(, p. ;i:!(i. Portraits of two Cidiiiooyn Indians. I'ir'.irif/'n lUios, iit
r. S. h'.e. Z-,'.!'., vol. ix., ]>. 14. South of the- Colunibia they have ' Ion;.,' fa<'es,
thin lijis,' but the Caliijuxiyas in Willamette Valley have 'broiid faces, low
foreheads," and th(^ Chinooks ' avc 'a wide face, llat nose, and eyes turned
obliipiely outwards.' Jlnminfi-I, .•< Disirts, vol. i., ]>. HS; vol, ii . jip. lo-KJ.
'Dull phlei;matic want of expression' common to all adults. S'lmlnifs Ihiu.
Tir., p. 11.'). Women 'well-featured,' with ' li^ht hair, and jirominent eyes.'
7i'<>.s'.s' Ailnn., pp. H'.(-!)H. ' Their features ratlu'r partook of the j^'eneral Kuro-
j)eiin charueter.' Hair lon,i,'and black, clean and neatly combed. Viinriuirvi'a
Villi. , vol. i., p. '204. 'Women have, in ^'eneral, handsomo fac<'s.' 'There
are rare instances of liiijh ai|uiline noses; the eyes are j,'enerally black," but
sometimes 'of adark yellowish brown, with ;i black pu;iil.' J./'insninl C'lnl.i'.-i
'J'riir.. ij). l^"), 4:i(i-7. The men carefully eradicate tvery vesti^'eof a bearii.
J>iiiiii's Dii'iii.i, p. rj4. 'The feature; of many urfi reL,'u!iir, tliou^'h ofti'ii
devoid of ex;iression.' Tnwiisind's .\ ir.. )>. 17h. 'IMuck oiittli" beard at its
lirst a](])caraiiee.' Ivnir's MVnn/., p ISl. i'ortrait of chief, p. 174. '.Vfew
of the old men only sut^'er a tuft to j,'row upon their chins.' i'roiirlii'rc's Xur.,
p. '210. One of the Clatsops 'hid the reddest hair I ever saw. and a fair
skin, much freckled.' iruss' .lour., y. "244; Lunl's \' t . vol. i., j). 7-">. For de-
scriptions and plates of t'hinook skulls see Morten's I'ninia, pp. '202-13; jil.
42-7, i'J, 50, unil SckuokrHjVii Arch., vol. ii., pp. 318-34.
IirAn-FLATTEXINTJ I'lIEXO'^irNOX.
227
njranc*'. and as this class arc ^cncrallv of iorcijrn trihcs
or lamilii's. the worU ori'tIiii()l(>;iists in classilVinji skulls
obtained hy travelers, and tlu'iehv ioinidin^r theories ot'
race is sonu'what con; [.Heated ; l)iit the dillicnltv is less-
ened hv the fact that slaves receiv*' no i"e^nlar hinial,
and hence all sknlls Itelonyin;: to hodies I'roin nativ**
ceineteries aie known to he Chinook
'i'he ChintMik
ideal of facial l)eanty is a strai,::ht line from the end of
the nose to the crown of the head. The llatteninu' of
tlie sknll is elVected hv hindinu; the inl'ant to its cradle
iiiini('diatel\- after hirth. and kce|)in": it tlu-ri' from thi»'e
months to a \r
Tl
le
■simplest form of cradle is a
j)iece of Iniard or |»lank on which the child is laid npon
its hack with the head slij:htl_\ raist-d hy a hhn-k of wooil.
Another j)iece of wood, or hark, or leather, is then placed
over the foiehead and tied t«) the jtlank with strings
whiih are tightened more and more each day until the
skull is shaped to the rcijuired pattern. Space is left
lor lateral expansion; and inider ordinai'v circumstances
the child's head is not allowed to leave its position initil
the j)i-(x'ess is com[)lete. The hody and limhs are also
hound to the cradle, hut more l<M»selv, hv handaues,
which are sometimes removed lor cleansinti pur|K»ses.
Moss or soft hark is generally introduced hetween the
skin and the wood, and in some tribes comfortable pads,
117 ' rractifoil Ijy at least ton or twelve distinct trilies of the lower eoniitry . '
Toirii.ti'nd's .\i(r., jip. Ic5-<i. 'i)n the coast it is liiiiitcd to a sj)acc of iilnmt
oin' huudred aii<l seventy miles, extciidiii:^ 1m twee n <'a; e Flatteiy and <'ii])(!
Look-iiut. Inland, it extends up tlie i oliindiia to the tirst rajiids, or onn
hundred iind forty nales, and is checked at the falls on thi' Wallaniette.'
JUlc'di'n I'll// , vol. i., i>. ;!07. The <'ustniii 'jirevails auKUiu! all the natioiis
we havo seen west of tlie IJoeky Xlomilaius,' hut " diiiiiiiishes in recediiii,'
eastward.' l.'-n-is tnnl (I rhi's 7 /■ o-., p. -J;)?. ''I'hc Indians at the l)alles d.»
not distort the licad.' /I'loc's Wiiml., \)\). 20:1, IS,)-.!. 'The i'hinooks aro
the most distiii^'uished for their attachment to this sinj^'idar usap'.' llati's
Elk Hi It. , ill r. >. /•.'.!•. /.'.iv, vol. vi , ji. r.is. 'I'iie trilies fiom the Coliindiiii
Kivcr to Millbank Sound tlatteiithe forehead, also the Vakimas and Klikitats
of the iiiti'iior. I'li'mii', in Liirl's .Sal., vol. ii., \i\\. 2IU J, •.lit. "The prae-
tlce ])r v.iils, t^enerally, from the inouthof the Colundiia tn the D.dles, al)iiii4
one Iruulred and eij,dity miles, and from the Straits of Fuca on the north, to
Coos 15. ly . . .Xorthwardof the Straits it diminishes gradually to a lucre sliLrht
roiupression, tiiiidly eonrtned to woiuen, and ahandonecl entirely north of .Mil-
Lank Sound. So east <jf tlu* Cascade lUouutains, it dies out in like manner.'
UU)'i-<. i) .\i)!t ami liHiltliiit's huihi. Iturv-:, p. IW7. 'Xonehut such as are of
noble birth are allowed to ttatteu their skulls.' Gray's J list. Oijn., p. I'JT. ,
228
COLUMIIIANS.
(Misliions. or rabl)it-HkiiiH are cniplovod. Tho pioce of
\\inA wWwh rests iiiHUi the lorclioud is in soino ciises iit-
tiu'lu'd to the criulk' hy leatlior hiiijios, and instances are
mentioned where the pressure is created by a s[)rin^.
A tronjih or eanoe-shaited (-radle, diij; out from a loji",
often takes tlie phice of the simple hoard, and amonjj;
thericli this is ehil)orately uorked. and ornamented ^vith
frures and shells. 1'he child while under<:oin<i this
j)r<H'ess, with its small hlack eyes jannned half out of
their stK'kets, presents a revolting picture. Stranjrely
enoujrh. however, the little jtrisoner seems to fe<'l scarcely
any pain, and travelers almost universally state that no
])erceptil)lt; injury is done to the health or hrair*. As
years advance the head partially l)ut not altogether re-
sumes its natural i'orm, and among aged persons the
eiVects are not very noticeable. As elsewhere, the jK'r-
sonal apjK'arance of the women is of more importjinco
than that of the men, therefore the female child is sub-
jected more rigorously and longer to the compiessing
j)r(K'ess, than her brotheis. Failure ])r()i)erly to mould
the cranium of her ofl'spring gives to the Chinook ma-
tron the reputation of a lazy and undutiful mother, and
subjects the neglected chilclren to the ridicule of their
young companions;'"* so despotic is fashion. A prac-
'i*" All tiuthors who moulinn the Chinooks bnvp sonipthinf;; to Hny of this
cnstom: the followiii;,' j,'ivi' sonu' dcscriptidii of the j)nirfss iiiul its t tlVt-ts,
pontiiiniiii;, however, iio jxiints not iiieliuleil in that pv<'ii above. Jhniti'n
<itr<ii.ii. ii'ii. 122-;t, 12H-;i(»; V.'ass' Ailnn., pp. !n»-l()(); Sicmi's N. IT. Coast,
pp. ]('>7-H, \vith(Mit; I'li'iiiihir's Jdiir., vol. x., pp. lll-'2; lldrhtr's Toy/., vol.
1.. pj). U07-11, with entn: 'I'inrtiHChd's .V(//'., pp. ITiVf!; link's h'tlitiiiii.,iu C S.
Ex. lu'.. vol. vi., p. "JlO; SifdUii/'s Oijn. 'J'tr., p. 150; Ihimmfvh' s Ileseits, vol.
ii., p. '2'.l4; Irvhuj's Aslmhi, p. H!(: Cox's Ailrrn., vol. 1., p. ;t02; Catlin's.W Am.
/lit/., vol. ii., pp. 110-11, with plato. Feinules remain longer than tho boys.
Lcirisdiiil (liirl.i's Tntr,, pp. 4<(i, i'.ll. 'Not so ^reat ii deformity as is pn-
eriilly sui)poseJ.' I'lirLvr's Hrfdor. Vokc, pp. 142-IJ, 251-'2. ' Lookinj; with
contempt even upon the white for having round heads.' l\ani''s II'k/k/.. ji. LSI,
204. cut. '.\s a ^'<iieval thin},' the trilxs that have followed the ])raetiee of tlat-
teniufi the sknll are inferior in intellect, less stirrins; and enterjirisin;,' in their
habits, and far more de-^raded in their morals than other tribes.' Crux's lint.
Ofin., l>. l'J7. Mr. Oray is the only authority I have seen for this injurious
pffeot, except Doiuenech, who pronounces the Hat-heads more subject to
apoplexy than others. Jfrsirts, vol. ii., j). Hi; fia.ss' .lour., p]>. '224-5; liroirn-
eli's IikI. haves, pp. ;i:ir>-7; Million's ( mnia. Am., pp. 20IJ-l;{, cut of cradle and
of skulls; Mol'r<is, K.rjilnr., toni. ii., pp. ;t4'.)~50, Alias, pi. 2('>; Foster's I're-llist.
liaces, pj), 204-5, 'MH. with cut; Sutil y MexiiMua, Viaye, p. 124; Wilson, in
Siiiitlisoniaii llept., 1802, p. 2S7.
CHINOOK DUESS.
tlOf)
ts.
i thin
ttiots,
J)Ullll'>i
t'odxt,
, vol.
U. S.
vol.
. Aw.
boys.
s n«n-
{T with
Y>. ISl,
f tlat-
n tlu'ir
uiioi\s
Bwt to
Ic mill
\e-lliM.
10)1, i'l
lice uliicli rcii(l»>rs tlic CMiiiiook iiioro liidcoKs lliiiu tin;
(•Diiiltrcssion of Ills sUiiU is tliiit of pici'cin,!"' or >liuiiiu' the
riirlil;i,.:c of the luisc jind rars, and iiisrrtiii;j: tlicrcin \nv>^
«triii-> <»l IhnkIs or liia',|iia .slu'lls. tlio latter lu'iiio- jui/A'd
aliovc all otlii'i" ()riiaiu('nt>
Tatt
(Mnui;" KriuH
to 1
lavo
!)!•( 11 |iia('tic('(l. hnt not i'.\t('nsi\('l_\ . takiiiji u.^iiallv llu>
lonu of lilies oi" dots pricked into the ariii-*, u\i;>, and
cliccks with |)iilverizi'(l eiuireoal. !initatio:i tattooiiio-,
Aviili liie hriuht-eolored iiiices of dilVereiit herries. v.as
a I'.ivorite }iastiiiie with the women, and neither .h'.\
eould resist the eharins of salnion-jirease and red elav.
In later limes, however, aecordinjr to Swan, the eiisloin
of ^reasiiiLi' and dauhino; the hodv has heeii to a i:reat
extent aliandoned. Oreat pains is taken in dressiiij;
the hair, whieh is conihed, parted in the inidille. and
iisiiallv allowed to hann" in long tresses down the hai-k,
hilt often tied n\) in a (iiieiie hy the women and girls, or
hralded so as to hang in two tails tied uith strings."''
I'or dress, skins were inuch move commonly used in
this region than among other coa.st families; particularly
the skins of the smaller animals, as the rahhit and w«M)d-
rat. These skins, dressed and often painted, wvw sewed
topetlu-rsoas toform aroheor hlanket similar in form and
use to the more northern hlanket of w<m)1. which, as well
as a similar garment of g(M)se-skin with the featlu-rs on,
was also made and worn hy the Chinooks, thouiih not in
"'Tilt' ^IiiltiioniMlt Wdiiicn's hair 'is must coiiiiiKHilv hraiihil into two
tn-.scs f.ilJiiiL
M.. .jKs ;i. lii; 4-2.-]
()V( r ( ucli I
!ir ill front of tli
1(1 V.' A.
-/' /.
/',(((•,
«:!"
The Cliifkainas 'tattoo thfiusclvfs hclow tli
liiiiiitli, whii'h ^'ivi'S a li'_;ht liliH' a|i|)t:iraiifc to tiii^ counffiiaiicc.' luinf'n
11''/"''., lip. J 1 1. 181-5, 'jriC). At ( ii]icOifiir(l 'till yscciiicil til ](rif(r till' coiiiforts
of el" Miiliiicss to the [ aiiitiiiijof their liodiis.' \'i
I'V/.. v"l !•• V- "'•
Oil t!'c t iiliiiiiliia 'ill till' il.i'oiatioii (it tin ir jicrsoiis tli( y Mir|iass( d all tli
ctlii-r tiil)cs with jiaiiits of (litt'crclit coldiiis, fciitlu is ami other oriiaiiii iits '
/'/.. Vol. ii., p. 77. * Ms iiietteiit toiitc leiir viiiiitt' dans Icnrs collieis ct leiirs
|i' lidalits d'dreilles.' I)r>iii(t. M',.-s. tl' /'")•,■ /n,). p. :.""). ' Sollif of these eiils
I have SCI 11 with tlu' whole rim of their cars Iku-ciI full of holes, into ( .c li
of which would he inserted a striiiu' of these shi lis that reacln d to the llnor,
:(:id till- V hole wci'-liim,' so Inavv that to save tli
fr
oiii 111 iiiL;
I'll th. y Were ol)lit,'((l to wear a hand across the top of the head.' 'T n
li ivc s'(ii either men or women jnit oil or <_'rcasc of any hind on their l.od
v. ir. fixi.-t. jip. IPi, loS :». Sec Jhi,.n's Ortjim, pp. ll."., I'J.: 1;
.\iheii., pp. lll-l_'; I'tvlvi-'iiiifx //"ccs, i;( U.S. /".c. /.'.c, vol. ix., |
ir'ii- J s
.\st iiirt, jip, 3:J()-8; Domciacli's Jk'fiCrts, vol.
1-. '211.
1'
j.jI; Fiiincli'
n: s
I
■I I
230
C0LUMDIAN8.
(■t)iMin()ii use mnoiij;; thom. Thoy profor to jro ilakcd
>vIk'Ii tlio wcutlier |>t'nnits. Skins of Ijir;_'i'r aniinals, as
tlu» (k'lT and elk, are also iised lor clothinir, and of llii?
latti'i" is niado a kind of arr()W-[)nM)f annor for war; an-
anothcr ('«)at of mail ln'inj;" nia<U' of sticks iMunid to;j;('tIit'r.
J'cnialos almost universally wear a skirt of cedar hark-
fihre, fastened alnait the waist and hanging to the knees.
This pu'ment is woven for u few iiuiiies at the top, hut
the rest is sim[)ly a hangin':; frinjjte, not very eflectually
coiKrealinj; the j)erson. A suhstitute for this ;H»ttieoat in
some trilK's is a scpiare piece of leather attached to a
helt in front; and in others a long strip of deer-.>-kin
passed l)etween the thighs and wound alMuit the waist.
A fringed garment, like that descrilK'd, is also sonu'times
worn alMHit the sluMdders; in cold wtather a fur roln- is
wrap[)ed alxnit the hody from the hi[)s to the armpits,
forming a close and warm vest; and over all is some-
times thrown a ca^K?. or fur hlanket, like that of the
men, varying in <puility and value with the wealth of
the wearer. I'he best are made of strips of sea-otter
skin, woven with grass or cedar hark, so that tin; i'nr
shows on lM)th sides. (Miiefs and men of wealth wear
rich rohes of otter and other valuable furs. The conical
hat woven of grass and hark, a. 1 painted in hlack and
white checks or with rude figures, with or without a ))rim,
and fastened under the chin, is the only covering for the
head.^-""
1^" ' Those robes are in penernl, composed of the skins of a small animal,
'.vhich \Vf Imvi' sniJixiscd to be the brown nuinj^o.' ' Sonietinies they hitvn
a blanket woven with the fingers, from the wool of their native Khi'«'ii.' Kv-
ery part of the body but the back and shoulders is I'xposed to vi(>w. Tlie
Nechecolies had 'larjjcrand louge'' robes, which are generally of deerskin
dressed in the hair.' Leiris aid ( la r he's Tr<ii\, ])|). ;,',).', •1-5-;. 4;fS, 504- '.t,
rr2-i. ' I have often seen them going about, half naked, when the thernionietc r
ranged between ;i()' and 4(1 , and '.heir ehil(lr<'n bar. footed and ban legijed in
the snow.' 'The lower IndiaUii do not dress as well, nor with as good tiiste,
as th(> uinier.' I'drLir's h'.vjiliir. 'i'luir., pp. '..41-5. The fringed skirt 'is still
nsed by old women, and by all the females when they are at work in the water,
aial is ealKd by them their siicufli cut.' Aavni'.s .V. W. ('< <i>t, pp. 151-").
H'iss' Ailri'ii., j)p. H'.)-I(;i; Jjttiiu's (Jrcijini. jjp. l.;i-4; l)<>iii,-i,icl,'s jMsiils, vol.
ii., pp. 15-1(1. uHl-'i, iHH; Toirnsi'iiirs \,ir., ]^. 17S; I\ii ,<'s WilmJ., jij). ]St-5;
Fvdiirlii'n'ti \iir., pp. '2i2-i. The ci nieal eaji reiiiindrd Pickering of tho
Siberian triljes. /i((ns, in l'. S. /•.>. A'.i'., vol. ix., p)). '.5. ;ti); Cix's Adnn.,
vol. i., pp. 111-12, 12(1-7; i/i<«.s' ]'";/., p. 107. Collars of bears' cluvvs, for
DWLLiMNdS C)I' Tin: flllNOOKS.
231
Tlic ('liin(M>ks ijiovrtl iilioiit Irss lor tln» purpose ofoh-
taliiiii^ 11 siipplv ol' HmmI, tlijin many otluMs, cmii of tli(»
coast rainilii's. yot tlu> accuiinilatioii of liltli or a iiiiicli
stron;:i'r motiv: — rl llcas. jivncrallv lonvil llicm to ta.ko
<|o\vii tlu'ir ^v■■:;a'r 'Uvi'Uinj'.s vnvU spring:, picscrN iiij;
the inatci'lals lor ri'-ori'ctioii on tlir wmio or aiiotlu'r
,*<lM)t. 'I'lic k'st liousi'H wxvii built of cedar planks at-
taclieil l»y liaik-lilire Citnls to a I'ranie. wIi'h-Ii consistetl
ol lour corner, an<l two central posts antl a ri<l,i:(' jole.
The jiianks of the sides and ends wvw s(/i. ^iiues pei-
ju'iidicuhu". hut ot'tener laid horizontally, overlai pint; lieri'
in clapboard fashion as on the r<H»f. In some localities
the roof and even the whole structure >v> ')f ('edar b; 'k.
These <hvellin}:s cl«)sely resembled those laitb' r iioith,
butM(»' somewhat interior in Hm\ twenty lis < to se\-
enty-live feet lon<r, and tifteen to twenty-li\<' feet wide,
l)ein<r the ordinai'v dimensions. On the ('oluu.bia ihey
were only four or live feet hijih at the eaves, but an
eipial depth was excavated in the firomid, while on the
AVillamette the structure was built on the surface. The
door was only just larjic enoujih to admit tlu' body, and
it was a favorite fancy of the natives to make it repre-
sent the mouth of an iiumense head painted round it.
\\ indows there were none, nor cnnnney; one or more
tirei)laces were sunk in the lloor, and the smoke escaped
by the cracks, a plaidv in the rooi' beinji sometimes moved
for the pui'[)ose. Mats weie spread on the lloor and
raised berths were placed on the sides, sometimes in
several tiers. Partitions of plaid\ or mattini: separated
the apartments of the several families. Smaller tempo-
rary huts, and the })ermaneut homes of the poorer In-
dians were built in various litrms. of sticks, covereil wiili
Tlu' interior and (wtiuior of all
us.
))ark. rushes, or ski
dwelliniis were in a state of chronic filth,
r.i
the men, 1111(1 elks' tusks for tlio \vfiiiit!i niid .••liildn n. Jrri.ni's A.-tniin, pji.
UIJO ^; i,<is^' .ln,n:, pi). •..'12, •.:(',) 40, -Jl'J-l, 'I'M, 27 ». 27H, i^J.'
'■'' 'Their houses sei nied to be more coiiifoitiilile tlrii, those lit Nnotkn,
th<' I'oof hiivinj,' 11 ^'renter iiicliuatioii, iiiul the jihiiikiiit! In '.w^ t'.iii;i In d over
with the balk of trees. The tlitraiiee is thvoii^'h ii ln.le, in ii limail j '. iik..
fuvereil iu sileh il liianuer us to reseuible the faee of u luau, the liiuutli surv-
COLUMBIANS.
I
Tho snlmoii fi.sliories of tlio Oolnmljia arc now fa-
mous throuiihout the world. Once cvcrA' vcar iiuumici-
able imiltitiidcs of these noble iisli enter the river iVom
the ocean to deposit their spawn. Ini[)elled hv instinct,
thev strui:|:ile to reach the extreme limits of the stream,
■vvoi'kinL;' their way in blind desperation to the very sources
of every little branch, overcoming seeming impossibili-
ties, and onl}' to fnllill their destiny and die; for if they
escape human enemies, they either kill themselves in
their mad ellbrts to leap impassable falls, or if their
efi'crts are crowned with success, they are supposed nev-
er to retin-n to the ocean. This fishery has always been
the chief and an inexhaustible source of Ibod j'or the
Chinooks, who, although skillful tishermen, have not
been obliged to invent a great variety of methods or
implements for the capture of the salmon, which rarely
if ever have failed tl
lem.
C'erti
un ceremomes must.
however, be obsi'rved with the first fish takiMi; his meat
nmst 1)e cut only with the grain, and the hearts of all
caught must be burned or eaten, and on no account be
thrown into the water or be devoured by adog. W ith
these precautions there is no reason to suppose that the
Chinook would ever lack a supply of fish. The salmon
begin to run in April, but remain several weeks in the
inL;(h(' pni'iioso of a (ludv-wny. Tho li.r-pliu'c is sunk into the earth, and eon-
Ihu il fr>i:u spreading; ahovc by a woodi'U franit'.' WiKr-nrfr's I ".'/■• ^'' 1- i'->
i:
sailc I'Uclosui't
ill Si'liiiiilrn'fl's Arrliii'i'-:, vol. iii., p. 2(11), speaks ol' a pali-
tcii or fiflccii fret hi.!.;li. witlia covcrcil way to th<' rivc r. ' llu^
Indian lints on the hanks of the C'ohuiihia arc, for tlic must ji.art, constrnctcd
of thr hark of trees, pine branches, and hrand)h's, wiiich are so:;i( tiiues i
(■red wiili skins or ra!4s.
I)n
ell's Ihsirls, voh ii., p. 'iCiil. Ihit 'lhc('
.k:
huild their houses of tliiidc and broad iikmks.' etc. /(/. I,
iiid Cl.a-ki
saw 1! house in tlie Willamette Va'dev two liundred and twi ntv-^i\ feet hniL',
divich (1 into two raiiL;es of hu'L;c a|iartniciits separated by a i
larrow alii'\' loiu'
VVrti
feet wii
piec(
and IS sc U-elosuiL;. >('■((, is
i)p. r.i»j--i, r,(ii), iiu J, nr,-u
tmi,
le door is ,'i
>f board ' wliieli han.^s loos(> by a striiiir, like a sort of peiidiilni
.V. ir. r'-„(.s/.
in
I. 11(1-11.
The trill s iK'ar the
coast remove lessfrc(inently than those of the interior.' ''.(/;
I'a t, l>
fulniiij h'litiire, ]>. VA'k ' 1 never saw more than four fires, or above ci.J.ity per-
lall
H(!, HIS; /.
-slaves am
the la
m
rill I'. t
St h(
/;
<lv
)i). '.'■* ',); Puliiii r'
s(^
). ;ij
./'
I'l
'//■
111, I
-;>: c
\(lrvii,, vol. i., p. ;i.7, from J.ciris unil ('lurhc; Dnmi's (iir imi, \<])
mill Chin
I'arl.i
r.n'l"i: Tl
Xar.
IT
M7 S; Lonfn Xiit.
PI'
iii-.\ n
:i."); /■;
vol. 1., ])
I'liin
lis .V
h'li
in'-.i
Wnul, PI). 1H7-H; ///'<''s J:t!iifiii. Ill
SlricLluial's Hint. MistiiuHg, pj). loJ-'J,
/'. .S. i,',r. L'x., vol.
.01, 2i(j-f7;
FISUEEIES OF THE CIIINOOKS.
2C3
warmer waters near tlie mouth, and arc there taken
while in their l)est eondition, hv the ( 'hinook trihe })r()per,
with a straight net of hark or roots, sometiiues live hand-
led I'eet long and lii'teen feet dee[). with lloats and sink-
ers. (Jne end of the net is carried out into the river at
hi'Ji water, and drawn in hv the natives on the shore.
who with a mallet (|uiet the lish and
pre
\e
nt tl
leni
from jumping over the net and escaping. Farther up,
especially at the Cascade's and at the I'alls of the V.'illa-
mctte. salmon are speared \)y natives standing (>n the
rocks or on planks placed for the purpose; scoopi'd up in
small dip-nets; or taken with a hirge unhaited hook at-
tached l)y a socket and short liu'^ to a long pole. There
is some account of artificial channels of rocks at thi'se
l)laces. hut such expedients were generalK- not needed,
since, l)eside those caught hv the CMiinooks, such numl)ers
were cast on the rocks hv their own I'h'orts to leap the
I'alls. that the air for months was infected l)y the decay-
ing mass; and many of these in a palatal )le state ol' decay
were gathered h\- the natives ibr I'ood. ] looks, spears,
and nets were sometimes ruhhed with the juice of cer-
tain plants supposed to he attractive to the lish. Once
taken, the salmon were cleaned hy the wonun. dried
in the sun and smoked in the lodges; then tluy were
sometimes powdered lii.e lu'tween two stones, lu'iorc pack-
ing in skins or mats lor winter use. The heads were
always eaten as favorite })ortions during the (ishing sea-
son. Next to the salmon tlu' sturgeon was ranked as a
source of I'ooch This lish. weighing from two hundred
to live hundred [)ounds. was taken hy a haiteil hook,
sunk al)out twenty I'eet. and allowed to lloat down tlu^
current; when hooked, the sturgeon rises suddeidx and is
dispatched hy a spear, lli'tul into the canoe hy a galV-
liDok. or towed ashore. The ("hinooks do not attack the
whale, hut when one is accidentally cast ui)on the shore,
more or less decayed, a .*<eason of feasting ensui's and the
nati\e heart is glad. Many smaller varieties ol" (ish are
taken hy net. s])ear. hook, or rake, hut no methods are
ci'M'loyed meriting special descrii)tion. Wild ibwl are
2^)4:
COLUMBIANS.
piiarou or shot; elk and deer are shot with arrows or
taken in a carefully covered pit, dug in their favorite
haunts. As to the methods of taking rabbits and wood-
rats, whose skins are said to have been so (,'xtensively
used for clothing, I fnid no information. Nuts, berries,
wild iruits and roots are all used as food, and to some
extent preserved for winter. The AVapato, a bulbous
root, compared ])y some to the potatoc and turnip, was
the aboriginal staple, and was gathered by women wad-
ing in shallow ponds, and separating the root with their
toes.'" Boiling in wooden kettles by means of hot
stones, was the usual maimer of cooking, but roasting on
sticks stuck in the sand near the lire was also common.
(Mam-shells and a few rude platters and spoons of wood
were in use, but the lingers, with the hair for a napkin.
122 ' In tlio Riinimer thoy resort to tlip priucipnl rivors ami the sen coast,'
. . . .rctirii;^' to tlic Kiuallfr rivers of the intiiior diniiiLi; the cold s( iiHoii.' M'arre
a, id \'iiviisinir, in Mfiitin's Jliid. Ji(ii/, p. H\i. All small lisli arc driven into
the small coves or shallow \vati>rs, ' wln'n a inimberof Indians in canoes con-
tinue splashini; the water; while oth( rs sink l)ran<'hes of j)iiie. The lish are
then taken casilv out with seoojjs or wicki'r baskets.' Tlionilmi's Oi/n. inal Cul.,
vol. i., i)p. Its',), •iH.V.t, :{.S4-(>, ;i!K)-l. Fish 'are not eaten till tin y become soft
from keeping,', when they are mashed with water.' In the Willametle Valley
they raised corn, beans, and S(piashes. Jlantr'a Cap., pp. 70-'J. A 'stur-
geon, thou;,'h wei.L;hinj,' upwards of tliree hundred pounds, is, by the sinj,'lo
etl'ort of one Indian, jerked into the boat'! Dunn's Orniiin, pp. 11)5. 114-15,
lii-t, l;i7-!). The Ump<piiis, to cook salmon, 'all ju'ovidcd tlu nisc Ivcs with
sticks about three leet loni;, pointed at one end and split at the other. They
then apportioned the salmon, each one taking a large piece, and lillin ;it with
Hi)linters to prevent its falling to pieces when cooking, which tluy fastened
with great care, into the forked end of the stick;. . . .then placing themselves
iiround the lire so as to describe a circle, they stuck the pointed end of the
stick into the ground, a short distance from the tire, inclining the top towards
the llames, so as to bring the salmon in contact with tli(> heat, thus forming a
kind of pyramid of salmon over the whole lire ' Jliins' Vol/, p. 10-; Id. ()<iii., p.
3U(!. ' 'ihere are some articles of food which are mashed by the teeth before
being boiled or roaste<l; this mastication is performed l)y the women.' /)<>iiie-
licch's l)i scrtx, vol. ii., pp. Ill-l, 10, '2 10 -'J. ' The salmon in this country are nevi-r
caught with a (baited) hook.' Wlll.is' Jlist. Oijn., p. 107. ' Turbot and ilonn-
ders arc caught (at Shoalwater Uay) v,hili> wading in the water, by means of
the feet.' Stoii.'x .V. IT. Cmsi, pp'. liS, M.'l, 103-H, 110, 1(1:!- (I, with cuts. On
food, see y/(*s.s' Ailvfii., vol. i., pp. ',(1-5, 97, 112-3; Jj<n-d'n \al., vol. i., pj).
()S-'.), lSl-:t; Aciri.s (did Clorl.e's lrai\, pp. 40'J-15, 4'22, 4.5, 430-1, 415, 5(,(;:
irw/.v, in llai'inr's M<i(i., vol. xiii., pp. (i05-7, with cuts; Mo.ttufx O'ln., pp.
144, 147-S; /'.////(('/••.s ./oi/c, pp. 81, 105; J'arI.ei'.. h'.vii'm: Vokc.,' p. '241; In-
inij's Asliirhi, pp. (Sd, 335; I'ux's Adven., vol. i., p. ;ii',)-l!'i; vol ii., pp. l'-S-31;
Ciitliii's \. Am. Jinl., vol. ii., p. 113; Ahb^M, In J'ac. 11. J{. lh'i>L, vol. vi., ]).
Wt; hid. Life, p. 10"; I'lrl.criini's lltice.s, in C S. l-'x. V.'.i'., vol. ix., p. '-<i;
Juiiic'.f lt'((/i(/., pp. 185 '.); i'r<iiicliiTi''s Xar.. pp. '235-7; ddt-s' ilimr.. jip. '2»4,
'2oO-l, ;i82-3; h'dii; L'Urcijon, pp. 44-5; .'■ Utnli/'.-i I'vrtrait.i, ])p. 5'J-02.
WEAPONS OF THE CHINOOKS.
235
were found much more convenient taljle nare.'^ In all
their personal hahit.s the Chinooks are disgustingly filthy,
although said to Ikj fond of baths for health and [)leas-
ure. The Clatsops, as reported by one visitor, form a
l)artial exception to this rule, as they occasionally wash
the hands and face.*"*
Their chief wea^wns are bows and arrows, the former
of which is made of cedar, or occasionally, as it is said,
of horn and Ijone; its elasticity is increased by a cov-
ering of sinew glued on. The arrow-head is of bone,
Hint, or copper, and the shaft consists of a short piece of
some hard wo(jd, and a longer one of a lighter material.
Tlie bows are from two and a half to four feet long; live
styles, dilferijig in forui and curve, are })ictured by School-
craft. Another weapon in couimon use was a double-
edgvd wooden broad-sword, or sharp club, two and a half
or three feet long; s^xiars. tomahawks, and scalping knives
are mentioned l)y many travelers, but not described, and
it is d()ul)tful if either were ever used by these aborig-
iues.^-' I have already spoken of their thick ar.-ow-
proof elk-skin armor, and of a coat of short sticks bouud
together with grass; a bark hehnet is also emi)loved of
sullicient strength to ward oft' arrows and light blows.
Koss stiites that they also carry a circular elk-skin shield
about eighteen inches in diauieter. Although l)y no
means a l)l(X)d -thirsty race, the Chinook tribes were IVe-
(luently involved in fpiarrels, resulting, it is saiil, iVoui
the abduction'of women more frecpiently than from other
causes. They, like ahnost all other Auieriean tribes.
'-^ For (lesori])ti()n of tlio vnrions roots and berries used liy the Cliinooks
i\H food, see Leiris <iiiil < 'htrl.t-'s 'I nir., jip. 4")(l-r).
I'l The ^lultnoinahs 'are very fund nf cdhl, liot, and vaponr liaths, \vhi<'h
are ns((l at all seasons, and for the jinriHisi' of health as well as | h asiu'e.
'Ihey, however, add a sj)eei(s of hath [ feiiliiir to themselves, liy washing,' this
whiijt^ body with urine ev( ry morning;.' Iju'ih imd (IhvI.v'k 'I'lnr.. jiji. ."idli,
40'.). Kat insects from each other's head, fer the animals liite tluiii, ami
they claim the rij,'ht to bite hack, h'lu's \\'<ih(I.. \i\K ]H\i.
'-' 'n.r'.s Ailrcii., vol. i., ii|). :i'2ll-4; \ol. ii.. ; . 1.1; If imi's Ayturi i, ])[). ;{-.'4,
;inS; l,'i).<s' AilniK, p. ;iO; lunii's W'dinl., p. IW); Caliiii's S. Atn. Ind., vol. ii ,
11. 1 It, 1 1. 'iitt'j; I ham's (iri'<;iiii, )i|>. l-io; I.>irl> oml Clnrh'n 'I ni-.. ]ij>. 4-!»-
;•!, .")()'.); JUkcs' O'iii.. ]>. 1 HI; I'm .rhrn-'s \<ir., p. 'lo'.i; J-Jvniinns, in ScIk.iAcivjVh
Arch., vol. iii., pp. 100-7, 'Jlo-Kl, 4(i8.
236
COLUMBIANS.
miikc a free use of war paint, laving it on {xrotosfpicly
and in briglit colors; but unlike most other nations, they
never resorted to treachery, surprise, night attacks, or
massacre of women and children, righting was gen-
erally done upon the water. When eftbrts to settle am-
icably tlieir diil'erences, always the first expedient, failed,
a party of warriors, covered fiom head to ibot witli armor,
and armed with bows, arrows, and bludgeons, was pad-
dled by women to the enemies' village, where diplomatic
efforts for peace were renewed, if still unsuccessful, the
Avomen were removed from danger, and the battle coui-
menced. or. if the hour was late, fighting was post[)()ne(l
till the next morning. As their armor was arrow-[)r()of
and as they rarely came near enough for hand-to-hand
conflict, the Ixittles were of short duration and acc.omj)a-
nied by little bloodshed; the fall of a few warriors de-
cided the victory, the victors gained their point in the
original dispute, the vancpiished paid souie damages, and
the affa'i" ended.*-''
Troughs dug out of one piece of cedar, and wo\en
])askets served this peo[)le for dishes, and were used lor
every ])urpose. The best baskets were of silk grass or
fme fibre, of a conical form, woven in colors so closely
as to hold licpiids, and with a capacity of froui one to
six gallons. Coarser baskets were made of roots and
rushes, rude spoons of ash-wood, and circular mats did
duty as ])lates. Wapato diggers used a curved stic^k
witli handle of horn; fish-hooks and spears were uiado
of wood and bone in a variety of forms; the wing-i)oue
of the crane supplied a needle. With regard to their
original cutting instruments, by which trees were felled
for c:ini)es or lor plaid\s which were split off by wedges,
there is nnicli uncertamty; since nearly all authorities
V2ii 'AVlicn tli^" (•"iiflict is lostponerl till (lie lu'xt d ly IIkv hir]i uj)
fri'^'liful erics nil ni.;lit Iuiil;, aiht, wlicn tlicy arc siilliciintly near to uinl rsland
«:icli otlii r, (Icl'y one aiinllicr by luciiaccs, lailliiirs, aiiil sariMsius. like llm
heroes of Jlmiur iiiul ^■irL,'il.' J- rdirln'ri's \iir., ]i\<. 2-")l 1; ('< .f's A<lri ii.,\it\.
i., ]ri. ','r2'2~ •. Jtiiiiii's (.h-njiii}, |). IJI; Irrhnj's Asl'irii. )i|i. ;!Mll: //<)»■' Fur
JI'ik'c.s Vol. i., )i'i. 8S, l(ir)-S; fhiiiiiiiicli's PisrrI-:, vol. ii., p. ooi; Xan/y's
I'urlraits, lip. U1--J; Fuskr's l're-JJi.>t. Ji'ucis, p. 2'.'<'1.
IMPLEMENTS, MANUFACTURES, BOATS.
237
,011
or
or
aid
tick
!U\C
one
H'ir
led
ties
I' "r
Tiiiiui
l.vnl.
/■■((/■
state that before their intercourse with Europeans, chisels
niiuleot' 'old files,' \vereein[)l()}ed, anddriven by an oblon<^
stone or a spruce-knot mallet. Pipe-bowls were of hard
woo 1 fitted to an elder stem, hut the best ones, of stone ele-
fiantly carved, were of Ilaidah manufacture and obtained
from tiie north.*"' To kindle a fire the Chinook twirls
rapidly ))etween the palms a cedar stick, the point of
Avhich is pressed into a small hollow in a flat piece of the
same material, the sparks fidling on finely-frayed bark.
Sticks are commonly carried for the pur[K)se, impro\inj;
with use. Besides woven l)askets, m;ittinj^ is the chief
article of Chinook manufacture. It is made by the wo-
men by placinj^ side ))y side common ])ulrushes or lla;is
about three feet lonu'. tying the ends, and passing strings
of twisted rushes through the whole lentith, sometimes
twenty or thirty feet, about four inches apart, by mean.s
of a bone needle.*-**
Chinook boats do not difler essentially, either in mate-
rial, form, or method of manufacture, from those already
describeil as in use among the Sound family. Always dug
out of a single log of the common white cedar, they vary in
length from ten to fifty feet, and in form according to the
waters they are intended to navigate or the freight they
are to carry. In these canoes lightness, strength, and ele-
gance combine to make them jjcrfect models of water-
craft. Lewis and Clarke describe four forms in use in
this region, and their desci-iption of ])()ats, as of most other
matters connected witii this people, has been taken with
or without credit by nearly all who have treated of the
'iibjv'ct. I cannot do better than to give their account
t'l the largest and best boats usedl)v the Killamooks and
'-■' Pickoring niaki^s 'tlif substitution of the wator-jiroof Imskrt, for tlio
Bquarc wooiliii bucki t »)f the straits ' thr cliiif ditl'i'i'iiicc Ix'twccu this mid
till' S.iimd Fiiuiily. Il'ir s, in I'. S. h'.f. /•,',!■., vol ix., \i. 'l'>; EiimnKis, In >(■/(<>(</-
criit't^ Jrrli., vol. iii., }). '2)11; \''tiirni(rer's V"!/., vol. ii.. p. 77; /i'm.ss' Ailroi.,
j>. 1)2; Doiiifiipi'.li's Jh.srts, vol. ii., ]i]>. 241. 2<'iil; Fntifhrri:'^ \<n-.. p]). 21S-',);
L'vi.'t (iiid Cltirl.i'.i Tiir.. ji]), liJi-rt; 'Vi.r'.s A'tren., vol. i , pp. U2'.t-:i2; Dnmi'x
Or,- 1,1,1, pp. l;tS-l»; Ciiri, I'l X. Am. Iml., vol. ii.. p. IK!, jil. 21(1'. j. showiiii»
cr.iilli', liiilli^s, Wiipato di_'L;'rs. I'li'ilininmiifiiis. or war clulis luid pipes. I'drL-
er's l-:.i-ii'nr. Tour.. ])]>. 2 IS !t; A''//(«'.s' WmuL, pp. IHt-."), IMS-iJ.
'-' Swan's N. W. K'oia', pp. KJl-3; J'urLer's E,ri>lor, Toui\, p. '253.
!i il
238
COLUMBIANS.
other tribes on tlie coast outside the river. ''The sides
are secured by cross-bars, or round sticks, two or three
indies in thickness, which are inserted throup;h holes
just below the gunwale, and made fast with cords. The
upper edge of the gunwale itself is alx)ut five-eighths
of an inch thick, and four or five in breadth, and I'olds
outwards, so as to form a kind of rim, which prevents
the water from beating into the boat. The liow and stern
are about the same height, and each provided with a
comb, reaching to the Ijottom of the boat. At each end,
also, are pedestals, formed of the same solid piece, on
which are placed strange grotes([ue figures of men or
animals, rising sometunes to the height of five feet, and
couiposed of small pieces of wood, firmly united, with great
ingenuity, by inlaying and mortising, without a spike
of any kind. The paddle is usually from four I'eet and
a half to five feet in length; the handle being thick for
one-third of its length, when it widens, and is hollowed
and thinned on eavli side of the centre, which forms a
sort of rib. AVlien they eml)ark, one Indian sits in the
stern, and steers with a paddle, the others kneel in pairs
ill the bottoui of the canoe, and sitting on their heels,
paddle over the gunwale ni'xt to theui. In this way
they ride with perfect safety the highest waves, iuid ven-
ture without the least concern in seas where other lK)ats
or seamen could not live an instant." The women are
as expert as the men in the management of canoes.'-''
The Chinooks were always a couimercial ratliei' than
a warlike people, and are excelled by none in their
129 LetrU ami Clarke's Trnv., pp. 431-5. 'HnllowoeT out of llip ecdar 1)y
flro, ami siinMithed off with stone axes.' Kirio's Wmal., p. 18',). At Ciipe ()v-
for.l ' tlKjirsh.ipt'iiiui'hrcsfiiiblcil tliat of ii butcher's tniy.' V^nifinnr's I'n//.,
\ol. i., p. "iOl, 'A liuiniuifiiceorji white-heiuled eil^'lo, as l!ir!,'(> us life, curved
oil the prow, and raised lii;j;h in front.' /e«.s' Adren., ]>;). !»7-S. ' In landiiii;
they put tlie ciiuoe roi.iid, ko as ta striko tho he ich stern on.' P'r n^f'ihr s
\nr., j>. 2ti!. •Tiio liir','er cin)es on tlia Ci)Iumhi:i are sum etimos jiropelled
l>y sh lit Oiirs.* Kinmon-i, it Srlioolrrifl's Arch,, vol. iii., p. '21S. 'Finest ca-
noes iutho world.* Wi kf.s' ]lht. Oiju., j). 107; P<irl.pr's Krp'or. Tonr., p. •25-';
J) niiin On'fiDii, jip. 121-2; i^iniu'a X. W. Ctnist, pp. 7'J-H2, with cuts; Irriifi's
Anlori'i, pj). SCi, ;i24; Cox's Adfi'n., vol. i., pp. 325-7; JFak's Kilninj., in C. S.
V-.'.f. /'.'.I'., vol. vi., p. 217; /'ooiKiic/i'.s' Dencrts, vol. ii., pp. 27G-7; JirowncU's Lid.
J!(tces, i)p, 535-7; O'as.s' Jour., y 27'J.
CHINOOK rROPEIlTY AND TRADE.
239
iiliir I'V
]lK' ()Y-
Icarvtd
liiuVnii;
Ic'ii'/'C s
llpl'lll'll
IfSt Cil-
V r. N.
slirowdnosH at bargaiiiin;!. IVfore tlie arrival of the
Kuro[)C'ans they repaired annually to the rejrion of the
Cascades and Dalles, where they met the tril)es of the
interior, with whom they exchanged their few articles of
trade — lish, oil. shells, and AVapato — for the skins, roots,
and trrasses of their eastern neiiihhors. The coming of
sliips to the coast gave tiie Chinooks the advantage in
this trade, since they controlled the trailic in beads,
trinkets and weapons; they found also in the strangers
ready buyers of the skins obtained from the interior in
excliauge for tliese articles. Their original currency or
standard of value was the liiatpia shell from the north-
ern C():ist. wdiose value was in [)roportion to its length, a
latliom string of forty shells bfing worth nearly double
a string of lifty to the fathom. Since the white men
came, beaver-skins and blaidxets htive been added to their
currou'v'y. Individuals were protected in their rights to
personal ])roperty, such as slaves, canoes, and imple-
ments, but they had no idea of personal pro[)erty in
lauds, the title to which I'ested in the tribe for purposes
oi' iishing and the chase.^'"
In decorative art this family cannot l)e said to hold a
high place com[)ared with mure northern nations, their
only superior work l)eing the modeling of their canoes,
and the weaving of oruaniLMital baskets. In carving
they are far inferior to the llaidahs; the (\ithlamets, ac-
cording to Lewis and Clarke, being sonu'what superior
to the others, or at least more fond of the art. Their
attem[)ts at painting are exceedingly rude.''^
'■'" Driid and poumlcil siilnmn, ])np:inil l)y ii luclhcul not nnilcrstood cx-
rf])t at til!' falls, foniu'd ii | iDiiiiufnt articli' o( coniuit rci', lioth with ciiast
aiul intt'ii)!' nations. Lfiri^ and Clnrhi's '/'/t-., iip. 4 1 1 7, 113. A fathom of
till- lar.,'ist hiacjua shells is worth about ten b.avci-skins. A d.viiij,' man
gavi^ his i)i'()])i'rty to his intimato fiiiiiils ' with u iiroiiiisc on tin ir jiart to
nstor.' thi')ii if he ri't'ovcivd.' /'/i//'C.'(i ci's .V<(/'., ]>j). '.ill-"), liiT; /.'i>.s' .\il "//.,
jip. 8." mS, Dj (i; Siciin's A'. W. Co'ikI, p. l(i i; Irfi c/'.s ,l.s7 ir'm, p. .'!2J; hnini'.i
"ri\i'ij, I p. ];t !-l; f'o.f's ..li?!')'/)., vol. i, p. Il^i'!; 'riKirnton's iiiii. iiml Cal., \iil.
i., p. ;rU; A'(</i('",s )('((»((/., ]). lis."); Jhiiiieiirc I'n lies lin, vol. ii., p. '.^.j(t; diis.'i'
Juur., p. 1127; Miirtm's Cntnia Ant., \'\). 2(tJ-ll; FiidLv, I'liri' ;<>h, J)'). 44").
'■' llaw' no idea of drawinfj; ni ips on the sand. ' Tliriri)ow( is of I'ompiita-
tiou. . . .ai'o Very iiniitcd.' h'liitiKiim, in Srluiolrrnfrs Arch., vol. iii.. pp. 'id."),
2i'7: l.cifl.i <t >d Clarion's Trac, p. 4"J3; Jiuss' Adcen., pp. Hfi-'J, 'J8; /v«iit's
yVund., p. 185.
240
COLUMBIANS.
Little can 1)C said of tlieir system of government ex-
cept that it was eminently successful in produciug j)eace-
I'ul and well regulated conmumities. Kacli hand or
villager was usually) a sovereignty, nominalh' ruled l)y a
chief, either hereditary or selected for his wealth luid })op-
ularity, who exerted over his trihe inlhience rather than
authority, hut who was rarely ()i)|)osed in his measures.
Souietimes a league existed, more or less permanent, for
warlike exj)editions. Slight oifenses against usage — the
trihal couunon law — were ex})iated \iy the payuient of
an amount of property satisfactory to the party oiVended.
Theft was an oft'ense, but the return of the article stolen
removed every trace of dishonor. Serious criiues, as the
robbery of a burial-pliU!e, were sometimes punished with
death by the people, l)ut no si)ecial authorities or pro-
cesses seem to have bjen employed, either for detection
or punishuient."^
Slavery, counnon to all the coast families, is also
practiced by the Chinooks, Ijut there is less diiVerence
here perhaps than elsewhere between the condition of
the slaves and the free. Obtained from without the
liuiits of the family, towards the south or east, by war,
or more connnoidv bv trade, the slaves are obliged to
perforui all the drudgery lor their masters, and their»
children nuist reuiain in their parents' condition, their
round heads servinix as a distinguishing mark fi'om free-
men. l)ut the amount of the work connected with the
(.'hinook household is never great, and so long as the
slaves are well and strong, they are liberally fed and well
treated. True, many instances are known of slaves
murdered by the whim of a cruel and rich master, and
it was not very uncounnon to kill slaves on the occasion
of the death of prouiinent persons, but wives and iViends
are also known to have been sacrificed on similar oc-
•32 Tho Williimotto tribes, nino in numlior, were wiuler four iirincii-iil
chiefs. Itnss' Ailffii., jip. 2l!5-(i, HS, 210. ('asiini)v, ii fiiinous cliit'f iit Foit
Viiui'oiivcr t'liriluyuil ii hii't'd iissiissiu to rcmovi' (ibiioxiotis juts ms. luun-'s
WiiiiiL, pp. IV.l-'i; Friinrhi'ir'!< \(tr., p. 'i'lO; Ircimi's Astovin. pp. HS, 'Mi),
Cii.r'n Ailr II., vol. i., pp. ;{Li2-;i; rarLer's Ejiplor. Tour,, p. 'lH'.i; Lewis and
Clarkc'ti 'J'ntv., p. US.
MARITAL KELATIONS OF THE CHINOOKS.
241
casions. Xo burial rights are accorded to slaves, and
no care taken of them in .serious iihiess; when uiiahle to
work they are left to die. and their bodies cast into the
sea or forest as food for fish or beast, it was not a rare
oc(unTence for a freeman to voluntarily subject himself
to servitude in payment of a gamliling-debt; nor I'or a
slave to be adopted into tlie tribe, and the privilege of
head-flattening accorded to his oiVs[)ring.'"
Xot only were the (Miinooks a peaceable people in
their tribal intercourse, but eminently so in their liunily
relations. The young men when they married brought
their wives to their father's home, and thus several gen-
erations lived amicably in their large dwellings until
forced to separate by numbers, the chief authority l)eing
exercised not by the oldest Ijut by the most active and
useful member of the household. Overtures lor mar-
riage were made by friends of the woidd-be bridegrcHnn,
who olfered a certain price, and if Jiccepted by the maid-
en's parents, the wedding ceremony was celebrated sim-
ply by an interchange and exhibition of presents with
the congratulations of invited guests. A man might
take as many wives as he could buy and su[)i)()rt, and
all lived together without jealousy; but practically few,
and those among the rich and |)owerful, indulged in
the luxury of more than one wife. It has been noticed
that there was often great (lis[)arity in the ages of bride
and groom, for. say the Chinooks, a very young or \ery
jiged couple lack either the experience or the activity
necessary for lighting the; battles of life. Divorce or
separation is easily accomplished, but is not of fic(|ueut
occurrence. A husband can repudiate.; his wife lor in-
fidelity, or any cause of dissatisfaction, and she (;an uiarrv
again. Some cases ;ire known oi' inlidelity i)unished with
'■'^ 'Live in tho siunc ilwi'lliiiL,' with tlicir iiiiistcvs, iiiid often intcriiiiUTy
with those who iu-e frc'o.' I'url.rr's H.i-iiUir. /'okc, pp. I\>7,'2i7. ' Tn at thciu
with humanity whiU' their Horviccs arc useful.' Frdiichirr's Xtir., p. \Hl.
'I'lViited witli <;;reiit seventy, hfim's W'nit'l.. jip. IHl 2; L<iris Uiiil I'lnrl.e'H
I'l-di-., p. 117; /i'k.s'.s' Aibr,i., pp. lt2-3: Iniii'i's Astm-hi, p. SH; ('i>.('s i'/i-in.,
vol. i., 2)p. :(().■)-(;; Dnnii'a Ori'i'ni. pp. l2'J-3(); Fitzij<:rakl's Jliid. B. I o., pp.
l'.W-7; .itiinlifs r<irlniih, pp. 01-2.
Vol. I. 10
942
COLUMBIANS.
death. Barrenness is common, tlic birth of twins rare,
and tamiUesiU) not nsually exceed twot'hilihi'n. Child-
birth, as elsewliere amonjr alxjriuinals, is accompanied
witli but little inconvenience, and children are ol'teii
nursed until three or five years old. Thev are carrieil
alxmton the mother's back until able to walk; at first in
the head-tlattening cradle, and later in wicker baskets.
Unmarried women have not the sliuhtest idea of chas-
tity, and freely lu'stow their favors in return for a kind-
ness, or for a very small consideration in projterty paid
to themselves or [)arents. When married, all this is
changed — female virtue Uvciuires a marketable value, the
jmssessorship lK'in<!; lodjied in the man and not in the
Avoman. Rarely are wives inifaithfid to their husbands;
but the chastity of the wife is the re('o;jiiiyA'd property
of the husband, who sells it whenever he pleases. Al-
thouji'h attachinjr no honor to chastity, tiie Chinook
woman feels souiethinu' like shauie at ])ec()uiing the
mother of an illefiitimate child, and it is sup[)osed to be
partly from this instin(!t that infanticide and abortion
are of fre(|uent occurrence. At her first menstruation a
girl must perform a certain iK'iiance, much less severe,
however, than among the northern nations. In sonui
tribes she nuist bathe frecpiently for a moon, and rul>
the body with rotten hei.d(K;k, carefully a))staining from
all fish and l)erries which are in season, and remaining
closely in the house during a south wind. ])id she par-
take of the forbidden f(K)d. the fish would leave the
streams and the berries drop from the bushes; or did sbe
go out in a south wind, the thunder-bird would come and
shake his wings. All thunder-storms are thus caused.
Both young children and the old and infinu are kindly
treated. Work is equally divided ])etween the sexes;
the women prepare the f(x>d which the men ])i'ovide;
they also manufacture baskets and matting; they are
Jiearlj^ as skillful as the men with the canoe, and are
consulted on all im[K)rtant matters. 1'heir condition is
by no means a hard one. It is among tribes that live
by the chase or by other means in which women can be
CHINOOK FEASTS AND FESTIVITIES.
943
oflittlo service, tliiit we find tlie sex luoHt opprensod Jiiid
cnu'llv treated. '■"
Like all ludiiuis, the fMiiiKKikn are fond of feiistiii}:-,
but tiieir feasts ai'e simply the eoinin<; tojrether of men
and women <l»ninji the fisliing season with tlie determina-
tion to eat as nmcli as |K)ssihle, and tliis meetinjj; is devoid
of those eompheated ceremonies of invitation, reeei)tion,
and .><(K'ial etiquette, observed farther north; nor has any
traveler noticed the di.strihntion of [)ro})erty as a feature
of these festivals. Fantastically dre.ssed and gaudily
decked with paint, they are wont to jumj) alK)ut on cer-
tain (M^casions in a ho[)pinjr, jolting kind of dance, Jic-
companied by songs, beating of sticks, cla[)ping of hands,
and (M'casional yells, the women usually dancing in a
si'i>ai'ate set. As lew visitors mention their dances, it is
probable that dancing was less prevalent than with others.
Tlieii- songs were often soft and pleasing. dilVering in styU^
for various occasions, the words extemiiorized, the tunes
l)eing often sung with meaningless sounds, like our tra-
la-la. Swan gives exam[>lesof the nnisic used under dif-
ferent circumstances. Smoking was universal, the leaves
of the bear-berry being employed, mixed in later times
with tobiu'co obtained from the whites. Smoke is swal-
lowed and retained in the stoniiU'h and lungs until partial
intoxication ensues. Xo intoxicating drink was knt)wn
to them before the whites came, and after their coming
i'or a little time they l(H)ked on strong drink with sus-
])ici()n. and were averse to its use. They are sometimes
s<)l)er even now, when no whisky is at hand. Ihit the
favorite annisement ol' all the Chinook nations is gamb-
ling, which (KM'upies the larger part of their time when
'^1 Sirdji's .v. ir. <'<i)isl, ]ii>. li'il, 171: Kiiiiiiii))i<, in Srhoolcrnft's Arrh., vul.
iii.. lip. "211 -2, ' In proijiivtimi iis we approiich Jhi' rapids frmn the sta, fi--
111. lie impurity liccdiut's less p«rcii)tiMt': licyond this point it fntirdy cfuscs.'
C'r.c's Ailriii.. vol. ii., lip. 1U4, l-")'.*; vol. i., pp. Itlii'i-?, HIM: Wills, in Uniinr's
ilu'l., vol. xiii., p.fiO'i; /yi'iri.s ami Clurhe's Tnn\, pp. l!i',)-4;j. ('crcnionifs of
a willow in hcrciulciivor.s to olitiiina UfW husliiUKl. M'Ul.i-n' .V'/r.,in ('.>. /•>.
A>., vol. v., p. 124; /I'l'.ss' Ailrcii., pp. HH, 92 :{; h'r(iiirlirri''s \<tr., jip. 24.'»,
2.")l "i; Ifnitter's I'np., ji. 7(t; Hints' Voy., p. 113; ])<>mi ncch's I>i:H(rts, vol. ii.,
J"]). Ill, 2'.)t-."); Iri-iii'i's Astmiii, p. IMO; hiiun's (ireiion, pp. 132-11; hull's .\iit..
Vol. ii., jip. 2;il 2; Kitm-'s Wiiml., pp. 175-7, 182; 0'ut*i' Jour., p. 27."); SlrkA'
I'tiul's Hist. Mi-!,io)is, pj). 13y-40.
!U
COLUMDIAXS.
not (Miji'Jijrcd in HU'('[)in^\ (.'utin^'. or uhsoluti'ly noccsHtiry
work. In their ;ianii's tlu'v risk all tlu'ir |)ro[K'rtv, tlii'ir
wivc's iinil chiltlrt'ii, and in miiny instiuuH's their ouii
IVeedoni, losing nil with ('oiiii)osnre, and nearlv ulwaNs
lu'ooinpanyinfjt the pune with a Hon^. Two |)ers<)nM, or
two parties larjiv or small, play one against the otiier; a
haidvin;; •;aine is also in vo^iie, in which one individual
plays ajiainst all (!oiners. A I'avorite nieth<Ml is to pass
rapidly IVoiii hand to hand two small stieks, one ol' which
is marked, the oj)ponent meanwhile jiuessin^at the hand
coiitaininii; the marked stick. Tiie sticks sometimes take
the lorm of discs of the si/e of a silver dollar, each play-
er havinji ten; these are wrai)ped in a mass of fine hark-
lihre, shidlled and sei)arated in two portions; the winner
naminij; the hunch containinji the marked or trump piece.
Dilferently marked sticks may also he shnlHed or tossed
in the air. and the hutky player c«>rrectly names the rel-
ative position in which they shall fall. A lavorite jiame
of lemales, called <(lukht. is played with heaver-teeth,
having' ll^ured sides, which are thrown like dice; tlie
i^sue dej)ends on the comhinations t)f (inures which aie
turned up. In all these punes the players s(piat upon
mats; sticks are used as counters; and an essential point
iUra successful gambler is to make as much noise as [h)s-
sihle, in order to confuse the judjiuient of opinments.
In still another jianie the players attempt to roll small
pii'ces of wood between two pins set up a few inches apart,
at a distance of tei? feet, into a hole in the tloor ju.st
heyond. The only s orts of an athletic nature are shoot-
iuji; at targets with a' ows and sjK'ars. and a game of l)all
in which two goals re placed a mile apart, and each
party — sometimes a a ;ole tribe — endeavors to I'orce the
bull past the other's <i al. as in foot-ball, except that the
ball is thrown with a .tick, to one end of which is fixed
a small hoop or ring.'" Children s s[K)rts are described
"• ' I saw neither mnsicnl instniments, nor (litiiciuK, luuong the OreRon
tvihcs.' J'irl,rriii<i'>t 7i'(cc.>f. in U. S. Ex. /.>., v(il. ix., j). 4'-i. 'All extriivii-
^; iMtly fi)n(l(>f urdent spirits, luid iiro not ]mrticulur wliiit kind thev hiive,
I'liividi'd it is Hlroiig, nud gets thorn drunk yiiiekly.' Swan's N. IT. C'«<s<, pp.
CUSTOMS AND SUrEItSTITIONS.
2r.
mily bv Swiiii. iiii'l um niir l»;il»*u's ami iinit:it«Ml r'atliolif
l»a[)tisiiH wciv till' lUvoritt' i»astim«'s luoiitioia'd, tlu-v may
be sii[)[)(»s('(l not ulto^i'tbcr aboriiiiiial.
IVi'SDiial names witb tlie ('bin<M)ks are lieiH'dltary. but
in nianv <'ases tbev eitber bave n«> meanin;n' or tbiii*
ori^iinal sijiiiilieation is s<M)n roi-iotten. 'I'liey are a\('i*.<e
to telling tbeir trne name to sti'angers. for i'ear. as tbry
H)metimes say. tbat it may Ih» stolen; tbe trutb is. bow-
over, tliat witli tbem tbe naine assumes a jK-rsonaHty; it
is tbe sbaib)\v or spii'it. or otber sell'.'ot' tbe llesb and
blooil [M'rson. ami between tbe name and tbe individual
tbere is ii mysterious connection, and injm'y cannot l»e
done to one witbout ullectinj; tbe otiu'r; tberelbri'. to
^ive one's name to a friend is u bi;j,li mark of Cbinook
favor. Xo iiccount is k«'i)t of aue. Tbey are believeis
in sorcery and secret inlluences. and not witbout fear of
tbeir medicine-men or conjurers, but. exi'ipt {HM-baps
in tbeir <iuality of i)bysicians. tbe latter tlo not exert tbe
in!luence wbicb is tbeirs I'artber nortb: tbeir ceremonies
and tri(!ks are conse(iuently fewer and less rldicidous.
Inventions of tbe wbites not understood by tbe nati\eM
ai'c look.'d on witb <ireat superstition. It was. Ibr in-
stance, very (lilliitult at tlrst to pei'siiade tbem to risk
tbeir lives before a pbot<):irapbic a[)paratus. and tins lor
tiie reason before mentioned; tbev fancied tbat tbeir
spirit tbiis })assed into tbe kee[)inji' of otbers, \vbo coidd
torment it at pleasure.'"' Consinnption. liver complaint
and oi)btbalmiaar«'tlie most ])revalent ( 'binook maladies;
to wbicb. since tbe wbites came, fever and ai:;ue bave been
added, and bave killed ei^btv or ninetv ner cent, of tbe
1.").")-8, 107 '202. 'Not n<lili(t(>(l to intiinpiraii.-o.' /•",■,( ,rh:
1). L't-.
At jj.iiiililiuj,' 'tlioy wi.i chr.it if tlii'V imii. iiii.l piiilc tluiiisclvts (Ui tluj •suc-
cess.' K'litf's WiukI., \t\K IIM), IDCi. Scliloiii client, mill siilmiit tu their l()-,scs
vitli ri Nij^iiiition. Cn.e'n Ailrm., vol. i., \>. It:!2: /.< i-i.s irn/ ' 7i//. « 's 'I'l-nr., pji.
410, trt-l; ll'iV/s, i/( llnri'ir's Mnij., vol. xiii., )>. lii'l, itml cut of diiiicc nt
Coos IJiiy; Will.ix' .V'/r., ii> !'. S, l-y. Ex., vol. iv., \)\k It'.tJ-H; vol. v . ji. I'J i;
Vnnviinrvr'a Voij., vol. ii., |). 77; /ews' Fur U'ikIitx, vol. i., jip. ',t(t-J, IIJ l:i;
I)
's Ori'in,,, i)p. llt-1."), Vn. l-i") H, i;tO 1; I'url.i'r's h's/.hr. 7
-t7 H; Itiiiinnech's Ihstrt^, vol. ii., p. 2i2; JrciiKj's Asluri'i, p. ',Hl; rnhin ,'^
m;
>. Hi',,
T'diiihm Lord'n Xiil., vol.ii., j). '2IS; G ins' Jo
Orriiiiii, ])p. l'iH-8; Ivim's M'liinl., pp. -05, 'ijo-fi; .s^r
S'liuulcmft's Arch., vol. v., p. ijoi.
pp,
2;i2. '27ri; Dn
\. n\r
:-t.
l>.:
f
■•■■ "l I
246
COLUMBIANS.
Avliole people, utterly extenniiiiiting soino tribes, Tlie
t'HUse of tills excessive mortiility is su})posed to ])e the
iKitive method of treatment, which allays a ragiiiji' fever
])y plunjiing the patient in the river or sea. On the
Coliiml)ia this alleviating^ [)lnnge is preceded ])y violent
jK'rspi ration in a vapor hath; consecpiently tlie treat-
ment has been nnich mure fatal there than on the coast
^vhere the vapor hath is not in use. For slight ills and
pains, especially for external injuries, the Chinooks em-
ploy simi)le remedies obtained from various ])lants and
trees. !Many of tlu'se remedies have been found to be
of actual value, while others are evid("ntly quack nos-
trums, as when the ashes of the hair of particular animals
ai'c considered essential ingredients of certain ointments.
Fastin'j; an.d bathiuiJi; serve to relieve manv slight internal
comnlaints. Strant;elv enoudi. they never sutler from
diseases of the digesti\" organs, notwithstanding the
greasy C(3nipouiids used as food. When illness becomes
serious or ivfuses to yield to simple tivatment, the con-
clusion is that either the spirits of the dead are striving
to remove the spirit of the sick person from the troubles
of earth to a h!ij)[)ier existence, or certain evil s[;irits
j)refer this world and the patient s body for their dwell-
ing-place. Then the doctor is sunnuoned. Medical
celebrities are numerous, each with his favorite method
of treatment, but all agree that singing, beating of sticks,
indeed a noise, however made, accompanied by mysteri-
ous passes and motions, with violent pressure and kneail-
ingofthe body are indispensable. The i)atient frecjuently
Mirvi\es the treatment. Sevi'ral observers believe that
mesmeric inthiences are exerted, sometimes with benelit,
by the doctors in their nummieries.''"
'!■' nocfovs, if uii><uc('rssfiil, iiri> sonii'tiiiK'S subjccti-d to vont,'h tivutiiinit,
1)ut i'.ii't'ly killril, cxct'])! wIh'U tlnvhiivf prrvidusly tlnriitciud the life of tho
liiticut. Sird'i's X. ir. I'iKifil, pp. ITi'i In."). At tin- Dallis uii <ilil wouiuii,
whcisi^ iiu..lit;itious h;ul ciiusrd ii fiital sickness, wiis Ix-lu ailril liy ii liriitlirr
i>f tlic (IctHiisd. ///'/. l-i/i. lip. 17:t-l. 112 ;{. Wlidli' tiil)is have Ixiii al-
most cxtc riuinatcil liy tiic siiiall-iinx. SIvrcis. in l'((r. /;. /,', /,'«/i/ , \ul. i.,
pp. HJ, iT'.t. V( lUTcal disease ple\iili>nt. and il ciiinpleto cui-e is xwwv ef-
fected. I.v'i'ifi (iiid I'liiii.i'.'ti 'Irnr., pp. tK), r)iis. (Jin rally >neee< d in ciu'in.ij;
Venereal disease even in its worst stage. Itoss' AdcuK., p. '.Kj-'J. The nnsui;-
CHINOOK BUKIAL RITES.
247
When the Chiiiouk dies, relatives arc careful to speak
ill wl;is[)ers. and iiululi:;e in no loud nianill'stations of
li'rief so long as tiie ))ody remains in the house. The
lioily is pre[)ared for final dis[)osition hy wrap[)inn" it in
Iilankets. to;.:etiier with ornaments antl othtr [jroperty of
a valuahh; I»ut not bulivv nature. I'or a I)urial [)laee an
ele\ati'd hut retired spot near the river hank or on an
island is almost always selected, hut the methods of dis-
posiuLi; of the dead in these cemeteries diiVer somewhat
amon;4 the \ arious trihes. In the I'eiiion al)out the mouth
of tlie 'Jolumhia, the hod}' uith its wra[)[)in,u,s is placed in
the best canoe of the decea.sed, which is Wiished tor the
purpose, coN'ered with additional blankets, mats, and prop-
erty, a,2,ain covered, when the deceased is of tlie richer
class, by another inverted canoe, the whole bound to-
gether with mattin;;' and cords, and deposited usually on
a plauk [)latform live or six feet high, but sometimes
suspendeil from the branches of trees, or ''ven left on the
surface of the ground. The more bulky artick's o\' [)i-op-
erty. such as utensils, and wea[)ons. are deposited al)out or
hung from the platform, heing previousU s[)()ile(l for use
lat they may not tem[)t desecratoi's among the whites or
foreign tribes; or. it may be that the sacrilicc or death of
the im[)lements is necessary before the sjtiritstjf the imi)le-
ments can accom[)any the s[»irit of the owner. For the
sauu' pm'i)()se, and to allow the water to pass oil', holes are
bored in the bottom of the canoe, the heail of the corpse
i)eing raised a little higlu'r than the fei't. Some ti-a\elcrs
have !)bser\'ed a imiformity in the position of the canoe,
till' bead pointing towards the east, or down the current
of the stream. After about a year, the bones are soiue-
tiiiies 'akeii out and biirii'd. but the canoe and i)latfonn
are iicNcr removed. Chiefs' canoes are often re'painted.
fi
ccssful (liictor kill<il. niilrssiililoti)l)uy his life. H'V.'.r.s' A'o-., in ('. >■'. /■>. /•>.,
Vol. iv.. J). li'.U. J-'l;ith''ails liliii'i' sillijict tii iiijolilixy tli:iu ntlliTs. Ilniin iitrh's
Ihsfrl.t. viil i., J). s7; r.r'.s AdriK., vul. i., ]). l-(> 7, Il'lT, 'Ml i'l, :'■>'>, vul. ii..
lUi. '.U -.">; Till'- i.<'iiiifi \iii-., jip. l."iS, 17H '.I; l'riiiii'liiri''s Xnr., \t. 'I'tii; ///M/r.v
iiiTimi. 1)1). li.V',1, i'J7; Tlioriit Ill's Out. uml I'u!., vol. ii., p. 'i'.\; {'•ii-/,'r\ l:'.v-
li!or. ■/</,(/■.. II]). 17i'., i;il J; I'll :j,- raid's Jlul. II. C'u., jip. 171-2; Slr'u-Unitd's
Hid. .^tisshr.s. lip. i:;'..»-l(i.
248
COLUMBIANS.
Fiirtlicr up lK)th the Coliiinbiii and Willanu'tte Ilivors,
cxcaviitions of little doptli aro often inado. in which
hodics are deposited on horizontal boards and covered
over Avith a slinhtlv indininji; roof of heavv MJanks oi*
poles. In these vaults several tiers of corpses are often
l)la(V'd one above another. At the Cascades, depositories
of the dead have been noticed in the form of a roofed
inclosure of planks, eight feet long, six I'eet wide, and
live feet high, with a door in one end. and the whole
exterior [)ainted. The Talapoovas also buiit'd their dead
in regular graves, over which was erected a wooden
head-board. Desecration of burial places is a gi'eat crirnt;
with the Chinook; ho also attaches great inijiortance to
liaving his bones rest in his tri1)al cemetery wheivver he
may die. For a long time after a death, relatives rei)air
daily at suiu'ise and sunset to the vicinity of the grave
to sing songs of mourning and praise. I'ntil the l»ones
are finally dispt)sed of. the name of the deceased must
not be spoken, and for several years it is spoken only
Avith gi'cat reluctance. Xear relatives often change their
name under the impression that spirits will be attracted
back to earth if they hear familiar names often repeated.
(Miiefs aiv supposed todie through the evil inlhience of
another person, and the suspected, though a dear IViend.
was formerlv often sacrificed. 'J1ie dead l)odies of slaves
ai
e never touched save bv other slave;
l:i8
•'■^ A chief on th(> dciith of his dun^htrr ' hml an Iniliiiu slave bouiul hand
and foot, anil fastened to the hody of '.Ik- dei'eased. and enclosed the two in
allot her mat. leavin-' out the liead of the liviiiLtone. Tin Indian then took tlie
nied it to a hi'di rock and ieft it then
canoe unit cai
the slave live for three days; tin
victim by a cord.' Lithr, in >c/m
iii., lip. "217 IK; vol. vi., \\[). fUll I'i. with plate; vol. v.. j
TIk ir iiisioin is to let
ithcr slave is coniin lied to stiani,de the
ifl'ti Arrli., \ol. ii., J). 7 I. Sec ilso vol.
I. ('.."(.).
r
lie enililcn:
of a si|naw"s u'favc' is {generally a catnass-root di^
and fastened on the end of a stick.' U'il/.is' .\
])\>. -IX) I. \o\. iv.. ].. ;!i)t. ' I helii
at one li'.ivyin,' ]ilaci> of the riiinooki
in.ide of a dicr's horn-
in /•
i:.,: /■:.
<\.
lelicvo I saw as manv as an hundred canoes
(riiss' ,1
our.
V
1. * l''onr stakes, in
terlaced witli twin's and cov. red witli lirnsh,' tilled with dead liodies, Ahhull,
in /'
/,'. /.'. /;
1)
•d.
111.
VI., 1
, MS.
.\t Coose l!av. ' foniu riv the hodv w;i-
he wife of the corpse kilhd and interriMJ ' Now the bodx
\l'd with sand and ashes, the ankh
' bent nil and fastened to tli
neck; relatives shave their heads and jiiit Ih hair on ihi body with ihells
ami roots. ,iiid the corpse is then buried and trampled on by the whole tribe.
'Ihc calioe-collilis Were decorated
vol. ii., p. .">l. Stran.;ers are paid
UV//V
witii 111.
Ilo
M'lii,, vol. \iii , (I Ciili.
•arved work.' I'dii'-'iuri I's \'i>'
■/"
CHINOOK CHARACTEIl.
'Jin
Tlioro is littU' (lilTcivnee of o[)iin()ii conccrnin;/ tlic
oliiU'iK'tci' of the (Miiiiooks. All Jigrot' tlwit tlicy iirc iii-
tc'UiLiriit and vorv aciito in trade; same travelers have
found them at ililferent points harndess and inoiVensive:
and in a few instances honesty has heen detected. So
mucli foi" their Liood ([nalities. As to the l)ad, ther(» is
nnanimity nearly as ureat that they are thieves ami liai-s.
and foi' the rest each observer ap[)lies to them a selection
of such adjecti\es as lazy, superstitious, cowardly, in-
(piisitive. intrusive, libidinous, treacherous, turbulent,
hypoci-itical. (ickle. etc. The (Uatsops. with some authors,
have the reputation of bein-i' the most honest and moral:
for the lowest position in the scale all the rest miiilit
pivscnt a claim. Tt slu)uld however be said in their
favor that they are diwotedly attached to their homes,
and treat kindlx both their young children ami a;.:('d
])arents; also thai not a few of their bad traits oi-iiiinated
with or have been aggravated by contact with civili/u-
tion.i"-'
to iiiiii ill
til,' 1;
iiuriitiitious. Jioss
A<h
tlic lh;l(l-lt ltt.niii'4 (il
p. 97. Cliildrcii who die iluiiii^'
CIC.'SS lll't'
set afloat in thi'ir cvadlcs ujiiiii the
<f
sonic sacred ])ool, whcrcthc bodicsof the old arc also ]ilaccd in tlicir canoc>
('itt'iii's .V. -\iit. litd., vol. ii., J). 111. Oil hnrial and nionrnin^ sci
>■"■„„
.v. 11". (',Hl4.
I'l
. 72-n, ir.;», i8(;-'.>, with cut of
cinoc on
.latf.
Mnfi-iis' F.x)ih>r., vol. ii., )). Ho"), and jil. IHof .[Has; l.in-'is iiml I'lurh's 'I'V'H
lip! IJ;;, IJ',1. .jd'.t, A'.M.'s U'du'l.. itp. ITti-H, LSI, 2(12-",; r "
jip. 121-5, ;i,'{.")-!'i, vol. ii., p. 1">7; I'lirl.ir's E.i-i>hiv. 'I'l
vol. 1.
vol.
• ///. iind ('ill., vol. i., pp. 2S1-2, vol.
1'
2' 12: />c
Adr
pp. Ill, l.".l--J
Ji. oit; llrlflar's \ "I/.
i:il-2: MrnhiifsO'ii). 7'/'.,pp. H '.».",(>; /•',
'.s l>is(rts, vol. i., p.2")"i; Ihimi's Oniioii, p)i. ll'.l 21),
p. '.I'.t; Fr.
'.S O'lll. Ilnd I 'ill., p. IS:!; //•!
210; Tiiiriisriiirs Xnr., ji. ISO.
'.s .\V(/'., p. 1U(J; ridiitcr's Jimr., p. s7; Jud. J.i/i, ji
Or
1''' 'Thi' clnnisy thief, who is dctiV'tcd, is scoftVd at and dcsjiiscd." fhi
•f'Jd)). PI
.. l:!(( 1, 111.
riic Kalaimva, like the V
a, . . , are uiorc> re^'u-
cleantv. lioni st and moral
lar and quilt ' tlian the in! ind ti'ihes. 'audi
than tlie ' coast triln s. 'I'iie Chinooks an; ii (inarrelsonie, tiiievisli, ancl
trear
'.IS, JIM.
■rons pcop
e. llilli\ l-'.lhhDij., m
dlv. tllievill'' set.' ^r''(.s
I'.S. ]■:.,-. i:.
vi., ].p. 217. 21."
kind and hi)s|iiiahl(
V
:<l»l, ' WheU well treated.
\. ir. CofiM, pj.. 21-"., 11(1, l.-,2. At Cape Or-
fonl ']il'asiii;4 and courteous deportment . . .scrupulonsly lioncst.' I './,<. oi/i
I//., vol i , ]ip. 2iU •"). La/iness is prohahly indue, d \>y the ease
witli
wliich tliev ohtain foo<l. Iv
V.
W'liiid.. lip. IS 1, IN."). ' Crafty aiidintri^uini^.
isily irritateil, hut a tritlc will appease him. U"ss' I'nr lln
I h-i:-
vol. i.
'd, 7ii 1. 77, HS. !1i)-1, 124 .'>, 2:l"i H. 'Tluy possess in an eminent di
P
lie
ipi.iHties opposed to indolenci'. improvidence, and stupidity: tlie cidefn
dl. are <listin'4nislied fm- tiieir tjood sense and intellii,'en
sfii akin^, they jiave a rc.idy intellect .md a tenacious memory.' 'IJ.ireli
si^t the tcmiitation of steali
ill
'1
2<I1. L
Kpiai'ious, never gay. knavisii, inij
wlute men's
k
/•;•'((
.\i
diy
I'l'
pertinent, Li iitsand ('luii>f'H
250 COLUMPIANS.
TiiK rxLWD Familiks, coustitutiirA' the (ifth iind lust
division ot* tlio (\)liiiul)ijiRs, iiiliabit the ivjiioii between
the Ciiseaile l{;ui;^e iind the eastern limit iA' what 1 term
the racilie States, i'rom 52' 30' to 45 ol' north latitude.
Thesj hounds are tolerably distinct; thoui:h that on the
south, separating the eastern portions ol' the Cohunbian
and Calil'ornian i^roups, is irreji'ular and marked by no
jireat river, mountain chain, or other [)i'omineiit jjliysical
feature. These inland natives of the Northwest o(ru[)y,
in [)erson. character, and customs, as well as in the loca-
tion of their home, an intermediate })osition In'tween the
coast people already described — to whom they ari> pro-
nounced superior in most respects — and the Rocky
Mountain or eastern tribe,"
Travelers ci'ossin;:' the
Rocky Mountains into this territory fioui the east, or
enterinji' it from the Pacific by way ol' the roliuubia or
Fraser, note contrasts on passing the limits, sullicient to
justify me in regariling its inhabitants as one people for
the pur[)oses aiuied at in this volume.^"* Instead, there-
T]
yp. IK), 411 -2, 5(14, 52:1-4. 'Thorout,'h-1)r«Ml liyjxx-i-itcs ami liiirs.
l\illvillUi
the most I'o^'uish.' Imliistiy, jiati
sdliriitv and iii-
■uiiity an' tlicir chief virtues: tiiieviii;^, Jyin,^', iiicDiitiiiei
2:11;
II V mav lie
7." :i r
:-lii
issed aiilDli''
their
('
Adr
lee, i;alll
.1.
Mi!
111(1
)!."), :!2i, vi.l.
l>li. li.'). l:U,
I. l-'i;!. At Wishia)ii ' thev wi'ie a cDuraiiiuitv
I'f arrant monies an<l freebooters.' Irriini's A.-it'
'•' '. i>:
1-2, -M:
L
VIU'' IS
very ('(million; tliieviii'-,' (•oiii[)aratively riire.' I(7(i7»'.s '>;//(., ji. 207. ' J)o not
!ili[iear to possess a particle of natural j^ood feeliii;,'.' T'ii'-,,S' .nl'n X'tr., [>. IH.
Ate
liav'hvno means till' tierce iind warlike race Imind further to tli
uorUiward.' 11'
//■
tril
irjur s
Miij.
.1.
1'
(lOi.
r
11 and t'oos(j
)es are iia
tiir dlv industrious; tin; iSnislaws tin
ist advanced; the Alce.i
not so eiiter|irisin;j
1
)oor, CO
in hul. Alf. Ivpl.. l.Silil, p. 2I0. CJalapooias,
wardly. an 1 tliievisii ra(x^ M'llhr, in-lil.. 1 v")7, ]i. .jiil; A'
V
1."
ntfoiiir, in
Midi
'7 ••'■ '
rJi'a Ihscrts, vol. i., p. H7, vol. ii., p]). Itl. ltd; ll'(/'/
//(((/. 7.'.
I-J.vtilor. V'l
1>
H;i: I'((liiitr's .li.
d
S4, 10."*; J'urLer's
p. 2i:)-r)(); liid. Life, jip. 1-4, 210; i'U.jtndil'H Vain'.. Is!., p.
r.tti: SrhnolrrniTu Arrli., vol. iii., p. 207, ct
ii'i ' Thev ail resemlih
'ji II)
■>M)
Toar
V
•11'.). SI
ea(
lushwa]
li other in L'eneral characteristic
)S and Salisli all one ra(
.Ml./.
I'urhr
■>■ lie
The Indians of the interior iirc, both ]ihysically and morally.
v.istiv su'ierior to the trili
if the
St.' /(/.,
1'
21J
The Klik( lat
Mount liainier, the Walla-AS'allas, and the Okanaean. . . .sjieak kindred dia-
lect.;.' Lifhini, A'l. Lniij., ]). 170. The best-supported opinion is that the
iiilaml were of the same orie;inal stock with the loW( r trilies. Iih
V
On 1
eaviu^
th
li the Carrier countrv. near Alc.\andri
markeil chan^'e is at once ])erceptibl(
Ami.
in llisl. M,i ,
.1.
127.
lulau 1 tribes dill'r widely from the ])iscat(prial trilies. II
dr
Those n'sidiiiL,' near the Jtockv Mountains .. .are and alwavs have
b 'en superior races to those liviie.,' on tli(! lower <'oluailii:i
^ ■liDul'niJ't'.s Ar.'h., vol. v., p. U51. 'I was particularly struck will, tlu
THE SlIUSinVAPS.
251
?o\v. of trc'itin,::' oiicli fainilv sopiirntcly. as lias hecii
done witli the coast divisions of tlio i^roiij). I (Uviii it v.unv
convi'iru'iit, as well as loss monotonous to the reader, to
avoid rei)etition h\- descrihinir the manners and customs
of all the people within these limits to;j:etlier, tal<in;^'
care to note such variations as mav he found to exist.
Tlie ili\ision into families and nations, made at'rordin;j:;
to prin('i[)!es already snfliciently explained, is as follows,
Ix":
innm'j; ajiiun
at tl
10 north
Tin: SiusiiWAi's, our fn-st family division, live he-
tween -Vi ?A)' and 40 in the interior of Ih-itish Coluin-
l)ia, o;'('upyin,!j; the valleys of the Fraser. Thom[)>on, ami
I7[)p;'r Columhia rivers with their trihutar\' stn-ams and
la!
ves.
They are hounded on the west hy the Xootkas
and on the north hy the (Carriers, from I)oth ol' \vhieh
lUuiilies they seem to l»e distinct. As national di\ isions
of this family may he mentioned the Shushwaps j)i'oper,
or J//^7'<8,"' who occupy the whole northern portion of
tlie territory; the Ohdntf/ftnn,^*'^ in the valley of the lake
and river of the same name; and the Kouteim
IS
u;)
wno
vast Niiiicviovity (on tho Siinilknmcon riivcr, I, at. -10' 30', T.dni,' I'JO' 'MY) in
jioiiit of iutclli^'iucc iuid eiiri'Lty to tlic Fisli liulians ciii the Frasci' Kivir,
an 1 in it-; m i;;lil)our]iiMiil.' I'li'imr, in //. ''. I'li/nrs. vnl. iii., ji. Si. Stiikiii'^
(vuitiMst Hiiti'l ill [);issiii'^' n[) till' C<)luiiil)ia. Jl'ili''s Kllumi., in I'. S. h'x. /•.'.!'.,
vol. vi . p. 1 ;»',).
'" "'rii' Slu'\vlia])nivii'h . . .who ('onii>i»*(' '^ hiVJ,o branch of tlic Sadies
family,' Icimwii as .\'i-iili'-iiiii'li—{Ht\m\>{vil by tlic (anailians into t'liiitcaiix —
Ik'Iow the junction of the Fraser anl Thoaiiisou. An ! r.^mi, in //'s/. .!/(/■/.,
vol, vii., [1. Tii 7. .Vtnahs is tlnir name in the 'L\i1;ali lanv,'na'.,'<', ami siLriiitics
' straii ,' I's.' 'DitV'i' so little from their southern nei^'hliors, the Salish, lus
to vcn li' a particular (V'scription Uiuieci'ssary.' Ilil's i'JIi'ini.. \\\ l'. S. E.r.
F.I'., vol, vi,, ]), 2(1"). Tiiey were called hy M lekeli/.ie the Chill tlilit , aceiird-
in,' I ) /'-■(' 7r((' r.s' It .sitr-lt s, vol. v., jV IJ7, but M lekeiizies Chin irilie was
11 irtli of the .Vtnihs, b in:^ the Xa,i,'ailer tribe of the C.-irriers. See M'lrl.ni-
z'l'.-i l'"/., ]>p. "ioT-S, and map.
"-".Vli.iut Okanaj^Mii, various brandies of the Carrier tribe' \i nin ,/'.•!
<> ;:i. T /'., p. 14:(. ' ()Uanai,'ans, cui the upjicr jiart of Fra/er's Kivcr.' I.mli-
"•/ /. .1), l/iii'i.. p. 170.
'" .Vl-ii known as Flat-bows, ' 'I'hc )ioorest of tlie tribes com|iosiiiu' tlic
Filth' id nati m,' M ■I'oi-nii ■!,■. in //' /, .1.'^. /l^7/^, isfiT, p. 211, ' Speaking ii
l;ui_;ui^'' of their own, it is not easy to ima,i,'iiic their oiiL;iii; but it ajjj.ear.S
liribible that they (incc b( loir.^ed to some more soulhern tribe, from whiidi
tli-ybcamc shut ott' by the intervention of lirLjer tribe-.,' Majn 's It. I'.,
]i. '1>7. ' fn a[>|)i'ar.uicc, chara 'ter, and customs, they resemble m ir • tin)
luliaiM ea-it of the Uocky .Mountains than those of Lower ()re;.!on.' Ilil's
/•.''7/,c) /,, in ['. ,S'. !■],{'. !■].{•., vol. vi., p, 2i)'). ' Les .Vrcs-:t-l'l,tts, et Is Koitciais
suit connii.s daus Ic p.ivs sous lo uom du Skalzi.' JJc Sui'l, M'(.is. du I'Uix-
'J in. p. Sll,
252
COLI'MBIANS.
I
inhiil)it tlio trianjrlo Ixjiind d by the T'jipor r\)lmnl)ia,
tlic Rocky Mountiiins. und the 40tli i)arall('l. Ihiiv^
oliii'lly on Flatljow rivor and lako. All thi-cc nations
nii^lit ])i"oI)al>ly ho joined Avitli (inito as much reason to
the Salisli family farther south, as indeed has usually
been done \vith the Okauiiiians; while the Kooteuiiis are
))y .some considered distinct from any of their adjoining
nations.
'I'liK ^^Ai.isH Famh.y dwells south of the Shushwaps.
between 1!) and 47 . altogether on the Columbia and its
tributaries, its nations, more clearly defined than in
most other families, are the Fl(itln'<(ih}^ ov Salish i)roi)er,
between the Bitter Root and Rocky ^^ountains on Mat-
head and (Marke rivers; the Pend iT Omllc)^}^" who dwell
about the lake of the same name and on (Mi"'ke Uiver,
for fifty to seventv-five miles above and below the lake;
the (.
(H'iin< (
I'Ah
end
IK
south of the Rend d'Oreilles, on
C'oeur d'Al'^ne Lako and the streams falling into it; the
Col.nf/c.'i,^" a term whicli may be used to designate the
variously named bands about Kettle Falls, and north-
ward along the Columbia to the Arrow Lakes; the Sj)o-
^^///cs."'* on the S[)okane Uiver and ])lateau along the
Columbia below Kettle Falls, nearly to tue mouth of the
l|IB
W"--"l(|l
m
!|iit»i:ri:
'" The fivii^'in of iho naiuo FlatliPiul. ns applied to tliis iialioii, is not
known, us tin y liavi' never been known to Hatten the lu'ad. ''J'lie mass of
the nation consists of )iersons who have more ur less of the lilo<iil (.f (ho
Siiokani's, Teml d'Oreilli's, N'ez I'erees, ami Inxpiois.' Sli'rr)is, in ///'/. ,1'?'.
Jl i>l., l.S.")l, p. -2117; I'd: l{. II. Riit., vol. i., p. l.')(); Citlin's X. Am. I,rl.. vol.
ii., p. ]!)•!; Stirirt'a M'lnliinri, p. H2, (rass aj)plie(l th<^ name apparently to
tribes on tlie Clearwater of (he Sahaptin family. ■Imir.. )>. 'JJI.
"' Also called K-ilisji Inis and I'mil' ni.-i. The I'ppcr I'end d'dnilles
consist of a iiiiiiiber of waiiderin;^ families of S[iokanes. Knlispelms pro|i-
er, and Flatlnads. Suf/.lrif. in I'm'. ]{. Jl. 1! jit., vol. i., p. 'J'.tl; SI i-' ,is, in
II.. p. Ul); ,s7.r. ,(,s>, in ///•/. .\f. It 1)1., ls.".t, p. -JIO. 'Very similar in
niinners. etc., to the Flatheads, and form one people with tlniu.' I>i Sin'l,
J//.-.S. il'' rOi-'^'imi. p. .'tJ.
'"''I'lie n itive name, nceordin-^ to TIale, is Sl.ihnish. and f'oenr d'Alene,
'Awl h"art,' is a nickname applied from the circinnstanee that a chief nse<l
these words to ( xiiress his idea of (he Canadian tradi'rs' meanness. Kihimi..
in r. .s'. /•;.!■. /v.i'., vol. vi.. p. •JHI.
II? Ihihii-lin. • n.asket I'l-ople,' Chnu'lhrc^, 'Kettles,' Ki-llh' Fulh. Clntn'iKiijK,
Sk<)i(''i>i'i, ami /,'f/,''s. are some of the names ap]ilieil to these bands.
"■* 'lis s'appellent eiitre enx les Knfants dii Soleil, dans leur lanijue Sp(5-
kane.' />.' Siiii'l, .l/('.ss. </' I'Oi-'' inn, p. 15). ' DitTeritii^' very little from the
li' lians at Colvillc. either in their appeaniiice, habits, or language.' Kriia's
yViinl., p. ;t()7.
THE SAH.Vl'TIN F.V^IILY.
2y.\
Okiiimiriin: and tlio /\'sy'w/Sf'.'^^ on tlio west l)ank of tlio
(V)luml)iji hotwtvu lilt' OkaiiiigiUi and I'licst Haj)i(ls.
Tin; Saiiai'Tin Family, tlic last ol" the Culimihian
gr{)ii[). is iiiiiuc'diatt'ly south of the Salish, hetweeii the
(^iscade and IVitter Hoot mountains, reachinj; southward,
in iH'iU'i-al teiins. to tlio fortv-lilth i)aralleh hut vorv ir-
ivjiidai"!}' hounded hy the Shoslione tril)es of the Cali-
foruiau uroup. Of its nations, tlie Xt-z /V/vvs.''" or Sa-
haiitins pro[)er. dwell on the ( Mearwiiter and its hranclu's,
and on tin' Snake uhout the forks; the /\/A>/'Sf'''' occupy
the re,2,ion north of th«' Snake ahout the mouth of the
I'alouse; the south hanks of the Columhiii and Snake
neai" their conlluenee. and tlu' haid<s of the lower Walla
Walla are occupied hy the W'ti/'n l!W//'^s;'"'- the Ydh'hiKix
and Kukddts^'*^ inhahit the region north of the Dalles,
|iroi'-
,is, in
ilav in
Ir Sill' I,
I'Ali'HO,
if nsr(l
ilhil",!.,
,"'/'"//■''■'
Lo Si"!-
lnii tlio
iw ' Si) uiucli int(>rni!irno(l with tho Yakiiinns that thov hiiv(> nliuost 'ost
thtir uutiiinality.' Stiniis, in Iml. A/}'. Hipt., iS:")}, ji
::(t;
to thi
liii ' i'iii-ccd N'oscs,' sn niitiicil \t\ the Ciinachiiiis, jxihaps fnmi tlic niisul
iits of the first <if thf trilit! seen. iiltlionL'li tlic custiiiii of jiic rciiiu; tlic
to 1k' prcvulfnt with tliis i)('oj)ic. ■ (li in riilly
ntniilistiiictinn
f 1.1
i!is luvfr iM'cn known
linownaiiil ilistiu;,'iiishc(l iiythc nanicof "liliiik inlits,
m CO
iho live on tisli
N'auiiil Ncz I'crct's from tlw custoiu of horiiiL;
tlic nose to receive n whit(^ sliell, like the tlnke of iin iinchor. It<
lfii„l,
/•'
vol. i. jip. :tlir), IS") tj. ''I'lieie lire two tviliesof the I'ierced-Xi
Imlians, the njipi'r un<l tlie lowi
Iin
ill's hill. Ixiiiis, J)]). W.VV
'I'hou^h
iri.;iu:illy the same iieople. their dialect varies very perceptihly from tliat of
the 'I'llsh'
7'.-
</',
Li
il rinrl.i
Ti
' t'owse-eaters,' hv the Snake
1'
:)41
Called Thi'i i,i-ril,-l,iili.
Ten tii'.ies better off to-dav than
they were then '
P
I'tieal refntation of the time-honored lie. that iiiti
character an<
1 ap
•In
'allce, tliev resend)le more the Indians of the Missouri
coiuse with whites is an injury to Indians.' Shmrl's Mnnliiiin, )ip. 7t!
than tlieir nei^dd)ors, the Salish.' llnlr's Ktlniuii. in /'. N. /--'.r. /•,'.
'IVl: Dn
•/I's Ihsiiis, vol.
1'
11.. p
'■' 'La trilm I'aloose ajinirtieiit ii la nation des Nez-iurces et leiirresseni-
ms tons les rap))orts.' /'<■ Sim I,
'//■■ V
■M.
wrda-wrd.i
foniii rlv
name comes from that of the river. It should he ])rononnced
■rv short. I'diiiliisi/'rt liniiii.. ]>. '■>.
d and iiin'rated hv the Ncz I'erces
I)
escelidcd tliilll slaves
l',uh
/■;,,■/,/,
■/■•
17. • Not unlike the I'ierced-Noses in {general appearance. Ian'.^iiai;e. and
haliits.' Ilrmriiiirn lu'l. I,
n
le colUlllc'llce o
f the Sn
PI'
i:l:!
i'arts of three diHeitnt nations at
uid Colnmliia. linns' .Imir.. jip. '.ilS 11
of the liLiliaiis have any ]» rmalieiit hahitatioiis ' on the south hank of tli
('oliiml)ia ahout and above the Oalles. f.i'n-is niid l'ltirl,r's Trur.. ii. Iltl."
' (leiieiiillv campiii.L! in winter on the north side of tlie river.' Iml. At]'. Hi pi.
\x'>\. p. Ss-i.
''■ The name Yakimii is a word meanin;.,' ' HIa<'k Hear' in the Walla W'M;
'halecl. Thev are called Klikatats west of the mountains. liihl,.-<, in I'm-. I,'
U. Hnl
vol. i., ]). 4()7. 'The Klikatats and Yakimas, in all essential ]ieciil-
i.iiiile.-, of character, nro identical, and their intercourse is constant.' /'/.. ]>.
■l(i:t.
id .s7'-
in Inil. Af. Ili'iil.. isr.-t, p. -l-l
iliycalleil Yakamas.' Tlie name si^'iiilies ■ Stony (jrouud.
I'shawanwai'pam hands
(I'l'llo
ill /'.
254
COLUMBIANS.
I
Ix'twocn tlio Cusc.ido liaiijiv and i\w roluinl)!}!, the foinior
in the valloy of the Vukinia. tlie hitter in the mountains
ahout ^^t. A(huns. Both nations extend in some hands
across into tiie territory of the S)nnd family. 'J'he na-
tives of Oregon east of the (^iscade Range, who have not
nsiially ))eeii inehided in tlie >^ahaptin family. I will di-
vidi! somewhat arhitrarily into the UWi!ro8, extendini;;
from the moimtains eastward to .John Pay River, and
the ^ Vy/'sr',*""* from this river across the Blue Mountiiins
to the (Jrande Ronde.
^riie iidand ('olum))ians are of medium stature, usn-
ally IVom live feet sev<Mi to five leet ten inches, Init some-
times reaching a height of six feet; spare in flesh, l»ut
muscular and syinmetrical ; with well-formed limhs, the
legs not ])eing deformed as am(mg the Chinooks hy con-
stant sitting in the canoe; feet and hands are in many
trihes small and well made. In hod'.ly strength they
are inferior to whites, ])ut superior, as might l)e expected
from their hahits, to the more iiidolent fish-eaters on the
Pacific. The women, though never corpulent, are more
inclined to rotundity than the men. The Xez Rerces
and (.'ayuses are considered the Jjest specimens, while in
(lisi/'s (Ifiiiii., p. vii. ' Koil-roil-jiiiin, is the Klikntiit country.' ' Its nu'iiniiiH
is " till' Jliiusf country." ' /'/. The Yiikiuut valley is ii j^'rcut niitional iiuiltz-
vous for these iin<l surronndinij; nations. Itusa' Fur //k/i/'cs, vol. i., ]i]). 1!»,
'21. Klikitats, nieiiniui,' robbers, was tirst tli<> name ^'i yen to the Whnhvhy-
])unis, ami then extended to all sjieakin^' the same lannuaj^e. For t\V( iily-tive
years Ivforc 1S.')1 tlu'y overran the Willamet-tc Valley, but at that tin.e were
forced by L;overnment to retire to their own country. TdIiii'ii', in Luvd'^ Xnt.,
vol. ii.. |)[). 211-7.
Ill Wasco is said to mean 'basin,' and the tribe derives its name, tradi-
tionally, from the fact that formerly on(> of tlu'ir chiefs, his wife liavin;^ died,
spent much of his time in niakinj^' cavities or basins in the soft rock for his
children to lill with water and pebbles, and thereby
rehy amuse
till
A\
V
to
Ml .
";/"•> I'P
!lt-
Thc
rd Caynse is perhaps the French I'liU-
hiit.f. 'pelibles.' ('ailed by Tolmie, ' Wyeilals or Kyoose.' He s.iys tiieir
lam^naLje has an attinity to that of the Carriers and Unipcpias. hiri'l's \<il.,
vol. ii.. ]>p. i-t'.t-.")!*. 'Kcsend)lc the Walla-Wallas very much.' Kum's Wdml.,
pp. 'll'.f Sit. 'Tlie imperial tribe of Orcjijon' claimiii;.,' jurisdiction over the
whole Columbia rei,'ioii. Fiir»liniii's Tntr., p. HI. The Snakes, Walla-Wallas,
nd Cavuso meet annually in the Grande Koiule Valley. Thi>rnU:
()<lii
<l
Cdl., vol. i., p. '27(1. 'Individuals of the pnre blood are few, the majority
)eint; mterm
ixcdwith the Nez Pcrces and the Wallah Wallahs.' SI.
frt-KS, m
iniL AlJ. Ui'jtl.. 1H.")4. pp. '21M-H). 'I'he rej^'ion which I i,'ivc to the Wascos and
Cavuses is divided ou Hale's map between the Walla- Wallas, Waiilatjiu, and
Molele,
rilVSUH'E OF THE INLAND TlilLES.
2")
the iiortli tlio K()()t(.'n;iis sooin to I»o siipcrioi' to tlio otlirr
Slnisliwiip iiMtions. 'I'lif Salisli iuv assiunod l»v ^\'ill<«.•s
and Hale an intcniu'tliutL' place in i)livsical attril)uti's
hc'twt'i'n the coast and nionntain tiiiics. bcinu in statnrc
and proportion siqu'rior to the Chinooks. hnt infcrioi* to
tlio \c/, l\'r"<'s.'-''' Inland, a iiijilicr ordci" of i'acc is olt-
scrvcd than on tlic coast. 'riio clicck-honcs arc still
liiii'li. the forehead is rather low, the face lonu'. the eves
hlack. rarelv ohrupie. the nose pi'oniim'nt and freipientlv
a([niline. the lii)s thin, the teeth white und rejiidai' hnt
•i'cncrally much worn. The •leneral expression of the
features is stern, ol'ten melancholy, hut not as a rule
harsh oi' repulsive. Dignified, dne-lookinii' men. Jind
handsome yoimix women have heen remarked in nearly
all the trihes. hut here auain the Sahai)tins hear olV the
])alm. The comjjlexion is not darker than on the coast,
hut has moi'c of a coj)pery hue. The hair is hlack. u'cn-
erally coarse, and worn lonu'. The heard is \erv thin,
and its growth is carefully prevented ])y plucking.^""'
,', triuli-
I'lir liis
•s. \'i<-
vh i'liil-
^•s thiiv
•s \<it.,
ivrr till'
IWiiUiis.
jiiii.ioiity
iri'iin. ill
Icos mill
lj)U, llllll
'''> 111 tlic interior tlio ' inou urf tall, tlip women tire uf coninuiii stature, and
both iiri' Well fciniK il." I'lirl/' r's Kxiilnr. Tiiiir,\>.'2'^'.>. ' Of iiiidiUe liei^lit. slen-
der.' Hull's AV/i/in;/, ill /'. N. I-J,i\ F.X., vol. vi., ]). I'.'ll. 'J'lie inland tiihes of
liritisli Coluiiilija. coniiiareil with those on the coast, ' are of a better east,
luillj,' 'generally of tlie middle hei^,'llt.' Iil., Ji. I'.IN. See also ]). J(Mi. 'J'he
Xi'Z I'eiees and Cayuses 'are almost universally tine-lodUint;. robust nun.'
In critirisiiii; the i>erson of one of that tribe 'one was forcibly remindid of
the AjxiUo lielvidere.' 7'(//r;(.s(//(/',s Suv., ])]). MS, IIS. The Klikatat "stati.re
is low, with lieht, sinewy limbs.' hi., \). ITS; also pp. 1.")S-I71. 'I he Wall i-
W'allas are ^'.iieratiy powerful men, at least six feet lii.u'h, and the C'ayuse
are still 'stouter and more athletic.' Ha'trdmr, in Lnml. liiinj. Snr, Jmir., vol.
xi , |). ~~ii\. 'I'lie lT;ii:itillas 'may be a superior r.iee to the "Snakes," but I
doubt it.' li'irnliiirl, in fud. .U/. Hi pi.. iMi'J. \i. •s'\. The S.ilish are 'rather
beliiw the averai;!' si/c, but are well knit, niusruliir. aii<l .L,'iiod-lookin^;.' SI i-
fd.s'. in III I. Atf. Ii'i/il.. is.")!, p. •_>(IH. • Well made and active.' Ihum's (In .mi,
p|). Mil, ;!'27. ' l>e!ow the middle hiL;ht, with thiik-set limbs.' thmn mrh'n
h'srrt.^, vol. i., J). SS, vol. ii., pp. ^r)-!;. (11"). The Contonais are above the
inediuiii heittht. Viry few Shushwaps reach the Ik i;;ht of live feet nine
inches. I'li.f's A'li'iii.. vol. ii., ])]i. l"i~). :i7ll, vol. i., p. -Id. See also on jiliy-
siipie (if the iidaiid nations, Li'irl.i oml Clurlxi'.'i I'rur.. pp. li'JI, :i(t), Ii.'ii;, ;:.")'.•,
MSJ, ."i-jT S, ,");");- 7: llV7.'s' Snr., in I'. S. K.t. i'.i-.. vol. iv., ji. )7"): limni. in
''■('. I'lniur. A/iril 2(i. IS(!I; Sun Friiiiri.-<ci> llirnhl, •Imi', 1H.")S; Sli nun. in /''/■•.
I! H. Uijil., vol i., pp. .'toil, 111; \!ri<l(i!/'s (>.///. I'lr., p. 1.'>1; /.o/v/.s A"/,
v il. ii., jij). l(ir)-C,. mil] vol. i,, frontis]iiece, cut of a ^'roup of Spok.ines.
Ilf Siinl, VniJ., )ip. Ml', I'.tN; Pilltiivr'x ,f<iHr., \). ol; /,'(/.v.s' .hlnn., pj>. 11.7, •-',>{;
i^liiilrl'.i MmiUiiiii, ]i. N'J.
'^'' The interior tribes have 'lon<,' faces, and bold features, thin lips, wide
cheek-bones, smooth skins, and the usual tawny coiiiphxion of the .\iin ricaii
tribes.' 'Features of a less exagc'erated harshness' than the coast tribes.
256
COLlMlilANS.
Tlio custom of licad-llatti'iiiii^. ii|)i)iirc'ntlv of sojiboard
oriji'iii uiid }:;rowtli. extends, novortlioU'ss, iUToss the Cas-
cade barrier, and is i)racticed to a <ircater or less extent
by all the tribes of the Sahaptin lai)iil> . iVnion|i thcni
all, however, with the exception j)eihjips of the KliUi-
tats. the deloiinitv consists only of a verv sli<iht com-
jtression of the forehead, which neai'ly or (piite disaji-
pears at matinity. The practice also extends inland up
t le valley of the Fraser, and is found at least in nearly
all the more western tribes of the Shushwaps. The Sa-
l.sh family do not llatten the skull. ''^ Other methods of
Ifite's Elhnofi., in V. S. K.r. JCr., \i>\. vi., p. ]!»S-;). 'Iluir mid tycs nre
lilack, tliiir clici k buiics lii^jh, uiul very frtMiucntly tlu y liaM' iuiiiiliiir iidscs.'
' 'I'hcy wear their liair lniij,', jiait it iijimi tlitiv foi-fhi ad, and Itt it liaii^,' in
tii'sscs on racli sidr. ordiiwii lnhiud.' -/''(/•/.< /''.s /.'I'/i/n/'. 'J'n'ir. \>. :)!.'■>. Cuiii-
jilcxidii 'u little faini- than ntlier Indians.' /</. The Okana'^aiis are 'iKtter
feitnved and handsomer in their jiersons, thoUj^di darker, than the (liiniK ks
<ir other Indians alon;,' the sea-coast.' 'Teeth white as ivory, well set and
I'l'Ltnlar.' Thi' voiiMs of Walla Wallas, Nez i'erees. and Cnyrises. are stronj^
and iiiiiscnline. Ilnss' .I'/iv,,., jip. 2m, 127. The Flatheads i Nez Terees i aio
'the whitest Indians 1 ever saw.' iIusk' Jmir., p. 1H1», The Shiishwa)) 'coni-
iijexion is darker, and of a more muddy, cojipery hue than that of the true Hed
ndian.' Millnn 'iml ('IhikIIi'h .V. II'. J'<iss., p. :(;!•">. The Si/. J'irets darker
than the 'J'lisheipaws. I)iunitie<l and ])leasaiit features. Would havequito
licavy beards if they shaved. Ace-is mul I'lufhc'a 'I'ntr., \)]k lilO, IJ'id, I)")!!,
.'>27 S, .j.")(; 7, '.i'2\. The iidand natives are an nj,'ly race, with •broad faces,
low foreheads, and rout,'li, cojppery and tanned skins.' Tlie Salish 'features
are less re;,'alar, and their complexion darker' than the Sahaptins. Jiuik-
(■ icrli's />'■>••/•/>•. vol. i., ]). SS, vol. ii., pp. .">.") (1. Tei th of the river tribt s worn
down by sanded stdmon. Aiiih'rsnii, in Lnnl'ti Xiil., vol. ii., ]i. "i'iS; /kok'.s
i\'iiifl.. p. ■27;J. Nez I'lrces and Cayuses 'art' almost iiniveisally line look-
ii,', robust ni'ii. with strong aipiiline features, and a nineh n
<• ist of ('onntenan<'e than is usual anionLtst the
Son
.f tl
i-he( rful
le women
almost bi
ille(l beautiful, and none that 1 have se
en are lioniilv
one verv
hands
youni,' >,'irls amoiij,' the Walla Wallas. The Kliketat
features are ' rcLjular, tlioui^h often devoid of exjiression.' 'I'liirnsi mi's \iir.
ji;). 7.S, IH, b"»S. 17S. Fl.itheads 'comparatively very fair in c()ni|il(\ion,
... .with oval faces, and a mild, and ]>layful ex|)ressi(>n of conntennnce.'
.I)'niii's Orf'i'iii. p. ;U1. Till' Kayuls had lonj,' dark hair, and reeular features.
ri/,"'.'< It'll.!/ ■U'l'ii'l'iii"', ]). :ibt. Cut and description of a ( lickitat skull, in
Mirton'n I'ntiii'i, y. 211. ])l. 4S. 'The l-'latln ads are the nvjlii st, and most of
their women are far from beinj,' beauties.' Slnarl's MdnUinii, p. ^2.
I'' 'The Sahaptin and Wallawallas compress the head, but not so much
us th" tribes near the coast. It merely serves with them to make the fore-
head more retreating;, which, with the aquiline nose common t<i these natives,
j,'ives to them oecasioually, .a physio^jnomy similar to that represented in the
liieroi,'lyphical painting's of Central .AnnTica.' Ilnh'n Ktlninii.. in V. S. K.t. Ex.,
vol. vi.. ])p. 211, 2t).">. All the Shushwaps Hatten the head niore or less.
.M'Ujnc'H Ii. ('., 1). ;i";t. ' II (st h remar(mer ((Ue les tribus etablies au-dessns
de 111 jonction de la brauche sud de la C'olond)ie, et dt'sij.'ni'es sous le nom do
Tetes I'lates, out renonce depuis lonf,'temj)s a cet usaj^'e.' Mnj'riin. h'.i-j'hir.,
ti>:n. ii. ji. III!). ' A roundheatl Klickatat woman woidd be a pariah." Win-
tlirop's Cuii'je and Swi'll", p. 2U4. Nez rerces " seldom known to llatteu the
IIl'.AI) rLATTKNINc; IN TUK INTKUlOIt.
:os nre
linsl'S.'
iiiii^' ill
Cnlll-
•liittir
liiiiK ks
set and
•('si aie
) ' COlll-
lUc IUmI
(lavktr
iinito
:}.v.»,
faces,
itUl-fH
Ihilll-
WdVll
l(uik-
t rlful
(IIIK'U
nil Iv.'
lik.tut
\(ir.,
cxioii,
IlllCt'.'
itnrcs.
(ill. in
iimst (if
much
ic I'oic-
lativis,
in the
•;..•. i:.f.,
(ir less,
•dcssiis
iKini do
l-^Xj'l")-.,
nin-
ttiu iLo
doformin;.! tin' |R'rson, such us tiittooinj;' and lu'i'loratiu"''
the It'atiiri's are as a rule not eiiiploveil; thi' \'akliiias
and Kliketats. liowevei", with some other lower Coliiiii-
l)ia ti'il)es. [)iert'e or out away the se[)tuin of tlie nose.'"*
and the Xez I'l-nn's [)rohahly deriveil their name I'rom a
similai'eiistoin lormerlv pnu^titx'd l)_v thi-m. I'aint. how-
ever, is used hy all inland as well as coast tiiltes on
occasions when decoration is desired, hut apiiliecl in less
prolusion l)y the latter. The iavorite color is vermilion.
a|»plied as a rule only to the face and hair.''" Mlaliorate
hair-dressiuii' is not conunon, and hoth si'xes usually wi'ar
the hair in the same style, soaked in ji'rease, often painted,
and han^inu' in a natural state, or in hr^id. . plait>^ or
(pieues. o\cr the shoulders. Some of the southi-rn trilu's
<'ut the hair across the forehead, while othei's I'arther
north tie it up in knots on the hack of the head.""
The coast dress — r(jl)es or hlankets of hark-fihi'e or
h-ad.
.V. A,,,, ht'l..
id. ii.
108.
/>.i
iiii'li'.i f)i's<'rl.i, \<il. ii.
I nil'.
\'ir.. )). 17
in r. .s'. h'y. /■:
in Lnnl'x .V((/., vol. ii.. jip. 'J:!! •_'. 2i:t .")I: '/'..
ii''(/-i/.. p. 'ii;;!; IikI. .uj. Uif,t.. w:,\. j)].. -jot .-i: ii;//,.
.1.
.. ii:
ith cut. Widhi Wall.is. Skvns
iinil
N'fZ l'( rcc's tlattrn tlir licid and pfrforatc tlic nose. Fitriilntiii's '/'/
/.>ic!-i ihnl I'l'irh's Tnir., ]>]>. IJTl, It.")'.*; 'iitus' .hmr., \t. '224
1'
'•■* /'('A /•!/*/ 's li(ir:s,in r. S. E.r. A,'.c., vol. ix., j']). ;t,S-'.); Lvii-'isiunJ i'liirl
V $
I /•'((•.. )lll
■m;-i. ;!N2~:t.
'I'lir S.dish •iivofiisc in th<^ nsc of jiuint.' .^7
hill. A'f. I!'i,f.
Is'A. ].],. 2117 S, and in /'-/■■. /.'. Ii. i:<id., vol. i.. )>. :«)'.». Nr/ INtim's paintdl
coli.ri d stri]iis. U'mr's i"V.. |). 17;t. ' rour Indians (Nc/ I'l let's t stiiakcil
]]'ii„<l..p.-2'.n. Walla W;dla 'filers iMJntcd
ill
ill iivir w
ith white nind.' A'
ml.' The Okanaituii 'voiiiiLjof both sexes always jiaint their faces w Ith red
and Mack liars.' //"s.s' Ailrcn,, pp. 127, 2'.M-'"i. The inland trihes •a|ipe!ii'
to have less of the propensity to adorn tlieinselves with paiiitini,'. tliau tl
iiiili
it of the iiiouiitains. lnit nut iiiifreoiientlv vermilion mixed wilii
ri-d clay, is tised not only upon their fiu-i s but upon their hair. I'arl.ir'f
/•.'.i'/i'''.i'. 7''i"/'. ji. 22',). Red clay for face )iaint. obtaineil at Vermilion I'ork^
iif the Siinilkaiiieen Itiver. iu (•. ('. I'nlh
II. C. I 'a I
Ill's, vol. 11
,>. M.
I'eiid d'Oriillc wciiiun rub the face evei-y niorniu;^' with a mixture of red and
brown powder, which is iimde to stick by ii eoiitiii!^ of tish-oil. Iir Sun I. T'l//.,
I'
I'.IN.
Till' Oakinaek ' wo
men wea
r their hair neatlv clubbed on each side of
the he.iil b; hind t',c ears, and ornamented with double rows of tli
snowv
:ua. whic'; ,o'e ainoie^' the Oakinackens calh d Shet-la-cane; but they kei p
II sh
■dor
idcd in front. The men's hair is i(Ueued
Ihd
lip into a
knot bthiud the head, and ornamented like that of the women; but in front
it fall-i or liam^'s down loosely before the f:ic(s eoveriiij,' the fordiiad and tl
which
h mils to uncover tl
them everv now iind then to shake the hi ad,
tlr
leir eves.
/.'
Aih
V
■rcis not ornamented. Ia'i
IT
, 21U
The head of the N. z
i/ CliirL 'a Triir.. pp. ItU, 321, ;i7>\., 377, .">_»,
i:l2-;i; C'lL.'s /,' -. /, </ Mis., p. JUl; Knur's Wand, p. ■271.
Vol. I. 1"
2."J8
COLIMUIAXfl.
Hm:ill skins — U also usol for sojiio distiUifc inliind on
the liuiilxs of tlu' Coliimhiu ami Frascr, jis juiioii*;' tlic
Nicoiitiumicli, Klikctiits. and Wascos; but thi' distinctive
inland dri'ss is of dressed skin of deer, antelope, or nionnt-
ain sheep: made into a rnde fnn^k, or shirt, with l<M»se
sleeves: leiiUMns reaehinj; half-way np the thi^ih, and
either h;>nnd to the leg or attiushed by strinjis to a belt
abont the waist; nioc(rasins, and rarely a eaj). Men's
fro(!ks desci'iid half-way to the knees; women's nearly
to the ankles. Over this dress, or to conceal the want
of some part of it, a bnfValo or elk robe is worn, espe-
cially in winter. All pirments are ja'ofusely and often
tastefully decorated with leather frinjies, feathers, shells,
and porcupine (piills; beads, trinkets and various bri<;ht-
colored cloths havinu; been added to Indian orniunenta-
tion since the whites came. A new suit of this niitive
skin clothinu; is not Avithout beauty, but by most tribes
the suit is worn without chanjiv till nearly ready to drop
oil' and becomes disiiustiimlv (iltir
>(>me tribes (
lean
and whiten their clothinjj; occasionallv Mith white earth,
or i)ii)e-clav. The buffalo and most of the other larjic
skins are obtained from the country east of the mount-
ains
ICl
""'^ Tho Ootliislioot wdnion wear ' ti lmi>» shiit of nkin, rciicliiiij,' down to
tho nncli'rt. !U)(l tied round tho wiiist.' Fow onmnicnts. 'I'lic Ncz I'crci's
woiir 'tli(^ bull'ilo or elk-skin robe deein'iited with ln'iids, sea-shells, chietly
luother-of-peiii'l, uttuehed to ml otter-skin eoMiir iin 1 hnn^' in the hair '
Lei,';,'ins and nioeeasins are painted; ii \rriit of twisted j,'rass is worn MUiid
the neck. The women wear their I'n-,,' v.il i without a ^'irdle, liut to it 'are
tied little pieces of brass and sheiis, ui:d (.llu-r small articles.' 'The dress
of the female is indeed more modes' ;..id more studitnlsly so than any W(;
have observed, though the other sr >; i^. c treless of the indelicacy of ex|)osure.'
'The Sokulk females have no other (loverin^' but a truss or piece of leather
tied round the hips and then drawn tij^ht between tlu^ lej,'s.' Three fourths
of the Pis(juitpa\vs 'have scarcely any robes at all.' The ('hillnekitte(piaws
use skins of wolves, deer, elk, and wild eats. 'Itound tlieir n(H'k is put a
Htripof some skin with tlx; tail of the animal hiinf.;in),' down over the breast.'
L-'icisdml Chtrh's Tivi\, pp. :j'21, IWO-l. .T)!, :r>:», IMI, ;i;7, r,2.;, 'i2H, r,M-:\.
JIany of the Walla Walla, Nez Perce, and (.'ayuse females wine robes ' richly
garnished with l)eads, hij^ua-S,' etc. The war chief wears as a head-dress the
whole skin of a wolf's head, with the ears standing? erect. The Okana<,'ans
wear in winter louj^ detachable sleeves or mittens of wolf or fox skin, also
wolf or bear skin caps when hnntint^. Men and women dress n<'arly alike,
and are profus(> in the use of ornaments. Vi'ds.-,'' Ailrcn., ]>. 1'27, '2'.)1-H; /(/.,
Fur Huntirn. vol. i., p. 30G. '''be Flatheads often chaiit,'e their elothiiiL; and
clean it with pipe-clay. Thi hiive no regular hcaJ-dros». From the Ya-
INLAND DWELLINGS.
950
Tho inliind dwcUinjr is u frame of i)<)los, oovortMl with
nisii niiittinij;. or witli tiio hWuih of tiic biiilUlo or oik.
As ti rule tiio riciu'st triln's uiul iiidividiials iiso skins,
altiioujiii inuiiyof the finest Saliiiptin lionses are covered
with mats oidy. Xotwithstandinji tliese nations are rich
in horses, J find no mention tiiat liorse-hides are ever
employed for tiiis or any other puriM)se. 1'he I'orm of
the hxljie is that of a tent, conical or ohlonjr. and nsnalh"
sharp at the top, where an ojvn space is li'ft for lijiht
and air to enter, and smoke to esca[K>. Their internal
condition presents a marked contrast with that of tlu*
Ciiinook and Xootka hahitations. since they are hv many
interior trihes kept free from vermin and filth. Their
lijiht material and the fre([nency with which theii" loca-
tion is chanji'ed contributes to this result, 'fhe lodjics
are pitched hv the women, who ac<|uire great skill and
celerity in the work. Holes are left aU)ng the sides for
entrance, and within, a lloor of sticks is laid, or more
fivcjuently the ground is spread with mats, and skins
serye for ])eds. Dwellings are often l)uilt sullieiently
large to acconnnodate many families, each of which in
su(!h case has its own fireplace on a central longitudinal
line, a definite space ])eing allotted for its gmxls. hut no
dividing partitions are ever used. Tho dwellings are
kima to tho Okanngan tho men go naked, niul tho woiiion woiir oiilj- a Ix It
with a sH[) passinji botwccn the h'gs. Cn.r's .Ulnii., vol. i , ])|i, ];i;!, liH,
21(1 1, vol. ii.. J). 144. Xez I'eives better clad than any others, CavuseN
Well clothed, Walla Wullas naked and half starved, /'nhm r's ,l<iiir., ]]t. ol,
124. I27~H. At tho l)alles, wonun ' f,'o nearly naked, for they wear little
else than what niav he termed a hreech-cloth, of lau kskin, which is l)lack
and filthy with dirt.' ir;//,«.s' .\'<ir., in /'. N. A>. J:'.v.. vol. iv., ]ip. 4(i'.» 10,
42ii, IT.'t. The Kliketat women wear a short pine-hark ]K-tticoiit tinl rc;niid
the loins. Toiriisi'iiil's \iir., \t\). 7H, 17H, 14s. 'Their linfi'alo ■ rohesaiid otlii r
skins they ehietly procin-o on the Missouri, when they t,'o over to hunt, as
there are no biitl'aloe in this part of the conntry an>l very little other j^anic.'
'/■(>•>■' Juki-., pp. IS!), '20"). 218 lit, 2',l"). Tnsshej)aw 'women wore ea|is of
wiUow neatly worked and fi;,'>u-ed.' //•cijii/'s Ar<tiiri((, jip. IJl"), ;!17, lil'J; Id.,
H'liw r'llli's Ailri'ii., ]i. ;M)1. The Flathead wcmieii wear straw hats, nsed also
for ihinkinf{ and cookinj; ])nrposes. I)i' Sini-I, I'"//., i)p. 4r)-7, IKS. The Shu-
sliwaps Wear in wet weather capes of bark trinnned with fnr, and n aehiiin
to the elbows. Moccasins are more connnon than on the coast, but they
often ride barefoot. Mdi/iic's IS. ('., ji. ItOl. I'lirhr's J:'.vi>lii)\ Timr.. ])p. '.^lD-
;i>; h'diii-'s ir'//(i/., p. 2(i4. and cnt; Fi-oikiuVs (hjn. (ivd t'uL, \)\i. lH(i-7; Sb r-
«')is, in hid. AjY. It'i'l., 1854, p. 22'2; .Ximlay's U'lv. Tir., p. U^i: Fi-iiiirlirri's
A'(tr.. ]). '2(iS;"7>i((i(r.s- Ori' ;■ », p. IJll; Cith-'n Korht) .l/ts.,p. 304; lluui, iu Mwi-
vdlm Aimaks dts V«y., toni. x., 1821, pp. 74-5, 78.
200
COLVMBIANS.
arranjiod in small villajios «'vnorall>- located in winter on
the hanks of small streams a little away from the main
rivers. For a short distance np the C'olumhia, houses
similar to those ol' the Chinooks are built of split cedar
iind ))ark. The Walla Wallas, livinu' in sunnner in the
ordinary mat lodne. often construct for winter a subter-
ranean abode by di<i|;ing a circular hole ten or twelve
I'ei't deep, roofing' it with poles or split cedar covered
with jirass and mud, leavinji a small oi)enin«i" at the top
for exit and entiance by means of a notched-lo^ ladder.
The Atnahs on Fraser Kiver s})end the winter in similar
structures, a simple slant roof of mats or bark suHicinji'
for shade and shelter in sununer. The Okanagans con-
stinct theii' lodjies over an excavation in the <iround
s!'vei-al I'eet deej). and like many other nations, cover
their matting in winter with grass and earth.""
"'2 The Sokulk houses ' f,'(>iu'rally (if a sciuuro or ohldiii; forin, vuryiii^; in
li'iij,'th from tifti'cn to sixty ffit, niul sujiiiortcd in the inside )iy jiulis or
firivs rtlKHit six fci t liiijli.' The roof is nearly Hat. 'J'lie iM-lieloot and ( liil-
liiekitt''cjna\v lions<'s weic of the Ciiinook style, jiartially snidv in the ^'lonnd.
Till' Nez I'erees live in honses built "of straw and luals, in the form of tlu*
roof of a house.' One of these 'was one hundred and fifty-six feet lonj,',
and about fifteen wide, elosed at the ends, and havini,' a number of doors on
e.ieh side." hiris (lull Clurl.f 's Triir., I)), ;M(I, :ir)l. :i'(i'.» 7U. ;i8l-2, iVKI. Nez
I'erce dwellili;^s twenty to seventy fett loni,' and from ten to fifteen feet
\\idi': free from vermin. I'lathead houses conical but sjiacious made of
buti'alo and moose skins (iv<r long jioles. Spokane lodfj;( s oblong or con-
iial, eoveri (1 with skins or mats. ('I'.v'n Ailnii., vol. i., |)j>. i4H, I'.I'J, 2(10.
Nez l'(?-.' :;:;:' (ayuse lodges ' comjiosed of ten long Jioles, the lower (luls
of vvhieh are jiointed and driven into the ground; the )i]i])er blunt and drawn
l.>gether at the top by thongs' covered with skins. ' I'niversally nsed by
the mountain Indians while travelling.' rnuitill.is live in ' shantys or wig-
V anis of driftwood, covered with bnttido or deer skins.' Klicatats 'in mis-
erable loose hovels.' 'rmrnsi lid's .\<ir., jiji. 1(14-5, l.")ii. 174. Oka'iagan winter
liMlges are long and narrow, 'chietly of mats and j.oles, coven d over with
(.lass aiul earth;' dug one or two feet below the surface: look like the n^if
of a common house set on the ground. Hi'ss' .{dcin., jip. ;!i;l- 4. On the
Yakima IJiver 'a small canojiy, hardly snthcient to slu Iter a shi^c]). was
fo.i'.id to contain four generations of hunam b( ings.' J'irhriini's Jinirs, in
/'. S. I-J.e. A,'.!'., vol. ix., ]ii). ;!4, ;t7. On tin- Clearwater 'there are not n:orc
than four lodges in a place or village, and tht se small camjis or viilagc s are
eight or ten miles a]>art.' ■ Summer hxlges are naide of willows aial ilags,
and their winter lodges of split pine.' U<iss' Jiiiir., pp. '212, •.:21, 2.li. At
Kettle Falls, the lodges are of rush mats.' 'A flooring is made of stickH,
raised three or four feet from the ground, leaving the space b< neath it en-
tirely open, and forming a eool, airy, and shady place, ii\ which to hang thiir
salmon.' luiin's Wiiml.. pj). ItOll, 27"2-;!. 'i'he I'end d'Oriilhs roll their tent-
mats into cvlindrical bundles for convenience in traveling. Slirnis. in Iml.
At}: I!'i>l., iK.".4. )ip. 215, 2;;m, 2.S2. llitniliiiil, in A/., \Xi',2, ]). •.:71. The Slm-
sliwa)> (h'U is warm bt;t ' ni'cessiirily unwholesome, and redohnt. . . .of ans-
fliin;^' but roses,' Ait(ki\-ii'ii, in Hist. Miij., vol. vii., ji. 77. Vukimas, 'rude
FOOD OF THE INLAND NATIONS.
2C1
• on
itiiii
uses
hIjU'
the
)toi--
eivd
! top
l(k'V.
iiilar
coii-
l)UU«
I
wvcr
yiu^i 111
iiilis or
1(1 I hil-
,f the
t lollj,',
IIIVS 111!
I. Ncz
11 ft'i't
lilt' of
1)V I'l'll-
•2(10.
lev flllls
liawn
.1 I
IV
or \vij4-
|in iiiis-
wiiitir
lev with
Ihi' Vrof
loii the
luces. 111
It nioif
4( s art'
ll llii;;s,
,;(. At
stillvH,
|h it tii-
tht ir
|ir t. iit-
|in lull-
If Shu-
if aiis-
. ' iiiilv
Tlio inlaiid fiimilios vnt fisli and ^amo. uitli roots and
fruit; no nation snhsists Avitliont all tluvo sn})[)lic's; hut
the jn'oportion ol'^ach oonsiniicd varies jircatlN' accordinj;
to localitv. Sonio ti'ihos divick' their I'ortvs rejinlarls-
into ])iinds, of men to (ish and hunt, of Avonion to cure
fish and ilcsli. and to "iathcr roots and herrii's. I have
s[tokc'n of tho coast trihes as a lish-eatinji'. and tho in-
terior tj'ihos as a Innitin;:' p*'oj)lo, iittrihntinii' in j^rcat
dcjirco tlic'ir diiferonccs of person and eiiaracter to tht ii*
food, or rather to their methods of ohtaininji' it; vet li>h
constitutes an inijjortant element of inland suhsistence
as well. Few trihes live altoiiether without salmon,
the ji'reat staple of the Northwest; since those dwelling;'
on streams inaccessihle to the salmon hy ri'ason of iu-
terveninir ftdls. ohtain their supply hy annual miiiiations
to the fishinji-jin)unds, or hy trade with other nations.
The principal salmon fisheries of the C'ohnnhia aic at
the Dalles, the falls tt'n miles ahovo. and at Kettle
Falls, Other productive stat
tions are on the Powder.
Snake, Yakima. Okanaiian. and (Marke rivers. On the
Fraser, which has no falls in its lower com-se, flshinii is
carried on all alon^' the haid\s of the river instead of at
reuidar stations, as on the ( \)lund)ia. Xets. weirs, hooks,
spears, and all the imi)lements and methods hy which
ilsh are taken and cured have heen suiriciently descrihcd
in treatinji of the coast reuion; in the interior 1 lind no
iiupoi'tant variations except in the hasket method in u.-c
at the (Miaudiert's ui- Kettle Falls )>y the (^)uiarlpi trilie.
ITerc an iunncnse wilknv ))asket. olten ten I'eet in diam-
eter and twelve ieet deep, is susjeuded at tin' falls iVoni
hntw covered with mat':
i;ilil,;
in
/■.
/.'. /.'. /.'././.
.1.
1'
1(17
Shu-
shwiips erect nich' slants (if hark or n'attiiii.': have no tents er liouses. MiUi
■ iii'l t'lifii'ilr's .V. ir. I'liss., )i. 212. I''.(iiii the swanijis south of Flatliow Lnh
'th • Ki'dtanie huhaiis ohtain the klus(ii
iirti(
thieii reed, which is tile only
tliat serv( ;; tli( ui in tlic construction of tli( ir h du'is,' and is tradi (|
vith otlicr trilies. SnHiniii, in /'i/W/s' /'s /•,'.c/i/<i/'., p. ]."). In winter tiie Sali^ti
riiV( r their luats witl" earth. Hull's K\li
'lllinl.
in /'. N. /•.>. E.
V
r'laL; liuts of tlie Vvaila Wallas. Fiir'iii'Dii's V'/vn'.. ii. N."); yullmi's Hijit. ]i]
■I'.t ."id: I'lilimr's .Iniii-.. |i. (ii; Cuh's l!i),!.i/ Mis.
Itl.l -..•..
//•
.l.v/"
U',1: III., himiiirHh '.v .\,l,
). :(li|. Ilr Slli't, V
..IM
hi.. Wiyl.
.^'. ]l. '_SI: /,(()v/s .V((/., vol. ii., pp. l(l.>-(). //".(.', iu .Smn-illiS AllllllttI
'/iM \'iiij.. toni. X., I)S21, \>\). 71-5, 7'J.
2G2
COLUJIBIAXS.
stronji; tiiulu'r.s fixo;! in oivvices of tlio r<M^l\>:. and alxn'O
this is ji iViiine so attacliod that iho sahiioii in attoiiipt-
inj^- to leap tlie fall strike tho sticks of the frame and Jire
thrown l)ack into the hasket, in tlie laruest of which
naked men armed witli cUil)s await them. Five thou-
sand pounds of sahnon liave thus heen taken in a (hiy
h_v means of a si'liile ])asket. During the fisliing-season
tlie Sahnon Chief lias full authoritv; his hasket is the
lari;est, and must l)e located a month hefore othi'rs are
allowecl to fish. The small nets used in the same re;jion
have also the peculiarity of a stick which keeps the
mouth o[)en when the net is em[)t_v, l)ut is removed hy
the weijiht of the fish, Resides the salmon, sturgeon are
extensively taken in the Eraser, and in the Arrow Lakes,
while trout and other varieties of small iish ahound in
most of the streams. The fishing-season is the sunmier,
hetweeu June and September, varying a month or more
a(!cor(ling to locality. This is also the season of trade
and festivity, when trihes from all directit)ns assemble
to exchange commodities, gamble, dance, and in later
times to drink and fight. ^''''
"'■i Niitivps bc^'in to assi'iiible iit Kettle Fulls iilKint three weeks before the
siilmoii l)i'!^'iu to run; femls are laiil by: horse-raeiiiL;, j^Mmbliiii^, love-nialciii.i,',
ote., occuiiy ti iissembly; ainl the laeilieiiie-meii are busy wiirkin;,; ehariiis
f )!• II su:'cessfiii seisiiii. The tisli iin; cut open, dried ou poles over a small
tb'e, and p lekeil in b des. On the Fraser <'ae)i family or village iish<'S for
iN'lf; near the mouth laru;e j^'att'-hooks are nsi'd, hi .;her np a net niaiia,i,'ed
between two eaiioes. All Mu' |)rineipal Indian tishin'^'-stations on the I'raser
lire below Fort Hope. For stnr'^'i'on a spear seventy to eiijhty feet loni,' is
used. Cut of sturj^'eon-tisliinf,'. I^nnl's .V/' , vol. i., pp. 71 (>, bSl, 1st -(!. The
i'en<l d'Oi'iilles ' annually eoiistruet a feuei' which reaehes across the stn'am,
aid '.,'iiid 's th > fi-^h into a weir (U* rack.' on Clarke Kiver. just above the
like. The W:dl:i Walla ' lisheiies at the Dalles and t!ie falls, ten miles above,
lire the tinest ontlu' river,' The Yakima weirs constructed 'upon horizontal
soars, and support. mI by tri[)ods of str(mL; })ol( s erected at sliort distancis
apart; two of the 1ol;s fronting up stream, .and on ■ supportiu'^ tin ni below;'
Inline lifty or sixty yards lon;^. The salmon of the OkanaLtan were ■ of a small
s;pecies. which had assumed a uniform red color.' 'The fishery at the Ket-
tle Falls is (Uie of the most im])ortant on the river, and the arraULjenients of
tlie Indians in the shape of drvinL,'-sca!l'old-i ami store-honsi's are on a coia'e-
siondin^' scale.' In I. At}'. /.'/</'., iS.Tt, pp. 21 1. 2:i;!, •JU, 2:!S; ii;',hs, in I'ur. I!.
I!. /.' i>l., vol. i., pp. Iil7 s. The sal. noil eliiif at K.ttle Falls distribute-^ tli ■
li h ainon;^' the iieojile, everyone, even tlie smalli^i child, L;ettiii;^' an eipia!
share. Ivhi 's Wiml., pp. :!li-ll. On Des C'.mtes Kiver ' they spear th'' ti,-;h
Willi barbed iron ]) lint;. litted loosely by sockets to the ends of poles about
eij;ht feit lon^'.' to which they are fasten 'd by a thin,' ab.iiit tw(dve feet
1)11.;. Aii'inU, in /'/■. It. a. /.',>.. vol.vb.p. '.)')'. ( )n the upper Columbia an
ilu.liau 'cut uir a bit uf his le.Uherii ijhirt, iibotit the size of u suiali beau;
in xrixa by shusiiwaps, salisii, and saiiaptins. 203
The larger varu'ties of jiiunc are liuutod l)y the natives
oil horseback wherever the nature of the eoinitrv ^vill
j)eriuit. IJullalo are now never found west of the Uocky
Mountains, and there are hut few localities where lar-ie
game has ever been al)undant, at least since the country
became known to white men. Conse([ueutly the Flat-
heads. Xe/ iVrc.'s. and Kootenais, the distinctiveh' hunt-
ing nations, as well as bands from nearly every other tribe,
cross the mountains once or twice each year, penetrating
to the buffalo-plains between the Yellowstone iuid the
Missouri, in the territory of hostile nations. The bow
and arrow was the weapon with which bufulo and all
other gaiue were shot. Xo peculiar cunning seems to
have been necessary to the native hunter of bulValo; he
had only to ride into the hnmense herds on his well-
trained horse, and sidect the fattest animals for his ar-
rows. \';ii'ious de\ices are mentioned as being i)racticed
in the chase of deer, elk, and mountain slu'e[); suiih as
driving' them bv a circle of fire on the i)rairie towards
the concealed hunters, or approaching within arrow-shot
stv
SUlilll
for
i:i;-,'oil
'rasir
iiiu; is
Th.^
nil,
till!
llioV<>,
'.>i\t;il
allci'H
■h>\y:
sMiall
• K.t-
'lltS llf
I'OVl'i'-
■,ir. II.
,-,th'
11 r(lUi
.1
Hir ti;h
vt' fci't
il'iii all
i h.au;
th^n piillin:; ont two or thrc" liiirs from his horso's tail for a lln<'. tied tho
bit of li'ath ^r to oil',' ciiil of it, ill plauti of a hook or tly.' /i"S.s' .1 Irn.. pp.
|:i2-:!. At th'' luputu of Fl.itliow liivi'r 'ii dike of roiuiil stouts, whirli
runs up oliliijuily a^'iiust t!ic main stream, on tin; west side, f(U' moro
than ouf hiiiuliccl yards in U'ii;,'tli, rt'sumlilinj,' the foundiliiui of a wall.'
similar rair^'c on the i ast side, sujijuiscd to ln' fiU' talciii;,' lisli at low water.
',' i.ss' /■'((/■ Ifiitil- /'s, vol. ii., ])p. Ill-") -fi. West of the lioeky Miiiiitaiiis lluy tish
'with L;reat siiceess hy lueans of a kind of ]arL,'e basket suspeiuletl from t\
i inj,' lord,' Ihniii iifrli's />•.'<' ris, vol. ii., pj). 'ilO 1. On I'owder iiiver they nsn
till' liook as a L,'a11'. r'.i/.c's Unrl-ii Mln., ]>. '.iS:!. X Waseo sjnars three or four
sdnioiiof twenty to tliirty iioiinds e;ieh in ten niiiiutes. // mi/ an I llrim-lilij/'s
.1.
1'
X,
o salnion ari
taki
liove the \
ll>|)ir falls . f llu' (•
• ihia, Tl'iiriidui's l)<ia. tinl Cdl., vol. i., p. ;('.»J. Walla W.iUa tish-weirs
formed of tW(j <'urta'ns of Hiiiall willow switches matted toj^cthi r with
iviihi'S of the same ]ilant, and extending,' across the river in two paralal lines,
^ix feet asunder. These are supported by several parcels of pdlrs ami
lither rolled up or let down at pleasuri' for a few feet.
.f lif-
leell or eiuthteell feet ill len.L;th is tliell (ll'aj,'t,'ed down the rivi r iiy two per-
ns, and the bottom drawn up a.L,',iinst the curtain of willows.' /, iris nwl
' 1>-
to a Ljreat extent uiioii
'/(//•/,•, '.s- ■/'/■'(r., p. r);i2. Make lishini,'-iuts of llax. I'lirh r't> Esiilnr. I'l
The Inland, as well as the Coast, trib
di
Mni/iii-'s II. ('., p. 'JIJ; Xi-iilui/'s (Jill. 'I'll-., pp. I."ij-:i. I'alouse
live solely liy lishiu;,',' Mull'iti's Jtijil., p. 4'.). Salmon cannot ascend t
C letir d'.Viciie Lake. Ilnh's Kllinoi., in I . S. Kf. J:
li]i. 'Jn'.i Id.
Oliaiia'^aii food "cDnsists iirincipally of salmon and a small lish whi. h they
(.ill cari).' ir;;/,T.s' Xnr., ill I'. S. Kt'. A'.r., vol. iv,, p. KiJ. 'I'lie Walla W.dlaH
ill
' Ula
p. 8J
arp
y Will bu termed tho tishermeii ut the Skyu.->e camp." laruham's Tixtv,
11
i
■ !'
I
2r,4
COLUMBIANS.
by skillful manipulations of a donoy animal; or the
fri-ilitciu'd (leer arc driven into an ainhusli by oonveriA-
inii: lines of brigbt-colored rairs so })la('ed in the ])iisbes
as to represent men. Kane states that about the Arrcjw
Ijakes huntinji dogs are trained to follow the deer and
to bring l)aek the game to their masters even fi-om very
long distances. Deer are also pursued in the winter on
snow-shoes, and in deep snow often knoclved down with
clul)s. Bear and beaver are trap})ed in some places; and.
especially about the northern lakes and marshes, wild
fowl are a v^- 'dMuidar.t, and help materially' to eke out
the su|)ply < 'ive fi)od.^'"'*
Their natui. improvidence, or an occasicmal unlucky
hunting or fishing se.ison, often reduces them to want,
and in such case the resort is to roots, berries, and mosses.
several varieties of which are also gathered and laid up
"■'1 Tlio Shusbwaps formerly crossed the inonntains to the Assiiiuil)i)iiU'
territory. '\'\u\ Okiiiiii;^'ans when hunting wear wolf or bear sbin caps: there is
no bird or beast whose voice they cannot imitate. War ami linntiui; were the
Nez I'erce oeeupation; cross the mountains for Imfl'alo. /I'o.ss' /■'/(/■ llnidrrs,'
vol. i., pp. MS, -il'.l, -I'.n-H, ;JII5. Tlie chief game of tlu' X.z I'erces is th<'
deer, 'ami whenever the ground will permit, the favourite linnt is on horse-
back.' Am'v's mil Cliirlr's Tntr., p. ~h)'t. Tlie Salish live by the chase, on
elii, moose, deer, big-horn and bears; make two trijis annually, spring' to fall,'
and fall to mid-winter, across the mountains, accompanied by other nation.-i.
The I'end d'Oreilles hunt deer in thi' snow with clubs; have distinct Ideali-
ties for hunting each kind of game. Nez Perc('s, Flatheads, (!oeins d'Alcne,'
SjK)kanes, Pcnd d'()reilles, etc., hunt togelher. Vakiuias formerlv jiiin(il
the Flatheads in eastern hunt. In-I. Atf. It jtl.. 1S.-)1, pp. '207 H, 2r2" in. 'ilH,
^^^-(i. "'rwohuntsannually across the mountains — oiu in .Vjiril, for the bulls,
from which tley return in June and .Tuly ; and anotlier, afdr about a month's
recruit, to kill cows, which have bv that time become fat.' Sin; us, (lihhn,
itirl SiirU,',/, in /',/,•. /,'. /.'. Hid., vol. i., pp. U."), ilH, -.ilHl 7, vol. xii.. p. bit.
Kooli'n:iis live by the chase principally, Ifuli'liins, in Iml. Alf. l!''i>l., lS(il!,'
p. l.")."). S]iokanes r.ither indolent in hunting; hunting deer by tire. To.r'.s-
Ailrcii., vol. i.. pp. r.i7, vol. ii., pp. 4('i~7. The Koot( nais 'seldom hunt;'
(her(> is not much to shoot except wild fowl in fall, Tr.ip beaver and carri-
■ " '" " " (>, lo, 7:).'
Doeut on a tnuurary ot tne ivootanu? itiver. rniiisi'i- n i:.vj>ui)'
I'liitheads 'follow the butl'ido ution the headwaters of I'lar
pp
Nez Pen
ec women aecoMi')an
id Salmon
v the men to the btitTalo-hunt , /''o7,-
('(•".s- E.x'phir. T'lnr., )ip. 107, 311. Kootenais cross the mountains for bulValo
M ijlii
II. ('
V
Coeurs d'.\len(> ditto. M:i'lit,i'slll>l.,]' I'l, Half of
the Nez Perces ' Usually m.ake a trip to the butl'.do country for three mmilhs.
ITiV/r s' .V(»'.,in /^ >'. l-'.w Vv.r., vol, iv., p. t'.tl. Shushwaps 'live by huntii
the bighorns, mountain g()ats, and mariuots
.i/";/'e
7 I'hrdlr-s .V. II'
i'./.s.s,, p. 212, ibitl'ilo iii'ver )iass to west of tin' liOi'ky Mountains. Aon/'.-!
N'lt., vol, ii., p. 17'.); AV
Wditil., ]). ;t-H; l)r Sunt, r
'.'/•- V
;!i, ir., 141
In:l. /:;/'(', pp. 2:i-l, ;U-U; /•V-f/ir/e'/r'.s- .V'(('., pj), '2I1S-1); ll'nil, in .V.-'dvV/.s
Aiiii(i!i:-< (/ ,s' ro//,, torn, X., 1H21, ])p. 17 -'<!, x~; Shi'trt, in /'/., tom. xii,, jip..
26, 35- i; Ji'.siV, iu Id,, tom. cx.\iii., 181',*, pp. UIJl-lO. ' -
FOOD AND ITS PEEPARATION.
2ft5
as a part of tlu'lr rejriilar winter supplies. Cliicf anionj;
the roots are the cainass, a sweet, oiiioii-like hiilb. whieh
grows ill moist prairies, tlie couse, which llourishes in
more sterik' and rockv spots, and tiie hitter-root, which
names a valley and mountain range. To obtain thes(>
roots the natives make regular migrations, as for game
or fish. The varieties of roots and ))erries used for food
are very numerous; and none seem to grow in the country
which to the native taste are unpalatable or injurious,
though many are both to the European."''
^fowards obtaining food the men hunt and fish; all
the otiier v, M-k of digging roots, picking berries, as well
as dressing, preserving, and cooking all kinds of food is
done )>y the women, with some excej)tious among the
Xez lVrc(''S and I'end d'Oreilles. IhilValo-meat is jerked
hy cutting in thin pieces and drying in liie sun and over
smouldering fires on scallblds of poles. Fish is sun-dried
on scallblds, and by some tribes on the lower Cc)luml)ia
if'^ The KlikotrttH gather and eat pmhnij, a bittor root boiled into a ,j<lly;
ii'jiiiiillli!ii, uroiui;! iii;o rtonr; nKtimim iiiul sc'/.T/cvf, niiulc into Ijittcr wliite
cakes; l.'dii'iss; ml:, ii kind of wild suutiower. Tulinic. in /,"/'(/'s \<it., vol.
ii., [). 217. The Fiutheuds go every spring to Ctiniiiss rniirie. I)r Snul,
!''//•• V- '^''- The Kootenais eat kainash and an edilih- iiiuss. Iil., Missimix
<l" I'Or'-'ioii, j)p. 7")-'i. 'Tlu! (Jayooses. Noz Perces, and otluT warlike tribes
Hssembje (in i'akiiua Valley) every spring to lav in a stock of the favouiite ka-
iiiass and pelna. or sweet jiotatoi.'s.' Ilnss' /•'";• llntitrrs, vol. i. ]>. lit. t^)naiiiasli,
round, ouion-shai)ed, and sweet, oaten by the Nez Perces. Liurisaml I'Inrh
T,
;i:!l). ('(juse root di;
April or May; cani.is in .Jun
d Juh
VriirJ. in Srhnnlfrtift's Arch., vol. v., p. ').')(), The Skynses' 'main subsist-
however niKiii roots.' Th(! Nez Perces eat hdmirtli.
t)li
it, jUi'/.Vli.
•<l>.
ml,;
etc. //■
';/'.S II
ill.
.llr
1'
1
:iiil
tana 'ans uve e
it ni'
xtensivelv on moss made into bread. The \e/ Pen
iiscnit
s also
Will.':
X'tr., in r. S. K\:. A>., vol. iv., pp. K;2, IIM. P.iid
d'Oreilles at the last <'\tr"niitv live on pine-tree moss; also collect eaniash,
.sv.cnis. in lii'l. Af. Rpl.. ls.")l, p. 21 1, 21 1 15.
bitter-roots, aiiil sugar
' I never saw any berry in the course of my travels wliieh the Indians scruple
to eat. nor have I seen any ill ett'ect from their doing so.' Iviik'h W'ihI.. p.
H27. The Kootenai food in Septendier ' apjiears to be almost entirely berries;
uauielv, th
of el
I '.-rv.
sketi
Iso i\ swet
)f the Crees, a delicious fruit.
mil a suiall species
t root which thev obtain to the southward.' A'''//. i'.-.7n
/'.(//;.
'.s l-J.fjiliir.. ]K I'.i. Flatlieads dig hninli. 'bitter root' in May. It
IS very nutritious a
nd V(
bitt
itter.
I'iih
'isir(ji), eanias, or 'water seego, is a
sweet.
giimmv
bulbous root. Sht(irt'.-< M
XllihKt, pp. .)(-«.
Colvilles cut ilown
liiiies for their moss (alectorii" 'M. Kaiiias also eaten. Pii'l.rr'iiif.s llnrs.h}
I'. >'. h'.f. l-'.w. vol. ix., p. 'M. Th(> Shushwaps eat nio-s and lichens, chietly
the black lii-hen. or n-liijc'l.iiir. Mni/iu's /<.''.,]). ;i(ll; I'arhr'.s K.qilnr. '/'•e/,.,
p. 127. Tile Salish in .March and .Vpril eat ;)'),)/,'(/(, an onion-like bulb; in
May, sji'il
a root like vermicelli; in June and .rulv, iln'li'i. like roasted
i>Mt/7,s, vol.
Its; in .Vugust, wild fruits; in September, ninninl, a grain.
'i/iiinti:rii ,s
u., p,
i
!
m
266
COLUMBIANS.
is ulso piilvcri/A'd ])et\vt'C'ii two .stoiios and packed in
baskets lined with fish-skin. Here, as on the eoast, the
heads and olVal only arc eaten during the fishing-season.
The Walla Wallas are said usually to eat fish without
cooking. Roots, mosses, and such berries as are pre-
served, are usually kept in cakes, which for eating arc
moistened, mixed in various proi)ortions and C(Joked, or
eaten without [(reparation. To make the cakes simply
drying, pulverizing, moistening, and sun-drying usually
.suflice; but camas and pine-moss are l)aked or fermented
for several days in an underground kiln by means of hot
stones, coming out in the form of a dark gluey paste of
the pro[)er consistency for moulding. Many of these
powderc! roots may be preserved for years without in-
jury. ]5oiling by means of hot stones and roasting on
sharp sticks fixed in the ground near the fire, are the
universal methods of cooking. Xo mention is made of
l)eculiar customs in eating; to eat often and much is the
aim; the st\le of serving is a secondarv consideration.''""
Life with all these nations is but a struggle for food,
1'''' At tliP Dalles 'dnriuf; tho flshini:; season, the rudians live entirely on
the hea^ls, luiirts and ott'al of the salmon, whieh tlii'V strin.L; on stiiks, and
roast over a small hie.' Itesides iiine-nioss. the ()kunaL,'ans use the seed of
the halsaiu ori/.a pounded into meal, eaUvd iiiiilitd. 'To this is added the
siiH.Kfs.' Berries made into calces by the N'e/ I'erees. Wil/.s' A''(/'., in ^'. ,s'.
A'.r. A'.i'., vol. iv., \i[t. 4.10, ■l<i2, -l'J4. Quamish, 'eaten either in its natural
state, or hoih'il into a kind of soup, or made into a cake, wliieh is then called
pashecii.' L- iris idi'l Cl-irh's Tntr., pj). 'SM, Dot, .it!."), 3(i.). Women's head-
rlress servi'S the Flatheails for eookinj,', etc. I)i' Sni I, 1'"//., jip. 17, IIKJ-'.I;
.l<l., .)/('ss('))/s (/(' I'Ori' iDit. jyp. 7o-(). 'The doL,''s ton;,'ne is the ouly dish-<lotli
known' to tile Okana^'ans. Pine-moss cooked, or .sv//(i//-'/y»'. will keep for
years. 'At their meals they ^'enerally i.it separately and in succession —
man. woman and child.' Jl'iss' Adrvii., pp. l:i'2-:i, •^H-"), ;U7-1S. '.Most of their
food is roasted, and tiny excel in roasting' lisli.' /'(//■/.'■/■'.s J-Jx/ilnr, Tmir., pp.
2'M, 107. ' I'ine moss, which they boil till it is relnced to a :-ort of .L;lue or
black paste, of a sutlicient consistence to take the form of biscuit.' Fruiirlii'rv'x
S'lir., p. 'J7'.t. C'ouse tastes like parsnips, is dried and pidveii/ed, and some-
times boiled with nu'at. Alroril, in SclioolcrniVs Arih.. vol. v., ]>. (1")<). Boot
bread on ihc Clearwater tastes like that made of ])umpkins. O'n.ss' ,lintr., i)p.
'2l)2-:t. Kamas after comiiiL; from the kiln is 'made into lar^,'e <'akes, by be-
iui,' mashed, and (iressed to,t,'eth<'r, and sli;,'htly baked in the sun.' "White-
root, pulverized with stones, moistened and sun-baked, tastes not unlike stale
bisciuts. Toiriisi'iiir.i Xnr., i)p, l'2(i-7. I'amas an<l sun-llower seed mi.\! d
with s.ilmon-hi'ads caused in the eater {,'reat distension of the stoma<'h.
Itiiiii/ iiirl llnn'li'i-i/'s fluid'., vol. ii., pp. OO'.t-ll. S'lii'ili', is the nauie of the
mixture last nannd, amoni,' the I'ayuses. t'ohr'a /I'or/, y/ .)//.s-., ji. ;tl(i; //((/.
JJ/f, J). -11; Siu'irt's Mnil'iii'i, pp. 57-8; l'!r/,iniii's linris, in /'. N. A'.i'. A'.i'.,
vol. ix., p. Jl; Kan 's Waul., pp. 272-3; Inl. Aff. li'pt., i8r>l, pp. 211-15.
f
PERSONAL HABITS IN THE INTERIOR.
2G7
and tlio poorer tribes are often retliieed nearly to starva-
tion: yet they never are known to kill dogs or horses
for food. About the missions and on the reservations
oattle h.'ive been introdneed and the soil is cultivated by
the natives to considerable extent.""
In their personal habits, as well as the care of their
lodges, the Cayuses, Xez l*erces, and Kootenais. are
mentioned as neat and eleanlv; the rest, thouuli (ilthv,
are still somewhat sni)erior to the dwellers on the eoast.
The Flatheads wash themselves daily, but their dishes
iunl utensils never. De Smet repivsents the Tend d'O-
reille women as untidj' even for savages.""'^ (jnns,
llU)
, iinil
scid of
.a the
r..s.
i;itm'al
(MlU'd
llCiul-
liKt-'.);
h-(l(itli
1 1 for
ssion —
if their
(/■., YV-
•J\w nr
/ 7/ '■/•(' ",s
1 SDllIl'-
iiiiiit
liv 1m-
Whitc-
kc stiilf
1 iiii\' il
lllllilcll.
■ of the
(1; //«/.
/■;,,•. z;.!'..
11-15.
"■" A(l(litii)tial notes and referrneps on procnrini,' food. The Okini;if;iuis
hreak up winter (jUiirters in Fehrnary; wiimier iihont in sniiill hands till June.
Asscnihle on the river and divide into two parties of ni( n and two of wonun
for tishini,' and dressini,' tish, limiting' ami di"4in^' roots, until Oetoher; hunt
ill small partii'S in the mountains or tin
th
into winter (juarters <
>n th
lall
)r for four or six week
tnd
/.'
.1./'
PI). ;)H-1(1
Further south on the Colinuhia plains the natives collect and dry roofs until
Mav; li-ili on the north haidc of the river till Seotc
l>
the tish
dii; cainas on the ])lains till snow falls: ami retire to the foot of tlu' mount-
ins to hunt deer and elk throu'di the winter, i'he N'e/ Ten
itch salmon
and di;,' roots in sutunier; hunt deer on snow-shoes in winter; and cross the
mountains for hutt'alo in sprinj^. Sokulks live on tish, roots, and antelojjc.
Eneeshur, Kcheloots, ami (.'hilluckittetjuaw, on tish, berries, roots and nuts.
l.i'ii-in till I i'lih-h--'x Tnir., pp. 141-5, ;M(I-1, li5J, ;i('i5, :i7ll. Spokanes live on
deer, wild f.ovi, salmon, trout, carp, piiu'-moss, roots and wild fruit. They
have no reii\iurn:inee to horse-tlesh, but never kill horses for food. The Sina-
e on salmon, camas, and an occasional small deer. The ('handiere
Mill
I
countrv W(
stocked with L'anie, tish and fruit. ''
A'h
vol. i., p. 2111,
d camass bread. Ih- Sunt,
vol. ii., p. 115. The Kayuse live on lish. eame, am
I')'/., pp. UD-l. 'lis cultivent avec succ''S le ble, lis patates, les pois et
" I'end
p. -JHt.
phuii'ur-
autres Ic'^UMies et fruits.' Id., .l//s.s'. di- idr^'iii,
il'OriilKs: ti^li. Kamash, and i)ine-tn
1'
OSS. /</., Wd. Mi
W
fu
time was occupied in providing; for their bellies, which were rarely
/,-•/. Atr. It' III.. IS54
211. Yakimas and Kliketats; I'nis oi' fresh-
water muscl's, littli
'ame, sa''(
-fowl
The ()!; in c'ans r
use sonii' ])
and
(i'l'ili:
kamas, Ixrrus, salmon
in 7''/''. /;. /.'. /.' i>l.. vol. i., pp
lot, 40S, li:). Kootenais; tish and wild fowl, beriies and jiounded meat, hav(
cows a'ld oxen
/'.(//;
/•;,
v
imals. I'matiUas; ti-;h. sa'^i
1>1
). Ill, 72. I'alou
'.l7. 111.")-!',
Ash,
sheep, ah
prai
ru'-liares.
tish, birds, and
■it's .\(lt.. vol.
d sma
II
i'u^hepaws would not ptainit horses or il 'i^s to be I'aten. /
, I'P
p. ;Ul'). ,\ez Pere('s; beaver, elk, deer, white 1
Uld I
mil I s
lountain
•amed
its. /■/., /;
.1./'
1'
IMl. Sah.iiitin; ''ather
and berries on Clarke Itiver. liuss' •Imir., p. 11):!; Xic'ilni/'s (tin. I'vi'.
I'
lliirn' Vt>!/., p. I(i7; II
'■irs lull. I
r( '■'>•, ])p
ii-'t'ih. \v). (;;!-7I ; CnUhi's .V. Am. Iml., vol. ii .. p. IdS: Ivi
/'.(/•/.■■/•'s l-J.qilni: T»ii\ pp. 22S-;n, lit)'.); Will.-a' \iir., in f. >'. K.r'. h'.i:, vol.
p. 171; ird'x KlIiiKij.. /'»., vol. vi., ]i. 2iili
1- /.
il2; 7'.
""(S (hi
r.
■nVr/zV.r'.s 7'/vo'., i)p. ;ts:t. 5IS; I'urhr's AV/i/oc 7'oer, ji)
::fi>.
p. Its; l)i' Siiirt, To//., lip. 1(1-7, r.is; (■
[.h
/'.''
1. i., p]i. r.)7-0, ;!5H, Vol. ii., pp. 155, 'S!\i, 375j CuKt's U'M:kij JiU., p. i.'Jj;
I'P
51. 5s, 51)
208
COHMP.IAXS.
knives imd t():.i;ili!nvks Iwivo liciu'rally taki'U tlic ]t1;tn»
ol' such iiiitivc \V('ii|i(»Ms as tlicsc natives may liaxc used
a;j,iiiMst tlieir loes originally. Only the how ami arrow
have survived intiTi^ourse with uhite men, and no other
native wcajutn is descrilied, ext'ej)t one ])ee,uliar to the
Okanairans. a kind of Indian shmji-shot. 'i'his is a
small eylindrieal ruler of hard uood. eovered Avith raw
hide, which at t)ne end torms u small haji and holds a
round stone as larire as a <roose-eji)i' ; the other end ol'
the weapon is tied to the wrist. Arrow-shafts are of
liard wooil, carelully straijA'htened hy roUiuL!; hetween
two hlocks, fitted hy means of sinews with stone or Hint
heads at one end. ami pinnated with feathers at the
other. The most elasti(^ woods are chosen for the how,
jind its force is au'j;mented hy temlons glued to its
l)ark.""'
The inland families cannot he called a warlike race,
liesort to arms lor the settlement of their interti'ihal
disputes seems to have heen very rare. ^'et all are
l)rave warriors -when fijihting hecomes necessar\ for de-
fense or veniivanee auainst a foreign foe; notahly so the
(^lyuses. Xez Perces, Flatheads and Kootenais. The
two former waged hoth aggressive and defensive war-
fare against the Snakes of the south; while the latter
joined their arms against their connnon foes, the easteiai
nhu'kfeet, who. though their inferiors in hravery. nearly
evteiMuinated the Flathead nation hy snperioi'ity in num-
IcM's. and hy heing the first to ohtain the white man s
wi'ajjons. Departure on a warlike expedition is alwa\s
pi'eceded hy ci'reinonious preparation, including councils
of the wise, great, and old; snu)king the pipe, harangues
hy the (chiefs, dances, and ii general review, or display of
ei(uesti-ian feats and the manonivres of hattle. The war-
riors are always nioi
niteil ; in many trihes white
or si)eck
!'■'' TUp Okiinagan woapou is ciiUod a Spnttipt. Ross' Adren., pp. .T18-1',);
f I., Far HiinliTs, vol. i.. pji. ;tO(j-S. ' lis. . . .fairo li'Urs urcs (I'uu l)i>is tr"'s-
(•I istinuo, mi lie la porni> tin ccrf.' De Sniif, I'li//., j). IS; U'/V/.'s' Xur., in l'. S.
/•,'(•. /'.'i'.. vol. iv.. p. ISii; Slir ns, in I'm'. II. l{. Hrjil., vol. i., p. 1 i.'i; Toir,,-
s it's \'(c., j>. !(8; Irvhi/a Asfiir'ni, \\. 'Ml ; L n-'is iiml (I'lriys '/'/'/r., ji. y.'il ;
J'arL-r's J-!.qili>r. Tour, pp. 100-7, 'I'M; Cox's Ailrm., vol. i., p. 2h'>.
Tin; INLAND NAI'IONS AT WAR.
iJCl)
li'l uMi'-liorsc's iin- st'Un'.tod, iiiiil Itoth rider Jiiid stt'cd iii'c
H'lily |»iintt';l. uiid di'i'ki'il witli IriitlnT.-'. trinket.'. Jiml
hri^lit-colored (cloths. Tlie \var-[>iirty in most iiaticiis is
under tlui <M)iuiii;iiid of ii <^liiel' lu'riodically elecU'd l»y
tlie tril»e, who liiis no iiiitliority wliiitever in pence, hut
who kee[)s liis soldiers in the stri(;test discipline in time
of war. Stoaltliy approach and an unexpected attack
ill the early luornin,:;' (Constitute thei?' favorite tactics.
They rush on the enemy like a whiilwind. with tt'rrilic
yells, discharj^e their ^iins or arrows, and retire to pre-
pare for another attack. The number slain is rarely
laruo; the fall of a few men. or the lo.ss of a chief de-
cides the vi(!tory. When a m;in falls, a I'ush is made for
his scalp, which is deieiided hy his paity, and a liei'cu
hand-to-hand conllict ensues, -icni'i-ally ti'i'minatiuij; the
battle. After the (i^ht. or before it when either party
lacKs coniiilenco iii the result, a peace is made hy smoK-
inii' the pip*^', with the ino.st solemn protestations of p)od-
will. and j)roinises wlTuih neither party has the sliiihtest
intention of fiillillinu'. 'I he dead haviii|j; been scalped,
and prisoners bound and taken up behind the \i(;tors,
the [)arty starts homeward. Torture of the prisoners,
chielly perpetrated by the women, lollows the arrival.
IJy the Flatheads and northern nations (captives are gen-
erally killed by their sulVerinj:s; amon,n' the Sahaptiii;-
some survive and are ma
1
de sli
ives.
Ill the I'lathead
torture of the Hhuckfeet are prac;ticed all the (iendish
acts of cruelty that native cmmiiii!; van devise, all of
which are borne with the traditional stoicism and taunts
of th<' Xortli American Indian. The \e/ Perc' system
is a little le.ss cruel in order to save life for future slavery.
Day after day, at a stated hour, the captives are broUL'bt
out and made to hold the .scalps of their dead friends
aloft on poles while the steal [ndai ice is pei-formed about
them, the female p:irti(cij)ators meanwhili; exertini:' all
their <levilish ingenuity in tormenting their victims.''"
Tiii'tiirc! of Bl;i('kf<M't pri.siinci's: l)Ui'niii.i! with ii rtd-lidt ;^uii-l)iirril,
;,' out till! iiiiils, tiikiiii,' ott' tiiij,'('rH, sciK)])iii;,' out tlu' cyis, scaljiiii^',
'•u Itius I') fi':ii;il;- iMptivc's. 'I'lu' disputr,! ri ,'lit (.f tin l'l,iiliia:U
pulli
l-'V:llti;i'
to hiuil biUl'.ilo at till) eusturu lout uf tin
UUtaiuS is the CilUtiU of the loU"
W'
i;!?i
270
COLUMBIANS.
Tlio iritive s.tMIo consists of a rndo woolen fram".
uiKliTiiiid over which is thrown a hulViilo-rohc. juul which
is h;)ini(l to the horse hy a very narrow tlion;j; of hide
in phuie of the Mexican cluclta. A raw-liide crupper is
used; a deer-skin pad sometimes takes the phice of tlie
ii[)per robe, or the rohe and pad are used without the
wooilen frame. Stirrups are made by binding three
.straiiiht pieces of wood or bone together in ti'ianguhn*
for!)i, and sometimes covering all with raw-hide juit on
wet; or one sti'aight piece is suspended from a forked
thong, and often the simple thong passing round the foot
sullires. The bridle is a rope of horse-hair or of skin,
made fast with a half hitch round the animal's lower
jaw. The .same rope usually serves for bridle and lariat.
Sharp l)ones, at least in later times, are used I'or spurs.
Wool is split for the few native uses by elk-horn wedges
driven by bottle-sha[)e(l stone mallets. Baskets and ves-
sids I'or iiolding water and cooking are woven of willow,
bark, and grasses. Hushes, gnjwing in all swampy lo-
calities are cut of uniform length, laid parallel and tied
contiiiui'il hostility. The wisest and briivest is nnimully electi'd wiu' rhief.
Till' war cliii'f carries it litiii,' whip iind sccurt'S dis('i})linc hy tiiii,'clliiti()ii.
Except 11 ffW ffiithcrs iiiid i)ie(;cs of red dotli, both the Fliitheiid iiiid Ki»i-
tenai enter hattle i)ei-feetly naked, t'o.e's Ailrcn., vol. i., pp. •2-!"2-l.'), vol.
ii., p. Kl'K The Caynse and S-.ihaptiii are the most warlike of all the south-
ern trihcs. The Xez I'erces j^ood wan-iors. but do not follow war us ii
]irc)fession. /f'(.s.s' Fur Ilunlirs, vol. i., pi). IH")-*!, HO."), ;((»8-l"2, vol. ii., ))p.
J-V), I.e.). .Vniouf,' the Okanaj^ans 'the hot bath, eouueil, and cereiuony of
s'.uokiuL,' the ircfwt pi]>i; before? war, is always relij^iously observed. Their
laws, however, admit of no com|)ulsion, nor is the chief's authority implicitly
oh^'ved oil these occasions; (•oiisequeutly, every one judj^es for hii'iself, and
either l;ocs or stays as he thinks i)niper. With a view, liowever, to obviate
this di'fect in their system, tliey have instituted the dance, which answers every
l)ur[)osr of a recruiting,' service.' ' Every man, thert'fore, who I'Uters within this
rinj,' and joins in the dance is in honour bound to assist in carrying; on the
w.ir.' /'/., A li-ea., pj). ;Jl'.*-20. Mock battles and military display for theentei-
t.iinment of white visitors. Jliiifs' I'"//., pp. 173-4. The Chilluckitte(iuaws cut
otl' the fori'tiiij^ers of a slain enemy as troi)hies. Leids untl Chirl.f's 'I'lvr., \)\\.
;)7")-(i. Whenscoutim;, ' Flathead chief would ride at full gallop so near the foe
us to Hap in their faces the eaj^le's tail streaming behind (from his caj)), yet
iio one (lari'd seize the tail or streamer, it beinj.; considered Kacrilefj[ious and
frauj^ht with misfortune to touch it.' Tiihitle. in Lonra y<it., \ol. ii., p. 'I'.is.
A thousand Walla Wallas came to the Sacramento lliver in IHi'I, to avenge
the death of a young chief killed by an .American about a year before, i'lil-
tin'x Tlirif \'f<irs in <'<il.. p. i>i. One Flathead is said to be e(pial to four
IJlackfeet in battle. Ih Sunt. Voy., pp. :J1. ,4',); Dumi's Ornion, pp. ;tl2-W;
Uroi/'s Hi.-il. in., pp. 171-4; I'drker's ExpUir. Tnur, pp. 2Hii-7; St'tiili-ij's I'lir-
trtdis, pp. (i")-71; Ind. Lift, pp. 2:J-5; Wilkxx' Xar., iu U. S. Ex. Ex., vol.
iv., jt. 4'J">.
PUKPAnATIOX or SKIN'S. LIVKR-r.OATS.
271
t(|2;i>ilKn' for inattiiiLi. Iliidc 1):)\vls find spixms iiro sojiic-
tiincs (Iul; out of lioni or wood, l)ut tlic liM;.:('rs. witli
]m'('i's of hark and small mats are tlic ordinai-v tahlc
riiniitinv. Skins arc divssod hy spivadin^'. scrapiiiu' ojV
tilt' llcsli. Mild for some purposes tlie hair, with a s|iar[t
j)i('ro of l)oiio, stoiu', or iron attjichod to a short haudlc,
and iisi'd like an ad/e. The skin is then sii
leai'iM
1 witl
the aniin;d s hrains, and ruhhed or pounded h\ a very
tedious i)i(K'ess till it liecomes soft and white, some hides
hein;4' picviously smoked and l)leache(l with white clay
171
On the lower (Jolumhia the \Vas(^os. Kliketats. Walla
Wallas, and other trihes use du<i-out hoats like those of
the eoast. except that little skill or lal)or is expended on
their ci)nstruction or ornamentjition ; the only re(|uisite
heiu^' sui)p()rtinjji; capacity, as is natural in a ct)untr_\'
wheie canoes ])lay hut a small part in the work of |)i'o-
curinii' food. Farther in the interior the moimtain trihes
of tlie Sahaptin family, as the Cayuses and \ez IVrces.
make no hoats. hut use rude rafts or purc^hase an occa-
sional canoe IVom their neiiihhors, for the rare cases when
it hccomes necessary to transport propei'ty across an ini-
foi'dahje stream. The Flatheads sew U]) their lt)dge-skins
into a tem])orarv hoat for the same [)urpose. On the
Fraser the Xootka, duif-out is in use. Ihit on the noi'th-
ei'u
lal
\es
nd rivers of the interior, the Fend d'OreilU
Flathow. Arrow, and Okanagan, northward to the Ta-
'"' AVliitc inavl cliiy used to cleimso skin robes. 1)y iiiiiliiuu' it into a ]iastp,
riiM)iii.,' it i>ii til'' liiili' lunl IniviiiLC it to diy, iiftcr whiih it is riiMxd otf.
Si 111! s usiiitUy sit nnc.isiiy on tlii' iiorsc's l):iclv. I'arh'r's /;'.i'///m;\ 'I'diir, \>\k
ill), SMI. ' S[:ill''t of stoiic curiously ciirvcil ' mil 111'.,' the S ikulks. Ncur
t!i'> ('iisc:i(li>s \V;ls si'On II liliMcr rrscinUlill).,' those llsi il liy tlie wiiitcs 1)0
I'i-i!l[uiti);i\vs used ' 11 saddle or ])ad ()f dressed skill, stiiti'.d with tjnat )i;ii: '
/.'■"•/■.s' ,(„./ i 7f(/'/,i''s Tnii\. \i\>. li"))!. ;i7(). .'175, 5'2H. On tlic Friisir u roiij^'h kind
'if isini^'lass was iit one time jireiiared ainl traded to the Hudson l!ay Cnni-
im.y. /, i/'i/'s \''i'., vol. i., ]>. 177. 'I'lie Saha|itins still make a kind of vase
"f lava, soniewliat in the sha[ie of ii crucible, Init very widi'; tin y use it as ii
111 irt ir for jMiundiu;,' the t^rain. of which they make cakes.' I>niiv ,(i.-l,'s Ihsi ris.
v il. ii., ]i[). lit, 'iCt. ( rndouhtedly iin error.) I'end dOreilles; ' les feiinii h
font (les nattes de jones, des paiiiers, ot des chaiMaux sans Imrds."
{>■ Siiirl, r.«//., ]i. I'.d). 'Nearly all (the Shushwaps) use the Spanish woodiii
sil 11 ■, whicli tley ni.ikc with" innch skill.' M(ii/)ii''s />.''., pji. ;( 1-2. 'The
i;ad lies for uonii'ii diti'er in form, heiii;^ furnished with the antlers of a deer,
so as to resemble the hii,'h poniinelled saddle of the Mexican ladies.' l-'niu-
'•h''ri''s \'ir.. pp. ■21!'.) -70; I'dliii'v's Jtmr., p. 12'J; J nniifs Astoria, p. 317, 'M't;
V'lx's Adrm., Vol. i., pp. 148-1).
272
COLlMlilANS.
cully torritorv, the niitlvi's nitiiuifiictm'c iind iiiuimito
Itiirk CiiiKM's. Moth ])\\v]i and jtiiif avc euiplovcd, hy
■<tri'tcl
II H"; it ow'V a clm
Iju- I
1(MM)-\V
kork 1
rUIlK', Sl'WlM
'A t\
Hi
oikIh with fliu; roots, and j^iiinmiiij; the iseams and knots.
Tlio loPMi is M'i'y })eculiur; the sti'Ui and stciii are
]M)inted. hut tlu' ))()ints are on a level with the hottoni
of tiie lioat, and the sloix.' or curve is n[)Wiu<l towards
the centre. Travelers descri))e them as carr\ inu' a heavy
load, hut easily capsized unless when very skillfully man-
aged. '"-
Horses constitulo the native wealth, and })oor indeed
is the family which has not I'or each memher, young and
old, an animal to ride, as well as others sullicient to trans-
])ort all the household goods, and to tiade lor the lew
foreign articles needed. The Xez IVrcrs. Cayuses and
^\'alla AVallas have more and hetter stock than other
nations, individuals often ])ossessing hands of from one
thousand to three thousand. The Kooti'uais are tlu
most northern eiiuestrian trihes mentioni'd. How the
natives oi'iginMll\- ohtained horses is md\nown, although
there are some slight traditions in supi)ort of the natiu'al
supposition that they were first introduced from the
soutii hy way of the Shosliones, The lattv'r are one
]H'0[)le with the (/onianches. hy whom horses were o))-
tained diu'ing the Spanish expeditions to Xew Mexico
in the sixteenth century. The horses of the natives are
'"- 'Tlio wliitc-iiinc liiii-k is a voi-y good substitute forbircli, but hiistbc ilis-
lulviiiitaHi' (if bciiiL,' iiKii'c bi'ittli' in I'oltl wiutlur.' SiirUii/, in /'(/.■, /,'. /,'. lli/il.,
vnl. i., p. 'J'.Mi. Vakiiuii bi)iits iirc 'siiii])l,v lo^s hollowfil i>ut and slnjud iiji
at tlic ('U()s, without form or tiiush.' irlhlm, iu /</., p. ION. 'I'lu' I'lailnads
' liavc uo canoes, but iu ferryiu;^ streauis use tluir lod^,'e sliins, ■■vhieh aro
ilrawn up into an >vai form by cords, and stretdied ou a few twin's, '''use
they tow with liorsi s, ridiuf,' sometiiues three abn ast.' Slicrns, in Id., ji. -tlo.
In the Kootenai canoe 'the upiier part is covered, txci'pt ii spai'e in tlie
niiddh'.' The liUL^th is twenty-two ftet, the bottom bein^,' ii dead It vi 1 from
end to end. lines' Fur //i(//^';>:, vol. ii.. pp. lliU 7(1. • The hiiLjth of tlie bottom
of the (Uie I measured was twelve feet, the width bi^tween tlie KUnwalcs only
siven and one half feet.' ' When iin Indian paddles it, he sits at the extreme
end. and thus sinks the conical point, which serves to steady the caime liUe
a tish's tail.' lyDnl's XaL, vol. ii,, pp. 17H-'.t, ii."),l-7. t)n the Arrow Lakes
' their form is also ix'culiar and very l)eautifiil. These canoes run the rapids
with more safety than thos-j of any other shape.' Kane's Wdwl.. \). :S2S. Seu
!)(' Siiid, \'i>!/., pj). It.'i, 1^7; Irrlnii's Adi)nii,it.'M'^; Lewis (tml ('l(iiio'\i Triir.,
]>. :i7."i; llflor. in /'"//(scr'.s EA'plor., p. 27; Sterens, in Ind. All'. lUpi., 1654,
pj.. -iOrt, 211, 223, 238.
HOllSKS, riiOrEUTY, AND TUADE.
273
ofsiniill sl/o. prohiihls doiioiu'ratod from a siipcridr stock,
]>ut lianly iiiid sm't'liMjtcd; (*iistiiiiiiii<i' lumber ami hard
.usa<ic' hi'ttcr than thoso of the wliitos. hut iiili'rior to them
in I'onn, ai'tion, and endurance. All colors arc met with,
spottt'd and mixed colors heinjr es|K'cial!y pi'ized.'"'
The dilVerent articles of food, skins and jii-asses for
clothinu,' and lodges and im|tlements. shells and trinkets
for ornamentation and cni'rency are also harteri'd he-
tween the nations, and the ainnial snnuner gatherings
on the rivers serve as fairs for the display and exchange
of connnodities; some trihes even visit the coast lor
])m'|)oses of trade. Smoking the pi[)e ofti'n pi'eccdes and
follows a trade, and some i)eculiar connnercial cnstoms
jirevail, iis for instance when a horse dies soon after
jjiirchase, the |)rice may ho reclaimed, 'i'he I'ights of
property are jealously defended, hut ii the Salish na-
tions, according to Hale, on the di-ath of a father his
relatives seize the most valuahle property with very lit-
tle attention to the rights of children too young to look
out for their own interests.^'* huleed, 1 have heard of
'"■' 'The truditiiiii is tliut horst's wire olitaiiii il from tbo southwiinl," not
lumiy (,'i'iur.itiiiiis liiuk. Tuliiiii, in Liinl'x S>d., vol. ii., pp. 217, J77 s. In-
dividuals (if tlif Wallii Walliis liMVO over (iiic tlnmsaiid liorscs. Wmrv iiml
\'<(fitsiiiir. ill Miirliii'a llniL H'lji, p. SU. K<i()t('iiais rich in horses and cat-
tli'. I'lill!.-;! r's h'.fjiliir., jip. U, 73. Klikttat and Yakinia hoists soiik liiiits
tiiu', but injured hy early iisa^'e; deteriorated from a ),'ood stoek; vieioiis and
lu/.y. 'I'i'Vi.s, ill J'ltr. /,'. It. Ill lit., vol. i., p. •1(15. 'La riehesse priluipale lies
sauvai^es de I'ouest eonsiste en elievaux.' J>'' Sind, i'ni/., pi>. 47, rill. At an
assi'mlil,iL,'e of Walla Wallas, Shahuptains and Kyoots, 'the plains were lit-
erally covered with horsis, of which there could not have lieen less than four
thousand in sii,dit of the camp.' Iluss' Aihrn., p. 127. The Kootanii s aliout
Arrow Lake, or SinatchcLjLjs have uo horses, as the country i.s not suitalile
for tlieiu. /'/., /•'"/• llniiliis, vol. ii., pp. 171-2. Of the Sjiokaiies the 'chief
riches are their horses, which they (generally olitain in liaiter from the Nez
I'el'ces.' I'lix's Ailrni., vol. i.. p. 2(10. A Skyuse is poor who has lail lifteeli
or twenty horses. Tho horses are ii tine race, 'as lai^e and of liilter form
ami more activity than most of the horses of the States.' Funilnnn's I'lHi.,
p. S2. The Flatheads 'are the most liorthirn of the eiiuestriaii trihes.' .N/co-
lifl's ii'jn. Tii\, p. I'lil. ^laiiy Nez I'erci's 'have from live to liftei n liuiulnil
iiead of horses.' J'oliiiir's .Imir., ])]). 12S-;». Indians of the S|.okaiM' and
I'lathead trilxs 'own from oiu) thousand to four thousand hi ad ot hois.s
and cattle." >7i'iv'/is' Aiihiss. p. 12. The Xez Jerce horses ' are j;riii<i|>ally
of till' iiony breed; but remarkably stout iinil lon^r-wi tided.' Irriif/'s liinui'-
cillv's Adri'ii , p. ;t()l; Hiistiiiiis' Km. <juUI<\ p. 5'J; Jlitifs' I «^., j). 311; <i(tss'
Jour., p. 2',)"); /'(//•/.('/•'.s h'.fpliir. Tour, p. 2:it).
"< The I'hilluckitteipiaw intercourse seems to be an intermediate trade
with the nations near the mouth of the Columbia. The ('ho])uniii.->li trade
for. as well as hunt buH'alo-robes east of thu mouutuiuB. Coiu'se of Uudc iu
Vol. I. 18
274
COLUMBIANS.
deeds of similar import in Avhito races. Tn decorative
art the inland natives must he i)r()n()un('e(l inl'erior tu
those of the coast, perhaps only l)ecuuse they have less
time to devote to sueli un[)rodiictive lahor. Sculjjtun^
and painting are rare and exceedingly rude. On the
coast the ])assi()n for ornamentation linds vent in carv-
ing and otherwise decorating the canoe, house, and im-
})lements: in the interior it expends itself on the capari-
son ol' the horse, or in l)ead and fringe \vork on gannents.
Systems of numeration are simple, progressing h\- lours,
fives, or tens, according to the dilVei-ent languages, and is
sulliciently extensive to include large numhers: hut the
native rarely has occasion to count heyond a few hun-
dred;', eonunoulv usin.g his fingers ;is an aid to his nu-
meration. Years are reckoned hy winters, divided hy
moons into months, and these months named from the
ri[)ening of some plant, the occurrence of a fishing or
hunting season, or some other ])eriodicity in their lives,
or hy the temperature. Among the Salish the day is
divided according to the j)osition of the sun into nine
parts, ]X' Smet states that maps are made on l)ark or
skin.s by which to direct their course on distant excur-
the Suhaptiu cnniiiy: The pliiiii Iiifliims (luviiiL; Uuir stny on the river from
May to Si |it(iiil>, ;, liiforc they Infill tisliinj;. o,, tlowu to the fulls with skins,
liiiits, silk-:-;iir<s, vnshis iind chiiiiclill breiid. lli re tin y iiiii t llic liioimtniii
tribes from the Ivioskooskic! (C'learwatcr) and J^ewis rivi -s who hriiii,' liea)-
f^rass, horses, (piaiiiash and u fiw skins obtained by ImntinL; or by bartei-
from tli<' 'riishe|)a\vs. At the falls are the ('hillnekitle(]iia\vs. Kneesiinrs,
Kelii'loots and Skilloots, the latter beinL; intermediate trade rs between the
ll])]ier and lowir tribes. These tribes have iioiuhIi d lisli for sale; and the
Cliiiiooks brini,' \va|>|iato, > a-tish, bevvies, and timlets obtained from the
Avhiti'S. Then the trade benii;s: the ('hoimnnish and n;onntain tribes bny
waiipato, jioinehd lish luid beads; ami the i-'ain Indi: ns buy wa; ])uto,
i,,>,.. i.....,K ..f.. r , ,,-;^- /i,„; fi,,,'i„'^. 'i',.,,,. ,,i. ••.ii •><■) lei'-. n,,,.^,..
b
itc. f.i iris Hull Cldrkr's 'I'l
I'M
HI,
HI
Uim
fair.-i in whii'h the natives disjday tue (jualities of their steids with a view ti
I'll, /..•/•-r.s- .V'(/.
, ]i|). !S(')-(. The Oakinac ks make trijis to the raeitii
to trade wild liemp for hiaijnn shells and trinki ts. I!
Ailr
Trade
.DC.
Yank
conducted in silence
Kl
ikitats am
I Val.
iiinas
bet
■ha
Veen a Flathi ad .iml ('
l)<
VV
■I. I'
la, ;J2;!.
'become to tlie nc i'^hborin'' tjibis what tin
ees Wire to the once Western States, the tra\c lin;^ n tailei's of notions."
r/iV/.s', in /'<ir. I!. It. Ill jit., vol. i.. lip. 4();(. |i (1. Cayiisi s. Walla Wallns, and
Nez I'erces meet in (iramh' HomU' Valley to traile with the Snakes. Tlion-
.liDi'ti (> ni, (iiiil ('ill , Vol. i.. p. 2711; Hull's FJInm i. in /'. .s. Ex. K.r., vol. vi.,
•2()S; ('n.\-'s
A-h
)1. ii.
I'l'
8S-'.I. I ;■)(■.: I'lili,
]V
.1: 1)1'
iiiirdi/'s (''ii>t. <ir<n/'s I'm .yi., p. 100; Cuke's llnrky M(s,, p. 2U4; Mii'int's Ii. C.
p. '2'J'J; Uass' Jnur., p. 205.
CHIEFS AND THEIR AUTHORITY.
sioiif*. and that they are guided at iiiglit hy the polar
.star
ITo
A\'ar chiefs are elected for their braA'erv and past suc-
cess, having full authority in all expeditions, marching
at the head of their forces, and, especially among the
Flatheads, maintaining the strictest discipline, even to
the extent of inllicting ilagellation on insul)()rdinates.
With the Avar their power ceases, yet they make no elVort
hv partiality during olHce to insure re-election, and sub-
mit without com])laint to a successor. Except ])y the
war chiefs no real authority is exercised. The rciiular
cliieftainship is hereditary so far as any system is ob-
served, but chiefs who have raised themselves to their
position ))v their merits are mentioned among ni'arly
all the nations. The leaders are always men of com-
iM;inding inthieuce and often of great intelligence. They
take tlie lead in haranguing at the councils of wise men,
wiiich meet to smoke and deliberate on matters of jjublic
moment. Tbc^e councils decide the amor.nt of line ne-
ce-isary to atone for nuu'der, theft, and the few crimes
known to the )iative code: a fine, the chief's repriu)and,
and rarely tloggiug, prol)al)ly iu)t of native origin, are
the only punishments; and the criminal seldom attempts
to es(v;j)e. As the more warlike nations havi» es[K'cial
chiels with real power in time of war. so the lisliing
triltes. some of theui, grant great authority to a "salmon
chief durinix the fishing- season. Ihit the reuular iuland
'■' In oalcnlatiiii.; tinio the Okaniiuraiis use tlicir tiiii,'(rs, ciicli fiiii,'('r staiiil-
iiii,' fur trii: sonic will reckon to a thousand with t<ilcral)lc accuracy, lint iiio^-t
Ailrri,., p. ;):4. 'I'lic riathcads 'font
ni'aumoins avcc precision, sur dcs ccorccs d'arlircs (ju sur dcs ])caii\ Ic plan
scarcely count to twcntv. //
d
d.sp
lys (J
u"ils
>t jian
j iiuui'cs (Ml (juarts dc journces.' Iii
niar(|Uant Ics distances par journces, di nii-
(/, i'o//., p. 2(i"i. I'onnt yi ars liv
snows, niontlis liy innons, anil days by sleeps. Have names for each \;
h.
'1'
to ten: then
ten to (acll
d then add
I'ai-h
h:.\-),lnr. Ti
(I to multiply liy
iiy.
uid Salish lanj,'uai,'<s bcj^innii
p. L'l
ith.I:
if till' months in the I'isi
dd.
UOllSH
certain In rli. sn
^,'onc. liitter-root. j^oini,' to root-|,'round. caiiiass-root. hot. ^'atheriiii,' lurries,
exhausted salmon, drv, housc-lmildin;^, snow.' llnli's Kiln
I
/■;,
/.'.I'., vol. vi., p. 'Jl 1. ' Menses couipulant Innis, ex spkani, snl vel Ihkh et dies
JM r fcvias, Hi bdomadaiu nnii'am per splcliaskat, sjitini il'ns, jvluns verii
'ill est. ri.villiiiii quod a duce maxiliio ipialibet die
heiiil.:
imadas inr s chaxcus, n
olllllUCil Sllslleni
Icbati
l)ics auteni in novem dividitnr paites.' 1/.
iiii'ii'dii.
(fi-'iiiiiiKili 11 /,i)i;/i(((t' ,S(7i(«r', J). 120; .'<itrijul'ti Sancs, p. i'70; i.i iris (i,al ilniLtx
Ti(ir., p. 'Ml.
276
COLUMBIANS.
rhiels never collect taxes nor presume to interfere with
the riglits or actions of intUvidnals or families.'™ Pris-
oners of Avar, not killed b>- torture, are made slaves, ])nt
they are few in numl)er, and their children are ado})ted
into the victorious tribe. Hereditary slavery and the
shive-trade are uidvnown. The Shusliwaps are said to
have no slaves.^"
In choosing- a helpmate, or helpmates, for his bed and
])()ard, the inland native makes capacity for work the
standard of fcuiide e.vcellence, and having!; made a sekc-
tion buys a wife from her parents by the ])ayment of
an amount uf pro])erty, generally hor.ses, which anions"
the southern nations nmst be ecpialed by the jiirls par-
ents. Often a ])etrothal is madj by parents while both
'"'■ The twelve Oakinack tribes ' forvAi, as it were, so iimny states belonj^'iiif;
in th(! siiiiie union, and are f^'overned by petty eliiifs.' Tlie chieftaiusliip
(l"siMii(ls from father to son; ami tlioUL,']! merely nominal in antliority, the
chief is rarely ilisobeyeil. Property i)ays for all erimes, liuss' A-lrm. j.p.
'2S'.) lU, '.Vll~-:i, li'JT. The ('huali):iys are ^ovirned liy the ' ehief of the earth '
and 'chief of the wati'rs,' the latter havini^' exclusive authority in the lishinL;-
seasoii. h'lnii'n \\'<iii:l., pp. ;j(i'.»-i;j. The Xez I'erces ottered a Flathead tho
juisilion of bead chief, throiii^h admiration of his (jualities. J)i' Sunt, I'ni/.,
ji)). T)!), 171. Amon^' the Kalispels the chief aojioints bis successor, or if bo
fails to do so, one is elected. Ih'Siidt, U'lytcrn ,l/(.'->'., J). i;'.)7. Thel'lathead war
chief carries a lon^,' whij), decorated with scalps and feathers to enforce strict
diseapline. The principal chief is hereditary. ''".I'.s Ailroi., vol.i., ]ij). 'J-ll-'J,
Vol. ii., p. 88. The 'camp chief' of the I'latheads as well as the war ( hi< f
w:is chosen for his nu^rits. Iml. Lit'f, jip. '2H-',t. Anioiij,' the Nez I'erces and
W'ascos 'the form of •,'overniuent is patriarchal. 'J'hey acknowled^'e the he-
reditary princi])le — Mood generally decides who shall be the chit f." Alrnnl, in
S ■hoiilcriij't's Ardi.. vol. v.. pp. Vi')2- \. No rei;ularly recoj^nized chief ana)n^,'
tlie Si>okanes, but an intellii^ent and rich man ofti ii controls the tribe by bis
intlueuee. ll'iV/.'s' \itr., in ('. S. K,f. J-'.v., vol. iv., pp. 4To-('i. 'The Salish
c;ui hardly be said to h.ave any rej^ularform of government.' Hdli ',s h'lliiiini.. in
/'. S. K.v. h'.f., vol. vi., )ip. '2ii7 8. Every winter the Cayuses go d<iwn to the
Italics to hold a council over tin- Chinooks ' to ascertain tin '.r misdenieanois
luul punish them therefor 1)y whiiiiiinu'' I F<iriili'iiii'f< Trur.. ]).81-'2. Among
the Salish " criminals are sonutinns jiunishedby buidshnienl from their trilic.'
' Fralernal union anil the obedience to thi' chii fs aie tndy adndrable..' J/nm-
V ic li's Drsi c/.s, vol. ii., pj). 'M'.i-i ; Ilims' I'ui/., ]>. ir)7; .^hml' !/'.■< I'Drlniiln. p. (l.'i;
iiniiii'tt Oriii'iii, 111). ;il l-l'J: Wliili's OrKidu.v. IM); l''irhi ninfs ]!ii(is, in /'. i^'.
/•.'.I'. Ivx., vol. ix., p. 108; Jii!<it, in Xoitnllis Aioinks ilis i'l'ij., toni. i-xxiii, 181'.i,
1'
;!:)l-ll>.
-7 ' Sli
iverv IS common
with all the tribes.' TIi
itnv tnitl ]'(tr(is(nir, in
Mil
I'li's I Iml. 11.. p. 81). Sahaptins ahv.iys make slaves of pri' ■ icrsof war. 'I h
Cayuses have many. Alrnnl. in .^ildnilrriij'l'.t Arrh.. vol. a., p. tl54; J'liltn
p. ")('>. Among the Okanag.ms • there are but few slave s
mdth
• few
iiro adopted as children, and treated inall rcNpeets asnn ndit>rs of the family.'
/iV'.ss' Ailrni., )i. It'JO. The inlaial tribes formerly praellee el sl.eve rv, but leing
si,ie'(! abeilishe'd it. J'ltrhi v's Kxjil'ir. 'I'lmr, p. 247. 'Neit prae'tised iu the in-
f lior.' M"i/i'i'n Ii. '■., J). i'{\. Xot practiceel by the Shushwaps. Ani'a:svn,
in IJisl. Mu'j.. vol. vii., p. 78.
FAMILY RELATIONS.
277
parties are yot rliildrcn, and such a contract, frnarantccd
])v an intcrchan^uo of presents, is rarely broken. To
iiive away a wife witliont a })rice is in the hij^hest ilegi'ee
disgraceful to her family. IVsides payment of the price,
gvnendly made for the suitor by his friends. courtslTn)
in some nations includes certain visits to the hride before
marriage; and the ^^pokane suitt)r nmst consult both the
cliief and the young lady, as well as her parents; indeed
the latter may herself propose if she wishes. Runaway
matches are not uid\nown, l)ut bv the Xez Terci's the
woman is in such cases considered a ])rostitute, and the
bride's parents may seize upon the man's property. ^lany
tribes seem to recjuire no marriage ceremony, but in others
an assemblage of friends for smokinu' and feastinu' is
called for on such occiisions; and amonu' the Flatheads
more complicated ceremonies arc mentioned, of which
long lectures to the couple, baths, change of clothing,
torch-light processions, and dancing form apart. In tln!
married state the wife nnist do all the heavy work and
drudgery, l)ut is not otherwise ill treated, and in mo>t
tribes her rights are e(pially respected with those of the
husl)and.
When there are several wives each occupies a se[)arate
lodge, or at least has a separate lire. Among the S[h>-
kanes a man marr\ing out of his own tribe ioins that of
his wife, because she can work In'tter in a. country to
which she is accustomed; and in the same nation all
household goods are considered as the wife's property.
Tlie \i'.:\\\ who marries the eldest daughter is entitled to
all the rest, and parents make no oltjection to his turn-
ing olV one in iuiother's fa\(H-. l"]ither party may dis-
solve the marriage at will, but ])roperty nuist be e<[nita-
bl\- di\ided, the children going with the mother. Dis-
carded wives are often reinstate(l. If a Kliketat wife
di( soon after marriage, the husband may reclaim her
piice; the Xez Perce may not marry i'or a year after her
death, but he is careful to avoid the inconvenience of
this regulation by marrying just before that event. The
?Salish widow nuist remain a widow for about two years,
278
COLlTMIilANS.
nnd then must innrrv nLLrcoainy to licr motlier-iu-law's
tiistc or fbrll'it her husbiuid'.s pro[)ertv.^'** '^Fhe uoiiuii
iiiiil^e iaithi'iih obedient ^vives und idVeetionate mothers.
Incontinence in either girls or married women is ex-
tremely rare, and prostitution almost uidoiown, heing
severely [)unished. esj)ecially uuiong the Xe/ lVrc('s. In
this respect the iidand triltes present a marked conti'ast
to their coast neighhors.^'-* At the lirst appearance of
the menses the woman must retire from the sight of all,
'^■^ E;i(li ()liiinaf,'iin ' fiiuiily is riili'd by the jniiit will or milhority (if tlio
hr.sliiiul :iii(l \vit\-, Imt iimi'i; ]iiuti(iilarly liy the hittir.' Wives live iit dil'-
firciit ('iiiii]is iiiiiiiiii; tli<ir relatives; one <ii- two Ixiiij,' constantly with the
husliunil. Brawls constantly oeeur when sevi lal wives meet, i he woni( u
are chaste, and attaeheil to husliaiid and ehildicn. At the iii,'e of foul tec n
or tifteeii the younj,' man i)ays his addresses in jierson to the ohjeet of nis
love, a;_!ed eleven or t\V( Ivt!. After the old folks are in In d. he j;oes to her
wii,'wani, builds a tire, and if welcome the mother ](ermits the ^irl to come
and sit with him for a short time. These visits are several linu w repealc d,
and lie finally ^'oes in tlie day-time \\ith friends and his purchase money.
/i''i.>;.s' Ailrvii., ]t]>. iU'>-'M)'2. The Spokane husband joins his wife's tribe;
women are ludd in ^I'Lut res]iect; and much atl'ection is sliowu for chil-
(b'en. Amon^' tlie S'ez Perces both nun and women liav(,' tlie jjower of
tlissolvini^ the marria;,'*! tie at ph^asnre. ll'iVAi.s' Xar., in /'. S. K,f. K.i'., vol.
iv., jip. lit), IT.j'd, i'SO, ■I'J"). Tlie Coeurs d'Alcne 'liave abandonxl jkj-
lyLtaniy.' !<lin),s. in I'nr.. 1!. I!. Hipt., vol. i., jip. 11!), ;!t);); dihhs, in J'ar.
li. li. lirjit.. vol. i., p. 4( ('). I'end d'Or ille women less enslaved than in
the mountains, but yet liave much heavy work, paddle canoes, etc. (ii ii-
erally no marria;j:e amonf,' savai,'es. I>i' Sunt, I'c//., pp. ll»s ',1, 2U'. Tlie Xez
I'erces j^eiierally conline themselves to two wives, and rarely marry cousins.
No weddiiif,' ceremony. Alranl, in Schnnlfnijl'n Anh., vol. v., j). ('>')'>. I'o-
lyLjamy not Ljeneral on the I'raser; and unknown to Ivootenais. ('dj-'st Ailrai.,
vol. ii., PI), lo."*, ;!7It, vol. i., pp. 2u<j-',). Xez I'trccs have abandoned jiolyLj-
aniy. I'dhiar's .li'iir.. pp. 1'21), "jli. Flathead women d.o everythiiif,' but hunt
and tii,'ht. Iml. AiYc. p. II. Flathead women 'by no means treated as slaver.,
but. on the contrary, have much consiileiation and authority.' Hull's FAlninii.,
in /'. >'. I'.x. /•.'.!■.. vol. vi.. J). '2n7. ' Itan ly marry out of tlieir own nalioii.'
and do not like tlieir women to marry whites, llnnu's Unijnii, pp. DIo-ll.
The Sokulk men 'are said to content themselvi s with a siiii^le wife, with
whom . . . the husband shares the labours of ] rocurinj,' subsistence much iiioi'e
than is usual aniouj,' sava^tes.' I, i if 'is uml Clnii.i's Trur.. p. Ii.")!; hniiiiiiriij/'s
Cii/it. (inii/'s Ciiinii., p. l()l; (I'nii/'s llisl. (i,ii.. ]). 171; 'I'lilmii' ami Ainhrsnii,
in l.iiViVs Xiit.. vol. ii., pp. -rji-r,; Jml. A(}'. Jlipt., 1S'){, p. '2()H; JJv Siml's
ir-.s/. ^fiss., p. -iH'.l.
I'-' The wifi' of a youn^' Kootenai left him foranotlier, whereupon he shot
himself. Ilnss' Fur llmilirs, vol. ii., j). I'i'.t. Anion^' the Flatheads 'coiijiiual
inlidelity is scarcely known.' Ihiim's Oriijnn, p. lill. The Sahaptins 'do not
exlnbit those loose fei line's of carnal disire, nor aopear addicted to the coni-
niMii customs of prostitution.' d'uss' Jimr., p. ■275. Inland tribes havi- a
reoiltatioii for chastity, ]irobably due to circumstances rather tluiu to ti\( d
Jiriliciples. Mni/iii's II, ('.. p. ;{ii(l. Sjokanes ' free frol'i liie vice of incoll-
tiience.' Aiuoiil; tlie V.dla Wallas pr ^litution is unknown, 'and 1 bi lie ve
no inducement would li.npt them to couiiii;[ a bri aeh of clinstity.' rroslilu-
ti(Ui common on the Fiaser. Cn.y's .\ilnii., vol. i., pp. 14.'), ID'.t-'Jdii. Nez
Pi rc<' women rtinarkable for their chastity. Alrunl, in SiluiulcivjVxAiili.,
vol. v., Jl. Cio-").
WO-MEN AND CHILDREN.
279
In'iiig
itv of tho
vo iit dil'-
■ Willi tli(!
11' WDlUIll
i fdllltci 11
ift of iiis
lis to li<r
1 to tollK!
rt'pcali (1,
St> IIIOIKV.
fc's tiilir;
1 for cliil-
jiiiwii' of
. /•>.. vol.
dolH il Jio-
,s, in /'("'.
|il tliiiii in
tc. (1(11-
Tli.' X./
(•(Hisiiis.
')•'), I'li-
A'lrti,.,
(1 jioIvl;-
l!!t llllllt
s slavi i;,
iiiilioii.'
;)i:;-il.
wife, with
llfll IIIOI'I'
iiiiiiii'iii/ s
Ill Siiiit's
"11 111' shot
■ l-cllljllLIill
IS ' (111 not
the ciuii-
I'S ililVC II
n to t'lM il
if iiudii-
I llrlil VC
I'rostitii-
•2(10. N( /
iVs Airli..
espeoially iikmi. for ii period viin iup; from ten days to a
inoutli, iind on viU']\. ,siil)se([iient occasion i'or two oi' tlnvo
days, and nnist bo purilied hy re[)oated ablutions beibro
.^be may rt'siimo ber [)laee in tiie lioiisobold. Al.^o at tbo
time ol' lier conlinement .sbo is deemed inielean. and nuist
remain for a lew weeks in a se[)ara-te lodoc, attt'iided
oenerally by an old woman. Tbe inland woman is not
prolilic. and iibortions are not nneonnnon, wbieb may
probably be attribiitetl in jireat nieasnre to ber lii'e of
labor and exjiosiire. Cbildren are not ueaned till be-
tween one iuid two years of aiie; stjmetimes not until
tliey abandon tbe bivast of tlieir own accord or are siip-
i)lanti'd by anew tirrival; vet tboimb siibsistinu' on tbo
motber's milk alone, and ex}X)sed witb sliobt elotbiiio' to
all extremes of weatlier, tbey arc betdtby and robust,
beino- carried about in a rude cnidle on tbe motber's
back, or moimted on colts Jind strai)[)ed to tbe saddle
tbat tbey may not fall off wben tisleei). After beinjj;
weaned tbe cbild is named after some iuiinuil, but tbo
name is cbanocd fre([uently later in life^" Altboiidi
cbildren ttnd old j)eople are as ji rule kindly cared foi-,
yet so great tbe straits to ubicli tbe tribes are reduced
by circiunstances, tbat both are someiinies abandoned if
not put to deatb.'^^
'■*" In tlu> Salisli fmuily on tho liirth of a eliild wcaltliy rflativcs iiiuko
liri'Ki'Uts of food and clothiiiij. Tlu^ Ncz l*crc(' iiiDthcr Liivis picsi iits Imt
rcecivfS none on such an occasion. 'I Lc t'latluads and I'ciid d'l )nillt'S
liaiidai,'(' the waist iiiul Icj^'s of infants willi a view to producing,' ludad-slKiiil-
dd'cd, siiiall-waistcd and strai|_;lit-liiii1)('d adults. Tulinii' nn'l Amh rsmi, in
Liinl'.t .\(iL, vol. ii., jip. 'l'M-\i. Anioii^' the Walla Wallas ' when tvavi-linf^
a liiiop, bent over thi' luad of the child, inolicts it fruui iiijury.' 'J'lii- con-
tiiicmcnt after child-liiith contiiincs forty days. .Vt the first iiuiisiriiatiou
the SiMikaiic woiiiaii must conceal herself two days in the finest; fur a man
to See her Would he fatal; she must then be coiiliiied for twenty days loii^^'er
ill a si'iiaratc lodj^'e. H'/Y/.'s" \'(tr., in I'. S. h\v. /','.r., vol. iv.. iip. I'Jd-IS, 18.").
The Okaiiaijan iiiother is not allowed to |)rei(are her iinboru infant's swad-
dliiiL! clothes, whicli cmi^ist of a piece of board, a bit of sldu, a bunch of
moss, and a striiiL,'. /^^l.^.^' Ailrin.. ]>p. ^'Jl-oii. 'Small childicii, not more
than three yisirs old, are iiiouiited .alone and i,'eiier,dly ;ipiiii colls.' V(iuii^,'er
ones are carried (111 the inolher's back ■ or suspenih d from a liiuh kimb upun
the fiirepart (pf tin ir saddles.' l'(irl,ir's F.x\il"i\ Tmir, p. lis. lluusis aninii;,'
the Cliiipuniiish 'appropriated for women who arc uiKhr^'iiiii;^ the (ip( ra-
tion of the menses.' ' When anylhin;,' is to be conveyed to these deserted
females, th' ])ersiin throws it to them forty or fifty paces nib and then re-
tires.' /, 11-]^ iiirl r/((/7,"'.s 7 iir.. p. ijit'.); T'lii-iisi ii'l's .\<ir., [i. IH; Alrm-il, in
Srlinnli-viifl's Ar-li., viil, v., ]i. >'}'>').
'■"' With the IVud d'Orcillcb 'it was not uncommon fur them to Vmry the
280
COLUMBIANS.
The annual summer •iatlioring on tlio river hanks for
fishiiiii; and trade, and, amoim' the mountain nations, the
return from a successful raid in tlie enemy's country, are
the favorite jieriods for native diversions."^- To gaml)-
ling they are no less passionately addicted in the interior
than on the coast/*^ hut even in this universal Indian
vice, their preference for horse-racini:'. the noldest form
of <iamin<2;, raises them ahove their stick-shuniin<i; ))i"eth-
ren of the Pacific. On the speed of his hoi-se the native
stakes all he owns, and is discouraued oidy when his
animal is lost, and Avith it the op})ortimity to make up
past losses in another race. Foot-racing and target-
shooting', in which men, women and chikh-en })artici})ate,
also aiford them indul'_'"uce in their gauililing jiropensi-
ties and at the same time develop their bodies hy exer-
cise, and perfect their skill in the use of their native
weapon.^*^* The Colvilles have a game, alkoHork^ played
very old ami tlit> vory yonnc; alivo, befansc, thoy said, " tliosc eaniint take onvo
of thcinsi Ives, and we cannot take care (jf tlieni, an<l tliev liad betUr die."
Sli'vciia, in //"/. .1;/'. Hi III., i.s.'il, p. -ill: Surl.lii/, in /'m-. /.'. /,'. Hipl., vol. i.,
p. 2'.)7; Ddiiinirch.'.'i Iksert;^, vol. ii., p. 32S; H'/kVc'.s Oiih,, p. 'Ji); Cox's Advcu.,
vol. i., PIS MS-',).
'''-In the Yakima Valley 'we visited every street, alley, hole and corner
of the camp. .. .Here was gandjlinji;. there scalii-dancim,': lanj^liter in one
place, numrnin^' in another. Crowds were pashin^; to and tro. whuupiiij^. yell-
iiiL,', daiuinL,', drnniniiii'^'. sini^'ini,'. Men, women, and cliildren wive hnddled
to^'i'ther; llat;s Jiving', horses iieij,'hinf,', doj,'s howlint,', cliained hears, tied
wolves, t^Tiintin^,' and griAvlini,', all tK'H-mell aiiionL; the tents.' Joi.ss' Fur
Jfunlrrs, vol. i., p. 28. At Kettle Falls 'whilst awaiting' the cominj,' salmon,
i.1 : t 1. 1 , ; i.i;..., i..... i.: i ;
_ . ..^ -- .... * — --. . .. .. — ....^ ... — ..^ ..,
the scene is one s^nat revel: horse-racing,', t^amlilin^'. lovc -makint;. dancinf,',
and divrvsions of all sorts, occupy the sin^^'ular assiiiilily: for at tin se an-
nual L;atherini,'s. . . .feuds and dislikes are for the time laid hy.' l.nril's Xnt.,
vol. i., ])!!. 72 -;i.
'^' The ]>rinci)>al aniTisement of the OkanaL;ans is f;aiidiliuL;. 'at which
thoy are not so (piarrelsome as the Spokans and other tribes, ' disputes lie-
inj,' settled i)y arlntratiou. I'n.t'.-i Adfin., vol. ii., ]>, xs. A ycaiiij^- man
at Kettle Falls committid suicide, havintj lost everytliiic.; at i,'a;iil>lini,'.
Ivdii'a W'diid., ])\>. ;i();i-ll). ' Les In<liens de la Coloiuliie out ]ior* ' les j< ux
do. hasard au dernier exc"'S. Apres avoir perdu tout ee ([u'ils out. ils se niet-
tent eux-memes sur le tapis, d'ahord nne n)ain. i iisiiite Tautre; sils h s
perdent, les bras, et aiiisi de suite tons les nu'udires du eor|)s; la tete suit,
et s'ils la perdent, ils deviiinu^nt eselaves pour la vie avec leurs femines ( t
leurs enfants.' />■ Sincl, I'o//., pp. 'ID-oO. Many Kooteia ais have ahandoned
},'aml)lin%'. Di'Simt, ll'.s/, .l/i'.ss., p. UtM). ' Whatever the ]io(ir Indian can call
his own. is ruthlessly sacrilieed to this Moloch of human wiakniss.' Jnd.
JJ/k, p. 12; //•(•(■/ij/'.s ItDiiwrilli's Afinn,, p. 102-3.
I'*' Sp:)kanes: 'one of their f,'reat amusements is horse-raeini,'.' ir/7/.(.s'
N'lr., in l'. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., ]i. IS". Kliketats and Yakimas; • the lacint,'
■ason is the yrand annual occasion of these trilies. ,V liorseof jiroved re ]iu-
" ■ a source of wealth or ruin to his owner, (-)n his sliced he stakes his
HI
tiition i
f
GAMES IX THE INTERIOR.
281
(1110
vcll-
'.Urd
tied
Fur
111(111,
iciiij^,
lUl-
\iit.,
vliich
1)1-
llltlU
jdix
iiut-
1(S
suit,
UfS (t
(lulled
111 Cilll
hid.
■Uhes'
liiciiiti
rcjiu-
LS Lis
uitli spears. A wooden riii<>; 8ome three iiielies in diam-
eter is rolled over ii U'vel space between two slight stick
iKiri'iers altout forty feet apurt; when the rin;j,' strikes tlu'
harrier the s[)ear is hurled so that the rin^j; will fall over
its head ; and the nmnlvr scored hj the throw de[)ends
on which of six colored heads, attached to the hoop's
iinier circumference, falls over the spear's head."^'' The
almost universal (\)himhian game of guessing which hand
contains a small polished hit of bone or wood is also a
favorite here, and indeed the only game of the kind
mentioned; it is played, to the accompaniment of songs
and drumming, by parties sitting in a circk' on mats, the
slmlller's hands being often wrapped in fiu'. the better to
deceive the players."^" All ai'e e.Kcessively fond of danc-
ing and singing; but their songs and dances, practiced
oil all possible occasions, have not been, if indeed they
vim be, descrii)ed. They seem merely a succession of
sounds and motions without any fixed system, round-
ing on rude drums of hide accompanies the songs, which
are sung without words, and in which some listeners have
detected a certain savage melody. Scalp-dances are ])er-
formed by women hideously painted, who execute their
diabolical antics in the centre of a circle formed by the
rest of the tribe who furnish nuisic to the dancers.'**''
wlii)l(> stud, lii-i lii>ns(dii>ld floods, clothos, nnd finiilly his wives; niid ;\ siii<,'lt'
li(;it (liinl)ics hirt foi'tuiu', or sends liiiii forth an inipuvi rislud lulveiitun r.
The interest, however is not conrnied to the individual din ctly eoiiceriK d;
the trihe share it with him, mid ii coniiiiDU jiilc of j;oods, of niiith y di serip-
tioii, iipiiortioued aeeordiiiL; to their ideas of value, is put up liy either party,
to 1)1' (livided iiiiioiii,' the li;iel;( rs of the winner.' SI' rms. in /'ce. _//. //. Ii' ft.,
vol. i., p[). Kit. Ail. 'Itiiiinini^ horses and foot-r.iees liy nieii, wouk n and
ehildi'eii. and thi y havi' eaiiies of chance played with sticks or iKJiies;' do
not driuli to excess. I'lirhir's K.fiihir. I'mn; pp. '2ol, le(i. l.i n-'is iiml Chtrh's
Tnir. ])p. .").")7; Frniwhen'a Xnr., p. 2(i'J.
1^' ivhir's w.iihI., PI). ;uo-ii.
'■*'' Tile ]iiiiieij):d ()k;Uii.;.iii aiiiusenieiit 's a crair.e railed liy the voya;.^'eurs
'jell de main,' liki; our odd and even. '' ' .' V<(/'.. in I'. S. K(. E,v., p. le.'t.
It soiiielinies tales a week to deeid(! tln^ ^aiiie. The los( r uever r( pines.
Riiss' A'Iri'ii., p]). ;{(IS-li; Slidirl's MiiiliUiil, p. 71.
'^' .Vuioiii,' tli(^ Wahowpunis 'the sjiectators formed a circle round the
dancers, wliu. with their rohcs drawn tii^htly round the shoulder.;, and di-
vided into parties of tivi> or six men, jierform hy crossiii;,; in a line from one
side of the cireh^ ti_) thu other. .VII the jiarties, perfonuers as will as sp( c-
tat iiN, i \'^. and after proceeding,' in this way for soiiie time, the siieetators
join, and the whole concludes liy a iiroiiiisciums dance and soir^.' 'Ili'
V\alla NVallas ' wero fornicd into a solid culunin, round u kind of hollow
282
COLUMBIANS.
AD ;uv li;il)itu;il smokri's, alwiiys iiiliiiliii;;' tlic smoke in-
.stc'iid of pulling it out {il'ter tlio iiiaiiiu'r of more ciNili/.c'd
devotees of the weed. To obtain tolwiceo the native will
part witli ahiiost any other i)ropei'ty, hut no mention i.s
niaile of any substitute used in tliis reiiion licfore th(?
wliite man came. IJesides his constant use of the [)ij)e
as an amusement or habit, the inland native employs it
reji'ularly to elear his brain for the transaction of im-
portant business. \\'ithont the [)ipe no war is di-elared,
no [)ea('e ollieially ratified; in all promises and contracts
it serves as the native })led«ic of honor; with ceremonial
whills to the cardinal points the wise men open and
close the (lelil)erations of their councils; a commercial
smoke clinches a bargain, as it also opens neiiotiations of
trade."*'^
The use of the horse has doul)tless been a most
powei'ful aji'ent in molding inland customs; and yet the
introduction of the horse nnist have lieen of compara-
tively recent date. A\'hat were the customs and chai-ac-
tei" of these jn'ople, even when America was (Irst discov-
ered l)v the Si)aniards. must ever be unknown. It is bv
no means certain that the j)ossessi()n of tin' horse has ma-
terially bettered their condition. Indeed, by facilitating
the ca[)ture of buiValo, previously taken perhaps ))y strat-
agem, by introducing a medimn with which at least the
wealthy may always purchase supplies, as well as by ren-
dering practicable long migrations for ibod and trade, the
wiUiUV, stood on tlic saiui' place, and luovcly jninpod \^^ at intc ivals, to kcc])
time to the iLinsic' Lrn-is iiinl ('lirrl,i''f< Tnir., pji. 52(1. it'M. Xcz J'cnM's
dance round a polr on Sundays, and the chiefs exhort duiinj,' tlie panses.
Irrimi'n rxiiiinrUlr's Ailr(H., pp. 101-2, 'M'l. In siiiLjin;^ 'IIk y nsv hi, tih, in
constant I'tpctition, . . . .and instead of several jiarts harinonizin^', they only
take lif^htlis one aliovu another, never exciidini,' thnc" I''iil, r's L'.i'pinr.
7'"")'. p|i. ■ii'J-li. 'The soni.; was a simple exjiression of a few sonnds. no
iutelli_;ilile words Lein;.,' ntti'rfd. It resend)l<Ml the words li<)-li<(-hii-hit-liii-li<i-
h'l-liii, eonniitiiein^' in a low tone, and ^^radiialiy swellinf,' to a full, round,
and heautifully modulated chorus.' V'lC/i.s'/x/'.s .V(//'., j). lOil. Chualjay
scidp-danee. Kiim's Watnl., p. 315. llelij^ious songs. JJiinn's O/'c/o/i, pp.
;)38-ll); ''.iliiiir's .low., y. 124:.
isH jj,i Kuiet thinks iidialint; toliaceo smoke may prevent its iiij\irions
effects. \'iii/., p. '2l»7. In all religious ceremonies the ]ii]ic of peace is smcikeil.
7»'-<.ss' A'lrin., pp. '2SS-',t. /'-(/•/,• V'.s Exjilnr. Tour, ]). 'JHi;; //;,^.'.s' ['oi/., p. IS}.
'The medicinc-i)ipe is a sacred pledge of friindship among all tin; north-
westci-u Irilics.' ,Si:iyiifi, in Iiul. .1^'. li i>t., IH.Jl, p. 220.
TREATMENT OF HOUSES.
283
liorso intiy have rontribiitcil soinowliat to tluMi' present
spirit of iini)r()vi(leiu'e. The horses ieed in liu^e (h'oves,
each marki'd witli some siiiii of ownersliii), r*'"^''''illy '*3'
clij)pin,i: the ears, and when recpiired tor nse aiv taken hy
tlie lariat, in thi; nse of wliieh all the natives have some
skill. tliou,L:h far inferior to the Mexiean vaqiicros. Tlie
method of hreakin:;' and ti'aininji liorses is a (jiilck and
an eilectiial one. It consists of catching;' and tvin;^ the
animal; then ))nnalo-skins and other objects ai't; tlirown
at and ni)()n the trendjlin^' heast. nntil all its fear is
Iriijilitened out of it. AVhen willing to he handled,
horses are treated witli irri'at kindness, hnt when re-
fractoi-y, the harshest measnres are ado[)te(l. Thev are
well trained to the saddle, and accnstomed to he monnt-
ed iVom either side. They are never shod and never
tiuii:ht to trot. The natives are skillfnl riders, so I'ar as
the ability to keep their seat at <:reat >-p,'ed o\-er a rongh
country is concei'ned, l)ut they nevei' ride j:racefidly, and
rarely if ever peri()rin the wonderful feats of horsi'uian-
ship so often attributed to the western Indians. A loose
«iirth is used nnder which to insert the knees wlien rid-
inii a wild horse. They are hard riders, and horses in
use always have sore Ixicks and mouths. Women I'ide
astride, and <|uite as well as the men; children also
Iciii'n to ri(U> about as earlv as to walk
IHl)
I'^ach nation
bus its su[)erstitions; by ea(di individual is I'e'oiiiii/ed
the iulluence of unseen powers, exercised usually throuLih
the medium of his medicine animal chosen early in life.
Tlie ])eculiar customs arising' from this belit'l' in the
sui)ernatui'al are not very numerous or comjiliciited. iuid
Ik'Iouu' rather to the ivligion ol' these })eo[)k' treated else-
wliei'e. The IVnd dOreille, on approaching;' lUMnliood,
'"' [ll llKlviU'^. til
iris iiiKl sinii
illl..
.dr til
irci' or lour nn ;\ liorsi
witli
thrir iii(itlu'l>
lilc tlu' null iliivc the In nls of liurscs tint nm I'msc alicad.
)1.
I'l
ll
:iii(i. H.
ll ft for lllOlltllS Willlollt !l
11(1 rarely stray far. Tiny call this ' cai^iiiL; ' tlirii-.. j)eSiiiil, I'"//., jip. 1>>7,
liahii's of fifti'i'ii iiionths oM. jiackic'. in ii slMitn^' posture, n
•17
iiloui; without fear, |,'rasiiiiii,' thu riiiis with tin ir tiny hands.' ,v
/.'. /.'. /;././., vol. xii., i)t. ii., p. 1:10, with jijatc; '•' ■ • -
;'//;.•
/'.
■ I- I'l
r'A's I)
11). liH-
J'dllisfr's 111 III., ]^. T.'i: I-'iriiliiiiii's Trur., pji. M- ; /;o',
)1. ii., p. (U; /
2U'J 71; L'ox's Adnu., vol. ii., jip. 110-11.
rrhi I's .\.itiiri((, p. 1,03; rrumlu.n's S'fr., j p.
2S1
COLUJIBIAXS.
Wiis sent by liis fatlicr to a hljili moinitiiin and oljlluod
to rciiiain until lie (Ircaincd of some iin'mial, bird, oi' lisli,
tlK'icaftt'r to Ik! his nu'dicinc, whoso claw, tooth, or R'athcr
was worn as a chanii, Tho howlin^ti' of tho iiU'diciiR'-wolf
and soujc other Ix-asts f'oivhoiu's calainity, hut hy the
Okanapms the whitc-wolt' skin is held as an emblem of
ro\alty, and its possession pi'otoets the horses of the
tribe from evil-minded wolves. A rani's Ikjimis left in
the trunk of a tree where they were fixed hy the mis-
directed zeal of their owner in attackin;:: a native, were
nnich venerated by the Flatheads, and <>;ave them power
over all animals so long as they made freijueiit oll'erinj^s
at the foot of the tree. The Xez lVrc('s had a jHculiai*
custom of overcoming the m<nr!i<h or s[)irit of fatigue,
and therehy {ic(iuiring remarkahle powers of endurance,
'riie ceremony is perfoi-med annually from the age of
eighteen to fort\'. lasts each time from three to seven
(lavs, and consists of thrustin-j; willow sticks down the
throat into the stomach, a succession of hot and cold
haths, and abstinence fn^n food. Medicine-men ac(juire
or renew their wonderful ])owers hy retiring to the
mountains to confer with tlie wolf They are then in-
vulnerable; a bullet fn-ed at them llattens on their breast.
To allowing their portraits to he taken, or to the opera-
' ' ' vo the same aversion
app
noy
that has been noted on the coiist
I'.K)
,^tc
am ))aths are
universally used, not for motives of cleanliness, hut some-
times for medical })ur[M)ses, and chietlj- in their su| ersti-
tious ceremonies of purification. The l)ath-house is a
hole dug in the groimd from three to eight leet deep,
and sometimes fifteen feet in diameter, in some localitv
where wood and water are at hand, often in the river
Ixmk. It is also huilt aljove ground of willow branches
covered with grass and earth. Only a small hole is left
it
1
'''" 'L'rtisl'*- ■ • •''st If tjrand nisniin fin m<'(locino.' Dp Sunt, T"//.. pp. .j(!,
20."); W'iU.Ts' Xur.. in ['. S. Hx. Ex., vol. iv., \i\i. 4'.)i--ri; Slcniis. in Jnd. Ati'.
li<i)l., isr>|, p. 212, iiiid ill />' Siiiifs Wcsl. Mis^.. pp. 'i.^")-*!; Siir/Jn/, in /',"-•.
Ji. It. It'll'.. ■^■"'- '•' P- -'•'": //"''''■•'' h^llitiiui., ill I'. ,S'. AV. /'.v., vol. vi.,' ]>. •JOS-!);
A'(w.s'' Far llaid'fs, vol. i., p. (Jl, vol. ii., p. I'J; Kane's Wand., pp. 207, i8'J-
1, 318.
MISCELLANEOUS CUSTOMS.
2S-
the
in-
KTil-
siou
!* lire
uno-
rsti-
is a
•ality
liviT
m'lics
is k"l"t
ii„i. At).
ill /V-.
I. ■.•t;s-',i:
CI, •.«'J-
jor cntrimcc. and this is eloserl nj) aftci' tlic batlicr fil-
ters. Stones an> licatcd by u (ire in tlie hatli itseli". or
ari" tlirown in after heinjji,' heated outside. In this oven,
heated to a siiiVocatinji' tei literature, the naked native
i-evels for a Ion*;' time in the steam and nind. nieaii-
Avliile sinuinii', liowlin;:'. prayinii'. and linally rushes out
(h'iiipin^' uith j)ersj)irati<)n, to i)hin<ie into tlie nearest
stream.''' livery lodj>e is snrroimded ])y a pack of wortli-
less coyote-lookinji cnrs. Tlie.se ar<! sometimes maiU' to
carry small hiirdens on tlieir hjwks Avhen the tril)e is
movinji': otherwise no n.se is made of them, as they are
never eaten, and. with iiei'liajis the exception of a breed
owned b\- the Okanauans. are never trained to hunt. 1
}:ive in a note a few miscellaneous customs noticed by
travelers.*''"
Th(>se natives of the interior are a liealthy lint not a
very lonu-lived race. Ophthalmia, of which the sand,
smoke of the lod,^•es, and retlection of the sun's rays on
tlie lakes are suiiiicsted as the cau.ses, is more or less
prevalent throu.iihout the territory; scrofulous com))laints
and skin-eruptions are of frecjuent occurrence, especially
in the Saha[)tin family. Other disea.ses are conij)ara-
tlvely rare, exeeptinj.^ of cours(> epidemic disorders like
i''i Lrir'is aii'l C'liirhr's Tntv., jip. 3^l{-4; J'firhtr's Krjilnr. Tour, j)}). 'ill-'J:
l:n:<!<' A, Inn., y],. lill-Vi.
'''-' 'I'lic Walla Wallas I'tctivf bad news with a howl. 'I'lic Spokaiits • caclu' '
lliiir s ilmnii. 'I'lu V arc williiij,' to cliaiii^'c nanus with any oiic tin y isici in.
' Sui.iijc I 111 vails nnirc anion^,' the Indians of the Colnniliia i;ivi !■ than in any
1 4 her ]i(ntion of the continent w.iich 1 have visited.' /uiiu's Wiiml.. ]i]i. '.iSiI ;i,
:i 7 III. ■ rnscrvc pai'ticnlarordir in thrir niovtnicnts. 'i'lic lirst chic f leads
tile way, the next chiefs follow, then the common men. and after these the
wonieii and ciiildron.' They arranije themselves in similar order in coiiiint;
f. <v\\i
d to receive visitors. Do not nsuallv 1;
tl
icn' own an'e
v.
n; pp. .S(,
l:!:!-4, -lil
Distance is calculated liv tin
de is soventv miles on horseback, tliirtv-tive miles on foot, /c
11 day's
Ailri II.,
]). 'M'.K Natives can tell by examinin
Dwstowhat trilic' thevbrjonL;. /c
I'lir lliiiil.
their name
d. ii.
bl7. Kliketats and ^'akinias oftili nnwillini; to tell
(Jihh:
J'lw. /.'. /.'. Unit., v.d. i.. 11. jr.".
'D'
aj.n
touteS h
observations cpie. j'ai faites, lenr joiirnee I'lpiivaut a inn jiris a cincpiante ou
soixante niilles an;;lais lors([u'ils voya.L!ent senls, et a (inin/.e on vine! milhs
ur camps.' />i Snul, I'ni/., \k 'i(l"i. Aiiioni;- Ih
s.iilement lorsiin'ils levent le
Nez 1
erces eV(
rvtl
lin;.,' WHS proniul;.,'ated by criers.
■iierallv tilled by some old man, who is
Th^
id for little els
It^ olllee o
f crier is
A vilhc'e has
•nerallv s ver:
I,
rriii;l .
II
(iniii'niii' s
Ih'
if the Flatheads in the missions. J)unn's Oroijim, ])p. lUo-O
li/ci/i., j). 'iSf!, Habits of wiirsliii
ired
vol. i., pp. 71-3.
ily ta
•d
praine wolves, always m
l>i
kof
ck-
uttt'udancc' LnnVs .\al.
286
COU'MHIANS.
wiiiill-jtox iinil mi'ii.-U's ('(intractcd from tlic Avliitcs. uliich
have ciiiiscd jiroat liavcut in iioarly all the trilics. Hot
and cold liatlis aro the favorite native remcdv foi' all
their ills, hut other Miiii[)le s})e('i(i('s, harks, herhs. and
jiiiius are employed as well. Indivd, so eilicacioiis is
theii- treatment, or rather, jH'rhaps, so jM)\verrid with
them is nature in resisting' disease, that >vlien the lo-
cality or eause of irrejiularity is manifest, as in the ease
of wounds. I'raetures, or snake-hites, remai-kahle cures
are asctiihed to these pi'ople. lint here as elsewhere, the
si(!knes,s hecominji" at all serious or invsterious. medical
treatment i)ro[»er is altojiether uhandoned. and the pa-
tient (M)nnnitted to the magic [nnvers of the na'dicine-
man. In his power either to cause or cinv disease at
will im|)licit conlidence is i'elt, and failure to heal indi-
cates no la(;k of skill; conseciuently the doc.tor is respon-
sihle for his patient's ivcovery, and in case of death is
liahle to. and often does, answer vith his life, so that a
natural death anion,!];' the medical fn'^ernity is extremely
rare. His oidy chance of escape is to persuade ri'latives
of the dead that his ill success is attrihutahle to the evil
iulluence of a rival physician, who is the one to die: or
in some cases a heavy ransom soothes the <irief of moui'ii-
inu' friends and avengers. One motive of the ( 'ayuses
in till' massacre of the Whitman family is su^njosed to
have heen the missionary's failure to cure the nu'asles in
the tribe, lie had done his hest to relieve the sick. an<l
his j)()wi'r to elt'ect in all cases a complete cure was un-
((uestioiied by the natives. The methods by whicdi the
medicine-man practices his art are very uniform in all
the nations. The patient is stretched on his back in *'ie
ci'utie of a hu'ge lodge, and his friends few or < '» >it
about him in a circle, each provided with st uere-
with to drum. The sorcerer, often grotescpie. painted,
enters the ring, chants a song, and proceeds to Ituce ^^e
evil si)irit from the sick man by pressing both clenclicd
lists with all his might in the pit of his stomach, knead-
ing and pounding also other parts of the body, blowing
occasionally through his own lingers, and sucking blood
MEDICAL rnACTirE,
287
from tlic ]);n't su|)|)<)s(>(l to be alVi'ctcd. Tiic spcctiitors
])oiiiiil with tlifii' .sticU.s. iind .'ill. iucliitlin,:^' doctof. and
ol'tcii tl'.c jLiticiit in spite of liimsclf. Is(t|) up a coiitimiiil
m)m;: or veil. TluTi; is, liowcwr, sonic nictliod in this
madness, and when tlie I'ontine is eoinpleted it is a,iiain
]n'j:un. and thus repeated for sevi'i'al hours I'ach (hiv un-
til the ('as(> is decided. In many nations the doetor
finally extracts the s[)irit. in the form of a small hone or
other ol)lect. from thc^ itatient's bodv or mouth hv some
t' I L •
trick of le,u<'i'di'main. and this once eifected. he assures
the surrounding friends that the tormentor having heen
thu.M rem(»ved, recovery ninst soon lollow.'"'
'•'^ The N'l'.'. I'lTci'-* ' nro pciifviilly liPiilthy, \]\r <iiily disunli rs wliidi we
luivc liiid iicciisiuu til rciimik Iniii^,' cif scrii|pliiili)us k
ha.l
SCM'I'IIISS II
f th
fVI S IS il MVV I'llMlIIKI
U lli
lir
With tllr Siiklllk:
Itiiil tilth III
viiT j,'i!iiTul," Tlif ( liillnckittiMiM.iws' tlisi'iiscs live siii'i' I yi's, ilrcayiil tiitli,
iiiiil tmimis. The Wallu Wallas li ivc lUc'i rs ami cniiitiniis nf tlic sl;iii, luul
ijccasidii.illy vhi'iuil ilisiii. The (,'iii)|iilliliish had ' srlcit'iila, l hi iiinatisiii, and
Kiirc cvis,' ami a ft w have »iitin Iv lust the usr (if thi ir liiiilis. /,■ c-i.s dml
Chirl.-'
h;
iflili
:ill,:r.j, ;tsj, ."i.U. •■ill». Tin' imilirin -mini n
'■'''■■• .
ics ill Ins im'aiitatiiiiis.
SIS a llirilirilir-
I'lirh
/•;..•/./../•. v.
nil. 2KI 1. 'I'hcOkaii-
ii'^aii iiirijiciiir-miii arc calliil lldiiiiillnii'ilis. nni\ 'iiiflniii t;i'iiirall\ past the
niiridiaii of lif<'; in thi ir lialiits I'vavc
id sidal(
ki
■A'f of lifilis and I'Diiis, and thi'ir virtiii
i'hi y 1
MISSI'SS a HIHM
1
I Live iificn ■ st'cii liiin
thi'iiw nut whnlf lunutlifiils nf 111 1, mid yi't lint tlir Irast mark wnuld appiar
iiitl
II' ^iklll.
[i
law an Indian wlin had luiu in arlv drMinnd li
zly hear, and had liis skull split npcli in several pla
ind
sivi-ral pi
•f
liiiiii' talccii mil Jiist alinvr the lii'aiii, and ineasniin,' thret -fuuitlis nf an inch
in len 'th. I'lired so etl'''tilally hy one nf these jil;.
that
•ss than two
iiiiiitlis after he was ridiiiL,' mi his linrse ii^'aiii at the chas:'. 1 have also seen
tlieiii cut lip' 11 the I
■ w
inside
ith a knife, extraet a lar^,'e ipiaiitity nf fat flMiii the
sew lip the part a'_;ain, and the patii lit snm
11 alli r piifectly nenvi n
d.
'I'lie iiinst ficipielit diseasi s are ' illdiijestinli, IlllXes, asthmas, and enlisump-
timis ' Il|st:nieesnf lnli,'ivity rare. /i'".ss' .I'/i'' /<., ]ip, ;1 lU S. A desperate easo
• if eniisumptinn cni'd hy killing,' a iIhl; eaeh day fnr thiity-twn da
1! iipi'ii and pi u'iu'4 tile J
ripinni,'
atieiit's lei,'s in the warm iiilrstines, admiiiisteriiii,'
smile harks mi'anwhile. The Flatheads sulijeet tn few diseases; splints n--eij
fnr frai'tiu'es. Iilrediie.,' with sharp tliiits fur enntusiuns. iei-enld liaths fur nrdi-
II iiy rhiiuiiatism, and vapnr bath witli euhl |ilnn;_;e fur ehruiiie ihi iimatisni.
.//
vnl. ii , jip. 111)-;!, v
il.
•2 is --.I.
AmuiiL; the Walla Wallas
ciilivalesei lits are direeted fn siiii; sniiie huiirs eai
h dav. T
limn
dl
;arments. eti
le Spi
it the death-bed tn be buried with the bnilv.
liellee few enmfurts fur the siek. ll'iV/.r.s' .\Wc., ill r.S. F..\\ K,
A.
I'l'
'IJO 7. IS."). The l'"latheads say their wniinds cure themselves. IhSmrt. I'u//.,
I'l). I'.IS •_'()(», 'l"he Wasciis envi' iMttlesnake bites by salt applied tn the wuiind
nr by whisky taken internally. Iviiks 'A'hikL
I'l'
mile dnetnr's thrnat ent bv tlie father (it il patient she had faili-d t
'■iieralh
!'■
I "//.. p. Ill '. The ufttee nf lliedieine-ineli aiming; the
A fe
tn cure
haptins
■dit
Klaiii
iry.
Jlell (iften (lie fruili fear nf a niedieille-mairs e\il
liival dneturs work on the feiirsnf patients tu L;et eaeh ntlnr killed.
Murders nf diietnrs sniiiewhat rare iiiann'' the Nez I'er
Alrnril, in .^'' Imi'l-
ci'dfl's Arrh,, vnl. v.. ]i|). Vi^>'l~''i, (!.").'). Sniall-pnx seems tn have cniiie iininli}^
tlio Yakimas uud Kliketats before direct iutercoursu with whites. Gibhn, in
288
COLUMBIANS.
Grief at tlic death of a relative is manifested hy cut-
ting the hair ai^d smearing tlie face with black. I'he
women also howl at intervals for a period of weeks or
*'ven months; hut the men on ordinary occasions rarely
make o[)en demonstrations of soi'row, though they some-
times shed tears at the death of a son. Several instances
of suicide in mournint:; are recorded; a Walla A\'alla
chieftain caused himself to be Ijuried alive in the grave
with the last of iiis five sons, '^fhe death of a wile or
daughter is deemed of comparatively little consc((uence.
In case of a tribal disaster, as the death of a prominent
<'hief, or the killing of a band of warriors by a hostile
ti'ibe, ;dl indulge in the most frantic demonstrations,
tearing the hair, lacerating the llesh with Hints, often in-
Jlicting serious injury. The sacrifice of human life, gen-
erally that of a slave, was practiced, but apparently no-
where as a regular part of the funeral rites. Among the
Flatheads the bravest of the men and women ceremo-
nially bewail the loss of a warrior by cutting out pieces
of their own tlesh and casting them with roots and other
articles into the fire. A long time })asses before a dead
])erson's name is willingly s[)oken in the tribe. I'he
corjise is counuonly disposed of by wrapping in or-
ilinary clothing and burying in the ground without a
collin. The northern tribes sometimes suspentled the
body in a canoe from a tree, while those in the south
Ibrmerly [)iled their dead in wooden sheds or sepulchres
above ground. The Okanagans often bound the body
upright to the trunk of a tree. Property was in all
cases sacrilieed; horses usually, and slaves sometimes,
killed on the grave. The more valuable articles of wealth
were de[)osite(l with the body; thy r(\st sus[)ended on
poles over and about the grave or left on the surface of
the gi'ouud ; a'ways previously dauiaged in such mauner
as not to tem[)t the sacrilegious thief, for their places of
I'll: /?. n. U<i<l.. vol. i., pp. 40.'), 4ns. A Noz Pored (locti.v Idll-.i by ii
lir.iUicr (if ii 111, 111 who liml shot hhiisclf in ii',>Miniiii,L! for his dtiul irl.itivc;
)!i ■ liroMii'v ill tnrii killuil, uiul scvirul othui- lives lost. Hohs' i'nr Ihinkrs,
vol. i., p. 2J"J
CII.VllACTER OF THE INLAND TIUCES.
289
I'.ii
Iniriul arc liold most sacred. Moiniils of stoiios snr-
luoiiutod with crosses indicate in later times the conver-
sion of the natives to a foreijiii religion
\n character and in morals/''"' as \vell as in physiijue, the
''" Till" Siikiilks wrap tho di'iid in skins, 1)ury thorn in ^'ivivcs, cover with
earth, ami iiiiirk tlie f,'ruv(' liy liltlc pickets (if wood stnuK over and altoiit it.
On lie C'liluniljia helow the Snake was a slied-tond) sixty hy tw( Ive feet, open
at *ne ends, staiidin'^' cast and west, liecently diad lioi'ies wrajiped in hallu'r
and ai'!anL,'ed on boards at the west end. .Vhont tlie centre a i roniiscr.ons
hi'a|i of parti.illy (h'cayed eorjises; and at eastern end a mat with twenty-ono
•nded nn tlie insid
o
ski'.ils an'an^'ed in il circle. jVrtieles vif pro]!erty
anil ^>lvrl 't.ins of horses seatten-d outside, .\liout the Dalles ei-ht vaults of
Imards ei\;lit fict s(piari'. and six f( et hi„'h, and all the walls decorati d with
pieturi
md
earvin'''s. Tln' bodies were laid east and west. /> irisi'i.-l ('lnrl.v'.i
Trar.. jip, :ut-.'), ;i.')'.i-(;o, :;7'.i--sii. or,!-
()k:ina''ans olisia've sili iiee a
liont
the (lath-lied, but the n
t the jierson dies the ho
is abandnued, arid
sil,
is niourninj,' is joined in by all the cani]i for some lloln^ . then (had
while the bodv i-
lodire torn (h
1)1
Th
wr;iiipe(
I in
a new L;a!'ii
It. !•
;ht (lit, and the
len alt( iiiate liKHtrnini,' and silence, and the (lec(ased i.n
1 hole. Widows must mourn two vcars.
juried 111 a sittiiiL,' posture m a rouni
iucess.mtb' for some months, then onlv mornin'' and eveniii''. Hans' Ailroi.
pp
Frantic lnonrniiiL;. cnttini; the llesh, etc., by Xi /, 1'
/;.
Fur Ihud rs', vol. i.. pji. '2 ;l-"i, -iiiS-'.l, vol ii., p. l:i!). Destrncti
if h
and olh'T
pri
■rty by Spokaiies. ro,i''.s Ailnn., vol, i,, )ip. linO-l. A sliusli
wap widow insti;_'ati-; the murder of a victim as a s.icriliee to iKi'lnbbaiid.
The liorst s of a Walla W.dla chief not used after his death. Iv
\Vii,„l.
pp. J7S~'.), -iCil-."), -rr,, 2h'.). ilnndr. (Is of Was
bod
muse on an island, just below the Dalles. .\ Walla \V
leS (111
(1
11
i!la (
hief
ciiused liim
Self to be buried alive in the u'rave of his last son. linns' \'<ii/., ])p. ],')'.),
IfSl -'*. ,Vnioiii4 the Yakimas and Kliketats the women do the nioiirninu', liv-
ing,' a|i.ut fur a few days, and then biithiiiL,'. Okanaj^'an bodies strap[ cd to a
Stone mounds over Spokane f,'rav(
es. (ii'ilis <ii((
I SI
!■>
H. II
l!<jit., vol. i , jip.-lor), 4i;{, vol. xii., lit. i., p. 1.");). Tend d'On ilh s buried old
and yoiini,' alive when uiiabl,' to take c;ire of theni. hnl. .U)'. Jlipl., l^.")!, pp.
2.;s.
7i
ili^th
lical stacks of drift-
id ' ov(>r A\'alla \\ alia u'lav
7'.s' .Vi(/'., i>. 1")7. Shushwaiis often deposit dead in tre
If in th
f^'roiind. always cover j^Tiive with stones. Mui/ir's 11. ('., p. liiil. KilliiiL! a
slave liy Wascos. W'Idl 's i)i., jip. 'ii'.O-:!. J)ances and pray( rs for thn o
(lavs fit \e/ l'erc(' chief's burial. /
mini .
iniiii' rilii'
,/iv
i. -s:;. J!
ill,' infant with jiareiits by Flatheads. I)r Smrt. I'd//., p. IT.i. Lit^'ht wooih n
I'ali,
Tuin
,'iiili.iut Sliusluvap L;ra\
' /. ill SrIiirilrrdiVs Ar A..
.1/;
II, nl rlirilill 'S Xnrtlitr. / i
in n. r. I'll
in L'lrd's Xnl., vol. ii
pi. ill., ji. Ml
1>
/■.'.171A
'/•
Jl'.l; //I'/. I.in
pp. U.l
-s, 2r,i)-l.
1>. b I;
. p. Ti.");
'■'' Sokulks 'of a mild and ]ieaceable d sp,.>in,:ii
t'hilliiekittiMpiaws 'unusually aos]i'talile and eood b
-;]ieetful to old
(
th.
st amiable we h.ive seen. 'J'heir charai
ived into )iass
Tl
lacid and ''eiill
ijopuni.h It
iiidei il sellish and avaricious.
Will
small articles. J.rirls mvl t'lurh
Tl
V. ;j:!s, ,111, ;i."i], :i7<i
e. r;il( IV
1 1 1 1 r
The Flit heads 'so distinu'uont ]iar la (■i\ilit(', riionni'ti'ti', et la
.].b
He
I, I'
I'P
;w-lii, 17
ill, ic.i;
L(l.-1. Flatheads • ll
lians of the mountains and tlu! jilains,— hoin st, brave, and dc
if,
r.ais • men of j-'reat docilitv and artles-iiess of character.' .^7'
./ 11,.,,/.
ill 1),
.isW'rst. .l/ks„ iji. -isl, 2S1,2'.).I, ;tOi. C
d' \r lie selti.-,h and
lirited. Jh Sill. I, ]r:ss. ih ri)r.'.ii,ii. p. :'•■!'.). In the W:
mil
I'll Ulisuspectin
illlideni
' natural ]i' litei
W.alh:
ibt
10 ohtnisive la
an
fa
iarity. Flatlieads 'frank and L(JSi)itable.' Except eruilty
caiitivos
Vol. I. IS)
11
290
COLUMBIANS.
iiilund native is almost unanimously jn'onouncod supo-
rior to the dwcllor on tlu; coast. Tho excitement t)t' the
chase, of wai', and of athletic sports ennohles the mind
as it develops the l)ody ; and although proljahly not hy
nature l<.'ss indolent than theii' uest' rn neijihbors, yet
are tiicse natives of the interior driven hy circumstances
to habits of industry, and have nuich less leisure time
for the cultivation of . the lower I'orms of vice. As a
race, and compared with the average American aborigi-
nes, they are honest, intellijicnt, and pure in morals.
Travelei's ;u'e liable to form their estimate of national
character from a \iew. ])erha[)s unfair and prejudiced,
ol' the actions of a lew individuals encountered; conse-
(pieuily (pialities the best and the worst have been ^iven
b\ some to each of the nations now under consideration.
lM»r the best reputation the Xe/ Perci's. Flalheads and
Kooteiiiiis have always been rivals; their jzood (jualiries
have been })raise(l by all. ])riest. trader and touiist.
Honest, just, and olh'ii charitable: ordinarily cold and
reserved, but on occasions social and almost ,i:;\\': (juick-
teui[)cred and revenuei'ul under what they consider in-
li;ivc 'fiwcv failing's tliiiii any of the trilics I fvcv met.' Ilravf, (jnirt, ami
iiiMiiiahli' til tli( ir cliii'fs. Sjinkains '(^uiil, lininh.t, iiuill'i lisivi .' l.ut vath( r
i'ld'il.'iit. ' 'I'lKHV^litlcss a!i(l inijii'i ■vidiit.' Cikaii,iL;iiiis ' liiiluli lit rascals;'
' an limii'st ami qiiiit tril)f.' Saiisjioils diiiy. sidlhlul, dislioiicst. ijuarrclMHiic,
etc. t'(M iirs d'Al'iK' ■ uiufiinulv linmst;' 'hkh-c suvaj;c than iIk ii' m iL;h-
1,. .„,... • i,-,,..f..,,.,;^- i...,.,.^f 1,. ..' ;.,,,i.,.,.. «..,,(i,f,,i I.'.,,, ,1, ....,..> ti,;...-;,,., .',..,)
to I'l c ivc iiistnictiiiii. ■ JjVuilc scarce IV Km iwii. jurnn's /..vplnr. li,i<i\ ]i|i,
!)7, l'"i, -I'-Vl, 'J:!'.!, ;!lKi-4, ;i'll-'l2. Of 'the Niriitcimiclis 'the lialiitnal viii-
(liclivciicss (if tlicir character is f.istcrcd liy the ceaseless fdids.' " N( arly
eV' ry f;inily has a luimir veiuh'ttii (if itsewii.' ' I he races that (h]'elid ( ii-
li:- ly iir chielle on tisliiiig, are iiaiiiea.Mii:,My iiil( ricir t(i th(is(; trihes who,
with lervi--' and siiicws hracid bv e\eii ise, and minds c(im|iarativ( Iv eii-
li. .,. - ^.
with lervi--' and simws hraci d by e\( ii isi , and minds c(imiiarativ( ly eii-
ivi'.iled liy frei|nent "Xciteiiieiit. live cull taiitly amid war and the chase'
Aiil'rfoii in llisl. Mi'i., \o\. vii., ii[). Ti-Si). lii'.aml tribes of l>ritisli Cn-
l',i;iibia K'ss industrials and less provident th.in tlie iiiere se(h ntary cdast
' " .Udi/ni'H Ii. ('., \i\). ;iiil, 21)7. Sahai tins 'cdld, tacitninj hii^li-
■ '■■'' ' ■ ' ' ' '" . 1, . .- , . ■ ,f
Ii
iali>
t.' 11 (I'd, WHrhke, fond of liuiitiii!,'.' Pahiiise, Vakiinas, Kliketats, etc., ot
a 'I '~is ha"dy and active teiinieranieiit ' than the Xe/. I'erci's. Unit's Klliiinii.,
iu U. S. A'.i-. J:\\, vol. vi., ini. r.i'J, 21U-l.'t. Cayuscs ' drea(h d by their neigh-
INLAND MOKALITY.
201
justico, ]):il: iv.ilily appeastMl l»y kin;l troatnicnt; crtiol
only to captive t'lieuru's, stoical in the eiiduraiice of tor-
ture; devotedly attached to home and i'amily; these
natives pi*oI)ahly come as near as it is permitted to llesii-
and-hlood savaues to the traditional noble red man of
the forest, s(Mnetimes met in romance. It is the pride
and hoast of the Flathead that his tribe has never she(l
llie blood of a Avhite man. Yet none, uliatever their
tribe, amid altogether resist the tem[)tation to steal
hoi'scs from their neijiliboi's of a dilVerent tribe, or in
foi'nier times, to pilfer small articles, wonderinl to the
;i\:iu.e e\e. introduced hv Europe;
uis.
M
niv have lieen
nominally converted by the zealous labors of the .Jesuit
leathers, or Protestant missionaries: and several nations
liave gi'catly improved, in material condition as avcU
as in character, niider their clianu'c of i'aitli. As ^Ir
Al
exam
ler 1
toss remarks
^tli
lerc is less crime in an
Indian camp of live hundred souls than there is iu a
civilized villai^e of but half that number. Let the
lawyer or moralist jioint out the cause."
!'t. ami
nithi r
i.M-als,'
Millie,
IK ii;h-
iiinaiiil
i. ;iii.
IS. n -
Ski'tu
lliali
r. H'l..
pidiid
to I acli
illxinUM
■. I'l'-
\al vili-
Nt ally
i\(l 1 11-
s wliii,
•( ly (11-
I'liasi'.'
ish (•'-
I'V (Miaht
i; hi!-;li-
itc, "f
■'Al.iii'n-s
,r miuli-
111 iicconut of tlii'ir cimvu'j
1(1 warlike siiirit.' Walla "NValliis 'iiotori-
uiis as
stitious, (
tliiivi
tlirir tiist iiiti rciiursf with whitis.
' Illilwlcllt, sill 01'-
Iniukcu ami (l(l>ancheil. I'liaiactrr nf Flatlic ads, 1". ud il'Or. illcs.
r.ualiUas. l.nl.AjY. 1! pi., \h:,\.-[<i
). 2U(-
!11, 2;.s. ■l■^^^. 2S'J, l^'il. lip. If I
kiiu is aiu
1 KlikVtats 'iiiui-h sir.irior to tlm rivir Indians.' Sli-
l'>
li. /,'. //••/ii'., vol.i., ii|>.(n.".. -ills, |(i:i, lU;, vul. xii., i t.i , i
i:i'.). Wi
iliu^ly vicious.
//
r.-//., lip. i.")ii, ii
Till' Xi/ I'l re s ' iiic, !•< it.iinh ,
nation of siiiits tliaii a lioi-di' of sava'.
Skvn-
:'S. Walla Wi.lla^
ll-'-i:i I ■
A<l^
Vh-b
B'
in I, ji.
llr
T
Aih-iii., iiji. Uil, ■is7, --SK-'.)!, :!()'•. 'I'lishrpaws; //
o»/ ••,•
irm
To'm
lompsoii ilivir Indians vatlu'i' a superior and clc v( r race.
.s/. Oct.. iSHi. • Indians from the Itocky nionntaiiis to tlie falls
if CoIuuiImi, are an honest, inueiiiioiis, an
1 well
.1
l'"t
lie.' liut
dsl) 'low tli;> falls. «i'((.s.s' ,l,iiir.. p. :iOl. riatlie.id ' lieiceiuss ami liailmiity il
w ii
Uld 11 >t !):■ eXC"ed<d.' .V
".'/
0:1"
Tir., ]K ir.:i. Flatla ads, Walla
W.dliH and Nez I'erc
'".'/ •
//'■.^^ V';//i.. pp. 171. 'Jl'.). Kooteiiais; /
>\. ii.
11. 171. W,
h :eb. \</. V
., -U, ?:!. Salisii. Walla Wall.i.; I)'K
p. t;i. W.dla Wallas, Cayusis, and X •/. 1
/('.s' pisirh, Vol. i.. ])
I17,,7.-
Walki
•tviiais;
Lnnfs .\al.
I'l'
ITS.
I). I,
It
('I /('((,
W.dl 1
Ji
.|,H. /„ /., vol. ii.. 11. lit'.i: /•'
iiji. ;ni. lii'i, ;tj(i-s. n.v. reives; (
Tmri
r.
IlilnlhiilK
E
V
Sd
S'ty.. 1
'CM.
■iiids Ii
1 iplin
II';;/,'
Jihi. (>
Wall.i
loi;.
1'
.Vt Dill
ir
.V-((
/-•, ji. .V.I. Flatlieads; Inil. I.[ '<■, j p ix
111
/'
A',
.1.
IV., p
h-
II, H
,j,r.s llr ,1,1 1> ( 'ID, lip. '2S.s-:tilt, :i;:t. At Palles; //-'///, in A
/■s' V'li/., I'^iJI. toni. X., p. SJ; Shcirt. in /'/.. !■< 1, toiii. xii., i- lit.
reiidd'Oivilles; Jnsit, in M., l^iJ, toiu. cxxiii., pp. o31-l.)
292
COLUMniANS.
TRIBAL B O t' N n A U I K S .
Tlio rolninliiiinOronii foinprisoH tht> tribes inhiibilin^ thotrmtory iiiimo-
(liiitily south of tlmt of tlii' llyix'rliorciius, exteiuliiij^ from tho lifty-fifth to
tin.' fdi-ty-third piaulK'l of north hititiulc.
In thk Haidah Family, I indudc till tho const iiud island niitions of
Uritish t'olund)ia, from i'tii' to 52 , iind cxtciidin',' inland aliout one hundred
mill's til tho iHirdcrs of the Chilcotcn I'lain, tho llniddh 7»(/ioH propor hav-
iiiL; thiir home on tho (^uoon Charlotte Islands. ' The Haidah tribes of tho
Mortheni Family inhabit t^ueen Charlotte's Island.' 'The Massettes, Skitte-
{jfiis, Cuiushawas, and other (Haidah) tribes inhabiting' tho eastern shores of
Quoeii Charlotte's Island.' Sniiilir, in L<iiiil. (leoij. Snr. Jnur., vol. xi., j). 2I!I.
'The principal tribes uiion it (ii. Char. Isl.) an' the Sl<eti^,'ets, ^Massets, and
Comshewars.' Dunn's Orcijun, p. 21>2. 'Tribal nanus of tho princijial tribes
inliabitinj,' tho islands: — Kluo, Skiihlan, Ninsteiieo or Capo St. James,
Skida;_,'ato, Skida^'atoes, (lold-Harbour, Cumshowas, and four others
Hyilah is tho <,'en<rie name for tho wholi'.' I'milc'si^K ('li<ii\ Isl., p. ',W,K 'Tho
<'uiiishe\var, JIassit, Skittaiceets, Keesarn, and Ki^'arnee, are monti<ined
as livinu; on tho island.' Lndfirij, Ah. I.nnj., \>. ir»7. The folloiviiif,' bands,
viz.: L-.ilann.i. (or Siilannal, Ni^litan, Massotta, (orMosetto), Xeeoon, .\so-
{^uauf,'. I (ir .VseipiMUL; 1, Skittdot,'utos, Cunishawas, Skoedans, (^ueoah, Cioo,
Kishawin, Kow.veltli, (or Kawwelth), and Too, eompose the tiueen Char-
lotto Island Indians, ' beL;innin^' at X. island, north end, and passing,' round by
tho eastward.' SrlnKilcnn't's Arfh., vol. v., p. ISl); and /vmr's H'dinl., end of vol.
' The Hydah nation which is divided into numerous tribes inhabitiii},' tho
island and tho mainland oiiposito.' livcil's X<ir. ' tiuoon Charlotte's Island
und Frinco of Wales .Vrchipola^o are tho country of tho Ilaiduhs;. . . .includ-
ing' tho IvvfJiany, Jlassett, Sldtte^ctts, Hancj^a, Cumshowas, and other septs.'
Anderson, in iH-it. Mi(i., vol. vii., p. 74. 'Los Indions Koiuhchaonas, Ilai-
das, ?*Iasscttes, ot Skidoj,'ats, do I'ilo do la Koine Charlotte.' Mn/ros, Ei'iihn-.,
torn, ii., p. ;t;{7. My Haidali Family is called by Warro and Vavasour (iun-
eoll, who with tho Xewetto and twenty-seven other tribes live, ' from Lat.
51 to Lat. .■>() , induihii^,' (^ueeii Charlotte's Island; North end of Vancouver's
Island, ^lillbank Sound and Island, and tho Main shoro.' Maiiin's lliulson's
llitij, p. NO.
Tlio Massets and tliirtoen other tribes bosid(>s tln^ Qnacott tribes oc .i,..v
Quoin Charlotte Islands. \V(trrv mnl Variismr, in Martin's Und. liny, p. 80.
The Ninstcuco tribe inhabits 'the southerumost portions of Moresby Isl-
and.' r<.<'l''s(l CInn: As/., pp. 122, iilt-I.-).
The Crosswcr Indians Uve on Skiddeyato Channel. Doirnif, in U. C'd.
Vapirs, vol. iii., p. 72.
Tho Kit\ij(tn'v s inhabit the southern j'art of the Prince of Wales Archipela-
go, ami th(! iiorthovn part oi liueen Charlotte Island. Tho Ky^art,'eys or
Kyyc.rneys are divided by Schoolcraft and Kane into the Youahuoe, ( lictass
lor Clictars\ (iuiahanles, Houayuaii, (or Wonagan), Shouagan, (or Show-
THE IIAIDMI FAIIILY.
293
t^ixn), riiiitclH''ni(\ (or Cliiilclniiii). Arrhir s, vol. v., ji. ■I'-;',); }\'iiii I r'm la,
<M(1 iif vol. 'I'lic Kv^'Mi.'i 'have tli( ir luud-cinnrti is dii (^ikm ii Cliai l"lli's
Aii'liipilii'^o, Imt lInTc lire ii fi'W villiittcs cm the cxtrciiii' soutliiiii |i;iit nf
J'l-iliiM' iif Wales ArrliilK'laj^o.' IhiH's Alxshl, y>. -IW. A coldny of tin Ily-
(lalis ' liavf s('ttl('<l at the si)iitln'lii cxtniiiit v (if I'lilicc (jf Wales's Aicliiinla-
^':i, aiiil ill the Niii'ilicrii Island.' Sroaltr, in Lmrl. (Imi. Sur. .Imir.. vol. \i.,
p. 'Jl'.i. ' Die Kai,i,'aiu ( Ki^^'arnics, Ki^anicc, Ky;_,',"in:<'s dir i;iii.'l,inilii) Ik unji-
iii'n (I'll sinlliclicii 'I'licil dcr Iiisdii ( Arcliiiicis) dcs I'lin/cn vdii Wales.'
It'i'lliiff, Sjn-iiflii' ilir h'di'idiicn, in MilniijfH Uiiss'n, toiii.iii., livrais. v., ]). iiCi'.K
' Till' Ke;,'ariiie tril)i\ also in tlio llnssiaii territory, live on an ininieiise island,
called North Island.' Dmiii's Orc'ian, p. 2H7. 'I'lie Ilydalis of the s(Piith-
eai^lern Alexander Aridii])ela;4(> ilielude 'the Kassaails, the ( hatela i iiees,
and the KaiLjaiices.' I'timlil's Ab.f. Arili., ]i. \IS, 'Called Kai'_;anies and
J'wliaViilians; the foniier beiii'^' near Kai:4an llarhor, and the lattei' near llu!
(riilf of Kliavakan scattered aloie^ the shore from (drdova to 'Idiivel's l!ay.'
Il.ilhrl.-ilirl Sr,,tl, in /,,/. Ajf. //(/-/., ISC',), p. oC-J I. ' A hiaiich of this trihe,
the Kyi^'aiiies (Kij^arnies) live in the southern jiart of the ArcliiiK I of th(!
I'rilice of Wales.' Lmli irij, Ah. hlii'l., p. HO.
• I'll the west and south of I'riiii of Wales Island is an ot^'-slioot of th(!
llydali,' Indians, called Aiii'i^'a or llcnne^^'as. MdlKuiij, in ///'/. .1//'. /.''y//., Isil',*,
The Chhiiaynns inhalat the coiist and islands about Fort Simpson. T( n
tribes of (!hynisyaus ut ' Chathain Sound, I'ortland Canal, Port l^ssini^ton,
ttiid the neij^hbouriiifi Islands." W'trri' Kml I'linifnur, in Mniliii's Ihdlsrm's
111!/, ]i. HO. 'Th(i Chiiiisians or Fort Simpson Indians.' Tdlinii', in l.unl's
X'lL, vol. ii., J). 'I'M. 'Indians iiihabitin;^' the coast and river mouth known
by tint name of Cliyniseyan-i.' //*•/. /.'./''', ]). D^t. The Tsimsheeans live ■ in
tile Fort Sini|)si'n section on the main land.' J'onlr's (J. Cldir. I.sl., p. •l'>7 .
Chimps.-iins, ' livini,' on Cliiiiiiisain Feiiinsula.' .S'i'o//, in Id'l. AlL II />l., IHC",),
ji. .") .IJ. 'J.'lie Chiiniiiesyaiis inhabit 'the coast of the main l.-iiid from 'i~>'
:il) N'., down to i)',i' 'M' N.' tSriHlJlT, in Lnill. (ifnij. Sue. .find-., vol. xi., |l. 'JO.';
Lidl< iri I, A'l. Lnii I., p. 40. The Chimseeaiis ' occupy the country from iJouu;-
las' Canal to .\ass Uiver.' S'niijis'di's Onrldiul .lnnrii.. vol. i., p. linii, \)\.
vided into the billowing' bands: Kispaehalaidy, Kithiii (or Ketlaiie) , K.e-
ches (or Keeellis), Kecuatlitoix, KitwiUeoits, Kitcliaelalth, Kelntsah 'orKet-
ut-,ah), K('U(^b(MV Kicg, Ketandoii, Ketwilkcijia, who inhabit 'Chatham's
Sound, fioiii I'ortlund Canal to Fort KssiiiL;toii (into wideh Skeeiia llivir
discliitr^es) both main land and the iiei;.,diboriii^' isl
Srl„„,lr
vfr.
Arrli., vol. v., p. -IST; Ivim's Wdiul., end of vol. The Cliyiusyan eonia ction
' exteiidiiii,' from Milbaiik Sound to Observatory Inlet, iiicludiii;^' tiie Sebas-
dow'es, NasH, luul other ott'setn
Ad If
in Hist. .]/<
71. Mr. Umiean divides t
le natives spi
iiiiL,' the Tsi
msliea
'./.. voi. vii.
u laneuiejc
into four parts at F(ut Simpson, Nass liiver, Sk^ciia Uiver, and the islands of
Milbank Sound. ' .1/'(////('.'< //. ',, p. i>.'p(i.
The Keeihratkdi liv(, ' near Fori Siiai
m.' /./.
1'
'21',).
The .\'d!in 1 nation lives on I lie banks of the Nass Uiver. but the name is oft i
iplied ti all the maiiil.ind tiilies of uh it 1 term the Ilaiilah l"
aion consists of the Kithati
Kit;i
K( ti
Ki
iiiiily. The
nawalax jor
i
'^
204
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
Kiudvoaliix), Idojitf'd ill that order frfun the month upward, .'^rhonlird/t'ii
Ari'h., vol. v., 11.487: A''//(»'',s' H''//((/., end of vol. Fotir tribes, 'Xiissllivir
on tlie ^Fiin land.' K'n-zv nml Vdnis'itr, in Murtin's Ilnilsnii's [iai/, ]>. HO.
'On Obsi rvat.iry Inlet, lat. 55 .' liri/ant, in Am. Autiq. Soc. I'l'unsitit, vol. ii ,
]). 3:>2. Adjoin the Seb^'ssa tribe. I'lmiie'iUls' .V. Elihiroil), p. 107. .\l)ont
Fort Simpson. Dunn' , <>n'\iim, p. 279. The llailtsa. Haeelt/nk, Billechoola,
and Chinunesyan" are Nass tribes. Lwkwhj, Ah. Lnnij., p. KiO. See litixih-
HKinn, lirit. ynriliimi'); pji. ;j',)8-l()l).
'There is a tribe of about 200 souls now living,' on a westerly branch f>f
the Naas near Stikeen Itiver; they are called " L.aekweips " and formerly
lived on Portland Channel.' Smtl, in Ind. Aft'. lii-j>l., IHOi), p. 5(;3.
The Sli''i-iitis are on tli(^ river of the same name, ' at the month of the
Skeeiia River.' Wdtrf itrnl I'crasfur, in M(tiiiii'n lliul.fDii's lUni, p. HO. They
are the ' Kitsalas, Kitswiiigahs, Kitsi<,'uehs, Kitspayuehs, Ilayulgets, Kitsag-
lis, and Kitswinseolds.' Smit, in Iial. Aff. Tii'iit., iHl!!), p. ."nl;}.
Keeehumakarlo (or Keechumakailo) situated 'on the lower part of the
Skeeua River.' SckoolcrajT s Ari'h., vol. v., p. 187; Kdm's Wand., end of
vol.
The Kitswinseolds live 'between the Xass and theSkeena.' Srott, in /;/(/.
Aff. R pi., 1809, p. 5(J3. The Kilatels live 'on the islands in Ogdeu's Chan-
nel, about sixty miles below Fort Simpson.' hi.
The SiliassKs occupy the shores of (laiduer Channi 1 and the opposite
islands. Inhabit Banks Island, ^hiijisim'n (Jn'rlaml Jmini., vol. i., p. 2(J().
The Labass.is in live tribes are situated on 'Gardner's Canal, Canal de Trin-
cipe, Canal de la Reida.' WdrreKml Vdraseitr, in Mitrlin's IliKhon'n Bmj, p. 80.
Keekheatla (or Keetheatla), (Jli Canal de Principe; Kileatah, at the entrance
of Gardner Canal; Kittamaat (or Kittamuat), on the north arm of Gard-
ner Canal; Kitlopo on the south arm; Neeslous on Canal de la Reido
(Reina). .'^^7/o()/(•yv//7's .Ice/*., vol. v., ]>. 187; Ivnic's ir'/o/., end of vol. 'In
the neighbourhood of Seal Harbour dwell the Sebassa tril)e.' <'(iniinilHft' X.
Eldomilii, p. lOfi. 'The Shebasha, a powerful tribe inhabiting the numerous
islands of Pitfs Archipelago.' Bryant, in Am. .\uiiii. Site. Tniiisdcl., vol. ii.,
p. 302.
The MUlhank Snnnd tribes are the Onieletoch, Weitletoch (or Weetletoch),
and Kokwaiytoch, on !Millbank Sound; Eesteytoch, on Cascade* Canal; Kui-
muchquitoch, on Dean Canal; Bellahoola, at entrance of Salmon River of
Mackenzie; Guashilla, on River Canal; Nalalsemoch, at Smith Inlet, and
AVeikemoch on Calvert Island. Sclninlrnn't's Arch., vol. v.. pj). 487-8; Kiim's
Wdiid., end of vol. 'The Millbank Indians on ilillbiadc Sound.' l'>rij<nd, in
Am. A)iti(j. Soi'. Trdn.'idrl., vol. ii., p. .'t(l2.
The litlldrootds live about the mouth of Salmon Rivi r.
'Bentick'sArms
^inhabited by a tribe of Indians — the Bellaghchoolas. Their village is near
Salmon River.' Dnini's Or>'[ii>n, p. 2(')7. The Billechoolas live on Salmon
'unUimi r., ji. 1^81. Tht* liella-
y,i(/v/'.s A''(^. vol. ii., !>. '258.
River in latitude SiC \W . liuscln
ISrit. ^
hoolas 'on the banks of tln> Salmon river.' J.n,
'The Indians at !Milbank Sound called lulbillahs.' Iiinm'ti Onijon, p. 271.
' Siiread along the margins of the i
iunii rous ca
n:ds or inlets with which lliis
part of the coast abounds.' ticuubv. in Lmnl. (I'lmj.
Ji.tir., vol. xi., II
THE NOOTKA FAMILY.
205
'III tlic n(i,L,'lil)oni'lio()(l of the Fovt (McLonf,'hliii) was a vill ii^o of about tivo
liiiuili'fd l!allal)ollas.' Siiiijison's Orvrl'iiid Jimni., vol. i., p. 2li2.
The l/dilh'is, llailt/nks, or llat'd/nks 'dwell to the ioiitli of the r>illi>-
cliiiola, ami iiilialiit lioth t\u; iiiaiiilaiid and tlu^ noi'thcrn cntraiict' of \'nii-
(•ointr's Island from latitude ."i.'t 30' N. to ")(( 3(1' N.' .Sfunlir, in LodiI. (Icmi,
,s'.<i'. ,/((»)•., vol. xi., p. '224. 'The Ilailtsacoinnicucin^'inaliout latitude •")l N.,
and exteiidiii},' tliroULjli tliti rainitieations of Fit/lu)j,'li and Milliaidi i-ounds.'
Aiiii'-rsiiii. ill Ilhl. Miiij., vol. vii., p. 7-1. ' An dieseni Sunde (llilbank) woli-
iieii die llailtsa-Indianer.' liunrlunann, Brit. Xonldincr., p. 383; Tolniic, iu
J.nnl's Xiil., vol. ii., p. '230.
TiiK XooTKA Family dwells south of the Haidah, ocrupyiiif,' tli(> coast of
I')iitish ('oliinil)ia, from Hentinek .\rms to the mouth of the Fiaser, and the
wliole of Vanconvor Island. l?y other authors (he name haslieen i iiqiloyed
to desiujiiate a tribe at Nootka Sound, or aiijilied to nearly all (he Coast tiila s
of tile Columbian (Jroup. ''I'he native po|)Ulation of Vaneouver Island. . . .
is chiefly coiuposfd of the follow! iii; tribes:— North and East coasts i in order
in which they stand from North to South) — Qiiackolls, Newittees, Coniuxes,
Yukletas, Suanaimuchs, Cowitchins, Sanetehs, otlier smaller tribes;- South
Coast ( . . from East to West ) — Tsomass, Tsclalliims, Sokes, I'atcheena, Seii-
natuch;— AVest Coast (from South to North) — Nitte(>nats, Chadukutl,
diatnch, Totpiatiix, Schissadlch. I'patsesatuch, Cojuklesatuch, l'(jlu\latuch,
Clayoipiots, Nootkas, Nespods, Koskeeinos, otlier small tribes." Hi'imt, in
f.diuL (Icdij. Sor. Jnur., vol. xxvii., p. 2'.)3. 'In Barclay Sound: I'acheenett,
Nittinat, Ohiat, Ouchuchlisit, Opecluset, Shechart, Tocpiart, T^letah, Tso-
juass; — Clayoquot Sound: Clayocpiot, Kilsaniat, .Vhimset, iraniiawousiit, Ish-
(|uat; — Notitka Sound: Matchdats, Jloachet, Neuchallet, Ehateset.' Mniiuv'n
H. ('., p. 2.")1. 'About Queen Charlotte Sound;— Nawoetee, Quucolth, Quee-
havuacolt (or Queeha(placoll), Marmalillacalla, Clowetsus (or Cla\V(tsus),
^lurtilpar ((U' !Martilpar), Nimkisli, AVi'warlika, 'Wew.irkkuni, Clalbu is (or
Clalluiis), Cumqnekis, Laek<pu'libla, Clehuse (or Clehure), Soiitinu (or
Soiiknu). (^uicksutinnt (or (^iiicksulinut), A(iuamish, Clelikitte, Narkoek-
tau, Qiiainu, Exenimuth. (or Cexeninuth), 'I'enuckttau. Oiclela.' Srhfinlcrni'l'n
-l/v/(,. vol. v., p. 488; /linie'.s ir<ni(/,, end of vol. On the seabord, snidi (f
Nidiiaht Sound, and on the Nitiiiaht Kiver, the I'acheeiiaht and Nili-
iiiiht tribes; on IJari'lay, otherwise Nitiiiaht Sound, tlii^ Ohyalit, llowchu-
klisaht, Opechisaht, Seshaht, Youclulalit, and Tocpialit tribes; on Klalioli-
• piaht Sound, the Klaholi(piaht, Killsinaht, Alioiisaht and .Manolisaht
t;ibis; on Nootkali Sound, tlie IIishi|Uayah(. .Miulilaht, .Moouchat (tli(>
M'-(;illi.(l Nootkahs), ,\yhuttisaht and Noocliahlaht : north of Nootkah
Siiuiid, the Kyolupiaht, Cliaykisaht, and Klahosaht tribes, .'^jirnal's Snn/.y,
]'. 3 18. Alphabetical list of lam,'u,ai,'es on N'anciuiver inland: .\lei\vzar(s,
Aiti/.zarts, .Vytcharts, Cayuquets, EsJKjuales i or Escpiiate^i. Klahars. Klaiz-
/arts, KlaocKpiates (or Tlaoipiatch), Michlaits, Mowateliits, Neiicliadlils. Neit-
witties, Niwcheniiiss, (Nuchimas), Saviniiars, Schoomadifs, Siitlisi (is, 'I'lao-
quatcli, AVicaiianish. JIiisi-IhikDhi, llrit, .Xnriliini' i\, ji. .ill). '.Viuoiil; (hose
from the nordi wer(^ the .Vid-varts. Schoiniiadits, Neuwi((i( s, Sasiiiiiars,
-Miowzarts, Mowatchiis, Sudisetts, Neucliadli(s, Michlails. ami (■aym|Ue(s;
\hv most of whom were considered as tribiitarv to Nootka. irom du- Suudi
2r)G
TRIBAL BOUXDAIUES.
the Aylcliiii'tM, aiul Esciuiiitcs also trilmtiivy, with tlio Kl loniinatcs and tlio
'Wickaiiiiiiiish, !i lartjc iind ])()\v('i'fnl trilic, alunit two Inuidrid niili s distant.'
Jrii-JH's .\'(ir., \)\). ;i('>-7. 'Tiihi's situated bcfwiiu NaiiaiiiHi and I'dvt liupcrt,
(in till' north of Vancouvc'V Island, and the mainland Indians lutwccu
the sanii' jii lints. .. .ai'u divided into several trihes, the Niinoose, ('ciinunx,
Ts'iniiikish, (^naw^nmlt, iVc, on the Island; and the Scinawniisht, Seehelt,
ClahiMise, Ueletah, Manialilaeulla, Arc, on the coast, and anion^' the small
islundH oflf it.' .V(ii/ii<''s li. ('., p. 21:). List of trihes on Vancouver Island;
' Soni,'es, Saneteh, Kawitchiii, Uchulta, Nimkis, (^uaijuiolts, Ne\v(>itir, (^uack-
too, Nodtka, Nitinat, Klay(juoit, Soke.' I"niill<ii/'s Dinrltini, jiji. li'.ll "J. The
proper niime of the Vancouver Island Trihes is Yucnatl. Lmkirlj, Ah. Jmikj.,
J), liii"). The Xootka Territory ' exteiuls to the Northward as fur as Cape Saint
Jiinies, in the latitude of 5-2 20' N. . .and to th<' Southward to the Islanils. . .
of the Wicananish.' Mcurrs' Voji., \>. 2'2H. ' The Cawitehaus, Ucaltas, and Co-
(juilths, who are I believe of the same family, occupy the shores of the (Julf
of (ieor.Ljia and Johnston's Straits.' Amhrsuti, in 11 ist. Md'i., vol. vii., p. 74.
'Twenty-four tribes speaking; the f'hallani and Cowaitzchim lanjj;n;if,'es, from
latitude .")0 aloni,' the Coast S(juth to Wliilby Island in latituile is ; part of
Vancouver's Island, and the moutli of Franc's Itiver.' Also on tlie Strait of
Juan de Fuca and Vancouver Islands, tlu! Saneteh. three tribes; llallams,
eleven tribes; Sinahomish; ^katcat; Cowitchici, seven tribes; S<ike; Cowit-
ciher. three tribes. M'avn'dnil \'iiri(siHr, in Miirlin'.i Iluilsan's /)"//. p. 81; also
in llirjill'!< li. ('., pji. (i(U7. Five tribes at Fort Ilupert; — (^uakars, (jual-
(piilths, Kumcutes, Wanlish, Lockqualillas. I.urd's Xnl., vol. i., p. KSu.
'The Chicklezats and Alia/.ats, iidiabitinf,' districts in close proximity on tlu;
West coast of Vanconvir.' Duvv't-LimuiviVx 7'/-((c., p. II. 'North of the dis-
trict occupied by the I'cletahs come the Nimkish, !XIamalilacula, Mateljiy
and two or three other smaller tribes. The JIamalilaculas live on the main-
land.' Mdipic'x B. ('., p. '21'.). The population of Vancouver Island 'is di-
vidi'd into twelve tribes; of these the Kawitchen, (^uaiiuidts and Nootka are
the lari;<st.' ('tirnirnllix' X. Eldnntilo, p. 31). ' Ouakichs, (irande ile de
(Quadra ct Van Couvcr.' Mofras, E.vplnr., fom. ii., p. ;j:i.").
In naming' the following tribes and nations I will be^n'n at tlu^ north and
follow the west coast of the island smithward, then the east coast and main
land northward to the startiuf^'-point.
'ihe rrloiiis inhabit Scott Island. Schookraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 488;
KdHv's W'diul., end of vol.
The (^icOKS dwell at Cape Scott. /(/.
The Qiincliif arc found in the ' woody part N.AV. coast of the island.' /•'(/((/-
1(1)/' s Dinrtori/. p. ;{'.»1.
The lvisl,iciiii)n and Qnnl/ino.'i live on 'the two Sounds beaiint; those
names.' .!/"//»' '.s II. ('.. p. 2")1. Kuskema, and (juatsinu, 'outside Van-
I'luvcr's Island smith of C. Scott.' SrliodlrrnjTs Anh., vol. v., p. 4SS; /vim's
W'tiiiil.. end of vol.
The h'l/i'Kriit, 'north of Nootka Sound, i.s the largest tribe of the West
coast.' M<i!pir'.-< li. ('., p. 251.
The Ailiizdit.-i are 'a people living,' about thiity or forty miles to the North-
ward ' of Noiitka Sound. ./< irlll's .S'ar., pp. tili, 77.
NATIONS INIIAinXINfl VANCOUVER ISLAND.
21)7
is lU-
a avi-
de
mill
iiiiiiu
488;
Finil-
tliosi'
Viiu-
West
iNorth-
Tlic Ahts live OH the west cimsi of the island. 'The localities iidiiiliitcd
liy till' .\lit friln'S ai'i'. cliictly, the three larj,'e SoiiiidH on the west coast of
\'aiiciinvei' Island, <'alled Nitinaht (or IJarclay) KlaholKiuuht, and Nootkah.'
Sjirmd's Si'ini'ft, j). Id.
The Cli'ii-hli'-iihln and Alcizdlfi inhabit districts in close i)roxiniity on tho
west coast of Vancouver. Iiiirrill-I,''iiiiiirir.i Tnir., )>. 11.
The Cliii/iiiiiiiits, or Klaholuiuahts, live at Clayoiiuot Sound, and the ^loo-
uchats at Nootka Sotnid. Sin'ixit's .Set /«■.•(, pp. 22, 25. North of the Wiek-
iuinish. .liiriU'n Xnr., \k 7<>.
'J'he 'ri>i/iiiil,t.i arc a jieojile 'whoso villaf;(i is in iv dreary, reinoto piirt of
Nitinalit (or Harclay) Sound.' Siirmit'x Sci'ui's, p. 104.
The S'sliuls live at .Vlberni, IJarclay Sound. Siirniit's Srcnon, ji. .t.
The I'drlmwis, or ' l'aclieen(tts, which I have included in ISarclay Sound,
nlso inhabit I'ort San Juan.' Mui/in's Ji. ('., ]>. 251.
The Tliiiiiinnlch occupy the south-western part of Vancouver. 'Den Siid-
westen d( r (^uadra-und Vancouver-lnsel nehnien <lie Tlao(|uateh ein deren
Spraehe niit der voni Nutka-Sunde vi'rwandt ist.' liiisihiiiiimi, llril. .Xnriliiiin r.,
]>. :!72. Tlaoc|uatch, orTlo(piateh, on ' the south-western coast of Vaneouvers
l.sland.' l.iKh'inj, Ah. I/iii'i.. p. I'^'^.
The Snhs dwell 'Intween Victoria and Harclay Souial.' Min/w's II. ('., ji.
2.'')1. 'East point of San Juan to the Sonijes territory.' Fimll'ii/'s ll'mrUirj,
]). :t'.)2.
The U'ii-l/uiiiinish live abotlt two hundred miles south of Nootka. J( iritt's
X(ir.. p. 7(!.
The Sdii ih!c:< an^ ' a tribe collected at and around Victoria.' Mhi/ik 's I!. I'.,
p. 21;!. 'The SonLjliish tribe, resident near Victoria.' Mm-jic's \'ttiir. Isl., p.
4:Jl(. Son^'es, 'S.E. ]>art of the island.' F'lh'lhn/a hirci'lnri/, ji. Ii',11.
The Sitiiiirh dwell 'sixty miles N.W. of Jlount Douylas.' Fimllai/'n Dinrt-
ori/. p. ;f',(l.
The ' 'oir'irhhin live ' in the harboiu' and vall(>v of Cowitchen, about tO miles
north of Victoria.' Mni/nf's Ji. ('., p. 24:t. 'Cowichin river, wliieh falls into
that (Ilaro) canal about 20 miles N. of Cowichin Head, and derives its
name from the tribe of Indians which inhabits the iieii,ddionrin^,' country.'
I >nuil(ts, in Loml. (Ivinj. Sor. ,/o»;',, vol. xxiv., p. 24(i. Kawitehin, ■ eomitry
N ".»'. of Sanetch territory to the entrane<' of .Folinson's Stri'its.' Fimlliij/'s
Jtinrtnri/, p. li'.H. 'North of I'rasi r's Itivir, and on the opposite shores of
Vancouver's Island.' .S'ox/ic, in J^nml. lliiKf. Snr. Jimr., vol. xi.. p. '_2I.
' North of Eraser's Itiver, on the north-west coast.' Lmhtrhi, Ah. Ijoni., p. 111.
The Ciiiiiii.i', t)r Kt)niux, 'live on the east coast between the Kowitehan
and the (^luocpioulth tribes.' SjiriKil'n Sciins. p. ;ill. Comoux. south of John-
ston Straits. Srlitinlcrn/rs .lee/*., vol. v.. ]). 4MS; Kiiin's W'dml,, end of vol.
The Conioux 'extend as far as Cape ^lud^e.' Mm/iic'.-i I!. ('., p. 213.
The Kirii nil mils dwell about the ..lonth of tlie l''raser. ' .\t and about the
entrance of the Eraser liiveristhe Kuantlun tribe: they live in villa^'es which
eitend aloni^' tho banks of the river as far as Langley.' Alai/ni'.'i Ji. ('., jip.
2 in, 211.").
The Tills live on the lower Frazer THver. ' Eroni the falls (of the Eraser)
downward to the seucoast, the buuks of the river are inhabited by several
208
TIUr.AL IJOrNDAKIES.
I
T.
liriuiclifM nf tlif H^iitlin or Ti'it trilir.' Ainhrsim, in Tflsl. Mikj., vol. vii., p.
7H. 'Exti'iidiii'^' fruiii Laii^jlty to Yuli', iin the Siiicss, Cliillwiiyhook. l*al-
liilts, mill 'I'latcs . . .Till- Siiiiss JtuliMiis occiiiiy the Snicss Itivcr mid lake,
mill the I 'liilhvMvliiioks the river ainl lake nf tliat iiaiiif.' MiiijHi'n It. C, p.
2'.)"). 'I'cali' Indians. St-e Ilrnirmt't's Map nf I'ur. Stulis.
The \(ii('iiiiin.i tin- '<,'atliin d al)iait tlic nioiith nf tlic Frnscr.' Mnjiin'n
li.t'., \i. "Jl !.— Cl.icHy on a river named tlic Nanainio, which falls into W'vn-
tuhuysen Inht. Ihnvjldn, in Loud, tieoij. Sur. ,/iiitr., vol. xxiv., jt. 217.
The Sf/ii'iiriiiislil-i 'live in Howe Sound.' Mhijik'x IS. ('., ji. 243.
The ,s' rl.ills live on .Fervis Inlet. Maipu's II. <\, pii. 21;M.
The I'l'iliiii/.tf, or Kluhous, 'live iu Desolation Sound.' Mai/ne's Jl. ('., pp.
2-13-4.
The Xdiiii'i.ti- ' inhabit the harbour and district of that name, which lies 50
miles noitji of Nanainio.' .I/'///;e '.s II. ('., p. 213.
The 'I'liridtus. or Talicnltahs, live at I'oint Mud!,'o on Valdes Island. Lord's
Ned., vol. i.. i>. ]."».">.
The Crhlns are found 'at and heyond Cape Mudgc' 'They hold ]iom-
fipssion of the co'intry on both sides of Johnstone Straits until nut ".0 or
3t( miles south of Fort Iti'inrt by the Ninijikish and Manuililacullas.'
Mdi/iii's II. I'.. J). 214. Youj,'letats — ' I'ne partie eampe sur I'ile Vancouver
flle-iiicnie, le restc liabite sur le continent, an nord de la llivicre Fiasir.'
l)e .Sunt. .l/(,s-.s. de /'0;'i'</"», p. 340. Yonj^letats, both on Vancouver Island,
and on the mainland above the I'laser llivcr. lUdihir, in yiuvalkn Auiadis
dc.-i i'lii/., \Hi'>. tinii. cviii.. pp. iid!;-?.
The Xiiid.isli are ' at the mouth of the Ninipkish river, about 15 miles be-
low Fort l!up' rt.' Miii/m's, It. ('., p. 24'.»; Lord's Sat., vol. i., p. 158.
The .S'friiJIds and (Jioddtiiirnlttis dwell at the entrance of Johnston Straits.
Schoiilrnij'l'ri Anh., vol. v., p. 488; Juan's Witnd., end of vol.
The (^''(/■■l."lls and " two smaller tribes, live at Fort liUjiert.' Muyia'.i B. ('.,
pp. 244. 21'.*. 'On the north-east side of Vancouver's Island, are to be
found the ("ocpiilths." Corinridlis' .X. Eldoritdo, \^. [)8. Coijuilths, a nnnier-
oiis tribe livinL,' at the north-east end. f)nnn's ()rt'(ii)n, p. 2l>i). The C'ogwi 11
Indians live around Fort llupert. Jldrrd-fA'UKard'.^ Tn(r., p. (18.
The .\nrUteis ' east of Cape Scott. .. .meet th(^ (iJuaWHUults at Fort I!u-
pert.' Miiijiie's li. C, p. 251. Neweet},', 'at N.W. entrance of Johnson's
Straits." F'lndhiii's iJirertori/, p. 3'.)1. 'At the northern extremity of the
island the Ni wette tribe.' i'oniii-'dHt' X. Kldnrada, \>. 118. Newcheiiiass came
to Xootka ■ from a great way to the Northward, and from some distance in-
land.' diir'iU's Xili\, J). 77.
The Siiiil,iiiiliiliicl,s inhabit the intirior of the northern end of Vancouver
Island. Liirl's X<ii.. vol. i., p. 158. 'At the back of ISarclay Sound,....
nboni two days' journey into the intirior, live the only inland tribe....
They are called the I'patse Satuch, and consist only of four families.' O'ruid,
in Liiiid. <-'<oj. .S<i;. Juc.r., vol. xxvii., p. 2b7.
Thk Sorxn F.\mii,v includes all the trib( s about Puget Sound and Ad-
mil-alty Inlet, occnpying all of AVashington west of the Cascade llange, ex-
cept a narrow strip along the north bank of the Columbia. In locating tlie
nations of this family I bigin with the extreme north-east, follow the eastern
THE SOUND FAMILY.
29!)
Bliorfs of tho Hoimil soiitlnviird, the wostcrn hIkhts northwnnl, nml i\ oust
(if till' racilic simtlnviinl to (Jruy lliulinr. List of Iriliis lictwic ii ()lyiii|iiii
1111(1 Nawaiikuiii IJivcr. ' Stiiktiiiuisli, S(jiiiil\H'iianiisli, Sclu liwamisli, S(|iiiil-
liaiuinli, l'n,vulln|<uiiiish, K'hoiiianii.^li, Si)(|imniish, Siiiahoinisti, Siioijuiil-
iiuMik, Sinaaliiiiisli, Nnokliunmi.' Tnliiiif, in ///(/. Aff. Ilijil., lhr)4, ]>. '2.">1;
,V'ii'((i.s, in /■'('■. It. 11. Hii't., vol. i., p. liit. A raiiadiiin traiiju'r found tlui
followins,' trilifs Ixtwccn Fort Nisciuallv and Frascr IJivtr; • Sukw.'nics, Sii-
iiahi'iincs, Tshikatstiit, Piii.ih', and Kaw.tshin.' link's KUnimi., in /'. >'. /•.>.
7i.i'., vol. vi., 1)1). 'J'iO-l. C'hi'J'Uuli's, wfst; Cowlitz, sontli. and Nisijiially,
lii.st of Pu^'ct Sound. Srhodlt-nnTs Arch., vol. iii., p. 2(10. iimp.
'I'll.' .'^Vo
'liiiKdIiiiiiiiifi occupy
th
'coast towards Fra/cr's river.
I'm t\
liiuunii Point and Frazcr's llivcr.' Sterp))s, in Iml. Aff. Hij,!., 1M.")1, ]ip. 'JIT,
'J.") I. 'Most northern tribe on the .Vuierican side of tiie line.' (ilhhs, in I'dc.
J!. 11. II i>t., vol. i., p. 4;t:i; SrlmnlrrinTs Arrli., vol. v., p. i'.ll.
The 1.
niiiiiii.-i 'a
ro divided into three liands a band for eacli nioutli of
the riUiiinii Itiver.' Fit-Jnuili, in linl.Afl'. Hrj)!., IH.")?. p. 1)27. 'On the north-
ern shore of r>elliii''liani l>av.' .^V'
in Iwl.Aff. AVy>/., lh.")t, p. Lll. 'L
mi river, and peninsula.' IL, p. "250. 'On a river ('niptyin;,' into tlie north-
ern part of IJellin^hani Imy and on the peninsula.' /</., p. lilT, and in I'lu:.
J!. /.'. l!ift., vol. i., p. i'.i.i.
The .V(io/,,s(//.,s' are ' on tho south fork of the Luinnii River.' Slvnus. in Iml.
A'/. Hii'l., l)S.">t, p. 2.")(). Nooksahk, ' on the niiiin fork of the river.' /i/.,p."217.
Nociks'dik, 'above tht^ Luuniii, on the main fork of the river' h'i'ihs. in I'nr.
I!, a. I! I't., vol. i., p. ■i'.i'.i. 'South fork Lunnni rivi'r.' I'l. p. -4.!"). Xoot-
s.iks 'occupy the territory from the base of Jlount IJaki'rdown to within live
miles of the mouth of the Luninii.' ('nk'nKiti, in llarpiT's Mh'J., vol. xxxix., p.
T'.i'.l. N'euksacks 'principally aroinid the foot of Mount IJaker." FilJui'Ji. in
//'•/. .1;/'. Ill pt., lis.")?, p. ii'J^i. 'J'Ik' Neukwi rs and Siamanas, or Sti<'k Indians
' live on lakes back of Whatcom and Sianumu Likes and their tributaries.' /i/.,
p. '.Vl'.l. Three trilxs at ]!ellin;,'ham l>ay, Neiiksack, Samish, and Lumniis,
with some Neukwers and Mamanas who live in the back country. /(/ , p. li'JCi.
Ncuksacks, a tribe inhabiting,' ii country drained by the riv.r of the same
name. . . .takin;,' the name Liuiiiui before enq tyin;.; into the (iulf of (ieor^'ia.
in lirl.Atr. Unit
.\iii. (JiKir. Hi
,>7.
.1. lii
p. l^N. Nookliinimie, 'around llelHnxhiinrs
1'
iS'.l; .Si-lii,iilcrii:'l's Arrh., vol.
1'
■11.
11
le >'(///iis// live on Saniisii j;iv(r and southern jiart of ]>ellin!,'hani liay.
Str
ill /(/(/. Afl'. Hipl.. bs."il, ]ip. 217,
Thev have si V( iiil islands
tl
lev claim as
th
iheritii
ther with a liu'
4
if tli
main land.' Fililntih, in Ind. Aff. Ilipt.. KS.')7, j). .'527.
Tlie Shiifils 'live on the main around the mouth of Skaj,'it river, and own
tiie iiiitral parts of Whidby's island, their [.rincijial t,'round beinj,' the nt i;^h-
biiihind of Penn's covi
N/i'
in I'nr. J!. /.'. /.■,/,/
il. i.
1'
l: ;!.
/../. ,1/?'. lirjit., 1«.")4, p. 21i'i. Whidby's Island ' is in the possession uf llie Sa-
ihittribe.' 'riiiiriilun'sOiin. ((Ill I '<il., \i>\. i.. p. 1,(10. The Sachets inhabit \\ hid-
livs Island. Will,!
r. N. i:.v. j:.i
ll.
1'
ilO.
[■hits
ibout
Possession Sound.' Xiculni/'.'s Oiju. Vw., p. IKl. Skadjets,
111 th sidi s of
til' Sk;iiljet riv( r, and on the north end of Whidby's Island.' .^i-hnnlrnijT.f
■ ll.
ll. v., p. 7oI; Am. (Jiuir. Ji'rji.-iti-r, vol, iii., p. I.h8. 'The Skiiyit,
oil
I
i
3(J()
TUir.AL UOrNDAIilKS.
\
SUiii,'it liMr, mill rcnirs cdvc,' the N'lHiiicliiiiiii'^h, SnmlMilin, ^Ii^.klli^vll1l,
Siiiiinii'liii, oil tlif liniiii'lics of tlic HiiJiic ii\(r. >/i n/is, in hid. A[)'. I! I'l.,
]H.")|, p. 'J,")(|; /',(,'. /,', /,'. /;.y)^, vol. i., ji. l:!."!. SiK kaiiiiikc, ' In iidwuti is of
KUiii^it liivir,' Ni'iitiilivii,', 'iioitli end of \\lii(lliy'K IsImikI, iiml county )»'-
fwrrii SkM^^it's river iiiul l5eilin^liuiii'H 1)ii\.' Cowewaeliin, Noothiini, Mie-
iiiissdukH, north to Fnizer Uiver. Si'liunli'm/rn Arrh,, vol. iv,, ]>. TiIiH.
'I'he KihhiU'iH oecnpy the Imiiks of 'KiluMlIis rivi r iiiul Whitliy's island.'
ShrniH, in Iml. .[tf. Itij)!., iM.'it, j,p. 'Jlf., 'jr.lt.
The Sl.ii/'<il,iiiiiisli {\\\fl\ in the 'coiuitrv aloiw^' tlu' SkevHelminish river and
the north hruiich of tlm Sinuheniish.' Srlnnilcrd/t's Arcli., vol. v.. i>, 7(11 ; Am.
l^itiir. lliii'istn; vol. iii., p. ItMH.
'Vhv Siiii/iniiiish resiile on 'the Honthern end of Whidliy's island, and
the eoiintry on and near the mouth of tiii' Siiiahoiiiish river.' Slmn^',
ill l''i<\ I!. I!. H'lit., vol. i., jip. -l.'(.', I:)'). 'The Sinaiieiiiish 'live on tlie
Siiialieiiiish river ; falling,' into I'ossession Soinidi.' Silii'iilcrniTs Arch., vol. v.,
]i. 7oi ; Am. i^mir. Itr ii.-.lir, vol. iii,, p. ',WH. ' Sinahoiinii /. i en \Z triliiis) de hi
rivi''re l''raser a In haie d(^ PiiLfi't.' .Mni'ms, A'.i'/i'n/'., toni. ii., ])^l.!"i. 'N'i|iint]-
iiiaiuish, Skywhamish, Sktuhlejiini, ujijier hranches, nortii side. Sinahoiiiish
l-iver.' Slfriii.t, in Iml. Aff. Hipt., 18.-)4, Jip. 'JlTi. 'i")!!. Neewalliisll, • Nee-
waiiiish river, hay and vicinity;' Sahnimiiish, 'on a lalic lutween Neewaniisli
and Snohomish river;' Snohomish, 'South end of Whitney's Island, Sno-
liomish river. Imy and vicinity,' Skeawamish, 'north fork of the Snohomish
river, ealliMl Ski'awamish river;' Skiiekstaiiaiumiis. ■ Skiickstanajumi s river,
H hranch of Skeawamish ri-er;' Stiilu'iuaniish, ' Stilliuiuaiiiish river and vi-
cinity;' Kickuallis, 'mouth of Kii'kualiis river and vicinity.' >ifliii(ilrifij'r.^
Arch., vol. iv., p. "j'.iH. Stoluchwamish, on Stoluchwaniish river, also calhd
Hteilaijuamisli. Slrrcn.^, in I'dc. It. U. Jlipl., vol. i.. pp. V-i'l, 4;iri, also iii
//'(/. A.()'. llijit., lMi")4, pp. '24i!, '250. Sqniiiamish, Swodainish, Sinaahmish,
'north end of AVhithy's island, canoe passau'e, and Sinamish river.' Iil ,
])]). '147, "^r)!). 'Southern end of Whidliy's island and Sinahomish river.'
Slrrnis. in /''/''. 7i. II. Ii'i/il., vol. i., \)\>. -IWl-'-i.
The SiKiiiiKihiKiii/.s ' reside on the south fork, north side of the Sinahomish
river.' Stcrciis, in ]'<(c. It. R. Jl'iil., vol. i., p.Kiii. and in Iml. .U/. Hi jit., I.s."i|,
p. 'JoO. Smxpialimich, ' Siio(jualiniich river and the south hranch of the
Siiiahemish.' llitrkij, iu Schoolcnij't'.s Arch., vol. v.. p. 7(11; Am. (Jm(r. lin/-
islt r, vol. iii., j). IWH.
The Diriimish are 'living on nnd ehiimins; the lands on the D'^amish
river.' I'dUir, in Iml. A.ff. lt< [iL, 1857, p. tti'.l. Dwamish Uiver and Lake,
AVhife and (Jreeii Itivers. ScliunlcvdjTs Arch . >.! v., ji. i'.H. On D'wamish
laki! etc. . . reside the Samainish and S'Kitehlmish tnhes. 'The l)'\vaniisli
trihe have their home on Lake Fork, D'\\'aniish river.' >7('i(;/.s, in I'dc, /,'. /,'.
Ili2, 4:.(i. Dwamish, 'Lake Fork. l)vv,imish Uiver;' i-aiiia-
<•/-/.
1'1>
mish, SK«'ti'lilmisli. 'Dwamish I.,ake;' Snnlki'miah, 'He. id of AVliite Live
Sk
'I"
'ihiiiish. 'Head of (Jreen Uiver;' Stkaiiiish, 'maiuAVhite Uiver.' ^^ t-
rns, in Jml. A(f. liejit., 1854, p. '250.
The Shiijiidhmi.'ih h;kve their home at the 'head of (Jreen river.' Sti rrna,
in /''('•. li. It. Itcjit., vol. i., p. 4IM. Till' Sikamish hand "on the miiiu \\ hito
river;' the Sniulkumish tribe 'at the head of White river.' Jh.
fJOI'N'D r-.DIANS.
noi
lake,
liuish
in. /;.
laina-
ivir.'
Sti r-
IVhitc
Till .^f allh'n, n tvibo of tlic Siiuwliciiiiisli iiatinn, nnMiiiicil as tin ir |irinci|'al
Ki'ttl.iui'llt, "11 Hlij,'ht clllilirlirr llrar till' lli'lld of wllllt JM IKiW klluWIl as I'lUt
MiidisiPii lliiy.' Orirliniil Munllih/, ls7(l, vol. iv., \>. -lUl.
'i'lir .s'/(f/i(((»ii.s/i ' claim nil flic latnl lyiii),' on tlic west siilc of tlic Sdiiiid, lic-
tvvccii Aiiplc Tree covi OH the iiortli, and (ti^,' Imrlioroii the south.' I'tii'ji', in
///-/. .1;/'. Ill jit., lH.'i7, ]). :i21t. So(|naiiiisli, ' cotuitry iiliout Port Orelmrd iitid
nciu'liliHiuhuoil, iiiid the Wist sidi'of Widliy's Island.' Ilmlii/. in Srl,i,nl,'i;iiV.i
Aiih., Vol. v., p. 7(11); Am, (jiKir. /i'(;;i>7M', vol. iii,. ]>. ;1>H. ' I'cninsiila hc-
twccn Hood's ciinal and Admiralty inlet.' Stiniix, in Iml. At}'. Uijil., IN.1I,
]). V!.">!i, and in /'<»(•. It. I!. II' i>l., vol. i., ji. M)'). Sno(|Uaiiiish, ' I'ort Onliaid,
l'',lliott's May, nnd their vicinity.' SrlnKilrrn/t'n Ari'h.. vol. v., ji. "('.IN. Shoiiia-
iiiish. 'on Vashon's Island.' /'/. 'Vashon's Island.' Sim us. in Iml. Ajl",
l!>pl., lN."il, p. 'JoO. S'sloniaiiiish, • N'aston's island.' Slii-ms, in I'm'. It. It.
]l' III.. \i>]. i.. p. ■l:\ri. 'The Inclians frcipicntiii^' tlii.H jiort (Orchard) c.iU
themselves the. leachtiic trihe.' ii'ilh
l\S. lu: K.
vol. IV., J)
111).
The l'iii/iilhijiiniii.<li live ' iit the month of Puyallnp river:' T'qmKiiiiimish.
at the heads of I'liyallllp river.' .S'/i'
in Iml. .\tr. Itijil.. IHTA. p. -J'.O. ami
ill I'lir. It. It. Iti'pl.. vol. i.. p. 4:{">. Siinallyamish and rut,'allip.iniisli. 'in
the country aliont Nes([iially, I'n|,'allipi, and Sinnoiiiish rivers.' Ilurlii/. in
,Si-li<iiilrriij'l\i Arch., vol. v.. p. 7(>1; .[in. (Jnnr. Jtiyi.itir. vol. iii., p. '.'hh. I'lial-
li|ia\vmisli or Pualliss, 'cm Piialliss river, liay, and vicinity.' .^'■hiiiilcrnn'.i
Arrli.. vol. iv., J). rvj.S. I'liyyallapamisli, ' Pnyallop lliver.' Si-lionlcrnj't'.i
Arrli.
.1. v., p. VJl.
The .VisiiniiUh's, or Skwall, 'inhabit the shores of Pu|,'et's Sound.' Ilnh
Kill
'livi'l.
r. s. K
Vol. vi., )i. '211.
Nes(iiiallis, de la liaie de i'lli'et
,'i la poinli .Martinez.' Mu/rns. K.i-iilnr., toin. ii., [i. 'M't. Xas(jnally trihes,
• Nas(p'ally lliver and I'liLjet's Sound.' ]\'iirir iiml \'iirii.-iiiir, in
Jlnil.'^
/<'»//, p. HI. Scjiiallyamish, 'at Pu|4et Sound.' J.iiiliii-iii,
.Miirti
iii'i.
]i. 177. The Squalliahniish are coniposed of six hands, iind have their n
(lilice on
Xis(pially lliver and vicinity. SIf
in I 'dr. It. It. Itijil., vol.
j>. i:i."). Sipiallyamish or Nisciually, Nis([ually Itiver and vicinity. Si-hnnl-
rni/ls Arrli., vol. iv., p. oD.S. I-'ort Nis(|ually isfre(|uented by the ' S<pialliis,
the ("lallams, the Paaylaps, the Scat<'lietts, the Cheeaylis,' und other trilics.
iS'i»;i/<.v<)/r.s- Dverhtml Jniinii'i/. vol. i., p. IMl.
The SliUdriiiiiiiifih dwell on ' Stahiconi Creek;' Ijoijuaniish, ' Hood's Iteef.'
.'^' ■hiioln-iiffii Arrli., vol. v.. p. IDl. Stitcheosawmi. li, ' liiidd's inlet and South
tho vicinity of Olyiiipia. /'/., vol. iv., p. 'y'.iX. Stt ilacooniaiiiish,
, ill Iml. Aff. Itijit., inrA, p. 'inn, an<l
hay,' ill
'Steilucoom creek and vicinitv
.s7'
ill l''ir. It. It. Iti'pl., vol. i., p. 4;)."i.
'\\w SiiieiDidsh have their residence on 'Totten's inlet.' Sti-
lt. It. Iti'jil.. vol. i.
in
, i:!."). Savl
1,'ivmaii
lisli, 'Tottell inlet.' Srliiiiili'i-illVs Arch.
viil. iv.,p.r)l),S. ' Srootleniamish, Quackeiiaiiiish at Case's inlet.' I h. (^u.'ik-
s'liaiiiish, ' Case's iulet:' S'llotlcinamish, ' Carr's inlet;' Salieliwaiuish, ' Jlaiu-
iiiersly's inlet;' Sivwainish, 'Totten's iiiht;' Sipiaitiitl, 'Kid's inlet;' Slt'li-
I'lias.'iinish, 'ISndd's inlet;' Noosehchatl, 'South buy.' Slvi:e>i.% in lial. .1^/'.
/.'/.', 1.S.-.4, p. '250.
The Shik'Diiiish live at the upjior end of Hood Canal. SrliixihrittT!^
Arch., vol. iv., p. o'J8; Stcvai.<, in Jnd. Aff. ItvjU., 1854, pp. '244, 2oO. Tiiau-
i
il I
3C3
TRIBAL BOX'XDAIUES.
hooch ".nil Sli(i\nniish on Hood's Canal. Srh'iulcritfl'n Avli., \o\. v., p.
4!)1 fila'ioh and Skokoniish 'reside aliin;^ tlie shores of Hood's Canal.'
A. II (^■uir. Iti'ii!<l<'r, vol. iii., p. 1{S8. Toankooch, 'western, shore of Hood's
canal. They are a liraneh of tlie Niscpially nation.' <V(i'r»/.s, in I ml. .1.;/',
L'^l>t., 1S.",1, p. •Jl); tiihhs, in I'lw. 1!. II. Ilipl., vol. i., p. i:)!. Tnanooeh.
'mouth of Hood's Canal.' SrliDnliriifl's Arch., vol. iv., p. oils. 'The retjion
iit the head of Pnp;et Sound is inhahiti d by a trihe called the Toandos.'
iVilhr.<' X'ir., in U. S. E.v. A'.c., vol. v.. p. 140. Honianiish. Hotlinianiish,
S(piahsina\vniisli, Sayhaywamish, Stitehassaniish, 'reside in tbe country
from the Narrows alon;^ the western sh^re of I'uLtet's Sound to New Mark-
et.' Mil -lii'll Kiiil llnrhi/, in .!//(. IJnur. Ili'i'istrr, \ol. iii., ]i. IJSS.
The Xoos'liiliDii.'i, or Nilsdalunis, "dwell on Hood's Channel.' Lmlpivl'j,
All. 1,'tii I.. ]i. l;)"). ' Die Noosdalum, wolinen am Hoods-Canal;' fJii.^rliiii'iini.
liiit. Xiiriliiiiiir., p. :!7:i. ' Noostlalnnis. consist of eleven tribes or septs liv-
ing; about the entrance of Hood's canal. I 'uiii^'eness, I'ort Discovery, and the
coast to the Westward.' Am. (^mtr. Jii:ji.'<ti r, vol. iii., p. liSS; .s'cAoo/rjv^/'r.s
Arrli.. vol. v., ]). TllO.
The Cliimitkiim, or Cbinakuni, 'territory seems to have end)raced the
sliore from I'ort Townsend to I'oit I^tidlow.' .sVciv j/.s', in Iml. All'. Jtijit., bS.")t,
jip. "Jl'J-'JU. • Cn I'ort Townsend Day.' /</ , in J'ar. Jl. Ji. Jii pi., vol. i., pji.
J.'il, II!"); Scliiiiilcrii/t'.-< .\ri-li., vol. iv.. p. "I'.iS.
The ('lnHitms. orClalams. are "abont Port Discovery.' \ir<i'iii/'s Oiiii.Trr.. ]\.
1 |:l. ' Their country >.tr'tehes alon;,' tlie wlioji' southern shore of the Sti'aits
to between I'ort liiscovt ry and I'ort Townsend.' <ii!ili.<:, in I'ltc I!. H, l!i pt., vol.
j., p. 42;»; .S7r '■cii.s'. in Iml. Af. Hipl., Is" I, pp. 2»-J, 241. Southern sIkuc of the
Straits of Fuea east of the ('[assets. //■^A's /•,'///;!'!./., in ['..'<, h'.r. A'.i'.. vol. \ !.. jp.
'2i(l. At l'(U-t l)is<'overy. Wi/hs' Xnr., in I'. N. /v.r. /•;.i'., vol. iv., p. :11'.». Sklal-
ln:u, ' between Los .Vni^elos and Port Townsend.' .s'c/fnn/e/v^/'/'s Arrh., v<il. i\-.,
J). r)',)S. Sklallams, 'at Cajie Flattery.' /'/.. vol. v., p.4;H. -Si'attered aloii;^
(he strait and aiouixl the bays and bi:.;hts of .Vdninally lidet. upon a shore-
line of more than a hundred miles.' S.-niiimnn. in (in rhimi )l,ii,llilii, \s~\, vol.
\ii.. )i. '27S. ' S'K'idlams. <'hemakuni. 'L'oaidiooeh. Skolioiiiisli. and li.iuils of
the same, takini,' names f-'om theii' viliaL'es. . . . and all residinj,' cui the shores
t)f the straits of l''uea and lii
(anal
irf'-.-A/. in ///■/ AjY. lojil.. bsCii'
]). I n . Jvahlai, Ivatpiaith. and Stelillum. at I'ort Town-iend. Port Discov-
ery, and N'c'W DuiiLfent ss. Si-linnlmtfl'.t Ar'h .. \.il. v.. p. llll; .s'/in ,<>■, in Iml.
AjJ. llu'l., lsM, Jl. -SV.K Stenthuus at N. w ]>ui. -eness. /■/.. in ]'<ii\ 1!. /,'.
!!■ jil.. vol. i., p. 4.>").
The '.luhilis. or <'lnssil:i. dwell about Cipe Flat ery. Macaw, •('.■i]ie I'lat-
t<'ry to Niali Pay." Silinnlrrni't'.'i Arrli.. vnl. i\-.. p. .!is. Pisteliin. ' Neali Hay
to Los .\n:4elos Point.' //.. 'Countrv abo\it Ca le Flattery, ,iiid thi' coast
f(U' some (list nice to tl'.e soutliw:;ril. ,and lastw; 1 to the boundary of tlie
JIalam or Xoostl.ilum lands.' /./.. vi4 v.. p 70(1; .s7mv c.v. in /;)(/. .UJ'. I!ij<l.,
]s.".|, p[i, '.ill. 21'.t; //"/.. in hi.. iMiJ. p. ;t',Mi: .^Irrnis. in I'ur. II. It. I.'ijil..
vol. i., pp. 42t>, 4:i">. ■ .\t Ne:di Day nr Waadda. aiid its vicinity.' .^liinmiiif,
in liil.AjJ. U jit.. bSoS. p. 'j;!!. 'rat(.U(he,a tribe of the ( la.^s.ts. Wiil.is
Xiu\. in /'. .s'. /•,',i'. /•,'.!•., vol. iv., p. "iKl. Classets MMside on the south side
of till! Straits of Fuea.' Jlali's JJIii'mj., in L'. > A'.r. /,
J'., vol. V
p
'2-10 :
TN'DI.VXS OF THE CO.VST OF WASIIIXiVrOX.
303
M'ikUll (t)iiJ [fiirlii/. ill Am. (Jmir. J!r I'lsl r, vnl. iii.. ]). USS. Tiitoncli(> or
f'l.'issi'ts, 'l)ft\vcrii tlic Ci.. Miiliia imd tlic striiit of Fiica." yiri,!iii)'s Oiju. I'lr,,
]). l|:t. 'Clatsft tviht'.' ('iincnrlUs' X. Klilnniila, ]>. 117. ' Classcts. ou tho
StiMit of Fiicii.' (irvcnhoir's Hist. O,,)),, j). ;}(); Slirnis' .jIiIi-is.<. |i. 10. Mii-
kalis, ' iiihahitin^,' a wild brukcii luuinsulu cinuiiisciilK d liy llic river ^\'^•-
atcli. till' waters (if tlie Strait aiiil the raeitic.' Sriiiiiiiinii. in I in i-'imj Mnull,!//,
1^71. vdl, vii.. p. '277. Kl.ii/zarts. 'liviiii,' nearly three luiii'ired miles to llie
Smith ' "f Nootkit Sound. Jciritl'.i \iir., p. 75. The Klkwhali.N liave a viliaiio
on the strait, .'"■/(/•na/'.s Sccitis, ]>. l."i;i.
List of tribes between Colnnibiii IJivei; ,tnd Cape Flattery i n the Coast'
Calasthoele, Cliillates, Chilt/, CiaMioctc .,1, hs. Kiilaxthoel, s, Pailsh, Foto-
a^hs. (juii'ctsos. (^uinneehart. (i)ni]iiiilts. .i /-./•>■' '.< U'jil, p. :!71.
The yi'/''/(7ii(/(' and (^"I'/'i"//. or (i>uenaielt. 'ix'cnpy (lie sea-eoast lietwi^en
O/.elt or old Cape Flattery, on the noith. and (,)ninaieit river on the south '
S'liiiiiii'iis. in Iml. At}'. Hi III., ISdli. p. !'.»."). (^hiinaii it, (,inillehuli'. l^Mieets. and
TI ih, live on tlie t^Miinaielt river and ocean. Sin'.l/f. in /"'/. .1,;''. H'/'l.. I><70,
\i '.il. The (jiueniull live 'at I'oint (irenville,' .s^r, ,,,'>• A'. IT. <•"/>/, p. '.jlo.
■ On t'le banks <if a river of Ihe same name.' /■/.,]>. 7><. 'I'he \\'il,M]ialis ■ on
the Wiiapaii Kiver.' /</., j). -11. Tlie Co|iilis 'on tiie Copabs IJiver,
ei^htei n miles north of (ira 's Harbor.' /(/., p. 'Jlu. tjininaitle, noiih of
Ci'.iy'^ Harbor. .s7 i-r/i.s-, in ///'/. .1;/'. /e/i/., ls."i|. p, •2{'.>. (^tuinaik. '(-(.ast trom
(ir.iy's liirbor northward.' >/( rw/s. in I'nr, /,'. /,'. /////., vol. i . \>. I:l"). I'.jii-
h.iHs. (^luinailee, (111 y's Harbor and north '•■. /e. 'cru/t's .\rcli.. toI. v.. )i. I'.'l).
South if ihe Classcts aioUL; tlie enast come llie (^ ■.iiiiieehants, Cala-thortes,
Cliillates, t^uinults, I'ailsk, etc. l.i iri.-< iiinl ( i'lrl.' 's 'I'nn-.. p. I'_.s. 'I'Ik' Ka-
liouehes and Konnichtchates, spol;eii of as dwi lliie_; on 1 )i slriictiiai Inland
aiul the nri'.'hborin>,' main, 'in ni hi nor, in .No-nv //, .s- .iiunili's ilr.t ]'iii/.. \s2',i,
tolll. \\., p. iiiili, et se(|.
Till' ' 'III liiiH>. or Chickeeles. ' inhabit the cniintry around ( Iray's li.i.bour.'
ir;//, >■' .V".-.. in r. N. /■,'.!■. l-.'.w. vol. v.. p. IKt. On tlie « hehall^, livir.
S'.siiiili.. in /(((/, .!;/'. /eyi/., |s J, ]i. S. l'rei|nent also ."^lioaUvater l>ay.
,^'. /i,-s. in //I /. I,.' li'ijil.. is'il. pp 'Jli. -ir.i. (In the t'owi Ills. • .\ iil;
the Tsihailish are included the Kwaiantl and Kwenaivvitl .... who live
111 ar th.' Coast, thirty or forty miles south of »'a))e l-'latteiy.' 'lili'.i
Ivlnni.. in !'. S. /;.,•. /•,'.,■., vol, vi., ]ip. 'Jll \-l. 'ill the vicinity of the
lUiilllh of the Columbia ' I'ul'in'.^ .\. Ar . in!.. \ol. ii.. ]i l|:l. ■ ('111 M-
li--, it (jliiinayat. I'r's dii ii.ivrc de ( liay el la ri\i' r.- (In Kih■^.' lA; /•(•., /.',r-
/i ■;',. toui. ii.. ]i. :!:!.">: .s'c-im's .\ . H". I'mi^l, p. uln; Sii -i ,,<, in /'wc. /,'. /,'.
/,';•'.. \o|. i.. |i. ['■>')■, SliiiTnni, ill .^i-hiK.lcrn jVn Arrh.. vil. iv,, ]i. "I'.i'.i. ' .V.
i|Ual:ili|e mill, s ell iiord, (from tlie Columbia 1 Ic loni,' ilc la ente, habili lit I s
Ti l-ili.llS.' .^Iiinrt. ill .V..-/r«//iN .\i,„illi.'i ,/l.-< 1"..//.. IS'JI, lelll. \.. ]1. '.III. Tri!
\Vlii-,|;kah and Wviiooehe tribes on llie u. irth'-rn branches of tie i hihailis.
in /(-./. Ajr. Ill lit., bs.-.p p. •210, S,
icli.ils I'eSl
le iduuil llie lake nt
lie same naiui
and aloiiL? tilt ''isi r Chickeeles.' ir)'i7,(,s' .\iir.. in ('. S. K.i
/.'.I'.. Mil. \.. p. 1 III.
Till I'nii-i'il h\e oil the u)i]ier Cowlit/ liivi r. Oeciijiy the niid.Ue of the
1" 11 insula w hich lies west of I'uoet Snuiid and iiorlh of the ( '.iliimbia. //"/c s
:i
'•n
I mm
: 'Sill
U
^ w»
;.',
"/., Ill
r. N. /-.'.r. /•>., vol. \i., p. 'ill. On ll
le ( owlit/. 'liver.
■.llie
■iMh
804
TrjBAL BOrXDAEIES.
Taitinnpiinis liuvc their iihudc iit the biisc of the nionntiiiiis on the T'owlitz.
»S7cr('/i.s', ill /'(((•. /.'. /.'. liijil., vol. i.. ]>. -Hi"); and in hid. Aff. Jlcjit., 1.S51, j)]).
240, 21!); .Srlii,oli-r<i/l's Arfli., vol. iv., ]i. .")'.)',», vol. v., p. 41)0. Cowlitsick, • uu
Cciluiiil)i:i river, 02 mills from its month.' Murm's /.'(///., p. liiH. There are
threi' siiiiill tribes in the vicinity of the Cowlitz Farm, Mhe Ciiwlitz, the Clie-
eaylis and the Scinally.' .'^iinjismi's DnrUiuil Jauni., vol. i.. p. 17'J. The i-tak-
tomisli live ' 1)( tween Nisijually \•'.'.^^ <'o\vlit/. and the liead waters of Chehuylis
river.' Am. (Jitnr. Itdjisti'i', vol. iii.. [i. .'W.I; Jhoitij, in .SrhnuliTinT.i Arrh., vol.
v., p. 7ol.
TiiK r'niNooK Famit.y includes, aecording to my division, all the tribes
of ()re;,'on west of the Cascade Itaiiji'. t'i,L,'i tlier with those on Die north hank
of the Colniidiia river. 'Y\\r name h.is usually liceii apiijicd only to tin tribes
of the Columbia \'alle,'\ \\\> to the Dalles, and belon;^cd oiij^inaUy to a small
tribe on tlie north bank near the month, 'The nation, or rather family, to
which the <j;eneric name of Chinook h;is attached, fornii'rly iiihaliiled both
l)anksi>f the Columbia Itiver, from its mouth to the (irand Dalles, a distance
of about a liundred and seventy miles.' • On the north side of the river, tir.■^t
the Chinooks projici' (Tchi-nuk ). whose ti-rritory exti mlcd from Caj.e Disap-
jaiintnient nji the C'ohnnbia to lije iici-ldjorhood of (iray's I'kiji , not (trays
JIuHior. which is on the I'acitiei, and back to the northern vi<'iuity of Shoal-
water ]iav. where tliev interloekid with the (hihalisof the coast.' 'iihlis' ( l,'i-
-/,■ r
, i»;i. iii., iv. The najiie ^Vatlalas or rp])er Chinook^ ' inoji'rly b
loni^'S to the Judians at the Casiadi s. ' btit is aj'plii d to all ' from the Multno-
la Ishmd to the Falls of the Columbia." //'//• '.■.■ Ktl,
'liiiiii., m
r
I-:.
I'p
>A\
The principal tribes or baiads were the \Vaka kam i known as
. the Katl/.uiat ( Cathlaniet >, the Tshinnk (('hin<iok), and rlus
.itives, who dwell about the lower parts (' ilio
the AVahkyekiiiii
'J'lat.sap (Cl.it^op
Columbia, may be ilivided into foiu' tribis — the ( l(itsii[is,
//..
Till
I'oint .Vilams. on lL<' <*outh sid(
the
Chinooks: ^\ Mk
miets
th
e nortli -~i
th
other inlet , /^'.
Clatsop-. Catlilaii
liiiinx. .MoltnoiLnn, t'Uicki lis.' /e
lie of the river, i
111. The tribes mav 1
I reside .iround
ums; and theCath-'
iroinid l'>ak( r's Jiav and
>e el,i.-,>.e(
1: -Chinook
Wi
IS, Wacalaiiius. ( 'atth tiin I. s, Clat
.Ih
p. SI.
1'
Tril
)es on iioitii han
Hi (.'oluiuliia fr n «»'>!ith: (hilts, Chinnook, Cathlamah. Walil
viaKume
kof
Skil-
lute, Qnatldapotl
((/((/ ' /'//•/,'
.)A
-Ml tl
le natives inhabitini' lli
sontliern shon of the >*traits of Fuea), and the dci [ily indented territory as
far as and indudiiif^ th"' tide-waters of the Columbia, may be < oiii| lehendid
under the j^'ciic r.d term of Chinooks.' I'h'h rin<i'if U<ins. in ' . .v. /-.'.r. Ex., \cL
i.\., p. 2."). • 1 he ( 'henook nation resides .dnim n|M>ii the ( '.ilnmbia ri\cr, from
the Cascades to its conilnenee with the oee«ii. i'iiff,ir's K.fphif, 'I'mtr. p. '.(11.
' InhabitiiiL,' the hjwer parts of the Columbia,' i'iitli,''t .V. Am. Jml.. vol. ii.,
1>
nil.
1 l.iiits-Tehinouli
11. s
iscadeH (111 Ui(» Colom
T.
ouks d'lU bas, des Cascades juscpr.'i la Hut. Hi'k- f eliiiiouks." )/
jiliiv., toiii. ii.. pp
"•':;,
.1/-. /,'
>, ;!."■)! 1 I.
)). 40. Th.' ( h
, /.'.,■-
On till. ri. lit Uink. ..f 'ho 4 tnmbia.' t.n'l--
iks ami Ki lnHsuviiH. 4 trilxK, Hvt- at
I'iUar i;
();i
F'liiit, the Dall.is, the (•
ides, rp. ,ti. ]{tvei', Tiikama
liiver, on the Coiiimliia,' '( lueiiooks, ( latsops and - ra) ■'.n'l
les near th
THE CHINOOK FAMILY.
305
^ntviiriff rif t\io rnliimhiiv Rivrr.' Witire mid ]'iriisi ui\ in .lArr// /'s //'"/. 77. ,
]i. M . I'lpir and Liiwcr Cliinooks on tli(( (Olnniliia Kivcr. Lowi r ( liinnokrt
at Sli(iahv:itii' Hay. SclnKilcrdj'I's Arcli., Vdl. v., j). I'.Hl. CliiiKKiks, •n'>illi of
till' ('(liunil)ia.' /</., p. r.lJ. ' rpinT Cliiniioks, livi' bands, Colniuliia Kivcv,
«l)MVi' till' Cowlitz. Lower f'liinoolis. (iiluiiiliia Ivivcr below the ('owlit/,
and fiuir olli'i' bands f)n Slioidwatev Hay.' >7i-C'),s. in /(/., ]i Tn:!. 'Month
of Colmnbia rivrr. north side, including sonic "jO miles inli rior.' l-.n'im cs,
in /'/., vol. iii.. II. "ittl. The Cliinnooks 'reside ehietly ulon;,' the baidis of ,i
river, to wliiih wc j^iive the same name; and which, running,' parallel to th«
nea coast ...em;ities itself into Ilahy's l>ay.' Lrn-'is ninl t'hirh's VV'n-.. p.
41'), and map: Irrinj's Ast'^riii. \) :i:i"). ' To the sonth of tic iiiouth of the
Columbia ' linmoii'i-h's Ili'srrls. vol. ii., ]>. b"). ' Cheiiooks on the Coliunliia.'
Sii-(ii('n X. ir. Const, \^. 2M. North side of the Colnmliia. \!frsi's /c/""■^
p. IJllS; (n-'inlmir's Jl'tst. Oipi., p. 'JSI). Tshiliiik sonth of the Coliiinbia at
mouth. AVatlala oji both sides of the rivir fidm the Willamette to I)alles.
'J'hey pi-opi'ily iiclon^' to the Indians iit the Cascades. Ilii!.'s FJInn'i.. in T. >'
AV. /•,',i'.. Vol. vi., pp. 'ii) ■■"), and niaji. j). JUT. Hanks of tie ( Hhnnbia fioni
Dalles to the month, i'dnilnttn's 'rnn\, p. ts."). The I'piK r Chinooks were
the Shalala and Lchtdoots of Lewis and Clarke. il'iUUs. in I'lif. It. I!. 1!' i>t..
Vol i., p. 117. In the vicinity of the mouth of the Ci ilnmbia, th' le ari', Ix--
siih s tie- Chinooks, the Klitdi.atacks, Cheehaylas, Naas, and many other
trilxs. (''i<"iii's .V, .\iii. Lid., vol. ii., p. ]l;{.
' The l-'l.ithead Indians are mil wiili on the banks of the ( 'obimbia IJiver,
from its I 'outh eastward to the Cascades, a diNtanee of about l.")^l mill s; they
extend up the Walhanu'ttc Eivi I's mouth about thirty or forty mih s, and
through the district between the Walhamettc and I'ort .Vsloiia.' A'Kk '.-i
l\'iiii'l., ]i. i7;!. 'The Flatlieads are a vi ry niuuerous people, iidiabitiiii,' the
shores oi' the ('olnnd)ia Itivi f, and a vast tract of country l>i'ie td the south
of it.' Cii'.'i.i's \. .lid. //e/., vol. ii., p. lllS. ■ 'J'he Cathie-'i'on irilies, which
iidiabit the Colundiia Kivcr.' .sc/i/i ,•, in Lntiil. (ii'u;/. .Snc, .hmr , \ol, xi., p.
■-'■Jj. ( .itlilascos (Ui the t'olinuliia liiver, S. side "i'iU mih s from its mouth.
V .c.sc'.s Ii jil., ]>. iiliS.
Shoatvv.iUT l!ay Indians: ^\'!al,lpah mi Whilapah rivi r; Ni coinanchee, or
Vickonnii. on Nickoinin river. tlowiie_; into llie ea>t side of tlie bay; (jim lap-
tiiiiiilt. at the mouth of Whilapah river; Wliarhoots, at Ihe |m. -cut site of
l!ru |.ii;-t: 'Jiii -npn Itin, at the ne 'illi of a creek; Palux, ou Cojialux or
I'aliiN rivi )■; .Marhoo, Nasal, on the I'liiin^ula. Sirmi'.-! .V. IT, C,„^^^. ],. -jIi.
' K.irwei Wee, or .\rtsmilsh, the name of thi Slioalwater iSay tiiiies.' hi., p.
'210. .MoUl,' the coast north of the Columliia arr the Cliinnooks. I\illa\-
tliockle, ( hills, ClaUloitoniish. I'nto.i^hees. etc. I.i ii'.s ,i ifl ( 'hi rl.- 's I'l-'ir., p.
(."'>. (^ I'.il.ipieiupias at Shoalwali r Hay. .lA'/i in .^rliuiilcriij'l's An'li., vid. ili.,
|i 2'HI. K.wilhioipia. Uorliiof the Columbia near the mouth. Iliil 's l\lhii'"j,
ill I'.S. /:.,■. h'.i\. \ol. vi., p. 2iil, and map, p. I'.i7. Klatska lai, 'on (he
uplier waters of the N< h '!■ iii, a stream running,' into the raciiic. on those of
Young's l.ivrr, and one !/■ irinj^ their own name, which enters the Coliiinbiii
at Oik I'oint.' 'li/i'-.s' C/,;,riw./r lo k'i., p. iv. Willopahs, 'on the \\ iilopah
Kivcr, and the heaii of the Chilialis.' I'l.
The Cliilts inliabii the "coast to the noithward of Cape Dii^ai pointiiient.
Vol,. I. 'JO
ii
01
'Iliil
nor,
TRIBAL r.OUN'DAP.IES.
TfLv's .1 /'■;(.. vol. i., ?,02. ' Xortli of tho mouth of tlio fVjluiiihiii and riifulis
rivers.' I'liil.-r'n Explar. Tnur, p. "JOl, iiiid map. 'On tho sea-coast mar
I'oiiif Ijiwis.' fjinndml ('hirl.r'ti Trav , p. 101.
i\Iisi'('llaii('oiis haiulH on the ("ohiml)ia; Alois, on tho north siclo of tho
Colunihia. '/'/ss' Jaitr., p. '2S5. Cathlacniiinps ' t)n the main short' S.AV. of
AVa;>))at(io Isl." .lAic.sv's Itijit.. p. 'Ml. Catlilakaiiiaps, 'at the mouth of tlie
'Wall.iuiiiut.' /</..)). IJf>8. Cathlanaiiienauiens, ' On the island in the moutli
of the Wallaiiiiiut.' III., p. ;)(;>S. Cathhtmupiiahs, 'On tlie S.W. side of
A\'a]i]i,itiHi Isl.' III., p. ;i71. Cathlapootle, ei<,'htv miles from mouth of the
CdliiMiliia opjiosite the mouth of tlie AViilainette. /(/ , ji. :;(1S. Cathlathlas,
'at (lie i-apids, S. side.' III., p. liCS. Clahelellah, 'below the r; pids.' Mnisi's
liijil.. |). iiTO. ('laiinaniiiiiiiamuiis, ' S.W. side of AViip]:atoo Isl.' Id., ji. liTl.
( '1,-iiiiaiatas, 'S.W. side of Wappatoo Isl' Ih. ('lodestar, ' S.J-',. side of
Wa-'paltoi) Isl." fh. Cooniaes, 'of Oak IViiiit { Kahiiyak or Kukhuyak. the
Ki'eluits of I'ranchoi'P and Skilloots of Lewis and Clarki').' '//' '<.v' I'li'iimuk
Vdi-h'i , p. iv. Ilellwits, 'S. side I'.'.t luih^s from mouth.' Muvsi's lli'id., \,. :i(lH.
Katlii'^akya. ' from th(> Caseaih'S to Vancouver.' Vniml<i'i.'<i\ in T.itnil. ii'i'ii;/. Snr.
.Iniir.. vol. xi.. ]). '2."i."). Katlaniinimim, on ^Multnomah Island. Hi. Katla-
Iioril, river of same name, and ri,L;lit hank of Columhia for live miles iihovo
its iiidiitli. Ih. Ketlakaniaks, at Oak I'oint, formerly united v.iih Ko'.nit.
//'. Klakal.i!iia. lietwfcn Kathlaiiortle and Towalitch rivirs. ///. !Maiiiiiit,
' Multiioiiiidi \-i\.' III. Xech.ikok", 'S. side, near {'nicksaiid river, opixisito
l)iamoiid Isl.' .l/i)/>c',s Jlijit., p. liTll. \eerchokioon, souih side aliove '.he
Wa'dauinut river. I h. Shalala at the j.;r,iiid ra; iils down to the Willaiiiet. I li.
(^iliiilila',iolle, liitweeu the Cowlits and ( haliwalniahiliook'' (Cath'aliootle 'i)
river. I.' !i-h lUiil diirl:-! 's Mi:ji. Seamysty. 'at the luoulh of the 'J'owalitch
livi-r.' i-'riiiiiliii'isc
in 1.1 mil. liiiij, Si'i\ Ji
inir., vol. XI., 1). -•<•)
Shoto, W. side
hack of a ])ond and lU'arly ()p]!Osite the entrance of the Wihamut. Mi.rsr's
U. ).i
/■'•■I'
;i. lutes, ' about junction of t'owlit/.' ./.<
,■/,■■ '.s' .i;
'/'•
Skiloots on the t'ol
uiiiiiia on eacli salt
from the lo\V( r jiart of the (. olumhi.i
Yal.
Mil,:
low as Stiirueon Island, and. iPli both sidisof the Cowiliskee It
/;
/''.]'
■'luockslioi
III.
V
;i7(). 'i'rd( Kalels, n
Fort Vi
iiivc'r. W'lirii' iiii'l r((r(/.vr)(/'. in Murliii'.'i Jlml. U., \>.>^\. A\'alielellah. ' lieh
all the 1 ii'ids
Mil
Uilii
jiL, p
liraiH-h of the Wallamat.' Frniiil.
AVya'iipaiiis. iit the narrows. Iv
m. Wakam
.' . ill l.i'llil. li
Deer's Isle to 111
,/.
"/■.. vol . XI., 1>. '.•)■)
.!'/(
pp. 117 lit. 'I'diilouits on th
C'olumliia, south hank, helow the Cowlit/. ytiiitrl, in .V'
.\llllilJiS ill
I'e//., IS'21. toiii. X., JI. Il'i, Catlilakaheckits and Cathlathlalas in vicinity
of till' Cascades. Id., tom. xii., iM'Ji, ]i. 'J:!.
The I'l'ilsiiji^ live on Point .\daliis. Il'iiuft' In//., !S8. 'South side of the
(f'oliuiilpia I river at its mouth.' Uri' nhmr's Hist, (iijii.. jip.liO, LMl. 'Soulheiii
■lior<'of the li:iv at till' mouth of the Columliia. and aloii'j the seacoiist oil
holh
■ f I'oiiit Adii
,1/e,-/..
t'niiiiii, p. "Jll: 1,1 iris iiinl Cliirl.i'
pji. 1:1, I'Ji'i, and map. 1'2 miles from iiKUith, south side. .Mn
h'llil.. p. :''iS. 'South sid(> of the river.' (luss' Jimr.. \). 'Hi. ' I'rom mar
'rni.ii k lli.id to I'oint Adams ami up the river to 'I'oiieiie I'oinl.' 0'/'i'/'..s'
I'liimiiih- 1 '("■(//<., i>. iv. Klakhelnk, ' on (latsoii I'oint, cm
1
Kops.' l-'riDii'iiisi', in I.iiml. '/"
vul. iii., ]i. 2111. vol. V , p. 1U2.
niiiioHlv ea
died Clat-
.;/. Si,i:
vol. xi., p. 2ii>; I'^rliuvlfiv/t's .inli.
COAST TUIBES OF OREGON.
n)7
:;(iH.
|l.' (if thr
vuillu III
Iciiast I'll
r/,(/'/.i's
|iim 111 111'
(,;;,/..-■•
Jl, ,1 Clat-
Ir.s .1/v/,.,
Tlio 'Wiilialnnii, or 'Wiikaiknm, live on the rij^'lit Imiik of Uh' Coluniliiu;
nn 11 siniill strcani. called Ciuli't IJiviT.' I'\'iiiii'iiiisi'. in Lnutl. (ii-mi. S<-<:. •Jinir,,
vol. xi.. J). 'J^jo. \Vukiakunis ( Wakaiakiuii i " tiiwiinls Oak ruiiiv.' liih'is' I'ld-
Tiiiiik- Wfiiii., ]). iv. Wahkiacuiiis, luljoinin^' th*.' C'litlilanialis on tlic smith-
cast and the Skilliints on the north-west. J.iiris dml t'litrhv's Maii. AX'aiiki-
ciuiis, thirty miles from the uumth of the Coluiubirt, north side, .l/urs-'s
y.'V-/ . ]). ;i(i.S.
The C'ltlildini'ts extend from Ton<,'ue Point to Fiu^'ct's Island, (iihhs' <''li\-
U'lnh' \'i)ca')., p. iv. ' Oiijiositc the lower villii„'e of the Wahkiaciims.' Ir''i"/s
Astoria, J). 33 i. 'ISO miles from the month of Colnmliia.' I/^im's Ui/iI,, ji.
lii'iS. ' t)n a river of same name.' Frniiihui'ie, in Load. ikuj. Sar. Juur., vol.
xi.. p. 2.")"); I.i'ii-is (t)iil f'lKfhe'a Map.
'Aloni,' the const south of the Colnmliia river ari' the Tlatsops, Killa-
niiiiks. TiUektons, Kahiiiikle, Liekiiwis, Voiikon-'. Nec'-eto, I'lseah, Voiiitts,
Shiasiiickle, Killiiwats, I'ookoose, Shuliilahs, Lnckasos, Hiinuukalals.' Lnri-i
itirl '7.(/7,- 's Trar.. jip. 127-8. 'Alon;.^'the coast S. of Colnniliia river, and
siieak till' Killamncks lanf.;iia.u-e,' Yoiiicone, Niekeetoos, I'lseahs, Yuiiitts,
Slicastiikles, Killawats, Cookkoooos ■, Shallidah. Luck'carso. Haniiak.illal.
.1/' '/■.■-•' ',s l!>'iit.. II. 371. Naeli:;i, 'on a river on the sea-coas;, .3.) miles S. cv
ClatMi', J'oint,' and the folic I'viui,' tribes iiroceedin;,' sonthwanl Nikaas,
K'.wai, N'eselitch.'l'ac 'ii'n, Alc.va, Sayon.stla. Kiliwatsal, Ivamis. (iodaii.'voii ( I),
Stotoiiia, at the month of Cdnuin rivei-. I''r(iii:hi/isi', in L^nd. ili:nii, >i,i\ ,'i/nr.,
vol. xi.. pp. ■i."i.")-ii.
'I'lir /r;,'/(n/e«//..s- dwell alonf.; the coast Honthward from the month ot the
Colu'.iiliia. ' Xcar the month ot the Colnmliia.' I'<ir/,(r's l-^xfUir. 'Iniir, ]i. -.'Vi-Jt.
Calliuiix, ' l I miles S. of Colnmliia.' M'H'sf's Hipl., p. ils. Killamncks,
' .iliiiii.; the S I!, coast for many miles.' hi., ji. .371. rillaiiiooks, 'alon'.; tie
cM.ist fi'om riiipiiua liiver to the Neachesna, a distance of one hiiiidred and
twciitv miles.
I'kIh
i..ii. M. Hjit., \yr,\
p[i. '..."iri. 2."i'.». Kilaiiiiik
d cast of iiioiitli of the Colnmliia, extiiiclinu to the coast.' Kiniimjis,
/■■i.Ts Aril., vol. iii., p. 2tll. Nsietshawus. or Kill.ii'Miks, •mi ihi
st s mth of the Colnmliia.' Il'th'.-i EHin "i . in T. .s'. Ex. A',
vol.
]i. 211. and map, p. r.)7. ' Hetween the rivcr ("liimliia and the Cmiiiina '
W'.uri' (III I \'iiciis itr, in Mdrlin'.f llml. IS., p. ^1. 'Country about (ape
Loi'ko-.it.' ruhiifr's Jiinr., ]i. Id."). 'On ciiinprc ml sous |c uoiu ;_;('iii'ral de
Killiiiiiiiis. Ics Indiens (111 slid dii llio (J( loiiiliia, tcls (jiie les Nalii lems, les
Nik.i-, 1 ; Kaonais, les .Vlsiias, les I'liKiuas. I. s 'r.iutoiinisct les Sast.'s. Ces
dciix d'l'ni.'res penphules se sunt jns(pra p(('s<iit nioiitrees Imstilcs aux car-
avaiics (Us blancs.' .Mo/rils, /•-'.r/i/o/'. tmii. ii.. |ip. 33-'), .3."i7. Killimucks, niixt
t'l tlie Clatso|i!
is. l.fll'IS (III
I I'htrh's 'I'riir.. p. I2li. 'Cull
cmeiix nation, '/i/.s
./'"'/•.. 11. 2i'ill. I'allcmax on the coast fcilN lc.i;4U( s south 'if the C(.luni!iia.
Stu'^'l. in .Voi/rc'/cs ,l;i)i'(/i''' "'i.s '".'/., torn, x., p. '.'it.
The La ktons iiri' found 'adjoinini,' Uic Killaniucks and in a dir'cli'iii S
S.E. /.
'./ c/,.t/,' •.■•• 7
/•'((•., p
I-
Tb ■ .lakon. or Yakones, dwell south of the Killamooks on the ooast. //■'/■ 'i
:?liii'"i.. ill r. .S. J-'x. K.e., vol. vi., p. 21H, aid map, \<. I'.l7.
'riir 'Ilatvkaniii are farther inland than the Killamooks. '(/., ]i. •2(M.
Tii'- r /'./((((.s live ' on a river of that naiin .' Erniiihui-ir, in Luinl. licnij, ,s'yc.
808
TKTBAL BOUNDARIES.
Jour., vol. xi., p. 2r>C). 'In a vjilloy ni tho same nnnin. Tlmy nrc divided
iiitn six tribes; tho Sconta, Chalnla, I'idakiilm, (iniittaiiiya, and Cbnstii.'
J'lin'.tr's h^xjilnr. Tow; p. '2(J'2. Uniljaquas. /</., {>. 202. ' Unipqnas (U tiibus)
Kiir la rivii'rt! de ce nom, et do la riviere anx Vaelics.' l/ij/'ms, Krjilar., toni.
ii., [1. :!ll'». 'Tlie I'ndvwa inhabit the ujiper jiart <if the river (if that name,
haviiii,' the Kalapnya on the north, the Lutuami (Clamets), on the oast, and
the Saijistkia between tliiin and the sea.' J/nlc's Kllinnfi., in U. S. Kx. Ex.,
vol. vi., p. 204, and map, j). 1!)7. Two hundred and tweiity-tive miles south
of the Columbia. Hiw's' Voy., p. 04. ' Tho country of the I'nqxpias isboimd-
(mI ( ast by the Cascade mountains, west liy the Unijiijua mountains and the
oceiiii, north by the Calipooia mountains and south by 'Irave Creek and
]{o),'iic liiver mountains.' I'lthiur, in liul. Aff. Uijd., 1854, p. 25:"); Eiiniiii)i.'<,
in SfloKilrrnft's Arch., vol. iii., j). 2lil, vol. v., p. 4'.)2.
'J"he Saiu.-itkla reside 'u]ion a small stream which falls into the sea just
south of the fuKpia IJiver.' link's HIIiiuki., in l'. S. h'.r. h'.r., vol. vi., ]>. 2:^1,
map, J). I!t7. Sipselaw, 'on the banks of Jie Sinselaw river.' llnrn i/, in Iml.
Aff. liejil., 18013, p. H(t. Sayousla, 'near the mouth of Snyoushi bay.' lUnn/.n,
in 1(1., 1Si'p2, ]). 2'.lO. Saliutla, ' at the nioiith of tin,' Umbacjua river." J'ur/ai'ti
Exjilor. Tiiiir, p. 2(12.
Tho Kathiwotsetts iui^lude the Siuslaw and Alsea bauds on Siuslaw liiver;
the Scottsburf,', Lower ("mpijua, and Kowes TJay bands on I'mjuiua liivi r.
./>/•(•((■, in lull. Aff. lliiiL, 1S.".7, p. liolt. Kiliw.'itshat, 'at the mouth of tho
ITmiKpia.' Il'ih'-i /•.'//, I" «;., in /'. .'^'. h'.r. />., vol. vi., ji. 221.
Till' Alsiiis, or .Ms.yas, live on Alsea Bay. /i/ooA.s-, in ind. Aff. Ixcpl.,
1H(;2, p. 2".)',); linn-' I/, in A/., 180:!, p. 80. (^loereleatan, 'at the forks of tho
Co<piille river.' (^uahtnmahs, betwe(Mi Co(piill(! ];iv(>r and Port Orfoid.
Nasoniah. 'nearthv mouth of the Cixpiille liiver.' J'ftrrlf'li, in //*(/. .1/^ Ji'l't-,
18.")4. J.. 287.
Willamette Valley Niitions: 'The nations who inhabit this fertile iieif,'ii-
bc)Urhood are very uuiuerius. The Wappatoo inlet extends three hund-
red yards wide, foi' ten or twelve miles to th(^ south, as far as the hills near
•which it receives tlie waters of a small creek, whose s<iurcesare not far from
those of the Killamuck river. On tluit creek resides thi> Clackstar natio:i, a
uunienius pt (iple of twelve hundred souls, who subsist on tish and wappatoo,
and who tradi' by nieaus of the Killamuck river, with the nation of that
namt- on the sea-coast, Lower down the inlet, towards iIk; Columbia, is the
tribe I alli il Cuthlacniiiiip. On the sluice which connects the inlet with the
Multnomah, aic the trilies Cathlanahi|niidi and Cathlacomatup; and on Wap-
patoo island, the tribes of ( la'iuidniiiuahinn and Clahiiacpiah. Iinin<(li-
alelv (pp|iosite. Hear the Towahmdiioolts, are tlie (^)uathlapolli s, and hiLsla r
up, nil the side of the Ccilumbia, the Sliotos. All tliesi' tribes, ,is well as
the Calhlahaws, who live somewhat lower on the rivt r, and 1 ave an (Id vil-
laj,'e (III 1)( ( r island, iii.iy be considered as parts of the greai. INIiiitiioiiaili
nation, wlii. h has its iniiicipal residence on Wappatoo island, near the nidiitli
of the larj^e river to which they ^ive their iianu' Forty miles above its jiu
tion with the Columbia, it receives the waters of the (,'lackamos, a riv^ r which
may be traced throu^'h a woody and fertil(> country to its sources in Mount
Jetlcrsou, almost to the foot of which it is navigable for cauocs. A nation
NATIVES OF THE "WILLAMETTE VALLEY.
:509
li\Ilnl-
uUs 111 :ir
far fitiiii
liiiitiiiii. ii
of tliat
[ill, is lliii
with tli<'
(111 Wiip-
liiniutli-
l.l hii^l'.i r
Will lis
1 (hi vil-
li, tllolUilll
ic uKinih
its jiii"-
I which
u Miiuiit
A uiUiiiu
(if till' sii'Tio iiiinio resides in eleven villiiL;es aloiif,' its l.cirders: tlieylivc cliiclly
(III tish iiud nidts, wliicli alioniid in the Claelianins and alnii^ its hanks, thdiiyh
they sdiiietinies descend tci the Coliiniliia to ),'athel' wajipatdn, where thevcan-
imt he (
listini^nished by dri ss or nmnners, or lanL;nat,'e, from the t
rihr-, of
Multiioniahs. Two days' journey frnni the ('olnnd)ia, or ahout t\v( nty iinh s
hrvolid the entrance of the Clackainos. are the falls of the .Mnltiioiuidi. .\t
this I'lace are the iierniancnt residences of the ('nshool;s and Cliaheowahs,
two trilies who are attracted to that jilace hy the tish. and hy the eonvciiii hch
of trading' across the mountains and down Killaniuek river, with the nation
of Kiihi'.iiucks, from whom they jirocure train oil. Tlusc falls were occa-
sioned liy the jiassa;j;e of ii hi^'h rani,'i' of moiintains; lieyond which the
country stretches into a vast h vel jilain, wholly destitute of tinihei. .\s far
as the Indians, with whom W(t conversed, had ever ]h iietrated that country,
il was in
wjidse villa;
liatiiteil liv il nation called Calal
Hioewah, a V( ry numerous ]« ople,
/es. IK arly fnrty in nunilM r, are scatlered aloii;,' each side of th<!
Multnomah, which furnish them with tin ii- (•lii( f suhsistence. lisli. and the.
ilsaloii;^' its lianks.' /,iiris (ii,il ( 'hirKi's 7V'(/'., jip. .')ii7 H. ('ala| ooyas. Mi
ill.
d Clackamas ia the Willamette \al
I V. Srl,,,nlrni!Ts ArrI,.
.1
t the moiUh of llie ( )iiallaniat : Catlilaooulles
iiiooi s on
[I 'jni), maji. (':itlilaka)iia;'S a
(i]i])ositc; Cathlan.aminimins on an island a little hiL;lier nii; Matlil;
till' Uliper Jiart of the same island; CathlajKHiyi as just ahove the falls: the
Catlilacklas on an eastci'n hranch faither uii; and still hit^her tlie Cle 'chuiiis.
Slii'irt. in \iiiii- His Aiiiiiilis i!i:i yni/., 1^21. tom. x.. pji. 11"), 117.
Tin Cathlathlas live 'tJO miles from the mouth of the AVallaumiit.' ,l/"^.->i 's
/.'./-/., p. :i(i.s.
The t'lonj^'hewallhah are ' ii little hclow the falls.' I'arkcr's E^-plor. Tour,
177.
The Kitlawcwalhi live 'at the falls of the ^Vallamat.' Frnmhdisi , in Lond.
\'i
,/.,
vol. xi., p. 'iiVi.
riie Leeslitehjsh occupy the 'headwaters of the Multnomah.' lltub
at uiiiier ( nd of the island ii
('iijiHrili/, p. 7:5.
The Multnoniahs for Jlathlanohs) dw
llie miuitli of the Wallauniut.' Mnrsi'ti Ji'i/il., ji. 'MM.
The Nemahpiinnir lands are 'N'.Fi. side of the NN'.dlaunmt river, ;J miles
iihove its mouth.' .)/(ii'S''s li^ pi., p. :i70.
The Newaskees extend eastward of tin headwaters of the ^lultnomah, on
a lariie lake. Ilnnhr's Cuiilirili/^ p. 7li.
The Vauikallies dwell ' towards the sources of the Wallamut Kivi r.' Sroti-
/' <'. in IjiihiI. (ifMij. Sue. ./(>((/'., vol. xi.. \i 'l-i>.
'llie )'(l}iljiiHiiitis live in the n]i]ier Will.-imette Valli y. ('alli]>ooya,
il. v.. p. 4'.fJ. vol. iii.. p. 2iil.
I'lyi, 'aliove the falls.' Hull's Klliiimi., in T. .*<'. E.^'. I'.w. vol. \i., ])
1 illawiiohveaa.i. Willamette tiilies sixti ( 11 in niimln r. /,'
'Wi
hinii tte N'allcv.
Svli'^iili-ni'Ts A,: I,.
r.ir lh>,.h
i., p. 1'<S. ('alapooah, sev. nt( in triln s on tlie Willamette and its hiaicii-
is, /',/,'/,.
/■;,i'/./o;-. v.
p. 'ii'ij. ( allapi
ass nation coUhIsIs oI \\ i
loai.app, Nawniooit, Chillychandi/. . Mim K iiiy, ( oiip,' Slu Ini s, l.oiie-
ti'iii,»U('liun'. Lamalle. and !'> e\ < 'U tiilns. I,''i.ss' Ailrni., p)i tlilli II, Ivdapoo-
> Us, •on the shoii • i||. (>ri';-;on.' Mnrlmt's ''ooiei, p. •Ji:(. ■ Willamat
310
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
riiiins.' Smnln; in T.nnd. Geori. Sdc. Jmir., vol. xi., p. 225. KulMiinvfiH,
'al)<)Vt) tho fulls of the CVjliunbiii.' Donivin'rh's Jksirh, vol. ii., p. Ii<>. '•")()
iiiiU'S from tin- mouth of tin' NViiUiinniut, W, siilo.' Morse's llijil., p. 'M\H.
Villi! Puyas, Valley of tlu; Willamt'ttL'. Wctm and Varasvnr, in Martin's
llml. «.,'p. HI.
Tlio Clnrkinitns air on the ' riackama Rivor.' Srhonlrrnft's An-li., vol. v.,
p. 'llt'2. 'Claktiiias ct Kaoulis, sur If Oiiallamct (t la livii'rc Kamilis.'
Moj'nts, Exiihir., torn, li., ji. .'!:!."). 'Valley of the riakaniiis and the ^\'iHa-
niiila Falls.' Il'/;';v' uml VnrasfKr, in Mitrlin's Ilnil. 11., p. 81. Klachanias,
* thri'o mill's below the falls.' Iflins' l')^., p. 141. Clackamis. Pnliurr's .Imtr.,
}). HI. Clarkami'i's. Marsr's llrpt., p. 372. C'laekamus. Lfn-'ts and I'htrli' s
.1/"/..
The MiUalrs are found in ' Willamcttee Valley.' Srhnolrra/t's An-li., vol.
v.. p. 4'.)'2. ' At the mouth of the AVallimet, aiiil the Wapatoo Islands. Tinl,--
cr's Orfl'/di), J). 71. ' Upon the west side of the Willumottu and opposite Oie-
^"in City.' ]\tb)ur's Jmir., i>. 84.
mi
Thk Suushwap Famii.v comprises all the inland tribes of British Cu-
Inndiia, south of lat. r>2 'Ml'.
The Aliiiilis, Strant,'ers, Xiecoutamuch, or Shushwaps proper, inhabit the!
Tracer and Thompsim valleys. ' At Spuz/ui
habits
d li
ini'Uai'e is tonne
id. Th
a raee very difl'erent both in
th<! Nieiiiitaniuch, or Nieouia-
I'liis, a branehof a widely-extended tribi'. They, with tin ir
nate sejits,
the .Vtnaks, or Sliuswai)mueh
ipy the Ura/.er River from Spuzzum to
llie frontier of that part of the eonntry ealhd by the Hudson Bay Company
New Caledonia, which is within u few miles of Fort Alexandria.' M-iym's
It. ('.. p. 200. 'Shushwaps of the Rocky Jloiintaiiis inhabit the country in
the neij^'hbourhood of Jasper Hoiisi', and as far as Tete Jaune Caelu- on tlit^
Western slope. They are a branch of the great Shnshwap nation who dw( 11
near the Shnshwap Lake and grand fork of the Thompson River in Ihiti.sh
Columb
Tliomp.son liiver and Lake Kamloops. Milh'
ind ('liiiolh
\(irlliii\ I'ass., jip. 241, 335. ' On the Pacific side, but near the Rocky 'Sh
uiit-
is, are the Shoushwai)s who, iidiabiting tlie upper jiart of Frazer's Rivi
illd the
Tlie Sh
rth fork of the t!olumbia.' lllal.i.'itoii, 'ui J'allisti
)s live below till' Siiiijauelish Indians.' I'arLi
K.tphir., p. 11.
1'
iishapi
Tlie Shushwaiis pos
/•;,
v.
th
luntry bordering on the lower part
(if Frazer's River, and its branches.' I laic's JCIImoij., in /'. .S. /,'.<'. /.',»'., v
vi., p. '.O."). Tlie .\tnahs or Sousliwap, 'live in (he country on the Frasi
and Tliouipson's Rivers
They wire termed by Macki nzie the ( hin tribe.'
(See p. li.ol, note 141 of this vol.) I'ri^liard's I!' sian Ins, vol. v., p. 427; JJiisdi-
llril. .V'l/v/inm'C, p. 321). SI
^haps, south of the Sinpavi list. !>•
'".'/•I I'l'- '"'"^l- ' l he Atnali, or Chin Indian cianitry extends almut olio
hundred miles,' from Fort Alexander. I'n.v's .I'/rm., vol. ii., p. ;1('>1. Shoo-
shew.ips inhabit the region of the north bend of the Columbia, in.")- . At-
iialis, in the region of the Fraser and Thompson riv(r^
Mn
ail's l.'itv
II
p. li ; // rhir, ill I'dllis' r's L.fj'.
(.Uiialis of ^lackelizii
ilpy tie
ink
if Thoi
Till Shi \\ha[iiiiil( li
li
oiupsou s 111
idong Frazer's liiver fuim lln Kapid village, t\\' iily inilt;^ In imv Ah.\iauh
THE SIICSIIWAl' r.VMII.Y.
811
to thn confliionrc nf tlipso t>v(> stvciiins. Tliciicc tn iicir tlu' f;'.lls tlir tribo
liciirs the iiiimc of Nicutcmiirh.' Amli
in y/is/. M'lj., vol, vii., i>.7i
'I'lic Stt;v Llimiili, iiiitivcs of AiuliTsoii Liikr, spiiik ii dialect of tlic Slic-
8\va[i liiii;,'uaL;>
Vol. ii., i». Ii2.
Tho Li
([111
SUiiwliouiish, ill tlir saiiiii vifiuity. MK'ij, in IS. ' '. P'/jicrs,
It liiiliiuis liavc tlicir lnnnr in the wintcf on Lake .\nili rsnn,
^t in .liivis
111 tlic sinTDundin'' di.strii-t, win iici' tluv dcsiTiul to thr
i|is dwiU alxiiit one hnndi'cd and tifty miles nmtli-west of
Inlet in the summer.' M'tijii: '.s Ii. ('., \i
The Ka
Okana;^an. ''im''.s Adnu., Vol. ii., p. VA'k
The Clnnsiis arc east of I'raser Itiver, lutwein Yule and latitude 50 ;
Skowtous, nn the fiftieth ]iaral!el south of Lake Kaiidoojis and west of Lako
01
lianu^an; Sockatclieeinuu, eas;
st oi Fraser aiul north of oi'. Ui
iTs Miijt
jf I''
Sin I
'I'iie K'inti iKi'm livi' in the s]iace Ixumded liy the ("olumliia Itiver
>I
onntains, and I'larkc Kivt
The Kituiiah.i, Coutanies, or I'iatl
Koek,
w.inde
in the ru;.,"4ed and mountainous tract enclosed lietween the two northei-n fork.s
if the Columl)
The Flat l)o\v Kiver and L
dso lielmi'' toll
lem.
link's
Elh
ilirl.
,iu r.s.j-y.K
,1.
vv
.(M
niap, \)
•21)7
' Inhaliit Ihecountrv
cxtcndin}' aloui' tlio foot of the lio
ountains, north of the I'lalheads, for
verv consid 'raldc distan
id are about c(iuiilly in Amerii an aiul in Usit-
i.sh territory.' il'thh.-^, in }'(('•. Ii. U. Ilipt., vol. i., p. 110. Kooti
Gillivr
Ih, !. I!., 1
tonic
n s liivi
the Flat 15ow Luke, etc' \\'<ir
id I
(iriisi iir. 111
'on .Ale
MKrtin'
.. N;]
Kootonais, on ' ov about the fiftieth paralh 1 at Foit Koi
>t of Fort Colville.' >>iiiipsnn's Uv rlninl Jmini., vol. i., ji. ]:
•l!e.
t\v<
the liocky Mountains, the Fpiier t olundua and its tributary the Kil-
Ir
usiiciiu or
rend'orei!lc, and wati red by an intermediate str
dl. d th.
Kootanais liiver is an ani^ular piece ( f country peoph d by a small, isolated
triiie bearin'4 the same name as the last-mentioned rivi r, on ihe banks of
V hich they principally Ii
.1/r-
I/"
's J!. <\, p. '-1)7. Thu lands of the C'ot-
tdUois
.l./r.„
•li(
(liately nortliof those of the Flatheads.' Irrin-i's Jli
nil's
p. 7t'. Ivutanao, Ki'itani, Kiiunaha. Kutucha, Coutaiiiis, Flath
' near the sources of the Marv llivi
st of the liockv Mounta
/..
Ah. Ludj., p.'J8. 'Inhabit a seilion of country to thf nortliof the Fonder
"''■"t.l.
M,
iiloii;4 iFdillivray's river.' I'lirli
rVrcs-llats, Fr.'^sdufort et dii lac d
i:.
e cc nom.
7'
l/e
1'
voutaiiii s oil
In tile Kootauie \'allev.' /.'
•,/■,
■IIS. A.',!'/)'!//-., tijiii. ii.. [ . ;;;!.").
\'it.. \A. ii., p. 17^<. Kootniiays, south of
the Shushwa
ruUi
!■:.>■ nl'
I'
■u.
■ i.reat lomii
itiidi
valle
if tl
Kootanic river, lln-lur, in //
p. -r
Tob;
riains form tl
w
le colllltlV
(if the Ivootanii
UhlkU';,, in /./.
'About the nnrll
II 111 lil.iiu In s
if the Columbia.' (irnnhiiir's Hist. Ojn., p. OH. Kootanais, 'an^le bituitii
the Saeliss lands
id the eastern lie.ids of the Columb'
.l)|.A
in IHst.
.1/.
'/.. Vo
p. 7'.(. Abiiiit the river of tlu' same name, betweiu il.e((.
luuilii:
Sinatcln-jj
d 1!
iv Mountain
ll/'s (J ,11
Tl
'i'l
111 the upper
h
ie iMiuteiiais Were iieiliaps tin
iw Lake, /e
Tusliepaw
, p. 1 1:
//r(e^/
A b
111!
il. ii ,
p. lUd,
if L
d (lark
Tiie l-llsh
'i jiiiir.'
are
I numerous people of four huiiilred and lil'ly t( nts,
residiu'' on the luads of the ilissouri and ('olumljiii rivers, and some of
;
;
Hi
• '■i'l
1,
812
TKir.AL JiOL'NDAllIi:S.
thf'in Ii)\v-r <1 >wn th" latt.r river.' f/n-i^ uml Clnrl.T'^ Tfir., \). !IJ1, mid
jiiii;.; l!ii"rhirl,'.s ",»., p. V.il. 'On u N. fnik of ('Iiirki;"s liivcr.' Mdrxin
7i''7>'.. 11. IfTJ. Ootlaslioots, 'Micksiiclis, iltoii i rcn.I d'On illi ,V), IldliiliioH
( Fiiitlii .iiU? I, liriiiiilns iif tliu 'riislii|iii\vs. /'/., mill Li'n-ia inci Clarhi's Mnji.
The 'rilship.iw uatiiiii iiii.;!it as cditi rtly 1m' iiiclililcd ill the Salisli family or
(>:iiittc I alfiiLii-tln'r. .Vccoriliii;^ to ',;'//,,s, iu l'<tr. II. II, I! pi., vnl,, i., [<. 117,
till y were the Kiiiitciiais.
'I'll. o/,'(/(r/,/r(/,.s, (ir Dkinakaiiis, ' cumiirisc the liaiids IvIiil; on thirivir
(»f that lialiii-, as far iKirtli as tin- fiKit of the threat lake, lln'y nrv hi.\ in
nunilur, viz: thi- 'I'l kmiratuiu at thi; mouth; Koutkoiup, on tho crick of
that iiaiiic; Kliickhaitkwic, at the falls; Kinakaiu's, near tlio forks; mid ili-
lakcllain, oii tin- wc-t fdik. Willi thriu may lie I'hisscd the N'lV ikjr. or Sans
I'licUc s. (Ill the Colmiilpi.i rivtr, tlioii^'h tlusc are also ilaiuud liy the Spo-
k.aiKs. 'I'lii- two liaiid-. on the forks ari> moic nearly conueetc d with tho
SehAd;;el|,i than with tin/ ones first named.' Xi r. /is, in Iml. .UJ. Uiid., Ib.Jl,
p. 2:17. and in /"'('■. /•'. /.'. /.'i/</., vol. i., ji. 1 IJ. Oakiiiackeiis, I'riests' Kajiids,
norihwaid iivi 1- ."(Oil luil.s, and Id) miles in width, to the Sh'whaijs, lii.iiieh-
iiii,' out into \1 trili'S. as follows, he^innin^' willi the soiitli: 'Skamoynu-
iiiaehs, K' wauv;hti In iiiinaiiL;lis, Pisscows, Ineomeeaiietook, Tsillani , Jnti-
I'took, liattli leiiiiileeliiaueh, or Meiitwho, llisiielluni, bililioheili ehaell, Sili-
whoyeljiiictook. Samil:.aliui,i,di and Oakinackeu, wliieh is ik ar'i_s in the eeiitie.'
llmis' A'lnii., IPJ). 2^'.» !*0. ' ( )n Imtli sides the Dkaliaj^'all Itiver flolu its niolltli
up to Ih'itish Coluiiiliia, iueliidin^,' the Seuni'lkmnceu Kiver.' Ji'i'.--s, in Iml, .[{1'.
//-;</., l><7n, p.-i'J. ' I'ri-sdu fort de ee nom.' Mofnts, Ki'iilnr. toni. ii., p. U;i.">.
' Oil the Oiiaiiai^'an and I'iseour Itivers.' Warre iiiul \'(trits<iii', in Martin's
Jliul. Ii.. p. sj. • ( 'oiiiposfd (jf several small bands liviii)^ along the Okiiia-
kano riv<r. from its c-ontluence with the Columbia to I-uke Okinakmie. . . .A
majority of the tribe live north of the boundary line.' I'uhjv, iu lud. AxY. U(}d.,
18(i.j, p. 'J'.). 'Columbia Valley.' .^rlKiiiliTuffs Anh., vol. iv., p. IIKI. North-
east and \vi st of the Shoopshajis. />'■ Siik t, I'l'//., J). 51. Junction of the Ukan-
ie.;aii and Columbia. I'drl.rr's Maji. ' Upper part of Fnvser's Kivirand its
tributarii s.' .^i-aiiji r, iu Lmnl. H'oij, Sec. Jaiir., vol. xi., p. 2'25. I'lincijial
family called Coucouulps about II miles up stri am of the same name, //"xs"
..li/i' «.. pp. '->i.l-'JiK The Simill^ameeii live on S. river, and 'area poitimi
tif the Uivaiue^'aii tribe.' I'tdimr, in Ii. ' "l. I'ltin rs, voL iii., p. h"). The Okaii-
le^ans, called Catsaiiini by Lewis and Clarke, (iilih.i, in J'(t<:, Ii. It. It' pi., vol.
i.. p. 1 17. Cutsahnini, on the Columbia aliove the SokiUks, and on tlu' north-
ern liraliehes of the Taptul. MmSi's Uipt., p. ;i7"2.
Thk Salish F.\mily includes nil the inland tribes between 49 and -17 .
The ^ali--ll. Saalis, St lish, or Flathi ads, 'inhabit the country about the uji-
])i r ]i:iit of the Columliia and its tributary streams, the Flatlu ad, Sjiokaii,
and il,iaua:,'au llivers. The name includes several iudi pt luU nt tribts or
biiuils, of which till' most important are the Salish proper, the KulU sj t Im,
the Soayalpi, the Tsakaitsitlin, and the Okiniikaii.' IIiih''.'i EUimni.. in I . >.
K,r. A,',!'.. Vol. vi.. !>. 'h-C). 'The Saeliss or Shewhapmueh race, whose limi'.s
may be detiiied by the Kocky Jlountains eastward; on the west the line of
Fra/.er's riVer from below Alexaudria to Keipieluose, near the i alls, in abiui
THE SALISII FAMILY.
nir}
lul 17 .
|llic \\[<-
poliiiU,
I'ilx s <■!•
1 s) clu],
In r. >.
|i' liuiii-
lilH ■1
111 ulx'Ul
liitituilt' 40 ."n"; iiovtliwiinl liy tlio rnrviir nffHct of tho riKpiiowyniis; (iml
SMiilli liv till' Saliupliiis (If N'cz I'lTci's of ()if^,'on.' An'lirsnn, in llisl. Mn'i.,
V"\. vii., [1. 71!. • I'rniii 'riioiiijison's l!iv( r <itlitr septs of lliis liicr tin?
Sliuswiips, SkowtiMis, Oliiiiiii^^aiis, Si>iik.ilis, Skuic Ijmi (of Colvillti. I'l liiTo-
rcilUs, 1111(1 Coi'iirs d'Alfiucs occupy the country us far as llie I'lalhcail
Passes of llic Iiocky JFountains. wlicrc tlic Sai liis or Flalluads fcim tlm
eastern ji'iitioii of llie race' l/'(//(c '.s li, ('., pp. 2'.M>-7. 'Alioiil the northern
lil'anehes of the CiillUliliia.' Iir> iiddnr's llt^l. Oi/n., ii, llll; l)niiii n' rli' .•. I)isn'ls,
vol. n . p
Trilies nientu)ne(l in l.i
III-. l>
ilCliirl.r's 7
nil-., ami map:
])a\v I Kootenai 1, lIo|iilpo ( Fhitliead l. MicksncksealtoMl 1 l'( till do
W'hei Ipo, I ( Imalpays ), Siiilisto and Skctsoinish ( S])okani s . IL
Tnshe-
reilies),
liiulieiumnio
(S.ins I'oilst, iiccordinj,' to '/
■',/,,-
I'llr. U. I!. Li III.. Mil.
Ill
See
Mufsi's /e/|^, p. '.\~2; lliiiiiniirli's llisnls. Mil. ii., p. .",."». ' III twei n the two
(;reat lir.anches of the Colninliia and tlie Itia'ky Mountains are only livo
tlv trilie^: tile Kootanais and Silish. or I'lalliiads, at the foot n( th
iiiMiuitains, and the I'ointed Hearts. Tend d'()rei!les, and S
down.' 1,'iis.-.' i'lir //■//. /r/s, vol, ii., p, P.M). 'I»i\iiled into si viral tiilns, tin
most important of wliirh are the Selislies, the Knlles| elms, the Snayalpis
ii.. pp. .").") II
the 'rsa'iail.-itlins, and the Okinakai
r7('.S III SI r/s, Vol.
'The I'/'illiiiiils. or Siilish proper, reside on the river, valhy. and l.ike of
the s.inie name. 'Inhaliit St. Mary's or the Flathead Valhy and the ni i;^li-
lioihood of the lake of the .same niiuie.' .'^tinns, iu /''/''. //. /,'. /.''///., vol. i.,
p. II."), and in Iml. AiJ'. ]lij)t., 1851, p. 21)7. ' Occiipyinj,' the valhys In i ween
the liitter Koot and Uiu'kv mounta
7'/c
IHIISIIII. Ill
lull. Air. Unil., l.S.Vl,
p. -Jsj. 'S aith of the Flathead Valley on the liitter Koot.' Sulli/. in /-/.,
IsTil. p. i'.U. St. .'.lary's Itiver. Srh,,i,lrnifrs An'li., vol. v., p. !'.( ). 'Fast
1 south-east (of the Coeurs d'Al-ne i and extends to the Hock v Moiinlains
I'lirbr's !■:.
fpiiir, hiiir, p
311, and imi]). I>i .^nul, .I//.*, i/i /"/•
S.ialis on faux Tctes-I'lates. Slir la livii're de ee liolil an liii
'/"". p. '
.1 d. s .M,
II.
ta^'lles ItoeheUSeS. Mo/nis, lu'/ilnr., t
oni. 11., p
;{;."). ' Aioii- iiie fi.ui (,f
the nioiintains.' Itus.i' Ailrm., p. 2V.i. 'In New C'liledonia. W . of llii- Itucl.y
Miiiiitains.' .}firsi's U [il., p. 1171. IJitter Hoot vail.,,', llnhliins. in Iml.
Alt', /cyi/., psi;;), p. l."),"i, i.sil.'), p. 210; .V('v//io/".s' <i;iii. I'lr.. \<. l^/A. llopilpo,
of Lewis and Clarke. ti'ibUa, in I'lU'. I!. I!. Hi jil . vol. i., p. 117. • lis oeeupi nt
Ii pii.vs compris I
litre le Lewis Itiver et la liraiiche uord-onest on la (o-
luniliia, et 1) iriie en arriere par les Monts-liocailh ux. .Staurl. in A'l'an/'i.s
Aiiinili's il's \'<i>j., 1.S2I, toin. xii., p. l:!.
The I'idI irorc'illi'^ occupy (he vicinity of the lake of the same name.
' ()ii the Flathead or (,'larke liiver.' W'urri anl \'(iritsi;nr,iu Miiriin's llml. II.. |).
1 'At ('lar'.c's Fork.' .^rh.H.lrrujTs .{rrli., vol. v., p. I'.MI. Lower I'eml d '()-
reilies, ' in the vicinity of the St. lL;ii:itius Mis>ii)ii.' I'lii i<-, in ///'/. -1.//'. lo jil.,
\'>\\'), p. ;)S. • The Kalispilnis or I'l u.l d( iri illes of the Lower Lake, inhahit
the ciiuuti'v north of the Coeur d'.Vli ni s and around the K
illspeliii lake
'"■'(/as, in /',(.•. 11. Ii, llifil., vol. i., p. ll.'i. ralisjiels. or Calispi Hum. •on
I'linl's I'rairie iit the head of Colville Valley, and on both sidi s of tiie I'eiid
d'l )r. ill' lti\er, from its nuaitli to the Idaho line, hut principally at lie ( ainan
1'
II
mil 11.1, 111
Iml. Atr. Unit.
iNili. \\\i. -l-l. 2.),
1112. Situated tu )h
st of Fort Colville, adjoining the Kootonais ou their eastern holder, .^inq)'
-.•iu
^>.
•^- W.
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33 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80
(716) 872-4503
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TRIBAL BOrXDARIES.
ft'Di's Overland Jnurii., vnl. i., p. Hrt. ' rrnd'oroillos on Kfllfspcm. An-
<lcss(piis (111 fort ('dlvillc' Mn/ras, Kj-jilnr., tmn. ii., p. 3^15. Sliatkinlsclii, or
I'l'ud d'OrcillfS (»f the iipju'r lakf. A tribe who, V>y the eon st lit nf thi' Sc-
lisli, oceiipy jointly with theiii the country of the hitter, liihlis, in /''/'■. //. 11.
Iti'iil., vol. '.., p. •tl'i. KiilliiH-ritluH, 'on the Fliithead or Clarke liiver.'
II
(1
'nrre awl \'<irnsiitr, in }f<irti)i's Ihiil. Ii., p. H2. Pondtras, 'north of
ariic s river
and '
hike which takes its uiinie from the trilie.' I'urhr's
K.rjiU'r. T'li'r, ]>. ;<l'2and map; hi' Sunt. !'«//., j). :t'2. The Peiid'on illt s wen
irolial>lv the Micksiicksealtoni of Lewis and Clarke, (i'thhs, in I'm-. It. 11
Jlv/.t., vol. i., J). 417.
Trilies baptized by De Smet: Thlishatlvmnche, Stietshoi, ZiiiLjomenes,
Shaistche, Shnyelpi, Tschilsulomi, Siur Toils, Tinabsoti, Yinkaceons, Yej-
ak-onn, all of same stock.
Tribes mentioned by Morse as living in the vicinity of Clarke River:
Coopspellar, Lahama, Lartielo, Ilihij^heiiimmo, Wheelpo, Skeetsomish. ll'iil.,
p. ;!72.
The f'iiruvx iVAlciie 'live about the lake which takes its ii me from thcni.'
Iftilc's FJliiioii; in U. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., j). '2()!i. East of he Spolvam s, at
headwaters of the Sp(d{ane l{iver. Vm-hir'n K.rjihir. Tour, p. 310, and map.
'The Skitswish or Coenr dWlenes, live upon the ujiptr jmrt of the ('o<nr
d'Alene river, above the Spokanes, and around the lake of the same name.'
<l\hhf
111
/•'/<•. y;. /,'. itii>t
A. i., p. 4i.-
Tl
leir mission is c
>ii th
ten miles above the lake and thirty miles from the mountains. Siinnx. in
Jiiil. .Uf. II' lit., 1)S."H, p. -21(1. Stietshoi, or Coeur d'.Aleiies on the river, and
about the liii I'. Srli(ii>lrrii/t's Arrh., vol. iii.. j>. 'iOd, map, vol. v., p. V.O.
I'oiiited Hearts, ' shores of a lake about fifty miles to the eastward of S]io-
kan House.' Co.r'.s' .\ilirn., vol. ii., p. 1")((; .Mriildi/'n thm. Tir.. p. 143: I>p
Stwt, Ml.1.1. il t'Ori'ijiiu, p. 31. 'St. Joseph's river.' MkIIhh's It'ijit., p. 4!'.
The I'ulrilivs include the tribes about Kettle Falls, and the banks of the
Columbia uj) to the .\rrow Lakes. 'Colville valley and that of the Colum-
bia river from Kettle Falls to a jioint thirty niilt's below.' I'ni le. in Iml. Aff.
liifit., \Hi\'i, i>. !)M. 'The Colvilles, whose tribal name is Swielpree. are lo-
cated in the Colville Valhy. on the Kettle River, and on both sides f)f tho
Columbia River, from Kettle Falls down to the mouth of the Spokane.'
iri/"//(.s, in lih, 1870, p. 22. Colvilles and Spokanes, 'near Fort Colville.'
ir,
d v
in Mitrthi's llwl. Ii., p. 82
The Lakes, ' whose tribal name is Senijextee, ar<> located on both sides of
the Columbia River, from Kettle Falls novth to British Columbia
ir
in //"/. Aff. tt'i'l., 1K7(», p. 22. 'So named from tin ir place of nsidt m e,
which is about the .Vrrow Lakes.' I'urh'r'x E.fpUir. T'nir, p. .'!12. 'Lis saii-
va};es des Lacs . . .resident sur le Lac-aux-tleches.' l)f .^nnt. l'"//., \i. 'A).
The Chaudicrcs, or Kettle Falls, reside 'about Colville.' I'lirhr's /•,>-
phir. Tiiur, p. 3l:(. The village of Les Chaudicres 'is situated on the north
bide just below the fall.' I'n.v's Ailrcn., vol. i., p. ;t5H. Chaudi.'res ' live south
of the Lake Lldialis." Ih' Sniii, I'ny., p. ."lO. 'Fort Colville is the rimipal
ground of the Schwoyi'liii or Kettle Falls tribe.' liihiix. in /'</'■. /,'. /,'. //•/./.,
vol. i., p. 413. 'The tribe in the vicinity (of Fort Colvillel is known as iIim
Chaudi 'rO, whose territory reaches us far up as the Cidumbia Lakis." .'^iiiqi-
THE SPOKANE NATION.
315
ftnn's OvrrUtnl Journ., vol. i., p. lol. ' Gtiis dcs rhnn(lit''n'S. Pn's dn Inc
Ht'ljinichonai) (lU-dt-hsouH d«'H Dalles.' Mn/nis, A'.iyi//)/-.. torn, ii., j). 3:)5.
'{'idled in their own langiia^'e, ChualiJayK.' haiic's Wmnl., ji]!. 3IIN-!).
'Callid Quiurlpi (Basket People).' Wilhs' Xnr., in l'. S. AV. h\r., vol. iv.,
p. 472. The Chunlpays culled Whe< Ipo by EewiH and Claike, and by
Morse, ilihhs, in I'ur. h. Jl. Il.pl.. vol. i., p. 417.
The Siiiil.-tnii's live on the Spokan(- river and plateau, alonj,' the banks of
the Columbia from below Kettle Falls, nearly to thi' Ukanapm. 'The Spo-
kihnish, or Spokanes, lie south of the Selirooyelpi, and ehietly upon or
near the Spokane river. The name a])plied by the whites to a nundur of
small bands, is that f,'iven by the Coeur d'.Vlciie to the one liviiij^ a» t.'ie
forks. They are also called Sinkoman, by the Kootoni«'s. These bands
are eij;ht iu number: the Sinslihhooish, on the f,Teat plain above the cross-
in(,'s of the Coeur d'Alene river; the Sintootoolish, on the liver above- the
forks; the Smahoomenaish (Spokehnish ', at the forks, the Skaisehilfnish,
at the old Chemakane mission; the Skeeheraniouse, abov(! them on tho
Colville trail; the Seheeetstish, the Sinpoijschne, and Sinspeelish, on th«
Columbia river; the last-named baml is nearly extinct. The Sinpoilseline
(N'poehle, or Sans Puelles) have always been ineluded amonj^ the Okin-
akaues, thou^jh, as well as the Siiispeelish below them, they are claimed by
the Spokanes. The three bands on the Columbia all sjieak a ditl'ereut
lant;uat,'e from the rest.' ,'<t'rms, in lial. Aff. Ii'}>l., 1H.")4, pp. 2J), 2li(i; and
liihlis, in /''('•. //. It. Itfjii., vol. i., ]>p. 414 15. 'This tribe claim as their
tirritory the country c<inimencin),' on the lar.Lje plain at the head of the Slawn-
tehus— the stream enteriti^' the Colundiia at Tort Colville: thence down tho
Spokane to the Columbiu, down the Cobunbia half way to Port Okina-
kane, and up the Spokane and Coeur d'Alene, to sonie point between the
falls and the lake, on the latter.' /</., p. 414. 'Inhabit tlii' country on tho
Sjiokane river, from its mouth to the boundary of Idaho.' I'nl ,i\ in Intl. Aft',
licpl., 1805, p. 1H(. 'At tinus on the Spokane, at times on the S| okano
plains.' ^fulllln's Ili'i't., \t\>. IH, 4;». • Principally on the plains.' [.unl's .\iit.,
vol. ii., p. 157. 'North-east of the Palooses are th(> Spokein n.itinn.' Viiil,-
er's E,riil<ir. Tonr, p. IllO, and map. '.Vu-dessous du fort Okana.^Mui .i I'Est.'
Mifritri, /iV/i/'ir., tom. ii., p. X\~t. ' ,Vu nord-ouest dcs Palooses se trou..' la
nation des Spokanes.' Ih' Siml, V"ij.. p. •'!!. 'Have a small vill.e^e at tho
entrance of their river, but their chiet and jiermanent place of n sich mo
is about forty miles hii^her up .... where the Pointed-heart I'liver Joins
the S[iokan from the south-ciist.' Cri.i''.v A<lrni., vol. ii., p. II". ' TIk Spo-
kanes, whose tribal names are Sinceiiiuimenach, or l'p| < r. Sintnotoo, or
Middle S;iokamish, ancl ('hekasschee, or Liiwer Spokanes. liviiiL; on tho
Spokane Uiver, from the bhdio line fo its mouth.' Wimiiis. in //"/. .\j[y. It'iii..
IHTit, p. 'IW. Sjiokane, the Sarlilso and Si.etnomish of Lewis and t larke.
(/;/<'..s'. in Viw. It. It. It' 1,1., vol. i.. p. 117.
The Sfin.i I'liils (Hairless*, or ' Sanpoils. whi<'h includes the Ni speeliini
Indians, are located on the Colmiibia. from the mouth of the Siiolxime down
to (Iraiid Coul.'e iim the south of tli ■ Columlii 1 1, und from a point opposilu
the mouth uf the Spokane down to the mouth of the ()kant<.L;an on tln' north
side of the Columbia, iuclmlin.; the country drained by the Suiipoil, and
316
TllIBAL nOl'NnAIUES.
Nc'six'clii'u (':• 'cks.' Wimiiii, in In I. .['}'. Ivi<t., IsTO, p.
Piniioilish,
W'St of tlu' ('oliiiiil)iii lictwi'cii I'rii'st luipiils mul ()kaiiii;.Mii. SiIkihIi'i-iiiTh
Ari-h.. Vol. iii., p.' 'idd, limp. Silipiiili lisli. west of tlii' Kittli' Falls lliiliiiii.s.
P'lrhr's Kx/ihir. Tour, p. ;tlU. ' SiiiiponMls. I'K'S tics i,'raiiils riipidcs «ln ]['ut
('iil(Hiilpia.' M'l/nis, A'.r/i/oc., toiii. ii., ji. ;{ !."i. Siiipavc list, west of tin' ( liau-
ili'i-fS. IhSiiil, I'll//., p. ")((. Sinapdils, • ociMipy ii ilistrict nu tlu- imrlhi rn
1) iiilis of the ('.)iiuii1>iii, l)('t\v('<'!i tin- Siiokiin mul Oakiiia^'aii rivers." Tui-'s
Alrcii., vol. ii., p, 145. Hi'lii^'lu'iiiiJinio of Lewis aii<l Chirkf. (iihhs, in J'tii\
Ji. U. J{<i>l., vf.l. i., p. 417.
The /'i.sY//c ff.sp inlmltit the west bunk of the ('olunibia betwefn thn Okaii-
a:^'an anil Triest I{a|iii1s. riskvvav
I'iscons; 'nanif ivroptrly licldU'^s
to till' triln' who live on the small river which falls into the Coliinihia on tire
west side, ahout forty miles helow Fort Okana^^an. IJut it is lure extemlen
to all the trilies as f.ir down as Priest's llai.ids.' Tiie niap extends their ter-
ritory across the ("oliinihia. Hull's Elliiinii.. in I'. S. E.e. K.e., vol. vi., p. I'lli,
and map, ]>. I'.lT. l*is<piousi', ' immediately north of that of the \akanias.'
' On the Columliia between the Priest's and lioss llapids.' Slvi-ms, in lul. .[(}.
II i>l., is.'.l. ]). •i:i;; and Hi'ilis, in J'ur. I!. /.'. /•'"/»/.. vol. i.. p. 4l'i. ' I'iscnuiis.
S;i
■hi
I jictite rivicro dt; ce nom a I'Oiiest de la ('olond)ie.' Mn/nis, l-Jxii
tom. ii., ]). 'Xi'>.
The Sk.'imoynumacks live on the banks of the Colnmliia, at'Piiest
llapids, near tlu^ mouth of the I'matilla. 'I'hirty miles distant up the river
are the Kewanjilitohenemaehs. Huss' Ailnn., pp. 134, l:i7.
'The Mithouies are located on the wi'st side of the Columbia Kiver. from
the mcuth of the Okana^'an down to tlie Wonatchee, and includes the
country drained by the Mithouie, Lake Chelan, and Enteeatook IJivers.'
U'uKttix. in liul. Aff. llipl., 1«70, p. 2;J.
'Till' Isle <b' Pierres, whose tribal name is Linkinse, are located on the
east and south side of tlie Col. Kiv. froni (Irand Cimlee down to Priests'
Kapids, which includes the peuiiisuU made liy theyi'eat bend of the Col.' Jh.
Thk Sahai'TIx Family is situated immediately south of the Salish. Only
six of the ei'^dit nations mentioned below have been included in the Family
by other authors. ' The country occupied by them i xteiids from the J)alles
of th<' Columbia to the liitter-Uoot nioinitains, lyinj,' on both sides of the
Columbia and upon the Kooskooskie and halmon Forksof Lewis' and Snake
liiver, between that of the Selish family on the north, and of the Snakes on
the south.' 'i'lh'is, in I'ttnilosi/'s (intiii., p. vii. 'The first and more nortln'ru
Indians of the interior may bt' denominated the Shahaptan F;imily, and com-
jirehends three tribes; the Shahapt;in, or Nez Perec's of the Canailians; the
Kliketat, a scion from thi; Shaliaptans wlio now ihvell near Mount liainier,
and have advanced toward tlie falls of the Columbia; and the Okaiia^'aii,
who inhabit the upper part of Fraser's IJiver and its tributaries.' Sronlir. in
L<nul. (I'vo I. Sue. Joitr., vol. xi., j). '2\1'>. Hale's map, in /'. .s'. A'.r. /•.'.(•., vol. vi.,
p. 11*7, divides the territory amoii'.,' the Nez Perci's, Walla-Wallas, Waiila])tu,
and Molele. ' The Indians in thisdistiict i of the l)alles; are 1)ol; It^vrr, \\ as-
eos, Tyicks, Des Chutes, .lolin l>ay, I'tilla, Cayuses, Walla-Waha, Xiz Perees,
Muuutaiu Snakes and Uannacks.' JJcHnisnn, in Jml. A^fi'. Itijil., ItS.j'.t, p. -l;jj.
ii
RAIIAPTIX FAMILY.
317
Only
iiiiiily
Jilll.H
)f the
Siiiiku
kc s (III
itllflU
colll-
is; tilt;
ailil) r,
ii;i^'aii,
ihr. ill
lol. vi.,
iil:il)fn,
Wus-
['(■rci's,
II. 435.
'Til'' (lifforrnt tri1)oa nttaolii'il ti> Fort Ntz Pcn-t's, imd whf> fomn riy wont bj
th.'it ni<{iiiim('ii, iirethii ShitiiKioiimn^h, Skanitiiiininaii^'li, K'ynckiniah, Ih( jpt--
wlniiiiiiii^')i. and Inaspi'tsiini. These tribes iiiliahit tlic main nnrtli branch
abcivc tile Forks. On the south braiieli are the I'aMetto Faliiis, Slm\vliaa|iteti
<ir N'e/ I'eri'ert proper, Pawluch, and ("osispa tribes. On the main Coliiinbia,
bi'„'iiiiiinv( at th<! Hallas, are the Xecootiiiiei(,'li, Wisscojiam, Wisswlianm,
Wayyaiiijias, Lowhiin, Sa\V|ia\v, and Yoiiniatalla bands.' Ilnss' Fur Ilnnl-rs,
vol. i., p. l!Sr>-ti. Calhlakaliikits, at the riij-ids of Cohinibiii river. N. side;
Cliippaiii'liickehieks, ' X. side of (.'olunibia river, in the lonj; narrows, u lit-
tle below the falls.' Hellwits, 'at the falls of i.'(iluiiibi.i river;' Ithkyenia-
iiiits, 'on <'()lniiibia river, N. side near t.'liippaui'hickehii-ks;' Yehah, "abovo
the rapids.' Morse's lli/tt., pp. :i(i.S-70.
The Xrz Perri'n ' jiossess the country on each side of thf Lewis or Snake
lliver. from the Peloosetothe Waptieacoes, about a hundred mili s— to^'ether
with the tributary .streams, extendin;,'. on the east, to the foot of the Uocky
Mountains,' Ilik'ti Kthivii., in l'. S. Kx. /■,>., vol. vi., p. '212; Srhiiulirii/t'H
Ar'h.. vol. iv,, p. r».")l. ' On both sides of the Kooskooskia and imi-th fork of
Snake river.' <rV)l>s, in Pur. 11. It. Hrfit., vol. i., p. 4 Hi; and Sli nu.-i, in IikI.
AjJ. Hi lit., 1H.")4, ]). '217. 'A few bauds of the \e/ Perc s Indians occupy the
Saliiiiiii river and th(^ Clearwater.' Tlinmiison. in /(/.,p.2H2. ' The Ni/ Perces
country is bounded west by the Palouse river and the Tucaniioii; on tho
iiuiih by the rani^e of niountains between Clear Watir ami the Coeur d'.V-
leiie; east by the Hitter Koot nioiiiitaiiis; on the south they are boundid
near the line dividing; the two Territories.' >'nthj, in /(/., IH.'iT, p. 'X>.\. Tliu
HuH'alo. a tribe of the Nez Pt.'i'ces, winter in the Bitter lioot Yalley. (tinn, iu
A/., ]H.")1>, p. 421. ' rpp(>r waters and mountainous parts of the Columbia.'
I'dtlin's \. Am. Iml., vol. ii., p. 1I),S. ' Country lyinj,' alon^; L wis river and
its tributaries from tho eastern base of the 151ue Mo"'<tiiins to the Colunibiii.'
I'lihiiir's Jintr., p. "),■». Nez Perees (jr S.ihaptins, 'on the bau'ns of the Lewis
I'nrk or Serpent lliver.' Ihiini'm'rli'n Iksirtn, vol. ii., p. 51. ' Chohoptins,
or X. z-l't rces, . . . .on the banks of Lewis River.' ('<i.v's Ailnn., vol. ii., p.
li:t. 'Itove tlirou;^h till! re;^ioiis of the Lewis branch.' 'r/vf /i/ckc'.s Hist.
O'jii., p. :!(). 'The Lower Xez Perci's raii.ne upon the ^VayIeeway, Inimahah,
Yiii;;hies, and othi'r of the streams west of the mountains.' Iriimi's llmi-
)i<r'(lli's ,b/ci')i., J). oOl. Some Flatheiids live aloUf^ the Clearwater Pivtr
<l.iuii to below its junction with the Snake, dtisn' .four., ]i. 212. Country
'draimd by the Kooskooskie, wistward from the Plackfoot country, and
across till' Uocky Mountains." lir<'ifii' ll's Iml. /i''('',.s-, p. ,'):);!. • I'li's du fort
dc ce nom, a la jonction di s ileiix branches du fleiive.' Mfij'rns, Ki-jilcr., torn,
ii.. ]i. n I."). Junction of Snake and ( harwater. I'drhr'sK.yplar. 'I'fur, Mni,.
< 'lio|.uiinish. Liiris inol Cliui.i's Tnir., p. ;i:il, and map. Copuniiish. //.//-
/'/i./.'s' (h-'ijim, J). 114. 'The Nez-Perces are divided into two classes, the
Ni/-Perci's proper, who inhabit the iiinuntains. mid the Polonches, who in-
habit the plain country about tlic mouth of the Snake lliver.' linirdinr, in
l.'iinl. lii'D'f. Sor. •Jiiur., vil. xi., p. 25i'). Chopunnish, ' on Lewis river below
till entrance of the Kooskouskee, rin both sides.' 'On the Kooskooskea
nvi-r liclow the forks, and on Cotter's creek.' Bands of the Chopunnish:
Pi Uoatpallah, Kiiuuiooenim, YiK tpoo, Willewah, Soyennom. Mursv's It'i't.,
p. M\).
818
TRTI5AL noUNDARIES.
The r((liiusr, or 'tlio Piiltis, usniiUy written Pnloosp, livo between llio
Ci)lniii1>iii and the Snuke.' <l\hhs. in Vnwlusi/x tirutii,, p. vi. 'The PehxiKo
tribe hiis i\ streiiui eiilled afti r it which enii)tieH into Lewis Itiver.' Uah'K
Jillinoj., in r. S. A'.r. A>., vi'l. vi., p. 213. I'pon the Pehxtse Uiver. ' En-
trHiifo of Great Simke River and KurrotindinK oountry.' Tulmie, in Lord's
.Y'/^, vol. ii., pp. l(»r», 'il'*. ' Properly a part of the Nez Perees. Their resi-
tlrtiee is alon^' the Xez Peree river an<l up the Pavilion.' hirh-fr's ICrpUf.
Tiiiir, p. 310. In three bands; at the month of the Pelonse River; on the
north bank of Snake River, thirty miles below the I'elouse; and at the month
of the Snake River. SU'rnis, in /»'/. Afi'. liipt., 1K54, pp. 22'2-3, and in /W- .
It. II. /I'l/i/.. vid. i.. pp. I'tli-l. Pulonse, or I'elouse, 'reside on the banks
of tlie Palouse and Snake rivers,' Midlmi's llijit., pp. IS, 4!). ' La tribu
I'aloose nppartient ii la nation des Nez-Perees .. elle habite les bords d( s
dfux rivi,"'res des Nez-perees «'t dn Pavilion.' !><• Sunt, I'"//., jt. lU. Selloat-
l)allah, north of the Snake, near its eontlnenee with the Columbia. /,»■('•;.*
Kinl ('l(irl,r's M'lp. Same as the Sewatpalla. <iililjs, in I'ai'. Ii. 1!. H'pl., vol.
i., p. 417.
The ir(///(/-Tr(//^(.s ' oeeujiy the country south of the C'olund)ia and about
the I'iver of that name.' Uihh.i, in l'<iiiili>si/'!< lirnm., p. vii. 'A nund)er<.f
1>ands living,' tisually on tlu^ south side of the Columbia, and on the Snako
river to a littl ist of the I'eluse." <,;W/.s, in J'xr. ]t. It. Itijit., vol. i., p. 4(12.
'Are on a small str(>am wliieh falls into the Columbia near Fort Xez-perees.'
Jl ilf'x Htliiioii., in r. .S. A'.f. /,',r., vid. vi., p. 213. 'lidiabit the country about
the river of the same nam<>, and ran^'e some distance below alonj,' the Co-
I'.nnbia.' J'/irLrr'n Efiilnr. Timr, ]). :il(). ' I'pon the banks of the Colund>ia,
below the mouth of the Lewis Fork an- found the Walla-wallas.' Ilnnfiiiirn
Jnd. Ititci's, p. .").'J.J. ' Oualla-Ouallii. au-dessus dn fort des Xez I'erces." lA.-
/■/vw, E,r]iii>r., tom. ii., p. 335, "ruder this tirm are end)raced a nuiidier of
bands livinj^ usually on the soutii side of the Cohnnbia, and on the Snake
river, to a little east of the Pelouse; as also the Klikatats and Yakainas,
nortli of the former.' Sli-rnis, in //«/. Ajf. 11' pt., 1S5I, p. 223. 'On both
sides of the Columbia river betw( en Snake river and Hudson Ray fort. Wal-
la-Walla.' J>ninis<m, in //.</. ,1/. /^7'^, l>i"»7, j). .'ITl. Walla Waljaiium.
Tiiliiiii', in Lord's Aot., vol. ii., jip. 244 7. 'Les Walla-walla habitent. snr la
rivi.'Te du menie nom, I'un des tributaires de la Colondae, »'t liin* pays
K'etelid aiissi le hnv^ de ce tleuve.' J>c >'//»'■/, I'c//., J). 30. Wollaw Wollidi.
South side of the Snake, at j\inction with the Columbia. L< iris ninl I'lnrkv's
Mdj). Wollaolla and Wollawalla, 'on both sides of Col., as low as the Mus-
eleshell rafiid, and in winter jiass over to the Tajitul river.' Mursf's It'jil.,
pp. 3 ;!)-70. 'Country south of the Columbia and about ihe river of that
name.' liUilis, in /'i/)i(/(i.s//'s Unan., p. vii. Walawaltz nation about the junc-
tion of the Snake and Columbia, On Walla Walle River, tinss' Jour., )>p,
2'.H H. 'On both banks of the Columbia, from the Rlue ^lountains to the
Dalles.' I'(in)liiiiii'n V'/'/i'., p. l.'tl. Wallah Wallah. Cim-'s .b/i-oi.. vol. ii.. ji.
14-'. 'About the river of that name.' .Mrulm/'s (tjn. Tir.. ]ip. 143, l.")l.
AVallawallahs, 'reside alon^' the lower jiart of the Walla Walla, the low bot-
tom of the Umatilla and the Cobimbiii, from the mouth of Lewis River fcir
one hundred miles south.' J'ulitn'r's Jour., pp. 08, 124. 'On the borders ipf
THE CAYUSES AND WASCOS.
319
til.' ^Val^lh^vl\^ah nn<l r<)lniiil)iii.' Putitniirh's Jks'rt.i, vol. ii.. p.fil; Slmtrt,
ill \iiiirillis Aiiiiiili's ili'K I'll/., 1M21, toiu. xii., ]>. ;t.">.
TIk' Sciiitit^'iis ami TonHfthipHs live on x'unof Kivir (Tiiknnoii ?), nnd the
EiiotiiUii (Touclict ?), tlio Akiiitrliis ' sur 1(> liit,'-riv('r.' (('(iluiiiMa). Jlnnt, in
Xiiiir llvs AiiiKths ill's I'k//., IS-Jl, toni, x., pji. 71-H. Tlic Scialni^as 'jhissi dc lo
]ia\>i lionir an siiil-rst ]mv la (iniuih-l'laiiic; uu nord, jiar \v Lv\\\s-ll]vir; ii
I'diirst par la ('oliiiiil)ia; uu sml par rOualamat.' Iil., \H-2\, turn, xii., ]i. ■i2.
Tlie (iii/iisc.-t extend fnini John Day IJiver eastward to (Irande lionde
Valli.v. 'I'lii' (ayuKe, Cailloiix, Muiilatpu, 'cunntry south of the Saliaptiii
and Wallawalla. Their head-ijuarters are on the upper part of WuUawalhi
i:
//.(/ '.s' iUhniiij., in V. S. Kv. Kr., vol. vi.. j). "Jil,
map, p
i:
'Iho
eiiuiitrv hilouLtiuL,' to the Cavuse is to the south of and lietweeu the Xi z
V
md Walla-Wallas, extending,' from the l)<s Cliutes, or Wanwaiiwi, to
till' eastern side of tho nine mountains.' Xirrns, in /;"/. .\ij. L'ljiL, l^")l, ji.
•Jis: ',;7w, in /'<('•. /,'. /,'. Il-jil.. vol. i..]).4U!. 'On the west side of the lUuo
inotiiitains and south of the Coluiuhi.i liver.' Tlnniiiisuu. in Iml. AjT. I.'ijil.,
is:, I. ]..'.H2.
' Oecupy a portion of the Wulhi- Walla valli y.' /.' iih
. in /./.
IS'iT. p. :t7l; Ciliil, in /(/., IS.V.), Jip. 41lt-H. 'A I'oUest des N<Z-perees sunt
lis Kiiynses.' />'■ Sunt, I'",'/-- l'> •'•*• 1'"' Kayouse dw<sl upon the I'tallii
nr Iviinutilly Uiver. Tmrtisiiiirs .\<ir.. j). 122. 'West (pf the Ne/ Penes.'
l''irL- r's Exfil'ir. Tour, ]>. It: !», and map. ' JJovi' thro^iijh the re),'ions of
the Tjewis hralieh.' l!rmih<»r's //i.s/. Oju., p. IJI). ' Kayouses. I'n s dii t;raiul
(1 'tun- de la Coloiuliie.' Mn/rim, ExjiUir., torn, ii., ji. ■V.i't. W aiilatpu. Molele,
e.dlid also WiUetpoos, Cayiise, 'western Oregon, south of the Coluinhiii
livi r.' I.iiihii-i', .1''. I.'iini., ]>. 1!''.'; liiilif, in I'kc. II. I!. Ilijit., vol. i., ji. -liT.
('a:i',':ias
inhahit the eountrv hoideriiif.,' on Wallawalla river and its trih
t.lVli
Ihr
I'dl
mountains and drand ronnt
;<1
,d.' 7'.
I'P
cou
ntrv to the soutli of Walla Walla. Tnln
\' :'.. V il ii.. i)p. 2lt "). The Skynses 'dwell alioiit the w.iters of tb ■ Way-
I fUay and the adjacent country.' frrini's lUnininlh 's Ailnu., y. : NS.
Till' Willewah 'reside on the Willewah river, whirh falls into the Lewis
M.irsi's H'jil , p. ::(;'.!. in (if.inde
i;..;,d.' Vall(
1 the S.W. side, lielow the fori
/.•
id CUirhi's Miiii; Oihl.s, in J'lif. Ii. ]!. 1,'ij'l.. vol. i.
r
I'lnatillas 'live near the jiinetioTi of the Tniatilla and Coluiidiia
l.'inl's .\iil-, vol. ii., ]i. '.l7. I'liiatallow Jiivei- ,;i.d enniitry ( xti iidii:^'
lie lie • Westward to Dalles. Tnliiiir, ill Id., ]i. •_'!.")
c'liiatiy a'oii.; the river heariii^; that name.' ]>■
i'^'ii. p. :." I.
The Iiill
IS oeeii
py tl
in Ihil. Ai}'. l.n.t.
h ■ WahiiWiium live 'on the X. liraiiidi of the ('(pliimliia. in dillVn nt
hill I i fiiiiii the I'ishipiitpahs: a
s low as the ri". i
J.
li-
the ditlereiit hands
I'f this nation winter on tlu' waters of Taptiil and i ataraet iiver>
.lA.
dill,!
tl
/,' ■'.. p. :)7il: /.rici'.s' (()((/ Chirh'a Mnji. On .hdin Day's Kiver.
/,' /;. /r/p/., vol. i., p. 417.
Tiie H'(s''''.s include all the trihes between the Cascade Itaiii'e and .luhn
I lav Kiver, south of tho Colunihia.
'i'hey are known hv the name of
Wa^fo Indians, and they call their country around the Dallas, Wasi'(p]pam.
J 11' y claim the country extending from the cascaihs up to the falls of the
320
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
Ci»lurn1)ia, tlio distanpc of nbout fifty miles.' Jfinfn' V'ly., p. IHO. 'The
WiiHwtH occupy a Hiimll triict of country iioiir to and a<1j<iinin}{ the DuIIch.'
Drnni.'iiiii, in Iml. Aff. liipt., 1H.")7, p. 372. On both sidcH of tht; Coliuuliia
about tilt' Dalles arc the Wuseopuius. M'lp, in Srltoulrra/t's Arrlt., vol. iii., ji.
200. Eiiesliur, Echeloots, Chillukkitccpiaw and Hinacshop occni>y *'"' terri-
'ory, on ljiir'i>i mxl (larh-'K Ma/r, Mursf's IU])(., p. 370. The Tchipantcliick-
tchick, Cathl.issis, Ilttekaiiiiuiiiits, and Tchelouits about the Dalles. Slmirt,
in S'niirillis AiiiiiiU's des Voy., 1821, torn, xii., p. '2C; (Jihbs, in I'm: Ji. Jl.
i.V/j< , vol. i., p. 417.
'The residence of the Molele is (or was"! in the broken and wooded
country about Mounts Hood and Vancouver.' llulv's El.hnoij., in ('. S. ]'.\\
K.r., vol. vi., J). 211. The Mollales have their home in the ^Villanlette Val-
ley. Sfliiiiilcyii/t's Airh., vol. v., p. 4'J2,
'The Tuirtla, usually called Taigli, Vielong. . . .to the environs of the l)es-
Chutes llivcr.' (liUhn, in Vniulosy'a O'min., i>. vii.
'The Des Chutes. .. .formerly occupied that section of cimntry between
the Dalles and the Tyich river.' Di'iinixdn, in Jwl. Aff. Jli'iil., l.s:,7, p. 37:!.
'Thi' Tyichs .. .formerly occupied the Tyich valley and the country in
its vicinity, which lies abnut 30 miles south of Fort Dalles.' Jh.
' Tli(^ John Day llivers occupy the country iu tho immediate vicinity of
the river bearing; that name.' Ih.
'Tlie Do:^ llivcr, or Cascade Indians reside on a small stream i ailed Dog
river, which empties into the Columbia river, about half way between the
Cascades and Dalles.' LI., p. 371. Tho Cascades dwell 'on the river of that
name.' .Mftilny's Oijii, Tcr., p. 143.
The ruLiiii'is oceujiy the valley of the Yakima Kiver and its bnnichi s.
'The upper Yakimas occujjy the country upon the M'eiiass and main bianili
of the Yakima, above the forks; the Lower upon the Yakima and its tribu-
taries, below the forks and alon^ the Columbia from the mouth of the Yaki-
ma to a puint three miles below the Dalles.' littbh, in //('/. Aff. Ili/it., 1S.">7, '
]i. 3.10. Three bands, Wishhams, Clickahut, and Skien, nlonj,' the Co-
lumbia. /'/., ]). 3')2. 'Tho I'shwauwappim bands, usually called Yakamas,
iiili:diit the Yakama River.' di'-'s, in /'(//k/o.sv/'s lirtiin., p. vii. Lewis and
Clarki"s Clianwai>pan, Shaltatt. ;, Stpiamaross, Skaddals, and Chinniahjium,
on the Yakima River, (lihlisi, in Pitr. II. Ji. IhpL, vol. i., p. 417. The Yakimas
' are divided into two principal bands, each made up of a nund>er of villat,'es,
and very closely connectt'd; one owning the country on the Nnhchess and Low-
er Yakima, the other are upon the Weuass and main branch above the forks.'
]il., p. 407. Yaekamans, niU'thern banks of the Columbia and on the Yaek-
amans river. Cn^-'it Atlviu., vol. ii., p. 143. On the Yakima. Ihilv's Etlimni..
U. S. J-Jj.'. A'.r., vol. vi., p. 213. ' South of the Lonj,' Rapids, to the eontlu-
ence of Lewis' river with the Colun'.iii', are the Yookoomans.' J'lirl.cf's AV-
plor. Tiiiir, J). 313. I'ishwanwapun' (YakiiiuO, in Yakimaw or Eyakenia Val-
ley. Tiiliiii-, in J.onl'.-^ .\<tt., vol. u., jip. '244-7. Called Stobshaddat by the
hound Indians. /(/., p. 245.
The Chimnapums are ' on the N.W. side of Col. river, both above and
below the entrance of Lewis' r. and the Taptul r.' J/ocsc'.s llciil., p. 370; l.inis
and Cl'irkv's M'lp. Tho ' Chunuapuus and Chauwappans are beUveen the
THE KLIKETATS.
321
('iiscixilc Riinfjo and the north branch of the Cdhiinbia.' Xlvnlay'i^ 0<in. Tii.,
].. 14:t.
The Pis((uiti>iih!<, 'on the MuscU'shill rnpids, anil on the N. side of the
Coliiiuliiii, to the eoninienci'iiicut of the liigh eDiuitry; this nation winter on
tlif wiitiTsof til'' Tajitul and Cataract rivers.' JAi/rvc's llrfil., ji. ;{"(>.
Tile Solviilk-t dwell north of the eontliiencp of the Snake and C'ohunbia.
//■ir/s (»))'/ (7((/-A>',s 7V((i'., p. U")!, and niai); Mursp's Hipt., it.'MW). At I'riest
Uapids. <li',hs, in /'««<•. Ji. 11. Jivi>t., vol. i., p. 417.
Tiie KliLcldls live in thi! mountainous country north of the Cuscadi's, on
]in\h sidisof the Cascade llanvje, and south of the Yakinias. Klikatats ' in-
}ial>it, ])roi)ei'ly, the valleys lyin^{ between Mounts St. Helens and .\ilanis, but
they have spread over districts belon(,'ing to other tribes, and a band of them
is now located as far south as the Umpipia.' liihhs, in I'uf. II. It. li'fil., vol.
i., p. lit;!. ' Itoilroilpam is the Klikatat country, situated in the Cascade
mountains north of the Cobunbia and west of the Yakanias.' <illil'H, in I'un-
(/■••.'/".s (Ivniii., p. vii. 'Wander in the wooded country about Mount St.
Hilcns.' Hale's Elhnnq., in U. S. Ex. A'.r., vol. vi., p. '213. 'In the vicinity of
the mouth of the Columbia.' Vallin's N. Atn. /»(/., vol. ii.,p. 113. Klikatats.
' Au-dessus du fort des Nez-Perces.' .Vo/nt.H, Ku'i>li>r., toni. ii., p. Hit"). ' The
Khketat, a scion from the Sahaptans, who now dwell near Mount Itainier
and have advanced towards the falls of the Columbia.' Sronhr, in T.innl. (it mi.
Son. .h)ur., vol. xi,, p. "22"). On Aciri.s ami Clarke's Mup the Kliketat territory
is occui)ied by the Chanwajipan, Shallatos, Scjnamaros, Skaddals, Shahalas.
Also in Morse's llejit., p. U72. Whnlwhypum, or Kliketat, 'in the vvoodiil
and prairie country between Vancouver and the Dalles.' Tolni'w, in Lartl's
ynt., vol. ii., p. 215.
The Wcychhoo live on the north side of the Columbia, near Chusuttet*
Uiver. (.Kliketat.) Gass' Jour., p. 2b8.
Vol. I. 31
!; I
I
CHAPTER IV.
CALIFOKXIAXS.
GiiouPAii Divihioxh; NonTiiEnx, Ckntrai,, and SorxnKnx Califoknians, and
SH(iSII(lNKH-C'((L'NTUV OV THK ( 'aLIKoKNIANS — ThK Ki-AMATHS, MdDOCS,
SiiAHT.vs, I'lTT liivKH Inoiaxs, Ecuiks, Cahiioch, HoorAHs, AVkkyots,
Toi.KWAS, and IICHJUK lllVKB INDIANS AND TIIKIK Ct'BToMS — TirK TkH \-
srAs, PiiMos, TTkiahs, (Jualalah, Sdnomah, I'ktalumas, X vI-as, Siscdi.s,
SUISI'NKS, TaMAI.KS, IvAliyCINKS, OhLOSES, Tri.OMdS, TllAMIKSS, Ol.-
ciioNKs, lUrjisKSs, Esi;klenh, and otukks <if t'ENTiuL L'ALirousiA — The
Caiumm.as, 1)ik(h;e.\(is, Islandeux, and Mission IjAstiiKKiAs f)F
SofTiiEiiN Calu-oknia — The Snakes on Sikishones I'uoi-Eit, Utaus,
Bannocks, Washoks and oiheu Shoshone Xation-s.
Of tlio sovoii groups into which this work soparatos tlie
iijitioiis of wostorii North Aineiicu. the (\\lif(H!XIaxs('oii-
fritituto the third, und cover the territory l)etwei'n latitude
4^ and 'iVl ;')(), extending hack irregularly into the
llocky Mountains, There heing few distinctly marked
liunilies in this group. 1 cainiot do hetter in sulidividiug
it lor the pur[M)se of description than make of the
Calirornians proper three geographical divisions, namelv.
the SOrtharti, ('a/iforiiia ha, the (\'iifr((l ('i(/>t'()riiltiiif<. and
the SnHllicrn. CdiifoniKins. 'V\\q S/hix/ioho^, or fourth di-
vision ol' this group, who spread out over south-eastern
Oregon, southern Idaho, and the whole of Ni'vada and
rtah, present more distinctly marked familv character-
istics, and will therefore )»e treated as a familv.
The same chain of mountains, which, as the Cascade
Range, divides the land of the (\jlumhians. holds it'^
course steadily southward, and entering the territoix of
(32-2)
^-f^w
// : Sfafftff nir/r V /« .. n ,.-. ,/,
I<l
L-
IM
lit*
II*
'V
' 1'
W
''X':.•^'
AVSiiiil
^ill'l
'^^C
\t0mmmt>mn
r.«-^^
h4'
?«M
lA'Hjv/r/.. I
L
jiiw**'*.!!
-? I
tl
rPiiii
»'«/«» ,!.>, *
M
! I
Vnchl.'taA
iilalmiKa
"/ X'- 'A
r
BU14IS,
ir<» /..
-; "*i. A'">- 1 • T^i*** ;>
'-"' ^y^J >"|^i^'^"^ ^^^"^
j?'-=^*
fAJH-c^;,
->«'k -'iT
.V^^o
t\
: l!ti*i/.
i -' p-^ » i A. ^''^-^
of I lie
PACIFIC 8TA.TES
CALIFORNIAN CROUP
S 1- a 1 f
I
f :i o I > n «j I »
Jl' Sloliitr niilrx in mi mrti
g> }-^«Un.in
5' AM','
^•::nn-OT
*V ''a'I
m
ui
130
iU
lU
HOME OF THE CALIFOnNIAXS.
838
tlio Californian group forms, under the namo of the Sierra
Nevada, the partition l»et\veen tlie (^aliforniaiiH proper
and the Slioshone.s of Jdaho and Nevada. The iniiuenco
of thi.s range upon the climate is also here manifest, oidy
iiitenser in degree than farther north. The lands of the
Northern Californians are well watered and w(K)ded,
those of the central division have an ahundance of water
for six months in the year, namely, from November to
May, and the soil is fertile, yielding a))undantly inider
cultivatifjn. Hvcamore, oak. cotton-wood, willow, and
white aider, fringe the banks of the rivers; laurel, l)uck-
eye, mtuizanita, and innumerable lx?rry-l)earing bu-hes,
clothe the lesser hills; thousands of acres are annually
covered with wild oats; the moist bottoms yield heavy
croj)s of grass; and in summer the valleys are gorgeous
with wild-flowers of every hue. Before the blighting
touch of the white man was laid ujx)n the land, the
rivers swarmed with salmon and trout; deer, ante-
lope, and mountain sheep roamed over the f(M)t-hills,
bear and other carnivora occupied the forests, and
numberless wild fowl covered the lakes. Decreasing in
moistiu'e toward the tropics, the climate of the Southern
Californians is warm and dry, while the Shoshones, a
large part of whose territory falls in the Great Basin, are
cursed with a yet greater dr^ ness.
Tl
le ei
le region known as the (Ireat Basin, lying l)etween
istern base of the Sierra Nevada aud the Wahsatch
tl
Ah)untains, and stretching north and south froui latitude
3o to 42 , presents a very different picture froui the land
of the Californians. This district is triangular in shii[)e,
tlui {i\K}x pointing toward the south, or southwest; fVoui
this apex, which, round the head of the (iulf of Califbi •
nia, is at tide level, the grouud gradually rises until, in
central Nevada, it reaches an altitude of about five thou-
sand feet, and this, with the exception of a few 1(«'mI de-
l)ressions, is about the level of tbe whole <tf the broad
j)art of the basin. The entire surface of this })lateau is
alkaline. IVing in parts almost destitute of water, tliere
is comparatively little tiuiber; sage-brush and grease-
nu
C.\LIFORNIANS.
•\vooil being the chief signs of vegetation, except at rare in-
tervals where some small stream struggling against almost
universal aritlliy, sup[)orts on its banks a little scanty
herbage and a few liirlorn-looking cotton-wood trees,
^riie northern part of this region, as is the case with the
lands of the C'alifornians projHir, is somewhat less «les-
titiite of vegeta))le and animal life than the southern
portion which is indeed a desert occupied chieily l)y rab-
bits, prairie-dogs, sage-hens, and reptiles. The desert of
the Colorado, once perhaps a fertile bottom, extending
northward from the San IV'rnardino ^Mountains one
hundred and eighty miles, and spreading over an area of
about nine thousand square miles, is a silent unbroken
sea of sand, u\Kn\ whose ashy surface glares the mid-day
sun and where at night the stars draw near through the
thin air and brilliantly illumine the eternal solitude.
Here the gigantic cereus, emblem of l)arremiess, rears its
contorted form, casting wierd shadows u[xjn the moon-
lit level. In such a countrv, where in Avinter the keen
dust-bearing blast rushes over the unljroken desokitc
l)lains, and in summer the very earth cnicks open with
intense heat, Avhat can we expect of man but that he
should be distinguished for the depths of his low attain-
ment.
But although the jTOverty and barremiess of his
country jiccount satisfjictorily for the low type of the
inliabitant of the Great Basin, yet no such excuse is
oifered for the degradation of the native of fertile Cali-
fornia. On every side, if we except the Shoslione, in
regions possessing far fewer .advantages than California,
we find a higher tyjxi of man. Among the Tuscnroras,
dierokees, and Iroquois of the Atlantic slope, barbarism
assumes its grandest proportions; ])roceeding west it
bursts its fetters in the incipient civilization oftheCila;
but if we continue the line to the shores of the Pacilic we
fnid this intellectual dawn checked, and n:;in sunk almost
to the utter darkness of the brute. Coming southward IVom
the Irozen land of the Eskimo, or northward from tro[)i-
cal Darien we pass through nations p)ssessing the neces-
TRIDAL DIVEKSITY.
325
sarios and even the comforts of life. Some of tliem raise
and grind wheat and (•(►rn. many of them make [K)ttery
and other ntensils. at the north they ventnre out to sea
in irood l)oats and make Hehemoth tlieir siMiih Tlie
Cahfornians on the other hand, eomparatively speakinu',
wear no clothes, they huild no houses, do not cultivate
the soil. the\' have no hoats, nor do tluy hunt to any con-
siderahle extent: thev have no morals nor anv reli'iioii
worth caUinjr such. The missionary Fathers found a
virjiin field whereon neither god nor devil was worshi[»ed.
AVe must liK)k, then, toother causes for a soluti(m of the
((uestion why a nohler race is not found in (California;
such lor instance as revolutions and migrations of nations,
oi" upheavals and convulsions of nature, causes arising
hcforo the commencement of the short period within
which we are accustomed to reckon time.
There is, perlwqis. a greater divi-rsity of trihal names
among the Californians than elsewhere in America; the
whole system of nomenclature is so com[)licated and con-
tradictory that it IS im[)ossihle to reduce it to perfect
order. There are tribes that call themselves hy one
niuue, hut whose neighbors call them by another; tribes
that are known by three or four names, and tribes that
have no name e.\ce[)t that of tlu'ir village or chief'
Tribal names are frequently given by one writer which
are never mentioned by any other;- nevertheless there
are tribes on whose names authorities auree. tuid thouLih
' ' Somotinies there is ii tril)!il iiiinic for all who s]ii;ik the sunic ].ui,L,'Uii^'e;
simietiuu's none, iiuil iiuly ii;iiii< s fcir sc |iaiMtr villuL,'! s; soinetiiiies a naim fur
a \vli;)le trihe or fiiiiiilv. to whieli is ]irrti\<cl a sc|iai'atf wnnl fur each dialect,
wliiili is ^'enerally en-<xteiisive with some valhv. Of the lirst. an iiist ince
is fiiiuiil in the Cihrnes. uii the Klamath, who are a eomiiaet tribe, with Jio
(lial'cts; of the Keconcl. in the larL;e trilie on the lower Klamath, who have also
no (liilcets. and yet have no nanii', i\ei pt for ( a -h viilau''': of tie' third, in the
threat finiily of the I'onios on Knssian rivir. who havr many dialects and ii
11 am ■ for each, fis Hallo Ki romos. Cihto I'omos. ( te Some remnants
of tril) s have three or fo.ir names, all in use within a railins of that nu:;d)er
of miles; some, a^ain, are n)< r^ed. or dovetaili'd. into otlni's; and some n vit
had a name taken fiom tlw ir own lan','iiaL;e. hut have aih-pti d that i^iveii tlieni
hy a nii,'hl>or trihe. altoj^'ither dittirent in speech.' I'oinrs, in Onrl md
M'inllih/. vol. viii., p. U'iH.
- The nativi's 'when asked to what trihe they heloiiu'. ^ive the name of
tlnir chief, which is niisunderstood hy the iutpiirer to he that of the trihe it-
Helf.' Jiitrtldt's Xur., vol. ii., p. 30.
826
CALIFORNIAN.S.
the spelling differs, the sound expressed in these instances
is about the same. Less trouble is experienced in dis-
tinguishing the tril)es of the northern division, which
is conii)Osed of jwople who resemble their neighl)ors more
than is the case in central (California, where the mean-
ingless term ' Indians,' is almost universally applied in
speaking of them.^
Another fruitful source of confusion is the indefinite
nickname ' Digger' which is applied indiscriminately to
all the tribes of northern and middle California, and to
those of Nevada, Utah, and the southern part of Oregon.
These tribes are popularly known as the Californiun
Diggers, Washoe Diggers, Shoshone Diggers of Utah, etc.,
the signification of the term pointing to thedigging of roots,
and in some parts, p)ssibly, to burrowing in the ground.
The name is seemingly opprobrious, and is certaiid\ no
more ap|)licable to this jKiople than to many others, liy
tills territorial division I ho[K' to avoid, as far as }X)ssiblc,
the two causes of bi'wildermont before alluded to; neither
treating the inhabitants of an inunonse country as one
tribe, nor attempting to ascribe distinct names and idio-
osyncrasies to hundreds of small, insignificant bands,
roaming over a comparatively narrow area of country
and to all of which one description will apply.
The Xortiieux Californians, the first tribal grouj),
or division, of which 1 shall speak, might, not iinpro-
l)erly, be called tlie Klamatit family, extending as they
do from Kogue River on the north, to the Kel River
ssouth, and from the Pacific Ocean to the Calilbrnian
iKiundary east, and including the Up[x>r and Lower Kla-
math and other lakes. The principal triljes o(3Ctipying
3 ' Every fifteen or twenty miles of country seems to have been ooenpicd
by a number of snmll lod^^'es or septs, s|)t'iikini^ ii diflferent liin(,'ua^e or very
divt'rt,'ent diideet.' Tai/lnr. in li(iiirn)/i's llmnl-lxtitk Ahtmiuic, ISOi, ji. '21».
IJeephey counted eleven ditl'erent diide(?ts in the mission of San Cnrlos.
Voi/ii'iv, vol. ii., p. 7:1. ' Almost ev('ry I") or '20 lenj^^ies, you tind a distinct
dialcet; so different, that in no way does one resendde the other.' liosrinin,
in Itofiiiisoii's l.itV ill ('(tl.. p. '21(1. ' From tlie San JcMKiuin northward to tlie
Klamath there are some hundreds of small tribes.' Iknlry, in Jml. Ajf. li'jil.,
l«.jl, p. 3U-i.
NATIONS OF NORTHEUN CALIFORNIA.
827
this region .ire the KlamatJis* who live on the head-
waters of the river and on tlie shores of the hike of that
name; tiie ModocsJ^ on Lower Khunath Lai\e and along
Lost River; the Shastds, to the sonth-west of the lakes,
near the Shasta Monntains; the J^itt liinr IikVkiid^; the
/'Jiiivs on the Klamath River hetween Weitspek and the
coast; the Culwors^ on the Klamatii River from a short
<Iistanee above the jnnetion of the Trinity to the Kla-
math Mountains; the Jloopdlis in IIt)opah Valley on the
Trinity near its jnnetion with the Klamath; inimer-
oiis trihes on the coast from Kel River and Humboldt Ray
north, such as the Weojots,^ Wdlias, Tolcindis, etc., and
the liixjuG Ulcer Jndlaus,** on and about tlie river of that
name.''
The Xortliern Califoi'uians are in every way superior
to the central and southern tribes.'" Their ph\si(pie and
* H;il(' culls them the Lntiuinil, or Tlonuitl. niid ndils, ' tho first of tlifse
nanus is tlie })ri)[)fr (Icsif^imtiou of tht- iH'<)|)le in their own lunj,'iiiif4f. Tlio
SI cimd is tliat by which they arc known to the Chinooks. luul throngh thcui,
to the whites. ' kill III 1 1., in /''. >'. Ex. K.r., vol. vi., \>. 218.
'■> 'Thirc true name is .Wo<V(^)c— a word which ori},'iniitcd with tho Slwis-
teeeiis. wlio nviilicd it indefinitely to all wild Indians or enemies.' /'<(/'v;'s, in
()n;-liiiiil Mniiilili/, 187;J, vol. X., j). M."). 'Also called Moahtiickna.' 'J'tii/lm;
in >'iil. I'ttriii r, .Inne 22, lH(!i). 'Thi' word Modoc is a Shiista Indi;in word,
and means all distant, stranj^er, or hostile Indians, and hecame aiijilied to
these Indians l)v white men in early days, by heariny the Hhastas speak of
them.' .S7.''r, in fiul. Af. lipt., W,l, j.. IJl.
'• Speakin;.,' of Indians at the junction of the Salmon and Klamath rivers:
'They do not seem to haveany j,'eneric appellation for thi inselves. but apply
the terms "Kahrnk."np, and " Yonruk." down, to all who live iibox r
bej'iw flieiuselves, without discrimination, in the sanu- manner that the others
(ul the junction of the Trinity) do " I'eh-tsik," and '• I'oh-lik." ' Hihlis, hi
Si'liiiiil-ra :'!'•< Arrh.. vol. iii., p. ]~>l.
' 'The JJay (Uuniboldt) hidians call themselves, as we were informed,
Wis' o:k; ir.id those of the hills Te-ok-a-wilk; but tlie tribe^ to th( north-
war iiiiinate both those of the liay and Mil river, We-yot, or Walla-wal-
loii.' h'hi'is, in Sriii II ilrrtit't'f^ Arrli., vol. iii., ]>. ]'M.
" They are also called Lototen or Tututamy, Totntimr, Toutouni, Tootoo-
tnii, Tutotell, Tototin, Tototutiia. etc.
"For further particulars as to location of tribes, see n<iteH on TiiIual
BorNDVitiKs. at the end of this chaiiter.
'" Mr. (libl>s, speaking' of the tribes seen on the Klamath and Trinity
rivi'rs, says: 'In person these ])eople are far superior to any we had met
below: the men beinji lar;.,'er, more niuscular, and with countenances deiiot-
i'l'.,' ij;reater force and ener^,'y of character, as well as intelliu;i uce. Indied,
tlvy approai'h rather to the races of the ))lains. than to the wretdied " di(.'j,'ers"
of the ■.^'reater part of California.' SrlniiilrnitV.-i Arrh.. vol. iii., ]>. 1 !(l. "The
Indians in the northern ]);)rtion of California and in Ore^'on, are v.istly supe-
rior in stature and intellect to those found in the southern part of California.'
If'i'.hn-il, m do'iliii Krn. IS'ti. The Indians on tlie Trinity 'a e of another
Iriho and nature from those ulou;,' the Sacramento.' Kdly'n Exiarsiun, vol.
323
CALIFORNI.VNS.
cluiniotor, in fact, approjich nearer to the Oregon nations
than to the })eople of the J^aeramento and San Joacjuin
valleys. This applies more particularly to the inland
tribes. The race gradually deteriorates as it api)roaeheH
the coast, gnm ing less in stature, darker in color, more
and more degraded in (character, habits, and religion.
The Rogue River Indians nnist, however, be made an
exception to this rule. The tendency to impiove toward
the north, which is so marked among the Califbrnians,
holds good in this case; so that the natives on the ex-
treme north-west coast of the region nnder consideration,
are in many respects superior to the interior but more
southerly tribes.
The S'orthern Calilbrnians round the Klamath lakes,
and the Klamath, Trinity, and Rogue rivers, are tall,
nuiscular, and well made,'^ with a complexion varying
from nearl}^ black to light brown, in })roportion to their
proximity to, or distance, Irom the ocean or other large
Itodies of water; their i'ace is large, oval, and heavily
made, with slightly prominent cheek-bones; nose well
set on the face and iiv([uently straight, and eyes
which, when not blurred by o[)hthalmia, are keen and
bright. The women are short and some of them cpiite
handsome, even in the Caucasian sense of the word;'^
ii.. p. \C)C>. Sppiikinf; of the Wallics, thoy, 'in many rcsppctsditlVr from their
l)r"tlir('ii in tlic middk' and lower conntics ot the Stato. TIk y arc hj^liti r
colorrd and more intelUyeut.' Jiiltnaou, in Urvrhntil Mnuthhj, \H\{), vt-l. ii.,
I' ' I'lio nialos arc tall, avera;j;iii!4 in lici^'ht nbont ttvo feet (ii^dit inches, am
well proi)ortioncd, athlitic, and possess the jiowcr of cndnrancc to a threat
dcj,'ree.' Ilidilnird, in (IdUUn I'rii. ]\Iarch IH'id. ''] he people here (iloK'"^'
Uiver) were larj^er and stron^'c r than tliost^ in South California, hut not
liandsouier.' I'/citf'i r's iSccninl Jmirn., p ;!I7. Speaking of Indians on the
Kianiiitli lliver, ' their stature is a tiille under the Anieriean: they have \v( 11-
si/ed bodies, erect and stron^'-knit.' J'ninrs, in Onrlnnd Mdnllili/, vol. viii.,
p. !{2S. On the upper Trinity they an' ' lar^'o and iiowcrful nun, of a
sw.irthier comph'xion, tierce and iniractalile.' 'ri'iZ/.s', in ,S(7«o(// /yc'/'s Anh.,
vol. iii., p. I'JI). Near Blount Sh ;sta, 'a tine-looking' rac<\ Ih ini,' niucli
better proportioned than those more to the northward, and tin ir features
more regular.' 11'///. s' .\'<ir., in I'. S. Kf. Ex., vol. v., '-r)-!. At Klamatli
I^ake, ' vvell-j,'r()\vn and nuiscular.' Lnni'n \iit., vol. i., p. '277. On tlie
Trinity, ' majestic in person, chivalrous in bearing.' Killy's J-.\vritrsiii>i, vol.
ii., p. MiO.
'^ In the vicinity of Klamath lake 'the K(pinvv8 are short in comparison
with the men, and, for Indians ha\e tolerably rej^'ular features.' J^nrd'n
Is'at., vol. i.. p. 277. lu the lloguc liivtr reyiuu 'sumo of Ihcm arc quite
PHYSICAL rECULIARITIES.
329
and iiltlioiigh their beauty ra[)ully fades, yet they do
not ill old age present that umuiturally wrinkled and
shriveled a])i)i>arance, eharaeteristic; ol" the Central Cali-
rorni-Mis. This description scarcely applies to the people
inhahiting the coast aljout KedwiMxl I'reek, Jhnnholdt
l)!iy. and Kel River, who are scpiat and I'at in limine,
rallu'r stoutly huilt, with large heads covered with coarse
thick hair, and repidsive countenances, who are of a
much darker color, and altogether of a lower type than
the tribes to the east and north of theni.'^
Dress depends more on the state of the climate
jintty. nsuiilly wcll-fornu'il, handsdiiicly (li'VclDpcd, siiiiill fciitiirrs, nml very
(Mi
iiid \v<ll-tiiriit'(l h.iiid.s
d I'.i t.
'I'licy nil- t;riic( fill in Ihiir ukivi-
liniit i all I ;^'('stuv<'S iilwiiys tiinid mid uiodi'st.' Ilu'ilniril, in Unhli n K,
M:l
l.s.")(). On the Kliiniiitli 1!
facis. ])liimii and lirilliiint eyes, sdiiif of tin yoiini,' niuidt'iis,- lianiiii,' tlic l;
with tlicir sniiMi.li, hazel skins, oval
it-
in Onrhiml
d chins, — havf ii pi(juant and s| Iciidid hiaiity.' I't
Moiillili/, Vol. viii., IJ2'>. On tlic Klamath and Trinity Uivcis, iiiiiny of tln!
1(11 'were ixc<'<'dinj,'ly iircfty; having' laij^'c aliiioiid-sh.iiK d i y( s, soiik-
tilllc:
if a ha/.cl color, and with the nd hliowiiiji th
'h the chc(lis. Their
ti^ures Were full, their chests iinijile; and tin) youiij^'er ones had W(ll-sha]i((l
Imsts, and roiiiidedliiiilis.' liili'is, in S -Infjlfrtn'l'n Ar.h, vol. iii., ji. 140. Ihit as
to the he, luty of women tastes never aj^ree; Mr Kelly in his Ke.nrsinn tuCiil., vol.
ii.. [). lilT, sj)eakini,'uf ahandof ' nohle-looKini^ Indians ' whiih he met near
Iriiiity liiver, says that they were ' accompanied hy iv few scjniiws, who,
stiMii,'e to say, ill this latitmh' are u;4l.v, ill-favoured, stunted in stature, lumpy
ill li^tire, 1111(1 awkward in L;ait ' and cuncerniiij,' the lio^'ue Kiver Iiuhans u
1.1 ly states that 'anion,!,' the women . . th'-re were Home extremelv cliimsv
/•
' ;■ .s r^i'riiiii
l,f..
). :;17. Thel'it-Uiverlndi;
in t,'ir
Is ' h
th
//,. M,„ln
st and prettiest feet and hands I have ever st'in.' MilUr's Lijc
p. :J74.
iijst
\h
'At Crescent City, Jlr Powers saw some ' hroad-faced s'piiiws of an
ist .Vfrican hlackness;' tln^ I'atawats in tlie vieiihty of Mad lliver alal
It l>ay are ' hlackskiiined, ]iiidL;y in stature; well eiishioned with
tissue;' at Kedwood Cn ek ' lil;e iiiest of tl
le Coast till
th
dark colored, K(piat in stature, ratlie ■ fuller-faced than the ii't( lior Ind-
r<iiiiii. MS. \t I'rii'idid IJay "their iKisoiis weie in \;i in ral iiiditter-
itlv, hut stoutlv made, of a lower stature than aiiv trihe of Indiai
had
■foreseen.' 1'
'eeyots ' are generally repulsive in coiinteiiaiic
'.s lo//.. Vol. ii., p. 'lU'i. Al the iiioiilh of i;( I l;i\( r ih
tiltl
riieir heads are disproportionately lar^'e; th( ir fiL;ures, thoiiLli si
IV ill iiersi n.
eat,
stiiiii ;,' and well developed.' d'i'ilis, ill Srliiiiili-raiV.t Arch., Vol. ill., ]>. 127. Carl
^h yi r names the Indians lie saw at Trinidad IS.iy. A^'iqi'i^^ ov ^rood-Iiahaiis
( lloi/iudianer). I do not lind the name nriywherc i Ifio, and jiidijie.,' hy his
(les(ri|>:ion, tie y appear to ditl'er coiisiih vaVily fmm lliv iir.liv( n been in the
' -iiiitv hv N'aiiPouver ov Mr rowers; he, .Mever, rnvL; 'Siesiud vou
rill Wuelise, stark lind heleiht, kr;ii"ti''e (iestalt( n. Hire Ilint i;.t
Wenii'
/.iniiiiet oder lohfarhii,', I'her weisslich. wie dio der antisisehen Inka.^? ^jeweseii
siiii soil; l),i d;'V jiii,'enil und hesoiuhn's hciin weihliehen Geschhrhte S(;hini-
iiK it oft (ill sanftis Roth auf den Wan^eii L(rvor. Ihr Kopf iL-t, weiii^f
t,'' dnickt. die Stirn hoch, (hr (lesichtswinkel ge','en 8i) Grad, dip Xase rdiiiiscli
kri
lit, das .\ii;4e j^r.iss in weiiit; ipiadratisch erweiterten .Vufjenhiil
i,'"n
and iii!ellij,'eiit, die l.ippeu nicht auf^^etriehen, das Kiuii oval, uud jr.-iiiiU*
uud l-'iisse kluiu.' yach dein iiacrainmlo, p. 215.
880
CALIFORNIANS.
than on their own sense of decency. The men wear
a Ik'U, sometimes a hivech-clout, and tiie women an
ai)ron or skirt of deer-skin or braided grass; tl»en
they sometimes throw over tlic slioulders a sort of
cloak, or rolje, of marten or rahhit skins sewn together,
deer-skin, or, among the coast tribes, seal or sea-otter skin.
AVhen tbey iiuhdjio in this hixnry, however, the men
nsually dispense witli all other covering." Occasionally
we find them taking great })ride in their gala dresses and
sparing no pains to render them iK^antifid. The Modocs,
lor instance, UH)k hirge-sized skins, and inlaid them Avith
brilliant-colored diick-scalps, sewed on in various ligures;
others, again, eml)roidered their aprons with colored
grasses, and attjiched beads and shells to a deep fringe
falling from the lower part.''"' A lj<nvl-shaped hat, or
n At
them.'
Pitt
'.!•. A'.r., vol. v., p.
Ahhutt, in I'ar. It.
• •<■ .1 ..(lit. \'</ii tt |». *!''. ^'ll >'Atlj|.lA J.. 1.11 kill. 1.111^ 111 tl i.i'iii|<j»t\..
)f nature, exccptiiif^ only a kind of ivjiology for (in apron, worn by the
1, soiiietinicH niiul»! of ilk's Kkiii, and Konietinics of t,'rass.' I'/iiJnr's
Kivcr they 'have no dress except ft buekskin thrown around
Slidstas (ind Ihf'ir \eiijlihiirs, MS. Near Mount Shasta 'liny
t'jiii scarci ly be said to wear any dress, exfe])t a mantle of deer or wolf
skin. A few of them had deev-skins belted around their waists, with
ft hijihiy oruanieirted girdle.' M'lV/.i.s'' X<ir., iu /'. S. Kv. k'.r., vol.
S'l"). Near I'itt lliver, the Indians wero nearly naked.
Jl. Jii/il.. vol. vi., p. (il. At Trinidad T)ay ' their elothing was eliii Hy niiide
of the skins of land animals, with ft f»'W indifferent small skins of tlio
sea-otter.' \'<inc<>nrcr\'i I'"//., vol. ii., p. '2-A7. 'The men, however, do not
wear any covering, except the cold is intense, when indeed they jiut upon
their slioulders the skins of sea-wolves, otters, deer, or other iinimcls.'
MitnriHv'ti Jaiir., p. 1(5. 'They were clothed, for the most jiart, in skins.'
liin-nhdir's JJIsl. Oiiii., p. 118. On Smith lliver they were 'in a coniph te
state of naturi
women,
Si'i-ohil .fiiiini., p. .'tl3. Among the Weeyots at Eel Eiver the ni< n 'wore
n deer-skin robe over the snoulder. and the women a short jietticoat of fringe.'
(liiihy. ill .Srliniilciut/t'.'i Anil., vol. iii., Vll. On Klamath l{iver tluir only
dress was the fringc^d petticoat, or at most, a deerskin ri)be thrown back ovi r
the shoulders, in addition. J'l., ji. 111. 'The primitive dress of the men is
sim})ly a biu'kskin girdle about tho loins; of tho TTomen, a chtniise of the
same material, or of braided grass, reaching from the breast to the km ts.'
J'lurvrs. in (Inrlantl Mniitltli/, vol. viii., ;(20. 'Were quite iiakfd excepting
the maro." \VIU,;-s' \<ir., in l'. S. Kx. K.r., vol. v., p. '2.">.1. The Klamath
Lake Indians ' wear little more than the bre<'eh-eloth.' Lord'n Xnt., vol. i.. p.
'277. ' They were all well dressed in blankets and buckskin.' Ahlmtl, iu I'nc.
li. Ii. Itt'iit.. vol. vi., p. 70. Carl Meyer, speaking of a tribe he names Alle-
(jnas. at Trinidad 15ay, says: ' dcr Mann geht im Sommer ganz nackt, iu
Winter tragt er cine selbst gegerbte Hirsch- odi'r llehdecke iiber die Schnl-
tern.' ' Die Alleipias-Wciber tragen im Somnier von ]5ast-schniir( ii odcr
von Uehfellstreifen, iui Winter von I'elzwcrk oder (iiinsitlanm vt rferti^ti^
Schiir/en. dii- bis auf die Knie rcichen.' .V'((7( ili'iii .SdirnituHli), \). '217, '2i'.l.
' The Klamaths, during the summer go naked, in winter they use the skins
of rabbits and wild fowl for a covering.' 'riioiiip.son, in Jixl. Aff. Hijit., ]8o4,
p. -isil.
'' ' An Indian will traj) and slaughter seventy-five rabbits for one of these
robes, making' it double, with fur inside and out.' I'owira' I'onto, MS.
DRESS IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA.
331
rap. of basket-work, is usually worn l)y the women, in
iiiiikinjx which some of them are very skillful. This hat
i,« sometimes painted with various figures, and sometimes
interwoven with gay feathers of the woodjK'cker or blue
(luail.*" The men generally go })are-headed, their thick
hair being suflieient protection from sun and wejither.
in the vicinity of the lakes, where, from living constantly
among the long grass and reeds, the greatest skill is
uci|uired in weaving and braiding, moccasins of straw or
grass are worn." At the junction of the Klamatii ami
Trinity rivers their mocassins have soles of several tliick-
nesscs of leather.^^ The natives seen by Maurelle at Trini-
dad liay, bound their loins and legs down to the ankle
with strips of hide or thread, both men and women.
The maimer of dressing the hair varies; the most
common way being to club it together behind in a queue,
sometimes in two, worn down the back, or occasionally
in the latter case drawn forward over the shoidders.
The (jueue is fre(piently twisted up in a knot on the back
of the head — en ntstatnid — as Maurelle calls it. Occa-
sionally the hair is worn loose and flowing, and some of
the wom«Mi cut it short on the forehead. It is not un-
t'onnnon to .see wreaths of oak or laurel leaves, feathers,
or the tails of gray squirrels twisted in the hair; indeed,
IVoni the trouble which they frecpiently take to ad<^rn
their coiifure, one would imagine that these people were
of a somewhat aesthetic turn of mind, but a closer ac-
([uaintance quickly dispels the illusion. On Eel River
some cut all the hair short, a (Uistoni practiced to .some
extent by the Central Californians.'*
"• Fremont's Exphir. Ex., p. 204; (i'thlis, in Schoolcraft's Arch, vol. iii., pp.
ID", r27; Domi'ni'rh's D'serts, vol. ii., \>H2.
17 [himenei'h's Ikserts, vol. ii., p. '2H2; Fmiiont's ExpUir. Ex., p. 204.
•^ (iihits, in Schoolcratt'.i Arrh., vol. iii., p. 142.
'■' M'lurelle's Junr., p. 17; Ui'tha, in .Si'hoiilrriift's Arch., vol. iii., pj).
1-7. 142; I'oipcrs, in Orcrlaml .Unnllili/. vol. viii., p. ;i2'.t; I'/iijf'ir's Si'mtul
•I'liirii.. p. ;U7. 'Die AlUxpms ( rriiiidiid IJay lmb(ni stiivkcs, zifiiilii-h k''-
KiliiU'idiLjes Himr, diis dcr Manner and ilcr Kinder wird bis iinf ciiicn Zo'l
J.aiii,"' regelmassit; abijchriinnt, so (lass sic das Anssclien von Tituskiipfi i
I iliiilti-n. Zuwtiilcn siclit man die Miijiner audi niit eineni /ienilicli lautce i,
'I'liih cino harzif^e FliiHsi;.^keit t^esteiften, aufj^erichteten Zopf, der als SchniiK k
t'l tnichtet, bei festlichen .Vnlassen, oder ini Kriej,'e niit rothen oder wciss' n
IVJi'm yoziert wird, und alsdunn dem Schopf eines Wiedehopfs gleieh .'
332
CALIFORNIAXS.
As usual these savages are l)ear(lless, or neai'ly so.'"
Tatt(X)ing, though not carried to any great extent, is
universal among the women, and nuu;ii practiced by the
men, the latter coniining this ornamentation to tlie breast
and arms. The women tattoo in three blue lines, ex-
tending j)erpendicularly from the centre and corners of
the lower lip to the chin. In some tribes tiiey tattoo
the anus, and occasionally the back of the hands. As
they grow older the lines on the chin, which at first are
very Taint, are increased in width and color, thus gradu-
ally narrowing the intervening spaces. Now, as the
social imi)ortance of the female is gauged by the width
and depth of color of these lines, one might imagiu(!
that before long the whole chin would be what Southcy
calls '• blue, darkly, deeply, beautifully l)lue;" but fashion
ordains, as in the lip-ornament of tiie Thliid\eets, tliat
the lines should be materially enlarged only as tlie
charms of youth fade, thus therewith gauging both iiw
and respectability.'^^ In some few tribes, more es[)ecially
Mill r, Ndrh ih Sitrrnmcnto, p. 215. 'Both men iiiiil women i)iirt their hiiir
in the miiUlh', tlie men cut it scjuiire on the n>ck iind wear it riither lniii;.
th
n weiir thi'irs hmi' pliiiteil in two bniids, hiin''in<' down the Imek
Tlir Sliiislds (tHfl their Xruililturs, MS.
■•!" (ii'ilis, in Sriioiilrrdt't'a .l/v/i., vol
]). rJ7. ' Hiirlhiiiire hiil)<>n si-
wie iiUn Inilianer Nunl-.Vmerikiis, nur wenij;; isie wenlen iiusj^'eriipft. und
iiur in der Triiuer stehei. ^{eliisscn.' M ijir, Siuh ilnii SdiTniir nln, jip. -.^1.") Ki.
1" Tlio men tiiitoo so that they may 'lie reeoj,'nized if stolen by Modocs.'
' With the women it is entirely for orndiiient.' J'Ik' Shdylns dud lln'ir \ii li-
hiirs, MS. At Roj-'ne lliver the women ' were tattooed on the hands and arii:s
11
the chin.' I'/'iffir's Sirf,i,<l ,A-
p. ;JI7. At Trinidad J!,iy
' they ornamented their 1<iw,m- Hi) with three pe' pendieiilar eolnmns of pmietii-
ation, one from eaeh corner of the month and one in the middle, oe(
three fifths of the ehin.' \'(inci>ar
Vi>!l., vol. ii., p. '247. Mi
upyuiL;
•11.
till! sime, and adds that a s|)aee is left between eiveh line, 'which is niiirh
larijer in the youn;^ than in the oldir worsen, whose faces are 'generally env-
ered with i)nnct\n'es.' Jnnr. ji. 17. At Mad Itiver and IFiimholdt Bay, tln^
same, 'and also lines of small dots (.m the h.ieks of their haiids.' /
MS. At month of Eel River 'both sexes tatto'i: the men on
th
arms and breasts; the women froiu inside the nndcV lij) down to and hi -
Heath the ch
The extent of this disfij^'ureniejit indicates to a certain
extent, the! af,'e and condition of the person.' 'In the married women tin
lines are extended up above the corners of the month.' h'i'ihs. in SrlnidliTdiTs
Arrh., vol.iii., ]•>]<. 127, 142. 'I have never observed any particular Hu'nris or
desi^Mis upon their ixrsons; but the tattooinj,' is ^'eiierally on the chin, though
sometimes on the wrist and arm. Tattooing,' has mostly been on the jiersons
of females, and seems to be esteemed as an ornament, not ap' urently indi-
OiVtinj,' rank or condition.' .Itilinstnii, in Scli(iiilcr(i/r.-< Anh.. vol. iv., j). 22:i.
The sipiawy amont; the Cahrocs on the j\lauiath ' tattoo, in blue, three narinw
f j.u-le.ives, perpendicularly on tho chin.' ' i'or this purpose they are said to
FACIAL OnNAlIENTATIOX.
ill tlio vicinity of the lakes, the iiieii jniiiit tlu'inselves
ill various colors mid ^rotescjuo imttonis. Aiiioiijr tin;
Modocs the women ulso piiint. Miller says that wlieii a
AI()(1<k; warrior j)aints his face l)lack l)erore ^oinjj; into
Jtattle it means victory or death, and he will not survive
a deleat."^ Hoth men and women pierce the dividin;^
(Mitiiajie of the nose, and wear various kinds of orna-
ments in the ai)erture. Sometimes it is a jroose-((uill,
three or I'our inches lon^, at others, a string of heads or
shells. Some of the more northerly trihes wear large
round ])ieces of wood or metal in the esirs."' Maurelle,
in his bucolic description of the natives at Trinidad hav,
says that "on their necks they wear varit)us I'ruits, in-
stead of heads."-* Vancouver, who visited tlu^ same
place nearly twenty vears later, states that ''all the teeth
(•ni])l()y Hoot, f»iiUieve<l from n Htovf>, niinj,'lc(l with the jnicn of a oprtiiin ]>laiit.'
I'niri !••:, ill On rliiml Mnullilji, V(j1. viii., p. It_i». Ainoii),' thi^ Shastvs tlii' woiuf ii
'lire tiittoofd ill lines fioiii tlu; iiiontli to the oliiii.' link's Ktliiiiiii., in /'. S.
i'.x. /•,>., vol. vi , p. "2 18. Anionj,' the AUcciiiits iit Trinidiul buy: ' Die Madchcn
wirdrii im fiinfti'ii Jiihre lit ciiu'iii schwarzcu Strt'ifi'ii von hcidcn Miuid-
wiukilii bis miter diis ICiiiii tiittowirt, wfh'lieni Striidm dann all fiinf Jahro
(ill ]iiii'allfllauf('iidfr l)<'i^,'(■fii^'t wird, so das man an dicscn Zi'iL'linunj,'j'n
Iriclit das Alt) r jodtT Indiaiifrin iihiTschfU kanii . . . .I)i« Miinnt'r hcmakai
hiili l)ci hcsoiidcrii Anliissi'ii mit ciui'iii Taiincntirniss, den sic sclbst bcivitcn,
d;is (icsicht, niid zcichiu'ii allcrlci f,'i'hi'iiiinissvollt' Fi^'iircn und Vfr/it'rniij,'en
auf Waiij^e, Xase und Stirii, indcni sio mit eiiicm iKilzcrncn HtJilichfU dcu
iiiich wcichen Firniss anf dun einzflucu Stellen von der Hunt woghebt'U.
Ml jiff, Xiifh t/cKi Sarniiiifuto, p. 21(1.
'-'-•I nt-Vfr saw two alike' The ShasUts oml their Xe'nihhovs, }fS. At
Klamath lako they are 'painted from their heads to their waists all colours
und ](iitterns.' Lord's \iU., vol. 1., p. 277. The Modocs 'i)aint themselves
with various pif,'ments formed from rotten wood, ditiereiit kinds of earth,
\-i-.' I'oirrrs, in Orcrlnwl }foiithh/, vol. x., ]>. o.'tf!. Kane 'took i\ sketch of a
I ii.istay ( Shasta ) female slave (amoiif^ the Chinooks ) the lower part of whoso
face, from the corners of the mouth to the ears and downwards, was tattooed
<ii a bluish colour. The men of this tribe do not tattoo, but jiaint tlieir faces
like other Indians.' M'((nil.,ii. 182. Ida I't'eiti'er, Sinmil Jmtrii., ]>. 1(15, saw
Indians on Smith river, who painted their faces ' in a most detestable maii-
II r. Tliey lirst smeared them with tish fat and then they rubbed in tli<!
paint, sometimes passiii<,' a tiiifjrer over it in certain lines, so us to produce
a |iafteril.' Millrr's L'i/p AilKnujsl thi Mmldi'S, p. ;t('il.
'■' ' Ko taste in bead work.' Thr Shiislas ainl (hi'ir Xd'/hhors, ,1/.S. 'In
den Ohren tragen die Alleipias (at Trinidad bay) Schmucksacheii, welche
sie tlieils von den Weissen erhalten, theils aiis Holz nachahmen; audi
siiiil diese Ge^'eustiinde zuweileii durch Steinehcn ersct/.t, die talisiimnische
Kr.ifte besitzen sollen. Nur die in di'U fernen 15erj,'en wohnendeii tragen
Ibilzenic Oder rtueh eiserne Kinge in den Nasenwanduiigen.' Meyt-r, Sm-h ilnn
>ii'-r<iiiieiito, p. 21(i; 'iihhs, in Srhoi>lrrfijTs Arrh., vol. iii., p. 142; l'f<[p'r's
S'-nml Jimrn., p. 317; l^oirers, iu Ocerluiul Munlhly,\ul. y., p. u37 ; .Sc/ioo/-
ci-'i/l'ti Arrh., vol. iii., plate xiv.
-' Maurelk's Jour., p. 18,
I
a-M
CALirOllXIANS.
of lM)tli w.»xos wore hy moiik^ pitMVs.s ^nmiid uniformly
<lo\vii iioi'i/oiitiilly to tlio jiiiins, tliu woiik'H c's[K.rially,
ciirryiu^ tlio fiishioii to an extreme, hud tlu'ir tot'th re-
iliict'd even Ix'lovv tliis lovi'l.""-'
Here also we we in their hiibitjitioiiH the usual sum-
mer uiid winter residences eonnnon to nomadic trihes.
The winter dwellinjis, varviii}^ with l(K!ality, are princi-
l)ally of two forms — ('.oni(;al and scjuare. Those of tiu!
i'ormer shai)e, which is the most widely prevailing, and
ol)tains ('hietly in the vi(!inity of the Klamath lakes and
on the Klamath and Trinity rivers, are hiiilt in the man-
ner i()llowin,i;": A circular hole, i'rom two to live feet in
depth, and varvin^i in diameter, is du^- in the ^ronud.
Round this pit, or cellar, stout poles are sunk, wiiicli
are drawn toji'ether at the top until they nearly meet ;
the whole is then covered with earth to the depth of
several inches. A hole is left in the top. which selves
as chiuuiey and door, a rude ladder or notched jiole com-
numicatinj!: with the cellar below, and a similar one witii
the uround outside. This, however, is ojdv the com-
nioner and li«ihter kind of conical house. Many of
them are built of nnich heavier timbers, which, instead
of being bent over at the top, and so forminj^ a bee-hive-
shaped structure, are leaned one against the other.
The dwellinji's built l)y the ll«M)pahs are somewhat bet-
ter. The inside of the cellar is walled u[) with stone;
round this, and at a distance of a few i'eet from it. an-
other stone wall s built on the surface level, against
which heavy heap ■< or split logs are leaned up. meeting
at the top. or som unes the lower ends of the poles rest
against the inside ' the wall, thus insuring the inmates
against a sudden c- lapse of the hut.-"^
2' Vdin'.oHrfr'ii Vol/., V . ii., ]>. 247.
sfi ' I'hi' loili^i'SiinMloii -shap (1; liki' bcavor-lumscs. an arc-hod rodf i'dvcvh
a deep pit sunk in the f^'ronnd, the cntnincf towliicli is a round hnlc' /,m/-'/'s
A'//., vol. i., p. 278. ' L ir^'H round huts, jicrhaiis '20 feet in dianictrr, with
rouudi'd tops, on which was thf (hior l)y wiii<-h they dcscviKh'd into thr in-
terior.' /'V i/o/i/'.s /'-'.r/t'ii/'. Ks,. ]i. 204. 'Thi' Modoc excavates a circnlai' spar'^
from two to fonr feet (h'ep, tiien makes over it a conical stru<-tnre of piiii-
oheons. whieli is stronLily hnieed up with tinihers, frecpn-nlly liewn aiul a
foot sipiare.' I'ltirors, in Oi-rlaml Mnnllihi, vol. x.. p. •"):!(;; /</., vol. ix.. | .
lutj. ' The style was very subbtuutiul, the luryo pules ruipiiriug tive ur six.
CALIFORNIAX HABITATION'S.
333
on Illy
I'iiilly,
;th le-
1 Mum-
tril H's.
priiu'i-
ot' tho
iji. iiiul
les ami
o man-
Uvt ill
•;r()Miul.
>viru'li
y mt'C't ;
I'ptii of
li sorvt's
>k'C»>m-
»IK' Nvith
[le coiu-
lauy of
instead
K.'0-hive-
>r.
hat lu't-
"l stolH",
I it. aii-
ap:ainst
mc't'tinii;
loll'S IH'St.
innuitos
Iroof <'<)Vi'i'!^
1,1,..' //./•'/••<
[iiftcv. with
uto till' iii-
■•culiivsimr"
\w of iiuii-
iwii ami ;i
vol. ix.. ]'•
tivu or siiii
Tlio sfjiiaro stylo of ilwcUinj; i.s afli't'tt'd mo. t» by tlie
roast trilu's, altlioiigh (M'cusioiially seen in the interior.
A cellar, either st|naro or ronnrl, is iln;; in the same
nunnier as with the conical liousos. Tlio sides (»!' tho
hole are walled with ni)rioht slahs, which projet^t sonui
feet ahove the surlace of the p;round. 'I'he whole strnct-
nre is covered witii a roof of sticks or planks, sloping;
ocntly outward, and restin;' u|H)n u ridj;e-|H)le. The
position of the door varies, heinjr sometimes in the nH)i\
siimi'times on a level with the o^roimd^ and occasionally
hiizh u[) in the <iahle. Its shape and dimensions, how-
ever, nev r alter; it is always circular, harely larjio
enough to admit a fuU-trrown man on hands and knees.
\\ hen on the roof or in the o'al>le. a notched [)ole «»r
iiuid steps lead up to the entrance; when on llie ^.rouud,
a slidino' jjanel closes tlie entrance. In some ca.xcs. the
e.\cii\atit)ii is planked ui) oidy to a level with the ;;i()unil.
The uppi'r part is then raised several feet from the sides,
Icaviuii' a hank, or rim, on which the nmiates sleep; occa-
sionally there is no excavation, the house l)ein;;' erected
on the levt'l jiround, with merely a small tire-hole in the
centre. The iloors are kei)t smooth and clean, and a
small space in front of the door, paved with stones and
swe[)t clean, serves as jiossiping and working ground l<)r
the women."^
Ml- 11 to lift.' (iihl)s, in Si'-hiiolrrnt'l'x Arrh., vol. iii., p. 17"). ' H!iv<' only an
o|iriiiii:,' lit tilt' summit.' hniiniicfli's /Aw /7s, vol. ii., )>. •Jiil. (Mi tlif insidi'
ol the (loiii- tlifv frt'iiuciitly i>liici' a sliiliiiL; iniiicl. 'Tin' Kiiillas imild wi^-
waiu-i in a conical sliajic — us all trilics oii tlii' Trinity ilo — luit llicy cxcuvato
III) cillars.' I'dinr.i' J'oino, MS. Sec full iliscriptioii of dwclliii-s. hy Julni-
is a ■ loiiiiil liolo
J'
.t la
ill SrhiiiilrriuTs Arrli.. vol. iv., p. 'IS.i. The tiiti
iioiiLth to crawl into, wliich is on a level with the siiil'iK f fh
j^iound. Ill' is cut through the roof.' ,li)liiistii>, in Uru'lmul M<i ''h'l/, vol. ii.. ]>
M:iir
Lllr A
i;ii/ ;.si
I Ihf Mndn
V
(77.
til.
ill.
Built of plank, riiilely \vroiii,'lit.' The roofs are not 'horizontal liko
at N'ootka, but rise with a small ile
V
iiii'-dia-i'r s I !<//., vol. 11., ]![
of elevation to a ridu'e in the iiiid-
•211 •!. Well built, of boards: often twenty
fi 1 1 sipiarc; roof pitched over a rid'-;e-pole; ^,'ioiiiid usually excavated I) or l
fi't;
■•liars til
d and walled with stone. '/;//».•>, in SrliiiiilfnnVa Arrh,
110.
The dwellin^,'s of the lloopas
built of lar;,'e ])lanks,
aliout I'.j inches thick, from two to four feet wiili% and from six to twch
fill in leiii^'th.' Triiiiti/ •liiiiniiil, Ajiril. ]H.")7. 'The tloors of these lints art
1" ifi itlv smooth and cli
vith a square hole two feet deep in the ceiitn^
in which they make their tire.' Mnnrdli'.i .Imir., p. 17. 'The huts have
ucvi'r but one ajiartment. The tire is kindled in the centre, the smoke is-
ciipiny throuyh thu crevices iu the roof.' lluhbunl, iu (iohku Kru, March, lh50.
33G
CALIFORNIANS.
1 1',
!.l'
TIr' tomporarv siiniiucr liouses of tlio Xortliorn Tali-
foi'iiians arc siiuaiv, conical, and iiivei'tcd-lMnvl-shaiu'tl
huts; built, Avhcii s(|uarc, hy driving li<:lit i)()lcs into tlic
ijround and laxini:' others horizontal) v across thcni : when
coni(Nd, the poles are drawn touether at the top into a
point; when howl-shaped, hoth ends of the ])oles are
driven into the siround. niakinu; a semi-circular hut.
Th
lesc li'anies. However shaped, are covei'e
d.
d witl
1 ne
atl'
woven tule matting,"'* or with hushes or fer
ns.
tl
The Calilornians are hut i)oor hunters; they |)i'efer
le snai'c
to tl
le Dow and arrow
Yet
some ol
tl
le moun-
tain trilies display considerable dexterity in the chase.
'\o hunt the pronii-buck. the Klamath I'astens to each
iieel a strip of ermine-skin, and kee[)in;4 the herd to the
windward, he aj)proa(^hes craftily through the tall grii.-
as near as
po.'^
^ible. then thr-nviu"; himself on his back
or standing on his head, he executes a pantomime in the
air with his legs. Naturally the antelope wonder, and
)eing cursec
h
I witl
I curiosi
tv, th
)1
le snnpie ainmals graiuially
i])[)r()ach. .Vs soon as they ai'rive within easy shooting-
distance, down go the hunter's legs and up (hmucs tlie
body. 'i\)o late the antelope learn their mistake; swil"t
as they are, the arrow is swifter; and the fattest buck
])ays the penalty of his incpiisitiveness with his life.
The A'eeards, at JIuml)oldt \h\. construct a slight fence
from tree to tree, into whii;h indosure elk are driven,
the only exit being by a narrow opening at one end.
as to force the
where a }H)le is placed in such a m
The himscs of the Eurocs ami Ciihrocs ' iiro
unier
sonictiinrs
foiistmcti (1 (111 til
\v
■,iith. liut oftclit r thcv txcavah; a round ctllai, t'
our
ir tivc ft it (li
find twilvf or tiftiiu feet in diauutcr.' I'mrtrx, in Orvrtuinl Mniil/ilj/, vol. viii.
1). ."):!!; Mii/ir, Xnch d' in .Sacntincnld, p. 2\lO; TIiv ,^lut.sti(s lUnl tin
,!'■
Kit faiNiiu savs <if lodi'cn seen near Klamath laki
Tl
lev \V('r(> iiiai
iliicli
1)( iUitifuUv and iulriraii Iv
of till' broad li'avcs of the swauili tla
wovrii t.>,u'"tlii'r.' I'ltirs' Li/in/ I'u,
tht'in slii'ltrr in tlu> licat of snninicr, and, like tlio Cavotc, tlnv hiiirow in
in //.r/.
1. -2 .:!.
'Jh
ild saiic fi,riii-]i'
the earth for ]irotfction from tln' inclriiiciu'ics of winter.' 'riKuiijK
AjJ'. II' III., l.sr.l, |i. 2S:t. • Thdr lodges are
ures. searei
Jl'i't.. I.s.-,t, p
Iv shelterinL' them Iroiii the
■J\2.
e lieltlli),' storm.
illy mere teiiq.oiarv stria t-
l 'ill III
■Sii'. ".itly eonstrueted. f^elierally of jioles.' Fi
in
in //('/. .1'''.
ScllOtilrrm't'.
d.
lit., |>
•2 IS.
Till' earth ill the centre scooped out. and thro\>n
up
ii lo.v, circular cmhaukmcnt.' Tai-Hi:i\ in Ocerlaiul Moidhli/, p. \i., p. -I.
HUNTING AND FISHING. 0:;7
nnliiiiil to st(H)p ill jmssiiiir undor it. wlicn its licad is
caiiiiht ill !i noose siisjiciuli'd iVom the pok'. This [M)k> is
(h'iiggod down by the entangkHl elk, ))ut soon he is eauiiht
fast in tlie thiek iinderurowth, and livmlv held until the
hunter eoines up.'"' Pitfalls are also extensively used in
tra[)[)inii' <iaine. A narrow pass, through which an elk
or deer trail leads, is selected foi" the })it. which is ten or
twelve I'eet deej). 'i'he animals are then suddenly stain-
])ede(l from their leedin;:-jirounds. and. in their wild
terror, rush hli-idly alonu' the trail to destruction. " The
liear they seldom hunt, and if one is tak<'n, it is usually
hy accident, in one of their stronii' elk-traps. Many of
the tribes refuse to eat hear-meat. alle.uinii' that the tlesh
of a iiian-eating animal is niudean: hut no doubt IJruin
owes his iinniunit\- as much to his teetli and claws as to
his imcleanness.
Fisliiuij; is more oonuenial to the lazy taste .>f these
people than the nol)ler but more arduous craft of huntinti';
consi'iiuently fisli. Iieinj: abundant, are generally more
])lentil'nl in the al)()ripinal larder than venison. Several
mi'thods are adopted in taking them. Sometimes a dam
if interwoNen willows is constructed across a rapid at
ime when salmon are aseendiim' tin- river; nicl
les
tlie ti
foiu' or live ieet s(|uare are made at iiiter\als across the
dam. in which the lish. pressed on by those behind,
CitUect in ji'ivat numbers and are there sjieart'd or nettt'd
Avitho'it mercy. Much ingenuity and laI)or are re(|uired
to build some of the larger of these dams. Mr (libbs
describes one th!»wn across the Klamath, where the
•"■ P'lirrrs' T'lmo. VS.
'1 ■ I'lic rocks s'lpjily fdilile slnU-tisb.' Sclitimdchfr'ri Orriion ^\iili(iiilli'S,
'llif (111 r iuid I'lk iivc iiiDNily riiiitiirfil liy driviiiL; tlniii iutci tniiis anil
' Slim
II
is killed witli iiiidws, and sdimtiu
ifs (Ik am
I d.
l/N
I':'-
ili^liatchi'd ill till' same way.' Il'ihhiiril, in liuhlin tun, A/iril, IN (i
ilk tluy usiiidly take in snaits.' I'j'ijJ
luiiiintaiii Indians sulisistid lai'Lidy mi
V' rv aliiiiidant. and was killi'il witli
../ ./.
1>
:!I7.
•Ill
'ill
wliii'h tiny wi'i'i' very cxiiri
■t.' ir;/.
Iiid
lann- am
ritttiv
iiiai'lii'li Gial
'th.
■ n
ir
1)1
)\
. Ill
h„l.
)(11
• »l
i*r
ass
pii
1/.
1
wliirli (if (Vciv vaiictv was
is and arrows, in th
■ f
.1//'. U'lil., IN
I.iichcr von ci
7, ji. I'.tT
•l)i
"( Kuliikfuss,
•iciit. sodass die 'riii( re. wi nil
111' li (kill dicsc niit Zwci:,'('ii id <i
sii' danilicr ^'cjat^'t wcrdcii, liiiiciii fallen iind niclit wicder liiraiiskiiiiiK n.
\\ ilde (laiise fan^'en sic niit Netzcn . . .Nurscltcn niiiiten Iiuliam r (i( n iii'fi'i-
(U li:ir iiii,'cn.' Wimin'l, VitUturnkn, p. ISl; The SlKtstnn nml Ui-lr Atii//«i
b<rs,MS.
Vol. I. 22
338
CALIFORNIANS.
river Avas a1)()ut sovcntv-fivc yurds Avidc, {'llxnviiiii' iii)
the .stream in its deepest part. It was built by iir>t
drivinu' stout posts into the bed of the river, at a dis-
tance of some two leet apart, bavin;;' a moderate slope.
and suj)[)orted from IjcIow, at intei'vals ol" ten or twehc
leet. by two braces; the one cominu.' to the smface of the
water, the other reaching to tlie stiing-pieces. 'i'hese
last were heavy spars, about thirty leet in lengtli, and
secure<l to each [)ost by withes. 'J'he whole dam was
iaced with twigs, carefully ])eel(Ml. and placed so clost-
together as to prevent the iish from passing np. The
top, at this stage of the water, was two or three feet
above the surface. Tiie labor of constructing this work
must, with the few and insuilicient tools of tlu' natives,
have been innnense. Slight scaiVolds were built out be-
low it. from which the fish were taken in scoop-nets;
they also employ drag-nets and spears, the latter having
a nunable barb, which is fastened to the shaft with a
string in order to all'ord the salmon pla\".'" On lio^iie
Uiver. sjK'ai'ing by torch-light — a most j)ictures(iue sii^lit
— is resorted to. Twenty canoes sometimes start out
together, each carrying three persons— two women, one
to row and the other to hold the torch, and a si)eariuaii.
Sometimi's the canoes move in concei't. sometiuies indc -
pendeutly of each other; one moment the lights are
seen m line
lit
\e an
arup; of lire-Hies, then thev a
re
scattered over the dark surface of the water like igiu s
fatui. The (ish. attracted by thv' glare, rise to tlii' sur-
fai'e. where they are transfixed by the unerring aim nt"
the spearmen. Torchlight spearing is al;-o done by dri\-
ing the Iish down stream in the day-time by dint ol
nuich wadinii'. vellinti". and howlini:. and man\ sjjlashes.
until they are stopped by a dam previou.sly erected lower
^2 Schniniiclicr, Oniiim Anliiinilii's. MS,, clMssilics tli< ir mniiiit iiniw
1111(1 sinar piiiiits thus; Loii;,' barbs witli juiijictioiis. short hariis with \>
jrctidiis, iiiulhin^' mid short liiirhs without ju-ojcctii
spiNir is i'oiii|)osi(l of 11 small bouc lictilh', which s
Till' ]ioiiit of il
bouc liccilh', which sjs in a sociict. iiinl
it us soon as llic Iish starts. A strinj; couiu cliiiL! tlic sjh ar handle and ll.
center of the bone serves, when )iullecl, to turn the needle cross wise in ll.
woiiiiil.' Taylor, iu (.'«/. Fanicr, Mtinli K, INU; SrluHjIrrniTii ^inli., vol. in.
I), llti.
FISHING BY NIGHT ON TUE KLAMATH.
down: anotlicr (lain is tlion l)uilt alKnc. so tliat tlic fish
cannot cscajK.'. At niylit iiivs are hiiilt ronnd the t'djio
(if the enclosed space, and the finny jzanie siieared IVoni
the hank." Some triheson the Khnnath iTcct platforms
over tlie stream on npright poles, on \vhieh they sleep
and lish at the same time. A strini: leads iVom the net
either to the fisherman himself or to some kind of alarm ;
and as soon as a salmon is caiitiht. its lloiniderin,;^' im-
mediately awakens the shmiherei". On the sea-shoic
smelts are taken in a triant:nlar net stretclu'd on two
slender poles: the fisherman wades into the water np to
his waist, turns his face totlie shore, and his hack to the
incominii' waves, ai^ainst whose force he Iiraces himself
with a stont stick, then as the smelts are washed hack
from the l)each hv the returning: waves, he receives them
in his net. The net i< deep, and a narrow neck con-
nects it with a lon-j: netw(»rk hai: hehind; int(» this \n\<x
the fish drop when the net is raised, hnt they cannot
retm'n. In this manner the fisherman can remain for
some time at his |K)st. wi
ithont
nnioadimr.
I'lels are candit in traps ha\in,u' a funnel-shaiied en-
trance, into which the eels can easily tio, hnt which closes
on them as soon as they are in. These trajis are fastened
to stakes and kept down hy weij:hts. Similai" traps are
used to take salmon.
When j)reserved for winter nse. the fish are split open
at tile hack, tiie hone taken out. then (h'ied oi' smoked.
IJoth fish and meat, when eaten fresh, are either hroiled
on hot stones or hoilecj in wat( •r-ti;ilit haskets. hot stones
heinii" tiirown in to mal^e the \vater hoik Ih'cad is ma(h'
of acorns uronnd to llour in a rouLih stone mortar with
a lieavN'
"itone p
4h
an(
I I
laKeil
in
tl
le aslies.
A corn-
lot
u' is the princijtal in,i:redient. hut herries of vari(
)US
kinds are nsnallv mixed in. and fre(|uentl\ it is seasoned
■'2 Thr Sh'isliiss (Dill Ihi'ir X'iiihhitrn. MS.; Jlii'ilanl, in (li'h'ai F.
A].nl,
lM')i'>; Willi/, in lull. .yiY. Ili/il.. 1M17, p. !'.l~. 'In siiuwiiin^'-liiiif tlic lisli
Kcliiinl ii[) fidiii Clear I.iikf ill t xtiacpnliuarv iiiiriil» is, so iliat (lie liuliai.H
have (inly to put a ^lii^lit (ilistriK tioii in tlir nvt r, whin tiny < an lili rally
shiivil till 111 out.' /
Oi'iijiin AidiiiniliiK, MS.
ill Or'rl'iml Mimllili/, vol, X., \K ii.'iT; SiJtniiiitrlii r's
3i0
CALIFORNIANS.
with some high-llavorod licrl). A port of puddinir is
also made in tlie same manner, but is boiled instead of
baked.
They gather a great variety- of roots, })erries, and seeds.
The prinei[)al root is the camas,"'* great (|uantities of
■which are dried every summer, and stored away lor winter
])rovision. Ant>ther root, called klce, or Zv/rc''' is nuich
sought after. Of seeds they have the vontu'^ and sev-
eral varieties of grass-seeds. Among berries the hucklc-
))errv and the manzanita l^erry are the most })lentil"nl.'^
The Avomen do the cooking, root and berry giithering,
and all the drudgery.
'^riie winter stock of smoked fish hangs in the family
room, sending forth an ancient and fish-like smell.
Hoots and seeds are, among some of the more northerly
tribes, stored in lai'ge wicker boxes, built in the lower
branches of strong, wide-spreading trees. The trunk of
the tree below the granary is smeared with pitch to kee[)
away vermin.'" The Modocs are sometimes ()l)liged to
cache their winter boai'd under I'ocks and l)ushes; the
great number of their enemies and bad character of
their ostensibly friendly neighbors, renderiug it unsafe
for them to store it in their villages. So cunningly do
they conceal theii' treasure that one winter, afti-r an un-
usually heavy I'all of snow, they themselves could not
lind it. and numbers starved in conse(|uence.''^
Although the ^>'orthern Californians seldom fail to
31 'Tlio niniiis is n bulbns root, shaped much like an onion.' iFillir's
Life Aiiininiyl tlif .^[(kIiic.i, ji. 'J2.
3'' ' A rout iilioiit an inch lonj,', atid as lavf^c as one's little tintter, of n Mt-
ter-sweetisli anil iinni;ent taste, something like ginseng.' I'mnrs. in ijri lininl
Jliiiitlili/, Vdl. X., J). i>M.
'^'> ' An a(iiiatic jilaiit. with a floating leaf, v(>ry much like that of a jiond-
lily, in tlie eentn' of which is a ])(id reseniMing a i)ii|iiiv-licad. full nf farina-
ceous seeds.' ///. See also Mij/er. .\itili ih-iii Sdrrniiii iilii. J). ■J'J'.i. ''I'liiir
l)rinci|ial fnod is the kanias root, and the seed obtained from a plant glowing
in tlie marshes uf liie lake, resemliling, before hulled, a bnidiii-eorn seed.'
J>(tliiin: in //«/. .1.;^. /,''//'.. is.")t, p. -IM.
•" The K'aniaths 'subsist upon roots and almost every living thing with-
in their reach, not exeei)ting reptiles, crickets, ants, etc.' 77(o//i/isr</i. in //"/.
AjJ. Il'i'l.. 1H51, p. '2m:{; ntinlHiniin, in Iml. Aff. Itvpi., \^"i, p. 31)1; /.'w(-
huntnijli'x lillir In tin' uulliur, MS.
3'< Turmr, in Uvirlund Monthly, vol. xi., p. 24.
WAR AND ^\'EAPONS.
Ml
tiiko a cold l)ath in the morning, and froiiuontly biitlio
at intervals during tiic da>-, yet tliey are never elean.'"
The Northern Cahbrnians are not of a ver\' war-
hke dis])ositioii, hence their weapons are lew, Ix'ing
condned cliiellv to the bow and arrow
Tl
le
bow
or
is ahout three feet in length, made of yew, cedar
some otliei' tough or elastic wood, and generally painted.
The hack is ilat, from an inch and a half to two inches
wide, and covered with elk-sinews, which greatly iidd
l)()th to its strength and elasticity; the string is also of
sinew. The how is held horizontally when discharged,
instead of iH'rpendicnlarly as in most countries. The
arrows are I'rom two to three feet long, and are made
souictinies of reed, sometimes of light wood. The ])oints,
which are of Hint, obsidian, bone. iron, or c()|)pcr. are
ground to a very fine point, fastened lirndy into a short
piccr of wood, and fitted into a socket in the main shaft,
so that on withdrawing the arrow the head will be left
in the wound. The feathered part, which is from five
to ei^iht inches long, is also sometimes a sc[>ai'ate piece
th
)oun(i on witn sinews. The ((uiver is made of the skin
of a fox, wild-cat. or some other small animal, in the
same shape as when the animal wore it. except at the
tail end. where nnan is left ibr the featheri'd ends of
arrows to [iroject. Jt is usually carried on the arm,
41
'■"' At lt<i!4iii' Itivcr, 'fill' men f,'o in tlio inriniiii^' into the livcr, 1>nt. lil;o
till' Malays. liiiii;_! i'" the <lirt out uu lluir skins that tin ytnok in.' I'/i hh,-'.'^
'I .hiiii-ii., \>. :U7. At Pitt Kivcr tiny iiii' ' ilis^'iistitit,' in tlicir lialiits.'
.1'''...//, in r<ir. II. n. l;n<l., V
l/>
l>
i;l; 'I'lir Sliilsln
,1 tl,'
.V' ; /,/„
■Of till' niaiiv Inmilii lis I liavi' sciii, tlnii' was nut imr who still nli-
il til
II' uliiiii''ina
1 niiiilr iif lifi'. that hail nut ti sweet lui ath.
'11:
ailith
line to tile fact that, hefme tlu V lieranie eivili/ed. tiiev ate their
f lenM.' /',
y'l
MS.
Tliev iilwavs rise at the tiist ilawii
aliil piiuiue iiitu the I'lver
IhiblKinl. in lidili n Km. Murrh, la'A',
Till
I" isiiiis are nnusnally dean, as they nsi; Imlh the sweat-lnuise anil the enlil-
'iilli eiiiistalitlv.
il
Hi //■•«
n SrlinnlcriltV
rh.
Vnl. Ill , ))
IL
lllhnir
lie'^iht sieh (ler Allei[iiu i 'I'riiiiclail l!ay 1 in ji ili r -lali
Mit v.
■iiseii /iir
111 II (Quelle. WD er sieh am t,'an/,en Lelhe wiiseht mill in ih n Siialih ii di r
iiiif--tiiL;i iiileii Siinne tinekiieii hisst.
Mr,/r
Xmli ill III Silinnm 1,1:
I;,,.-, '„,i;„i ill's hlhr In till' (iiitl„ii\ MS.
Carl Meyer, after deseriliini,' tlielinw, n.ilils
1'
!l;
I'eriiere Watl'eii (ler Alh
quas siiiil: lias Olisiiliaii-IJeil mler 'I'linialiawk. die Keiile, die har/.r mid di r
Wiirf.
taki-n with SDin
A'd'/i ihiii ,'<iiiTiiiiii iitd, ]i. 2ls. This statement, I think, may
e iiilowanee, as now
I' iii'_' used l)v the Califiirnians.
here else dii I lilld llielllii
11 III it tiiiiia-
" Srhiuiiaeher, Ori'inn Aiifniniti's, .l/.s'., sjieakiiij,' nf an aiieieiit Hjit'ur-
312
CALIFORNIANS.
^fr 1
(mors savs:
doul)tl
OSS many persons wlio naAo
ho 1]
Hoen tlio Hint anow-ljeads made })y the indians. ha\e
wondered liow they sneceeded with their rude iin[)le-
nients. in ti'iniiMinii' them down tosneh sharp, thin points,
withont hreakin^' them to })ie(!es. The Yeeards — and
l)rohahly other ti'ihes do likewise — em[)lov ior this \)\\r-
lK)se a pair of hiick-lioi'n pineers, tie(l tojictlier at the
jioint with a thong. 'I'hey Hrst hannner ont the arrow-
head in the i'oii;:h.and tlien with these })in('ers carelidly
nij) oil' one tiny lra,uinent al'ter ani^ther, nsinii' that in-
finite patience which is diaracteristic of the Indian,
si)endinji' i\i\yfi, perha[)s weeks, on one piece. There are
Indians who make arrows as a specialty, just as there
are others who concoct herhs and roots I'or the healiiiLi;
of men.'"^- ^fhe Shastas especially excelled in mi..vin,iii' ob-
sidian arrow-heads; Mr \\ ilkes of the F.xplorinji' l']xpe-
dition notici's them as beinji ••heaiitil'ully wroii,Liht.'" and
]i>on, in a letter to the American Kthnolouical Societv.
comnninicatcd throuiih Dr K, 11. Davis, describes the
verv reinai-kal)le iniiemiity and skill which the\' disi)lav
jioint, says, 'the iioiiittd tcclli show it to liiivo 1
)i'(^l) 11 very (laiiL;tii.ns
wtajioii
Vo,s('//«i/'«i'(///'n li'ltir III the (tnlliu)\ MS. On tl
ittci
Kl.'i
11111)111,' the skins used for ijuivcrs, 1 iioticcil tl
U'
ith l!iv-
(1-c.it, ti>lii
fiiwn. ^viy fcix anil citlicvs.' (iihhs, in Si'lidnlird/I's An-h., vol. iii., ]>. It I.
Kiav Mt Shasta, 'bows and aiT(
uie of vi'W
n' viTV litanlil'iiUv made: the fniinir
tiid
intcd.
1 r.
id iiliiiut tl
.11
/■;,
ll'fC
feet loll''.
hi
(1 V( IV iicatlv with sim
ic arrows ari' up
vards of thirty
•lies loll
117//,!
vo
carin (1 in ([iiivtrs
)f Wood or 1)
1). :i;j
At I'ort Tiiiiidad, ' arro
iiid liaiii! from thtir wrist or ni
Mi( II i-i Ill's .Iniir.. \K •10. On Pi
tipiicd with (.-ojiiifr or iron.' '//v
irriiws arc made in three ^larts.
m l!iv<
'their arrows were in
d
Alihntl. in /':
'.s' Jllsl. iiiiii., It. 11(1. 'Jhe Pit liivir
/;. /.'. Hij.i
The .Mleiinas at Trinidad I'av, deserihed by ( 'ail ^feyi
cither • schussfeitiLf in der Hand o<lcr in I'inciii iilicr die Sehnltiiii eiwdilV-
.1.
d th
VI., )). fil.
cir .arrows
Tien
oclier ails
idcr |:ib
.■Iz
])( r 1!
11 ist alls < iiicr starkeii
clastiselieii Kothtanncnwnrzel verfi rti;-'t. cfwa li'.j Fuss laiii,' nnd aiif di r
KiieUscitc lllit ( iller liarcnsclille libelkicbt. Sd'liihlii Sinrillini.
M.ifi
F..<-,iU
.Mill
lo.V
I'late \Nv. Sjicakiiij,' of the <|iiivi r. Mr 1
iiweis savs:
' ill (he animal's head th( y sliitl' a (iniintity of ^;rass or moss, as a ciishion for
the arrow-lieads to rest in, whieli ]ircvcnts them from lieiiii; broken.' i>n-r-
luiiil Mmilli'ii, \n\. viii.. y. .":!'_'. 'Their arrows can only be (\tract(d from
tlie llesh with till' knife.' Culls' Ciuiiiiiisl uf t'n'., j). 170. 'Am obeii n 'IlKile
•iiier J.niio yon llirsh-si linen vcrsfailit uiid
(California) ist der l!oL,'en vi
clastisell Ljem.ieht. Die I'feile liestehell alls cilielii roluaitiui 11 (!ewailis(
von ni.is-.ii,'cr Laiiuc, an ih r S|iitze niit Obsidia
11 .
Verseliell, 1
iiire 1,
ist
'2 Zoll. ihre Hnite 1 Zdll
d
])ick
/oil, 8charfka)iti!' nnd siitz/u-
laufend.' II'
•1-' rmi-irs'
l\
il. ( 'iiHi'iiriiii ii. p. IHt).
ami Hair yvliihlivrs, MS
Ms.; Srlnnmtclar'n Owjon Anllipntiis, MS.; Thn SliuMns
■WAR AND ITS JIOTIVES.
343
in this particiiliir. Tlio aiT<m-])<)int iiiakfr. ulio is one
of a n^uular .uiiild. })lac'OH tlic obsidian jichhk' iijioii an
anvil ol" tali'osi' .-late and splits it ■with an w^ixiv chisol
tc the required >\y.v; then holdinji' the pieee uith his
tiu'-er and thiinih aiiainst the anvil, he linishi's it oil'
with iH'iK'ated slight hhms, administered w ith marvelous
adroitness and judiiinent. One of thi'se artists made
an arrow-j)oint l()r Mr Lvon out of a pieee ol" a hroken
porter-hottle. Owing to his not hein>i' ae(|uainted ^vith
the urain of the j:lass. he tailed twice, hut the third time
jiroduced a perleet specimen.^' 'Fhe AN'allies poison their
arrows with rattlesnake-virus, hut ])oisoned Aveajtons seem
to he the exception." The bow is skilfully used ; Avar-
chihs are not eonnnon.^'
\\ ars. thou,uh of frecpient occurrence. Avere not ])ar-
ticularlv hloody. The casus belli was usuallv that which
brou,uht the Sjjartan King before the walls of llion, and
Titus Tatius to inci[)ii'nt Kome — woman. It is true, the
Xortlu'rii Californians are less classic abductors than the
spoi
tl
lei's of the Sabine women, but theii' wars ended in
r — the ravished fair cleavinii' to her
10 same niannc
w
arrior-lover. Religion also, that ever-fiuitful source
" //;.s7. M,(;l., vol. iii., \^. 'Jll.
■"./(>/(((>•(//), ill (h-ivlitiiil Mi.iitlili/, vol. ii., ]). .').')(). At 'rviiiidiul Biiy ' zu-
wiilcu wci'ildi (lie I'lVili' iiiit dciii Safti' dcs Siiiiiiicliliiiuiiics v( rgiltc il. uiid
iil-Ml:iiiii iiur ziiiu Kill l;i 11 wilder liaulitliiiit' j,'t Inanclit.' Mii/>r, Xach ilnn
Sid-rniKi iilii, ]>. lilS. 'JmiiIl,'!' Stiiluiiic vcruiftiu dii' S| it/cii iliK r I'lcilc aiif
t'nlijiiidc Wcisc: Sit' !'( iz( 11 iiiiiiilich cilif Klaiiinisclilaii'-'c iiiit i iia r vdi'^r-
Irdtciu u lliisclilil)! r, wmiu sic bcisst, mid uailidi in nun iVn- J.iln r iiiit dila
< iil'ti vnllstaiidiL; iiiiiir;ii,'uirt ist. wild sic vii';_;raliiii uiid muss vcit'aiiliii; liiciiii
wild null die S]iitzi' tinuctaiKdit nnd daiin L;rlri)i'knrt.' W'iiiiiinl. I'lilijuni'ii k,
\\. iNi. 'I'lir I'itt Jlivir Indians ' use the piiisciii iif thr rattli-snaki-, liv ^lind-
Iul; tlir licad Iif that ii]itilc into an inipalpalilr jowdt r, which is thru ai'iilii-d
\i\ nil alls of till' ]i II trill hlood and llisli of ihi' ilo;,' to tin- |)oiut of I hi' wi a|ion,'
i.ims.i' Si/sl()ii <if Sunji nj, vol. i., p. W'ii. ' Tlii' I'itt Itivi r Indians |i(iisoni d
tliiir allows in a jiiitrid dicr's livtr. This is a slow [loivoii, howi'vir, and
.soiiutiiiii's will not ]ioisoii at all.' I'hf Slmstus timl llnlr Si hililmrs, MS.; Silm-
iit'irli' r's <)r((iiiii Aiifiiiiiili's, MS.
'' Anioii'^ othi r lhiiiL;s siiii l>v Mivir wire, 'iioili ^'iiissrvi' IJoi^cii, din
iliUi'li als hrdiiitrlldi' I'l-ni'^'i'Si'liossi' dii'lli'll. Kill sali'liiT i^-t (1 l''iiss lall^',
and di r Jndiaiiii' li .L;t sirli aiif dir Krdi'. Ulii dcnsillii n zii s|iaiini n. iiuli in
1 |- das iTchti' i-itiii' ill di 11 Jioj^'iii < iiisti'iiinit mid niit In iih ii .Viiin n naihhilft.'
'I'ia- Ipow and arrow, knifi', and war-i'liih. coiistitiitt' tin ir wia|ions. In oiih
iif till ir lodf^is i i.i'tirid an clU-skin sliii Id, so toiistriuti d as to he ini]iii\i-
uus to tliL' sliiii'prst arrows. I'uhinr, in hi'l. .\p'. Iiipl., iSol, ]i. '2i<'I. ^lilh r
iiiiiitioiis n .Modoc who was ' jiaintid nd, lialf-uukL'd, iiiid held a, tuumliuwk
iu lis hand.' l.i/i: .1//(m/i.';.s/ tin' Modors, p. 20.
344
CALIFORNIAXS.
of war, is not witliout its conflicts in savagedom; tlius
more than once the Siiastas and tlic l'nii)(|uas iiavo taken
\i\) anus lu'cause of wicked sorceries, wliicli caused the
death of tlie peo[)k'/'' So Avhen one i)eo))k' ohstriicted
tlie river witli tlieir weir, therehy preventinji' the ascent
of sahnon. tiiere was notliiii"; left for those ahove but to
fmht
or starve.
Ak)nLi, Pitt llivcr, pits from ten to fifteen feet deen
were formerly (hi.ii'. in whicii the natives caught man and
Ijeast. These man-traps, for sucii was their i)rimary
nse, wei'e suiall at the mouth, widening toward the hot-
torn, so tiiat exit was impossil)le. even were the vi(!tim
to escape iuipaleuient uiK)n sharpi'ued elk and deer horns,
which were favoi-ahly placed for his rece[)tion. ^fhe
o[)ening wis craftily concealed hy means of light sticks,
over which earth was scattered, and the better to decei\('
the unwary traveler, footi>rints were Irecnently stamped
with a moccasin in tiie loose soil. Certain landmarks
and stones or branches, placed in a pecnliai' manner,
warned the initiatei', but otherwise there was no siun of
imi)endiMg danger.^^
Some few nations maintain the predominancy and
force the weaker to pay tribute.^*^ AVheii two of these
domin nit nations war with each other, the conlHct is
more sanguinary. Xo scalps are taken, ])ut in some
cases the head, hands, or feet of the coii(|uered slain are
severed as tro[)hies. The C^dirocs sometimes fight hand
to hand with ragged stones, which they use with deadly
eflect. The llogue Kiver Indians kill all their male
jirisoners, but spare the women and children.^'' Tlie
il
4B Sill"!!! Slalrsiiimi, April. 18.")7.
■" Hciii-i'. if \vi' may cndit Millor, Life Amoufist the. Mmlnrs, p. 1)73, tln'
uaiiic Pitt liiviv.
'■* Tlir II iii|i;is I'xiictrd tvilnito from nil the snvi'Diniilin^' tribes. At the
tiiiit' till' wliitrs arrivcil the {'hiniiihuiuiiys Wfvc jjuyinu tlitiii tlilmtr in iliii-
skiiis lit till' i'a!(> of twciity-tive cents per head. I'mrirn' I'ouki, MS. Tlu'
Hi(i|ialis have a law vcciniriuL; thost^ situated iin tlic 'i'iiir''y, above them to
jiay tribiiti'. IIkhi'kiI'II 'I'iiii'S, \iii\ 1H")7; >'./•'. En-iiUiii linilil'iii. .V</i'. "J.t, 1^57.
■•'■• The Sassii's, I'ahvoes, Jioo])ahs, Klamaths and ]!oi;ne IJivev Indians,
take no scalps, but decapitate thu slaiu, ur cut oti' their liiuids and feet.
I'/fiffer's Si'coiidJonnt., p. 317.
MANUFACTURES AND BOATS.
ni:>
I'lk-lioni knives and liatchets jire tlie ivsiilt of nuidi
liil)()r and piitionce.'"'
Tl
u> wonic'ii are very iii'riMiioiis in
l)lait
in<i urnss. or
fine willow-roots, into mats, haskcts, hivts, and stri[)s ot"
|)ai-ti-('oloivd hraid lor l)inding u[) the hair. On these,
aiimilar i)atterns are worked by nsinu' dilU-rent siiades of
material, or Ity means of dyes of ye<ietahle extraction.
The baskets are of viU'ious .sizes, from the Hat, basin-
shaped, water-tijiht. rush bowl for ))oilinjr ibod. to the
larjie pointed cone which the wonu'n carry on their
backs when root-di^ii'gin^u; or berry-picking
'Y\
ley are
also expert tanners, and. by acomj)aratively sim[)le jiro-
cess. will render skins as sol't and pliable as cloth. Tlu^
hide is lirst soaked in water till the hair loosens, then
strt'tched between trees oi' n])ri^ht posts till half dry,
when it is scraju'd thorouiihlv on both sides, will beaten
with sticks, iuid the brains of some animal, heated at a
lire, are robbed on the inner side to soften it. i'inally it
is bin'ied in moist liround for some weeks.
The interior tribes manifest no great skill in bont-
makinu'. but alouL-' the coast and near the month of the
Klamath and Ho,!;ue rivers, yerv' good canoes are l()nnd.
They are still, however, inferior to those used on the
Cohimbia and its tributaries. The lashed-up-hanmiock-
shapeil bundle of rushes, which is so lre([uently met in
the more southern j)arts of California, has been seen on
the Klamath.'- but I have reason to think that it is only
us('(l ;is a matter of convenience, and not because no
better boat is known. It is certain that dug-out canoes
■'"Till' Vt'canls on Lowit llumlioliU I'u-'took tlk-h(Miis iiiul iiililuil
thfiii (111 stuiii's for (lays td^^'i'tlicr, to sliarjuu th ■iii into axis ami \vi (1l,'( s.'
/'./lives' I'liiiiii, .)/>'. On till' Klaiiiatli rivci' tln'V liaii •s|ioons li' :.'ily iiiailc oi
liiiiir and horn.' iUh'is, in Si'linulcrinTs Arch., vol. iii., ji. 14(1.
'' •[•'or baslict iiialun;^, tlicv nsi' the roots of |iiiii-tlf( s, the st( ni of tlii'
s]iicc-li\isli. and ornauifiit with a kind of j^rass whiih looks like a |ialiii h af,
and will lilcach white. They also stain it pnipic witli ildi r Ik iiii s. aiul
;;ri 111 with so.ipstoiii',' , . . 'Tin' I'ilt ItiviT Indians cxcc 1 all others in liaskt t-
ui ikiiij;, liiit are not iiarticiilarly ^,'ood at head work.' 'I'lii- Slmsla^ dinl lln ir
V .'•;/V/i>/-,v, MS. FriiiiJiil's A'.i'/i'oc. /■.'.iv, p, "iol; ./o/id.soo, in Ovirbiml Muntlilj/,
Vol. ii., |). .-).!(;; <;i'i'i!<, in Srliodliu-at't'ti Arch., vol. iii., p. i:!4; J'nirns'
I'nim,. MS,
'-' ir/7, s' .V'(;'. in r. S. Eje. E.i'., vol. v., p. '2oli; h'ininons, in SrlKidlrrnft's
Air!,., v,,l. iii., p. 21H.
•.w>
CALIFOIINIAXS.
ii
wevv in use on tlic same rivor, and \vitliin a fow miles of
tlie spot Avlii'io tule huoys ohtsiin. Tlic liu;t is. tliis bun-
dle of inslies is the best cral't tliat could be invented for
salnion-speai'in.ir. Heated astride, the uei^lit of tlie lisli-
ernian siid<s it below the surlaee; he ean mo\'e it noise-
K'ssly with his I'eet so that theiv is no splashinii' ol' pad-
dles in the sun to frighten the lish ; it ciuniot capsize,
and stiikiu" a rock does it no iiuui-w Canoes are hoi-
lowed iVoni the trunk oi' a single ri'dwood. ])ine. Dr. syca-
more, or Cottonwood tree. They are lilunt at both ends
and on Koiiue Kiver many of them are llat-bottomed.
It is a curious fact that some of these canoes are made
from first to last without beinj:' touched with a shaip-
edjied tool of any sort. The native fnids the tree
ready I'elled by the wind, burns it oif to the re(|uired
length, and hollows it out by fire. Pitch is s])read on
the parts to be buiiied away, and a i)iece of fresh bark
prevents the liames from extendinii' too far in the wronu'
direction. A small shelf, })i'oiectin|ii' inward from
the stern, serves as a seat, ^luch trouble is s(Miie-
times taken with the linishin<r up of these (!anoes. in the
way of sci'apinji' and })olishin,u'. but in shape they lack
synnnetry. On the coast they are i're(|uently larue; Mr
I'owers mentions having seen one at Smith Kiver foi'ty-
two i'eet long, eight feet four inches wide, and capable
of carrvinsi' twentv-four men and five tons of merchaii-
dise. '^^riie natives tid\e great care of their canoes, and
always cover them when outof the Avater to ])rotect theiu
i'rom the sun. Should a crack appear tlu'y do not caulk
it. but stitch the sides of the sjjlit tightly togetlu'r with
withes. They are propelled with a i)iece of wood, half
pole, half paddle.''^
M Tlic lidiits foriiicily used l)y the Modocs w<>vp '(jnitc vuilc iiinl iiiisliii]i('-
ly c'ouci vus, coiiiiiiiiid with tlmsi' (if the lowci' Klnliiatli. Imt snlistiiiitiiil and
soliutiiiics liir^'c tiioui^li Id ciiiry ]'''(l(l ]K)iiiids of iiiiicliinidisc' /'■wi/n. in
Ovvrliiitil Mdiillili/, vol. viii., ji. "nt'.', vol. x., y TilKi. ' JUuiit at lioth cuds, witli
11 small iirojiM'tioii in tlic stiiii for a scut.' (iililis, in Sflimilcrd/t's .\nli., vol.
iii., p. 1-12. ''riios<' on Jtoi^'uc livd' were von!,ddv built- -some of tlicin scow
fashion, with Hat lioftoni.' Kiniiinnn, in Siliouli raj't's Arch., vol. iii., ]>. "-1^.
The I'itt llivcr Indians 'used boats made fi-om ] in( : tin y burn them out
...about twenty feet long, some very yood oues.' 'I'ltc t^latalua and thilr
^eiijhburti, MS,
WEALTH IX NORTHERX CALIFORNIA.
n-i?
hol-
sycii-
I iMiils
mu'd,
nitido
Imi'p-
' tree
(uired
■iul oil
liark
wi'oiiir
IVuiii
.sniie-
iii the
lack
Mr
'orty-
j)iil)le
■liaii-
, and
them
caulk
\vith
half
inshaiii'-
itial Mild
■ iri IS. in
lis, with
■//., Mil.
■Ill scow
]). •-!><.
llClll <iut
uid lli'ir
Weiilth, wliicli is ((uite as iiiiixn'taiit lii're as in any
livili/ed coiiiiiiiinities, and ot'niucli more importance tlian
is cnstoinary aiiion;i' savajie nations, consists in sliell-
iiioney. called <i/flc(tc/i(c/>\ >vliite deer-skins, canoes, ami,
indirectly, in women. The shell which is tiie i'e;jinlar
circulating medium is white, hollow, ahout a<iuaitei'oran
inch throujih. and from one to two inches in leiiiith. On
its length deju'iids its value. A gentleinan. who writes
Irom ju'rsonal ohservation. says: "all of the oldi'r In-
diiuis have tattooed on their arms their standard of
value. A piece of shell correspond iii<;' in leiiiith to one
)f tl
le mar
ks 1
)eiim' woi
thi
ive <
loll;
lis,
r.ost
on mone\-
the scale <:radualU' increases until the hiuhest mark is
reached. For live perfect shells corresponding in leiijrth
to this iiiarlv thev will readilv uive one hundi'»'(l dollars
.1(1
111 uolil or silvei
White
deer-skins are rare and con
sidered very valuahle. one coiistitiitin<r«|Uite an estate in
itself. " A scalp of the red-headed >vood pecker is ecpiiv-
aleiit to a))oiit live dollars, and is exteiisivelv used as
curreiicN' on the Klamath. ('
[inoes are \a
hied
iccordiny;
lii
to their si/e and finish. Wives, as they must lie hoii;zht,
are a sij^n of wealth, and the owner of many is respected
liiii-b
accor(
.Vinoii^' the Xorthern ralifornians. hereditary chief-
tainshii) is almost unknown. If the son succcimI the
latiier it is because the son has inherited the father's
■''' Clidsi'. ill Oirrliiiiil MuiiUilij, vol. ii., ]>. \X\. ' A kind of luiid iiimlc from
ii slicll ]irocmi (1 on the coast. Tlicsc tlii v striiiL,' and wear aliout tlic iitck,
. . . ..Viiothi r kind is a slit 11 about an inch loic4, \\hi<li looks like a p(ircii|iinc
ililill. 'liny arc more vahiahle than thedlhc r. 'I'liev also use tlu in as nose-
oriiauients.' 'I'hf Slmslas iiial lln ir .\'i (;;A/"//'s, ilS. " 'Ihe unit of currency is
a stiiiii; of the len^,'th of u man's arm, with a certain numlMrtif the hniLrer
shells li( low the elliow, and a certain niimlicr of tJie shorter oiks alio\e.'
I'liin r.-i, in (inrliiii'l Munllih/. vol. viii., )i. ;i:j'.i. • .\ rare sin 11, spiral in
shape, varyin'4 from one to two iiicln s in length, and alioiit the size of u
crowiinill. calhd hv the natives, Shnish, is ust-d as nioiiev.' Hnlilniril, in
(iolilii, i:nt, .March," JS.")!!.
" ''Ihe o\%iiersliip of a (white) dci r-skin, constitutes a cl.iiin to chieft.iiii-
shil), readilv acknowled^'ed hv all the dllskv race on this coast.' Ilnniliulill
Tiwis. Dec.', IW.d.
'"'•rniperty consists in women, oriianionts made of rare feathers and
shells, also furs and skins.' llnhhnril. u\ Hahli n A'/v/, March, l^."ii;. Their
Wealth 'con i^.l(d chii tiy of white deerskins, cano( s, the sialji of the red-
Jieath d woodpecker, and uUnuHchkk.' Wdiy, in Ind. Aj)'. 11' id. .hunt, .^jnc
("III., 1«G7, 11. WT.
318
CALIFOUNI.VXS.
II
I
I I.
! I
I
wealth, and if a riclicr than ho aiiso tlic anciont ruliT is
(k'[M)si'(l and tlio now oliiot" I'oijin.s in liis stoad. Hut to
l)o cliict' moans to havo jMisition, not |M»wor, Mo can
adviso. hut not oonutiand; at loast, if his suhjoots do not
ch(M)Mo to ohoy hirn, ho cannot oonipol ohodicnoo,
Thoro is most lVo(|uontly a hoad man to oaoli vilhi^c.
and somotimos a chiof ol' tho wholo triho, ))nt in roahty
each hoad of a I'amilv j^ovcrns his own domosti(^ circle
as ho thiidvs host. As in cortain ro[)nhrK's. when jxiwor-
i'ld applicants hocomo nndtipliod — now ollicos aro cicatod.
as salmon-chiot', olk-chiof. and tho like. In one or two
coast ti'ihos tho oilico is horoditary, a.s with tho I'atawats
on Mad Kivor. and that nnstorions triho at Tiinidatl
Ihiy, montionod hy MrMoyor. tho AlUHpias."
Thoir ponal codo is lar from Draconian. A fnio of a
fow strin,iis of allicochick a})i)oasos tho wrath of a nnn--
dorod man's rolativos and satisfies tho ro(|nii'omonts ot
custom. A woman mav])o slaujihtorod for half tho sum
it costs to kill a man. Occasionally hanishment from
the triho is tho penalty lor murder, hut ci^jital punish-
ment is never resorted to. The tine, whatever it is.
nm.st ho jtromptly ])aid, or neither city of refu<:o nor
.sacred altar-horns will shield tho nnnxleror from tho
vengeance of his victim's friends."'^
'■>'' ' Have no tril)!il oi^'iiiii/ntion, no siicli tiling' ns i)ii1)lic dtfciu'c' Hasi'.
horoiKih'ti lilt' r Id llir iiiitliiir, .MS. A I'itt Kivtr cliitf tiidl the white iiian's
cotlt', Imt so uiiiiopuliir was it, that lie was obli^'cd to abamloii it. 7'Ai SIkisIu
'<l th<
Xiijlilnirs, JIS. Aiiioii^' tlic Klaiuatli aiiil 'J'liiiit y trilns the jiowi
iif tl
ic scvcra
1 villi
(if till' chief ' is iiisntlii'ieiit to conti'c it'ie relatii
or keep ilowu thi^ tiirliuleiice of iiiili vii lii.ils.' (iihlis, in Siliiiiilcr'ijrs Arch.,
vol. iii.. ]ip. l.'J'.l I 1(1. The ('Mhi'ics, Kur ('S, Jloopas, anil K'ailtas, have a
uoiiiiiial chief for each villaf,'e, liiit h'^ ^p'.wer is extremely limited ami each
iuiliviiliial does as lie likes. Ai' on^ ihe 'I'olewas in i»el Norte County,
ii.l.ics and I'atawats have an hereditar\-
llionev
niak
th
chief. Th
chieftainship. I'liinrn' I'mim, IMS. .\t 'rrinidad Hay they were 'f,'overneil
hy 11 ruler, who directs where they shall \ii\ both to hunt and fish.' Mmi-
rrlh 's ■li<in\. ]i. lis. ' I)ir Ilaii]itlin;,' ist sehr 5,'eachtet; erhat iilxr Handel uni'.
Wandcl, Leben und 'I'od si
imr
rnterthanen y.n veifii).'en, und si
M
iclit
vererht sich auf seimii ErstLreli
.1/'
.V'/i7/ il, III Siiiniiiii nl'i, p.
'223. T'he chief 'obtains his jiosition from his wealth, and usually n
I's to transmit his ell'ccts atid with them his lionois. to h
s ]iosterity.
Ihil-
li(tnl, in (iiilili II /','/■<», ^larcli, IS.'ii;. rnrmerly "the ditVerent rancherias had
chiefs, or heads, known as Mow-wee-mas, their influence bein^' j>rimiiially
derived from their a<^e, number of relatives, and wealth,' Wihij, in Iml. Aff.
lltpL .liiilil. >7i(('. Cnlll., ]). 4',t7.
■i" 'Ihe Calirocs compound for nnirder by payment oi one strinf,'. .\nionj,'
the I'atawats the average tin )V niunUrinL; a man is ten strinj/s, for killinj'
U()Mi:\ AND BOMKSTIC AFFAIRS.
840
In viiln do \\i' look 0)1' trii('«'s of tliiit Arciidian siin|)li-
I'itN and disi'ciiiird loi- Avorldlv advantages <v('iu'iidlv ac-
lordrd ttM'liddrcn of natnrc. Altlionizh I lind no descrip-
tion ol'an actual s\st»'in ol' slavorvoxistin*;' anions tiii-ni,
vet tlici'c is lu) douht tliat they iiave slaves. We shall
see that illegitimate children are considered and treated
as such, and that Avomen, entitled hs' conrtesv a\ ives. are
hoiidit and sold. Mr Drew asserts that the Klamath
children of slave parents, who. it may i)e. [)revent the
jirofitaldc prostitntion <n' sale of the mother, an.; killed
without com[)iniction.'''
Maiiiauc. with the Xortheni Calirornians, is essenti-
l\- a matter of hnsiness
Th
je Nomi"' hrave nnist not
lio|)c to win his hride hy Teats of arms or softer wooing',
liut iiiiist hny her of lu-r father, like any other chattel,
and pay the price at once, or resign in favor of a richer
man. The inclinations of the ^ii'l are in nowise con-
sidted; no niatter whei'e her ailections are i)laced, she
p)es to the hijihest hidder, and '' Mannnon wins his way
where serai)hs might despair." Neither is it u trilling"
matti-r to ])e honglit as ii wife; the social position of tho
hride herself, as well as that of her fathers liuniU' there-
AV
d(
liter, (lei)en(ls »>re
atl
y "1
)on
th
le prico s
he 1
M'lnus;
lei*
value is voti'd hy society at the })rico her hushand pa\s
for her, and the father Avhose daughter commands tho
greatest numher of strings of allicochick, is greatly to ho
honored, ^fhe j)urchase elVected. the successful suitor
leads his hlushing proi)erty to his hut and she hecomes
iiis Avife withoiit further ceremony. Wherever this sys-
1cm of wife-i)urcliase ohtains. the rich old men almost
ahsorh the female youth and heautx' of the trihe, while
the younger and i)oorer men nnist content themselves
II \v()in;iii tivf strii);4s, worth iibdiit Slilfl iiiul ^'O ivsjicrtivcly. ' An av('mf,'o
riit;i\\,.''s lilt' is coiisiilt red Wditli alMHit six unliiiiiry ciiuocs, ciicli of which
(HTU|ii(s two Iii(hiiiis inohiihly three iiioutlis in niukinj,', or, in all, tanta-
UKiuiitlo ilie hilmrof one man for a period of tliree years.' ' The Jlooims and
Kaih '
di'ce;
IS also |iaid for murder, or thiir life was talven l>y the relatives of th
■d.' /
iirrrs t 11)111),
MS. 'They seem to do as they i)lease, and to liu
only ^'overned hy )irivate reven^^e. If one man kills another the trihe or
laniily of the latter kill the murderer, unless he buy himself off.' The Ulatslds
Und th
:l,l.,
MS.
w X»/'e(c's C(C///(H' livcoumtl MOiix, p. 17.
Pi
m
ill
it"
I
I
sno
CALIFORNIAXS.
uith old and ugly wives. ITcnce thoiroagornoss for that
wealth which will enaljlc them to throw awav their old
wive.s and hiiy new ones.
\Vl
len a niarnago taKes place
tak
)li
niong the ModcK's, a least is given at the house of the
hrides father, in which, however, neither she nor the
liridegrooni partake. The girl is escorted hy the women
to a lodge, previously furnished hy puhlic contrihutions,
where she is suhse(iuentl3' joined hy the man, who is
conducted l)y his male friends. All the company hear
toi'ches, which are piled up as a tire in the lodge of the
wedded [)air, who are then left alone. In some trihes
this wife-trallic is done on credit, or at least partially
so; but the credit system is never so advantageous
to the l)uver as the readv-money svstem. for until
the full price is paid, the man is only ' half-mairied.'
and besides he must live with his wiles family and be
their .-^lave until he shall have paid in full.'" The chil-
dren of a wife who has cost her husband nothing are
considered no Itetter than bastards, and are treated by
society with contumely; nobody associates with them,
and they become essentially ostracized, in all this there
is oni' I'cdeeming feature for the wife-l)nyer; should he
hai)pen to make a bad bargain he can, inmost instauce>.
send his wife home and get his money l)ack. Mr (Jibbs
asserts tlvit tliev shoot their wives when tired of them.
es
but this appeal's inconsistent with custom.
PolNgamy is almost universal, the lunnber of wiv
depending only on the limit of a mans wealth. Tlu
loss of one e\ f, or expulsion from the tribe, are c<
niunon
nunishnu'uts for adulterv connnitted bv a man. A stiiiu
I ■/ 1 <
of beads, however, makes amenils. Should the wife veil
''"Till' Calirncs, Envoi's, Hoopuhs, and TatiiMut-i, nil iicqnivc their \vi\('^
l)y ]inn'li;isi'. '/'Ac Slui.-itiis diid tln'tr Xii'ilmrs, MS.: /'o/iv/'s' I'mii". ]\1S.
'Wi'iiu ('in .Ml<'i|iiii sciiit' kiinftij,'*' Ltlirtis;^'i fMliitin iiiiti r ilcn Silniin ii
Kcini'S Staniiucs i rwiililt hat mid sich virhciiathi ii will, muss I'l' driii Maii-
liciiii (chiff ' cine uniishm^^'e jriischclschiim' vi)i'/(i;4i'ii.' .\/>i/ii\ Xmh ilnn
Siui-(tiiictil<i. ]). 'J'ili. 'I'hc iiKiniitaiii Indians scldDUi, if vwv. intcniiairy witli
tlidsd on llic coast. W'il' !/, m'hul. Aft', llijil. Jnhil. Sjn'r. Cuiu., IMIT. ]i. I'.'T:
(iihliK, in Si'liiKilrriift's Arrli., vdl. iii., ji. 127. liny wives with shcll-nionev.
r/i'itfir'x Si'niiiil Jiiiint. Ainont,' the Modocs 'the women are ottered )'"!•
sale to the liiLthest huyei'.' MhH'Ikiiii's l.cdnn, in S. F. Alta L'aViJ'wnUi, Oet.
(), 1801; Milkr's L'lj'v Ainuiujst Uu' Mudws.
ADULTERY AND CHASTITY.
i IIrmii,
is tlu'ic
Duld lio
(Jil)l)S
tlieiii.
Avivcs
I lie
nniiioii
striii;i
It' von-
lir wiv( s
„„.... MS.
Si-liiiiii 11
li 111 Miiu-
.Vl(r7l ill III
:ivv\ Willi
.7. ]i. I''i :
ll-lllli|ll'V.
tVcivil f^r
nihi. Oct.
ture on nuy irivirulnritv uitliout just conipoTisation. tlio
Dutni^t'd lionoi" of her lord is novor satisliod until lie
luiM seen her puhlicly disenihoAvehd. Amouii the lloo-
])idis the Avomen are held irresponsilde and the men alone
ulier lor the criiiR'
llleuitiniate child ri'n
are
liU
.slaves to some male relative of the mother, and upon them
tlie drud<'er>- tails; thev are onlv allowed tt) niarrv one
in their own station, and their sole hope ol" emancipa-
tion lies in a slow accunmlation of allicochick. with which
tlicv can hiiN' their ireedom. AVe are told h\' Mr Pow-
ers that a Modi
>c ma\'
kill h
otl
us motuer-ni-iaw witii nn
ith
Ci'J
pimity. Adultery, heinji attended with so much dangei-.
is comparatively rare, hut amonji' the unmarried, who
have nothinj; to tear, a ^ross licentiousness prevail;
Amonii' the Muckalucs a dance is instituted in honor
of the arrival of the jiirls at the a.Lie of puhcrty. On
the Klamath, during the period of menstruation the
women are hanished from the village, and no man may
a[)[)roacli them. Althoiijih the principal lahor falls to
the lot of the women, the men sometimes assist in hiiild-
iug the w iuwam. or even in gathering acorns and roots.'''
Kane mentions that the Sliastas. or. as he calls them,
the Chastays. fre(|uently sell their childriMi as slaves to
the Chinook
f.i
Dances and festivities, of a reliuio-
Cl
AlUi Ciil'i
l'(ilv,i,'iiiiiy is I'oiniiKin aiiniui^ tlii' Jldilocs. Mmrh
'mill
l.irlii
in N. /',
Ort. (I, |s7:f. Oil I'itt ltiv( rii diii f sdiiiriiincs lias fivt wives.
'I'lic llliiht jiilldUs ii((i).lc ill tin World.' 'I'll! Sliiislns timl tin
.\i hjliUi
MS.; Ilnsiliiiriiiiiili'.'i h III r III llir iiii'luir. MS. ' .\iiiiiiil,' tlir trilns in tlic iinith
lit' 111'' Stiitc luiulttry is jimiishid hy tin- tin- diiilli ut tlic iliiM.' 'rm/lnr,
lifiiriiiil i'iriiii-t\ Muni H, ISIll. 'The niiilts liav<' iis in. iiv wivts iis
ii W'.iiiiin is jiiiiiislii il w ilh
m ' '(
il'.c to imnliiisc:' inln1l» ly coiiiiiiillfd liy
ilriitli. Ilii'iliiiril. ill liiiiil-i! Kill. Munli, lN."ili. A1110114 llir CalnocN jdlyya
HV
is not toliiati'd: anion'; tiic ili
insidciaMf |iiivii
])olyL,'aiiiy |in va
dtl
If woiiu n liaM
xrniiit from iiuiiishini'nt. /'■
Till' llooj a adiilt( i!j- 1
osi s one eve
11
11' auiilu ii ss
as many wincs as tluy jilii\s(
,\t Ti
vlli
.II.
Il
.lail I!
1'
f
(iHilif
.MS. 'I'll,. Wci \ots at K
in
,S,-//.",/.
mil
.1*1 /' . Mil. iii.. ji
I'liiind out that tin y had a plurality of w i\( s.
II' vonii'' niiina
ivifil
women are
I'olunion liosse:
/'.
Iliiv,
If w,
(/ Mi.iiihlii. vol. viii., 1). ;t:iil. The
ni'.4hts before their luaniaf,'!'. HH'li^. in Si
liiwail till ir s iruiniU fei'
l><
1'
ilmii't's .!)•'■/(.. \(
lis, till", cannot nsnallv have irmeh to bewail.
1)1 lys are dis;;l'aee,l by Work. Tin Slnlslti.i iinil /,',
111., [I. I I :>.
■iih'ifs, Ms.
Ill work, while men ^'itnible or Kleep
ir
/. //. Ill
iiiii. .\jr. ri).i.,.iiiii.i
ISCiT. p. I'..'7; J'lirLvr, in Iml. Ajf'. JlipL, !>-". i>. •2\1\ li
^jfi\ ('mil.
inrnitiili'.-ilillir III llii iiiilliiir, MS.
"il ii'/nt'.s W'liinl., J). [Kl,
13
I
I ■
3:2
CALIFORNIANS.
playful cliarae:ei', are cominon. as \vlieii a Avlialo is
.straiiiU'd, ail elk snared, or when the salmon come.
There is j^onerally a kind of thankst;ivin,u-(liiy onee a
year, when the people of neighljorin^' tribes meet and
dance. The junuial feast of the Veeards is a ^j^ood illus-
tration of the manner of these entertaimiunts. The
dance, which takes place in a large wiiiwam. is j)er-
formed by as many men as there is room for. and a
small pro[)ortion of women. 'riiey move in a circle
slowly round the fire, accompanyinjr themsi'lves with
their peculiar chant. Each individual is dressed in all
the fmery he can nmster; every valualile he })ossesses in
the way of shells, I'urs, or w«Mjd pecker-scalps, docs duty
on this occasion; so that the wealth of the dancers may
he reckoned at a glance. AVhen the dance has conchul-
ed, an old gray-heard of the tj'iho rises, and pronounces
a thanksgiving oration, wiierein he enumerates the l)en-
elits received, tiie riches accumulated, and the \ ictories
won during the year; exhorting the hearers meanwhiU".
hy good conduct and moral behavior, to deser\e yet
greater benefits. This savage Nestor is listened to in
silence and with res[)ect; his audience seeming to drink
in with avidity e^ery drop of wisdom that I'ails iiom his
lips; but no sooner is the harangue concluded than every
one does his best to violate the moral prece[)ts so lately
inculcated, by a grand deiiauch.
The (\dH'()Cs have a similar festivd, which they call
the Feast of the Propitiation. Its object is nnicli the
same as that of the feast just described, but in place
of the orator, the chief personage of the day is called
the Chareya, which is also the ai»[)ellation uf thi'ir deity.
No little honor attaches to the position, but much suf-
fering is also coiniected with it. it is the duty of the
(Miareya-man to retire ii'to the mountains, with one at-
tendant only, and there to remain for ten da vs, eating
only enough to keej) breath in his body. Meanwhile
the Cahrocs congregate in honor of the (xx'asion. dance,
sing, and make merry. AVhen the ap[H)inted jKiiod has
elapsed, the Chareya-man returns to camp, or is carried
SPORTS AND GAMES.
3.-.;!
Iiy doputios K'lit out lor the piiri)os('. if li(> Iimvo not
streiiiitli to Wiilk. Mis liourcrs are IdiiuHoldcd. lor no
liiinijui hciiiji' may look upon the lace of the Chareya-
maii and live, llis apjtroaeh is the siiiiial lor the ah-
ru[»t hreakin,ir U[> of the festivities. The ri'Ncle;.'! dis-
j)t'rse in teri'or. and eoneeal themselves as hcst the> may
to avoid catching sii:ht of the dreaded face, and wiiere
a moment before all Nvas riot and ))nstle. a deathly still-
reimis. Then the ('hare\a-nian is conducted to the
ness
sue
;it-house. where he remains for a time. And i
low
the real l*ro[)itiation- Dance takes place, the men alone
i»irtici[)atini:' in its sacred movements, which are accom-
jianied hy the low. monotonous chant of singers. The
dance over, all solemnity vanishes, and a lecherous satur-
nalia ensues, which will not hear description. The puis
a)-e conciliated, catastrophes are averted, and all is jo^^
and happiness.'^'
A i)assion for<j,and)liiiti;obtainsamonGi:the northern TaU
ilornians as elsewhere. Xothinji' is too precious or too in-
siiiuilicant to he staked, from a white or hlack deer-skin,
which is almost priceless, down to a wife, or any other
trille. In this manner property changes hands with
great ra[»idity.
I iiave already stated that on the possession of I'iches
tie
d
III
!wer. raid\. ant
r', liix' !' u(
I social position. ^Jo that there i>
h to he lost or won. They have a game played
\vi;'' i;ttK' sticks, ol' which some arc hlack. hut the most
\vhit<\ These thev throw ai'ound in a circle, theohject be-
ing --■' ' >iv ,gly to make tiie hlack ones go lartlu'r than the
white. A kind of guess-jjame is played with clay halls.'"
Theiv is also an international game, jilayed hi'tween
IViendlv triltes. which closeh' resembles our 'liockev.'
W(
o poles ai'e set up ni the grouiK
(1 at
some (
list;
nee
apart, and each side, being armed with sticks, endea\()r;
to drive a wooden ball round the goal ()})[)osite to it,'
'For tlie pod ClllirfVll, see li'Diri-dfl'rt Xiil. Ildnx. vol. iii.. ])]!. 0(1. U'll,
/y.-'r/'
<il .hiiii-ii., \K ;tls. The Pitt liivcr Iiitli.ius 'siti;
tlirv
ill' ui';l pliiy Ulifil tiny lire ho lioarse they nililiot sjiii
77/c Sliit>htu
ih<
\,hll,l„
MS.
"' VIhis'-, ill <>r< rl'iitil M-mthli/, vol. ii., p, 1^3,
Vol. I. 2a
111
I
£ I
i
351
CALIFOENIANS.
Ill .'ilinost all tlioir finrncs and dancos tliov are aooonipa-
iiic'd l)y a hoarse cliaiitiiig, or bv sonic kind of uiicoutli
music jtrodiici'd by striking on a board with lobster-claws
I'astened to sticks, or by some other e(|iially primitive
method. IVl'ore the introduction of s})irituous liquors
by Avhite men drunkenness was unknown. AVith tlieir
tobacco for smoking, tlioy mix a leaf called kinnlk-kiii-
nlk-f''
The diseases and ailments most prevalent among these
people are sc 'jruhi, consumption, rheumatism, a kind of
leprosy, alVeci
arising fr(tm thi
the lungs, and sore eyes, the last
use smoke v.hich always pervades
their cabins."" In a(lditi( n to this thev have imauinarv
disorders caused by wiziirds, witches, and evil s])irits.
who, as they believe, cause snakes and other reptiles to
enter into their bodies and gnaw tlieir vitals. Some few
roots and herbs used are really ellicient medicine, but
they rely almost entirely upon the mummeries and iii-
cantatious of their medicine men and women.'" Their
whole system ol' therapeutics ha\iiig superstition for a
basis, mortality is grciit among them, w hich may be one
of the causes of the continent being, comparatively
s[)eaking. so thinly populated at the time of its disco\ -
ery. Syi)hilis. one of the cursi's for which they may
thank the white man, has made fearful havoc among
•'" 'They used tolinrco, which they snioalviil in sin:!!! wooden in]us. in
form of 11 trnnijiit. and i>!iic(n'id from little gardi ns, where they liad jiliinted
it.' .!/<"(/■'//' 's ./'!"/■., i>. '21.
''"The I'itt Kiver Indians 't,'ive no medicines," The Sluishin dm] tlnir Xr'hih-
hnvfi, MS. 'The prevailing' diseases are veneri al, scrofnla and rlieuniatisni.'
Juiny die of consuiniition. Farce, in Jud. At)'. Hejit., Ih7i, p. I'lT. .\t the
month of l'".el river ' the jirincijial diseases noticed, were sore eyes and lilind-
ness. consnni|)tion, and a s[iecies of lejirosy.' (/Hihy, in SelnuilrnitTs Anh ,
vol, iii,, i>. VIH. Tiny sutler from a si)ecies of hnii,' fever, (n'nji r. in lid.
Aff. liejiL, 1IS,")M, ji, lisii. ' A disease Was ol)^erv((l anioi:^' thc^m ( the Shastas,'
wliich had the ajijiearance of the leprosy. ' Wilkis' .\i(r., in ('. S. F,r. K.i'..
vol, v., ]1. "i"),").
"« 'I'he only niedicinf I know of is n root nsitl for iionltices, iindanotln v
root or ]ilant for an emetic,' '/'//c Slaistas Kwl tin if Xiiilihnrn, MS. ' Thr>
root of a parasite fern, found {^Towin^; on the tops of the lir trees (collijiie
nashul), is the ]irinci]ial remedy. The plant in small doses is e\]iectoi;ii.l
and dinrtetic: lieiice it is used to relieve dillicidties of the lun^s and Kid-
neys; and, in larL;e doses, it hic(nnes sedative and is an emnienaL;o);ne; henci ,
it n-lieves fevers, and is nsefid in uterine diseases, and jiroduces aliortion«.
The s(pia\vs use the root ( \tensively for this last mentioned purpose.' //'('•'
hanl, iu Uvkleii Em, Manli, 185G.
MEDICAL TREATilENT.
J11]H-S. Ill
.<1 lllilllt. ll
( tr .V< I'jl'-
iiimtisni.'
At tlir
11(1 Miii'l-
s Arri, ,
in li'il.
■Shiista-,'
Kx. /;.(■. .
(1 iinotlii r
v •Tlio
I I'lillijiif
[irc-tol;ilit
illl.l i^ia-
llt'lU' ,
ilioitidii*-
so.' ilni.'
tlioni. ^Yoiuou doctors seem to be more numerous tlian
II in this I'ejiion; JUHiiiiriii"; tlieir art in the foncstvl or
mv\
it-1
sweat-noiise. ^vliere i
h
(liii
impi
■olc
il
essional Momeii are in
)t ad-
mitted, ^riieir favorite method of cure seems to consist
in sucking tlie affected part of the ])atient until the blood
Hows, by which means they pretend to extract the dis-
ease. Sometimes the doetress vomits a froj:'. ])j'eviously
swallowed for the occasion, to ]>rove that she has not
SU(
ked
^1
in vain. Mie is lre(iuently a.s^is
itb
4ed I
)V fi seconc
1
]iliysiciaii. whose duty it is to discover the exact spot
Avliere the malady l'"s. and this she elVects by barking
like a dog iit the patient until the s))irit discovers to her
the ])lace. Mr (jlibbs mentions a case where the ])atient
was lirst attended bv four voung women, and "fterward
i>v
tl
le same mini her o
f old
ones.
Standinji' round the
unfortunate, they went through a series of violent ges-
ticulations, sittiimdown when tlie\' could stand no longer.
sucking. V. ith the most laudable perseverance, and moan-
ing: iiu'anwhile most dismallv. Finalh'. when Avith their
lips and tongue they had raised blisters all over the
patient, and had ])ounded his miseral)le body with hands
and knees until they were literally exhausted, the ])er-
fonners executed a swooning scene, in which they sank
down a})i)areiitly insensible.'^ The ]»ogue ITiver medi-
cine-men are siipj)osed to be altle to wield their mxstci'i-
eus power for harm, as well as for good, so that should
a patient die, his ndatives kill the doctor who attended
liini: or in case deceased cou'd not alTord medical attend-
juice. Iliey kill the lirst unfortunati' disciple of Jlscnla-
I'ius tliey can lay hands on. IVeciuently murdering one
liel()ii,^iiiL:' to another tril)e; his death, liowever. must lie
pnid i'i^".''-
Uut the great institution of the Xorthern Californi-
ans is their temescal. or sweat-house, which consists of a
■I A I'itt nivcr (Idctov told liis pati>'iit tliat fir his fif 'lioiiinst linvo liis
ll"r-<((i|- lie w.iiild lint 1ft him f,'ct\vrll.' 'I'll' Sliil.^ldS mill lliiir .Siiiililinrn. .l.'S.;
/'."■■/•v, ill (In rliiinl Mmillili/, viil. viii., \K I'JS: <iililis, ill SdiouiirinTs Anli.,
vi'l. iii.. ]i. 17,").
'-' Tlir ,s7„rv/,/s ,111, 1 ll„ir \, i,ilili„rs. MS.; ]!,,l,ir, in In, I. All'. H'l't., 1802,
]'. -HA; (MntHiUr, iu LI., 1857, p. 30'J; Jlill,,; in /-/., p. WA.
856
CALIFORNIANS.
hole (luii; in tlio ground. luA roofed ovor in sucli a niiui-
ner as to ivndi'i- it almost air-tijilit. A lire is built in the
centre in early fall, and is kept alive till the follow-
ing spring, as nnich attention being given to it as ever
Avas paid to the saered iires of llestia; though between
the subterranean teniescal, with its fetid atuios})here,
and lurid fire-glow glinnnering faintly through dense
wnoke on swart, gaunt forms of savages, and the stately
tem])le on the Forum, fragrant with fumes of ineense,
the lambent altar-ilame glistening on the pure white
ro])es of the virgin priestesses, there is little liki'uess.
The teuiesraP' is usually built on the brink of a stream;
a small halidiway affords entrance, which is instantly
closed al'ter the person going in or out. Here congre-
gate the i.icn o<" the village and enact their sudorific
ceremonies, which ordinarily consist in sijuatting I'ound
the (ire until a state of profuse perspiration sets in. when
they rush out and plunge into the water. AN'hether
this mode of treatment is more |X)tent to kill or to cure
is (luestional)le. The sweat-house serves not only as
bath and medicine room, but also as a general rendez-
vous for the male drones of the village. The women,
with the exce])tion of those practicing or studying medi-
cine, are forbidden its sacred precincts on i»iiin of dciith ;
thus it oilers as convenient a refuge for henju'cked hus-
bands as a civili'/A'd clulj-house. In many of the tribes
the men sleep in the teniescal during the winter, which,
notwithstandinii' the disuusting imi)urit\' of the atmos-
phere. alVords them a snug retreat from the cold gusty
weather common to this region.'^
Incremation obtains l)ut slightly among the Xorthern
Californians, the body usually being buried in a recum-
bent position. The })ossessions of the deceased are either
"■' 7' oK'.sra/ is iin Aztcp word defined by Molina, Vurnhiildrh), ' Teni.i/calli,
niKillii CDnio estiit'ii. iiduiide se hiiuiin y siidiin.' 'I'lii' word wiih bioii-ht to
tliis re,L;iiin mid iiitplied to the native sweiit-hoiises by tlie Fraiieisciin Futlievs.
Tunvr, in I'ar. li. It. UijiL, vol. iii., p. 72, gives 'sweat-liouse ' in the Clu-
luehuevi lai|i,'uafi;e, as iikIiciiIih.
"■* liiiSilKiniK ill's hill r to llic aiitlior, ^fS.; The Slidslds mul Ihi'ir Xiiiilihnrs,
MS.; r/i'ift'ir'x Srniiiil Jiturn., p. 317; I'on-crs' I'omo, J7,<.; CImhi:, in (Jnrktii'l
MontMi), vol. ii., p. liJ'i.
r.URIAL AND MOURXINCf.
intiTiTd ^vitll liim. or are hung around the grave; some-
tiiiR's his house is hurned and the aslies strewn over his
liiii'ial-place. Mueh noisy lamentation on the ])art of
his ri'latives takes })hiee at his <h'ath. and the uidow
iVeijuently nianiiests her grief hy sitting on, or even half
IdU'ving herself in, her hushjnid s grave for some days,
how ling most dismally meanwhile, and refusing i'ood and
drink; or. on the u|)[)er Klamath, hy eutting hei" hair
close to the head, and so wearing it until she olitains con-
solation in another s[)ouse. 'J'he Modocs hiri'd moin'uer.s
to lament at dilVerent places for ii certain numher of
days, so that the whole country was lilled with lamenta-
tion. These paid moui'ner.s were closely watched, and
disputes iVe(piently arose as to whether they had fuKilled
tl
leir contract or not.
Oeeasionallv th" hod\- is doulded
\\\) and interred in a sitting position, and. rarely, it is
burned instead of huried. On the Klamath a (ire is kept
l)urning near the grave for several nights after the hurial,
lor which rite various reasons are assigned. Mr Powers
states that it is to light the departed shade aeross a cer-
tain greased pole, which is supi)osed to constitute its only
ap[)roach to a i)ctter world, ,\lr (lihhs allirms that the
lii-e is iutendi'd to scare away the de\il. ol)viously an
unnecessary precaution as applied to the Satan of civil-
ization, who by this time nuist he ])retty familiar with
the element. The grave is generally covered with a
slah ol" wood, and sometimes two more are placed ert'ct
at the head and foot; that of a chief is often surrounded
with a fence: nor nnist the name of a dead person evei"
he mentioned under anv circumstances.'''
■' MriirliiDii's hiclnvi' im tlf Maihics, in N. /•'. .1'/" i ''ilit'i'rniii. Orl. (',. ISTii;
Till' ,s7( (.s/./.s- mill lliiir S'diiliiinrs, MS.
'''< Oil I'itt Itivcr till V l)urn their ili'iul iiinl li(ii|> stniics ovir tlic msIk s fnni
niiiunuii'llt. ' \(> fuiicnl (•(•ri'liHillics.' 'I'hf Slmslns nn I lln'ir Si'nililini'^. Ms.
On till' lie, an fi'outiii'df snutli ()ri'.L;nii ainl north Calit'urniii •Ihriliiid aie Imi'ic il
\\iiiithtirfai'(sl(M)kin,i,'t(>tlif wrst.' Iliihhiinl.iw lii.lih h Kr<i. Munh. IsriC. Tli,!
J'iiliwatsaiiilChillulashiivy thcirdciul. Thil'idcwahsart imt alinwid tonaiiK^
till' ilcail. I'liirirs' I'mii'i, MS. 'It is oui' of the niost strrnilous liulian hiWH
tliat whoi'Vcr mentions the nnnu' of a deceased Jievson is lialile to a heavy
line, thi' nioni'V bein'^ ]iaid to the relatives.' I'lms' . in Xrn-himl Mmilhli/, vol.
ii. 1 1. I'll. ' The 1)odies had heen doulijeil np, and jilaei d in ii sittin'.^' |Mistun'
in Ii ill-;. The earth, when replaced, fornieil conical nioundsover the heads.'
,!',■„,//, ill /',,,'. /;. /,'. Unit., vol. vi., p. tiU. 'Tiny huiy their dead under
i
h
'358
CALIFORNIANS.
The followiiiu vivid description of a last sickness and
luu'ial liy the Pitt River Indians, is taken IVom the letter
ol' a ladv e\e-witness to her son in San Francisco: —
It was eveniii";'. AVe seated onr>elves n[)on a lo^i,
vour father. IVrtie. and J, near the fire round which the
natives had ci^njirefiated to sing i'or old (iesnip. the
chiefs wile. Presentlv Sootini, the doctor, apjiearcd,
dressed in a low-necked, loose, white nnislin. sleeveless
waist I'asteiR'd to a hreech-cloth. and red hiu'k-skin cap
i"rinj''ed and ornamented with heads; the liice painted
with white stri[)es down to the chin, the aims fioin
wrist to shoulder, in hlack. red, and white ciicles. which
by the lurid caui[)-fire looked like brai^elets. and the lej:s
in white and black stripes, — presentinj;' ahoLicther a
merry-Andrew ai)i)earance. (^'eeping sol'tly along, sing-
ing in a low. gradually-increasing voice, Sootim a})-
])roached the invalid and poised his hands over her as
in the act of l)lessing. The oue nearest hiui took up
the song, singing low at first, then the next until the
circle was completed; after this the pipe went I'oiuid ; then
the doctor taking a sip of water, partly uncovered the
jtatient and connnenccd sucking the lei"t side; last ol' all
he took a pincii of dirt and blew it over her. This is
their curative process, continued night after ni<iht. and
long into the night, until the patient recovers oi- dies,
Xext day the doctor came to see me, and I determined
if possible to ascertain his own ideas of these things,
(riving h'lui f^ouw iii.iick-<i-)niic/,\" 1 asked him. "\\'lial do
vou sav when vou talk over old (iesnii)?" " I talk to
• ft a. i
the trees, and to the springs, and bii'ds. and sky. and
rocks." jvplied Sootim. "to the wind, and rain, and
the noses of the liviiiv', uiid with tlieni n]I tlitir worldly goods. If n iiiiiii
of iiiiiiurtiuicc. liis lioiisi' is liiirntMl aiul hv is Imricd on its site.' .Inln'.-fn.
in ilnrlidiil Mmillili/. vol. ii., \k ■)'■>(). 'The chick or rciidy money, is I'laciil
ill the owner's L;Vii\e. l)llt the how and (jniver lieconie the property of llic
lie ircst nide relative. Chiefs only receive the honorsof a fence, snrn; nulled
with feathers, roimd the j^'i'ave.' ti'n'ihs. in SrlnKilirn/l'a Arrh., vol. iii., ]i. 17").
' I'pon the (h'.ith of one of these Indians they raised a sort of funeral cry,
iind afterward liunied the bodv within thi; house of their ruler.' Mininlh's
J.Hd-., p. lit.
"" J/)"7,-((-(/i/((7,-, food. In the C'hinnok Jari,'<in 'to cat: to hite; food.
Mnckaniuck chuck, to drink water.' iJid. Cliinuvk Jurjim, nv ItidktH Tnnie
LaiKjudjv, p. VI.
BUllIAL CEREMONIES AT TITT KIVER.
;]'){)
loss iind
ho lottoi-
o: —
I a lo^r,
liicli tlio
nip. tlio
ppoai'od,
Icovoloss
skill oiip
piiintod
IMS IVuiii
;s. ^vllioh
tlio lo<:s
pctlior a
mil', siug-
)tiiii i\\)-
01" lior as
took up
until tlio
ml ; tlioii
orod tlio
ist of ail
"liis is
lit. and
dies,
iniinod
tliini^s.
Wliat do
talk to
kv. and
un. and
If a iiiiiii
. is I'laci il
M rty (if till'
<nn"i; 'iililiil
jii.. 11. IT.").
fuiiival cvv,
Maun II' '.s
liitc; f()(i<l.
(/(■(/(( Tntde
loaves. T lioii' tliom all to liolj) nio." lofalot. tlio diM'tor's
('((iiipaiiioii on tliis occasion, volnntoorod tlio remark:
••\Vlien Indian die. doctor very slianiod, all same IJostoii
doctor:"'^ wlion Indian ^ot well, doctor vorv smart, all
saino Uoston doctor. ' (u'snip said she wanted alter death
to 1)0 ])iit in a Ito.K and hiiriod in tlit.' around, ami not
hiiriiod. That same day the poor old ^voman hi-oalhod
her last— the last spark of that uondoifid thinu' called
lilt' nickered and went ont; there remained in that riido
oainptlie shrivoleij dusky carcass, the low dim intoUiiionco
that so lately animated it havinj:' lied — whither'.' \\ hen
I iieai'd of it 1 went to the camp and iimnd them dressing
tlio hody. l-'irst they put on (josnij) her host white
clothes, then the next best, placin,u' all the while whatever
was most \aluahlo, heads, holts, and necklaces, next the
body. Money they j»ut into the mouth, her daughter
coiitrihuting about live dollars, 'i'lie knees wore then
pi'ossi'd n\) against the chest, and after all of her own
clothing was ])nt on, the hodv was rolled ni) in the host
family boar-skin, and tied with strii)s of buckskin.
Then Soomut. the chief and husband, threw the bun-
dle over his shoulders, and started oif l()r the cave whore
they deposit their dead, accomi)anied by the whole
liaiid cr\ing an<l singing, and throwing asiios from the
camp-fire into the air. And thus the old barbarian
iiiounis: '"Soomut had two wives — one good, one bad;
liiit she that was 'i'(><)d was taken awav. while she that is
bad
remains.
0(
JOSH 11) tioiie. gone, uone
And the
iiiournl'ul procession take up the rol'raiii: "() (Josnip
:oiio,
iOl
10, ii'oiiel Auaiii the iinciont ciiiof
>()()mut
has a little boy, Soomut has a little girl, but no one is
left to cook their ibod. no one to dig them roots.
( Iosni[) gvnie, gone, gonol" i'ollowi'd by the chorus. Then
again f^oomiit: ''White woman knows that (iosnip was
"'' In the vicinity nf Xnf)tl;ii Sonnd iind tho Cdlnniliia llivcr, the first
I'liitid States tiadcis with the nativi s wtie fidin IWistun: the lirst Eiii;lisli
vi sscls aiiiicaicil aliont the same tinii', which was dniin.!,' Ww rciLtn nf (ti ur^'i
III. ILncc in the Oliincnik .Tari;iin wc tind ' /Aw/o/i, an Aninican; llnstun
i'liilii< . the Tnited States;' and 'Kiinj ijconji', English— /v'i/i;/ ijmvijv inan, nu
Eu;;lishiuau. '
5
800
CALIFORNIAXS.
' '!":
strong to work; .slio told mo licr sorrow wlicn Cosnip
(lii'd. (ii'snip jioiio, {iouo, pniol ' iiiid tliis was ko[)t
up (hiring' tlic entire luiircli, tlie dciid wife's virtues sini<;'
and eliornsed l»y the wliok' tribe, iicconnuinied by the
st'iitterinjA' of asiies and kunentations which now had be-
come very noisy. The lady I'lirthei' states that the scene
at tile jirave was so impressive that slie was nnal)le to
restrain lier ti'ars, Xo woncU'r tlien that tiiese imi)ulsive
chikh'en ol' nature (arrv tlieir iov and sori'ow to excess,
even so far as in this instance, wliei'e tlie atVectionate
(kuiuhter of tile okl crone had to l)e lield bylier compan-
ions fi'om throwin;4 lierself into tlie jirave of lier dead
mother. After alb liow slidd the sjiades of dillerence
in liearts Iniman. wlietlier barbaric or cnitui'cdl
As belbre mi'ntioned, tlie rnlinu' ])assion of tlie savajre
seems to be love of wealth; having it. he is ri'spected.
without it he is des[)ised; conse(|uently he is treacher-
ous when it pi'ofits him to be so. thievisli when he
can steal without dan^iicr. cnnninj:' when ,uain is at stake,
brave in defense of his lares and jH-nates. Xi'xt to
his excessive Ainality, abject sM[)erstition forms the
the most [)rominent feature of his character, lie seems
to believe that everything;' instinct with animal life —
with sonu>. as with the Siahs. it extends to vegetable life
also — is ])ossesse(l by evil spirits; horril)lu fancies till his
imauination. The rattling of iicorns on the roof, the
rustling of leaves in the dee}) stillness of the forest is
suihcient to excite terror. J I is wicki'd spirit is the very
incarnation of fiendishness; a monster who falls suddenly
upon the unwary traveler in solitary ])laces and rends
him in pieces, and whose imps are ghouls that exhume
the dead to devour them.'''
Wei'e it iu)t I'or the diabolic view he takes of natiu'c.
his life would be a com[)aratively easy one. His wants
are few. and such as they are. he has the means of sup-
plying them. He in somewhat of a stoic, his motto being
'S 'They will ofton a;n tliivo or four milcH out of their ■\viiy, to nvnid juisk-
inp; 11 i)l!ii't' which they think to bo Imuntfcl.' Thv Uliioitas and thir Ai (;//.-
bors, MS.
Till" rr.XTUAL C'ALirOUXIAXS.
)G1
lU'Vi'i* do to-diiv uliiit ciiii !)(' jjiit oft' until to-iiujrrow,
iiiiil lio ('(tnct'ru.s liiiiiscir little with the glories ut' |icii('i'
(»l' Will"
\
OW JlIU
I tl
It'll wo
liiid I
iiiii I
liiiili
dii-j,' liiinsi
If
Avitli ^rciit striju's of paint, uud lookinj^' l(.'roci(»us. I)iit
ordiiiiirilv lii' i)i"i'lt'r.s tlu' cjilin of the iK'iu.vfiil tciuc.'^oul
to the din of hattk'. The task of collcctiii": a winter
store of I'ood lie converts into a kind of .^^iniiiiier [ucnie,
and altoiietlier is ineliiied to niakc^ the host of thinj:s, in
s|»ite of tlie ainiovance jiiven him in the wav ol' reserva-
tions and other hencfits of cis ili/ation. 'J'akeii as ii
whole, the Northern ('arifornian is not such a had sjieci-
iiieii of a sava,^('. as savaues p). hut (ilthiness and ureed
are not emiahle (jualities, and he has ii I'lill share of
both.'*"
Tin; ri;NTi!AL (\vi.if()I!Xia\s occiiin- a vet laiyer ex-
tent of territory, ('oin[)risin;^' the whole of that jiortion of
('alilornia exteiidiiii:'. north and south, from a hoi it -U)
oO' to '']') , and. east and west, from the Tacilic Ueean to
the (Vlifurnian houndarv.
Till' I'itt Itivcv Tiiiliaiis ' nrc vcvv slivcwd in tlio way nf sti ;iliiii,', mid
will liiat ii <'i]y(it('. 'I'lu'v an' full nf cnniiiiiL;.' Tin' Slinsln
,1 Ih,
,/'-
.!/>'. 'I'luy 'arc viry tnaihcmus and lildudy in their disju.sitic
A'ih..ll, ii, l>,f. I!. /,'. Hrj,!., Vdl. vi.. ]). (11.
The Indian
if (lie Ninth ct
'I .In.iriK.
California stand at the v< ry lnwcst jioint of cnltnrc.' I 'j'l'iij'i r' s >
|i. llUi. • In 'alia!)!!' iif ti'i'aclnry, Imt riady to li^'ht tn the (Irath in avcn;.',-
in in-;ult nv injury, 'i'luy arc active and eneri^'ctic in t
\tr( nil
K'llifs h'.o-nraiiiii Id Cdl., vol. ii., [). llWi. At Klauiath Lake they aie noted
fir tr aelierv
/•',
Ill's Kxiili,
!■:.
2(1.).
The 'I'dlciwas resc
till) Uimiias ill character, liiin;.^ a hold and masterly race, f(
d.aM.
nd.
hat-
a^'^ressivc and hau:-;hly
lellslVl
'n
'The I'alawats are 'extremely tinnd and inof-
Chillulas, lil<e most of th • coast trihes 'lire charaetevi/eil hv
hi
ileoiis and increi
lihl.
superstitions.
'J'hc Modiics 'arc rather a cloddish
dolciit, oi'diuarily ^'ood-natiired race, hut treacherous at hottoii
I, hllh. 1'
wlicii angered, and notorious for Ucejiiiju' punic faith. Their liravi ry ni
c:iu clisiiute.' The Vukas are a 'tigerish, triiciiiciit, sulhn. thii\isli,
c:lU dis[iut
every way li.id. hut 1)1m\
have ac(inired the vices
VI III, in
tlicv ar ■ ' tierci' and iiitractalih
/'.
!■>
if th
MS. On Tnnitv i;i\c r ' tin v
iit( s without aiiv of their virti
//.;„/;.
Iii'l. AiJ. Ill III. , |.s.")7, ]i. ;i;il. Ahove the forl<s of the m.iin 'J'riniiy
On the Klamath tliev ' have a r. pulation
for treachcrv, as wi
•11
ilS rcVelC'ctlUlles
arc thievish, and miu-l
I (U-'l tosi cl to
sulk if their whims arc not; in every way indul^'ed.' They ' liluliher lil.c ii
ill
)oy at the aii]ilication of a switcli. (iihhs, m
Si-liiinlrriiiTs Ar'h., vol.
iii., 1)|). 1:!'.). Ill, 17<'i. 'I'he Uo^'iie Uivcr Indians and Sh.istas ' ari
a warUKo
r.ii-i
nature
prouil .'iiid haUL;hty, hut treacherous and very deoraded in tic ir moliil
.l/;//i'
in I ml. At}'. Hr/il., ls.">7, p. :H'>1. At U
ui'Mie liivir tin V
are 'lirave, haughty, indolent, and superstitious.' Odniiukr, in Id., 1857, p.
;il)y; lyi.-iv'ioriiiijli's hill I- Id thr ilidhur, MS.
302
CALIFOllNIANS.
Tilt' Xjitivo Racos <>r tills I'cjiinn iirc not divided, iis in
th«' lUMtlu'iu piirt of tlie state, into c'diniiaratixtiv lai';:c
ti'ild's. Iiiit arc scatteivd »»V('i' the lace ol" tlie coiiiiti'v in
iununieralile little Itands. with a svstem ol' iioiiieiiclatin'e
so intricati' as to ]ui/,/U' an (Mdipiis. XeNcrtldess, ms
ainoiiji: tlic most iiiqiortaiit, I iiia\' mention tlie lollowin^:
'llio Tihaiinix, iVoni wliom tin* conntv takes its name;
the Poinitx, wliicli ninne sijiiiides ' |)c()|)lc', and is the
colU'cti\(' ap|)ellation of a imnilier ul' trihes li\inji in I'ot-
tci' N'allcv. where the head-waters of Mel and l»iissian
rivers interlace, and extending' west to the ocean and
south to ( 'lear Lake. Mach trihe of the nation takes a,
distinmiishinii' prefix to the name of I'omo. as, the ('as/el
J^DinoK and A'l J*uiiios on the head-waters of Mel Kiver-,
the J'oiiir, P(»n()^, Karth People, in I 'otter A'allev;
the C(i/i()) Ponios, in the valley ol" that name; the
C/ioniii i'li<i(l('la J*o)itos, I'itch-pine Tt'ople. in Redwood
\'alley: the Mafohici/ hi /'(turns, Wooded ^'alley I'eopl
ahoiit Little J^ake; the I'sn/s, ov ('<iiii<(/('l Pmiin.^, Coa
lVoj)le. on Lsal (,'reek; the Slu'lKilne Ponats. Xei<>hl)or
l*eo[)le. in Sherwood \'alley, and many others. On
Rnssian River, the (udluioiiK rox. occnpy the Aalley helow
llealdshnrii'; the Sinirh, Sorfxn^^ /jiiihis. and Saicos. live in
the vicinity of the village of San('l ; the ( 'diiKic/tos dwell in
Ranchcria and Andei'son valleys; the r/vV'//ff. or Yokias.
near tlu' town of I'kiah. which is a corrnj)tion of their
name;'*' the (lualdlns^- on the creek which takes its name
from them, ahont twenty miles ahove the month of
Jiussian River. On the horders of Clear Lake were the
JjopUhiii'illos, the Jf!j)((C)ii(i!i, and '///",'/"•'*• the )'(i/nt<. or
Yola\s. that is to sav, ' reuion thick with rushe- ' of
which the present name of the connty of Yolo is a
corrnption. lived on Cache Creek; the Colnxux. occnpicd
the west hank of the Sacramento; in the N'allcy of the
^foon. as the Sonoinas called theii* conntry, hesides them-
selves there were the Gaillicas, the JutiihiKircs, the ^Si)lllJ(l-
"■ These iiro not to be confounded with the Yukus iu Kound Vulley, Teha-
ma Connty.
!*^ Spelled Walhalliv on some majis.
If?
NATIONS OF CENTRAL CALlFOllNrA.
303
likeea, t)ie /\'tiiliniiiix, and tlie \\(i/tfis; tlu' Ytir/ilc/riniiitci*
iiiliiiliitcd tilt' coiiiiti'v bctwct'ii Stofktoii ami Mount
hialdo. Accordin;/' to llittcl. tlu'i'c^ wvvv six ti'ilK's in
Xapa Valley: tlii' MinjiifDiiiio^, the ('alajdiiniiKix. \\\v ('<iij'
lulls, the .\ii/)iis, tlu' /'A/(v/s, and tlu' .S'/'.sr///s; Mr Taylor
also mentions tlie dnniockn, tlio 7)i//<iii/s, and tlie Socol/n-
iiii/fos; ill Suisnn Valley \vere tlie *S''//'s/o/(s, the /'ii/jmiKH,
tlie Tnliiinx, and tlie I llnlnhiA-, the trihe ofthe celehrated
(•hiel' Marin TiNcd near the mission ol' San Kalael. anil
(III the ocean-coast of Marin ( \)iint\' were the /in/mids
iind 7'iiiiii/rs\ till' J\iin/ti!iHH lived on the straits ol' that
iiiime. llnmholdt anil Mill den pl'ordt mention the Mntii-
1(1, lis. Sii/scs, and (^iiirotus. as li\in,u' I'oimd the hay ol' San
I'Vancisco. According' to Adam .lohnson. who was In-
dian a;:eiit for ('alifornia in lS-")0. the jji-iiicipid triiies
oriiiinally livini;' at the Mission D-lores. and Yerha
I'liena. were the A/nnis/ifis, Altnlniins. lioiniiuiiiis. and
Tiiliiiiiiis\ ( 'lioris <:ives the names of more than lil'teen
tril»es seen at the Mission, Chamisso of nineteen, and
transcril)ed I'rom the mission hooks to the 'riMi'.Ai, BoiN-
i)Ai;ii:s of this "iroiij). are the names of nearly two hun-
dred rancherias. The iSovolxiihts. Tlunii
iciis, and ^icri/i'
ceiisens
roamed throiiuh Santa Clara ('oiint\-
Th
OH,
,11,11 s
inhahited the coast ))etween San I'rancisco and
Monterey; in the \i(;inity of the latter })lace were the
JiHiiisciis or Rimsiens, the ./'Ji-i'/i'inachcs, Ksn/ius or
Kslens. the A<'/iiisf/i
riis. ai
id the Mcfsii
HIS.
(hitl
II
> Si
m
.I(>at|iiin lived the ('osfroinrs, thi^ Pit'iurlus. Tulhirl,
Its,
niiiiiiiriirs. ai
L
('iii)h'fli
id AiiHiiins'. on Fresno River the ('hnirclnx.
IIIIKI/S
•lllll-l
■/,1/s, \i,n/,'r/,,i, X. and I/ninl
SI rs :
tl
lO
/■Ainifr/ies i\\u\ Coirlii/is. Wwd on l-'our Creeks; tlie M'li-
r/iis. XdfiKiirtJiiis. and ('/iiiniiiiiiu'!^ on King River, and on
Tulare Lake, the Tnlrhi'S and Wnnircll^.
In their ahoriginal manners and ciistonis tiny differ
hut little, so little, in fact, that one doscrii)tion will ajiply
to the whole division within the ahove-named limits.
The reader will therefore understand that, except where
a trihe is specially named, 1 tun speaking of the whole
people collectively.
ill
3G1
CALIFORNIANS.
■,h>.
The conflicting stotements of men ^^ilO had ample op-
portunity for observation, and -who suv the ])eople tliey
descri'oe, if not in the same place, at least in tlie same
vicinity, render it difficult to give a correct description
of their ph_\'si(iue. They do not ap})ear to deteriorate
toward the coast, or improve toward the interior, so
uniformly as their northern neighbors; ])ut this may be
accounted for by the fact that several tribes that for-
mei-ly lived on the coast have been driven inland by the
.settlers and vice versa.
Some ethnologists see in the Californians a stock
different front tliat of any other American race; J)Ut the
moi'c 1 dwell upon the su])ject, the more convinced 1 am,
that, exce[)t in the broader distinctions, specific classilica-
tions of humanity are but idle speculations. Their
height rarely exceeds live feet eight i riches, and is more
fre([uently five feet four or five inches, and altliough
strongly t bey are seldom symmetrically built. A low re-
treating forehead, black deep-set eyes, thick bushy eye-
l)rows. salient cheek-bones, a nose depressed at the root
and somewhat wide-spreading at the nostrils, a large
mouth with thick j)r()minent lijjs, teeth large and white,
l)ut not;d\vays regular, and rather large eai's. is the ])r('-
vailing type. Their comi>lexion is nuich darker than tliat
of the ti'ibes farther north, often being nearly black; so
that with till Ir matted, bushy hair, which is frcfpieutly
cut short, they present a very uncouth appearance.'^'
**' 111 tile vicinity of Fort TJoss, ' Dio IiuliaiiPi- siiul von niittlcrcni Wuclise,
(Idi'li trilVt man aurli Imhi' (irstaltcii nntir ilnH>:; mr sic siml /icmlich wolil
]ir<i|)(irticiiii)t, die Favlic dcr Uaiit 1st hhir.uiich, (Inch ist ilics" Farlic nulir
(iiic Wiikiiu;^' del' Siinnc ais iinj,'cl)orcn: die Annca iind Haaic sind sdiwarz,
die Ict/.tci'"!! stchcii siiatf . . .!>( idc (hschUclitcr sind vo'i knifti';ciiL Kijijm i-
l)an.' h'(isir<>iiiiifiii<iii\ in lini'r. Slat, k, iltlo ., ji.sl, l^iiiiii|nc si'ipris daiis iin
trcs-;^'raiid iii';_'li,L,'(', ccs homines nio jjaiuvciit beaux, dc ha"''' laiUe, iubnstcs
el |ialfaiteiuciit dccoiiph's, . traits ivj^iilicis. . ycn\ lioiis. . . lie/ aqiliiiii
sunn iiiti' dun frm't I'lcvc, hsponiniettesdcs Jones arrondics, . . . fortes Icvres
. . . .dents hlanchcs it 1)i< n raiit't'es. . . jicau jaune cuivn'. un cou aiinoii(;ant
la viLtneiir ct sontcini ]iar dc lars^es I'jiaulcs. . . .1111 air iiitelliueut ef tier ii \\\
fois. . . . Je tliMlvai tontcsles fi'imiies horriliicinellt hlidcs.' /."/i/"c.-, I'irciiiiihnr.
toni. vi.. MT-d. At the head of llie J',el Uiver ' the aveia|,'e hei-lit of th' selljeii
was not over tive f( it four or live inches. 'J'liey were lightly liiiilt, with no
suiiertliions tiesli, lait willi very deep ••hi'Sts and sinewy h t^s.' (iiliha, v\ Srhnal-
('/■((y'/'s Arrli.. vol. iii., p. Il'.». ' 'I'iic Char Lake Indians are of a very dciali d
caste; their forelieads naturally liciii'.^ often as low as the eoiii|)rcssi d sLu 's
of ILl' L'hiuooks, iiud their I'uruis commuuly biuuli and ungainly.' JiL, j). l'>>>.
niYSICAL PECULIAKITIES.
30;
Tlio question of l)oar(l has boeii imich mooted; some
tni\elei's ussei'tinji; that they are beiirded Hke Turks,
At BiMl(i,':i J)iiy 'they arc nu ugly and brutish rnc. iiirniy with iicf^ro jiro-
lllrS.
iiumcii
hi.
V-
lii:{.
They art' iihysically an iiif( rii>r ra(
1(1 li
tlat.
nini; features, \iw^, foarse, straii^'ht Mack liair. liii; iiKuitlis, ami virv
cl.irk skins,
till' saiiic i
/.'
'/'("(/
12U.
Laf},'!,' and stionL,', their eoldur liein^^
that <if the whole territ(irv.' Miim-ilh-'s .In
[1. 17. It is
il of the natives of the Sacraiiienti) valley, that ' their '^'rowth is short and
lunti il: tliey liave short thiek neeks, and elunisy hi
the n.
thef.
(1 ish
tint with hroud nostrils, the eyes very narrow and showing' no in-
|i ili','eiii-e. the eheek-l)ones prominent, and the nioiitli larL;e. Tlie teeth are
white, 1)1
It th
d(
it stand in even rows; and thi ir heads are covered Ir
^hort. tluck, ronv;h hair
./ ,/.
tl
11(1'))., \i
;i(i7.
le eon
. .Their color is a <lirty yi llowish-hrowii.' /'/'' (/'</•'.■<
This race ef Indians is jirohiiljly infeiiorto all olliers
but thev do nit
tiiieiit. llanv <if them arc diminutive in stati
luck nriseidar strcnijth, and we saw some who were tall anil well-formeil.
. . . .Tlieir I'lMuplexion is a dark malioj^'any, or often nearly black, their faces
iiiinid or sijnare, with features
ipliroximatint,' nearer
tlie .\frlean tiiau
the Indian Wide, enormous moutli, noses nearlv tlat, and hair slrai'dit.
l>l;l
iljil coarse
Of
id stall
.Small, elcindnt,' lyes.' Juln
('ill, lliul <> Jl ., ]!]). I I'J
stron'4 and nriseidar. Ilr;/'iiit's ''((/,, |i. 'irili
Kath
111 low the niiildle stature, but stroiiL;, well-knit fellows (lood-lookin^',
and Well liiulied.' Ivllifs E.iyjushia U> <'itl.. vol. ii., jip. SI, 111. ' They wen
in L^eiieral line stout men.' A j^'reat diversity of jihysio^noniy was noticeable
il'ili'l s Ukici
r. S. AV. K.f.. v(d. ix., ]ii). Iii."i, l()7. On the; Sacra-
iHiiito 'were line robust nun, of low stature, and badlv fori
ir;//,-i
X'tr.. in r. N. h'.f. K.i
V
V.ts.
riie nioulli is verv lar^'e, and tlio
ise broai and (h'pressed.' ' (liittly distini^nislied by their dark color.
idfi
ices, .'1 low
forehead.' ll'ih'^ Kiln
Till
feat
'!!■■ m
r
h'x. i:.
ures are coa
broail. and of ,i dark chocolate
ii., ))
in ('ill. Fiiriiiir, Nov. 'l. ISdii. \t Drak-
li
just above San Fiaiii
T<i;/lnr,
the men are ' coinnioiilv so Ktroni.' if Imdv. that that which two or tint
if
uiir men could lianllv beare,
if tl
lelu woulil
take vpiin his backe, ami
ithout urud^iu',' earrie it easily away, vp hill and dowiie liill an I'hiLtlisli milt
I'th
l)r
W'nrhl /;
'/'., p.
i;ti.
Los Natlirales de este sitio y
Puerto soil alu;o tri^'Uefios. jior lo ipiem.idos del Sol. auiuiue losveiiidos de hi
otia iiaiiila del I'uerlo v tlel Kstero . .son mas blalicus v coriiulent
!■;,/,( ./, ./
mil fit
Sfrrn. p. \1\-
TVd\
stupii
d
lava;.,!'
ith
I'llhi
th
re V ell formed, tolerably tall, anil of a dark brown coni|ile\i
erwisi
The woiii
lort. and verv m;
Iv: tin V have much of th
, Very loni^', smootli. am
riiey all have a verv savage
III co.il-blaek hair.' h'utuhh
,'ro in thiir countenance.
1'')//.. vol. i., jiji.'iS'J :i.
ik. and are of a verv ilark color.' I'lu
Knlvlm
Viijl-
vol. 111., p
47
111 matle; their faci
ull, heavy, ami stu|)iil counti'iiaii
■s U'.,'ly, presentuiL; a
iinrmiri ;• .s'
I'll// , vol. ii., )i. l;t. Thi
I'liolovoiii tribe ' tlitt'.re beaiieouii tie toufes lis autn s par Its traits du visa
I'.ir sa physioiiomie. juir un extcneur assez a<.;re
ibli
r/„
1'
plat
e VI., vii., xn.
Tl
Al
I'lioms are o
I'll//. /'/■//. ji.irt
111 lieii'ht, and the
llluraios were tholl'^'ht tube, -1 ;>ertllly, above the stallilard of l''.ll;4iMimell.
'I'lieir comjileximi is much darkerihaii that of the South-si a Islanders, and
lliiir features fiir inferior in btautv.' Jlmh'
■1. ii., 1
). 7C.
At
Santa Clara tlii'y are 'of a blackish colour, tiny have tlat faces, thick lips.
111.
nU, coarse
straii'ht hair.' Knlnln
r
ii.
'.IS.
Th
features are handsome, and well-jirojiortionetl: tlnir countenances ancheer-
fnl and iiiterestiii!,'.' MnrnU's Te//., p. 21'2. .\t riacerville they are •most
tipulsive-liiokiiii,' wnUhi
".'ly.
are Verv da
ll',/c/.
They are nearly blacU, and an
Hiirlliir'hl.'s Thrii' l'r((/'N i/i ''((/., p. I'JM. Ill the Vosiinife V:
>!' )■.
iliinil,' and 'the women arc peifi et!y hidei
din^'ly
•they
f hiinl'a
V
The Clonus oil the east
if Ih
a tine looking race, Htraiyht, and of good height, anil apicar to be iietivc.
< I
i\ 1]
8G6
CALIFOKNIAXS.
others Hint tliov are Ijeardlcss as ^vomen. Ilavinjr care-
fully coiupiued the pros and cons, 1 think I am jiistilied
in stating that the Central Calilbrnians have beards,
I !'
I 1'
!■ 1
1 '
..i
T'.u SrhiiiUlt, in TriiL Af. liept., 1850, p. 2-3. At MontciTy 'ils soiit
fii (^I'm'riil liii'ii fiiits, iiiiiis faibles (Vcsjji-it ct ilf cdrps.' In thf vit'iiiity
(if Sun Mi^iicl. they iivu ' gi'm'ralcuit'iit il'uiic cmiliiiv foiici'c, sides tt iiiiil
fiiits. . . 11 riX(t']iti<>ii tdut fois (IfS liidicns (jni liiiliitciit sur Ics liiivds dc In
rivii'vc dfs ti( uihli'iiieiits do tt'iTe, ot sur la cntf voisiiic. t''iix-ci sdiit bliiiies.
)li 1i'.
ft Icurs fheveux tircnt snr le mux.' I-U'iis, iu .\<iiirilli:i
Aiiiiiilis (Irs \'"!/., IHIt, toin. c'i., ])!>. 3.12, l'):{; ulso (|untfd in .I/a
flllV
l,s Ih
p. 2.%. ' Sont f^i'iii'ialfnicut petits. fiiililcs. . . .liu
onI( V
rst tivs-.'iiiiu'dcliiuiti' de eelle dcs ni'^rcs dont Ics diivi ux iic sunt point
liiini'ux: ccux dc ci s iicuijIck '-•:)Ut lolit,'s et tn's-forts.' Ln /VVok.^c, I'i.//., tnin.
ii.. )). 2fS]. 'Lit tailk' dcs h(jinincs est plus liauti- (than that (pf the Cliih-
(ins>, ct Icnis nnisch's nii<'ux pi'ononci's.' '1 ln' ti'^uri' of the wdunn 'cstiilus
('•lcv('c (tliiin th;it of the Chilian women), <'t la fonnc <le hurs luciidircs tst
])lus ii'i^uliiic; cllcs Hont «n gi'm'ral d'un<* sla»' re niicux d('v(li>ii[)i'i', 1 1
d'unc physii)ii(i)uic nioins repoussantc' Hollin, •- I.ii /'•
I'')//., torn. iv.
p. ")2. At San Jcisi- ' the men are almost all i-.iucr ahovc tlic middling' st
tuvc. and Well liuilt; vcrv few indeed are -.iliat niav lie called undeisizfd.
Th
eir comiilexions a
ire dark l)nt not ncLrro like
some seemed to JiossesH
f^reat muscular stren^'th; they have very coarse Mack hair.' Some of the
Women were more tlian live feet six inches in hei'jht. And spe diiuL; of the
Californiaii Indians, in Ljeiieral, ' thev are of a middlin;^. or ratlier of a low
statiu'c, and <if a dark lin
own colour, api
iroachiu'' to lilack
ll)S.
lUfJ
the n
]iortioned
and broad, flat, iiciiro-like noses;
ir^'e )iroject-
hear a strouu' risemlilance ti
if the
men we saw were ahove tive iiit liiuh
ill-
'had never seen a less ]ileasin^ s|.i(inien of the liuman
L'ni'ifi'li'riJ"s Villi., vol. ii., p]). I'.M 5. i(!t, s.c ]iiate. .\iid s|ieakiiiL; j^'enei'-
ally of the Californian Indians: ' ])ie Manner sind im .Ml'^emeinen ;.,'Ut ^'cli.int
mid von starker isiiriierbildun;,'," height " zwischeii fiinf Fuss vier /oil und
fiiiif Fuss /e)iu oder (ilf /oil.' Complexion ' die nm ein kh in wciii;^ heller
a
Is 1)1
den Mnlatteii. also weit dunkler ist. als hei d
stiimmen.' (issinihl, CiiHi'iiniii II. ji. (12. The
-t 1
en uiaiL;eii
Indi
mer-
feet and a half in lieiL;ht, and rather slender and fc h
ire taller and more robust.' I-'iinili-nii'.'< Li
ndlaus "are abiait live
in the interior tliev
i-iil.
V
■M.
' Cubist'lie
Siliadelform. niedri.ue Stirn, breites (iesiclit. niit hervorra;„'endeni Jochbo<;en,
1 ' ite ]ji|iiM n und j^'rosser Mund, niehr jilatte Nase und am iniienwiiikel
herab!,'e/.oL;elie .VuL;en.' Wuiiiinl . CnHniriiiiii. ]j]p. v., 177. ' Les Californiens
8ont ])resi|Ue noirs: la disposition de leur yeux et I'eiisemble de lenr visaj^e
leur donneiil
,S,iiin nir.-i. iio
iivec
■i7!l-M(l.
les euroiieens nile ressendilaiiee
'1
Th(
>sez marc|Ui
/;.
ev are small in stature: thin, sinialid, dirtv. and
dcLtraded in aiiiiearancc. In their habits little b.tterthai
1 an oui.iiiu'-o
utanu
th
vol. i., ]v. -2 I',).
ct rtainly the worst tyjie of sava^'e 1 have ever seen,' /.oci/ s .\iU.
y\<
oieswaithy in complexion, and of less stature than those
east of the liockv Mountains , . .more of the .Vsiali • cast of countenance than
the
stern tiib
Ihh,
LiO
till I'liliiis. ]i. :l 4. • I)e|.asse raremellt
hauteur de ciiaj ]iieds deux on trois ponces; leur memlnes sont Liicles et
inediocrenielit milscli's. lis out de grosses hvns ijui se projetteiil en avalit,
le lie/. lar),'e et aplati comme les F^thiopieiis; hurs cbeveiix son, ■. irs, rudo
I't droits.' Aiifr. i'ni/.iit >'(il.,\}. 1(1"). '<lenerally of sm ill stature, robust a|i-
jiear
iiid not well fornnd.' 'riinnitn
II III. IDltl I 'ill.
]i. !»l.
Sclain Liewachseii und viui schwartzlich-bmniier Farbe," MulihtipfuriH
M
/It'll.
tii'.u. ii., part ii., ]). Ii>">. ' F-ow foreheads and skins as black
(luiiiea ne.;roes.
rh's l)is<-rls, vol. i.
Kn
laiit 1)
faiit
s s<int ]ires(
ue blancs. . . .inais ils noircisseiit en ''landissant.
le nord du Uio Sacramento justiu'au caji San I,
Depuin
leurs caractrres pliy-
»i(pie, luurs moL'ur.s et leurs usages sout les lucnies.* Mn/n^.s, K.qilnr., U
DRESS IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA.
?,r,7
tlioupli not stronjr ones, and that some trilios sufU'r it to
grow, wliik' otliors pluck it out as soon as it a|)i«'ai"s.'*^
Purinji' sunnnor. t'.\cei)t on festal occasions, the apparel
of the men is of the most primitive character, a slij^ht
strip of coverin,tr round the k)ins heini;; full dri'ss; ])ut
even this is uinisual, the majority preferrinu' to he per-
fectlv unencumhered hv clothin<r. In winter the skin
of a deer or other animal is thrown over the shoulders,
or sometimes a sj)e('ies of i-ope made from the leathers of
water-lowl. or .strips of otter-skin, twisted together, is
wound round the hody. I'orming an ellectual protection
aiiainst the weather. The women are scai'cely hetter
clad, their summer costume heinu' a frinjicd a])ron of
tule-urass. which falls Irom the waist hefore and hehind
ii,. ]ip. 2C3. 307. ' Skin of such a dcfp roddisli-brnwni that it scrms nlniost
I-
11)11)1 r
II"
l!'lr
liiii'
)2«;
!•
I'.t:!: Iliisriii
V'
(/. )■ .1:/'/,. >■//,
rli>
I'i of
I'l.rhis till., \.\t. I.S(»-:;: llnrpir's M<'iilhli/, veil, xiii., \>. 'iKi.
villi, tliiin;,'h l)(l()ii''iii!,' 1(1 (litl'ticiit iiiitioiiiilitics. hiid vcrv
iiiiicli the
sai
tol
liic fiiltwanl aliiiciivalU'i'; sii
that
wlicii Vim liavi' s(( 11 one vmi
11.- /'
lavc seen tllflll a
^' On th«- Saciaiii'iiti) liivt
<l S
11 iiiiiiiii .1
Ihill'ni'is. ]i. 1.").
' the nun nnivcrsallv liad sonic show of
hraiil. an imli or so in h nL;tli. hut virv soft and
y ';<•/,
iriml's li'lliif^
in r. >. /•;.
.1.
\<. 1(1.1
'I'hfV had hcards and \vhisl<t is an inch
two loic/. viiv soft and tini-.' U'ilh.s' .V
!(>'.
r.s.Kx. i:.
< til Uusr'la
1'
I'.IN.
n l;ivci- • thcv have (initc heavy nioiistachcs and hcards mi the chin
hut
not much on
th-
■h
Cli ar Lalie Indi;Mi
h
dso coli^
nd tliev almost all sutler it to eiow.
Til
isidcrahlc hcards, and hair on the jJt r-
m.' .\t the hcMcl of Sc>utli Tork of Eel Itivcr, ' they jihu k their \'<
'.';/./..'
■ds
in .^,/(i>o/./f('7s .1)-./,., vol. iii.. jij). lOS-1 1',). At Jlontcrcv ' jilusic iir.'-
out lie la harlii : d'aiitres. s\iivant lis jjcrcs niissionaires. n'cii out jaii
it c'est tin ijucstion ijui n'est jias nicnic decidec dans le jiays.' l.ii J'l
Chili
]>arnii
// . vol. ii,, )i. -Js-J. ' Lcs Californicns out la harhc jiliis tnurnic (jiic hs
les 1.
rhe; les fi
it les oarties (genitalis iiiieux pirnics: cciicndaiit j'ai n niari|nc
lis, .-,:; ^;viind noiiihrc d'individus totalcim nt dc]iourvus di
in /,'( /'
cnillics out .lUss! |iiU lie 1
11 all
r
jii'nil ct aux aisseliis
/;-.//;
I'-
Till V have the liahit cnliiUlon t(
ill
Alia ricaii Indians of ixtractiii!' the 1
icai'il an<
ilv.' Furiili
11 III S /.(/' Ill
(III.
the hair of otlii r | arts of their
1'
;;(i4. licards ' short, thin
stiH.' 1,111 1-
hir.
full tlowili;.,' iieard is ohserved.' Fiiflii
vol. ii , p. :{|. 'In ^'ciieial very scanty, althoULh occiisioiiiilly a
' ■'//.
sh,
]!]). IM-".:
Ii
ds tl
lave theiii dose with ninssel-shclls.' /.lo/i/.M/orf/'s I'o//., vol.ii.. y. Iiil.
WW. many
IhV
J'.iirt istsehwnch.' II'
. /. I III;
vol. v. At San Anionic
I the olili n
times, hefore ' •coniinL; christians, they jiullcd out tluir l^einds,' Vc///"
'■"'. l-'iiyiiii'i\ .,|(ril 'Si. is'iii. Choris in his I'o//. I'ilt., ])latis vi.. vii..
of part iii., draws the IndiaiiH with a very sli^^ht and scattired heard
I'liick out their heard.' .!'
77,-
i,^
I'o//. hi ('ill., |). H'li
' ANciir whiski IS,
ii's (hill, (//ii/ ('i//.. vol, ii,, p. Ill . ' les Indiciis (|ui hahiti lit dans la
t d
CS IIIOUS
taclr
direction du caji dc Xnuvcl-An (del .\\\o Nuevo)
/■W./i.s:. in .Voio-i//. ,s ,|i///<//».v i/i.x !''/(/,, Isll, toiii. ci., p. ;>;!."). M iihli npfoidt
iiieniioiis that at the death of a relation, "die Mi'iuucr raufeii liaiipthaiu'
und IJiirt sich aus.' J/'^/'c", vol. ii., puit ii., p. 150.
' 1" P ¥
ill
3G8
CALIFORNIANS.
nearly down to tlic knot's, and is open at tlic sides.
»Soine tribes in the nortliern part of the Saeran^'.-nto Val-
ley wear tlie round bowl-shaped hat worn by tlie natives
on the Klamath. During the eold season a ball-tanned
deer-.skin, or the rope pnnnent above mentioned, is added.
The hair is worn in various styles. Some l)ind it up in
a knot on the back of the head, others draw it back and
club it behind; farther south it is worn cut short, and
occasionally Ave iind it loose and liowinu'. It is not un-
counnoii to see the head adorned with chapU'ts of leaves
or ilowers. remindinjj: one of a badly executed bron/e of
Apollo or IJacchus. J]ar-oruaments are nuich in vogue;
a favorite variety being a long round piece of carved
1)0110 or wood, sometimes with IknkIs attached, which is
also used as a needle-case. Strings of shells and beads
also siM'vo as ear-ornaments and necklaces. The head-
dress lor gala days and dances is elaborate, composed of
gay feathers, skillfully arranged in various fashions.*'
>*'• At Fort lidss '])i(> 5I-iiiii('r Ljclicn '^un/. iiackt, die rrimcii hiii.t,'i'!,'cii !»>-
doekcii mil- dcu mittli rcii Tluil dcs Jviirpirs vo i vonic uiid vmi liini'ii iiiit
(liii rillcii wilder Ziii,'(ii; dus H.iiir liiiidiii dir iMMiiiur iinf dim SclioiilV',
(lie Fraiirii iiiii Xackiu in iiiischcl /iisiuunii'ii; lii>\vcil(ii lassm sic ch f n i
]i riuitcr wallcii: die ^Liiiiicr licftiu dii' JSiisclicl iiiit /.icinlicli kim^llicli, iius
(iui-r mtliiii I'aliiic Ljisclmitzttii Hiilzcliiii fi st.' IvixIrniiiilniKiir, in liner, Slul,
■II. KUiiiii., |). h2. At Clear Lake •(lie woiik ii tjeiierally wear a hliiall round,
liowl-sliaped liasket nu tlieir heads; and fliis is fri(|ii( iitjy iidirwoven with
the red feathers of the woodpecker, and ed,i,'ed with tlie phuiie tufts of the
Mue <|iiail.' '///<//.-.■, in S'-lidiilrriii'l's Arch., vol. iii., ]>. I(i7. Si c also p. (i.S,
]'late xiv.. for jilate of ornaments. At Kelsey IJiver, dress ' consists of a decr-
nkiii ruhe thrown over the shoulders.' /(/., ]i. I'll, lu the Sacramento Valley
■ they Were perfectly naked.' IvHi/'x Exri'rsicii lo Cnl., vol ii., p. 111. ' ]>oth
Bexes have the ears jiierced with lar^e holes, throiiL,di which they ]iass a piece
of wood as thick as a man's tin;4er. decnrated with paintini^'s or el.iss heads.'
J'l'iiifii's Sicniiil ,lniirn., p. ;t(l7. ' 'J'he men '^n entirely naked; Imt the wnnii n,
vith intuitive modesty, weara small, narrow, i,'rass apron, which extends from
tlie waist til the knees, leavin;4 their liodies and limbs partially exposed.'
Ihhino's l.'iU' I'll riniiis, j)p. ,'((1."), ;t()7. 'They wear lillets around tluir heads
of leaves.' W'ilhrs' .\iir., in I'. S. Kf. /i'r.,. vol. v., p. I't'J. ''J'he dress of
the women is a cincture, com[)oseil of narrow sli]is of tihrous hark, or of
string's of • Culiforniaii Hax,' or sometimes of rushes.' Men iiakul. I'trhr-
iii'l's A''(c.s, ill r, S. A'.r K.w, vol. ix., p. lOS. .\t l!ode;;n they ' most liberally
]ireseiited its with liluinesof feathers, losaries of hone, i^'arnieiits of feathers,
as also f^'arlands of thu same materials, wliicli iiiey wore round their head.'
.)/'('((•('//. '.s .Imir., J). 47. ''J'he women wore skins of animals about th< irsh' ni-
ders mill waists;' hair 'clubbel behind.' Witifnurcr's To//., vol. ii., ]i. i:)''.
Around San Francisco l?ay; ' in summer many ^iocr.tirely naked. The women,
liowever, wear a deer-skin, or some other coveiini^ about their loins; hut sUiii
dresses aiHi not common.' To their lars the women 'attach Ioiil; w Icii
••yliliders. variously carved, which serve the double jiurpose of ear-rines and
iiOL'dlc-cascs.' JJ'jcclnij'ti Foj/., vol. ii,, p. 77. 'All yo naked.' Vlntinisso, hi
I'M
PERSONAL ADOKNIIENT.
860
Tiittooing is uiiivoi'sal with the Avonien. tlion^li eoii-
fiiied within narrow hniits. Tliey mark the chin in
7u/?;''('(c's T",'/., vol. iii., p. 48. 'The nion either go iiakoil or wcm- ii sinijile
lirtM'ch-cloth. The woiiicu wear ii cloth or strii)s of Icatht r around tlitir
Inin^,.' Iliirtli'll's I'lrs. Xar., vol. ii., p. lili. Three hnnilri(l viars aL;o we art!
tolil Ihal the nii'u in the vieiiiity of San Francisco l>ay ' for the iiuist part goo
n.ikeil: the women take a kindeof hnlrnshes, and kenihing it aftt r the man-
ner of hemp, make themselnes thereof a loose garment, wliieh hiiiiL; kiiitte
ahout their miildles. hangis downe alxmt their hipjxs. and so at1'ord( s to them
» eoiiering of tiiat which nature teaches should lie hidden; ahdUt llnirshoul-
dirs they weare also the skin of a deere, with the haire v]ion it.' The king
hid npon his shoulders 'a coato of the skins of conies, reaching to his wast;
his guard also had each coats of the same shajie, Imt of oth( r skin.' . . . .Aft( r
tl'.ese in the ir order, ilid I'oUow the naked sort of common l)eo| le, whoso
Imire 111 ing lung, w.is gathered into a hunch lnhind, in whi'h stucke iilunus
(if feathers; hut in the forepart onely single feathers like homes, evi ry one
pleasing hiuiselfe in his owne device.' DniLv's W'mid P'ur'.txii., pp. l:i], l:.(i.
' Asi ciiiiio .\daniilas se presentan sin el mem ir rulior iii vergi'n n/a (i sto es. los
lioudircs) y para lihrarse del frio (|ue todo el ano h.-ice en esta Mision (San
Francisco }, principalmente las maiianas, se endiarran con lodo. diciendo (jno
lis preserva de el, y en ipianto ini)iieza a c.'dentar el Sol se l.ivan: las mu-
gcres andan algo honestas, hasta las muchachas chiipiitas: >isan para hi
hiiuestidad de un delantar (pie hacen de hilos de tule, t'\ jinicia, (pie no
1''
de la
idill;
I, y otro atras amarrados a la cinturu, (jiie amlms furmaii
as, con (pie s(^ presentan con alguna honestidad, y en las
"ipaldas se pollen otros seiiiejaiites para lihrarse ( n alguna niaiieia del frio.'
ciinio Unas enagu
rnin
'lit ill' ,l"ii jii-n) Strrii, p. "iiT. At Monterey, and on th
st hi
tweeii Jlonterey and Santa Barharn the (h'css ' du ]ilus riclie consiste en un
liianteau de peau di* loutre (pii coiivre ses reins et descend au-dessous di s
anus . . . L'haliillemeiit des feiiimes est nn mantciiu de peau de cerf mal
taniK'e. . . .Les jeuiies lilies an-dessons de ncuf ans ifont (pi'uiie simple cein-
ture. et les enfans de I'aiitre sexe sont tout nus.' J.it J'
I'V
■,m-
il/., toll). U.
•lis se ))ereent aussi les oreilles, et y jiortent (h's oitieiiK lis d'un
g' nre et d'un giuit tr('s-vari('s.' Ilnllin, in J.u I'
torn.
1'
;{.
Ihose hetweeii Monterey and the extreme northern lioundaiv of the ^lexi-
eaii
domain, shave their heads close.' Ilnsr'nni. in /i'i//h
'.V Jj/'i' ill I'dl.
p. '2;W. On the coast between San Diego and San Francisco 'pres(pie tons
vont elith'l'emeiit lius; ceiix (pii out (piehpies yet nunts, n'ont autre
rhiise (pi'une casiKjue faite do courroies de peau de lapiiis, de lieyrcs on do
hmtres, tressi's eiisemhle, et ((ui out consery(' le poll , . L( s femnies out uiie es-
jii'ce de tahlier de roseaux tress('s (pii s'attache aut(nir(le la taille jiar un cor-
' jusiju'aux geiioux; une ]ieaii de cerf mal taniK'e et mal pn'pan'p,
doll, et
„1
jiteesiir leiirs ('panics en guise de manteau. comph'tt! leur toilette.' Fii'iis. in
Xonrillrs An unit's (Irs I'
'!/■
mU, tcim.ci..)i.l. ")•"); see also Mu
\nl
I'-i'. in 1)11/
tint, I'll//, cu I'dl., p. '227. ' Sont trcs pen converts, et en ('ti', la ]ilnpait vont tout
mis. Les fe
I's font usage de jieaux de daim jiour se coiivrir. ,('es fe
]iiirtent eiiconi coniiiK! vi'teineiit des es])eces de eouvertures sans envers,
fi'iti
es en iilumes tissues tnseiiihh
.il a I'ayaiitaue d'('tre tres-chaud . .EUes
piirteiit gi'iu'raleiuent. an lieu de houcles d'nieilles, des morci mix d'os on do
hnis en forme de cylindre et sculpti"'s dedirtenntes manieres. Ces orneiiK iits
s int creiix et seryeiit ('galenient d't'tuis pour reiifermer leiiis aiguilles.' I'tl'il-
Tliiiitnrs, I'll//., tom. ii., ji. 135. Sj>eaking generally of the Californian In-
dians, Mioth sexes go nearly naked, excepting a sort of wrapper round the
waist, only in the coldest jiart of the winter they throw oyer their
hodii
coyering of deer-skin, or tli(i skin of the sea-otter. They also make tlieiu-
selves g,ir:iients of the feathers of many dittereiit kinds of water fowl, par-
ticularly ducks and geese, bound together fast in a sort of ro])es, which ropes
arc then united (piite clo.so so us to make soaiethiny like ii feather skin.' It
VuL, 1. '21
870
CALIFORNIAX;^.
])crpon(ll('ultir liiv's drawn downward from the corners
jind ot'utro of the mouth, in tlie same manlier as tiio
Xoi'thei'ii (^diCornians; they also tattoo sliulitly on tlio
neek and hieast. Jt is said that l)y tiiese marks women
ot'dilVei'ent tril)es can ])e easily distin^iiiished. The men
rarely tattoo, hut paint the hody in stripes and grotes(jr.e
};attern-> to a considerahle extent. l»ed was the favorite
color, e\('ei)t I'or mourning', when hlaek Avas used. The
friars succeeded in aholishing this custom e.\cej)t on oc-
casions of m«)urning. when ail'ection for their dead would
not [HTMiit them to relin(juish it. The Xew Almaden
ciunahar mine has heen i'roni time innnemorial a sourci'
of contention hetween adjacent trihes. ^I'liither, fi'om a
Innidred miles away, rcM ited vermilion-lovini;' savages.
and often such visits were not free irom hlood-shed.-"
is vovy wnvni. ' Tii the samo ninniicr flify cut tlio spii-ottcr sl<iiis into simmII
sti-i]>s. wliifli tlicv twist toL,'rtlici', iinil then join tli( m iis tlicy do llic trallii i>,
so tliiit liiiih siilis luiv',' tlio fur alike' lj'iii'is(liirjj"s \'iii/.. vol. ii., )]). I(i:i 1.
Si'i' also i'tiniliiiiii's Life in I'ul.. p. ;i(il, ami Fi'iii's' <'iil.,\). ls:i. ' Ini Wind r
Hi'llist tra'^'cn sic wcnii,' lickii'idun!,', vi(lliiclit nnr rinc l[ii'sclih;int. wi'lrlif
sic iil'fi- (lie Sclinltir wcvftn: Manner, Framn nnil Jundcr j^'( In-n sclbst iia
AVintcr im Si'lmci' harfuss.' Wimnii'l, Ciilifi'rii'icn. p. J77; Ldnl's .V((/., vol.
1 , p. •ii'.l; I'nirh-I.-, dilhert. Jlinlil, uml \'fu'Srli.,ii<n, in liiil. Af. Hifil., isnc,
jiji. "Jill 1; I'li'iris, Vol/., I'ill, ])art iii., j). 4, and ]ilat(> xi
JA /ic'i. v.'l. ii., part ii., j>. 4-")r>; Ih,
('■ititiiiic ^fi>
hi itii/, Vi'ii , i>. 4"i7: .1'
Mill,!
ifiir^il.
fli's llimrl.i, vol.
r
•j:;!t: ,vA<
>■. p. '.IS; Jiilmsliiii, in SrliiKili'iuiil's Arili., vol. iv.. ji. li'J.'f; h'di
4"i7: All ;i'r, \'i>i/. in Ciil., ii. 101). Alter liavin;.; collati d tli
ites I was rather taken aback bv nieetin'' the fi
111)
(n'al costume of n( arlv all the C'aliforniaii Iiuiian
OlIOWMl"!
Th
;ives them r.itlier an int(
estni;^ appcaranc
i hen fully drissed, their h
ihich has 1
)een loose, IS
,'s of skin, ovnanii'ii
ted
ticil u]), either with a coi'onet of silver, or the th'
with feathers of the lai;.,'htest colours: bi'acelets made in a similar niajin. r
are \v(U'e: breeches and leL;;_;in!^s of doe-skin, sewed, not unfreciui iitly v.iih
lU'.iian hair:
kind of kilt of varied coloured cluth
or silk ( :)
fastened b
scarf, round their waist;
Tl
K' women weai
Tiluc or red. doe-skin shirt, and lei'L;iiu's, ■with feathei'cd b
a cloth petlicoat, dyed eitii
•lets rouml their
Wiiist.' Ciiiillir's Ailn-iilnns, vol. i., pp.. \~--'i. Surely Mr Coulli r shor.lil
know an Indian dress from one coni])ose(l of ^[exican cloth and trinkets.
'^'i At Hode.u'a the women 'were as much tatooed or punctured as ,iny ef
tlio females of the Sandwich islands.' \'iiiiri>iirir'n
the Sacramento N'alley 'most of the
tin the breast, dispused like a ni'ckl.-i
\'iii/.. vol. ii., J), j;
bad some slisjht marks of tattooii::
)1.
1'
."i. I'ana. in a note to Ha!e, sav
ii'iiiil's linns, in L'. >. 7:'.r. A'.r.
s: • The faces of the men weri
colored with black and red paint, fancifully laid on in IrianiAlesand ziuza^^lin
'iii'i'i., in /'. >'. Ki: I.'.
Most of them had some slight marks of tattooini; on tl
1' ir
'J'he women were tattooed belowthe mouth.' Hull's FJli
vol. vi., p. "J
breast; somewhat simil.ir to that of the ( hinooks, , . .'I'he fai'e was usually
inted. ihe U|iper part of the cheek in the form of a trianele. with a blia-
ilack sidistance, mixed witli some shiny particles th.at looked like jiulveri/ul
juica.
Wilh-i
Snw. in I'. S. I:'x. A'.r., vol. v., \\]>. llts, '2:1
Their faces daiil" d
v.'illi a thick dark l'Iossv substai
lice li!;e tar,
line from the outside cona v*
DWELLINGS IN CENTKAL CALIFORNIA.
371
StlVilliCS.
A thick coat of mud soint'timos aflonls protection from
a chiilv Aviud. It is a convenient dress, as it costs noth-
iiiLi'. is easily |)ut on. and is no incuml)nince to the ^vea^•e^.
The nudity ol" tlie sava;j:e more ol'ten })roceeds IVom an
iiidilleieiice to clothinjjf than iVom actual want. Xo peo-
[iK' iue found eutirely destitute of clothing' when th(;
weathi'i' is cold, and if they can nianaue to ohtain j:;n-
iiu'uts of an\- sort at one time of \ear the\' can at au-
other.
Their dwelliugs are al)Out as ])rimitive as tlieir dress,
lu suuuuer all they i-e([uire is to he shaded froui the
sini. .Old lor this a pile of hushes or a tree will suf-
iice. The wiuter huts ai'e a little nK)re pretentiou.s.
These are souietiuies erected on the level ground, hut
more fre(iueiitly over an e.vcavation three or lour feet
deep, auil varyiug I'rom ten to thirty leet in diameter.
Ivoiuid the hriuk oi" this hole willow poles are siud\ up-
lijiht in the jzround and the tops drawn toLiether. forui-
iug a couical structure, or the upper euds are hent over
iif the eves to the (luls of tho iiioiltli, iiml linr-l; from tlirm to (lie liilit,'i- of tlio
jawlidiu'. . . .siiiuc iilsd had tlu-ir entire t'orel leads i-oati d over. ' AmV//'s K.»-nr-
KMi/i /ii fV//., Vol. ii., ]). 1 1 1. • 'llic woint 11 lire a little tatloot d on the c-liin.'
I'/' it'i'ir's !^(ri}iiit fliiiini., ]i. 'Ml. At Monterey and vieiniiv, ■ se jieiunent lo
(lilps ell roU(,'e, et ell noir lors(jll"ils solit eli di nil.' /." /'■ /oi'm, Ii///., toni. ii.,
li.:iii."i. '^■• |'( iL;nciit la p<'an ]ioiir se jiaii r.' UnHin/wi /." I'lrnnsi. 1 o//.,toni.
iv.. [I. ."i.'!. ' This one tiling' wasohsirued toliee i^eneiall anionL;st llit ni all. that
iilerv one had his face ]iainted. some with white, some hla.'ke. atid some with
othercoloiirs.' hrnh'sWurhl F.iniiiiip ,]i. luii. ' 'J attooiiiL;' is jiiaetisi d in tin sc
tril)es liy liotli se\( s. liotli to ornament the |iirsoii and to distinguish one elan
fmiu anotla r. It is remaikalile that the wonun marli their chins |reeisely
ill the same way as the lisiinimanx.' Jlnrli- i/'s \'i;/., vol. ii., ]i. 77. 'Iah
iihliL;eiies iiide|iendents de la Ilaute-Calil'oinii' soiit taloin's... ec s siunt s
seiAiiit d'oiiK iiient it de distiniti<in, laiii setih m< lit d uiie trilm a nno
autre trilm, mais encore, d'line t'aiiiille a niie autre faiiiille." I'll'it-'rinimirs,
I ■'/., toiii. ii., |i[i. i:!l-."). ' 'rattooiiii,' is also iisdl. liiit ]irilici)ially aiiionj<
till- wniiK 11, Jsonie have only a douMe or tiijile line fmni i aeh corner of
the mouth down to the chin: otheis have 111 >i(ii s a cross slri]ie ( xteiidintc
flelu one of these stri|ies to the otln 1 : and most have sim|.le lone ami
ein>s stripeM from the chin over the neck down t- ihe hif ast and iijion \\h'
^lioiilders.' J.iiiiiis(lnift"s I'll//.. v<j1. ii.. [I. Iii7: si e | ..ae, (i. Id',), Winn daiic-
nii,', ' ils se Jiciuiielit sur le cor| s des liL;lies li'Llulierc s, noiris, lon^'es (t
hialiches. (,|iu hiues-tms out la nioitie du <(il)is. di )iuis la tete jtlsiin't li has,
hiirliouillee de noir, et I'antre de ronee; le tout croisc' |)ardi s raits ManclKs,
ri'aiitiis so liOiidi( nt les eheveUX avec dn duvet d'oisiaux.' I'h'iris. \'i,i/. I ill.,
I'art iii., p. 1; see also jilate xii. 'I liave never (pliservtd any ] arti<nliir
fi'r;ured desiLtns ii]iou their jiersons, hut the tattooiiiL; is j4''n rally on tht«
• liiii, lliounh soiuetiincH cm the wrist and arm.' ^Mostly on the jursons of
the females. ,liiliiistiiii. ill SrhiKili'nijTn ..\nli., vol. iv., )i. '.ii.'). ■ Lc s femiiKB
b'uks eiiiiiloi(.ut Ic tutouiigc' -1";//', I'"//, at. (Jul., p. JOG.
m
\i»
,.i.
!.■
.
872
CALIFOUNIANS.
and (li'ivon into the earth on tlie opposite side of the i)it,
thus givinji' the hut a senii-glohuhu" sliape, ]?ushes, or
Hti'ips of hark, are then piled up against the jmles, and
the uhole is covered with a thick layer of earth or nuid,
]n some instances, the interstices of the frame are (illcd
})y twigs Avoven cross-wise, over and under, hetween the
poles, and the outside covering is of tule-reeds instead of
t'arth. A hole at the top gives egress to the smoke, and
a smnll opening close to the ground admits the occu-
])ants.
Each hut generally shelters a whole family of rela-
tions hy l)lo()d and marriage, so that the dimensions of
the ha])itati()n depend on the size of the family.**'
Thatched ol)long houses are occasionally met with in
Kussian River Valley, and Mr Powers mentions having
seen one among the (iallinomeros which was of the form
of the letter L. made of slats leaned up against each
other, and heavily thatched. Along the centre the (lif-
erent I'amilies or generations had their tires, while thev
slept next the walls. Thre6 narrow holes served as
doors, one at either end and one at the elbow."** A cul-
^' ' II I'st bion rnro qn'nn Indion pnsso la unit dans sa maison. Vers ]o
soil' cLiiciin piiiiil sun arc et scs ri('('ht's et va se i('univ aux autns ilans dc
f,'randcs cavci'iics, ]iart'('-(in'ils fi'aii,nicnt d't'-tre attaqni's a riminovisti' pur
Icuis cnncniis ct d't'tre snrpris sans di'fens*' an niilien de Icnrs ftniiucs it di'
Icni's t'lifants.' /•'(((/(■s. in Xmivellis AdiiiiIis (ha lo//,, 1S44, toni. ci.,]!]). ;!l(J-7.
"•^ I'wo authors dcsfrilw tlu'ir dwelling's as bein^' niucli smaller than I have
Htated them to be: ' leur niaisons ont qnatre jiiedsde dianietre.' Munn'ii i\ .Vo-
<(■'•(■, in llri/(ii(t, Viiji. I'll ('id. J). 238. Their \vij,'\vanis have ' une elevation au-
dessns dn sol de einij a linit jneds et nne eireonferenoe de dix a donze.' lliilhi-
shi, Lit t'liH/ornh'. p. 17"2. The anthorities I have followed, and who aj^ree
in essential particulars, are: J'ich'r'niii's 7i'((ci's, in U. S. K.\\ A'.i'., vol. ix.,
pp. W.\, liKl; ir/Z/iCs' Sur., in U. .S. Ex. K.w, vol. v., p. Ht8; Pfnlhr'n SraM
Jiinrn., ]ip. ;J(I7-.S; (iihhs, in Sfhonlcraft's Arrh., vol. iii., p. lOtl; FinniDirs
lix}ihif. /i.e., ]). '1\'}\ Killi/'s KrcitvtiiDii (<> ('al., vol. ii., jij). 3-1, '2H'2; rAo/w's',
Fo//. J'lV/., part iii., p. 2; Drake's Warhl Encomp., i^. 121; JUidlill's I'a-x.
Nor., vol. ii., p. 30, with out; I'a ncourrr's Votj., vol. ii., pj). 13, ],">; Vnhni,
Noth'ins, in l)<ir. U int. Mix., serie iv., vol. vi., i)p. 3(>7, 31)0; .S"^7 y Muriiinni,
]'iiiiip, p. Hi."): Lit l'':ri)»se, !'<)(/., toni. ii., p. 205; Ikhmu'H Life mi tin I'luihs,
p. 3'(l(i; drrslKi-rhr'.^ .town., p' 21H; (;ilherl. in Iml. Af. Itipt., IH.'iC, ]>. 24-J;
I'litnch; in /(/., ]). 240; Jemtt, in TiJ . p. 244; Biuku, in lil., IH.'.H, p. '1W-,
Lonl's XoL, vol. i., ]>. 248; L(t)iii.'<ili)rfi''s I'lfi/., vol. ii., p. 1C3; Wmiiinl. dili-
fiindi'H, pp. 177, 170; Fariiliiuii's Life in Cat., p. 3115; Jieiehey's Vny.. vol. ii.,
p. 51; liuir, Stilt, nnil Kthnn., p. 72; KoxtruniHimoir, in hL, j). 83; IhDintiieli'x
Jh'serts, vol. i., p. 230; }fiilile)ipt'oy<U, Mijiro, torn, ii., p. 45(); tJiiliiit^li'H. in
l-irliuijlcriifl'.^ Arch., vol. iv., p. 223; Thorhtim's Oijn. and ('id., vol. ii., p- 01;
Jioiiue/iiiU'.-i \'iii/. h'uioid the World, p. 20; Fdijes, iu Xouvdks Anmdes dts
Voy., 1814, torn', ci., pp. 310, 3i3.
i
FOOD AND METHODS OF OBTAINING IT}
■373^
lection of native lints is in California called a raDcJirrUf,^
iVuiu rancho, a word first ai)})lied by the Spaniards to
the spot where, in the island of Cnba, food was distrib-|
uted to repartiniiento Indians.
'riie bestial laziness of the Central Californian pre-
vents him from followinji' the '^hase to any extent, or
from even inventing etlicient <>anie-trai)s. Deer are,
however, sometimes shot with bow and arrow,
Ti
10
hunter, disguised with the head and horns of a stag,
('ree[)s through the long grass to within a few yards of
till' unsuspecting herd, and dro}>s the fattest buck at his
pleasure. Jrniall game, such as hares, rabbits, and birds,
are also shot with the arrow, lleptiles and insects of
all descriptions not poisonous are greedily devoiu'ed ; in
fact, any life-sustaining su!)stance which can be j)ro-
oured with little trouble, is fo'r.l for tliem. But their
mam reliance is on acorns.
rootf"
irass-seet
Is, I
jer-
ries and the like. These are eaten both raw and pre-
pared. Tiie acorns are shelled, dried in the sun. and
then pounded into a powder with large stijiies. From
this Hour a s[)ecies of coarse bread is made, which i.s
sHuetimes ilavored with various kinds of berries or
herl
)S.
This ))read is of a black color when cooked, t)f
about the consistency of cheese, and is said, t)y those
who have tasted it, to be not at all unjjalatable."'' The
(lough is fre(picntly boiled into pudding instead of itei'ig
baked. A sort of mush is made from clover-seed, which
is also described as being rather a savory dish. (Irass-
hoppers constitute another toothsome delicacy. AVhen
1 11
m
sll
"'J Wilkes, and tlio ninjovity of writiTs, (isscvt that tli(^ acorns ai'c swctt and
liiilatalilc in tin ir natural state: Ivistmniitimow, hdwever, says: ' Naeliileni
(lie Eicheln von JJaunie t^eptliiekt sind, wenlen sie on der Sonne i,'ediint, da-
fauf i;ereiniL;t nnd in K(')rlien niittelst liesoiideis da/ii luliauener Steine L;e-
slossi 11, dann winl ini Sande o<ler sonst \vii in lockerer Erde eine (iiul)e in-
's-Iiiilii u, die Eieheln wenlen hinein^'eseliiittet nnd niit Wassi v iilieindssen,
Wejihis l)cst:indiL,' von del' Erde iini,'e/.oi;en wird. Dieses Ansspiilen wieder-
li"lt man so lanL;e liis die Eieheln ade iluc^ ei|^'enthi'iniliehe iiiiterkeit V4ilonii
haliiii,' Hiii'i\ ^/(/^ itivl /vV/i/io., ]). 84. The aeorn hvead 'IcKiks 'nd tasti h
like (11 use black tday, stvoni,d;- veseniMinK tlu^ sonndin:.;s in iIanr|iton roads,
auil hi-in.^' about us : '^vovy and dij^estihle.' Ixrnn'n Ttmr., \i. 121. Never
liaviii'^' eaten 'coarse black clay.' I cannot say how it tastes, but. accordint^
tn all other autliorities, this bread, were it not for the extrenu; lilthiness of
tbu.se who prei)are it, would be by no means disagreeable food.
I >•■
III
371
for winter Mstv
CALIFOllNIANS,
tl
R'V iiro (IntM
1 in tl
10 .sun ; u
lien I
or
pr
cs-
eiit ('()n.sunii;ti()n. tlicy iuv citlicr miisliod into ii jtiistc
Avliich is oiitcn Avitli the linjii'vs. iiround into ii line jum-
iler and mixed ^vitli nnisli. or they ai'e .sitmati'd with
^illt water, phieeil in a hole in tlu' <:i'oinid ])i'(.'\ioii,-ly
lieuted, covered with hot stones, and eaten lil^e shriiii|is
when well roasted. Dried ehrvsalides are considered a
bonne lioiiche. as are all varieties of insects and worms.
The boiled dishes are cooked in water-tiuht baskets,
into which hot stones are droi)jied. Meat is roa>teil
on sticks before the lire, or baked in a hole in the ;:roiiii
The food is conveved to the mouth with the liniicrs
(I.
(Jrassh(i[)pers ai'e taken in pits, into which they
ire
driven by setting' the uras.s on fire, or by lH>atiiiii' tin
;rass in a <i'radiially lessenin,u' circle, of which tlu' pit i.-
tl
le ce
ntn
For seed-uatherinu' two baskets are used
large one, which is borne on the back, and anothci'
smaller and scoop-shaped, which is carried in the hand;
with this latter the tops of the ripe grass are swept, and
the seed thus taken is thrown over the left shoulder into
the larger basket. The seeds are then jnirclu-d and [nil-
veri/.ed, and usually stored as pinole,'"' for winter use.''^
'Ji' ]'iiii)l<' is an A/t(
1, and is ainilicd to any liiud of uniin
{.xirclicd and ^'vonnd, biforc litin.i,' iiiadr into doiiLjli. 'J'iin'lii. In liarina di'
mav/ V (Ilia, an
tiuiu
itcs (HU' la ill
.1/.'/;
lliltln
The A/ttcs n:
li- cliiitiy of maize or Indian com.
'■" ' Nos trai^crou sii rit,'alo do tainalcs f^raiulcs <1(' mas dr a Irrcia con su
corrcsno
ndicntc
^'rncso, ai
.1
nasados dc scniillas silvi'str(
1
s 11,'uy lil'lctas {[WC.
liai'fccu brca; ]<is jivonc y no tniicii mal ^nsto y son muy mrnucosc
/'„/-,
Aulirids, iu l>iir. Hist. J/'.i'., sciie iv., torn. vii.. p. (iS. Anion},' llic i:i(s
cnts "ivfU to l>vakc liv the Indians was 'a inotc \\iiiili tin v call Fi t.'.li
if tl
lev maKc a
kind of nualc, and titlui- bake it into Imad <
' t ate It
raw; liroylcd lislics. like a jiilchaid; the siide and downe at'oicnami d. uitli
Hiich like.' J>r<il,i's W'liilil F.iirt,tii)i., p. VH\. Catch salmon in baskets. •'Jlav
neither sow nor reaji, but burn their meadows from time to time to iia-K
their fertilitv.' r/,-o
in Kill id 1 1
!'"(/., vol. iii , ]\ AH. 'Li s
lal>
lis
nt
insectes. les serpentes, tout sans cxceiitioii leiir serf de nourritnrt
tro]) maladroits et trop iiai-essenx iionr chasser.' rA. ;/■;.<, I'e//. 7'///.. part iii.,
p. 2, 'lintre ellas tienen una especie de semilla neei'a. y de sn harina haci n
un(
IS tiunales, a inodo de bolas, dt' tai
de un
la n^irania, line son nmv sa-
Lrt
part
osos, (iile liareceiu
le aliiieiidra tostada niiiv mantec(
«1
p. 2iCi: Sii I II 1/ .M(.)'i
r
";/'•, p
KM; Knliili
I'l .III,'
I !/.. M
ii., p. I Hi. ''I'lieir fastidiousness does not jirompt them to take the eiitiail
out ' of fishes and birds. Ikh
Lit
till- J'ln
V
•Ml
■Li
ve ll|iirn v:
rious plants iu their several seasons, besides grajies, and even use the -Viti
Will, I
.Viir., in r. S. K.r. A'.i'., vol.
IT
lU-l.
■ l!s tll'UM lit
lis
tisau'e
aiissi aiitour d'eiix nne (pianlitt' d'alocs dont ils font un fn'qnent
'utilisciit cucoru la laciuc d'uuc (.spcce dc loocuu, . , lis luauj^en' uussi une Ih lU'
ACOIINS AND WILD FOWL
.i, .\
for prcs-
a jKistc.
liiu' jxm-
itcd with
rc'vioiisly
' sliriiiips
sidci'cd ;t
I worms.
Iia>l\('ts.
' r(ta>tcil
c Lii'oiiiid.
llu'V arc
:diiii:' llic
till' pit is
V. u^{'A ; a.
[ aiHitluT
lie liaiul ;
,v('ltt. and
ddcr into
and [iid-
tcr list'."'
lin di' sriils,
a liiiriua i!t>
A/tccs luadi:
I'Vcia ciiii su
luirtas quo
,M. .• /'-/,„',
IIL' till' \Vi>-
l-lll l'(t/.ll,
ail cr I ale it
iiiiiiK i1. witli
;(!■-. ■■Iliiv
li' iiicnasn
Li^ lals. lis
... nssiiit
;//.. ]'ait iii.,
laiiiia liiii'( n
II iimv sa-
i;,;,M'r ,/»,.,-
ir \'i II. ■ M'l.
tlic 1 iitrails
ivi' n|'(iii va-
isr tlif Alie-
ns tldllVtllt
isaur. . . . ns
issi uinj til ur
When acorns arc scarce tlic Central ( '.ilifornian resorts
to a envious ('.xjiedient to ol)taiii tlieni. Tlie woodpecker,
or cfir/iliitcro as tlie Spaniards call it. stores awav acorns
ior its own n.><e in tlio trunks of trc
I'S.
Kiicl
1 acorn is
placed in a separate hole, which it (Its (piili' tiiihtly.
Tliese the natives take; hut it is iieNcr until hiniLicr
coni[)els them to do so, as they have |:ri'at resjurt lor
their little caterer, ami would hold it sacrileuc to i-oh
him I'.xcept in time of extreme need.''- Wild I'owl are
taken with a net stretched across a narrow stream he-
tween two jioles. one on either hank. l>ecoys are jilaced
on the water just helbre the net. one end of which is
lastened to the toj) ol" the pole on the farther hank. A
line passin,ii' throuizh a hole in the toj) of the pole on the
hank where the I'owler is c(^ncealed, is attached to the
Mirri'f ([ui i'css('inl)lc I'l cclltMlr r(';.^la]itiir (l'F.s])iij,')ir, ('t([ui cruit dans Ics cn-
(li'iiils iiiari'caL;iux.' MurinU r. Siil\<-'-. in llri/'dil. \'i'i/.tii('iil..]]>.'S.'-\l-'.i,'SM.
\\,n
M<i,
niil)al>an(l llirir:
•IS still cat luinian llcsli. M'li'i
/•;.r/./.
tiini.
PI'
Ui'iC, -!). 'I'lic .Mc< Wdcs "rat all cniituns thai swim in tlu' wativs.
ill lliat tly tludiiuU Uk' air, ami all that i'iiti>. crawl, or walk ii|iiinthc caitli
uitli, iHrlia|is a dnzcu cxcciitions,' I'ninrs, in On i-lnml Mmililii. vnl. x., )i
I'JI. ' lis sc miiurissiiit ('Ltalcnii lit d niic csiiccc dc I'atcanx fahinnics iivcc
dn L'laiid, ct <[U ils rmilcnt dans Ir salili- avaiit dc Ic livn
cr a la ciiissuii; id
IJ
VlCllt l]l
11 est \<\
sunt, jcimis ciiciirc, lis dents usees jnsiiu'a la raciiic, ct cii
uiiinic Ic (lit Malle-i!
!(;;« ,',
mj. (11
(id.
V
111
iiiiif,' 1,'irls cainc frmii th
iiriiii. jiarce (lu'ilsinit Ihaliitudc dc Ics linn
While I was slaiidin;4 there a cmijile of jn'i tly
lods, with tlat h,
i ts full of tliiwi i-secd, cinit-
tiiii,'a iiiciiliar fratjraiicc, which tin y also prciiarcil forcatiii.t,'. 'i'luy ]ml sonu
live coals aiiapii'.,' the seed, and swin^'iiiL; it and throw iiiL; it to'^i tin r. to shaki
liie coals and the seed well, and hrini' them in {■onlinual and clu-i
inti
ilhout lnirniiiL; the latter, they roasted it coiiiiiletely, and the mixture
d handful of it, and
I'Ucd
■autiful and refrcshiiii,' th it I tasted a
found it most excellent.' (li rsUinl.' r's •liiiiiii..Y.i\\. S( e farther: Ihuiilinlill
/;■
/'"/.. t
om. 1.
I'l
). It.; I -■); IhiUiisl'i. l.ii I 'iili/'i
). 17t; i.'ihl
in .ScAoo/-
I nii't's .l/'<7/., vol. iii.. \>]i. 10 ;-7. I i;i: W'iiiiiinl. I'dli/nrnii ii, ji]). IT'.t. isl; Ivlhfs
Kl l)i,i-iiihi, Vol. i . ]!. -ll; ]\i(iii\
I-:.
tn Cdl.. vol. ii.
ll'i'K. in I'lii/hir'a FJ Ih.
V
ll:
T
A ii.
li::!; I.,.nVs Xnt.
l:;il
u
vol. 1., p
■J IX:
.'/""■
V
iiiirdiin r ,s'
2 Ml; Luinisilnitr
il.'ii.
.1. ii.
K,: /•;,
/•'/
1'
r-v/..
V
I 'hi.,
V
•if.-i l-:.viilnr. A'.i'., 11]). -.>[■>. •Ill; ,/.-/-/
' ■ill.
'IJ.. tolll. 11., \\\t
,1 V.
Ilili'n FAhii.„i., in /■. S. !■:.>■. /•.'.
vol.
III.. 1)
1I-.
VI.. )
I. 'Iii; I'lilrrrriHr I lull X,
l>i.V.i: llriil,;/, in liiil. Atf. H'j.i.. is.">l, ]>. iJii:!: I'nlnrl.. Mrlhriimii. (iW„d,
H' nil:. .Iniiiis'iii, \'ijii Sriiiiiiill, Mr.\ilniii. Ilnirllii/, and ,/i c'l II. in linl. Jfl'. Hi jit..
\>\>. is. ll-l: /,./ /'
I'll!/., torn, ii., \). "iS-J; Ihljir'.i Lunil nj Hnlil,
I'l'. '211:1 70; lliitcliiiHis' ('ill. .!/'('/., vol. iii., !>]). 411-2; Mii'fi''.i \'
As/., \>i
■"»ii-l; Tlninitnii.'.^ Oiin. mill ('ill.. \>]). ^•l\-i. io2, itKI; Vnli'.i ."^h hli <ii' lln .'^V/c-
■■iiiinilii\'iill,'i/ in \HA'i, M.S.; D'Orl
I'/f'll. .l/.S'.; I),i
lolii, ii.. ]it. ii., ])]). i^i'i-f'r, ICh'i ilil'.i /'
'.'/. '".'/■• !'• I"'": .Mi'l'Hiiiils' F.iirlii Itiii/.-^
/7.V, vol. i., pj). liliK, JiK!; Muhkiqifin'iH, Mijh
I.ifi\ MS.
\Nhcn till' Indian tinds a Irec stocked by tlii' carpcntrT l>ird he 'Idndles
■ at its base and keeps it U|i till the tree fulls, when he hellis himself to
a tire at its 1);
)riis.' Ililp r'.-i Luiul (if (iiihl, p. 201).
370
CALIFORNIAXS.
m
iirc'st end of the net. which in allowed to hiiiiy; 1(
»w,
When the fowl lly rapidly n\i to the (lecovH, this end i.s
Huddenly raised with a jerk, mo that thi> hirds stril\e it
with great Have, and, .stinnied l)y the shock, fall into a
lar;:e pouch, contrived for the pur^jose in the lowei part
of the net;''
I'ish are l)oth speared and netted. A lonji jiole. pro-
jectinji sometimes as nnich as a hundred feet over the
stream, is run out from the hank. The farther <•!'.;! '.y
sunpoi'ted h\- a small raft or huov. Alonuthis hoom the
111 »/ >
net is stretched, the nearer corner hcinj;' held In' a na
tive. As soon as a (ish hecomes entan;^led in the meshes
it can he easily felt, and the net is then hauled in.^^
On the coast a small fish resemhlin*;' the sardine is cauulit
on the heach in the recedinji' waves hy means of a hand-
net, in the maimer i)rai1:.e(l hy the Northern Californiaii
Iieretofore described.
ie Central Californians do '.njt
hunt the whale, hut it is a urei:; »\iv willi them when
one is strain
y
led.'"' In realitv then lood Avas not so had
as some writers assert, liefore the arrival of niineis
jiame was so plentilul that even the la/,y natives could
sup])ly their necessities. The ' nohler race,' as '.isual,
thrust them down upon a level with swine, dohuson
thus describes the feeding' of the natives at Sutter's Fort:
''Long troughs inside the walls were filled with a kind
of hoiled mush made of the wheat-hrtiii; and the In-
dians, huddled in rows upon their knees before these
troughs, cpiickly conveyed their contents by the hand to
tl
le moutn
th
But," writes Powers to the author, '"it
is a well-established fact that (^difornia Indians. 'AA ii
when reared by ^Vmericans from infancy-, if 'ie\ ja\e
93 Biei'lici/'s Vol/ , vol. ii,, p. 7').
"I 'When 11 st>ii-;,'c()U is (•1111','lit, the s))iniil niiiiTow, whi( onsid
dcliciicy, is (iiiiwii out whole, tla-ouj^'li a cut luiuli' iu the hiuk, I di v
raw.' liiirlkU's /'r/'s. Sar., vul. ii., p]). :!2-3.
«' liroirni', in llari)' r's .IAm/.. vol. xxiii., p. lilii.
9'' ' Thi'y cook the tlcsh of this iininiiil iu lioU's dni,' iu tlic i^'voiiin
cur1)cil up with stone like wells. Over this they build lavj^e tins, hi at
thoi'ou^'hly, clean out the coals and ashes, till them with whale tlcNli.
the opeiiini,' with sticks, leaves, j^'rass and earth, and thus bake their r-
FitrnlKiiit'n Lifv in I'nL, p. ;{(i(')-7. 'lis font rotir ci'tte chair dans dcs
creuKus eu tcrru.' Mannkr, \otia', iu Bryant, \'oy. cu Cni, p. 2U7.
liV
1 and
tluni
cover
]iast.'
irons
CAL1I'( )UNIAN WEAPONS.
;]7"
ht't'ii iH'niiltt('(l to associate lU'antinu' witli otlii^rs of tlii'ir
liici', will, in the season of lush hlossoiiiiiiii clover, jio
out and eat it in |)rererence t(» all other fooil.'"'"
in their personal iiahits thev iire lilthy in tlie extreme.
l)oth their (Iwellinjis and thi'ir persons alioinid in ver-
min, which they oitch and eat in the same manner as
theii' northei'n neijihhors.'"^
Their weap»ons are hows and arrows, sjH'Mrs. and somi'-
times chihs. The lirst-nanied do not diil'cr in any es-
sential res|)ect from those ih'scrihed as heinji' used hy
llie .Xorthern ( 'alifornians. They are well made. I'rom
two and a \i H' to three feet lon.ii'. and hacki'il with sinew ;
the strinj;' of wild tla.v or sinew, and partially covered
with hird s down or a piece of skin, to (U'aden the twan^'.
The arrows are short, made of reed or liuht wood,
and winiii'd with three of fonr feathers. The head
is of llint, hone, ohsidian, or volcanic glass, sometimes
harhed and sometimes dianiond-sluqied. it is fastened
loosely to the shal't, and can he extracted only from
a woinid hy cutting it out. Tiie shaft is fre(|nently
painted in order that the owner may he ahle to distin-
uish his own arrows from other;
hears, or
I'atl
ler
javelins, are used, seldom exceeding from four and a half
to live iV'i't in U'ugth. They are made ol' some tough
kind of wood and iieaded with the same materials as
the arrows. Occasionallv the point of the stick is merelv
sharpened and hardened in the lire.'''' The head of the
■'' .A</(/iso)('s Cii!. nml Oipi., ji. l.'i'i; I'mri rs' Afcumd nf .Inlm .1. >»//■ ;•, Ms.;
mill /./.. h lln- III tl,<' mtthni; MS.
'■>^ ■ Jiciiilii'likcit Kriuicii sic iiicht, mul in ilinn Iliittcii siinl ilic divtrsc-
strii i'aiasitcii vi'i'trcti'ii.' W'iiiniirl, ('urifiiniUn, ji. 177. "I liavr s^ tu tliiiii
1 itiii'.; till! vci'iiiiu which they jiickcd t'lDiii ciich other's heads, ami timn their
Maiikcts. .\lthi)Ui,'h they liallie ficiiuciitiy, they lay for hours in the dirt,
haskili',' ill the sun, covered with dust.' I)i liiim'.-i l,'if( untln /'(Vid.s, ]). III)."). 'Ju
tlieir [lersoiis they are cxti'ciuely dirty.' Kat lic^ like the 'I'artars. Ilnrlti i/'.-i
1'"//., vol. ii., ])]). 7i)-7. ' V. 1 \ i'illLy, niid showed less sense of decency in
i\'Y\ respeiit than any wo hud over met vith.' liUihs, in Scliiinlrrii''l's Arch.,
vol.'iii.. p. 11)0.
"■'•Kin lioLjeii init I'feilen und cin S|iiess sind ilire Wafl'eii; alles dicst s
wild iiieisteiis ans jun;4eiii Taiineiihol/ verferti'^t. Die Spit/en der I'feile und
Spirsse histi hen alls seliarfell, kiilistliell liehaileliell Steilleii, Zlir lio'jelisehlii)
inliiiieii sie die Sehiieii wilder Zie),'en; ausserchiii fiihren sie ill Kii.es/iiten
fine .\rt von SclilcinU'r, niit wclcher sie Steiiu! anf eino t,'idsse Kntfernuiij^
Wtifeu.' KuatroiiiUuhoic, iu B<.ur, .ilat. u.. Etlmo., p. 8'J. Jiow 'from three tu
n
m
i ■ i
P.78
CALIFOKNIAXS.
iisliin,ii-s[H'ar is moval)lo. Ix'iuf:' iittacliod to tlio sliul't l)y
!i line, so that wlioii a lish is -truck the ])ole serves as a
lloat. Some ol' the ti'ihes forinerh' poisoned their ar-
i"o\vs, l)ut it is prouable that the ciistosu never prevailed
fimr anil a li:ilf feet loii<,'.' F(iriihinti'n I.'ifc \ii CuL, p. .'iUS. 'Thiiv nrius !in'
clubs, s|iciirs iif liiird wood, mid thr Ikiw and arrow . . Ai'rows arc iiKistly made
ofict'ds." T'ii/I'ii\ ill <'<il. l-'itriii' r, l-'ih. 22, isiin. • J)ii' ciiizi;4c WalVi- /iir I'lvlc-
^'Uiil; dcs Wildes ist iliiu'u (U'r I'mil,'!!! mid Pl'iil.' Wiiininl, ('nUi'uni'K n, ]i. iJSii.
' Tlifir (inly arms were liows and armus.' //'(/■ 's Kthiiiiij., in I'. S. lur. J-.'x.,
vol. vi,, [), 222, Hows 'aliont thirty iiulirs loii^,' . . ..arrows arc a s|)cci(s of
rccd . . , .s[)cars ai'c |ioiutcd with l)onc.' Ihhtnu's l.ifr ati I'luins. ]>.'MH'i, •']']!('
(('.liver of drcssiil dccr-skiii, holds lioth bow and arrows,' liihli.i, in ScIhk,!-
rfd/t's -b'/'., vol. iii,, i>. ]2.'i. 'The ]ioint (of the arrow; its( If is a jii( cc of
Hint (dii]iiied down into a flat diamond sliajie, about the size of a diamond
on a iilayin'.,'-card; the cdi^'es are very sharp, and are iioteh( d to receive the
tendons with which it is lirnily secure(l to the arrow,' ll'irllin-ii-L's Tlinv )'(<i/,s-
//( ('ill., \). bfl, '.Vrrowsaic iiointcd with lliiit, as are also theirsp(ars, which
lire very sliort. 'I'licy do not use the tomahawk or scalpini; knife' Tlinni-
ton'n Oijii. iiii'l Cnl., vol, ii,, p. 1*1. 'Leurs amies sont I'.dv ct les tleches
arme('s dim silcx trcs-artisteiiu'iit travailh'.' /,'( /'•Vok.sc, I'"//- toni, ii., p. oiK").
' Ces arcs sont ei.core ^'ariiis, an milieu, d'liiK^ petite lani('rc de cuir, ipii a
]iour object d'einiK'chcr la llcchc de (h'vier de la position (|u'oii liii doiiiie < ii
la posaiit sur rare.... lis iir<'teiident <pie cette pr('caution rend lenis coups
encore plus siirs. I.,es tli'(dles scuit nioins loli;_'lles (|Uc I'arc, ellcs out onli-
naircnieiit de Sii k S.") ceiitiiii("'tres de lorn;, ellcs sont faites d'nn bois tiv>-
li'^'er et so I it ('stales en j^'rosscur ;i clia(pie cxtr.'miti'. . . .1 'autre ( xtK'miti' di la
tli'che est ;,Mrnie, sur (piatre faces, de barbes en iiliimcs (pii lUit 10 c( iiti-
ni"'trcs de longueur sur (),(ll~) niillini('tres de hauteur,' PilM-'riini'iifn, Vnii.,
tom. ii,, [1. bis. They 'maintain urniories to make their bows, and arrows,
and lanc(s,' Arrows 'are tijiped with barbed obsidian heads. . . .the shaft is
lU'iiameiited with rin;.,'s of the distillL!uishin^' p tint of the owner's ranclnria,
'I'hcir knives and spear-points arc made of obsidian and tlint.' .Xirowsarc
of two kinds, ' one slicu't aiKl liLflit for killing; s^aliie, and the other a war-shaft
nieasuriii'4 a cloth-yard in leiit;th.' Jt'irn's 'I'mi,-.. jip, 121 2. Mis iIiCIks
oil'rei'.; pell de daiiLjer a uiu; ccrtaine distance, a cause de la parabole (pT (Hi s
sold forc(';'s de di'crire, et (pii diuuie it cclui (pie les voit veiiir le tenuis de Ics
I'viici,' .1"/'/', I'o.'/. '■'* '''('.. p. bi't. 'La cordc, faite avec dii ch.invre sylves-
trc, est u'arni(^ d'nn petit movceau dc ]ieau (jui ( n ('toulle Ic sililnieiit.' Mn-
j'f't.-t. /i'l'/i''!)'., torn, ii., p. I!7S; see AHiin, plate 2"). 'line Watfeii liestelicii
nur in llou'eii iind I'feil,' .][,iji!i'iijii'(ir(ll, M'ji-'n, tom. ii.. jiart ii.. |i. loo. ■'I'lc y
have no otleiisive arms at all, exc(>pt bows irid arrows, and these are suiall
and pow« rless. , . ,,Vrrows ar(( about two feet Iohl;.' in rsliii"-hi r's ./"I'/n., p.
'212, ' Soaietinics the bow is merely of wood and rudely made. I'lKindssn, in
KulzchiK'^ Villi., vol, iii,, (I. IH, ' I'licir weapons consist only of bows ainl
arrows; neither the tomahawk nor the sjiear is « ver seen in tin ir hands '
It i(7e// s 1'"//., vol. ii., p. 77, ' .V |iortion of the striiiL; is covered with douny
fur' to deaden the Sound, Arrows are invariiibly pointed with tlint. They
li.ive ' sometimes woodei barbs.' Javelins pointed with Iliiit. or soiiictiiin s
simply sharpened at the end. I'lrlvr'in i'^ Itdna, in l'. >'. A.'.r. /'.'.i'., vol, i\.. p
]<i;i. .Vrrows Were about three feet lont;, and |)ointed with tlint, SlioiL
sp"ars also pointed with Hint, li'i//.•■.^•' Xnr., in /', .*<'. /-.'.i'. F..i\. vol. v., p. 1'.'"'.
'Traian iiiias laii/.is cortas eon sn len'4ii( ta dc ]iedi riial tin bieii labiadas
como si fui'sen de hierro d acero. con solo la difereiicia de no estar li--as
I' lion, .Vi/i ■/'(.•<', in /^l''. Ifht. Mi.i\, scrie iv., tom. y\i.. ]i. p. (is, 'Los mas
de fill IS traian v.iras liu^'iis "ii las manos a modo de lanzas." /(/,, (i, Cd ; /,"/■■/>
,V''^, vol. i.. p. ".il'i: Litiiijsilofff'.^ I "i/., vul, ii,, p. Kiij; Li/c of 'mi', L. II.
liil I IK, III/ his So:, ^tS.
TATTLES AND ^WEAPONS.
r^ — f-i
111 J
to jinyfrroat extent, ^l. dii Petit-Tliouars avos told tliat
tliey used ibr this purpo.se a si)eeies of cliniltiiiij,' plant
\vliieli fzrows in shady places. Jt is said that tliev also
l)ois(>ii their weapons Avith the venijui oi' s(.'r[)ents."'*^'
IV'di-o laiics iiiiTitions that the natives in the '.'oiiiitry
round St' II Miuuel use a kind of sal)re. made of hai'd
wood, shaped like a cinieter, and ediivd with shar[) Hints.
Ti)is tliey t'lnploy for huntinu' as well as in war, and
with such address that they rarcl\- j'ail to hrcak the le;
of the animal at which thev lrai-1 it.
iiii
]>attles. thonuh lrei|iient, weiv not attended \\ith nnich
loss of life. Mach side was anxious for the (iiilit to he
over, and the first l)lood would often terminate tiie cou-
test. Challeni^inij; hy heralds ohtained. Thus the Shu-
nieias challenge the Pomos ])\- nlacinu' three little sticks,
notched in the middle and at hoth ends, on a mound
which marked the houndary l)etween the two trihes. If
the Tomos accept, they tie a sti'inji' round the middle
notch. Heralds then meet and arran^tie time and [)lace
..,..1 fi... i..,f+i,- ,.,„.., iV ;..+,..i iifj \ ,,.....„>,.
anil
th
l)a
ttl
e comes o
If
as ani)oni
W
ited,
Ai
nonii' some
trilies. children are .H'lit hy nnitual arran^ii'ment into the
enemy s ranks durint:' the heat of l»attle to jiiclv up the
fallen arrows and carry them hack to their owners to he
UM'il aLiain."" W hen liiihtinii'. they stretch out in a lon,u'
>inL:le line and endeavor h\- shouts and ue.stuivs to in-
tuuida
te tl
le loc
Ml
/■./.7-77,.
m /.'
' /'N, 111
A'.
•//., tmii. ii., ]). Kl'.l.
S'l'l'iii-. ill llri/iiiil,
liiiiilv till' S.i'ii Miuiicl iif 1'
'.'/• ' "
'■"/.
'/•s I'".'/.. 1^ 1 1, toni. fi.
KU; ^r<
]'
It is iiniMis
s>iM.. to 1,
ati' with cii-
'I'iii II' ai'i' iiiiw si'Vi ral iilaccs of the liaiiii'
ill (aiiliiiiiia. iif which the .S.iii Mi-iul in S.iii Luis ( )liis]iii ('(Hiiit_\
iiii'st thi' iTuiiPii ill whii'h. to iiu'ii'i
.ilh lii>
liavi' hciii ,'it till' tiliii'
'J'l
. II 1 ,11 i.;livi'. Fa^'cs must
liiiirti r iiiriiti.iiiiil liv him. iiirst liavi' strmi'^lv
ivMiiiMi'il t!
Ic ///.(
I'arlhi 1' south that hi
./.'.(/, i/WnftI
n- alicli 11
t M
I xiralis, aliil it was [mssilily liiurh
saw It.
'11- I'llll'lfs'
iiii i;,iit. /,',
/•
./, .1.
ii'> • Siiiloi ciitriii' 111
MS.: S,ilU 1/ .1/.
/., is'ii;.
(":;<■. !>
l<;;).
I I lltnliallcli) calltlrns
militans mczrlailns ilc ix-
tlauiiH iilaiidiis; y Mi'iisliiiiihiali fniniaisc Ins (•aiiiiiiiiin s c ii ilns l.m as iiiny
i|''i\lliias iiara l■lll^' /uv ilisiial'iinl
iiali.
■•lii
tlr.l
laziis. Coiiiii iillK ill' sils [il'iliri-
lisisti' 111 lutimiilar al i tuluiun. JiaiM ciiiisc'iuillo |iVorUl'a cail.'i
I'.uti'i.. :i;ii' ii|;,M I 1 I'ciiitrariu li.s ini'palativ
il.' la hiitalla.' ^l'^7 »/ Mi
j>. I7i>. "On I'oiiiiiii,' in si'_'lit of till' ( iiiiiiy till y furiii in an r\-
ti iiiliil liiir, Kiinii thiiiL; liUi' li'.,'lit infantry, ainl shmitiii','. lil.i liarchaiials
liiM'i fiiijii siili' 1.1 siilc to 111! VI lit thi- fill.- fioiii taking tlililn rati' aim." Vi'i-
VH'l
I
380.
CALIFORNIANS.
Xohvithstanding the mildness of their disposition and
the inlerioiity of their Avea[)oiis. the Central Californians
do not Lick coura<i;e in battle, and when captured will
meet their fate with all the stoicism of a true Ind.ian.
For many years after the occu})ation of the counti-y hy
the Spaniards, by abandoning their villages and l,\ing
in ambush upon the approach of the enemy, they were
enabled to resist the small sfpiads of Mexicans sent
against them from the presidios for the reco\ery of de-
serters IVom the missions: During the settlement ol' the
country by white people, there were the usual skirmishes
growing out of wrong and op[)ression on the one side,
and retaliation on the other; the usual uprising among
miners and rancheros, and vindication of border law,
which demanded the massacre of a village for the steal-
ing of a cow.
Trespnss on lands and abduction of women are the
usual causes of war among themselves. Op[)osing armies,
on ai)proaching eacii other in battle array, dance and leap
Irom side to side in order to [)revent their eni-mies jrom
taking di'liberate aiu\ L'})on the invasion of their ter-
ritory they ra})idly convc}' the intelligent by means of
signals. A great smoke is made ui)on the nearest hill-
top, whi(;li is quickly repeated upon the surrounding
hills, and thus a wide extent of country is aroused in a
remarkably short time.
The custom of scalping, though nt^t universal in Cali-
fornia, was practiced in some localities. The yet more
iKirbiu'ous habit of cutting oil* the hands, feet, or head
of a lidlen enemy, as trophies of \ictory, jtri'vailed nioit:
widely. Tiny also plucked out and carefully preserxetl
the eyes of the slain.
It has been asserted that these savages were cannibals,
and there seems tt» be good reason to believe that tlity
did devour pieces of the tlesh of a renowni'd enemy slain
in battle, lluuian ilesh was. however, not eaten as food,
nor for the pur[)ose of wreaking Aengeance on or show-
ing hate for a dead adversai-y. l»ut because they thought
that by eating part of a brave man they absorbed a }tor-
IMPLEMENTS AND MANUFACTURES.
881
tion of his courage. They do not appear to have kept
or sold prisoners a.s slaves, but to have either exchanged
or killed them.'""'
They are not ingenious, and manufacture ])ut few
articles reciuiring any skill. 'J'lie princii)al of these are
the baskets in which, as 1 have already mentioned, they
,;.:iy water and hoil their food. They are made of line
grass, so closely- woven as to he perfectly water-tight,
and are fre(|uently ornamented with feathers, beads,
shells, and the like, worked into them in a very pretty
maimer. Fletcher, who visited the coast with Sir Fran-
cis Drake in 1 -379, describes them as being ■" made in
lashion like a deep l)oale, and though the matter were
rushes, or such other kind of stulle, yet it was so ctni-
ningly handled that the most i)art of them would hold
water; about the briuimes the}' were hanged with peeces
of tlie shels of })earles, and in some i)laces with two or
three liidxcs at a i)lace, of the chaines Ibrenamed
and besides this, tiuy were wrought vpon with the matted
dowue of red feathers, distinguished into diners workes
and ibrmes."'"' The baskets are of various sizes and
'"'' In tlif virinity of Fort TJoss: 'In ihron Krioj^'r'n wivd Unrrsclirockon-
lifit ^,'1 iu-litit : ^,'if:iiit,'tin; Fciliili' todtct mall iiiclit, sinulcni wtclisi It sic iiiuli
Ixi'iidii^teiii Kiiiiijifi- alls; nic vcnirtluilt iiiau sic zu Sklavtii.' Ilm r, Slat.
V. Kll'iiii,, p. 77. Near Fiatlur Itivtr ' tlicy ciirrv otl' tluir dead to jircvcut
llu-ii- litiiii,' scalprd. wliic'li next after dcatli llicv arc most fearful of.' /i'i7///'s
/.".r.i//'.s;f,„ In I'ltl., Mil. ii . J). H:i. Ill the Sacraineiitd Valley 'the Califoriiiaiis
ilitl'rr fiKiii the other North .Viiierieaii trilii's ill the absence of the tomahawk
iind of the iir.ietti-e of sealpin;^.' I'h'l,<r!iiii's Hiirrs, in [', S. Ex. /'.'.I'., vol. ix.,
ii. IdX. At (liar Lake, 'they do not scalp the slain.' Itnrir's Tnni-., p. 122.
11 the vicinity of San Francisco •occasional!;, . they appear to have eat( n piecert
of the liodies of their more di>tin:.4uished adversaries killed in liatlle.' Siinlr's
j\iiiiiils of Sim Fiiiiiris'D. p. .">2. At .Moiii'rey, ' lors(|u'ils avaieiit vailicii et
luis ;i iMort sur le champ de liataille des chefs <iu des liommes tres-coiira;,'eux,
IK en iiiaii'^'.iieiit ipiehpies inorceaiix. nioiiis en sIljiic de liailie et de veii^'eance,
i]Ue comme 1111 homiiia,i{i' c|n'ils leiidaieiit a hur vahur, et dans la persua-
Sinii ijiie cette noiiriture etait |iropre a ail^'meliter Icnr coUI'muc.' /,(' /'< Voi/sc,
I'"//., toiii. ii.. ]). :iiM!. • Muchc.s iiidios armados de arco y tlechas y Uamalido-
los viliieriiii ll'.et,'(i y me rei,'alaron miuhos de ellns tlechas, (pie IS (litre ellos
la mayor demostracioii (1( )ia/.' I'ali'H, Xaticins, in l)<ic. Mix. Ili.'^t., serie iv.,
toiu. vii , ]). ."):). At Santa Cniz tiny eat slices of the tlesh of a laave talleti
enemy, thiiikini; to ^jaiii some of ins valour. They ' take the scal]is of their
• Ueluies . . they pluck out theeyesof their enemies.' Funiliniii's l.ij'i in I'ul.,
Ji. H7tt. ' (lefali'.'elie werdell niclit lalli^'e ^^ehaltell, sollderil ^,deicli •,'cti'>dt( t,'
Winiiiiil. CiiH/nnii'ii. p. 17«. Ill order to intimidate their enemies 'conieteii
Cull (1 propio tin en lis |iriinera» vfctimus luscrueldudes umshorrorosits,' ISidil
y M x'li-iiini. \"ni:i\ ]>. 17li.
'*«' DraLx'n H'mid Ein.otii}!., p. 120.
it
''^9
<\li
I t
I
382
CALIFOKNIANS.
slinj'.'s, tlio most common heiiijr conical or uielo and flat.
I'lair pipes are straight, the howl Ix'inji' merely a con-
tinuation of the stem, only thicker and hollowed out.'"
It is a sinjiular fact that these natives ahout the hay'
of San Fraiiciseo and the regions adjacent, had no canoes
of any (lescri[)tion. Their only means of navigation
v.ere hundles of tule-rushesaljout ten feet long and thre(;
cr four wide, lashed firndy togethei' in rolls, and ])()inted
at hoth ends. Thev were prt)[)elled. either end loiemost.
♦villi long douhle-hladed paddles. In calm weathei', and
on a river, the centre, or thickest part of tlu'se rafts
might he tolerahly drv. ])ut in rough water the rower,
who sat astride, was up to his waist in water.'"'' It h;is
'117 '^Miilcc liaskcts of till" l)urk of trees." FurnlKtiii's JJfi
III
fill.
Un]iv
ii very ili;4eiii(iiis stiaw liox for keejiiiii,' their worm liaif alive
it in tlie earth, vet not alh)\viiii,' the worms to esea
;/■■
I'"'
ifnil ,
hnr
■i,il,'
V
■ J)ie ^;e\V()hUehste Form fiir (hii Koi)]ist liallx-ouisch, ;i I'lis
I IS /(ill hreit.' Wiiiiiiiil, ('iili/nriiii ,1, \i. IS-2. ' Their liaskets. luaile of
nil'' un
Villous, are pel
fecth
-ti''llt.' Jliliiiiii's l.'it'r oil till' liilii
;!(!.<
Th
sometimes ornament the smaller ones with lieads, jicaii-shell. tVathels, ,Ve.'
Iliriy.'a Tiiiir.. \}. ll'l. ' Lenrs niortiers de jiieire tt divers unties utinsili s
sont artistii[iiem( nt incnisti's de nioieeanx de iiaere de perle. . . Lrarnissi lit
leiir ealebasses et leiir eniches d'oUvra''es de vaiinerie lilodes avee di s lils-
lelies iin'<'lles tireli
t de diviM'ses raeines.
.)/-/
lilh',
Chill
::t:i: l.im is'h>rj}"s \'"i/., vol. ii., ji. Km: /•',
.\'e/if(', in llif/iiiil, ]'iij/.iii.
•Ill's Kfjiliif. J:
V
in Srhniilrni/rs Afih., vol. iii.. \k 1(17: Mohns. l-yjilnr., toiii. ii., ji. liii":
in h'lihi hill's Viiij., vol. iii., [i. -IS; I'.nilui-i -l/s Tlinv Wars in I'nl.,
1
). KM: ll'iiiihohll. Kssiii l;,l., t
111'* .l/.('0' llf's .In
P
17
om. I., p
M (lea
M.
Lake 'tin ir canoes or rather raft^
are iiinde of Immllesof the tuh' plant.' h"il>t,s. in Srlimilniifl's Anh.. vol. iii.,
]i. 107. At San Fr.ineisco IJay and \ieinit_v 'the only eaiiots of the Indian*
are made of ]ila led leeds.' hotziliitr's ,\iir I'ni/., vol. ii., p. './('. ' i hey do
noi possess horses or canoes of any kind: they only know how to fasti ii
to'^ether liiiiidles of rushes, which carry them o\er (he water tiy tin ir com-
j.arative liL;li(iiess.' ('Iiiiniissit, in Ivitnlni' '.-< '",'/.. vol. iii., ji. 4S. 'Les Jii-
(lieiis font leiir pin);^nes ii I'instunt oii ils veiih nt eiitrejinnd
])ar
•II.
sont en rosisiiix. Lors(jiie Ton y eiiti
Al
■e nil voyai,e
■lit a
OS S < lllplls
niojtie il'eau: ill' sorte (lu'iissis. Ton en a jns-ipi'aii eras de la jaihln-: on \i:
fail aller avee des nviroiis extrcinenieiit lon;^s, ct jioinliisaux dt u\ i xtieiiiiii
r/,.
\''ii/. I'ilt., jiart iii., p. (>
Hii
had previously usi d Imats nia<le of rushes. I'irl.ii'ni'j's
o lioats. lull it was l» [lorh d thai Ihi y
/.'
r
/•.■,
vol. IX., p
tioii I had
l(l:i.
heheld.
'I'lic' most rude and sorrv eoiitrivaiiei s for emliiui
Thev were coiistriictid of rushes and dried uia^^s
of a loll.,' Iiroad leaf, made up into rolls the li ii^th of the canoe, the Ihieki st
in tl
le mill
iiid re'.,'ularly tapering' to a point at each end.
lie verv ill calcul.iti d to contend with wind and w.ivi
'I'l
'I'l"
d 1.
duet.
(ll.ir .•alio.' oi' v. ss.l liy lom,' dolllile lil.t.l. il j:ad.llis. liki^ th.ise us.il by the
]■:
;.pumaii\.
r.
r
of the liulrush
K. I.l.im lise al
•//.. \ol. 11 . p
lis
elltin Iv foili;. .1
iimolilvdi.' rowers sit on them soal.il in wal. r.
;lh<
th
/•'.
'"/.. Ji. i'.'l. Huilil no (alio, s, 1 ut
D.'.'asi.nially make use of ra'ts comj.os.d of one or two lo;;s, ^'.iieially
r. N. Ex. A',.'., vol. v., i«. VM.
M';//,.
■I'iu'' of the li.'at kind known amo
th.
11
ll i
i'.al
sa
th
.lll^
s constructe.l .■nlii. h "f
NO BOATS IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY.
383
Ixrii nsst'i'tcd that tlicv own ventured far out to soa on
tlu'Mi. hut that this was counuou I uuich (U)ul»t.
iif.i
Tl
U'\-
WX'IV US(.
ful t(
() si)C'ar
llsh i'roui. l)ut lor Uttk' else ; in proof
pn
R'
of which 1 may mention, on the authority of K041
I'cuil. that in 1801)-11, the Koniajzas ennjloyed hy tlie
Kussians at Ilodeiiii. hilled seals and otters in San I'l'an-
cisco Uay under the very noses of the S})aniards. and in
spite of uU the lattei". who ai)[iear to have had no hoats
of their own. could do to prevent them. In their lidit
skin haidarkas. each with [ilaces for two i)ei'sons only,
these bold northern 1)oatmen would dro[> down the coast
froiu I)Oile,;:a Hay. where the Russians were stationed,
or cross over I'roui the I'arallones in tleets of irom I'orty
to lifty hoats. and enterin^ii' the (Jolden (hite creep alonj;'
tliv> northern shore, beyond the rrnge of the Pi'esidio's
Liin;^. securely establish tlu'mselves u})on the islands of
the ba\ :uid pursue their axocation nnmolesteil. j-'or
thi'cc ycai's. nauu'ly fi'om IcSOll to ISIl, these northei'n
li^hcriuen held jiossession of the hay of San Francist'o.
wlivj; which tiuie tluy ca[)tured over ei^tiht thousand
(li
otters. l'"iuall\-. it occurri'd to the u'overi
lor
Don 1
UlS
Ar^ii'iello. that it would be well for the Spaniards to have
boats of their own. Accordingly ionr were built, but
tbcv were so (duuisily const rut'ted. ill e(pii]ipcd. and
pO()ily maimed, that had the Iiussians and Kouiaiias felt
disposed, they coidd easily have continued their incur-
sious. Once within the I'utrance. these northern bar-
ii.iniuis wi
I'c masters ol' the ba\. and such
was
tl
len'
M'Msc of >ccui't\ tl:at they would sometimes \'euture foi'
a timi' to strcti'li tln'ir liudis upon the shore. Tbe cap-
ture oj' sc\cral of their number, howexei-. by tbe sol-
diers iVoui the fort, made tbeui uiore war\' thei'catter.
Maurelle. who t
ouciiei
1 at Point Arenas in 1 < 7">. I)ut did
I'lilni'ilics. . .sit ll.it ii)niii till' crafi. soakril in watir, lilyinur tin ir ]iail.lli's. . . .
i:in,t (if tluui ill all kiiuls tif wcatlur. air ( itlnr luliiw, m- oil a 1> \i I w ilii the
V it( r.' l-'ii,iiliiiiii's l.ii'i ill ('ill., ]\. 'M'iS. ■ My (i]iilliiiii is tliat tin- ili(iialisi.f
t ilil'iiriiia. ]ircvi(pns lo tin' occupatidiL 1>y tlii' .Icsiiit Fat In is had im (itlnr
1"! 1I-. than those made fmiii the tulr, and ivcu as late as ISIH, i lu vir kiuw
nr ii'Mid (if ail Indian usiii.; any otlnr' I'lnljis' Lilln', MS.
'''•' I'ii-hrlii'i's 7,'(((.'.s', iu ('. ,S. L'j:. J-J.v., vol. ix., p. 1(13; C/v./i/.s. ',s .\iit.
Wudtli. ji. -JJ, '
3S4
CALIF0RNIA\8.
not enter the l)ay of San Francisco, says tliat "a vast
niinil)or of Indians now presented tlieinsehxs on both
points, who ])assed from one to the other in small canoes
made of I'ule, where they talked loudly for two hours
or more, till at last two of them came alongside of the
s!ii[), and most liberally presented us with plumes of
leathers, rosaries of bone, jiaruients of feathers, as also
•larlands of the same materials, which they wore round
their head, and a canister of seeds which tasted nuich
like walnuts." The only account of this voyajie in my pos-
session is an Ihijilish translation, in which "canoes made
of fule" mijiht easily have been mistaken for boats or
iloats of tule."" Split lojrs were occasionally used to
cross rivers, and fre(piently all means of transportation
were dispensed with, and swimming resorted to.
Captain Phelps, in a letter to the author, mentions
liaving seen skin l)oats, or baidarkas, on the Sacramento
lUver, but su[)poses that they were left there l)y those
same Russian employes."^ Vancouver, speaking of a
canoe which he saw below Monterey, says: "Instead of
being C()UH)osed of sti"aw. like those we had seen on our
first visit to San Francisco, it was neatly formed of wood,
nnich after the Xootka fashion, and A\as navigated with
much adroitness by four natives of the country. Their
l)addles were about four feet long with a blade at each
end; these were handled with great dexterity, either
entirely on one side or alternately on each side of their
canoe." "' 1 account for the presence of this canoe in
the same manner that Captain Phelps accounts i'or the
"" liivjHpfmirs Vol/., pp. 25-0. Tulo is nn Aztec word, from tulloi, sipni-
fviiij^ rushrs, rtiii,'s, or rccilH. Molina, \'(>rah)il(iri<>. Mendozit says that vliiu
till' (iiK'iciit Mt'xitMiis urrivcil at the siti' of Mexico, it wiis ii conipliti' swiiiiip,
oovtrccl ' odU j,'r!iiiili's iiiiitorriilcs <lt' ciu'ii, (pio lliiinaii tnli.' KsiiUcar'inn ihi
t'oiliir, in lun'iftlioriiinili'x Mux. .[ ili<i., vol. v., ji. 40. That the Sjiaiilanls
Ihcuiselves ha<l not lioats at this time is also asserted iiy Kotzelun;: 'Tliat
iio one ha!» yet attempted to Imild even the siniph'st eanoe in a country wliiili
])roduees u superabundance of tlie finest wood for the jiurjiose, is a striluiii,'
])roof of tlie indolence of the Spauiards, uud the stupidity of the Indians.'
J\'vic Vol/., vol. ii.. p. '.'().
111 /'//.//-s' Irlh'i; MS.
112 \'(ini'onri'r\'< Voi/., vol. ii.. p. 4V>i. 'Sending; off n man with great ex-
pedition, to vs in u canow.' J>r(tla's World Eacoiiip., yi. li'J.
i
CHIEFTAINSHIP AND ITS KIGHTS.
383
.skin canoos on tlio Sacramento, and think that it must
have conic either from the wuth or north.
The probable eaut<e of this absence of lx)ats in Cen-
tral CaUfbrnia is the scarcity of suitable, favoral>ly lo-
cated timber. T)oul)tless if tlie banks of the f^acramento
.lud the shores of San Francisco liay had been lined with
large straight pine or fir trees, their -waters would ha\e
been fdlcd with canoes; yet after all, this is but a poor
excuse; for not oidy on the hills and mountains, at a
little distance from the water, are forests of fine trees,
but (juantities of driftwood come floating down every
streaui diu'ing the rainy season, out of which surely suf-
ficient material could be secured for some sort of boats.
Sliolls of different kinds, but especially the variety
known as (Cihi/e, form the circulating medium. They
are [)()lished, sometimes ground down to a certain size,
and arranged on strings of different lengths."''
Chieftainship is hereditary, almost without exception.
In a few instances I find it depending u})on wealth, in-
fluent'c, family, or prowess in war, but this rarely. In
some parts, in default of male descent, the females of
the family ai'c empowered to a})})oint a successor.^'^ Al-
though consi(lera1)le dignit}' attaches to a chief, and his
family are treated* with consideration, yet his power is
limited, his ])riucipal duties consisting in making i)eace
aud war. and in appointing and presiding over feasts.
Every band has its separate head, and two or even
"^ Tlio sli(>lls 'theyln'oke and nil)l>iil dinvn to a circnlar sliapo, to the
tiizf of a iliiiic, and strunt;tlifni on a Ihi'iad of sinews.' 'I'ni/h'r. in ' 'ul. F'Iiiik r,
Miircli '1. iMiO. 'Tliifc kinds of luomy wire (Hi|ilo_vi'd . . . wliite sin 11-1 ■( ads,
or vatliti- linttons, jiicrcid in tht* ccntn^ and strung tof^'cthcr, wtic latrd at
?•") a vanl; pi'riwinklfs, at SI a yard; fancy niarinc shoUs, at various iiiccs,
from S:t to !:?H), or i?lj, act'ordinj,' to their lieauty.' I'mrirs, in OnvUind
M'uillih/. vol. X., ]). '.il~).
'" 'I'hn ottii'o iif chief is hereditary in the male line only. The willows
and daughters of the chiefs are, however, treated with distinction, and .ire
ii'it reijuii'i d to work, as other women, liiifltci/'s \'i>i/., vol. ii., ]). 7;!. In
one case near Clear Laki, when ' the males of a family had Income i xtiiu t
and a female only remained, she appointed a idiief.' d'ihlis, in N.7/i/f</')V(;Y'.s'
.l/v7t., vol. iii., p. 112. At the I'ort of Sirdinas ' dnriniil dos nuehisin la
ca[)itana una India anciaua, <[U(! (>ra seii'ira de estos pueblos, iicomxiaiiad*
Je muchus Indios.' Sutil ij JUaxicana, Viiuje, p. xxxii.
Vot. 1. 25
3.SG
CALIFORNIANS.
i \
■ A
I'll'
i ■}
tliroo lifivo boon known to preside ut tlie same time.""'
Sometinu's when .several ])an(ls are dwellinjj; to>:etlier
they are united under one head chid", who, however, cni-
not act ibr thc^ whole without considtinti' the lesser duels
I'ractieally, the heads of ianiilies rule in their own
circle, and their internal arrangements are seldom intei-
lered with. Their medicine-men also wield a very pow-
erful inlhience among' them."'' F^ometiuies. when a fla-
grant nuu'dcr has ))een committed, the chiefs meet in
council and diH'ide upon the punishment of the offender.
The matter is, however, more frequently settled hy the
relatives of the victim, who either exact ))lood for hlood
from the murderer or let the thing droj) for a considera-
tion. Amoug the Necshenams revenge nuist he had
within twelve months after the nnu'der or not at all."'
According to Fletcher's narrative, there seems lohaxc
been nmch more distinction of raidv at the time of Diakes
visit to California than subsecpient travelers ha\ e seen ;
,i3
"■'• Tlio Kiiinainoahs hiul three hprcclitiiry chiefs. Oi'ihs, in ScIicoIrrnjT.'i
Arch., vol. ill., [>. lil.'t.
i"'lii Jliissiaii l.ivpv Viilloy niul thovioinity: ' Dir .Achtiinj; (h'l' niim fiir
don Vati'i' ht'Lttc. ^ilit liantiL; (luf den Solm iilier; uber die (iew.ilt des (ilur-
hiinptes ist ill! Allj^'tuieineii sehr nichtit,'; <!< iiii es .stelit ciniiii jeden fiti,
Kcineii < lel)ni'ts<irt /ii verlassen nnd einen andi ivn Aufentluilt zii \v:ilil( n.'
Jiwr, Sliil. II. FJliun., jij). 77-H. ' Derjenij^'e. der inn nieisten ■Ativerwaiultc
besitzt, wird als Ifauptlin^,' oder Tojon luierliaiint; in f^riisseren Wulmsilzi n
{j;ieht es niehvere sdIcIht Tojnne, aher ihi'c Ant(jril;it ist ni<'hts Ka;jinil. Sic
habei
Kiisir
•diT das lleelit zu befehlen, noeh (hii l'n''( liorsani /u ziic hti''f ii.
ri>iiiii"ii('ii\ m
llw r, Kt'il. II. Ethno.. p. Hi\. At (. lear Lake elii, fd.
heivdit.aiy. Hilihs, in Srhoolcrdt't's Airli., \o\. iii., ]>. 112. Se(> also j>p. l(i:t,
110. AiuoHL,' the (iualaliis nnd (lallinonierf)s, chieftainshi]) was heiedilarv.
>r ;!(> jiersons riladd to
21)
Tho Saiii'ls live in laVLje lints, each containin
eiieh other, each of these, families has its own I'overniiieiit. The (dniaclios
paid vi>'inntary trihnte for support of chief. /''
y.
^fS. in thi' Sii
raniento \'a]ley a chic f has more authority than that arisint,' merely fimii his
personal rhara<'ter. /'i^/.o'Jm/'.s' Hmin, in /'. S. E.v. /-.'.i'., vol. vi,, ]i. I( n. < 'n tlie
coast between San Diej^'oand San Francisco, in the vicinity of San Mit;i!rl
' cha(pie villaL;eest L;onvern('despoti(iuenient par un clu f (pii est seid aihitre
do hi paix et de la L;iierre.' Fni/i'^, in Xonirlhs .l/uia/cs /.lis Vny., WW, tola.
ci., ]). bi;{. See also MdniiiiT, Xdtire, in liri/'Uil, Voii.vn Cal., ji. "227; tlintl,
ill IikJ. Atf. Ilvpf., IH."))!. p. 241; (ii-r.'itiifrhrr'.i ,Ji<iir)i., p. 2i3; Jll-ilnire t'lm-
lienne ih' hi Col., p. ."iJ: Wliiunrl, ('alifornien, pp. 177-!S.
delitocasi deseonocido rn ambus naciones. Enfre los
1" 'Elrol
lo ira nn
Itunsienes se niirabi {juasi con indiferencia el homicidio; pero no asf < iitr^
h)s Eslenes. los <piales casti^'aban al deliiupicnte con pena demnerte.' >■»/(/'/
^[v.l•il^lm't, \"iiiii'\ ]i. 171. ' Im Fall ein Indianer ein Verhrecheii in ire( lul
pinem Sfannne venibt hat, nnd die lliiuptlinge sich bestimmt, haben ihu /a
todten, so L,'eschieht dies dnrch l{o},'en nnd I'feil.' iri»u;ic'/, Cuiij'unikn, pp.
177-b; I'oinrs, in Unrlawl Mordhly, vol. xii., p. 24.
|l|i
>r.1
RULERS OF NEW ALBION.
887
Sclioiilrraft'.i
liowevcr, allowniico must be made for tlie exaggerations
in\arial)ly Ibuiul in the reports of early voyagers. In
proof of tliis, Ave have only to take up ahnost any
hook of travel in foreign lands printed at that time;
wlierein dragons and other impossible animals are not
Old}' /A)()logieally described, ])ut carefully drawn and en-
giiived. as well as other marvels in !•' lance. Cap-
tain Drake had several temptations tc o. ggei'ate. ^fhe
richer and more important the country he discovered,
the more would it redound to his credit to have been the
discoverer; the greater the power and authority of the
chief who formally made over his dominions to the
([lU'cn of England, the less likely to be disputed Mould
he that sovereigns claims to the ceded territory. I'letcher
never s[)eaks of the chief of the tribe that received Drake,
hut as "the king,' and states that this dignitary was
treated with great res[)ect and ceremony by the courtiers
who surrounded him. These latter were distinti'uished
I'roni the canaille by various badges of raid\. They
wore as ornaments (chains "of a liony substance, euery
liiikc or pai't thereof being very little, and thinne, most
liiK'ly burnished, with a hole pierced through the mid-
(lest. The number of linkes going to make one chaine.
is in a manner infinite: but of such estimation it is
amongst them, that few ])e the persons that are admitted
to wcare the same; and enen they to whom its lawfull
to ust' them, yet are stinted what nundier they shall vse,
as some ten, some twelue, some twentie, and as the\- ex-
ceed in number of chaines. so therel)y are they knowne
to he tlie more honorable personages." Another mark
of ilistinction was a "certain downe. which groweth vp
ill the countrey vpon an herhe nnich like our lectuce,
which exceeds any other downe in the world for fine-
iiessc. and beeing laved vpon their cawles, by no winds
''ail he remoued. Of such estimation is this herhe
amongst them, that the downe thereof is not lawfull to
he worne, but of such persons as are a])out the king (to
whom also it is permitted to weare a plume of feather
on their heads, in signe of honour), and the seeds are
;)88
CALIFOIINIANS.
: n
not vsod but ondy In sacrifice to tlioir gods." The king,
Avho wjis gorgeously attired in skins, with a crown ol'
leather-work npon liis liead, was attended ))y a regnliii-
hody-giiard, unilorinly dressed in coats of skins. His
«!()ining was announced by two heralds or ambassadors,
one of whom ])i-om[)ted the other, during the proclaniii-
tion, in a low voice. His majesty was jjieceded in tlic
}>i'ocession l)j "a man of 'arge body and goodly asi^'ct,
hearing the septer or royall nia(!e;" all of which h!i[)-
peued. if we may believe the worthy chaplain of the
expedition, on the coast just above k^an Francisco l^ay,
three hundred years ago.'"*
Slavery in any form is rare, and hereditary Ixmdiigo
unknown."'' rolygamy obtains in most of the tribes,
although there are exceptions.'"" Jt is conuuon lor
a. man to maiM'v a whole family of sisters, and some-
times the mother also, if she happen to be free.'"^ Jliis-
"t A>)V(/,t's Worhl Eiirowp., pp. 124-G.
"'' Wiiiiiidl, ('iilifuriiii'ii, J). 17!s.
''" Niiir Sail Fiiincisco, ' ttiiiciido nindias riingfros, sin quo riitvf rlLn
H(f oxjicviiiiciittt la luciior ciiiuluciDii.' I'lilnn. \"nlii ilr. JiiKijiiro Sci-ra, ji,
'2l7. At Moiitcicy "111 i)oly},'iiiiiic Iciir t'tait jiciiiiisc.' J.k /'cVokw, I'i'//.,
toiii. ii., J). ;ii:!. In 'J'liolimiiii' ('niiiily ' jiolv^Miiiy is iiriicticcd.' lldhij. \n
liiil. .If/'. It' III., 185!i. j>. '21i. .\t ( 1< ar liakc • iiolvj^aniy is iinicticcd only l.y
llii' cliiffs.' Ill nri's Tmir. j). 125. ' Jjci niaiiclicii Staiiiiiu'ii winl Milwi On ii i
ficstattft.' W'iiiiiiiil, I'lili/iirii'fii.i). ITS. 'A man uflcii niarrifs a whcili' family,
till! niiitlu'i' and licr ilau),'htt'rs. . No jialousits ovi-r aiiin ar aiming' tlusc fuiu-
iiics of wives.' h'ornli'dii's Lifii In I'nL, \). .'}il7. 'An Indian man may have as
111. my wives as he fan keeji; Vmt a woman cannot have a jilinality of liii^;-
h mils, or men to whom she owes obedience.' tilth Kslnii, in >:fliifiilirii;l's Anli.,
V 1. iv., |). 211. In the Sacraiiii iito V.dley ' the iie n in j,'eiKral liave hut oin'
wife.' Ph-hniiijA /iV/ccs, in U.S. H.v. A'.r., vol. ix., p. IdS. Mtf these lii-
(liiiiis it is reported that no one has more than on<! wife.' ]\'Uli-s' Xur., in
If. S. A',c. A'.i'., vol. v., )). '201. 'Entre los llmisieiies y Esleiies n.t < ra jier-
iiiitido a cada liom'ire tener mas de una niii^,'er.' .S'(//('/ // Mn'iiniut, ]"ii(;:i-. p.
170. .\t Clear Lake and down the coast to San Francisco ]>ay 'they liave
lint, one wife at a time.' (lilihs, in Schiiiilrrii/t'n Anli.. vol. iii., p. ll'i. In tlie
vicinity of Fort l{oss ' es ist nich I'liaiiht iiiehr ills eine Fran zii IimIm ii.'
K'lalroinituwiir, in Huer, Slut. ii. Etlnio., ]i. S8. In the coiintiy round San
Miguel ' nuii-senlenK'iit cc capitaine a lu droit d'avoir deux feiiimes, tamlis
cpie les tuitres Indielis n'eii out (pi'nne, mais il pent les renvoyer (plaiul ci l.i
lai plait, pour en prendre d'ailtres dans In villa;,'e.' Ftu/i.-i, in Mininlli's AKiidr.-i
(l.'S Voij., IHll, toiii. ci., p. HJ:i. See ul.so Manitiir, \()liie, in Uryanl, Vi'ij.
en duL, p. -I'l".
'•" At Monterey, ' ils etaient memo duns rnsaj^o d'epouser toutes les sours
il'uno famille.' Lu J'i'r<iiisf, I'd// , toiii. ii., p. ;i(i;{. Near Fort lioss, 'die iJluls-
verwaiidtschaft wird stren'_! ijeachtetnnd es ist nicht (,'estattet aus dein eisti n
cdoi zweiteii tirade der Verwaiidschaft zil heiiatheii; sellist iiii Falli' eiiar
Sclioidillii,' darf der niiehstu .Viiverwaiidte die Fiau nich eheliclu n, dmli
gidlit es uuch .\usuahmcii.' K'jsiroini.lunij'i}, in Ilittr, Slat. u. Ethnu., p. Stj. .Vt
i .■ .i
!'5 ,.,
;i n
HOW A DRIDE IS AVOX,
ns!)
IkukI an<l Avife aro united witli vorv little oereinouv.
Till' inclinations of the \n''u\v seem to he consulted
here more than anion;:: the Xorthern (^dilornians. It
is true she is sometimes houuht iVom hei' parents, hut if
she violently o[)poses the match she is seldom compelled
to marry or to he sold. Amon^' some trihes the uooer.
iil'ter s[)eakin,i:' with lu-r pari-nts. retires uith the i:irl; if
tlicv aiiree, she thenceforth heloniis to him; if not. the
match is ])roken oil'.'" The Xeeslienam hnvshis wile in-
directly ])y making presents of game to her family, lie
Icavi'S the gifts at the door of the lodge without a word,
and. if they are acce[)ted, he shortly after claims and
takes his hride Avithont further cei'emony. In this trihe
the girl has no voice whati'ver in the matter, and resist-
aucc on her pai't merely occasions hruto force to be used
l)\- her
pui
rciiaser
li:i
\Vhen an Oleejta lover wishes to marry, lie first obtains
permission from the paivnts. The damsel then Hies and
i'ouccals herself; the lover searches for her. and should
lie succeed in findinn' her twice out of three times she
belongs to him. Should he be nnsucvessful ho waits a
lew weelvs am
1 tl
len reiK
ats tl
u> performance
If she
again elude his search, the matter is decided against
him.'-* The Ixmds of matrimony can be thrown asiile
Sail Fi'uufisco 'no coiioceii ]iiini sns casiiinitiitos I'l puvciitt'zco do iitiiiidiid;
iiiitis h\vn tstc los incitii a rccibir por sits prdjiius iiniLjii'cs a sns ciiriadas. y
HUM a las suc;,'ras, y la (•ostniiilirc (juc olisi rvaii ( s, (|ii(' el ijiic l(it,'i-i
iwvj; r, tu'iii' por snyas a todas sns luTiiianas
I'oh'ii. Vhh- ,1:- .h
iiiij)i'i-(i ,\i mi.
p. 'J17. • l'ariiita.L,'c and other fi lations of coiisaiiLtiiitiity aic ii<> olistacli s
til iiiati'iiiiiiiiy.' Funilniiii'x l.ifi hi dil., p. 'M'll , 'Smivcnt niic ffiiinu' iircssn
Mill mai'i d'c'ponscr scs sociirs, ct iiir-iiu' sa nirrc, it cittc proposition est fi '
(lUiMiiiiriit acccpti
M'li
Xntii:!', in Uri/'iiit, ]'iii/. m Cnl., p. -j:!.'). •];si(
in todcp di; (Miiiiprar las inn^'crcs ii'a coninn a I'litranilias nacioiics ( Kniisirii-
V Iv
i), 1.
(pic cntrc los Itunsiciii s hacia iiiucliu i
lias solciimc 1
cniitrato la intcrvoiirion dc los ]iariintis ilc los novios, contrilmycndo los del
virmi con su ipiota. la i|nal sc di\ Idia ciilrc los dc la uoviti id ticiupo dc cii-
trc.'ar a csta. '>'((/;/// .1/i, ■
171.
./,/i.S'/l
>n. 111
SrlitiiilcraiTs Arili.. v<
V
::(.
I'(iirri;<!, in Ori-rliiml Moiilldi/, vol. \ii.. p. '!'■].
'-'I Ihlmio's Life on the I'luius, ji. ',i (1. At Santa f'rnz, ' the Gentile Indian,
Wiuu he wishes to niarrv, l'ocs to tlic hut of her lie desires for a wife, and
silillc' himself close liv her.
lit liir feet so
lieuds
stglis
111 II strin''.
without speakiiiu; ii word, and ca-tiii!
lies out, aiul withiiiit further
UMiiv ho is married.' I'litmllns' Lilhr. in C'll. Fnv
1.
' rape exists aiiioti
tl
iciii in an luitliorizei
■d f(i
.lyi,;/.",. ISCO. At ( leiir
d it is the ciistdlii
fiiv a party of ynnnu im n to surprise and ravish a young yirl, who beconics
th'- wifu of one of ihcui.' Jkrvn's 7
I'l
111. Ili.j-U.
li
":i
nod
CALIFOIINIAXS.
Ji>^ ('iisil\- !is t1io\ Mi'c Mssiinicil. 'I'lic liiis1);iii<l lias only
in sav to Ills s[)()I1m'. I cast you olV. and tlic tiling is
(liiiK'.'"'' TIk' (lalliiioiiKTos ac(|uii'C' tlicir wIm's hy |iiii'-
cliasc. and arc at lilioi'ty to sell thi'iii apiin when tiled
of tlii'in.'-" As usual the wouu'ii aiv treated with j:r('at
('oiitt'Ui[»t l)y the uu'U. and forced to do all the hard and
menial lahoi'; the\' are not e\en allowed to ^it at the
same (ii'e or eat at the same repast with theii- lords.
I'oth sexes treat children with comparative kindni-ss;'-'^
hoys are, howexcr. ludd in nmch hijihi'i' estimation tliini
•iirls, and I'rom early childhood are taii;iht their siiinii-
ority over the weaker sex. It is e\t'n stated that many
t'emale children are killed as .soon as horn,'"'^ hut 1 am
indiiu'd to douht the correctness of this statement as
applied to ii country whert; polygamy is practiced as
extensively as in (^dil'oi'nia. OKI jjcople are treated
with contumely, !)oth nu'ii and women, a^ed warriors
heiiii;' ohliged to do menial work under the super\i>i(iH
of the women. The (xallinomei'os kill their a;:ed par-
ents in a most cold-hlooded manner. The doomed creu-
tui'e is led into the woods, thrown on his hatdi, and
firmly fastened in that position to the ground. A stout
pole is then placed across tin; throat. u[)on either cud of
which a person sits nntil life is extinc^t.'"'* A husband
takes revenji'e for his wife's infidelities upon the pi'rson
of her seducer, whom he is iustilied in killinii'. Sonic-
times the male offender is com[)elk'd to laiy the ol)ji'(t of
his unholy passions. In conse(juence of their stilrtncss
in this ])ai"ticular. adnlterx- is not common anions tlitiu-
scdxcs, although a husband is generally willing to prosti-
i-i M(triiiii)\ .\'nlU'i\ in liri/'int. Vi'ij. m ('<(!., p. "Jiil. At Clciir l.alu' 'if tlu^
parties St jjiinitc the oliildruu go with the wife.' Uihhs, in ScliuulcrujTa Airh.,
vol. iii., J). 1 1'J.
l-'i' I'nin-rs' Poiiio, MS.
1-' 'The Yulias ure ofti'n lirntal and rvnel to their women inid chililn ii.
ospeciiilly to the women.' ruinrs. in (h-'iidml Mi.iilhh/. vcjI. i\., p. :iis. in
the vicinity of Ftirt Koss, ' siu lichen ihre Kinder uiit ^'rosscr Zaitlichki it.'
litii-r. Slid. n. KlliUd., j). 77.
'!^'* Wiimiirl. Ciilij'tiniUii, p. 17S. 'The practice oi ahortion. so conmMiii
iimon.L,' tin" ChinooUs and some other trilns in Uiij^on, is unknown hue.'
CUhli.'t, in Srlinnlfrii/r^ .l/v//.. Vol. iii.. pp. ll'J-1.'!.
'-"■' Mr Powers, in his I'umn, J/S., makes this assertion upon what ho
titates to be reliable aiitho'-ity.
(•Ilir,l>-I!I11TH AND THE COUVADH.
.'11)1
tutc liis flciivcst wife (o ii wliite m;iii I'oi- a cnnshlfratioii.
Tlif ("ciitrjil ( 'iiHroiiiiiin woiiu'ii aw iiuliiicd to I'l-ljcl
iipiiiist tlic tvraiuu ol tlicir masters, iiioiv' than is usual
in oilier trilics. A rclVat'tor^) 'I'alitoo wiii' is soiucliiia's
I'li-Iitriicd into siilduissiou. The woiucii liaM' a jii'cat
(Ircai ol' i'\il spirits, and iiim)Ii this weakness {\\r hiis-
Kaiid plavH, He paints hinisell' in hlaik and white
stiiin's to jKM'sonate an ojA're, and suddenly jumping in
anion::' his terrilled wives, lirin^^s them s[ieedil> to jieni-
tcnif. ( "hilil-heai'in;^' {'alls h,uhtly on tlie ('alilornian
inotlnr. \\ hen the time Cor »U'li\«.'rv arri\(,s sla' he takes
lierscll' to a quiet plai't' ]>y the si(U' ol' a stream; some-
limes aerompanied hy a female friend, hut more fre-
(|uently alon(>. As soon as the child is horn the mother
wa-lies herself and the infant in the stream. The child
is then swaddled from heail to foot in strips of soft skin,
and strajiped to a hoard, which is carried on the mother's
l).ick. When the infant is suckled, it is drawn round in
front and alloweil to lian^' tliere. the mother meanwhile
par>uiu;:' her usual asocations. So little does child-
Iieariu'^' all'ect these women, that, on a ioin'ne\'. they ^vill
fre(|n''ii;ly stop l)y the way-side for half an hour to he
(leliscri'd. and then overtake the jinrty, uho ha\e trav-
iled on at the usual pace. I'ainl'ul parturition, though
so rai'e. usually residts fatally to hoth mother and child
when it does occur. This comparati\e «\\emption from
the curse, '"in sorrow shalt thou hrin.ii' forth. " is donht-
'ss owin"' itiu'tlv to the \\\o.t. that tlie s(
na>
tl
len*
less ow■in^• partly to the fact that the
regular si'ason for coj)ulation, just as animals have theirs,
the \vomen ))rin;:'in;j,' forth each year ^\ith ,ui'eat rei:u-
larity. A curious custom jirevails. Aviiich is. however,
liy no means peculiar to California. ^\ ln'ii child-hirth
overtakes the wife, the hnshand puts himself to hed. and
there ,^runlinii' and Liroanin_ii,' he alVects to suf.'er all tlu'
n;ionics of a woman in lahor. l^yinji' tliei-e. he is nursed
and tended ft)r some davs hv the women as cart'fulK as
though he were the actual suiferer. Uidiculou?
as
tl
ns
custom is. it is assi'rted hy Mr Tylor to ]u\\r heen ])ra(!
tieed in western China, in the country of the r>asipie>
Ml
Jil
H Si
I
1 I
I.: I
i^l-
11 ^li.
:}02
CALIFORNIA'S.
by tlio Vil)areni at the south of tlio Black Pea, and in
modiliod forms ])/ the Dvaks of J^onieo, the Ara\\\iks
of Surinam, and the inhabitants of Kamcbatka and
(Jreenland.'"' The femak's arrive early at the ai:e ol'
})uberty,'''^ and grow old rapidly. ^'^
^h)st important events, sueli as the seasons of hunt-
inir. fishing, acorn-gathering, and tbe like, are eelebi'atod
\vitii icasts and dances which differ in no essential i-e-
spcct iVom those practiced ])y the Xorthern Calilbrnians.
Tlu'v usually dance naked, having their heads adoi-ned
with feather ornaments, and their bodies and faci's
painted with glaring colors in grotesque piitterns. Ihoad
stripes, drawn up and down, across, or sjn rally round
the body, form tl:e favorite device; sometimes one half
t)f the body is colored red and the other blue, or the
Avhole person is painted jet black and serves as a gi'ound
for the rejjresentation of a skeleh)n, done in white, which
gives the wearer a most ghastlj- appearance.'''^ The
no Pdv n. full iippnnnl nf this enstom of the rnnvnilp. as it rxistdl iu viri-
ons ]iiirts i){ the wiirld, set' '/'///it's l!i'!<((ircliis. ]^\). 2'J'A •V''i, and Ma.e Miiii r's
diijis, viil. ii.. ]ij). 271 'J. F(ir its (iliscrvaiicc in Ciililnvniii, s( e Wnnju^i, A"-
iirUts ih' ('ill., toni. i., p. 'M. and Furnlimn'K Li/c in I'i'l., \i- •^''"•
'■" • It was not a thin},' at all iinconiinon, iu tlic days of tlu- Indians' an-
cient ])i'i)spciity, to SCI- a wi/inan Ipccomc a niothci' at twilvc or foui'tcin.
An instanci' wan related to nic where a <,'irl had l>oi-ne Iu r lirst-lmrn at ten,
as nearly as her years could lie aseertaint d. her hushand. a W lute ilan, heing
then si\ty-odd.' I'mnrs. in On rliitnl ^Inntlili/. vol. ix.. p. •"il'O.
1'^ For further authoritie;'. oa family and donustic ali'airs, sei': Mnhkn-
pt'orill, Mijirn, torn, ii., jit. ii., ji. I-Mi: liilnmi's Lijv mi iln' I'litiun, pp. lidd;
h'lirhis' ('ill., p. 1!U); Fniii>!<, in yunnl'is .[nwilift ihn 'di/., 1S4-1, loni. li.. \<\\.
'AM -li'i. Also quote il in Miinn'nf, SdI'uc, in liri/niit, I'lifj. en Col., pj). 'J.Vl-'-i'i;
W'umiii'}, Cfili/iinii' II. yi. I7S: .lnlinsUin, in .Sr/innlrrn/l'n Arrh., vol. iv., j p.
'2'2'.i— I; CiniiiHiin' Li tiir, in ('ill. Furiinr, .\pril '>, IMlO; I'li'mi, Viihi ■U- .hni i>i nt
Sirra.\i.'l\l\ I'mi-i'is, in (Jn'rlnud .\["iillili/,\i<\. ix., pp. '^x, rtl()-(). vol. x. ]i,
!t'25; I'irh riini's Itucc^. in l'. >'. K.r. F.w, vol. ix.. pjv !• • S: Suli' y Mi.riniid',
I'i"!/''. pp. I7i>-1; lioiiliirii-h''n 'I'/irn' I'ldrs in Cnl.. \t. \: t; bi ]'<'riiiisi',]'iii/.,
toni. ii., ]). '.UK\: l-tnUiii. in /</., toni. iv., pp. .'"i7-S; Ln/ii r» , ('irriniiinii'., toni.
vi.. 11. ll"); 'f'('/')N, in >i7yo'«/'C'(^'r.s' .I»v7/.. v'll. iii.. pp. II' l:!; Il'rV.'.s' .Vifc, in
/'. .S. /■>. y-,'.r., vol. v., PI). "Jld, '2"i;i; h'lirliiijiiji, !'(.//..) I. "i7: <iiil)i:rl. MrAihun,
iiii'l .fiirill, in fii'l. At}'. H'l't., !«.")(;. pp. -il'ii; /iViv;i >■ / nir. p. Pid; //m'./, iu
Los An'jilrs Sliiv, ]IS.")2; Fiinilniin'n JJ/fl in I'nl., ).)>. ;iii7 "n; Jimr, >7'(/. u.
Etiiiui., p. 77; Kiislriiiiiilioiiiif, in Uin r, ."^Uit. ii. Elliim., j)p. s:l-K.
1 •' Kv<'ry traveler who has seen them dunce enters iutu details of dri ss,
etc.; htit no two of these accounts are alike, and the n .isnn of this is that
they have no regular tit^ures or cnstunies ])ecidiar tn tin ir dances, hut that
every man, wluu his dress is not )iaint oidy, wears all the tiiu ly he imssc sses
with an utter disreiraril for miifoi niity. ' At some of t'leir dances , w.' were
tiild that they avoid ]iai'liculiir ;ivlicles of fond, eviii fowl-, and cm;s.' '/.■"',■.',
iu Si-hoiilcriijl's Ai\li., vol, iii., p. U;j. Uancine is t x.n.utei.1 at Santa Crtiz,
CALIFORXIAX DIVERSIONS.
3'.):?
Ill
;lli(l
! of
(ImiciniT is ncoonnuuiicd l)y c-liantin^s. claiipiiiLi' ol" hands.
])lc)\viiig (Jii pi[>cs of twi) or tliivo ivoils and [jlavcd \\ itli
the nose or nioiith. lieatinji: ol" skin dninis. and rattlin,!:'
ol' tortoisc-sliclls filled with small pchhlcs. This lior-
I'ihU- dist'ord is, howevci'. nioro Tor the [)nrpos(' ol' iiark-
in;i' time than lor pleasini:' the ear.''* The women aiv
seldom allowed to join in the dance with tlu' mm. ami
when they are so tin' honoi'ed. take a \ery nnimportant
part in the ])ro('eedinL:s. nieivlj" swa\i:,^' their bodies to
and iVo in sik'nee.
IMays. re[)resentini]!: seeiies ofwar. hnntin,!.:'. and pri\ate
lil'e. sei've to while away the time, and are pertormed
with eonsiderahle skill. Thonsj.h natin'ally the \eiy in-
carnation of sloth, at least as far as nseful labor is con-
cernctl, they have one or two j^anies which iv(piire some
exertion. One of these, in vojiiie ainonjz' the Meewocs,
is played with hats and an oak-knot hall. M'he former
ari' made of a pliant stick, having:" the end lient roimd
and lashed to the main pail so as to i'orm , looj). ^vhich
is fdled with a netwoi'k oi' sti'inus. Tlicy do not strike
liiit push the hall alonu,' with these hats. The players
take sides, and each party endeavors to dri\e the hall
l>ast the honndaries of the other. Another Lianie. which
was I'ormerly innch played at the missions on the coast.
i'e<iuires m(.)re skill . nd scarcelv less activitv. It cojisists
liy fnniiinc,' a oirclo, nssiiniiii!,' n stoopiiii,' pristnrp. viiiHiii^' a loud, discoiNliiDt
I'iiaiil, ami. wit'ioiit iiKiviii;^ from tlnir jilaci
and twistinu tin- Kndv intu various cDiiturtious.
liftiiiv; and lnwirin
a f. (It.
.\rrll,
it' Sunlit ('rii: Mi.
Ill tli'ir dances tlit'V Sdinttinii'S \m ar white nuisks.' W'ilL's' y<ir., in (". >'
Ki'. /■->., vol. v.. p. I!i2. ' Se pdudnnt les clievi u\ a
dn d
nvet (r(iis(
(7„
d:l
I'l)//. rut., part iii.
11. 4. WIj.
\\'Mllie eliief ' di eii
to li
ill lis villa^'e. he dispatches inesseiigers to the iieii^hlioiini,' rai
\,.
:.viii'4 a stnnt; \vh- ii on
is tied (I certnin luunber of knots. Every
thereaft 'r the itivited chief unties one of the knots, ai.d when the
4 liut o.Me is reach'-d, tl;
ih-i rhiml M»>lh}jl,
.vfullv set forth for the da
/'
Ml
vol. X.. ]>. .'i-"i. For (iesc ijitions of daii<';s of Ne<she-
iu (Irfii'inil Munlhh/, vol. xii.. pii. '2i'>-7.
Ill 'Each one had two and sometimes three whittles, made of reeds, in
th.' S'Hi Fidui'isiTi Hiilli'lbi, <><•!. 21. infiM, 'Some had whistles or
nanis, sec
/'.
ins aioutli
mlile tlai'eolets of reiil which Wel
ck into their
/.'.
v.
1'
:t:!.
/.''/»')■, ill (V//. Fur
The (leiitiles do not |ios-<ess any instrument whati
April r>. isPid. 'Their own ori),'iiial instrnment con-
sists of a very )iriinitive whisth', si>me doulile, some siii;_;le, am
1 h.h
in the
lilnuili hy one
mill len'_;th of
Ihc
i a!
F,
1. without the aid of the tin'_;ers; they ale almiit the i.\/.v
;l coninioti fife, and only about two uutes ciia he stiuiul 'd on
nnci; (.irt. 'M, l-sCO.
?m
CALIFORNIANS.
ill tlii'owinn' a ^tick tliroiiiili a litntji ^\l^u•ll is rapidly
rolled nlowj: the ground. 11" the pla_\or Murce'ds in this.
he gains two jjoints; if the stick merely passes jiarlially
throujili, so that the houp remains resting upon it, one
{)oint is scoic'd.
l^ut. as usual, names of ohanee are nnieh pi'efencd to
gauies of skill. The ehiel" ol" these is the same as that
ahvaih' des('ril)ed in the last ehaptei" as heiuu ula .nl 1»\-
i\\v natives all along the coast.- of Oregon, Washington,
and Ih'itish Cohimhia. and uhich hears so close a re-
semhlance to the odd-and-even of our school-da\s. They
{ye as inlatuated on this suliject as their neighhors, and
(juite as willing to stake the whole of their pos.sessions
on an issue of cliance. Thev smoke a species of strong
tobacco ill the straight }iijM\s Ix-lbre mentioned;^'' hut
they have no nati\e intoxicating drink.'"'
The priiiripal diseases are small-p<jx, various forms of
fever, and syj»hilis. ()win;i to their extreme filthiness
they are also very subject to disgusting eruptions of the
skin. AVomen are not allowed to pi'actice the healing
art, .is among the Northern Californians, the [)ri\ileges
of (piackery being here reserved exclusively to the men.
Chanting incantations, waving of hands, and the suck-
ing powers obtain. Doctors are supposetl to \ni\v lower
i3'> ' They nno n sppcic«t of nir?ivo tobacco of ntnisfous ami ■.>-'' iuii','0(liiur.'
(i'lbh^, in ScliooifmjTs .•>"'', vui. lii., p. Id". ' Tliiy bunnil tin; lUiluin' hhill
fur til'- inii' to mix Wifli lli-ir tulNiccn, wLii'h they Hwall^iwi d t-i in,\l.' tlina
dniiik.' Titi/liii', in ('<r f-''iiiiin\ Ajiril 27. Ib'jO. 'A siniis nf tulcuco i.s
fotiii'l on tljc suiiily litii li' * whifli tin- Iinliuus i»ri|N'in' ami m.h kf.' It"///,..s'
\ , in r.S. Ex. Ex.. Vol. v., j>. j«»2. Si- j^ti^icroii a v\v\ ar y i( jiaiv iii
tllip.s la iiiisma cci'i'iiinnia di- fspanir fl hunio Lai-ia arrilia dicif lulii < ii caila
l)i)canail i iinas iialaliras; sol" ■ iifiiidi una ij'u- fui' ismi ,i (|iii- ijuii ri- di lif m'1;
oVi.siTvi' la iiiisiiia coNtniid)!-*' df chnpar priiui ro t] Vn ,s prin ■!• a' liU';..;ti da la
jiijia :i (itro, y da vuolta a otros.' J'ulou, Sutkhjii, ii. e ■ Jlisl. !. .t., serif i\.,
toui vii., ]'. f'l'.t; si'(! also ji 77.
•3i'i On th;' subject of aiiiusiments, hoc Kniii'huif's V •!/ . vol. 1., p. 2><2. /'f-
J-Jlliiii>., j)p.72. 7ft 7; Ktistroniitniii'ir. in /./.. jiji. H") '.ij; //. ', ' ;, l.n ('oUu'rio'',
|). 17:J; I'liiifll'ts' [.I'tlcr, in Cul. Forthir, Oil.'}, l»ri>: M<" • '. riil!i'(„-ii!'i. \i.
J7.S; llriilf's W'nlil Kurnniii.. p. PiH; Jlni.i>'» T<'»r. | ii '. :!:>: ^ ■■ //""-
(•;\- w lliilhtill, ()r(. 21. lNr)>S, \nv. 29. 1H71; I'oir^r.. ill ih.yit,.' M "//, Vol.
i\.. ]iii. lt07-8, 501-5. Mil. X., pji. 325-7; P<ncer'.i /'<.(/io, MS.; LuitfiKr, ('ir<in»'
icii\, tain vi., J). 15); Iviliilnn's .V. »/• r<'_v., vol. ii., p. 12" ' ' I'ur^'iiil,
Ml']., viil. ill . ])p. ■It2~(i; lutriihfini's l.'ifr ih Ciil.. p. .'((!/ ; //' ' • '!'■
5:t I; Millth iiitfi,rdl, .Vij'n;,, tuni. ii. pt. ii. \k -IGi'i; ( Ifiis, \ . it.iii.,
ji;i. 15; La I'divusi', Vty., vjI ii., pp. 3* "J 7.
ir-
•M
i. -1
MEDICINE AND SWEAT-HOUSES.
896
over life and (k'iitli. liciicc if tli('_\' Tail to efict-t a nnv,
tlifv art' liviiiiL'iitlv killcil."' Tlicv demand the most
extortionate fees in rettini for their servi(;es, and often
om-
reliise to onieiate unless the object thev desire is j)r(
ised tliem. Sweat-houses simihir to tliose ab'eadv de
sen
hed
arc 111
lil
\e iiianiu'r use(
1 as a> means ol" cine for
everv kind of eoinidaiiit.'''** The\' have another kind of
siidi tory. A hole is ihig in the sand of a si/.e suiricient
to contain a person l\ing at full length; over this a f;re is
kept lairniii;.:' until the siiiid is thorou<ihl\- heated, when
the (ire is removed and the sand stii'ivd with a >lick
until it is rediK.vd to the re(iuired temperature. The
patient is then placed in the liole and coveri'd. with the
exception of his head, with sand. Here he r( uiains
until in a .^tate of profuse jjerspiration, when he is un-
eartlied and plunged into cold water. They are said to
practice phlehotomy. using the right arm when the hody
is alVeeted and the left when the complaint is in the
liiuhs. A few simple decoctions are made from iier])s,
hut these nre .seldom very oiricient medicines, ("^lu'cially
when administered for the more complicated diseases
which the whites have hrought among them. Owing to
the ins'iflicieiit or erroneous treatment they receive,
many di.«^oi-ders which would he easily cured by us. de-
<ii'n»Tr<'<' with them into chronic maladies, and are trans-
111
lt*i'd to their children,
l:r,)
'-" Tin- Mi-i-\viii"s 'Ixlitvi- thiit tlicir innlo pliysiciniis, wlio nre iiinri' jimp-
erly Mirci-f' t-. fun Mit uu ii mi.uiitaiii toj) lifl\ niiiis ili.^laut fimii ii iiuii they
vi^li til a ■■Uoy, ali'l i-i(iii]iii-,s lii^ (IriUli liy IkIi jJiil; |iiii>,on tnwuiils liim t'luiu
tluir tiii-;ir-' mU.' f'otn rs. in Oniiniul Mutithhi, vol. x., p. ilL'7.
'^'■I iii'Mr.tidiisly (Mill nil uui; uf tiii.si' civrrns during; tlif opi rutinn
atmvc (IcHcril). il. nnil was in n fi w nii(i*,'iits so nearly suttuc iiUil with the
lifiit. KHinu"'. ami impure uir, that 1 fuuml it ilillii'ult to luiiiie my way out.'
BiytnVs < <('., p. 2~i'2.
' ' 'Ziir U. liiuiu; 1)tilienen hiili <1ii ><eliamane iler Kriiiiter nnil Wurzi In,
^tnisstciuli'ils iilii-r want^i n Me mit deni .Vluinlc ilas Hint aiis ti( i- krauiii ii
St''ll^' mis, woliei ~if Steinc lien <m1i r Kli ine S(liliiiiL;en in ili ii .Mund ni l.nitn
mill (l.iia'if VL-rsiiiieru, sie haiieii (lii«ii Iheii atis ilef WuniK luraiis^'c zoeen.'
K"sli-'i,i<il.n'iir, in liner. Slat, a I'" no,, p. ',i."i; sci alsopp, h;j, 'ji, Dl ,'>, • Iniil
luiw it li.i.s not Ii' en ascf-rtaineil i'lat the Indians had any ifiaedy for ciiiiiig
the sick or allaying their stitt'eriri- -, If tin y im et witli an acoideiit they iu-
Vari.dily di .' I'tninllins' L'th r, in ' <»/. i'lirinii. A/nil .0, 1m;(). •lunt,-uorm
is cured liy ]il-icini,' the milk of the ]ioison oak in a cindc round th< Nf-
fectid ]>art.' //"/'Ai/if/.s* '■.(/. Mill., vol. iii., p. lid. 'Aiaon.i,' the Me( woes
KtuuiiU'Liu ufti'i-tion.s aiid severe travail are treated with a planter of hut
S'Jfi
CALIFORNIANS.
Tncromation is almost universal in this part of Cali-
fornia/^ ^i^lie Ijody is decorated with feathers, flowers,
and heads, and after lyin"!; in state for some time, is
])urned amid the liowls and lamentations of friends and
relations. The ashes are either preserved ])\" the iamily
of the deceased or are formally huried. The wea[)ons
and effects of the dead are hnrned or huried with them.'"
When a hody is prepared for interment the knees are
douhled up airainst the chest and secm-ely hound with
cords. It is placed in a sitting posture in the j:rave.
whi<'h is circular. This is the most comnKjn maimer of
sepulture, hut some trihes hury the hody perpendicularly
in a hole just large enough to admit it. sometimes with
the head down, sometimes in a standing position. The
Tomos formerly burned tlieir dead, and since tliey have
been inlluenced hy the whites to bury them, they ijiva-
riahly place the Ixxly with its head toward the south.
A scene of incremation is a weird spectacle. The
ashes and moist earth spread on the stomach.' Powers, in Overland MunUih/,
vol. X., 1). ;V27. S(.H' furthtr: I'tlU-Tlmiiui-s, Voij.. torn, ii., j). 110; Farn-
ham's Life in Cal., p. ;)70; IfiiHiishi, La Vuli/onne, j). ITIi: liuinholiK, }■'.:-
Sit. Pill., torn, i., p. \i'H; Ikn-liey's I'oi/., vol. ii., jip. 3i>, 7H; San tfoiiijiiin
H'puhll'an. S pi., lHj8; La /'eVoi/.s'c, Vinj., torn. iv.. ]>. (!,'J; Uilibs, in S-lmol-
v.ni/l's Ar<li., vol. iii., pp. lOH, 107; Witkts' J\,'ur., in (J. S. J:'x. Eje., vol. v.,
p. l!Ki; I'ickrrhufs Jiuris, in /(/., vol. ix.. p. 105); Faijis, in XiKirellfs Aininits
(h'K V(i)/., lS4t, torn, ci., j). 'A'M: also quoted in ^fan}til•r, Xollce, in llri/tnit,
]'o!/. en Val., p. 'IM; Kin-nland's Wninlrrs of rnseinilc, j). 52; lu'lli/'s K.rr.nr-
o,j.
.sitin to Cal., vol. ii.
P
284; Aonr.s' P,
i'll,/.
MS.; Siilil 1/ Mcvicitna, 1 i»(f/e, ji.
Kid: Tliornlon's Oi/n. and Cal., vol. ii., p. 94; Delano's Life on the J'lai
[.aiilac
torn. VI., p. I.")'2.
140 ' J.'i-()m north to south, in the present California, uj) to the Culuiuli;
river Uiev liurnt the di'.ul in some trihes
and
in others imru
d th(
■n
modes of Sepulture dilFered every few leagues.' 'raj/hir'a ludiani'loiii/, h
Cal. /•'-
J,'
l«li().
X dead Oleep.'i was huried hy i
ine woman iii a
jiit ahiiut four feet dt'ep, ami ten feet in front of the father's door.' />r ///,./,<
JA/contlw f'lain.t, p. :!0I. At Siiiita Cru/ 'the (ieiililes hum the hodii s if
their warriors and allies who fall in war; those who die of natural death tliey
inter at sundown.' Connilas' hihr, in C<d. Farmer. A)>r'd i>, IKCO. 'J'he In-
dians of the Hiiy of San Francisco hurned their <lead with evi rythiiiK hi loui,'-
iiij< to them, 'hut those of tin* more southern rej^imis Iniried llieirs." Uninf-
v'l'li'x lidicrls, vol. ii., ]>. ;U',:{. in the vicinity of Clear Lake all the trilns
with tlie exception of tiio Yuhas uiirv tin ir dead. Cchjcr, in Jud. Ajl'. H'pl.,
Js,-,s, p
28!) .
'II ' I,cis Itunsienesdi vidian ulti:iiMin(Mite entre los iiarienteslasi)ocascos:is
<iUi
iiiponiaii la \ r
dad <li 1 difuuln. Los Lsli
q.i
al coiitrano. no si
ri paillan cosa alL'una, sino ([ue todus sus ami'4os y sididitos deliiaii coiiIrilMiir
M-
I al'.,'Uiiiis ahalorios ijiie enteriali.in con
■adaver del falliciilo
la ir, p.
If a woinan dies in li
iimm
ith'
thi
siii:i V
ii.i.
Avhetlier living or dead, is huried with its mother.' JIukhinijs' Cal. Maj., vol.
iii., J). 137.
MOUIlXINCi FOR THE DEAD,
897
frlonds and rt'l.itivos of tlio deceased pitlier round the
i'lineral pyre in a circle, liouling dismally. As the llames
mount upward their enthusiasm increases, until in a
])ei'rect Ireirzy of excitement, they leap, shi'ick, lacerate
their bodies, and even snatch a handlul of t;molderinj2;
ilesh tVom the lire, and devour it.
I'he ashes of the dead mixed with urease, are smc ared
over
the f!
ice as a
had'
jje oi mourniii";, aiu
1 tl
le comnouiK
<l
is sud'ered to remain there until Avorn oil' by the action
of the weather. The widow keeps her head covered
with pitch for sevend months. In the iJussii n Uiver
A'alley. Avhere demonstrations of urief a})pear to lie yet
more violent than elsewhere, self-laceration is nuich
])i'acticed. It is customary to havo an animal Dance of
Mourninu', %vhen the inhabitants of a whole villai:e col-
Icct toii'ether and lament their deceased friends with
howls and groans. Many tribes think it necessary to
nourish a departed spirit for several months. 'J'his is
done by scattering food about the place where tlie iv-
mains of the dead are deposited, A devoted Xeesheuani
Avidow does not utter a w(-)rd for several nionth> aftiT
the death of her husband; a less severe siun of grief is
for tl
le same time
HJ
to speak oidy m a low whisper
Regarding a future state their ideas are vagut : some
sny that the Meewocs ))elieve in utter annihilation id'ter
death, but who can fathom the hopes and fears that
struiiule in their dark imaiiiniu'
Tl
ley are not par-
ticuku'ly cruel or vicious; they show nnich sorrow for the
'12 ' Diu n:u'hston Anvonv;uitlt(ii si'hiicidi'U sicli das iriUir ul) niul wfrfcii
fs ins Fi'iicr, wolici sin sii'h iiiit St.iin'ii an ilic Hrast scli!a;4cii, ant' iliii lln-
ilru stiii/i'ii. ,ja MswfiU'U uus btsouilcriT Aiiliiiiiuliilikfit /u ilt'iii \( cstorlK'-
iifU sirh hluti-iinsti^'iuliv tjar zn 'I'mli' stossi'ii; dnrli ^iIlll Sdlclic Falli' sclti'ii.'
Kiistrniiiiliiiiiiir. ill liwr. Stol. k. h'tlnm,, p. SfS. ' 'I'Li.' Imdy is ciinsiunrd u])(iii
ii soalViild Imilt over u liolf, into wliiidi the aslus an thrown and cDVtrtd,'
(li'ili^. ill Srh<ii)lrriijVs Arrlt., vol. iii., j). ll'J. Sc(.' alsn; 'rclminii IkuiIIi , Mci/,
is,-)'.j; Sutil V Mtxicnnii. FiVfi/c, pp. 171-J; i'oim's' I'mH'). MS.; also in (h-irl'inl
Moiitlihi^ vill. ix., p. r)02, vo'. X., ]). H'iS, vol. xii., p. 'JS; Sun I''rnnclsi:i) F.vni'in'i
Ihdlil'i,,^ A)ir'di,^\>»''\: Marnr's I'unr. /,s/.. j)p. -MS 50: Ln }'erii(if<( , Fn//.. lorn.
ii., p.. .ti(V. I'hu^ri'Uk liidi-x, ]H'u; Marniiir. in lir;/init. I'oy. <n ('<il.. )j]). lilid,
'i:iii; f/i(''7(()«»s' ''</''. 3/'ff;., vol iii., p. 137: W'iimii'!, ('idi/dnd'H, ]k llH; l-'arn-
h'lmt^s Li/'' in I'l^L, ]i, Dli'J; [-'nhoni llif^jintih, in <'(tl. Fanner, A"f. 9, l^fi ;
Jiihiist'in. ia S''!!/ II lie nitTs Arrh., vol. iv.. ]i. 2-5; D'Cr'i'wy, Foy., p. 458;
iiWty, Hk bid. Aff. R'-pl.. la5(i, )). 'J 1-2; Furbcs' Val., p. VJo.
808
CALIFORNI.VNS.
(loatii of ;i relative; in some iustiiuccs tlioy uro aftection-
ate toward their I'amilies."'
■litntS
:!i ■ I
'" [ii the Tlu-isiaii llivcr Viilloy tlip Imlians ' sind wciclihorzij;, nml von
Niitiir nichi iMciniirUti^' . . .sic I'rlcinrii luit Li'i(:liti!^'krit miinclKilci IJiUidiir-
1);'it'ii mil (r 'W 'i-l)i'.' Hi r, SInl. n. hJllino., pj). 77-iS. Sc-m l\>rt lliss 'sind
Kio saiift iind frii'dfortii,'. ntid sclir fiiliij,', lit'soiidfi's in dcr Aurt'assim^,' siiiii-
li.^h •!• (r,'i;;Mi;-it:iii.lc. \ui iii Fijli,'i' iliH'i' uiuiiassii^'fH 'rra^hcit luul Surj^'losiL;-
k;!it, H(diuiueiisif> sohr dumin zuscyn' KostnimilniKiir, in /(/., jip. Hl-'2. 'Tlicy
ii))^M'iir by no imiiiis so Htupid ' as those nt the iiiissioiis. Kahihiu's
iV tc I'"//., vol. ii., J). '2ij. At UodL'|:;a Buy ' thfir disposition is ii;ost lilicral.'
Mt'trclle's .lo)ii\, p, 41. At Clear Lake ' tlioy are docile, mild, easily man-
a.i,'<'d. . .ro,L;uisli, uuLtrateful, and incorrigibly la/y. . . .cowardly aad ciin^'iiij,'
towards the whites. . thoron^'li sensualists and most abandoncil f,';uul)lers . .
■wretcle'dly iurirosidcui.' Jii:ri!ri''s Tour, pp. 120-1. In the Sairamento Val-
ley tiny are ' excessively jealous of their S(iua\v.s . . . stin^'y and inliospitalile.'
Ki''''/'s I'J.i'i-nr.'<i'>ii to ('at., vol. ii., p. 114. 'A mirthful race, always disposed
to jist and lau:-;ii.' Doiik, iu tide's EUinon., in //. >'. hh\ K.e., v(d. vi., p. 222.
'l'ossess"d of mean, treacherous, and cowardly traits uf character, and the
m >st thievish propensities.' Jahiison'n ('id. nwl Oijii., p. 14:t. In the vicinity
of Sin Francisco Hay ' they are certainly a race of the most nuseralile be-
iu'^s 1 ever s.iw, poss( s ini,' the faculty of human reason.' Viiiiront-i.r'ti I'e.;/.,
vol. ii., p. 13. ' Fortho most part an idle, intenii)erate race.' TlmrnUin'ii <) in.
an I L'id., vol. ii., p. 78. 'They are a people of a tractable, fre(% and louin^'
nature, without ;.;uile or treivehery.' Drak-'n Wurbl Encinnp.. p. KU. ' 15as-
tautes ranclieri'as di! gentiles mny mansos y apaoiV)les.' ('ri'Sjii. in Ihir. Hist.
-l/x.. siu'ie iv., torn, vi., \>. I'.C. ' Son miiy mansos, afaV)les, de buenas caras y
Ids m is de ellos barbados,' I'^dou, Xnlirias, in Id., torn, vii., p. 51). At ^Monte-
rey they ' etaient lourds et pen intelliLjents.' Tliose liviui,' farther from the
inissi )us were not without ' une certaine linesse, connmiue a tous les homines
elevi'-idans I'elat di! natur\' Pilil-Tltoitiirs, • o//., toni. ii., p. i;tl. ' t'es peu]iles
sont si [>iMi 'our.e.,'eiix. (pi ils n'opposent jamais aucune n'sistance anx trois on
qii.itre sold it-, ([iii violent si cvideinent a leur cu;ard le droit des '^'eus.' Ln P.'-
•>«(«< , I'oy., toui. ii., p. J'.lT. ' Thti Yiikas are a tigerish, truculent, sullen, thiev-
ish, and cviuw way bad, Viut bnive raci^' I'tKnTs. in <lv Hiind Mmilihi, vol.ix.,
p. 'Mil. The 1' ditoos were very cowardly and peace-loviu'.^. I'oikii'h P'Dti", MS.
Thiiu th' Ole lias 'a more jolly, laui,'hter-lovini^, careless, iind good-natur.-d
people d ) not e\ist. . . .For intellit5?nce they arc; far behind the Indians cask
of th ' lloeky Mouutaius. Di'lann's fAfr on thn Plii'ins, p. 2;I7. The Kanni-
mires "were considered a brave and warlike Indian race.' Tui/lnr. in Cid.
F'lrnvr, Mirrk :il), 18()l). The condition of the Wallas ' is the most ndserable
that it is p.)ssible to conceive; their mode of living,', the most abject and dcs-
titut' kiiown to man.' //••/('//, in [ml. Ajf. K pL, ISoi), p. 211. The Frcsm)
Kiv.r Indians 'are peaer;ibl(', quiet and industrious.' If'nlii/, in liid. .Irf'.
Ji j/i., ls")t, p. 3)1. A rational, cahnilatiu'^ people, i,'enerally inihistrii^us.
L-ipi-i, in //(■/. .1/^'. R' pt., bsriS, p. 2'.)1. On thi^ coast rani,'e north and east of
M 'ud icino ' they ar.' a timid and generally inott'ensive race.' li'iil i/, in Intl.
A[f'. 11 id.. ISoS, p. 301. In I'lacer County they are industrious, honest, and
temperate; tin' femah's strictly virtuous, liritica, iu Iwl. .\ij. H I'l.. lS,")il, ]>.
213. La/.y, trilling, drunken. Applfijido, Ih. In Tu(dunuii'; liieiully, gen-
erally honest, truthful; men lazy, women industrious, .fi u-dl, Id., p. 211.
Iu the Yosenute Valley, 'though low iu the scale of nniii, they are no* the
abject cr(>atures generally repi'eseut(>d; they are mild, harmless, and singu-
larly honest. /v/Ci/((/)(/'.s W'tiidrfs of l'(W//u/(', p. 52. At Santa Clara they
havi' no ambition, are (Uitirely regardless of rci)utatiin and renown. \'iiii-
c )(ti''/-'.s V'li/., vol. ii., p. 21. In stupiil apathy 'they exceed every race of
men I have ever known, not excepting the (h'graded races of Terra (I ■! Fuego
or Van Dieinin's Fiauil.' Ivitm'ntn'.i AVic I'oi/., vol. ii., p. 'J7. At Santa ("ruz
'ib'V are so in, dined to lying that they alaiost alw.iys will conl'iiss (»tteuces
they have not committed;' veiy lustful and inhospitable. Conulkiti' L^Ucr, ia
CENTRAL CALIFORNIAX CHAIIACTER.
309
Altlioii'ili iieiirl;/ iill tnivolcrs wlio liavc; scon ami do-
scrihi'il this peo[)lc, place them in the lowest scale of
hmiiaiiity. vet there are some who asseii that the char-
acter of the Califoriiian has heeu inaliuned. It does not
foilou'. they say. that he is indolent heeause he does not
work wlioi the fertility of his native land enables him
to live without labor; or that he is cowardly liccaiise he
is not incessantly at war, or stupid and brutal because
tlie mildness of his climate renders clothes and dwellings
su[)criluous. But is this sound reasonin,<;? H'urely a )»eo-
ple Ms^isted by nature should progress faster than another,
strug-ilinii; with depressing dilliculties.
From the frozen, wind-swept plains of Alaska to
the malaria-haunted swamps of Darien. thci-e is not a
fairer land than California; it is the neiitrrd grouud,
as it were, of the elements, where hypt'rboreal cold.
strip[)eil oi' its rugged aspect, and e![uatorial heat,
taiucd to a genial warmth, meet as friends, inviting,
all blusteriniis laid aside. Yet if we travel northward
Ciil. F'lriiir, April '\ 1*^(10. At Kelsey Rivor they aro '.amia1)lo mul thievish.'
ij' ►'<»', in >' 7('< j/'_'/v(i'r.-i An-h., vol. iii., \>. \li. ' In L;fii,.v;il tri'ius, thr Ciililnriii.-i
lu^liaus ai'o uiorc tiiiiiil, poiieeablo, iiiul jnyDUs th.ui iuiy of their iiei;j;hlinrs.'
St-iilf.Hs. in Fixers' /''<»e<, MS. 'Theii' stupidily. iiiseiisiliility, i.L;umMiice,
iiii'(inHtatt«*y, slavery to apjietito, excessivo sloth and la/iiiess. heiuL; alisorlx d
f:)r the tiiut! in thJ stir aiul din of ui,L,'ht-\vatehitij,' and liattli;. ^'ive tijeni n
new uxLi.itv'ueo.' Eirnli'dti's Life in Cal., j>. '.M\\>. • Fan! uiid jeder Aiistreii-
^'■1111,' al)-;eni;i,J!t.' O^-.-i'-tl I, Citlu'ond'ii, p. (11). 'Slu; idity seemed to be their
distiiictiv,' eliaraiiter.' I>m)i'n''rh's rh'scrh, vol. i., ]>. .'■VJ. 'Loose, lazy, eare-
li'ss, i-aii.ii'ioiis, rhiidi.ih and tickle." Tui/l'ir, in ('(t!. Funnir, Marrl, 2, lS(Hi.
' They arc v"ally th' most harmless tribes on the Aniei-i<'an continent.' hi r-
sliocbr':i A';/v,'[). 21J. Reven'..!eful. timid, treaeiieroiis anil iniu;rateful. AW/// s-
Exrnr.-ii},i 11 1" .'/., vol. ii., p. 2HI. ' ( 'owariUy. treacherous. tilHiy and indolent.'
J-)':i,i4i>n. in S.:'fiol 'fiiiTs Arrh., vol. iv., p. ■12>. ' Dull, indolent, i)lile^matic,
timid and of a :_,'rnth\ submissive tem[)er.' //(('- '.s- Ellmoi., in ('. S. h'.e. /•>., vol.
vi., p. 1;!'.(. ' la stature no less than in mind are certainly of a very inferior raeo
• if human beiu.i:;s.' Lan ish^rfs To//., pt. ii.. p. HIS. ' J'usillaninious.' l-'m-hin'
''•«/., p. lS;f. 'lis sont I'galement 'extremes dans rex]>ression de la jnie it de
l.icolere.' lltll'm, in Ln I'l'ronsf, /"//., torn. iv.. p. ."iS. 'Seeint'ii to be al-
most of the lowest yrade of human beiui^'s.' Khi'i's /,',/./., in llii/nril 'I'ni/hir'.t
Kl Dirihi, Apirmln', vol. ii., p. "210. 'JMe Indianer von Californien siiul
physisch uud moralish den andern Indianern unter^'eordin t." Wiimntl, r<ili.
f'v'h'vn, p. 177. ' Su estupidez mas pani'e nn entor]ieeimiento de las ])i.len-
cia.s por falta de accion y imr pevoza I'liraeter stica, ipie limitacioii ubsolutii
de .-ius f leultades inielectuales; y iisi i[uando se las pone en moviiuiento. \ mo
les dan ideas, no dexim de dlscernir y de iijiretiii"- lo ipie se lex eiisiiia,'
Salil i; M .:■: '/i:<a. Vii'/o. p. li'4. '1 noticed that dl (lie Iiiiliidi^ from ISouUi-
eni to N'ortb -rn California won' low, shiftless, indolent, and I'owardlv."
.If' ('".s /..;f' .Vii'iitist tl- V<hs. p. Hi. Cowardly mul tr' uliei'onH iu tUa
•xtreme. L''f<i of Qov. L. W. Boy^, l>y his Hon, MS.
M
si
I! ■
I'!
400
CALIFORXIANS.
fi'oiii the Tstliimis. we must pass liy rii'mod cities jiiid
leiii[»les. traces ol' ini<ilitype()i)les, who there tlourislied he-
lore a i'oreiiiii civilization extirpated them. • On the arid
deserts of Arizona and Xew Mexico is I'onnd an incipient
civilization. Descendinj^ from the Arctic sea we meet
races of hunters and traders, which can he called neither
primitive nor primordial, living after their lashion as
men. not as brutes. It is not until we reatsli the (Jolden
Mean in (Central California that we lind whole trihes
suhsi>tin^ on roots, herJjs and insects; having no boats,
no clothing, no laws, no (iod; yielding submissivelv to
the first touch of the invader; held in awe by a i'vw
])riests and soldiers. ]\Ien do not civilize themselves.
Had not the (i reeks and the ICgyptians been driscn on
by an unseen hand, never would the city of the Violet
('rowu have graceil the [)lains of Hellas, nor Thebes nor
.Mem[)his have risen in the fertile' \alK'y of the Xile.
Why <«i'eec(! is civilized, while (^difornia breeds a race
inferior to the lowest of their neighliors. sa\e only [)er-
ha[)s the ^^hoshones on their east, no one ct can tell.
When Father Junipero Serra established the Mission
of J)olores in iTTO, the shores of San l*'rancisco lliiy
were thickly populated by the .Vhwashtees, Ohlones,
.\ltahmos. Koinanons, Tuolomos. and other tribes. The
good Father found the field unoccu[)ied, for. in the ^•()cab-
ulary ol" thesi> peo[)le, there is ibund no word foi- god.
anuc'l. Ol" devil; the\' held no theorx" of origin or desti-
ny. .\ rancheri'a was situated on the spot where now
l)each street intersects Hyde street. Were it t\\v\v now.
as conti'asted with the dwellings of San Francisco, it
would resemble a pig-sty more than a human haliitatiou.
On the Marin and Sonoma shores of the bay were the
Tomales and Camimares. the latter nund)ering, in 1S21.
ten thousand souls. Marin, chief of the Tomales. was
for a long time the terror of the Spaniards, and his war-
riors were ran
ked
as amon"!;
the fiercest of the ( 'ali-
fornians. He was l)rave, ent'rgetic, and possesst'(l ol' no
ordinary intelligence. \\ hen ([uite old ho consented to
be baptized into the llomish Church.
Ml
YOSEMITE VALLKY INDIANS.
401
It luis Ik'CH suspected tliiit the cliier Miiriii was not ii
full-hred liuliuii, hut that he was relati-d to a certain
S[)auish sailoi" who was cast ashore IVoiii a wrecked ^aleou
<m a voNiiue IVoui .\hinila to Acajjulco ahout tlie vear
1T")U. The shi[)- wrecked rf[)aiiiar(ls, it has hi'cu sur-
mised, were kindly treated \>y tiie natives; they minrii'd
native wives, mid hved with the Toinales as ol" theiu,
am
1 fi
tl
roMi them desceni
(led
niai
this we have i
lo
l)roo
ly
of tl
leir c
hw[\
but of
Vo.semite \'alley was formerly a stron<:hold to which
tribes in that \icinity resorted after connnittinu their
depredations upon white settlers. They ust-d to make
their boast that their hiding place could ne\er be dis-
covered by white men. But (hn'in,Li' the year IS'iO, the
marauders <irowin,Lr bold in their iiuuiied securit\- the
whites arose and drove them into the mountains. I'\)l-
lowiuii; them thither under the liuidancte of Tenaya. an
old cliit'f and coufedei'ati', the white men wert' suddeidy
confronted by the wondrous ])eauties of thi> \ alley, 'i'he
Indians, disheartened at the discovei-y of theii- ri'treat,
\iclded a reluctant obedience, hut becomintj; ivsd'ni disaf-
ici
ted tl
ley renewed tlu'ir Ueprei
dat
ions.
iortl\ afti'r-
ward the ^'osemite Indians made a visit to the Monos.
Tlay were hos[)itably entertained, but upon lea\ iiii:. could
not I'csist the te!n[)tation to drive olV a few stray cattle be-
lonniiii: to their friends. The Monos. I'liraLicd at this ln'cach
ot':j,ood faith. [)ursued and pivethein battle, 'flu- warriors
of the valle\' were ncarU' exterminateil. scarce half a
(to/A
II rcmaininu' to mourn tlicii' loss.
tiicir woiucii
and children weri' carried away into ca[)ti\ity. Tliesi!
Vosemite Indians consisted of a mixture from \arions
tribes, outlaws as it were from the suiroiuidiiii: tribes.
Tlie\ have li'ft as their U'uac\ a name I
o\' e\(i'\ ell
tv
UK
wa
terfall within the \alle\. How mar\ clous would
their iiistoi'y could we sio back and trace it from the
i'inniu'.:-. these millions of human bands, who tlirouLib-
Oil
t tb
aii'cs liave Iteen comnu
ai
id
I'oim:'. uhInuow in^i;
and unknowi
Vol.. I.
';'
111
402
CALIFORNIANS.
\'\ I
I 1
Til tlio Soi'TiiKiiX (V\i,ii'()i;\iA.\"s. whose tcrritorv iics
poiitli of the tliirty-liftli piiriilli'l. there iire less tiihnl
<lilVei'eii('es th;in iiiiioiii'' Mliv people whom we \\.i\r \v\
■■II ft>
ciicouiiti'i'ed, whose (hmiain is ol" «'i|iial extent. Those
Avho li\'e ill the south-eastern corner ol" the Stale ai'e
thrown hy the Siei'ra Xi'Vada raniic ol" mountains into
the Shoshone Tamily, to which, indeeil. ])y allinity they
helonu'. The chiel" trihes of this division are the Cn-
/iiil/fifs ami the liiciiiicl'Kif^. the lormei' livinji around the
San i'ernardino and San Jacinto mountains, and the
latter in the southern extremity of ('alilornia. Around
oacli mission wt'rc; scores of small hainls, whose ranche-
ri'as were recorde(l in the mission hooks, the natiscs as
Ji whole heinu' known only hy the name of the mission.
When (irst dis(H)vere(l ])\ (\ihrillo in 1')I2. the islands
oif tlu^ coast were inhahited hy a superior people, hut
these the\' were induced hv the padres to ahautlon. fol-
lowinir which event the people rapidly faded away. The
n
[itives calleil the island of Santa Cm/, L
iimtdli
h.
anta
Kosa lliinniil, San ^liguel 7)n>c(iii, and San Nicolas (Hki-
las/idt.
As we ajiproach the southern hnundary of California
,1 sliiiht im[)rovement is manifest in the ahoriiiiiu's.
The men are here well made, of a stature (juite up to
the averaii'e. comparatively fair-com[>lexioned and pleas-
ant-featured. 'I'he chiUlren of tlu islandei's ari' descrihetl
hv the earlv vova<*:ers us heinir white, with liiiht hair and
ruddv cheeks, aiu
I tl
le women as haxiui: fiiu
heautiful cm's, and a modest demeanor
111
forms,
The heard i.-
'■•< At Siuifii Cataliniv ' las nuiji'res son inny licnnosiis y limicst.is, his ninos
son lilaiicds y vubids y limy risui'i'ios.' SdlimrnK. J! Iiiri,,i,a, p. IS, in l)>ii\ ///>/.
J/c,r.. srric iii., tdiii. iv. Src also FurnlitDti'n Ijfi- hi Cnl.. \\. 1 |0; 'rnri/m hkiiIiI,
MinKtvij. Iinl ., t.iin. i.. !>. 712. At Santa J>iirl>ava. ' mhi iiias altus, (lis]!iU'Stiis. y
luclubradiis, (jUc otr^is, (juc antes sc avian visto.' I'liniui nnuUt, Mimni'i/. //"/.,
loin, i., ji. 711. ( )n the cnast fiiiiii San l)i( ;,'i> tn San Fniiicisc-d tin y ai( ' iriiiic
.('oulcnr I'onci'o, dc jictftf taillc, ct assc/ ni,al fails.' Fdijis, in .\i<tiri:i's Aninil'S
</c,s I'd//., ISll, tiini, ci.. p. l.j;!; sec also Miirmiir. .\-//;r. , in lln/iinl, \'iii/.iii (HI.,
p. 2.:(). At San Luis lu-y, ' soiit liii'ii fails it (I'linr taiUf iimyt imc' /./., p.
171; ipioti'il ill M'lriiiin-, y. 2'J',). An Imliaii sii n at S,inta Iikz Mission
* was aliout iwcnty-scven years olil, with a lilack thiik lir.inl, iris of the eyi s
lii^'lit chocolate-brown, nose small and rouml. li]is imi tliick. face loiii,' aiil
anioilar.' ' '"/. Furim r, MniiA. lsi;(). '|'li,. Xdclies • aumpie de hiieiia disjiosi-
ciuu sou dclgados y bustautj dclicudos para aiidar a pie.' <iiirris, ii. JJoc. Jiisl.
DHKSS IN- SOrniEltX CALIFOKNIA.
41 1:)
[)lii('k('(l out with u bivalve sliell. whicli iiiiswcrs tlio
[)iii'l»()S(' of pincers.
A short ('lt)jik (>r (lc('r-sl<in or rahhit-skiiis sewed 1
o-
'th
111
th
ether, siillices the men lor e
ilotl
ilW,
ind
sometimes
e\en this is dispensed with, lor thev think it no shame
to he nid\ed.'^' The W(»men and female ehildren wear a
petticoat of skin, with a heavy iVinj-c I'earhin;;' down to
the kiiei's; in some districts they also wear short capes
c()\'erm'
the I
)reast."
1411
On the coast and. Ibrmei'lN, on
tlu' islands, seals fnrnished the material.
'V\
le more
indiisti'ions and wealthy emhroidei' their ;j:'.iMnents pro-
fusely with small shells. Aronnd Santa Uarhara rinus of
hone or shell were worn in the nose; at Los An;^('les
nasal oi'naments were not the fashion. 'IMie women had
c\ linder-sha[)ed pieces of ivory, sometimes as much as
eii:ht inches in lenjith. attached to the ears hy a shell
linu'. Bracelets and necklaces were made of pieces of
i\nr\ uronnd ronnd and perforatetl, small pehhles, and
shells.'
I*aint of varions colors was used by warriors and
(JMiicers. Mr Ihiii^) Reid. who has eonti'ihnted vahi-
!iMe information concerninii' the natives of Los Aniieles
Cnimty. states that .uirls in love i)aint the cheeks spar-
iiiiily with red ochre, and all the women, before they
^row old. protect their com[)le.\ion from the eifects of
lA.i".. sri'if ii., toin. i., p. •J'l"). •'Well ()io[i(iiti(m(Ml in ti^'uro. mul of iiolilc
:i;i|MiiViiiU'f.' Dniiniiii'lt'.i /jrsd'ls. vol. ii., ]>. lo. "'riic women (of tlie l»ie-
'-('■riiisi iirt; l)eillltiflllly (levelopeil, liml superbly fniiiied. their bodies as
siraiLjlit as an nn'ow." Mi'Jihr. in Kumi-ii'-: C S. uml 1/r.i'.. liniiinL Surrii/,
V '!. i . p. 107. The Cahiiilliis -are a lijthy and niiseralib'-lookiiiL; set, and
Ltreiit beL,';.,'urs, pi'eseiitinij all nnfavoialile contrast to the Indian ii|i(in thi!
( I 'orado.' Wlii/ijilc, in /''/«■. /,'. It. /e//'., vol. iii., p. l.'ll.
"' riie ordinary eloak di sceiids to the waist: ' le <diif seiil en ii line ipii
liii tiiMilit' jiis([n'aii jarret, et e'est la la seiile iiiar(pie di- distinction.' /Wi/'s,
ill X'Hinllts AiiKiilia ilisi'iii/., 1M.I, toiii. ci., p. 172; see also .Miiriii'n r, Xdliir,
in lifjiniit, Villi. I'll (ill., )). 22'.(.
'"' I'liese capes Father Crespi describes as bein^' ' niios ca]iotillos hechos
d'- pieles de liebres y coiiejos de (jile hactli tiias y tcrcidas c(]nio nii cati ;
coseii 1111(1 con iitro y las deticndeii del frio cubiit'iahdas Jjor la lioliestidad '
(V',v;i/, ill l)iic. Hist. M(.r.. serie iv., torn. vi.. pp. 'J'.tl 2: see also III.. ]i. ;irj.
"' The lobii niarino of lln' Spanish is the eoiiinion seal and sea call of the
111" I'.nulish; le veaii niariii and iihoipie connnnn of the French; vecchio ina-
niin (if the Italians; Meerwnlf and Meerhund of the (lernians; Zie-Hniiil
of the hiilch: Sael-hiindof the Manes: Sial of the Swides; and moelrhon uf
the Welsh. h'„:jl,rs Kiiij. Kmy. .\iit. m^L, vol. iv., p. 2'.)'J.
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404
CALIFORNIAN8.
IIM
11'.)
the sun by a plentiful up[)licati(>n of the same cosmetic
Vizcaino saw natives on the southern coast painted hhie
and silvered over with wnne kind of mineral substance.
On his asking where they obtained the silver-like ma-
terial tiiey showed him a kind of mineral ore, which
tliey said they used for pur})oses of ornamentation
They take nnich pride in tiieir hair, which they wear
l<»njX. It is braided, and either wotuid round the head
turban-like,'"" or twisted into a top-knot; some tie it in a
(pieue behind. According to Father Bos(nuia the girls
are tatto<H>d in infancy on the face, breast, and anus.
The most usual method was to prick the tlesh with a
thorn of the cactus-j)lant: charcoal proc'uced from the
maguey was then rubl)ed into the wounds, and an inef-
lUceable blue was the result.^''
Dwellings, in the greater part of this region, difter but
little from those of the (^Mitral Californiai
IS.
In si
lillK'
they are conical or semi-globular, and usually consist of
a frame, foruied by driving long poles into the ground,
covered with rushes and earth. '"'^ On the coast of the
Santa Barl»ara (Miannel there srems to have been some
iujprovement in their style of architecture. It was piob-
ably here that (\ibrill() saw houses built after the man-
ner of those in Xew Spain.'"'' It is jx^ssible that the
"^ Jie'iil, in Lou .1»7(7<'S Star.
'•'' Siihnrnii, /i'7'(i'ii//ii'.s, in /><>c. Ifisl. }fix., scric iii., torn, iv., p. IH.
' '" This Imir tnilian or coil 'sirvc dc Imlsa parii ^'uuvilar en lit ciihr/ii Ins
iilmlorios y (Icniiis cliiichi'i'iiis '\\w sc Ics «li.' I'tilim, VUhi <l<> .hwlfirri) Snrn.
\>. 215. The siinit' (•ust()ni hccuis to j)n'viiil iiuion^' tlit? dibolos of N»'\v Mcx-
I'o, iis Marniii'i', i)» his luMitional chaptrv in the Krrnch i'(lition of lirijiuit's
C'll , p. 258, siiys: ' Ics hotiinit's ilii pcuplc tri'Kscnt k'urs <'hi'v<'nx avcc <lis
ciirdoiis, ct y pliiccnt Ic pfU d'olijuts (ju'iis possi'dcut, notiiuun(.'Ut lu curiic
(jui rciifcrnit' Iimiv tiihuc .'i fnnu'i-.'
'■'' On tilt) Knl)jt'ct of (Iri'ss him- ulso \'itriivrrU\ Introil., in Siitil i/ Mi.rii'miii,
I'ld'/c, p. Ixiv.; I'lilmt, \"iilit ill' .hniifiifii Sirrn, p. 7'.»; hniininrh's Ihsirln. vol.
ii.. )). 4o; li'isrimn. in li'i'ihimin's l.ij'r in I'lit., p. 210; Fitrnlntiii's L'lff hi Cnl .
p. IKS; Uiirrrs, in Ihir. .Vi.r. Jl'ist., serie ii., toni. i., p. 21*1; Miirin'ur, XotUr, iu
Uri/'iiil, Viii/.iii fill., p. 2i'.».
''■■* On tilt' lios .Vnfjt'h's CoaKt: ' La ranchcrfa sc roinpone ilf vcinto casus
lii'chas til! zacalc ilc forma csft'rica a nioilt) tic uno nictlia naranja con sii rcs-
jiirailcro fU lo alto por ilondc Ics cntra la In/, vlicnc saliila tl hiinio.' I'nsiii,
ill /'■>(•. Hist, .t/i'.r., serif iv., toin. vi , p. 314; linffinniin, iu Sun Fntnrisrn Mul-
v''il I'riss, vol. v.. p. IIK.
'^•' 'I'artii'ron tic alli cl !t, ontraron fu una rnscnaila CHpaciosa, y si^^niiii-
tlo la t'osta vii'i'on en clla nn pncMo <li' Indios junto a la mar con casas ^raii-
il'S A muucnulc las dc Xucva-Espanu.' Mitnirnk introd., iu Sutil y Mvxuvnn,
DWELLINGS AND FOOD.
405
iiilliionoos of tlio soiithoni civiUzation mav liavc ex-
ti'iiik'd as far as this }H)int. Fatlior IViscana's (k'scrip-
tioii of tlu' tc'in[)U'.s or nnKjucchu erocted hy tlie natives in
tlie vicinity of San .luan (\'i])istrano, in honor of their
"od. (Miiniiichinich. is thus translated: '*Thev f«>nned an
enclosure of {ilM)ut four or live yards in cinaunference.
not exactly round, hut inclining to an oval. This they
divided hy drawing a line through the centre, and huilt
another, consisting of the hranches of trees, and mats to
the height of alMHit six feet, outside of which, in the
other division, they formed another of small stakes of
wood driven into the ground. This was called the gate,
or entrance, to the vanijuech. Inside of this, and ck)se
to the larger stakes, was placed a (igure of their god
C'hinigchinich, elevated n^xni a kind of hurdle. This is
the edifice of the vanquech."''"
Almost every living thing that they can lay their
hiinds on serves as food. Coyotes, skunks, wild cats,
rats, mice, crows, hawks, owls, lizards, frogs, snakes, ex-
ce[)tiug him of the rattle, grasshoppers and other in-
sects, all are devoured hy the inland trihes. Stranded
whales, animals of the seal genus, fish, and shell-fish,
fuim the main sup]K)rt of those inhahiting the coast.
Veni.«^on thev are of course glad to eat when thev can
get it, hut as they are [M)or hunters, it is a rare luxury.
W hen they did hunt the deer they re.»<orted to the same
aitidce as their northern neighhors. phuMug a deer's
Ix'ad and horns on their own head, and thus disguised
appioaching within how-shot. Bear-meat the majority
V'uric, ]ip. xxix.. xxxi.. xxxvi. The Hpcoiiiits df Cabrillo's voyiif,'f nro so cnii-
fusid tli;it it is iiniiiissilili' to kiiiiw tlic cxnct Idi'iiiity in wliicli he suw tlic in n-
\i\f lie (Icscrilics. On fllis |ii)int (•(ilnpali' > nUriHn, lliliirlnn, in '((/. Ihic. //<■>/.
/•'/<./■/■(/</, tiini. i., J). 17:1; limirni'x l.uin r I'nl.. \i\i. IH, 1'.); linnu ijaChniii. Hist.
Iiisrnr., vol. i., j)j). 221 ">; Cliiri'imi. Starin ihlln I'ul.. tmn. i.. pji, 151-5; Hmn-
IkiI II, h'^-i'ti I'lil.. torn, i., p. ;12'.l; .^/.<(l^(/("^•, Xiiiirr II'm/v/,/, j)|i. 21(1 II; >'(/-
III run, It'liii'iiitifs.hi Dm'. Illsl. Uc.i'., scritMii., toni. iv., ]i. IH; /*(■ f^ml, Xmiis
ih-\is. p. .'lilCi, ' Nur nni dif Mccrcni^'f vim Suntu IJ.irldim fuml niaii, 17<I!<,
dii' Iti^wnhncr fin weni^' ni'sittii^tt-r. Sit- huntt'n Crosse Hauscr von pvni-
iiii'lil.r I'urni, in Dorter vcivint.' Mulileni>fi>rilt, Mcjico, toni. ii., jit. ii., \'\i.
4") I .").
'' litis ■una, in Ilu'iiiisiDi'.s l.iff in Citl., p. 2."i'.(; liiuirrnft'H Snl. HiifX, vol,
Mi. \>i>. 10:t U.
406
CALIFORNTANS.
refii.se to cat from suporstitious motives.*'"' C!rassliop])ors
!ire ciiteii rojistcd. Aconis are shelled, dried, and pound-
ed ill stone mortars into Hour, which is uashed and
rewashed in hot and cold water until the hitterness is
rem<>ved, when it is made into gruel with cold water, or
l)aked into hread. Various knids of jirass-seeds, herl)s.
hiMries, ;ind roots, are also eaten, hoth roasted and raw.
Wild fowl are caught in nets made of tules, spread
over channels cut through the rushes in places IVe-
<iuented hy the fowl, at a sufticient height ahove the
water to allow the hirds to swim easily heneath them.
The game is gently driven or decoyed nnder the nets.
when sit a given signal, a great noise is made, and the
terrified fowl, rising suddenly, hecome hoiMjlessly en-
tangled in the meshes, and fall an easy pre}'. Or select-
ing a sjMjt containing clear water about two feet deep,
they fasten a net midway between the surface and the'
bottom, and strewing the place with berries, which sink
to the l)ottom under the net, they retire. The fowl
approach and dive for the ))erries. The me.shes of the
net readily admit the head, but hold the prisoner tight
\\\yon attempting to withdraw it. And what is more,
their |)osition prevents them from making a noise, and
they serve also as a decoj- for others. Fish are taken in
seines made from the tough bark of the tiofie-tree. They
are also killed with spears having a movable Innie hi'ad.
attached to a long line, so that when a fish is struck tlie
barb becomes loosened; line is then paid out until the
jlsh is exhausted with running, when it is drawn in.
Many of the inland tribes come dow n to the coast in tlic
fishing season, and remain there until the shoals leave.
wht'ii they return to the interior. FimuI is either l)()iled
by dropping hot stones into water-baskets, or, more fie-
ipiently, in vessels ma le of soa^j-stone.*'"
1'^ 'Olio of tht'ir most reiniirkalilc sniicrstitions is found in tho fact of
tlit'ir not t'iitin<4 the tirsli of liii'j,'<' t;iinu'. This iirisi'S from their lulicf tli;it
ill tho hnilit'sof ill! hirj,'c iiiiiiiiiils tlu' souIh of cortaiu ^ji'iicratious, Ion;,' siiu<'
jiiist. hiivo tiitcri'd . .A ti'ini of roproiicli from ii wiM tribe to thosi' in re
ta'.neil is, '•(liey eat venison."' ,'<chi>iilrnijTs Anli., vol, v., pp. '21.">-(); sei'
ul-to Itii I. in fj'is Aii'ifhs Slur.
'■''' ■ .Vll tlieir fooil was either eoltl or ni'arly so, . . .Rait was used very >[>m-
I \ 9
^VEArONS AND WAR.
407
In tlieii" cooking', as in otlior rL\s[K'ct!s, tlii'v are oxccsh-
ively unck'an. Thoy hathe lVcM|nt'ntly, it is true, hut
when not in the water they ave wallowinj; in (iUh. Their
(IwellinLis are Tnll of oH'al and other impurities, and ver-
min aljonnd on their |)ersons.
l)i)\vs and arnnvs, and chihs, are as nsnal the weajwiis
most in use. Sahres of hard W(M)d, \vitli edjies that ent
like steel, are mentioned hy Father Juin'jiero Seira.''^
War is a mere pretext for plunder; the slijihtest \vron^\
real or imaginary, being sullicient eause for a strong trihe
to attack a weaker one. The smaller hands form tem-
porary idliances; the women and eiiildreii aceomitanying
the men on a raid, carrying provisions foi- the march,
and during an engagement they pick up the fallen arrows
(;'." the enemy and so kee}) their own warriors supjjlied.
I)0,sc:nia says that no male })risoners are taken, and no
(piarter given; and lingo lieid allirms of the natives of
Los Angeles County that all prisoners of war. after Ije-
ing tormented in the most cruel manner, are invariably
j)ut to death. The dead are deca[)itated and sealjKid.
lemale prisoners are either sold or retained as slaves.
Scalps, highly prized as trophies, and pid)licly exhibited
at leasts, may be ransomed, but no consideiation would
induce them to pai't with their living cajttives.'"'^
Among the few articles they manufacture are fish-
hooks, nei'dles, and awls, made of ])one or shell; mortars
and [)estles of granite, and soap-stone cooking vessels,
and water-tight baskets.'"' The clay vessels which are
iiis^'ly ill their fooil, fvoiii lui idcii that it liad a tfjidtncv tn turn tlnir hair
1,'iay.' h'l i I, ill //">■ Aii'iil'S Sl(ir. ' 1 have hicii iiiaiiv iustaliics of thi ir tak-
iii'^' a lalilat. ainl sucking' its Idodd witli cai^'cnii ^s, jirc \i.'iis tn cnHMiiniii;,'
tlic tlcsh ill a criidf stale' linxfiniii, in Jtnlihison's J.ii'e in i'hI.. ]i. 'J:!',!. • \ ivcii
luuy ir^alados cuii vaiias siii.ilhis. y ciPii la ptsca (jiir hai-cii in sus l)iiUa,stin
tiilc y ijuirii iiddhs dar I'usa di' ('(iiiiiila. soliau dccir. i|iii' dc ai|iii ijo no,
c|Ut' ].» ((lit' (jucrian era miu; y sulo <'i)n cosa di' rstr "^'I'licio. iiaii 1.).s raiiiha-
i.u Ins (jiif haiiaii (h' sii inscadu cdii Ids Soldadus y Arricrus.' I'lilmi, I'iilii ile
.hiit'fiifi) Srrrii, ji. 71>. Sec also Tiin/iiiiiniiln. MuKiin/. In I,, tmii. i , j). 71'.';
F'tnihiiin'ii Uh III c<il.,\i. i;i'.t;.s/«o(/' V. ill lii'l.Af. H'lil., l.s<l(;,i>. lii2:A/., IHiM,
\n>. VM ->; n'llhn: in /-/., 1 v 2, p.' (17; ll'iilli'lCs /'.cs. A-ic, m,\. ii.. p. l^'r,
ll'ity.iiiiiin, in >'(/( h'lHii'isci) .\[iiHnil I'lrns, vol. v., ji. ll'J; MoUlninfn n, lliimn,
ill (/('' Fil.s mill)., vol. i., jij). s.'-:t.
'"' I'lilnii, !'/(/'( (/)' ,hiii jitm Sirrn, pp. 83-1.
'"' /) />• am. in U'lhin.i'in'n 1,1 1'r 'lit I III., pp. .'{ii(!-!t.
'-''' iliL' baskets, though watur-proof, ' wcrf usuil only for dry purposi-s.
408
CALIFORNIANS.
frequently found among tliem now, were not nmtle b\-
tlieiii before tlie arrival of the ^paniaids. The stone
implements, however, are of alwriginal manufacture, and
are well made. The former are said to have Ixjen pro-
cured mostl V hv the tribes of the mainland i'rom the San hi
Rosa islanders."" The instruments which they used in
their manufactures were flint knives and awls; the latter
Faji'es describes as being nuide from the snudl bone of a
deer's fore-fcM)t. The knife is double-edged, made of a
flint, and has a wooden haft, inlaid with mother of
pearl. ^"^
On this coast we again meet with wooden canoes, al-
though the l)alsa, or tule raft, is also in use. These Jjoats
are made of planks neatly fastened together and })aid
with bitumen ;*"* prow and stern, both eipially sharp, are
elevated nhwc the centre, which made them ai)i)ear to
Vizcaino "como barquillos" when seen beside his own
junk-like craft. The paddles were long and double-
bladed. and their Iwats, though generally manned l)y
three or i'our men, were sometimes large enough to carry
twenty. Canoes dug out of a single log, scraped smooth
on the outside, with both ends sha])ed alike, were some-
times, though more rarely, used.
l(Ki
The circulating
The vessels in nse for liquids were roughly made of rushes nud plustered
outside luul in with bitumen or pitch, culled hy tluni snnol.' lnhl. in Loa
A)iiivlrs Slur; Mulihufifurdt, Mejico, vol. ii., pt. ii., pp. 454-5; and Mullliauaen,
Jieisvn in itii' Fflsinijeli., vol. i., p. 82.
\w ' Leurs mortiers de i)ierre et divers autres ustensiles sont incrustes avee
heauconp d"iirt do niorceaux de nacre de perle.' Fuijen, in A'i/kcc/A.s- .Id/iri/rs
d'H \'<>!/., 1S44, toni. ci., p. 319. 'Mortars an '". i>cstles were nmd<' of j.;vaiiite,
about hixteen inches wide at the top, ten at the bottom, ten inches hi(,'h and
two thick.' Soapstone pots were ' about an inch in thickness, and procured
from thi^ Indians of Santa Catalina; the cover used was of the same material.'
J{i-i(l, in l.iis Atifiilis Star. On the eastern slojies of the San lierniirdino
Monntiiins, blankets are made which will easily hold water. T((i/I<ii\ in Sun
Fraiii-isri) ISnllithi. ISii'J, also cpioted in Shwh's Cal. Striiji llonl.-, p. 4' 5. 'To-
das sus obras son primorosas y bieu ucabadas.' t'resjn, in Ikx;. Hist. J/cr.,
Berie iv., torn, vi., p. ;M5.
i<ii I'liiis, in \iiiirelhH Annaks (lesVoy., 1844, torn, ci., jip. 319-20.
lf.2 'The ])laiiks wi-vi^ bent and joiiied by the heat of lire, and then jinyed
with asphaltuni, called by them chapapote.' Taylor, in <'al. Farmer, Jiinr 1,
18(>().
iij^ At Santa Catalina Vi/caino saw ' vnas Canoguelas, que ellos vsan, de
Tablasbien hechas, como BarquilloH, con lasPopas, y I'roas levantadas, y mas
altas. (|ue el ("nerpii de la Harca, o t'anoa.' Tuniiifiiniilii, Mimani. IikL. (om. i.,
p 712; see also Sdhiteri'u, Ilelaciones, in Doc. Hid. Max., serieiii., torn, iv., p. 18.
GOVERNMENT AND rUNISIIMENTS,
4(VJ
some-
incdium consisted of small round pioros of the white
mussc'l-slu'll. Tlicso wore iXTfoiJitcd an«l iuninjicd on
strings, the value of which deiKMided n|H)n their length.'"*
1 have said hefore that this money is supposed to have
iK'cn manufactured for the most part on Santa Rosa
Island. Hence it was distrihuted among the coast ti-ihes,
who hought with it deer-skins, seeds, etc., from the jx}o-
ple of the interior.
Each trih(^ acknowledged one head, whose province it
was to settle disputes.""" levy war. make peace. apjH)int
feasts, and give g(K)d advice. Beyond this he had little
power."* He was assisted in his duties hy a council of
elders. The office of chief was hereditarv, and in the
iihsence of a male heir devolved u|H)n the female nearest
of kin. She could marry whom she i)U'ased. hut her
hushand ohtained no authority through the alliance, idl
the power remaining in his wife's hands until their eldest
)>()y attained his majority, when the latter at once as-
sumed the conunand.
A nuu'ilerei's life was taken hy the relatives of his
victim, unless he should gain refuge in the temple, in
which case his punishment Wtas left to their god. A'en-
•11 jiaj'cd
On tlip coast of Los Anfjeles Fixthor Crespi saw 'canons hoclias Ac Inienns tnMas
lie jiiiio. bit'ii lij^inlas y de una forma ^raciosa con dos iiroas I'san n-nios
liiri,'iis (Ic (Ids pulas y vo^an con iiultrible lijcri/a y vtlociilad.' I'lis/.i, in
.l>'„\ Hisl. M<y., sciiti iv., toni. vi., p. U15. At San' Ditf^'o I'alou dt sciilii s
'Imlsiisdf tulc, cii forma dc Caiioas, con lo que ciitraii iiiiiy adiiitro del mar.'
I'nh'ii, Viiht (Iv .lunljtrro Seri'ii, p. 71*; HosniiKt, i'l Italihisdii's Lift' in ' "'.,
J). 2411; Miiriiiiir, .SHIire, in ISryaiil- VoiJ. en ('"/., p. '2-S. l)csciii)tiou of bal-
Nis, wliich dirt'ci in no vcsjicct from tliosc used north.
u<\ ''I'lic worth of H rial was jnit on a string,' which passed twict> and n-half
rniiiid tlie hand, i. e., from end of middle tiuj^'tr to wrist. ]'.i;,dit of tliest;
siriiiL!s passed for the value of a silver dollar.' l'<iL l-'nnniv, Jnuf 1, 1(S(H).
' KJLilit vards of tlieso beads made about one dollar of our currency ' lil.,
.hill. IH," iNlil.
''•' 'It' a quarrel occurred between parties of distinct lodj^es (viUa^'Ps),
each chit f heard the witnesses produced liy his own |ieoplc; imd then, asso-
riiilcd with the chief of the o|)posite side, they jiassed sentence. In case
tlicy could not aKree, an impartial chief was called in, wlio heard tlie statt-
iMiiits iiiad(' by both, and he alone decided. There was no appeal from his
decision.' Hi'itl, in l.ns Aiiiii''(!s Star.
im ' p,„if tout ce (pii concerne les affaires interit'ures, I'intlnence des
dtTJiis est bieii superieure ii la lent.' Mufivs, KxpUir., toni. ii., p. ISTH. .\t
San l)iiL;o 'Chucpie village est soniuis aux ordres altsolus d'uii chef.' hinj's,
ill Xiiiirclivs Aiiiitihs ilfji Vitij., I84t, tom. ci., J). 15:); or see Mitnn'iir. .Vc/iif,
ill liri/<iiil. \'iii/. ill I'lil., p. "•i'iCi, 'I have found that the captains have very
little authority.' .Stuiiliy, in Inil. Aff. llept., im\), p. I'Ji.
'410
CALIFORNIANS.
gt-nnco was, liowovor. only doferrt'd; tlie cliildivn of tlio
iiiiinlored iiiiiii invariubly avenji;ed his jkiitli. snoiu'i- or
later, \\\)im the miirderer or his deseeiidiiiits. When
a chief grew ttw) old to govern he abdicated in Itivor
of his son, on which occasion a great feast was given.
When all the people had Ix^en called together ])y criers,
'the crown was [)hiced npon the head of the chief elect,
and he was enrol)ed with the imperial vestments," as
Father Boscana has it; that is to sa}', he was dressed in
a head-ornament of feathers, and a leather pt'tticoat
reaching from the waist half-way down to the knees,
and tiie rest of his Ixnly painted black, lie then went
into the temi)le and jxirformed a pas seul before the god
f/hinigchinich. Here, in a short time, he was joined by
the other chiefs, who, forming a circle, danced round
him, accompanied by the rattling of tnrtle-siiells tilled
with small stones. When this ceremony was over he
was publicly acknowledged chief.
As I said before, the chief had little actual authority
over individuals; neither was the real |R)wer vested in
the heads of families; but a system of inlluencing the
people was adopted hy the chief and the ehlers, which
is somewhat singular. Whenever an im[M)rtant step was
to be taken, such as the killing of a malefactor, or the
invasion of an enemy's territor>, the sympathies of the
people were enlisted by means of criers, who were sent
I'ound to proclaim aloi: I the crime and the criminal, or
to dilate njxjn the wrongs suffered at the hands of the
hostile trilie; and their elocjuence seldom failed to attain
the desired object.^"^
The chief could have a plin*ality of wives, but the
common people were only allowed one.^"** The form of
ICT Tiosrnna, in Tln}>infinn's Life in Ca\, pp. 2f>2-9.
"'** Dr. Hott'iniiii stivtos that in th vicinity of Han Diogo 'tlipir laws allow
tlu'in to keep us iiiuny wives an they can Hupport.' Son Fruticttifo Mvilicnl.
I'irss, vol. vi., p. l'>{). Fagea, 8^jeakiu{{ of tlio Imliuns on the const from
Sun Dic^o to Sim Frunciseo, sa;" s : 'Ceslndiens n'ont qn"une stulc fcninie
ii la fois, niuis ilsen i'lianf,'eut aussi sonvent que cela leur coiivicnt.' .\iiiirtllis
Aniiokstlis I '('_(/., lS4t, toin. ci , p. 153. Of those in the vicinity of Sun Luis
Key the same author says: ' Les chefs de ce district out Ic privilc^'c ile pnnilre
deux on trois ftmnus, de Its repudier ou de Its ebauger aussi Bouveut quils
MARRIAGE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.
411
contractiii'i: a niarriafro varied. In Los Angeles C\)unt3',
uiH'onliiig to Mr Jle'ul, the matter was arranged \>y a
preliiuinary interchange oi" j)reHents Ix^tween the male
relatives of the hridegnnnn and the female relatives of
the hride. The former proceeded in a ImmIj to the dwell-
ing of the girl, and distributed small sums in shell
money among her female kinsfolk, who were collected
there for the occasion. These afterward returned the
com[)liment by visiting the man and giving ))askets of
meal to his jKJOple. A time was then fixed for the fnial
ceremony. On the apiKjinted day the girl, decked in all
her finery, and accompanied by her family- and relations,
was carried in the arms of one of her kinsfolk toward
the house of her lover; edible seeds and l)erries were
scattered l>efore her on the way, which were scrambled
for by the s[)ectators. The party was met half-way by
ji deputation from the bridegr(X)m, one of whom now
ttx)k the young woman in his arms and carried her to
the house of her hus))and, who waited ex|)ectantly.
She was then phiced by his side, and the guests, after
scattering more seeds, left the cou[)le alone. A great
feast followed, of which the most prominent feature was
a character-dance. The yoiuig men took \r,irt in this
dance in the roles of hunters and warriors, and were
assisted by the old women, who feigned to (^arry off game,
or dispatch wounded enemies, as the case might be.
The s[)ectators sat in a circle and chanted an accompani-
ment.
According to another f*)rui of marriage the man either
asked the girl's parents for })ennission to marry their
daughter, or commissioned one of his friends to do so.
If the i)arents approved, their future son-in-law took up
iiis abode with them, on condition that he should provi«le
a certain quantity of food every day. This was done to
afVord him an opfwrtunity to judge of the doiuestic qual-
ities of his future wife. If satisfied, he appointed a day
for the marriage, and the ceremony was conducted luuch
1(> vcnlcnt; niiiis les mitros habitimts u'fii out qu'une seule et lie iHUvtiit lea
iL-pudier (juVii ciis d'udultc'ie.' Id., p. 173.
412
CALIFORNIANS.
in tho same mnniicr ns tluit last di'scribod, except tliat
lie received tlie jiirl in a teniiMirarv Hhelter i-rected in
front of his Init. and that hIic wan disrobed before bein<r
placed by his side.
Children were often Ix'trotlied in infaircy, kejjt con-
tinually in each other's society njitil they j:re\v np, and
the contract was scarcely ever broken. Many obtained
their wives by abductit>n. and this was the cause of
many of the inter-tribal (juarrels in which they were so
constantly engaged.
If a man ill-treated his wife, her relations t(K)k her
away, after paying l)ack the value of her weddinji pres-
ents, and then married her to another. Little dilliculty
was experienced in obtaining a divorce on any ground ;
indeed, in many of the trilx's the parties separated when-
ever they grew tired of eaoh other. Adultery was se-
verely punished. If a husband caught his wife in the
act, he was justified in killing her. or, he could give iier
np to her seducer and appropriate the six)use of the latter
to himself
At the time of child-birth many singular ol)ser\-
ances obtained; for instance, the old women washed the
child as .soon as it was lK)rn, and drank of the water;
the !udiap[)y infant was forced to take a draught of
nrinc medicinally, and although the husband did not
affect the sufterings of lalM)r, his conduct was su})posed
in some manner to .iffect the unlK)rn child, and he was
conse(juently laid under certain restrictions, such as not
l)eing allowed to leave the house, or to eat fish and meat.
The women as usual suft'er little from child-])eaiing.
One writer thus (lescril)es the accouchement of a woman
in the vicinity of San Diego: " A few hours before the
time arrives she gets up and quietly walks ofl' alone, as
if nothing extraordinary was al)out to occur. In this
manner she deceives all, even her husband, and hides
herself away in some secluded ncwk, near a stream or
hole of water. At the foot of a small tree, which she can
easily grasp with both hands, she prepares her "lying-
in-couch/ on which she lies down as soon as the labor
CHILD-mUTII.
4ir(
jiiiiiis coiiu' on. AVlu'ii tlic i)iiiii is on, slie p'iisjH tlu' tivo
w itii lK>tli liiinds, thrown up luickward uvor li(>i- liriid. iind
(iiills and stniinH >vith all lior nii<;lit, tliu.M assistin;: oacli
pain, nntil Ikt awonc^licuK'nt i.s over. A.s wM)n a.s tlu'
child is horn, the mother li(.'r.><i'ir ties tho nuvtl-cord witli
a hit of hnck-.skin .stnn<r, Nevoi'in«r; it with a pair of. sharp
scissors. pro})ared for tlie <x'eu.sion, after wiiich thi end
is hinned with a coal of lire; the child i.s then thrown
into the water; if it ri.se.s to the wnrface and cries, it i.s
taken out and cared for; if it .sinks, there it remains,
Mud is not even awarded an Indian hurial. The aiVair
heiuji' all over, she retuin.s to her usual duties, just as if
uothiuii had happened, so matter of fact are they in such
matters." Purilication at child-hirth la.^ted for three
(lavs, during which time the mother was allowed no
f(M)d. and no drink hut warm water. The ceremonv, in
which mother and child participated, was as follows: In
the centre of the hut a pit was lilled with heated stones,
iil)on which herhs wore pla(!ed, and the whoh^ <'overed
with earth, except a small ajjcrture throuiih which wati-r
was introduced. The mother and child, wrapped in
blankets, stood over the pit and were s(M)n in a \iolent
l)erspiration. When they hecame exhausted from the
elVect of the steam and the heated air, they lay u|M)n
the uround and were covered with earth, after which
they aiiain took to tin; heated .stones and steam. The
mother was allowed to eat no meat lor two moons, after
which pills made of meat and wild to])acco were jiiven
her. In some trihes .she could hold no intercour.se with
her hushand until the child was weaned.
Children, until they arrived at the ajie of puherty,
remained under the control of their parents, aftei'ward
tluy weie suhject oidy to the chief. Like the Sjjartan
youth, they were tau;;ht that ah.stinence, and indiil'erence
to hardship and privations, constitute the oidy true
manhood. To render them hardy much unnecessary-
"■' ' Los veiifn dfrt deux sexos, qui votilf nt se rcniurier, ne iwnvt'nt If fairo
•lu'iivoc (rmitrcs vciifs.' F'/</<'s, in .V'<inW/',s Aiiiiulin ilis V'l)., Jf^ll, tuiii. i-i.,
!>. 17;J; BUI! also Murmkr, Xotii.t, iu llri/nnl, Toy. twt fa/., p. 1.30.
414
CALIF0RN1AN8.
j)ain was inflicted. Tlicv wvw lorlmMon to upproucli
tlir (ire to warm tlu'iuselvos, or to oat certain need-s ami
J)erries wliicli were considered luxiu'ies.
A yontii, to become a warrior, must first imder<:<) a
severe ordeal; ids naked ImmIv was l)eaten witli stinjiini;
nettles until lie was literally unable to move; tbeu lie
was placed ii|Hjn tbe nest of a 8[K'cies of virulent ant,
wiiile bis friends irritated tbe insects bv stirriu" tbeiii
up witb sticks. Tbe infuriated ants swarmed over
everv part of tbe sulferer's IkkIv, into bis eves, bis ears,
bis moutb, bis nose, causinjj; indes<'ribable pain.
Hoscana states tbat tbe }oun<r were iiistructt'd to 1()V(>
trutb. to do {food, and to venerate old aj-e.'"" At an
early ajie tbey were placed under tbe ])rotection t)f a
tutelar divinity, wbicb was sup|H)sed to take tiie form of
some animal. To discover tbe particular K'ast wbicli
was to guide bis future destinies, tbe cbild was intoxi-
cated.'"' and for tbree or four days kept witbout food of
any kind. During tins pericxl lie was continually lia-
I'assnl and (juestioned, until, weak from want of foixi.
crazed witb drink and innK)rtunity, and knowing tbat
tiie persecution would not cease until be yieldi'd. 1m>
confessed to seeing bis divinit and described wliat
kind of brute it was. Tbe ouiline of tbe figure was
tben molded in a paste made of cru.sbed lierbs, on tlie
breast and arms of tbe novitiate. Tins was ignited and
allowed tt) burn until entirely consumed, and tliiis tbt;
figure of tbe divinity remained indelibly delineated in
tbe llesli. Hunters, before starting on an exju'dition,
would beat tbeir faces witb nettles to render tbem cleai-
sigbted. A girl, on arriving at tbe age of pul)erty. was
laid upon a bed of brandies pkiced over a bole, wiiidi
170
reiimi
' Till' perverse chilli, inviiriably. was destroveil, anil the imrtiits of siidi
lied dishouorcd.' liosviiun, in linlthisnn's JA/e in Vol., p. '27(1. 'lis lie
l)i'nsent pus ii (li)uner d'autre ediieation a lenrs enfants (pi'a ensei^jncr aiix
tils fxactcnient ce que faisait lenr pere: quant aux tiUcs, ellcs out Ic droit do
choisir roeenpation qui lenr eouvient le mieux.* Fiujes, iu Xouvclkn Annuhs
(les Vitif., 1844, torn, ci., p. \Ty.\.
i" The intoxieatin^; licpiur was 'made from a plant called Pihal. which
was reduced to a powder, and mixed with other mtoxicatiug ingredients.'
Jioseaua, iu liobiimou's Life in ('«/., p. 271.
AMl'SEMEXTS.
■Ji;
liiul Ix'iMi provioiisly luMtcd, wlioiv shv ^vils kept \ut\t
viTv littk* I'ood lor two or tUrvv tluvs. Old women
chanted soniis, and vonivj: woineu danci'd round lier at
inter\uls during' Ii'T » ■ ri(i(;;ition. In the vieinity of
San l>ie;io the ^im \h hurled ull hut lier head, and the
^I'ountl alM)Vt^ her is heateii until nlie is in a j)rol'usi'
|iers|tiration. 'I'his is contiiuiod for twenty-lour hours,
the patient heinjr at intervjils dnrin;:; this time taken out
and washed, and tlieii reinihedded. A least ami (hmee
lollow
17J
When the missionaries first arrived in this r, ;;ion.
they found men dressed as women and jMilormin^f
women s (hities. who W'er<' kept for unuatu ' ])urposes.
IVom their vouth up thev were treated, instrueti'i! and
used as ii i.iides. and were even freipiently i)uhIi«lN iuai'-
]' I to the ehiels or Lireat men
\-j
(lamhlini: and (hnieing i'ormod, as usual, tiieir ]M-iiu'i-
pal nu'ans of recreation. Their <:ames ofcliance dilVered
httk' from those pkiyed fartlior n»)rth. 'I'hat of^ue.-^.s-
inii in whicli hajid a piece of W(K)d was lieM. hefore (U'-
scrihed. was ))kiyed hy eijiht, four on a sick', iusti'ad of
l(»nr. Another }j;ame was pkiyed l)y two. Fifty small
jiieces of W(M>d. placed uprijiht in a row in the jiroun<l.
at distances of two inches ajjart, formed the scoic. 1'he
players wei-e provided with a mmiher of pie<'es of split
reed, blackened on one side; these were thrown, points
,s',/(r).>/r/v/^V's Arc!)., vol. v., J). 21."). Forfitlu-r (liscriitioiis of ctniiioiiy
■.1 ,a
(if imlii'ity. sec: ll'i/i'iii'in, in Sun I
I'lhtrisf"
Viil. vi., j)|>. l.'dl I; i/cA'/'/is//'//, in Sdn /•Vvnici'.si'd llirnhl, Jmn, l.S.'i.'t.
Mi'uicdt VVr.v.s
171 . |.
1,1 Mi
(!.■ S. .\iit
oniii St' jiui
nil) ak
simli) i'l 1 i-i I'luh'is, (juc- en una ilc las ciisiis ilc Icih Nc 'til
avcnL,'Miir. jiuis nvi-
>' liaM.ui nictidii
s (liiitiiis, (1 lino con el ti'ajr natural dc til
il oil
>1 tl
(I.
IIS asi I n Ml
iMii'^ir, cxiinsanilolo con d iionilirc dc .loya (i|iic iliicn Uaniurl
lingua nativat fiii' lucj^o el I*. Misioiicro con cl ('alio v iin Solilado a la I'Msa
, vcr 1(
lo i[iic i)nscalpaii. v los
liallaron cji cl acto dc jncado ncfando. ( asli
Kaniiilos auiii|iic no con la pciia nicrccida, y afcaroiili s cl hcclio tan cnornic;
y respond! I cl (lintil. qui' aijucila .Toy a era sn niu^cr. . . .Solo en cl tramo dc
la Canal d' Santa IJarliarii, sc liallan niuclios .Joyas, puis raro cs cl I'ui hi i
doiulc no s<' vcan tlos o trcs.' I'uhin, Vuln ik •hm '>itni Srrni, ]>. 2J'J. ' Asi en
csta ranclicn'a conio en otros dc In ciinal, henios visto id^ninos j^cntilcs con
tnijc dc niiiLjcr con sns naKiiitas dc ^ainUHii, y niuy en^'nit s:i<ias v liiiij ias: no
liciiios [lodido entcndcr lo ([Uc si^'iiiticii, ni a (jU'' tin.' In.-iii in //<"•. JJi.st,
l/'.p., scri<' iv., toni. vi., ]>. IJj,"). See also lidsciiini. in /
' IKS' 1)1 S /.I, I' III
pp. -iS-'M; Mufriis, /•>;./.>»•., torn, ii., p. :}71; 7
on] I
I'lilil, Mtiimrif lull., toni.
pp. -127; i-Kiys, iu Xouvdlvs Aioiales desVoy., 1814, toni. ci., p. 173.
41C
CALIF011.VIANS.
U m
down, on the jrround, and tlic thrower counted out' for
everv piece tliat remained white ><ide uj)i)ejiuost; if he
jiained eiiiht he was entitled to another throw. 11' the
pieces all I'ell with the hlackened side up they counted
also. Small pieces of wood placed against the upright
pegs, marked the game. They reckoned from oj){)osite
ends of the row, .ind if one of the players threw just so
lUiuiy as to make his score exactly meet that of his oppo-
nent, the former had to commence again. Throwing
huices of reed through a rolling hoop was another source
of auuisement. Professional singers were emj)l()yed to
furnish nnisic to a l)arty of gamblers. An iun[)ire was
engaged, wiiose duty it was to hold the stakes, count the
game, [trevent cheating, juid act as ivferee; he was also
expected to supply wood for the fire.
When they were not eating, sleeping, or gam])ling,
tluy were generally dancing; indeed, says Father liosca-
na, ■■ such was the delight with which they took ]tart
in their festivities, that they often continued dancing day
and night, and sometimes entire weeks."' They danced
a,t a birth, at a marriage, at a burial; they danced to
])ropitiate the divinity, and they thanked the divinity
for being proi)itiated by dancing. ThcN' decorated them-
selves with shells iind beads, and painted their bodies with
divers colors. Sometimes head-dresses and petticoats
of feathers were worn, at other times they danced naki'd.
The women [)ainted the u[)per part of their bodies brown.
Tliey fre(pieut]y danced at the siune time as the men, but
seldom with them. Time was kept by singei's. iuul the
I'attiing of turtle-shells filled with })el)bles. They were
good actors, and some of their character-dances were well
executed ; the step, however, like their chanting, was
monotonous and unvarying. Many of their dances were
extremely licentious, and were accompanied with oli-
s(renities too disgusting to bear recital. Most of them
wen; connected in some way with their superstitions and
religious rites.'"^
"* '111 siiinc tvilii'« the nicTi mid tlu' wnnicn uiiitr in (hr dance ; in otlurs
the uu'U iildiif trip t.) ibu music of thu woiiu'U, whose sou^s art' by uu muans
CUSTOMS AND SUPERSTITIONS.
417
I oiu' for
•st; it" lit'
ir the
counted
: uiiri-ilit
opljositc
V just so
lis oj)[)o-
'lirowini:-
>r source
loved to
[)ire >v;is
ount the
Avus also
!Ull])lillg,
T lioscii-
ook part
ciu^dav
r daucod
uiccd to
divinity
'd thcin-
lics w itli
ictticoats
I iiaki'd.
s J)rowii.
ncn, hut
and the
ey wei'e
ere well
iitr. was
ces wen'
ith oh-
of them
ions and
: in ntlurs
Those pe()i)le never wandered far from their own ti>rri-
tory, and knew little or nothing of the nations lyinp; he-
\()nd their immediate noiuhhors. Mr Reid relates that
Mie who tra.veled some distance beyond the limits of lii.s
own domain, returned with the report that he had seen
men whose ears des(!ended to their hips; then he had
met with a race of Ldliputians; and finally had leached
a })eople so subtly constituted that they '*wt)uld take a
rabbit, or other animal, and merely with the breath, in-
hale the essence; throwing the rest away, which on ex-
amination proved to be excrement."
They had a great number of traditions, legends, and
lables. Some of these give evidence of a poweri'ul imagi-
nation; a few are pointed with amoral; but the majority
are pueiile, nieaningles.s, to us at least, and filled with
obscenities. It is said that, in some parts, the Southern
('ulifoi'uians are great snake-channers, and that they
allow the re[)tiles to wind themselves about their bodies
and bite them, with impunity.
Feuds lu'tween lamilies are mn'sed for generations;
the war is seldom more than one of words, however, un-
less a murder is to be avenged, and consists of mutual
vituperations, and singing obscene^ songs about each other.
IViends salute by incpiiries after each others health. On
parting one sa,ys ' 1 am going,' the other answers ' go.'
They are very superstitious, and believe in all sorts of
omens and auguries. An eclipse irightens them beyond
measure, and shooting stars cause them to ildl down in
the dust and cover their heads in abject terror. Many
of them believe that, should a hunter eat meat or fish
which he himself had procured, his luck would leave
uiiiilcasuiit to till' cur. ^^•h'il>sll•l/. in S. Frinirism Iferahl, Jnn<> l^r>:i. 'In
llirir rclij^imis ciniui iilnl il.iiui's tlity dilt'i r imich. While, in sdinr trilics,
:ill uniti' to (•( lihriitt' til, t;i, in ollurs, nicii alone are allowed to (lance, while
the women assist in sinL^ill^'.' .s'c/c/o/cjv/ry's Aiclt., vol. v., ji. ■_'! I !•"».
'"' • La (lansc est eXerillec Jiar lleUX conjlles an son d'uili' es]iici' ill' tllltc,
les antics restellt simples spectatenvs ( t se eontcntent (railj^nii nil I le lirilit
I u frap|i.int iles roseaux sees ' /'Vi/is, in Xdiinllis Atnidlen ihs I o,iy.. 1>'l I, tom,
'i.. [). 17(i; liiisrinm, in Utilihisnu'a l.'ifc in ('<il., pj). "JSll il."); Scliui'liii'i'l's
Anil., vol. v.. pp. 'Jlt-l,'i: Me ICiiisIri/. in N. Frniirisra lliralil. .Iiiiie l^.")li;
H'l'l, in /."■ !ie/r/>s' stir; Vn.-iiii, iu JJuc. lli^l. Mix., mnu iv,, torn, vi., i. IJ22.
Vol. I. '27
418
CALIFORNIANS.
liim. For this reason tlioy {rpiiorally hunt or fish in
I "hen the dav's si)ort is over, eaeh takes what
tiirs. and
till' other lias killed. Livintj; as they do fVoni hand to
tnoiith, eontent to eat. sleep, and dance away their exis-
tence, we cannot e.\|»ect to find nnich glimmering ol" the
^<inll)lel• ai'ts or sciences among them.
Their year hegins at the winter solstice, and they count
1)V hmar months, so that to complete their vear the\ iU'e
ohliged to a,dd several supplementary days. All the.^e
mon
ths h
[ive svmoohc names.
Thus December and
January are calleil the month of cold; Fehi'uarv and
March, the rain; Mari^h and Ai)ril,the first grass; April
and May, the rise of waters; May and dune, the month
of roots; June and July, of salmon fishing; July and
August, of heat; August and ►Sej)temher. ol' wild fruits;
8e[)teml)er and October, of bulbous roots; ()cto)»er and
November, of acorns and nuts; November and Decem-
ber, of bear and other hunting.
J^orcerers are mmierous. and as unbounded confidence
is jdaeed in their power to work both good and evil.
their inlluence is great. As astrologers and soothsayei's,
they can tell by the appearance of the moon the m'»st
propitious day juid hoiu" in which to celebrate a feast.
or attack an enemy. Sorcerers also serve as alnuniacs for
the people, as it is their duty to note by the as[)ect of
the moon the time of the decease of a chief or prominent
man. and to give notice of theamiiversary when it comes
round, in order that it may he duly celebrated. They
extort black-mail fi'oin individuals bv thi'eateniim' them
with evil. I'he charm which they use is a ball made of
mescal mixed with wild honey; this is carried under the
left arm, in a small leatlu'r bag. — and the spell is elVectid
by sitnply laying the right hand uj)on this bag Neither
does their power end here; they hold intercourse witii
.supernatural beings, metamorphose th'Mnselves at will,
see int(> the future, and even control the elements. They
are potent to cure as well as to kill. For all comi)laiiits.
as usual, they ' [)ut forth the charm of woven paces iind
of waving hands,' and in some cases add other reiiie-
MEDICAL TREATMENT.
419
dii's. Im)!' internal ooinpluiiit.s tlicy prescribe cold hiiths;
wounds and sojvs are treated with lotions and poultices
ol' crushed herbs, such as sage and roseniarv, and of a
kind of black oih' resin, extnicted from certain seeds.
Other maladies they aflirm to be caused by small pieces
of wood, stone, or other hard substance, which by some
means have entered the ilesh,and which they pretend to
extract by sucking the affected part. In a case of paraly-
sis the stricken parts were whij)ped with nettles.
Hlisters are raised by means of dry paste made from
ni'ttle-stalks, phiced on the bare flesh of the patient, set
on fu'i'. and allowed to burn out. Cold water or an
emetic is used for fever and like diseases, or, sometimes,
the sufVi'rer is i)laced naked upon dry sand or ashes, with
a lire dose to his ll'et, and a bowl of water or gru«'l at
his lii'ad. and there left for nature to take its course,
while his friends and relatives sit round and howl him
into life or into eternity. I^nake-I)ites are cured by an
internal dose of ashes, or the dust found at the bottom
of lints' nests, and an external apj)lication of herbs.''"
The medicine-men fare better here than their northern
hiethren. as. in the event of the non-recoverv of their
l),itient. the death of the latter is attributed to the just
auicr of their go.l. and conseiiuently the physician is
not held res[)()nsible. 'fo avert the displeasure of the
divinity, and to countenict the evil inlluence of the sor-
ctTci's. regular dances of pr()i)itiation or depreciation Jire
hilil. in which the whole ti'ibe join,
Tiie temescal. or sweat-house, is the same here as else
177
A\
d
dl
lere. winch renders a descri[(ti()n unnecessar\
. 17S
'n
fli-u.lii
M'f>
h
i-jiidr.
\V;is ^'IVi'ii
to til
tdiii. ii.. p
;iHi).
10
Wlu'U till' new viiir lici'im, no
;ist; iiml on tlii-i iU'roimt, I'vni iiiiion-'st tlic most
iiit' lliL;iiit, till V coulil not tfll tin' imiiiln'r of yriivs which liiid triiiispircil,
w'.i n ilisiiiiiis of j^iviii^' iiii idea of aiiv ninotf cviiit.' linxi'Unn, in llnhinsnti's
J.'/ ;.i '■'//.. p. ;»ii:i.
'•' ' For (loiiorrhd'ii they iisrd u stroii'^' d ii'tion of un Inrl) thiit j,'imw4
virv |ilintifiill_v hcri', ainl is callcil l>_v tlif S|ianis]i " ihiiiicrl .•M^ua." ami wild
lii'4 oil iiianurc. roUid up into pills. 'I'ln' dicoction is a vii y Mtlcr astiili;,'! nt,
uinl may curi' sonic sores, but that it fails in many, I have uiidcni.iMc proof.
livinu' coal Ol tire aprli' il to llm
111 sv,i|l
ills tlicv use the actual caulciv.
I'llllllc
■r, .ind a d<'coi'lion of an licrli. said to Itc sonicthiii'^ like sarsaparill.i,
r.ulcii rosia.
i;
iintr
h'iii. 111 S'lii
h\
Ml it'll III /'/'INS, vol. V. (l. I."
;t.
I am iiii'chted for the only iiiforniatioii of value rcliitiic,' to llic medi-
cal u.sagesof the buuthcru Culifuruiu tribes, to liijscanu'n MS., liteniU^' trails-
! i I
f'
M.
:i It
420
CALIFORNIANS.
(Iciul wore oitlior biinied or biir'uHl. FatluT Bosoaiiu
.sa\s
that
lU) par
I'tioiil
ar ('t'lvinonies \voro ohserved diuiim
tl)o binniiiji' of tlio corpse. TIio ImmIv Avas allowed to lie
iiiitoiu'lied some davs after death, in order to be certain
that no spark of life remained. It was then ])oi-ne out
and laid npon the fnneral pyre, which was ignited hy a
pci'soii specially ap[iointed for that })nrpose. Kvervthiiiu
Ix'lon^ing to the deceased Avas hnrned with him, \\ hen
all was over the mourners betook themselves to the out-
skirts of the vdlajie, and there gave vent to their lauien-
tation for the space of three days and nijihts. During
this [)eriod songs were sung, in which the cause of the
late death was related, and even the ])rogress of the
disease which bi'ought him to his grave minutely de-
srri])ed in all its stages. As an emblem of grief the
hair was cut short in proportion to neai'uess of relatiou
to «)r aiVection for the deceased, but laceration Mas not
lesoi'ted to."*" Mr Taylor relates that the Santa Ine/.
Imlians buried their dead in regular cemetei'ies. The
body was placed in a sitting ])osture in a l)ox made of
slabs of cla\stone, and interi'ed with all the eiVects of
the(
lead
))ei'son
ISl
Accoi'ding to lieid. thenativi'sol' Lo.<
Antivles Countv waited until the bod v ]»ei;au to show
simisof decavand then bound it tou'cthei' in theshai)e of a
bidl.and buried it in apliice seta])art forthat [)urpose.with
olVerings of seeds contiibuted ))y the family. At the first
news of his death all the relatives of the deceased gatli-
ei'ed together, and mourned his departure with groans,
each having a groan ])eculiar to himself. The dirge was
presently changed to a song, in whii^h all united, while
an accomi)animent was whistled through a deer's leg-
bone. The dancing consisted merely in a monotonous
1 itcd by Ri>1)ii»soii in his T.il'i' in Cul., jiii. Kid 14, mid iilsf) j^'ivcn in snlistiiinc
in lA'/V'iN, A'.ryi/c/'.. tmii. ii., \\\t. .'ITS-',), nnd tci Kcid'sjuipt is dii tln' Indian-; of
Ij'is Anu'i'lt's ('t)iuitv, in tlu' ./><i.s -Id'/c/cs.s/a)', also (jiiotcd in (''(/. l-'iininr. .hm.
li, ISill.
'■'J Sci! l/';/')v(s, Ksiihir., tnni. ii., jiii. .')77-S, imd pliitc, \t. '21H, and Ih'jj-
iiiann, in
Sail, Fniiifi.-irti Mdlinil I'riss, vol. v., j>. I'l'i.
i.sii ''I'lif siuiif custiini is now in use, Imt not only iipplii'il to di'utlii-', I'lit
to their disiippointintnts iii
d advri'sitics in life, thus niakiii'' puhlic driiion
itnition of tlii'iv sorrow.' /{a
1 lillllillSDll's
Li/i
Oil.
'-''I CiiUforiiid Far
M'ly -l-l, 1803.
I'l'
511 K
DEATH A\D BURIAL,
421
sliuniinp; of tlio firt.'"'- Pedro Fajios tliiis descnlu's a
l)mial ciTciiioiu- at tlu' plaiv iiaiiu'd l»y him Sitio dc los
rcdcniali's."^' iiuiiu'diatoly alter an Indian lias Invatlicd
liis last, the cor[)so is horno ont and placed hel'ore the
idol which stands in tiie vill{i,iie, there it is watched hy
persons who pass the nij^rht ronnd a larii'e fire huilt lor
the purpose; the following morning all the inhabitants
of the [)laeo gather aliont the idol and the eereinoiiN'
ooiiiinences. At the head of the procession marches oiu*
smoking gravely from a large stone [)ipe; followed hy
three others, he three times ualks round the idol and
thi' cor[)se; each time the head of the deceased is passed
the coverings are lifted, and he who holds thi' pipe blows
three pulls of smoke n[)on the body. When the feet are
reached, a kind of })rayer is chanted in chorus, and the
parents and relatives of the defunct adviuice in succes-
sion and olVer to the priest a string of threadt'd seeds,
about a fathom long; all present then unite in loud cries
and groans, while the fom-, taking the eorjjse upon their
shoulders, proceed with it to the place of interment.
Care is taken to place near the l)ody articles which have
been maimfactnred by the deceased during his life-time.
A spear or javelin, painted in vai'ious vivid colors, is
planted erect over the tomb, and articles indicating the
occupation of the dead are [)laced at his foot: if tlii' de-
ceased be a woman, baskets or mats of her manufacture
are hung on the javelin.'"
Heath tluy iK-lii'ved to be a I'eal though invisil)le ]«'-
iiig. ' • gratified his own anger and malice liy slowly
taking a\vay the breath of his \ictim until linally life
was t'xtinguished. The future al)ode of good sjjirits re-
seiiililed the Scandinavian N'allialia: there, in the dwcll-
ing-place of their god. tluy would live for e\'er and ever,
eating, and drinking, and dancing, and ha\ing wi\t's in
abundance. As their ideas of reward in the next world
uere matter-of-fact and material, so wvw their fears of
'■■-' /i''/i/, in Liin Ainiilis Slur.
''•' 'I'lii' liititudf of wLicli li.' )i\.s at 'M H-T.
'^' /•'(,!>•, in \,nirill'.i Ainmlrs ilt.i\'i,i/.. Isll. timi. ci., ])]i. IT.'t-t. l^untid
uluaist litimlly liy Muniikr, SoCirt, in Uryant, Vinj. i /( '.(//., \\. 2M).
422
CALIFOKNIAXS.
])miisliinont in tliis life; all Jiccidciits, siu'li as lirokcn
lim))s or liereavi'iiu'iit by (k'atli, Avcre attrihutod to tlic
direct vongoaiicc ol' their god, for crimes which they
liad f'oininitte(h"*''
Though good-natured and inordinately fond of annise-
nient, they are treacherous aiul unreliahle. IikKt a
grave and composed exterior they conceal their thou;j!its
and charaxstor so well as to dely inter[)retation. And
tliis is why we find men, who have lived among thi m
for years, nnahle to foretell their proljuhle action under
any given circinnstances.
Tin-: ?nosiio\K Family, which forms the fourth imd
last division of the Californian group, may he said to
consist of two great nations, the Snakes, or Shoshoncs
l)roi)er, and the L' talis. The former inhabit south-east-
ern Oi'egon, Idaho, western Montana, and the northciii
])ortions of Utah and Nevada, are subdivided into
sevin-al sniidl tribes, and incdude the moi'O considerable
nation of the l^annacks. '^^fhe I'tahs occujiy nearly the
whole of rtah and Xevada, and extend into Arizona
and California, on each side of the Colorado. iVmong
the many tribes into which the I'tahs are divided may
be mentioned the rtdJia })roper, whose territory covers
a gieat pai't of I'tah and easteriv Xevada; the WiD^limx
along the eastern base of the Sierra Xevada. betwet'U
Honey Lake and the west fork of \Valker River; the
l^ah [((X. or, as they ari' sometimes called. Piutes. in
western and central Nevada, sti'etching into Arizona
and south-east<'i'n California : the Pa/i \'(nif!< in the vicin-
iiV of Sevier Lake, the PI lu/cs south of them, and the
^V;s/i rtc.'^, a mixed tribe of Snakes and I'tahs, dwelling
in the vicinity of (iosli I'te Lake and Mountains.
The Shoshones"^" are below the medium stature; the
I'*'' Biisi'fina, in HoliiDson'ti L'lJ'c in ('<il., j). HIT.
''*'' In S|ifllillH; till' Wonl Slltislldlir, I llllVi' fnllnwcil tllc lllcist roIlililiiU
• irtlidu'rajiliy. Many, Ikiwcvi r, Mi'itc it Sl^ll^l^<ltl('^', otluis, Sli"slioiii'-. i iil^' r
<if wliicli wniiKl |)('i'lia])s L;ivc u bctti r idea of thi' iivoiniiiciatinii nf tin- w I'l-
as till' iirciiif falls (III tlir liiial c. 'i'lir wiinl iiiiiiiis ' Siialir Indian.' arc i nl-
iii'^ to Stuart, Jloidnnd. p. SO; and 'inland,' ucLdUliny to lluss, Fur Jinnlus,
Tin: SHOSHONE family.
■12;}
I'tiilis. tliou^li more iMnvorAilly Imilt than tlic Snakes,
art.' coarscr-iV'aturc'd and loss a^ik". All aiv of a ilai'k
1)r()ii/,('-('ok)i'\vlKMi five IVom paint and dirt, and, as usual,
lii'ardk'S. TIk' avoiuoh are clumsily luadc, altlioujih
some of tlicin liavo gooil hands and IVrt."''
On the harrcn [)lains of Xi'vada, axIktc tlurc is no
JMi'p' .liamc, the rahh't furnislR-s nearh tln'oidy clothing.
The skins aiv sown tout'thi'i' in the I'orni of a cloak, which
is thrown over the slujuldcrs. or tied ahout the hody with
Mil. i., p. 211*. T iiiiply till' iiaiiit' Shosliiiiics to the wlinlcdf this f;iiiiil\; the
Shii>luiii(s ]ii<)pt r. iiicliKliiiL; tlu' liuuuiicks, 1 vAl the Siiakcs; the it iiiiiiuiiiji
tiiliis 1 imiiif ciillcctivcly I'tiilis.
1-' Sie li'dss' Fid- llidilirs, vol. i., j>. 211); I'ail.vr's h'.i'jilnr. 'I'liiir. pji.
•JJ^ 'I; li'iiiii/ iiml liriiirlihi's tliiiinii ji. vol. i., p. {Z\\ ('lniniUi t-s' \"ihil. \>. IIS;
l-'iiriilciiii's l.'ii'f ill Cat., J). ;t77; <'aniilliii's Imiil. uf 'J'rnr., ji. •.'IHl; 1,'iiiris,
ill /("/. Air.'lli'iil., 1H.')4, jt. 178; Hirhii-itli, in I'iir. It /.'. /.Vy/r, vol. ii.,
|i. I'l: Furliif's Sini'iliiri/ Uipt., in Sun FruKcit^cn Mul'mil I'riss. \ol. iii., ji.
Ill; /y"('(/',s Mill., vol. i., p. 21IS; liiiiiifiiifli'x hisciix. vol. i., \>. x^: l/isju-
1(1111 M'tiiuiliii', vol. X., ]). 2"i"); SiliiKiliidft's Anli., vol. v., p. 11*7; I'riinr,
ilMntnl ill ''"/. Funiiif. (Irl. IS, ISlll; Tnn-nsi mi's .\iil\, pp. I;;"), 1: Ii; Uri/Hiil,
I'll//, IK ('ill., pp. loj, I'.ll; CdI.t's ttiirhji Mniiiiliiiiis, \t. 'Alt',; l-'riiiiutirs K.f-
/i'"/-. F.r.. pp. IIS, 2(17; /,! ('•/.-.• (((((/ I'liir/.r's 'I'ldr., p. 1(12; Fi'iiikr'a lliniinn
Uiifi . p. ISl; Jill I'll Ill's ('ill/ uf llii' Siiiiils. p. .")«."(. Mtiitioii is liMclc liy Sal-
iiiiidii of ii JK (ijilc liviii!,' south of I'tith I.iikf. who wire ' hliiiii'as. y vosiidiis
lis uirjilliis coiiio los fraiici SIS.' llur. Nisi. .lA.c , sirie iii., toiii. iv., p. 101.
Ksialaiiti', spciikiiiL,' of Iiuliaiis st'cii in tlic same i-r^^ioii, lat. liH .'M .'i7' , says:
■ Kraii (stos (Ic los liailioiics. ,v nariccs ii-.;!!]! iiulas. y ni sii idioiiia sc iiom-
liiaii 'riraii'.,'a)ini. 'liau los cincii. ipic con su capitaii vinirroii i^iiinrro. tan
iTiciJa la l>arlia. ((uc parccian jiadri's capiicliiiios I'l Ipclcinitas." I)i,r. llii^l.
M'.c. SI lie ii.. toiii. i., p. I7il. Wilkts wiitcs. ■Soutliwrst of tln' Voiit.i
Lake livi' a tiilic who arc known l>y thc' iiaiiic of the Moiiki y Indians; a
t' nil which is not a mark of coiitciii)it, Imt is sii])])oscd to lie a ion uption of
tlii'ir name. . . .'I'lny arc reported to live in fastnesses amoliL; hi:.;h iiiniintaiiis;
to have j^'ooil clothilii,' and hiniscs: to iiianiifactiii'c lilankets. sho. s. and vari-
ous other arti.les, which they sell to the m it,dilioriii^' trilies. Their ci lour is
a^ li_;ht as that of tie' Siiaiiiariis; and the wiiiiieii in iiaiticiilar are very heaii-
tifiil. witli delicate fcatiiri's, and Ioiil,' tlo villi,' hair . . . Sonic have attem])ti d
I I rouui it these wiHi all account of an aiici'iit Welsh colony, which others
had thmiuht they discovered aiiioiii,' the Mandaiis of the .Mi^soiiii; while
others Were disposed to liilieve they nii;,'ht slid exist ill the .Monkeys of the
\\'i -Ii rn Mountains. There is an liier account w hii h speaks i.f the .\ioni|yi.i
Iieliins, who formerly iidiidiited l.ouer California, and were paiiially eivil-
i/i d liy tic Spanish missionaries, hut who have left that country, and of
wlima all traces have loiii,' since lieeli lost.' W'ilhs' Sur., in /'. S. F..r. Fx.,
Vol. iv.. jip. ridJ-K. '(In the southern hoiindary of Utah exists a peculiar
lac. of wiioiii little is known. Tiny are said to he fair skinned, and are
I ili'ii the " W liite Indians;" have Miie eyes and straight hail, and sjieak 11
kin I of Spanish lan;_;ua|4e ilirt'irini^ from other triln s.' Siiii Fniinisiu Fniiiini
li'illil',11. Mill/ \T), ls(i;|. Taylor has 11 note on the huhjeit, in which he says
tliat these fair Indi.llis were douhtless the Moiplis I f Westi 111 New ^Mexico.
C'tl. Furiinr, .li:iii -li;, \W.i. .\ltlioUi,'h it is evident that this mysli lioiis and
)inilial)ly mythic ])eople lieloii^' in no way to the Shoshone faiiiily. yet as
lliey are mentioned liv several writers as dwi lliii;.; ill a rei^ioii whicli is siir-
loiiiiihil on all siih s liy Shoshoiies. I have ^iveu this Hole, wheretrom tho
readi r can draw his own eoiiclusioiis.
if ;J
424
CALlFOriNIAXfl.
tlioiiirs of the snmo. Tii warm woatlior, ov nvIiimi tlicv
cannot obtain rabhit-skins. men, uonicn and cliiMicii
arc, foi" the most ]>art, in a state of niiditx . The iiair
is <xon('rally allowed to jirow lon<i', and to How loosely
over the shoulders; st)metinH's it is cut sti'aijjilit over the
forehead, and amonii; the I'tahs of New Mexico it is
])laited into two lonj;' ((uenes by the men, and woi'n short
by the woukmi. Ornaments are nnc; I fnid mention in
two instiMiees"*'^ of a nose-ornament, worn by the Tiili
rtes. eonsistinji of a slender piece of bon«'. sevi-nd
inches in length tluMist thi'onjih the sejitmn of the nose.
Tattooin":' is not practiced but paint of all colors is used
unsparinjily
The Sindses are better dressed than tbe T tidis, their
clothinu: beinji' made from the skins of buyer ^ame, and
ornamented with beads, shells, frins^'es. leathers, and.
since tlu'ir ac(|uaintance witli the whites, with pieces of
brilliiiiit-coloi'ed cloth. A connnon costume is a sbirt.
lefTiiins. and moccasins, all of buck-skin, over which is
thrown, in cold weather, a heav\- rol
i«y
)e, "'eneralU o
lb
buf
falo-skin, but sometimes of wolf, dei-r, elk, or beiivei'.
The dress oi' {he women differs but little from thiit of tin
men. except that it is less ornamented and the shirt i>
onu'er
IIK)
l!<s llirlririth, in Pnr. n. n. TJfpf; vol. ii.. p. 42: IT-np's f'rnl. liivife. p
!>'" S) I hUiiil; of Wdimii: 'tlitir hicusts and stdiniiilis wcii' idvi red
red luiistic. iiiadr from mii riivtli ])i('nliitr to tlioc iixlis. uliicli n iidi nd t
liidoous. 'I'luir only (Mivcriiii^ was ii jiairof drawers of lian -skin, liadiv ?
to|-!tllur, and in lioli s.' Iliini/ mul lln iiclih i/'s Ji'i'in., vol. ii., \\. :i>(l; ^t i
vol. i.. ]). 127, and vol. ii., )i]). IW.K 4(14. 4()7. ' Thf wonnn oftin dn ss in si
made of intlails, dnsscd and sewed tof,'ether in a sid)stantial wav.' I'r
in (ill. l-'dnmr. Oil. IS. Ihdl. Ilareskins ' tin y cut into coids with tin
iitlhevin'4: and lir.aid tlieiu toj,'etlier so as to fonii a sort of cloak witli r.
in the middle . tliioULjli which they thrust llieir heads.' Fiiniliiiiii'a I. in
Ailfii.. \i. -17(1. The I'euiainiiij,' authoiities desiiihe tin ni as naK(<l
ulij^htly and niisei'aMy dressed; see SIkiikIiiiij/'s It'i/it.. jip. S'J, •id'J-I!; 'A
/..s.s' \"isil. \). '.ilU; lliiiji's ('fill. Umile, p. Kit): Irrimi's Jlniiiii rHli's Ailrm
255: l>,niii„r>i Col., p. I!t4: Forun/, in lud. Af. It'jil., IK.V,!. p. ;i(i5: l>.
III., jip.' .174-5: /•V/,^„^ in hi.. lH(ii», ]>. 2();t; linin.i. in /(/., is5l, p. 17S;
tim's ("ill/ lit' till' .*>'((i.//.s-, p]). 217 IN, 272-:!. 5S1, 5S5; Fn intnil'.'i K.^jilnr.
])p. MS.' ll"iS-',l. 212. 21S. 225, 227. 2(17; lUillfiuvh's Onyim. ].. p.lt: >'(.
(iiilihii dull', p. •-'51; Nc(/,(.s' ill till: lanky Mis., p. 11)7; linnmvU's Juil. Ji
)). 5,'t!(: lliniii's Oriiiiii, \). '.\',\].
I'MI
Tiiirii.iitiir.-i \iir.,\)\). 125, 131!; I)v .'^inet. 1'"//., p
Diiiiti's Oriiji
;525: I'lirl.i-r'fi F.i-iilni: Tmir. ]ip. 22H-;iii. .'(DK-K: /.'-w' Fm- llnuliis. \u].i.
2l'.l 51). 257 H, vol. i'., pj). 22-L!; I'liiimlkfis' \"i.iit, p. UN; VKi-ridliv's Infi
102.
wilh
la in
.( wn
al-o
kirts
inn ,
■ fur
Inile
u,;l
, or
mill-
'■' I'-
ll III- .
Iliii-
F.,- .
Vim's
lln s,
11. p.
• 1 1'-
(/. ".f
tii-
DUESS OF TIIK SNAKES.
425
Tlic dress of tlic Siiiikos soon l>v oiintii'ms T.euis iuid
•' 1
n.irk
liii'ko Wiis riclicr tliaii is iisiiiillv uoi'ii by tluiii now; it
wiis coiiiposod of Ji roho, short clouk, shirt, kmg k'j:|:iiis,
and nioci'iisiiis.
Tlic roho was of laiffalo or sniaUor skins, drossod with
til ' hair on; tho oolhir of tho (doak, a strip of skin IVom
tlu' hack of tlio ottor. tlie lioud ]»oiiip,' at oiio i'lid and tho
tail at tho other. From tliis colhir wore susjjoiuh'd Ironi
one hundred to two hundred and fifty orinino-skins. "' or
rather strips from tho hack of tho orinine. inchidin|i tho
head and tail ; each of those stri])s was sewn round a cord of
twisted silk-iirass, which tajiorod in thicknoss toward tho
tail. The soanis wore ooneoalod with a frin<ii' of ermine-
skin; little tassels of white fnr wore also attached Ut each
tail, to show oif its hlackness to advantage. The collar
was further ornamented with shells of the pearl-oyster;
the shirt, made of the drossod hides of various kinds of
deer, was loose and reached half-way down the thi^h;
the sleeves were open on tho under side as low as tho
i'IImiw. — tho ediics heiiig cut into u fringe from tho elhow
to the w rist. — and they iittod dose to tho arm. The col-
lar was .s([uaro, and cut into frinjio, or adorned with tho
tails of the animals which furnished tho hide; the shirt
was liarnished with frini-os and stained j)orcupine-([uills;
the k'uiiins uero made each from nearly an «'ntire ante-
lope-skin, and reached from the ankle to the upper part
of tho thidi. Tho hind logs of tho skin were worn uinier-
luost. and tucked into tho girdle; tho neck, highly oiiia-
iiieiited with Iriiiges and (piills. trailed on the ground
hehiud the heel of the wearer; the side seams wi'i'o
IVinged. and for tliis purpose the scalps of fallen ene-
mies wore fiv([ui'ntly used.
Tln> moccasins were also of dros.^ed hide, ^vithout
the hair, oxco[)t in winter, when hulfalo-hidi". ^vitli tho
lair inside, answoroc
I tl
10 |)iiri)ose
Tl
ie\' were niadi'
with a siniilo seam on the outside edue. and were
7'/v/r., p. -JOI); MV-i/r's am., p. 377; Lunl's \ti(., vol. i., p. 'IW; Ilnwnu -ha
Jlrsi-i'h, vdl. ii., ])p. 214, 2S1.
'■" • 'I'lir ciiiiiiic is the fnr known to the uovtli-wist tvadi vs liv the nmi c of
the whitf wi-usi 1, but is tho <'(/iniiiH' truiiuc.' Laxig ainl ClurL'
7/
.1'
n-i.
I'Ji
426
CALirOltNIANS.
I'liilicllisluMl with (juills; .sonu'tinu's tlitv wnv coscivtl
Avitli tlu.' skill ol'ii |)(»U'(;iit. tlu' tail oj' wliicli drjifiui'il Ih'-
liiiid on till' ground. Kar-oniaiiK'iits oC lu'ads. iiirk-
luccs of slu'lls. t\vist('d-|j,rass, olk-tiislios. ruiiiid lioiu's.
like joints of a lisli's hack-bone, and the claws of the
lirown hear, ^^c'lv all worn. Kaj:lt's' liatht rs stuck in
the hair, or Ji strip of ottci'-skin tied roinid the lu'ad.
seem to have hei'ii the only head-dresp-ies in use.''" This,
or soniethiiiii' similar, was the dress only of the wi'althy
and prosperous trihes. Like the I talis, the Snakes })aint
extensively, especially wiicn intent upon war
The Snakes also hiiild hetter dwellings than tlio Utahs.
Lonji' poles are leaned aij^ainst each other in a circle, and
are then covered with skins, thus ibrinin-^a conical tent.
A hole in the toj), which can bo closed in had weather,
serves as chimney, and an o[)ening at the l)ottoin thrte
or four feet hi,iili, admits the occui)ants on pushing aside
a piece of hide stretched on a stick, which han^s o\cr
l;i;i
tl
10
ap
rtuH' as a door. These skin ti'iits. as is necessary
to a nomadic people, are struck and pitched with vi-ry
little lalioi . ^Vllen bein.i;' moved from one place to an-
other, the skins are folded and packed on the ponies,
and the poles aro hitched to each sitU' of the animal by
one end, while tlie other drags. The lial)itations of the
peonleof Xevada and the jireater part of I'tah are \ery
})rimitive and consist of heaps of brush, under which
they crawl, or even of a mere shelter of bushes, semi-
circular in t-liape. roolless, and three or four feet hiiih,
w hich serves only to break the force of the wind. Some
of them build absolutely no dweHin,t:s. but live in cavi's
and amonu' tho rocks, while others burrow like reptiles
in the jiround. Farnham gives us a very doleful picture
of their condition; ho says: "When the li/ard. and snail,
and wild roots aro buriod in tho snows of winter, they
m-i Lnr'is (luil ri'trhr's Trav., pp. 312-ir).
'•'' ' Oil y riiicdiitiT missi dcs ttrrcs iiit'tii]lii[nt's dc dilVi'i'iiitcs coulinrs,
ttlli'S (jiic vcrtfs, lilciics, jiiutu's, noiiis, liluiiulus, d iliu\ surtis iluciis,
riiiii' |i.il''. r:iuti(' (run nm^'c lii'illant ('(iiiiiiic dii vciiniliinn. Lis liiditiis
«'n fiiiil tl'rs-i^riiinl ciis; ils s'tu scrvciit pour sc pciiulic Ic cuips ot le vis;it;i'.'
,>laarl, in Sunn lit s Aiuuiltfi tksWii/,, ISiil, tom. xii., ji. tSJ.
i>wi:llin(;s and food of the shosiioneh.
427
• \'M
iiri' smuI to ictir*' to tlu> vicinit\' of timlirr. dig liolt's in
tlic t'onii of oNciis in tlu' >tr('p sides of the .siiid-liills,
and. liiiviiig' licati'd tlicin to ii ccrtjiiii di'jii'cc. (U-posit
tluMiisclvcs in tlicni. and slci')) and last till the wi-iillici'
|»i'rniits tlii'iu to <id alu'oad again foi" Ibod. IVtsoiis who
liavc visited their haunts after a severe Avinter, have*
found tlu' gi'oinid around tiiese faniih ovens strewn with
the unliuried hodies of the di-ad. and otiiei's eriiwling
aniouir them, who had various <U'grees of stivngth, from
a hare sulhciencv to gasi) in (h'ath, to those that <'rawU'd
upon their hands and feet, eating grass Wke eatti
Naturiillv pusihanlmous, Aveak in development, sunk l)e-
low the common haser passions of tiie savage, more im-
pro\ ident tiian hirds. more heastly than heasts, it may
lie possihk' to conceive of a k)wer phase of humanity, hut
I confess my inahility to do so.
riue-uuts. roots, herries. reptiU's. insects, rats, mice,
and occasionallv rahhits are the onl\ ftunl of the poorer
Shoshone trihes. '!'iiose living in the vic^inity of streams
or hd\es depend more or k'ss for tiieir suhsistence upon
fish. The Snakes of hhdio and Oregon, and the trihes
occupying the more fertik' parts of I'tah. having ahun-
(knice of (ish and game, live 'well the year round, hut
the miserahle root-eating peo[)le. partly owing U> their
inherent improvidence, partly to the scantiness of their
I'll > 'piuy remain in ii sciiii-doriiiuiit. inactive state the entire wintei', lenv-
iuj,' tiieiv liiwly retreats only now ami then, ut tlie nrjient calls of nature, or
to wiiiiii their liurrows . . in the s)irini; they creeii from their holes. . . jxior
and e:iiaei,itiil, with barely tlesh enoii;,'h to hiile their hones, and so ener-
vated from hard fare ami freiiueiit ahstinence, that they can sciircc ly move.'
>'•■/( .^■ (II li'iifl,!/ .l//s., J). IT'.t. Stanslmry mentions lodges in T'tah. east of
of Salt r.alce, wliich Were constrn<'ted of ' <'e(lar jpoiis and lo;,'s of a consid-
er.ihie si/.e, thatched with i)ark and hranches, and were ijuite warm and coni-
fortahle.' Slitiis'iiiri/'f< lliiil., \t. Ill; .^linns, in l'<i<\ I!, It. Itfiil., vol. i., |).
I>U; [rriii I's lliiniirrilli''s Aih'ili., p. '25."); Ilnni/ itml liirtirliliii' s •liunn .. \n\. i.,
lip. X'\\, li'.l, vol. ii., jip. WVl, 'M'-\: Sdliiicriin, ll'larii.nx, in lim:. //'V/. .l/'.r.,
serie iii.. toni. iv., p. 1(M; Fiirl(i/. in Smi Fiiiiici.-<ii> Miilhul I'riss. vol. iii., j>.
l")l; l-'ttnili'iiii's l.'ih- in Cul.. ]). 'MX\ lirinriiiirs linl. Huns, ]i. TiliS; lluiji's
I'l'iil. U,„ili\ pp. !),S-!»: Dp Sunt. To//., p. -JH; Diiininirh's Ihsirls, vol. i., |,. 247,
Vol. ii., ]ip. J'.!)-"; ('iiht''s Ilncl.i/ .}fiiiniliiiiis, ]). 'I'u; Unss' Fur llmili i:<. vol.
ii., p. !]": W'liitr's (>;ii.. ji. It7<!; Irriiai's Aslnrin, pp. 'I'lJ, 2W: J.i i-'is inul
</.(,/. V Tiitr., p. ;i(l."); Frniiniifs Fxjihir. F.e.. ISPJ-li, p)). IJ'i. -J!-.'. 2IH;
7''i'i'»Ni')i(/".s' Xi(r.. p. i;t i; Diiiiii's "/ir/o/i, pp. ;t2."», IMl 'i. It:!? S; llnh'j'iirl.'a
Ori'imi. ]). IT'.I; h''iri)liinii's 'I'nir.. )ip. "iS, lil-2: Siiniisnii's llnuli: In (Hi., p.
.jl; liiu-Uiii'.-i ("till of the Sniidg, x>. 57ll; KnUjtd's I'iuntir Lijc, MS.
128
rALlFonXIANS.
foo(l-sii[)|)ly. ncvor store suHiciciit provision for tlic \\\u-
tiT. iukI coiisciiui'iitly Ik'I'oii' the iiri'ival of s[tiiii|Li tlicy
are iusiii'iiihly reduced to extreme destitution. To avoid
starvation tiiey will eat dead Itodies. antl e\en kill their
ehildi'en lor food.''" A ratora rahhit is |)re|)ari'd H»r eat-
in;i \)y sinLicinii the hair, pressin;:; the oll'al I'roni the en-
ti'ails and t'ookinu hody ami intestines to;i('ther. Li/ards,
.snakes, <j.rasshoi)[)ers, and ants are throun alive intoadi>h
containinji' hot endu-rs, and are tossed alnMit until roii>ted ;
they are then eaten dry or used to thicken soiii». (Jrass-
ho[)[>ers, seeds, and roots, are also <:'athered ajid cooked in
the siune manner as hv the nations idreadv descrilied.
rv
riie (iosh rtes take rahhits in nets made of llax-twine,
iihout three i'eet \vidi> and of considerahle length. A
fence of sage-hrnsh is erected across the rahhit-palhs, and
on this the net is himji'. The rid)hits in ruiminm|uickly
aloni;' tlu' trail heeome entangled in the meshes and aio
taken hefore thev can escam'. Li/.ards aredianLicd from
their holes hy means of a hooked stick. To catch ants
a piece of IVesh hide or hark is placed ujm)!! the ant-hill;
this is soon covered hy vast swaiins of the insects, which
are tlu'ii hrnshed olV into ahaji' and kept there until dead,
when they are dried for future use. Amonji the hunt-
in,!i' trihes anteloi)e are jiradually closed in upon hy a
circle of horsemen and ht'aten to<leath with clnlts. They
are also stalked aftei" the fashion t)f the Californians pro-
jH'r. the hunter plicinu; the head an 1 horns of an autc-
lo[)e or deer ujion lis own head and thus disuuised ap-
proachiuii within lootinj;' disttnice.
l-'isli are killet with spears liaA'ing movalile lu'ads,
which become deti "lied when the <iame is struck, and
are also taken in i ts made of rushes or twi^is. In tiie
latti
>li
th
d
er case a place s ciiosen wliere tlie river is crossei
hy a har. the net is then lloated down the stream and
on reachint;- the har hotli ends are drawn tojiether. The
iish thus enclosed are taken from the circle hy hand,
and the Shoshone as ho takes each one, puts its head in
i^'i ('<,l.r's Unrhij Mis., ji. •J7"; Do Sm-/, Vol/., p. 29; Diunlsun, ill Iml. .1/.
liept., IS", ij |). .'(7"); :ui!iit-Aiiiiiiil, I I'y/ycs, I). 325,
NATIVE FisiT-wr.in.
490
Ills iMoiitli Mild kills it with liis tt'ctli. rjiptiiiii Cliirkt?
ilt'scrilK'.suii iii^cnioiislv con.striu'ti'd wrii'oii SiiaUc llivcr.
Avlu'ii' it \\'.\>* divided into lour I'liaiiiU'ls hy tiiiir Miiail
^liiiid?
Till
vv o
f til
•ll
U's<' riiaimcis wore narrow
aiK
I
stoiipcd l)V iiicaiis of ti'i'i's wliii'h wvw .stri'tt'lK'd across,
and sii|t|)ortt'd l)_v willow stakes, sullicicutlx' near to \>\v-
\('iit tlic passage of tlic lisli. Alioiit the (rntiv ol' each
was placed u hasket loniu'd ol' • 'Hows, eighteen or tweiitv
I'cet ill leiiiith, of Ji evliiidiical I'oiiii. and teniiinatiiiu in
a conic shape at its lower extfeiiiitv; this was sittiati'd
Asith its nioiith upwards. o|)posite to an aperture in the
weir. The main <'haiiiiel of the water was then con-
diicteil to this weir, and as the (isli enteicd it the\ were
so eiitaiiLiled with each other, that tliev e<)nld not move,
ami were taken t)nt hy eniptyinji the small end of the
\\illow haski't. 'I'lio weir in the main channel was
lormeil in a manner somewhat dillerent; there were, in
fact two distinct weirs iormed of poles and willow sticks
(|Mite across the river, approachinji' each other ol)li([iiely
with an aperture in each side of" the aiij^le. This is
made hy tyiii^' a numher of |M)les together at the top, in
parcels of three, which were then set up in a triangular
I'onn at the hase, two ol' the poles hi'lnj;- in the ranjiu de-
sired I'or the weir, and the third down the stream. To
these poles two raiiiivs (A' other |M)les are ne.xt lashed
hori/oiitalh-. with willow hark and withes, and willow
4ic
101
ned
in wi
th tl
lese crosswise, so as to I'orm 11
kind of wicker-work from the hottom of the river to the
lieiiiht of three or tour feet al»ove the surface of the
water. This is so thick as to prevent the fish from pass-
in.u'. and even In some jiarts with the hel[) of a litth;
4one enahles them to "iive anv direc-
iiravi.
1 and
some
tioii which they wish to the wati'r. These two weirs
liciuii' plai'ed near to each other, one for tin* ])urpose of
catchiii;^' the lish as tlie\ ascend, the other as they uo
down the liver, are provided with two haskets made in
the form already desin'ihed, and uhieh are placed at the
apertures of the weir."
lor present consumption the fish are hoiled in water-
430
CALIFORNIANS.
tijilit ])asl\ots l)y moniis of rod-liot .stones, or arc l)n)il('(l
on tilt' oimImts; soiiu'tiiiios tlie Ijoir's Jiiv iviuovod hclorc
tlic (isli is cooked : '^wid (|Uiiiitities are also dried lor
Avinter. l^olne lew of the I'talis oultixate a little iiiai/e.
veirctaMes, and tohaeeo. and raise sto(;k. Imt eilorts at
ajirieultnre are not fieneral. The Snakes sometimes
ai'('omi)any the more northern trihes into the eonntrv of
the IMackl'eet, for the purpose of killint;' huffalo.'"
In their luMsons, ihvelhngs and hahits. the Ttahs are
filthy beyond description. Their bodies swarm uitli
um
> "'riicv fat tlio seed (if two siiccirs of Coiiifirs. ono iil)ont the sizo of n
lmzt'1-iiut, till' otln r iiincli siiiallfr. TIkv also tat a si
■itolli
-fniit.
wliat 11(1. or black in colour, and ratlur insiiiid; ditVcri ut lici
itlr
th
.f lo
rncs. aiiioii'
'■I'liiiiiiii,
V
.,/;
They collect tile seed of the Alriiili.f alal ( 7i<
and occasionally sonic j.!rasses. Anioii^' roots, iIkv IiIliIiIv valiu
that cif a Imshy, yellowish and toleialily larf,'c hvooinrajie, wliicli tiay ccirk
or dry with the base, or root-stock, which is enlarL;ed. and consliluti s the
most iiutritioiis jiart. They also ^'ath '■"• naiiiform root of a ' i/si"/)i ''((O'/c,
liiieli thev eat rav
iked; when cooked, it becoii
les ipllU
lilaeU. resiinr.s
as pilch and rather siicciileiit: when raw, it is whitish, soft, and of a jih a^aiit
liavoiir.' It' 1)11/ tiiiil Uri iiilih i/'s,/ii)iriii i/,\ft\.i..]). 120. '1 he Shosliones of L'l^di
and Nevada 'eat certain roots, whicli in their native st.ite are rank jici'^dii,
called Tobacco root, '.nt when put in a hole in the t,'roiind, and a lari,'e lire
burned over them, becoiiit! wholesome diet.' Scliiidlrrdl't'.'i An li., vol. vi., p.
(■,'.17.
Of 11
ic r'.'iiis use
d.
.tl
ic j.ap-i
a, or wild iiolah
iiidant.' Ill
vol. iv., p.'J'iJ: see also, /(/., vol. v., J))). l'.l'.t-"2(IO. .\t Hear Wivd-, ' evi ry
liviii'^' animal, thin^'. insect, or \\^^
thev eat.' /•':
'it's h'xtlln
/•;.
1'
111
also jij). US. ICO, I7;M, -ill', •ilS-m, 2(i7, -JT:!. Inland
jiiissionately fond of salt; those livii
ir the sea detest it. StiKirl. in .Y.
I'll'S Ainiiilis ilis \'i'i/.. ISJi, toiii. \ii., )). K'>. 'Ihe I'lalis eat 'the cactus
leaf. )iirion-nut. and v.irious barks; the seed of the buiich-Lfiass. and of (he
wheal, or viliow L;rass, somewhat resembliiii' rve, the rabbit-bush twius,
which are diewi d. and i'ui(nis roots and tubers; th
.ft I
I bulb, the root-
h't of till' cat-tail II.il;. and of the tide, ■,>liieh wh( n sun-dried and j»iwd( n d
to Ih
Keeps throil
ii,di th^
ter and is i.;'.latal>le CV(H to white liu
tna's ("ill/ 1)/ till
lirilicipaliy on lizards, s\v
Is, 1). .")Sl,
iift^
see also ])]).
:t.
The ri-F.d.
liv.
id luu-lled toads.' J ml. Atf. /.'c/./.. l.'^C"). ]i.
11,"); sic .also /,/., lS.-,t. p. •J2!t; l.S.-)(i. p. 2;tl; 18(;i, p. 11'.'; IS.-.',), p. ItG-"); lH\'i.
pp. 111. ISCII; ),p. •jn;t, 2I(;; is7(t, pp. '.•■">, 114; 1,S72, p. 5;). The Snal;es c.it a
white-lleshed kind of beaver, which lives on poisonous roots, v\lio:^o Ih sh
luj^h the Indians roast and eat it with inij.miily.
117, SCO also vol. i., p. '2('i'.t-72; DrnirmH ■< ii'il.
itt'ccts whit(; ])eo]ili' badly, thouj^h the Indians roast and eat it with ini|.iini
Jtiiss' Fxr Iftnili
Iliirvs. ]>. i">;i9; Fiiniliinii's l.il'r iiinl Ailrm., pp. 1171, ,'{7(5-8; //•fi/i;/'.s IJiniiii'-
villi's Ad nil., ]tp. 2-)">, 2."i7, 101-2; ir;//,<.s'' Siir., in I'. S. h'a'. Ki\. vol. v.. ]>.
noi; [l/il''s Ktliun,/., in r. S. K.r. K.r.. vol. vi.. p. 210; llrj/inil's ( al.. y. '21 2;
Sliiiishiiri/'H ll(iil , pp. 77, 11.8, •_;}:!; Kilti/'s K.rrvrs-iov, vol. i., ji. LiliS; >'r'.r"/''>
tinlilrii dnti'. p. •'.")) ; .imilli, 'in XiniriHis Aiiiinhs ilis I'"//., 1S2S, toni. xxxvii.. ]>.
2 111; ^ ce I s hi tlio }}<irl.ij Mts., p. 17S 0; Tnirnsnurs \<ir., p IM; Wiiitr's <
/.;/,
;17('.; /'(//•/,
Ki-jilnr. 7
s;tl, ;»•;»; I'nhf's llorl.i/ Mis., p. 277; /,-
ri(/;/'.s' .l.sVrici';. ])]). 2.")S, 2!1.">; /><■ .^wtl. I'o//., pp. 2S-;iO, 127; Sli-rms, ill /'"-
li II ll'i>t., vol. i., 1>. :!:U; Farnliinii's 'I'r'ir.. ]>)>. "i.s, (;i; /Vomnic'rv Ihsirls,
vol. i.. 1 p. 212. 270. vol. ii., ]ip. Ill, (io, (11, ()\. 211, IH 1 ; Jinlrliimis' Ciil. .1/":;.,
)1.
11.. !>
Siiiijisiiii •^
Hiiiilf til ]',
vv
.1-2; I.I
I ( liirli'.'i Tn
pp. 27t>, 2^8 'J, 2118 'I; Jliijl'i-'ti Emlij liai/s in i'Utltaiul Xinokt, .!/>'.
WE.VrONS OF THE f-HOSIIONES.
431"
v(MMniu wliicb tliov oati'li and eat with ivli.-li. Sonio of
tlic Snakes aiv of a more cleanly tlis|)osition. l)nt. ucne-
rallv siH-akinu. the whole tSho.shone family is a remark-
ably dirty one.''"'
The how and arrow arc universally used hy the Sho-
shoues, exceptiuiT only some of the most deiiraded I'oot-
eatrrs. who ai'e said to have no weapon, olfeusive or (h*-
i'ensive. save the eluh. The how is made ol' cedar, pine
or other wood, hacked with sii
lew
after the manner
ah'eady described, or. more rarely, of a piece ol' elk-horn,
'j'he strinir is of sinew. The lenjith of the how vaiies.
Aecoi'dinu" to Farnham. that used hy the Pi Ttes is six
li'ct lou^'. while that of the Shoshones seen hy Lewis and
Clark was only two and a hall" feet in leni.:lh. 'I he ar-
rows are from two to foui* feet, and are point<'d with
obsidian. Hint. or. amoni:' the lower tribe
i)\ nu'relv
hardcninu' the tip with lire. Thirty or forty a'v usually
cari'ied in a skin <[ui\('i'. and two in the hand ready for
inmiediate use. Lance
^\
hid
I are u.-eil ni some locali-
ties, are pointc(l in the same mannei' as the ari'ows when
no iro's can be procured. The Snakes ha\e a kind (d"
luacc or (
lul
). wliicu tue\' ca
th
dl
j)(ii/(/(nii(i(/(/i>ii.
It
con-
sists of a, heavy stone, sometimes wrapped in leather, at-
tached by a sinew thouu about two iui-hcs in leu,i:th. to
the end of a stout leathei'-covered handle, measurini:
neai'ly two feet. A loop fastened to the euti held in the
haul pre\'euts the wiU'rior from losiui: the weapon in the
liiiht. and allows him to hold the club in readiness while
tl
le uses the how and arrow,
Tl
ie\ also iia\(' a circulai
Till' Wiii'Mri'i'i
(liit\' ill tlicir ciiii
ill tiiiir dress, miil in tliiir
prisons.
/.':
//•',./.
1'
• )ii.
Tl
'lis (jf the J'iulis
iiiori' (lis''iistin'' iliaii llmsc of tin' Ilnttintcits. 'i In ir li
till' 1,'i'niis of criiwIiiiL; liltli.' Furiilnnn'ri 'I'l
U'l'V fif
(llilii
1'
ails ail' white \\ illi
A tiltliv tiitx -- thi.
anil VI
riniii.' FiiiiiIkiiii's l.ii'i uml A'hii
allt savs, of till' I'talis In Iwn ii Salt Lat
the fe
I'llil
email's liiintui'4 I'lr the veriimi in
ilreii:
the h
mil Of,'ilen's Hi.le.
Ills ami oil the lioilii
I
. i;iv-
lli'llei il
.f til ir
II iTs fill.
liiuliii'.,' whieli they ate the animals \,itli an a{ pari nt nlish.' /•'///-
1'
I •) I .
p. I:i7
1(
le .'>iiakes • are llltliy lieyoliil ilesellptimi
nirii-,1 1,11 s
veniiiiie les 11
IIH ill
U lesSl
allti
leVi lilies, les ^eI•pl
llts. h s ^ olll>
Sua
Ives are rather ^
leanh
" 1
leil
their
1"1S,'1
llr
'I. r
I '.17
l).>
rl, \i l)isi ris
I te
< V l.l
'lh«
.(11.
tl
.\ weapiiii calli'il liv the ('iiip]ie\vays. \t\- whom it
lornieilv used.
le (iO'4'.,'anio!
'iron.' I.iii'ls mill i'!nrki
•/■/
1'
;{lill. I'.ultineli, It
l-lllllll. ])
12(>, siiys thi' sti^ne weighs ubuui two puuuds. Siiliiu luu also nii ntions ti
432
CALIFORXIANS.
Vliicld al)ont two and a lisilf feet in diameter, Avliieli is
eonsidered a very iniportiint part of a wurriors eiiuij)-
lueiit. not so niiieh fVoui the i'aet that it is arrow-pvool'. as
iVoin the peculiar virtues supposed to he j^iAen it h\ the
niedieine-nien. The nianulaeture of a shield is a season
of great rejoicing. It nuist he made from the entire
fresh hide of a luale two-year-old hufl'alo, and the ])i'occss
is as follows. A hole is dug in the gromid an(i lilled
with red-hot shnies; uj)on these water is poured until a
thick steam arises. The hide is then stretched, hv as
many as can take hold of it, over tlie hole, until the hair
can he removed with the liands and it shrinks to the
re(|uired size. It is then i)laced upon a pi'epared hide,
and pounded hy the hare feet of all prisent, until
the ceremony is concluded. When the shield is com-
l)leted, it is supposed to render the hearer invulner-
ahle. liCwis nnd Clarke also make mention of a
species of defensive armor "something like a coat of
mail, which is i()rmed hy a great many folds of dresM'd
antelope skins, united hy means of a mixture of glue and
sand. With this they cover their own bcxlies and those
(>f their horses, and find it imi)ervious to the arr(
ow
I (ind mention in one instaiu^e only, of a shield heiug
used hy the I'tahs. In that case it was small, circulai'.
and worn sus[)ended from the neck. ^I'lie lishing sjiear
I have already described as being a long jiok' with an
elk-hoi-n ])oint. AVhen a fish is struck the shal't is
loosen(>d froui its socket in the head, but remains con-
nected with the latter by a cord.™ Arrows are occasion-
siiiiiliir Weapon ii'^oil 1>y the proplc living south of Utnh Lake; I'oiiccriiiii^'
vhoni SCI' note \h7. p. l'j;{.
'''■* Till' Ut.ihs ' no nsiui mas arnias (|uc bis tlcchas y ali^nnas lanzas di- [ur-
(li'i'iial, ni tirncii otii) piti), imirrion ni cspaldarcjui' <■! ipic sacaron dtl vii titii'
(1 ■ siis iiiaili'i'S.' F.nritliiiili, ijuiitcil in Suliinnm, llildcidin's, in llnr. Ilisl. Mi.r.,
Sir. iii., part iv.. \). 12(1. ' liows made of the liorns of the lii^lioin. . . ain
f.ii'nuil tiy ctniiiitin;.,' with ^'liic llat jiicccs of the horn to;;! Ilur, idvcrin,!,' the
li ick witli sincwi'S anil ylilc, and loading' the whole with an unusual ipiantity
of oriiaiiii'nis.' I^ririn (hhI t litrk's Tnir., ]t. 'M)',l. >t O^'dtn llivi r. in I lali.
tlii'y work olisidian s|)linti'rs 'into the most hcautiful and deadly imints,
with whieh they arm tlie end of their arrows.' 'I'hdndiDi's Oiin. itml int.. vol.
)., p. ;U:t. ' I'our toute arme, un are, des lleehes et un haton jmintu.' /'''
>Hi /, Villi . \> '.'.S. • Hows and arrowsare their i Itanatt'cs ) only wmpons of
defence.' iiWi' Far Uankrs, vol, i., p, "JOl, The urrowa yf the i'u-l'tes ' aru
MANNER OF MAKING WAR.
433
ally poisonod Ijy pliinginf; them into a liver which has
been })reviou.sly bitten hy a rattlesnake. '•'•'
1'iie tribes that ix)ssess horses always fijiht mounted,
and manajie their animals with eonsideral)le address.
In war they place their reliance upon »trate;:v and sur-
prise; fires ujMMi the hills give warninir of an enemy's
aj)proach. Prisoners of war are killed with great tortures,
especially lemale captives, who are given over to the
wouien of the victorious tribe and by them done to death
most cruelly; it is said, however, that male prisoners
wlio have (listinguished themselves by their ])rowess in
l)attle, are frequently dismissed unhurt. J^calps are taken,
iuid sometimes portions of the llesli of a ))rave lalien
enemy are eaten that the eater may become endued with
the valor of the slain. He who takes the most scali)s
iiains the most glorv. ^Vhether the warriors who fur-
iiislied the trophies fell b\ the luuid of the accunndator
or not, is innnaterial; he has but to show the spoils and
his fame is established. The t^nakes are said to be ]k»-
oidiarly skillful in eluding pursuit. When on foot,
they will crouch down in the long grains and remain
motionless while the pursuer passes within a few feet
of them, or when caught sight of they will double
and twist so that it is impossible to catch thein. The
custom of ratifying a peace treaty by a grand smoke,
cuunnon to so many of the North American aborigines,
b;ir1)i'il with a very clear transluoont stnno, a spoi'iea of opiil, nonrly as
li.ii'd iis till' (liiiiu lud; aiul, shot from tlitir l<)iij< 1) i\v, arc iiliiiost us ttl'i clive
as a ^'luisliot,' Fniiiiiid's Hxpl. /',',r., j>. 2i.7. 'I'lif I'i-l'tfs ami I'iti lu!S
' hiivi' no wcaiiou of (Icfciicc cxci'iit the dill), ami in tin' use (if ili.it llic y aro
vi'i'v imsldlfiil.' FnrnlKiiii's Trar.. \\. r)S. Smitliwist i>f (iifal Suit J.alsc,
'their arms arc clubs, willi small hows and arrows made of reeds.' Srmnf \n
lie /i i'/,7/ .l/(,s., p. l!Sl). The I'i-l'tfS ' make some weapons of defence, as lioWH
iiiid iirr.iws. The hows are ah mt six feet Iom)^'; made of the savine ^.liini| i rns
saliinal.' Fiiriilniiii's I.'i/i- iniil Adr ii., p. ;t7S: sec fiiither, li' ini/ inal llnnfli-
l' 1/^ Jiiiirii., vol. ii., ])]) "JIH. '2(11; Stmishioi/'n Hi ]il., ]^. •.'.i'l; Sihnnli vulVs Arih.,
Viil. v., p. IDS; Jliitji's Ceitt. limitr. pp. i")!'), 72. (7, St, '.•'.»; I'lthin r's Jimr.
]>. l.'U; linlliifli's (Irciinii, \>. l'2'.t; Irriifi's liniiDi rilli''!< Ailni' , ]i\i. ]\l'i. 'J.^hi,
4 HI; II ill's' Fthnn I., in r. S. A'.f. AV , vol. vi, p. '.Jill; I'lir/.n-'a hxplor. V'r. <//■.,
pp. 'J'iS-!), 'iiM; frrhii's Asli)ri<i, p. "iT'.l; Stmirt. in Xnitnllis Aimuli s ih s I''// ,
1^J2. torn. xiii.. p. 50; JiiijUr's Early Itai/s in rtahmul yii'dila, MS.; Kn'uihdi
riiifir Lij'i', MS.
''•"' li-')iii/ ami Brcnchki/'A Juiir., vol. ii., p. 407; Jfiap's Cod. Itntde, p.
09; Thoniioii'a ihin. kikI tul., vol, i., l>. 171.
Vol. I. U
43 1
CALIFORNIANS.
is <)l).sc'rvc(l l)v the Slioshones.™ The pipe, the l)ovi of
wliu'li is usually of red stone, painted or carved with
various tijiures and adorned with feathers, is solennily
passed from mouth to mouth, each smoker ))lowing tlie
smoke in certain directions and nmtterinii; vows at the
same time.
The only tools used before iron and steel were intro-
duced hy the whites were of flint, hone, or horn. The
Hint knife had no regular form, and had a sharj) edne
ahout tliree or four inches lonir, which was renewi'd when
it became dull. Elk-horn hatchets, or rather wcdiics,
Avere used to fell trees. They made water-})roof baskets
of [ilaited grass, and others of wicker-work covered with
hi(l(
The k^nakes and some of the Utahs were vcixmI
in the art of pottery, and made very good vessels iVoiu
baked clay. These were not merely open dishes, but
often took the form of jars with narrow necks, having
stop[)ers.'-"^
5<io ' Tiiluui,' an cnomy's sral]) is an liniionr quite iiidcpi-iHloiit (if tlio act (f
TaiKiuisliiii^ hiiu. To kill y<iur advtisarv is .if no iiii|.ortaiui' niijiss thr
seal]) is lii(iiiL,'lit fi'oiii tlu; titld of liattlc and wcvf a warrior to slay any
iminhcr of his cni'inics in action, and others wcro to ohtain tlic scai|is or
first touch tlic (lead, they wonhl have all the honours, since they have 1 oriio
otf tlic tro|ihy.' /,(■('•/>• (iml ('hirl^r's 'I'ritr., ]i. IJd'.l; sei' also p. ",^(15. 'J'ht,' Vtalis
'will devour the heart of a brave man to increase their conrai,'e, or clu'ii it
up, lioil it in soup, en^'orf^'t^ a ladleful, and boast they have drunk the i ik-
lliy's blood.' IliirliDi'rf I'ili/ iif tin' ■'^niiils, p. .")H1; see also j). 110. 'J'he I'talis
never carry arrows when they intend to tii,dit on horseback. IIkiji's Cihl.
]{iiilti', p. 77; set! also p. lOK; ]!('iiii/ ami lircnchlii/'s tii'iini.. ]ip. Il7, !•'.); Stuns-
lure's III jit., p. HI; l)r Snot. I'"//, ])p. 2S-',(; Jtuss' Fur lliniti-r.i, vol. i.. [>.
275, vol. ii., ii]). Hit -(!; Unljinrli's O/M/no, p. 1211; lutmlnini's Tvnv.. ]>. Dd.
-"' The pipe of the chief 'was made of a dense transpan nt ^reiii stone,
very hi;,'hly polisheil, about two and a half inclies lon^', ami of an oval liuure,
the bowl lieiic^ in the same situation with the stem. A small jiiece of burnt
day is pl.ici il in the bottom of the bowl to separate the tobiicco froiu the eml
of the stein.' Li'iris iinil Clarh's 7V((c., ]i. -(17. I'ots made of • a stone found
in the hills ...which, tliouijli soft and whift: in its natural state, beconns
very hard and black after ( x])osure to the tire.' /»/., \^. ',U'2. ' Thi'Se vessels.
althouuh ruch' and without f,doss, ari' nevertheless stroni/, and reflect mucli
oredit on Fuilian ini,'enuily.' /ui.ss' Fur Hunl'i's, vol. i., j). "274. I'ipe-sti nis
'resemble a walkiiiLj-stick more than anything.,' else, and they are generally
of ash. and fnuu two-and-a-half to three feet loii}.;.' /(/., vol. ii., ]'. b '.'.
'I'ookin^' Vessels very much resemblin;,' reversed bee-hives, made of basl c t
work covered with butt'alo skins.' Iiniin ncrh's Ihntrls. vol. ii.. ]i. "211. Stans-
liury discoverecl pieces of broken Indian pottery and obsidian about Salt
Lake. Sfiiinliiiri/'s liipt., p. 182. The nniterial of tiaskets 'was mostly willi'W
twii,'. with a layer of t,'um, probably from the pine tree.' Ilnrtnti's <"ili/ nf 'A-'
Sniiit^. p. 5711. The Utahs 'manufacture very beautiful and serviceable
blan'icts.' Si-liiinlrrdft's Arrh., vol. v., j). '2(10. 'Considering,' that they h:i\''
nothing but stoue liamuiers uad tiiut kuives it is truly wonderful to see the
i;
LAWo AND GOVEUNIIENT.
435
Boats, as a rule, the Sliosliones have none. Tliev
usually cross rivers by fording; otherwise thev swim, or
jiass over on a clumsy and dangerous rait made of
bi-anches and rushes.-"^ By way of compensation they
all, except the })oorest, have horses, and these constitute
their wealth, ^i'hey have no regular currency, but use
lor purposes of barter their stock of dried iish, their
horses, or whatever skins and furs they may possess.
They are very deliberate traders, and a solemn smoke
nuist invariably pre(;ede a bargain.-'" Although each
tiibe has an ostensible chief, his power is limited to giv-
ing advice, and although his opinion may influence the
tril)e, yet he cannot compel obedience to his wishes.
J'Aery man does as he likes. Private revenge, of coui-se,
occasionally overtakes the murderer, or. if the sympa-
thies of the tribe be with the nuu'dered man, he may
})()ssibly be publicly executed, but there are no fixed
laws for such cases. Chieftainship is hereditary in some
tribes; in others it is derived from prestige.""*
Tiie Utahs do not hesitate to sell their wives and chil-
fX(]uisite finish and ncutncss fif their iiiii)hnniits of war and hunting', as
Well iiH tlii'ir far-rings and waist-bands, mailo of an amalgam of silver and
Lad.' J'riiifc, in ('<il. Fdnmr, Orl. l.s, ISOl. ' J^cs Indicnstn font (h's jam s,
d;s jiots, di'S ]ilats di' divcrscs formes. Ces vaisseanx eommuniijnent uno
odeiir et une saveur tri's-agrealiles a tout ce (lu'ils renfeinient; ce^cnii |iro-
\ient sans doute <U' la dissulutiou ile ([uelijue siilistance liituniiiieuse conti inio
dans I'argile.' Stmtvt, in Xnin'ill' a AniKilv^ilm Vmj., \HJ.\. toni. xii., p. K\. ' '1 ho
liipes of these Indians are either made !)f wood or of red earth; sometimes
tiiese earthen pipes are exeeedingly valnalile. and Indians have heen l;'.io\vu
to give a horse in exchange for one of them.' Jliiin/ und llroicldiy's J mrn..
Vol. i.. p. i:i(l; /'((/■/.(/■'.s' kfjilnr. Tiinr, pp. l'28-;t2, 228--^, -I'M.
i"i /i'ws' /•'-»• If'dilr,-^, vol. i., p. 274.
'"' Among the Snakes in Idaho garments of four tf> five beaver-skins wero
Bold for a knife or an awl, and other articles of fur in pro|Mirlion. Hcases
Were )iiirehas((l for an axe each. A ship of seventy-fo\ir giins migiit have
heen loaded with provision, such as dried Imtt'ido, houglit with hnttons and
rings. Articles of real value they thus disposed of eht ajily. while articles
of comparatively no value, such as Indian head-ih'ess and other curiositiis,
Were held high. .\ heaver-skin could thus lie had for a lirass-ring. while ix
necklace of hears' claws could not he ]iurchased for a dozeu of the Siime
rings. Axes, knives, iimmunitioii, heads, huttons and rings, were most in
deiiiMud. Clothing w.is of no v.due: a knife sold for as much as a hlanket;
and an ounce of vermilion was of more value than a yard of tine cloth, ]!<iss'
F'lr lliiDlcru, vol. i., j)p. 'J.")?-'.*. See further, l.iiri.'i anil i'lurh's Trnr., p. liKi;
TnirKsi'ii I's Xar., pp. 13.i, 138; J'riurf, iu C(d. l-'iiniKr, Oct. 18, 18<)1; Farn-
kiun's Tnir,, p. (il.
yo4 ''I'hey iiitlict no penalties for minor ofl'eiicps, excpjit loss of character
and disffllowship.' I'l'lnci'. in (dl. Fnninr, (>t. 18. 18<)1; l.iiri.i and CliirLi's
Tnii:., pj). 3U(J -7; Ikmy and BntiMci/'s Juurn,, vyl, i., p. 128.
43G
CALIFORMANS.
^ I
(Iron into slavery for a few trinkets. Great numbors of
tiiese unfortunates are sold to the Navajos for blankets.'
An act which pas.sed the legislature of Utah in 18;yJ,
legalizing slavery, sets forth that from time immemorial
slavery has been a customary traffic among the Indians;
that it was a common practice among them to gamble;
away their wives and children into slavery, to sell them
into slavery to other nations, and that slaves thus ob-
tained were most barbarously treated by their masteis;
that they were packed from place to place on miilos;
that those unfortunate humans Avere staked out to grass
and roots like cattle, their limbs mutilated and swolk'u
from being bound with thongs; that they were frozen,
starved, and killed by their inhuman owners; .iiat fam-
ilies and tribes living at peace would steal each othoi's
WiVes and children, and sell them as slaves. In view
of these abuses it was made lawful for a pro])ate judge,
or selectmen, to bind out native captive women and chil-
dren to suitable white persons for a term not to exceed
twenty years.'^"^
Polygamy, though common, is not universal; a wife
is generally bought of her parents;'^ girls are frequently
betrothed in infancy; a husband will prostitute his wile
to a stranger for a trifling present, but should she be
imfaithful without his consent, her life must pay the
forfeit. The women, as usual, suffer very little from the
pains of child-bearing. When the time of a Shoshone
woman's confinement draws near, she retires to some
secluded place, brings forth unassisted, and remains there
sf'' ' It is virtuous to seize and nunsh the women of tribes with whom they
are at war, often iimong themselves, and to retain or sell them and their
children as slaves.' Dreics' Oicj/hee llccon., p. 17. The Pi-Edes 'barter tluir
children to the Utes proper, for a few trinkets or bits of clothing, by whom
they are aj,'ain sold to the Mava.jos for blankets.' Simpson's lioiite to Cal., p.
45. ' Some of the minor tribes in the southern part of the Territory (Utah i.
near New Mexico, can scarcely show a sin<?le aipiaw, haviiiR traded them otf
for horses and arms.' liitrton's Oitj/ of the Saintu, p. 582. ' Vienuent trouver
les blancs, et leur vendent leurs enfants pour des bagatelles.' De Stud, Voy.,
p. 2!); f-Cniiiht's Piowcr Li/'', MS.; Utah, Acts, Resolutions, etc., p. 87.
20(i 'A refusal in these lands is often a serious business; the warrior col-
lects his friends, carries off the recusant fair, and after subjectin<» her to the
insults of all his companions espouses her.' Burton's City of the Saints,
p. 582.
O.VMBLING AND DKIKKINO.
487
for iibjut a moiitlj, alone, and procnrini; her subsistence
ii-< Itcst slie can. When the ai»i)i)inte(l time has ehipsed
she is considered purilied and allowed to join her iVit'nd.s
azain. The weaker sex of course do the hardest labor,
and receive more blows than kind words for their pains.
These people, in common with most nomadic nations,
have the barbarous custom of abandoninji the old and
iiidrm the moment they lind them an incumbraiKv.
Lmvis and CMarke state that chihlren are never Hogged,
as it is thought to break their s[)irit.""^
Tlie games of hazard played by the Shoshones diiVer
little from those of their neighbors; the [)rin(^i[)al one
a[)[)ears to be the odd-and-even game so often mentii^ncid ;
hut of late years they have nearly abandoned these, and
have taken to 'poker,' which they are said to i)lay with
such adroitness as to beat a white man. With the voice
they imitate with great exactness the cries of birds and
beasts, and their concerts of this descri[)tion, which gen-
erally take place at midnight, are discordant beyond
measure. Though they manufacture no intoxicating
rupior themselves, they will drink the whisky of the
whites whenever o[)portunity oilers. They smoke the
l/ndk'k'ouk leaf when no tobacco can l)e [)rocure(l Iroin
the traders.-"'^ In connection with their smoking they
507 < Ti,,, \vi>mon aro pxoooiliusly virtnmis. . . .thoy aro a kiml of nii'i'can-
tilo coiiriMility in t\u' hamls of their iiiustt'fs. I'olvLjaiiiy (ircviiils iiiiii)iit(
till' cliii'fs, init tilt' lUlinher of wives is not lUllililiteil.' llrnn/ uml lln-nrlili/'fi
• I'lnrn., vol. i., jip. Ti l-S. 'riicy are f^iveii to siiisiial excesses, uiul other
iniiunMlities. F'iriihdiii's Tnir . |>. (J-J; set^ also p. (!((. ' i'lostitiition and
ille.,'iti;iia(:y are unknown. . . .they are not permitted to marry until eiuthteen
or twenty ye:irs old. . . .it is a capital ott'enee to marry any of another nation
without special sanction from their council and head chief. 'I'hey allow hut
vne wife.' I'niicf, in ('til. Funrn'r, Oft. IS, ISfil. At the time of their con-
tineinent the women ' sit apart; they never touch a cooking,' utensil, ulthonuh
it is not held im[)nre to aldress them, and they return only when tlie si^niH
of wrath have passeil away.' Hiirloii's Cili/ d/ Oiv Sitinix, ]>. ")7.'{. 'Intiilelily
of tile wife, or prostitution of an unmarried female, is pnnishahle by death.'
/''c/'S in [uil. Aff. Rijil . IS'il, p. i;!:t. 'Our I'i-l'te has a ))eeiili,'ir way of
^'etiiii,' a foretaste of I'onimliial liliss, coh ihitint,' e\|ieriniintally with his in-
tended for two or three days previous to the nuptial ceremony, at the end of
which time, either party can stay further proceeding's, to indul^,'e other triii.s
until II c.iaiptinioi! m no conijenial is found.' Firhi/, in Sin Fruiirl.t -o Mnt'ird
Pi'f.-i, vol. iii., n. IJJ; L;ms ami Ci(iiL-':'s Trai\, pp. :JI)7-S, 31."); D^ Sinct,
1''.'/ ■ p. '27.
'-'"'' The Snakes 'ont line sorti.' de talwe sanv.a'.:;e (pii eroit dans les iilaiiu's
coiitiyues iiux luoutiiyues du Spuuish-llivur, il a les feuilks plus otroites ipio
I
438
CALIFORNIANS.
ha\'e many strange observances. AVlien the pijw is
passed round at the solenniization of a treaty, or this
confirmation of a barj^ain, each smoker, on receivinj; it
from liis neiglibor, makes dift'erent motions witli it; one
turns the pipe round before placing the stem to his lips;
another describes a semicircle with it; a third smokis
with the bowl in the air; a fourth with the bowl on tiie
ground, and so on through the whole company. All
this is done with a most grave and serious countenance,
which makes it the more ludicrous to the looker-on.
The ^5nakes, before smoking with a stranger, always draw
off their moccasins as a mark of respect. Any great
feat performed by a warrior, Avliich adds to his reputa-
tion and renown, such as scalping an enemy, or success-
fully stealing his horses, is celebrated by ii change of
name. Killing a grizzly bear also entitles him to this
honor, for it is considered a gi-eat ft.it to slay one of
these formidable animals, and only he who has performed
it is allowed to wear their highest insignia of glory, the
feet or claws of the victim. To bestow his name uijoii
a friend is the highest compliment that one man can
offer another.
The Snakes, and some of the Utahs, are skillful riders,
and possess good horses. Their horse-furnitui-e is sim-
ple. A horse-hair or raw-hide lariat is fastened round
the animal's neck; the bight is passed with a single half-
hitch round his lower jaw, and the other end is held in
the rider's hand; this serves as a bridle. When the
horse is turned loose, the lariat is loosened from his jaw
and allowed to trail from his neck. The old men and
lo n!"ptre, il pst plus af:fr('aWe » fiimor, sps pflfots c'tniit liion moins violiMis.'
Stioiii, ill Xinirelka Anniikn ilfs Vol/., 1S21, toui. xii.. pp. Hi-3. Tlie Kiiiik-liiiiik
' tlu'y obtiiiii from thrcu dirterout pliints. Out! is a I'lVimx. rcst'iiililiii;,' our
CnritKs s(niiiiiin'a; after havin;,' di'tiU'luHl tlie epidermic i-ntick'. they scrape
the hark and dry it. when it is re.idy for use. .\nother is a Vaecmium wiili
reil berries; they feather the leaves to smoki' them when dry; tlie tliinl is a
Hiiiall shrul), tlie fruit and flower of whieh I have never seen, hut resenihli s
certain species of Daphuads i particularly that of Kauai), ihc leaves of wliieii
are in like manner smoked.' kiini/ mul liirnrhli'i/'i .Imirii , vol. i., p. l^i'i; see
also p. i;t'2; A'oss' Fur IfiDili'rs, vol. i.. ]\. i')0, f.i'iria iiiiil i'lnrh-'s Tnir.. p.
300: Fri'nin,)t'n F.rjilm-. H.v.. p. 174; fk Sunt, I'ni/., pp. 25-0. J'urkvr'ts Krplor.
Tour, pp. -iM-'J, 237, 212-3.
DISEASES AND BURIAL.
489
the women have saddles similar to those used for pack-
ing by the whites; they aie a wooden i'rame made of
two [)ieees of thin board (ittini;; close to the sides of the
horse, and held together by two cross-pieces, in shape
like the legs of an isosceles triangle. A piece of hide
i.' placed between this and the horse's ))ack, and a robe
is thrown over the seat when it is ridden on. The
younger men nse no saddle, excejjt a small pad. girthed
on with a leather thong. When traveling they greatly
overload their horses. All the lujusehold goods and pro-
visions are packed npon the })oor animal's back, and then
the women and children seat themselves u\){)n the i)ile,
soim 'times as many as four or five on t)ne hoise.-'"''
The poorer LT talis are very subject to various diseases,
owing to exposure in winter. Ihey have few, if any,
ellii'ient remedies. They dress wounds with | ine-gum,
after S([uee7/mg out the blood. The Snakes are much
alfected by rheumatism and consumi)tion, caused chietly
by their being almost constantly in the water lisliing,
and by exposure. Syphilis has, of course, been ex-
tensively introduced among all the tribes. A few plants
and herbs are used for medicinal puri)oses, and tlu^ medi-
cine-men practice their wonted mumineries, l)ut what
particular means of cure they ado[)t is not stated by the
autiiorities. 1 find no mention of their having; sweat-
liouses
•210
Concerning the disposal of the dead usage differs. In
some parts the body is burned, in others it is |)urie(l.
Ju either case the })roperty of the deceased is destroyed
at his burial, llis favorite horse, and. in scjiue instances,
2™ ' En (Ipux oerasions divorsrs, jc comptiu oinq ]iorsnnr.os iiinsi mon-
th's, (lout ili'iix, c't'rt(.s, iniruissiiitiit luissi cipiiMcs. cliiiciim' a cUc siiilc, di'
]ioi't('r la paiivre ln'ti', <iiii' li' clifval I'-tait a iiiiMiic dc s\i|i|ioitiT Icurs poids
J)i' SiiK't. I'liy., ji. 127; Lriris niul I'lurk' '.s Tntr., pp. 2('i(j, IfU'.i 11, .ilii: <irar(s,
ill linl. .UJ.'ll.pt., 1,S51, p. 17.S.
■Jiu ' Willi stroUL; coiistitiitinns ^.-MUfrally, they citlu'r die at once nr readily
ii'iNivcr.' llurliiii'a Citi/ (if tlif .si/i/i/.s, p. '>Hl. ''riicrc is no lack <if puliiHUiary
ditticultit's aiiioiit; them.' Fur/ii/, in Sud Pmrnisro Muliml J'n.-is, v(jI. lii., p.
LV'i. Sypliilis usually kills tlniii. Ln-is uml I larki't 'I'lHr., p. 'Mi't. "I'ln!
riiiiriillurid slillntd. . . .is thf licst ri'Uicdial plant known aiiioni,' those Indians.'
Fn nil mi's lu-iihr. /•>., p. 27:i; Dnr'ns. ii\ Iml. Aft', liij't., iM'.i. p. \;]->; I'l'ui'f,
in I'nl. Fiinii'i; drt. \H, IWl; CuLt's lincl.y .ills., p. 27C; Fitrtcn's Ex^ihi-.
Tour., pp. 22«-y, 240-2.
i40
CALIFORXIANS.
his favorite Avifo, arc killed over his grave, that he may
not he alone in the spirit land. J^jiceration in token of
grief is nniversal, nnd the lamentations of the dead i)ei -
Kon's relatives are heard for weeks after his death, and
are renewed at intervals for nianj months. Child-like
in this, they rush into extremes, and when not actually
engaged in shrieking and tearing their llesh, they appear
perfectly indilferent to their loss.'^"
The character of the hetter Shoshone trihes is not
much worse than that of the surrounding nations; they
are thieving, treacherous, ciuniing, moderately hrave
after their I'ashion, fierce when liercencss Avill avail them
anything, and exceedingly cruel. Of the miserable root
and grass eatinj^' Shoshones, however, even this much
cannot he said. Those who have seen them unaui-
mouslv auree that they of all men are lowest. L\ing
in a state of ,semi-tori)or in holes in the ground during
the winter, and in spring crawling forth and eating grass
on their hands and knees, until able to regain their feet;
having no clothes, scarcely any cooked food, in many
instances no weapons, with merely a few vague imagin-
ings for religion, living in the utmost squalor and (ilth,
putting ao bridle on their passions, there is surely room
lor no missing liidc between them and brutes.'-^- Yet as
)l\y^^
21' ' Tlio Yntns mftkc thoir Rravos lii;;;li up tlip kanyoiis, nsu/illy in cUft^i
of rock.' linrtun's ('it'/ of tin' Sd'oUn, p. 150. At the olist'(iuics (if a chief of
the riiiiipeiiii;.,Michyii trihe 'two scjuinvs, two Pa Yuta children, and liftei n of
liis best horses comiiosed the " eiistoius." ' /(/., p. ."iTT. 'When a deatli
takes I'laco, they wrap the hoily in a skin or hide, and di'ai:; it by tlie le^' to a
j,|rave, whicli is heaped )ip with stones, as a protection a','ainst wild beasts.'
/;/., p. 5SJ; /,'(■)(('/ (did liritcJili'ij's Juiim., vol. i., pp. 131, ^-l"); JJe Siiitt, 1'"^.,
p. '2S; Ddtiit'twrli's Ih'svrlx, vol. ii., j)]i. of)!), 'M'i.
"'-'The Shoshones of Carson Valley ' are very rigid in their morals. 'ZiV-
inji II, rl lln Ill-Ill' i/'s Jiiiirn., vol. i., p. S5. At Haw's lianch, ' honest and trust-
worthy, but lazy and dirty.' Id., \). 12:!. These Knsi-Utidis 'were vi ry iiioi-
feiisive and si'enied perfectly j^'iiileless.' /</., vol. ii., j). 412. TIk; I'ai-uelies
lil'e considered as mere dogs, tlu^ refnsi' of the lowest order of hniiianity.
Fiiriiliitiii'.i l.'ij'i' (Dill Ailrcii., )). ;i7(). The Tinijianii^'os Yntas 'are a noble rar<'
. . . .brave and hospitable.' Id., p. ;!71. The IM-utes are ' the most diL;va(le(l
and least intellectual Indians known to the trappers.' Fariiliiini'.'i Tnir., yi.
M. ' The Snakes are a very intelli,L,'ent race.' Id., p. G2. The ISannacks are
'a tri'aeherous and dani^eroiis race.' /'/., |). 7(). The I'i-Edes are 'timid and
d jected;' the Snakes are ' tierce and warlike;' the Tosawitches ' very tn acli-
erons;' the Bannacks 'treacherous;' the Washoes ' p(Micable, but indolent.'
Shtijisun'.'i liontf to (.'(iL. ]>. 4.")-',). The I't.dis 'lire brave, inipndent, and war-
like.... of a revenyeful disposition.' Uraixs, iu Ind Aff. livjit., 1851, p. ITS.
SIIO. HONE fllVRAc TER.
441
ill all men there stands out some prominent <:o()«l. so
in these, the lowest of hnmanitv, tliere is one virtne:
they are lovers of their eountr\ ; lo\ers, not of fair hills
and fertile valleys, but of inhospitable mountains and
hMrren plains; these re[)tile-lil\e men love their mis-
erable biu'rowing-places better than all the eomfoi'ts of
' Industrious.' Aniistrnii'i,\n Til., IS.'iO, ji. 21:1. 'A racoof incn wIkisc cruelty
is siMici ly a striilc rcinovcil fi(.m tliiit nf ciiiiiiilialisiu.' Unit, in l<l., ji. 2:11.
'Till' I'iili-nti'H lire uiiilonl)t»(lly tlKMMiist intcnstiii^,' ami diK'Hc Indians mi
till' cDntiniut.' I)iiilii'\ in hi., 1H.")1», |). liTl. Thf I'talis arc 'fox-like, crafty,
and cunniii','.' Arrlmhta, in /'/., istirt, y. 1(17. The I'i-l'tes are • teac liahle,
kind, and industrious. . . .scru])ulous]y cliaste in all their intercourse.' I'url,-
cr. in /•/., 1m; 1, \). 11">. Thi' Wclier-l'tes 'arc tln^ nm^t worthless and indo-
lent of any in the Territory.' Il'ii'l. in II., [t. I'J.'t. The li.innocks ' seem to
b" ind)Ucil with ii spirit of dash and liraveiy ((iiite unusual.' ('iiinii'.iH, in /(/.,
J). 120. The Itannaeks arc ' ener>,'ctic and iinlustrious.' Iiiinilsnii, iu II,, IfSdl),
J). 2SS. The Washocs arc docile and tr.icfaldc. Ihni'tliia, in //., InTu. ]>. ;)i;.
Tlie I'i-utes aro ' iu)t warlike, rather cowardly, Init pilfering; and tieacherous.'
I'l'ii-'ll, in II., 1871, p. ."><i2. The Shosliolioes 'are cxtrenndy indoh nt, Imt ii
niild, iiiort'ensivo ''ace' Irrhni's liniinvnll 'x Adrm., ]i. 2')7. 'i'lie Snakes 'art)
a Ihorou^'hly savaj^'i! and lazy tril)c.' Fninrln-iv's .V'/r., ]>. J.'iU. The Slio-
sluiiiis are 'franli ancl coiuniunicative.' /.u'/s diul (lurhi's Tnir., ji. ;i iC,.
The Snakes arc 'pacific, hosi)ital)l(! and honest.' huiiu'.'i Drci'in, ji. ,'!2r(.
'The Snakes arc n very intclli^,'ent rac<'.' W'h'iU'n Vii)i.,\i. UTD. The I'i-ufes
'are as de;.,'radcd a class of humanity as can In- found iijion the earth. Thti
male is jiroud, sullen, intensely insolent. . . They will not steal. Thi' women
arc chaste, at least toward their white hrethn n.' Farli'i/. in San Fnim i.iri)
.V'lUffil ,hiiif,, vol. iii., ]). 151. The Snakes have hcen considered ' as rather ii
dull and dc|,'radc<l |)eoi)lc . weak in intellect, and wanting' in coura;^'e. .\nil
this ojiinion is very ])rol)al)le to a casual observer at tir.->t siL;ht, or when seen
in sni.dl numbers; for their apparent tinddity, t,'rave, and reserved habits,
t,'ivc them an air of stu])idity. An intimate knowled|;c of the Snake charac-
t r will, however, ]dacc them on an i-qual footiuL; with that of other kindred
nations, either cast or west of the mountains, both in resjicct tu tin ir men-
tal faculties and moral attributes.' //a.ss' /•'(()• llmilvrs, vol. ii., p. b")l. ' Les
S.iiupectches, les l'aL,'outs ct les Ampayouts sont. . . .im jieujile jdus nusera-
hle, plus li';.^radc ct plus jiauvre. J-es Frani;ais les appeih ut comniuni'ment
1' s UiLjnes-dc-pitie, ct cc noni leur convient a inerveille.' Ik' .'^iml, Icji., p. '-H.
The I'tahs 'paraissent doux ct afl'ablcs, trcs-polis ct hospitaliers ))our It h
i'traii|_!ers, ct charitablcs cntrc cux.' I<l., \i. .'!((. 'The Jiulians of Itah art!
the most miserable, if not the most dc;,'radi(l, beings of all the vast .\mcr-
icau wilderness.' Ihniu'inrh'.'i y>i .si /'(.<, vol. ii., p. (14. The I'tahs ' ]!ossess il
capacity for improvement whenever circumstances favor them.' .sci/k.s in
ill'' Itnrl.i/ ,l//,s'., p. 18 1. The Snakes arc 'la plus nauivaisc des raci s ih s
-l'eanx-riou;_;cs que j'ai fri'tpicntt'cs. lis sont aussi parcsseux tpu' ]it ii jm'-
vnyants.' Siniit-Aiiiiud, Vdii., j). li-o. The Shoshones of Llaho are • highly
in:ellij,'( nt anil lively. .. .the most virtuiuis and unsophisticateil of all the
Indians of the rni'.ed States.' Tiii/lur, in Ciil, Fanmr, Aiir'il '-7. lM!l>. 'I he
AV.ishocs have "superior intelli^eiict' and aptituth' for learning.' /'/., ,lii)ii' It,
I'^il; see also /(/., June 2(1, 18(13. The N'eVatla Shoshones 'are the most
pure and uncorruptcd aborigines upon this continent. .. they are scrupu-
li'usly cle.in in their perst)ns, and chaste in their habits. . tin >u^di whole
faiailies live together, t>f all iigcs and both sexes, in the same tent, im-
)ii. ri'ity and crime are of rare occurrence.' J'riinr, in Jil,, Ort. 18, ]8(;i.
Tie n.innacks 'are cowardly, treacherous, tiltliy anil indtdeiit." .'^rlninlrnnVs
Anh., vol. iv.,p. 22;!. The Utahs are predatory, voracious and jiertidious.
riumlerors umf umrderers by biibit. . . .when their ferocity is not excited.
442
CALIFOIINIANS.
m
* J
civili/iitlon; indi'od, in niiiny iiistiuiccs. \\\\vn (Ict.iiiicd
In- forco {uiioiiii tlio whitos, tlu-y liuve hocii known to
\nnv away and dii'.
llicir Hiispicii)iis urn so ^,'iviit ns to nnilcr what they sny uiirrliiililc, if tin y
(li) licit niiiiiiii ultiiL,'( tlirr uiK'iJiiiimiiiicalivc,' I'l., vul. v,, ii|). lit? H, '11,',.
I'li-Vaiits 'arc as ln-avc and iiiijiniv.ililc as tin ir ii(i>,'lili(iiirH art' iinaii icinl
vil'.' li 'rlmi's ( ill/ iij'lli'' Sidiil^, p. T)??. 'Tin' Viita is less Mrvilc, and ii.n-
Hi'i|ii('iitly lias a lii^licr ctliiiic status tlian tlir African ncj^'m; he will nut toil,
and he turns Ml a kick or a hlow.' hi., p. r),s|. 'I'lic SlKPHhcikucs ' uru harm-
less and excel (linyly timid iiiul shy ' JlrDU-iKll's Iml. JUtcia, ji. ijj.s.
T 11 1 Tl A I. II () r N D A II I K S .
To the XoitTiiKr.N f'Ai.ii'iUiNiANs, whose territory extends from llo^'iic
Biver on the north to Eel River south, jind from the I'ucilie Ocean to tlie
f'alifornian lioiindary east, inelndin;^' the Klamath, and other lakes, are as-
sit,'ned, aceordin;^' to the authorities, the followiiij; trilutl l)oundari<s: 'I'lu ic
are 'the Hoopahs, and the I'kiahs of ^lendocino;' ' the I'miMjuas, Kowoosi s
or {'(loses, Maeiinootoony's of the I'mpipia river section, Noinee I'ults, aud
Nomee Lacks of Tehama County; the Copahs, naniif^s, Yatuckets, Terwars
nnd Tolowas, of the lower Klamath river; the AVylaks and Nooliimucks df
Trinity county mountains west from Sacramento plains; the Modocs of
Klamath Luke, the Yliickas of I'itt lliver, the Ukas and Slmstas of Shasta
county.' Toi/ltir, in ''<//. I'ltnmr, Jum H, IH(.I).
'The Tiititlliis are divided into twelve haiiils; eii,'ht of them are locatid
on the coast, one on the forks of the Coqnillo, nnd three on Ro^'Ue river.'
•The Tototins, from whom is derived the {i;eiuj-ic mime of the whole ixopli'
speaUiii},' the lunj^na^'c, reside on the north hank of the Tototin river, ahcmt
four miles from its mouth. Their country extends from the eastern IhhiikI-
ary of the Yahshutes, iv short distance helow their villui^e, uj) tlu' strcaiu
ahout six miles, where the fishinj,'-j,'rounds of the Miickanotins commence'
'The country of the Eucjuiiclipep commences nt the "Three Sisters," and
extends idonj,' the coast to a ])oint ab' ut three miles to the south of tliiir
village, which is on a streani which .■ears their name. The niininj,' tnwn
of Kli/.ahi'th is aliout the soutVii'. lioundavy of tlie Enciuachces, and is
called thirty miles from Fori Orf'ird. Next southward of the Eutiuacliccs
are the Yahshutes, whose villaj,'es occujiy lioth hanks of the Tototin or Ivo^'uc
river, at its mouth. These people claim hut aliout two nnd n half miles hai k
from the coast, where the Tototin country comniences. The Yahshutes claim
the coast to some remarkahle headlands, ahout six miles south of rioj,'iie
river. South of these headlands are the Chetlesseiituns. Their villa,L;c is
north of, but near, the mouth of a. stream bearing their name, but betti r
known to the whites as Pistol river. The CLetlessentuus claim but alumt
ei;;ht miles of the coast; but as the country east of theiu is uninhabited, Ike
others similarly situated, their lands are supposed to extend to the siniiiuit
of the mountains. Next to the ( hetlessentuns on the south are the 'Wisli-
teiiatins, whose vilhige at the moutli of ii small creek bearing' their luiuu .
NOimiERX CALIl'ORXIANrt.
448
Th' v cliiim tlio roiiiitry to ii miiiiiU tiiuliiiR-jxist known an the NMiali'V lit nd,
iiliiiiit Iwciifv-m'Vi'U
mill
)Uth (if till' numlli of Hounc Itivcr, Nt \t in
oiiliT iir<i tin' Chciittci' or Cliitco liiuul, wliosr villiif,'(s wni' Kitimtid on < at li
siilt' of till' nioiilh, anil iilioiit Hi\ niilrs U|i a hiiiuII I'ivrr luarhi;.; tluir nan.o
. . Till' laiiils of tlii'Hc |i<'oj)](' cxtriiil from AVlialc's Iliad to tlii' ( alifuniiii
liiii', ami liai'k from tlii' coast imlrlinitcly. . .T'lic Mackanotin village is nliout
M'Viu mill's aliovi' that of tlii' 'I'ototins, and is on tlu' samr Kide of tlic rivi r.
'I'licv claim iiliout twelve miles of stn
'I'lic Sliistakoostecs siucci il llii li
(the Mai.'kanotins). Their villa},'e is on the north liank of lti>;,'iie rivei', niaily
opliositc the contlucnce of ilie llliiinis. These are the most easterly liiiml
within my district in the South." 1'nnif.li, in liid. A(f'. U'lil., lisVl, p].. -JM , 11,
' l)r. lliilil)aril, in his notes ( IS.'iiii mi the Indians of llogmi IJivi r and South
(•ii'^'oii, on the ocean, before alluded to, nives the following; list of names of
liuiicherias and clans of the hototeii or Tutatamys trilie. Masonah Hand,
l.icaliiin, Coiiuille river; ('lioekrelatan liand, location, Coiiuille forks; (^iia-
t'liiiali liand, location, Flore's creek; I.a|,'uaachii IJand, location, Klk river;
Ciisulhi'iiten I'and locution, I'ort Orford; Ymi'iadic Hand, location, Yu^jiin
creek; Chetlesscnten l?and. location, I'istol river; Yah Slmtes linncl, loca-
tion, l{o(»no river; Wislitamitan IJaiul, location. Whale's head; ( In ahtiKS
liand, location, t'hctko; Tototen Hand, location, six miles aliove the mouth
.f H
river; Sisticoosta IJaiid, locatii
iibovc Hi),' lieiid, of Iioyue rive:
Maiiuelnoteer Hand, location, fourteen miles above the mouth of l{o^,'un
river.' I'lil. lutniiir, June IK, l.s(;i(. TJie Tutotcns were a lar^'c tribe, nuni-
b' riiiL! thirteen elans, inhabiting,' the southern coast of ()ref,'on, (inlilnt. Krc,
M'lrrh, ),si")t). 'Toiitiiunis on Cmjuins, sur la rivii re d>' ce nom et dars I'in-
ti'iieur lies tcrres.' Mn/rna. J-yjilnr., tom. ii., p. llui. 'On the lower jiart of
the Claniet Kiver are the Totutnne, known by the nnfavorable siuibriijui t of
tlie l!nL!ue, or llascal Indians.' ll'di's ElhitDij., in I'.S. h'.r. A'.i',, vol, vi., \>.
'21\. The bands of the T'outootoii trilie 'are scattered over a },'reat extent of
ciiiiiitry --alonf» the coast and on the streams from the California line to
twenty miles north of the ('o(juille, and from the ocean t<> the summit of the
coast raii},'c of mountains.' I'lilmrr, in //"/, .Uf. I!' jil., bs,")l, p. 2.'i',». Taylor
I'lacs the Tntiuiahs in the northwest corner of Del Norte County, MS. M<iii.
The IhuKtx live in California a little south of I;
Hi
on tile wa
north from Crescent Citv. I'
,1 ,ln
y
V
■Ml.
Mii'liir, by some Mmhlnr. is a word which ori''inated with the Sliasteei
who aiiplieil it indel'initely to till wild Indians la' enemies, 'Their ihoim r
habitat is on the southern shore of Lower Klamath Laki
on
Hot (reek.
irouiid Clear Lake, and alon^' Lost Hiver in OrcLjon,' I'ninrs. in ih-i liuml
Mn'hlij, vol. X., J)
i:(.1
Thev own the Klamath Liver from th
to
will re it breaks thn)UL;h the SisKivoii ran;,'!' to the westward.' /•/,. V(
1 County. MS. Mu/k 'Tlie M.kIc
\<. '.'i . In the northern ]iart of Siskiyoi
of the Kla:iiath Lake were also called Moahtockna." <'iil. l-'nrin
I'^i'i I. East of the Klaniaths. whose eastern boundary is tweiitv-li
,/i.
miles cas; of the Cascade IJaii
ill
the southern boiuidaiv of Oj
thirty
'ami extending some distance into California, is a tribe known as the Mo-
'l"ks. East of these again, but extending further south, are the Jloetwas.'
' Till' country round Auc - 'se and Modoc lakes, is elaimid and oceujiitd by
444
T11II5AL IJOUNDARIES.
the Md.loc Indians." Vahnri-, in /,»/. AjJ. l!,pl.. isr.l, pi.. £(',2 .1. 'The Mo-
(li)cs (or Mo.uldc, lis tilt' wiinl is iirdMiiunci'd ) known in their liini,'UaL;'< as
the Okkowish, inhiiliit the (loose lake eounlrv. anil are mostly within tlu^
State of Califoniia. . . .The wonl .Modoc is u Shasta Indian word, and means
all distant, stnui^'er, or hostile Indians, and beeame applied tt> these Indians
by white men in early days from hearinj^ the Shastas speak of them.' Sen
til rk, in /»(/. .1^". Uipt., m\A. ji. 121.
The OiihxKciiulis, iu the north-western jjartof Siskiyou County. MS. }rip.
Tlie hlitiiKilli.s or Liitiiitini — 'Lntuanii, or Tlamatl, or Clamet Indians.
Tho first of these names is the proper desij^nation of the people in tin ir
own lanj^uai,'e. Tiie seeoml is that by whieh they are known to the ( lii-
iiooks. and tlirotii^'h tlu m to the whites. They live on the head wat( r.s
of the river ami about the lake, whieh have both received from forei^m is
tlie name of C'laniet.' Ilah's Ktlituij., in I'. S. Ef. J:\e., vol. vi., ji. uis.
That portion of the eastern base of the Cascade lianj,'e, st)nth of the foity-
fourth parallel, 'extj'udinj^ twenty-tive or thirty miles east, and south to
the California line, is the country of the Klamath Indians.' J'dliiur. in Iml.
Aff. Utjil., \Ky\. J). '.(IJ. The Tlanu'ths 'inhabit the country alonj,' the (ast-
ern base of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains, and siuUh to the
(ireat Klanieth Lake.' Tlioiiipsoii, in Iiul. A_t}'. li'/'t., IS,')!, ]). IK\. 'Ihn
Clametti inhabit ' Ittajuas Iiiver, near the Kimth boundary' ^of (.)|-eu;iMi).
Wurre unl Varttsi'iir, in Miirtin's Jlinhoii's I'linj. \i. SI. ' Lutuami. (Iannis;
also Tlannitl — Indians of southwestirn Orej,'on, near the Clamet I.a\e.'
LiHlvich/s Ah. Ldifj., p. 100. ' Klamaes, snr la riviere do ee nom et dans
rinterieiu' des terres.' Jk' Mo/rns, K.vjildr., tom. ii., p. 3;!."). ( lamet: on the
upper part of the river, and si.xty miles below the lake so naiiied. Frdiiihiii.^.c,
iu l.iinil. (leoij. Stic. iliiiir., vol. xi., |). '.."(."i. ' Next east of the Shastas are |]i(>
Klamath Lake Indians, known in their lan,L;uaL;e as the Okshee, who iidiiMt
the country about tlie Klamath lakes, and east about half way ti) the (inoM^
Lake, to \Vri,u;ht Lake, and smith to a line running about due eas* from
Shasta IJutte.' Slirl,\ in hul. Aff. h'i'i>l., bSOl, pp. 120-1. 'The nana' of
Klamath or Tlamatli, bi lou^iuj,' to "lie tribt s on the lake where the rivir
rises, is not known anioiiL,' those farther down ... .Thus, at the forks, the
AViitspi'ks call the river below I'ohlik, sij^nifyliiL; down; aiul that above
I'ehtsik, or up; giviliL;, moreover, the same name to the po(iulalion in
Hpeakiuj,' of them collectively. 'Ihree distinct tribes, siieakili;.,' ilitlrn lit
lanj;uai,'is, oecnjiy its banks between the sea and the mouth of the ^ li;isli',
of whi<h the lowest extends Up to ItliltV Creek, a few miles above the forks.
Of thi'se tlure are, acconlin^' to our inf(Uiiiatioii, iu all, thirty-two villa^'is
. . . .The names of the jirineipal vi!la.i,'es. . are tlu' \Vi itspek (at the forks\
Walisherr, Kaipell. Moraiuh, Nohtselio, Mi'lileh, Seh cljou, Yaiiterih, I'l ■-
quail, KaMW( h. M'auhteet], Seheiierih. Oiyotl, Naia^utl, l^haitl, lloi aiali,
Kekipia, and Wiht'lipia, the two last at the niiuith of the river.' di ./•,•'■, iu
l>clii>i>lcr(iiTs .\rrl(.. vol, iii.. p. b.M.
The /•,'i'C((i.s' inhabit 'the lower Klamath from ^Vt•itsIleck <lown, iind aloii'4
the coast for about twenty niihs ' I'oinis. in Oi-rlnnil Mniithlii, vol, viii , p,
U'M. The I'jiiroes "inl.iabit the banks of the Klamath from the juiutioii of
THE TRINITY RIVER TRIREfl,
445
riic Trfn'ry to the mouth, nnd the soa coast from (loM Rliiff up <o a pfiint
iiliout six mlloH nl)ove tho mouth of tho Khtmath.' I'<:ri'rs' I'muo, MS.
Tilt' Cahrorit Uv(> l)<'t\V(><'u tli<' Eurr)cn ami th<' foot of the Klamath Mount-
nius, also a short ilistanci- up Saliiiuii River. 'On the Klamath liivir thiro
live tliri'c distinct trihca, called the Eurocs, ('idiroes, and Modocs; wliicii
iKiiiics mean respectively, "down the river," "up the river," and ''head
of (lie river."' I'oim-s. in Orirlaiid Mmitlih/, vol. viii., p. 'A'lH. Speakin;^ of
Indians at the junction of Salmon ami Klamath Itivii-s, Mr. (liMis sa\s:
'they do not seem to have any f^eneric aiipellalion for themselves, hut a))ply
the terms "Kahrnk," uj), an<l "Yonridi," down, to all who live almve or
lirldw themselvcH, without discrindnation, in the same manner that t.he
oihirs ^at the junction of the Trinity) do "IMitsik," and "Pohlik." Srlitnu-
cni/l's Arrli., vol. iii., p. 1,")1.
'I'lie Tiilcirakt are the tirst tribe on the coast north of Klamath River.
(lil'hs. in Srliiiolrntj'l'n Anli., vol. iii., p. IIW. The Tahlewahs are a 'Irilie
on the Klamath River.' hi'lnrii/'n Ah. f.dwi., p. 1711. ' In th(> vicinity nf ('res-
et nt City and Smith's River there are the. . . . Lojias, Talawas, and Laujoons.'
lhiiil:iliiiaii, in hid. At}'. h'ii>l., ]S.')7, i)p. :i!ll '2. 'In l)el Norte County
. . . tli(^ IIayna}»gis live alou}^ Smith liiver, the Tolowas on the Laf^oon, and
tlii'rahatens around Crescent City.' I'liirirs' }'iiiiiii, MS. The Cops, Ilana^s,
Yantuckels, and Tolawas, are ' Indian tribes livin<^' near the Ore^^on and Cal-
ifornia coast frontiers.' Orc.-icnit ('ill/ Ifinilil, .lie/. IH.")?. The Tolowas at the
nil itiiij,' point of Trinity, Ilunduildt, and Klamath counties. ^^S. Mop.
'I'lie Tcrirar.i, north-west of the Tolowas. .MS. .Map.
The H'(i/.s7)f7>'.sari' the 'piineijial hand on the Klamath, at the junction of
the Trinity. ' (tUilm, in Sili<iiilrnift'.i Anii., vol. iii., p. I'l'l; l.Mlni-iii'n Ali.
].<iii'i., p. -ioo.
The Oppe'incliK are a trihi^ at Red-Cap's Bar, on the Kl.amath River, (illihs,
in >i7iiin/c;vi/'r.s' .lci7)., viil. iii., ]i. MS.
Tlie Ifdiipiihs live 'am nnten n Itio de la Trinidad, oder Trii'.ity River.'
JSiisi'IniKinti, Ihts Apui'hf als lim' .\lliliiip<i.''l,\ Sjir.. p. 'JIS. ' Indian tribe on the
lower part of the Triniiy Rivev.' /.inlnrhi's ,l'i. [.nini., yt. H-1. The Hitopart
live 'ill Tloopa Valley, on the lo'\er Trinity liiver." J't^inr'n P'liiio, .MS., p.
S">. ''I'lie lower 'I'rinity tribe i-i, as will as th(> river itself, known to tho
isluiiiallis I y the name nf II mii ah.' 'I'l'/'/.s', in Silinnlfni/I's .\rrli., vol. iii., ]).
b'l'.'; SIC also p. I'J'i. In the iinvtlii rii jiart of Klain.itli Ciuinty. MS. Map.
' I'lMin the Trinity, or lloop'h, below the entrance of the south fork or
Otahwi iaket, then^ art" said to be eleven ranches, the Okenoke, Ai;araits,
I'l'lrk'oh, Olleppauli'lUalili htl and I'liilitsolr, and the llaslinlah, .Mn !-
t ah, Siikeakeit, Tashhnaiita, and W'itspuk aonve it; .\ twilfth, the Mi'yi iii-
iiia. now burnt, was situated jiist above "Niw" or ".\rkansas" liiver.
'i'.'' ~, 1 Srhoolrrafl' n .\rrli.. vol. iii., p. !:!!•.
The Copahs, in the extreme north of \lamafh county, north of tho
Ib'^palis. .MS. .Map. T!ie Cops are nieiitioni d as ' living.' near the Orej^on
mill California coast frontiers,' in the Crrsnit ("ilti llvviUI, .\i'\i.. 'H..7.
'I'iie A'(ii//(/.v live on tlie south fork of Trinity River. Vmnra' l\',,ii>. MS.
Till' I'dlnwiii/s occupy ilie banks of the Trinity, fr' ir the vicinity of Riy
!!ar io South Fork.' I'onrr.s' ]\'!"", V<.
iMM
416
TllIBAL BOUNDARIES.
i '1
\)l
Thq Chimalqvays lived on Now Kivtr, u trilmtftry of the Trinity, /'-^inrs'
Porno, ^'S.
The Siahn •occupied the toii^ne of land jutting down between E«.l llivcr,
and Viiu Dusen's Fork.' J'oircrs' rmiu), MS. The Sians or Siiihs lived on
the heivdwiiters of Smith lliver. Gihljs, in tirhoolcrajTs Arch., vol. iii., p. l;il».
The EhmkK, Eenahs, or Eennf,'hs, lived aliove the Tolewas on Smith
lUvcr. Gihhs, in SchoolcrnJ't'sArrh., vol. iii., p. 131).' Ehnek was the name of
a hand at tlio uiouth of the Salmon or Quoratem lliver.' lil., p. 42'2; J.mlr-
u'i./'.s All. Luii'i., p. (')7.
WUhosk. 'is the name }»iven to the Bay (Hnnjholdt) and Mad River luili-
ans by those of Eel River.' Gibbs, in Si'lmolcraj't's ArcU., vol. iii., p. I-J'J;
Luileici'j'.'i Ab. Lanij., p. 201.
The B'i'(7/((/,v are 'a band on the mouth of Eel River and near Humboldt
Bay.' LHih'ii-iifs Ab. Iadiij.. p. 200. The ll\nid)oldt Bay Indians call Ihiiii-
selvcs Wishosk; and tliose of the hills Tcokawilk; 'but the' tribis to the
northward denominate both those of the Bay and Eel River, Weyot, or Walhi-
walloo.' Gibbs, in .'>rhinilcv(i/t's Arrh., vol. iii., p. 1113.
'The I'almnita live on the lower waters of ^lad River, and around Iliiiu-
boldt Bay, as fur south as Areata, perhaps oriyinally as far down us Eureka.'
J'mcirs' J'lmid, .l/'.S.
O.s.sv ;/'()! is tlie name ^'iven to the Indians of Gold Bluft', between Trinidad
and the Klamiith. Gibbs, in .Srhnob'ra/t's Arch., vol. iii., p. 133.
'The Jjissics formerly dwelt in Mad River Valley, from the head wiit( is
down to Low Gap, or thenabout, where they borrowed on the 'Wheeleiltlas.'
J'oiccrs' I'oihi), MS.
Chori was the name given to the Indians of Trinidad by the 'Wei yots.
Oibbs, in School ■rajT a Arch., \o\. iii., p. lit:!.
The Chilliihth. ' occupied the banks of Redwood Creek, from the co,i--t
uj) about twenty miles.' I'oa-ir.s' J'oiiui, MS. The Oruk, Tchololali, or llald
Hill Indians, lived on Redwood Creek. Gibhs, in SchoolcnijTs Arch., vol. iii.,
p. l;i',».
The WiiHics occupy the sandy country north of Humboldt Bay. Onrliin'l
Moidhli/, vol. ii., !>. 530.
'Till' Wlmli'iitbis had their jilace on the Upper Redwood Creek, fro ii tlic
l.ind of the Chi'lulahs n\) to '''e mountains. They ranged across soutliward
by the foot of the Bald Hills, which a[)pear to have marked tlie boinniary
between them and the Chilluluhs in that direction; and penetrated to \:iu
Hiisen's Eork, auent the Siahs and Lass-ics, with whom they occasionally
came in bloody etdlision.' I'oircrs' J'oiiin. MS.
The \'iKinls 'live around lower Hiuiiboldt Bay, and up Eel Rivei- to
Eagle Prairie.' Poieers' I'oiiio, MS.
The .S7if(,s'/r(,f live to the south-west of the T.utuami'-- or Klamaths. //"/■'■<
Ethnoij., in ('. S. /-.'.i-. Ke., vol. vi., j). 2IM. • Sastes, duns I'lnteric ur !Ui Nei.l
de la Californie.' Mojras, Kx}>h>r., torn, ii., y. 3:.."). 'The Shasta lii.liaii-i,
known in their language as Weohow -it nuaiiiiig stone housi', from the laru"
cave in their country -oct'upy the land east of Shasta river, and south of tlnj
Siskiyou mountains, and west of the lower Khimath hdu'.' Skilf, in /cm'. .1',
lliltl., ISOl, p. Vh). The Shastas occupy the centre of the county .'f ;b:'t
THE CENTKAL CALIFOKNIAXS.
417
,s. Il'l''^
■in Nii'l
lii.liaii-,
ah i)( tliu
I „<!..[■>'.
tv.'f ;l.::
i
impo. -VS". ^^(lp. ' Indiiins of south-western Oi-ef,'on, on the northern fron-
tiiis of T'pper C'liliforniii.' Ludewii/s Ah. Lmui., p. KiH. AViitsiihewiih is tho
ii.iiiie 'of one of tho Scott River b.iiitls of the Shiistii family.' (IViUh, in Srhiml.
rriijTs Arch., vol. iii., p. 422. The niiniu is sjjelled variously as Shasty,
Sliaste, Saste, &e.
The Pnldihs live to the southeast of the Lutnanijs or Klamalhs. Jfith'a
J-JlliitO'i., in r. S. Ex. Kx., vol. vi., \). 218. ' Indians of south-western Ore^'oii,
on the northern frontiers of Upper California.' Ludeiriti's Ah. LdiKj., p. 14r».
On the Klamath are the Odeiilahs; in Shasta Valley the Ikarueks, Kose-
tahs, and Idakarii'ikes; and in Scott's Valley the AVatsahewas and Kehs.
(rihiis, in Schdolirdft'.i Arrh., -v-ol. iii., p. 171.
'The Ifitiiihurij /»(/ia»(,s', known in their lan^unge ns th(^ Tka, inhabit ini-
inediiitely at the mouth of Scott's river, known in their language as theOtte-
*ie\va river.' ,Sti-di\ in Iitd. Aff. liijit., 1>m;4, p. 120.
'The SrotV.f I'alh'y liuliiin.-<, known in their language ns the Iddoa, inhabit
Scott's Valley above the caiien.' /'*.
The Ynht (a misnomer for Yeka— Shasta TJntte) Indians, known in their
language as the Hoteday, inhabit that part of the country lying south of
Klamath river, and west of Shasta river.' Ih.
The Villa or I'ka tribe 'inhabited the Shasta Jlountains in the vicinity
of McCloud's fork of Pitt lliver." C(d. Fanner, ,rnm' 22, IHCO. Th<' Ukas aro
(linitly south of the Modocs. ^fS. Map. 'The Yukeh, or as the name is
variously spelt, Yuka, Yu(|Ues, and Uca, are the original iidiabitants of thj
Nwuu-t'ult, or Kound Valley, in Tehama County. . . and are not to be con-
fniiiidcd with the Yidiai Indians of lUissiau Kiver.' liibbn, in lHi>t. Maij., vol.
vii., p. 12;i.
' Th;; Xiiser or Xnza Indians. .. .live in the vicinity of Lassen's Butte,'
l-"isl,h/i)H ('hroiiiflv, May, 1H51).
TLc Vlalx-an are to the southeast of the I'kas. MS. Map.
I'm Cknikai. C.\i.ifoi!NI.\ns occupy thi^ whole of that )>ortion of Cali-
f uv.i.'i .iiiitling north and south, fiom about ^0 'MY to ^i") , and east and
" s: .''■ iiu th(! Tacitic Ocean to the Californian boundary. They are tribally
(l! . i.'i'.l as f.iHows:
'1)" M I'iiiikfi hiu>' their habitat on the creek which bears tluir name,
ami (-1, ;. ■ still smaller stream dignified with the appellation of 15ear liivcr.
I'l'iin the coast they range across to Ed Kiver, and by immemorial Indian
\\^n>j,i- and pnscriptive right, th(y hold tin- western banii of this river finni
aliont I'-agle I'raiiic, where they i)order upon the Veeaids, up southward to
till' month <if South Fork.' I'vinrx' I'miiii, MS.
The Uiliunlxin live on the South Fork of Eel Kiver. (iihiis. in Srlioolfra/l'.^
Ar'li., vol iii,, p. (134. In the iiortlurn jiart of Mi inlociiio County. MS. Muji.
The CliDirisliahs live on the head of I'.il river, 'iil'lis. in Srlinnlrra/i's Arrli.,
V..1. iii., p. -lil. Tribes living on the Middle Fork of Ei 1 Kiver, in the valh y
"alUd by the Indians Ketundd wt r<' the Nabob Choweshak, Chawtt uh li.i-
: ua aiil Samunda. Id., p. lUi. Tin; Choweshaks lived on the head of Eel
iiiv I', /,ie/(/r((/',s Ah, J.aiiiJ.. p. 4H.
'Till J.iiloncuuks live on ISull Creek and the lower South I'ork of Eel
■mUBiilri
448
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
River, owning the territory between those streams and the Pacific' Poiccs'
Fomo, MS.
The H(tta)\d<th(necs live in the valley of that name on the head of Etl
River. Litik'U-'uj's Ah. iMni/., p. 17.
The I'omos consist of ' a greiit nunilier of tribes or little bands, sometimes
one in a valley, sometimes three or four, clustered in the region wlnre llie
headwaters of Eel and Russian rivers interlace, along the estuaries of tlie
coast and around Clear Lake. Really, the Indians all along Russian river to
its mouth arc branches of this j.'reat family, but below Caljiello they no lon^jc r
call themselves Pomos....Tht broadest and most obvious division of tliis
large family i . ;i'to Eel river Pomos and Russian river Pomos.' I'oicvrs, in
Orerlniid Mam: ■, v., pp. 4 08-9.
The Castel i.\ live between the forks of the river extending as far
Bouth as Big Cham..- id Blue Rock.' In., p. 4"J9.
The Ki- Pomos 'dwell on thi .extreme headwaters of South Fork, ranging
♦■astward to Eel River, westvard to the ocean and northward to the Casii 1
Pomos.' Ih., MS. Map.
'The Cahto Pomos (Lake people) were so called from a little lake which
formerlj' existed in the valley now called by their name.' Powers, in OcijflnhA
Mimtlih/, vol. ix., p. 500.
The Choam Chadela Pomos (Pitch Pine People) live in Redwood Valley.
Id., p. 504.
The Matomey Ki Pomos (Wooded Valley People) live about Little
Lake. Ih.
The CainalM Pomos (Coast People) or U.-^nls live on Usal Creek. Ih.
The Shebalne I'omos ( Neighbor People) live in Sherwood Valley. Ih.
The Pome Pomos (Earth Peojile) live in Potter Valley. Besides the
Pome I'omos there are two or three other little rancherias in Potter Valli y,
each with a ditt'erent name; and the whole body of them are called Bullo Ki
Pomos (Oat Valley Peoph;). Id.
The Camalel Pomos, Yonsal Pomos, and Bayma Pomos live on Ten Mile,
and the country just north of it, iu Mendocino County. Toh'tn, in Ind. A/.
Ropt., 1857, p. 4(15.
' The Salan Pomas are a tribe of Indians inhabiting a valley called Pot-
ter's Valley.' Ford, in Ind. Af. nept., 185fi, p. 257.
The Nhihhdla Pomos live in the north-west of Mendocino County. M''.
Map.
The I'li'iahs live on Russian River in the vicinity of Parker's Baii'li.
tUh'is, iu Srli<iiil(rnjTs Arch., vol. iii., p. 112, i'll. 'The Yuka tribe are llii-'t
mostly witliiu and immediately adjoining the mountains.' Meiulorii,ii llni'l,
M'lrrli. 1871. The Yukai live on Russian Piiver. Liidcirifi's Ah. i.iiitii., ]\ ■2- 'i.
The Ukias are iu the south-eastern part of Mendocino County. ^[S. Map.
The S()kinii(lli/s or Sotomieyos ' lived iu Russian River valley.' Val. Fanm r,
March :10, ]8(i().
The SItnwi'ms ' lived on the extreme upper waters of Eel River, opllo^ill^
Potter Valley.' Powirs' Pi,mo, MS.
The TdhtiK^a 'live in the extreme npjier end of Potter Valhy.' 7/).
The riiutlis live at Cape Mendocino. Tobin, iu Ind. Aff. llvjd., 1857, p. lUO.
RUSSIAN IlIYEIl AND COAST TRIBES.
Aid
The KiiahUsh Iiuliftiis live at Shelter Cove. /'/., p. 40.').
The Co)iiiirhi>it live in ItusKian River Valley, iu Rauchcria and Anderson
VftUeys. I'liicirs' I'omo, MS.
The KdjdisrhimH, 3f(tkani(is, and Jiipiavis live in the Rtissinn River Valley,
north of Fort Ross. Hdir, .Slitt. nnil Klhvn., p. 80.
The <!iiHhi))»teros occupy ])ry f 'rc( k Valley and Russian River Valley he-
low Hcaldsliurg. Poucrs' Pmiio, MS.
The Miisdlla ^[dl|llnn,•< 'live alont,' Russian river south of Cloverdiile.' Id.
The Jliiifotis Vivr youth of the Masalla Maj^nons. /(/.
The Gudldlds live on Guulala or Wullalla Creek. Jil.
The Xahlohs, Carlotsupos, Chowechaks, ( 'hedoehof,'s, Choiteen. Misal.ihs,
Bacowiis, Saniindas, and CaclK'nahs, Tuwanuhs, lived in tlie country Ik twtcii
Fort Ross and San Fra» "isco liay. Uihlis, in SfliDiilrrdfl'n Arrh,, vol. iii., p. fi.'U.
Chtcdchditiiiju (Russia.. ScvcniovsKia) or Northerners, is the name of ono
of the triht:j in the vicinity of Fort Ross. Knslroiii'itniKnr. in /,V(( c. Slat, mid
Ethiio., p. HI). ' Severnovskia. Severnozcr. or " Northerners." Indians north
of Rodct,'a Bay. They call themselves Chwachamuja.' Liuli win's Ah. l.itiuj.,
p. 17(1.
The Oldmpntkes live at Bodega. Kotitrontitonow, iu Ban-, SU... iind KIIiikkj.,
p. 8.(; Lmliichi's Ah. Lidkj., p. '10.
The Kahiamnres or Kaiiianieahs are at Fitch's Ranch, (xtcJidini:; as far
hack as Santa Rosa, down Russian River, ahout three leagues to Cooper's
liaiuli, and thence across the coast at Fort Ross, and for t\venty-fi\c niil< s
above. 'iVihs, in SrhoolirdfVs Arch., vol. iii., p. 1(12. '"^Ihe Kaniniares had
ranclurias at Santa Rosa, I'etalunia, or I'atalonia, and up to Russian river.'
<'nl. Fdninr, Mdrvh ;?(), 1800. 'The i)roi>er name of Russian rivi r in SoiKmia
•<aM(.'y is Caniniairo after the eelehrated Indians of those parts.' /</., .lnuv 8,
ISi'iO. The Indians of the plains in vicinity of Fort Ross, call llicnisi Ivi s
Kainauia. K'lstroiiilhDiinr, in ]ld<r, •'>liil. vnd Kllitn,., p. 80. The Kyaiiama-
ras ' inhahit the section of country hctween the canon of Russian river and
its nio\ith.' Ford, in hid. Aff. lU'jiL, \H')f), p. '2.")7.
The Tiiiiiidilinldti live on Bodega Bay. Oihh.s, in SihonUrdfVs Arth., vol.
iii., p. ll)'2.
The Somas, Lnmn.i, and Scncns, live in Russian River Valley in the vicinity
of the village of Sanel. /Vinr.s' I'dihh, MS.
The Siiiintiids, Sononiis, or Sonoiiullos, lived at the endiarc.-uh vo i^f So-
noma. Cdl. FdriiiiT, Mdirh IK), hSIiO. 'I'he Sononias lived in the soutli-(ast( rn
extremity of what is now the county of Sdiionia. MS M<ip.
The Tilii>l,(ii/i)iis liveil in Sonoma valley. H'dhs. in Schniilrriift's .1;v7i.,
vol. iii., p. 421. 'J'lie (. hocuMiis lived in the ri gion now called Sonoma
ruuiity, and from their chief the eciunty takis its name, ('rimisf's X'd Wni'lh,
p. 22. Th(! Word Sononui means 'Valley of the Moin.' Ti'lli'ill's Hist. I'dL,
[I. ;!()!. The Tcliokoyems live in Soaonri Valley. Lmh ir'ni's .\h. I.d,i<}.,\\. 184.
'The Tiiidxddkves lived on the west side of Sonoiua valley." ('nl. Funun;
Mdn-h :W, 1800.
The ttuillirds lived 'northwest of Souuiua,' on the old Wilson ranch of
1840, Jb.; .VS. Mdp.
Vol. I. i'i
450
TIUBAL BOUNDARIES.
'ir
i t-n-l
The 7\lnhhis Vivo in 39 14' jv>rth Int. and 122' 12' long. U'V/.m' Xm:, in
U. S. Ki\ E.V., vol. v.. p. 201. Tlic Klinkas arc a 'trilm lixt'c an ndid ilu
Rio del Sacranicnto.' Mofras, ExpUir., tuni. ii., \>. 'ATyH. Sonth of tlic lid^'iio
River Indians 'the jiopnlation is very scanty nntil \vc arrive at tlic valley df
tho Sacramento, all the tribes of which are inclniled hy the traders undi r
th" K'l'eral name of Kinkla, which is jirobahly. like 'I'laniatl, a term of Chi-
nook orij^'iii.' Jink's EUdkiij., in V. S, E.r. Ex., vol. vi., j). 221.
The Talatni live 'on the Kassiina River, a tribntary to the Siicranieiito,
on the eastern side, about einhty miles from its month.' link's Etliho;!., in
U. S. Ex. Ex.. vol. vi., p. (lltl. JAItlitri./s Ah. Jmiuj.. J). IKO.
The Oki jiKs live on Feather River, twenty miles above Maiysville. IkUuta'a
Life o)i //,.. ]'kihis, p. 2'J:J.
'The Ncmshons, as stated by General Sutter, roamed (prior to ]H4n") l)r-
tween (he Bear and American rivers: across the Sacramento were the Ynlos
and folnsiis; north of the American Fork were the Rashones. On the b.iiiks
of the rivci north of Fort Helvetia, roamed the Veshanacks, the Tonscilcin-
nies and Youcoolumnies; between the American (plain and hills) and the
Mokalunnie I'oamed the ^VaIacumnics, Cosumnies, Solumnees, Mokeliininrcs,
Suraniinis, i'osum: is, Lacomnis, Kis Ki<s and Oniochuninies.' Ciil. Eurmer,
June 8, 1860. The Colusas lire in the north-eastern corner of Colusa County.
The Yolcjs, in the northern part of the county of that name. West of tin m
the Olashes. The Bushones in the south of Yolo County. TheXemslioos
in the eastern part of Placer County. The Yukutneys north of them. The
Vesnai'lcs south-west of the Nemshoos. and north of the Pnlpcnes. Ihc
Y'oucoulunmes and Cosumnes are in the eastern part of Amador county.
The llokeliimnes south of them. The Yaehachumnes west of the Moki Inin-
iies. MS. M(tp. ' Y 'o is a coiTuption of the Indian Yoloy, which s';.riutii il
a re;_;ion thick with rashes, and was the name of the tribe owning the tide
lands west of the Sacramento and bordering on Cach<! Creek.' Tatliill's lli^l.
('ill., !>. HOI. The following; are names of ranclurias of tame Indians or
Niophytes iu the Sacriimeuto Valley; Sukisimme, Shouomnes, Tawuleuiues,
Seywameues, ilukelemnes, Cosumne. Rancherias of wild Indians or (ii n-
tili's, are: Sa,L;ayacumne, Socklumnes, Olonutchamne, N' watchumiie, Yu-
niat^atock, Shalachmushumne, Oniatchanme, Yusumne, Y'ldeyumne, Tain-
locklnck, Sajiototot, Y'alesumne, Wapoonine, Kisliey. Secumne, I'iisIiiuh'.
Oioksi ciiiiine, Xemshan, I'ahinshan, I'stu, Olash, Y"uknlme, lloek, Si>liii,
Minial, Ynln, Biibu, Honcut. Iwlktn Trihrs of thf Socrainento Wil'ci/. MS.
1'anie Indians or Neophites: Lakisumne, Shonomne, Fawalomnes, Muku ni-
nes, Cdsininie. AVild Indians t)r (ientiles: Sagayacumne, Locklonnue. Oln-
jiuti'hannir, Ynnia.Ljatock, Shalachmushumne, Omutclianine, Yusumne, Yale-
yuinne, Yaiidocklock, Lapototot, Yalesumne, Wajuomne, Kisky, Secuiiiiie,
I'nshnnc. Oiokseciunne, Nemsliaw, Palanshawl T'stu, Olash, Yukulme, Ilcuk,
I.ishu, ilimal, I'lm, Bubu, Honcut. Sntlrr's Est'imnk af hulidii rcjuihil'i'm.
1H47, MS. The Ochecamnes, Servnshanines, Chuimnines, Omutclnuuui s,
Sicumnes, AVahiiJinnnies, Cosumnes, Sololumnes, Turealemnes, Saywiiniiins,
Xevichumnes, Matchemnes, Sagayayunines, Muthelemnes, and I^opstatiiii-
nes, lived on the eastern bank of the Sacramentti. The Bnshumnes lor I'u-
juni), (or Sekomue) Yusumnes, Nemshaw, Kisky, Yaesuumes, Iluk, and
CLEAR LAKE TETr.ES.
451
Yncal, livprl on the Wf^stern liiink of the Siiemmento. IMe'a Ethnor)., in V. S.
K.r. A'.i'., vol. vi., ]<\). r.3li, fi:tl.
The Viilxts or i'lirds lived on Yuvn River, n trilmtury to the Sacramento.
Firnmnl's Ucini. Meiiidir, p. 22,
The Mihhms and ScctihumimK axo on the Ynba and Feather RiverH. 'As
VdU travel south from C'hico the Indians call themselves iMiidoo until yon
reach Rear River; hnt below that it is Xeeshenam, or sometimes mana or
maidec, all of which denote men or Indians.' I'na-ers' in Oarlmtd Mmdhlij,
vol. xii., ]). 21.
The Citshnds live near the south fork of the Ynha River. SrhiKilrm/t's
Arrh., vol. ii., 5()C; Ludeiriii's Ali. J.dini., p. .'ii*. Taylor also mentions the
C'lislmas south of the Ynha. <'<il. Faninr, May, ,'11, IWil.
The (itii'ftorl.x and LorollDiiiillds lived between Clear Lake and Xapa. Col.
Firmer, Marrl, 30, IHCO.
The //');»i7/</n(iW()s or Lnpiloniis lived on the borders of Clear lake. lb.;
MS. Mnp.
The M<i}j(icm'tii and Tijufjusi dwell about Clear Lake. Smi Fi-mirisrn Ihrnlil,
June, 1H'>H. The Mayacmas and TyU),'as 'iidiabited the vicinity of Clear
lake and the mountains of Xapa and Mendocino counties.' C'ltl. Fanmr, June
2.', IHi-.O; MS. Map.
The iVi-fjichcs 'live along the western slope of the Shasta mountains
from round Valley to Hay Fcn'k, between those mountains on one sidi' and
l^tl and Mad Hi vers on the other, and extendiiif^ down the latter stream about
to Low Gap.' I'oiriTs' Fi»n<>, MS. The Wye Lakees, Nome Ijackees, Xoi-
niucks, Xoiyucans and Xoisas, lived at Clear Lake. Onijer, in Iiul. Afl'. Uipt.,
Ls.jll. ),. r.\H.
Xaiiu'iatin, meaning; 'many houses,' was the collective name of six
tiibfs livini^ at Clear Lake: their names were Hnlanapo, Habenapo or stono
house, Dahnohabe, or stone mountain, Mdalkai, Shekom, and Howkuma.
(i'lhl)^. in .S 7('<o/(V(//7's .lc(7(., vol. iii.. p. lOK.
The S}iaiii Ihni/as and Hi<ihilimari'h-s, or lower people, live on the east fork
of Ei'l River. t!')'ih.i. in Schnnlrra/fs Arrh., vol. iii., j). 1(1!).
' The Saiii'1.1 live at Clear lake.' <lihlit<. in S' lionli-rafl^ Ai'fh., vol, iii., )i. 112.
'The Sanels occupy Russian River Valley in the vicinity of the .Vmerican vil-
lage of Sanel.' Poii-'rs' I'ntmi, MS.
The It'irlild'a/s, rhal.lifits, Ta'ialitfan, and the Mu'v/ax. live between Clear
Luke and the coast. (!ih}i!t. in SrhmitrrtnT^ .\rcli., vol. iii., \i. 112.
The Snroftn, Lamas, and Sfiirus. occupy Itussian River Valley in the vicin-
ity of till' village of Sanel. I'mrrrs' I'min). MS.
The .V'(/i'(.s 'inhabited the Salvador Valltjo ranch of Entre-Xapa— that is
the place between Xajja river and Na])a creek.' Ili'hll. in Ifc.'iperian Mmi., vol.
iv., p. 50; Cal. Fariinr, Jhw 7, liSHl. 'The Xa|)a Indians lived near that
town and near Yount's ranch.' '''(/. Farimr. Marfh ',MK l><(iO.
' T'he Cai/mii.^ tribe occupied the tract now owned by G. C, Yount.' Ililtell,
iu ]li.<priaii Matj., vol. iv., p. "i").
' The Calujomanas had their home on the land now known as the Bale
rauche.' lb.
I
452
TBIBAL BOUNDARIES.
:li:il
The .Wii/fir.nmmt dwelt in the vicinity of the hot springs in the upper eu.l
of N.ipii Viilli-y. /''.
The lliii-(is lived on the east of the river Napa, near the present town-
site. /(/., p. r)C).
' The Siisrols lived on the rnneh of that name, and between Napa and T5<'-
nicia.' Cal. Fanner, March 30, 18(!(). 'The former domnin of the SusimjI
Indians was afterwards known as Suscol ranch.' Ilitldl, in Hesperian M<ui.,
vol. iv., p. 50; MS. Map.
The Tiilkays lived 'below the town of Napa.' Cal. Farmer, March 30, IHCO.
The Cananmanos lived on Biiyle's raneh in Napa valley. Ih.
The Miitistnis live ' lietween the heads of Napa and Putos creeks.' Gihhx, in
Schonlrraft'ti Arrh., vol. iii., p. 111.
The Yai-hhnese.i originally oecnpied the ground upon which the city of
Stockton now stands. Cal. Farmer, Dec. 7, IHi'A).
The Yachirhumne.'^ 'formerly inhabited the country between Stockton
and Mt. Diablo.' San Franrkro Ere)nwi Tiiilletin, Sept. [), 1804.
The Smsnne.<t live in Suisun valley. Cal. Farmer, March 30, 1800. Solano
County was named from their chief. Cronise's Nal. Wealth, p. 22; Tidh'iU'i
llisl. Cal., p. 301.
The lllnlata.i 'lived on the north side of Suisun Valley.' Cal. Farmer,
March 30, 1800.
The ruipenes lived on '.he eastern side of Suisun Valley. 76.
The Tolenos lived on the north side of Suisun Valley. Ih.
The Karf/nines lived on the straits of that name. //*.
The Tnmales, Tamales, Tainallos, or Tamalaiios, and Bollanos, lived be-
tween Bodefija Bay and the north shore of San Francisco Bay. it/., March 2,
18G0, March 30, IW'.O.
The Socoiaitk-ast, Tliamien.% and Gergneiuiens or Gerzuensens 'roamed in
the Santa Clara valley, between the Coyote and Guadalupe rivers, and
the country west of San Jose city to the mountains.' Id., June 22, 1800.
The Lecatiiit tribe occupied Marin countj', and it is from the name of
their chief that the county takes its name. Cronise's Xat. Wealth, p. 22.
' The retahnnas or the Volhios lived near or around that town.' Cal. Farmer,
March 30, 1800.
The Tulares, so called by the Sjianiards. lived between the northern slioir
of the bay of San Francisco and San Kafael. Gihhs, in ScliuolcrajTs Arch.,
vol. iii., p. 421.
The Wapos inhabited ' the country about the Geysers.' Ford, in Ind. ArJ.
llepl., 1850, p. 257.
The Yosemites inhabited the valley of the same name. The Toseiiiiti 1/
are on the headwaters of the Chowchilla. Lewis, in fnd. Aff. liept., 18.57, j). :!!''•.
The Ahwahnaehees are the inhabitants of Yosemite Valley. Ililte'l's 1'"-
semite, p. 42.
The following names of ranehen'as which formerly existed in the vicinity
of the Mission Dolores, are taken from the Mission Books: Abnu)ctac, Aiim-
taja, Altanui, Aleytac, Anchin, Aleta, Aramay, Altajumo, Aluenchi, Acnagis,
Assunta, Atarpe, Anamas, Aeyum, Anamon, Caehanegtac, Caprup, Cazoim,
Carascau, Conop, Chutchiu, Chagunte, Chapugtae, Chipiscliu, Chymui,
TRIBES NEAR THE MISSION' DOLORES.
458
rhiiiletac, Chiichiptiic, ('hi]iiitfii, ('liiiiii;,'tiic, rinirnintcf', C'hnycii, riiupciin,
KliiToydc, Fluniimilii, (ii'iiiiii (liili)isiiiistiic, (liinicliiucs, (riiaiiliii, Hiuictii,
H:ilcliis, Hdi'ocioe. HniiiK'ii, It.'us, Juniiiimic, .I(is(jiii),'aril, JiU'himii, Juris,
JiKjiiiziir.i, LuidiK'H, Liuiiii(t,'luii, Liiiiisiiu. Livuni,'L'lva, Liviuij,'t'1>m. Libiin-
tone. Macsiniun, Mitliiit'. Malvnitiic, Muin^,'i)(', Naij,', Naiciue, Nai)ii, Oiiipi-
viiiiiii), Oiisiiit, OtmlH', Olcstura, Ohiacte, I'ltli'iiuin. or I't-talmna, I'riiristaf,
I*ui<'li(>n, I'uvcone, raliii'tac, I'liictaca, I'nrntt'a, I'rdiiUfii, Qnct, Sitliuta.j,
Suchiii, SubchiaiH, Siplichiciuin. Siscastai', Ssiti, Sitiiitajca, Ssnpicliuni,
Sifca, Siiischmc, Saturauiiui. Satiuiiuo, Sittintac, Ssicliitca, Sa^,'iuitt', Ssalay-
iiic, Smifha<|ne, Ssijiudca, Saraisi-, Siiiaiiiiiii, Samutac, Ssof^cifati', Sadaiics,
Tuzsiut, Tat(iniiite, Titiiiictac, Tupiiic, Titiyi'i, Tiiiiita, Tinisini, Tnbisiistt',
Tiiiii;^'t:ic, Torose, Tuimiute. Tuoa, Tainiilo, (ir Tidnalcs, Talean. Totolii, I're-
Imri', Utiii'iH', Usscte, lu'hiuiu, Vt'ctaca, Va^,'t'ri)c, Yclanin, Yacnnii, Yaco-
iiiiii, Yajiimni, Zomioiiii, Zuii^iu . . . Agiiasajnchiuni, Apnasto, A;,'uast(i, Cur-
qiiiii, (Kaniiiiucs), C'uchiaii, Chaclan, ('liinuan, C'otcj*'!!, Chiiscan, (Inyl-
pntus, Hiichun, Habasto, Junatca, .Tarciniii, Saiicliiiics, Oljuii, OIikmi, Olo-
lUds, Oliiiolocoe, Qnemflciitus, (^uiroi^'lcs, Salzoii, Sichicaii, Sancoii, Suchi-
f^iii, Sailan, Utiuitinat", VdIvou (or Holbon). 'The tribfs of Indians upou
till' Hay of San Franciscii, and who wens aftt-r its fstablishiiicnt. undfr the
sii'icrvision of the llission of Dolores, were five in niuiibcr; the Ahwaslitees,
Ohlolies (called in Spanish C()stant)s, or Indians of the Coast), Altahnios,
Ronianons, and Tuolonios. There were, in addition to these, a few small
tribes, but all npon the land exten<lini» from the entranee to the head of San
Fnineiseo Bay, spoke the same lai lage.' Tnj/lor, in Cdl. Farmir, Mai/ 31,
W)\. The tribes rentioutHl by Adam Johnston in Schooleraft, who lived
around the Missions of Dolores and Y'erba liuena, were the ' Ahwashtes,
Ohiones, Altahnios, Romanaiis, and Tulomos. Tlie Ohlones wert^ likely the
sauie called by the old priests, Knlones, Solomnies, the Sonomis were an-
other.' Si'hooli-ratVs An:h., vol. ii., p. 5:i0. 'The following races of Cnlifor-
nians were named to us living within the jtrecinets of the Mission of Sau
Franc-iseo; Giiymen, Utschim, Olnnipali, Soclan. Sonomi, Chulpun, Unipin,
Kiismitas, Bulbones, Tehalaliones, Pitem, Lani.iiii, Apalanni, Tcholoones,
Suysum, Numpali, Tamal, and UIul ito.' I'lmniisso, in Ki)lzihai''sV(iii., vol. iii.,
p. ."il." On eompte dans eetti- seul mission (San Fraiuiseo) plus (\v (juin/e
ditlerentes tribus d'Indiens: lis Khoulpouni; Ics Oumpini; les Kosmiti; les
I.amanrs; les Bolboni-s; les I'iteui''ns; les Klialalons; k-s .\patanines. ils par-
liiit la meme langue et habitent le long dcs bords du Rio Siievaniento; les
(luimen; les Ontchioung; les Olompalis; les 'J'amals; les Sonons ils parlent
la meme laugue; ees tribus sont les ]ilus nombreuses dans la ii.ission de San
Francisco; les Saklaiis; les Ouloulatiiies; les Nonnipolis: les Souissouns; ils
parlent des laugues ditt'.'rentis.' I'lmris, I'n//.. pitt., )it. iii., pp. T), (>. ' C. i-
fiirnia Indians on the Bay of San Francisco, and formerly nnder the sujjer-
visions of the Mission Dolores. There were live tribes: Ashwashtes, < >1-
li'iiics (called by the Si)aniards Costanos, or Indians of the coast >, .\ltalimos,
Riiniouans, and Tulomos. A few other small tribes numd the bay speak the
Kauie language.' Lndvic'i j, A'l. Lnuij , p. .")l!, ' I'm die Bai von San Francisco
die Matal.'mes, Salses nnd (juin'iles. dereii Spraehen, eine gemeinsame (Quelle
liaben.' MiildcDp/vrill, Mijko, vol. ii,, jit. ii., j). 45'1. 'Ihe OlcLoues ' inhabit
454
TRIBAL ROUNDARIES.
tho soacoaat between San FmneiHoo and Monterey.' Jirechei/'s Vm/., vol. ii.,
p. 78. The SiilsoiiuH, 'viveu nuns ncis Ic^jmis tlistantcs rnnibo al Snist(?
(of S«n FruncaHco Bay) por laH cercanias del brazo do mar.' J'ahu, \"ula de
Junipero .S'prm, p. 214.
The Korekhtx formerly lived at tho mouth of tho Sun Joaqnin. Kotzilmt's
New Voy., vol. ii., p. 141.
' The rancherifts of Indians near this Mission, all within ei^ht or ten niilis
of Santa Crnz, . . . were: Aiilintae, the raneheriu proper to the Mission; ( li.i-
luniii, one mile north-west of the Mi:!si<>n; Hottroehtae, two miles nortli-
west; . . . .Wallanmai; Sic Cotchnnn; Shoremee; Onbi; Choromi; Tinim i;
I'ayanmin; Shin},'uermi; Hauzanrni. The Mission also had neophytes of
the raiieherias of Tomoy, Osaealis (Soncinel), Yennaba, .\ehilla, Yeiumtii,
Tejey, Nohioalli, Utalliam, Loeobo, Yeunator, Chanech, Hnoeom, Chicutae,
Ai.'staea, Saehnen, Hnahpiilme, Sa^'in, Oehoyos, Hnaehi, Apil, Mallin, I,!i-
ehasmi, Coot, and Aytism, as detailed in a letter from Friar Eamon Olbtz
to (tovernor de Sola, in Novend)er, 1819, in reply to a cirenlar from him, as
to the native names, etc., of the Indians of Santa Cruz, and their raiieherias.'
Cal. hmner, Ajiril 5, 18(iO.
The .Uiitsioies are the natives of the Mission of San Juan Baptista. Cnl.
Farmer, X(>i\ 23, and Jane 22, 18C0; lUst. Maij., vol. i., p. 205.
Tho AnsaynKis lived in the vicinity of San Juan Bautista. Cal. Fariiur,
Jane 22, ISfJO. ' Four leafjues (twelve miles) southeast of the ^lission i Mon-
terey,!, inside the hills eastward, was the rancheria of Eehilat, called San
Francisipiita. Eslanaf,'an was one on the east side of the river and Ecf,'enKau
was another; another was lehenta or San Jose; another Xasenni in the Sicrni,
ten leagues from Carmclo; that of Pachhepes was in the vicinity of Xasenni,
am()n<:; the Eseellens. That of the Sar<,'entarukas was seven leaKUcs soutli
and east of the river in a Canaditta de Palo Colorado.' Cal. Farmer, April 21),
18G(».
The liitnsienes live near Monterey. Cal. Farmer, April 20, IHfiO. The
Ilumsen or llunsienes are 'Indians in the neif,'hbourhood of Monterey, Cal-
iforiiia. The Achastliers speak a dialect of the same language.' Lialeti-iii'^
Ah. Lami,, p. IfJIl. ' Unj den Hafeu von Monterey leben die Runisen odcr
Ruiisien, die Escelen oder Eslen, die Ecclemaches, und .\chast!i('s.' Miilil'ii-
p/iirill, Mejiro, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 454. 'La partie septentrionale de la Nou-
vellc-Californie est habitee i)ar les deux nations des Rinnsen et Esceh'u. . . .
Elles forment la population du preside et du village de Jlonterey. Dans la
baie de S. Francisco, on distingue les tribus des Catalans, Salsen et Quirotcs.'
Ifitiii^iiihlt, Essai Pol., p. 321. 'Eslen y Runsien (pie ocupan toda la Cali-
fornia septentrional.' Sutil y Me.ricaiia, liaije. p. 1(17. 'I'm Monterey woli-
nen zwey Yiilker. . . .die Eunisen, nnd im Osten von diesen die Kscclin.'
Vater, Milliriilates, p. 202. 'The Eslenes elan roamed over the pn s( lit raii-
elios San Franciscjuito. Tallarcittos, and np and down the Carmelo Valley.'
' The rancheria per se of the Eseellens was named by the priests, ^anta Clara;
Soccorondo was across the river a few miles. Their other little clans or sejils
were called Coyyo, Yampas. Fyules, Neiine(pii, Jappayon. fliliiiiis, and Yu-
nostas.' Cal. F'armer, April 'Ii), 18(;0. The Eskelens are 'California Indians,
east of Monterey. The Ekklemaches are said to be a tribe of the Eskclen,
KINd'S lUVER AND TULAKE LAKE TllinES.
455
and to siM'iik till' richest idiom of all tho C'lilifornia Tudiuns.' T.>i<Ji"-hi's Ah.
J.iiini., J). i'lH. Tlu! country of the Eci'lcnmclis cxtt'iids uioro tlmu twenty
l('iif,'Ui's east of Monterey. Cdl. Fnrmvr, Ort. 17, IHO'J.
The /i'(//(H</(//-((r((.y seem 'to have been Kituiited near the Esteros or Eil-
gooiis iihoiit the mouth of the Siiliniis river, or in the wordsof the old priest,
"ell los Esteros de lii elitradll al mar del Uio de Monterey, o revers.i de estll
graiide Ensenada." Their raneherius weri^ Cupaiiuy, Lueayasta. Pnysim,
'iiuhta, Ciiliil, Mnstae. 1 yto^'ius, Aninqiayamo. Ymiinaeani. and all on llio
I'ajaro river, or between it and the SaliuiiH.' ('<il. Fdnner, Ain-i! 20, IWO;
MS. Map.
The .sV(/,7io)ics had rancherias near Monterey 'on the ranehos now known
n!4 Liiiicitta, Tarro, National linena Espuraii/a, Bueiiii Vista, and lands of
tliat vi(dnity.' //).• MS. Mop.
'The WnllalshimiMz live on Tuolumne lliver.' Lvicix, iu Itid. Aff. llrpl.,
18r>7, p. 31tl».
'The I'otonnr'iea olaim the Mereed river as their homes.' /'>. The Pota-
nches occupy the same re^'ion on the MS. Map.
'The Xiiiilrliixis. . . live on the headwaters of Chowchilla.' Liirls. in Iml.
Aff- It'pt., IH.'.T, p. 3;»'.». The Nootchoos live on the south fork of the Mercd.
J'liir rs, in i)rerlitn<l Mtntllili/, vol. x., p. '^'2'>.
' The I'ohonti'i'hen liv(' on the headwaters of Fresno. Li'ir'is, in Iml. Aff.
Iti-pl., 1H.J7, p. ;i'.»!». The Pohoneechcs live on the uurth bank of the Fresno.
I'mrrrs, in Ororhiiid Mmillili/, vol. x., p. 325.
The rUcukhrs, the Tallcnche.i, and the Coswan, live on the San J(jaquln.
Icris, in IikI AfT. ll'jil., IM.JT, p. 3!)!).
' The ir(///o/,r.s, a nation of Indians, consisting of the Wattokes, Ituchas,
Chokemnies, and Wechummies, live hit?h up on Kiuf^'s river.' JAir'm, in Iml.
Alt: l!<pt., 18.-)7, p. 3!)!).
The WnUhiH, the XnlnnntooH, ami the Wvmelches, live in the neighborhood
of Kin^'"s lliver Farm. lb.
'The 7'(//c7/<s and Woowells live on Tulare Lake.' Ih.
T\h: Chiiirfliillus, VhiiiicrlKinciis, and lloiniclicz, are mentioned as liviiifj; at
Fresno liiver Farm, lit., p. 301). The Chowchillas inhabit •from tin; Kern
lliver of the Tulare deltas to the Feather river.' Tnijbir, iu liaucrojTs llniid
J}i)i>k Ahiiiiiiiic, 1N()-1, p. 32.
The W'lillds live in Tuolumne county. J'dlrirk, in /)((/. AjT. lUjit., IS.'fi,
p. '240. There has been much discussion about the word Wallie, or Walla.
Powers asserts that it is derive<l from the word ' wallim,' wliii h iiitaiis ' down
below,' and was applied by the Yosemite Indians to all tribes livii ! 1 1 >w
them. The Wallies live on the Stanislaus and Tuolumne. J'i>in i:i, in Uctr-
Ut.id Mimthhj, vol. x., p. 32.").
The Mewahs live iu Tuolumne county. Jvirett, in Iml. AtT. RfpL, 18'jC>,
p. '24t.
The Meeicof nation ' extended from the snow-line of the Sierra to the Sau
Joacjuin Kiver, and from (he Cosumnes to the Fresno. . . .North of the Stan-
islaus they call themselves Meewoc (Indians); south of it, to the Mirced,
Meewa; south of that to the Fresno, Meewie. On the upper Merced river
is Wakulla; ou the upper Tuulumue, Wakalumy; on the Stanislaus and
4:>c,
TIlinAL ROl'XnAllIES.
MokcIiiTinio, Wi\kftlnniyt(il». . An t" tvilml diHtrilmtion. tlio Mimwocs iKJVtli
<if till' StiinisliniH, like tlic NccHlitimiiis, (lisi^'iiiitf jiriiiciimlly 1).v thf iMpint.-,
iif tlw ciiiMpiiHs. 'I'liisc ari' toDimiii, clinoiiiucli, lii'iy/.ooit, iiiitl I'llnwit iiidiili
Hiiiitli, I'ust, 1111(1 w('Ht), from wliicli itrc formed various trilml iiiimts us
'roomiiiis, 'roomcdncH, ami Tiiiiioli'caH, Clioomtich, ('Loom\\its, ('Ikihiiic-
doi's, or Cliimcdocs, and ('lioomtt'Vas; OlowitH, Oli'iwcdocM, Olowci'yas,
vie. OliAvcdcpcH in the nam)' ap|i1i(>d to all IiidiiiiiH liviii;,' on the jilaiiis, as
far west as Stockton. Hut thern am sj'vcral namcK wliich arc fuijiloytd uli-
Holiittly, and without any rcfcrcnct' to direction. On the south liank of tlie
('osuiiim s are the Cawnees; on Sutter Creek, the Yuli'mecs; on tlie Stanislaus
and 'ruiiliiniiie the extensive trilic of Wullics; in Yosemite, the Awanet s, mi
the south fork of Merced, tiic Xootchoos; on the middle Merced, theChooiii-
tevas. on the uniier Chowchilhv, the Hethtovas; on the middle Chowchilla
the trilie that min.ed the stream; and on the north hank of the Fresno the
Pohoneechees.' /'oiro'.s', in OvirUniil Moiithh/, vol. x., jiji. ',i'22~!>', MS. Miiji.
The I'diti'h trilie live one liundred and tifty miles east of the Ve(,'as of
Santa Clara, his Amiili's Slur, Mny IK, ]H(iI.
The Xiitiiiiiitiis lived on Kinj.;'s river. Maltli/'s MS. Letter.
The A''(/nr(>r(//.s lived on Four Creeks. Jh.
Tije Viiliinrliiis lived on Tule river. Ih.
The Pohduino.i lived on Deer creek. Jh.
The PiiliiifitiiKis lived on Pasey creek. Ih.
Tlio Pi)hik<ur)jnithK lived on Kern river. //).
The Viii'ih'hvs and Coidahs live on Four Creeks. ITenley, in Ind. Aff. ^. . .,
18") t, p. :)ii;i.
The W'lirhra Xotunrrtlian, Pti)hiifs, and Chiwrtinifs live on King rivir. Ih.
The ('Dulvdir' r.f, I'llinrhcs, Titlliirheti, LiiwiiMitrs and Amonves live on tlie
San Joa(iuin. lil., p. ',M)\.
'J'he ClinirrUts, Choolcchannjs, rhonerhas, Xookvhiies, and llouetsci's, live on
th(! Fresno river, fh.
The Coconoons live on the Merced river. Johnston, in Schoolcrnfl's Arrli.,
vol. iv., p. 413.
The .1/<)»().s- living west of the Siena Nevada, live on Fine Gold Ciulch ainl
the San .loaijuin river. //;. East of the Sierra Nevada they oceujiy the
country south of Mono Lake. MS. Map. 'The Jlonos, Cosos, and some
other tri1)(>s, occupy the eastern slopes of the Sierra Ncvadas.' Cal. F(trmir.
Mill/ S, l,s(;:!. 'The Olanches, Monos, Sicjuirionals, Wasiikshes, Cowhuillas.
Chokiamauves, Tenisichs, YocoUes, Paloushiss, Wikachumnis, Opeiioehes,
Tachi'S, Nut<.netoos and Choemimnees, roamed from the Tuolumne to Kiii;,'s
river and the Tejon, on the east of the San JoiKpiin, the Tulare lakes and in
the Sierra Nevada, us stated by Lieut. Beule, in 185G.' Ciil. Furimr, Jitm ><,
mvi.
The Tulan I'oii live in the mountain wilderness of the Four Creeks, l^ir-
siuncula (or Kerns or Current) river and the Tejon; and wander theiie.'
towards the headwaters of the Mohave and the neiyhhcirhood of tlie Calinil-
las. Their present common name belongs to the Spanish and Mexican times
and is derived frjm the word Tulare (a swamp with flags). Hayes' MS. ' Tu-
IT
BOrTITERX TALIFOnXIANS.
467
lnrcnos, Iliiliitimt In jfrnTitlc valli't' dtloH Tulim'H dc lit rulifdrnic.' Mi'frn.i,
AV/i/'"*., tdiii. ii.. J). ;i;t.'>.
'The )'(>riit iluiuiiiioii iiicludts the Kern and Tuliiii' Imsins and tln' iniil-
dli' iif San J<)a(iniii, Htrt'tcliiiif,' from Fresno to Kt'i-n lUvir Falls,' I'l'icirs, in
Or'riiiiiil Mniitlih), vol. xi., i>. 1(15.
f'liiubatwaH on I'itt river. Iinxilioron'ili'n I tier In the mithnr, MS,
Shastas, in Shasta and Scott vallcyM. Ih,
The Southern CAUFoRxrANs, wIiohc t»'rritor>* lifH Honth of tho thirty-tiftli
parall' 1, ari', as far as is known, triliall.v distrilmted as follows:
'I'hc Ciiliiiill'is 'inhaliit principally a tract of country about cij^'lity miles
last from San Mfrnardino, and known as the Cabcson Valley, and their vil-
la.,'es are on or near the road leading,' to I.a I'a/ on the Colorado Kiver. . . .
Another hranch of this trihe nuiiiherin^,' alxmt four hiindnd occii) y a tract
(if country lyin^; in the mountains aliout forty miles southeast from San Her-
nardino, known as the Coahiiila Valley." Slanlii/. in Iml. .UJ. Hi jil., IHi '.I, jip,
r.'l "). 'The Coaluiillas are scatteriil through the San Uernardiiio and San
Jacinto Mountains and eastward in the Cahesan Valley.' Wliitimi, in Iml. Jj)'.
Hijit., 1.S7I, p. (I'.U. The Coahuilas live in the San Jacinto Mountains. I'liil,-
er, in Iml. Atf. liept., iStJi), j). 17. The Cohnillas )■ side in the iioithern half
of the conntiy, commencing on the coast, and exti ndinf,' to within lifly miles
of the Colorado river, foUowinj^ the eastern base of the mountains, .Sx/i /■'/(//,.
cisri) llirtilil, June, ]85;j. The Cahnillos or Cawios reside ' near tlie racilic,
lietween the soiu'ces of the San (laliriel and Santa .-Xnua.' l.Hili ii-iii'x A''. I.iiini.,
p. 2(>. 'The Cahuillas are a little to the north of tin; San Luisefios, oci'Upy-
iuf^ the mountain ridf,'eH and interveninj,' valh ys to the east and southeast of
Mount San liernadino, down towards the Mohava river and the desert that
Imrders the river Colorado, the nation of Jlohavas lying between tlnin and
these rivers. I am unable just now to give the nund)er and names of all their
villagrs. San (forgonio, San Jacinto, Coyote, are among those best known,
till nii^'h others even nearer the desert, are more populous.' llm/in' .l/.S'. Tl:o
('oliuillas occupy the southwestern part of San ISernardino County, and the
northwestern part of San Diego county. J/.S. Mhji. 'Thi' Carvilla Jndian.s
occupy the Country from San Gorgofiio I'ass to the .Vrroyo iSlanco.' ('imn'ii
7'"/iii;;, .MfiiiDir, p, 11!*. 'The ('inrilh rs and Tili inuits live on I'our Creeks.'
I'l., p. -loo, 'The limits of the Kahweyah and Kahsowah trilns apiiear to
have been from the Feather river in the northern part of the State, to the
Tulare lakes of the south,' ''nl. Fanmr, Mm/ 'I't, IMilO.
The Difji'i'iiis 'are said to occupy the coast for some fifty miles above,
and about the same distance below San Diego, and to extend about a hiiii-
dnil miles into the interior.' Il'/iiyiyi/c, Kiflnni/,-, (i)iil Turin r'.i Hr^il., in /''C.
It- h'. II' i>t., vol. iii. The Di(gninos are in ihe southern part of San Die^ro
County, and extend from thi' coast to the desert, Ihtil(i/, in lud. J.//'. //'/''.,
I'^'il), p. '240. The Dieguinas reside in t!.. southern part of the conntiy
Watered by the Colorado, and claim the land from a point on the ra( ilic to
till' eastern part of the mountains impinging on the des«'rt. .S'(/( Friud-i.-in)
llinild, June, 1853. The Coineyas or Diegenos ' occtqiy the coast for sonio
lifty miles above, and about the same distuuce below Sun Diego, and extend
iliiiiH
*,«
45.S
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
about a hniidrfil milos into the interior.' Bnrtlfil's Pirft, Xnr., vol. ii., p. 7.
'Tilt' Iiidiims roiuicl San L)ii't,'o, Dcguinos, Pie^'cuos, wero in a savMj,'e state,
and tluir lani^'naRo almost unknown. IJartlett says that thoy are also called
C'onieya; hut \Vhi])j>le asserts that th ^ Conieya, a tribe of the Yunias. siieak
a diti'erent lanL;uaj,'r.' l.nihirhj, Ah. Lnnij., p. fi'2. On paj.,'e 2"J(i Ludewi^' says
that as the name Diegenos means the Indians round San Ditgo, there is no
Bueh name as De^'uinos. 'The villaf:;es of the Dieguinos, wherever they live
Kiparately, are a little to the south of the Cahuillas. Indeed, undir this
ai)pellation they extend a hundred n)iles into Lower California, in about an
equal state of eivilization, and thence are scattered through the Tecate valley
over the entire desert on the west side of New Eiver. . . .Their villages Iniowii
to me are San Dieguito (about twenty souls'), San Diego Mission, San Pas-
qual, C'aniajal (two villages), Santa Ysabel, San Jose, JIatahuay, Loren.-^o,
ban Felipe, Cajcn, Cuyamaea, \t\\\e de las Viejas.' Hay n' .1/N.
The MissDitri.^ 'are scattered over San Bernardino, San' Diego and othi r
counties i'l the sontlifrn part of the State.' Parker, in I:ii. Af. liipi., iSC'J,
p. 17.
The Ki'chi inhabit the country abori Mi.-^sion San Luis Rey. BartletCa
Fers. Xar., vol. ii., p. 1)2.
The I'liuiiKi.-i, or Kmhionas live three miles from the Mission of Santa
Inez. Cal. Fnniwr, Ort. 18, 18GI.
Liis C(ii/(it..i was the name given by the Spaniards to the tribe which orig-
inally inhal)ited San Diego county. Hoffman, in San Fruntisco Meillcal J'nxs,
vol. v., p. U7.
Thi! Xnr Hivfr Lalkins 'live along Kew River, sixty miles west from Fort
Yuma, and near San Diego.' ,Iimps, in Ltd. Aff'. Hvjit., IHCi'J, ji. '210.
'J'he aki-ras, or Caruanas, the Laijunas, or Tataguas, and the Svrillo.'! or
Cartakas are mentioned as living on the Tejou reservation. Wcniicortli, in
Iml. Af. Ilept , 18(52, pp. 324-<).
The Se.-ran'i.s lived in the vicinity of Snn Bernardino. Reid, in Los An-
fjele.s Star, Lttttr I., in //'(//f.s Col.
Mr Taylor claims to have discovered the exact positions of many of the
placL'S mentioned. His statement, for the accuracy of whicli i by no nieans
vouch, is as follows: ' Xucu, or Shucu, on the Ortega farm, near Kineun
I'oiut; ilissisissepono on Rafel Gouzale's rancho on Saticoy river, near sen,
sonu'times called Pono; Coloc, near farpentavin hi ach. Mugu, below Sati-
coy some thirty miles, near the se:>.; Anaebue or Anacarck, near the islit uf
La Patera, near tl;e sea shore. Partocac or Faltocac, the Indian ceimttiy
on the !Mesa ot La I'atera, near sea; A;;uln at the bciK-h of Los Llagos Can-
ada; Casali;-, at the Itefugio Playa and Caiuida; Tucuniu o: playa of Airnyi)
Honda. Xocotoe, Cojo, or Cojotoc, near Ft. Concepcion; I't. Coucepcion,
Caneae (U- Caacac, or Cacat.' <'((!. Fa ■iiifr, Awi. 21, 18G;!.
The following nanus of rancherias were taken from the archives of the
various missions; in the vicinity of La Purissima: Lajuchu, .'-ilimastus,
Sisolop, Jlaacs, or Slacus, Iluasna. Estait, Esniisehue, .\usiun, lusiiispelc,
Silisne, Sacspili, F.stait, llueiiejel, Husistaic, Silinii, Suntaho, Alacupusyui n,
Espiiluiiiia, Tutachro, Sisol'p, Xaila, Tutaehro, I'axpili, or Axj itil, Siliud,
Litiahuato, Guaslaicpie, Pacsiol, Sihimi, Huenepel Ninyuelgual, Loi.'ipuc,
1;::
SOUTHERN MISSION INDIANS.
439
Mrthuey, or Nahajuoy, Sipiica, Stipn, Inlanima, Hunsnn, Sacsiol, Kaphisnpal,
Snlachi, Nocto, Fax, Salaclii, Sitolo, or Siaitatho, Oinaxtux. Ntnr Santa
Inez, wero: Sotomoenn, Katabnac, Asiuhnil. iSituchi, Kulahua.sa, Sisucbi,
Knyain, or Cuyama, lonata, Tekcp, Kiisil, Sauchu, Sikitii)Uf, Tciucsatlii,
Lujiinisuissilac, Tapanissilac, lalaiune, Chuinuclii). Suiesia, (huinuchu, Ta-
LiJHas, Tiiiaehi, Loiiipoo, louata, Aguanin, Sotonoeuiii, Gnaislao, TiMinojas,
JIatiliha, Stucii, Akotsuni, or Kaohnnia, Ahuamhoue, Gegut]), Achillinio,
Alizway, Sousl'oc, Talaxano, Nutonto, Cholimis. Near Santa liavliara wtie
(tuuinuonost, Sisabanona.se, Iluelenien, Inoje, Luijta, Cajpilili, ilissopiiio
(Sopon<i)> Inajalayt'hua, Iluixapa, Calaluiassa, Sniliuax, Huililof, Yxanlo,
AnijiU', Sisuch, Cojats, Nuuignelgar, Lugups, Glouaxcuyu, Chiiuliiii, Iptc,
Sinicon, Xalanaj, Xalou, Sisahiahut, Choloboc, Ituc, Guima, Huixapa])a,
ElnuiaAciay, Taxlipu, Eliuian, Auajue, Huililie, luajalaihu, Estuc, Elnaxou.
Silmic'om, Liam. Some of these were from ranebi'rias of the valleys east of
the '-ange on the coast. Some of these Taylor locates as follows • ' Janaya,
uliuve the Mission, Salpilil on the Patera; Aljiman, near the windmill of La
I'attra; Geliee, near islet of La Patera; Tequepes, in Santa Ynez Valley;
Cascili, in the Refugio p'aya; Miguihui, on the Dos Pneblos; Sisiehii, in
Dos Pueblos; Masehal, on Santa Cruz Island; Gelo, the islet o. La Patera;
ruyamu (»n Dos Pueblos aslo Cinihuaj on same rancho; '"'oloc, at the Piineon;
Alcax in La Goleta; Allvatalama, near the La (joleta Estero; Sayokeiuk, vu
the Arroyo Buito; Partocao Cemetery, near Sea Blufi's of La Goleta; Iln-
nialiju. of San Fernando 'Mission; Calla AVassa and Anijue, of Santa Ynez
Mission; Sajcay in Lov; Cruces; Sasaguel, in Santa Cruz Island; Lueuy-
uiuu, in the same Island, dated Novemlx r, 181(',; Xanahuani and Chalosas
Wire also on same Island: Eljman was on San Marcos, Xexuli'itue and Tnx-
lipti, were camps of the Tulares.' ''«/. Fann.i; Awj. 21, 18(13.
Xeur San Buenaventura Mission were; ' iliseanaka, name of the 3Iis-
sidii site. Ojai or Aujay, abor.t t'li miles up San Buenavent river, iliigu,
on tlie coast neai sea on Guadalasca rancho, not far from the point so calli d.
ilatiUija r.p the S. B. river towards Santa Inez, which mission also had Ma-
tiliia Indians. The Matillija Sierra separates the valleys of S. Buenaventa
and S. Inez. Sesjjc was on the San Cayetano rancho of Suticoy rivir, tw(Uty
iiiil.s from the sea. Mupvi and Piiru were on the amyos of those names
which came into the Saticny near Sespe. Kanndas was higher uj) above
I'iiru. Cayeguas (not a Spanish name as spelt on some mapsj on rancho cf
that name. Somes or Somo near hills of that name. Malico. range of hills
south of Somo. Chichildp, Lisichi, Liam, Sisa, Sisjulcioy, Malalnie, ( hniii-
pache, Lacayamu, Y'lmc, Lojos.\ogui, Lutipscb, Miguigui, and ('liihncchilii;i
Wire names of other ranchi'rias. . . Ishgua or Ishguaget, was a rancheria
111 ar the mouth of the Saticc y ri\ r and not far from the beach. . . ilai neme
Was a rancheria on the ocean coast :■ few nules south of Saticoy rivt r. I'apo
luid Siuii were rancherias on the pres( nt Noriega rancho (if Siiiii. Saticoy i.s
the name of the existing rancheria . . on the lnwer part of tlu' Santa I'anla
or Saticoy rancho, about eight miles from flic sea, near soi.ie lim- springs of
water, not far from the river, and near tln' high road going up tiic valleys.'
( .(/. h'ariHi'r, Juh/ 21, l(Sii;i. 'The site of S.in Ffrnaiulo was .■ rancheria
called I'ashockno. Other clans were Ukowvinjha, Kowanga and Saway
„„;:: I,
W'j.f
4G0
TRIBAL BOUNDAKIES.
Yanga. The Ahapdiingas were a clan or ranclieria between Los Angeles
and San Juan Capistrauo, and enemies of the Gubiielenos or those of ^mi
Gabriel. .. .The followiir; are the names of the raneherias, or clans, li n.;,'
in the vicinity of San Luis Key Mission: Enekelkawa was the name of niir
near the mission-site, Mokaskel, C'enyowpreskel, Itukeniuk, Ilatawa, IIuiiii-
cliuwa, Itaywiy, Milkwanen, Ehntewa, Jlootaeyuhew, anil Hejiowwoo, wtro
the names of others. At the Aquas Calientes was a very populous rancher a,
called Hakoopin.' LL, May 11, 1800.
In Los Angeles county, the following are the principal lodj^ies or randi-
erfas, with their corresponding present local -lames: Yangna, Los .Angeles,
Sibag-na, San (iabricl; Isantheagna, Mision Vieja: Sisiteanogna, I'lar
Orchard; Sonagna, M ^Vhile's farm; Acuragna, The I'resa; A.-^ucsagiia,
Azuza; C'ucomngna, Cucamongn Farm; Pasiuogna, Eancho del ( hino: Awij,'-
na, La Tuente; (Lol-i^hj^ua, The Haboneria; Nacaugna, Carpenter's Faiiii;
Pinengna, Santa Catalina Island; Pimocagna, Kancho de los Ybaniis;
Toybiiiet, San Jose; Hutucgna, Santa Ana (Yorbcs>; Aleupkigna, Santa
Anita: .Maugna, Raneho de los Felis; Hahamog'.a, Kancho de los Verdiigas;
Cabuegna, Caliuenga; Pasecgna, San Fern ado; Houtgna, Ihnichito do
Lugo, ;,>uangna, Suanga; Pubugna, Alauiitos; Tibahagna, Serritos; Clio-
wig-na, Palos Verdes; Kinkipar, San Clemente Island, Ilarasgna. Ikvi, iu
Los Aii'ivles !<tni; Letter I., in Ifiiycs CoUcd'ton,
The S(in Luiskt'/os inhabit the northern part of San Diego, from the
coast ea.st, including the mountains. Ihnlnj, in Ind. Aff. Rfpt , IH.jd, ]i. •![[).
'The villages of the San Lniseuos are in a section of country adjacent tu the
Calinillas, l)etween 40 and 70 miles in the mountainous inttrinr from San
Diegii; they are known as Las Flores, Santa Margarita, San Luis Itey Mis-
hion, ^Vahoma, Pala, Temecula, Ahuanga (two villages). La Joya, I otrero,
and Bruno's and I'edro's viHages within five or six miles of Aqua t'aliinte;
they are all in San Diego County.' Ukijis' MS.
The Siichi's are settled along the rivers which flow between the Colorado
and the Pacific Ocean. Do.iifnich's Det^erts, vol. ii. j). 45. Gaices nuntidus
the western Noches in Due. ]H.it. M(.r., serie ii., vol. i., p. 'I'XK
The Tcjnii Indians were those who inhabited the southern part of Tulare
valley. Molllidnsoi, Iteisdi in (/ic Fdrtettiiili, vol. i., p. 8:(.
The J'lmjunos were Indians who came to settle in the valley of Sun Juan
Capistrano. Boscana, in Robinson's Life in Val., j). 219.
The Shoshones, whose territory s])reads over south-eastern Oregon, soutli-
ern Idaho, and the whole of Utah and Nevada, extending into .\riziina and
New Mexico, and the eastern border of California, I divide into two gic .it
nations, the Snakes or Shoshones, proper, and the I'tahs, with their siilidi-
visions. Wilson divides the Shoshones into the Shoshones and Baiinai ks.
and the I'tahs; the latter he subdivides into seven bands, whicl] will be sci ii
imder I'tahs. He adds; ' ,\mong the Slio.shonies there are oi.iv two bands
prci|ierly spealung. Tlie iiriiieipal or better i>ortion are called Shosliniiii s,
or Snakes. . . .tlie others the Shoshoeoes . . Their claim of boundary is to
the east, from the n-d Ihittes on the North fork of the Platte, to its head in
the Park, Decayaque, or Butfalo Bull-pen, in the Kocky Mountains; to the
THE SNAKES.
461
Boutli nnross tho monntains, over to tho Ynnpapa, till it enters Grorn, or
Colorado river, and then across to the backbone or ridj^e of numntains calhtl
the ]!car river mountains running nearly due west towards the Salt liake, so
as to take in most of tho Salt Lake, and thence on to the sinks of Marry 's or
Humboldt's river; thence north to the fisheries, on the Snake river, in Oregon;
and thi'nce south (their northern boundary), to the lied Buttes, including
till- sourc(! of Green lliver.' Scliookvdfl'fi Airh., vol. vi., p. (iU7. ' Under va-
rious nan»es. . . .the great race of Shoshoni'S, is found scattered over the
boundlfSK wilderness, from Te.\as to the Columbia. Their territory is bound-
ed on tho north and west by. . . .the Blackfeet and Crows.' JiroicmU's liid.
llucis, pp. 1537-8.
The Siuik-cs, or Shoshones proper, although they form a part only of the
great Shoshone family, are usually termed " the Shoshones' by the authorities.
They are divided by Dr Hurt into ' Snakes, Banuaeks, Tosiwitehes, Go-
slia I'tes, and Cumumpahs, though he afterwards classes the last two divis-
ions as hybrid races between the Shoshones and the I'tahs ...The Sho-
shones claim tho northeastern portion of the territory for about four hun-
dred miles west, and from one hundred to one hundred and twenty-five miles
south from the Oregon line.' Siiujismi's Ixnute to Cal., p. -10. ' The gTeat
Snake nation may be divided into three divisions, namely, the Shirrydi-
kiis. or dog-eaters; the Wararereekas, or fish->'aters; and the Ranattees, or
rubbers. But, as a nation, tliey all go by the general appellation of Sho-
slioues, or Snakes. . . .The Shirrydikas are the real Shoshones, and live in
the plains hunting the buffalo.' The country claimed by the Snake tribes
' is bounded on the east by the Eocky Mountains, on the south by the Span-
isli waters; on the Pacific, or west side, by an imaginary line, beginning at
the west end, or spur, of the Blue Mountains, behind l'\)rt Nez Perces, and
running parallel with the ocean to the height of land beyond the Unipcpni
Kiver. in about north lat. -11" (this line never approaches within 150 miles of
the I'acific) ; and on the north by another line, r<inning due east from the said
spur of tho Blue Mountains, and crossing the great south branch, or Lewis
Eiver. at the Dalles, till it strikes the Eocky Monntains 200 miles north of tho
thiee pilot knobs, or the j)lace thereafter named the ' Vallej' of Troubles.'
y^w.s' h'ur Ilmitirs, vol. i., pj). 240, 251. 'They embrace all the territory of
the Great ftoui'i: Pass, between the Mississijipi valley and the waters of tho
Columbii, . . .I'nder the name of Yampatiekara or Eoot-eaters and Bonacks
they occupy with the I'lahs the vast elevated basin of the Great Salt Lake,
extending south and west to the borders of New Mexico and California.'
.liruiriiiU's Iml. limrs, ]>p. 5.1H-7, 5(0. 'The hunters rejiort, that the jirojier
country of the Snakes is to the east of the Youta Lake, and north of tht^ Snake
or Lewis river; btit they arc! found in many detached places. The largest
band is locat-d near Fort Boise, on the Snake river to the north of the Bo-
nai'ks.' \\"<' cs' X<ir., in ('. S. A'.r. A'.r., vol. iv., p. 501. The Shoshones
' occupy the centre and principal part of the great Basin.' Tdi/lur, in ('al.
/•'(/•//ICC, Oct. 18, 18 U. ' Inh.tbit that part of the Eocky Mountains which
lies on the (Jrand and Green Eiver branches of the Colorado of the West,
till! valley of Great Bear Eiver, the habitable shores of the Great Salt Lake,
u considerable portion of country on Snake Eiver above and below Fort Hull,
4C2
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
r i
i ;; ^ i' , '-fi
;::^
r! ■,. t
t' ''l-^'
nnd n tract exteiuling two or three hundred miles to the west of thnt post.'
Fiirnliuin's Trar., p. 01. The Shoshoiifs iiihiibit iihout one third of tlir ti r-
ritory of Utah, liviny north of Salt Lake 'and on the line of the Hunibuldt
or Mary River, some 100 miles west and 100 to 125 south of the On gon liin'.
The Ynta claim the rest of the territory between Kansas, the Sierra Xevadii,
New Mexico and the Oregon frontier.' Burton's City of the Saints, p. T)?.").
' Les Soshonies, c'est-a-dire les deterrenrs de raeines, surnonmies les S(i--
jients, . . . .halntent la partie nieridionale du territoire dt; I'On'gon, dans K;
voisiuage de la haute C'alifornie.' 7>c Smvt, Voy., p. 24. 'Their couiitiy
lies south-west of the south-east branch of the C'olnnibia, and is said to
l)(i the most barren of any part of the country in these western regions.'
I'lirkcr's ExpUir. Tour., p. 8;i. ' On the south part of the Oregon Tcni-
tory, adjoining upper California, are located the Shoshones or Snake In-
dians.' lb., p. 'MH. 'Serpents on Saaptins, Monquis, Bonacks et Youtiis,
toutes les branehes du Rio Colombia ou Sud-Est et les environs du liu-
Sale an Timpanogos.' Mo/ras, E.rplor., torn, ii., p. 'X\». 'The country (if
the Shoshonees proper is south of Lewis or Snaki^ River, and east of the Suit
Lake. There is, however on<> detached band, known as the Wihinasht, ur
AVestern Snakes, near Fort Boirie, separated from the main body by the trilie
of Bouuaks.' Hale's Eiloioii., in I'. >'. E.v. E.v., vol. vi., p. 21'J. 'The Sho-
shones are a small tribe of the nation called Snake Indians, a vague denom-
ination, which embraces at once the inhabitants of the southern part of the
Rocky mountains, and of the plains on each side.' Lewis uud Vlnrl.e's Tnii\,
]). .'Uli). The Snakes or Shothoucs ' formei'ly occu})ied the whole of that
vast territory lying between the Rocky and th > Blue Mountains, and exti iid-
iiig northward to the lower fork of the Columbia, and to the south as far as
the basin of the Great Salt Lake.' Coke's Rocky Mts., p. 275. ' They occupy
southern and western Nevada. Parker, in 1ml. Aff. liijit., 18(59, p. 18. 'Tiny
inhabit the southern part of the Rocky Mountains and the plains on each sidi-.'
liuljiiich's 0(jn., p. 124. 'They occupy all the country between the southern
branch 'S of Lewis's river, extending from the Umatnllum to theE. side of tlir
Stony Mountains, on the southern parts of Wallaumut river from about in to
47 N. Lat. A branch of this tribe reside. . . .in sjiring and summer on the W.
fork of Lewis river, a branch of the Columbia, and in winter and fall on tlie
Jlissoiiri.' Morse's liipl , p. ',W,). 'The Shoshones dwell between the l!(i(l;y
and blue mountain ranges.' Xicnloy's O'ln. Ter., p. 151. 'The aborigine ts if
tho Reese River country consist of the Shoshone nation, divided into iiiany
subordinate tribes, each having a distinctive name, and occupying a tract nf
country varying from 20 to 50 miles s(pnire. Their country is bordered nn
the west by th(\ I'i-I'tes, the Edwards Creek mouiitains some 20 miles wi st
of Reese River, being the dividing line. On tin- east it extends to Ruby Val-
1 y, where it joins on the territory of the (loshoots, th" Bannocks being tlnir
neighbors on the northeast.' I'al. Fanner, June 'JO, 18('i;l. 'The Snake tribe,
inhabit the country bordering on Lcnvis and Bear Rivers, and their varimis
tril)Utaries.' I'ahmr's ,Iitur., ti. I:). 'The Snake Indians, who emlira<-e many
tribes, inhaViit a wide extent of country at the head of Snake liiver above
and below Fort Hall, and the vicinity of (Jreat liear Kivi r and (Jreat Salt
Lake. They are a migratory race, and generally occupy the soutli-cast-
I'i
I ♦,
BANNACKS AND UTAIIS,
463
orn iinvtion of Oregon.' Dunn's Oiin., p. 325. The Slioslioiirs inhuMt tho
great iiliiiiis to tho southward r)f tho Lowis Rivor. Cox's Ailrm., vol. ii., \>. IKJ.
Tho Shoshonos occupy ' almost the whole eastern h;ilf of tho State (Nevada).
Tho lino soparating them from the Pai-Utes on tho oast and south is not very
clearly defined.' Parl,xr, in Ind. Aff. Jiipt., 18G6, j). 114. ' Tho western hands
of Shoshonos. .. .ran<:;e from the Idaho boundary north, sontlnvard to tho
tliiity-oighth parallel; their western limit is the line passinj^ throuj,'h tho
Sunatoya Mountains; their eastern limit Stejitoennd Groat Salt Lake Valleys.'
Liil. Af. /,''7)^, 1H70, p. 05. The Snakes inhabit ' the ])lains of tho C'olunibiii
between the 4;id and 4-lth degrees of latitude.' Franrlih-e's Xar., p. l^O. 'J'he
Washakeeks or Green lliver Snakes inhabit the country diaim d by Groou
River and its tributaries. The Tookarikkahs, or mountain shoop-oat( rs, ' oc-
cupy tho Salmon river country and the upper jiart of Snake Itivor Valley,
and Coiners' Prairie, near the Koise mint's.' Those two bands are tho gen-
uine Snakes; other inferior bands are tho Hokandikahs or Salt I^ako I)iggor3
wlio 'inhabit the region about the great lake.' 'J'he Aggitikkahs or Sal-
mon-eaters who ' occupy the region round about Salmon fulls, on Snako
river.' I^duirt's Montunn, p. 80.
'The liannarks, who are generally classed with the Snakes, inhabit the
country south of hei'o, (Powder Eiver) in tho vicinity of Harney lake. . 'i'he
AViniias band of Snakes inhabit the country north of Snaki^ rivor, and aro
found principally on tl..e Bayette, Boise, and Siokloy rivers.' Kirkpnlrh-k, in
liid. AlY. Itipt., 18(!2, i)p. 2(17-8. The Bonaeks 'inhabit tho country between
Tort Boiso and Fort Hall.' Wllkvs' Nnr., in U. S. Ex. Kr., vol. iv., p. r,()2.
They ' inhabit the Kouthorn bordtTs of Oregon, along the old Humboldt Biver
euii^'nint road.' ShnjiNim's Ihiuk ioCal., p. 47. ' Tho Bonaks seem ' to embrace
Iiuliau tribes inhabiting a large extent of country west of the Eoi'ky Moun-
tains. .\s tho name imports, it was undoubtedly given to ihat ])ortion f)f In-
dians who dig and live on the roots of the eartii.' •lnhnxUni. in SfkniilrrttlTs
Arch., vol. iv., J). 221. The Bonaks inhabit ' the banks of that part of Saptin
or Snake Biver which lies between the mouth of Boisais or Roods Rivor and
tho Blue Jlountains.' Farnham's Tmv., p. 7(!. Tho Bonax inhabit tho
country west of tho Lewis fork of the Columbia between the forty-second
and forty-fourth jiaralhds. I'drker's Map. The Bannacks range through
nortlie>n Ni'vada, and into Oregon and Idaho. J'urhcr, in Iml. AtJ. Ui^il.,
W.'.i, ]). IS. They 'claim tho sfiuthwostorn jiortions of Jlontana ;is tli< ir
land.' >'(////, in /'/., j). 2N'.I. 'This tribo oocu|iies most of tli.at portion of
Nevada north of tho forty-first degree of north latitude, with thi' soutiieust-
ern cornerof Oregon and the southwestern corner of Idaho.' I'mhr, in /</.,
I'^iid, p. 114. 'I'ho Bannocks drift 'from lioise City to thi' game country
nortlieast of Bozoman, ^lontana, and south as far .as Fort Bri(ig<r, Wyoming
'I'l rrilory. . . traveling from Oregon to East of the Rocky Mountains.' //(',,/(,
in ],.d. AtY. It'll!., 1S72, pp. 'i7'2-;{.
'I'lie I'liili nation oeo\ipies all that portion of tho territory assigned to (ho
Sliosliouo family lying south of the Snakes, between the country of the ( al-
ifornians i)roper, and the Rocky Mountains. It is divided into several tribes,
tlie number varying with ditt'<'rent authorities. Wilson dividis (he I'tah na-
(iim into seven trilies; viz., the 'Taos, Yampapas, Lwinto, Teiijunny Ftahs,
la
461
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
! i'.l
rnrant Utahs, Snnipiehes, ruhmeteH.' Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 007.
' Bfsiilos the Piirawat Yiitiis, the Yninpas, 2i)0-3l)(( iiiilcH south, on the Whito
lliver; the Tfbcchya, or sun-hntittTH, aliout Tete ile Biche, near Spani^li
lands; and the Tash Yiita, near the Xavajos; there are BcatterH of the nation
alon},' tlie Californian road from Heaver Valley, alonf,' the Santa Clara, Viri^'m,
Las Ve(,'as, and Muddy Kivers, to New Mexico.' Jiurtnn'n VHy of thv S<tiiil!<,
p. 578. 'The tribes of Utah Territory "re: Utahs at lart,'e, Pi Utahs. roviiij:,
Uwinty Utahs, Utahs of Saiiipitch Valley, Utahs of Carson Valley, Utahs of
liake Sevier and AValker Hiver, Navahoes and Utahs of Grand Eiver, Slin-
shonees, or Snakes j)roper, Diggers on Humboldt Biver, Entahs of New
Mexico.' Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. i'M. The T'tahs are eoniixised nf
several bands, the most important of which are the Timpanogs w ho ' raiiLje
thron^,'li Utah valley and the mountains adjoining the valley on the east. . . .
The Uintahs, the princii)al band of the Utahs, . . range through Uintah val-
ley and the Green lUver country The Pah Vauts ....range throii),'li
Uah Vaiit and Sevier valleys and west to the 'White mountains.' Irish, in
Jiid. Aff. liipl., IHO.'i, p. 145. 'T' ■ Yutah nation is very numerous, and is
also made up of many bands, which are to be distinguished only by thiir
names. .. .Four of these bands called Noaches, Uayuehes, Tabiuchis and
Sogup, are accustomed to occupy lauds within the province of New Mexico,
or very near it, to the north and northeast.' Whipple, Eichnnk, & Turin r's
Jiept,. in /'(((■. 7?. Ti licpt., vol.iii. 'The Utahs are divided into three bands
— Mohiiaches, Capotes, and Nomenuches or I'oruches.' Jkl'/ailo, in /*((/. .1//'.
Tlcpt., l.sr.5, p. 103; see also pp. 17, 18. ' The Ute tribe Dr. Hurt divides into
tlu^ I'ah I'tahs, Tamp Pah-I'tes, (,'hevericlies. Pah Vants, San Pitches, and
l\vedes. The Utahs proper inhabit the waters of Green Biver, south of Gitcn
lliver Mountains, the Grand Biver and its tributaries and as far south as tlie
Navajo country. They also claim the country bordering on Utali Lake tnuX
as far south as the Sevier Lake.' Simiisoii's JtoHtf to ('al., j). 44. ' The Utahs
are a separate and distinct tribe of Indians, divided into six bands, each with a
head chief, as follows: The Menache.,. . . .the Capotes, . . .the Tabe-nachts
the C'ibariches. . . . the Tempanahgoes the Piuchas.' <inin-s, iu
JiitL A(f'. Itvpl., 1854, p. 178. ' The Yutahs are subdivided into four gitat
bauds: the Noaches, the Paynches (whom we believe to be identical with
the Pai Utahs), the Tabiachis, and the Sogujjs, who live in perfect liurnKUiy
on the north eastern contines of New Mexico, and at a distance 'if 5()() miles
to the south of the great tribe of the Zuguaganas.' Doiiicwch's Dcscrls, \i<\.
ii., p. 8. The Utes are 'those which inhabit the vicinity of the laki s
and stn'ams and live chicHy on fish, being distinguished by the name of I'ah
Utahs or Pah Utes, the word Pah, in their language signifying water.' Shu's-
liKri/'s Hijil., )). 148. 'The country of the Utaws is situated to the east ami
southeast of the Soshonees, nt the sources of the Bio Colorado.' Jif Siml's
JaIIi rs, p. ;$'.). * The Y'outas live between th<> Snake and Green Bivers.' Vrirli-
(trd's liasoarchrs, vol. v., p. 4!!0. 'The Utahs of New Mi'xico are a iiortion cif
the tribe of the same name inhabiting the Territory of Utah. . .'J'hcy inhabit
riid claim all that region of country, end)racing the sources of the imrili-
western tributaries of the Arkansas river, above Bent's fort, n\t to the smitli-
eru boundary of I'tah Territory, and all the northern tributaries of the liio
UTAHS,
465
f irandi', which Up within New iroxion niid north of tho HTth paralh 1 of lati-
tuilo.' Mcrriii-dlirr, in Iml. A(t'. liijil.. IH^A, p. 1(!1). The I'tts ' occupy nnil
claim that section of coiiiifry riin),'inj,' from Al>i([uin. norlliwanl to Navajo
Itivcr anil westward somewliat of tliis line.' Ihirix. in Ind. J//', /l^/.^, 1H('>!(,
ji. 2";^, The Eiitaws ' resiilc ori lioth sides of the Eiitaw or Anahiiac mount-
ains, they are continually mii^rntinL; from one side to tiie other.' i'lirnlKnu'a
'I'riir., p. -IS. 'The Youtiis inhabit the country lietween the Snalic and
(ireen riv( rs.' Wilhs' Xdr., in i'. -S. H.r. E,t., vol. i , p. itWl. -'I lie I'tahs'
claim (if boundaries are all south of that of the Shoshonies. end)raciii;4 tho
waters of the Colorado, f^'oini,' most probably to the (iulf of ( nlifornia.'
WHri'iti, in SrhodlcrajTs Avdi., vol. vi.. p. fl'.IM. The country of the I'taws 'is
situated to the east and southeast of the Shoshones, about the Salt Lake, and
on the head waters of the Colorado river, whicli empties into the yulf of
California. .. .Their country beiny in latitude about H.' The Claws arcs
decent in ai)pearunce and their country, wliicli is towards Santa Fe. is said
to be tolerably j^'ood.' I'arl.cr's K.rjilar. Tniir.. pp. 70. ;t(i|(. The Autas. I'taws,
or Voiilas, ' ranj,'e between lat. 35 and -i'l Xorth and the Miriilian^^ '1'.) and
'M \y Loni,'. of '\Vashin<,'ton. The f^reat Yulas trilie is divided into two fa-
milies which are contradistin^^uished by tlie names of their icspi ctive liead-
(piartcrs: the Tao Yntas, so called because iht ir principal camp is pitdied iu
Tao mountains, seventy miles north of Santa Fe; and the Timpani;_;os Yutas,
wiio hold their ^'reat camp near the Timjiani^os lake.' FarxhdDi'n l.ij'iiii ('ill.,
p. ;J71. ' Cm den Fluss Dcdi'.res liaben die Yntas Tabe;,'uachis I'ayi'ches und
Tularciios ihre Wohnsitze.' Muhkiipfiinlt, Mcjii-o, tom. ii., \>t. ii., p. "jltS. The
Ctahs live 'on the border of NewMexii'o.' J.Kihii-hi'x Ah. Lumj., p. VM. ' Lo
pays dcs Ctaws est .situe Fl Test et an sud-<st de Cflni des Soshonies, aTix
sources du Kio-Colorado.' Df Sunt, ]'<ii/., p. lit). ' Tlie Y'ntas or FJitaws aro
one of tile most extensivt> nations of the West, bein^,' scattered from the north
of New Mexico to the borders of Snake river uu.l Kio Colorado.' (r'/(';/;y".s
Cum. I'ni'iries, vol. i., j). liOll.
The I'lili rtin occupy the greater i)art of Nevada, und extc nd soutliwavd
into .Arizona und south-eastern (California. There is reason to believe tliat
the Pi Ctcs are a distinct tribi' from tlie Fall Ttes. but as the same localities
arc freipiently assigned to both tribes by (lifl'erent writei's, and as many liavo
eviilently tliouyht thiiu one and tlu' same, thereljy causing' L,'i'i'at confusion,
J have thouj^dit it liesl to merely j^ive the nanies as spi lied by the authoiities
witliiiut attemjitiliL; to dccidi' whicli ti'ilie is biini,' sjioken of in t itla r case,
'llir I'al'-Utes 'ranLje jirincipally in tlir snuthwi stern ptirtinii of Ctah and
thr sdiitheastern portion of Nevada.' //"/(/, in Iml. AjL 7c/i/., l>M'.r., [). 121.
'i'ln I'ah Ctes 'arc spread over tlie v.ist tr.-ict of territory, bet ween tho Sii na
Nevada and the Colorado Itiver, ;,'iiim,' .as far siaithas the tliirty-tifth jiarallel,
auil extending,' to tlie northward thron-h ' ,.:! .,n'aund Nevada into South-
iV)i (»i(-(m and Idaho.' Culyn; in Iml. Aj}'. i;>j,l., IHH!), ]). ',12. 'J'he Fah-Tte.s
inhabit the western j)art of Nevada. Wall.-ir, in lii'l. .[tj. liijil.. Is72. p. ")l».
I'he Fall Utesund Fah Ivies ranL;e over all that part of Ftah sontli nl' the ciiy of
Filmore in Millard County. Il'ii'l. in Iml. .[t/. U'lit., iS(!,S, p. l.")i). -The ti rm
Fah Utes is applied to a very larL;e nmuber of Indians who roam throu.nii
that vast section of country lying between the Sierra Nevada and the Coio-
VoL. I. 30
4CG
TKIBAL BOUNDARIES.
■ ri\ I , ^
ratio, poiiif? as fur south as the tliirty-fifth pnrallfl, niul pxtonding to the
iiDrthwiinl thron<,'h C'ulifomiiv, NfViidii, into Southern Ort't^'on and Idaho.
Tile Indians of this trilx' lu Arizona are located in the hi>^ l!end of the ( til-
orado, on hoth sides of the riv<'r, and ranj,'e as far east as Diamond l{iver,
west to the Sierra Nevada, and northward into the State of Nevada.' Jmns,
ill fii<l. Alt', llipl., ISC.!), p. 2!(;. The Pah I'tes ' properly Indon^' in Nevada
uikI .Vri/iina, hut Vixw^e over in southwest(a-n Utah.' //■i.s7(. in /«'/. Aff. It'pl.,
IS')."), p. III). The I'ah-Utes ' ranj^'e principally from the borders of Oic^i'n,
on the north, to the southeast boundary of Nevada, and from the Sierra
Nevada eastward to the Humboldt Kiverand Sink of Carson: tlure are one or
two small bunds of them still further east, near .\nstin, Nevada. They are
much sciittered within these limits.' DhwiIks, in [ml. Aff. lUpt., 1H7(I, jij).
9t-5. 'The I'ah-utes roam aloni^ the eastern sIojjcs of the Sierra Nevada,
from the mouth of the Virgin with the Colorado (in about lat ;!(! long. 1 b". )
to the territories of the Washoes north, and as far east as the Sevier Lak(!
country of Fremont's exi)lorations.' Cnl. Faniirr, June '22, KSGO. 'The I'ii-
utahs, and Lake Utahs occupy the territory lying south of tlie Snakes, mid
upon the waters of the Colorado of the west and south of the Clreat Salt
Lake.' .S'cac.s in Ike Uorli/ Mis., p. 170. 'The Pa Yuta (Pey Utes) 'extend
from forty miles west of Stony Point to the Californian line, and N.W. to the
Oregon line, and inhabit the valley of the Feuelon -Elver, which rising from
Lake liigler empties itself into Pyramid Lake.' hnrluiis Clli/ <>/ tin' Sainls, ji.
f)7(). 'The Womeiiunche (also known as the Pa Uches) occupy the country
on the Siiii .Tiian river.' Col'bi.i. in fiid. Ajr. Hi pi., Wd, p. 'I'.iH. 'Th(^ eust.iin
of disign.'iting the ditl'eront bands of Pah Ut s is derived from the name of
some article of food not connaon in other localities; '-Ocki," signifies " trout. "
"toy," •• tule," A-c. TlieOcki Pah Ites. . . are located on ^Valker liiver inid
Lake, and the mountains adjacent tliereto. The Cozidiy Pah I'tes. . . raiig't
from Mono Lake east to Smoky Valley.' Cniiijnill. in [n'l. AjJ'. Hijil.. IsTd,
J) ). llJ-lli. Till' I'ah I'tes exteial, 'over portions of Utah and .\rl/ona Ter-
ritories, also the .States of Nevada and Ci'lifornia. /■'■ nloi:. in /(/., p. 1 l.'i.
The Chemi'huevisareabandof Pah-Utahs. ]\'liipp'i\ Ki'-IkiiiI.-. nwd Tiirin r'.-<
Hipl., in I'dc It. /'/)/.. vol. iii., p. 71). TheChimehuevalsliveabout forty milt s
bi'low the Colorado River agency, on the California si(h' of the river, and are
scattered over an area of fifty square miles. Tutunr, in In '. .111'. li'<pl.. 1>7'J. ji.
3'2:). The Cheniehuewas are 'located nialnlyon the west bank of the Colon-
do, above La Pa/, and rangesalong the riverfroin about thirty niihs south of
Fort Mohave, to a point fifty niih'S north of F(U't Yuma, to the eastward, but
a short distance.' SheniKdi, in Tml. Aft'. Iii'pl., ISCi'.l, p. 21''i. Tlie Chemihuevis
live on th" Colorado river, above the 15111 Williams fork, a small tribe and
(piite unknown, /'o.s/oa, in hul.At}'. liipt., IHCio, p. 3.S7. Tlie Cheniehiievls
are 'a bund of Pahutahs, belonging to the great Shoshonet' family.'
J.iiilrii-hi's All. Ldii'i.. ]). :)5. ' The (Tilmchinves are undonliti'dly a branch of
the Pah etc tribe.' Sl<inl<i/, in Ihd. Aft', llijil., IM'.C. \u 1(12.
The /'(■ rics. or Pyutes, ' inhabit ^Vestern I'tali, from Oregon to New Mex-
ico; their locations being generally in the vicinity of the principal rivers and
lak'sof the (ireat Hasin, viz., Humboldt, Carson. AValker, Truckee, Oweiis's,
Pyramid, and Mono.' S'ttnpson's liouk to Va',. p. 18. 'The tribe of ludiaui
n UTES ANT) (JOSH TTES.
4C7
wli" inliiiLit this soction (near Fort Clinrclnll'' of wliicli tho post forms tho
ciiiti'i' conies nuili'r tl
j,'n:it chief Wirinei
w (1111^ j'elieric lliillle
if riiite, mill iicli
de.k
til
eir
Tliey are sjilit up into small Captaincies aiitl scat-
tei-eil throut,'h()Ut a vast extent of territory.' /•'//•/•//, in Sun Fnth
M< iUi'ul
I'ri'nx, vol. iii., p. ITd. 'I'he I'iutes or I'aiuches inhabit ' the northern haukn
of the Colorailii, the re^^'ioii of Severe river, and those portions of the Timpa-
ni^os desert where man can find a snail to eat.' Funihinn's Lifr in I'uL, p.
.'171. 'J'lie Piiites live ' alonj; the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, from
til.
ni.inth of the Vir.
kith the t'olorado (in ahoiit Lat. liii Lon^'. 11.") )
to the territories of tlie AVashoes north, ainl as far east as the Sevier Euke.'
T'ii/fii)\ in ('ill. Fanner, June 22, 18(i(i. 'Wm 'M nordwarts die Pai I'tes.'
Mnllli'insin, Itci^cn in ilir Fihunjili,, vol. i., p. •lliO, The territory occupied
liv the J'iutes 'is aliont one hundred miles liroad, and is bounded on tho
north bv the countrv of the Itaiinocks, on tli
st bv that of the Shoshoiies,
on the south by tho State line between Nevada and California and on tin)
west by till' territory of the Washoes.' t'urhr.'ux ImLAjJ. /.'<;-/., bS(;(i, p. ] ].").
'I'he I'iutes inhabit 'a countrv two hnndn d miles lont! bv on(> hundred and
twenty broad, Iviiii,' parallel and east of that of the Washoes.
ith of
Walker lake are the Mono Pi I'tes. . . .They are closely allied to the AValkei*
liiver or (Jcki Pi I'tes. . . .located in tho vicinity of Walker river and laki' and
'"'arson river and Up[>er lake At the lower Carson lake are the Toy Pi
I'trs.' t'nnijthvU, in ImL Aff. l!i}il., isr.li, p. ll'.t. ' I'pon the Colorado river,
Ml the northern iiart of the Territorv lives a Viand, or some bands, of Pi I'tes,
1
ipyini,' both sides of the river, roamiiiLr to the limit of .\rizi
ill th
st, b:,t on the east, fi
lie miles, how far cannot be determined.' 117///-
:\b
, in /(('/. AiJ. i:< (il., l^i;^, p. Mil. The Pi I'te ' ranj^c extends north to thii
ivrr, siiith to port Mnj.tvr, cast to tlie Little Colorado and San Prnncisci)
st throii'^h the siiiithirn jiart of Nevada as far as
uiiii mis, and on tlie wis
the Caliuiniiii line
.the I
iru;er portion liviiiL; in
Nevada.' Fvnton, in I ml.
r.
Uf. 1! /«/., l.SO'.l, )). 2ii:!. '1 he Pi Iti s inhabit the south-west iiortion of Utah.
scat-
.v.st-
.//■. in hnl. Atr. r,<i>i
is7(t.
!'•
The ]'i I'te Indians an
tii'i d over a lar
extent of I oiiiitrv in Southeastern
n Itah.' ]'nn-<U. in ImL .!;/'. /.'./i/., ISTl, p
^,'|■valla and S iu;l'
The Pi rtes inhabit tho
south-eastern ]iart of Nev.ida. IPk.'/.i
I,.
Ajj. i:<fi., ]s
'I'hfO'iish rt'S inhabit the countrv west of (ileal Salt Lak-
'•I.
id extend to
P
the Pall t'tes. They are said by most writers to be of mixed breed, be-
tween tlie Snakes, or Shoshom s [iropi r, and the Ptalis: 'The (ioshautes
livi' about forty miles west' of Salt i<,iKe City. Fm-ni i/. in Iml. At}'. U'pi.,
P^'iS. p. 'JPJ. The (loships, or (ioslia Pti s, raii^'e west of Salt Pake, ('nnli'i/,
ill /((■/. .Uf. Ilijit., is;,"), p. 17. The Coships ' ran<,'e between the (Ireat Salt
I-ake and the land of the wi st; rn Shoslioih s.' //«'(./, in /(((/. .1;/'. I!<pt.. PStW!,
]i. \2.\. 'Jilt! Goship Slioshones • live in the western jiart of Ptali. In twoon
(ireat Salt Lake and the western bouiulary of the Ti rritory,' (Utah', 'ionr-
t'llnllc, ill Inil. A/}', h'ljil , ISd'.t, p. -l.'A). The (nisliutes are liK'iited "in the
miitry in the vicinity of L^^an Cafu
. Tn the S'noshoiie i.
Ihnh
llll.-i
ill Iml. Ajr. I!' lit., 1870, p. '.).;. 'The Goship Slioshones inhabit that part of
Ptali which lies lietweeii (treat Salt Lake and the western boundary of the
Territory (Utah).* ToartdUiW, in hi., y. 141. The Guhhuots 'Dr. Hurt
408
TRI15AL BOrNDARIF.S.
classos nmons! the Shoshnnos; Imt uprordiiij? to Mr. O. W. npnn, riij'f.
Simpson's (riiido in tlio fail of IH'iH ..they im; the ottspriuL,' of u (lis.itt'tcti .1
])ortiiin of till.' I'te trilif', tliiit h'ft their mitioii, iihont two j,'ciii'riitions iii,'o,
iindfr tlir'ir Icivdcr or Chief (ioship, whence tlieir iiiinie (loship Utes since
(■ontnicted into (roshntes, . . .Iteside i)rincipidly in the <,'russy vtilleys ucst nf
(ii'ciit Salt Luke, ulont,' iind in the vicinity of Ciipt. Simpson's routi'S, iis fai-
ns tliP Ihii^owpiih IliuiLje.' Simjisim's Umdi' to Ciil., ])]>. 47 H. The fJosli ViiI;in,
' II body of sixty under ii peiicefnl leader were settled j)ermaliently on tlie
Indian Farm at Deep Creek, and the remainder waiuleied 40 ti> 200 inilis
West of Cit. S. L. City.' niirl(»i's I'Uij of llir Sd'ml.i, ]). .177.
The ToijiniiKHi live aliont the liead of Reese River Valley, and in the
Country to the east of that point. T'li/lor, in Cnl. Fnnner, Jutio, 2'i, lS(i:!,
The Ti'UKiktU'vs livo about thirty miles south of Jacohsville. <'<d. Funmr,
June 2(i, lH(i3.
The /V(/( Vnnts 'occupy the Corn Creek, Pnravnn, and Reaver Valleys, and
the valley of Sevier.' ShiUDnni'n Umili' la Ciil., p. I."), Half the Pavaiits 'are
settled on the Indian farm at Corn Creek: the other wiiij^ of the tribe livis
aloni,' Sevier Lake, and the siirronndiiiL; country in the north-east extreinily
of Filnioru Valley, tifty miles friuii the City, where they join the (iosli Vuta.'
Jinrtoii's C'llji of the Sn'mls, ji. 'ill. Althouj^h Mr IJiirton j^'ives this as the
fruit of his own observation, it is evidently taken from Fonn'i/'s lliiii.. in
Jiitl. Arf. l!<i<l., ]K.")'.l, p. ;'IU, which reads as follows: ' Alxmt half of th. m
(the Pahvants) have their home on the Corn Creek Indian farm. The otlii i-
\\h\\s, of the tribe lives aloiif,' Sevii'r lake and surrounding,' country, in tin
imrtheast extremity of Fillmore valley, and about tifty miles from I'illiiiMii'
city.' The Pah Vants ran<,'e ' throuj^h Pah-Vaiit and Sevier valleys, and
west to the White Mountains.' Coolri/, in Iml. ,Uf. lljit., 1H(;.">, p. 17. ' The
Pahvents occupy the territory in the' vicinity of Corn Creek reservation,
and south of the (loship Shosliones.' Toniiilnltf, in /)/'/. Ajf. Jtcpt., ISiili, p.
230. ' The Pah Vant Indians inhabit llie country south of the Goship Slin-
Bhones.' ToiirtoUolle. in Iml. ,\f. h'rpt.. 1S70, p. U2.
The Pi Fil(s ' are a band ranging' through Reaver and Little Salt Lake
Valley, and on the Vir^'in and Santa Clara rivers, down to tin; !Miiddy, ( m-
braciuf,' the whole southern jiortion of Utah Territory.' Irish, in Iml. .Uf.
l{i]}t., ISCi), p. 1|,"). 'The Py Kdes live adjoiiiiiifi the Pahvants, down to the
Santa Clara.' Siinjison's Itmiit; to Cdh, ji. 4.'), 'The Pi Ede Indians inhabit
the country south of the Pah Vants.' Tourtdollr, in hid Ajf'. licjA., lS7(t, ]i.
It2. 'The Piede Indians inhabit the extreme southern portion of the terri-
tory (Utah) on the Santa Clara and ^Itiddy rivers.' ArmxtroiKj, in hid. Afl'.
11' jit.. IS.'iC), p. 2:U. The Piede Indians live on Rio Virgin and Santa Claia
river. (''(ri"a//(r)',s Innd. of Tntr., j>, 2:^;t.
The K'ts// '<'.-( 'inhabit the country along the base of the Sierra Nevada
Mountains, from Honey lake on the north to the west fork of Walker's iiv( r
the south.' Dodjc, in hid. Aff. liepl., 18.")!), p. 374. Sbiipson'n Ronte to Cnl.. on
p. 4."), and Ihirtona ("di/ifthc Sn'iut^, p. 578, repeat this. The Washoes 'are
Bt.ited to have boundaries as high uj) as the Oregon line, along the eastein
tlanks of the Sierra Nevada, as far to the east as two hun<lred miles and tn
the south to Walker's river.' Cal. FaniM; June 22, 1800. The Washoes live
1
WAsiioKs A\n s.vMPirniKs.
•tea
in tlii> r'vfrnmn western ]virt (if Ni'vad.i. J^irhr. in lud. AjT. r,]>l., IX''''.. p.
ll"i. ■ ( '(iiiimi'iK'iii'^' lit tlic wi'stcrii liiiuiiclaiy of llic State, wc hive I'unI llie
\\,i-.li')e ti'il)e ()e('ii|>yiiit,' a tract of eoiiiitry one Inindi'ed iiiile-i Ihiiu;,
nnitli and south, l»y Iwenty-tive in width.' ('(imiihill, in Id., \i. I I'.i. liie
AWishoes ■ live ah)n^ Lake IJi^h'T and tlie li< adwatei's of Caisiin. AVallii r, ainl
'Vvni
rivers, anil in F.oie.,' and Sierra Valleys.' W'lis
in !,'<!. .[ir. /;./•'
1 sill, 1 1, lit. 'I'lii' W'lisliiirs ' are scattered over a lar^e I N tent of <'onntiy ahne
■item border of the State ' of Nevada. I'>ii-h'i-. in //e/. .1'^. /'■/./. ls.;'.i
the \V(
|>. I ■<. Th ' \V i-i!i'):'s ' fre'|i|i"it til ■ si'ltied p >rfion^ of the St.ite, i)nM'i;iilly
the towns (»f VirL,'inia City, Carsoii City, Iteiio, Washoe CJity, and (ii noa.
Til stiMiiiier Ihey li.talce themselves to the niountains in the vicinity of i,al;i>
Talioe and Mope Valley.' Do, nil, i-.. in /- /. .Vf. I.'i'pl.. ISTll, p. ',)(;.
The Sniniiil III :< ' nin'_!e throiiu;h the Sanpitch valley and creek en th»
■^e\iir nver.
Irish, in lii'l. .UT. //i/-/., Im;."), ]>. 11."
The Si
inn Icln -^ are a.
trilie \va
inlerilli.' on the desert to til
ill I, III. Aff. Hif)!., 1«('.'.», p. -JIIU. 'The Sail Pitch Indians inh.d.it th
ith of Voilta l.aKe.' I'l'llmi-il' s h'l •
nmrrlii's, \ol. v., p. Ilil). liiirtoii niriilions ' Saiiipichyas ' settled at San I'de.
t'ih/ III' III'' .S'liiih, p. '>7H. The San I'itches ' live in the Sail Pitch valley and
uloii',' the Sevier river.' I'odIci/, in Iml. AjT. Uijit., l.S(!">. p. IH. •The San
I'itches occupy II territory south and east of the Tiiiipana;,'os.' /''e/c/i //.;//.',
miitry
iiboiit th" San P.'te reservation.' TmrHiilti-, in //* /. AjT. Il^'fl., l^Tii, p. II-'.
' r.es Sanijiectches, les Pa.eiiuts et les .\ni|iayouts solit les pins proclies voi-
siiis des Serpents.' l)o Siinl, \'<'i/., p. -!H.
Tlie i'iiiln i'liK 'claim I'iiita valley and the country aloiiL! (ireeii riv(>r.'
I'liriu'ii, in ///(/. .!_//'. /ey;/,, lS"i',l, ]i. ;!(;i. The I'iiita Vutas live 'in the iiionnt-
aiiis south of I'ort I>iid.u;er, and in the country aloiiy (ireeii Piiver.' IIhiUiu'h
('ill/ of llif Siihih, p. ■'J77.
T'he )'(((// I'lili /7f',v ' inhaliit the country south of the I'inta Valley reserva-
tion.' TiiiirMlnllr, in //-./. .I;;'. /,'././., ls7(», ]<. Ij-J; /■/., IMi'.t, p. ■^■'A.
riie /•-'//,■ Mitiuil'un I'k.s live in the south-eastern jiortion of I'tah. 'I'mn--
ti'Hiilli', ill //((/. A^r. li'ijil., lS7ii, p. 112; Umiun'^ '"ilU".'' '/'^ Siitiil.-^, p. ."iTs.
I'tinies callinl Slioslmteo-i
K
I'peats.
The Tofiiitcpcs ov White Knives, or us they are
1' I'oiit-iiieii, on the Jiiiniliolilt and (roose Creek. Sliiiirl'.'i MiDilihui, p. Hit.
, iiilialiit the re^'ion ahui^,' the llunilioldt
17. The Indians ahoiit Slonv I'oiiit iiro
T'he T"os iwitches, or White Ki
■r. .^'</(iy»
Slinrlr.^l lln.ll..
■d Tosiwwitches (white knives'. //"(■/, in //e/. .1/?'. liipL, l^f.■)l!
The in
Ulvs 'live in the vallev of Salt Lake.' TmirtrlJolt'', in hul.
A-r. Ii pi., Hi',.), p. 'j:!!), also in il.. hSTO, p. lU. The Wel.er I'tes live in
the vicinity of Salt Lake Ciiy, IT/'Avr, in Iml. .If. ll'iiL, IM7J, p. •"■-li. Tie!
Wehei- Kiver Vutas a
Settlement is forty nii
T'he Cinii. riiiliiili^
re principally sicn in (ri( at Salt Lake (.'ity. Their chief
iles to the north, liiiiimi'ti I'ih/ of lln- Sn'mls. ]>. ^I'X.
i\ed-lilooils of the \'U
id Slioshonees, mid
raiiL,'e in the re,i,'ioii of Salt lake, AVelier and Ou'di u valleys in northern I't,
Vi'W', in Iml. A'}'. Ii'iiil , IS'.o, p. 114.
■he ir
iiiiiir mil
Ill's are 'a trilie of the I'te Indians, whose eoiintrv is
ciiiallv from Tierra .\iiiarilla northward to Kilos de los .Vniiiias ainl theiieo
also to thu iUo tirandu. Thev mix with thu Pi Utes iu Utah.' Jhn
Jirl.
470
TUIBAL BOUXD.VUIE^i.
Af. Hopt., ISfit), p. 25.-, Th.* Wi'iniMiuclHi Ttos 'mam and hunt wrst of tli,.
Klin .Iimn llivcr, iiml tlnir l(iilj;cs arr to 1"' found iilnnt,' tlic ImnkH of the Ilin
dn Ills Animus, ]tio di' In I'liitii and Itio Muni'os.' JIhii.iidi, in Iml. .1//'. /.'i///.,
1X70, p, 1."),-). Till! WendniK'liii VUh live lu'ar tho Snn Juiin river. Annslniidi,
iu Iwl. Atj: I!'i>t., lH-2, p. ;)(i7.
Till' CiiiKilr fVcs 'roam from within ftvn to t'lfty miloH of thi' u^^'incy. l>iit
tlio tjrcati'r part of tlif time liv<i in tlic vicinity <if Tiirru Aniariila, fiom Iivh
to ten miles distant, north and south alonj; the lUo Clmnuiir.' Jlniisini, in
Jiid. Aff. Ji'ijU., 1H70, 1). 151; Armstivmi, in hi., IHTO, p. ;i()7.
'Tile SliihiTitrliis Inhaliit tlif country south of the Yam I'ah Vies. Tmir.
llhlk; iu IikI. A(r. I!<i,l., 1870, p. 112.
The Fish Utrs ' iidia1>it the country about Red Livke, sontb of the She-
l)eretches.' Toiirlilhlti; in Ind. A(r. J.'iiil., INTO, )). 142.
'i'hu Task rii's live nciir the Navajos. Jliirtmi's (ill/ of the Sdinl.'t, p. ."iTs.
The Taherhya, or Sun-hnnters, 'live about Tete de Diche, near Spunish
lands.' ' Timpena^,'uchya, or Tinijianii Yuta, corrnptiMl into Tenpeiiiiy T'tis,
. . . .dwell about the kanyon of that name, and on tht east of the Swei t\vat( r
Liike.' lliirton's City of the Sdints, pp. 577-8. 'The Tini|)ano},'e Indians
formerly resided at and about Spanish Fort reservation, but they ure now
scattered anionj,' other bands and do not now exist as a separate trilie.' Timr-
i'llolh, in /)('/. ,1/. i:'pl., I87(t, p. 112; see also /,/., IHC.;), p. 2:Ji). The Tini-
panoj,'s inhabit ' I'tah valley, and the ueiyhboriug mountuius.' Cuvl'ij, in
hid. Ajf. JUpl., 18G5, p. i7.
'St of till'
f thi'llin
I/. Hiiil.,
Dii^lriiiiij,
I'licy, I'lit
fiom tivii
'unmiti, ill
rs. T<iiir-
tlK' Shc-
S, p. "S.
• Siiiiiii~li
my rtcs,
vcctwiiti r
: liiilinii^
lire Iiiiw
)(■.' 'I'liiir-
Jill' Tiiii-
,'tyy/' ij, in
IM'
0]fAb
M
h, ':
>J:;?^.-,.,.,,/
AC
/
„„;^o ,.i'l '-,•-■1
S/tf AftWf/fiJh
CHAPTEn y.
NEW MEXICANS.
GEoflr.ArnicAi. Position of this Gnoup, and Physicai, FKATrr.Es op thk
TKiauTouY — Family Divisions: Ai'achks, I'fKni.os, Lowkii {'amiokmans,
AND XouTHKitN ilKxicANs- TiiK xArAfiiE Family: C'omanchks, Al'A^■Il^:^^
rRdl'Kl!, HUAI.APAIS, YUMAS, CdSMNOS, YaMPAIS, Y'aI.L'IIKDUNKS, Yama.iads,
CiiCHKK?,, CiaV.ADOS, NiJOISAS, NaVAJOS, Mu.IAVKS, and 'IIIKII! crsToiis —
Th!-; Pl'kblo Family: I'ckdlos, Moyuis, Pimas, .Makk opas, I'apa^os,
AM) TIIKin NFKiHDOUS— TkK CocHIAIIS, ■WaKTIUS, I'l IIKTIS, AM) OTIIKU
LiiwKU ('ALii'dUMAXs — TiiK Ski'.is, Sinaloas, Tai!aiii-mai;ks, Concuos,
Tkpkhianes, Todjsos, AcAXi.s, and oruLi;s in NoiautUN Mkxiio.
Tho Xi:\v !^^EXICA^■s. uiuU'r M'liicli iiiuno I ^voiip tlio
nations of Now '\Iexioo, Ari/ona. Lower Calirornia. So-
nora. Sinaloa,, Chihnalma. l)ui-an,<i(), C'oaliuila. Xucvo
l.eon. nortluTU Zacatoeas, and wcstorn 'IV'xas. present
some peenliarities not hitherto encountered in this work.
As a j:roni)al desijination. this name is neither more nor
less ai)i)ro|)riate than some others : all 1 elaim lor it is
that it ap[)ears as tit as any. The term Mexican mii:lit
with propriety he api)lied to this i:r()ii[). as the majority
(if its [)eoi)le live within the Mexican houndary. !»ut that
word is employed in the next division, whicii is yet moro
strictly of .Mexico.
The territoi'v of the Xew Mexicans, ^^hich lies loi" the
most i)art hetween the parallels ;5() and 2:') and the mei'-
idians 90^ a)id 117', presents a jii-eat diversity of climato
iiiiij I'.-jH'ct. On reaching' the northern extremity nl'tlu^
<iulfof ('alil()rnia. the Sii'i'ra Nevada and coast ramies of
mountains join and break up into detached iiphea\ als. or
^! J*L.\PrtiS
/,'
.«-'*y«'».1
%
M o J * V C 'i f/
COS'tf^lNO!
-' ! ,...1
1
«Vai-..ii..X.
..■■ il
\
t'tl,.
■ ^ P^HAGO S
;;^jV-r^(Jv^^
I I
I. "'% i) \y A
rMi/.l.>it.> n
.\..<0-"'
,,, »;■>--" '\/ 'I WAS ■..
''''^%-..^
\
X. \\ !) l'l»lt|U!|'UIHll- Aptifft'
f-J^iu
^^*f"l 'Jfi^*f^
( /-sx*^"
Vf.f-
}f*tt*lH»]
---^ %, ^'*"- ^YV^ <^.// „J.«..... ~- ^
^- iV ^« J 111' - •»»VO'* .- ' \ , f .
> X ^ .. n:i:..,A t^':. -. •X'*' A cur.co^^
> "^ ^i iiuicjtn
1.
T.|,U....1< ..•..MMITW'.
>■ ^ .., r . A » •■"fi9»» 1 cur«coiiJ
la:. - ' '^ ^ '-^* -4
/^ \
I'l Aiui X,i, ri
ITATIVE RACES
I. II'
"^/^\u
— 1
NEW MEXICAN CROUP
Sriili-
1
r ;Mit» iMiii
//.I M.illilr „../•• r /.. ..„ .,„■>,.
1 >^ft'
Kl'l
' : NAV AJOS
' i
i
i
\,t\» slimV
Sl.i..„..^/ .,„„„.\
l\ /s ll.l-faiis..
._ r-
■^-./
^^
, li /S ll.l-faiis.. "
, J! (l'"J>' f.^hA l'.M>"lii.- \
! M M'" \k . '.[
W-
<illj»-|Hl|l
: _^ ^' Mimiiri'iioH
K - '- -
1 1 f'K ^'^■'Sn
"V
MV,7ii'/"
"-1-
'JU"'
Jt..,l lU
\.
v_-
■ittr ttf.vttt ^trtM
I '^ IE
\ I '4/ Tri|ta«fll«n/rfl
)tlA0irUAII
/
^.' !
(
CHIM(Pi(g
cuAitoros
"/OHUCIXIsl of^tfonitTita VAROGIOS 1
• ' curccoft f
■\lot. """•A
...ulf A/ ; ft
-'^Il«»CA« \ '^»P"I
P^nt(fMW^
IHfl
Ull
lou
472
NEW MEXICANS.
US tliey arc called 'lost moimtains;' one part, uitli no ji'-cat
elevation, coiitiiiiiiii*^' tlimiijili the peniiiMilu, anotlur,
umler the name of Sierra Mudre, extending along the
"Western side of Mexico. The Rocky Mountains, whicli
.separate into two ranges at al)oiit the forty-fifth paral-
lel, continue southward, one branch, known in Utah as
the AValisatcli, merging into the tSierra ^ladre, whiU'
the other, the great Cordillera, .stretches along the
eastei'u side of Mexico, uniting again with tl." Siena
^\hidre in the Mexicjui table-land. Ik-sides these are
many detached and intei'secting ranges, lietween which
lie arid deserts, lava beds, and a few fertile valleys.
From the sterile sandy deserts which cover vast areas of
this territory, rise many isolated groups of almost inac-
cessible peaks, some of which are wooded, thus allbrding
protection and food for man and beast. ^fwo great
rivers, the Colorado and the ]{io (jlrande del Norte How
through this region, one on either side, but, except in
certain s[K)ts, they contri))ute little to the I'ertilization of
tlie country. In the more elevated parts the climate is
tempt'rate, .sometimes in winter .severely cold; l)ut on
tlie deserts and plains, with the .scorching sun above and
the burning sand beneath, the heat is almost insui)poi't-
able. The .scanty herbage, by whicli the greater part of
this reiiion is covered, oilers to man lait a ti'ansient food-
.sup[)ly: hence he nuist move from ])lace to jilace or
."^tai'\e. Thus nature, more than elsewhere on our coast,
invites to a roving life; and, as on the Arabian de.H>rts,
l)ands of American ikdouiii.s roar.; over innnense tracts
seeking what they may devour. Here it is tliat many
a luckU'ss miner and ill-protected travtder pays the pen-
alty of his temerity with his liie; here it is, more thai:
elsewhere within the temperate /.ones of the two Amer-
icas, that the natives bid defiance to the encroachments
of ci\ili/,ation. Sweeping down upon smsdl settlements
and isolated parties, these American Arabs I'ob. murdfr.
and destroy, then fleeing to their strongholds bid defiance
to |)ursuers. In the midst of all this we find iuiothcr
phenomenon in the .semi-civilized towns-people of New
THE APACHES.
473
^roxico <i»d Arizona; a spoutaiioous awakening from the
riulor phases of .savajiisni.
The families of this divisitm may ho enumerated as
follows: The Aj)ac/ief>, mider which general name 1 in-
clude all the savage trihes roaming through Xew Mexico,
the north-western jx)rtion of Texas, a small j)art of north-
ern Mexico, and Arizona; the Ptiefi/os, or partially culti-
Aatcd towns-people of Xew Mexico and Arizona, with
whom I unite, though not town-builders, the non-no-
niadic I'imas, Maricopas and l';i[)agos of the lower (jila
River; the Loicer (J<illfonii((iis, who occu[)y the peninsula;
iiud the Xofthern Jf(:,viarns, which term includes the vari-
ous nations scattered over the States of l^onora. Sinaloa,
riiihuahua, Uurango, Coahuila, Xuevo Leon and north-
ern Zacatecas.
To the Apaches, using the term in the signification of
a family of this division, no accurate boundaries can be
assigned. Owing to their roving proclivities and in-
cessant raids thev are led first in one direction and then
ft/
in another. In general terms they may Ije said to range
about as follows: The Co))U(ttches, detans, or Xauni,
consisting of three tribes, the Conuuiches projjcr, the
Yauiparacks. and Tenawas, iiduibiting northern Texas,
eastern Chihuahua, Xuevo Leon, (\)ahuila. Duraugo, and
l)ortious of south-western Xew Mexico.^ b\' lauLiuaiiO
allied to the iShoshone faniilv;'" the Aijnchcs, who call
./ / J. '
' Tho Criinanclu'S ' luv (liviilcil into tlirco princiinil Iniiuls, to wit: the Co-
iiiiUichc, the Yiiiii))iiriU'k and the Tt'iiiiwti. ' linfin-t, in S<'liii<)lcr(n't's Arrli.. vol.
i.. ]i. 2'.M; ' Ictiiiis, teriii'd liy the S])iiiiiiir(ls ('ouiiuu'Ir's, iiml in tluir <>\vu
Liii^'uagu Na-uni, siL;nil'_Yinj,' "lift' iicoiilc." ' I'rirlKiril's \iit. //i^^, vul. ii.,
p. T)!',*. 'The Coniauclifs and tlu' nuuicniiis tribis of C'liichinu'cas .. uin
iMimn'i'luiiidcd by tht> Sp(i,niards nndtr tlif va^nn? nanic of Micos.' /'/('A'nv/'s
I'l-ir'iri-h's, Veil, v., p. I'll. Tlif ti'ilii' cdlcd tlii'iiisclvcs Niyuiia.' Srlntnlrnit'l'.-t
.l''/(., vdl. ii., pp. T)?.') (!; I'ufli'r's Xdin mi Tix., ji. '231; ,V< /<//i'"'/'.s, in Iml,
An'. Uipf., 1S.")(;, )). !7."; MnllhilHS)!!, TuvUilrh, p. 11."); I-Wn'h's Hi-<t. I.il.. p.
li'). ' Sc divide en cuatro ramas cDnsidcralilcs liaju los ndiubiis dc Ciiciiati-
tii'as, .Tupes, Yumpaiicas y Orient ales.' ircrcid ( 'ninh', in Sue. .l/c,r. fii'inj., lluli -
t ''. ti)ui. v., ]). ;tlS; set! also I'urUi, in l'<ic. It. It. 'tijit.. vol. iii., p. IJl.
I'lif -b'tans or Caniancdii's, as the Spaniirds term them, or I'adoiieus, as thty
ari' call-'d liy tiie lawnees. /'/V,' 's ki'/i/i-c. Tnir., p. •214.
-' Tiiriicr, in /''c. It. It. Itijil.. vol. iii.. p. Tli. 'Los Imlios yntas, . son
lis liiisiniis (pie los ctimanches ii enmanehes. )iues ynta eso ipiiire ih cir en
1 1 i'U;j;ua de los liiianeH. I'or cunsigui'nte nu se pnedeu liistinguir esos nom-
471
NEW MEXICANS.
tlioiiisolvos Sliis In(la\-, or 'incnof tlie woods,'^ and wlioso
tribal divisions are the Chiririigiiis, Coyoteros, Faruont's,
GilefioH, Lipanos, Llaneros, Mescaleros, Mimhrofios. Xa-
taj>;es, Felones, Pinalenos, Tejuas, Tontos and Vacjueros,
roaminj;- over Xew >ioxico, Arizona, north-western Texas,
Chihuahua and 8onora,* and who are alHed bv huitiuaue
to the great Tinneh I'aniilyf the Karajos, or Tenuai,
'men,' an they designate themselves, having linguistic
brf's, que iinnqne do dos lenfjuds iliferentes ospresan nna niisiiia iiiicinn.' Itn:
litndicr 1/ Tlioi:!, J>wii<>, j). '251. ''I'lic L'oiiiiinchi'S are u l)i'iiiuli <if the Sim-
KliDncs or Snakes.' Hiixdm's Adini., p. 'J-y. 'The Pawntws aro (Icsi'tiidi il
from a consin-j^crinanshii) of the saiiie stfx'k.' Ediriti'il's Jlisl. T<,v.. jip. 1( .S-l).
• Si lo san^'des A/ti'quts I'xi.ste iiiu'orc Haiisiii('laiij,'et'n Aiiicriqiic, il doit coiilcr
dans Ics veincs dcs C-'oluanches.' Ddiiiimei-Wn Jour., p. Iti; see also Ikmivniclis
I>:scrls, vol. ii., p. '24; liitnilniKtnn, Spnren der Azt. Spr., j). ;;'.)1.
^ 'rrohahly because tluii winter (piarters are always located amid tlie
forests whicli ^'row npon the Sierras.' Cri'iiioui/n Aimrln n, yt. 2-l'.i.
•* ("ordero ^'ives tlie following' tribal names, which he says are use 1 amonj,'
themselves; Vmni ettineniie. 'lontos; Sef,'atajeniie, Chiricaj^uis; Tjiiiccu-
jenue, (lilefios: lecujenne, Mimbrefios; Yntajeniie, Favaones; Sejeniic. Ales-
ca' vos; Cuelca.jenne, Llaneros; Lipajeiino and Yutajenne, Lipaiis and Xa-
vajos. Orosrii 1/ lirrra, (icDiiniJin, pp. ;i(l!), Ii7!)-8K5. 'Los jjiinas t,'ili nosllaniMii
ii los yavipais taros o nifores; los jamajabs les llamaii yavij)ais y nosotms
a))aches.' 'r((/'(vs, D'utrio, in I>ni\ //).</. Mr.i-,, serie ii.. torn, i., pp. '2l\~),'.i^r2~:\.
' Vavipais Tejua (pie son los indilniitos Apaches.' Arricii-ild, Crniiica Sir'ifini,
J). 47l. ' Yavapais, or .\j)aclie Mohaves, as thej' are more generally called.'
Fnrhvr, in Iml. At/. Itcpt., IH&). p. 'J.]!. ' Pueden dividirse en iineve trilins
l)vincipales . . .Tontos, Chiroeahucs, Gilenos, Jlinda-enos, Paraones, Mc/cmI-
eros, Llaneros, Lipanes y Navajoes. Todos hablan nn niisnio idioma . . No
eomponen una iiacion nnifornie en sus usos ycostumbres, pero coinciden ( u
la major )iarte de sus inclina(U()nes, varianuo en otras eon ))roi)orci(in a los
terreiios de sn resideneia, a las netesidades (pie padeoen.' (inrcin ('(imk. m
,Srt'. Mcr. '/''(>(/,, lioldin, toni. v., p. Ul-l. Apaches, ' their name is said to si'^-
nify ' nu^n.' ' Mescaleros, 'the ineaninj;; of the name, probably, is (h'ink-
ers of mese.il.' Cort z, in Pac. J{. li.]ti]>t., vol. iii., pp. llS-l). Froflirl's Cm-
iml AiiiiT., pp. I{()!), 353, -I'Jl; Frochel, Aus Anienhft, tom.ii., pji. KJl, '2i'.). 425;
Orcij I'x Cdiii. /'/v/irics', vol. i., ]i. '2(S5; WisU zonns' Voac. p. 2(1; 'I'luhiuiicl, Mi.vU.n,
p. 351 ; Itiu-ton's Adivn., p. l'J4; Ealon, in ,Sclio<ilrr<iiVs Arch., vol. iv.. \i. 21<i;
MiVdinpfiirdt, Mej'ii'o, toni. i., pp. 212-13; Maim/, in Iml. Aft'. /I'c/i/., 1.^57. p.
'29S; Sterl.; in fml. Aff. l{<pt., 18(13, p. lOH. and 'jd.., IHC-l, p.' 182, 18.5M. j,. lUT;
Jiail'!/. in /./., bS.58, p. 20(i ;(;//(/», in LI., 1871, p. 42; liiirlh-ll's /'ns. .\iir., vol.
i., p. 325. Called Coj'oteros, because it is believed that ' they feed ujion the
flesli of the coyote.' Jf'irdi/'s Trdv., p. 430. 'Les Gilenos avec les
Axuas et les .Vjiaches qui vienneut de la Sierra Madre sout confondns sous
le nom d(! PapajJios.' Mo/ras, Krplor,, torn, i., p. 213; linxtitiintuU', in ('urn,
Trcs Si'ilo.-i. torn, iii., pp. 7D-80. 'Tonto, in Spanish means stupid.' ' Tonto
is a S[)auish corruption of the oriKinil Indian name.' J'uliiiif. in If'ifjnr'n
Mivi., Vol. xvii., p. 4<i;); Downcck'n ^^i.svjV.v, vol. ii., ])p. 5-H; Ai/n's, in hid.
Atf. II jit., 1H58, p. 175, Cllhis, in /(/., IStii), p. Kil; Id., 18(11, j). 122; Mn.i-
wll, in /'/., 18(1!, p. 11(5; J'ltrhr, in /./., 18ii!), p. 23; \V<dhn: in Id., 1S72. p.
53; Vltuii. in Id., 1871, p. 3(18; irK/t/cViw, (•'eoii. xt. Slat., p. 214; llit.tsci, M'.r.
ItU'iL. \k 275; 'runirr, in .VofnvV/i.s AniKdun '/c.s' 1')^., 1852, t(an. cxxxv.. (>. 3(IH.
^ ' Tlie .\paclies and their con^'eners belon;,' to the .\thai)ascMii family.'
Turner, in I'd'-. II. It. lii'pt., vol. iii.. ]>. 84, and in .Vnwrllcs Annalts din Voij.,
1852, turn., cxxxv., p. 311; Jhinvnuch's Un-' rh, vol. ii., yt. 10.
APACHE NATIONS.
affinities with tlic Apache nation, with which iiuk-ed
thev arc .sometimes chissed, living in and around the
Sierra de los Mim])resf the Mojaves, occupyinfi; both hanks
of the Colorado in Mojave Valley; the Ilnaldpus^ near
tlie hea*' 'ers of Bill Williams Fork; the Ynninx, on
t!ie oasi' .ak of the Colorado, near its junction with
the Rio ixWn]' the Cosuinos, who like the lluala})ais are
sometimes included in the Apache nation, ranging thi'ough
the Mogollon Mountains;** and the Yampals, between Bill
AVilliams Fork and the Rio Ilassayampa." Of the nnd-
titude of names mentioned l)y the early ?^panish autlior-
ities, I only give in addition to the above the Yoh-he-
dmics, located on the west bank of the Colorado in jdjout
latitude 33^ 20', the Ydmajahs, on the east baidv of the
siuiie river, in al)out latitude 34 -35 ; the CorJicvx. in the
Chiricagui Mountains of Arizona, the Crnzdi/os^^^ in Xew
Mexico, and finally the Xijoms,^^ somewhere about the
lower Colorado/^
•J ' The ApncLes call the Navajors Yutnhknh. The Navajoos rail thorn-
selves, iiH a tribe, Teui'i.ii (man). The aiipellation Navajo was niKinestioii-
ahly ,uiven them ])j' the Siiaiiiavils.' Kittoii, in iSclnKilcnift's Ar( li., vn\. iv,, jip.
217, 21S. ' 'I'ho Navajoes and Aiiaehis are ideiitieally inie peoiiK'.' ('iriiiniii/'H
Ajiwli'ii, p. .'iOO; Ilmim's Adrn)., p. 1'.)!; MdlllKiusoi, Tafi'lmrl,, p. 221); /V.s-
t'ln, in Ind. Aff'. liijit., lHV>:i, p. ','>H'J. ' Navajoes and Apachi's have deseended
fnau the same stoek.' Cuvlcton, in Iml. AJ}'., JlipL Sjinc. Cmn., IHI.7, p. l:,4.
'The Navajoes are a I'nehlo Indian.' Cnivr, in Id., p. ;i2'.t. ' Allied to the
Crow Indians.' Fihixtlrhic, in Einori/'s Hinnitxiixadnre, ]). I'.'.'.i; Thiiiiimrl,
3f'.i-/'Ao, p. ;J18. 'Most civilizi'd of all the wild Indians of North America.'
J-'arn'unii's lAfv, in (\d., p. 372. Tlu! Navajoes ' are a division of the ancit nt
I^iexicans.' Sci'in's in the HdcIii Mis., p. JHd.
" ' " Ynmah," sij^nilies " Son of the liiver." and is only applie<l to th(> In-
dians born on the bajdis of the Colorado. This nation is eomposi d of tivo
tribes, . . .anionj,' whieh. . . th<' Yabipais ( Yanipais or Yampaosi.' Itiniiin rh'n
I )i .fiit.i, \ol ii., p. ().'). ' The Cajiienches aiul ('uehans .. belou;,' to Iwo dif-
ferent divisions of one tribe, which fiirms part of the {,'reat nation of tii(!
Yuiaus.' Id., p. 10.
" Cosninos, ' Es ist mehrfaeh die .\usicht ansL;es))rochen worden das die
ineisteu derselben /.ii dem Stamme d( r Aiiaehes ^'ehiiren, od( r vielaiehr niit
ilineii v»'rwandt sind.' Mulllninsen, Tdiichitcli, pp. 330-1; Fiiniir'.t lluimin
Uuvi'. p. 482.
'•• 'The Yanipais form a oonmH'tin;,' link between the Oila, Colorado, and
rnel>l() Indians.' n7/(/i/)/'. in I'uc. /.'. 7'. Iti'iil., vol. ill., p. IIS. Vanqiais iin^
related to the Yumas. .Mtilllniiisin, /A/'si/i, torn, i , p. 131 . Yanipais: 'I'lKible
to separate them from the Tonto-Apaehes.' Mmcry, in Iml. Afi'. h'lpt-, i'S")7,
'" ' Llaman aestos indios los ernzados, pnr nnas ornces que todos, ehieos
y j^randes se atan del cojx'te, ipie les viene a caer en la frente; y eslo hacen
cuanclo ven a los espanoles.' Salmrron. Itchtcione.'i, in /Ait'. JIi>l. Mi\f., Herio
iii.. toni. iii., p. 31.
" ' Uuos dicen ipie a un lado de estas naci(jnes (Yntas) para hacia al Po-
470
NEW MEXICANS.
Tlio A[)iiclic country is |)r()l)al)l_v the most dosort of
all, {iltonititinj^ betwcLMi sterile plains antl wooded mount-
ains, interspersed with coinparati\ely i'ew rich valleys.
1'he rivers do little to t'ertili/e the soil except in s[)<)ts;
the little moisture that appears is (juickly absorbed by
the cloudless air and arid plains which stretch out, some-
times a hundred miles in len<ith and breadth, like lakes
of sand. In both mountain and desert the fierce, raj)a-
cious Apache, inured from childhood to hunger and
thirst, and heat and cold, iinds sale retreat. Jt is here,
tunong our western nations, that we first encounter tliiev-
inji; as a i)roression. Xo savage is fond of work; in-
deed, labor and savagism are directly antagonistic, for
if the savage continues to labor he can but l)ecome civ-
ilized. Now the Apache is not as la/y as some of his
northern brothers, yet he will not work, or if he does,
like the l*ueblos who are nothing but partially reclaimi-d
Apaches or Comanc^i'^s, he forthwith elevates himsell",
and is no longer an Apache: but being somewhat Iree
from the vice of laziness, though subject in an eminent
degree to all other vices of which mankind have any
knowledge, he presents the anomaly of uniting activity
with barbarism, and for this he nmst thank his thievisli
pro})ensities. Leaving others to do the work, he cares
not whom, the agriculturists of the river-bottoms or the
towns-people of the north, he turns Ishmaelite, poimces
upon those near and more remote, and if pursued retreats
a;'ross the jonKfdas del muerte, or 'journeys of death' as
the Mexican calls them, and finds refuge in the gorges,
canons, and other almost impregnable natural fortresses
of the mountains.
nuntp ost.'i la iirtcion He los nijorns, y otrns nfirmixn qne no liny till iiiirion
NiJDiM, siiio (jnt; I'stii piiliibvii nijoi' (]uii'rt' dcrir ciintivo, y qui' Ids (•dcdiiiari-
copas Ics (laii 'li> noi'hc a las iiacioiu's mas iiiiiii'diatas y Ics (juitan sns liijos,
los (jiKi cantivaii y vciiilcii a los piiuas y ('sttis a los csijanolcs; si ts asi qne
hay tal liacioii, ost.i en csfa iiuiii'diacioii del rio Colorado pun el rio Salado
{I rio Verde. ' Xulirins th' Id I'limrli, in Ihir. Iljst. .\f.v., serie iii., toiii. iv.,
]i. Hits. ' I'od )s estos eautivos llaiiiau ]ior aea fnera Xijores, auiKine hay otni
naeioii Hijeras a parte.' SahliU'iir, Itvladhi, iii hoe. Hid. Mi.v., serie iii., torn.
iv., p. sr.i
I- F ir further jjartienlars as to loeatiou of tribes, see notes on Tiudal
BouNUAUiKs, at the end of this chapter.
PHYSIQUE OF AVAC'IIES.
477
The (lispiirity in pliy.sical apix'ariince Ijetween wine of
these nations, which may he attributed for the most part
to diet, is curious. Wliilo those who subsist on mixed
vegetal)le and animal f(M)d. present a tall, healthy, and
muscular development, hardly excelled by the Caucasian
race, those that live on animal food, excepting:!; ])erhaps
the Comanches, are small in stature.' wrinkled, shriveled,
and hideously ujily.'* All the natives of this family,
Avith the exception of the Apaches proper, are tall, well-
built, with muscles stronjily developed, pleasing features,
although at times rather broad faces, high foreheads,
large, clear, dark-colored eyes, possessing generally ex-
traordinary powers of vision, l)lack coarse hair and, for
a wonder, beards. Taken as a whole, thev {;re the most
jxirfect specimens of physical mjinhood that we have yet
encountered. While souie. and pjirticularly females, are
of a light copper color, others again approach near to the
dark Californian. Women are generally plumper, inclin-
ing more to obesity than the men. !^^ome comely girls
are six)ken of amongst them, but they grow okl earl\ .'*
13 ' Besonders fiel uns dnr TTntprsrliird zwischrn flon im GoliirRP, alinlicli
dfi) Wiilfun lilii'udeii Viiiiiiiays und 'Joiitos . . uinl iltii vdii vej^ctiibilisclicn
Stoffeii sich iiiilmnden lifWdlimrn dcs Colorado-'l hides iviif, iiidt'iu crstcie
uur klcine hiisHliche (iestalti n iiiit widri^'fiii tiK-kisclieiii Ansdriick dtr I'hysi-
oj,'iioiiiie wiireii, die aiiderfii diii^i-j^i'ii wie liinter MeisttTwerki! der Ki.-lnipfer-
isi'heii Natur erschienen.' MdUhitumn, 'ritiji'lmch, p. 384.
I' The Nnvjijos are 'of ^ood size, nearly six feet in height, and well pro-
liortidiied; clieek-bones high and prondnent, nose straight and well sha])ed;
hair long and black: even black; . . feet small; li)is of nuiderate size; heiul
of niediuni size and Well shajied; forehead not small but retreating.' Lellnr-
inanh, in Smithmndan Ucpi., IH")."). ji. '2S,S. 'Fine looking, physically.' 'Most
symnii .acal figure, combining ease, grace and power, and activity.' And the
Cciinaiiches ' abfiut live feet t( n inches in hf'ight, with well proportioned
slioulders, very deep chest, and long, thin, but muscular arms.' ('irwiDii/'n
Aj)(irlii!<, pp. 4!), 3()5, 1.5. The Jlojave 'men are (all, erect, and fkiely pro-
portioned. Their features are inclined to Kuro])ean regularity; tluir eyes
large, shaded by long la>hes.' The C'uchans are ' a noble race, well formed,
active and intelligent.' Whippli-. in I'lic li. h'. Utpt., vol. iii., jiji. 110, IM.
The Navajos are distinguisheil ' by the fullness and roundness of their eyes.'
miijiph, Ewhank, (iiid 'I'unn'r's H-iil., p :il, in /'"c. //. It. Hipl., vol. iii.,
' The t'anianehes are small of stature. . . wear moustaches and heads of long
hair.' J'ojtr, in I'ltr. It. It. It'jit., vol. ii., p. b"). 'J'lie Comanches ' (ju(> da uu
aspecto bieii particular A estas nnciones, es la faltrt com])li'ta de cejus, piles
ellos se las arrancan; algniifis tienen una ])oca barba.' IkrUimlUr (mil 'I'lmril,
hiarid, p. 'l')',]. The Vumas "if left to their natural state, would'be line look-
ing.' but the Hualpais 'were squalid, wretched-looking creatures, with splay
feet, large joints an<l diminutive figures, .. features like a toad's. .. .They
|>res( nt a remarkable contrast to our tall and athletic JFojaves.' The Xa\a-
jos are 'a liuo lookiuy race with bold features.' 'The Mojaves are perhaps
478
NEW MEXICANS.
In contradistinction to all tliis the Apacli«K proper, (tr
Ajjache nation, an wo may call thcni, arc slim, ill de-
veloix.'d, but very agile. Their height is about five leet
nH fino ft rnco of nion phvsicftUy, ns tlicrp is in rxistcnrc. Trrs' CitUii-(iih%
Hiiir. i)p. U, 54, 'J7-8, 108, 7:J,' V2H, 1!», X), Wl, IX, jilate ]). (id. The Co-
iimiu'lifs are 'de bneim tstiitnrii.' Ikituniiiiit, ('ru)iic(i ilv Mixhuocun, MS.. \<.
ftJ7. Tlie jx'oplc bctwffU tlic Colorado and Gila rivtrs. ' lis |,'cntf Mi a
ai,'<'stiida y corpnleuta, trigncfios dc color.' Scililmdir, Jlil(ir'ii»i, in I)iir, Hi.-i.
.lA.r., Kcric iii., toni. iv., p. H.'il. The Cruzados arc dcscrilxd as ' Men iv^i s-
tadoH \ noMfs yt'llas ht'inidsas dc lindos ojos y aniorosas.' Sdhimini. Jlilml.
iini's, in l)(tr. Hist. Mix., si'ric iii., toni iV., p. Itl; kcc also ('ojvAjkc, in 'I'lrhiin.r-
('(iiiijHni.-i, i'oi/,, Kcrit' i., toni. x., ji. 4K). In New Mexico Allc^rc d<'scrili(s
tlicni as ' corpulcntos V l>riosos, jicro nial a^'cstados, lasorcjas larj^'as. . tii m ii
]")ciil)arl)a
Allnjre,
Jli.st
('limit. (/(' t/i sKs, toni. i, p. 'Ml; and of the same pi
Alccdo writes 'sonde niejor aspi-cto, color y pro|'or<'ion cpu' losdenuis.' hi'-
ciiimtrio, toni. iii., p. 184. And Lieut. Milllliaiisen, who freipuiitly (,'oes iiilo
«'cstasies over the s]>lendid tij^ures of the lower Colorado i (■o])l{', whom Le
calls the personitication of the ancient j,'ods of tlie IJonians and (ireeks, sii\s
further that they are ' (,'rosse, schcin t,'e\vachsene Leute,' and descrihes tin ir
<()lor as 'dunkelknpferfarhi^',' Of the wonnii he adds '(ianz ini (Je^'ensat/e
zu den lliinnern sind die Weiher dir Indianer am Colorado dur<h^;iiiit;it,'
klein, nntersetzt nnd so dick, das ihr Aussehen niitiinter an's koiiiisclio
(,'riinzt.' Coniiiarin^,' the Hualapais with tlie Mojaves he writes 'auf d(r« iiie
Keite die imhekleideten, riescnhaflen nnd wohlf^eliildetcn (lestalten del' Mo-
liaves . . .anf der andern Seite diij^'e^en die iiii Verj^leich mit erstern, zw( i;,'-
ahnlichen, hau'ern . . . l'"ij,'ui(n der Walli)ays, iiiit ihrt n verwirrteii, sliii]i'i-
gen Haaren, den kleineii, geschlitzt .n Aiij,'tn nnd den falschen. f.'(h;(ssi;_i u
Ausdruck in iliren Zii!L,'en.' 'J'he Cusniiios he calls 'hiisslich nnd veikliiii-
inert.' Mi'iUlmnsi'ii, T'ff'/'/Kc/i, jip. IVtl, ;i)S'2-8; .ViiHlnnini n, /I'l (>•' a, toni. i.. ]'|i,
l-j;{-4, lli'J, 21.'>, •.i74, '>m, ;il8, tom. ii., pp. 4:1, ;{7, and plate froiitispii ce.
J/<i///H/».sC)(, Miiniiiimiitiiiiilrlini. tom. ii., p. 14(1. The Coniaiiche 'men nn>
aliont the niediuni stature, with hrii^ht coiiper-colonred com) hxioiis, . . the
wtinicn are short with crookc d lej^s. , far fiolii heiuf^ as f^'ood looking as tl.e
men.' In the Colorado Valley 'are the largest and Ik st-forim d nun 1 ( ver
saw, their avera},'e hei^dit heint; an iiiih over six fett.' Miin i/'.i Aniii/ l.ifi ,
pp. "J.'), 'iTO. 'Les Comanches olit la t.iille haute et elaiicce, et solit ]in
IliiM
1)1. S( lie V.
-!<•>,
V
anssi l)l;;v.('s one les Knropeeiis.' N/c. (iroij.
And of the Coniaiiches see further, llrniiiiini Cinirp. p. l."3. 'Itohust,
Herculean race.' Fimte's VV'.m.s, vol. i., p. 'I'M. ' Excct diiij^'lv haiulsoii
Cn/ili'
'I'l.OI.-
.Vo/..s'
Ili-J
''<■ III Bitrni's IJi'e in Mi,
A.
1. !i(i8; ll'irdiiithii imil Miilmi/'K
p. Id'J. ' \Vonien are n;;ly, crook 1 e;.' i;i d, stoop-!-houlder( d.' I'ln/.i
y-y'., pp. 18!). •J:i2, Hit; \li.fU.i
I III Ziiftiiiii
2(!7; see also Frmhil. Ait.^ Atmriin, tom. ii., p. KM; Umii:
Id's I'l-iil. Ai
Cntn. J'ni^rii'.'i. vol. ii., \ j). ;i7'8; I/idih mrli, Jn
en are ^,'enerally fat.' ' The 1
t( 111. 1., p
;i7
/',
) 1:
1 he Yuma ' wc 11
lien are Jar^e. mu
/-/fs /'.
.NV
vol. 11., ])p. I'-il, J I
N
scn'.ar, and well foinied.' .Ilail-
iviiio wonitn are 'niuch liaiidstam r
md have lighter coniiilexions than the 1111 11.' J'kIIii's ]'i
y<
S'lmp.'H'ii'.^ Jintr. Mil. Iti'
V
V2; Ih.
11:
'21S-l',i;
vli's DixdIs. vol. ii., pp. 7, 111, '1\.
(!."). ])late 8. 'J he Navajos have ' li^dit tlaxi 11 hair, liijlit hint' eyes... their skin
is of the most delicate whitt 111 ss.' liriiinwU'^t Iml. Iliiii.'<. ]i ."i4.'): Ihiijlua' limi-
ijiliini'.i /•,',!•.. p. •J.{'A. C)n the Mojavi s see further, Slnilliiii'.-< < (ijd. Oiii)iiini (iiil.-',
J). IIW; iSiliiriiiren' Ziii'ii K.w. p. 18; Cnl. M<
<,tik' ,li.
A. i.. ]). '.'27, jilati
Chini, in IhiJ. Aff. liipt., 1871. ji. 'M'.\. And <n the Yi;n as. J'o.^tiv, in Inl.
Jtipl. Af.. 18(;;{, p. ;t87; llnnnic'.s Aiifn-hi' I'lniiilri/, ]). ti'; Tut/U'r. in <'iih
Fi
Fill. '2'2, IJ-OO. AVomin's ' fi et are natnrallv
Fiiiury's lij't.
in V. S. null Miw. liimnilury Surrey, \ A. i., p. lliO. 'j'he Yaniiia's are hroad-
faced, and have 'aquiline iios( s i.ud Mi. all (yes.' I'uliiiir, in IIiirpir'.'< May.,
Vol. xvii., p. 4U0. linlluii. TruHs, in llni/is Vol.
PHYSICAL PECULIARITIES.
479
four to five inches; features described us u^ly. repulsive,
ciuotiunless, Hat, and approaching the Mongol cast, uiiilo
the head is coveicd with an unla'Uipt mass of coarse,
shocky. rusty hhick liair, not unlike bristles. The wonu'U
;iri' not at all Ijehind the men in ugliness, and a pleasing
face is a rarity. A feature connnon to the family is re-
iiKirkahly small feet; in connection with which may bo
mentioned the jKJCuliarity which obtains on he lower
Colorado, of having the large toe widely separated irom
the others, which arises probably irom wading in maishy
bottoms. All the tribes whose princi[)al subsistence i.s
meat, and more particulai'ly those that eat horse and
mule Hesh. are said to exhale a peculiar scent, something
like the animals themselves when heated.^'
1'' 'Tlii'ir ftvornffe hfitdit is a1)ont five feet ff)ur or five inches. They nre
liiit sliiuly Imilt, and jxisstss Imt litih; niUHeuhir devehninient .... li^'ht luowii
(l eolor.' Some have ' ii Chinese eiint of connteiiuncf
riistv liiiiek
h;iir.' Siiiiiii, in ■'^iiiillistin'mn lliiil , iHtiT, i).4IH. Their ' fentnres were (l:it,
-like ... .siimll h't,':.^e(l, bi^'-bellied iinil hrdiid-shouitlered.' A'l
s.svoicc, ]). 52. 'ilore niiserahli' hioUint^ iibjeets J nevi r hehelil;'
ular.' FmiKihl <iii<l Juntnt/'s SUlis nf 'J'kh-,, p. I'M.
larL;e
I' anil nmtic
\Vie(h'rhehe rhvsioi'uonden uiid tJestaltei
until niittlerer (Iriisse
j^Tosse Kiijife, vorstelienih' Stirn nnd liiiekenlvnoelien, dielie Nasen, a
if^,'P-
rfene fiippen nnd Ideine f,'eselditzte Au^'en. . . .Ihr (iesieht var diiukhr
als irh es ji'iiials hei Indianern ^,'efnnden.' Molllninsi n, TiHjvlinili. p. WW. ' Vnii
Zdliii^eii weit al)-telienden Han))thaaren bedeelct.' Mollli<iiise)i, FlurldliiKi. tnni.
iii., |i 11*. ' ni-foriued. eiuaeiated. and miserable looking,' nice. . . had all a,
fr acheniiHfienilisli look.' tlurlliirn /'ccs. \(ir., vol. i., j). ;{27. ' ]'hvsienlly
of a sliuditer build than any Indian.-; I have sicn.' ('ht)ii. in Iml. Atl'. lUpt.
is7i. p. 47.
Z'li'i'i A'.c, p
p. liiM
Most wretched liiDKinj' huiians 1 have ever seen
U.
Siliinitris'
■ Small in statiU'
-Ida
I'llns' l.il'i'iir ( 'ill-sou.
Hair is very black and strai).;lit, ninidi resend>linj,' hmse hair.
qipears t ) beloni; to tlie Asiatic type.' Ilnirii. in SrlnKilrrajTs An'li., vol. v.
]i, "211. ' (lipsy lookini,' with an eye sinunlarly wild and jiierci
llnilsl,
W
1'
Hi
ive verv
lif,dit
Dii' Ijipaiiis haben blondes Hii
eoni|
11 lexions.' Ward's .l/i.ricn, vo
1. i.
1'
iilil s
.".HO.
id sind schi'me I.ente.' Mi'ililiniiniviit. .l/c-
Jii'ii, toiti. i., p. '>\~>. toiu. ii., pt. ii., |). I'll. ' Sunt des beaux honimes.' Jjirln
jii'/i'. ItiKinssit-lionlliiiii, p. H'2. 'Tall, niajestie in tiu'nre; niiiM'idai'.' Jlriml:-
M.n/r
7V,,v(,-
M>'.
vol. i.
.1;^ '•., etc., vol. ii. p. Tiii. ' Fine physical conformation.' Fnule's
P
:it,s.
Their skin looked whit: r than 1 have evi r seen it in
till' Indians.' U'izlhvnits' Tour. ]).'\. ' Crian jiic nieiior (pie los olros indios.
•'/, I) srri]). </. ii(/.,in hill'. IlisI .Vcr, seiie
r
tom. IV., ])
MU.
T(
Hiiu niorenos. euer|io hien juoporcionado, ojos vivos.
]1|M
IV/.i
Xdtiriils ill', Su
ibello lar^'o y luni
'". ji. ■-(!
Sn talla V color dilereneian
al'_,'ii en cada tribii, viriando este desde el broneeado al nioreni
Son todos
Hell |)riipiirciona
dos . . V nin''una b.irba.' (iiirriu Cunile, in Snr, M,
. toai. v., p. !U 4; see also I'nnl'ro, in Ormcui/ Jirmi, (iiDijrufln, ]ij).:t7U-l,
riiou|.,'h not tall, are admiriibly formed, with tine features and a brit^lit com-
JileXloll
ind
mini' to ve
\l
I'lillir's I'lrs. Xiir., p. 117
Son altos, rubios
y dc bellisimas proporciones,' Jii rislu ("n'litlfira, toni. i., ]>.")"). ' Taille ordi-
naire, de couleur foucu.' ' Comme ces ludieus uo fout leur uourritiue ^uo
480
NEW MEXICANS.
All the natives of this rt'i^ion wear the hair much in
the same manner, ent s(|nare across the Ibreliead. iiiid
liowinj;' hehind.'" Th(^ ^^)jave men nsnallv twist or plait
it, while with the women it is allowed to han<i loose.
Tattooin*;' is connnon, hnt not universal; many of tliii
Mojave women tatt(H> the chin in vertical lines like the
Cential Californiiins, except thiit the lines are closer to-
;;ether.'^ I'aint is freely used amonji; the Mojaves, hlark
and red predominating", hut the Ai)aches, Vumas, iuid
others use a jiivater variety of colors."* Jh'eech-doth imd
moccasins are the ordinary dress of the men,'' while the
(Ic clmir pt ])riiicipiileii>oiit do ccllt' tlo rrtnc ct du mulct, ilH cxliiiliiit iiiio
(idi'ur si pt'iii'tiiiuti' (jiiii li's chcviiux tt siirtoiit Ics iiiult's rtl)ri)Ussiiit du iiiiii
uiissitiit (lu'ils Ics t'vcntciit.' ,*>'(«'. 'ii'iH/.
lUiUit'iii, st'rif v., No.
1'
"' ' ('lit their hair sliort over thr forcliciid, mid let it Imii^,' biliiiid.' I)n„i.
encrh's pi'scrla. vol. il., j). ('("i. Distiii'^'iiislicd 'diiich dfii vdllstaiidii,' j,'liiili.
iiiiissini'ii Schiiitt iiircc scliwiirzcii llu in
toiu,
.1/.;////'
i., p. '^74; Mi'illniHsvn, 7'((,'/''''<(''/', p. !("*!; /'
niiirnii. Hi lai'ii in <
IU> F>ls.
Sitiii'iiif's' Zii'i'i. Ex., ))p. lo, IH; I'dliinr, in /A
4o('), ii'.l: ll7,;/i/,V, il, I'di-. li. /,'. 7^7-^. veil, iii., ]>]> W, 110.
trji' r
'S .\l>llfllf I lllll'tfl/. 111?
'i Mitij., vol. xvii., 1 II,
1' y,\n]A
'ills, lifter tiii'V iiiiirrv, tattoo tlie <'liiii • witli vertical liliie line;
J'liliiirr, ill U'lrjicr's Md'i , vol. xvii , ji. Kiit. Yunms: ' Docli ist iliiieii d.i.s
Tatowii'eii nii'lit freiiid; dieses
'd indessen iiielir voii den l''iaiii ii lUe'i -
vveiidet welelie sich di" Minid\viir.:el uiid ilas Kiiiii init lilaiieii l'iiiil;l( n mid
liinien scliniiiekeii,' .UtVlliiKtu' ii, Hi'ixiii in lUv Filsiiifii'li., tmii. i.,p. 1-4; .'Ai'/-
/('
T<i,
V
;W."): .s7/'((/^
'.s' I'ltjil. (hitniiiii liirls, pp. 151-2
'/'/"
JCirhank, iinil Tnrnfr's lUpl., ]). 31), i'l l'iii\ It. li. U()it., Vol. iii., and plali
Ml •///('/', in Eiiiiiiil'a H' jit., r. S. ilHil Mix. Itinliiiliiri/ Snrrri/, V(
ll.
OliDIJ.
IliiHifi
rie v., No. Itli, p. iHil; Triiisiiri/ nf 7
nir.
V
:i2.
1'
lUi;
Das (resiellt llilttell sich idle Vier (Mojaves) allf f^leielle Weise lie-
iiialt, nanilieh Uohlsehwarz uiit eiiiein vothen Striclie, der sieli von der Stiine
iiher Nase, Mmid und Kilili zo^'.' Miillliiinsan, Tii'ielnicli, pj). ;in:!, ■i^i'i, ^i^iN;
plate, :!!tt. ' I'aintiHl perfectly l>liick. exceptiu",' ii red stripe from tlie top of
ids foreliead, d )\vii the l)rid;,'e of liis nose to liis chin.' /res' I'nluruln ll'ir.,
p. 07. Tlie Apadies ' So tiucll el cllerpo v la cam C(Tli liastiintes culores." Ilnr.
Hist. .V. \'i:rili/il. MS. p. ,j. ' rintuni de ^'leda v iillllllj,'re coll line se Ulitall
1 1 ' : > / , . I . • , . . . .!/.../• .. ■.ri . I, ..
II earn,
lirazos y pieruiis.' Cordcni, in (frnzro y liirra, Iiviiiiriij'iii,\).'.i7\; l>"
J fist. .)fi:v., serie iv., toin. iii., p, 11; Vchisro, Xaliciiin ik Sinmrd, p
JIfiiri/, in Scliiiiilrrd/l's Airh., vol. v., p. 211; llnnli/'s Trow, ji. ;i;i7; Snmf
Sniilhsimi'in llijit.. iHVu, p. 41f~i; Wliiiijili , Kirhank, (tiiil Tiinicr's Hijil.. p
irl. ill
ill Par. It. It. It I't , vol.
1 jiiiite; ll7(i/>/*/'', in I'ur. It. It. Itijit., vol.
iii., J). lUt; Siilrlniiiir, in J}i>r. Hist. Mi.,., serie iii., vol. iv., p. h.")S.
'■' 'Naki'd with the exception of the breech-doth.' ,'>itiiri(irrs' /.n,',! I
pp. 14,
see also plates; .Mojave men 'simply n breech-doth.' 7'
Iiid. Alf. Itipl.. 1H71. ' No dothiiii,' but ii strij) ot cotton. . . .The Yniiias dis-
play 'u ludicrous variety of tiuvdry colors ami dirty finery.' 7ns' (dlnrnil"
li'pl., pp. "jI, jV.I, (Ui. Hee colored plates of Yunms, Mojaves, and liiiaipais,
' .\ndaii enteraiiieiite desiindos.' Alrjir, Hist. Coinii. ilv Jr.ins, turn, iii., ]). Ill;
Mollfiiinsin. Tmii'iiirh, p. ;i8:i; Domninli's Ikscrts, vol. Ji., p. (J'i; ll<irili/'s I
p)). 'MCt, .'14-2; .'<triilli)n's Cujit. Odtmnii dirls, ]>. I:i8; J'lilliv's J'irs. Xur., ji.
ir«/Avr, in Iml. At/. Itepl., 1872, p. 102; ('„/•/«, in l'a<\ It It. Itij't., v..l. iii
li:i;
p. 124; 117/;;)/./
/.'. J{. It jit., vol. iii., p. 3i; Cn-iniinii s .{jiiirlns. ]
2!), 132; Sur. U<:i.ij., Uidldin, serie v., No. 'JH, p. 180; Imlian Traits, vol
iu JIayes Vol,
DRESS OF APACHES AND jrOJAVEr-*.
481
AvoTiicn have a short petticoat of hark.'"" Tlio drpss of
llic .\rojaves and Apachi'S isolU'ii inort' prcteiitiouM, ht'ing
a huckskin shirt, skull-('a[> or ht'hiiot, and moccasins of
the same material; the hitte;*, hroad at tlie toes, sUjihtly
tinned n[), and reachniji high np on tlie leg, serve as a
|»rotection against cacti and thorns.'-^ it is a connn»)n
pi'iurtice among these tribes to plaster the head and hody
with nmd, which mits as a preventive against vermin and
a prote(!tion from the sun's r
0'
in tl
leu" se
led
ion
2" ' A ff"\v stripes of the inner Lurk of the willow or noaciii tied Hciintily
rnniitl till ir waists ' llnrdi/'s Tiiir,. ji. ;t:t,;. 'Iaiuh friu^'c of stiips <>{ wiiluw
link wimiid iiniiind the wiiist.' .Si7 /('.(/res' Zin'tl A'.i'., j). IH. The iiiiii wear
a Htri|) of cotton,' thci voiiien ' ii short iietticoat, inailc of strips of liark.'
. (i(j. ' Niulf, with the fxci'ption of a (liiiiiiiiiti\r Im (cli
/ri-.s' I 'i)liir((il(i It
V
SI' culircn (le la cintiua liastit
,SV'/./„
/>("•. //;>/. .)/..
cloth.' I'l'i miiiii/'s .\)iilrliis. p. 2'.(. 'Las
l;is picrnas con la c'lscara interior del
sirie iii., toni. iv., p. M")!. ' Las nmj,'eres se enliren de la ciiitiira a la rodill:i
coll la ci'iscara interior del sauce.' Ah'' ire, I list. ('(diij). de •lisiis, toiii. iii., \>. Ill;
Miillliiinsiii. 'r<i(iihiii'li, p. ;J.S1; M(illli(iiisfH, lii'isi'i) tii die Filsttiiieh., vol. i., p.
1211; Slriillii)i's Ctijtl. OdIiiKtii 'rirls. ]>. II!K; Siir. (Ii-ii'i., Ilidlitiii, serie v.. No. !l(i,
jp. ISO; ir/i/'/i/z/c, in I'dr. II. Ii. Ilijit., \{i\. iii., p. HI; W'/iiiijili; h'lrlnnil,; (imt
7'/(/7irc'.s Uijil.. p, ;t;t, in I'dc. II. H. Itejtt., vol. iii., iilale and cuts; Timiier,
ill Ind. .1/. Ilrjit., 1871, p. ;i(U; rurkvv, in linl. Aff. hii>t., 1S7(I, ]>. Ktil; MUh-
hr. in I'ltiiiiry's licjit. U, S. and Mix, Jiouitdary iiurfiy, vol. i., pp. 10!), 110,
with plate.
'■'I ' Tartly clothed like the Spaniards, with wid<' drawers, nioeciisins and
li''.,'i,'in)^s to t!'!; knee , .their nioceasins have turned-np K(|nare toes, mostly
tiny hav(' no head-dress, some have hats, some fantastic helmets.' I nils'
t'oiK/. oi {'ill., p. IhL ''I'hey prefer the le,!.{<,'in^' and hlaiiket to any other
dress.' itmililt'.i I'crn. Xiir., vol. i., p]). Ifill, li'JH 'Mexican dress and sad-
dles )ir(doiiiiiiated, showini; whore they had chielly iiiaih; np their wardrobi
iiiiodan alrededor
Eiiiiirji's l!'i'iiim<ii.^iiii,ci\ p. (II. 'Los hombres, se las aco
ili'l ciicrjx), dcjando dtsaiiibara/.ados los bra/os. J'2s en lo ^'eiieral la f,'aiiiii/,u
11 piel del veiiudo la tjiie eiiiplean en este scrvicio. ("ubrcii la cabe/.a de nn
lionet
rra di^ lo mismo, tal vez adornado de jiliiiiias de aves. d cueriiort
del • •
dr aiiiiiiales. . . .El vestiiario de las mnjeres es it,'imlmeiite de piclcs.' ('anli'
ill Dnnfi) 1/ III rni, (li'ininit'lu, \t. 'Ml. ' ('<'rvinis tei>,'oribus aniicinntur tain
fieiiiiiiic (piaiii mares.' H'mir'uhs, in T)e I/iit, Xunis Orhis. p.31li; Alnvrhun,
ill llnklniirs Viiy., vol. iii., pp. A'.W, 41(7; Sononi, Disrrlfi. lii'mi., in />(«•. IH.st.
.l/i'.r., serie iii,, torn, iv.. p. T)!!!; />(»•. Ili.it. X. \'iiriii/ii, ,1/.'>'., p. fi; I'littii's
I'l'i-s. .\'itr., )). 117; Ifii'ili's' Ihiiiiphitn's 7i.r., p. '211; I'tlirs' [.ifr n/ ('iirsi)n. p.
l")!; Ilrnrif. Ill Sdiniilrriifl'.'i Arch., vol. v.. ]>\>. 210, '211; ir(//A(r,"in Iml. Aff.
Ilrpl.. 1,S72, p. 171; I'lirh'r, in Iml. Af. /.'i/./., IHO!), p. '24S; llonhl, in jiid.
If/'. Il'pl., 1H71, p. ;U)7; Mill, ill Tl
-I'iDiijiiiiis, I'll}/., serij' i., torn. ix.
p[i. 'll't'i. '2<>S; Fi'iidii'l, Ans Aiiici'iha. toiii. ii., pp. Kil, 424; see also Frnrliil'.t
'd. A I
W
:3(»i), 4yi); a
ill I'linde, in Allnuii Me.r.. ti
1'
pp. 4<l, KIC,
'2(;(;; .!/(■;//-
1<)7; IJiKili, Cii.-i' nines, plate xxii; I'elnsro, .S'liticiiis de Sun
/c/u.sH, FHh-Jdlinij, toiii. ii., p. I7lt; liKininonl, Cn'in. de Meeliuaran, J/.S., p.
417; L'ldiiipiHe, lliionsset de liuullitiii, ]>. 82.
2'^ The litiir of the Mohaves is occasionally ' matted on the top of the head
into a conijiact mass with mud.' Silireiires' Zn/ii Kv., p. 18. 'Their | i;,'-
inents are ochre, elay, and probably charcoal niinj,dt'd willi oil.' Wlili'i'le,
Eir'ianhu and Tamer's Kept., jip. 'X\, in Pac. 11. Ii. Itept., vol. iii. ' llir
ir;ni])tschniuelc (l:i;:;('t,'eii sind die laii^'eli, starken Ilaure, die iiiittekt iiiisser
Lt'hnierde in llolieii gedreht.' Muilluinsea, lifisen in die Felsemjeb, torn, i., p.
Vol. I. 31
482
NEW MEXICANS.
of orn imonts the Mojavos sliow a profcronco for white.
inttM'i'iixinl ^\itli l)hie; nocklacos and L'niceh'ts made
IVoij' heads ai)d small shells, usually stnnii;' toii'etlicr.
hut sometimes sowed on to leather hands are uuich in
vogue, ^riio Apache ntiticm ado[)t a move fantastic style
in paintiuu; and in their head-dress; for ornament
they employ deer-hoofs, shells, fish-hones, heads, and
occasionally p()rcin)ine-(pulls. with which the women eni-
])roider their short deei'-.'-Uin ])etticoats.-' 'i'he Xav-
ajocs. hoth men and women, wear the hair lonj:', tied or
cluhhcd \\\) hehind; they do not tattoo or dislijiurc
themselves with [)aint."* The ordinary dress is a species
of huntinu'-shirt, or dor.hlct. oi" deer-skin, or a hlankct
conlined at the waist h\ahelt: huckskin hreeches. some-
times ornamented up the seams with jjieces of silver or
porcupine-(piills; long moccasins, reaching well up the
124. The Axniis ' Boplastorod their b(i(li(-s aiul hair witli nind.' Ifdrili/'^
Tnii\. ))]). ;it:i-J, li.")(!, ;U>S, ;J7(); /{nunii'.s Ajinrln' ('ninitr!/, I'l'' '''• ''■'■
'" Small white heads are liiiihlv iirized hv the Mdliav
Hirer, |)[). (iS-',).
Tl
If yoini|j; j,'
1'
lis \V(
li
>/o)ve/..
heads
a iieeldaee with a sIiil;!
scii-sliell ill front.' The men • hatlier li
■lets, triiniiird with hri'.,'ht hiit-
toiis .
.ea'dos' feathers, called "soriiieh." Sdiiietiliies white, soliietiliu'.; of a
<'riiiis()ii tint . . . string's of wani|)uiii, made of eirenlar jiie'esnf shell.' H7i//i-
plf, in /''/(■. //, /,'. Ill jit,, viil. iii.. \^\i. IN. 11;"). ' Shells of the |ieaii-iiyster,
and a idiivli wooden imat,'e are th ■ favorite ornaments of hoth sexes' with
the Ajiaehes. Ilinri/, in Si'lKinlcni/t's Anh.. vol. v.. |i. 2111. ' Sus adoiiios (ii
<d cnello y lira/(is s<jn sart.is rh' iiesiiuas de veuado y h rrendos. (Miiehas.
^jiliias
d(
1>
do y raiees de yerhas odoriferas. Las f.imilias mas ]iu
entes y aseiiilas hordan sns trajes y /apatos de la espiiia del ])ner('o-( s]iin.'
( 'iiriUvn, in Oi'mrn >/ Hcrr'i, tinhirn/in p. 1171. ' .Vdiirnaiise con LjarKantillas i\'
carai hllos del mar. enlrevcr ados de otras cuent.is, de coiich.is colorada-^
redondas.' Si'ili,
in l)i>r. y/;,s<. ,U.,
H.-)l.
I.
niULieres |i<ir arracadas i\ a.'ctes, so < Ui'hjfan ctnichas eiiterus de nacar. y otras
adii orcja.' Ali'irc, llisl. I'lnnji. de .hsns, tun. iii , ]'• HI;
niiivorcs aznles en c
JiVinlifl, Alls Aiii'i'ihi. tom. ii., j). 4-!l: ICnmri/'fi li'ii-iDiiinlssuiivr, p. (il ; ('rciiidtn/
Apnflii!>. p. 2iJ; iliircin CuniU', in Allunn .ilr.v., toni. i. )>p, liKl, HiT; I'dllii'x
Peru. X<ir., ]>. 1H»; Hurlhtt'a I'n-s. \iii\, vol. ii., p. IHl, Unninin. t\\ Dor. Ilixt.
4c:
,1/f,r., serio iii., t »ni. iv., ]>. HH7; I'lilimr, in Ihirprr's } ihi . vol. xvii., ]
Vrliisri), X'lliridnilt' S'liKirii, ]). •2<i('>; llriiini''s Apdrliv I'l 'ulrij. ]i)i. (id-f' I; Mirli-
ier, in Kmo.i/'s Hipt. ('.S.hikI Mr.r. Hiniiiiliiri/ Sum i/, \\,. 1(I!)-1H); Wli'ippl'.
ill /*'/'•. /.'. ii. It'jil., vol. iii.,ii.!»S; W'liifijiU', Eir'ni,',!,. ,111,1 Turiirr'.s lii}>t.. y
;t;j.
/''('•. /,'. H. I{,.,il.
>\.
.Ur.iilii
ii'ii I
I'l'
as'.i, :);)l, ;!'.i:i:
Mmtliiniis, .yimirc U'lnlil. p. '210; ll'inli/'s Tnir.. \i .'(il; Siniirl. in SiiiUli-
Hrpt.. \S{\
'2<i(>. ^(IS. ■i7;i; Ahi
I. i.p
41H l!l: 7
irui',ix-( '
i/)'0
rie i.. tom. ix.. )>
Mihnh. tom.
'-'1 Th.
in Siii'itli-
p. (it.
in ll'iUiu/t's I'll)/., vol. iii.. jl. 4:17; Mr.fil.aiiisrlir /."-
d li
li.iir IS worn loni^ am
inn li'ilif., l.S.")."i, 1). ^'.Ilt
I'M
Laii
hell
liv both
l.dh'
star!
aar 111 eini'll <
Zopi ziisamnieii^cknotet.' MOHIu.
A. i.
l''
:i'2'.t.
FiiirldHiiii, tuui. iT., p
lilliell
;1(1; Harlhlls
COMAXCIIE DEESS AND ORNAMENT.
i»3
lejr, and a round ludinet-sljapcd cap. also of l)uekskin,
sin-nioinitcd Avitli a i)lunic of eagle or wild tnrkev leath-
ers, and fastened uith a chin-strap. The women weai-
a blanket and waist-belt, breeches and nio(!casins. Tlui
belts, which are of buckskin, are frequently I'ichly oruii-
niented with silver. They sometimes also use [)orcupine-
(juills. with which they embroider their garments.''
The Comanches of both sexes tattoo the face, and
body generally on the breast."'' The 'iwn do not cut tiu;
hair, but gather it into tufts or [jhsits. to which they
attach round pieces of siher graduated in size from toj)
to bottom; those who cannot obtain or alVord siher use
beads, tin, or glass.'" Much time is s[»ent by them in
' Tolcriililv well (Irosstil. niostlv in Inu'kskir
Thcv (li'i'ss with ''icat-
( r cDiiif'irt til
iiiv otliir trilif, and w, . r wooliii and will-fanm d Imcksk
tlic oiitrf spunis ai'i' udmiud willi silver or brass liuttuns.' I>ii
Kl a
pp. liKi, 411, 41-2. L
,'L;nis ma
dc (if v.i'cr-skin willi thick solt
11 Irath-
ru rx\\ shaiK'd like a hiliiU't, dfcorattd with cdcks', <'ii},'lis' or vultnn
fwith
Fi'lH
Ihl
Ih
PI
11). isi. i.sj.
.\\\l dciu Kupff tn
till!' iii'liiiartiL,'i: Li'drrkappr die },'cwiiliiilicli iiiit liiH'iii Unstdi kurzcr. \i\A\\-
V udcr 'rrntlialiiifi'drrii uiid tinin. n (Icier odcr A.llcrfi ('4 "11 ^'cschniiickt isl.'
MiMllniii^ien, 'raiiolnich, ]ip, •JlI*. 2:i(). ■ .V cliis(> handed cap i wmn hy the itieii
which irt 1,'racofiilly <irnanieiited hy feathi'rs, and held under the chin l)y ■,\
smdl throat-iati'h.' Si'lioaliT'i/l's Arch., vol. iv., p. -ht"), and plate vii., J'i;;. U,
]'. 71. ''I'hiir wardrohcs arc never oxtrav,i^'aiitly sniiplied.' Htii-hus. in
S-huiilmi/t's Ai'i-li., vol. iv., p. 212. The wmncu 'wear a hlaiiket.' Irs' I'ul-
iir(td<> U'n\, p. ]2,S, ami plate,
Tl
ic woineii
ire blankets, legf^ins and
liioccasoiis.
lilljisoil s
liiiir. Mil. Itfiiiii., jip. .")1, TiJ, HI. ' Over all is thrown
u lilaukct, under and soiiictiiiies over which is worn a ludt, to which arc ut-
tiched oval pieces of silver.' JaIIi
'iiriintii. in 3'^iiiillifiitiiiiui
V.
hi l>
I., is:
1'
2!»li.
h itt
A
1 • woiiieiis dress is • <''-.i"rty composed of skins .. showily corded at tli
fi)
>f !>clt of b.ads and |Kirciipine ipiills." I'litl'i 'a l\rs.
ip. U.S-",». Ihirllrifs I'rrs. X'ir.. vol. i., p.;t2'.); Mu'/'n
tom.
11' i>iit in ilit
ii.. ]<p. 2i(l. 221, 2.'i."); Miililmntrn, IThcIiIUk^i. tom. iv., jip. ;;(i.
/V
;!7; \Vliij)jtU\ /•,', 'iii,h\(ni(l 7
Ilrist >l, in //(■/. AiJ. II pi. .'^p r. Cum., 18(!7, p. Ull; I'nr
Itipi., ,.. :u, in I'dr. i;. Ii. l;,pi
»
i'attc
ii., 1). 2HI.
'il over the body, especially on the lie t.' I>ii
A.
V
;tnr,
r/('.s' Ihxirh
Tattoo tl
fa
d b
sts
iiirri/ s
.\ rill If I.i
l>. .:;!
p. :(J.
s jiixta ut((ne foiiiiiia' facics atcpic anus limis ipiibiisdam persieiiaiit.
Orhi
p. ;)10; ll'((/./c/i, /,Vc/((/-'7c.s-, ji. 711; /■'-
nnihuin s
I rnr.
Thcv never cut the hair, but
1111
it of very t,'rc'at Icnj^'t'i. and oriia-
nt it upon state occasions with silver and beads." .lAovj/'.s' .\riiii/ I.ih , \
'2a. 'Their heads arc covered witli bits of tin and i^lass.' ,Si'„/»((;v/'.s I.iiiul i,f
Vii' .l:^■■^•, p. ]S2. ' I)er dickc nml laiii; liber den Hiickeii hin.ibhaiif,'eiulc
Zonf
iiiit abwarts imnier kleiiier wci'dcndeii silberiieii Scheibeu b( lastet, die
iia N'ackeii mit der (ir
iissc eincr ni 'ssij^cii
T'ntertass(> heninneiid. an der
Spitzc dcs Zopfes met der Onisse cines lialbcn Thalers en lif^tcn.' l\-">'lifl,
An-i .\iiifrlhi, torn, ii., p. IDI), and l-'nifhi'l's I'rul. .Im.. p. 211(1. Tlu'y ■never
I'Mt their hair, which ilu^y wear Ion;,', iiiin;,'linL; with it on )iarticiilar occasions
Hilver orn.iiiients and iie.iiis
U
l>i
■h's Dr.i.rts
A.
p. 24.
r.
ilo^
ov.iu 111 eabf/.a trasi^iiilada desde l.i iiiitud hustii la froutc, y ilcjau ki dt'iiiis del
i
\
\i
an
1
^^i-
• »u
> in
mm
1
484
NEW MEXICANS.
])aintin,tr and udornin};' their person — red l)ein,u a fiivor-
itc color: leathei's also ibriu a necessary adjnnct to their
toilet."" Sonu' few wear a deer-skin shirt, hnt the more
eonnnon dress is the huiValo-rohe. >vhi(;h ibrnis the sole
coseriiiLi' ibr the ui)[)er part of the hody; in addition, the
hi'eeeh-cloth. le;i,!i,ins. and Mioceasins are woni. Tlu'
women cro^) the hair short, and a lonu; shirt made (tf
deer-skin, which extends iVom the neck to helow the
knees, with leiigins and moccasins, are their usual at-
tire."'
iM'lf) ool,c;anclo.' Beinmonl. Cri'm,(le Mirlioaran, ^fS.,\■>.'^^ll•, Ui'vista I'linl'iftm,
\n\\. i., p. llii: /'(((•/. •'/•'s Sill X nil Ti'X., y. l!)l; l)r<iiiiiiin ('(iiiij>., \t. I'i'.i; Mii'l-
li insi'ii. Ta iihn li, p. I I'l: Wi'iiiipli', h'lr'ntii/.-, nn I 'I'linn-r's llciil., [i. 'Si, iu P<ir.
J!, li. Ii''pt.. vol. iii.; ilnn-in I'onilc, in Allium Mix., toiu. i., ]i, 'J'.IK; I'liinlihr,
I'..//., p. 2-21.
'^^ '111! (rcsichtc iiiit ZiiiiKilicr 1>. iiiiilt, luif ilnu Kopfc iiiit Adliifiilnn i^i -
Hi'liiiiiickt.' Fmihil, Alls Aimril.d, toiii. ii.. ii. 100. "It takrs tlnin a (dii-
hiilcr.ibli^ tiiuf to dress, iiiiil stick f- utlurs .uid liiails in tlnii- hail-.' Umtn.
lii'f.h'.t /A'.sc/7s, vol. ii., p. "iHl. 'Fmiil of dcckiiiL; tin instlvcs witii ]);iint,
li.'iids iiiid fciithci's.' Marry'^t Ariiii/ Lii'f, ]>]>. 2."). 2i>, ;io. ■ Vi di rliosscln u
n I't lioofd.' .]fiii<li(iiiis, Xicitiri' W'lriid, p. •iil'.l. ' ]',n (pianto a los coloics,
V uiaii nmcho. no solanicnti; en »'llos. sino tand)i('n en los dilmjos <pic sh
liiL'i'Uon lii cam.' 'rurri'i ('miili', in Al'iiim Mi.r.. toni. i., p. 2!>'.i. The t'n-
iii.inclics ' dc tout «exe portent lui niiroir attaclic an i>oii,'net, ct se tcif,'neiit
1 ' vistlLje eu rOUvJe.' Snf. lii'ii J., liafhl'm. si'l'io v.. No. IK), |i. liU: U'IhiijiIi . F.ir-
l.nih', mill Turin r'lt Hjtt., j). 27, in I'lir. U. ti. Uifil.. vol. iii.; I'liliim-. ni
I! irpcr'.'i .1/1(7., vol. xvii., j). -ir>(); I'lillii's J'lm, X'ir.. pp. li"). ;i(l; Sr/mnlrnnTx
Arcli., vol. ii., p. l:t:i; rurhirs .Witcs on 7V,i'., pp. ISl, lOl. l'.»7, 202: ir;.-;/'i:c-
»"(•«' V'o"/'., p. 71; Siiiijtsitn'.'i •liiiir. Mil. Jii-nni., p. ll'J; .\li<iri. Ilinl. ('niiifi. ilt>
./••fills, toni. i., p. 3lt2; I'Din'ner, \'<ii/., j). 221; llmiiiinnn nml MiUuril, Tix'n,
\<. 110; hiiTititnlliTP, M *■. il tiiKil., \i. 117, plate; Tvinii.sl.i/.-i .l/(7/<(, j). SO; h'ilt-
i 1,11's Triir,, p. ;lOi'); //'<//< i- Ciliit'irili/, p. 25.
''^" ■The e'aniaiiclic* prefer darU clothes.' Pnrl.iv's .Xnlrs nii '/'• ., \i\). iw).
ISi, 202. ' Les ^iierriei-rt jiort* nt i)our tout vetcnient une ))( an de ImlHc cu
iMiiiitrail.' Snr. 'ri'o/., Hull I'm. seno V., No. ".Ml, p. 11)2. ' Lus niu^'eres alidaii
V stalas l^■ la cinttir* |»4iru aliajo con Ulios cueros (h' vcnado adolndo c ii
t iiinn d' fal<lelline,-i, \ im»>«> ii el cu. rjmcon unoscapotillos del niisnioeiiero.'
Hhihi'iii.ii, I'rnn, ill' Mil i.,<itiiii, .1/>,. p. .■■)27. ' Vistcnse '^'al ■ is, . asi lionihres
<• >iii'> niilj^eres c(r« niantas pintada:- y bonladas.' riiii/iiiiiiiiilK, Mmiiirii. Iml..
t liii. i., ]). tisi. ' Siis vestidos se ciKiipoii' ii de una-i hotas, un lucdiann dc-
I mtal (pie cnhre sus verj,'iii ii/.as, y un c'lton, todo de pieles: ic.s imiii;iics
luan una nianta euudrada dc lana uej^ra iniiy estrccha.' .l/i-,7'<. Hist. Ciiinii.
<l ■ ,lrsii-i, toni. i., p. '.V.M. 'Tiiiii mares i(iiaiii fii'ii»»*«iii' i,'ossy|iinis tunieis cl
f^rariiiu exuviis vestieliantiir ad Mcxi<'aiioiniii iioii.. «ni if <|Uod jnsoleiis liar-
hiris, ideoipie llis|>aiiis iu'vuin visiiiii. utehaiitur culcew atcpie ocrei-- ipue e
fi'iMruni tci'noriliiis et taiirino corio i suta eraiit. l-'niionis capillus lieiie
pexus et ele^'aiituv eiat dispositus. nee ullo pra'terea velaliiiie cMpiit teucliaiil.'
/>'■ L<hl, .Xortis orhis, p. ;U1, Fi-Dihi'l. Ans Aimiikn. \>\ •*» 101; Ihii . d
<'.(;/(/(., p. l.")!!; l|'nv/c/(, Hrrlii rrliis, ])p. 711. SM; Uilfi'Kl I'l- ■!■. in AII'iiM .W'.i ,
(o'li.i., p. 2!lll; .'^■il nil' run. Uilurinnis. in llm'. Hist. U>jr , ». «*■ »i. . !««» iv., ]>p
2"t, ;n, 01; llrislii i 'i, ulinni. toni. i., ]>. 1(12; //'</».- ' ((/iC/i (///, p Zli. .'A/if//
.1 •nil/ l.il\\ ))]). 2."), 211, 1."); I'nhnir, in lliirjirr's Mmi., vol, xvii., it. l-Vt; (.'ri-hiinifi /.
.t/)(c'ii's, p. l."); f.iirniiin'Ht'ri , M X. 1 1 h'luil, p. 117. |)lale; (inh"' . ill V inllis
A I tiiUii (/li 1'"//., 1^51, toni. cxxxi., pp. 252,272, 27); .V")iri«a.', Vi/.-«««(;t' Wen-
DWELLINGS OF THE APACHES.
485
Xomadic niul roviiiir in tlioir luihits. tlioy pny little
jittontion to the coiistnictiou of tlieir Jwellinus. Sel-
dom do tlie\' reiiiiiin more tliiin a Aveek in one locality;"'
hence theii' lod^ues are conifortless, and di\ei'si(ied in
.<tyle accordini;' to caprice and circnnistances. The
iVume-work everywhere is nsually of poles, the Coninn-
ches placing them erect, the Lipans hringing the tops
toLivHier in cone-sha[)(\ while the Apaclu's hend them
o\er into a low oval;" one or otlu'r of the aho\e lorins
is usually adopted hy all this I'amily. '" with nnimportaiit
dill'ei't'nces depending on locality and variations ol' cli-
mate. The I'rami'work is covered with hrushwood .or
'//, p. '2lf), and Duppir, .Vckc Wi'I. yi. 24'5; f'dsl'i/'u'dd. in TcnKnf.r-' 'oni/K/K.s',
1.7/., si'i'ic i., turn, iv., p. Ii7; Wisliu'inia' Tour,, ]>. 71; J'ar/.
7(i
I'd. Air.
It I'l , is;;), ]i. KM); l-'sm /rro, .\oliciiis do ('liiliiiiilniii, ]i. "Jlid; lirci:'/ s Coin.
I'iiii,-H:i vol. ii., ])!>. :iS, :U0, :ni; Foshrs I'n-llisl. /.V.v.s, p. -i^M; llnrlniniin
itiul MUliiril. 7V,iv(.s. ]). Ill); Doiiictnrli, Jour., pp. llil, llio; Maillitnl. Hist. 'I'l.r.,
p. 210. ff((i(iiiiill(), in 'I'enKiii.r-Coiiijiiiiis. \'oi/.. st'iit- i., toni. ix., p[p. ;!72. !i7r;
I'lislni'io ill- .S'l.ijK, in I'liiliirii, Col. Doc. hiril., t'.)ni. iv., p. lilU; llmi.-^loini s
7V.I'.. p. 227, Alfido, Die iiiiKirio, toiii. iii , \). 181; i'iiriih<
T,
l>rlii»'lcr(ilV.-< Arrli., vol.
1-
i:i;t; D<
rl('.t Jksi'ris, Vol. ii., p. 21.
I'
■'" rill! Ap.Hcliis ' I'ili'tly ifniain more lluui a wi'ck in any ""»' locality.'
Crciiiiifii/'s .l/)(((7(c.v, |i. 24(1. ' Cfttf nation «'tant noniudr it tonjouis ;i la poiir-
snitc ilu j^il)ii'r.' ( </.s7((/7t'(/»t, in 'l\rii(inx-Ciiiiiiniiis, Voij., si'iii' i , toni p. Kl^i;
Solivins (li- Sonorn, p. 2(1!!; Murri/s .{run/ Lifv, p. 4-1; ll< 101/, in ."rln
■ift'.-< Airli.. vol. V. J). 212; ,s-7„»,/
•(//■/•
'/(., Mil. v., ]). '_(I2: lliir/.iia. in lit.
vol. iv.,p 211); '/'('/) liroi'd,-. in /</.. \ol. iv.. p. S',)\ Unihij. in but. Alt'. Iliil
Is.j.S, p. 2()(;; //('/. .1/. It'/.t . .*>><■. Com.. l.S(;7, p. ;L."); FoolC-i 7"
I'S;
• 1'
' Citiiiji
rU-loii. in //"/. Aff. Rrpl.. iw;7. p. :!2."); Ifnilrifs 'IV.fas, p. l.")J; Di
; lv('iiiH<li/'s 7V,iv/s, vol. i., p. 4'i7; Dilnjiorlc. Hi-isin, |it x., p. I"ii'.
rill' jirincipal I'liaiactriistic I luliivc, is the form of their wi^^'wanis;
N 11 crrct poles, another heiuls them over in a circular form, ami tlio
oiip s-'N p en ct jioles
tliin
theiii It low oval shape.' Iturllili's I
Sin
A.
V
\w\
Olli' 1 (iit>is make tlieir lo(l;.,'e.s in a ditierent wav, hy a kno\vled^,'e of which
civcinii->tance, travelers ai
il.lo to di
<cover on arriving
whether it tielon^s to a hostile or frien lly trihe.' I'ifl.t
21 I; ll-irlmo^niiiid .Ullkird, Ti.i-'is. p. Ik'i; '/"
li'ii'Vm. toni. v., p, HI •'),
' Sus cliozas 1) jacalos son circidares. he h
it a di
rtid
'(>■ oil 7'f.i
ip
liicrtii
'n I
<h
i'iii\ in >oc
del
1'
IA.I-. H'oij.
IIS arlioli s, en-
pick's de caliiiUos. vacas, I'l c liol
(hoiro 1/ It: nil. iiiot,riij''ii. p.
;tri. ' I did expect . . to tind that tin- N ivajos had other and hitter habita-
tions thai' till! conical, jiole, lirush, ami mud lodj,'e.' ^imiison'.i dour. Mil.
I .
^;|■'lUlld ill a circle and tviii;,' the toos to-" thcr.' /'((/•/,■ cs .Vo/<.s'0)i Ti.i-ns. p
p. 77. 'The ('alimlicl
iKe Ihejr lod^'es by phu in^' puli s in th
Hilt'
lire only teini or.-irv, con
Iti/il., IS.V), p. 2H!l. • Sie li. staiideii eiiifaih aiis j^'rossen
ical. of sticks. I.illii riiniii. \n Sinillisi iiiii,i
I.auli
1 Ceih
ciLTcn, d
crell
Wnll)
if
rii J'fahli n riihte, mid voti .Vnsseii tin il
w- isc init Erde, I.eliin, 11
/'/m/i, ■(■'), torn, ii., pp. 1
id St' n liedeckt wai
.Uiillli'
It
r/>
'iirniiiillo. Ill /( riKiii.i
.A
ni'e rcc.iin'.;nlar.' Ni''//
22(1 '•'!. 'I'll ^'ranil nonibre de forme londe.'
■-Coiniiiiiis, I <■(/., si'rie i., toni. ix., p ;t7!>. 'Tlnir li dj^'i H
r
"/., seri'
p. W2.
toiii, i\., J)
/"/■/ /•,.!'., p IS; Ciinlii'iiilil. in Ti rniiiLi'-Coini'iiiifi
'.)l; D
do Itii- r. [I. 10(1; /•'/;/'
//'.
ti
M
48(3
NEW MEXICANS.
;(
.skins, .sometimes with grass or flat stones. Tliey nre
i'rom twelve to eighteen I'eet in diameter at the widest
part, and vary from four to eight feet in height,'*^* which
is sometimes inorea.sed hy excavation." A triangulin-
opening serves as a door, which is closed with a juece of
cloth or skin attached to the top.'" When on or near
rocky ground they live in caves, whence .some travelers
have inferred that they huild .stone houses.*^ A few of
33 ' Tbey miikp fliom of nprisht poles a few fpct in hoisht. . . .npon which
rest brush and dirt.' Euion/s llipt. U. S. (Did Mtx. liduuilary Sia-ni/, \ol. i.,
I)p. 111-12. ' Thu very rudost huts hastily coustructtd of branehi-s (if cciliir
trees, and sometimes of flat stones for small roofs.' Kdton, in Srhixilcrnfl'.-i
Arrh., vol. iv., I). 217. These huts are about ei},'ht feet hi^'h, eighteen ieet
in diameter at base, the whole being covered with bark or brush and iiiuil.
.S'i/ii/wou'.s Jour. Mil. Heron., p. (iO. ' Exceedingly rude structures of sticks
aljout four or five fi'ct high.' Backus, iu Sclioolciv/l's Arcli., vol. iv., \). 2i;i.
'The Comanches make their lodges .. in a conical shape... which they
cover with butfalo hides.' Parhr's S'ote.f on 3'w., p. 213. ' lis habit<'nt S(ais
des tentes.' Sue. (iiioij., Bulkthi, serie v., torn. !H5, p. 192; T)aHs' El Grhi'jo., p.
411: Uriiri/, in Sfliookra/t'.'^ Arch., vol. v., p. 212; Bent, in hi., vol. i.. p. 24:i;
Urififi's Com. I'miries, vol. i., p. 290; Bnnvne'.^ Aparhe Country, p. 9(i; Fuin-
Ikiiii'.i Tror., p. 32; Monije, in Doc. Ifi.st. .Vcr., serie iv., torn, i., j). 299; I'it-
l(i-.'>r/ior y Sonchiz, Thentro, torn. ii. ]). 413; Dufey. licsuniti de 1'JIi.st., torn, i.,
J). 4; Tiiniueinadu, Mmatrq. Ind., toni. i., p. 279; Ihnnenevh, Jour., p. bil;
J>'ill<>n, Uist. ^fe.e., p. 97; Ludecuf, Jlei.se, p. 104; llti.^.sel, Mex. Gimt., p. 20.");
Tliiiiinnel. Me.vil,n, p. 3r)2; Enuiry'a Ixivon., p. 01; Marry's liept., p. 219; Cal-
lotiii, in .Voi(C(,7/(.s AuiKile.s (lea Voy , 18.51, toui. cli., p. 274; Jaramillo, in Tn--
uaii.r-C<iiiij>(i)is, Voy., serie i., torn, ix., j)p. 372- 9; Beaumont, Cron. de Mechou-
(■'//(, y. 417; Alarchon, in JlaUuyt's V<iy., vol. iii., p. 431; Dapper, Sene Wilf,
p. 23',(; see also, Montanu.t, Xieare ]Viereld, p. 209; M^o!lhaus( n, Tiniehucli. pp.
11)9-11."); lfii)nl)oldt, J'Jssdi, I'ol., tom. i., p. 230; Curdoae, in Ternaux-CtnnpiOiS,
i'liy., ai-vu' i., tom. x., p. 443; De Laet, Xovus Orbis, p. 301; Broicnell'a lud.
Unci's^ p. 544; llardy'x Trav., p. ;>3C.
" .si/;//w(r('s' ZuTd Kv., p. IS. 'This compels the N.avajors to erect
substantial huts of an oval form, the lower jiortion of the but being ( x-
cavated.' Cremony's Apaches, yt. [WCi. 'They live in brush houses, in tlu>
winter time, digging a hole in the ground and covering this with a brush
roof.' I'm her, in Jud. .\ff'. lUpt., 1870, p. lliO; Ibuthen' llnniphan's ]:',»•., ji.
218; .'Kindlons Capt. Oatiiian Girls, p. 130; Maillard's'jilsi. T'.r., p. 241.
:'■' 'Their lodges are. .. .about four or five feet high, witli a triangular
opening for ingress or egress.' Had, us, in Schntilcmfrs Arch., vol. iv., p. 21i!.
Tile most they do is to build small huts. . . .with thick poles for the ardii s
and a small iloor through which a single j)erson can hardly pass. ]'ilasci,,
.Vnlicias de Stmara, p. 2110. A raiicheri'a of the C'liabajai is described as
' i'laiiiada cumo una graude galeria en una jiieza muy larga adornada con
urcos de sauz, y cubierta con isteras de tule muy delgiulas y bieii cocidas;
ti nia veutanas para la luz y desahogar el liumo y dos puertas, tina al Drieiite
y otr.i al ronieiite, . . . .a los dos ladns d(^ la pieza babia varios caniaras o
alojamientos jiara dormir.' .\rr)cirila, Cn'ndcd .'^erdji'O, jip. 474 o.
■•i' 'Some live in cavi s in the rucks.' T.elhirman, in .^mithsnuian li'pt.,
18.').5, p. 2H9. 'They do not live in bouses built of stone as has been r. jant-
ecUy represented, but in cavt s, caverns, and fissures of the clifi's.' Juilmi. in
S.lti'iilrra/t's .Irch., vol. iv., p. 217. ' lis babitai( nt des cavernes ct d< s lier.x
soiiterrains, oh ils dcposaient burs recoltes.' (lolhdiu, m .\'iiurellis Jutmlis
u'lo 1"^., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 31 9. ilust of tln' Navajos ' live in housis built
■ U " ■■
NEW MEXICAN DWELLINGS.
4P7
the ^[ojiive dwelliii<:s iire .so .siipcrioi" to tlie otlu'i',^ that
thvy (iesei've .special notice. Thej may he de.M-iihed a.s
a sort of .shed haviiijj; j)er[)endicuhir walls and ,sloj)ing
roof, the latter .supj)orted hy a horizontal heani running
along the center, the nxjf projectiiig in front h) as to
I'orni a kind of })ortico. The tiniher u.sed is cottonwood,
i'.nd the interstices are filled up with nnid or straw."
None oi' their hoii.-^es have windows, the <loor and .><Hioke-
hole in the roof .serving for thi.s purpose; hut. as many
of them have their iires outside, the door is often the
only opening.''**
f-^mall huts ahont three feet in heiulit constit'ite their
meuicnie
-lod'
,es,
or ua
th-h
11'
lonses, ana aie ueneraiiv in
he
form and material like their other hti-ucture-;.'"'
Mojaves also hnild granaries in a oylinurical form with
conical, ski
llfull
V made osier ix
)o\'>
M
The food of all is similar;*' most of them make more
or less pretentions to agriculture, i»nd art hal)itiiiited to
a ve<ietahle diet, hut seldom do anv oC them raise a siillio-
len
t supply for the ye
ir s
consumption, and they are
therefore forced to rely on the mes(piit-!iean. the jiifion-
<){ stone' ScPiifn hi till' I!(irl,j/ Mts., p. ISO; TIii
./,.V. .!■;/,■.
V
Alii'ini-
iu line. Hist. Ml. I., scfic iii., t(.IIl. iv., p. S..".; 'rni-'im imlilil, M^niirij. I ml.,
tiilll. I., J), iir
(\1\):
Hist.
illllf hi inf.
vlici, ill Diir. i/(.s7. J/'-.c., s<iic iv., toiii.i., ii
,]/<;//., 1). S,S.
' ' 'I'lu' lar^'r cdttdiiwddd posts and the siilisluitiiil rm.f of tlic \\\
rout, art' cliaractcristii- of tliu arcljitcctui'i' of tliis piojilv." I
Eirhniil\ ilml Tunn
ludv
■ shrd
!'hllilt
Hid all' tliiitv «ii' forty fi it siiniiri': tin- sidi s aliout two f<i t
Uilt.. i>. •!'.), Ill I'm. n. I!. I.'ipt.. vol. iii. • 1 in
tiiic
if wirlifi'-work and >ti
'1
.tlirir favorite n sort set nis to be tli
)f,
ulitrc coll
Id
dlv 1m
tutly at lumio.' J'liliiii r, in lliniiir'x
iti d from twenty to tliiity juison.s
dl
Mini.
j1. xvii.. i>. If -1.
'IT'
if th
Sec plate ill Miinji's Ariinj Lifr, p. 48. •'I'}ie tire is made in tlic 'ront
idf,'e.' Jlilrh
Srlinolcni/t's Airli., vol. iii., ]i. 7(1.
Ill (Very villaj^e nmy l>e seen small stnietun^'. fdiisistin;,' <if a fiaiin-
worl
1\ of sli^lit Jioles, liillt int.. a sel
ui-s|
iherical fiirm and eo\
■d with liuf-
fulo liides. These lire ealled medi( ilie lodges and ale us( d as vapor -liatii
.)/.
ii'fi/'s Ai
id iieat tile
■IKK
p. '■I'. "'Miey make huts three feet lli^li for liatli-lonms
1'-
ith h"t ston
■t" I'lllin
llii
Mo, I.
l.iih
IIIIIUII, 111 ."^tlilllir-iiliiiin
I!' I 'I., Ih."
XVlll.
Tnniir'n 7i'</.^, p. '2:i. in I'm-. U. II. Hii'l., vol. iii.
p. KM; ]\l,:j,j,li\ Kii-Li
■lis
s >oiil ;res-lal)orieii> ; lis <ii
Itivelit les melons, li s harieot-^
it d'ai.tri s
lis reeo
It.nt
ailssl ell a
lioiidil
iincL' le mais.
»l»'. '/.Or/., I'lUlUI'i.
I. si;
liohm n, 'Ml
Wei/ell, feiii"eri( lielit s Ji( hi, Kiirliiss*-
iind ?^vlolleii.' Mii'ifiinisiii, Tih;iliiirli. pp. llS.'i, "'.Mi 7. 'TI.eYr.
dr.lh
trit>
on Ik (.'oloiudo, iiriu.ite their lands, and rai^e win at, (din, im Ions,
Badh-H'.
rs. Si
\v
pp,
.(j;{, ISO, ISl; LnrhiiinUr, Ununstnl-
488
NEW MEXICANS.
nut and tlio magiioy-plant, atjare mexjaotn, and otlicr
wilil iVuit.s, which the3' collect in considci-ahle (juaiiti-
ties/'^ T\wy are but indillorcnt hunters, and secure
*)idy a j)recarious supply of snudl j:anie, such as ndibit:;
and Hjuirrels, with ultimate recourse to rats, jirasslio])-
j)ers, li/ards and other reptiles.*' A few fish are taken
by those living in the neighborhood of rivers.** The
i J
Ptiiidho)}, p. 81; Arr'ich-Un, Crurnra Si'rtifii'ii, p. 410; Ah'(;i-e, If'isl. Conip. iff
,f<s-ns, irtm. i., p. '.i'.i'l; Iras' Colomilo Uirtr, j)p. (iO, (i7, 70. 7;i; h'ninri/'s
Hipt. U. S. anil Mvx. liuniulaij/ Siin-Pi/, vol. i., jip. 117, 1"2H, i"2',); Slntlliiii's
('apt. Oiitiiinii (iir
Is, p. 12;t; Do
Hs. \i>].
vv
Ul, i\'>, CC; >/7-
(irenifs' Ziini Ex., {■. 18; liro'oie's Ajun-hi' <'<i)iiitri/, ]ip. 51, 52, 107; Mmni/'s
AriiiiiHi. p. 8;i; I'lil'ie's I'lrs. Xitr., \). 'Jl; Mi',i:!cit)iisi-h</ '/.ii^liindf, toiii. i., j). ()4;
Mijllhatisuii, Jieisoi ?;» (/|V /•>/>(»;;»>/), toin. 1., p. Ill; ('liiiiniiiiiitiiir, ]'iii/i i/i iir.
p. 84; hint, in fx-lmolrnift's Arcli., vol. i., ]>. 24;i; Kulmi. in SrhunU-iiijTs
Arch., vul. !v., p. 217; Wliijijilc Eichnnl,-, uml Turin r's llijil., pp. Hi, 120. in
II. /.*
.!.
TliiiiiDnil, Mi'.rihi). p. ;i4'.t; (lullitt'iii, in .V(
ll}l:
Aiuiuks (les Vol/., IS.'jI, toni. cxxxi.. pp. 28h-0; /'/•((■//rov/'.s AV//. Hist. Miih
A. ii., p. 5()7; /•'<
)iriilii.ijii'.s I.'ifi; in i'nl.\ liui
El (.
J). 411: Clark,
Jlisi. Mdij., vol. viii., p. 280; Sahneron, JMacioni's, iu JJor. 7//>V. Mi.e., hcrie
iii., toni. iv., pp. 2.")-().
■'''!' .V stuiill Imt n!.,'rocalile nut c:illicl the Piiion, <:n"f'^^'« iilmndiintly in this
I'onntrv; iind duiini,' a jk rioil of si:ircit,v, it sonictinics ('(Distitutis llic sole
food of till' poorer ciasH oi niitivi s for niiinv .snccrssivc vcclis.' Hm hns, iu
l^rliiiiilrrinTs Arrh., voi. iv., ]>. 212. 'Living' njion tlic fruit of the nii/tpiit
and tornillii trees ' !>iti)rvarcs' Znfd E.V., jip. 10, 1',); Enmri/'s !',■ pt. I'. S. (ind
Ml.,-. Ill
nililnj Siirr
' !/, vol. i., p. Ih
Tiunhieii tienen piira su snsl<nt(:
niescali. (pi(^ es conserva do raz di' nia^niev.' Sahninm, liilarinhis, in Di'
Hist. .Mi.r.. HeriD ill., torn, iv., p. ',\\; Hi nri/, in .Srliuulirafl's Arrli., vol. v.. ])
"ill; Hanli/'.s Tnir., pp. ;t:!S; Mollhimsnu Taiji'lnirl,, j,p. 147, 'Ml. 'A')(K ;{!i
JW; ('i)rilinie, inTcriiini.r-Ciiiiijiinis, I'o//,, serie i.. t
Mi's Pn
s.ru! 1., toni. IX., pji. ij
). •j;t4.
t, 54; Dn
1. 440: Ciisiii
'la
f'/i'.s Jh'.'iirts. vul. i., p. 217; llnrl-
\ar., vol.
••■' ' Tlie (|nail and hare of tho valley, and the deer and lizards of tlie jilains,
totjether furnish hut a se.inty supply.' Eliri'iilnrii, in //"/. Ajf. Hij'l.. 1^0(;, p
110. 'They ate worms, j^'r.-isshoppers, and rejitiks.' Slrnllnh.'s ( upl. (iiil)niii
(rirls, pp. 115 110. ' .\n den diinn. u (iurt hatti n unsi ro Uesucher noeli liat-
t(Ml, f^'rosse Eiderhsen unil Fnisehe l)efesti;^'t.' MiiUIn
'I'lii/i liilrli, p. ;iiSH.
' De]iendinL,r n]>ou L;aine and roots for food.' I'arhr. in Iml. .\iY. Ilipl.. 1n70,
p. l:i7. an<l isoit, p. ',(2. - - •• - -
.M;
is para ellos es
ilato reLralad.sinio el de rati
(1(1 ('a]n]io asados I'l eoeidos y toda especie de inseetos.' Alvijri-, Hist. Comji.ilf,
ifisiis. toni. i , ]). ,'{:!2: llnrih/'s 7V(0'., p. 4.'i'i; Arri'irifa. Cnhiirn Seriijim, ])p.
4 lit, 47;!: Eiiiniir's. Hnin li((ci\ y>. 4m4; liackus, '■.n ISvlionlcraft's ArJi., vol.
iv.. p. 212; ('riiiii»ii/'s Ainiiln's, ]>. 2'.»7.
■" On tii(> Kiveis Colorado and (lila
de hilo torcido Unas redes v
otras de \ariiis palitos, (pie los tnercen y juntaii por las ]iinitas, tu ipie for-
nian a iiiodo de un pi'|iiifio harcpiito |iara pesear del intiiito jiiscido ipie
hay tn tl rio.' Sulihnair, in l)iii\ Hist, .l/'.r., seri(» iii.. loni. iv., p. 851.
The (.'ajiicnelies when the produce is insullieieiit, live ontisli. Ihrnn nu-h's
Ih-serls. \oI. ii.. p. 10. I lie N'uvajos 'live hy raisiiit,' tloeks and herds
instead of luintinj,' ami tishiiif,'.' Doris' El <i
p. 411. Thi> .\i.aelies
no ponieii pescado alLjiino, no ohstante de lo ipie ahiindan sus rios.' ''
m ",■
>-rn IJ
Ii
■II. a
iriraj'iii. p. .'(75. ' 1^1 .Vpaehe no eonie el pescado.
iiiUKpu' los hay ahnndantes en sus rios.' I'llnsm. Xntirins ilr Siinnrn.
Emory's llvpt. U. .S. and Mex. Boundary Sumy, vol. i., p. 12:i: siratlun
•2N5;
iipt.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE.
489
N'iiviijos, ^fojiivos, and Yiimas, have loiipi; ])con ao
quaintc'd with the art of agriculture and iirow coi'u,
l)L';ms. puni[)l\iiis, melons, and other vegetal)les. and also
some wheat; some attempt a svstem of irri|iatii)n. and
others select for their crops that portion of land which
has l)een overllowed hv the river. The Xavajos possess
muuerous Hocks of sheep, wiiich though used lor food,
thev kill only when re(piiring the wool for hlankets.
Although in later years they have cows, they do not
make butter or cheese, hut only a curd irom sour milk,
from which they express the whey and of which they
are verv
fond.
Tiieir method of planting is simple; with a short shai'p-
]iointed stick small holes are dug in the ground into
which they drop the seeds, and no further can' is given
to the crop except to keep it partially iVee iVom weeds. ^'''
in water is gnjund to a paste between
y\
u/,e soi
d\ed
two stones. Fron) this ])aste tortillas, or thin cakes, are
made wlTu^h are baked on a hot stone. To cook the
maguey, a hole is made in the ground, in which a (ire is
kindled; after it has burned some time the maguey-bulb
is buried in the hot ashes and I'oasted. Some concoct a
gypsy sort of dish or ollapodrida; game, and such I'oots
or bci'bs as they can collect, being put in an earthen pot
with water and boiled."
Odlnuti) (r'irls, \t. UD; Ifitrdi/'s Tnir., p. 373; Mij'lhamif'n, luisin in ilk Filsm-
ijtb, toiii. i.. pp. 2i7-H,
*' "Tlii'V <li) iKit iiiiikt' lintt( r and chccso. . . .Sonii> wlia own ciittlc inaki!
from tlir ciiiil of sdurid milk small mnsst s, which smiK- liiui- talh d clnisf.'
Lillimiiiiii. in Siiiillianiiidii liiji!., is.","), p. 'Jl»2. ' Tiny never to iii\ kunuledj^'o
make Imtter or cheese, nor do I believe they know what such things are.'
Enlnn. ill Sclioiilrrnft's Arr/i.. vol. iv., \>. "217. The Navijoes 'make liult( r
and elieese.' Sciii's in tin' /.'oc/,// Ml.i.. p. IHII. .Some of the ' nuu liliin;4ht
into eaiup a (jiiaiitity of eher^e.' /ci.s' IHhintilo liiviv, jip. 12S, l:)(l.
II' Hiiiiinfs Ivfit. I'. S. iiml .I/",!". Ili'iitnliiri/ Siirni/. \ol. i., p. IPJ. 'They
plant corn \er\ deep with a stake and raise very eood crops.' Iml. .UJ. II' [it.,
A'/it'c. ((„„ , l,s'(i7, p. ;i:i7; Mn-i-'m-itln i\h\ Iml.. iff. Uipt., lh.")l. p. I7'i!
■•''The nutate is n sli;,'litly hollo.ved hanl stone, upon which soal i d
maize is laid and then reduced to paste. .. .The ])aste so foriiit d is then
patted hetween the hands until it assumes a flat, thin and round appi iiralice
when it is laid on a hot jian and halved into a toitilla.' i fi ini'iii/'s .l/i.c/n.v,
pp. 14'i->">. ' lis recoltellt aiissi ell ahoiulalice le 111. I- dolil ils font de jol'tll-
las.' No.-. '/(/()/. . llnJhIiti, serii' v., No. '.Hi. p. iHfl. ' I 'leir lin at wii- hoiied willi
water in » Tnsipiiii (day kettle') and this nieat-mush lU' hou|> \< us the slaplo
of foiid aiiiomi theiu.' ShiiM ti'^ t'<n,t. Oittiiinii i/iria, jiii, 111 ll'i, 'A lar^o
EchiiKj Cictus hollowi a Mj a-s tv n.ake a truULdi. Into this were ll.rovvii
fi'
490
NEW MEXICANS.
As l(or.)ro iiHMitionod, the i-oviii;i; Apaclics o])tiiiii most
of thoir food In hunting und pluiidur; tlicy oat nioro
meat and less vt'getablo diet than the other Arizona
ti'ihes. They have a great partiahty for horsi'-lk-sli, .st'l-
doin eat fish, hut kill deer and antelope."* When hunt-
ing they iVeipicntly disguise themselves in a skin, and
imitating closely the hahitsand movements of the animal,
they contrive to approach within shooting-distance.^'*
AVhethei' it he horse or deer, everv portion of the carcass
whh th;' exception of the bones, is consumed, the entrails
being a s})ecial delicacy. Their meat they roast par-
tiall\ in the (ire. and eat it generallv half raw. A\ hen
food is plenty they eat rjivenously and consume an enor-
thi^ soft i">itii)us of (he imljiy Hubstiiucc which suiToiinds tlu> hfiiit of tho
cilctus; luul ti) tlii'lil hud liicii added f^'iiliii' and Jilaiits u;athi led fruiii thi;
banks (if the criMk. Miiis'lcd witli water, tin' whulc had hi in
died l>v
stiriiiiL; it u[> ,vitli ht;atcd stouts.' IIVk'/i///' , in J'lir. II. It. 11' lit., voL iii., ji. ',Mi
' lis njaii^'i'iit dis pains dc ijiai's cnits sous la findir, aiissi ^ros (juc h s ^tos
])aiiis (h' Castille.' (''i.-ihiriciln, in 'ririiii(iji--('<iiiijiii
I/., siTic I,, toni. IX.. ])
■I'J; ll'trili/'s Trill-. , )i.2iS- rullii'.i I'lr.^. Xar., p. I!'!; lindUU's l'ii:-<. .\iir..\ti\
V
■>Ul: Ciistiii
ill-
ma. 111
I'll'lll
fill. Iliir. Iiii'il., U
vv
:iiui.
<■* 'The A|ia(h(>s rely cliiitly ui)ou the tiesh of tlie eallie and sliiep they
steal.
. tliev life said, however, to h
lore fond of the liK at of tin
mule than thit of aiiv other animal.' Umiii's <'<
dioll"
I'niiriin, vol. i., ])p. "i'.MI-l.
A nonproductive ral•(^ suhsistini^ wholly (Ui ])lundei and ^;anie.' Cn iiiniiifs
Ajiitr.his, p. 111. The' Jicarilla Apaches: MIk- cliase is their only means of
suintort.' r^/'.soji, in ///'/. .1.,^?". liii>t., IH .0. ]>. 1(11. 'They live (iitircly hy
huntin;.^.' Iilia!u, in liiil.'\Uf'. Uifil.. iSIKj, p. i:iH. -jjie Nahruii^' d('r
Aa|)chi's hesteht liaiiijlsiichlich in deni Fleisehe (h'r Ivinder und Schafe
doch soil, wie man saL,'t, Maulthierlleisch ilu(^ I.ielilin;;si)eise sein.' Tliihii-
7/(f'/, ,l/('.i')7.(), p. It.jJ. ' Hire hesteu Lt'ckeiliissen siiid I'ferde mid Maiilesel-
llv
;'h, Welches sill bratcii iiiid deiu liinilHeische voi/ii hen.' (.irA.v, in .)/"
XachrirhUii. J). 'IK). 'I'lu ir daintiest food is mule and horsetlesh. Ajmsli /(n.s
Ahtia':i. p. 'M'2. ' .^nteriornieiite antes ipie en la frontera abundas • d eau-
iido, uno de sus aliineiitos era hi carne del caballo. v la ca/a de dit'ereiitis
liiii iK
I'Arvc'), .Vollniiis ili: S<.
pp. '2 ;ii-7; L'lliriiril'.f I!i.-I. I'l
V
Eniiii'il'x llijd. r. S. (iHil ^^(■x. liovnilnrii Sun-nj, vol. i., ji. ll'J; Hiiiilitt's
p. is/; >7/-((//i(i('.s
/'i
.\'iii'
)l.i.
;}:"
"'".'/•, J'
lllrt
III, serie v.
Cititt. Oalimtii li'irh, ji. IK!; ^Vnl^lVtl M
.1.
'.)(i
■jSO; Arih
Ihiii Ihiilii
J/e.f(7,o, p. lib-; Sta nh i/' .t ]'<irlraU.-<, j). 57; J'alnivr, in Jlnrpir'.-i Mmi., vol. xvii.,'
p. -KJi); k hiytnls' ('(Uiqiaiiiu, p. '.'o; lliissil, .Mi ,r. O'luit., \). i~i\; Srliiiii!crii/t'.'<
Arrli., vol. v., )). '101; see further iinl.AtJ. 7.'i//'.s-., from I8.jl-7;J; (Jalhdln, in
Xoinrlls Aiiiintv.i i/w I'nj/., 1851. toiii. exxxi., p. ItOS; I'tkr.'i' IJj'e of Carton,
!>. -15J; Tiiniiii'iiiiiilii, Mnunni. hid., torn, i., p. 1170.
■I'J 'What I would have sworn was an antelope, proved to be a yoiinj,' In-
di i;i.
.Wll
ho 1
laviiii' en
veloped himself in an antelope's si
ilh liciid,
liorus and all comiiletc, had ^'radually crept up to the Iniil under his dis-
t;uis(^' I'miiiiiii/'s Aimrlifs, ])p. '2H, \',}i. ' Se viste de una piel de los niisiuos
aniniales, jioiie solu-e su cabeza otra de la cliise de los (pie \a fi biiscar. y ar-
mado de su iirco y tlechas iindiindo en cuatro pii's, jirocura nii zclarse en iiiii
banda de ellos.' Cunlirii, in Ormr
Hi
•■', '
Ai:.iii.
.1/,
ii-iii,rit/i'i. ]t. ;t75; (ini'^ht Cnuiiv,
HciiiDnk la \'k S'liicajf, p. '2(1
t(un. i.. p. 1{7"2; >(■/'(*(/('<•/ m_/7'.v .1»c/i., vol. v., p. -12; /'i
BUFFALO HUNTING.
491
iiious cinniitity; when scarce, tlioy fast long and stoically.
.Most of tlu'Hi luito hcar-iiu'ut and pork, t^o Jow-liko is
the Xavajo in this particular that he will not tuiieh pork
thoiiii'h starving."'"
The Conian'ches do not cultivate the soil, hut su1)sist
entirely hy the chase. I>uitalo, which range iu iinuien.H^
lierds throughout their country, are the I'liief food, the
oaly addition to it heing a lew wild })lants and roots;
hence they may ho said to he almost wholly lle.sh-eaters."''
Iu [)ursuit of the huffalo they exhibit great activity,
skill, and daring. AVhen ai)i)roachiug a herd, they ad-
vauce in clo.^e coluiun, graihially iucreasing their sjjeed,
aud as the di.stance is les.soned, they separate into two or
more grou[)s, and dashing into the herd at full gallop,
discharge their arrows right and left with great ra[)iility;
othei's hunt hutfalo with spears, hut the common and
mure fatal weapon is the how ;uid arrow. ^I'he sl^inning
aud cutting u[i of the slain animals is usually the task
of the wouieu.''-' The meat and also the entrails are
''" 'Till y always uskcd if wo liml Ixsir on the t.iMo, for tlicy wislicH (o
avoid it .. I foiiiul they had soiiu- siijicrstitious )iriju(liei; iij,'aiiist it.' Ilarl-
I H'r< I'lrs. X'()\, vol. i., p. ;i2l. 'The .Apaches are rather fond of lion and
]i uit'.iei' meat, hut seldom ton( h that of tlu' hear.' ('roiiiiHij's AjKtclic.t, ji. '2^2^>.
■ Tamliien matin para comer usos.' Snlm ran, /i'/c'/m/ks, in />oc. Ilisl. .lA.r.,
s lie iii , to II. iv. ]),, 'I'). 'J'iic Xavajoes 'never l<ill hears or ratth'suakes un-
less .ittacked.' l.'Hc nniin, in Sni'dlisniii in ll'jit., \>^^>'t, \t. '-',>l. ' ^ie verehren
lieu li.iren, der iiie von ihncii ^'etiiiltet wird, und (lessen Fleiseh zu esseii sic
sieli s 'h-'iien. S'liweinert. iseh versrhmahen sie deseh-ichen; hem iiin^steu
lluii_!er kiiiinen sic es nielit iiher sieli j,'e\vinnen, davou zu kosten.' Armi/i,
l>is ll'idiij" M'x'ih'i, p. 'J.ifi\ I'linh i-ii, in iirimo y llirni, Ihniini/i'ii, p. ;>7'i.
■'' 'The Northern and Middle Comanclies. suhsist almost ixeliisively uji-
on the ilesh of the huffalo. and are known amon^,' the Indians as hulV.ilo-eaters.'
.!/(/• v/'.s- Armi/ I.'i/i-, pp. 1'.). 'Ji'i, U>. 'They pl.mt no coin, and their only food
is meat, and u few wild plants that erow upon the prairies.' Miirri/'n llijil.,
p. IHS. The Com.inehes are a ■ nation suhsistin^' silely hy tho chase.' /'/Av'.s-
./•.'.I'/i'o/-. Trill-., p. 211. ' Suhsist mainly upon the hiitl'alo.' (inin.t, in liiil.
Aif. h'jd., 1S.")1, p. l.SO. ' .VeknowledLfe tlitir entire ienorancc of even the
rudest methods of ai,'riculture.' Jlui/'nr, in fnd. .1^". Ilijit., I'^'H, p. 177;
-l!-iit, in S ■lioiilrriift's .li'h., vol. i., p. "211; SrliiiolcriiiVs Ari'li-, \ol. v.. p. ."m";
hVori I, .lif.s AiinrU.d, tom. ii., p. lli.'t, and FnnluVs I'l-nl. Aimr., ]>. 2i><; Cohi-
l'i''i\ I' '//.. |>. 21)2; /•'/•'/».•// '.s //;>(. ( 'till. 1.11., pt ii., p. l")"!; MiVlhiin.^vii, V'd ,■ luirl,,
]>■ ll."); liri'i/ I'n I'liiii, /'/v/i'/e.s, jip. 21I~1(J, :!llT; F/i/iiiic'.-f Jlmii. Uaci', p ISi ;
J.'ili- Ks', lilsp, p. lili; Drwitttiii ( 'limp., j). ]."j:(; I'onli'.'i I'f.viis. p. 'i'.tS; ."■(((■. (ri'ur.,
IlillrHii, K.'rie v.. No, '.Ifi, J). I'.)2; DDinnierh'a D mrls, vol. ii., p. 21; HoDitnirli,
■ I'lnr., p. li;!J; AV/(,(/(///".s' Ti.fux. vol. i., p. 31.1; llolh i/'s I'lvhs. p. l.")!!; I>ii.l''j,
Jl-sn ii;. toiu. i., p. -1; D'H' 's' 'IV.viis, ]>. 2:tl!; Frn^l'" Inl. lluKlis, p. :is.").
■'- ' Lue;,'o ((ue los ciholos echan ii huir, los ea/adores sin apresuvailos di'.
liiasi.ido Icis ]iersieuen a tin <,'a]ope corto, ipu' van aeti\ando mas y mas hasta
ipiu romp^u en carrcia ...tl inJiu ibiu cusar du corrcr, di.spura .su iircu eii
'402
NEW JIEXrCANS.
eaten both raw and roasted. A fire heinpi; made in a
hole, sticks are ranjred round it. meeting at the top. on
wliieli the meat is placed. The liver is a favorite morsel,
and is eaten raw; they also drink the warm blood of the
animal.'' Xo provision is made for a time of scarcity,
hnt wlien many hntValo are killed, they cut ])oitions of
them into lon^' strips, which, after heing dried in the sun.
are jionnded line. This })emican they carry with them
in their hunting expeditions, and when nnsuccessl'ul iii
the chase, a small (piantity boiled in water or cooked
M'ith grease, sei'ves ior a meal. AVlien tmal)le to prociu'c
game, they sometimes kill their horses and uudes I'or
food, ])ut this oidy when compelled by necessity."' In
connnon with all primitive Inunanity they are tilthy —
never l)athing except in sunnner^"' — witli little or no
sense of decency .^"^
todas (lirnccidiies, y va somhrnndo ol canipo do itsph. . .Las indias al iiiisiiui
ticiiipo van dissollaiido cada una dc a(jn(llas ivscs, ri'coxic iidn la ])i(l y la
cavne.' llifi.<a ("i idiiini, toni. i., jip. iCioCi. At a snitalilc distancf fnnii
their ])!■( y liny divide into two scjnadrons, ono ludf takins,' to the lij^lit, and
the other to tlie h.ft, and thus surround it.' Edinmis' jlisl. Tix., ji. lOH;
FniKli's llisl. I'lill. Jm., [)t, ii., p. l")."); ilmjifK Ctiiii. I'lvlnis, vol. ii., ]ip. 211-
21(!. WoMieu when they pereeive a (h'cr or antelope ' <,'ive it chase, and n liuu
only after eapturini,' it with the lasso.' lia
" -When
/■/,s, vol. ii., p. •211
mv
inie was killed, the Indians would tear out tlie heart, liver,
and entrails, and eat them raw.' Fntst's hul. lidtths, p. USo. 'Ces Iniliens
.ns couiH lit la viande i:
He nourissent de vian(h'
et lioivent du san
tranches tn' s-niinc( s et la font secher
soh'il; ils la rt'dnisent insuite en
P'
1"
!a conserve]
( '(l.iti(
(Id,
7
fr))(iinr-('iiiiiii(nis.
I'V/.
torn, ix., pp. 1111)1. ' They "jerked " or dried the meat and naide tlie peuinii-
caii.' Mdiij/'^ Antn/ IJl'i\ p. IH. 'Conien las criadillas crudas, nco^iendo la
fiauL're que eorre del cueriio eon unas tutundas (' jieaias, se la helieli c,di( nte.'
Jiuiiitiiidii
I, (-•
(/.' .lfc//n
MS., p. S.'S; Janilidiii'ti 'J'rav., p. [i'l; lln
Cdptiriti/, pp. 1(1, "Jli; Ivitiicih/'n TiX'is. vol. i., )>. Dl"),
■''• ' .Vt one time their larchr is overstocked and they },'orR(> tliemseh es to re-
pletion.' Mdrcj/'s Ariiii/ [.iff, \\y.;\-2. A\. 41). 'Catchand tame th
and when unsueeessfnl in chase, sid)sist
upi
tht
llolln/'s Ti
ildh
1'
lalt.
' When pressed hy hun^'er from scarcity of pime, they suhsist on tLeir yonnu
lorses am
1 mules.' Scltoiilrrd/I'^ Arch., vol. ii., \i]) . KVJ;),
ve a r.'ire ea-
]iacity for emlurinj.^ huuLter. and manifest ^'reat patiei
Hi
ider it.s intlirtion
After loll'
th
ev eat vol'aclouslv.
I'.iiniil. in SclKitilri'diTs Ai'i'h,
vol. i.. 11. -I'M; l'dii,-ir's .V<.^
V.
K<h,
■,1s- ]l!.-<t. T'
V
l(is.
The trihe 'lived in the tiiosi ahject condition of tilth ami poverty.'
With v( ry few e\ce]itions, the want of
J!ri)Vi,<\s Afini'lie ('i»nilri/, \
cle.ndiiu^ss is universal a shirt liein
f,'<'tlier. an 1 it wiudd he ditlicnlt to tell the oriui
itil it will no lonK'i' h;
il.ir.' /,■///.
t(i-
iSitl'ilhsnit'filit
l!>l>l., is-
.l)ut noth
1'
!MI
'I'hev are fond of hathiu'^ in the summer.
I'an induce them to wash themsi Ives in winter.
I ri iiiiiiii/
.■1/) f'7/'s, p. :U)2. They f^'i
ilT
v<'rv uniilias
;ant odors. .MiiiihdXf:! n, H'i.-'in
in die Felneitjcb., torn, i., p. 307. 'They seem tu have a natural antipathy
■WEAPON'S.
•I'J.l
Tlir(»ii;zli()ut Ai'izoiiii and Xcw Mexico, tlic bow and ar-
I'ow is the i)riiici|)al ui'ai)o)i, hotli in war ami in tlu'cliasc;
to wliicii arc added, by those at'custonied to move ahoiit
nil horseback, the sliield and hinct>;'' \vith snch also the
Mexican riata may now occasionally be seen.'" In bat-
tle, the Colorado Uiver tribes nse a club made of hard
heavy Avood. havinj;' a lai'^^o mallet-sha[)ed head, with a.
small handle, thronjih which a hole is bored, and in
which a leather thonji is introdnced Ibr the |nn'|iose of
securinji' it in tho hand.''' They seldom nse the toma-
u,'.iiiist wiitcr, eniisidcrcd us tlic iiu'iiiis of clciiiisiii^' the Imily.. wiitir jh
(Hily iiscil liy tlniu in cxtrcliii' ciisis; for iiistiiiicc, wiiiii the viiiiiiii luroino
((>■> thick on their liiiids, thiy thiii j^'o thnm^ii iiii ujir rution of covt riiiL; llin
li(:i(l witli nuiil, which iiftcr sonio time is wiishcd out.' Pmll, in //"/. .[//'.
/c/-'., 1S7(I, J). l;!l); Ji-cs' I'ub'fddi) liir., liN; ll'ifl.ns, in SrIini.liTdiVs An'l,.,
\ i\. iv., i>. 'Jil; I'ar/i'vr's Xolcn on VV.i'., p. 'in;!; Arrhiritfi, ('n'-nicn SiriifirK,
11. 170.
"' • They di'fc('iit(^ proniisciinusly near their huts; they have oH'al of ( m ry
ehar.icter, (had animals and dead sliins, close in the vicinity of tht ir huts.'
1,1 I. Alt', lli'pi. Sj) c. I'otn., I«ti7, p. ;t;W; SIraflifit's I'npi. UuIiikoi i.iiin, ]\. lit;
Ihii-difs Tnii-., J). ;W().
''" 'rh(> Mojavo 'arms are tin; bow and arrow, the speiii' and the clnli
ri/'s yiitf.-i of Ti
V
18.
Armed with Imws and arrows.' Fnniont itiul
;n).
Tlie liuerechos ' nse the hi
<1
lancf.' and shield.' Marr/j's Arinj/ l.il<\ jij). ID, '2lt. 'Tlie .Apache will
dil\
;ild Ids bow and arrc
to h
lis persona
rhrs, pp. 1."), 7.") (1, 10;{, IS'J. 'Xelien lio^'cn
• (li'hncli, p. 2',M.
I/"
■lirlanu;<! I.anzeu.' Mollhansfi
d I'
Tl
armament. Tci
fill
ellell lllliren sH' liocli
iifiim/ s
' h
lev use
thel
low and ar-
iiiw and spear.' Ldhirniaii, in SiiiiUisunhta llijit., IS.")."), p. ■J.'.K), ' Aimed with
liuws and arrows, and the lance.' llnfliKs, in Si-hooli-rtitt's Arcli,, vol. iv., ]i.
-It. For colored litlio^'raph of weajions see Wliijijilf, Eirhniil,-, ami 'I'hi Kfr's
Hijil., ]>. ;"iO, ill rue. It. /'. Ili'l'l., vol. iii. ' Kl armamento de Jos aiiaches si;
ciiiiniiinen 1
lei
uiza, arco v llechas. ' '
■'h
m Ofoicj,
II II
rrii. ill ifjrdj III , j).
2. vLas arnias de los aiiaches son fiisil, llechas y lan/a.' liitrri't ('oiiih
Sii,\ Mix. (lioij., Holilin, toni. v., p. 131"). 'lios Yunias son Indios... de
lias armas, mnirhos no llevan arco, y si lo Uevan es mal dispuesto, y con
tres Heclias.' <liirrr>!, in .\rrir!'il'i, I'rohici .^crujicii. ]t, -ll'.l; I'^iihlDinh
ll'l iriiiii. in Dor. Hist. Mi,
,l:'sii!i, toni. iii., p. lU ; MdU-li,
■rie iii,, toni. iv., p. S'll; Alciire, llisl. lomj,, ilr
]'
ill' It II
>il., tom. VI.. p
i'.l'.l; I'lhl.i
S:il>:snn 7'r.r,, p. 11)0; Uirn-, in Ind. .\f. /i'-'/i/., IS ;'.», p. lO,"); (hVin. in D
mill III ell
1
ji. ).'):(; /:
). 4.")0: UlslUr
Toiu\
p. (I
Ihin
iroiriii
\K 1; ll'r(/-,r.>,' Ml.
//'.s' /))(/. li'iins, p. ")l:i; Dniiii
VV.iv/.v, p. 2ii;i; lloUiji's Tl
lOlt I 11)11
/'., P b
Mo
Tl
p. 421; f/irlidjii'llf, lliloiissi't-Hnulholi, p. Si;
vol. ii., p. 1102; Miildi iipfonK. Mijiio, vol. ii., i t. ii
.1/..
,'/' '■
M,\
Azki:, efi:
il.ii.
't ('■ir:
iix-'.l. l.")l; /
12;i; Tin
p. -t.")2; r'(/».s' I'otiij.of (id., p. ]H.">: liiiylhlt's I'vrs. A
ihiir, \'oi/., \K 2i4: Jlnnd:-
il. .l/'.r(/,o.'p. Ill: I'ltirs' Jj/i'.
"or., vol. i., p|i
lliid
I'll-
llii
■II li'H
.}[i.nki
II. 11
Tvdi'oh. vol. i.. p. lo7; l.imdi. ('o>tiiiiii's. plate wii.; Annin,
1>-
pp
271; .Mo'lliiinsr
480-2, with cut.
.lA
oriiioiii niinil
Mil
II, torn. 11.
1."
''' ' Their weapons of war are the spei
llu'dics' hoidfihiin'f: K.V., p. 17!!.
''■' .\iiionf:; • their arms of offence " is ' \
like a round wooden mallet, which i>
p. :i7:J. ' War dubs wore prepared in abundanc<
,ce, the bow, and the laso.
died Macaiui, a short <dnb
diat
(1 in close (piarters.' Ilnrdifs Triir.
.'^indluii
I 'iijil . I iidiiiua
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
k
1.0 .f KS I
I.I
1.25
25
IM |||m
US 110
JA
U 1 1.6
Photographic
Sdences
Corporation
m.
'^
V
^v
<^
33 WEST N1«IN ^TDEET
WEBSTER, N.Y. t4>80
(716) 872-4503
^
v>
6^
I
<i>\^s
^ ^
%^
491
NEW MEXICANS.
hiuvk. Some carry .slings with four cords attached.'^
The bows are made of yew, lx)is dare, or willow, and
strengthened by means of deer-sinews, firmly fastened
to the back with a strong adhesive mixture. The length
varies from four to five feet. The string is made from
sinews of the deer."* A leathern arm-guard is worn
round the left wrist to defend it from the blow of the
string."^ The arrows measure from twenty to thirty
inches, according to length of bow, and the shaft is com-
posed of two pieces; the notch end, which is the longer,
consisting of a reed, into which is fitted a shorter piece
(iirln, p. 17(5. Die Apachon 'nur Bogen, Pf«ilp uiul Kenlon.' TJiilmmd, Mi.e-
»/.i>, p. 444. ''J'heir chilis are of niezqnite we )il (a Hpocica of nciicia)
tluve or four ft'tt long.' Emorif's licjit. V. S. aid .l/cr. Bimmlnry Snri-ry,
vol. i., p. 1(»S. 'lis n'ont tVantre aniie qn'uii yrand eroc et nin- iniissnc'
,S(ir. iliiii)., hiilMhi, serie v., No. 00, p. lK(i. 'Anna sunt . . .oblongi li},'nti
filiiilii niultis atnitis Hilicibns utrinique uiuniti.' Ik Lael, Xuvits Orhis, ji. ;tll.
* Sns Annas son Flechas, y Maeanas.' Torquemmla, Moimrq. Jml.. ton), i., p.
(iSl. Aiiion^ the Conianclu's: ' Leur niassue est une quene de bulHe a I'ex-
tn'niiti' lU' laipielle ils iiisi'rent nne boule en ni- rre on en metal.' Sac. Uiioi/.,
JiitWfh,, serie v., No. "Jt!, p. I'.C; Moirry in luu. Aff. Jiept., IHoT, p. 30'J.
•ii' ' Mit vierstreiligen Hfriekselilendern bewaffnet.' Me.nLaiiisrlu' 'AunHiink,
toMi. i,, p. (J4. • Sie feehten niit ' Lanzen, lUiehsen, Pfeilen und Tan)aliaks.'
La' luis, llvis", p. Iii4. ' Une petite hache en silex.' Soc. <J«'iii., liitlklin, si'rii;
v., No. !l>, J) rj3; MithleHpt'nrill, .l/eyico, torn, ii., p. 539; Tmisuri/ of 'iraw,
p. Ill; Ksrmlero, Xotkius de CliUtwmut, p. 230; Domeiiech's iJeHviis, vol. ii.,
p. 'i72.
''' The Qnereeho 'bows are made of the tongh and elastic wood of tho
'■bois d'arc," or Osage oranf;;e (Maelnra Anrantiaca), strengthened and re-
enforced with the sinews of the deer wrapped finnly around th' ni, and strung
with a cord made of the same nniterial.' ^far<■!/'s Army l/ifr, p. 24. Th(^
Tonto ' bow is a stont piece of tough wood. . . .about five feet long, strengtli-
e!ie<l at jioints by a wrappingof sinew. . .which are joined by a sinew string.'
i^iii iii, m Siiiithsoiwin Hipt., 1807, p. 418. The Navajo ' bow is about four
fiet in length. . . and is covered on the back with a kind of tibrous tissue.'
LelliiriiKiii, in SmilkKim'nn liipt., IH'tii, p. 293. The Yuma 'bow is made
of willow.' Emory's l{i'}it. U. .S. and .l/w. lionmlary Survey, vol. i., p. 108.
' f.angen Hogen von Weidenholz.' MOIIhnasen, Hchi'ii in dk Fclsetnivh., tom.i.,
p. I'J4. Ai>iches: 'the bow forms two setnicircles, with a shoulder in tho
middle; the back of it is entirely covered with sinews, winch are laid on
by tli(! use of some glutinous substance.' Pihe\i Explor. Tniv., p. 338. ' Los
tamaaos de estas annas son diflferentes, segnn las parcialidtules que las usan.'
t'onlfro, in Ormco y Hirra, Geoiirafi'a, p. 372; Mijillutnscii, Tanehnch, p. 300;
Multi'-liniti, J'rdris ile la (hUvf., toni. vi., p. 453; Whipjde, in Pur. Ii. II. /?'/</.,
vol. iii., 1). !>8; roltk's I'ers. Nar., pp. 117, 149; Palmer, in Jlarprr's May.,
vol. xvii.. p. 450.
•>* The .\i)ache8; ' Tons portaient an poiguet gauche le bracelet de cuir. . .
Ce brteelet de cuir est une esjiece de panmelle qui entoure la main gauche.
. . . . Le jiremier sert a amortir le coup de fonet de la corde de Tare quand 11
se di'teiid, la seconde enipeche les pennes de la tteche de dechirer la i)eau <le
ia main.' h'irry, .S'c/'jie.s ile In rt'c Snurcuji', j). 250. 'With a leather bracelet
on one wrist and a bow and quiverof arrows form the general uuttit.' tSmart,
in ISmithsoidan liept., 1807, p. 418.
BOW AND LANCE.
495
made of acacisi, or some other liard wood, and tipiK'il
with ol)sidian, ajrato, or iron. It i.s intended that when
iin oltject is struck, and an attempt i.s made to <h'aw out
the arrow, tlie jiointed end shall remain in the wound.
There is some difference in the feathering; mo.st nations
enii)lovin<j[ tliree feathers, tied round the .shaft at ecjual
distances with fine tendons. The Tontos have their
arrows Avinged with four feather.s, while some of the
Comanches use only two. All have some distinguish-
ing mark in tiieir manner of winging, painting, or carv-
ing on their arrows.*^* The quiver i.s usually made of
the skin of some animal, deer or .sheep, sometimes of a
fox or wild-cat skin entire with the tail ap|)ended, or of
reeds, and carried .slung at the hack or fastened to a waist-
Itelt.''* The lance is from twelve to fifteen feet long, the
point heing a long piece of iron, a knife or sword hlade
socketed into the i)ole.'^ Previou.s to the introduction
'inv.,
)1. ii.,
of til.)
1111(1 n -
strung,'
The
■iiKtli-
liiiK.'
mt four
tissiu'.'
llliull)
los.
iin.i.,
iu the
on
Los
USIlll.'
;.itJO;
/.•'/./.,
MiKJ.,
Miir . . .
iiiu'lie.
iitiid il
filll di'
rac'cli't
timarl.
''t Tlio Coyoteros 'use vcrv lonp ftvrows of roptl, finished out with soiiic
h:ird wood, iuul an iron or flint head, but iuvariahlv witli tlircf ffiilhtTs at
till' oiipositf end.' < ri'iiimii/'n A/nlrlifs, p. lOU. Navajocs: 'the arrow isiilMHit
two fret loni,' anil jiointcd with iron.' Lftlurmun, in .'^iiiillisonidn Ht/it., 18."),"),
ji •_'.>;{. The (^ncrecliois' 'arrows are twenty inches lout;, of ticxilde wood,
with a triaiij^'ular jioiiit of iron at on«?end, and twofcatheis . . at the opposite
it.' h
.xticiiiity.' .Uiir< i/'s Anni/ Life, p. '24, Ihe Apache 'aiiriiws are <p
vi'i-y rar.'ly pointed with Hint, usually with iron, Th.' feath.r uium the ai-
mw is plii'.'d or houii.l d.iwn with tine sinew in threes, instead of tw.is . .
'J'lie arrow-shaft is usually made of some pithy wood, j^en. ■rally a species of
yiiciM,' lliniji. in SrIiiioli'rttjVs Arcli,, vol. v,, i». '2<iy. ' Sa^^iita^ aculis sili.'ilius
asperatie.' !)(' Lmt, XiirKsOrliis, \). 'Ml. ' Arrows wer.' . inilited with a liea.l
of stone. Some Were of whit.' cpiartz or iii»»te, and otliers of ohsidian.' UVk"/)-
l'h\ in l'<ir. II. II. Ili'jit., vol. iii., p, !)H. The Tonto 'arrows ar.' thr.'.«
feet lonj,' . . .the caiie is wiiij^'ed with four strips of f.'ather. held in (ilace !)■»
tlu'i'ads of sinew . which Ix'iirson its free end an elontjate.l triangular pi.'.'cor
ilUMrt/, Hint, oi' rar.'ly iron.' Stiiaii. in Siiiilli.siitiinH Hi/il., 1N(17, )>. IIM. The
l.i[i!Ui arrows 'have f.)nr siraii^'lit rtiitinj^'s; th.' Comanches make two strai^jht
hlack HiitiiiLjs ami two red spiral ones.' Dotin nfrli's Iiixnts. v.il. ii., j). '^71 ;
Silirciins' Ziii'i'i /-.'.I'., J). IS; Tiinttski/s MUlu, p.MJ; li ssfl, Mi.f. limit.. )>. 'JTti;
''k.k/'c'.s .l/i.i". Ilidit., vol. ii., p. 7(i; Mdllliinisiu, Taiiilnuli, p. ;,tJii; MoIUkiusi n,
yrurldHii'i, torn, iv., p, HI; I'nllii'.'^ /Vns. .V(/»'., p. UK.
'■' Tlie Apa.'he 'tpiivers ar.' usually made of d.'.'r-skin, with the h.'iir
tnrn.'.l insi.l.- or outside, and sometimes of the skin of th.' wil.l-.'iit, with the
t;ul Mppeii.le.l.' Ilvnnj, in Si'liuiilrrntTs Airli., v.d. v., p. 2ltl, ' (^uiv.r of
Hh.'.'])-skin.' I'dlimr, in Ildvit'r's .Mai/., vol. xvii., p. Mil. '(Quiver of fresh-
.'|it re.'.ls.' Fri'iHiDit iinil Kniavy's \iites cf Tnir., \i. H'.t. 'I'll carcax I'l liolsu
<li' pi.'l de leop ir.lo en lo f^eneriil.' Vonlrro, in Ovnzvit ij Ikrni, (liniiriiflit, |i.
H72; \\liiiii>lp, Eir'iiink, atiil Tunter's lltpl,, p. 31, in /'./c. /,'. I,'. 7i';i/., vol,
iii.; Tmiiisl.jf'.'i Milln, j). 80.
'■' 'The sp.'iir is ei^'ht or ten feet in len>»th, inclu.lin'r; the point, which is
ulioiit t'i<.'hteen inches lonj,'. and also ma.le of ir.)n.' LiUirninni. in .'<iii'dli-
»>iuaii 11 j)L, 18.'»5, p. 'l\)'i. Should the ApucLt's possuHs any useless tireunm*,
490
NEW MEXICANS.
of iron, their spears were ]X)inted with ohsidijin or some
other rtintv substance which was liarnmered and uiround
to a shai'p edge. The frame of the shield is made of
lijrht hasket-work, covered with two or three thicknesses
of hull'alo-hide ; between the layers of hide it is usual
with tile (.'omanches to place a stuffing of hair, thus
rendering them almost bullet proof. Shields are painted
in various devices and decorated with featheis, pieei's
of leather, and other finery, also with the scalps of
enemies, and are carried on the left arm by two straps.'"
Their fighting hjis more the character of assassination
and murder than warfare. They attack only when
they consider success a foregone conclusion, and rather
than incur the risk of losing a warrior will for days lie
in ambush till a fair opiKjrtunity for surprising the ibe
presents itself."^ The ingenuity of the Apache in })re-
paring an ambush or a surprise is described by Colonel
Cremony as ibllows: '' He has as pofect a knowledge of
' KeiK^mlincntf vienon a dnrlos mievo uso, liiicioiido do rllas limziis, rncliillos,
Iciis^'uctiis (li^ tlcfliiis.' Conhro, in Onnv.o y Jkrni, (ifiHiniJ'ia, p. ;{72. 'JiH
laiizii hi iisiiii iiiny l!irt;ii.' (iiircin I'imik, in Noc. J/m*. >re<>;i., Ilnkliii. loin, v., ]i.
.115. ' Lance of liftt'i-n foct in lenj^th.' I'lki's lu'plor. 7V(/r., p. 3118; ll<issil,
Mvx. (liiiit , p. 2~ii; lliilley's Tij!(m, \). 15;i; Vitlls' Coik/. of Cnl., p. "Jl'i; /.'<-
rt.-<t'i Chill Ifica, torn, i., p. 162; }*ark<-r's Notes on Tvx., p. I'Jo; I'uttk's I'lrs.
Xtir., )). -ilW.
'•'' 'I'lif.' ("oniancho 'sliicld was round ....made of wicker-work, coven d
first with deer skins and then a toui^h piece of raw biifiiilo-liide drawn ovir,
. . . .ornanientcd with a human Kcai[), a tjriz/.ly henr's claw and a miUc's tiiil
... for tile arm were pieces of I'otton dotli twisted into a rope.' yV(/7. res
Xoles on 7V,r., p. lltri. "En el Imizo izipiierdo Uevaha el cliinial, (pte es iin
escudo ovalado, cubierto todo de plumas, espejos. chaquiras y adonios de
]iario encaniado.' ItirisldViniti/irii, toui.\.,i). Ifl'i. Their shii'ld • is j/eneiaily
i)ainted a brij^'lit yellow.' hnnniweh's Deserts, vol ii., p. '2(1.S. 'Shield of eir-
(•ular form, covered with two thicknesses of hanl, undressed hnilalo hide
Ktnti'ed with hair a rifle-hall will not pen<'trate it unh'ss it strikes )'ei'])( ii-
dicular to the surfact>.' Mari'if's Aftiij) lA/i , pp. '2A~i>\ Mollhintsiii, FliirlilHiiii,
t(un. iv., ]). ;(1; Triiii>sl,-y's M'llla, p. 80. A ' Navajo shield. .. .with an iiMii!,'e
of a demon ])ainted on one side ...border of red cloth, . trimmed wiili
feathers.' J'liliiiir. in llnijier's Mat/., vol. xvii., p. •1,")!; Lhmti, I'o^liiiins,
plate xxii.; NAc/iaci/'.s Jjtnd nf the' Aztecs, p. ]H2; /•jliriinis' ///^^ 7'»,i'. ]i. llU,
•'' ' Wherever their observations can be made from nei^;liboring liii^^lits
with a chaiK'e of snccessftd and)nsh, the .\pai'he never shows himself.' ''/(-
niiiiiif's Ajiiti'lus, ])]). 7!t, liS!*. 'Attackiiif,' only when their numbeis, and a
Well-laid and)nsh. promise a certainty of siiccess.' Smart, in iSmilliKm tin Hi jil .,
lH(i7, Hit. 'Colocande antemano una emboscada.' Coriliri), in ih-incn i/
herrit, <liiviriifi((, p. ;t7."); I'lirhr, in Iml. AjT. li'/it., 18(111, pp. '221 It, •-'oCi;
D Diu'wrli's A>c,sr)7.s', vol. ii., p. 4; I'Jmori/'s llerotuioissaiire, \). 47, J'JiiKiri/'s Hi I'l.
t'. S. anil Mex. liimiiilur^ Survey, p. 1(17; llassel, Mex. liiidt., j). '27<i; Sur.
'.'.■i«/., hitlktiti, serie v., "Xo, Ud, 'p, 18U; Buvis, iu 1ml. Af. liqjt., 18CS, p.
101.
APACHE WAKKIORS.
45)7
rpiii-
,tln,'l,
liiai,'!'
will)
IIIK S,
Mil.
his
Cri-
iijil ■,
'trii 1/
.'.')('.;
Six:
fS, p.
the .assimilation of colors as the most cxiHTicncod Paris
modiste. By means of liis acumen in tliis resix'ct, he
can conceal his swart bo«l^ amidst the green grass,
behind brown shrubs, or gray rcK'ks, with so nuich ad-
dress and judgment that any but the exi)erienced would
pass him by without detection at the distance of three or
four yards. Sometimes they will envelop tiieuiselves
in a gray blanket, and by an artistic sprinkling of earth,
will so reseuible a granite boulder as to be passed with-
in near range without suspicion. At others, they will
cover their persons with freshly gathered grass, and lying
j)rostrate, ap[H;ar as a natural portion of the field. Again
they will })lant themselves among the Yuccas, and so
closely imitate the appearance of that tree as to pass for
one of its species."
Before luidertaking a raid they secrete their families
in the mountain fastnesses, or elsewhere, then two by
two. or in greater numbers, they prcK^eed by dilTerent
routes, to a place of rendezvous, not far from where the
assault is to be made or where the Jimbuscade is to 1)6
j)repared. When, after careful o]>servation, coupled Avith
the rej)ortof their scouts, they are led to presume that
little, if any, resistance will be olfered them, a sudden
assaidt is made, men, women and children are taken
captives, and animals and goods .secured, alter which
their retreat is conducted in an orderly and skillful
manner. ch(M)sing [)athways over l)arren and lugged
mountains which are known only to themselves."*^ lleld
asunder from congregating in large bodies by ameager-
iiess of provisions, they have recourse to a system of
signals which facilitates intercourse with each other.
During the day one or more cohunns of smoke are the
••" ' Siilcn generahnonto divididos on iioquciins pni-tiiliis iwm oiMiltar
mpjor Kus rustro:* . . .Es iinpoiKli'i'iible lu vi'Iocidad (miu <iuij hiiycn (li'S|iU(S
i|Ui' hull cjccutadoun cri'fichi robo. . . his inoiitaiiMH nxw. I'lKUUiihraii. los d<'-
sicrtossiii aj,'iia <jue atravit'saii.' UnrvUiVimiU', uiSov. Mix. Okhj., linlillii, timi.
v., p. ;{l(i, ' Thty steal upon their t'liciuics under the eover of ni},'lit.'
h'liiitrt/'ti liepl. I'. S. and l/cr. liinimlnrii Sarrfy, vnl. i., j). 107; Min-r, .\iiih-
richtii, p. ;{i);t; Lnchiipelli', Riiimasit-liKiiVnin, p. WM Aposti'iliroa .l/Vnu.s, p.
4IJ4; f\ir(/fTf). in Oroznt if li>'rrii, O'eiiirnfid, pp. 37fi-(i; liroifiii's AniKhe
Coan'.ry, p. '27',); Fi'iuivr'n Jlnin. Ilace, p, 4'SJ; Jhtssd, Mex. O'ual., p. 27G.
Vol. I. Xi
408
NEW MEXICANS.
signuls matlo for the scattered and roaniinji; ])ands to
rendezvous, or tliey .serve as a warning against ajj^roacli-
ing dangei'. To the wune end at night they used a (ire
beacon; besides these, they have various other means of
telegra[)hing wliicli are iniderstood only ))y them, foi-
example, tlic disphieement and arrangement of a few
stones on tlie trail, or a bended twig, is to them a note
of warning as ellicient, as is the bugle-call to disciplined
troops.''"*
They treat their jmsoners cruelly; scalping them, or
burning them at the .stake; 3et, ruled as they are by
greediness, they are always retidy to exchange them foi-
hor.ses, blankets, IkvkIs, or other property. When hotly
pursued, they nun'der their male prisoners, preserving
oidy the fenudes and children, and the captured cattle,
though under des|)erate circumstances they do not hesi-
tiite to .slaughter the latter.'" The Apaches returning to
their families from a successful expedition, are received
by the women with .songs and fea.sts, but if un.successful
they are met with jeers and insults. On such occasions
says (/olonel Ceremony, "the women turn away fiom them
with assured indiiVerence and contempt. They are up-
bj aided as cowards, or for want of skill and tact, and arc
69 ' La practicft. quo olisorvnn pnrn nvisnrso \oh tuios h Ins otrns . . . os lovnii-
■tiir huiuui'filiis.' \'ili<i-Siri<ir 1/ Sitiii Iks, 'I'lifiilro, ("iii. ii. p. IJ'.tl. 'Smokcsan'
^if various kinds, t'lU'li one sii,'iiiti('aiit of a iiarticular objcft.' <'r<w(i)it/\
Apnrhi'.i, \)\). lS.I-4. ' 111 tokiii of retreat*' sonndcd on a ctrtaine small trniii-
iH't. . . .iiiadf rtrt's. and were answered aj/aine afiirre ott' . . to ^nne their fel-
Jowos vnderstandint,', how wee niarclied and where we arriued.' i'uroMuUt. in
JIakliii/l's \''>i/., toni. iii., j). ;{7f»; MulllKUDten, Fiuclitliinj, torn, ii., p. 157; Siinnt,
in iSniUliSDiiiitn /»'(/><., 1K(>7, p. 419.
'** ' La sniiia erueldad eon (lue tratnn h los veneidos ntenaccnndolos yivos
y coniieiidose los ))edazos de la ("arnc (pie la arraiiean.' Jfor. II'iKf. A'. Vi:c(i-
yii. MS., p. 4. 'Their savage and' Mood-thirsty natures experience a real
pleasure in torinontiii'^ their vietini.' t'remoni/'x Aiiaclii's, \). 'JW. 'Haiti,'
their victims l)y the heels to a tree and put a slow tire under their head.'
liroiriw's AfXivlii' <'i>iiiiiry, pp.201, 93, !)(') Amont; the Navajos, '('a])tives
taken in their forays are nsnally treated kindly.' LdhcniKin, in Sinitli-
Konittn Ji'i>t., IS.")"), ]). 2!)."). ' lis scalpent avec la'corde de lenr arc, en la
tournant raiiidement antonr de la tcte de lenr victime.' Larhnpelk, h'noussit-
Jkinllxm, ]>. 82; Mnrr, NuihricMm, p. .103; Slnillnn's Ciipl. Oalniou (llrls. ]>]^.
114-118, i;jS, 140. 218: F'trnhnm's Tvnv., v. 32; (.■rarrs. in /)('/. Aft', h'fpl;
18.')4, p. 180; lni„(ii;, in hiL Af. lirpl , 18(i2, p. 247: yhiUc-lirmt, Ptvdx ,h
la (icittj., toni. vi., ji. 4.'>3; SrnHn in thf I{nrl,i/ Mis.. ]>. 180; Shmf. in llisl.
Afnq., vol. v., p. 1(17: Ileiiri/, in Srhiinlrrnt't'K Arrli., vol. v., p. 21*2; Doc. Uisl.
JUex., serif iv., torn, iii., p.' 10; I'uUk's I'ers, Xur., p. 118.
COMANCHE WARRIORS.
4M
told tliat sucli m(Mi should not liave wives, 1)ecause thoy
do not know liow to provide ibr their wants. AVhcn so
ivproiU'.hed, the warriors hang their heads and ofter no
excuse for their faihnv. To do so would only suhjeet
them to more ridicule and ohjurgation ; hut Indian-like,
they hide their time in the ho[)e of finally making their
l)eace hy some successfid raid." If a Mojave is taken
piisoner he is forever discarded in his own nation, and
should he return his mother even will not own him."
The Comanches, who are hetter warriors than the
Apaches, highly honor hravery on the hattle-field.
From early youth, they are taught the art of war, and the
skillful handling of their horses and weai)ons; and they
are not allowed a seat in the council, until their name
is garnished hy some heroic deed." IJefore going on
the war-i)ath they ]x?rform certain ceremonies, promi-
nent among which is the war-dance.''^ They invariahly
tight on horsehack with the how and arrow, sjiear and
shield, and in the management of these weajxjns they
have no su|)eriors.
Their mode of attack is sudden and im|X'tuous; they
advance in column, and when near the enemy form suh-
di\ isions charging on the foe simultaneously from opjKJ-
site sides, and while keeping their horses in constant
iuoti(m, they throw themselves over the side, leaving
only a small jwrtion of the l)ody exjiosod, and in this
])osition discharge their arrows over the hack of the ani-
mal or under his neck with great rapidity and precision.'*
*' (^removy's Apaches, p. 210; Mlilitple, iu Par. Ji. ]{. ]{eji(., vol. iii., p.
114.
"2 ' Obrim en la gncrra con mas titctica qnc los aiiachcs.' Unrc'ia Cinule. in
Sfic. .\[t'x. Oeoij., Holit'iii, torn, v., ;UH. 'A yonn;.? man is nt'vcr considi'i't'il
worthy to occupy a scat in council until he has encountered an enemy in
hatllc' .)f(irc!f'!i Armi/ Lite, p. ;i4; 7>()/;ic)(»'(7r.s /Msfc/s, vol. ii., p. 22; Ihituf-
vifh. ,/<»(»•., pp. 140-i; Footv's yVa-ds, vol. i., p. 2!(8; Kennedy'n reacts, vol. i.,
II. ;!4(;; Muillord's I fist. Tex., p. 24;J.
"' ' When a chieftain desires to organize a war-party, he . . rides around
tliroufih the camp sin<{in^' the war-sonp;.' Marry's Anny Life, p. h'.i. ' When
!i I'hief wishes to ^o to war . . the preliminaries are discuss* d at a war-dance. '
■'^'lioDlcrii/t'sAreh., vol. ii., p. 1112; Ariniii. iJus Heutiije MejciLi), p. 280; iirni<jH
Cum. /'jv((riV<, vol. ii., p. .'115.
'< ' They dart forward in a column like li<.;htning. . . . At a suitHl>U' distance
fi'iiin their pvey. theytlivide into two sipiadrons.' Jfnlley's '/V.w.s, p. i.">:i. ' .\
L'uuiuuuht- will oittiii throw liiuiimlf upou tlio opposite bide of biH cUurger, m)
503
NEW MEXICANS,
A fow .so:ilps are taken, for the purjKisc of being used at
tlio war or scalp dance by wliich tliey celebrate a vic-
tory. Prisoners belong to the cajjtors and the males
are usnally killed, bnt women are reserved and become
the wives or servants of their owners, while children of
both sexes are .adopted into the trii)e." Peiice ceremo-
nies take place at a comu^il of warriors, when the }»ipe
is passed round and smoked by eju;h, pievious to which
an interchange of presents is customary.™
Household utensils are made generally of wickerwork.
or straw, which, to render them watertight, are coated
with some resinous substance. The Mojaves and a few
of the Apache tribes have also burnt-clay vessels, such
a.s water-jars and dishes." For grinding maize, as Ix'lbre
in to he protoc'toil from the diirts of tlir onoiny.' Gmi'l's Com. Prnirifn, vol.
ii., pp. 3i2-i;i; rk'irces' Ti'.vus, p. 'IM; Slupard's Liiml <>j thv Azhrs, p. 18J;
l.'i'lcrHX, H isf, p. 104.
'J ' lis tiient tons li>s prisoniiiers mlnUes, t't ne liiissent- viviv iiue los enfuiits,
q'l'ils I'levi'ut nvct^ soin ])onr s'cn scrvir fomiuc (Vt'scluvi's.' ihniiUnltU, Essai
!'■>!., toni. i., p. 2!t ). ' luviiriiibly kill such lucn us ottir the slij^htist iiupcdi-
111 ^'it to their oi)eriitions, and t ike women and children prisoner.' Mairi/'s
A-inij L\J\\ pp. 24, 54. ' Prisoners of war helonq to the oiiptors.' liiirnct. in
4S ■h(ii)li-r I tVs Arrk, vol. i., ]i. 232; Fdnih'iin's Tnir., ji. 32; Fi'inhr's lluiii.
II f<'. p. 4S0; I'dtth's I'crx. Xar., p. 41; ^'<«>(«'.s 7V.i-rts, vol. i., p.'2"J8; Jloni's
('ap*.':iul;l, p. lo; J fuss I, MlX. filUlt., p. 2lli).
*'' ' Ten chiefs were seated in 11 .-ircle within our tent, when the pilie,
the Indi in token of peiiee, was produced. . . .they at tlrst refused to smoke,
tiii'ir excuse heinj^, that it was not their custom to smoke until they had
ri.'ieived some presents.' linij I's Com. Vmlvhs, vol. ii., p. 3!t.
" ' I saw no earthenware vessels nmon<; them; the utensils emidoyed in
the preparation of foodheinj^ shallow basins of closely netted straw. 'I'hey
cirried water in pitchers of the same material, hut they were matted all over
witli a pitch.' Smart, in Smilhsoiiion llf/it., IHOT, )>. 41!*. ' Aus liinsen und
Weideti i;eHochteue (iefiiss mituuter uueh einii^'e ausThon f^efornitj';'. . • by
t'.iii door stood ' eiu breiter Stein . . .auf welchem mittelst eineskleineren die
Mi'hlfriichte zeiTi(>ben wurden.' .Molllixuseu. Tiiiit'lnirk. j)j). 31)(1, 404. ' Panniers
of wicker-work, for holding (irovisions, are generally carried on the horse by
the women." Ili'iiry, in Si'lioDtrnit't's Ari:li., vol. v., p. 210; .\'i-iiilili(irs, in Svlinnl.
i"-(ifls Anil., v(d. ii., p. 12'.(. 'Their onlv implements are sticks,' tlrum,
in Ind. Aff. Iltfil., 1«7(», p. 140. ' They (the Axuus of Colorado River) had
u beautiful fishiuf^-net made out of frrass.'. . . .'They had also burnt <'arthen
j;irs, extremely well made. The size of » ach of them niiuht be about two feet
in dianu'ter in the t?reatest swell; very thin, li^jht, and well formed.' Jhinli/'s
Ti'dv., p. 3:)H. 'Nets wrout^ht v th the bark of the willow.' Domenerh's
ItfseHs, vol. i,, p. 220: Hr(iinip\ Ap'irlic CiiiDitri/, \). 2(10. ' Tienen mnelia
1 )zii de las coloradas, y pintadi's y n^f^ras, ]ilatos, caxetes, salevos; ulmofiiis,
X earns niuy f^alinas: alj,Mina I'.e la lozu est;i vidriada. Tienen mueho a|;er-
eibimiento do leria, e de mn.lera, para hucer sus casus, en tal numera, a lo
i(UH !ios dieron a entender, (pie eiiando uno ipieria hacker casu, tiene aquella
i!i:idera allf de piiesto piira el efeeto, y hay mueha cantidud. Tiene dos
^"^lxexes a los lados del pueblo, (jue le sirven para se bafiar, jiorque de otros
t>jos de ugua, it tiro de urcubuz, bebtu y se sirveu. A un cuarto de legua
IMPLEMENTa.
501
stated, a kind of motjito is Jiscd, which with thorn is
ii()tiiin<r mori' than a convex and a concave stone
Of
a^ricidtnral inipU'nients thev know nothinjj; a |iointe»I.
stick, crooked at one end. wliich they call //sA/W/^r/. does
service as a corn- planter in sprinir, and dnrinjr the later
season answers also for i>liickin}f fruit from trees, and
airain. in times of scarcity, to dig rats and i)rairie dojis
fioiii their sn})terranean retreats. Their cradle is a
lint hoard, pa(Med, on which the infant is fastened ;
on the npjK'r part is a little IummI to protect tiie head,
and it is carried )»y the mother on her Inu'k, sus|KMide«l
hy a strap.™ Their saddles are sim})ly two rolls of sti'aw
covered with deer or antelope skin, which are connected
by a strap; a piece of raw hide serves for jrirths and
stirrups. In later Nears the Nfexican saddle, or one
approaching it in shajx^, has l)een adoi)ted, and the
Xavajos have succeeded in making a ])retty fair imita-
tion of it, of hard ash. Their bridles, which consist of a
rein attached to the lower jaw, are very severe on the
animal,*^ Although not essentially a lish-eating iK'ople,
va (1 rio Snlado, quo dpoimoH, por dnnde fu(' nnestro camino, nnnqne fl n^mn
Kiiliulii sc pierdo lie miiclms Ici^nnrt iitras.' y'nsl(u'ii> de Susa, in I'ltrlnrn, <'<,!.
/>.><■. Iiii'il., toiii. iv., J). ;{:ll; T<i//li>r, in ('<d. Farmir, Fi'l>. 14th, lH(;i; Hr<iiin> 'x
Afyii'lii' I'luiiitrif, ]). 2il(). ' Tlu'ir i)nlv mcimnof farniingnrc sliarpeiied sticks.*
('■ihfi: in hid. Aff. Ri'pl., 1H71. p. 50.
"'*' Their utensils for the purpose of j;;rin(linj» luvadstnff, consist of two
stDiii'-!: one tiiit, with ii concavity in the niiildlc; the other round, fitting,' jiartly
inl > the hollow of the Hut stone.' Ifetiri/, in Srhdolrrnt't's Arrk.. vol. v., j).
'Jil'.l: SiiKiii, in Siiiidi.siinktn llvpt., 18(i7, p. 418; IV^r.sco, yotifkis ilf >o(i(<(«, p.
■2.S.'.
"' ' The cradle of the Navajo Indians rpsrnibles the same article made l>y
till' Western Indians. It consists of a tlat board, to su])) ort the vertebral
cohrun of the infant, with a layer of lilaidvets and soft waddin;^, to j/ive ease
to the position, havin;.,' the edf^'es of the fraiiie-work ornamented with h atl tr
frini,'e. .\round and over the lieadof the cliild, who is strapjicil to this plane,
is im ornatnented hoop, to protect the face and cranium from accident. A
hiithcr strap is attached to the vertebral shell-work, to enable the mother to
slin,' it on her back.' Srhniilcrfift'tf Arrh.. vol. iv , pp. ■(.'(.">-(>, and jdate p. 74.
'*" ' Tin- saddle is not (leculiar but j^enerally resembles that used by the
Mexicans. They ride with a very short stirruj), which is placed further to
the front than on a Mexican saddle. The bit of the bridle has a rint; at-
tached to it, thronuh which the lower jaw is partly thrust, and a powi rful
]i-essiire is exerted by this means when the reins are tifihtened.' I.fthfniKin,
ill '<iiiWisim\tlH [i'i>t., 185."), p. 'J!(2. 'Saselle est faite de denx rouleaux de
liaille relies par une courroie et niaintenus par nne Hantrle de cuir.' I.ikIik-
]illi\ n'iinis.'<rt-lloidliim. p. 8'2: T'liiiishf/'s Mitln, ]>. 80. The Navajos have
'ans/iliem Escheidiolz gefertigtenSattelbogeu.' Molllatusin, FliirhUiwi. iom.
iv., p. 3'J.
502
NEW MEXICANS.
tlic Afojavt's siiid Axiias display considcralde inironiiitv
in tiie inaniifactiiiv of lishinji-nctH, wliicli aiv notod H)r
their Htrcngtli and boanty. I'laited <rrass, or the fihrv
hark of the willow, are the materials <)f which they iirc
niade,"' Fire is obtained in the old primitive fashion of
riibbinj^ together two pieces of w«M)d, one soil and the
other hard. The hard piece is |M)inted and is twirled
on the softer i)iece, with a steady downward pressure
nntil sparks apj)ear.""^
The Xavait)s excel all other nations of this family in
the manufactnre of blaid^ets.'*' The art with them is
perhaps of .Nfexicaii origin, and they keep for this in-
dustry large Hocks of sheep.*** Some say in making
blankets cotton is mixed with the w«h)1, but 1 find no
notice of their cultivating cotton. Their looms are of
the most primitive kind. Two Iwams, one susjK'nded
and the other fastened to the ground, serve to stretch the
warp i)er[)endicularly and two slats, inserted between
the double warp, cross and recross it and also oi)en a
passage for the shuttle, which is sim[)ly a short stick
with some thread wound around it. The operator sits
**' ' Das Nctz wiir wcitmnsoliij^, nuH feiiien, nl)f>r schr stiirken Biistfi'iiliii
Ri'rtKchtcn, vicr Fnss lioch, niid unyefiihr dreissig Fuss liiii!,'. Von vier zu
vii'T Fuss bcfiiuflt'ii sicli litu^f Stiibe an (Icnist'llifn, niittclst welchtT cs iiii
Wiisst-r. zuglcicli nht'i- auch auf deni IJiiiUn unil aufifcht ^I'haltt'n wurdf.'
Mii'lliiDtseii, liiiivii in dii: Fvtuuwieh, toin. i., p. 227; JJomtnefli's Dtstrts, vol. i.,
p. -i'iO.
**■-' ' Kl apache para sacnr Ininbre, usa . . . . un pedazo de sosole y otro dc
lt'chu<,'uilla hicn sfcos. Al jmniero 1«» fornian una punta, lo epic frotan con
la si'^'und:i con cuanta vdocidad pueden a la niancra del cjcrclcio dt- nno-
ti'os niolinillos para haccr el chucolate: luc^'o (lue anibos )ialos se caliciitan
con la frotacion, se enciendeu y produceu el fuego.' I'dasvo, Svlicins de
lS'()/ln)V(. p. 282.
■" The Navujos ' manufacture the celebrated, and, for warmth and dmn-
l>ility, une(pialed, Navajo blanket. The Navajo blankets are a woiidir
of patient workmanship, and often sell as hi},'h as ei(,'hty, a hundred, .
or a hundred and tifty dollars.' M'olhi); in /)((/. Af. hep}., 1872, p. r»;j.
' N'avajt) blankets have a wide and merited reputation for beauty and excel-
len<'e.' I'rciiimtD's Apni'lies, p. 3((5; /)(»/. AJf. Jlcpt., .^pec. Com., iH(i7, )>. .'Ml;
THi-iicr, in \'<titrelli's Ainialvs (hs I'ni/., lH.'t2, torn, cxxxv., p. 314; \\'liip)il',
Eirltiink, unit Turni'r'A llept.. pp. 13, 32, in /Vic. //. I{. Ui'pi., vol. iii.; LarW
El irntiijo, p. 411; lliuihes' DoiiiplKni'n A'.r., p. 203; Sfe)i(s in the lioehy Mis.,
p. IH I; Fiiixiir's Ifuiii. Uaee, p.4Sl; I'etirs' lAfe of ('(irsoii, p. 125; Prilcliunl's
Xiit. IHsf. .!/((», vol. ii., p. r)(i7; FnriilKOii's Life in Cnl., i>p. .373-4.
'*^ ' This art may have been accpiired from the New Mexicans, or the rmblo
Indians.' Kutim. in Srlionhrn/t's Arrli.. vol. iv , ji. 217. ' This mannfaefun
of lilankets ...was orit;inally learned from the Mexicans when the two
Deople, lived on uuiicable terms.' Vnmoiiy's Aini<la's, p. 3(j7.
NAVAJO BLANKETS.
608
on the jiroimd, aiul the hltiiiket, as the weiivi)i|; pro-
givs-ses, is wound round the lower heain/' The wool,
alter heing carded, is spini with a spindle resembling u
hoy's top, the stern heing alxjut sixteen inches long and
the lower ]M)int made to revolve in an earthen howl hy
l)eing twirled rapidly between the ibielinger and thumb.
The thread after being twisted is wound on the spindle,
and though not very even, it answers the purpose very
well.**" The patterns are mostly regular geometrical
figures, among which diamonds and parallels predomi-
nate."^^ JUack and red are the princi[)al variations in
color, but blue and yellow are at times seen. Their
colors they obtain mostly by dyeing w ith vegetable sub-
stances, but in later years they obtain also colored manu-
factured materials from the whites, which they again
nnravel, eujploying the colored threads obtained in this
maimer in their own manufactures.**^ They also weave
"■'' 'Tho blanket is wovon by a tpclioiisand rndo procrss, nfter the iimmior
of the I'nt'blo liuliiiiis. . . .Tliu iniiiuu'i' of wt'llviIl^' is j:i'culiar, uiul is, no
doubt, orii^'iuid with these people and the neij^idiorin^' tiilies.' Ldli' main, in
I'^iiiillisoiiiiiti lli'pl,, IH't't, i).'2',(l; Sv.hiMilcruj'l's Avvh., vol. iv., j). 4.'i7.
'''' ' The Hjiinniuf^ und weaving is done. . . .by hand. The thread is niadu
entirely by hand, and is coarse and uneven.' Lctln'riinin, in >^ii(illis<iitii.H
Jl'lit., IH."),"*, J). LKl. ' The wo(d or eottou is first iirei)ared by curding. It
is then fastene(l to th(> spindle near its top, and is held in the h ft hand. Tho
si)indle is h(ld between the thnnd) and the tirst lingt r of the right hand, and
stands vertically in the earthen bowl. The operator now gives the s|iindle ii
twirl, as a boy turns his top. und while it is revolving, she proci tds (o draw
out her thread, precisely as is done by our own ojieratives, in using the eoni-
nion spinning-wheel. As soon as the thread is sj nn, the sjiiiidli- is turned
iu an oiii)osite direction, for the purpose of winding up the thread on tho
portion of it next to tho wooden block.' Backitx, iu Sclioolvnift's Arch., vol.
IV., p. 4;((!.
*^ UarLiis, in SchnnJirafl's Arch., vol. iv., p. 4;!(). "Ihe colors are vvovt n
in bands and diamonds. We have never observt d blanktis with ligureH
of a complicated pattern.' I.illn nniDi, in !^ii'illihii)ii(ii( ],ijil., l.^."."!, p. •i'.il.
'''< 'The colors, which are givtu in the yarn, are n d, black, aiul blue.
The juice of ci'rtain jilants is eniployid in dyeing, but it is assi rl< d by r(c» nt
nnthorities that the biiglilest led and blue are ol)t;iin( d by nia( irating strij s
<if Spiinish t'ochiiual, anda'itamine dyid goods, wliiih have been jiurc has-c d
at tlie towns.' Jturh its, in >cliiitilfnij't's Airh., vol. iv., ji. J:!*). ' 'Ihe loh.is
are r((l, bine, black, ai:d yellow; black und nd being the njost con-nion. The
red strands are obtained by unravelling red cloth, lilack by using the wool
of black sill ( p, blue by ilissolving indigo in feini<nt<d mine, and yellow is
said to be by coloring with a jiurticulur flower.' l.flln ni'du, in .'•»M7/,>(.jn'<i)»
Jlriil.. IS.")."), p. '2'.»1. T'he Women 'Welcho sich in d< r walil der l'"arben und
der y.usammenstcllung von buntiii Streifeu und phanlastischt n I'igiiren in
ileni (lewebe gegenseitig zu iibertrefien suclien. I'rsi riingli( h tragi n die
Decken nur die versehii den< ii I'arben der Schaafe in bri iti n Stn ift n. dcch
Beit die Navahoes farbige, woUeue btofi'e vou Neu-Mtxiko beziehen ktinueu,
004
NEW MEXirANS.
a cojirso woolrn clotli. of whlcli tlu'V at times niako ^'hirt,s
and Icjifiins/'-' HoMiiU-s pottery of burnt clav, Avicker-
>vork hasketH, nn«l saddles nnd bridles, no fienerid in-
dustry obtains in tliis faniilv."'" Featberwork. sueb as
sewinj; various patterns on skins nitli featliers. and
otiier ornanu'ntal needlework, are also praetieed by tbe
Navajos."'
01' tbe Tomancbes, tbe Abbe Domenecli relates tbat
tbey extracted silver from some mines near San Saba,
vjTHoliaffcn Hio Hifh Bolchp, tim mo in Fiidfii nnfzuliisj'ii, I'lnd <lifsr iImmi
zu iliriT ci;,'!'!!)'!: Wcbcri i zn vrrwi'iulcn.' J/o/Z/k/ »><•», Jiiisii> in d'n- l-'ilxanjelt.,
turn, ii., i>. 'S-l'f, Vi'iui' ..'S AilriH. Mifj-.. j>. 1115.
""'Us (tli<- ApiiclK'H) truvaillciit liit-ii Ich ('\iirH, font dc lullrs brides.'
J/ivhtijwlh', Ituinmsi'l-lloulhiin, \i. Hi. 'They nmiinfiK'tiirt' roii^li Iciithir.'
J'ike'H H.fliliir. Trav., \k >yMi. ' Man niiicht Lcdir.' IIii>mI, .W-.r. limit., |i.
V.>i>. 'It lias lifcii r<'i>rcK('iit<'d Unit thvnv (rilxs (the Xaviijcisi wcur It iitliir
HhoeH. . . . IiKjiiiry from iiersoiiH who liav** visitrd or )i<'*')i Ktatioixd in New
Mfxifo, diHathriiiH this olmcrvation, showiiii^ that in all cast s the Navajo
hIioch arc skiiiH, drt'sstd and snioiit'd after the Indian method.' Srliaiilninl'n
AitIi., vol. v.. |). '2(14; Cniiiiniif's Aimrhi's, ji. 'AUl't; hniiii's (i'Hi. J'liiiriis. vol.
i., J). '2H(i. They 'knit woolen stoekin^jH.' I)<irls' l-JI (iriin.ii, \). iW. 'Tiny
also manufaeture. . . .a eoarm- woolen < loth with vvhit h they elulhe tht ni-
Kelves.' I'htrh-, in U'lsi. J/<(;;., vol. viii., \t. '2M0; Jioiiinnili's IjikiIs, vol. i , ]>.
40IJ, vol. ii., j)j). '2l4-r>. 'The Navajo* s raise no cotton.' JUuhvs. in Si In 1 1-
crnfVs Airh., vol. iv., p. 21'i. Sic sind ' noch inner in eini^'en ]?aiiniwoil< n-
f^cwehcn ans},'ezeichnct.' Tliiiuiuiil, Mf,rih(>, p. 'M'J. ' These jitojile (the iii-
haliitants of .\ii/.ona in ir)40) had cotton, Imt they were ikjI very < nii full
to vsc the same; hecausc there was none among them that knew the aitt
of weaning, and to make aiijiarcl thereof ' AhinlKni, in lliil.iin/t'n Vi'ii.. vol.
iii., ]). 4I1H; limt, in Srlioolrni/l's Arrh., 1. i., p. '2411; Tm I! mi- el,, in .'^cAei./-
(Trt/T.s Anil., vol. iv., J). W); Torqiuiiian , Movorq. huL, toni. i., p. (iKO; ..!/-
('6(/(», hirritiiiiirld, torn, iii., J). 184.
'•"• The Xicarillas, ' manufacture a sort of ]>ottery wliieh resists the action
of fire.' Jliiiiuiiiili's J)<si lis, \n\. ii., \}. H; fiian fi, in Ihil. Aff. lii/il., \f'Li,
J). 177. The Ynma ' women makehaskcts of willow, and also of tnlc, whidi
art' impervious to water; also earthen o!las or jiots, which are nsi d for cook-
ing and for cooling water.' Kiiiury's L'l])!. U. S. (Onl Mur. Hi'iimlnri/ > urn i/,
vol. i., )1. Ill; liirUUii.iUifdo, Carta, A.S., p. '21. 'Figure 4. A scoop ir
dipper, from the Jlohavc trtlie, and ns neat and original an article in eartlien-
waro as coidd well he designed hy ii civilized potter.' Wh'iiqilv, Kirl.iinl.. ui'il
Turner's Hi jit., p.4('>, in I'itc. 11. Ii. ]li]il., vol. iii. ' I'rofessor t'ox was in-
formed that the New Mexican Indians colored their pottery lihu k hy using
the gum of the nie/.(pute, which has much the np])Ciirance and propi rtii s of
gum arahic, and then haking it. Much of the ancient jottcry from the Colo-
rado C'hitiuito is colored, the jirevailing tints being white, black, and nil.'
Foster's I'rv-llist. Hares, ]^. '2n(); lliLvtim's Adreii. Mi.r., p. l!'"*. The Ynnij nis
had 'some adnnrably made baskets of so close a texture as to hold water; a
wicker jar coated with pine tret? gum.' ISitijreaces' Zuili. /,>., p. 10; JJoit, in
Sclii'i'lcriij't's Arch., vol. i., p. 243.
9' Gre'ii/'s Com. I'niirivs, p. '280. ' In regard to the manufacture of idum-
age, or feather-work, they certainly display a greater fondness fcr dect ra-
tions of this sort than any Indians we have seen. . , I saw no exhibilioii of
it ill the wMy of embroidery.' iSiinpson's Jour. Mil. Ilecoii., p. 7t>; TUuinwd,
Mexiko, p. 34'J.
,
PllOPEUTY.
r>05
from vliich tliov mnnuructiircd oniainents for tlicnisclvi's
iinil tlu'ir .sjuMU's ami hrullcs.""^
TIk'v hnve no houts. Imt iiso raftn of \\(mm1. or ])i!iullts
of iii.slu's fasti'iud tij'jtlv to"i'tlu'r with o^il•r or \villo\v
i\\\'^f<. and |)ro^>v-ii('(l .'oiiu'tiiiu'S witli poles; litit iiioio
frt'(|iii'Htlv tlu'V |)la(v upon tlii' craft tlitir |)r«)|i('rtv an«l
wives, ami, swiniiiiiii*; alo)i<rsi(U> of it. witli the greatest
easi' push it iK'forc them."" For their iiiainti'iiam'i',
esjH'i'ially in latter (lavs, they are indehtetl in u ^reat
iiieasme t«) their horses, and atrordinjily th consider
them as their most valuahlo j)roiH'rty. Tin N'avajos
are larger st(H'k owners than anv of the oth r nations,
possessinji numerous ll(M!ks of sheej), and h rds of cattle
iis wi'll as horses and nudes. These, with their I laiikets,
tlieii" /i <scd skins, and peaches which they cultivate,
•'onstitute their chief wealth.'" Certain hainl-^ of the
A])ache nation exchanjio with the agriculturists pottery
and skins lor jirain.'" Among the Navajos. husband and
wifi' hold their pro^jcrty separate, and at their death it
'2 ' Mines (Vargont f>xploit('rs pnr Ifs rcunniicliPH, qui on lircnt iIoh oriic-
iiifiils ]Miur ( nx < t iHiiir Icms clu'vunx, uiiisi (jUfilt ^s Imllt s ) our Iciuh fusils.'
hdiiii iiifh, iJiiiir., p. \'.\i.
'" 'I'lic MfSfiilcros had 'a vaft of tmlriish or cane, flriattd and sniiiwutid
l)v smut' twiiity or thirty hollow puinpkiiiH faKtciinl toj,'t Ihir.' /.^'^Al/.l.^'
'ill. Mii'i-, vol. iii., p. .")(). 'Ihc YuinaH had 'Imttcaus ^liich could hold liCO
(irlii'd |iounds wci^lit.' hi., voliv., p. 541). 'I'lic Mojavcs Imd • Ivosm ii, iliti
voii l!iiisiii-r(ii;i(h'ln /.nsaiiiiufii),'tfiit,'t warcii ( dir riii/i!.'c .\rt vou Fnhr/i i:^',
wcli'hi' icli Ixi (h'li Ut'Wohncrii d«H Colorado-'l Imlis In inciktti.' .MoIIIk.usi n,
Tinii'idih, p. KH. • Mtrily liuudh'S of rnsln s pla<< d side liy side, aiid ki —
ciinly liouud tou'fthcr with willow twif^'s , .their <i\viiirs jiaddli d Iht in idiout.
with cousich^raMc drxtevity.' M7(///y)/c. in I'or. It. II. It'jil.. vol. iii., ji. 1 l7,
and plate. .Miillliiiitsen, Jivi-on in die Fdsfixjeh., toni. i., pi>. '^'M, !i54: /if.s' ( nl-
iinnlii l!ii\, p. (i!>.
'" ' Ininiense nu"d>ers of horses and Kliei>p, attestint,' the wealth of the
trihe.' Iris' Ciiliirdili) l!ii\. ))p. 12H. l.'til. 'They Jiossi ss more wealth tliall
all the other wild tribes in XewMi xieo eond)iiied.' '<'/•(((■(.<. in Iml. .[(!', lUi'l,,
IH.'it, p. 17!l. ' They are owners of larije tloeks and heids.' /;(/(/, in SiJui.l-
cri/l's Airli., vol. i., p. '2V.i; Knton, in Srhunlvrifl's Airli., vol. iv.. p. "JIT;
Hurl. 11.^. in ,^rliiiiilrr<ilVn Avrli.. vol. iv., pp. 21 1, Ul'2; Sn ms in tin- Iti rl, // .l.'/.s,,
p. ISd; liiir'in' El (Iriiiiji), p. Ill; l.ilhiriiiiDi, in Sm'tlisi iiUia Jtifil.. IN").'), ].|).
2'.M -'J; ilnllnfiii, in Nuiirillvs AniitikK iks Vinj., lH."il, toni. exxxi., p. 'J!"'.!;
Prir'nird's \<it. Hist. Man, vol. ii , p. .")('>7; ""-//i .<' Iiiiniiiliiin's I'.v.. \). iT.'t;
P'ti'is' Life of t 'arson, p. 121; Thiiinwil, .]i;,dl,ii, ji. lilV; Siiiiiisiiii'.-< Jinr.
Mi'. liWiiii., p. 7',t; I'nlimr, in llorim'n Slmi., vol. xvii.. \). llIO; Vivinoin's
A/xirJus, ]). 2'i4; Hiiiori/'s Hrroiiiiniss'iiirf, p. (i().
'''The Jiearilhi .\pa<-hes ' nianufaeture n sjiecies of eoarse <'arthenware,
which they exchant,'e for corn and wheat.' luillily, in Iml. -I;/". Uijil., Itij'A.
p. II.'). StruUuit'n (.'apt. Outm<m Girls, p. 123.
506
NEW MEXICANS.
l)ecomo.s tlio iiilicritaiice of the nopliew or iiioco. Tliis
hiw of oiitail i.s often eliuloJ Ijy the piireiits, ^vlu) before
tleutli give their goods to their cliildren."" Their ex-
(ihiiiiges jire governed by caprice rather than b\ estab-
lished vahies. Sometimes they will give a valuable
blanket for a trilling ornament. The Mojaves have a
spe(!ies of currency which they call 'pool', consisting of
strings of shell beads, whose value is detei'mined by the
length/" At the time of Coronado's expedition, in 15 10,
the Comanehes possessed great numl)ers of dogs, which
they enn)loyed in trans^wrting their buft'alo-skin tents
and scanty houwhold utensils.'"* When a buffalo is
killed, the successful hunter claims only the hide; the
others are at liberty to help themselves to the meat ac-
4'onling to their necessities.** In their trading transac-
tions they display much shrewdness, and yet are free
from the tricks usually resorted to by other nations."*
Their knowledge of decorative art is limited, paint-
!"■' ' T)rts Eit^ontlinin di's Vatera nichtanf tlen Sobu iiborf^'flit, suntltTU class
Ni'ffi'ii mill Nich'fii iils dii! n'chtmiissii,'on Erben iiiicrknmit wcrilcii wonii
iiiclit (li'f VattT Ix'i Lchzcitcn schoii sciiui Hiibo an din fiLji'licn Kiiidcr fjc-
schiiikt hilt,' Afii'lliitusi It, lli-isiii indie Fvlacwuh., torn, ii., p. 'ili-l. ' Tin- hiis-
biind liiis no control ovrr the property of his wife. . . .Property ilocs not do-
sfciid from fuflifr to son, but f^oes to the nei>lu'\v of the decedent, or, in
default of a ni'phew, to tlie niece. . . .but if, while liviiij.;, he distributes his
]iroiii'rty to his children, that disposition is ri>co;j;nised.' LvUi'-rinnn. in Smilli-
soitlitii III jit., IS.")"), p|). '2'.»l ">. 'When the father dies. . . a fair division is
not inaile; the strongest n^uallv aet the bulk of the ettect.s.' Jirixtnl, in Jnil.
Af. Ilii>t. Sprc <'oiii., 1S()7, p. rt57.
"■ ''I'lie blankets, thouj^'h not pnrclmsable with money. .. .were sold, in
some instances, for the most trilling? article of ornanu'nt or clothinj^'.' Simii-
smi's .lour. Mil. lii'fiiii., )). HI. Shell beads, which they call 'pook,' are their
Kubstituto for m incy." Whipiik, in P<ic. R. I!, liejil., vol. iii., p. 115.
''The Qnerechos encountered by C'oron.ido had with them ' un ^'rand Irou-
l)eau de chiens qui portaient tout ce qu"ils j)o.ssedaieut.' ('((stiifniln, in Tii-
■ii(iii.i--('iiiiii)itns, \'i>i/., serie i., torn, ix., p. 117. 'The oidy property of these
jieoph', with the exception of a few articles belonj,'in<,' to their domestic econ-
omy, consists entirely in horses and mules.' Miiir.ij's Aiini/ J.ij'r. ji. '-''J; Ihiin-
ruri'li's Ihsi'rta, vol. ii., p. '2;{; KoDUily's Ti.tits, vol. i., \ts 'M~ ; Mani/'.i lUjit.,
p. IHH; MiilllKiK.ieii, Ta<ji}>nvh, pp. 110-17.
911 ' 'I'liere are no subdivisions of land acknowledged in their teiriliiry,
and no exclusive ri^dit of t^ame.' Xilghhitrn, in SihiHilinift'a Anli , vol. ii., p.
l.'tl. ' Tlieir code is strictly Spartan.' .l/(/)v_y',s Artni/ Lin . p. '2',i.
luo ' 'I'liey are sufViciently astute in dealing,'.' Hiirncl, in S:-liiiiilrriijTs A rch.,
vol. i.. p. '2'i\2. ' Le chef d<'s Indiens choisit, jiarnii ces objets, ceiix qui
sont m'l'css.iires a sa trilui.' Sac. U<!oii., Jhtlletin, serie v.. No. !Mi, p. I'.Kt. ' In
Coiiianciie trade the mai'i trouble consists in lixiii^; the (irice of tlu^ first
animal. This beim,' selth'd by the chiefs.' '//v-i/'/'.s Citin. I'niirii.i, vol. ii., p.
b".: I'arhrr's .V-Zcs mi '/'.-,r., pp. ]!H), '2;U; liitvnvl, in ScfiitnlcivjTs Arclt., vol.
i., p. '131; Uoiiuuivlt, Juur., p. 130; JJttnvs' Texus, p. 311.
ART AND CALENDAR.
507
inns find sculptures of men and anininls. rudoly exe-
ciitt'd on rock.s or walls of caverns are occasionally met
with; whether intended as hieroglyphical representa-
tions, or sketched during the idle moments of some hud-
ding genius, it is difficult to determine, owing to the fact
that tiie statements of the various authors who have in-
vestigated the suhject are contlicting.*"' The Comanches
display a certain taste in painting their l)ull'alo-rol)es,
shields, and tents. The system of enumeration of the
Apaches exhibits a regularity and dilfusiveness seldom
met with amongst wild tril)es, and their language con-
tains all the terms for counting up tt) ten thousand.^"- In
this respect the Comanches are very deficient; what little
knowledge of arithmetic they have is decimal, and when
counting, the aid of their fingers or presence of some
actual object is necessary, being, as they are, in total ig-
norance of the snnplest arithmetical calculation. The
rising sun proclaims to them a new day; beyond this
they have no computation or division of time. The}'
know nothing of the motions of the earth or heavenly
bodic's. though they recognise the fixedness of the polar
star.''"
Their social organization, like all their manners and
customs, is governed by their wild and migratory life.
Government they have i^one. IJorn and bred with the
II" Mr Tlii'tlctf, <l('stn'il>in}j im excursion lie made to tin Sierrii Wiieo luur
the ('iiiijicr .Mines in New Mexico, says, lie siiw ' iin overliaiij^iuu vock ex-
t' iiiliiiL; for some distance, the \vhol<' surface of wliicli is covered wit ii rndo
l)iiiiliiii!s and sculptures, representin-,' men, animals, birds, snakes, and fan-
tastic fiLtines , . some of them, evidently of threat a},'(>, lial heen Jiailly
defa< 1(1 to make room for more recent devices.' Jinrlklt'n /V/'s. \iir., vol. i.,
jip. ITt) 4, with <'uts. In .\ri/.ona, Kniory fotind 'a mound of j,'rHn't( lioid-
dcrs... covered with unknown cliarai'ters ...On the f,'round near hy weni
also traces of some of the ti,L;ures, showing some of the hieroj^lypliics, at
least, to have I'eeu the work of modern Indians.' Kniuri/'s Hicniiiicissiiiiri^
ji|i. N'.t, '.Ml. with cut. The Comanches 'aimaieiit heancoup leH inui^'i s, (jti'iU
ne sc lassaii'iit pas d'admirer.' Ihimtncrh, Jmir., \t. !.'!(').
'"■-' 'The .\paclies count ten thousand with as much ref^ularity as we do.
They even make use of the decinud secpu^nces.' Crininhi/'s Aintilns. p. "..'17.
i"''Tliey have no computation of time heyond the seasons tln' cold
and hot season .. .frecpiently count liy the Caddo mode -from one to ten,
and liy tens to ono hundred. A-c. ...'Ihey are ignt)rant of the eletnents of
li.,'iires.' \'i'ililiiir!<, in SchnDlrrdft's Arrli., vol. ii., jiji. I'JK-IUt. ' Ce (pTils
savrni d'astrononiio 8o Ixune a la Cf)nnaissanco dt! I'ettyile polaire. . . l/ar-
itliiiii'tiijue (Its i^auvaj^es est sur leurs doij^ts;. . . .11 leur fant absulumint uu
oliji • p(jur uumlirer.' Ilaiiiiaum and Miltunl, 7"t.r., pp. II'J-IJ.
508
NEW MEXICANS.
idea i.f perfect personal freedom, all restraint is unen-
durable.'"* The nominal authority vested in the war
chief, is obtained by election, and is sul)or<linate to the
comicil of warriors.'"^ Every father holds undis})ute(l
sway o\er his children until the age of puberty. Ills
power, importance, and inlluence at the council-liie is
detei-niined l)y the amount of his slaves and other prop-
erty.'"*' Those specially distinguished by their cuiniing
and prowess in war, or success in the chase, are chosen
as chiefs.
A chief may at any time be deimsed.'"^ Sometimes
it liappens that (me family retains the chieftaincy in a
tribe diu"ing several generations, because of the bravery
or wealth of tiie sons.""* In time of peace but little au-
thority is vested in the chief; but on the war piith, to
ensure success, his commands are implicitly obeyed. It
'"* The Xuvnjos have no trilnil govrrnment, and in reality no cliicfs. T.dlii'r-
nmn, in Smillisoiiifni ltij>(., IK.")"!, p. '28S. ''J'hcir form of gdvcrniin nt is so
cxeci'dinirl.v jiriniitive us to l)i> hiinlly worthy the niiinc of ii iioliliciil orj,'iiiii-
Ziitiiiii.' Itiiris' Kl (Intnjn, pp. 412, 413; Ivix' dilimido Itiv., p. 71. 'Us n'oiit
juinais coiinn (1(> doinination.' <Soc. (Icoii., liidhthi. serie. v., Xo. W\, p. ls7.
'Each is sovcrcif^n in liis own ri>,'ht as a warrior.' ('rnnovi/'s AjkiiIks, p. 177.
'"■> ' It is my opinion that the Navajo eliiefs have but very little inlluence
with their jHoiile.' lioualt, in Iwl. Aff. li pL, IWi'.t, p. 238, and lh70, p. 152:
Jirisliil, in IikI. Af. livpt. Spec. Com.', l.St;?, p. 357.
'"li 'Los pailres di' familia ejereen esta autoridad en tnnto que Ids liijos
no salen ile la infau'-ia, ponpie poco antes de salir de la pnhertad son eonio
lihres y no reconoi'en mas supcrioridad (pie sns jiropias I'uer/iis, ('i la di 1
indio (jue los manda en la eamiaifia.' IV/o.sro, Xulirhts de Sdiiont. jij). •iH2-ll.
' I'lvcry vicli man has many dependants, and these dependants are obitliciit
to his will, in ju'ace and in war.' lidi-Ln.'t, in SclionlcrdjV.s Airh., vol. iv., \>.
211; 7V/( liroi'ch-, in Sihodlrrd/I's Arch., vol. iv., p. KO. 'Every one who has
a ifw horses and sheep is a "head man." ' Jjilicnuttn, in Stiiitliminhdi Itijit.,
l'Sr)'i, p. 2SS; Mdllli'tiisdi, liiiscii ill ilk Filseinnh., torn, ii., p. 23:!. The rult!
of the Qnerechos is 'essentially i)iitriarchal.' Marci/'.i Anni/ Life. )). 2(1.
"" ' Wheu one or more (of the Navajos) .u'e suceessful in hnttle or fortu-
nate in their raids to the settlements on the Itio (Jraiide, he is endowed with
the title of eai)tain or chief." lirixtnl, in lud. .[{T. Itipt., ]8<'>7, )>. 3.")7. 'In
eual((niera de estas iucorporaeioiu's toma el mando dil todo por eoniun c<iii-
hentiiiiiento el mas aereditado de valiente.' ('iiriliri>,\x\ Oroicn y ISirni. Ui-n.
firo/iii, ]). 373. The ("omanches have 'a rij^ht to displace a chief, and elci't
his successor, at j)lcasure.' luiini'di/'s YV.ivf.s', vol. i., j). 34(!. A <hiet of th<'
Coiaanclies is never degraded ' for any jirivate act unconnected with the wi I-
f are of the whole tribe.' SclnKilcnift's Anh..\o\. ii., j). 130.
It'" The olHce of (diief is not hereditaiy with the Xavajos. f'lrinoiii/'s . \}uicli-
rs, p. 3(17. The wise old men of the Querechos curb the imjtetuosity of ani-
bitious younj,'er warriors.' .}ftircy's Annif J,ife, p. '20. 'I infer that rank is
(aaiony the Mojaves), to some extent, hereditary.' fres' Ciilnriidd liir., ])p.
<i7, 71. 'This captain is often the oldest son of the chief, and iisstunes the
coiiiiuand of the ti'ibeon thedeath of his father,' amony the Apaches. Jhnri/,
in SclundcrajTs Anh., vol. v., p. 210.
COMANCHE GOVERNAIENT.
509
also frequently happens that chiefw are chosen to lead
some pai'ticular war or marauding exi)edition, their au-
thority expiring innnediately ujxjn their return honie.^"'
Among the Comanches public councils are held at
regular intervals during the year, when matters i>ertain-
iiig to the eonunon weal are discussed, laws made, thefts,
s('(liti(ms, nuu'ders, and other crimes punished, and the
(|uanels of warrior-chiefs settled. Smaller councils are
also held, in which, as well as in the larger ones, all are
free to express their opinion."" Questions laid before
them are taken under consideration, a long time fre-
(|ueutly elapsing before a decision is made, (ireat care
is taken that the decrees of the meeting shall be in ac-
cordance with the opinion and wishes of the majority.
Laws are promulgated by a public crier, who ranks next
to the chief in dignity."'
Ancestral customs and traditions govern the decisions
(»f the councils; brute force, or right of the strongest,
with the law of talion in its widest acceptance, direct
tbe mutual relations of tribes and individuals."- Murder,
'"'' The ^[(lsf'nlol•ns and Apaches ' choose a heud-niau to direct affairs for
thti time Ixiu;,'.' Carliloi), in SinitlisonUin Jk/it., 1^54, j). 'A15. ' Es j^mM aiieh
Si;iiiiiiie, ail (h'reii Spitze ein Krie^s- sowie ein Friedoiis-lfaui)tliii^' stelit.'
Aiiiiiii, l)its ILulhje JlixiLo, p. 279; Uarcia L'ondt,va. ISoc. Mux. Ukiij., liuldiii,
tout, v., J). .'{IT).
'in When Col. Lanf,'>)erfJ! visited the Comanches who inhabit the liolson
(Ic Jrapinii, 'wiirde dieser Stannu von eiiU'r alten Fran aiigefiihrt." Fiinhd,
Alls Aiiii'i'ikn, torn, ii., \\. 222; Id., i'mt. Auier., p. 352; Hnnh/'s 'Inir., ]>. 'MH.
' I have n(^ver known them (Comanches) to make a tri'aty that a portion of
tlie tribe do not violate its stipnlations before one jear rolls aruvnid.' yi'K/U-
^./v, in /,((/. Alt: ]{ii>t., lHr,7, p. '2(57.
'" The chiefs of the Comanches 'are in turn subject to tlu; control of a
|irincipal chief.' h'mia'ili/'s Ti.vhk, vol. i., p. ;!t"). 'La autoridad central (h:
Ml ijolpienio reside en un {^efe siipr<'iiio.' l\i ristit I'uvtifu'd, toni. i.. p. 57; Ks-
rmiro, S'litirina <lf ('Inhiiiihiiii, \}. 'IiU. The st)utliern Conialiclies ' do not of
Lite years acknowled^'e the sovereif^iity of a coninion ruler and h ader in their
iiiiitid councils nor in war.' Marri/'s Arnnj Uff, p. 43. The (iila Apadiea
nckiio\vledf,'e 'no common head or superior.' Merriicdlier, in Ltd. Alt'. Unit.,
1S.-.4, pp. 170, 172.
'I- I'lie Comanches 'hrld re<;ular councils (piarterly, and a j^'rand council
of the whole tribe once iv year." Kdinirds' Hist, '/'i.e., p. KIH. • .\t these
councils prisoners of war are tried, as\v(>ll as all cas(>s of adultery, theft, si'di-
lioiiand iiiurder, which are iiunishi'd by ileath. The grand council al^o takes
cnuiiii/.auce of all disputes between the chiefs, and other niattirs of import-
iiiice." .Miiillnrils Hi.it. yV.r., p. 244. 'Their decisions are of but little iiio-
iiieiit, unless tliey meet tile approbation of the mass of the j)eo|)le; and for
tills reason these councils are exceecUngly careful not to run cuiinter to the
wIsIk s (if tile poorer but more numerous class, bcint; aware of the dillieully.
if uut iuipoiiisibility, of eufuruinjj any uct that would uut couiiuaud their
610
NEW MEXICANS.
adultery, theft, unci .sedition are puni.slied with death or
piibHc exposure, or settled by private agreeincut or the
interposition of elderly warriors. The doctoi* I'ailing to
cure his patient must be punished by death. The court
of justice is the council of the triJje, presided over by
the chiefs, the latter with the assistance of sub-chiels,
rigidly executing judgment upon the culjjrits."' All
crimes may be i)ardoned but murder, which nnist pay
blood for blood if the avenger overtake his victim."^
All the natives of this family hold captives as slaves;"*
some treat them kindly, employing the men as herders
approval.' Collins, in TiuJ. Aff. lifpl., 1857, p. 274. ' SiiiRnlis pnp;is siii RpruH
tJriiut, (jni p(;r i)riiec'oiies snos edietii ixipulo (leinintiiibiiiit.' J)i' I.iot, .Vi-ck.s
Or^iin, p. :tl 1 . ' Tieiu'H otm I'ersoniv, (pie lliininn Prt- {^onero, \ f « In s('f,'nii(lii
P(.'rs((iiii de lii liepilblit'ii; f>l oficio de este, en uiituifeNtur ill I'lielilo todas las
fosits (jiu- sf hail de liactr.' T<)r(juetna(l<i, ^fomlr(|. hid., torn, ii., ]>. 'Ml; Id.,
to!ii. i., p. <iH(). They recdsnize 'no law but that of individual cainict'.'
l-'I'i-li-. in liid. Aff. liijiL, IHl!;), p. lO'J. The Coniiujches ' ackiiowhd^'e no
ri;,'ht but the i'it,'ht of the strongest.' Schitolrnift's Arrli., vol. v., p. r)7">. • J.a
loi du taliiiu est la base fondanientnle dn code p(diti(ine, eivil <'t eriiiiiiiel de
CCS divei'ses peuplades, et cette loi re(,'oit mie rigonrense application <le na-
tion a nation, tie fainille a famille, d'individu a individu.' llttrUmuia ninl
Milld.d, 7V.f., J). 114.
"■■' The Conianches punish 'Adultery, theft, murder, and other crimes. .
by established usage.' Ki'inu'di/'s Ti,ms, vol. i., ]). 1147. Among the Navajos,
' liew.lness is ptmished by a public exposure of the culprit." Snitis in lla'
li'ifhi/ .lA/.s'. p. 180. Muiry's Aniii/ Life, pp. '2(>, .'50. Navajocs ' regard each
other's right of ju'operty, and punish with great severity any one who in-
fringes uiMtii it. Ill one ease a Navajo was found stealing a horse; they held
a council and i)ut him to death.' Uri.slol, in Ind. A_ff. Uiftt. Sfuv. ('inn., W,7,
J), itli. X Cuchano young boy who frightened a child by foretelling its
death, wliii'h accidentally took place the ne.\t day. ' was secretly accused and
tried Itefnre th(! council for "being under the intinenceof evil si)irits," ' and
put to deatli. Eiiioni's Jii'i't. V. .S. lual J/f.r. liouudnrj/ .Sum j/, \o\ i., ji. iii.;
Fi'itl-if, in liid. .Iff. lii'itl., 1H(!8, p. i;{7. Among the Yuni'as. 'Each clii.f
l)unislies delin(|Uent.s by beating them across the hiu^k with a stick. Crimi-
nals brought before the general council for examination, if convicted, arc
placed ill the hands of a regularly appointed executioner of the tribe, who
indicts such punishment as th* council may direct.' Emory's Jiijit. I'. .S. Knd
Mi.t. liiiiuiditrii Snrvry, vol. i., p. iii.
"1 The .Vpache chief Ponce, speaking of the grief of a \wox woman at
the loss of her sou, says: 'The mother of the dt'ad brave demands the life
of his murderer. Nothing else will satisfy her. . . .Would money satisfy me
for tlie death of my son? No! I would demand the blood of the nnirdi-rer.
Then I would be satisfied.' Cnnnmy'.t Ajiurlirs. j). (lit. ' If one man (A]iache)
kills another, the next of kin to the defunct individual may kill the niunh rer
— if he can. He has the right to challenge hiui to single combat. . . Tlicre
is no trial, no set council, no regular examination into the crime orits causes;
but the oid.'al of battle settles the whole matter.' Id., p. 2'.K\.
"' hoitivwfh's Di'Hi'iix, vol. ii., j). 7; Ldhirinun, in Sniillisiinitin llipl., IH.IS,
p. '2!t4. ' lis (Comanclii's) tueiit tons les prisonnierK adultes, et lie laisseiit
vivre (pie les enfaiis.' IHIlnn. Hi.sl. Mix., p. 'JH. The Navajos ' hav( in their
j>ossession many prisoners, men, women, and children, .. . whom they hold
ami treat as slaveH.' Jkiit, in HvhoulcrajTii Arch., vol. i., p. 244.
TREATMENT OF WOMEX.
611
and marrying tlie women ; others half-.^tarve and soourfio
tliein, and inllict on them the most painful hihors.'"'
Xotliing short of crucifixion, roasting hy a slow fire, or
some other most excruciating form of deatli, can atone the
crime of attempted escape from hondage. 'J'hey not onl y
steal children from other trihes and sell them, but carry
on a most unnatnrjil traffic in their own ollspring.^'^
AVomankind as nsual is not respected. The female
child receives little care from its mother, being oidy of
collateral advantage to the tribe. Later she becomes
the beast of burden and slave of her husband. Souie
celebrate the entry into womanhood with feasting and
dancing."** Courtship is simple and brief; the wooer
i""' Oup lioy from Mexico taken by the Comanchcs, said, 'dass seiii G»-
nobiift in diT (it'fanj,'('iisi-liaft dariii bcstelie die ricrde Hciius Hirni zu wci-
dt'U.' h'l'Dc'icI, Ans Aint'rihi, toin. ii., J). IU'2; (ireiiij's Vmn. J'ldir'ns, vol. ii., ]i.
;ii;{. The natives of New Mexieo take the women j)iis()ners 'for wives.'
Marri/'s Itijit.. j). 187. Some prisoners liberated from the Comnnehes, were
eouniietely eovered with strijies and bruises. Ikinex' 'I'l.ais, j). 'SM. Jliss
Olive Oatiiian detained anionj,' the Mohaves says: 'They invented modes and
seemed to create necessities of labor that they might t,'ratify themselves by
taxinj; ns to the utmost, and even took unwarranted delij^ht in whipjiing us
on beyond our strenjj;th. .And all their recjuests and exactions were couched
in the most insuitiuL,' and tauntinj,' hmj^'uage and manner, as it thiii seenied,
mid as they had the frankness soon to confess, to fnm(i their hate against
the race to whom we belon<,'ed. Often under the frown and lash were we
c()iii|)eHe(l to lalior for whole days upon an allowance amply sufficient to
stiirve a common dandy civilized idler.' titration's Cdjil. Odtiintii Liiiis, \ p.
114-lS, l;iU.
"■' 'It api>eared that the poor j,'irl had lieen stolen, as the Indian (.\xua)
saiil. from tlie Yuma tribe the day before, and he now ofl'ered her for sale."
ll'inli/'s Trie-., j). ;(7'.l. 'The practice of })arents selling their children is
auother proof of poverty ' of the Axuans. Id., p. ,'t71.
''■I ' .\ccordiii|,' to their (Tontos') physiolc>},'y the female, especially the
youu^' female, should be allowed meat only when mcessary to prevent star-
vation.' Slriillnii's Viiiit. 0''hii(ta divls, p. 115. The t'omanches 'enter the
"iagt' state at a very early n<^c frequently before tin ai^e of jiuberty.'
> ii'lmrs, in Schndlfra/t'x Anli., vol. ii., p. lli'i. Whenever a .liearilla female
arnves at a uiarriageable aj;e, in honor of the 'event thi' ]iarentswill sac-
rilice all the proiierty they jiossess, the ceremony beinj,' jirotracted from ti\e
to ten days with every deuntnstration of hilarilj'.' Sli'c/,\ in //,(/, ,|^/'. Uipt.,
Wu\. p. l(l',»; Mni'iji's Aniit/ Li/c. \>. '2!S-!t. Amoiif,' the Yumas. the a]i|iliiiiiit
fur womaidiood is placed in an oven or closely eovend hut. in wliieh slie is
steamed for three days, alternating the treatment with plunges into the ntar
river, and niiiintaining a fast all the time.' Juikdi/'s Ui/iI. l'. S. iiuil .l/r.r.
Il'iiiii'luri/ Slim//, vol. i., l)p. 110-11. The Apaches celebrate a feast with
singing, dancing, and mimic disjjlay when a girl arrives at the marriigeablc
state during which time the girl renniins ' isolated in a hugt^ loilge ' and
'listens patiently to the resi)onsibilities of her marriageable condition,' re-
c >unti'(l to her by the old men and chiefs. ' .\fter it is finished she is di-
vested of hi r eyebrows A month afterward the eye lashes are pulh d out.'
Vremony's Apaclics, pp. 143, '243 0.
'612
NEW MEXICANS.
pays for his bride and takes her home."" Everyman
may liave all the wives he can buy. There is generally
a favorite, or chief wife, who exercises authority over
the others. As iK)lygamy causes a greater division
of labor, the women do not object to it.'"" k^ome-
times a feast of horse-flesh celebrates a marriage.'-^ All
the labor of preparing food, tanning skins, cultivating
fields, making clothes, and building houses, falls to the
women, the men considering it beneath their dignity to
do anything but hunt and fight. The women I'eed and
saddle the horses of their lords; oftentimes they are
cruelly beaten, nuitilated, and even put to death.'" The
"" Thoro is* no niarringo ooromony amonp; the Nnvnjors ' a yonnp mnn
M'isliini,' a woman for his wifi; ascertains who her father is; he g(jes and
states the cause of liis visit and otters from one to fifteen horses for thn
<hiu;4hter. The consent of the fatlier is absolute, and tlie one so jiurehased
assents or is taken away hy force. All the marriaf,'eahle women or stjuaws
in a family can be taken in a similar manner by the same individual; i. e.,
he can purtdjase wives as lon}^ as his jirojx'rty holds out.' Ilrislnl. in hid.
A(f'. Iti'i)t. Slier. I'diii., 18(J7, ]). ;t57; JAnrz/'.s Anny JJj'i', p. ■!!•; li(tckm,\n
iSrlioolcrn/l's Arch., vol. iv., p. 214; I'arlii'r's Nolfs on VV.r., p. 'ilt.'l.
'•"' Auioufj; the .\])aches, the lover 'stakes his horse in front of her roo.st
. . . .Siiould the f^'irl favor the suitor, his horse is taken by her, led to water,
fed, and secured in front of his lod}i;o . . . . Four days comprise the term
allowed her for an answer. . . . A ready acceptance is apt to be criticised with
some severity, while a tardy one is ret,'arded as the extreme of eo<|U(try.'
('reiiii)iii/'s .l/)'/(7i(.s, pj). "i-l")-!); Ten Jiroeck. in SrlioolrwjTsAnli., vol. iv.,
ji. H'.}; Miin-j/'a Aniu/ Life, pp. 30, 51. The Apache 'who cj^n support or
hee]), or attract by his power to keep, the f,'reatest number of women, is the
luan who is d<'cmed entitled to the fireatest amount of honor and resiiect.'
Criiiitiiii/'s Ai>iiclns, jip. 44, Hit. I'n Comanche, 'pent ('pouser auliint do
femmes (pi'il veut, a la soule condition de doiiner a chacune iin clieval.'
Ihiiiunwh. .fiiiir,, p. i;!o. Amon({ tlie Navajoes, ' The wife last idiosin is
idways mistress of her predecessors.' Wliiiiple, Mirlidnk. (tit.l Tiinnr'a Uijit.,
J). 4"2, in I'dc. It. It. It' 1)1., vol. iii. They seldom, if ever, marry out of llie
h'ibe. U'linl. in Iml. A_tf'. Ite/il. Spec. I'mii., 18(17, p. 400. "In general, when
iiu Indian wishes to have manj' wives he (diooses above all others, if lie can,
sisters, because he thinks he can thus s(>cure more domestic peace.' Ihitm-
iicrlt's Disvrts, vol. ii., p. UOti. '1 think that few, if any, have nioie than
one wife,' of the Mojaves. Ires' Cohirailo Itir., p. 71.
''^' ' The Navajo marriaj,'e-ceren)ony consists simply of a feast n)>on horse-
flesh.' I'dhiier, in Ikirjur'a Mii'j., vol. xvii., p 400. When the Navajos de-
sire to marry, ' they sit down on op])osite sides of a basket, made to Mold
■water, tilled with a*(de or some other food, and partake of it. This simple
proceedinfi; makes them husband and wife.' Daris' El Urmio. j). 41").
■'f^ Th(! (.'ouMUche women 'arc drudyes. ' School crajV s Arrh., vol. v., p.
ri7r>; Diifci/, ItcsititKi <lc r Hint., tom.i., p. 4; Nibihhorti, in l)i(l. .[f. II' i>l.,
]H.")7, p. 2tio; Excuilro, Xntic'nis de I'hihiiuhun, p. "JHO; llavtlett'.-i J'crx. .\iir,,
vol. i., p. .'U)S. Labor is considered de^radinf^ by the Comanehes. luimiih/'.'^
T'Xas. vol. i., p. 347. The .Xpache men 'no cnidan de otras cosas. sino dt^
cazar y divertirse.' Sononi, Itescrip. Uen<j., in l)oc. II'inL Mej., serie iii.. torn,
iv., p. o():!; }fttvc!i\ .\nin/ i.i/e, pp. '2!t, 10, 50. ' I.a feninie (du Comaiuht-)
bou c'sclave ubsolue, doit tout fairc pour lui. tsouvt'iit il u'apporte pas meme
MAKRIAGE AND CHILD-BIUTII.
513
marriage yoke sits lifihtly; the hus])an(l may repudiate
his wife at will and take back tlie property given lor her;
the wife may abandon her husband, but by the latter'
act she covers him with such disgrace that it may only
be wiped out l)y killing somebody*"'^ — anybody whom
he may chance to meet. In the event of a separation
tlie children tbllow the mother. They are not a prolific
race; indeed, it is but seldom that a woman has more
than three or four children. As usual parturition is
easy; but owing to unavoidable exposure many of their
infants soon die. The naming of the child is attended
with superstitious rites, and on reaching the age of
puberty they never fail to change its name.'-* Innne-
diately after the ])irth of the child, it is fastened to a
small board, by bandages, and so carried for several
le gibicr qn'il a tni', mnis il envoie sa femmo le phorcli^r nu loin.' Dnhvis,
in llinnenvvli. Jour., ]•>. 4'}'.), The Nuvajos 'treat tlicir Wdiiieii with f^reat
i.ttentit)!), consider tlieni efjnals, and relieve them from the dnidj^'ery of
nu'.iitd work.' llii'ihfx' Diniiplidn's Ex., p. 'JO;). The Xavajo wom»n 'ui«
the real owners of all the sheep. . . They admit women into their councils,
who sometimes control their deliberations; and they also eat with thtni.*
Ihiriti' Kl (i'rin;in, p. iVl; WliippU', Eviianlc. a)i(t Tmiio-'s h'ljit.. p. Kll. in
/''((;. //. II. Ili'jtt , vol. iii. ' De atpii proviene que scan arhitros de sus mn-
gores. dandoles un trato servilisimo, y algnnas veces les ijnilan liasta la vidn
jiorcelos.' \'('l<isro, XolicidK de Sonora, \i.'li'M. ' Les C'omanclies, <>Mij,'ent lo
|irisonnier hlanc, dont ils ont admire le valenr dans le combat, a s'uuir aux
leurs pour jjerpetuer sa race.' Foxufi/, ^fl'xi(^lt(■. ji. 4(i2.
'^3 Amonj^ the Apaches, ' niuchas veces suele disolverse el contrato ))or
un'tnime consentimieiito de los despdsados, y volvit ndo la mnjer a sn paiire,
entvei^a este lo (pie recibii) por ella.' ('onlero. in Oruzro y Ikria, (Iraiinifia,
p. ;t7;(. When the Navajo women abandon the husband, the latter ' asks
to wipe out th(! disf^race by killing some one.' /*((/. Aff. Itipt. ifptc. Ctnii.,
lf<t)7, )). ',U4; Kitlon, in SrhoolrrajT.s Avrli., vol. iv., \i. 217.
''^< Navajo women, 'when in i)aitniition. stand upon tin ir feet, holding to
a rojic sus|iended overhead, or upon the knees, the body beinfj: erect.' I.ilhir-
iiinn, in .'<)iiitlisi)iii<iii Itipl., IH.")"), p. 2'.HI. 'Previous to a birth, the (Yuma)
mother leaves her '.illage for soiiie short distance ami lives by herself until a
month after the child is born; (lie band to which she belongs then assemble
and select a name for the little one, which is given with some trivial cere-
Miiiny.' Hiiiori/'s Hi'pf., vol. i., ]i. 110; Murcy's Anuy l.ifi. p. ',\\. ' Si el parlo
es en marcha, se hacen a un lado del caiuino debajo de un arbol, en donde
Mileii del lance con la nniyor facilidad y sin apuro ninguno, eontinuando
i.i marcha con la criatura y algun otro de sns chi(piillos, dentro d<' una
1 specie dc red, que a la nninera de una canasta cargan en los hnnibros, pen-
(lieiite de la frente con una tira de cuero 6 de vaqueta (jue la contiene, en
dniule llevan adennis alunos trastos d cosas que comer.' I'l'lasm, \i,lici<is lie
.^ihinni, p. '2H|; Fitssei/, Mi.vupir, p. 4(')2. ' Luego <ple sale a lu/ esta. sale la
vii'ja de aquel lugar con la nniiio jiuesta en los ojos. y no se descubre liasta
line in) haya dado una vuelta fuera de la casa, y el objeto (jue primero se le
piiscutii a la vista, es el nouibru que se le pyne a lu criaturu.' Ahiin , Jlibl.
(.'oiiip. (/i- ./i.sKs', torn, i., p. 335.
Vol. I. iU
: I
514
NEW MEXICANS.
montlis oil tlio ])aok of tlio motlior. liOtor tlio cliild
rides on tlic motlu'i" s hip. or is canic*! on lior hack in a
hasUt't or hlaiikot, whicli in travclUnji; on liorsohack is
i'astcncd to the ]M)nnnL>l of tlic sacUUe. IJoy.s are early
taught the use oi' weapons, and early learn their siii»eji-
ority over <iirls. hein^ seldom or never [)tnjished.''''
It is a sin.ii'idai" faet that of all these [)eople the thiev-
ish nu'at-eatin|i; Apache is almost the only one who
makes any jjretentions to female chastity. All authori-
ties a;j;ree that the Ai)ache women hotli hefore and after
marriaue are remarkahly pure.'"*'
Yuma hushands for gain surrender not only their
slaves, hut tlieii wives. Hospitality carries with it the
ol)li<j!;ation of providing for the guest a temiK)rary wife.
The usual punishment for infidelity is the mutilation ot"
the nose or ears, which disfigurement prevents the ol-
fender from marryinii. and commonlv sends her forth as
a public harlot in the tribe.'^' The setlucer can ai)})ease
'^■^ I'dllic'a Pirn. Xar., p. !)'2; MiiUhintsei), Ttdsrn in tlk Filsmfich., torn.
i., p. :W(I; /ccs' f '(i/onc/i) Nin'i; pp. (lii, 71; lliiiri/. in SflnxiliTo/rs Arch,, vol.
v., p. '21 1. ' (^iiiiiul l«'s Imlii'init's (Coiiiimi'lics) voyiii^i'iit iivt'c Icni-H riifniits
«>li liiis I'l^'O, ('lies It's siisi't'iulcnt a la scllf iivi'c dcs courioics (|u'fllis li iir
{)ass<'iit ciitn' It's jaiiiln's ft st)nK U'S luas. I^t's stinlncsinits tin t-lu'Val, Its
)raiii'ht's. It's luttiissaillcs lit'urti'iit »'t's painris jiflits, It's (li'fliiiiiil. Its
ini'iirtiisst'iit : iifU inipoi'tc, c't'st uiif fa(;i>ii de Its af^iitriir. " JUnimnfli, Ji.tnn
p. lit."); h'liiori/'.f lt't'roiiiii>!ss(nic(', \t. r)2. 'A la t'llatl ilt; sicli' afios tit- It'S
aput'lit's, ti aiitt's, lo juiiiu'io tpU' liafili Ids iiadlfs, vs j cuu'l' a sus liijtis i I
fart'ax fii la iiiiiiio t'lisfnAiiilitlfs a tiiar liicii, iiiva tfulifa i luiit'/iin a nintii-
<l«'r t'li la I'a/a ' Wlusco, \otiriiis ilr .^ninini, p. 'isi!. 'I lif Ajiaclics, 'juviiitii-
.tt'iii si'tliili) iiistitiiunt castitiaiit tpuul aliis liailiaiis iiisdlituiii.' /'c l.d'l,
XiirKsOrliis. |i. ."IKI. Malt' t'liiltlri'ii tif llif Coniaialus 'arc ('Vcii priviltui d In
rt'ht'l against tlifir parents, who art' iMit tiilitltd tt) cliastisf llit ni Iml liv tt ii-
Ht'nt tif tlif frilit'.' Id until I/'. •< 7'i,r((s. vul. i., ji. ;M(i 7. In fat't. a N'aviijti liiiii-
)>n lias said, ' that lit' was afraiil tti forrcct liis own Ixiy- I'^t H'*' «'liil<1 slionltl
wait for a t'onvt'iiit'nt oppottnnity. anil shoot liini wiih an anow.' J.itlnriiiiin,
ill SiiiillixoiiiiDi Iti'jil.. Is'i"), p, '21)4.
''•"' /)('/. .1//'. Ii'ijit. >;)(■(•. ('(»/(. . 1807, 11. :m')4; ('rr)iioiiy's A}iacliis, )>. HI";
MoHhinisii. Twirlnirh, J). :til',t; I'altk's I'lrs. .\<ir.. p. 11!»/
''■^' ''nit> Navajo women ar»> very loose, and tlo not Itiok njion foriiicatieii
ifls a crime.' h'ni/llnr, in liul. Aft'. I!>iil. .V/icc, <'i,)ii.. Ih(l7. i>. lilt',); Criiiiuiiif's
vl/)((('/(('.s', p. '2-14. 'Prostitution is the rnle anion},' the (Vnnia) wcmicn, i;et
the e.vet'ption.' Mnirrj/. in Intl. .!/. /.'<y»/., 1.^57, p. ItOl; FrmUil, Ai's
AmvriLii, tt>m. ii., ]>. 47(1; Uroirm's Ai'drhe Cininlrt/, p. !)(!. ' I'rostitntien
prevails to a i^'reat extent aniont; the Navajoes, the Maricoiias, ami
the Yuma Indians; anil its attendant iliseases, as before statttl, lia\i'
more or less tainted the l)lt>od of the adults; and by i'lherilanee of
the fhildreii.' Citrhloii. in linl. Afi'. Ittjil. i^pcr. ('(dii., lH{i7, j). 4liit.
Among the Navajoes, ' the most nnfortu'iate thiiit; whieli enn befall a
captive woman is it) be claimed by two jiersiuis. In this ease, she is eillii r
shut or delivered ui^^for iudist-Timiuute violeuue.' Emory's JitcuuMns-
AMUSEMENTS.
515
the aiigor of an injured hnsband by presents, although
lu'loro the law he Ibrleits his Ufe. Kvon sodomy and
incestuous intercourse occur among tliem. Old age is
dislionoral)le.'^
They are innnoderately fond of smoking, drinking,
feasting, and anuisements which fill up the many hours
ol' idleness. J)ancing and masquerading is the most
I'iivorite })astime. They have feasts with dances to eele-
hrate victories, feasts given at marriage, and when girls
attain tiie age of })ul)erty; a ceremonial is observed at
the burial of noted warriors, and on other various occa-
sions of private family life, in which both men and
women take part. The dance is performed by a single
actor or by a num])er of persons of both sexes to the
accompaniment of instruments or their own voices.'-*
.s((/i(v, J), no. Tbo roloriulo lliver Iiuliiiis 'Imvter niul sell their women
into prostitution, with liardly iiii exception,' iS'ifurd. in IikI. Aft'. Ite/it., \H~{),
p. i:i'.l. ' 'I'he (.'onianclie women are, as in many otlier wild trii)i's, the slaveu
of tliiir lords, and it is a eonunon practice for their liushands to lend or
wll them to a visitor for one, two, or three days at a time.' .lAovv/'.s JtijiL, j».
in"; Arrirlrild, Cri'Diicit S<ri{ti<'ii, p. 419. ' Las faltas <'onynf;ales uo se casti-
pin por la )>rimera ve/; pero a la se^unda el marido corta la pniita de la nariz
a su inlicl es])osa, y la lUspide di^ sii lado.' JitriKlu ("utitijicii, vol.i., p. 57; >(»<;.
(I •'■'>:!., Itiilliliii, serie v.. No. !M>, p. 11(2. 'Thesciuaw whohasheen mutil.iti'dfor
sucli a cause, is ij>s<i fucto divt)rced, and, it is said, for ever precluded friua
iiianyin^ a},'ain. The consecpience is, that she heconn'S a contiruied harlot
in the trihe.' (ireijifx Cum. I'niifks, vol. ii., jip. -lit, 308-llt, 'M:\. 'El culpa-
hle, se),'iiu dicen, jamas es casti^'ado por el marido con la mnerte; solameiitft
sc ahro^a el derecho de darle al.i{nnos ^olpes y coj^evse sus ninlas u cahallos.'
Ill liuiiilh r 1/ Tliiin-I, IHurUi, p. 'ioH; Miirri/'fi Amu/ Lifi', y. l'.>. ' TIk se ynntj
null may not ham; carnall copulation with any woman: hut all the yun;^ men
(if tile countrey which are to marrie, may company with them. . . 1 .saw like-
wisr certaiue wons.ai which lined dishonestly among men,' Aktrcho)t, in Huh-
liiift's Viiji , vci. ill., p. 4;{(J.
i-^'Tliey toldt! mey that. .. .such as remayned widowes, stayed halfe a
yecre, or a wlioh^ yecre before they nuirried.' Ahnrhon, in Hdklni/t'.v '",'/••
vdj. ill., p. 431; lCniiirt)'s Jlcjit. I'. S. and J/cr. lUnnHUtry Siirni/, vol. i., p.
110; _][iiri/'s .\nnif LU'i\ p. o4; Mi'iUhnnmn, Ji' Isin in dh- FiUokiiI,., tom. ii.,
p. 2;! I; Hiin-'m Cinidv, in Sof. Mex. Hukj., Iluhthi, tom. v., ]>. liin.
'••''' ■ En las referidas rennioms los bailes son sus diversiones favorifas.
Los hacen de noche al son de una olla cu1)i<'rta la boca con una piel tiraiite,
1(111' siunan con un palo, en cuya estremidad lian wn boton de trapos. So
iiiti'i'|)olan umbos secsos, saltan todos a un mismo tiempo, dando ahiridos y
hiicieiido miles de ademanes, en <pie nuK.'ven to(h)s his miembros del cuerpo
coil una destreza estraordinaria, arremedamlo al coyote y al veiiado. Desta
iiiiiiicra forman diferentes grupos simetrii^amente.' \'i'l(i.sro, Molicius ili' .*>()-
>!"/•'(, p. •2(i!l; Mnrcj^'s Anntf Life, p. 177; ('n'm<))i!f'.<> AitiirlieK, p. '!>>'). ' Lste
111 forma una junta de trnhanes vestidos de rid.culo y autorizados )or los
viijos del puelilo para cometer los mayores desi'irdenes, y ^nstan t into do
estos hechos. (pu! ni los nuiridos reparan las infamias (pie cometen 'oii su3
Wiiyercs, ni las ^uu resultun eii perjuiciy dc lus liijus.' Akgre, Uist. (. jinj). de
ruG
NEW MEXICANS.
All festivities are incomi)leto witlioiit iniproin|)tii .soiij^s,
tlie music being lui^thiiig but agreeable, and tlie aeeuui-
]ianiinent corn-stalk or cane tlutes, wooden drums, oi-
calabaslies filled with stone and shaken to a constantly
vai'ying time.*"" They also spend nuich time in gamb-
ling, often staking their whole property on a throw, in-
i'hiding everything njjon their backs. One of tliese
games is played with a bullet, which is passed rapidly
from one hand to the other, during which they sing, as-
sisting the music with the motion of their arms. The
giime consists in gue> -Ing in which hand the bullet is
held. Another Comanche game is played with twelve
sticks, each about six inches in length. These aio
(Iropped on the ground and those falling across each
other are counted for game, one hundred being the lim-
it,'" Horse-racing is likewise a passion with them;'"
as are also all other athletic sports.*'" AVhen smoking,
,/('.sv(.s, torn, i., p. 33"). 'Tlio females (of tho Apiicbcs) do tlip principal imit
of the diuifiiii^.' Ikiiry, in ^choolcnij't's Arrli., vol. v.. p. '21'2. ' Anioiij,' tlu'
Alicimkis, ("liin'tiis, Coiuiinclu^s, luul otluT Indiiiii tribes, the women (liince
Mie Hiinie (l;iMces, but lifter the men, ami far out of their night. . . .they are sel-
<li>m adniiurd to share any annisenient, their lot being to work.' DotmmcW^
l>\-:rrl.i, vol. ii., ])p. 11)S», 211. ' De estos vinieron tiinco danzas, cada una
conipuesta de treinta indias; de estas, veintiseis eonio de 15 a '20 anos, y las
cuatro restantes de mas edad, que eran las (jne ouidaban y dirigian a las ji'i-
V lies.' Miisvo Mi'.f., turn, i., p. 28S. 'The danee (of the Tontos) is similar
t > that of the California Indians: a stamp around, with clapping of hands
and slapping of thighs in time to u drawl of monotones.' limaii, in l^initli-
aoidun iUpi., lM(i7, p. 41!i.
Ii" SlraVita'n Cnjil. Oaltiian Girls, p. 180. The Yumaa 'sing scmie few mo-
notonous snugs, and the beaux captivate tlu^ hearts of their lady-loves by
I'laying on a tlute made of cane.' Ktuory's Hi'i>t. l'. .S. anil ,l/(.r. linnmUu-ij
.^iirv' >/. vol. i., J), iii. ' No tieneu mas or(jiiesta que sus voces y una olla d
iMsco de calabazo a que se amarra una piel tirante y se toea con un jjiilo.'
t'ordvro, in (>r<>:ro i/ lierra, Gmiirafia, pp. ;173— I; AnirirUa, Cruuirn ISinijicii,
ji. 41!); Ires' Colorado IVw., pp. ii-l; Uarc'ia Vondv, in Album ihx., toin. i.,
l.|i. ItiG, UW.
1" Slniiky's rortrnits, p. r)5; SchoolcrajTs Arch., vol. ii., p. 133. ' Y el
vicio que tienen estos Indios, es jugar en las Estufas las Mantas, y otrus
I'nseas con vnas Cannelas, que heclian en alto (el cpial Jiiego vsaban estos
Indios Moxicanos) y al que no tiene mas (jue vna ^[anta, y la pierde, se la
buelvi>n; con condicion, <jue ha de andar desnudo por todo el Pueblo, pinla-
(ii). y embijado todo el euer|)o, y los Muchachos divudole grita.' Torqueinadii,
MoiKtrq. liid., toni. i.. \i. (iHO.
• !••! Jv'iumtj/'s Te.ms, vol. i., p. 347.
i» ' The players generally take each about ton arrows, which they hold
with their bows in the left hand; he whosti turn it is advances in front of
the judges, and lances his first arrow ujjwards as high as ])ossible, for he
must send off all the others before it comes down. The victory belongs to
liim who has most arrows iu the air together; and he who can make thtiii
SMOKINT, AND DRINKING.
r,17
.l;tj
Y fl
otras
cstos
r la
])iiitik-
iiatJd,
tlio romanrhos diivct tlio first two pufts. with mucli ccr-
ciiKmy and iniitti'riii<i". to tlio sun. and tlio third juMf
with a lik(5 (U'inonstiation is hlown t«)ward the eaitli.
When short of tohacco, tliov make use of the drieil
leaves of the siunacli, of willow-hark, or other plants."*
The Comanche.s are reniaikahle for their teui[)eran('i',
or rather ahhorrence for into.xieatinu' drink; all the other
iiiitions of this fainilv ahaiidou tiieinselves to tiiis sul)tlo
demoralization, and are ra[)idly sinking;' under it. They
make their own spirits out of eorn ami out of auave
Mmericana, the pukpie and meseal, hoth very strong and
iutoxieatinij; liquors.''*^
Of all North Ameriean Indians the rcmianehes and
(Mieyennes are said to he the most skillful riders, and
it would he diflicult to find their superiors in any pait
all fly lit onop is dlipro.' Dometifch':^ Dosorlfi. vol. ii., p. lOS. ' Tbc^ Indiiiim
iimusc thfiiisclvcs sliMotinj^ iit tlie fruit ^i)itiivai, iiiul when one misses liis
aim and leaves his arrow stiekini; in the top of the cactus, it is a soun f
uMicli lanifhtcr to his
ailes.' Ilriiiriif's Apurlii: ('iniiilri/, p. 7H; An
l><,
II iilhf' M>.\-iL(>, p. ;!(!'.». The hoop ami jiole j^ame of the Mojaves is thus
playcil. 'The hoop is six inches in diaineter. and made of elastic cord: tlin
poles are straiirht, and ahout fifteen feet in lenj,'tli. Kollin;^' the hoop from one
cml of the course toward the other, two of the jilayers chase it half-way, and
at the same time throw their ])oles. He wlio succeeds in jiii reinj,' the hoop
wins the i,'ame.' I'ohiii'r, in //(trpvr's Mmi.. vol. xvii., p. 4(!;t; Enutn/x l.'ijif.
r
S, kikI .)/,!•. B'lmitlm'ji Surrii^, vol. i., p.
Wliijilili', in /'(((•. Jt. /»'. lii/il.
vol. iii.. ]i. IH; .l/oW/'/i/scu, II ixfii in dh' lAlsinijeh.. tom. i., jij). 'ilH, •J'.i.'); ,l/o7-
luiiisni, Tiiiji'liUfh, p. ;i!C»; lidr/.Ks, in SvliiKilrriill'fi Anil., vol. iv., p. 214. ' 'I'ie-
ii'ii Unas pelotas de materia
ne''ra como nez, em
diutichi
IS en ella varnis coii-
chuelas )ie(pienas del mar, eon ipie jiie^'an yapuestan arrojandola con 1 1 )
ilV'lir.
.M<.
I list, t'liiiij). ilf .li'siis, tom. iii., p. Ill; Svililiiiidr, lltlariun, in Dov. llisl.
serii' ni
vol.
p. s.-.i.
I •• ■ Los salvav'es re<'oj,'en sus hojas r;(>neralmente en el Otono, las ^\\}^' eii-
t 'iMces est.'in rojas y mny oxidadas: ])iira hacer sn ]irovision, la secan al f n( ;,'o
al sol, y para fumarlas, las me/ilan con tal>
p. -"(7. The Comanches smoke toln
I'i'riiiiiilh'r ji 'riiiinl. I)!
lixed with tlie dried leaves of th
eh. inlialin;^' the smoke into their Innf^'s, and jjivinj,' it out throiij^di their
nostrils.' Miirrifn Aniij/ l.ii'v. pp. •211. :!2: Alurdion, in IfaUnyt's I'o//., vol.
iii., i>. W2: [jth<riii't)i, in Siii'itlisnnidii llrjil.. \H')'>, p. '2S5.
'/, .l/c.i'i/,'), p. :i.")2. The Comanches 'avoid the nse of ardent
II' Thi
spirits, which thev call "fool's watc
\i iiiiiili/
V.
)1.
P
!I7;
Uraffx i'diii. I'r'iirirn, vol. ii., j). H((7. Duliidx. m Dawvnivh, ,li)ur., ]>. •Ifi'.t.
' In order to make an intoxicatin;.,' lieveraj,'e of the mescal, tlu^ roasted root is
mici'rat<'d in a iiroportionahle (pnintity of water, which is allowed to st.ind
S' veral days, when it ferments rapidly. The liipn)r is boiled down and jiro-
duces a stron},'ly intoxieatiiiL,' fluid.' ('rrminii/'s AjiUfhis, \^. 217. 'Winn iU
stem (of the maf»ney) is ta|)]ied there flows from it a juice which, on beini;
f'liiiented, produces the ])ulipu'.' I'ntrtkH's I'its. Xnr.. vol. i., jk 'I'.H). '1 he
.Anaches out of corn m.ake an intoxicating,' drink which they called '"tee.
s'.vin," made by boilinj,' the corn iind feriiientiny it. .Murpliy, in Jnd. Ajf\
I! I'l. Sjiec. Com., IbGT, p. 317; llanly's Trar., pp. ^34, 337.
518
NKW MEXICANS.
of the world. Yoimji cliililnMi, almost iiifai'ts. nrc tied
bv tlii'ir iiiotluTH to liall'-wild, hari'-ltai'ktMl inu.stan^s,
wliicli plai'o 1 1 u' not' fort 1 1 boiHuiu's tlii'ii* lionu'. 'Ili«'y
jiiipljly tiu'TUsi'lvcs with IVc.'^h horses Iroin wild droves
vauderinji over tiic prairies, or froiii Me.xican ranclien'as.
A liiNorite horse is loved and cherished above ail thiiiiis
on earth, not exceptinfi wives or children. The woiiicii
arc scarcely l)eiiind the men in this accomplishnu lit.
They sit astride, jiuide the horses with the knee like the
men, and catch and break wikl colts. In fif:htin}i. the
(.\iinanches throw the body on (jne side of the horse, hang
on b\- the heid imd shoot with <:reat i)recision and ra})idity.
It is beneath the dignity of these horsemen to tra\el on
foot, and in their sometimes knij;' and rapid marches,
they defy pnrsnit.'"' Jieforo horses were known they
nsed to trans})ort their honsehold ell'ects on the backs of
dogs, which custom even now prevails among some na-
tions.'"
i:ifi.r„«M, in Twl A(r. U<i<l., ISr.O, p. 223; Emory's nijit. U. S. mid .V-.
Annul'
iliiri/ Snriri/, vol. i., p. 108; /A;
rh, .!>,
S III:
,•?!'
>. IH7; 7'((ni('/', ill Snni'illit
'!/■
IK.")'.*, toiii. lUri, 1). ;,07; lliiih IIS. in Srlinnlvriit't'sAvili., vol. iv
I
I'i; 'jdma i'onib\ in Alhinn Shx., 1H4'.», toiii, i., p. Kiu; Hnssil, Mix. Umil.,
V. 277; Slii'piiyd's Lnu'l uj' the Atlirs, \t. 182; Miillli<iiisen, Tiiijihnrli, p. lll-(i;
r'liiiiri/'fi I'lriiinniissiinf". ]>. (11 ; Multr-ltnni, I'l'ivis ili lit '#'«'<'</., loin, vi., ji. Il'.'lt.
'I'lif .ipiichc w mien, ' Son tun Inicniis j,'iiietiis, (jue brincaii I'li nil potKi, y
nil! iiiiis iiciuliis (jmi nil (■iibrtstillo, siilitn iiiriiidarlo.' Smn ni, Jlisiri]i. Cmii ,
in l>iic. Jlisl. J/f.>'., scrii- iii., loin, iv., ji. 5(4; J'liUii's J'ns. yiir., y. 'iHh;
Min-'-j/'.t Ariiiij T.i/i\ i>. 28; /•'(';,
Jlii
lliiri; p. 18(»: 'A shorl Imiv liiilt. r
viis piisscd iiround under the neck of llic horse, and Ixilli fiids ti^hll.v luaiili d
inli) Iho niaiit', (in the witlnis, Icaviiii,' a loop to han^,' niidi'V Ihf iict'li. and
ii.L;aiiisl tlio lircast which, Ixinj,' canf^ht nj in the hand, inakcs a slin;,' into
Avliich till' flhow 1 Us, taking' the \\ti|;ht of thf hody on the niiddle of the
nplirr arm. Into his loop the rider drops suddenly and fearlessly, haviiij,'
his heel lo haiiic c r the haek of the horse, to steadv him, and also to restore
uni wlieii lie \v
■Ifs Jiiil. L
s to repiin his upri^'lit jiositioii on the horse's had
r.4l>; Dm- is' El Hn
1
■112. Les Coniaiiclii
rej,'ar.lent coninie n deslionneur d'aller ;i pied.' Suo. (Irmj., UnUil'iu. •r^i'nv
v.,n(). 'J(i, ]). 1!)2; ''
ly's Ai>iwhi's, p. 282. The I'oiuanehes, for hardeiiinj,'
the hoofs of horses m\ ninles, have a cnstoin of niakine; a lire of the wild
rosemary -nrteinisi -and exjiosinj; their hoofs to the vapor and smoke by
leadini' them slowl hrouKh it. I'livi
SdIi
y'p.r., p. 2():{.
ill
1^7 Mav'ji's Anh,) Lifv, ]>. 18; Unniliolilt, Es.-<ai I'vl.. tom. i., p. 290: ('"i-.
in Ti
(.v-l'umindis, Viii/., serie i.. torn. x.. p. 443; Malh-llrmi, I'ri'iis
dv In (ii'oij.. tom. vi., p.4.")4; Mimlii
W'lirlil, p. 2(ll». 'LesTiyas
et (^iiereebos out de <j;i'ands troupeaiix de ehiens ipii portent leur lia;.iit,e
ils lattaehi nt sur le dos de ces aiiiinaux an niov
Siilinle et d'nii )'i tit
l)at. (Juard In phiir<^esedi'ran.!,'e les ehitiis se mettent a liurler, ];onr avc rtir
]enr maitre de I'arr.iiii'er.' ('iislnrii'iln, in Ti
'iiiiii.e-('i.iiiii<n
serie 1.
torn, ix., jip. 117, ]■-■'). I'.M). 'On the toj) of the Imnk we struck a ('amai:itie
trail, very bvoad, and mudo by the ludye poles, which they transport from
COMANLIIE CUSTOMS.
519
Tho roiniinclic oljsorvcs laws of liospihilUv as strictly
us tilt' Aral), and lie oxactn the ohsurviiiifo of liis rules
of eticiiK'ttc from straiijicrs. When a visitor enters his
(Iwellinii', the master of the house points to him a seat,
iuul how to reaeh it, and the host is jireatly oil'ended if
his diiections are not strictly followed. Meeting on the
prairie, friends as well as enemies, if we may hiTievo
Colonel Marcy, put their '">r>ic's at fidl speed. '• When
a party is discovered approachiu}^ tiius. and are near
enoiijih to distin^uisji sijiiials, all tiiat is necessary to
asceitain their disposition is to raise the ri^ht lumd
with the j)alm in front, and gradually push it ft)rward
and hack several times. They all understand this to he
a connnand to halt, and if they are not hostile, it w ill
at oncii he olieyed. After they have stoi)i)ed, the lijiht
hand is raised ajiain as hefore, and slowl
ridit and left, which sit-nilies, I do not k
mo\ed to tiio
now sou. Who
are you ? They will then answer the inipiiry hy {j;ivin<5
their sijiiial." Then they intlict on stranjiers the huji-
.iiin<;' and face-rul)hin<;' remarked amonji' the llskimos,
demonstrating thereby the magnitude of their joy at
meetniii
The various trihes of the Yuma and Mo-
jave nations hold connnunication with one another by
means of couriers or runners, who «|uickly disseminate
imjiortant news, and call together the various hands for
consultation, hiuiting. and ^var. Hesides this, there is
used everywhere on the i)rairies, a systiin of telegra|)h3',
Avhich i)erhaps is oidy excelled liy the w ires themselses.
Smoke during the day, and tires at night, perclied on
mountain-tops, Hash intelligence (piii-kly and surely across
the plains, giving the call for assistai»ce or the order to
jiliipo to place. . . .liy ftistciiiiif; tlieiii on cnch side of Uicir jmck Ikivscs, Icuv-
i)ii,| the loii)^ ciids tniiliii)^' iipoii the (,'r(iuiitl.' I'nil.ir's Xi'lismi 7'm'., ]i. li'A.
' Si cavifcu (It) oiil)iiljj;ii<liir.is, lar^'iiu los iniU'lilis las iiniji lis i^^ualiiK iilr (|iu'
sus ciiatnvas.' liuiriu t'onJt, in iSuc, Mix. <»t(<;y., Jiolitiii, toin. v., \k 'Ml; lir.i'
( 'iiliinnlo /.'jr., p. 12H.
'■"* Xiiijlihors, in SrhDolrriijVn Arch., vol. ii., j). IIIJ; Molllitmsi ii, ii'iisni in
(lie Filscmn-h., ]>. '234; Miiiti/h Army ]. if), |)]). '.il*, lilt. IMI; MiUii/'s JU/il., p.
liS7; 'i'r(';//'.s Cdin. J'rairiis, vol. ii., (p. ;js, 4(;; Arrii'iritK, ( r^' utm S'ri'ijicd,
])p. 171!, 47."i; i'lirih'ro, in Orozco >/ llfrni, (idnird/.K. ]>. '.ilH. ANlitii the Yain-
pais 'wish to jiarli v they raise ii tinhraud in the air as a si^ii of friend-
bhip.' Dvintiiidi's iJi-ncrls, vol. i , p. 21B.
520
NEW MEXICANS.
(lisporso Avlion pursued. Tlio iidvanced posts also inform
tho main hoily ol' the {i[)proa('li ol' stiaugiMs, and all this
is done witli astonishing rcguhirity, hy either inereasinji
or diminisiiini;' the signal column, or b\ dis[ilaying it
only at certain intervals or ])\ increasing the nundter.'''
In cold weather numy of the nations in the neighhor-
hood of the Colorado, carry iirehrands in their hands,
as they assei't for the })nrpose of warming themselves,
which custom leil the early visitors to name the Colo-
rado the l^io del Ti/on.""
The Comanches stand in great dread of evil spirits,
which they attemjjt to conciliate by lasting and absti-
nence. AVhen their demons withhold rain or sunshine,
siccording as they desire, they whi[) a slave, and il" their
gods prove obduiate, their victim is almost Hayed alive.
The Xavajos venerate the l)ear, and as before stated, nev-
er kill him nor touch any "<' his ilesh.'" Although early
139 ' These niesKeiif:;ers ( of tlio 'Mohavcs') were their iiews-niniers iiiid seiiti-
nols. FrnjiKiilly two I'riers were enil)h(ye(l (sollietillleh more) one from eiich
trilx
Til
on';l have their nieetiU'' stiitioiis. At tliese stiitiolis ihi se
criers would meet with \t
i]itii
iiul hv word of month, each would de-
jio;-it his store of ui'ws with his fellow eNipressiiian. ami then each would
retur;- to his o\vM trihe with the news.' >ilnill<iii's ('d/il. Onlndn 'i ///>■, jip.
'2-21 1, -is.;
Kl II
dv (hirse sus avisos j)arii reunir^e en casus Ar nr;
• iicia
de ser ]ierse^'uidos, >s ])or medio dv sus teh'j^rafos de hunuis (jue forman en
hts cerros mas ehvados forniando hoj,'ucras df los jialos mas hiimit iitos (pn'
ellos ciiiiiiicii mnv oieii
<'i7s', vol. ii
<l,is
Ao/i
(/(■ Si
Diiurii. |). usl. Diiiiii'iiifli's
houd
1'
J'ai'a no deteiierse cu hacer los huHuis, llevaii los mas d(
iri'i
y mnjires, los nistrumentos neeessarios jiara saei
lundi
V
lieren la jiiedra. el ivl dion. y la ysca; jiero si no lii-ni n cstos utiles, suplen
su falta con jialos |irej>araihis al efecto hien secos, <|Ue frotados sc inllamau.'
(iltrt-KI I 'nil
Ir
M'.
liciHi., liiilcti:! tom. v., !>. :tl7.
"" h'liliiii, ill Scliiiiilfi-iilTs itffh., vol. iv., j). 217: Sil'in arcs' /.iiTii K.i\. p.
18. ' Sii fra/.ada cii tiempo de frio es un tizon eiiceiidido ([Ui' ajilicandolo ;i
hi hoca del esti'ima;.<o caminan jxir los manaiias, y ealeiilaiKlo ya i 1 sol coiiio
II las'ociio tiraii los ti/.oiies, (jile ])or inilchos (pie hayaii tiraih) jior los (•ami-
nos, iiUfdcii ser <,'uias de los caminanti's.' Suli limtii , Jitl'ir'nm, in J>iiv. Il'isl.
M
I.I'.. SI rie Ml., Vo
111 'PI
1. iv., p. M.'.l.
omaiiclies
'have yearly },'atlierini,'s to li^^lit the sacred this; they
huild iiumenuis huts, and sit huddled idiout them, lakin^; medicine for pini
lication. and fiistinu; for seven thiys. 'J'hose who can endure to liee|) the fast
diroKiii 1)1
sacred iiithp''Ves()f the others.' I'nl
nil r. II
llii
•'I"
Ml
'■/■
vol. xvii., ji. |.")1. If a Yiiiiui kills luie of his own trilie he keeps "a fast for
oiKi moon; om such occasions lie eats no meat only
wa
■lal.
drink
ih
ter, knows no woman, and hathes freipieiitly duiiiii,' tlie day to jiurify tli
llish.' I\iii'iri)\ Upl. /'. S. mill Mij". llinnnliiri/ Sum i/. vol. i., ]i. I l(t. 'It
tl
as tin ir i >[ojav
es, ) cils
tom luvi rto cut salted meat for the next
le coiiiiii'' ol a I'liptivc aiiioiu
th
•/,'
Slnilt, Ill's i'lijil. <hil
iftcr
isii;
Inch, pp. l'2.j-(l.
/> s' rts, vol. ii., J). 41)2; Dointnrli, Jnnr, [i. I.'t; MuUhiiiiti<'n, Tiaji-
DISEASES AND MEDICINE.
Wl
writers speak of ciiniiilnilisni among these ])eoj)le, tliero
is no evidence that tiiey tlo or ever tlid eat Innnan
llesh.'^" In their interconrse tliev jire di^^iiilieil and re-
served, and never interrnpt a peison speaking. L niess
eoni|)elle(l l)y necessity, they never speak any iantinaii:!'
hut their own, it heing harburous in their eyes to make
use of loreijiii tonjiues.*"
AhhouLih en(h)\ved uenerally witii ro])Ust and healtliv
constitutions,
l)il
lous aiK
I mahirial i'ever,
)neumonia.
rheumatism, dysentery, ophthahnia, measles, small-po.x,
and various sy[)hihtic diseases are sometimes met amoii|ji;
tiieiii; the hitter occurring most I'reiiuently among the
X
i\ajos,
Moj.
i\'es
nmas, ai
id C
omanclies.
Wl
lole
hands are sometimes aftectod with the hist-ntention 'd
disease, an<l its elVects are often visihk' in their young.
A cutaneous aihnent, called ^>/h/o.s, also makes its ap-
For these ailments thev have dif-
lU
})earance at time;
ferent I'emedies, co»)sisting of leaves, herhs. and roots, of
which decoctions or [H)ultices are made; scarification and
the hunger cure are resorted to as well. Among tht; Mo-
javes the universal remedy is the sweat-house, emphned
hy them and the other nations not only as a remed\ for
diseases. ))ut ibr pleasure, 'i'liero is no essential dill'er-
ence hetween their sweat-houses and those of nortluMU
nations — an air-tight hut near a stream, heated ston
ii[)ou which water is thrown to generate steam, and a
jilunge into the water afterward. As a cure for the hite
of a, rattlesnake they em[)loy an herb called ciip/itir/ilti.
Ih'oken or wounded limbs are encased in wooden splints
es.
"■' ' I'lid'i' ciiyns tribiis Iniy nl.Ljuiiiis qnc so ('(niun .-'i siis <iiciiiii,'i)s.' Aluirr,
Ilisl. I 'iiiiijt. (.V .li'siis, toiii. i.. p. 'M'i. ' liiis iliiinicias. (|Ur luc ]iiiii(iii stv Ins
viuiias, 111) sc (jiif coiiiuii ciiriii' Imiimiia coiiio dijo el indiu cohtiiiia.' linras,
ill l)iic. IHsl. .l/i.i',, Ki'rio ii., tnin. i , j). .'Ki.'t. 'Anunif,' tlic spoil wliidi «c
took frcMii these CaiiiaiU'lics, we I'ouiiil latL!f piirtiniis of Ininiaii Hi sh ivi-
ilriit'y pii'paicil for I'ookiiif^ ' Dcini.i' 'J'lX'is. \i. :'M Ii. Ciitaiii l'.iiro| i alls
liavr iTprisi'iittil the ("oliiaiiclns 'as ii rare of (Miiliilials; imt arcoi-iiiiiL; to
llii' Spaiiiai'ils . . tlii'V are iiurely ii cnu'l, ilastanlly race of savaj,'i s.' /'i/;/. s'
7V'Mv/.s, vol. i., ]>. 1(17.
'" ruliiicr. ill lliU'ix'r'K Mkj.. vol. xvii., p. ird; Jli rlmflii r 1/ 'Hinnl, li'mno,
p. 2")lt: ('n iiiiiiii/'.-i .t/»(( iii.v, p. Ill; Dmis' Ei Hi'iihjo. p 1(7.
(K .*<');i<//7. ill SiiiUlisdiiimi H'jil., Ih(i7. p. IIH. ' (iononliii.i ami sypliilis
ale not at all rare ' 'iiiionj,' the Niivajos. Litltinudii, in >;/'('//(.mi((|I(/i liijil.,
iNJi"), p. 'J'JU; Murcy's Army Lij'i, p. 31.
522
NEW MEXICANS.
until hoalod. r)iit fiwiuontly they ubiindoii tlicir .sick and
iiuiinu'd. or treat tlieiu with jireat har.shiu'.s.s,"' riio.st.-s
or nu'diciiK'-nK'ii possess ahiiost exchisively the secrets
of tlie art of heahiig. When herbs I'ail the\ resort tu
ineantations. sonjis. and mailings. They are lirni be-
lie\ers in witelieral't, and wear as anndets and cliarnis,
feathers, stones. antek)i)e-toes, crane's bills, bitsot'charivd
wood and the like. Their j)roi)hets claim the power of
Ibretellinj;' i'liture events, and are Ireijuently consulted
therefor."'' ^lost of the nations in the vicinity of the
Colorado, burn their dead as wkhi as possible alter death,
on which occasion the worldly effects of the deceased
are likewise si)iritualized; utensils, [jroperty, sometimes
Avives, are sent with their master to the s})irit land.
s
U7
i^i Il(ir(h/'.i Triiv.. ji. 142-3. 'Los ooninnchps In lliiman ruin; y oiaiido
iiiK) (Ic ciitrc cllds istA 111 lido, niuscun hi raiz {i\ni' fs uiny lav^ai v t h|iriiiitu
•'1 yiiL;c) y la saliva cii la llaj,'a.' liirliDnliir i/ Tlnml, hiario, )>. 'J.i>~\ l.'tln iiikiii.
iu'Siiiilfisniihhi Hi 1,1., isr,."). J). 290; i'((»i( '.s i'w.s. Xnr., ]). 118: Slralloii'x (<i]it.
OnliiiiDi 'if'/'/s, \), \'>(\: J.illii inKOi, ill Siiiithniiiikin Jiijit., i^^)^), ji. liMt; lin ind:'^
A/i irlii
itnj. )). (11!; Mi'ill)ii(\i>ien, Taijvbvih, j). W'l; hi., I,
l< ISI )l III nil'
/•W.s-
<l<b., ti)in. i , !>. IIS; Jliiim mrli's Di-.svrts, vol. ii., )). 3;{r>; ]\'iii,lilt<'i-s. in I^cIkkiI-
rriijl's Arch., vol. ii., ji. j;i(); I'arkir'K Ao^.s ox 'J\x., j). I'.t.'i. 'Jlic A| aclics:
• Ciiaiulo s(
(' ciiiciina a
!^Mnio a (piit'ii no lian iiodiilo liaccr <fccfo fa
il>l(
aplicaciou (Ir lis y< ilias. I'inico antidoto con (juc sc cnian. lo aliandonan, sin
mas diliL;< iicia ultci'icir (|iif i)onci'le un nionton dv lirasas a la calu ctia y una
bcisc hasta hoy que siguitica t'sto u con qui' lin la hactn.'
)oi'a (Ic aijua. sm sa
1'
Wlii.t
.\ii/i
ll'll(S III' ,'>lllllll'll.
2H().
H'i I-mIiiii, in Srlii)i)lrriift',-< Airli., vol. iv.. p. 217: T)<mii)nrli, ,h
V
13,
13!): Wliqijih'. Knhiiiil,-, mill Tornir's Uvpl.. \i. 42, in I'nr. Ii. II. liijil., vol. iii.;
Jliiiri/, in .'<rliiiiilrf(ii't'.'< Arrli., vol. v., p. 212; J'arLir'.s yuhs mi V'l.r., j). 210-1.
AiiKinL; the Coinanclits duiini,' the steam bath, 'the shamans, or medicine-
men, who jirofess to have the po'verof commnnicating with the nnse< n woild,
iinduf i>ropitiatinL; tlie lualevoleuceof evil spirits, are jierlorming v.-uious in-
j'Miitatiiins, accompanied by music on t}<e outside.' Mnrrifx .\niii/ Liu-, \>. W;
,'<i:liiiiilrriifl's ,\ri h.,\it\. v.,Y).^u(j; Jiristo! in Iml. A[t'. lii jit. Sjuc. I'lun.. 1M17,
•.\:,H.
■J).
ha suc( (lido (jtie al(.;nnvis indios naturahneiite aslutos. se
lian ('(invertido en adivinos, (pio han llej^ado a sostener conio a sus or.'ic-
ulos. Kstos misnios adivinos haccn de medicos, ipie por darse ini]i(irlan<iii
a la a|ilicaci(in de cierfas yerbas, at,'regan ]iorcion d»! ceremoiiias suicisti-
ciosas y ridi'culas, con caiiticos estrafios, en ([Ue liablan a sus enl'ernios milts
lie cMibiistes v liatrafias.' I'llasro, Natlr
(/e Si
iiiirii, ])
2M).
""At the Colorado river thev 'burned those which dved.' Aliiri'hdn. in
Jlnkhn/rs I'd//., vol. iii. |i. 432; MiilUntii.tcn, 7W'/(/i(((7i. ]). 104; /</•<
Ai'dihi
i'luiiilrjl. p. !t7: I 'ill nil r, in llni'iivr'.'i .)/(((/.. vol. xvii.. ]). 4''i7; Slrnlluii'.-i ( ujil. Onl-
III) I'irls. ]>. 240-1 . ' It is the custom of the Mojaves to burn their jiidperty
1 a relation dies to whoso memory thiy wish to ]iay esjiecial Ik
Ciiliiiiiilii llir.. )). f 0. 'l)ie Comanches t(idteten friiher das l.idilii
when
/(
Weil) dcs ^'cstorbcneii llaupt]iiiL;s.' MiilU'r, Aim rihinisrlif Irriliiiiniii n, ji. h'H.
' No Navajo will ever oc( upy a lodj^'c in which a person has died. The lodj,'e
is liuiii((l.' Il(irl,ii.<, in .^rliiiiilrral'l's Arrh., vol. iv., p. 213: I.illn rii.nii. in
SiiiiUi.^.<iiiiiiii Hijil.. Ih.">."), |i. '2M!). ' When a death occurs they ( Viinias ) move
their villag( •^), aUhough sonietiuies only u short distance, but never occupy-
KURIAL OF THE DEAD.
623
Tlioso that do not Imrii the (lead, burv tlicm in caves or
ill sliidlow tinivos. \vitli tlio rohos, blankets, weapons,
utensils, and oriuunents of the deceased. The Conian-
clics tVeniiently hiiild a heap of stones over the |ira\e of
a warrior, near which they erect a pole from which a
pair ol' moccasins is .suspended.'^" After hnr\in<i' the
corpse, thcv have some mourning ceremonies, such as
dances and songs around a fire, and go into moniiiing
for a month. As a sign of grief thev cut oil' the manes
and tails of their horses, and also crop their own hair
and lacerate their bodies in various wavs; the worn-
en giving vent to their aflliction by long contiiuied
howiings. But this applies only to warriors ; children,
and old men, are not worth so ostentatious a finieral."^
iiif,' o\ac'tly fho same Incality.' Emory's Ii('i>t. V. S. and Mrjc. BoMnhinj Si'r-
vij. vol. i.. ](. 110.
iH • When 11 Coiiiiiiiche dies. . . .he is nsniilly wm])pccl in his best Mankets
or robes, and interred with most of his '■ jewflrv," and other arlidrs of
esteem.' (Iri'ii't'tt <'i»)t. Pmlnia, vol. ii.. j)]). 317, '2-4I1. ' Cnando iniiin> alj^'uu
ilidio, , . . juiitaii(h) sus deudos todas las alhajas dc su )ie('iilio, ht'. las jkhuii
y dc csti luaiiira lo I'nviulvt'H en nna jiitl de cilmlo y lo llivan a elite rrar.'
Ahiivi', llixt. I'liiiij). do Jtsiis, toni. i., p. [i'M); Knni<il!)'t< Ttxus, vol. i., ]>. ;M7;
JI'i.s/ii'/iK.s' Timr, ]). (i!). The Conianehes cover tluir toudis 'with ;^rass and
jtlants to l<ir]) till 111 coneealed.' Doiii'ikcIi's J)i:ifrls, vol. ii., p. ;i(>:i; Id ., .Itnir.,
]). U. 'i'hi' A|)a(hes: 'prohahly they bury their (h'ad in eaves; no graves
are ever found that I evi'r heanl of.' JIdhi/. in Srh<.i)li-i-(ii't's Ar<h., vol. v., ]>.
'212. See also .Idiiii'ft' Ks]i<'d ., Vol. ii., ]>. IJO."). 'On the hij,'hest jioint of the
hill, was a ("imianche ^'rave, marked by a pile of stones and some leiiinants
of sc.nity elothin;,'.' I'lirlcr's A'c/c.s on Ti.w, jip. Ili7. ir)l. 'I'lie ciisloni of
the Mesealero .\|iaehes 'heretofore has been to leave their dead iinbinied
in some secluded s|iot.' Cttftia. in ///(/. .1//'. lii/'L, ]s71, ji. -1112: (inniiiii/'a
Al>ii<'liin. p. ,">(); Mdllli(iiis<n, lieisin In dk J-'tl.iiwub., torn, ii., p. "ilj:!; I'altk's
Fa-tt. Xnr., p. ll!t.
!'■' .\iiwue.,' the Xavajos 'Immediately nfter a death occurs a vessel c(Ui-
tainiiiL; water is ]ilaced near the dwelling,' of the (U ceased, wliei'e it remains
over iiii,'ht: in the morniuL; two naked Indians come to uet the body for
burl il. with their hair falling' ovc rand upon their face and slnudih is. \\ hen
till remouy is completid they retire to the water, wash, dress, do up their
hair, and i;(t about their usual avocations.' Ilrialul, in luil. .[{}'. Ilijil. Sjur.
I'niii., IH(17, J). :tr>S. 'J'hc Navajos 'all walked in solemn iirt)cessioii round it
(the i^ravc^ sin!,'inf;j their funeral soii;_'s. .\s they left it, every one left a
]ircseut on the i^rave; some an arrow, others meat, nioccusins, toljacco, war-
feathers, and tlie like, all articles of value to them.' I'lilti 's I'lrs. .\'"r., ]>,
111); It-rislii i "n iit'Jiri, tom. i., p. ")7. ' .\ los nifios y nifiasih' ]>(!iho les llevan
en un I jicara la h'lhe ordenada (h" sus ]ieclios las misnias niadn s. y se las
I'chan en la scpultura; y esto lo hai'cn jior al^'uno-- dias continuos.' Sniinnt,
Ih-si'ijt h'riiii., in Itiic. JlisI, Mix., scrie iii.. tom. iv., p. 511); .V' i ,7(/;(/r.s', in
>'c/ciii'''iv/''r.s ,lc(7i., vol. ii., ]). Ilt.'t; \'iliis'-iy, Xnl'ii'iits dr .somirw, p. '280; rrmlnl,
vji's .iia/'i/,''/, tom, ii.. p, lint; MiiHlnlnsi n, Itdstn in dli' /•'(/.sc/i ,(''i., tola, i., p.
;!()!; Miiiri/'a Armi/ Lil'i, ]i. r>(!. ■ When a yoiiiiL; warrior dies, they moiiiii t\
hnv^ time, but when an old person dies, they mourn but little, saying that
524
NEW MEXICANS.
The n.iiTio of a doceasod person is rarely mentioned, and
tlio Anax'lies arc sliv oradniittinii straimers to a celelira-
tion of funeral ceremonies. >vhieh mostly take place at
niu'lit. In jicneral tiiey are averse to spejikinu' upon the
snhject of death at all. The Xavajos. says Mr Davis.
"ha,ve a superstitious dread of approaching a dend hoily.
and will never go near one Avhen they can avoid it.' '^'
In the character of the several nations of this divi-
sion there is a marked contrast. Tlie Apaches as I ha\e
said, thouuh naturally^ lazy like all savages, are in their
industries extremely active, — their industries being theft
and nun'der. to which they are trained )»y their mothers,
and in which they disi)lay consummate cunning, treach-
eiy. and cruelty.^'"'^ The Xavajos and Mojaves dis[)liiy
a more docile nature; their industries, although tlu-rein
they do not claim to eschew all trickery, being of a
lh(^y ciiniiot livo forever, ami it was time they should go.' I'arkisr's SoUs (-/i
Tex., \>\\ li»2, '2:1(1.
I'll Ihiris' Kl liiiiiijo, pp. 41-1-u; ('rcmo}iy\s Aii'irhrii. jip. 250, '2!»7.
''• 'The quiihtv of iiiercv is niikuown uiiioii;4 the Apaehes.' Cirmnju/'.'i
Ajxirlirs, 1 ]). ;{.!-». "ill.}, '2l')-l)!, '2'27-S. ' I'erfeetly liiwhss, s.-ivuL-e. and brave.'
Miirij/'s Hi jil., p. P,(7. ' Tor tlie sake of tlie booty, also take '.'Av.' .'^flinali nij'I'.'i
Arch., vol. v., p. 2n2. ' Inclined to intemperanee in strong,' drinks.' Ilair)/.
in ScliiMili'vii/r.^ .\rcli., vol. v., p. 211. 'Ferocisinios de eondicion, de natnr-
ale/.ii saiitirientos.' Aliiidiiid, in J)ii<\ Hist. Mcc , serie iii., toni. iv., ji. S2i.
' Sunianniite veiiLjativo.' Vilnsro, Xutir'nt.'i di' Suiiorii, ]>. 2s:i. 'Alevoso y
veiinativo caracte. . rastntos ladroiies, y sannninarios.' lUisUniumU', in Covd,
I'l-i's S'l'jlti-t. toni. iii., J). 78. 'I hav<> not seen ii more intellii^'cnt, elieirfiil,
and j^'r.ttifid tiibe of Indians than the rovini; .\paches.' ('<ili/ir, in Iml. A[i'.
Uijit.. 1S71, ]i)i. 1">, 17, 51; (iiircUi ('tnulv, in Svr. .l/i,r. 'r'c'f/., lUMin, torn,
v., |ip. JJll-b"), :{17; l>iir. Hist. y. r/.scf (_(/(/, ^l.^<., p. l; ('i>nUn>, in (h-'^n-u
1/ Hirni. iiiiiijriit'iii, p. ;t71; lidvHiWn I'vrs. Aiir., vol. i., \>]). 'A'12, :)2('i-7;
SiiKdl, in >'//u7/(,M//iii(/t ]{tiil., 1S<)7, p. -llll; A|l<|>l('|lil^llS Afanis, p. -Hid; J.kiIik-
]iclli\ Huiiii.'i.'ii l-lliiiillitiii. p. hit; Tiirmr, in .N'l nn'r/Zis AkikiIik (lis I'"//., l^■")■_',
torn, c'xxxv., ]ip. 11(17, 'Ml; Ihniu'iicrh's Jtiscrls, vol. ii.. pji. ">. (1, S; Miilllniiisi n,
Jil is a ill. (/)■'■ /-'i/.s! /I ,('/)., toHi. i., p. 'lUl; M(iilliiiii.-;i-ii, Tiniihin-li, jip. ;i;i(i, ;i(;i;
He.iit, in .'^rliunlrvdi'l s Arrli., vol. i.. p. '2t;i; W'mil'.i .Mixim, vol. i., ji. ."iSd;
Miiirri/'s Arimiiii, ]i]\. :tl-2; /'('/»', in I'ar. H. It. Hijit., vol. ii., \i. Ill; W'/ilji-
jili; Kir'iiinl.', mill 'I'liniir's lUjit., \). II, in l\u\ It. It. Iti]>t.. vol. iii.; Unl-
liiliii. in .\iiiirillis Aiuinlis ilfs I '"(/., IH")!, tom. exxxi., p. '.17:1; (imiii's I'mn.
rntiri's, vol. i., pp. 21tl, 2'X>; JHsl. Cliivtiinne (h' lit ('<il., p. '.('.1; kilii-iiriVs
nisi. '/'■,r.. p. II"); /'i/()'.s' Life iif ('arson, p. KJ.'i; Sue. (ii'iuj., Iliilliliii, serie v..
No. '.((I. p. IS7: I'ih'.'i Ki-jilnr. Tnir., p. ;!41: lla.-isil, JA.r. (Imit.. \\. '27(1;
I'liliinr. in ll'irjur's Maij., vol. xvii., ])p. 4(12-;t; Fiiinier's Hum. Itiire. )ip.
4H2, IfSt; Ai'riririia, Cri'iiiicn Senijint, p. 41'.(; Ali'ijre, Hist. (Unnt. de •lisus,
toni. ii., !>. 4.1; //v,s' Co/ixv/i/d ltii\, \\. 41; Enmrii's Hi i>l. V. S. und Mi.v.
Jiitidiiliirii SKrcei/, vol. i., )i. Ill; FruiM. An^- AniiriLn. (oni. ii.. ])]>. 17ri (1,
and', ,'. Aiinr'., p. i")27; I'ntliv's I'lrs. .Sar., ji. 117; Wliii'i'li. in Hue. It. It.
Itijif., vol. iii., p. lilt; Sidehiiiiir, Itihteiun, in Ihir. liisl. Mi.i\. si lie iii.. tom.
iv., |i. s.Vi; see further. Hid. Aff. Itejits., from l8Ji to 1«72; .'ytrattun'.s ( iipl.
Outiiinn iiirls, pji. 1 10, l;i2.
NEW MEXICAN CHARACTER. C^S
Tiioro peaceful, substiintial cliiiracter, such as stock-rais-
inj:'. ajirieiilture. and luaiiul'actures. J*role.ssii)ual thiev-
ing' i.s not countenanced. Tlioujili treacherous, they are
not naturally cruel; and though deaf to the call of grati-
tude, they are hospitable and socially in(;lined. Tliey
are ever ready to redeem their pledged uord, and never
shrink from the faithful performance of a contract.
They ai'e brave and intelligent, and possess much nat-
ural common sense.'" The Tamajabs have no inclina-
tion to share in marauding excursions, ^riiough not
wanting in courage, they jxjssess a mild dis[)osition. and
are kind to strangers.*'' The Comanches are dignilicd
in their deportment, vain in respect to their personal
appearance, ambitious of martial fame, unrelenting in
their i(.'uds, ahvays exacting blood for blood, yet not
sanguinary. They are true to their allies, jtrizing highly
their freedom, hospitable to strangers, sober yet gay,
maintaining a grave stoicism in presence of strango-s,
and a ►Spartan inditlerence under severe sulVering or mis-
fortune. Formal, discreet, and Arab-like, they are
always faithful to the guest who throws himself upon
their hos[)itality. To the valiant and brave is awarded
the liiuhest ])lace in their esteem. Thev are extrenielv
clannish in their social relations. Quarrels among rel-
atives and friends are unheard of among them.''^
'■'2 Tho Niivajds: ' Hospitality exists nmoiif.^ IIk^so Indians to u ^,'n>iit rx-
tint . . .Xor live tlit'sc jH'iiplc crncl. . . .Tlu'y iii''' ti'cachcroiis.' Litlnrnmn. in
.'^milli^innitiii UipL, IS.");"), j)|), "iit^, 'J'.)"). ' 1 Siuvc, Imidv, iiulustrioiis.' Culi/ir,
in lii'l. Af. Ilij^l., lHi;i», j). M); l),,,iiriwrli's Ih'sivts, vol. "ii., p. (d. 'Tricky iiml
unrcliulilf.' Siiiijimin's .limr. Mil. Ilvmi.. ji, .")'!. Tln^ Mojavis; •Tiny aio
lazy, cruel, seltish; . . .there is one (,'(io(l quality in them, tin' exa. fitmle witli
wiiii h they fiilttl an iij,'reenient.' Ins' ('iiliir<uht Uii\, jip. "JO, 71-2; ItH'-iiis,
in Srliooh'nij't'a Arch., vol. iv., p. "211: linrtldt'n l'<rs. \iir., vol. i., ]). .'i'J'.i;
Mii'lhnii.-fi'i), ltii.«)i, in ilif Filsni'iili.. ton), ii.. ]>. 2i!4; Knlun, in SclKitilcrnJI .i
.l/c//., vol. iv., pp. "217 IS: llihili's' lliiiiiiiliiin's J:'d\, p. '-Oli; Miillli'inKm, 'J'iii,f-
i>"'-li. ]>. ;ts-i.
''' I'di-lv.. in T'lir. Ii. 11. Jli'jit.. vol. iii., )i. VH. ' Kstos indios se aventa-
j in in niuchas eirennstancias a Ids yiini.is y deiiias naciones del IJio ('i)liiia-
do: son nienos niolestos y nada ladrones.' (iiirc'H, in J)iir. Hist. lA.r.. siiie
ii.. toni. i., p. 27:!; also in .{rrii'lriln, Cn'mird Svriifii'ii, \t. 472; Itdim-nvfli's
his ris. vol. ii., ]]. (!2.
'■''(irave and ilif^nitied. . . iinplacahlp and nni-elenlinj,'. . . . liospit.alile,
and kind. . . atlcetionate to each other. .. .jealous of llieir own fre(ilotii.'
'/'OT/z's .I/')//// /.I/,', pp. 2'), :M 1, ;!l. :!(! O. il. en. 'Alta estinia ]::ic( ii d. 1
valor eatas raziis uuniadas.' Mu.svo Mi:a\, toni. ii., p. al, ' Loiu d'etre cruels,
im-
I
520
NEW MEXICANS.
TiiK non-noiTiJiflic sonii-civilized town and agricnltiirul
peoples of New Mexico {ind Arizona, the second division
of this grotip, I call the l*ri:i5r,(»s, or IWns-people, (Voiii
])ti('f)/o, town, population, people, a name given l)y the
S[)aniards to such iidiabitants of this rej-ion as ^vere
foinid, when first discovered, i)ermanently located in
corn[)uratively well-built towns. Strictly speaidnjr. the
term Pueblos applies onl}' to the villagers settled aloug
the baidvs of the Rio Grande del Norte and its tributa-
ries, between latitudes 34^' 45' and 8G 30', and although
the name is employed as a general appellation for
this divisi(m, it will be used, for the most jiart. only in
its narrower and popular sense. Jn this division, be-
sides the before-mentioned Pwhlos pro})er, are enibraceil
the Mftqiflii^ or villagers of eastern Arizonu, and the
non-nomadic agricultural nations of the lower (Jila
Hi\'er, — the J^imas, Marivopas^ JYtpigos, and cognate
tribes. I'he country of the Towns-pco])le, if we may
credit Tiieutenant Simpson, is one of "almost imiversal
])arreiuiess," yet interspersed with fertile spots; that of
the agricultural nations, though dry. is more generally
j)roductive. The fame of this so-CJilled civilization
reached ^fexico at an early day; first through Alvar
Nunez (^ibeza dc Vaca and his companions, who be-
longed to the expedition under the unfortunate lVimi)hilo
de Narvaez, traversiim' the continent from Florida to the
shore of the gulf of (;alifornia; they brought in exagger-
ated rumors of great cities to the north, which i)i't)nn)ted
the expeditions of Marco de Niza in 1539. of Coronado
in 1540, and of Espejo in 158('). These adventurers
visited the noi'th in quest of the fabulous kingdoms of
Qui\ ira. Tontonteac, Marata and others, in which great
riches were said to exist. The name of (^uivira v»'as
ils-sont tri'S-donx vt tivs-ftrlMes dnns lours aniitii's.' Castailedit. in T<ni(ivx-
('oiiiji'Din, To//., sci'io i., tiiiii. ix., p. I!U; I'ui/iio, in llrvisln ("uiit'iu-ii, toiii. i ,
]). 57; Kscmlrro, Nolirins (In ('hlhudhnu, )i]). 'iii'J-ItH; DoiiioikIi, .luur.. ]>]>. Hi,
1 >7. 41')'.): S(M'. <ieo<l., linllrtiii. torn, v., No. !•(!, p. 1!):!; Aei'i/A/iocs, in Sclionl-
crajTn Airh.. vol. ii,, pp. l.'!2-;{; avfiji/ti Com. J'ruirh's, vol. i.. pp. 'i'.!:), 'iilH;
vol. ii.. pp. ;j()7, 'M'i; (hiUulin. in .Voin-cWcs Annaks (Us To//., liS")!. toni. cxxxi^.
p. '27>; Slicptrd's l/ind af the Axlecs. j). Wl\ /'(r;/c.s' Tntvds, vol. i., p. 107;
Uakkron (k la Barca's Life in Mcx., vol. ii., p. 308.
THE PUEBLOS.
r)27
nfterwiirds applied by tliom to one or inoro of tlio pueblo
eities. The li.ime Ci'bolu, IVoin dbolo, Mexieiiii bull, bun
hixoii. or Avild ox of New Mexico, wliere the Sptmidrds
lirst eneoiintered builiilo, was given to seven of the towns
Aviiieh were afterwards known as the seven eities of Ci-
bola. But most of the villages known at the picsent
day were mentioned in the reports of the early expedi-
tions bj' their present names. Tiie statements in ii'gard
to the number of their villages dift'ered i'rom the lirst.
( 'astaneda speaks of seven cities.''^' The I'ollowing list,
ac(;ording to Lieutenant Whipple's statement, apjjeais to
be the most complete. Connnencing noith. and follow-
ing the southward course of the Rio (Jraude del Norte;
Shipap. Acoti. Taos, Pi(!uris, t>an Juan. r»»iua(|ue, Santa
(Mara. San lldeibnso, Xambe, TesiKpie. CcKrhite, IVcos,
Santo Domingo, Cuyaman(|ue, Silla, ,leme/. San Felipe,
(Jalisteo. Santa Ana, /andia, l^aguua. Acoma, Zufii,
Isleta. and Chilili.''"' The Moquis who speak ti distinct
language, and w ho have many customs peculiar to them-
''"' ' Ti^^iifx fst sitni' vrrs le noril, k environ qniiriinti' licues.' fnnii Cilioliv.
('(iMiUif'lii. ill '!'( riniii.i'-' ('iiiiKDix, \'iii/., si'ric i., toiu. ix., |i. M'i'k 'l.a ]ir(i-
viiicf (Ic Ciholii cdiitiriit srjit villiij^i's; h^ plus j^iii'ul sc ndiiiiin' ^lu/iKiuc '
/'/., ji. Ki:!, Of two piiiviiicis iiortli of Tigiitx, ' Vwm- si' iioiiiiii.iit Hciius, <t
iciifrnii.iit sept vill,iL;rs: I'mitri' Vii(iu<'-Yun<iiic.' hi . \). IIJm. 'I'lus an iioid
I of Ti:,'i\i'X) est li in'oviiict' (Ic Quirix. . . et ccUf ih rutiihiico.' Id., )). KJS.
From Ciciiyi' to (^iiivini, 'On coniiite sept iiutri's villiii;ts.' /r/.. ]>. l"',l. •]!
t'xistc iiiissi. tV iipr.'s le nipport un iintit' rovMiiiiu' tivs-vastc. iioiiiiiu'
Acns; cai' il y 11 Aliaciis ct Aciis; Aliiicns avcc- I'aspiiatioii est uiic ilcs sept
villcs, ct la caiiitali'. Acns sans asjiii'iitioii est un idvaiinic.' .Xim, in 7V/-
hi(i(,\--('itiiiii'iii!<, I'"//., si'rio i., toiii. ix., p. "271. 'Tlic kiii^'iloiiii' of Totoii-
tcac so iinicli extolled liy the I'atlicr proniiiciall, . . . the liiiliaiis say is a liotte
lake, aliout wliich .tre tiiic or sixc houses; iind that tlietc \vi le ceftailie other,
liilt that they are ininatcd by waire. The kiii^'iloiiie of Maiata is not to he
t'oiuid, iiciihei' haiie the Indians any knowlid^r,. til, icof. 'I'Ik' KinLjdoii f
Acus is one oiiely small citie, where tiny ^'atlnr cotton whii'li is call< il Aciicii,
and I say that this is a towue. For Acus with an aspiration imr without, is
no word of they countrey. Aiicl because I j^'esse that they Would diriue
Acucu of Acus, 1 say that it is this towne wlnreinto the lvin,,dom of Aeus is
c muerted.' Ciiniirtilo, in llnhhijil's I'ni/., vol. iii., ]>. liTS; h'sjiihi, in /'/., ) p.
.'iS(i-;;!i| ; Minilii:ti, hitrc. in 'rirMtuf-'iiiiijuiiis. Vinj., si rie i, tom. ix.. ]>.
li'.tl; />(' Lmt, Sin-Hs Or'iis, p. Id."); ,'>iiliii(nin, Jtil(iri,iiii s, in liar. Hint. 1/r.r.,
serie iii.. torn. i\., y. ind; /''xrnldnle, in /(/.. ])p. 121 .">: /'iAi'.s' K.ffih'f. Tmr..
jip. ;Ul-2; .Miililniji/onll, Mijivo, foin. ii., pt ii., jip ."r2.S-'.»; Eulun, in ^^i-IukiI-
iTHj'Vs .\rrh., vol. iv., p. 220; Mussel, .l/cr. iliuiL, p. 1:'7.
'I'li n'i,i;n,IP. Kirhdiih; iiHil Tiinwr's lirpt., pp. 1(1-12. in I'nr. I!. II. lipt.,
vol. iii.; Simiisnii's .liiiir. Mil. /I'lcoo., pp. 12H ll{((; l,'i:iii, Sulifia ili Ins .\ii>i-
Oiti's, in Mdim's Tiro 'I'/kiiisiihiI Miks. jiji. 20S-',); I'liiK-mi, in /(/.. ])p. 2:(I-II;
,1/ iirnsli-r. in /(/., p. 212; Darin' El (jfrimjo, p. 115; Cidlionn, in .sc/K/o/iwyrs
Arcli., vol. iii., p. tJJJ.
r.28
NEW MEXICANS.
selves, inliabit spvon villnjroH, iiiuned Orai])o. Shnninth-
pa, Miishaiiiia, AliU'la, (iiialpi, k^iwinna, and Tt'jiiia.''''
By tlio J^panish coiKjiicst of Now Mexico the natives
Mere probably disturbed less than was usually the ca^e
Avitli the van(|uished race; the Pueblos being well-domi-
ciled and well-behaved, and having little to be stolen,
the invaders ado[)ted the wise iMjlicy of jK'rniittin<i tlicni
to work in [)eace, and to retain the customs and tiadi-
tious ol' their ibreliithers as they do, many of them, to
this day. Attempts have been made to prove a ivlation-
ship with the civilized Aztecs of Mexico, but thus far
Avithout success. No alhnities in language appear to
exist; that of the Mcxpiis, indeed, contains a few faint
traces of and assiniihitions to Aztec words, as 1 shall
show in the thiid volume of this work, but they aie not
strong enough to support any theory of common origin
or relationshi[).''''
The Pimas inhabit the banks of the Gila River about
two hundred miles al)Ove its continence with the Colo-
rado. Their toi'itory extends from about the bend of
the (iila up the river to a place called Maricopa (\)j)[ier-
luine; northwai'd their boundarj' is the Salt lliver, and
south the ricacho. They are generally diviiled, and
•" ]VliippIi\ Eirha»l', ami Tvrnrr's B'pt., p. 13, in 7''(c. 7?. //. 11<}>I., vol.
iii. 'Los iioiiilins (Ic ii.s jmcblos ilil MiKjiii sim, scj^mi hiij,'iiii dc Ids Yii-
vi|)nis, ScscpuiiliiliA, Miis.iLtiU'vc, .Jiiuogniilim, MiKjui, C'(iiiciil)t' y !Muca a
(jiiicii los znfiis llainaii Oiaivc, ([iio I'S vn t'l que I'stuvc' (rKms, in J>iir.
Ilisl. .l/r.i'., scric ii., toni. i., p. 332; liuxton's Adrin. Mix., p. I'.'o; Jrv^' Cul-
orado llir. p. VJ.7.
'i'* AlHiMiiiitions live abnndant onongli, but they haw no foundation what-
rvcr in fact, and many aif absurd on thiir fa<'t'. ' Nons atHiiiions (pic li s
Indicns I'ucblos ct Ics ancicns J[cxioains sont issus d' unc sculc ct niciiic
h'lU lie." Jlii,rl"((, in .\'tiitri'lli-s Aidciks dis Vny., Ih5(), toni. cxxvi.. p. It.
''I'hcsc Indians claim, and arc j^cnorally supposed, to have descended from
the ancient A/tec race.' Merriinlln r, in Ind. A_{f'. itept., IS.lt, p. 174. "Tlicy
arc the descendants of the ancient rulers of the country.' hai is' Kl h'riiii;i),
!>. 1 II. 'Thev are the remains of a once powerful peo(ile.' M'dlhvr, in Iml.
.\tr. lli'pt., \Hi-l. ]i. :,-)-. Cnli/T. in /</., 18(!!), p. !KI. 'They (Mo(piis) are snp-
jiosed by some to be descended from the band of Welsh, which I'riiice Madoc
tnok with him on a V(iy,i^r,.(if discovery, in the twelfth century; and it is said
that they weave pei'uii illy and in the same nmniier as the people of Wales.'
Till Itroirk, ill Si'iKiiiU-vKi't'ti Arch., vol. iv., p. 81. 'II est asse/ siiit^Milier ijuc
hs Moipiis soieiit desiL;nes par les trappers et les clia,- ;eurs anicri<-aiiis, ipii
p''n!'trent (hins leiir lays ..sous le nom d'liidieiis Wtlches.' Yi'k.i/ik/. in
.V<)'/'V'//Vs Aioi'ilra ili\< ]'i>i/., ISrid, toni. cxxvi., ji. ^.5. ' ^loipics, sujijmsi d to be
v<'sti;^;es of A/tecs.' Amur. Quart. Jlcijiiskr, vol. i., p. 173; I'rkhard's ii'cst'./c/a.v,
vol. v., p. 131.
PIMAS AND PAPAGOS.
620
known as tlio ii})|K'r and lower Pimas, wliidi br'aiiclic'.s
show but sliu'lit (lialc'C'tic diftbrencos. Whcii lirst seen
1 heir territory extended further southward into Sonora.
Tlie Pa[)a,!4"os, their nei,L;'ld)ors, are elosel;; allied to them
l»y lan!4UaL(e. In nowise related to them, hut veiy simi-
lar in their manners and customs, are the ]\rari('o|»as,
who reside in their immediate vicinity, and wlio claim
to have mi_L,n"ated to that })lacc some centuries ayo, from
a more westerly territory.
All these people, althou<4'h not dwelling in houses
laiilt, like those of the Puehlos, of solid materials, have
settled villages in which they reside at all times, and
are entirely distinct from the roving and nomadic trihes
(lescril)ed in the Apache family. When lirst found by
the Spaniards, they cultivated the soil, and knew how
to weave cotton and other fabrics; in fact it was easily
observable that they had made a step toward civiliza-
tion. I therefore describe them together witli the
Pueblos. The region occupied by them, although con-
taining some good soil, is scantily provided with water,
and to enable them to raise crops, they are obliged to
irriixate, conducting the water of the Gila to their iields
in small canals. The water obtained by digging wells
is frequently brackish, and in many places they are
lorced to carryall the water needed for household pui--
j)oscs quite a long distance. The climate is claimed
to be one of the hottest on the American continent.
The Pueblos, and ^loqui villagers, are a race of small
})eople,tho men averaging about live feet in height, with
small hands and feet, well-cut features, bright eyes, and
a generally ])leasing expression of countenance.^'''' Their
hair is dark, soft, and of fine texture, and their skin a
'■''•' 'Lcs hommcs sontpctits.' Meiidozn, Lettre, in Ternaux-Comimnn, Voi/.,
s lie i., toin. ix., p. '2!)t. The Moipiis arc 'of medium size aiul iinliHerontly
inopoitioiieil, tiioir features strongly marked and homely, with an expression
>;iuenilly hriirht and good-natured.' Ices' Colorado ltii\, pp. Ii*()-'J, l"J0-7.
'J he Keres ' sind hohen Wuchses.' M ii/ilfnp/on/t, Mcjicn, torn, ii., pt. ii., p.
ri'JS; Malli'-liriin, Prirh ile la <'Vo'/., torn, vi., p. 4.")3; //avar/, }[i\i\ OikU.,
p. VSl ; Mollliausen, Ilcixen in. du' Fcf-innjch., torn, ii., p. '240; J)fi Lai:!, A'oni.i
VrhU, p. .101; Sim/'soii'n Jour. Mil. Iicron., p. JKl; ('(ustuSicila, in T<rn'iitu'-
<''iinj)(iii.t, Vol/., seric i., torn, ix., pp. G7-8; Itiixtoii, in Xourdh's Aiinales dca
yijj., ISJO, tom. cxxvi., pp. 52-3; Pike's Explor. Trav., p. 342.
Vol. I. 34
530
NEW MEXICANS.
clear shade of brown. *"*' The women seldom oxeoed
four feet in hei<,dit, with fii^ure rotund, hut a fTfriiceriil
carriaj^e, and face full, with pretty, intellij^ent features
and o()()d teetli.^"^ Albinos are at times seen amongst
them, who are described as having very fair com-
plexions, lii^dit hair, and blue or pink eyes.^®'^
The Pimas and their neighbors are men of fine phy-
sique, tall and bony, many of them exceeding six fert
in height, broad-chested, erect, and muscular, but fre-
quently light-limbed with small hands, though the feet
of both sexes are large. They have large features, ex-
pressive of frankness and good luture, with prominent
cheek-bones and aquiline nose, those of the women being
somewhat retrousses.^*^'' The females are symmetrically
formed, with beautifully tapered limbs, full busts, pleas-
ing features, embellished with white and evenly set
teeth.^"' Their coarse hair grows to a great length
and thickness, and their dark complexion becomes yet
darker toward the south.^"' The ordinary dress of the
wo I The people are somewhat white.' Nh.a, in I fnl-hiyVs Vop., vol. iii., ji.
.S7'2. 'Much fairer in complexion than other tribes. ' Jiuxtoii'ii Adirn. Mn-.,
p. 195; I\<'wlnll's Nar., vol. i., p. 370; Mollhaimfn, TiKjclnich, p. 'JIJO; Prh'h-
ard'K Ite-'frarchrs, vol. v., ])p. 42;{, 431; Walker, in S. F. Herald, Oct. 15, 1.S5,!;
JJoinriiflcli'/i Jh'ncfta, vol. ii., p. 41.
"" ' Prettiest squaws I have yet seen.' Mnmfs Army Life, p. 111. Good
looking ami symmetrical. JJaiua' El Griu'jo, pp. 421-'J.
"'■^ Tt'ii. liroi'ch, in SclioolcrajVs Arch., vol. iv., p. 81. 'Many of the in-
habitants have white skin, fair hair, and blue eyes.' Dnmeiiech'n Dflf^crtu, vol.
i., p. '210, vol. ii., p. OO; Eaton, in SclioolcmfCa Arch., vol. iv., pp. i'JD- 1 ;
Mbllhaiiscn, Taijelmch, p. 285; Palmer, in Ifarpcr'n Afm,/., vol. xvii., p. 45(1.
ica 'Arobustaml well-formed race.' CVe /«'*«//'<) /l/(rtfAe.<, pp. 90, 103. 'Well
built, generally tall and bony.' Walhr^s Piman, MS. Tlio Maricopas 'sunt
do stature plus haute ct plus athlctiquoquc Ics Pijnios.' Gallatin, in XoHirll'!<
Anniilex dca \'oy., 1851, toni. cxxxi., p. '290; sec also Einori/, in Fremont ami
Emory's N<itcs of Trav., pp. 49, 50; /(/., in Pac. Ii. 11. liept., vol. ii., p. 1-;
Domenech's Dcxertif, vol. li., p. 19; Alei/rc, Hist. Comp. de Jenux, toin. iii., ]\
103; Murr, Xachrlchten, p. 190; Emory's lieconnoitisancc, p. 132; Bhjler'a Earhj
Days ill Utah and Nernda, MS.; Johnson's Hint. Arizona, p. 11; Uracblt. in
Western Monthly, p. 1G9; Froebel, AusAmirika, torn, ii., p. 448; San Franci<i'0
Bulletin, July, IStiO.
"*' 'Las mujeres hcrmosas.' Mange, in Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i.,
pp. 298, 304. 'Katlier too much inclined to embonpoint.' Ives' Colurwio
liiiK, pp. 31, 33, 39; Jiartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. '2'29.
itij 'Ambos secsos.. ..no mal pareeidos y muy nielcnudos. ' Velasco, .Vo-
ticias de Sonnra, pp. 110, 101. ' Trigueuos de color.' Sedelniair, llelaeinn, iu
Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'Die Masse, Dicko und Liiii!,'o
ihres Haupthaares grenzt an das Unglaublichc.' Froebel, Aus Ameribi, tom.
ii. p. 455; Id., Cent. Amer., p. 513; Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man, vol. ii., p.
• 557; Paltie's Pers. Nar., pp. 143-5, 149; Utratton's Vapt. Oatman Girls, p. 180.
DRESS OF THE PUEBLOS.
S8l
PuoMos is tlic hrecch-cloth and Idaiikt't; sonic add a
l)l()Uso of cotton or dcor-skin, a waist-l)olt, and buckskin
li'iJC^ins and moccasins. The women wear a louo;, cot-
ton, sleeveless tunic, confined round the waist l)y a
colored f^irdle, a species of cape bordered in ditfertiit
colors, fastened round the neck at the two corners, and
reaching down to the waist, while over the head a shawl
is thrown. The feet are protected by neat moccasins of
doer-skin or woolen stuff, surmounted by lej^i^ins of the
same material. They have a habit of paddinuf the kg-
yins, which makes them appear short-lejj^i^ed with small
feet.*'"'" The men bind a handkerchief or colored band
round the head. Young women dress the hair in a
])oculiarly neat and becoming style. Parting it at the
back, they roll it round hoops, when it is fastened in
two high bunches, one on each side of the head, placing
somet imes a single feather intho center ; married women
gather it into two tight knots at the side or one at the
back of the head; the men cut it in front of the cars,
and in a line with the eye-brows, while at the back it is
])laited or gathered into a single bunch, and tied with a
l)and.""' On gala occasions they paint and adorn them-
selves in many grotesque styles; arms, legs, and exposed
})ortions of the body arc covered with stripes or rings,
ICO 'Jf^.jids ni-e uncovered.' Ifiixton'.t Aihrn. Me.v., p. lfl(i. 'Los hoiiibres
visten, y ciilrnu do cucro, y las inugeres, quo se precian do larj^os cabellos,
cubi'eu SUM cabe(,"as y verguenvas con lo mcsinc' Oomuni, J list, J ml., fol. '27 "i.
'J>o kleediiig boitund uit kotoi'iio inaiitelH, Imidcii tot 1)roek(>n, geiiaeyt,
sclioeiioii en laeiv.en van goed leder.' Moidnintu, Xicnirc Wiiniil, p]>. "JOit,
-17-KS. Tbe women 'having the calves of their legs wrapped or stiitled in
such a niaiuicr as to give them a sweUed appearance.' S^mpxiui's Jour. .Mil.
J.Woii., pp. 14, II.'); /),' Lnit, \onin Orl/is, pp. 'JJIT-S, Wl, ;{();!, 3I2-I:{; Com-
will), ill //(tk/ii>//\i I'o//., vol. iii. pp. .'177, •?'S(i; h''<]j Jo, in A/., pp. .SS-t-tHi; .Xi'.a,
in /'/., pp. .StiS, 370; I'almcr, in //(ir/icr'n .Miuj., vol. xvii.. p. 4.")7; \\'/ii/>/)lf,
L'irhaii/:, fiiiil Titrnpr\t J'e/it., pp. .SO, 1'2'2, in Par. II. It. It']it., vol. iii.; hnmi-
vi'ch's JJi .11 rf.'i, vol. i., pp. I'.t7, ^O.'l, vol. ii., jip. '2i;{, '281; I'va iirnerk, mSrhdol-
rralYx Air/i., vol. iv., pp. 7.'1 ScS; iViz/hf nils' Tdiiv. ]>. '2(i; Lurciiainlii ri\ .lA.c.
(' (I'liiiL, p. 147- Viitnlrii, l'i>c/ii'rchi-<, p. 70; .M(ii-ci/'>i Arinij L{lr, \)[^. OO-KK),
lO.V-0; I'o.slcr'n Pri'-lliif,. L'aeci, p. 304; Caxlartii/n, in '!'' niuii.r-Cninjiiiif. I'"//.,
mrioi., torn, ix., pp. 61-08, 70, 103, 17.'^, \"; Juraiiullo, in /</., pp. .".(iO-37i;
li'm' (.'olonido li'iv., pp. 119-127; Uu.vton, in XouvcllfH Amiilen dc-i I'o//., IS.">(t,
torn, cxxvi., p. 53; Eaton, in Srfio drmft'.t Arch., vol. iv., p. '220; Ahirt. in
Kiiii>ri/\i I'rroiinnii.idiire, p. 471; Mfiijir\t .Me.v., Azter, etc., vol. ii., p. 3."»0; .)loll-
haiiHoii, Tdijcbiu-ii, pp. '217, 2S3; KiiidalVa Nar., vol. i., p. 370; Itivilla-di'ji'ih,
Curta, MS.; A/ado, I^lrrioimrio, torn, iv., p. .388; Arriciviin, ('riiidcuSi riijiai,
p. 470; 6'/v;/(/'.s Com. Prairhs, vol. i., pp. 248, '279-80; Mvllhauaen, liti-iCii in
die False nijtb., torn. ii. jip. 195, 239.
033
NEW -MEXICANS.
and (•oiu<'al-sliape(l lirad-drcssos; fuatliors, slioop-skiii
\vigs, and masks, aru likuwi^e oin[)l<)y(jd.^'^'' Tlio lialiili-
nionts «)t' the Pinias arc a cotton scrape of their own
inanufactnro, a l>rccch-clotli, with sandals of raw-liido
or deer-skin. Women wear the same kind of seru])",
wound round the loins and pinned, or more fre(]U(;ntlv
lucked in at the waist, or fastened with a belt in wliicli
different-colored wools are woven; some wear a^ short
petticoat of deer-skin or bark.'"* They wear no heu«l-
drcss. Like tlie J^ueblos, the men cut the hair short
across the forehead, and either plait it in different coils
bL'hin<l, which are ornamented with bits of bone, sluHs,
or red cloth, or mix it with clay, or gather it into a tur-
ban sliap(jou to[» of the head, leaving a few ornamented
and l)raided locks to hang down over the ears.^'"' l']acli
paints in a manner to suit the fancy; black, i-ed, and
yellow are tlie colors most in vogue, black being alone
used for war paint. Some tattoo their newly born chil-
dren round the eyelids, and girls, on arriving at tlio
aixo of maturitv, tattoo from the corners of tlie mouth
to the chin. Some tribes oblin'o their women to cut tln)
hair, others permit it to grow.™ For ornament, shell
"■' r>()th Rpxos jxo linrc'hca;k'(l. ' Tlio hair is worn hntr;, nml ii iVmo up in
ft grciit (jiunii! that fulls tlown beliiml.' J)(iri,i' Kl (,'riii /n, ]);>. 117, l"il-"i, l-'l.
Tilt! viiiiu'ii 'trciicari hm i;al)cllo.s, y nxloiniso lo^ ;i I.i i'al)C(,'a, ]ii)i' si)lii(! l;n
oifjas, ' (ioiiHirri, Hist. I ml., fol. 'Si'X 'Llcv.'ui las vk^jai it jicId IiciIid duj
trinzas y laa ww/.ixa iiu mono sobro cadii (U'cja.' (iain.-i, JJinrio, in Dur. lliJ.
Mix., ssLiiu ii., tuin. i., pp. y^S-l); L'aion, in Schou!cr(()Tfi 'irrh., vol. iv., p.
'2-20.
ii;s 1 Yjiji vcstidos catos indioa coi: ''r.azatliisi do algotlun, fpio olios f.ilivicni,
y otras do laiia. ' (tarcfx, Diaiio, in JJoc. Ills/. Mr.r., sciio ii., toiii. i., p. -;!■'>.
Tlii'ir dirs.i U cotton of do>u. il.i inainifacturc. Knvirifs Ikroiiiiii'KMinri:, p.
l.'iJ. ' Kuiisticic'ii da^uc'gcn &\\y\ dio buiiteii CJiirtcl gcwcbt, iiiit duiii'ii dio
lladchcn ciii Stiick Zoug als Rock uin dio Hiiftoii l)iii<leu.' Froih:!, .[m
^)//iC;v7.vf, tmn.ii., pp. 4t(), 447; Browiif'n A/iai'/iel'iiiiiifri/.]i. (>>>•, L'luori/'.i A'f/./.
(/. S. and Mcx. JlouiiilKrii i^nrvcii, vol. i., p. \'1'.\; lirnlli tl'n /V/'v. A'di:, vd. !.,
p. 4'>2, V(d. ii., pp. '.M(J-7, '219; C'irnw»i/\i A/Ktc/ie^, p. 104; Alc'jn', Ili-'t. ('ohijk
ill' Jusii.i, torn. iii. p. 1().'J; Ires' Cvlomdn Uic, ])p. .'11, .'!■'>; Mmrrii'.i Arh'nia. p.
.'{{); Afiiii'jc, in />iir. lliif. Mea-., soric iv., torn, i., pp. .3(.i4-ri; Vi /a.ico, Solivin-i
lie Scnora, p. 11(5; llrivt'i' wis den \'i rchi. St'iat., toiii. ii., p. 3-2.
i(,st I },l^^l^^ never cut tJicir liair.L Creinoni/'it A/iacliix, p. DO. 'ilioy plait and
wind it round tlicii- licada in many ways; ono of the most general foriiiiii
tiu'l)an wldcU they smear with wet cirtii. Froehel, Aii-iAiiiiriLft, toni. ii., pj).
4.14-0; Fri'iwittaud L'lDOri/'s A'o^csoy' Trar., ]i. 4/; JCinnr;/, in Pur. J,'. II. loyl.,
vol. ii. p. i); Pattir'.-i Pers. Nar., pp. 14.3, 145, 14!;; Broirfir'n A^arlic Voiinlnj,
p. 107; SrhnolrrajVa .' -li., vol. lii., p. '2M.
^'^Sunoni, Dcscri^ ^<:oij., iu Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., torn, iv., p. Jli'.
ri.M.V AND MAKICOPA DWELLINGS.
533
find l)Oii(l ncckliiccs iir(» used; also cuv-jmiiiih of u Mil
4oiu> loiip-d in the inoiintuiiis
171
Tlu' (Iwclliiius of the
ii,:iri<'iiltiir:il I'imas, Miiricopiis, and PiipaLios consist of
doini'-slia[H'd Inits, either i'(Mnid or oval at the hase.
There are iisnally thirty oi' more to a viUauc, and they
are ^i-onju'd with some reuai'd to rei:idarity. Stronji"
forked stakes are fn-mly lixed in the ^ronnd at reiiiikir
distances iVom i-acii other, the mnnher \aryin,u accord-
inu' to tlie si/t' of the hut, eross-|)oles are laid iVom one
to tile (►thei*. around these are placed ('otton-^vood |»oles,
\vhich are hentover and fastened to the transserse sticks,
the structure is then wattled with willows, reeds, or
coarsi" straw, and the whok' eoveivd with a coat of mud.
The only openings are an entranci; door ahout three feet
hiiih. and a small aperture in the center of the roof that
serves lor ventilation. Theii* heiuht is from li\e to se\cn
I'eet. and the diameter from twenty to lift\. ()utsid(;
staiiils a shed, open at all sides with a roof of l)rauches
or corn-stal
Their 1
<s. under wnicn the\' jjrepai'c ihen
1
louses are occupied mam
S(
c*
food,
ily dnriiit: tlii' rainy si'a-
m; in summer they build Vi'Ad sheds of twigs in their
>rii-llelds. which not only are more airy, hut are also
more coiiNcnieiit in watchinu' their jirowini:' crops. I'e-
sides the dweUiniz-i)lace. each family has a ,i:ranary.
similar in slia[)e and of like materials liut of stroiiLicr
coiistriu'tion; hy frecpii-nt plasterinu' with mud they are
mad
e im[K'rvious to rain.
The t
owns ol
tl
K'
IK
Id
OS
'All (if tliciii jiiiiiit, iisin^' no ]i;irtirnlar dcsi'^ii: fhi' imn mcistlv with diirk
ciijiirM, ihc wiiiiicii. red iiiiil villow.' W'lll.'i-'.-i I'iiiius. .!/> ; .liiliiisnn's ll'i.<l.
Ariuinn. |>. II. • 'I'lic wniiirn wiiiii tiny arrive at iiialnrily draw twn
liiii'S witli S()iiii> liliic-ciilorcd dvc frnni radi cori'ir ui tin- iiKHitli ti> tin'
diiu.' Itur// It's I'irs. A'"/'., vol. ii.. p. TIS,
'" ' Ailoriiausc cdii ;_;arL;aiitillas dc caracolillns del mar, ciitrrv.'.-adiis dc
(itnis f'liciilas dc (•(iiii'lia I'lilorada rrdmida.' Mniff, iti /'^c. Hist. Mi.r., scri"
iv , toiii. i., |i. 'i'.l'.l. ■ Till y had many uriiamiiits of sea >!.. lis.' hjnmrj/'s
.l!'ciii,:iiiissiiiici\ ]K l.'!2. 'Siimi' havi' liniu; striiit;s of sca-slu IU.' IliirH'ICfi
/'i /'s. Aw;'., vol. ii.. ]). "J;!!! 1. ' Itarcly use (iriiaiiiiiils.' ]i'iiU.' I's I'limis, .!/>.;
Mii.rr, Xm-lii irhl' II. jiji. '.i'lii-li; .Sk/i/i/ikic, Uilitrhm, in l>iii\ liisi. JA.r., .si iii>
iii., torn, iv., Y\\. s'liul.
'"■-' t'ri'iii'iiii/'x AiKiclii'n. \). !M : (idlhdin. in yinn-fUfH Ainnihs </(.-,■ I'"//.. IS")I,
toni. l:il. )i. 'i'.IJ: llrDirm's Ajutrhv I'luiiilrii, \\. IDS. 'J'hc Maiicuji-is ' occn-
jiy th.ilchiil cotta'^t's, thirty or forty fict in dianictci-. made of thr twi'_'s of
Cotton-wood tiiis. int< inovcn with tlu' straw of wlnat. corn-stalUs, and
CMiio.' Emory's livvoaiiu'a-.-^nai'v, p. 1152; luimri/'s Japt. L . -S. Uial Mi,c. Jiuuial-
5'1-t
NEW MEXICANS.
are essentially unique, and are the dominant feature of
these aboriginals. ^>oine of them are situated in vahevs,
others on mesas; sometimes they are planted on eleva-
tions almost inaccessible, reached only by artificial grades
or by ste[)s cut in the solid rock. Some of the towns arc
of an elliptical shape, while others are square, a town
being frecpiently but a block of buildings, Tims a
I'ueblo consists of one or more squares, each enclosed by
three or four buildings of from three to four hundred
feet in length, and about one hundred and fifty feet in
width at the base, and from two to seven stories of i'rtmi
eight to nine feet each in height. The buildings ibrni-
ing the s(iuare do not meet, but in some cases are con-
nected ])y bridges or covered gangways, {ind in some
instances the houses project over the streets below,
which being narrow, are thus given an undergi-ound
appearance. The stories are built in a series of grada-
tions or retreating surfaces, decreasing in size as they
rise, thus forming a succession of terraces.
In some of tbe towns these terraces are on both
sides of the l)uilding; in otliers they face only toward
the outside; wliile again in others they are on the in-
side. In IVont of the terraces is a parajjct. wliich serves
as a shelter for the inhabitants when forced to dei'end
themselves against an attack from the outside. Tbeso
teri'aces are about six feet wide, and extend round the
tliree or four sides of the square, forming a Avalk lor
'()•)/ Siirri\i/, vol. i., ji. 117; Mumje, in Boc. Hist, .l/i.c, scric iv., tom. i., ;ip.
277. ltd.") (!. ' Ijcui's ( I'iqmtJios) iiiiiisoiis sout do foi'iius ciinicjiirs it cnn-
Ktruitcs ell joiic rt fii l)(iis.' Si)i\ 'I'c'"/., Ilitlli'liii, Hi'riv \., So. WJ, \u l^fS; W'kII.-
ir's I'liiiii^, MS.; \'illii-Siri(ir y Saiiclnz, TliKitro, tniii. ii., ]>. Itllo; Si/./-
miiir, lli'lurioii, ill l>(i<\ llisl. Mce., siTic iii., toiii. iv., j). Hi)\; I VAf.sco, .V■'^'(■(^^s•
(/(' .S'(»»(l/'((, ))p. 115, l(;i. ' Alull'l'C, iK'SOlulcrS (litMluilllllCU I'iI])ML,'<>S. lllilchtrll
Lochcr 1111(1 scliliifiii ties Xuflits liicriniit'ii; jii im Winter iiiiichtcii sir in
ihri'ii Diii'lisliichrni /uvcn' l''cncr, iiml liit/.tcii ilifsilbcn.' Miirr, Sarhr'trlii' n,
\\. I't"). "TlKir siiniiinr slidtci's urc of ii nincli nioiv tcinjiorarv nature, lieiii'.,'
i'(Mistriic(etl lifter llie niiiiuier of a foniiiion arhor, covered witli wiilow roiU,
to olistriict till' rays of the vertical sun.' UikiIics' l>(iiiiiili<iii's /v'.i'., ]>. i---
In front of the I'inio house is iisiiallj' ' ii lar;,'e arbor, on top of which is
jiiled the cotton ill the poll, for drviii;^'.' L'liinri/, in Fn iimiil itml Eiiinrifs .\i7'.s
tif I'nir., ]). 4H. The r.ipaiios' huts were ' fcriiiecs ])ar lies jicanx ile luillh s.'
]■'■ rri/. Scriirs <Ir Id \"k' .Sk/ov/i/c, p. Ili7. Granary built like the Mexican Jithils.
They arc belter structures tjian their dwelliiij^'s, more open, in onhi- to tiive
a free circulation of air throiv^'h the f,'raiu dopositid in them. JliirtliU's I'li's.
Sar., vol. i., i>. IltS'J, vol, ii., pp. 21)3-5.
rUEBLO HOUSES.
tlie occupants of the story resting upon it, and a roof for
the storv beneath ; so with the stories above. As there
is no inner connnunication with one another, the only
means of mounting to them is by hulders whieli stand
at convenient distances along the several rows of ter-
races, and they may be drawn up at pleasure, thus cut-
ting off all unwelcome intrusion. The outside walls of
one or more of the lower stories are entirely solid, hav-
ing no openings of any kind, with the exception of. in
some towns, a few loopholes. All the doors {uid win-
dows arc on the inside opening on the court. The sev-
eral stories of these huge structures are divided into
multitudinous coui[)artments of greater or lesser si'/e,
which are apportioned to the several families of the
tril)e. Access is had to the different stories by fneans
of the ladders, which at night and in times of diiuger
are drawn up after the person entering, 'i'o enter the
rooniN on the ground floor from the outside, one must
mount the hulder to the first balcony or terrace, then
descend through a trap door in the lloor by another ladder
on the inside. The roofs or ceilings, which are nearly
ilat, are formed of transverse beams which slo[)e slightly
outward, tiie ends resting on the side walls; on these, to
make the lloor and terrace of the story above, is laid
brush wood, then a layer of bark or thin slabs, and over
all a thick covering of nuid sullicieut to render them
water-tight. Tlie windows in the up[)er stories are made
of Hakes of selenite instead of glass. The rooms are
large, the substantial j)artitions are made of wood, and
neatly whitewashed, The apartments on the ground
lloor are gloomy, and generally used as store-rooms;
those above are sometimes furnished with a small lire-
place, the chinniey leading out some feet above the ter-
race. Houses are connnon prcperty. and both men and
v'' .lien assist in building them; the men erect the wooden
frames, and the women riake the mortar and build the
walls. In pl;ic(! of lime for mortar, thev mi.x ashes with
earth and chai-coal. They make adobes or sun-dried
bricks by mixing ashes and earth witL water, which is
536
NEW MEXICANS.
then moulded into large blocks and dried in the siui.
Sonic of the towns are bnilt with stones laid in nuid.
Capt-.in Simpson describes several ruined cities, which
he visited, which show that the inha])itants ibrmerlv iiad
a knowledge of arcliitecture and design superior to any
that the PucIjIos of the present day possess. Yet tlieir
Ijuildings are even now well constructed, for although
several stories in height, the walls are seldom more than
three or lour feet in thickness. The apai'tments are
well ai'ranged and neatly kept; one rooui is used for
cooking, another for grinding corn and preserving winter
supplies of ibod. others for sleeping-rooms. On the bal-
conies, I'ound the doors opening u[)()n theui, the vil-
lauers coui:reu'ate to iiossin and smoke, while the streets
below, when the ladders are drawn up, present a gloomy
and forsaken a])pearance. Souietimes villages are built in
the forui of an oi)en stpiare with ))uildings on three sides,
and aiiiiin two or more larue terraced structures capable
of accoiiiiHodating one or two thousand pe()i)le ai'e built
contiguous to i}iU']\ other, or on opi)()site hauks of a stream.
In souie instances the outer wall presents one unbroken
line, without entrance or anything to indicate the l>iisy
life within; another Ibrin is to join tiie straiuht walls,
which encompass three sides of a s(piare, by a iburth
circular wall; in all of which the chief object is del'euse.
The I'ueblos take great pride in their picturesipie iuid.
to them, mamiilici'nt structures, anirmiim' that as ibrt-
resses they ha\e ever ])r()ved impregnable. To wal' out
l»lack barliiM'ism was "hat the I'ueblos wanti'd, and to
be let alone; undei" these conditions time was giving
them ci\ iliziition.'''*
'"■' ViUii-Si'i'idV }j Sonchci, Thcatro, toni. ii.. ji. Jl'i; Whijipli'. En'lanlr. nhil
Tiirnii-'s 111 III.. \t\\. -il, 'S-i, \:>'>, in I'ltr. ]{. 7.', Hi/il.. vol. ii. : Ni /k.v )'(/ //,< /,'o<7,//
MIfi., ]i. 177; Siihiii rmi, JU'liii-iii>ii.'<, in Jlac. Ili.-<l. J/'.r., soic iii., t(ini. iv.. ]i\k
'J"), ;((l-|, 'Kilns son liis ';iic liiU'cii, y cditicini Lis Ciimis, iihsi di' I'ii iliii.
t'onio di' Ailovi', y 'lii-nii i(niiisa<1ii; y ciin iii) teller la !':.:' i' inns ile vn ]iie ui'
imclio. sullen las Casas dus, y ins. y iinatro, y eiinn Sdlnadus, I'l ,\ltis: y
a eada .Mtci. eciii spunde vn (iincddf ]i(ir de fu<ra; si solne ( sta altnra lii clmn
mas altiis, I'l Si'biailns qidnine ay Casas (jue llei;an a siete) son los denias.
Ill de JiaiTo, sino di' iladira.' 'ruriiiiiiiiiiibi. Mninin/. /id/., toni. i., p. iM.
For fiirtlier jiarticalars, see ('iisliirmlii, in 'I'l riiiiu.v-i 'niiiinni.f. \'iii/.. s'rU' i.,
toui. iv,. ]<\t. 2. I'J, r.s, (I!), 71, Ti'i, Si». Kis, |(',;i, i(;7. ICi'.i; .VZ-'/.'in /</., iiii.
201, -M), 270, 27'J; JHai, in Id., pp. 2'j;i, 2',)ii; JuriuiiUli,, in hL, p^i. M'.',
rUEBLO ESTUFAS.
537
The swcat-lioiisc,or as the Spaniards call it,tlio rsfufa,
assumes with tho Pueblos the grandest j)ro])ortions.
Every vilki'^e has from one to six of tliese singular struc-
tures. A large, semi-subterranean room, it is at once
bath-house, town-house, council-chamber, club-room,
and church. It consists of a large excavation, the roof
1 jcing about on a level with the ground, sometimesalittle
above it, and is sujiportcd by heavy timbers or pillars of
masonry. Around the sides are benches, and in the
center of the floor a square stone box for fire, wherein
aromatic [)lants are kept constantly burning. Entrance
is made by means of a ladd(.'r, througli a hole in the to[)
jilaced directly over tho iire-place so that it also serves
as a ventilator and affords a free passage to the smoke.
Usually they are circular in form and of both laige and
( inalldimonsions; they arc placed either witliinthe great
l»uildinn" <'i' underground in the court without. In some
of the ruins they are found built in the center of what
v.as once a ])yramidal pile, and four stories in heiglit.
.Vt Jemez tlio cstufa is of one story, twenty-iive feet
v.'ide b}' thirty feet high. The ruins of Chettro Kettle
contain six estutas, each two or tlu'ee stories In heiu'ht.
At Ii>onito are cstufas one hundi'cd jind seventy-five feet
iii circumference, built in alternate layers of thick and
'.uii: Cnrrloiir, in f:I., toill. X., pi). 4,'5S-0; Siiiipsnii'i Jo'ir. M'L Ihrnti.,
pp. •*?, JK), 114; y>V//', ill Srli'Kilcfa/Yti Arch., vol. i., p. '2\\\ Tcii Jirocck,
ih II., Vol. i\'., pji. V^», Sil, ami pUit(j3, pp. lit, 7-; Wunlcti, Ji'crh' irhi:-', p. 79;
/.'■'.I 'om'.s AdvfH. Mii'., p. I'.ll; l'uliii<r, in ll'trjirr\'< Mnj., V(/i. xvii., p. 4.Vi;
jUiiUe-i'ri:ii, J'rrcis df. In i<'ii>ii., loin, vi., p. A'u\\ llasscl, Mix. (lual., ]>. '27^;
-;//(')'.< .'.ec, A'., c, rt'\, vol. ii., p. 'A')',); tr'/v;/.'/".s ('(//;(. Pniirlc-i, vol. i., jip.
-■/ ",;i; IfnijhoC ])oiiiplinii\~i K.r., ji. IIJ,"(; durre', /)if(rio, in JJur. IIl<t. .][<•■.,
S'l-ic ii., toin. i., i>. .S2'J; /rc.^' Culont/lo llii:,Y\). lilt, I'JI, I'Jd; Mnrr;/'.',- Arm;/
J.'/c, pi_>. 07, !'!', 101, \0'>; /'ii.ffnii, in .\'iinr)/li/< Aini<i.t(>: i/v.i \'oi/., |S."i!l, toiii.
I'Nxvi., pp. 4i', 4">, Cy2, n~; GitlhUiu, in Id., 1851, toiu. cxxxi., pji. 'JIS, 'I'u, -('7,
270, 277, 27.^, 2SS; E^yrjo, in llid'nift'.^ \'oi/., vol. iii., p]). ;js,"), .'{;)2, ,'!'.) l(i; ( '--/■-
(iiin'h), in /(/., vol. iii., jip. ;i77, ''u'.); X'r.i, in //., vol. iii., pp. 'Mu, '.\~,1\ M iili-
I iipj'firi/f, Mij'irn, torn, ii., pt. ii., p. .")I!S; .Mollli'iunin, lieiHiii in i/ic i\l<oiiii<U.,
1 111), ii., ]i. 2.'W; liK, Tii;/' 'mr/i, pp. 217-1'^, 2.S."); MiDit'Uiux, XiritiC'' H'ce/v .'■/,
P|.. 20!», 21."), 217. 'I'lu! Iowa of ('il)ola Moiiios 6 lapidihiis et cmnicnto iill'a-
lii'o c'onstruct.'n ct t'onjiuR'tiin disjio-iitas osso, su]H'rliiniii:iria portarir.n oya-
lu'isfrcMnuiis, ('{''niroiikvH vocant) ornata.' /V /.ncf, A'o'-^-i <)vl'is, \<\>. 2!t7. Ill I -1 I;
Arric'tri'ii, i.'roiiii'n Si nijici, p. 4SI). ''i'iio houses arc well (listfihiittMl aiulxory
11' :it. Olio room \:i ilc'si;_,'ii('il for tlio kitehen, and anothei to i;rind tlii' grain.
'l'l'-i:i laat ii ii]iart, and contaiiH a i'urnaco and three sl;one.-i iiiado fast in nia-
>:o!M-y.' Ihu-:^' I'd <;,iii'j.., PI). ll.S-2;), 111, ;tll, :;i;!, ;!l'-i, 420, 422; <;i.-<'int,><le
."'•i-ii, ia Pur'irr^i, CuL '/><•. /,)■■/., to:!i. iv., pp. :{20-;]0; Jluii'iH'a J\i:<. Nar.,
vul. ii., p. 17S; Fostcr'a I'n-JIidi, A'licv.', p. iiOl.
538
NEW MEXICANS.
til in stono slabs. In those subterranean temples the
old men met in secret council, or assembled in worship
of their gods. Here are held dances and festivities,
social intercourse, and mourning ceremonies. Certai'i
of the Pueblos have a custom similar to that practiced
by some of the northern tribes, the men sleeping in the
sweat-house with their feet to tlie fire, and permitting
women to enter only to bring them food. I'he estufas
of Tiguex were situatod in the heart of the village, built
undergro! 1 1, both roand and square, and paved with
large polii-. i ones.^''*
From the . iicst informaiion we have of these na-
tions they arc known to have been tillers of the soil;
and though the implements used and their methods of
cultivation were both simple and primitive, cotton, corn,
wheat, beans, with many varieties of fruits, which con-
stituted their principal food, were raised in abundance.
The Pueblos breed poultry to a considerable extent ; fish
are oaten whenever obtainable, as also a few wild ani-
mals, such as deer, hares, and rabbits, though they are
indifl:erent hunters."^ The Papagos, whose country docs
'"*In the province of Tucay.an, 'domiciliis inter so junctia ct .affabrc con-
structis, in quibus et tcpiJaria qnao vulgo Stuvas appelhiinus, sub terra coii-
structa ailvcrsus hyeinis vcliementiam. ' De Laet, Xorux Orliis, p. 301 . ' In tlio
centre was a small square box of stone, in which was a lu-o of guava biislies,
and around this a few old men were smoking.' Man-ifs Annij Li/t\ p. 110.
' Estufas, quo mas i^ropiamente dcbcrian Uaniar sinagogas. En cstas liaceu
6U3 junta.s, forman su.s conciliiibulofj, y cnsayan sus bailca ii pucrta ccrrada.'
Alcijre, I Hat. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i.,p. 'SSli; Beaumont^ Cruii.dc Mtclioacan,
MS., p. -118; ilomara, lllst, Ind., fol. '273; Simpson's Jour. Mil. ricron., p]i.
13, '21; Ccuitiiiiela, in Teniaux-Compans, Voi/., surie i., tom. ix.,pp. 13!), Iii.'>,
100-70, 17t> ; Esprjo, in HaHui/l'a Toy., vol. iii., pp. 392-3; iV'ie/, in Doc. JUkI.
Mvr.. sorio iii., torn, iv., pp. 90-1.
''^' Magna ipsia MayzU copia ct legumimim.' De Laet, Novus Orbis, p]i.
298, 302, .'(10-13, 31.5. ' llallaron en los pueblos y casa.s muchos mantciii-
micntos, y gran infinidad do gallinas do la tierra.' Espcjo, in llalhiiil'.-i l'ii>/.,
vol. iii. pp. 380, 393. 'Criaban las Indias nuichas Gallinas do la Tierra.'
Ton/ueniada, Monarq. Ind., torn. i. p. 078. 'Zy Icven by mair, wittc, I'rwctcii,
liaesen, konynen en vovder wild-braed.' Monlnn'is, Xi(uwi> \\'e<- Id, p. 21 "i,
and Dapper, Aeuc Well, p. '242. Compare Scenes in the Unci':/ Mts., p. 177;
Marci/'s Army Life, pp. 97-8, 104, 108; Cortez, in Pnc. U. 7>'.7.V/)/., vol. iii.,
p. 122; Sifijrenrcs' Zufil Ex., \\\). b-G; jam inillo, in Tivnaux-Compun'i, \'<'!l.,
HI lie i., tom. ix., pp. 309-71 ; Diaz, in /(/., pp. '294-.1; Orei/i/s Vom. Prairl x,
vol. i., jtp. '208, '281; Ten limcek, in Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. SO;
Simpson's Jour. Mil. Jiccon., pp. 10, 82, 91, 113; Wislizenus' Tunr, p. '20; Il<iif,
in SchoolcnijTs Arch., vol. i., p. 244; linxton, in Nouvellcs Anmdis dcs I'o// ,
KS-jO, torn, cxxvi., p. 52; Gallatin, in Id., 18ol, torn, cxxxi., pp. 270-1, 271*,
'<i88-9, '292, 297; Eroebd, Aua Attierika, tom. ii., pp. 439, •44j, 453; Muil-
HOW FOOD IS OBTAINED.
539
not present such favorable conditions for agriculture are
forced to rely for a subsistence more upon wild fruits
and animals than the nations north of them. They
collect large quantities of the fruit of the ijitaha^a ( re-
rem gif/aufansj, and in seasons of scarcity' resort to
whatever is life-sustaining, not disdaining even snakes,
lizards, and toads.'™ Most of these peoi)le irrigate their
lands by means of conduits or ditches, leading either
from the river or from tanks in which rain-water is col-
lected and stored for the purjiose. These ditches are
kept in repair ' v the conununity, but farming operations
are carried on hy eacli lamily for its own separate l)en-
efit, which is a noticeable advance from the usual savage
couununism.'" Fishi)ig nets are made of twisted thread
or of small sticks joined together at the :ids. A\lien
the rivers are low, ii.sh are cjuight in })askets or sliot with
arrows to which a string is attached.™ The corn which
is stored for winter use, is first par-boiled in the shuck,
and then suspended from strings to dry; peaches are
dried in large quantities, and melons are preserved l)y
peeling and removing the seeds, when they are placed
i
linnsfn, I^pisen hi Hie Frlsmqeh., toni. ii., pp.230, 284; Bnrtl'tt's /Vrs. Xar.. vol.
(i., pp. 178, 214-18, •2:i3-'7; limirm'n Apnchv i'<i,i),tn/. pp. 78, 1)4, 107-10,
141 "2, 27(i-7; Seihliii'ilr, in liar. Hist. .lA.c, scrii.' iii., toiii. iv., j)p. 848, 850;
/'/., st'rio iv.. torn, i., p. !!•; Kuiori/'^ HfCimmilssiinci', p. l:il; Mnirri/'s Ari-
Z'liKi, p. ;{(); Htssul, Mix. (hiat., ]>. 278; llwihes' Dnnijilian's /•>.. pp. IKti, 221;
Enton, in Srliaolrntl't's Airh., v<il. iv., p. 221; (jovuiia, Hint. ImL, fol. 273;
Iml. Aff. Ilei>ts., fr()in 1857 to 1N72.
I'lj ' Parii su susti'iito no rt'usa iininial, por innniiulo qnt' sea.' yulit-Sei'ioi'
y Siint'liijg, Thiatni, toni. ii., ]). ;i".)5. ' I.os papagos se niautiiiuii dc los fni-
tos silvi'strcs.' IV/asco, ydtiriua ih Sdu^'nt, pp. 100-1. 'Ilattcli yvosscu
Apjictit zii I'ft'nl- uiid Mimlt'Sflticiscli.' Murr, Xiifliri'lilr)), jip. 247 !», 2(i7,
2H2-02; SiiHord, Iksciip., (iroij., in Ihic. Hist. Mi,v., siiic iii., tuni. iv., ji)).
837-8; Soc. 6'('0»/., Jiulklin. st-rio v., No. ',)(!, p. 188; ,Sti>ne, in Hist. Mdi/., vol.
v., p. IOC.
'^^ Tho I'inias ' Hacen pvamlis sicnihras. . para rnyo rio^o tiencn fonna-
ilas liiicnas aci'ipiias.' <!iirrfs. Iiiarin, in Puc. Hist. .Mt.v., scric ii., toni. i., \t]t.
235, 237. ' We \vi re at onci' iiiiprcssid with the beauty, oidir, and dis]iosi-
tionof the arranLjenieiifs for inij,'atiii;,'.' J^'iiKiri/, in Fn ininit mid Hnmri/'s Xntin
i\i' Tinr,, pp. 47-8. With the I'li- lijov.: ' l{egen-l>akken ver!,'a((l( rdeli 't wa-
ter; of zy h'iden 't uit I'en rievier door f^rafteu.' Mioitdims, Xiinirf II'mciYi/, ]>.
218; he hii't, Xnrits Orliis, p. 312; Fsjujn, iu lldldiujt's l'"*/,, toni. iii., pp.
3M5-7, 3'.)2-4; Cutis' f <»,</. of Cut., y. V.)\\.
'"'■• Wiilkvr's J'iiiifis, MS.; Mnuiji', Ititicmrio, in T)iic. J fist. Mi.r.. seric iv.,
torn, i., p. 20!(. ' Usan de hilo toreido unas redes y otras di' varios palitoH,
(pie los tiieret^n y jinitan por las pinitas.' Scddmuir, Jtt'itcivii, in Jlvc. Hist,
jyi'.r., serie iii., torn, iv., i)p. 851-2.
'5i0
NEW MEXICANS.
in the sun, and .iftcrward liunj^ up in trees, ^[oiil is
ground on the nictate and used I'or making iMU'ridge, tor-
tillas, and a very thin cake called f/uaijace, Avliicli latter
forms a staple article of ibod auiongst the Pueblos. I'lie
jn'ocess of making the guayave, as seen by Lieutenant
iSimpson at Santo Domingo on the llio (Jrande, is thus
described in his journal. "At the house of the govern-
or 1 noticed a Avoman, proba])ly his \\\i\\ going through
the process of baking a \ery thin species of corn cake,
called, according to Gregg, guayave. She was hovering
over a Hre, upon which lay a flat stone. Xear her was
a bowl of thin corn paste, into which she thrust her
fingers; allowing then the paste to drip sparingly upon
the stone, with two or three wipes from the palm of her
hand she would spread it entirely and uuiforudy over
the stone; thi.s was iio sooner done than she ])eeled it
olV as fit for use; and the process was again and again
repeated, until a sufficient (piantity was obtained.
AVhen folded and rolled together, it does not look uidike
(particularly that made from the l)hie corn) a hornets
nest — a nauie by which it is sometiiues called."' The
I'iuias do all their cooking out of doors, uuder a shed
erected for the purpose. They collect the pulp froui the
fruit of the pitahaya, and boiling it in water, make a
thick sy ru[). which they store away foi- future use. They
also dry the fruit in the sun like lii:s.''''
The Pueblos and !Mo(piis are reuiarkable for their
personal cleanliness and the neatness of their dwell-
ings
IHO
i"3 'Hiu'pu (li^ lii Miisn (1p Mir'z pnv Li iiiaiinna Atolc. . . TiUiiMcn liiic(Mi
Tfiuiiilt'S, y 'I'ui'till.is.' 7''/;vy/((/)((('/((, MiitKini. //n/., tdin. i.. ]>. (iT'.l. "Tin- fruit
of th(! l)ctiijaya ...is dried iii the siiu.' r/()//i;////'.'j Ajiiirlns, ]\\t. 8',), ",)1, ]ll(i,
]11-1"2. ' l-'ruiu tlu; snwarniw iCcreirs (tij,'aiiti'us) and jitava tiny iiial<i' an
t xcclU'iit pri'Sirvi;.' Kiiitirtfa ],'(pl. l'. S. unil Mi.v. lUnnnUirti Sin'ruj. vul. i ,
J). Vr,\. See also /ci.s' Vol<<riuh> l!ir., py). M, 45. 121, TJ;). 'l2tl; Cui-Ulm,. in
i^iiiillisiiiiiitii liijil., l.So^l, ]). lidS; 'I'm liriiirl,-, in Scln'iilcriu't's Arch., vol. iv.,
)>|). S, 7<1; ('i>r(iiiii(lo, in JIuUiii/l's I'"//., tuni. iii., ]>. !i7S; Sitniisnu's Ji'iir. MU.
7iV('ii/i., jip. 11;!, 11"); ('((.s^(/7(i/(/, in i) ni<iii.r-('iiiii]i(iii.i, r<i//., si'rii' i., toni. ix.,
jip. CI, 71, 1(11, 17(M2: Diiris' Kl (Inwj,,, pp. Ill, IIH, \li---l, 117-H; MOUIhua-
.sc)(, 'rii<irlii(rli, jip. '21H-!I, 28.').
i'*" Ires' Ct,h,r<i,h, Ifir., ])]). ll'.t-'iO, l'2-l:. 'Ilsvont faire liMirs odcnrs 'Ui
loin, et vass('nilil<'nt Ics urines dans de ^'vands vases de terre (pie Van va
vider linrs du villaj^'e.' I'ai^ldilitla, in 'r(.ritau,(-C(>iiiji'iHS, !''■//., serie i., tdni.
ix., p. 171.
PUEBLO WEAPONS.
Ul
Tlioir Avonpons are ])ow.s ami arrows, spears, and clul)s.
The Pueblos use a, crooked stick, which they throw some-
ANliat ill the iiiaiiiier of the hooiuciaiiji,': they sire excecd-
iimlv .skillful in the nso of the «linii'. with a stone from
which they are said to l)e ahle to hit with certainty a
small mark or kill a deer at the distance of a hundred
yards. For defense, they use a buckler or shield made
of raw hide. Their arrows are carried in skin quivers
or stuck in the belt round the waist. '*^' ]?ows are made
of willow, and arc about six feet in length, strung with
twisted deer-sinews; arrows are made of rei'ds, into
M-hich a piece of hard wood is fitted. ^'^^ The rimas
wing their war arrows with three feathers and ]K)int
them with flint. Avliile for hunting purposes they have
only two feathers and wooden jxiiuts,"^'' It has been
stated that they poison them, but there does not appear
to be good foundation for this assertion.^*** Clu])s, which
are used in hand-to-hand combats, are made of a hard,
heavy wood, measuring from twenty to twenty-four
inches in length. Jn i'ormer days they were sharpened
by insertinii' Hint or obsidian alon<;' the edge.
18o
'**' ' The only dcfciisivt* uvnior they use is a rude sliitld iiiiuli' of raw IniU-
liiilc' I>ih i^' III lirimio, pp. ll")-(). ' J>()\vs 1111(1 iiii'ows, and the wciodcii liiKinic-
raiif,'.' Cdli/'i-, in litd. At}', llijit., iHt;',), ji. ',11. Tlif I'aim^'os' ' ainics sunt In
niassno, la lance it Tare; ils iiortcnt anssi \nw ciiiiasso ct un lidiiclicr • u
pcau dc biitllt'.' Noc. (h'oi;., nulUlin, Hi'rio v., No. !•<!, p. IMS. For fiiitli' r
I'onipaiisiiiis si'O Wliijijilc, Kn'hauk, (tml Turmr'n Uipt., p. iic, in /''"'. //. h.
/I'cyi^, viil. iii. ; (hnii/'s Cuin. I'rdirkx, vol. i., ]). '2H(l; he l.iul, yums <lrl is,
1). ;i()li; l.itn itdHdii'ir, .][i,y. ct (.riiat., p. 147; J'il,v's K.rjiliir. Tntr., ]^.',U'2\ Xii",
n\ Ihikhnjt'a Voij., toni. iii., p. 'Xi'l\ Miililciipi'orill, M' Jira, toiii. ii., I't ii., ]>.
"i-iS; Mii)iqi\ Itiiiiriirlo, iu Jhic. Jlist. J/i.r., siTic iv., tonii., i).2'.l'.l; Suhliiiii'ir,
in /(/., sciic iii., toni. iv., p. Sol; Suhiicnm, Itiktcioias, iu Jd., j). Jt)(i; JUtrt-
IHi's J'l'rs. yin:, vol. ii., iiji. '217, L';S7.
'^^ Bows 'of stroiii; willow-tiouulis.' Wdll.rr's J'iiinif!, MS. 'Bows aro
six ft'tt in linj^'th, and made of a very t()U}_'li and ulasfic kind of wood, wliiidi
thu S|ianiards call 7'(//'/ii'<.' I'lillii's I'lrs. \((r., ]ip. '.tl. Mil.
i,s;i ''I'll,. ]>iiiia ' arrows dirt'cr from tliosc of all the Ajiaclic tribes in having;
only two featliers.' ('niiiiiiii/'n Aiiiif.lna, p. idli. 'War arrows have stoni^
]ioints and three feathers: Imntin^' arrows, two feathers and ii wooden point.'
W'tdhi r'.t I'limis. ,".s'.: ('nrniKKhi. in llnl.-hii/l's \'i'i/.. toni. iii. ]i. liso.
'^* The I'iliias: ' Fleelias, ennervadas con el etica/ niortifero velieno (pio
(?oniponen de varias jion/ofias, y el zniiio de la y( rha llaiiiada en jiiiiia I's'ip.'
Mmi'ie, Him rnrio. in l)ii<;. Hist. Mv.v., serie iv., toni. i.. p. :tll7. •])!(• Spitzen
ihrer I'feile . . welcher niit einer dunklen Siihstan/ iiberzoj^'eu wareii. Sie
lieliaupteteii das diese aus Sclilan.i,'en^'ift bestehe, was niir indess uiiwahv-
scheinlich ist.' Frmhil, Aus Aiiwrihi, toni. ii., p. tlW; t'astur<id<t, iu Th'ikikx-
ComiKiiis, Villi-, serie i., toni. ix., pp. ">',), l(l7. I'2ll.
'"j ' Uuiv liiaoaua, couio eliiva o porra. . . Estim sou de uu palo uiuy duro
'542
NEW MEXICANS.
The Pimas wauo unceasing war against the Apaches,
and the Pueblos are ever at eiuriity with their neigh-
bors, the Xuvajos. The Pueblos are securely protected
by the position and construction of their dwellings, IVoni
the top of which they are able to watch the appearance
and movements of enemies, and should any be dai'ing
enough to approach their walls, they are greeted hy ji
shower of stones and darts. As an additional protec-
tion to tbeir towns, they dig pitfalls on the trails lead-
ing to them, at the bottom of which sharp-pointed stakes
are driven, the top of the hole being carefully covered."*"
Expeditions are sometimes organized against the Xavajos
for tlie recovery of stolen property. On such occcasions
the Towus-peoi)le equip themselves with the heads, horns,
and tails of wild animals, paint the body and plume the
head.^**' Lieutenant Simpson mentions a curious custom
observed by them, just previous to going into action.
"They halted on the way to receive from their -chiefs
.some medicine from the medicine bags which each of
them cairied a)joiit his person. This they rubbed upon
their heart, as they said, to make it big and brave.'
The Pueblos fight on horseback in skirmishing order,
and keep up a running fight, throwing the bod 3' into va-
rious attitudes, the better to avoid the enemies' missiles,
at the same time discharging their arrows with rapidity.^^'*
The Piinas, who fight usually on foot, when they decide
on going to war, select their best warriors, who are sent
y posado.' .S())iom, Dcscrip. Gear/., in Dnc. Hist. .l/etK., serie iii., torn, iv., p.
Gof). ' ^Iac;uuis, ([\Ui sou vnas palos dc media vara do liirgo, y llanos todos
dc i)f'd('niidt's a,i;udos, (juo bastan a partir por medio vn hombre.' Enp'jo, in
llal.lKi/t'.i Vo'i., toHi. iii., pp. 38<!, 31t3.
Hii • 1),. (grosses piiTi-es avaient ete rassembk'es an sommet, ponr les ronler
snr (piiconiinc attaipicrait la place.' (jallatin, in Xnui-elhs Anuoles des I'l///.,
l><r>l, toui. cxNxi., ]). '270. 'They have jdaced around all the trails leading
to the town, pits, ten feet deep.' Ten linwrk, in Schoolcrd/rs Arrh., vol. iv.,
p. 81. See further. I'onmiulo, in IlakhajVs I'oi/., vol. iii., p. 370; Krniriii's
Apiiche CoHiiIri/, p. '27'.); Sonora, A.srn'/). 'reof/., in Doc. JlL-^t. J/i.v., serie iii.,
toin iv., p. (SlU; Caski/ieda, iii Teniaux-Compuns, Vou., serie i., torn, ix., p.
179.
^'^ ' Painted to the eyes, their own heads and their horses covered with
nil the str!iii<<(! ('(piiinueuts that the brute creation could afibrd.' Einorifs
liecnnnoisadiift'. j). 37.
It'* 'Sometimes a fellow would stoop almost to the earth, to shoot under
\s horse's belly, at full speed.' Emory's lieconnuissance, p. 37.
WAR CEREMONIES.
54.'l
1H9
to notify the surrounding villages, and a place of mcet-
mix is named where a orand council is held. A fire
being lighted and a circle of warriors formed, the pro-
ceedings are opened by war songs and speeches, their
))rophet is consulted, and in accordance with his pro
i'ossional advice, their plan of operations is arranged
The attack is usually made about day-break, and con-
ducted with much pluck and vigor. They content them-
selves Avitli proximate success, and seldom pursue a
Hying foe.^"" During the heat of battle they spare
neither sex nor age, but if prisoners are taken, the males
iire crucified or otherwise cruelly put to death, and the
women and children sold as soon as possible. ^"^ The
successful war jiarty on its return is met by the inhab-
itants of the villages, scalps arc fixed on a pole, trophies
dis)>layed, and feasting and dancing indulged in for sev-
eral days and nights; if unsuccessful, mourning takes
the place of feasting, and the death-cries of the women
resound through the villages. ^^^
For farming implcme; '.s they use plows, shovels, har-
rows, hatchccS, and sticks, all of wood.^"^ Baskets of
willow-twigs, so closely woven as to be water-tight, and
ornamented with figures; and round, baked, and glazed
earthen vessels, narrow at the top, and decorated with
paintings or enamel, are their household utensils."* For
'f» Wnllvr's Pima.9, MS.
190 C)-(> 1)10)1 )j\-i Aiiachfs, p. 100.
'■•" ff /'fi/.'/'s Coin. I'rairicD, vol. i., pp. 274-5; Brownf'.t Apachr Country, p.
104; Patik'fi /Vr.v. Nai:, pp. 9;j, 148; VuUh' Couq. oJ'Cal., p. 223; Soc. O'ioij.,
Jhillctiii, suric v., No. 9(>, p. 188.
''■'- Ten. Jiroerk; in S'lioo'crajVn Arch., vol. iv., pp. 78-9; Murr, NiK-k-
rii-Ii/ni, p. 2()(>; Vrernonifn AiiacliC'^, pp. 108-9.
'•'■' Walkvr'n Pitiirm, J/.V.; Gallatin, in NouveUcs Annates de/t Voy., IS.ll,
toni. cxxxi., pp. 292-4.
'•" IJaskets anil pottery 'are ornamented with geometrical figures.' Bart-
Iclf'.f pcr-i. iVftr., vol. i., p. 382, vol. ii., pp. 227-8, 236. 'Schii.sselfori-ii.'e
runile Kiirbe (Coritas), iliese flechten sie aus cincm iioruforniigen, g. icli
cincr Ahlespitzigeu Unkraute.' Mnrr, Nadirirht,cn,\). 193. Tiie I'uelilos liail
'tie la vaiselle de terre tres-belle, bieu vernic et avec ))eaucoiip d'ornements.
On y vit aussi de grands jarres remplies dun mtJtal brillaut ijui .scrvait a fairo
le vernia de cette faience.' (JaMiiiinla, in Tcrnaux-Votnjian.i, Vnif., st'n'ie i.,
torn, ix., pp. 138, 173, 18.1; see also Niza, in Id., p. 259. 'Tli^y (Puelilos)
v.se vessels of gold and sillier.' Xiza, in llaklujit'x \'i>y., vol. iii., p. 372;
Mi/ll/iuiisi'n, Tajclnich, pp. 210, 271, 273, 279; ScliodrriU't'.i Arrh., vol. iv.,
p. 43.">; Miirc'/'.i Army Life, pp. 97, 111; Car/etan, in Smit/monlun Rcpt., 1854,
p.308; I'ulmtr, in Harper's Ma;/., vol. xvii.,pp.4J7, 459; Grey/s Vom.Pral-
i : fi
514
NEW MEXICANS.
masliing InillGd corn thoy used tlio iiu'tiito. ji >'"xioiin
imi)k'meiit, inado of two stones, one concave and the
other convex, hereafter more Inlly desciil)ed. Anioni;
their household ntensils tliere mnst also he nii-ntioned
liair sieves, hide ro[)es, Avater-jionrds. i)ainted I'ans. stone
Itipes, and frame paimiers conne(;ted with a nettin*:; to
carry loads on their hacks.''*'' In their manufacture of
blankets, of cotton and woolen cloths, and stock-
injis, the Pueblos excel their neijihhors, the Xavajos,
although emi)loving essentially the same method, and
using similar looms juid si)iiniing instruments, as ha\(!
been described in the preceding })ages. Althougli the
>vomen perform most of this uork, as well as taming
leather, it is said that the men also are expert in knit-
ting woolen stockings. According to Miihlennibrdt
the IMmas and Maricopas make a basket-boat which they
call coi'ti, woven so tight as to bo water-proof without
the aid of pitcli or other applicati(m.^"''' All these nations,
j)articularly the Pueblos, have great droves t)f horses,
nndes. donkeys, cattle, shee|). and goats grazing on the
extensive plains, and about their houses poultry. turke\ s,
and dogs. The flocks they either leaAC entirely unpro-
tected, or else the owner herds them himself, or irom
vlfA, vol. i.. p. 27S; Fonlfr'n Pn-HiM. Txnreit, p. ."^OH; S!mpyin)i's .Imr. M'll.
Jti'riiH.. p. 1)7; Mulihiqifi)rdl, Mijico, tdui. ii., pt ii., p. I'io; ('(iriiniiilo, in
Jl'ildni/l's Viiy., vol.iii., p. iHO; liroicuv's Aimclie Couxtri/, pp. (JH, WJ, 112,
27(1.
'•'■' 'All tho inhiibitants of the Citie (Cibolu) Ho vpoii hi-ddcs rayscil a
f,'ood h('i.i,'ht from tin; ^jronml, with (jnilts iiiul ciiiiopifs imtT thciii, wnirh
t'out'i' the siiydo Iicils.' Xiiu, ill lfnlli(i/t's I'"//., vol. iii., \>. liTU; /(/.. in
To-iKtii.v-i 'iiiniKiiis, \'(ii/., si'i'if i., tiiin. ix., ji. 271. The (inirt's liiid • niiilniicnla
( vul^'o Tiruziili.'s) (piiims Siuciist's utmitur Solis, L\iiin% ct StcUarmii inia;_;i-
iiilms cli'i^antoi' picta." Jl" //id, Xanin Orl/'iK, ji. ;tl2; F.s/k jn, in ll<il,liii/r:i
I'l)//., vol iii.. p. '.V.Ki. The Mo(]uis' chief nu'U liavo pipes iiiaile of sino'lh
polishetl stone. YVrt Jiroeck, in Schoolcruft' a Arrli., vol. iv., p. 87; Vcca' i <'/-
imiilo It'll-., (). 121.
wii Ten Hnxck, in Si'hnDkrafl'.i Arch., vol. iv., pp. 72, 7*'), S7. ' Sie tlech-
teii von Ziirtiiesehlitztt'ii I'aluieii iinf Daniastiirt die sehoiislen ^,'an/. leieh'( n
Iliithe, iius einem Stiicke.' .\fiirr, .Vitrliri'lilni, j). l'.)2. The Maiieo|)a IjIimi-
kets will turn rain. Crfinin}j/'.-< Aixtclns, jij). KMi, !M). 'The MiKpiis ^\l'vo
blankets from the wool of their sheep, and made cotton cloth from the indit'i-
noiis staple. Po.-ilon, in Iml. Af. lifj)!., IHII;}, \k ;}S8. The Maiicopas iimke
a heavy doth of wool and cotton, 'used by tht! women to ]>iit around their
loins; and an article from H to 1 inches wide, used asaband for the head, or
a {,'irdle for the waist.' Jiiiiikir.s JU-r.-^. Xm:. \o\. ii., \}. 221. 'linpicapia-
rum terj^ora eminebaiit (union j,' the Ynmanes) tarn industrie pra-parata ut
cum lielyieis certureut.' JJe Lad, Xucus Urbis, p. 310.
rUEBLO TRADE.
C45
each villajT^G one is appointed by the Mar cajitain to do
so. Tlie Piipagos carry on an extensive trade in salt,
taken fn^ni the j^reat inland salt lakes. Besides corn,
tliey nianufacture and sell a syrup extracted from the
j)itahaya.^'''^ Tlie laws regulatinj^ inheritance of })rop-
ertvare not well defined. Anionic some there is notli-
ing to inherit, as all is destroyed when the person dies;
among others the females claim the riijht of inhei'i-
tance ; at other times the remaining property is divided
among all the mend)ers of tlie tribe. In general they
care but little for gold, and all their trade, which at
times is considerable, is carried on b}'' barter; .a kind
of blue stone, often called turquoise, beads, skins, and
blankets, serving the purpose of currency.*'-"*
The Pueblos display nmch taste in painting the walls
of their estufas, where are represented difierent plants,
birds, and animals symmetrically done, but without any
scenic effect. Hieroglyphic groupings, both sculptured
"" De LaH, Novt(» Orhis, p. ,101 ; Emorifn Hrpf. U. S. and Mi'x. Bnumlnry
SniTci/, vol. i., pp. 117, l-',i; (Inllat'ni, in NoiivvUck Aniiales dcs Vnij., I8r)l,
tipiu. cxxxi., p. 'IW); Siiiijixon'H Jour. Mil. /iV'o«., pp. 91, 113, 11."); Tea Uroerk,
ill Scfwolcrdj'/'n Arrli., vol. iv., j)p. 81, 8(i; Katun, iu /(/., vol. iv., p. i'lX ;
L'mori/, iu /'rcniont uiid Kmon/n 2\(jtcs of TruiK, p. 48; see fui'tlier //((/. ,1,//'.
],'• /mrts, from I8.")4 to 187- ; Jlniwiic'n Aiiache Coiititri/, p. -MM). 'Tlu'se
I'upagos rt'giiliirly vi.sit a salt lake, wliicli lies near the coast ami just aci'o.sa
tlio line of Sonora, from M-liioh tliey pack large quantities of salt, anil fiml a
roady uiarki't at Tuljao anil Tucson.' Walker, in Iiid. A,[l\ lie/il,, 18.">0, p. 3.V2,
and 1800, p. KiS. 'ilauy I'imas had jars of tlie molasses expresseil from
the fruit of the Cereus Giganteus.' Etaorij, in Fremont and Emori/'s A'^olen
of True, p. 48.
'"** 'Die Verulchtung des Eigenthun^s cincsVerstorhcnen, — cincn nngliick-
lii'hcn Gehrauch der jeden niateriellcu Kortscliritt nnmoglieh macht.' Froehel,
Aii'i Ameririi, tom. i. , p. 437. 'The riglit of iidieritance is held by the
females generally, but it is often claim.^d by the men also.' Gorman, in Ind.
Af. li'e/if., 18.")8, p. *J0O. ' All tlie etlects of tlie ileceased (I'ima) become com-
iiiou property: his grain is distributed; his tields shared out to those who
Heed land; his ehickons and <logs divided up among the tribe.' Jlf ' ii< a
A/i(irhe Coi(^>tri/,])\^Aiii, ll'i; Ins' Colorado l{ir.,\^. 1'21; 0'allalin,in A''i ■ '' h
Anuales de^ I'oi/., 18.")1, tom. cxxxi., p. 'J(i2; Xir.a, in Ternau.»< !onipnn'<, I <>//.,
sOrie i., torn, ix., pp. 204, 2('h->, 'J(i7, "iOS ; Id., in IfaklinjCsVaii., vol. iii., p.
372. The Zunis ' will sell nothing for money, but dispose of their com-
modities entirely in barter.' Siniitson'.s Jour. Mil. Ilecon., p. 91. The I'imos
' wanted white beads for what they ha<l to sell, iind knew the value of money.'
CiUls' (Jon<i. of (Jul., p. 188; CiiKlaneda, iu Ternaiix-Com/>ans, I'oi/., scrie i.,
torn. xi. , pp. 104, 7'2. 'lis apporterent des coijuillages, des tunjuoises et des
plumes.' t'aher.a da Vara, llelalion, in Id., torn, vii., p. 274; hioz, in IiL,
tiiin. xi., p. 294; Coronado, iu I/aklni/t's Vo;!., vol. iii., p. 377. Many of
the Puel)lo Indians are rich, 'one family being worth over one hundred
thousand dollars. They have large flocks.' Volijer, iu //((/. Aj)'. liept., 1809,
li. 89; Mitllhanxen, Taijebuch, p. 144.
YuL. I. U3
pI:
C40
TTEW MEXICAN'S.
aiwl [laiiitiMl, arc frequently seen in tlie ancient PuoUlo
towns, (le|»ictin_i^, perhaps, their liistorieal events and
deeds. With eolored earths tlieir ]>(>ttery is ])aint<'d
in hriiL^Iit colors."'''* Many Spanish autliors mention ;i
ijjj'eat many ljoM and silver vessels in use amon^^st them,
and s|»eak of the knoNvledi^e they luul in I'edueimj^ and
^vorkinLf these metals; but no traces of such art aiu
found at present.^""
Amonn- the Pueblos an organized system of fvovcrn-
ment existed at the time of Coronado's expeditinn
through tluir country; Castaneda, speaking of the
province of Tigucx, says that the villages were governed
by a council of old men ; and a somewhat similar system
obtains with these peoi^lc at tlic present time. Each
village selects its own governor, frames its own laws,
and in all respects they act independently of each other.
The governor and his council are elected annual) by
tlie people; all atlairs of importance and matter)- t-
ing to the welfare of tlic comuumity are discussed .
estufa; questions in dispute are usually decided 1)V ;i,
vote of the majoi'ity. All messages and laws cmanatiii'^
from the couucil-cliamber are announced to the inhal)i-
tants by town criers. The morals <^f young peo})le an:
carefully watchetl and guarded by a kind of secret
jiolice, whose duty it is to report to the governor all
irregularities which may occur; and especial attention
is given that no improper.intcrcourse shall be allowiil
between the young men and women, in the event of
which the offending parties are brought before the go\ -
crnor and council and, if guilty, ordered to many,
or if they refuse they arc restricted from lu.lding in-
tercourse with each other, and if they persist they iwr,
^'■>^ Orrfj;i\i Com. Pmlnex, vol. i., p. 27S; DnrW El Grh}rin,\). 147; .9'T/i. s-
ill (hi' liocky Mu., p. 177 ; Palmer, in Jfarpcr'x Afdij., vol. xvii., p. 4.")S; < 'oro-
iiiulo, in llakliijiCK Vcji., toin. iii., p. ."JSO; MollhitKni'ii-, Tm/fhiicfi, p. '2S4.
'■"'" ' EstoH aliij.ados ticiicii innclio oroy lo benelician.' Sdlmrroii, /,'rliirloii'<,
in 7>oc. ///',s7. Mcx., scrio iii., toni. i., p. "28. '-Tlu.'y vse ve.siscls of golil mul
.sillier, for tlioy have no other mcttal.' Nhti, in l/cdlin/l's I'o//., vol. iii., p. '•'''- ;
<'(islit)irdii, in Tiriinit.v-Compaii^, lo//., sOrio i., toni. ix., pp. 2, l.'l.'t; h''i"J",
in lUtkliijit'x Vol/., vol. iii., pp. 386-8, 'AQli-o; lMoiitaini», Kicim-c WntixUl, i>.
217; JJiaz, in Ternaiu-Compann, Voij., sc-ric i., toin. ix., p. 21)4.
LAWS OF THE rUEDLOS.
C17
wliippi"!. Ainoiiji' tlR'ir laws lU'sorvcs to lie piirtioularly
iiii'iitioiu'd oiii', acu'ordiiijj; to wliicli no oin' can sell or
iiiairv out of the town nntil lie obtains ju'iinission IVoni
the authorities.'-"' In the seven confederate puehlos ot'
the Moquis, the odlce of chief governor is hei'editar\ ; it
IS n<
)t. 1
lowever, necessai'dy jiiven
to tl
th
le nearest Deir, as
the [)eo[)le have the power to elect any nieniher of the
dominant family, 'i'lu; governor is assisted hy a(X)Mn('il
of elders, and in other res[)e(!ts the .Motpii go\erinnent
IS s
imilar to that of the other town>
The r
nnas a
nd
Marico[)as have no oi'ganized system of goNernment. and
aie not controlled by any code of laws; each tribe or
village has a chief to whom a certain degree of resj^ct
is conceded, bnt his [)ower to restrain the people is M'vy
liinitc;d; his inlhience over them is maintained chielly
by his oratorical powers or militar> ^Ivill. \n war the
tribe is gnided bv the chief's advice, and his anthority
is fnlly recognized, but in time of pi'ace his ride is
nominal; nor does he attem[)t to control their fieedom
or punish them for ollences. The chief s olliee is hered-
itary, yet an nnpoi)ular rnler may be deposed and
another chosen to lill his place.'-"'
Among the I'ueblos the usual order of courtship is
reversed; when a girl is dis[)osed to mai'i'\' she does not
wait for a young man toi)roi)ose to her. but selects one to
her own liking and consults her father, who visits the i)a-
rentsof the youth and acquaints them with his daughti-r's
2111 PucMo "jtovornmont pntf'lv (IciiiDorntir: election lieM mieoa year. ' Px-
siiles the otHcers elected l)y tmiveisal sutlV.iLje, tlie iiriinijial chiefs (•iiiii|iii>o
il "cDiiiicil of wise men." ' />■('•■.<' F.I linii'l<i. yy. II'.; I. ( )lie of their re^-
iilatious is to npijoiut ii Keer' t watch for the piuiio^e of kee))iii!4 down dis-
orders and vices of evi ry descrijitioii.' '/'/n/i/'.s I'mn. I'mir'ns, vol. i.. ji.
271. See farther: Cdatnrniln. in Tiriiiiitx-C'iiiiji'iiix. \'iii/,, serie i., toni. ix ,
lUi. (il, 1(!S; Mzd, in /(/., ]). ■id'.*; I'lilniir, in /[(trjxr's Md'i., vol. xvii,, \). \'>'t;
!>■ l^'ii'l, .V/CKs Orhis. p. -ills ; H';.s//:«7/'(.s' Tuiir, p. 'iCi; M'li/i-r'.-i Mex., .l;^'^
We., vdl. ii., p. ;}-)'.•: (rilliiliii in XtinrdOs AiDntlis (/(.sl'oy.. 1S.")1, toni cwxi.,
p. 277; StiDihi/'s I'ortrdils, p. o'l.
202 7V/( liioeck, in Schoo'ii-dit's Arch., vol. iv., tip. «•"«, 7('r, Mdmj's Arim/
life, p. 1(»H.
" 21" (toliierno no tienen al^nno, ni leyes, tradiciones i') costninhres con
(|nc f,'ol)ernarse.' Mdwv, Itimrdno, in Itur. lliM. M.w, serie iv., toni. i.. p.
iHifi. 'Cada cnal ^'olierniido por nn anciano, y todas jior el ^'eneral de l,i
nacion.' Escivlirn, yntirias ih- Soimni y Sixdiod. p. 142; Mmr, Xdrliri'lddi,
]<. 21)7. Compare: (Irossmd)', in liul. Atf. lli/it.. 1870, p. I'.'A; Moicry, in
lad. Aff. lii'pt., Ibij'J, p. 350; Walka-'n I'imas, .UH.
518
NEW MEXICANS.
1
wishes. It seldom happens that any olijcotioiis to the
match arc made, but it is imperative on the lather of tlic
bridegroom to reimljiirsc the parents of the maiden f(n*
the loss of their daughter. This is done by an offer of
presents in accordance with his rank and wealth. The
inhabitants of one village seldom marry with those of
another, and, as a consequence, intermarriage is frequent
among these families — a fertile cause of their deteriora-
tion. The marriage is always cele))rated by a foast, the
provisions for Avhich are furnished by the bride, and the
assembled friends unite in dancing and music. Polyg-
amy is never allowed, but married coui)les can separate
if thev are dissatisfied with each other; in such a con-
tingeiicy, if tliere are cliildren, tiiey are taken care of
by the grandparents, and both parties are free to luany
again; i'ortunately, divorces are not of fi-equent occur-
rence, as the wives ju'c always treated with respect by
their husbands.-"* To the female falls all indoor work,
and also a large share of that to be done out of doors.
In the treatment of their children these people are care-
ful to guide them in the ways of honesty and industry,
and 'o im[)ress their minds with chaste and vii'tuous
ideas. Mothers bathe their infants with cold water, and
boys are not permitted to enter the estufas for the pur-
pose of war'uing themselves; if they are cold tliey are
ordered to chop wood, or warm themselves by ruiming
and exercise.""' A girl's arrival at the age of puberty
among the Gila nations is a period of nnich rejoicing;
when the first sym))toms appear, all her friends are duly
informed of the important fact, and ])rep;irations are
made to celebrate the joyful event. The girl is tiikeii
by her parents to the riophet, who iKM'Ibrms certain
ceremonies, which are supposed to drive the evil out of
lier, and then a singing and dancing festival is held.
*"* 'T''n liomnio u' ('ponse jiimnia pins d' uno nonle foniino.' Cdslarinl'i,
in TfrHitii.v-Ciiiiiiiiiii-^, Vdij., .svrie i., tuui. ix., p. 1(')4: Wu Hr^i'd'. in Sclinnl'
crijVs Ai-rli., vol. iv.. pp.'Hii-?; Wunl, in /»-/. .if. n<pl.. isct. \^. I'.K).
M'> ' Jls tniitont bicn ItMirs [(jninics.' VitnUiriciUi, in 'l\i-i\iiii.f-i '(hhikius. Vi>j/.,
Bi'rie i,, toni. ix., ]>. I'id. ' Ix'siU' nne niiunan los Xiiuis, los Inbur siis M.i-
dri'S con Nifve todci el cu'i'po.' 'limjiieiiitiiln, .Mnnnni. Iml., turn '., p. 07'J;
Ives' Cvlurudo liiv., p. 12U; Hanes in the liocki/ Mts., p. 178.
WOMEN AMONG THE PUEBLOS.
549
4ry,
tiioiis
and
pur-
I'ini:';
duly
iiro
akrii
•tain
ut of
lold.
AVlien a 3'onng man sees a girl whom lie desires for a
Avife, lie ih>t endeavors to gain the good will of the
parents; this accomplished, he proceeds to serenade his
lady-love, and will often sit for hou'-s. day ai'tei* day,
near her house, jjlaying on his Hute. Should the girl
not a})pear it is a sign she rejects him; hut if, on the
other iiand, she comes out to meet him, he knows that
his suit is acce[)tcd, and he takes her to liis house. Xo
marriage ceremony is performed. Among the IMpagos
the parents select a husband for their daughter to whom
^ihe is, so to say, sold. It not unfrerpiently happens that
they oft'er their daughter at auction, and she is knttcked
down to the highest bidder. However, among all the
nations of this family, whether the bridegroom makes a
love-match or not, he has to recompense tlie parei^ts with
as much as his means will permit,-'"" Although polygamy
is not permitted, they often separate and marry again
at pleasure, ^\'omen, at the time of their confinement
as well as during their monthly periods, nnist livea[)art;
as they believe that if any male were to touch them, he
would l)ecome sick. The children are trained to war,
and but little attention given to teaching them useful
pursuits. All the houseiiold labor is ]ierfoi'med b\- the
women; tliev also assist larii'elv in the labors of the
Held; severe laws oblige them to observe the strictest
cha>tity, and yet. at their festivals, nuich debauchery
and prostitution take place.*'^
^Vith but few exceptions, they are temperate in drink-
ing and smoking. Intoxicating li([Uors they javpareout
of the fruits of the pitahaya, agave, aloe, corn, mezcal
Sfir, ' Karly iniiiTiai,'('S nrcnr Imt tho i'ol;iti<in is not Miiiliiif; r,?iti' jivd-
fjiiiy results'' /'..n/.-,,. ill /»,/.. I//'. /.■/)/.. isCk p. 152. ' No,i;iil is fci-cid to miir-
rv Mi^'.iiiist liiT w ill, liout'Vir ili^'ilile lur i)iii'c''.ts iiiay eniisiiltr tin iiiutih.'
llnililffi I'l-rs. A'//'., vol. ii., ]>. 'J22-1: haris' F.I (.iniKjn, y. llii; irnnnnij'^
Aii'Irlii'S, |>. 10.-); Ilrnflli's AjuK'hi' Ciilliilri/, ]). 11"J.
''"' 'Si (1 iiiiii'idd y imijcr si' ilcsiivieiicii y los liijns sdii jn (|n( nos, sr nrri-
iii;ni ;'i cuiiliiuii 111 il^ Ins dos y ciidii niio ^,'iiim jmh' sn lailo." Mninii , ll'in' rnrio,
ill It'll', lllsl. .\/i,\\. scric iv.. tola i., )i. .'i'i'.t. 'Tuiirn los )k'iJ)m^'(is ncciil" iitiilt s,
CI linn Ids citiiilos 1,'ilas (Icsi'oiux'fii l,i iMilii_;iuniit.' I'llnsi'n, \iiliiiiis. '. Snimni,
]i. Kii. 'AmiiiiL; tin- I'iiiius loiisi- woiiicii are tolcratfil." I'l-i'iivni;'', Ajunhin,
I'ji. loi> I: ilnxiiDi. ill A'ii"('/'s AiDiiihn </is T'l//.. In"" ♦om. i'xx\i., p. o'J;
llini'i-ii'-i lii^it. C. s. and .'ii.c. JJouiidari/ .'^urni/, vol. i., i'. H".
! t \
550
NEW MEXICANS.
prickly pear, wild and cultivated grapes. Colonel Civ-
mony says that the Pimas and Mnricopas 'maceri le tlio
fruit of the pitahaya (species of cactus) in water after
])eing dried in the sun, when the saccharine qualities
cause the liquid to ferment, and after such fermentation
it hecomes highly intoxicating, it is upon this liquor
that the ^Faricopas and Pimas get drunk once a year,
the revelry continuing for a week or iwo at a time; 1 ut
it is also an universal custom with them to take reguinr
turns, so that oidy one third of the party is supposed to
indulge at one time, the remainder heing recpiired to
take care of their stimulated conn-ades. and ])rote('t
them fi'om injuring c; "^.h other or])eing injured by otlior
tribes."-'**' All are fond of dan; ing and singing; in tlieir
religious rites, as well as In other pulilic and i'amily cele-
brations, these form the cliief diversion. DiiVerent
dances are used on difterent occasions; for example,
they have tiie arrow, scalp, turtle, fortune, buft'alo, green-
corn, and Montezuma dances. Their costinnes also vaiy
on each of these occasions, and not oidy are grotesipie
masks, but also elk. bear, fox. and other skins used as
disguises. The dance is sometimes performed by only
one person, but more frequently whole tribes join in,
forming figures, shulHing. or ho])ping almut to the time
given hy the nnisic. Jjieutenant Simpson, who wit-
nessed a green-corn dance at the Jemez pueblo, describes
it as Ibllows:
' When the performers first appeared, all of whom
Avere men. they came in aline, slowly walking and bend-
ing and stoo))ing as they ap[)roaehed. They were dressed
in a kirt of blanket, the upper ])orti()n of theii* bodies
being naked and painted red. Their legs and amis,
which wei-e also bare, were variously striped with nil.
white and blue colors; and around thei»* .irms, abo\e
JOS 'Tlio Pii)i;is nlsn rnltivntp a kind of toliacco. this, wliicli is vi rv liiLt,
tlicy iiialvi' up into ci'^.ivitds, ncvtr usiii^' a jiipc' W'llhr'x I'liims. .)/>.
'J'hf riitl)liis •sdtiM tiiiiisf^'ctiiitdxicalcd.' V\'iilhi\\\\ h,il. Aff. I!i)'i.. l"li|'. 1'.
It')!). Till' I'liclilds • iivc j^ciicriilly free from ilnnikt'iiiK'ss.' l)m-in' KlUnn',",
]). i |f!. Cfoiinini'K Ajiiii'lics, It. 112; Fivdnl, .[tis Ainoiiu, toni. ii., p. Il''i
Murr, S'liilirlclUfii, p. 24y.
PUEBLO DANCES.
551
the elbow, they wore a green band, cleekcrl with nprigs
of pifion. A nt'ckhice of the .stiuie (lescrii)tion was worn
around the neck. Their heads were decorated with
feathers. In one hand they carried a dry gourd, con-
taining some grains of corn; in the other, a st I'i ug fi-om
which were Inuig several tortillas. At tlie knee were
fastened small .•shells of the ground turtle and antelo[)e's
feet; and dangling IVom the back, at the waist, de})ended
a fox-skin. The ])arty was accompanied by three eld-
ers of tlie town, whose business it was to make a short
speech in front of the dilferent houses, and. at particu-
lar times, join in the singing of the rest of the party.
Thus they went from house to house, singing and
dancing, the occupants of each awaiting their arrival in
front of their res[)e<!tive dwellings.'
A somewhat similar ^[oqui dance is described ])y Mr
Ten IJroeck. Some of the Pueljlo dances end with
Itacclnmalia, in which not only general intoxication,
but promiscu(^us intercourse between the sexes is per-
mitted.-"''' 'Once a year,' says Kendall, 'the Keres
2f'!» Siwpson's Jour. }fil. Bernn., p. 17. 'Their hair Imnc; loose ujioii
their shonhh'vs, iiiul both iiieii iiiid wuint'ii liinl their hiiiuls jiaiiiteil witli
white clay, in siuh ii way us to veseiulile oiieii-work j^loves. The wo-
men. ... were l)iire-fo(iti(l, with the exception of ii Hith' Jiiece tied iihout
tlie heel. . ..They all wore their hair eonilied over their faees, in a manner
(hat rendered il ntterly inipossilile to reeo^,'ni/e any of theiii... Tliey kcejt
thrir elliows close to their sides, and their heels jiresst d firmly toi_;ilher, and
do not raise the feet, hut shulHe aK)n;j; with a kind of rolling' m<'tion. movin.,'
thi>ir arms, ."roni the elhows down, with time to the step. At times, each
aiaii dances around his sijiiaw; while she turns herself aliout, as if her heels
formed n iiivot on which she niove(l.' Ti'it liri>irl,\ in Si-lnKili'mi'l's .Ice//.,
\ol. iv.. p. Ti. The dresses of the men were similar to those worn on other
festiv'ties, 'except that they wear on their heads lari,'e pastelioard towers
jiainted typically, and curiously decorated with ftathers: and t ach man hiiH
ills fa<'e entirely coverecl by a vizor made of small \nllows wilh the hark
]ieeled ort". and dyed a dee[( lirown.' /(/., ]i. S,'t. 'Such horiihle masks I
never s;iw before -noses six indies lon^,', mouths from ear to ear. and f^reat
!40'_'j,'le eyes, as bif; as half ii hen's ej^'u;, hanj^'int,' liy a strill^ jiartly out of the
socket.'' /'/., p. H.">. ' ii^ach I'ueblo generally had its particular uniform
dress and its i)articular dance. The nun of one village would sometimes
dis.nuise .lemsdves as elks, with Iku'Us (ui their heads, moviiii,' on idl-fours,
and mil. .cliini,' the animal they were atteni]itini,' to personate. Otlurs
would appear in the ^arb of a turkey, with lar.Lte heavy winus.' (hrtj'i'.'i
Coin, /'/((//'i'.s', V(d. i., pp. '271, '275. ' Festejo todo ( Pimas) el dia iinestra
llci,'ada con un esipiisito baile en forma circular, en euyo centro li|,'araba nn;i
proloni,'ada asta donde ])endian trece cabelleras, iircos. tleehas y deiiias des-
]iojosde otrostantos enemiL,'os apaches ijue habian muerto.' Mamj' , llhurn-
riii, ill Ihif llisl. .l/'.i'., scrie iv., tiun. i., p. 277. ' Este lo forma una junta d?)
truhaues vestidos dc ridiculo y iiutorizadus pur los viejos dtl pueblu puni come-
552
NEW MEXICANS.
have a great feast, prepared for three successive days,
which time is spent in eating, drinking and dancing.
Near this scene of amusement is a disnud gloomy cave,
into which not a ghmpse of hght can penetrate, and
where places of repose are provided for the revellers.
To this cave, after dark, repair grown i)ersons of every
age and sex, who pass the night in indulgences of the
most gross and sensual description.'
Hoed ilutes and drums are their chief instruments of
music; the former they inmierse in a shallow basin of
water, and thereby imitate the warbling of birds. The
drum is made of a liollow log, about two and a half feet
long and fifteen inches in diameter. A dried hide,
from which previously the hair luis been scraped, is
stretched over either end, and on this the player beats
with a couple of drumsticks, similar to those used on our
kettle-druuis. Gourds fdled with pebbles and other rat-
tles, are also used as a nuisical accompaniment to their
dances.'-'"
The Cocouiaricopas and Piiias are rather fond of
athletic sports, such as football, horse and foot racing,
.swiunning, target-shooting, and of gambling.-^^ ]\huiy
tor los niayores (li'S(')iHlenes, y gustiiii tanto do ostos licchos, quo ni los innridos
rcimriUi las iiifaiiiias ijuo cuiiiftcii con sus luuycris. ni las (jiio rcsnltan lU
prrjuicio dv. las liijas.' Akt/ri', Hist. C<i)iii>. de Jiaiin, tuin. i., pii. Jiy;)-.",. Fiir
further iiarticiilars si'O KtndnWs yai\, vol. i., ji. ;J7H; Jhuri/'s Ariny J.i/c, jip.
lOl-H; Mitllhniis(n, Twjehuih, p. '214; liaris' El (iriiii/a, ]ip, ini-f); L'^pijo,
ill llitkh(i/l's \'<<y., vol. iii., p. 3l»4; SiUjimii. ,' Zm'd K.v , jilatts 1, 2, 3;
11 7( ;/»/(/(', in 7V(c. 7i'. R. J,'ii>t., vol. iii., p. <17; J'ihi's K.qilor. Tnti-., \i. Hi;!.
2IU Tm Br<m:h\ in Si'iKxilrvdft'a Arcli., vol iv., ]ip. 7.i-l; J(iliii!<(oi'x Hist.
Arizona, p. 11. 'Their instruments consisted, each of half a gourd, placid
liefore them, with the convex side up; upon this tin y placed, with the left
hand, a Hiiiooth stick, and with their rifj;ht drew forward and liackwards
upon it, in a sawiii;,' manner, a notched one.' .^inijisnti's .hnir. Mil. Uicnii.,
p. 17. ' I noticed, amoiif,' other things, a reed musical instrument with a bell-
8hrt]ied end like a clarionet, and a pair of painted drumsticks tijiped with
t,'audy feathers.' Jirs' t'olnmiln lUr., ]). 1'21. ' Les Indieiis (PueMosi ac-
coinpagneiit leurs daiises et leiirs chants avec des flutes, oil sunt niariiues li»
ondroitsoii il faut placer les doigts. . . .lis disent ([ue <'es gens se reunissent
cimi on six ]iour jouer dc la flute; quo cos instruments sont d'iiiegales gran-
deur!!.' J)i(n, in Tmtfnt.v-<'(iiii]iiins, I'd//., serie i.. tom. ix., p. 'I'.l^r, Cn-idi'iild,
in [(I., PI.. 72, 172; Frovliel, Ait.t Annriha, toiii. ii., ji. -I."),"); (i.ircis. hinrio, iu
/>()(•. //;.si. 3/<'.r., sorie ii., tom. i., p. ;j;3l. 'While lliey are at work, a mni\,
Hcatod at tlio door, plays on a liagpi])e, so that '.hey work keejiing time: th;i
sing in throe voices.' Ihivix' El drhnio, \^. WW.
>"' The ("ocomaricojias, ' conijioiien unas liolas rodoiulas del tamnno do
una pelota de materia negni como jiez, y onilmtidas en ellas vaiias concliitas
pucpiofuib del uiur cuu que Luctu luborcs y cou quo jucgan y apucstuu, tiran-
CUSTOMS OF PIMAS AND TAPAGOS.
553
curious customs obtain among tlieso people. ^\y T\"alker
relates that a Pima never touches his skin with his
nails, but ahvays uses a small stick for that purjjose,
which he renews every fourth day, and wears in his
hair. Among the same nation, when a man has killed
an Apache, he must needs undergo purification. Sixteen
days he nuist fast, and only after the fourth day is he
allowed to drink a little pinole. During the sixteen
days he may not look on a blazing fire, nor hold con-
verse with mortal man; he nuist live in the woods com-
panionless, save only one jK^rson appointed to take care
of him. On the seventeenth da} a large space is cleared
oft' near the village, in the center of which a fire is
lighted. The men form a circle round this fire, outside
of which those who have been purified sit, each in a
small excavation. Certain of the old men then take
the weapons oi' the purified and dance with them in the
circle; ibr which service they receive presents, and
thenceforth l)oth slayer and weapon are considered clean,
but not until four days later is the man allowed to return
to his family. They ascribe the origin of this custoui
to a mythical personage, called S/.eukha, who, after kill-
ing a monster, is said to have fasted ibr sixteen days.
The IMpagos stand in gread dread of the coyote, and
the Piuias never touch an ant. snake, scorpion, or spider,
and are mu(!h afraid of thunderstoi'ms. Like tlie .Mo-
javes and Yumas, the Maricopas in cold weather carry a
firebrand to wai'm themselves witlial. In like uianuer
{he Pueblos have their singularities and semi-religious
ceremonies, many of which are connected with a certain
(lull! ron 111 puiita del jiir oorrt'n fivs '' oiiatro U'^'iias y lii pnrtii'nliu'idud cs (jno
(1 qiii' dii vmlta y lU;;!! id i>ntst(( duiidc (•(iiiirii/avdii y siiliiioii a la par »>o
^'iiua.' .^I'llcliiKiir. Jiducinii. in linr. llisl. ,l/c,i'.. S( lie iii., toiii. iv., \). ^51.
'It is a liivovitt' iiinusiiiuiit with Imth men | ^raiicninis] and Imivs to try
their skill at liittin^,' the iiitahaya, which jircsentsa tine uliject on the plain.
Knndiers often colhct for this purpose; and in crossing' the threat plateau,
where these ]ilalits aliound, it is (Mninion to see them )iiere(il with aridws.'
JlKithira I'n-s. \'ir.. vol. ii., p. -rM: Mnini/, in //'«/. .1//". Jt'i't., 1N">T, p. Iinl.
' AuMlsenientM of all Idliils are universally resorted to [amoni! the rnehlos];
snen as foot-racini;, liorse-raein;,'. eoek-ti^'htini,', j^'anililini,', daneini,', eating,',
and driidciii;,'.' W'unl. in Iml. .Ul'. IlipL. IHdl, p. pj2; Mawjc, Itiinmi-in, in
Due. IJlsl. Alex., serif iv,, torn, i., pp- 'I'M, 'Mo,
554
NEW MEXICANS.
mytliicjil per.sonn,2;o called Montezuma. Amonp; these
may be mentioned the perpetual watchnij; oi" the eternal
estufa-fh-e, and also the daily waiting for the rising sun,
with Avhieh, as some writers aflirm, they expectantly
look for the promised return of the mucli-loved AFon-
tezuma. The Mocjui, nefore commencing to suioke, rev-
erently bows toward the four cardinal i)oints.'-'^
Tbeir diseases are few; and among these the most
frequent are chills and fevers, and later, syphilis. The
I'ut'blos nnd Moquis resort to the sweat-house remedy,
but the riniiis only bathe daily in cold ruiniing Avater.
Here, as elsewhere, the doctor is medicine-man, coujuror,
and prophet, and at tiuics old women are consulte(h If
iucanttitions fail, emetics, purgatives, or blood-letting are
prescribed.^'^
The I'iuias bury their dead immediately after death.
At the bottom of a shaft, about six feet deep, they ex-
cavate a vault, in Avliich the corpse is placed, after
212 WdU.i'r's Phiiif!, ,V.Sf. ' The rnpaf^'o of to-diiy will on no npcouiit
kill a coyiitc.' h'lriiltiDii, in Iiul. A^f'. Ui'jii., 18(15, p. i;)2. ' Ebtii so nliir-
{,'l;iuljis('liiu Ci('1)iiiucli liiitteu sie bi y (liohcnilcn Kifsi^lwcltcr, dii sie den
Hiij,'('l iilizuwcndcii (in Stiick von cincni I'alnitcppielic an cini'ni Stcckcn mi-
hcl'toten nnd <^i:-iH'n die Wolkcn n<'htet(Mi.' Miur, yiti'hvirhkx, ])]>. '20;J, 2(i7;
Aniij, in lti(l. Alf. Itipt., 1H71, pp. ltS5, 389. 'A scntiuel ascends ivciy
in(irnin<,' at snnvisc to tlie roof of the liiKht'st honse, and, with eyes directed
towards the east, looks ont for the nriival of the divine chicflain, who is
to Kive the si;4ii of diliverunce.' Doiiiinech's J)is(r(s, vol i., p. Ki."), li)7, 3',»li,
210, and vol. ii., p. 54. ' On a dit que hi eoutnnie sinj-uliere de ronservi r
]iirp('tnillrnient un fen sacre pres dnqnel les aneiens llexieains atteii-
daient le retoiir dii dif ti (Jnetzacoatl, existe aussi ehez les i'nelihjs.' Uti.vtaii,
in XoHvilli X A)in(il(s disl'oi/., IH'A), toni. exxvi, p. 58; ><iil(l)ii(iir. Hihirinn. in
JJih: ll'isl. Ml. v.. serie iii., toni. iv., p. 851; (Jullalhi, in X<iitr<llis A)()ii(l(sihH
Vol/., 1*^51, toni. cxxxi., p. 278; ('reiiioni/'s AjKirln's, ]>. ',12; ,^'niijisiiii'n Janr.
Mil. I-tc'im., ]\ \K]. • 1, however, one niitht, at San Felipe, t'landcstiiiely wit-
nessed a )M>ition of their seeret worshi]). One of their secret ni^ht dances
is called "I'ociiia, which is too horrihle to write abont.' Ann/, in hid. Afl'.
ll'lit., 1871, p.;!s5; U'ltnl, in /</., ]8(il, p. 11)2; Ires' Colnraila Jli'r.,^ 121; fni
Jlrnirk-, in SflniiilrniiVa Airh., vol. iv., ])]). 73, 77; Mi'illlniiifiin. Tiujihnvli. ]>.
278. 'lis ont (les pri'tres. . . .ils niontent snr la terrasse la pins ('lev('e (in
village (t ."ont nn sermon an moment on le soleil s(^ l("'ve.' Vudunvda, in
TenntH.v-i'iiiiijiiuifi, ]'<ii/., s('rio i., torn, ix., pp. 133, KH, 230.
si.i ll'((//,.)'.s- r!,iii(K, MS.; Miiin-i/, in Jml. A(r. lUiil., 18.57. p. 3(il;
JiwKlk.'^, in Id., mW). p. 201); Andrnrs, in 7-/., 1870, p. 117; Ward, in /-/., ISCt,
p. 188; Mfci.s' £1 (hiiiij'i, ]ip. Ill), 311. The eanse of the decrease of the IV
cos Indians is 'owint.' to the fact that tliey seldom if ever marry ontside o'
their respective imeblos.' J'livhvr, in lii'd. Af. I,'tj,t., bSCO, ]).' 251 ; J/i«r
Xnrliriclil'ti, ]^. 273. 'An milieu [of tlu^ estiifa] est nn foyer alliim('. snr
le([Uel on jette de temps en temps nne jioi^Mu'e (h' thym, ce (jni siillit iioiu-
entretenir la chaleiir, de sorte (jn'on y est comnie dans un bain.' Vu.skiriidit-
in Ta-naiur-Coiiijian.t, Voy., Herio i., torn, ix., i>. 170.
CII.VKACTEU OF THE PUEBLOS.
D55
having first been tied up in a blanket. TTouse, horses,
unil most personal effects are destroyed; but if children
are left, a little pro^jerty is reserved for them. A widow
or a daughterniourns for three month.s, cutting the hair
and abstaining IVom the bath during that time. Tho
Maricopas burn their dead. Pueljlo and Moqui l)urials
take place with many ceremonies, the women being the
chief mourners.^"
Industrious, honest, and peace-loving, the peojile of
this division are at the same time brave and determined,
when necessity compels them to repel the thieving
Apache. i:^o])riety may be ranked among their virtues,
as druid\eimess only forms a part of certain religious
festivals, and in their gambling they are the most mod-
erate of barbarians.^^^
2'* Walhrr's Phtins, MS. The Pinias, 'iisan enten'nr sns vnronrs con
fill nroo y Hi'chiis, y iilj^mn hiistiiiniitd y calabiizo (1<- ngiia, scnal (|ue ah'aii-
zaii vislunibii' (1(^ la iiiiinortaliilad. auiKjUf iiii con la (listiiii'idii ile jiri'iuio
('i casti,L;().' .lAoc/c, Kim vnv'ui, in Ihic. }!>,■<(. -l/i.v., sciic iv., toni. i., ]>. 'M',),
' Tiie Mai'i('i)]ias invariably bury their dead, and mock tlu! ceremony of crema-
tion.' . . . . ' sacrirtce at the j^rave of a warrior all the i)roperty ol wliieh he died
jiossessed, toi.;<ther with all in jjossession of his various relatives.' <'niiiinii/'s
Ajxtrlii's, j)|). 10l{, lu,"). 'The rinios bury their dead, while the Coco-Muri-
copas burn theirs.' llnrlh'll'.'i I'lr^i, ,V((;'., vol. ii., j). 2(i2. 'The females of
the family [ I'ueblo] approached in a monrnful jirocession (while the males
titood around in solemn silence), each one bearing' on her head a tinaja, or
water-jar, tilled with water, which she emptied into the grave, and whilst do-
ing so commenced the death-ciy. They came singly and (niptied tlu'ir
jars, and eacli one joined successively in the death-cry:. . . Tin y believe that
on a certain day (in August, I think) the dead rise from their graves and Hit
about the n<'ighboring hills, and on that day, all who have lost friends, carry
<int (piantities of corn, bread, meat, and such other good things of this life as
they can obtain, and i)lace them in the haunts freipnnted by the dead, in
order that the departed spirits may once more enjoy the comforts of this nether
world.' 'J\'H Hiniil,-, in ScliiinlcrKjVs Arrli., vol. iv., p]). 75-8. If the dead
I'ima was a chief, ' the villagers are summoned to his burial. Over his
giiive they hold a grand festival. The womin weep and the men liowl,
and they go into a ]irofound mourning of tar. So(ui the cattle arc driven up
and slaughtered, and every body heavily-laden with sorrow, lo.uls his stpiaw
with beef, and feasts for many days.' liro"-i, c's Aparlio Ciiiinlri/. i^i). 112 l.'t;
Miin\ Xiiflifirldfn, ]ip. "Ji'-t, 'ild. '2M ; 7' ■ ^c-'his ik la rin S((iiriiiie, ]>. 11.");
Fr^ichvl's Criit. Aiiirr., J), add; ///., Aiin Antiiihi. torn, ii., ]>. 437; ('usUirada,
in T> rnaii.r-i'iDiijiiniH, I'ni/., serie i., tom. ix., ji. 1(15.
2lJ 'Though naturally disposed to ja'aceful jjursuits, the Pajiagoes are
not delicient in courage.' Urmoti's Apiiclie CmDilnj, pp. 1}'2, 107, 11(1-11,
Tilt, '277; Jdlotsnn's Hist. Ariiciin. p. Id; Shnie, in jllsl. Mikj., vol. v., p. Kid;
Site, liriiij., liiilliliii, serii! v.. No. IMJ, p. IHH; Esviulirii, \"tiri(ts il(' Siiitara y
SiwiliKi, p. 112; \'iliiscii, \iitici<iK (le Smiant. pp, 11(1, Kid; Frmhil's Cmt.
A)iH'r., ]i|). odd, ")()('), 'A'l; Id., Aus Aiticrihi, tom. ii., ]ip. 'li!7, TI7, 4.V(; h'ur-
cc.s, hinvio, 'u\ Voc. Hid. Mix., serie ii., tom. i.. ]>. 2!W; Siildiiinir. Jtdariim,
in /(/., scrit lii,, tom. iv., p. «r)d; Uullunlu, in /</., p. 8'J2. ' The peaceful
556
NEW MEXICANS.
The Lower C vliforxians present a sad picture. Occu-
pying the [jenirsula from tlie head of the gulf to Cape
San Lucas, it i.s thought hy some that they were driven
thither from Upper California hy their enemies. When
first visited hy the Missionary Fathers, they presented
hiunanity in one of its lowest phases, though evidences
of a more enlightened people having at some previous
time occupied the peninsula were not lacking. Clavi-
gero describes large caves or vaults, which had been dug
out of the solid rock, the sides decorated with paintings
of animals and figures of men, slnnving dress and
features difterent from any of the inhabitants. Whom
they represented or by whom they were depicted there is
no knowledge, as the present race have been unable to
afford any information on the subject.
The peninsula extends from near 32^ to 23° north
latitude; in length it is a])Out seven hundred, vary-
ing in width from thirty-five to eighty miles. Its
disposition of the Marieopas is not the result of incapacity for war, for thr y
nvo at all times enabled to meet and vanipiish tlie Apaches in biitth.'
Emory, in Frunonl and Emurij'a Xnksof Trav., p. 41'; AU'ijir, Hist, i'dihj). ile
Jesun, Unix, iii., pj). tii, 10.'); .Um/t, Xni'hrirlitcii, p. '2H"2; Jldnli/'s Tnir., \]\.
440, 44;J; Mdwie, Jilnentrio ni Due. Jl'mt. Me.v., serie iv., tiini. i., y\>. liOo-ii;
Moicri/'s ArUana, ]•>. 30; Arriciritd, Cfnn'va Senifiat, jip. ;)'.(7, 41'2; .So/ioca,
Disrrip. (ifd'i., in Doo. l/'int. J/i-.c, serie iii., toiii. iv., ])]). nrj;!-,"), KW. ''J'lio
Pueblos were industrious and nnwarlike in their habits.' Mairi/'s Anni/
Lift, pp. 1)H, 110. The MiKpiis 'are a mild and peaceful race of jk-ojiIc,
almost unucipiaiuted with the use of arms, and not ^'iven to war. The y are
8tri(;tly honest ...They are kind and hosi)itable to stran.i,'ers.' Jhiris' El
GriiK/o, pp. 421, 14."). ' C'est uno race (I'ueblos) remanpiablenient sobre
et industrieuse, rpii se distingue par sa min-alite.' (iulldtin, in Xmirillr-t An-
nalis (hs Voij., 1S.")1, torn, cxxxi., yy. 277, 288, 2'.KI; Hii.vltin, in /(/., I8.">ii. tmii.
cx.wi., i)p. 4."), 47, (iO; liiu't^m's Adren. ^flX., j). 1!)1; /fcs' (Oloniilo l!li\, ]>]i.
31, ^(i, 4."), 122, 124-7; ^^m/./'.s Com. I'rairiis, vol. i., p. 120, 2f;8, 274;
J'iki'.-i Exiihn-. Tr<ti\, p. 312; Jiihas, Hist, ik /o.s TriKmjilins, p. '241; Mall.-
livnn, J'ri'cis de Id (tt'd(j., toni., iv., p. 453; Chumfidtiudr, Vojidijiur, ]>. 84;
lldijlms' DtiniiihiDi'.s Ex., pp. llXi. 221; EsihJo, in Ildhbii/t's \'<ii/., vol. iii., p.
31)2; Wiftlitiims' Tour., p. 2(1; J'dtlii''s I'l'm. Xar., ]>. HI; VVu Bnnrh-, m
Sclioolcrd/l's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 72, 87; Eoton, in /'/., ]>. 220; Iknt, in Id.,
vol. i., p. 244; Kindidl'a Xdr., vol. i., p. 378; ('(isld/'ndd, in T(r)tdii.\'-i 'om-
pdns, Vol/., si'rii' i., toni. ix., pp. 12('), 1(!3; Miililnip/orill, .Mijiro, tom. ii., pt
li., p. r)28; Mollhdiisin, Td(irliHrli, p. 114; MiilllidKKin, llfiscn in die Fihiinir'i.,
toni. ii., p. 240. The I'licblos 'are passionately fond of dancini,'. and j-'ivo
themselves aj) to this diversion with a kind of frenzy.' Iloineincli'.-i Disn-t.-i,
vol. i., i)p. IDS, 18.'), 2o3, 2ii(l, and vol. ii., jip. 10, 51-2; Cntl.s' Coii'i. of (<d.,
pp. 188-1», 222; Simpson's Jonr. Jill. Ilcnm., i)p. 81, 1)1, 113, 115; ScofS
in fin' liochii Mis., p. 177; Tonincnntdii, Jfondnj. lud., tom. i., yyi. ()79 80;
Mdi/cr'.H M<x. as il n-ns, p. 2:!0; /'/., .1/i.f. Azkc, etc., vol. ii., p. 358. See
further: Ind. Aff. llvpt., from 1854 to 1872.
LOWER CALIFORNIA.
657
general features arc rugged; irregular mountains of
granite formation and volcanic upheavals traversing
the wjiole length of the country, with barren rocks and
sandy plains, intersected by ravines and hills. Some
fertile spots and valleys with clear mountain streams
are there, and in such places the soil produces abun-
dantly ; then there are plains of greater or less extent,
M'ith rich soil, but without water; so that, under the
circumstances, they are little more than deserts. These
plains rise in places into mesas, which are cut here and
tliere by canons, where streams of water are found,
Avhich are again lost on reaching the sandy plains.
Altogether, J^ower California is considered as one of
the most barren and unattractive regions in the tem-
perate zone, although its climate is dcliglitful, and the
mountain districts especially are among the healthiest
in the world, owing to their southern situation between
two seas. A curious meteorological phenomenon is
sometimes observed both in the gulf and on the land ; it
is that of rain falling during a perfectly clear sky. Sa-
vants, wlio have investigated the subject, do not appear
to have discovered tlie cause of this unusual occurrence.
The greater part of the ]ieninsula, at the time of its
discovery, was occupied by the Cochimifi,whoHC territory
extended from the head of the gulf to the neighborhood
of Lorcto, or a little south of the twenty-sixth parallel ;
adjoining them were the GiiaicurU, living between lati-
tude 20" and 23° CO'; while the Pericuis were settled
in the southern part, from about 23° 30' or 24° to Cape
San Lucas, and on the adjacent islands.^^"
^^^ Baenert, in Smithsouian licpt., 18G3, p. S.IO; Forbes' Cal, pp. 20-2; J/o-
frrts, Kxploi:, torn, i., p. 2.'J!); Muttc-Bruii, Pricls de In Oro(j., toin. vi., p. 4o) ;
OlccfioD'H Hist. Valh. Cliurch, vol. i., pp. 95-G; Prirhm-d'a liC.icurchrs, vol. >'.,
p. 44(). ' Esse sono tro nclla California Cristiana, cio6 quelle cle'l'cricui,
do'Ciuaicuri, c do'Cocliinu. ' Clarinero, Slorid dclla C'al., toin. i., p. 10!).
A'enegas, in giving the opinion of Father Taraviil, says ; ' Tres son (dice e.sto
lu'ibil Mis.sionero) las Leuguas; la Cocliimi, la I'erici'i, y l:i de Loreto. l)e
csta ultima salcn dos ranios, y son : la Ouayciira, y la Ueliil. ; venlad es, que
es la viu'iacion tanta, que el (pie no tuviere connociniiento de las tres Lcnguas,
iuzgarii, no sol''* ';"n hay quatro Lcnguas, sino que hay cinco Estii poblada
la priniera i~izia el Medioda, desde el Cabo de San Lucas, hasbi mas ae/i del
Puerto de la Paz de la Xacion Pericii, 6 siguiendo la terminaeion Castellanii
de lo3 Periciics : la se{,'unda dcsdc la Paz, hasta mas arriba del Presidio Real
:|!i
Co8
NEW MEXICANS.
The Lower Californians arc well formed, robust and
of good stature, with limbs supple and nuiscular ; they
are not inclined to corpulence; their features are some-
what heavy, the forehead low and narrow, the nose well
set on, hut thick and fleshy; the inner corners of the eyes
round instead of pointed ; teeth very white and regular,
hair very black, coarse, straight, and glossy, with but
little on the face, and none upon the body or linil)s.
The color of the skin varies from light to dark brown,
the former color beinsj characteristic of tiie dwellers in
the interior, and the latter of those on the sea-coast.-'''
Adam without the fig-leaves was not more naked than
were the Cochimis before the missionaries first taught
them the rudiments of shame. They ignored even the
usual breech-cloth, the onlyscmblancc of clothing being
a head-dress of rushes or strips of skin interwoven with
mother-of-pearl shells, berries, and pieces of reed. The
Guaicuris and Perici'iis indulge in a still more fantastic
head-dress, white feathers entering largely into its
composition. The women display more modesty, for,
altliougli scantily clad, they at least essay to cover their
nakedness. The Pericui women are the best dressed
of all, having a petticoat reaching from the waist to tljo
ankles, made from the fibre of certain palm-leaves, and
rendered softand flexible by beating between twostones.
tie Lorcto, es do los Monquia; la terccra desde el territorio rlo Loroto, por
todo lo dc'sctiliiei-to al Norte do la nacion Cocliimi, ('> do los ( oi'liiiniua.'
Vi')>ciin>i, Xoliciailf la Cul., torn, i., pp. fi.S-O. 'Auf der If.'ilbiiisol Alt-< ';ilifor-
iiien woliuoii: an der Siidspitze die I'ericues, dann die MoiKjiiis (xlcr Mi'iij;uiH,
zii M'ok'licu die Familieii der Guaycuras uml ("oraa goliiiivn, die ('(leliinias
oder Culiiuii's, die Lainiunes, die Utsehitas odcv Vchitis, mid die leas.' Muk-
h'lipfiinlf, Mcjico, toin. i., p. '212. 'AH the Indi.-iu tril)cs of the ]Vnin>ula
scoiii to lie atiiliated with the Yumas of the Colorado and with tlie Coras lic-
low La Paz, . . .in no case do they differ in intellect, habits, customs, dress,
implements of w.ar, or hunting, traditions, or appcainnces from the well-
known Digger Indians of Altji-California, and undoubtedly belong to tlio
same race or family.' i>Vo«v(',''s Lower Cut., pp. 53-4.
'^'' '])i buona statura, ben fatti, sani, e robusti.' Clariijero, Sfaria (tclhc
Cal., tom. i., pp. 112-13. 'El color en todos cs may moieno no ticneii
barba ni nada dc vello en el cnerpq.' VtUifnniias, Notkiii.'<, carta i., pp. 47, <>1,
carta ii., p. 12. Compare: Kiiio, in Doc. Hint. Mcx., serie iv., tom. i. p. 407;
Crcnpi. in /'/., serie iv., tom. vii., p. 13">; Ulloa, in linmuslo, Xdviijuiii'iii, torn,
iii., fol. 34."), 3.'tl; I'ciieijas, Notkia <h- la Cul., tom. i., p. 68; Jiwi/rrt, in
UmlHis'iiikiii Rt'pt. 1803, p. 3j7; Miih/cnpfordt, Mvjko, torn, ii., pt. ii., pp.
443-4; GkcsoiCs JJist. Cath. Church, p. [)[).
COCin.Mi AND rEUICCi DRESS.
ssgr
Over tlio slioiildcrs tlioy throw a mantlo of similar ma-
tfM'ial, or of [)laitL'(l rushes, or of skins. The Cocliiini
woiiu'ii inal\t' aprons of short reeds, striin<i upon cords
of al()e-i)laiit (il)res fastened to a jiirdle. The ji[)ron i.s
open at the si(U's, one part hanging in front, the other
behind. As they are not more tlian six or eight inches
wi(U', l)nt little of the body is in trnth coveied. When
traveling they wear sandals of hide, which they fasten
with sti'ings pa.'^.^ed between the toes.'*'"^ Both sexes are
fond of ornaments; to gratify this passion .they string
together pearls, shells, friiit-.stones and seeds in the
forms of necklaces and bracelets. In addition to tlu^
liead-d
ress
the 1
ericms are (
list
nitrnis
bed 1
)V a I
m\U
highly ornamented with pearls and mother-of-[)earl
shells. They perforate ears, lips, and nose, inserting in
the oi)enings. shells, bones, or hard sticks. I'aint in
many colors and devices is freely used on war and gala
occasions; tattooing obtains, but does not appear to be
nniversal among them. Mothers, to protect tlu'm against
the weather, (!over the entire bodies ol' their children
with a varnish of coal and urine. CN)chimi women cut
the hair short, but the men allow a long tuft to gi'ow on
the crown of the head. l>oth sexes among the (iuai-
curis and Pei'iciiis wear the hair long and llowing loo.sely
over tlu! shoulder;
211)
Ivpially Adamitic are their ha1)itations. They appear
to hold a superstitious dread of sulfocation if they live
2''* 'Sifiulo do pi'ixn dcshonra en los varonos el vostido.' Sulriilli'mi,
in />(»!. IlisI, Mix., scric iv., tcnn. v., ]>. 42. 'Ajimns arc alidiit. a s]ian wide,
and of (liflrniit Icn^'lli.' lUniii i-l. in SntithndiiiiDi Hi pi., isd:). \i\i. ;{('>1-J.
Ciinsnlt furtlicr: Wtoiins, Xnlirin ih' hi Cul., U>\n. i., ii|). HI S, 11;!; '#'/((. si id's
Jlisl. Citlli. Clinirh, jjp. !»('.-;>, 107-1(1; /•'(^Wx.s' Cnl., ])p. '.(, IS; Clnriiiiro, .'^tuvia
iMlit ('ill., toni. i., i>|i. 12n-;(, i;i:), 14-1; UvnnUi ('unri. in ('Inirrhill'.i Col, !'<■//-
uijcs, vol. iv., p. -lii'.l. and in lliniiiiir, Col. do V<ii/., toni. ii., ji. oil.
'•^'9 ' Unos so cortan nn pcdazo do oroja, otros las dcis; otros aunj^'oroan <1
labio inferior, otros las nari/os, y os ousa do risa, jmos alli llcvan ool^'andu
ratoncillos. lau;artijitas, oonohitas. iVc' ('(ili/nniiiin, .V(//;('iwn, carta i., \i\u
48, 2'2. 'It has been asserted that they also iiierce the nose. I can oidy
say that I saw no one dislif,'nred in that paitionlar manner.' Hunjirt. in
Siiiilh.'^iiiiiiin Ui'iit., iSCilt, ]). ;t()2. ' Nndi aj,'nnt. f^'enas (luadratis (inilinsdain
notis siLtnati.' lU' l.nii, Xovits 0)iii!<, j). lUMi. Fnrther reterence: \"illit-.'^i-
fior, y Siuirlivz, Theidfn, toni. ii., ]>j). 279, "282; UUnn, in llitiiiush), Xnnijitlinii'i,
torn. iii.. fol. ;M7-S, and in Jlaklui/t'sVoi/ , vol. iii., ^i. 412; JAhqimie, Itcwm,
torn. X., p. 428.
0(50
NEW MEXICANS.
or sloop in covered huts; lienoe in their rare and moafrro
attein[>ts to protect themselves IVoin tlic inclemencies ot'
tne weather, tlu'y never [nit any roof over their heads.
Kovin^' heast-liiie in the vicinity of springs dmin;; tiie
lu-at of the day, seei<in<;" shade in the ravines and over-
lianjiinji nniks; at nijiht. should they desire shelter, tiiey
resort to caverns and holes in the |iroinid. Duriim' win-
ter they raise a semi-circular \n\ii of stones or brush-
wood, al)out two feet in height, hehind which, with the
sky for a roof and the hare ;iround for a hed, they camp
at nijiht. Over the sictk they sometimes throw a wretched
hut, hy sticking a lew i)oles in the ground, tying them
at the top and covering the whole with grass and reeds,
and into this nest visitors crawl on hands an<l knees.'^-°
Reed-roots, wild fruit, pine-nuts, cahhage-palms, small
seeds roasted, and also roasted aloe and mescal roots
constitute their lljod. Dui'ing eight weeks of the ^ear
they live wholly on the redumlant (at-producing piUdtaija.
after which they wander ahout i i search of other native
vegetahlo products, and when these fail they resort to
huntinu' and fishinu'. Of animal food they will eat anv-
thing — heasts, hirds. and fishes, or re[)tiles. worms, and
insects; and all ])arts: llesh, hide, and entrails. Men
and monkeys, liowever, as articles of food are an abomi-
nation; the latter because they so nnich resemble the
former. The gluttony and improvidence of these peo-
])le exceed, if possible, those of an j other nation; alter-
nate feasting and fasting is their custcm. When so for-
lunate as to have plenty they consume large (piantities,
preserving none. An a])omina])le habit is lelatcd < '"
them, that they pick np the nndigested seech A' f pitu-
haya discharged from their bowels, and nchiug
and grinding them, eat the meal with .rli i''li>-li.
220 Vm<'qn!i, Xolh'in de hi Cal., torn, i., p. 88; CitrnphiU's Ilixl. Spn Amer.,
p. 8G; Ulloa, in lidiuiish, AV/r/;/'/(io/(i. tuin. iii., fol. ;i47, 3511; CiO'ifi. /ks, .V'/-
ilcht, carta i., p. 4"); Litrkxvm'x Trar. Jisuils, vol. i., \). 4(i3. ' Lv iibitii/iniu'olle
pill couinni souo certe chiiisc ciroolari ili sassi sciolti, (mI iuiinuii cliiati, lo
quali lianno cinquo pieili di iliauietro, e meno di due d'altt/za.' ('hn-'Kjiro,
t>toria ili'lla Cal., torn, i., p. 11!). 'I am certainly not much mistaken in say-
ing that nmny of them chanu'e their iiif,dit-quarters more thuu a huudrid
times iu a year.' Baeyert, iu iSinitUsouian liept., 1803, p. 301,
LOWEll CALIFOUMAX FOOD.
561
('liiviji'ci'o. BiU'p'it. iiiid other authors, mention smother
rather nneonnnon leatnj-e in tlie (hnnestie econoiiiv of
the Cofhinu's; it is that of suallowinj:' their meat sv'veral
times, therehv nMjhi|>l\ inj;' their jihittonons jiK'asure.N.
Tvin;^ to a strin;^ a piece of well-di'ied meat, one of their
number masticates it ii littU'. and swallows it. leasinji
the end of the strini:' han^inu' ont of the month ; after
retaininii it for altont two or three mimites in his stom-
ach, it is pidU'd ont. and the operation repeated several
times, either hv the same individual or hy otheis. until
the meat hecomes consmned. lli'j'e is i'atlier l>aei:ert"s
summai'v '.f their edildes: •'They li\o no\v-a-(hiys on
doiis and cats; horses, asses and imdes; item: on owls,
mice and i-ats; li/.iirds and snakes; hats. ^I'assiiojjpers
and crickets; a kind of i-reen caterpillar uiljiont hair,
ahout a linjicr lonj:. and an ahominahle white NNorm of
the leniith and thicknes.s of the thumh. ""'
Their wea[)on is the how and arrow, hut tlu>y use
stratagem to [trocnre the uame. The deer-hiniter ile-
ceives his [)rey In placin;;' a deer's head nj)on his own;
hares are trapped; the Cochimi's thi'ow a kind ol" hoom-
eran<i or Hat ciu'ved stick, uhich skims the ground and
hreaks the animal's legs. Fish arc taken iVom j)oolsleft
hy the tide and from the sea. sometimes several miU'S
out, in nets and with the jud of long lances. It is said
that at San Ivoche Island they catch fish with hirds.
They also gather oystei's. which they eat roasted, hut use
no .salt. They have no cooking utensils, hut roast their
meat hy throwing it into th • lire and after a time raking
it out. Insects and catei-pillai's are parched o\er the
hot coals in shells. Fish is counnonh eaten raw; they
221 'TwiMity-fniir pounds of innnt in twoiity-fonr lionvs is not (IccukmI mi
I xtraonliiiaiy iiiticin fni' u siii-lc jm rsdU.' Ilnfiirl, in SniillisuKidii li'i't., INlilt,
jij). li('>l-7. ' No tit'iicii lioi.,.-. . -n !''iil!is |iiii-a saciar su apiiiid: cdnii n ciiaiito
lial'iiin i»il' (Iclaiitc; liasta las eosas ma.- silcias sirvt ii a su tjula.' ('urifnyiiin^,
X'll'a'hix, carta i.. iiji. tH-T, "21; sec also. Sulun'rim, U^'ariitimt, in hnr. ///>/.
l/c.f.. stric iii., toiii. iv., p. KJ; Sidnd'urrn, in /(/., Kciic iv., fojn v., ji. 11(1;
Cns/ii. in /(/., scric iv., toni. vii.. jip. ll'fi. i;J">, 113; Ihlnjiorli', L'lisiK, toin.
X., J)]), l^l! -1; I'unUuieihi, in Ti'niu>i.v-('(iii>ji'nts, I'"//., si'iic i., toni. i\., p. l"»;i;
.l/'f/cc, I[isl. I'liiiip. ih Jisus, Una. iii., \>. lOfi; l'lliiii,\n Hniiiitsi'i, X'/riiiiilvmi,
toui. iii., fol. ;t.lii; Miilb-linui, I'rcc'm de la O'c'oy., torn, vi., p. lol; Alcvdv,
JJiccionur'uK toni. i.. p. 'MH.
Vol. I. au
^
502
>JEW MEXICANS.
(Iriiik only water."" It is said that tlicy never wasli.
and it is useless to add that in their filthiness tiiey sin-
ass
the 1
)riite
J'j:i
liesides hows and arrows they use iavelins. chil)s, and
sliniis ol" etjrvls, IVoni which thev throw stoi
les.
Tl
leu'
l)()ws tire six: feet long, vei'v hroad and thi(;k in tlie mid-
'07
die and tapering toward the ends. Avith strings made
iVoni tiie intestines of animals. The arrows are reeds
aliout thirty inelies in length, into the lower end ol'whicli
a piece of hai'd wood is cemented with resin ohtained
from trees, and pointed with tlint shai'pen«'d to a trian-
gular shape and serrated iit the edges, davidins arc
shari)ened hy lirst hardening in the (ire juid then grind-
ing to a point; they are sometimes indented like a, saw.
Cluhs are of dilVerent forms, either mallet-head oi- axe
shape; they also crook and shar[)en at the edge a piecf
of wood Ml the i'orm of a scimeter."'
Their wars, which spring ironi disputed boundaries,
are fretpient and deadly, and generally occnr about I'ruit,
and set'd time. The battle is commenced amidst yells
and brandishing of Aveajjons. though without any \m'-
concerted plan, and atumidtiious onsl:night is made with-
out regularity or discipline. exce[)ting that a certain num-
b
)er aiv held m reserve to relieve those w
th
,ho 1
lave exnenil
ed their arrows or become exhausted. While yi't at ;i
distance they discharge their arrows, but soon rush fm-
Avardand (igh tat close (juarters with their clubs and s])ears:
nor do they cease till many on l)oth sides have iallen.' '
■Hi
,il pc
•a si f:i (1,1 Ion
Ir
o m (Inc iniiiiirip, o con rcti iicllu spiuLtf^M
110 g(ir<,'lii niiiusi (irllii iii.ircii. n cd
>)i f(
)iii in alt" mure' (lurtiiiro, Slni'm
tldln ('ill., tiiin. i., ]ij). Ill, Vl')-i\\ • I'sc luitlur nets hir Imuks, liut u liin
IliK-jcrt, in Siiiilli.'iDiiiiiii ll'jil., iSiUi, p. ;!<il. • Fdrnian los hi
)f lai.i
ri'Jcs para pcscar, y ]iara otros use
I'nichr It' stcssi' dunni' si lavavan
'i-iii'iins, Siii'if'iit ih' In ('ill., tiiiii i., ji.
(), ('
si lavaiio ancho (
iL'yuli t'lin I—-;!
(orina) la faccia.' Cbinji'ro, Slnria ibUa Cnh, tnni i . p. V.\'.\.
'1 (rllii'lll Curi'l'i. in Clinvrliiir.'i (ill. ri)//'(i/(.s', Vol. iv., ]). ■I'iH; //'
XitriiliiHiini, toiii. iii . fol. ;)1(), ."l.")! ; liiiiiiirt, '\n .'^inilli.-
liiiit., isi;;;. p
;!()J; hiiiii. in llm'. Ili.-il. .l/i'.f., scric iv., tiini i., ]>. -4(17; ' /'07/i. in fil.. srri
iv., t(ini. vii., ]>, IIIJ. 'Si trovarono altrc spc/ic d'armi pir t'crir da vici
ma tiittc di Ict^no. lia ji
i' nn ma/./ i])iii-lii<>, siniih^ nc lia tdriiia a ini.i
gircUa cdI siio nianiro tntta d'nn pc/.ZD. I^a sicomla r a fo^'Ltia dim
di li't;naiui)li) tutta ancli'i ssa dun sol iiczzo. La tcrza lia la furuia d 1111
j)icci)la Si-imitara." ('liir','ii'rit, Slnrvi illla Cnl. ~
1'
121,
idi) liv.iii
2^'' ' El niodo do pultlicar la Lfuorra ora, liaocr con nnicho cstruii
provision do cauus, y podcniultsj pani «ub tiucluiH, y procmar, (juo por varii
IMPLEJIENTS IN LOWER CALIFOLNIA.
oi'j'-i
Tlic'ir iinplomcMits and lioiiseliold utonsils are lM)tli
rude and low. [Sliarp ilints serve them instead oi' knives;
a hone jiround to a [)oint answei\sthe i>ur[)oseoi" a needle
<ii' an awl; and with a sharp-pointed stie'.v roots are dii^'.
Fire is oltained in the nsual wav IVoin two pieces of
wooil. When travelinii'. water is carried in a larjic hlad-
('er. The shell of the turtle is apnlied to various usi's.
siu'ii as a reee[)tacle lor Ibod and a cradle for infants.
'i'he Lower r'alifornians have little injienuity, and
their display of mechanical skill is confined to the man-
ufacture of the afori'said im[)lements. ^veal)ons of war,
and of the chase; they make some Hat haskets of wicker
work, which are used in the collection of see'ls im\
fruits; also nets from the fihre of the aloe, one in which
to carry provisions, and another fastened t(^ a forked
stick and hung U[)on the back, in which to carry chil-
(hvn.-
Vcv l)oats the inhal)itants of the peninsula construct
rafts of reeds made into bundles and bound tightly
together: they are propelled with short paddles, and sel-
(loui ai'e capable of carrying? more than oni' person. In
tliost! parts where trees grow a more servici'able canoe
is made I'rom b.u'k. and sometimes ol' thi'i'c or more
logs, not hollowed out, but laid together siile by side;
Mud made fast with withes or pita-fil)re cords. These
lloats are buoyant, the water washing over them as o\cr
a catamaran. On them two or nidi'e men will pioceed
fearlessly to sea. to a distance of scNci'al miles from
the CO
list. To transport their chattels across river:
ii<
is'-cii Ins ilssiiiiiul:is it (HI
I'llcis (Ic sils (•iititviviii-.
1'
<!'■ ii I III., tdiii. i.. [i)). DT-S. Krt'cvriiit' to NCihl!;!-, work. l'M.;cit. >ii'ii!,s:'
iiiiiii Ui jit.. Ihlil, ]). ilS"), says: ' All tliat is saiil in it fcii m c In tiir wail'aii' (■
tli.'C
aliliMlilaiis is wi'iiiiL,'.
In tlnir t'dl'Micr wais llnv nicnlv attaiknl ill
iilsh
oin an aiiiliiisli. unit kiI.ii
<l
• iirliiy iiiuxiici'tt'illy (liii'iii'4 the iiiL;lit, or fi
iniiiiy as tlicy cdiiIiI, \vithiint order, jiiivioiis (li( jaraiioii of
iiiiiiiics wlialcvcr.' Sco also: Apnst'liois Afinns, \>\\. l;il--">, and Cluri'^
war, or imv ciri-
Slitriii. lit/Ill ( ■(//., toni. i.
1'
l\il.
2-'' ' In lieu of kliivis and scis;ors tlicv use sharp lliiil-- for cnlliiiu' alino-t
evcrvtliin^' -call"', \vood, ajor, and even tluir liair." 11
li. in
1.-t(l.l. J). ;!(')3, ' fjc loro ri'ti, tanto (jinllc da iiiscarc, ipianlo i|
vh
Kirvoiio a ]iortaro chcctdii'ssiM, li
faiin
1 till
idle t
iraiio (
ilallr fouli'' d'l
M
ill 1
c'zcal.' Cldi-'i'ii m, Shirld (hllii CkI., tc
I'iniiisio,
S
iri'iiil!''lii. tolll.
111. I., ])
m. iMirt
I'l- notice m
/■//.,
fed. ;r.t): I
I Ill'ilUfl.
.\nlirill (/l /.( (■((/.
toiu. i,, p. 'JO; Multkiipj'vrdl, Mijim, turn, ii., pt ii., ]}. 117,
564
NEW MEXICANS.
tlioy use wicker-work l)askcts. which arc so closely
woven as to be(|uite iini)crnieable to water; these, when
l()a<le(l, are pushed across by the owner, who swims
beliiiul.'""
ik'sides their household utensils and boats, and the
feathers or ornaments on their persons, I find no other
])roperty. "JMiey who dwell on the sea-coast occasionally
travel inland, carrying with them sea-shells and leathers
to barter with their neighbors I'or the productions of
the interior.-'-'^
Tlivy are unal)le to count more than five, and this
mnnber is expressed l)y one hand; some few among
them are able to understand that two hands signify ten,
l)ut beyond this they know nothing of enumei'atiou. and
can only say unich or many, or show that the nuuiber
is beyond computation, by throwing sand into the air
and such like antics. The year is divided into six sea-
sons; the first is called Mejibo, which is midsuumicr,
and the tiuie oi' rii)e pitahayas; the second season
Amaddappi, a time of i'ui'thei' ripening of fruits and
seeds; the third Amadaappigalla. the end of autuum
and begiiniing of winter; the I'oui'th. which is the cold-
est season, is called .\hijibel: the lil'th. when spring com-
mences, is .Majiljen; the sixth, before any Iruits or seeds
liave rijM'ned. conse(iuently the time of greatest scarcity.
is called Majiibenmaaji.'"'
Neither government nor law is found in this region:
every man is his own master, and aduiinisters justice
in the forui of vengeance as best he is al)le. As Father
2^' V;iiu'()TiV('r, \'iii/., viil. ii., \). 4S-2, Kjifiikiii;^ of T.nwrr Ciilifuniia smvs:
' Wti were visit 111 liy 111 ii'of till' Dill ivcs in a strinvciiiioc' ' N'liliinnnM-iit' VM'i
Vim caiiDiia in inaieccm tr<' luili.iiii ilallc lor caiiaiiiic.' I'lliKi. in .Hhiiik.i'h),
Nitrhintiiiiii, turn. iii.. ful. l!")!)-}, ;(i;j, ;U7, and in llnkini/t.-i !'"//•• ^"'' "'••
J). -US. Sec fiiitliir: I'tnrvji'm, Slari'i ihUn I'al., turn, i., ]i. I'iii; tifiii'lH
('Kriri, in CliKrcliiU's Co/. I'liyciis, vol. iv.. ji. -Kilt, and in Iknuijvr, Col, ih'
Villi., tiiin. ii., ]>. .'IT I.
2-'* 'Tii'ncn tiiito dc jicsc.uld con los indios dc ticvra ad( ntro.' Snlmirun,
Jic/'J'i'iic s. in /)iii\ /list, l/i.r., sirii' iii., tnni. iv., \t. 17: also, I'lUnt, in llniiin-
fi'io, Xiiri iiitiiiiii. tiiin. iii., fol. ;H7 .s.
'^'' • Sii inodo di! contar cm nuiv diuiinnto y covto, ])ni's a])('nas llri,'aii .'i
cinco, y otios a die/., y van ninlti|ili( undo si'^;iin iPiicdcn.' ('ulii'dniins. .N'n-
<(('(V».s', carta i,, ]>. Kill. ' Xon dividcvano IWiiiio in M<si. ma solamcutt' in
8('i atiigioni.' Clarhjiro, Storiii iklki Cal., torn, i., JH). llU-11.
MARRIAGE.
565
Bacgort remarks: 'The diflforont tril)os rcprosciiteJ ])y
IK) means commimities of rational heings, ^vllo submit
to laws and regnlations and obey their siipei'iors, bnt
resembled I'ar more herds of wild swine, which run
aljoiit according to their own liking, being together to-
(hiv and scattered to-morrow, till tliev meet auain by
. 'cident at some future time. In one word, the ("alilor-
nians lived, i^a/ra rrnid, as though they had been i'reo-
thinkers and materialists.' In hunting and war they
have one or more chiefs to lead them, who nvo selected
oidy lor the occasion, and hy reason of su[)erior strength
or cunning.-'"^
Furthermore, they have no marriage ceremony, nor
any word in their language to ex[)ress marriage. Like
birds or beasts they pair oil* according to fancy. The;
l*ei"icui takes as many women as he pleases, makes
them work for him as slaves, and whi'n tired of any
one of them turns her away, in which case she may not
be taken by another. iSome form of courtshi[) iippears
to 1
lave
obti
iine(
anion
g tho (luaicuris; for e.\ami)le,
when a \()um;' man saw a uirl who i)leasi'd him. ho
presented her with a small bowl or basket made of the
pita-libre; if she accei)ti'd the gift, it was an evidence
that his suit was agreeable to hei\ and in return she gave
him an ornamented head-dress, the work of her own
hiuid ; then they lived together without I'urther cere-
nu)ny. Although among the (Juaicuris and Cochimis
ue hold a plurality of wives, it is not so conunon iis
with the I'ericuis. for in the two lirst-nieutimied tribes
there ai'e more men than women. A breach of feuiale
chastity is sometimes followed by an attemjit of the
holder of the womini to kill the olfender: yet morality
never attaiiu'd any great lieight. as it is a pi'actici;
with tiiem for dilferent tribes to meet occasionallv for
SOI
21" Cldrhicnt, Shirht (hlln Cul., toiii. i.. jip. I'2'.l .'M. \'i')iiii<is. yulici'i iln
III ('ill., toiii. i., |). 7'.t. ' Kiitri' <'ll(is siciiipic Imy iiIliiiiii) mas (IismIiii.^hiId y
iiti'cviilo, (jiic SI' iivistf ('(111 (1 ciir.'icti r ilc Ciqiitim: ]hvi> ui tsli' tiinc juiis-
iliccidii illinium, ni Ic nludi'ccii, y <'ii cstMiiiln iilu'ii vicjo lo sm Ic n iiuil.ir ild
iii.-iikId: solo en los litiHcs iini' li'S tiriic ciuuta sigucii siis lUil.iiiiiiics.'
I'lilifuriilis, Xiiliriii.i, I'iii'tii i., pp. -11', 4").
6G6
NEW MEXICANS.
tlie purpose of liokliug indiscriminate sexual intercourse.
Childbirth i
s easv
the r
ericuis and iiuaicuris Avasii tlu
til
■j:U
])ody of tlie ncwlv horn, tlien cover it uitl» aslii's; as
the cliild ^urows it is placed on a lranle-^vork of sticks,
and ii' a male, on its chest thev lix a hag of sand to
})reveiit its hrciists growing like a Avomans, which they
consider a delonnity. For a cradle the Cochinii's take
a forked stick or hend one end of a long pole in the
forui of a hoop, and fix thereto a net, in which tii(» in-
fant is placed and covered with a second net. It cmi
thus l»e (;arrieil over the shoulder, or when the mother
wishes to he reliex ed. the end of the pole is stucl^ in the
ground, and nourishment given the child through tiu!
meshes of the net. M'hen old enough the child is car-
ried astride on its mother's shoulders. As soon as chil-
di'en are al)le to get food for themselves, thev are lel't to
theii- own di" ices, and it sometimes happens that when
food is scarce tlie child is abandoned, or killed by its
parent.'
Nevertheless, these miseral)les delight in feasts, and in
the gross debauchery there o[)enly ))erpetrati'd. I nac-
i(!iaintcd with intoxicating li(;iiors. they \v\ llnd drunls-
enness in tiie fumes of a cei'tain herb smoked tiiroiiiih a
stone tube, and used chielly during their festivals. Tbeir
dances consist of'a series of gesticulations and junqiiugs,
accompanied by inarticulate nuuMnuriugs and yells. One
of their great holidays is the pitahaya season, when.
with plenty to eat, they spend days and nights in auuise-
2" t'liirhjcri^, SI'irhi ildhi CaL, toin. i., ]1|). li'O-l; (ll<iii, in Hniiin^io,
X'lrhidHiiiii, tdiii. iii., fill. ',HX; \'Uln Sr,'i"r 1/ S'fnrhi'Z, 'I'IikiIio, tnni. ii.. |>.
'2SI; li<ti' ii'i-l. \n SiiiitlisDiihin lli'iil., ISCplt, ]i|i. liiiT i). ' Sus (MsMiiiinitus .-"ni
liiuy lid culds: uiios |iiuii ciuiiii'sc ciiscriim sus ciu ijnis fi his iim,u;cns, y isias
i'l I'llos; y inliii>t,iiiili)si. a sii Ljustii. sc ciisaii: otfos rii tin, (|Ui' (s l.i mis
oomiiii. sc (Msim sin (•fvcinoniii.' 1 ''iH/nriiiKs, .\'irr i'ls, ciivtii i.. |i]i. ."i". Hi 1
' Kl ilillllt rill ilil lllil';lil() ciiliKi (U lito, (|llf Jior In llli'lios (lill),l justn lunlivo
A l.i vcii-j.ni/.a. a cX''!) rioii dc ilos ocasiniic's: una la dr sus liistas. y liaylcs:
y iitm la dc las lucli.is.' I'l /k./k.s', .Vc'/(<'i'.( (/■ la (dl.. Inui. i., ji. '.>■'<. 'l.is
Liinuiics s'aii)U'(ich liiiit dcs fcniiues ('(uuinc d^s aniiuaux. it hs fciniiMS so
iiii'ttaicul [)ulili(|iu lui lit a cjuativ' patics ]>(iui- l"s iccrvoii.' Cusliirn'il'i. in
Ti riuiiix-Cniiiii'iii^. \'>ii/.. si'iif i., tiiiii. ix., i>. ]•":!. 'I'liis niitlidd of rii|mlM-
tiidi is liy no luraiis iicculiai' to tlii' r.owcr (idifiiniians. liiit is )ii:!i licid
uliiumt universally hy the wild trihcs ,f the I'aril'.o Slates. Wiitiis 1 atmally
dn nut iiiiiitiiiii tills riistoin, luit travellers are iiiiauiiuuus in tin ir veili.d
Mcouuiits resj^iLciiuy it.
V-.
L3WEH CALIFOENIAN FEAST.
jC7
ments; at such times foats of streii<:tli and trials of
■ipood take' j)laco. The most noted lesti\al anion,!;' the
Cod
innis occurs n
poll
tl
1 tlie occasion o
f tl
leir annua
1 d
is-
tribution of skins. To the women esneciallv it was an
important and enjovable even
hU
It. r
)on an ai)|)oin
ited
day all the peojile collected at a designated i)lace. In
an arhor constructed with branches, the road to which
was carpeted with the skins of wild animals that had
been killed tluring the year, their most skillfid hunters
asseiii))led ; they alone were jirivile^^cd to enter tl
10
irhor, and m tlieir Honor was alreadx oreiiaret
prep
aii-
(piet and pipes of wild tobacco. I'he viands went round
as also the pil'e. and. in ^ood time, the partakers became
])artially intoxicati'd ))y the smoke; then one of the
itriests or sorcerers, arrayed in L.s robe of ceremony, ap-
])ear"<l at the entrance to the arbor, and made a. speech
to the people, in which he recountetl the deeds of the
hunters. Then thi> occupants of the arbor came out
id made a repartition of the skins anionti' the women
ai
tl
us lulls
hed,
(lancinu' and sinmiiii' conn
iienceil and con-
tinued throuuhoiit the niiilit. Jt sometimes haitpened
thiit their festi\u!s ended in (i,i:htin<i" and bloodshed, as
they were seldom conducted without debauchery, espe-
cially amoup; the (jiuaicuris and rericuis."'"
When they have eaten their fill they jiass their time
in silly or obscene conversatii^n. or in wrestlinu', in
which sports tie women ol'teii take a })art. 'fluy are
\er\' adroit in trackiim' wi
Id
ists to their hiirs aiu
d
tamiuu' them. At <'ertain festivals their sorcerers, who
were called b\' some (/hidhiix. by others (■ns/i/(i<!<. wore
long robes of skins, ornamented with human hair: these
saji'es filled the oillces oi' priests and mediciue-meii. and
threati'iied their crcdidous brothers with inuumerabli^
ills and death, unless they su})plied them with provis-
'-■'- ' I'it'stii ('litre Ills Iiulios (ii utiles no I's luMs (jiie mill eoiieniTeiieia ile
liiiiiilires y iiinj^ei-v's de tniliis jiiirtes iiiira desiiliej^'iiv los upetitus ilr JiiMiria y
v;nhi.' Cdli/driiiKs, Xdlitins, eiirtii i., pp. tiCi-Tr). ' run tie' Ins liestas inns
e leliies ile his ( ueliiiiiies era la ilel dia, <')i (jiie rejiartiaii las i itjes a las luu-
1 afid.' i'r)i"/".s', \<iliiiii lie III I'lil., tiiiii. i., ]']■'■ s"e U. il'i; /'"■ -
li'ijil., isdl, p. liS'.t; ,Sulridl'ri\t, in J'ur. IHM. Mce., heiio
.•eves una vez a
i/i'W, ill
i7/..-
iv., tuiu. v., pp. iWi, lit),
5G3
NEW MEXICANS.
ions. Tlicsc favored of lioavfii pi'ofossod to hold coni-
imiiiiciitioii witli onick's, and would vnivv eavorns and
woodi'd ravines, sending thence doleftd sounds, to
frighten the pe'>[)le, who were by such trieks easily iui-
])osed upon iiad leu to believe in their deceits and jug-
gleries.-''*
As to ailments, Lower Californians arc sul)]ect to
consuin[)tion, l)urning fevers, indigestion, and cutaneous
diseases. J^nudl pox, measles, and syphilis, the last
ini[)orted by troo[)s, have destroyed nuud)erless lives.
A\'ounds inllicted by the bites of venomous reptiles may
be added to the list of troubles. Loss of apj)etite is
with them, generally, a symptom of approaching death.
1'liey submit resiguedh' to the treatment ])rescribed by
their medicine-men, however severe or cruel it may be.
They ueglect their aged invalids, refusiug them attend-
ance if tJK'ir last sicikness proves too long, iind i'eco\erv
iij)[)ears iiuprobable. In several instiuiccs they ha\e put
an end to the patient by suffocation or otherwise.-''^
Diseases iire treated externally l)y the aijplication of
oiutuients. })lasters. and fomentations ol" medicinal hcrl»s.
particularly the wild tobacco, ►'^moke is also a, great
panacea, and is adnnnistered through a stone tube ])hiced
on the suifering part. The usual jugglei'ies attend tlu'
j)ractice of medicine. In extreme cases they attempt to
draw with their fingers the disease from the patient's
mouth. \i' the sick person has a child or sister, they
cut its or her little linger of the right hand, iind let tln'
blood drop on the diseased part, lileeding with a sharp
stone and whi[)[)ing the alfected part with nettles, or
a[)pl\ ing ants to it, are among the remedies used. For
the cure of tumors, the medicine-men l)urst and suck
them with their lips until blood is drawn. Interuid
21:' Cnli/iirii'KtK, Xotir'ui^, cnvUx i., jiji. f)!)-!!."); Cltivvjirri, Slov'vt ihlhi Cal.
toni. i. i)j) IJC), 140. ' 'I'lu'i-c (xistfd iilways aiiiDii^,' the ('iilifoniiiiiis iiidhi-
(liiiils ot liotli sixi's who played the ]>arl <if soii'crcls iir (•(injure is, jii'cli iiilin.,'
ti) jKisscss the jiowfr iif cxorciKiiiy the devil.' Iktiiicrl, in Suiilhsvii'inn llijit..
]8(il, 1). :ts'.t.
'"'■" liiK'iii rt, in Siiiitlisnu'iai) l!i pt., ISC.t, j))). HS.")-?. • Las caiTcias, Inclia-J.
])( leas y (ilvas trabajds volnntavins les ocasioiian nnichcis dulorts dc jiceiin y
utroti acuidtutL!).' CuHj'ornkts, Sutickts, carta i., pp. S"j U'J.
DEATH AND BUllIAL IN LOWEll CALIFORNIA.
J3G9
diseases nro troatetl ^vitll cold-wntor l)atlis. Tlio moans
eiiii)l(!\e(l 1)\- the iiicdiciiK'-inau
are n
])eated
l)V
tl
le
11
iiu'iiihcrs of the ])atient s I'ainilv and hy his friends. J
dauLiei" e\en the imitation of death startles them. If
au invalid is pronouneed hevond re(X)verv, and he hap-
})i;ns to shind)er, they innnediateh' aronse him Avith hlows
on the head and hody, for the pnrpose of* preservinj.
lifi "
'•-.tr,
Death is followed ])y a plaintive, monrnful chant,
attended with howling l)y iriends and relatives, who
heat theii" heads with sharp stones nntil hlood Hows
freely. Without fm-thei' ceremony they either inter or
hnrn the hody inmiediately. according to the custom of
the locality: in the latti'r ease they leave the head
intact. Oftentimes they hury or hurn the hody heiore
life has actually left it, never taking pains to ascertain
the liict.-'"'
\\'eaj)ons and other personal effects arc huried or
hurni'd with the owner: and in some localities, where
hurying is customary, shoes are put to the feet, so that
the spiritualized hody nuiy he pre[)ared l()r its journey.
In Colechii and (Juajamina mourning ceremonies are
practiced certain days after death — ^juggleries — in which
the priest ^jrctends to hold converse with the de))artcd
spirit through the scalp oi' the deceased, couuuending
the qualities of the departed, and concluding ])y asking
oil the spirits hehalf that all shall cut off their hair as
a siuii of sorrow. After a short dance, more howliiiLi',
iair-i)ullni'.
iiid other ridiculous ai
ts. tl
le
pr
les
t .U
mands provisions lor the spirits journey, which his
''■•'' fV'fr; /I )vj, .'<!,, ri't ihVn I'ifl.. tuni. i.. jip. 112 i:i, M2-"); Jy/<W.:/;.v,,s'
Ai'iiiD's, ]ij). I'Ji;-?; Siitratii riv. in line. Ilisl. J/r.c, sciii" iv., toin. v., ]i. '_.'!;
IhliifKirlf, loi.trii, tdlil. X., ]iji. l:!:i 1. ' ltc)L;;il)il il cllfi liuo, (lUc ]c clmp.issc ii,
y Siiplissiu di' el niixlo lllisiim. ([Ui' In li.U'iiill IdS CuimikIi los. K\i iMltul);!U
tndosjuii' su cirdiii cstc (ilicin dr picdail, chuiiiiiidn. y wipliiiid" jiiiim ni l.i
jiiirtc Icsa, y drspui'S todDslosotros nrj^iiiuis dc lor; siaitidos.' !'< ('(;/"•■■, ScIU-'ki
'If Id I'dl., tcilll. i., ]ii>. 1 17 is.
an; |!;ii'L,'ri't says: ' It serins trdiciis to lliciii lo sjiciid iiincli time in^av an
'il<l. dyiii^ [ici-sdii that was Ihiil; aj^^'o a Imrdcii tn tliini and lookid u|Hin with
iudill'crcMcc. A (ici-sdn nf my arcinaintanci' I'lsldicd n i;ii'l to lifr that was
already Itiinnd np in a di ii-skin, accnnlin^,' tn tht ir I'Ustciiu, and ivady fur
hiaial.' JJac'url, iu .Sinitltsudutu Jtipl., IbUl, p. 3s7. *
570
NEW MEXICANS.
lioiircrs roiidily C()iitri])uto. and uliicli the })ri('^t appro-
l)i'iatt's t(» liis own nse, tollin^ii' tlicni it. liasalrciuly started.
Ot'casionally tlicv honor the memory of thi ir cK'ad l»y
])la('in,i;' a rough imauo of the de[)arted on a hi^^h p(^le,
and a i/iniiiiti or priest sings his pi-aises.'-''
^I'he eai'ly missi(^naries ibund the peojjle of tlie penin-
sula kind -hearted aiul ti'actahk', ahhoiigh dull of
comprehension and ])rutal in their instincts, rude, nar-
row-miiiiled. and inconstant. A marked dillerence of
character is ol)serval)le hetween
ixbli
the (
oclinnis an(
1 ti
le
I
ericuis.
TUe 1
ornier are more courteous in their man-
ners ami better behaved; although cuiming and thievish,
they exhibit attachment and gratitude to their suj)eri()rs;
natiu'ally indolent and addicted to childish })ursuits and
anuisemeuts. they lived among themsehes in amity,
direct! ul;; their savage and revenucful natui'e auainst
nei:
re
dil
jorni
li' tril
>es AVI
th wh
lom the\ wei'e at variance,
The I'ericuis. before they bi'came extinct. Avere a iiei'ce
and baibarous nation, unruly and brutal in their ])as-
sions. cowardly, treacherous, false. ])etulant, and boast-
fid, with an intensely cruel and heartless disposition,
often shown in relentless ])ersecutions and nuirdeis.
Jn their character and disposition the (luaicuris did not
dilVer essentially IVom the IVricuis. In the midst oi'
so nnicb darkness there was still one bright spot visible,
inasmuch as they were of a chcerl'ul and hap])y nature,
lovers of kind and lovers of country. Isolatt'd. occupy-
ing an ill-la,\()red country, it was circumstances. I'atlier
than any inherent incapacity for im])rovement, that held
these poor j)eople in their low state: for. as we shall sec
at son'c future time, in their intercoui'se with civili/cd
Ibi'eigiiers. they were not lacking in cmming. diplomac\.
SoKishness, and other aids to intellectual jjrogress.'-'"*
NOUTHEKN MEXICANS, 571
The Xoi!TiTi:i!N ^rKxrcAX;^, the fourth and last divi
.sioii of thisuroiij). spread over the torritorv Iviuj: lietwocii
])aralk'ls l]l and 2o of north latitiido. Thoir hinds have
an averaiic hrcadth of ahont live Innulred niik's. with an
ai-ra of sonic 250. OOO s([naro miles, com] )ri si nti' the states
of Sonora, Sinaloa, Dnhnahna. Dnran^o. Xuevo Leon,
and tlie northern portions of Zaciitocas. KSan Luis I'otosi
an(
1 T
unaiun)as
P
Nearly parallel \vitli the Pacific seahoard, and divid-
iiiji' the states of Sonora and Sinaloa from (Miihnahna
and Dni'anuo. runs the jrreat centi'al Coi'dillera; further
to the eastward, passint;' throudi (\)ahuila. Xuevo Leon,
and San Luis I'otosi'. and following the shoi'c line of the
^fexican Oulf. the Siei'ra, Ahid re continues in a souther-
ly direction, until it unites whh the lirst-named ranuo
at the Isthnnis oi' Tehuantepec, All of these mountains
ahound in mineral wealth. The tahle-land lietween
them is intersecti'd hy three rid.tics; one. the Sierra Mim-
bi'cs. issuinu' from the inner tlank of the Western Cordil-
lera north of Arispe, extendinj:' in a nortlu'rly direc-
tion and following; the line of the Rio tJrande. ^fhe
middle mountainous divide ci'osses from Duranpoto Coa-
huila. while the third rises in the state of .lalisco and
taking' an easterly and afterward northerly direction,
tra\'erses the taliK'-land and mersi'es into tlie Siei'ra
^hulre in tlie state of San Luis I'ot
OSl.
On tl
lese hro;
id
tal''e-lands are numerous laki's fed hy the streams which
ha\e their rise in the mountains adjacent ; in hut fe
w
laiilail, y fl;i(|Ui zii i]v aiiiiiio; y finiilniciiti'. la falta iniscraMi' dc toilo \o (|no
Imiua a los linmlin's csto cs. rai'ioiialcs, juililicos, y utiles para s'l. y
para la Sdcicdad.' 1'
Xdtirid ill' III I 'ill., Idiii. i.
11'
l-'.», s7
I.
ciiics (1(1 Ndrtc cvan mas <1( sjiicrtas, di'ciU s y I'u lis. hk'ikis vicidsas y
lilacs, y pur taiitu ".iicjnr disjincstas jiara rci'ihircl iMistiaiiisino (]iic las (jnc
lialiitaliaii al Siir.' ^ nl'il ij Mi xi'imn, \'iiiiii\\\.\\\\\\. ' Ei'iili los corasy p-
ctlcis. y jj;cii(ralii]( iitc las
raiu'lu rias del Siir dc Cdifcrr.ia. ii
ladi
capaccs; j'cru laiiilii( ii mas vici()S(is i' iii(|ui( tos (jiic las d( mas iiaciciics do
a lull iisiila
.1/.
//■(■
lli<t . I limit, ill' ,]i'
fdlll.
111.
ulr. ill V'ljl. ih- r h'lllj
•2.")2. ' ('( s ]i( n]il(S
( 'ii.'i I'i'i nil'. .Xiiiiri III-
iii'iiirili III ( liiiit', y. ]i t. Other aliiisieis tn their
SdHt d line tres-^'raiide ddcililc, lis s(> laissciit iiistnni
■haiacter inny he fmiiid in ('iililvrmi il'lit Jlni'rit's J/ifc in M
Villi
(-.S('//()/'
y Siiiirlii'z, Tlii'dtrii, fdlll. ii., ]>
>1)2:
rl.
<\. i., p
Inilln'iiiiiiin
Uijil.. INdl, ])]). ;17H S.'i; {'yi'fpu ill /''"'. U'lsl. Mix., s( ric iv., tdiii. \ii., \>\i
]:i."), M;i-c.: /;;V(s, //;.-/. ,/. /„s v
nmiijilii
p. AA-1: (III
Nil
ill llu
(((/., tola, i., PI). 113-11; Malk-liruii, J'i\'i.is di: la Ui'wj., toiu vi,, p. 'ir>l.
672
NEW m::xicans.
spots is the Itiiul aviiilahlc for tilliip'. Liit it is admiraltly
juliiptod to pastoral [)urpost's. 'riic rlimatc! eaii iiardly
bo Hiir[)asso(l in its tonic and cxliiliiriitinji' pro[)c'rti(.'s;
the atinos[)l»ero is ever clear, ^vith sunshine by day, and
a galaxy of brilliant stars by nidit; the absence of rain,
Ibjis. and dews, Avitli a delicious and even tenii)eratiire,
renders liahitations almost niuu'Ci'ssary. All tliis \ast
region is o(!ciii)ied by nnnieroiis tribes si)eaking different
languages and claiming distinct oi-igins. L'[)on the
northern seaboard of ^^onora and Tibiiron Island are
the Ccfiii, T'llmroin'!^^ and Tcponix; south of them the
Cah'tfds, or S1ihiIo(I><, Avhicli are genei-al names lor the
YaqiiU and J/di/os, tribes so called from the rivers on
whose banks they live. In the state of Sinaloa there
are also the Cochlfax, Tncaves, Safidiliox, ZtiafjHcx, and
A/ioincx. besides many other small tribes. ScattiM-ed
thnjugli the s'ates of the interior are the O/mt'tH, Hinlr.
veK, Joras, '/'nxihiniiansj Tiilxiroi, iuid Tifu'lnKdiex^ who
inhabit the moiintainou,>- districts of (.'liilmahua and
Durango. Mast of the Tarahumares. in the northern
])art of the first-named state, dwell the Coiichoa.
h\ Dnrango, living in the hills round 'l'o[)ia, are the
Acaxnts; south of whom dwell the Xlchiicx. On the
table-lands of ^lanimi and on the shores of its numer-
al)
ous lakes, the Irrltllns and main other trila
s are se
ttled
while south of these again, in Zacatecas and t^an Luis
IN^tosi. are the (riuichlrh'dcs. llnniiKin'x. and ('iizrnni's, and
further to the east, and bordering on thi' gulf shores we
lind the country occupied by scatteretl tribes, distin-
guished by a great variety of names, prominent among
Avliich are the (^(trrivn^ or (iiiv/M^, A'>//i'iiii')r(;<.i\\u\ I^liifus.'''''
^b)st of these nations are com[)osed of men of large
2'3 Father Hibiis, tlic livst jivicst who visitcl thr Yai]iii^!, was surpristd at
the lo.l I I'liu-'h t.me in which thiv spuke. Wlieii lie iiiiimistrati il with thi in
La- il(
tiieir reply was, 'No vi's ijue soy Miai|iii: y di/iaiil i. ii(ir(ii
essa pal.ibra, 3' 110 iiln'e, sii,'uiliea, el iju
hahL
'rilo-
li'lh'l^. Ilisl. dr l"S
Triuiiiiili
I'
Ml
ri
ii'ir name e(ini;s ticini their position, a
means in ihAr own lan''iiaL'(i honmlarv, thev havini,' luen lioun led
n.i
siilo-ihy hostile trilies.' Staiic, in Hist. Mdii., \
1 1 pal ihiM I'll ildiiiKtli ^ InrdhniiKiri siLjnitiea,
pi ■•, y /
1(1
Si't,'un ])are('
'mind, eori'o
7'
llrl, I ■
'.//■
toni.
nrn ihif ih'. II iii'';'Wi' I'lln a t'li'ii,
:;!i-t.
'].
a }ia
1 /./"/-
crueu al^:^uuos (pio es ^luxiuaua, y corrupcion de tqK'ltMini, conipustadur;
I'llYSICAL rECULIAKlTIES 1\ NOUril IIEXICO.
573
stiitmv; robust, niid woll foniiod. \\\{h nu oroctrnrriajic;
tlic liiK'st sjM'cinu'ns uiv to be loiiMd on tbo M'ii-coast,
«'Xci'[)tious bt'iiiii tbc (.)[)iita,s and Cbicoratiis. tlic Ibniicr
iucrmiiig to corpuk'iHn", the latter being short, althoiiiili
active and swil't rnnners. 'I'he women ai'e well liinbcil
and ha\e good figures, but soon beeonie coriiident. The
leatures of tiu'se people are (jnite regular, th- hi'ad round
and well sbaju'd, with bJac^k and straight hair; they haxc
high eheek-bones and hand.sonie months, with a. gi'U-
erally mild and ])Ieasing expression ol" countt'iianee.
Tiiey have jjiereing blaek eyes, and can <listinguish ob-
jects at great distances. 'i1ie Ceris .see best toward the
close of the day. owing to the strong I'ellection Irom the
white sands of the coast during the earlier part of the
day. The Carri/.as are remai'kable foi* their long up[)er
lip. The nu'U of this region have little beard ; their com-
jilexion varies IVom a light bi'own to a copper siiade.
Many of them attain to a great age.'-'"^
For raiment the Cahitas and Cei'is wear only a small
rag in front of their persons, secured to a cord tied
lien nil
conipnosto do fi'iiiU, moiito, y hna, flosiiionciii qni' fii Mcxiciiin
iiMHiti'. < )lros, iiiasc)
ilulicil Jiiisi'siiill. culiio r^i (li jriMliins scl'lor I'l dut I'lo del
('(111 mas ixactitiiil. ilici n (|iic (■ ii.lnum cs vdz tariihuiiiar, di livada dc/i'/iK^ i')
<1>'
siiiuilica (hirii, lo dial (■(iiiviciic cdii il caractcr dc la iia(i(
/./.
tolii. ii., ]>. I'l. 'Lit ])alalirii in-a.i'ii' ])ai'ici' m r la iiiisiiia (pic la Av ficn.ii Ic,
uouilirc (ie nil imclilo jk rtciuciciitc alcstado dc I'ni'liln, aiidios ciirni]iciiiii d(
lapalilira Mcxicaiia 'fc'f.r/'/, cdiiiiuicstn dc (/// i a'^'iia, > y dc ((M'i'// (
ca/iicla ()
oscudillai, li(iy tandiicii cuirdiiiiiida, cnjili': cl tmln si^Miilica nUnrcK. lumdiro
Jicrfcctailiclitc adccnado a la cosa, pucs ([Uc Alccdo, [ l>'h
liiicric'l I (lice (juc cll Acil.i'
tcr'a. cll (pic sc rc('(iL;(
11 la
tr
(lUl
lay mm caja (p area dc a
411a d(
c lilci
baiaii dc la Si
cri'a y sc ciiiiiluccii a hi>ii:cii
ha d
7-
/'/'. (/c
c cali-
1 iioinhrc, piles, iios dice (pie si no la obia anpiitecti'niica, a lo niciios la
I>\rr\ij}ini''ii> L'li't-
idc
III
ncioii. vieiicn dcsdc losanti'mos Mcxicaiio:
i'lKl'd lie II'kI. liciiil., tolii. i.
HI.
21" ' Las iiiiiLtcrcs son notalilcs jior los pccluis y ])ics pc()ncnos.' I'lA/stv
Notirhis ill' S
1
n(>n vivissuno.
ih' los Tr'niiiililiiiS
iillnril, p,
■ .IW.
Id',). ' Ticncii la vista imiv a''iida
K
oido cs tain-
IKI,
Cri'm. ill' Zinttirti.f. \)\>. 174 •">. Sec also, Uilnis. Hist.
vv
M"), -iS.'), (i77: X
■Il ji SiiinlnK, p. 142; .Viiirr. Hint. ('
'ii'iii/.. Itnllititi.
iiiii'iu, in
tup. I
I-::
ill
Xutl
<h:
Ir ,/i.iiis, toin. i.. ]). 4Ui; Sur,
pp. iMt, Is'.); I 'iislio'ii'ilii, in Ti rnitii.v-CiDii-
piitin. ViiiJ., K('ric i.,toni. i\.. iip.44,4'.); .liiitmiiniit. I'ruii. ili' Mrilinnriiii, _l/.s'.
p. 242; LKrlinintl'-, Ji'iliiHssit-llnnlliDn, ]<]). 7'.)-HII; I'mtiUit, t'lini/. .V. ilnliriu. MS.
p. HI); llirliimH r 1/ Tluinl. JUnriu, ]).(!'.); Jliinh/'s Tnir., iip.2.S',). 2'.i'.); Ilurllitt';
vol. i., jip. 414, 41)1; Mulilnip/nnlt. Mi
toni, i., )ip. 214-l.j,
torn, ii., ]it ii., p. 411); rtlnn. in Jtiiiiinstn, Xnriiiitlniii. toni. iii., fol. ;i4."i; Uaz-
ll'l. Ai
'iilrvtn. Col. lie l>i
toni. ii
2!)i!
^(ii/(, ill
Linvl. (irmi. S<)i\, Ji)Hr.,\o\. \\\., ]). 12; Df IjI'I, Xunis Orhis, p]p. 2(^4-5;
ir.nv/V .1/.
il. i., ]!]). 571, .")«:!; J'rirh'tnr.t Xut. llLit. Man, vol.ii., p.
5IJ2; Vurvnado, in Jlnhlui/l's \'oi/., vol. iii., p. 302.
571
NEW Mi;\K ANS.
round tluMviiist; Hit' Tiii'iiliiiiiiarcs. Anixi'cs. and otlicr
jiiitioiis (>r the interior use I'or the sjnnc puriiosc a H|n;iru
j»ir('t'or tainu'd deer-skin pMinted. except in cold weatlier,
>vlien tlu'v \vrii[) ii lar.iic Mue eotton mantle round tiie
.slioidders. Tlie women lia\" jietticoats reaeiiini:' to tlieir
ankles, made of sol't eliamois oi* ol" cotton or auave-tihi'e.
and a (iIiiki or nianth' dining tlie winter. S«->nie wear a
lonji' sleeveless cliemise, wliicli reaches iVoiii tiie slioidders
to the leet. The ( \'ri women have petticoats made iVom
the skins of the albati'oss or iielican. the leathers inside.
The ( )pata men. soon after the con(|iiest. were Umiid
well clad in hloiise and drawers of cotton, with wo<Hhii
shoi's. while their nei^ihhors wore sandals of raw hide,
>.n
cut to the shape of the f(H)t.
The ('ahitas. Aca\('es and most other trilies. pierce
the ears and nose, from which the\' lianii- small iirecii
stoni's, attached to a piece of liliii' cord; on the head,
neck, and wrists, a jiieat varietv of ornaments are nvoiii.
made from motlier-()f-])earl and white snails' shells, also
Irnit-stoiK's, pearls, and copper and siUcr hoojis; round
tl
le ankles some wear circU'ts of deers hoot's, other
dccoraie their heads and nee-ks with necklaces of red
])eans and striniis of [laroipiets and small birds; ju'ails
and feathers are much used to ornament the hair. The
])ractice of jiaintiiij:' the face and body is common to all.
the colors most in use beini;' red !ind black, \ favorite
style Avith the Ceris is to jiaint the face in alternate yw-
jiendiciilar stripes of blue, red, and white. The Tintos
paint the face, breast, and arms; the Tarahiimares tattun
the forehead*, lips, and cheeks in various patterns: the
^'a(|uis the chin and arms; whiie other tribes tattoo the
face or body in styles iiecnliar to thcmsidves. J>oth
sexes are proud of their hair, which lliey wear loni; and
2" ' Xi) iilciuizaii I'ojiii (](• iil^iodon, si no cs iilt,'uii;i-i i>iUiipaiiil]iis y nlu'niKi
nmiltll limy ^'nicsii: poviUli' d Vtstido dr (■ll<is cs dc cKcld dr VcliaddS adiilM-
(los. y el vcstidi) t\\\r dcllos liiiccu <s coscr im ciicio con ulro y jmiii'isclds jiirr
dt'l)aji( del l)l'a/.o atados al lioiuliri), y las iiinji'Vcs tracn sus iiaLjiias liiclias
con siis jii'ipiics t[iic Ics llc^an liasta los ti)bil!c>s cdiin) fiija.' (imimin, /c/.
Aik'ih., in Ic'nhiili-rlii, Col. lie Dor., torn, ii., \)]). 'iilii, -/'.ili, 4S1. The Ciri
women wear ' ]iicles de alcatras jior lo i^'cneral. i) n)ia tosca frazada dc lana
cnvucltii I'U lii ciutiira.' Wlasco, .Wdivlaa dc Suiiura, pp. 131, 7-1, V>'-i.
NoiirinniN mfaicax Dwr.LMXtis.
tiikc niiicli ('lire of: tlic women pcrniit it to llow in loose
tresses. whiU' the men jiMtliei' it into one or more liil'tson
the crown of tii" liead, inisl when liuntiiii: jtrotect it )>v
ii chamois ca[), to [trevent its heing tlisiirraniicd hv trcts
oi- hiislies.-'-
Their houses are of lidit constrnction. nsiinllv huilt
of sticks and reeds, and are covereil with coaise nvd
mattinu'. The Chinipas. Va(|niH. ( )|)atas and ("onchos
hiiild somewhat mor<' snhstantiul dwellinLis of tinihei- and
adobes, or oi' i)hiited twitis well [tlasteri'd ^ith mud: all
ari' oul\ one storv hiph and ha\e llat roots. Altliou;:h
none of these |)L'o[>le arc without their houses or huts,
they siH'iid most of thi'ir time, es[)ecinlly din-iuu' siun-
mer. nmU-r the trees, '{'he 'i'arahumares find .sheltei' in
th(^ deep caxcrns of rocky mountains, the Teju-huaiies
and Acaxi'es place tlieir haltitations on the toj) of almost
inaccessible cru;:s. while the llinnes and IJatucas huild
their villages in s{(uai"es, with lew and very small en-
trances, the better to defend themselves aiiainst their
enemic'J — detucheil buildiiiLis for kit(;hen and store-room
purposes being placed contiguous.-"
2'- Tlin 'rcmm is liuil ■ l,is (irrj.is cprc idus dc los ziircillns (pn- illo-* vsaii
ml ii'iia Ins (Ic ciincii,!-. clr ii:i(mi' lalir:til:is, V cliHarladas cii liiliK a/iili's, v rtt
III toil I 1,1 or.) I.' I!
//;>■/. </-• /os T,
"I
.In
\>\,. -Jj;
172.
I'llliacaii, Nili'io ill' (lii/iiiaii nut iilirjut "i I.UIM) wanidis wliu ' Iraian al ciiclli
-ai'las ill' ('111
iliiniii
'I's, pi'i'ii us iK'nui'i'ios y (itrii-i ilit'i I'l'iiti s iiaj.n iti
VW/,., ill
s MIS I'alicz s
Icil.liillfrlii^ fill, ill /;,/('., tiiiii. li ,|). It'll. 'I'lii' lliiliirs, ' ciii'iiliad,
dc iliailraias do varias |iliiiiias di' |ia|iai^uviis, ^^iiacaiiiayas cmi al'^mios |» iia
li' liiij.i di' Jiiat I lialid 1.' .l/c
ulu
iii., p. 'Ml. ' Jvis llldins di' I'Sto llllfvo
ItlVl
/>."'. //;.w. .)/'
tdlll.
df d
livi'i'sas liacKiiiis ((iii'
St." disliii^'iU'ii |)(ii' lii diviisidad di' rayas cii el rostrn.' I'ml'ilhi. I'luuj. .V. h'lili
.1/v,].p. 17-2. .■.:!!. 'N . 1
lii'iims vi-,tii i'l iiiii'^'im carrizn pintado cini viinii'
I'lll, tal ciDili) Id lliC'n iitlOi.' Iliidiili'i- >/ Tlinril, I)!
di'scripti.iu sen ll'ii-ih/'s Tnir., pp. 2S'.l-'.)('». 2'.IH; llurllilfs I'
p, (i:i. I'lii'ftiitiiii'
.\'
p. 11
j; i'liiiiiwr
' ".'/■! PI'- 1 '•''- '"• ''"i'"ii'i'l", iu ll'il.liii/l's Villi.
:ti(2-l; h'^iiij'i, in /-/., pp. :is4. ;wi|-l; fnhv-.n <k I'ki'k, Ki-lulh
111., pp.
I riinii.i'-
I'nilip
ilnrminUi). ii
7/n
r.i.y..
1.. tiiiii. vii . p. 2")l): I'lisliirnilii. ill /</.. tnin. i\.. p. \'\~
n /'/.. p. :);(■,: Wanl s Mi
Vol. i.
si'rii' v., No. '.til. lip. 1st .■), I'.t): .s.,,,,,,-,/, l)i-i-ni<. '
ii'ii'l.. Ill
si'i-ii' iii.. toiii.
IV.. p.
1.12; Arii'ii/H, in A/., serif iv., toin.
lii'DI.. lilllhli
hir. IHsi. Ml
11. i;
1)1
Top., iu /(/., si'iii' iv. toin. iv., pp. UU-ll; />( '/< (//c/.'i . I!
ii'riji
il-llnilll,i,
])p. 71)-S 1: Oriiil I. Ifi.-il. '/(■/).. toiii. ii.. jip. .">71-(i, (id'.i; .si i-;,i, iu l.'nid. Urnii,
!•» (i; .|/r> //'(', //(,s/. Ciiiiip. (/■■ ilisii.-t, tulii. i., ]ip.
'iiiir.. vol. x\x., lip
in. 4 ICi. and ii.. pp. 121, 1st; .UniilKiiiia. .ViVii/rc W'.cnhl, pp, ::^)\ 22(i. 22s
id 1)1/
X'ltr 11'//, p|(. 2;t.-). 2.-|t-.->; I'ltUnn ilr \'iiri(, Hilnlinii, pp. I(i7-S:
Llii'rla t'liiile. in .{''imn .lA-.i'., toin. i., p. ICI; Ikuninnid, Cri'm. ilv Mivhinu'iii
MS., pp. 2t;"2; lliyirl. I\iri-lii'ii-<irirli'flil\ toin. ii., p. M'.K
*'■' ' Todus los piU'blus de los iu iios cubicrtas lus cusus dc Lstcias, a In
NEW ^rEXICAN!=!.
Tl'.'t 'Sovtiieni Moxiciiiis live cliiony oii \\\h\ fr<'iti-i
such as the pitaluiya, honey, <:raiii, roots, (isli, iiiul
lai'vie; tliey (tiptiire liuiiie both lai\ue and small, and
some {•>[' tliem eat rats. mice. iVoiis. snakes, worms, and
Acrmin. Tlie Aliomamas aloni: the shores of Lake
Parras. the Va((nis. Baiueas. ("eris. 'I'arahnmares, and
the ( )patas since the con(|Uest have become aiiricul-
tnrists and cattle-I)reeders. besides availinLi' thi'msehcs
of lishinu' and hnntinu' as means ol" snhsislence. On the
coast of Sonora. there heinu' no mai/.e. the natives Ww
on nnlven/ci
I rnsl
I an(
1 sti
itl
raw. ^vllll iisn can
rht at
sea or
in artilicial enclosnres. The dwellers on tiie coast ol"
Sinaloa ','onsnme a, hwyo (piantity of salt, ^\hich they
jiather on the land dnrinii' the dry season, and in the
rainy I'cason from the bottom of marshes and pools. It
is saitl that tl'.e Salineros sometimes eat their own excre-
ment, Accordinji' to the re[)orts oCtlu' older iiistoi'ians.
the l\)l)os()s. I'an/ariiiames, ( 'abt'/as, Contotores. and
Aca\('es. as Avell as other trii)es of Dnraniio and Sina-
loa. Tornierly ted on hnman llesh. -hnnted human l)einL;s
I'or food as they hnnted (U'cr or other lianie. The llesh
of their bi'a\t' I'oes the\- ati\ thinkinu' theri'b\ to iuvj:-
men
t tl
len' own l)ra\('r\
The ("eris of Tibni'on Island dcjuMid for 'ood entirely
on (ish and uamc. They catch tm'tle by a,])]iroa>'liin;:
till' animal and ^ndd('nly <lri\in,u the point of their spear
iido its baek. a cord beim:' attached t(* the weapon by
which they dra;^ (he |>ri/,e on to the raft av soon as its
i
illi[;ill I II I(11l;M;i (
Ic M
liitliiii.' '.
iiiiiii,
/.'./.
I'Ml'i) jl
l.tlr
ill li:i(Ji((l('ilil, I 'ill.
y pov 'stii can:' i Ir ll.'iniaiiin
hn
I'UII. II.. |l
■J'.m;
('iiiii|iuri' ' ■isl'ii'i il'i. ill 'I'l riiiiH.i'-i'iiiiiji'ins, I'li//., s>'ri i., tom. i\.. )i|i. Ill, ITii'.
C'liiihhr. \'
iii.. |)
1<: I, Kll, -2 1(1; r
.V
n tl'iKhnif.
in /'/.. |i. :ii;ti; l-Ui»j'>. ill hi., ] :iM: M.mtn
'/'/. )»ii. 2w(;. -JICi, 2-^7 s; mill It'i/iim; Xmi' I .//, jip. •J;1J
III
jii^i.'h /„;■•/
111). ICiT. li
'!/■■ V
HihilS
riiiiDi
hi..
i/,i
111 U'liiiilstii.
lip. :i. i;
•l-ll, U'.\\\
■lliim ilr \'iifii. Ii'ildt'i
il/'hi'lhiiiii
tdiii. i.i., fill. il'iT: oriiili). Hi.
tiiin. Ill , 111). •)( I. :i(fi, (
Hi fit. I '■'iiiii. ill' ./i
.\:iiilriirlii, ill Id., tl
tiilii. I., |i
:)'.!
)i. isi'i: !!• rhiiiilirr i/ 'I'lmni, lliurl". ]>. HH.
>"' 'Coiiiiaii iiiiiiiiiKlas ciu'iirs sill r.si'rvar la liuiiiaiia.' I'niHllii, ('
X. h'llliriil, MS.
VV
r>:!i), K(i, si.
"I-
i'M\. ' lis iiiaii'.;>'iit tons ill! hi chair
'/'( niini.\:l 'iittljlHhS,
liniiiaiiii'. ft viiiit a la cliassi' ilcs liiininus.' I'linlnrniln
Villi., m'tIi' i., toiii. ix., lip. 152, r">s ',1. Si'i' also, .Wl'iini, I'lu-'m, il '/.iifitli
lip.' ir.o, ISO 'J; Uihus, Ulsl. (Ii: ha Trhuinilina, pp. 3, (i, 7, 11, 11, 175, '217
:i.sri, (171.
METHODS OF HUNTING.
577
j^trongtli has hoooino cxhaustod. According' to rioinarji,
the iiativt's of Souora in IGoT wo)"o caught ])()iM)iiiiiu:
the doer-pools, probably for the skins, or it may have
been oidy a stn[)elyin>i driid< that the ])()ols were niiide
to sn})[)ly. The Sinaloans are jireat hunters: iii titiies
they piu'siie the uanie sindy. then apiin the wlio'c town
turns out and, surrounding' the thickest ]Kut of the for-
est, the pi'o[)le set lire to the nnc'erbrush iuid briui;'
down the uiune as it attempts to esca; e the iliinies. ,\
least of reptik's is likv'wise thus secured. Jgu-uias are
cauuht with the hands, their Iclis broken, and thus they
are kept until re(piii-ed for food. For [)rocurinLi' wild
lioney. a bee is (()llowed until it reaches its tree, the sweet-
<■ <ntainin,Li' [)art ol' \vhich is cut olV and caiiied away.
The Tarahumai'cs hunt dee; by drivinji' them through
narrow parses, where men are stationed to shoot tliem.
Otliers make use of a di'crs head as a decoy. I'or li.-^li-
in!.i' tlay hax'e various contrivances; some lish between
the rocks with a j)ointed stick: others. Wi en lisbin^' in
a pool, thi'ow into the water a s})ecies of cabbajLic or
leaves of certain trees, that stupefy the fish, when tluy
are easily taken with the hands; they also use wicker
baskets, and near the Pacific Ocean they iuclo>e tli<^
I'ivers. and catch enormous (piantities of smelt and otlier
fish, which have v' tmo up from the sea to spawn. The
La;.iuneros of i oabuila catch ducks by placin,^' a calabash
on their he;,ds with holes throuiih which to bi'ciithe and
see; thus e(i;i!ppvHl. they swiui softly amonj;' the ducks;
and draw them under water without llutter oi- uoi'-e.
Tatema is the nauio of a dish cooked in the urouii.i by
the Tarahumares. I'lie LaLiuneros make tortillas of
Hour obtaini'd iVom an a(piati<'. ]ilant. T\n' /acatecs
make the same kind oi" bread from the imlp of the ma-
guey, which is fn'st boiled w ith lime, then washed and
boiled again in pure water, al'ter which it is s(iuee/ed dry
and made into cakes. .Most of the peo[)le u.^e //o.;/;/<^ or
jthtohitK both bvinji' a kind of jii'uel made of pinole, of
Itarched corn or seeds gromid. the one of gi'cater tliick-
ness than the other; also taiiuiks, boiled beans, jind
Vol. 1. a?
-I
578 NEW :MEXICANS.
]mni[)kins The rVris of Tiburon oat fisli nnd mont un-
cooked, or hut shiihtly hoilcil. The SaliiuM'os rrt'(|iR'ntl\
(l('\()nr uncooked hares and I'abhits, having only removed
their furs.-'-'
The weapons univer.;;dly used l)y these nations Averc
l»o\vs and arrows and slioi't chd)s. in aihlition to whicli
the cliicis iuid most important warriors cari'ied a sliort
lance and a buckler. The arrows were carric(| in i
(|ui\er made of lion or other skins. The '^rarahumarcs
and some others wore a. U'athei'n uuard round tiie left
III
Avrist. to ])r()tect it irom the blow of the ' ow-strin
I'dint knives wei'e employed for cutting up their sla
enemies. Tiie ( 'eris. .lovas. and other tribes sm('are(l the
points oi' thcii' arrows Avitli a very d<';idly poison, but
iiow it was apj)lied to the jxiint. or whence ol»tained. it i-
dilliciilt to determine: some ti'avelei's say that this
poison was taken iVom rattlesnakes and othei" venomous
reptiles, which, liy teasing, were incited to sti-ike their
fangs into the li\t'r of a cow or deer which was ])rest'nted
to them, alter wlii(ih it was left to putrefy, and the arrows
oenig (lip|Mil m
loisonous mass, were placed m
the sun
to d
r\'
to the ]
but other writers, auain. assei
1>
t that
llic
poison was produced I'rom a \egetable preparation. Th
wound inllicted by the point, howeser slight, is said !
'•' P(K^',)I,itl, ' Kiiii'l ell' m:iyz cn/iil'i.' riimlatl. ■ I" nidii dc iii.iyz v ilil:t
tnntmlo,' Mill, ft, !'•.•. //„i/,n'((). 'Vhr I'latiieas 'cuaiito siciiihraii rs i.\<- vt"'ail '<
.sus lailpiM |NWf(!Ou toiiis liiit rtiis.' Azit'iU'.ml i, in Alcijir. Ilisl. roiii/i. ih'
loiu.
toiii. ii.. ^. 1*««(,
lU'i
I'P
till
lis
1st; .VcaM'i
Dili' ipf tisliii
•2H.i t, :!'.r,i. Kt-i;!; T
ii'almiiiaii s.
IL!, ftc,
iilc (if li>lii
hi..
liuiitiii',', and cookinL,'. Mn/f'-. S'lrhrirhh n, ji)). ;Uii, :il7, IJJ'i-Il, li'l". ;U-'
'l"i ' V.i(|iiis' 'lii'lds ••iiul f^itrdriiH id Ilit' liii,'li(st state of cultivation.' U'lnl'
Mr.
.1.
vIiil;. ft(
!>. ') I'l
fiii-tti
mint of their fond ami manner ef
/;
.S/'I
u
t..l. 51; /r
/;
lie ,Si
iji'itd. m
IHsl. .U,.
.fii-dii I, lum. I.. HI
:!/•»(;
lint. Ilisl. l„il.
sene IK> . (i.iii. 111.
MS; V.l.i
1, mil 7(1; Hiiillrit » /'.,■... .V
'//'., vol
.Siiixifii, />.s(viyt. iif",!., in Por. Ilisl. M-x., iteri* iii., turn. i\
tnr). t(;:i:
), .".111 ."iM;
,1 irdiiiilli)
T
ni'i'i.f- I'diiiiki
r
hi., u
r..,/.
■ri.'i.. t.
"n. IX.
I'P.
2»2-;!, •Jl'.l-.VI. 2ii
/
1'
:»•)(;: I 'ilr :n
ii,ii.i:u/i\ r..//.
'/.,, Ilisl. u
torn, ill
Imii. iii., p. ;iSt; I'lmnimhi. in /</.. )))>, '((!;!. .'171;
]!. Ciil'.l; Cuiiiliiir. Vkij.. j))). 1(1(I-'2, JO'.t, I'.W. 2'ii' H:* U>n>min. H<l. An
n hdilinlvcbi. I'ol. il>' Dur., t.im. ii.. p. >!>; '/'./„,, m /•/.. [>. HVI; /> /
.Vfirn.s (h-his. p]). 'JHCi, Hid; .1//
•nihil
I, i'r>':i,ii'ii. Sifiijiiii, p. 142;
IH'); I'll'iii, in JlmiiKsi'
fill. :Hl-2; (riiliilin, in Smii'i'llis Aniinh s lix \'<)ii
2")l!, 2(1:1; /m'liii'U in hi., IS 12. toin. .\ciii., p. 2:3J;
v., p. 100; Miilt'-lirnn, Sonura, jip. 14— j.
\'iriiiiiliiiiil, I'-iii.
•I, llolll.
(•XX \-
V
ill lli-it. M'li \-
w
HOW AllKOWS WERE MADE AND I'UISONED.
,')?:)
!ia,vo oaiisod o(M't;iin death. The an
ows were ])()i
ntrd
\\\\\i iHiit. or some othiT stone, or with Itone. t'astencil to
;i pii'ci' of hard wood, which is tied hy siiK'Ws to a reed
or ciiiie. notched, and winti'ed with three leathers: when
not re([nired loi' innnediate
d
use,
the t
\inii' was loose
and the point i'e\ersed m the eane, to [iroteet it h'oiii
heinu' hroken. Tlie Ceris and ('hieoratos cut a nt)t('li a,
W
ew inches aho\e the point, so that m strikinii' it shoidd
lireak oil' and remain in the woiiiuh Their chihs were
inaiU' of a, hard wood c;illed (/nin/ifi-dii. witli a knoh at
the end, and when not in use were carried shinn to the
ai'in hy a h-ather thoiit:'. Their lances wi're of liia/il
wood. hiKiklers of alli^ator-skiu. and shields of hull s
hide, sullicieiitly iar-re to protect the whole hodx. with a
hole in the top to look throiiiili. Another kind of shield
was made of small lathes closelv interwovi'n with cords,
m sucn a manner
that.
when not reiinired lor use. it
)uld he shut u[) like a fan. and was carried under the
arm
•J 11!
Li\inLi' in a state of constant war. arisinu' out of family
i|naiMvls or a^u^ressions made into each others territories,
the\ wer(; not uu-i<illed in militar\ tactics. Previous
i
-"' Of tlic C'cvis it is s;ii(l tlmt 'l.i juinzcifia cnn qtii apcstan lis imiitas i]r
sn- tl' rliiis, fs la luas uctiva (inc sc lia (■diKicitlii tmr iica. . . iii> sc ha jioilido
a- i; - ,ar I'll 'lies s<ali a piuito lijci Ins iiiiirtifcvus iiiatcrialcs dc tsta ])< st.lt ii-
cj i| 1. aiiioliiM .' V auiuinc si' dii'i'u iiuu'lias cosas, ciniio <iiii' I'l haci ii ,li'
F.iii' zas ill' V liiiras iii'itailas rortailas al tii'iu|iii qui' r]a\aii siis ilii iiti s i u iiii
|"ila/'i (Ic 1> 't'i's y ill' cai IK' Imiiiaiia yu iiU'ilio imiliiila . . ]iiiis iin is mas
i|U'mliviiiai' In ijur nil saliriniis. Sin iliiila sn iiiinripal in;-;!'' ill' ntc smi
il^iiiii r\ i.' Siiii(ir:t, Drs rip. 'r'ci/., in J) i<\ lli^l. M'.w, sriii'iii.. tnni. iv.,
|i|i. ")f) '1. "lo'i. ' F.l iini'^iit I'H im arbiil [it iincfin niny liisaiio y niiiy Iu'Vuh sn
;'i la vista; pirn a corta ini'ision ili' la cnrtr/a Innta una Inln' imirlal ipii Is
si'i'via ru sii ;_!i'Utiliila'l para nniinu/'/i'iar sus tli ilias.' .|/'<//''. Ili.-^l. ( '■■■'ji.
■ /•■ ./ -i'ls, I. Mil. ii., p. 21".. Sill iilsn II inli/'s Trm-., jip. -jas 11, ;t;tl: .s7. . . .
in //'■'. '/';/., vol. v.. |i. liiH; Utiiiii ii'cli'ii It'furlf, vnl. li., )>. ."i"; I'ti'n in .<■
I'll'', in 'I'l rii'iii.f-Ciiinii'iiK. Viijf . si'rii' i., timi. vii.. pp. '.•'iil-l; I'listnrmhi m
/■/.. si'rii' i.. tnni. ix.. pp. 2(1!)'. I'li .J; Suf. ^•.^l./., lluihlin. srric v., Nn. 'i;,
jip. Is.") (1. I'.) 1; .l/7(';/((, ( lirmi. ilr /.(icil/ffin. )). l."i:l: 7'i //". ill Ivdi'illfild, I HI.
• I l>'>-.. tiini. II . p.':t.">l; ti„:iii'iii, /.'-V. ,l/r'i/(., in //., p. 2.V.I, -i'-Mi; Ihs.iui,.
V'l/i"/., ill li'if. H'lst. Mi.e., -I rii' iv.. tmii. iv.. ji. Ill; IH'is. Ili^l. ih h's Til-
i(//(/i/ii..s'. pp. Ill, nil, 17:i, (177 //(• /.'III, Xuriis Oi-li'i.-. pp. 2s."i. •Js7. ;{ii,-,. :i|(i;
■'^•I'iii. in l.oii'l. lini'i. ><ii\, ./'"/'., vyi. XXX., ii}>. \'l, '.■"); Ili rlnmlii r i/ '11' '••I,
Oi'iri'i. p. (IS; li'iinlrri, iii .\li ;n', /li.-'l. I'l'niji. </< ,fi sun, toiii. i. p. -^\: '"/;'-
'"'"', •'".'/•. !'P- 1'''^' -'l'': A's/iiyn, ill Il'iUi'i/l'.'i \'"i/.. vnl. iii.. (ip. :M. :1'M);
.Vi;'(, ill III., p. ")(i7; I'H'ni, in l!iiiiiii.<iii, S'inh;iiri"iil. tniii. iii. fnl. lUJ It;
M'Dil'iiiii.i, Xi'iiii-f W'linl'l, )ip. '2<iS. -I'lH: mul hnjiiiiv. S"" Will. ) p. 2:il,
2.j"); I'ailUhi, Viinq. S. (Jalichi, .J/.S., p. i>'2 r, Uijiiatra, llisl. liuL, ful. o'>.
580
NEW MEXICANS.
to adinission «as a warrior, a young man liad to pass
tlirougli certain ordeals; having iirst qualilied himself
by soino dangerous exploit, or having laithrully per-
ibrnied the duty of a scout in an enemy's country. The
jjreliuiinaries being settled, a day was appointed for
his initiation, when one of the braves, Jicting as his god-
father, introduced hiui to the chief, who. lor the occasion,
iiad fu'st [)laced himself in the midst of a large circle of
warriors. The chief then addressed him, instructing
hiui in the several duties required of him, and drawing
IVom a j)()U(!h an eagles talon, with it proceeded to score
his body on the shoulders, arms, breast, and thighs, till
the blood ran Ireely; the candidate was expected to sul-
ier Avithout showing the slightest signs ot' pain. The
chief then handed to him a bow and a (juiver of arrows;
each of the braves also ])resented him with two arrows.
In the cani[)aigns that followed, the novitiate nnist take
the hardest duty, be ever at the post of danger, and
endure' without a murmur or complaint the severest })ri-
vatious, until a new candidate apjjcared to take his
place.-'"
AVlien one tribe desires the assistance of another in
war, they send reeds filled with tobacco, which, if
accepted, is a token that the alliance is formed ; a call
for hel[) is made by means of the smoke signal. When
war is decided upon, a leader is chosen, at whose house
all the eldei"s, niedicinc-nien, and princi[)al wairiors
assemble; a fire is then lin'hted. and toljacco handed
round and smoked in silence. The chief, or the most
aged and distinguished warrior then arises, and in a
loud tone and not unpoetic language, hai-angues his
hearers, recounting to them heroic deeds hitherto per-
foi-med, victories formerly giiined. and ])reseut wrougs to
be avenged; alter which toJjacco is again passed round.
2'" ' El ji'ivcn qui' (loscii valcr \)nr las avniiis, antes dc scv adiuitiiln ( n tmla
forma a csta iir(ifr>i(m, dcbc liaccr iiu'ritos cii al^'iiiias caniiianas, . . di spiics
di' in-iihadi) almiii ticiii] ii istas t's|)('nciicias y tfiiida la ajinibacioii dr Ins
aiiciaiiiis, cilaii al iintciidii'iitc para alt,'uu dia cu (Hic dri)a dar la iiltinia
]i!-iii'l)a dc su valor.' .Mii/rf, //is/. Cnniji. i/r ./rsi/s, toiii. ii., ]))i. -1^ '•'. •i'."i -^,
mid toni. i,, |ii>. ;t',)()-'J. ]-",xaiiiiii(' S iiinni, />c,sc/'i/i. '''">;;., in l)uc. Illi^t. M.i:.,
Bcriu iii., toui. iv., pp. GW-T; Lhui)(An, iu Id., pp. (181-5,
WAR CUSTOMS IX NOETII MEXICO.
581
and now speakers in turn address the asseml)ly. ^Var
councils are continued for sevei'al ni<ihts, and a day is
named on which the foe is to be attack<'d, Sonietinies
the day fixed for the battle is announced to the enemy,
and a spot on which the fight is to take place selected.
During the campaign fasting is sti"ictl\ ohsei-ved. The
Aca\<''es, before taking the war-path, select a nuiiden of
the tribe, who secludes herself during the whole peiiod
of the cauiDaign, speaking to no one. and eating notliing
but a little parched corn without salt. The Teris and
0[)ati
is aiinroat
,;h their eneniv under cover rf darkne:
preserving a strict silence, and at l)ri'ak of day. In a,
pr
econcei
ted
d
siunal, a sudden and smuutaueous artack i
made. To Hre an enei
n
iKiUse,
tl
le
euaLtues and
T
others put lighted corn-cobs on the points of theii'
arrows. In the event of a rotr<»at they invariably carry
off the dead, as it is considered a point of honor not to
leave any of their number on the lield. Seldom is sex
or age spared, and when prisoners are taken, they are
handed over to the ^vomen for toi'ture. who treat them
most iiduuuanly, hea[)ing upon theui exery insult de-
visable, Itesides searing their llesii with burning brands,
and finalh' bui'nin<j; them at the .^take. or sacriliciuu them
in some e([uall\' cruel manner
M
in\' COOK, and
at
the llesh of their captives, reserving the bones us tro-
j)hies. The slain are scalped, or a baud is cut olV. and
a dance ])erf(M'med round the trophies on tlu' lichl of
hiittlc. On the return of an expi'(lition. if successlul.
entr\ into the vilhcie is made in the da\'-tin
le.
1)
ue
Jiotice ol' their appntach having l)ceu forwarded to the
inhal)itants. the warriors are recei\fil with cougi'atula-
tions aud praises by the wtnnen. who. sci/.iug the scalps.
Vent their spleen in frantic gestMrc^; tossing tliem
from t)ne to another, these feuiale fiends dance and siu^'
round the blooiK ti'o|»iii(
whik.' the men look on in
aproviug silence. Should the expedition, liowexer.
]'iti\)ve unsuo\x'ssful. the \illage is enteicd in silence aud
duriihi' the dead of niuht. .\ll the boot\' taken is
ili\ided jimoniist the aui'd men and wouien
as
it i^
I
NEW MEXICANS.
(IocukhI luilucky by the wiivrujrs to use their enemy's
jjropert}'.-^'*
Tlieh' household utensils consist of pots of cartlien
ware and gourds, the latter used both i'ur cookinj:' and
drinklui:' purposes; later, out of the h')riis of oxen cups
aie niiule. The Tai-ahuniares use in place of saddles
two rolls of straw fii>tened by a girdle to the aninials
biU'k, loose enouuh, however, to allow the rider to put
his iV'ct under them. Emerging from their barbarism,
they employ, in their agricultural pursuits, plows with
.shai'es of wood or stone, and wooden hoes. The Ceris
have a kind of double-pointed javelin, with which they
catch hsh. which, once between the prongs, are prevented
j'rom slipping out by the jagged sides.''^'-'
The Ahomoas, Kudebes. .lovas. "^'arpns, and Opatas
weave fabrics out of cotton or agave-(il)re. such as blan-
kets or scrapes, and doth with colored thrends in neat
designs and ligur(\^; these nations also manufacture mat-
ting from reeds and palm-leaves. Their loom consists of
four short sticks driven into the gi'onnd. to which a frame
is attached to hold the thread. The shuttle is an oblong
jiiccc ot woo<l, on which the cross-thivad is uound.
After passing through the web. the shuttle is seized and
])rcssed close by a ruler three inches in bri'adth. whicli
is placed between the web and sup[)lies the place oi'
a comb. \\'lien any patterns are to be worked. se\cral
Avomen assist to mark oil' with wooden pegs the amount
of thread re((uired. I'he Ya((uisand Ceils manul'acture
comuu)!! earthen ware, and the Tarahumares twist horse-
s'^ Xh in th(^ AI;iyns, ' orrm pstns iiulios on siis postiiTiilirns y niodn rl(>
{^'ucrrciir coiiio Ins di' Sinuldii. liaciiiii la (•ciitiiiclii rada ciuiitu do licia. iidtii-
(IkIdsi! cu fila t'iiicac iita iiulio^, uiio tlclaiiti' ilr otin. cnii siis arcos v llcclias
y I'lm uu.i I'oiliUa i u tiorni." liniiiiuDnt, ('ron, >/' }!• ■Imdrnn^ MS., p 2H
^S(■e also /i(') (s. Hist. (}o los TciKciyi/dis, jip. !(, IS, Til, 47:i-4; i I'llilhi Ci'Ui^
jY. (iiilicin. .VS , p. ■')'2'2; HitiitKHi, Ilil. Ani'ti.. in Inulmli ihi, Ciu. (h' l)ni\,
toiii. ii., [)p. :t il-'J; Ifi.trt, K'lrclfn-ilisi-h'ii-lili'. tuin. ii., p. 7hV.^\ Fin-//. .sv//rs
ilf In f'lf .^(incil'i'-. p. 7l!: Arlciiii. Clirnii. ih. /■iri:lii'iifi. ]). l.'dl; Cih'ntiuthi. in
Jfi/.tiii/t'^ Villi., vol. iii., p. JJfi:!; HnUidin, in X'lucclks Annuh's '/'- I'"'/.,
]S.")I, torn, cxxxi . |i. 'l'>i>.
^•'' S('(! Ciiiiihii-r, Viiij., p. 1")7; Mnn\ Xiwhr'ichbii, ^ip. .^O", I!:!"). •'i^tT;
D'<rnj}. Toji'iij., ill Doc. llifit. .\fx., seriuiv., toiu. iv., p. lli; ll'.trdu'n Tiac,
p. 2'.lu.
PKOPERTY OF CERIS, OPATAS, AND YAQUIR.
583
liiiii- into stroiiir oonls; tlicv also use undressed hides cut
in strips, and coarse aloe-fibres.-"'
No hoats or canoes are eniploved by any of the na-
tives of this region; but the ('ei'is, the Tiltui
ones, ai
id
the Ti'pocas make rafts ol' reeds or bamboos, fastened
totiether into bundles. These rafts are about eij;hteen
I'eet lonii" and tapering toward both ends; some are larue
enou,iih to carry foui' or (ive men; they are ])i'oi)elled
with a double-bladed paddle, held in the michlle and
v'<)rl<ed alternately on both sides.-''
Sid)se(|Ui'nt to the coiKpiest, the Opatas and Yacpiis
accmnulated lar;:e tlocks of sheep, cattle, and bands of
horses; the latter are p)od miners, and expert dixcrs for
pwirls. Tiieir old conununistic i(U'as follow them in
their new life; liuis. the landed property of the Tara-
Inuna res is from time to tin}e repartitioned ; they ha\e
also a i)ul)Hc asylum for the sick, helpless, and for oi'-
jihans, who are taken care of by male and female ollicials
called ft'Kd/icIies. Pearls, tunpioises. (Miieralds, coral,
featlu'rs. and ;i<)ld were in former times [)art of their
property, and helil the place of money; trade, for the
most [)art, was carried on by sim[)le barter.-'"
The Northern .NFexicans make no pretensions to art;
nevertheless, (iu/,man states that in tlu' ]iro\i nee of
('uliaean the walls of tlie houses were deci>rated with
"'" ' Vsn.uin ol iirtc do liibir, y toxcr iili^'oilon, o otras yi'Viias siliiostrcs,
c'ouioi'l Ciri.iiiu) <1l' C'iistilla, u I'ita.' Uilxfs, llisl ilf lufi Tr'ndn/ilins. ]i]t. 12, 2>i(l.
I'lir the Yaciiiis, see IV/^siv). Sutir'nis ih- Saiitira. ]i. TIJ; tor the 0)iatas ami
■lovas, SDiifini. llrscri/i. (v'mf., in Dur. Itisl. .U'.r.. sciic iil., toiii. iv.. ]>]).
■")")()-2; and for til.' I'aialmiiiaifs, Murv, Xnihrirhlrii. ]i 'M^: ('ahfi,i,U' \'iirii,
/i'/(('i"ii, pji. Kl'l, 171; /(/.. in llfnn'is'in, Xdr'iijulhni'i, toni. ill., ful. 1(27; l/i-
rl('ip'll'\ ]!<tiiiis>ii'l-llfi'r'"iii, |i|). 7'.I-H(l.
'^'^ ' El imlio toni.inilo el iistii jxir medio, bofja con graii dcstri'za pornno
y oti'o ladd.' .IV //•'', Hist, i 'itiii/). ih .Iisiit. torn, iii., [». ll'.i. ' \n Indian |)a(l-
dlcs liinisflf . . . by means of a Ichil; <'lasti(' poll- of ahont twilvc oi' foiirtitii
fret ill Iciiijtli.' //'f/r///s Trill-., (in. 2'.)7. 2'.U. S( c alsii .V(;(/. in //«/, /"///'s
I'*//., vol. iii., pp. liCid; I'uhivi ill \'iii''i. Il'hiliiiii. in 'I'l rnnii.r-i'oiniiiiiis. 1 "//.,
s"i'ii' i., torn. \ii., p. 2."il>; nio'i. in lliiiiiii.'<iii, \iiriii<ili")i!, toin. iii., fol. :n2.
'^''^ Till' Cari'izos ■ no tiencn calnllos, pcio en cainhio, sus ihkIiIos i st.'m
llf'ni>s de pt'i'i'o-!.' Iil rlihiilii I' // 'I'lionl, Himi), p. 7l>, 'I'ili' I'ldiiis 'MMi'ri-
liaii nt nnc partie dc IcuI'h ricliesNcn, (|ui ('iili .istidi nt en ('ioII'ih i tell tlll-
ipMis.'s.' I'lisl'i Hrihi. in Ti'vniiiix-i'i'iiipiinx, I'''//., Hi'iiij, tnin. i\,. p. l-Vi.
('. Klip lie fiu:hc'r, Ciim'iir, I'v/., jip. 2{M-1: /.ni'iiiii, in /*.'-' m^ ro, .Knhrins di:
.■>•./,„;•/(,/>,,,//,»{, p. !. . Ilix- ill 1812, ]). (W; Fitnlnl. .jn.s Aim rihn. toui.
ii., 4). iUii; hi., Ci:id. .lime, fi, ^JUU; Valeza i/i j*u<.'i<, Ktlatioii, ji. 107.
684
NEW MEXICANS.
obscene ])aiiitinga. They are all great observers of the
heavenly bodies and the changes in the atniosi)here;
the Ya(|uis count their time by the moon. They are
good miisiciiins. imitating to perfection on their own in-
sti'uments ahnost any strain they luip[)en to hear. Their
native melodies are low. sweet, and liarmonious. In
IVtatlan they embroiilered dresses with pearls, and as
they had no instrument lor piercing the jewel, they cut
a small groove rcjund it, and so strung them. With
])rarls they formed on cloth iigures of animals and
birds.-''
I fmd nowhere in this region any system of laws or
government. There are the usual tribid chieftains,
selected on account of su[)erioi' skill or bravery, but with
little or no power except in war matters. Councils
of war. and all meetings of importance, are lield at the
chii't' s bouse.-''
The ( 'eris and Tepocas celebrate the advent of woman-
liood with a least, which lasts for several days. The
A home maiden wears on her neck a small car\ed shell,
as a sign of her virginity, to lose which befori' mai'riage
is a lasting disgrace. On the day of marriage the bride-
groom I'emoves this ornament irom his ))ride"s neck. It
is customai'v among most of the tribes to give presents
to the girl's paivnts. The Tabus, says Castafieda, are
obliged to purchase a maiden from her parents, and
deliver her to the aici^^'Ki'"", chief, or possibly high priest.
2i3 'Soil ftraiidos oliservadorrs do los Astvos, porqiip 007110 sioinino ilinr-
inoii ;i Ciilii (li-^ciil)icrt(). y cstiiii lurhos iiniii'iiilos, sc iiiiiraMllan do (jiialqiiior
luiovii iiii|ii'ossioii, nuo i'oij;istrau on los C'iolus.' Arlcini, ( hr'iu. dr Zii'-iiti'cin;,
J). 17-">. Aiuoiil; the Vac^uis, ' haj' iisiiiiisiiio im'isicos d(> violin y ai-pa, to(li)
j(or jmro in-mio, sin (jno so ]i\ioda dt^oir ([nv so los hayan onsofiado las jiii-
moras vot,'las.' WlKsro, yoliriti.'^ di: Sonorn, ji. 7t. Soo also IIUkis. Hist. </(■/( is
Trimniiini.-i. p. ]-l; J)r I.iul, Xnciis Orhis, ji. '2s.j; ('iistn/'nlK, in 'rcruiiii.f-Cinn-
jviiis, To'/., s'lio i., toui. ix., ji. V>2; lumbier, Toy., p. 201; Murv, Xmlu-hli-
(en, )i. :i7i); l'>uUVn, (''m>i. \. ii<il\,'hi, MS., p. 8(1.
2J1 ' J^oyos, ni UoyoH (jUo oastiLfasson tales vicios y iiooados, no los timio-
ron, ni si' hallaua onti'o olios ^'oiioro dr nutiiridad y i^cmiorno jiolitiro (juo los
casti;4ass('.' /i'/'iks. Hist, di: Ion Triiinijilin.'f, p. II (nnihhr, Vi'ij., p. "iUO;
Aliiuii'idn, ('(irt((, in 1)«'. Ifisl. Mix., .sorio iv., torn, iii., p. 'M; A'.s-yn/o, in
JLtldni/C.^ I'".'/., vol. iii., p. ;!81.
'■i" 'J'ho wonl ric'hjiu'. wliioh was nsod liy the Spani.u'ds to dosi^mato the
chiefs and viderH of lu'ovinocs and town's thron,u;hoiit tho West Indies,
Central .Vnierioii. .Mexieo, ;tnd I'du, is orii,'ina!iy taken from the Cnhan
lan^'iiayi . (Medu, Hist, tiut., torn, iv., p. 5115, exjilains it as follow:-;
MAimiAGE AND rOLYfiAlIY.
5Hj
to wlioni was accorded tlio dro't Jc nrlr/iieur. If tlio
l)rido proves to be no virjiin, all tlic |)ivsi>nts are returned
hy her parents, and it is optional with the hr'uU'grooni to
keep her or condemn her to the life of a public pros-
titute. The P)auzariganies, Cabe/.as, C'ontotores, and
Tehuecos practice polyj:aniy and inter-faniily niarriajies,
l)ut these are forbidden by the (V'ris, Chinipas, Tibur-
ones, and 'i'epocas. Dilferent ceremonies take place
upon the birth of the first chikl. Among some, the
father is intoxicated, and in that state surrounded by a
dancini;' nndtitude, who score his body till the ])lood
Hows freely. Among others, several days al'ter the birth
of a male child, the men visit the house, feel each limb
of the newly born, exhort him to be Ijrave, and linally
give him a name; women })erform similar ceremonies
with i'emale children. The couvade obtains in certiun
])arts; as I'or instance, the Lagunero and Ahomama
husbands, after the birth of a chiUl, remain in bed for
six ov seven ilays, diu'ing which time they eat neither
lish nor meat. The i^isibotaris, Ahomes. and Tepehua-
)ies hold chastity in high esteem, and both their maid-
ens and mtitrons are remarkably chaste. The standard
of moi-ality elsewhere in this vicinity is in general low,
especially with the Acaxeesand Tabus, whose incestuous
connections luid system of public l)rothels are notorious.
According to Arlegui, Ribas, and other authors, among
some of these nations male concubinage prevails to a
great extent; these loathsome; semblances of humanity,
whom to call be;istly were a slander upon l)easts. dicss
themselves in the clothes and jierform the functiims of
Avonien, the use of weapons e\"en being di'uied tbem."'"
' r;ici(inp: s(M"ior, ipfi> iilisolnto (i rev f\o nun coniiivca o F.stiulo. l".n iimslrda
dins siii'lc cniiilfiirsc ista voz in iil;;iiiiiis |i(ililu(viiiius dc la I'lirtr mii ntiil lio
• 'ul»a. ]iarii di'sii^uar al ri'^ndur dtcaiio dc lui a\ Ulitaiiiii iitd. A>i sr dicf:
l!i"^'idiii- caciiiui'. llctafolicainciitc tiiiU' aiilicaciiui en liuistva iiiiiisula,
liava disiLfiiar a Ins ([iio on los puublos pi'iiucfios llivaii la vci/ y i;iil]ii man a
su ant(ij) y capriclii).'
'■''' ' Juntos ^I'andcs y iK'nncnds iKiiicn a los nincotoiifs y niiiji'Vis casa-
di'i'as en dos liilci'as. y duda nna si'fia cnnircndc ii a colTfr ('stas; d.ula otl'a
'-i'^iicn la cain ra acjncllos, y idcanz.nidolas, lia dc coji r cada nno la snya do
la tftilla i/(piiL'ida; ycincdan hii'lios y continnados los dt'S))osoiios.' SitnarK,
Jksrrip. Uuiij., ill l>oc. Jlif^t. J/(.i'., bfviu iii., turn, iv., p. 5r2-3. 'Uuus so
586
NEW JIEXrCANS.
Pi'uiikcnnos.s jirovuils to Ji groat oxtont iinionj;; most of
the tribes; their rK|iior.s uro prepiirod IVoin the iViiit of
the pitiihiiva, iii('/,(|tiitt'-hoiins, aguvo, lioiU'V. iind wheat.
Ill eoiiniioii with all savages, tiiey are iiimioileratelv l"oiul
of daiiciii'i', ami have luiinercMis feasts, wheic, a\ ith oh-
sceiie carousals and uiiseeinly iiiasUs. the revels coiitmiie,
until the dancers, from sheer exhaustion or intoxication.
are forced to rest. The Opatas hold a festival called
ti)i'i))ii I'diiiil, to insure rain and good croi)s. Clearing a
sijuare piece of ground, they strew it with seeds, hones,
houghs, horns, and shells; the actors then issue loi'th
from huts built on the Ibnr corners of the s(|iiare. ami
there daiu^e i'roni sunrise to sunset. On the lir>^t day of
the year they plant in the ground a tall pole, to which
are tied lonii' ribl)ons of manv col
or;
A nund)er of
young maidens, iinicifidly attired, dance round the pole.
holding the ends of the ril)bons. twistinu' theniselve.-
nearer or
away from the center in beautiful iiiiuri';
V
tl
pon otiu'r occasions they commemorate, ni modern
U
times, what is claimed to be the journey of the A/tec;
and the ap[)earance of Montezuma among them. Hunt-
ing and war expeditions are inaugurated by dances.
Their nuisical instruments ai-e llutes and hollow trunks
])eaten with sticks or bones, an<l accompanied with song
and impromptu words, relating the exi)loits of their
gods, warriors, and hunters. They are ])assionately
fond of athletic si)orts, such as archery. Avrestling, and
racing; but the favorite pastime is a kind of lbot-I)all.
The game is played between two parties, with a largv
elastic ball, on a srpiaro piece of ground ]irepared ex-
])ressly for the ])urpose. The players nuist strike the
bidl with the shoulders, knees, or hips, but never with
cas;in con niui ninL;pr snln, y tifiion nmohiis manci'lias. . . . Otvas s(' oasnn coti
qnantas innLfcvcs (luicifii . .Otvas iiacioin's tifiu'ii las iiiULicri s jmr coiimiH
rlf'i'ii. Clirnii. ill- /.iinitiras. ])p. 151-7.
For further iicc'oiiiil (if tlniv family
•latiot
IS am
1 mari'iai,'(! unstDius. stH> llilmn, llifl. ih ln^ 7
riiiiiijiiiiis
I'P
11,
11"), 171, 'iltl, 212, 47.J; Sm-. 'r'.'<i;;., llitllrtiii. s('ii(' v., No. 'M. 1). lW!j ''""'
tii/'ifili. ill 'ririinii.i'-i'oiiniitns, Voi/., serif i.. toiii. ix.. pp. l")i>. 1")"2, l.ii, li^
li
1
i7, iCii'i'li
iitt; ,1/-'
7/v
IHsl. ('
Itirhle, torn, ii., p. .>11; I'llillll'l, ('o)iif
X. Onlh
M>
ih Ji
'esns, toiii, i., p. 452; Arisld. in hi., p. 417
Jiniiinilifr ij Thoi'd, Dktiio, p. 70; Coinhk); Vvy., p. 201; Loicei
t'l-n, Jkxi-
quc, p
•lO'J.
CUSTOMS IN NOUTIIERN MEXK^O.
r.K7
the liiind. l''ivcjiu'ntly one villn^o cliiillcn^^os nnotlier
as upon the occiisioii of u iiiitioiiiil icsti\al. wliidi lasts
si'vt'i'al davs, aiitl is accoiiipairu'd ^vitll daii('iii<i' and
I'castinui;. They have also _i>anK's Nvitli Avoodi'U lialls, in
wliieli sticks are used \\\iv\\ ])lavin;i'. Tlio jjliiycrs aro
always naked, and tlie ^aine ol'ten lasts IVoni Minrise to
sunset, and sometimes, wlien the xictory is undeeided,
the [)lay will he continned I'or several successiNe days,
e freely made, and hoi'ses and other property
ai
r.et>
staked with the greatest recklessness.
Loads are cai'ried on the head, oi' in haskets at tho
l)ack. hani:in;j.' from a stra[) that passes across the lore-
head. jVnother mode of earryin;^' hnrdens is to dis-
trihitte e(inally the weight at l)otli ends of a pole which
is si
unii' a(M'()ss
)f tl
the should
ei-, (/
la Ch
IllKltSC
'n
len' concep-
tions of the supernatui'al are extremely crude: thu
tl
10
( )[tatas, hy yells and gesticulations, endeaxor to (lis[)el
eclipses of the heavenly hodies; hefore the howling of
the wind they cower as hefore the voi(!e t)f tlu; (jlreat
4)irit. The Ceris suj)erstitiously eelehrate the i
lew
moon, and how reverentially to the rising and setting
sun. Xiifio de (Ju/man states that in the }>rovince of
Culiacan tamed serpents were found in the dwellings of
the natives, which they feared and venerated. Others
have a great veneration for the hidden '.irtues of poison-
ous plants, and helievo that if they crush or destroy
one, some harm will luqipen to them. It is a common
-'' Lps Ynquis 'niiiiriit snvtont niio diinsci aiip(-li'(> tulnU tioDiiirli!, , . .dans
l:ii|ii(ll(' ils cliiiu^'ciit tic I'luiiiics en se i-i'diiiit r('ci|ir(j(]uciii('iit Ions Iciirs
driiit-, (•(itijuL;aux.' /.'ni'iija, in .\<»tfi'l/is Aiiiutlrs (lis \'i)i/.. ]Si2, Idiii. xciii., ])|).
'J-IH '.). I'lii' Sisilxitaris; 'En las dauzas.. fiii' iiiiiy de iKitar ipic ami(|iio
dalizaliau juntos hoiulpit'S y inu^crcs, iii so lialilalian iii sc toialiaii iniuidia-
taiiitiili- las iiiauiis.' .t/"/''. //'.•<'.''""'/>.(/(. A si's, toni. ii., ]>. 1-1, and toni.
i.. liji. Ill") 7. Ill the ]iroviiicc of I'anuco. ' ciiandu estan vn sus horraclic-
liis ('■ lifslas, lo ((lU' no ])ni-dtii IhImv por la lioca, si; ]o liaci n cchar [ior
liajo con 111! iMulmdo.' (iii-.iiKliI, II' L Aui'm., hi [ricJi'ilr' tn, l "1. ih ll'ic., tolll.
ii., p. -'•••"). Set' fui'tlicr. HUi(ir<. Ifist. ih' Ins VViio/i/iAos. i>|i. '.', \'>. U'lli, t!7'-;
Miirr, Xnrliriciilin, )ip. ;i2l, HI:!, :Ur); Ik l.iiil. ,V-/ri(s Or/iis. ]> ■.s7; I'ml'illn,
Comi. \, (lidlr'M, .l/,s'.. ])p. T)!'.), 51)11; ('(isldrndii, in TiTiiint.r-i '(niii'inis, I'"//.,
si'riif i., toui. ix., p. I'lH: ll'irtli/'s Tiar.. p. 410; .[liifinl, Clin'm. ih Znfiihi-as,
pp. Ms, \lt):l)i>ii)hir(ni's Ailnn., ji]). -Ki, 4S; Lus Cusas, Jlisl. li'iiiis, MS.,
iii). iii., cap. ills; 'r(((v; V/ Co/k/i, in -IVxo/i .l/f.i-., t(nn. i., ]). 1'''7; •*>'"•. (i''ii'i.,
JJulktiii, sc'i'io v.. No. ',)(■), )). I'.IO: Frifb'l, AnsAixiriln, torn, 'i., ]>. 2111:
Id., (Jail. Aiiur., p. ;i81; Scciii, in Loud. Ucoij, iiuc, J(jur., vol. xxx., p. 2o.
<iu
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688
NEW MEXICANS.
custom to hang a small bag containing jwisonous htM'bs
round the neck of a child, as a talisman against diseases
or attacks from wiltl beasts, whicii they also believe will
render them invulnerable in battle. They will not touch
a person struck by lightning, and will leave him to die.
or, if deail, to lie unburied."'""
Intermittent and other fevers prevail among the jk'o-
ple of Northern Mexico. Small-pox, introduced l)y
Europeans, has destroyed many lives; syphilis was in-
troduced among the Carrizos by the S[)anish troojis.
The Tarahumares sufl'er from pains in the side al)out the
end of the spring. The Opatas of Ojiosura are disfig-
ured by goitres, but this disease seeu s to be confined
within three leagues of the town. AVounds inflicted by
arrows, many of them jxjisoned, and bites of rattle-
snakes are common. Friends, and e\en parents and
brothers leave to their fate such as ore sull'ering from
contagious diseases; they, however, place water and wild
fruits within the sufferer's reach. To relieve their
wearied legs and feet after long marches, they scarify
the former with sharp flints. In extreme cases they
rub themselves with the maguey's prickly leaf well
pounded, which, acting as an emollient on their hardened
bodies, affords them i)rompt relief. The Carrizos cure
syphilis with certain plants, the medicinal pr()[)erties of
which are known to tliem. As a purgiitive they use the
grains of the m<ujnamU\ and as a fe))i'ifuge the ceiiici/lti
(termua frnteiicensj. With the leaves of the latter
they make a decoction which, mixed with hydromel, is
an antidote for intermittent fevers. They also use the
iiH The Opiitns havo ' prnndo rrspoto y vcnorncion quo hnsta liny tirncn
(i los lioiiibrccitDs j)i<ini>n()s y coiitrahechos, A (jnii lies tfUicii y fviiiKiUi iiii mi
cftHu y c(tiiii<lii.' >(>//i//'((, Ifrsi'viit. (tniii., in Dor. Uinl. .l/f.i'., scrii' iii., toiii. iv,,
1^ <s>w 1 t i;.. ..t 1...: .' 1 «: . : ;
(li
]I1US
^i«>^i«v v.i>iiit«ti»> t'''f"'('i, «ri,-i'irir. irii>if,^«(A f"*i, f«f>-i>. .ff'il.^f^in iti.tti'iii. ''■)
]). ()2S. ' Aii^^iilis iitcnic adytis iiii^'ucx ('()iii|ilnrfH rt'iM rti. j t'rt)4iimuii in iiio-
(liiiu conj^lobiiti. i'ii|iilil)iis siiprii ct infriicxsiTtis. tfrriliili rictii. si (jiiis )>r()-
jmis acccssissft, cHtcnini iuiiocni; (jdos btirbari vil iii.ixiiiii' v 'icraliaiitMr,
(luoit (liabolus ipsis liac fnriiia apparcro consucKsct : cosiliin taiiii'ii tt iiiaiii-
liiis coiiti't'ctiibaiit tt iiotiiiuiKniam iis vcMccbaiitni'.' Jlr l.tnl, Mnnis (hliis. p.
iJHl. Furflu'r rcfd'enco in llilvin, Ifl.sl. de lnn V'/iK/n/i/inN, ji. 472; Oriiiln,
JfiHt. ^cn. , ti)iii, iii., pp. 574 5; LdihuinUe, lliimtsset-lliiiilhoii, y.in; Cdln utile
!''«•'(, ]M(ttii>n, p. Iil'.t; Arlnini, ('liri>n. tk Zacakats, pp. lliO-7; Siciti, in
Lo)nl. Ueuij. Hoc, Jour., vol. xxx., p. '2G.
MEDICAL TREATMENT.
C89
leaves of the willow in decoction, as a remedy for the
same c()nii)laint. [n Sinaloa, the leaf and roots of the
(jnaco are used by the natives as the most elficacioiis
medicine for the hites of ix)isonous reptiles. The ( >patas
employ excellent remedies for the diseases to which they
are subject. They have a singular method of curing
liittlesnake bites, a sort of retaliative cure; seizing the
reptile's head between two sticks, they stretch out the
tail and l)ite it along the Ixjdy, and if we may Ijelievc
Alegre, the bitten man does not swell up. but the reptile
(l(Xis, until it bursts. In some parts, if a venomous snake
bites a |)ers()n, he seizes it at both ends, and breaks
all its bones with his teeth until it is dead, imagining
this to be an elhcacious means of saving himself from
the effect of the wounds. Arrow wounds ;u*e first
sucked, and then pci/ote powder is put into them; after
two davs the wound is cleaned, and more of the same
powder applied ; this operation is continued upon every
second day, and linally ixjwdered lechugilla-root is used;
by this process the wound, after thoroughly suppurat-
ing, becomes healed. Out of the leaves of the maguey,
lechugilla. and date-palm, as well as from the rosemary,
tliey make excellent balsams for curing wounds. They
have various vegetable substances for appeasing the thirst
of wounded iK>rsons, as water is considered injurious.
The Acaxoes employ the sucking processi's, and blowing
through a hollow tube, for the cure of diseases. Vho
Yaquis put a stick into the patient's mouth, and with it
draw from the stomach the disease; the Cerisof Tiburon
Island also emi)l()y charms in their medical [n'jictice.*™
I find nothing of cremation in these parts. The
dead body is brought head and knees together, and
''' ' Qiiiindo ontro los Imlios ny alj,'nn pi>nt!it,'i<>, <int' cs <•! di' viruclns
il iniis I'diitiimo, do (|iii! iniirrt'ii inimiiifrulilcs, iiiudHii ciulii din Injun's, y
HI' Villi i'l los mas rt'tirados iiioiitt's, hiiscaiido los sitios mas rspiiiosos y cii-
maruniidos, iiara (jm- iln micdo do las cspitias, no ciitrfii i si'^uu jnzpiii, y
poiiio cicrto lo iitiriiiaii) las virnclas.' Arlitjui, I'lin'm. tl'- '/jm-iitinm, jiji. 15'2-H,
iH'i. Set' also, Muldinii'onll. .W'.yii'o, torn, ii., pt ii., p. 4;il; lii'iUnulUr ij Thiml,
])iitrio, pp. 7<(-l; .1'''/'' . //(•>'• Coiiip. lie Jf.Hii.s, toiii.i., p. '>VM, tout, ii., pp.
2i:»-4, 'il'J-'iil; /.'/'.-/s, lllst. lie hs 7V(t<>/i/-/(o,s, jip. 17, .«2'J-:); LiUnhsd rn,
^f•.ri(^ue. ]). -Ill; Il'inli/'.i Tnir., )>. 2S2; .Swuora, Vescrip, Ueoij., in Doc. Hist,
Max., berie iii., toiu. iv., iip. 547-8.
590
NEW MEXICANS,
placed ill a cave or uiuler a rock. Several kiiidsof edibles,
with the llten^sil.s and iinpleinents with which the de-
ceased I'anied a support while living, are de[)osited in
the grave, also a small idol, to .serve a.s a jiuide and fel-
low traveler to the departed on the long journey. On
the lips of dead infants is drop[)ed milk from the
motliers hreast, that the.se innocents may have su,>*te-
iiance to reach their place of rest. Among the Acax('es.
if a woman dies in childbirth, the infant surviving is
slain, as the cau.se of its mother's death. Cutting the
hair is the oidy sign of mourning among them."''"
The character of the Xortheni Mexicans, as portrayed
by Arlegui, is gross and low; but some of the.se tribes
do not deserve such sweeping condemnation. Tlie
^[ayos, Yatpiis, Acaxees, and ( )patas are generally in-
telligent, honest, social, amiable, and intrepid in war;
their young women modest, with a combination of .sweet-
ness and pride noticed by some writers. The (.)patas
especially are a hard-working jK'ople, good-hmnored, free
from intiMnperance and thievishne.ss; they are also very
tenacious of i)urpose, when their minds are made uji
— danger often strengthening their stubbornness the
more. The Sisibotaris, Ahomamas, Onavas, and Tara-
humares are «|uiet and do(?ile. but brave when occa-
sion recpiires; the last-mentioned are remarkably hon-
est. Tlie Tepocas and Tiburones are fierce, cruel, and
treacherous, more warlike and courageous than the
Ceris of the main land, who are singidarly devoid of
good (pialities, being sullenly stupid, la/y, inconstant,
revengeful, depredating, and mucii given to intemper-
ance. Thi'ir country even has become a refuge for evil-
doers, in former times they were warlike and bra\e:
but even this (piality they have lost, and iiave become as
cowardly as they are cruel. The Tepehiianes and other
mountaineers are savage and warlike, and their animosity
to the whites pL'rpetual. The Laguneros and other tribes
of Coahuila are intelligent, domestic, and hospital)le;
the former especially are very brave. In (Miihuaiina
wo See Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 51C; I'M/a, iu rrhlo, Viajcs, p. 413.
CHARACTER, TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
691
thov nro jrcnorally ficrco and imcoinmimioativo. At Kl
I'iiso, tlu' woiiu'ii iuv more jovial uiid ploasiiiit than the
nii'ii; the hitter speak hut little, never laii^lj. and sehhMn
smile; their whole aspect seems to he wrapi)ed in mel-
ancholv — evervthing ulx)ut it has a semhlanee of sad-
ness and suilerin}.
■Jill
!61
aiiui.s
L:is nvis (Ic las niioionos roforiilaa son ♦otnlmrnto l«r1inr:is, y ilc pro-
h Ziiciilii'iix, |i. ll'.i. 'I'lic
s(>r()s cntiiicliiiiiciitos; ycntit Imxa.' .l/'/ci/i:!, '
l)V fat' till' most iiidiistrioiis aiul useful of all tlif ollur trihi's i
Soiioni. . . .''I'lrliiatiMl for the cxiihi'i'ai
•l:t'.». 142. 'L.
jf their wit.' il'inh/'s Ti
V\<
latas sou tan hoiirailoscoiuo vulii'Uti's . . .la iia<'i()ii I'lpat a cs
])a<Mf\ca, (M 'il, y liasta ciiTto puuto tlift'rt'Ute de todiis los iliiiias iinliV'cii.is
cm aiualitt'S del trahajo.' Ziiriiijii, in l-Jsrmh m. XnHrins ilii
(11
COUtlllClltl
Suit'ii-.i II S'lfiiihin. Y\i. l;('.t 11. ' L.itrilKi I'lpata fiu' la iinc maiiitVsti) uii can'
ti'r franco. (I'icil, y con simiiafi'as a los l>laiu'i)s ...sicmprc fiu' incliiiada .il
(inlcn y la pa/..' l'/'(S''o. A'l/i'i'i'f-i r/c .Soji/im, |>p. \'i\, 117. The Ojiatas 'sou
d' LCiMiio malici')-io. disiinidados yen simio Kf^ido vcU'^ativos; y in csto sohic-
lUn I;
IS inu|irt's.
Ih
iv,, pp. {\l'.)-:\ 1. fScc
.•t'.'.t, :ts.".; ll<i,-lkH\ !'•
icrij). iifiiii., in
///>/. Mi.w, siric iii.. toni
also: llUids, ll'isl. ill /((,• 7'
('(l(//l/>/|i'S, PI
). •.';t7, '-'N.". :tr)S.
vol. i., PI). 4J-2-:l; Wonrs .1/.,
fis:!. vol. ii., p. <'.(»(',: Cunhhi; Vi.i/.. pp. 1;»S •Jill; Mn!l<--ll
'", vol. i. p
Siiiinril, 1)1)
ii-l!iil(lhi
V
1:1-1 1: Itroiriii'a Aji'irhr Ciiiiiitri/. p. ■>\S: l,iirliiii>'/lf. I;,
Cil'ifm di' Viim. Itilnt'oii, ])p. lUll, 17(i; Arricirilit. I'l-nn
412; Ah:irf, Hid. I'lwiii. il Jrun^. tom. i., pp. ■2HI,4lt'2-:i, 40."., \r,2, lui'd t<
'If Sir'ijirii, pp. 40.'),
1)
p. IHl; r<iilillii. t'Diii/. \. i/iilirid, .U.S., p]). H), HI; lliil'tialkr y Tliovd,
laru), pp
(J'J-70; Garcia Cuadv, iu Albtiin Mex., toiii. i., p. U3
TRIB.VI. BOCNDARIES.
To the New Muxicim group bcl()Uf» tho uatious inh.t1)itiii'.{ tho territory
lyin;^ l)!if\vcL'ii the parallels 3C' and 23' of north latitude, and the meridians
!)(> and 117 of west lon^'itude; that is to say. the occupants of the states of
New Mexico, .\ri/.ona. Lower California, Soiiora, Sinaloa. Cliihuahua, Du-
rauj^o, CoaUuila, Nuevo Leon, Northeru Zacateeas, and Westeru Texas.
I\ TiiK .Vpachk fvmit.v. T include all the savage tribes roaming throu'^h
New M,.xii.'o. the nortli-wcstern portion of Texas, a small part of Xortliein
!Mcxicc). and Vri.^ona; being the Comauehes, Apaches proi)er, Navajos, Mo-
j ives, IIuala[)ais, Yumas, Cosnino-i, Yaiupais, Yalcheduiies, Yamajalis,
Coi'heos, L'riizados, Nijcu'as, Cocoijas, and others.
The ('•)iiiaiirlii:-< inhabit Western Texas, Eastern New ^lexico. iind Eastern
Mexico, and from the .Vrkansas River north to near tho (>nlf of Mexico
south. Ran^^'e 'over the plains of the .Vrkansas from the vicinity of IJeiit's
f )rt, at the p.irallel of US', to the Gulf of Mexico . . .from the cistern ba>c
of tho Llano I'.stacado to about the meridian of longitude '.isth' /'n/"-, in
Pw. ft. n. R'p'., vol. ii., p. IG. From the western borderof theChoctaw coun-
try ' uninterruptedly along the Canadian to Tueumeari creek and thence,
occasionally, to Rio Pecos. Fdiu this line th«'y pursue the butralo iiortli.
ward as far as tlu' Sioux country, and on the south are scarcely limited by
the froutiur si;tlcmeutsof Mexico.' Wltippk, Eu-bank; and Turner's li'pt., p.
G92
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
8, in Poc. R. IJ. IJcpt., vol. iii. 'During snmnicr. . ns far north ns fbo
Arkimsas river, thoir winters they nsuiiUy jinss nlxint tlio licud briiiulifs nf
the Brazos and Colorado rivors of Texas.' fimifi's Com. J'niiriis, vol. ii., ]>.
307. 'Between 102^ and 101' longitude and 33' and 37' noith latitude.'
Xorton, in Ind. /{ff. Hept., IHC.U, p. 14(i. 'About thirteen thousand sriuaro
iiiil<!s of the southern portion of Colorado, and probably a niueh larger e.xtent
of the neighboring States of Kansas and Texas, and Tenitory of New Mexico
and the "Indian country," are oecupied by the Kioways and Coiiianehes.'
Dok; in Iiul. Aff. ncpt., 1802, p. .11; Enins <tiul Collins, in /(/., pp. 'I'M, '24'1;
Mdi'dne^, in Ind. Aff. Hept. .'<per. Com., IHC.T, p. 487. ' En Invierno se aeereau
a Tejas, y en Est I'o H la sierra dc Santa Fe.' BirlmuVnr y Tlionl, Dlfirlo, \t.
2")1. 'Coinanehes ou Hietans (Eubaous, Yctas), dans le nord-onest dii
Texas.' (itilldthi, in Nvnvelles Anmile.t de.s Vo])., 1H,')2, toni. exxxiii., p. 22.">.
'Originaire du Notiveau-llexique; niais. .. ils deseendent souvent dans les
plaines de la Basse-Californie et de la Sonora.' Snv. Gtoij., liidhtln, serie v.,
No. 9(i, p. 192. 'Rangeeastof the mountains of New Jlexieo.' llnd, in School-
vmft'.i Arch., vol. i., p. 2tt. 'In dein uucultivirten Theilo des Bolson da
Mapiuii' (Chihuahua). Wappihi.t, Geo;), n. Stat., p. 214: Frmbel, Aii.<i Amrrihi,
toin. ii., pp. 221-2. 'Entre la riviere Rouge et le Missouri, et traversent el
Rio-Bravo-del-Norte.' Ditfci/, Ji'isumii do. I'lUst., toni. i., p. 4. 'Upon thu
Houth and west side' of the Rio Brazos. Murcy's UepL, p. 217; Marci/a Army
Life, i>p. 4.1-6. ' Ini Westen des ^lissisippi und des Areansas uud bis an
das linke Ufer des Rio Grande.' Ludvcns, licisr, p. 104. 'Range from the
Hourees of the Brazos and Ctlorado, rivers of Texas, over the great Prairies,
to the waters of the Arkansas and the mountains of Rio Grande.' Liideirii/'s
Ah. Lamj., p. 51. Concurrent statements in Wilson's Anivr. Hist., p. Vi'i'i;
Prirh'ird's Nut. If'isl. M<tn, vol. ii., p. 549; \V(trd's Mexiiut, vol. ii,, p. 557;
Moore's Tcxns, p. 30; Dewees' Te.t(is, p. 233; llolhy's TtXds, p. 152; Dragoon
('(imp, p. 153. ' La naeion comauehe, que esta situada entre el Estado do
Texas y el de Nuevo Mexico. . . .se eonipone do las siguientes tribus o pueb-
los, a saber: Yaparehea, Cuhtzuteea, Penande, Pacarabi', Caiguaras, Noconi
o Yiuhta, Napuat ;6 Quetahtore, Yapaine, Muvinabore. Sianabone, Caigua,
Sarritehea y Quitzaeiu'.' (larcia li(jon, in I'imentil, Cwidro, toni. ii., ji. 317.
' Extends from the Witchita Mountains as far as New Mexico, and is divided
into ft>ur bauds, called respectively the Cuchauticas, the Tupes, the Y'ani-
paxicas, ami the Eastern Conianches.' ^ommech's Iksrrls, vol. ii., p. 21.
See also: Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 344, 348-9; Fook's Texas, vol. i., p.
298; Frost's Ind. Wars, p. 293.
The Apaches may bo said to ' extend from the country of the Vtahs. in
latitude 38 north to about the 3()th parallel.' liarllvil's Pers. \ar., \o\. 1.. ii.
325, 'Along both sides of the Rio Grande, from the southern limits of tln!
Navajo country at the i>arallel of 34', to the extreme southern line of the
Territory, and from thence over the States-' of Chihuahua, Sonora, and Dn-
rango, of Mexico. Their range eastward is as far as the valley of the Peeos,
and they are found as far to the west as the Pimos villages on the Gila.'
Pope, in Pac. Ii. It. liipt., vol, ii., p. 13. Scattered 'throughout the whole
of Arizona, n large part of New Mexico, and all the northern portion of Chi-
Luahuaaud Sonora, and in some parts of Durango.' Cremony's Ajtaches, p.
APACHE TRir.F.S.
Ml. Itiiiij;o 'over Homo povtinns of Califuriiiii, most of Soiuini, the froiifitrs
of Duruiii,'!!, 1111(1 . . .('liiliuiiliiiii.' 'I'cc'/i/'s ('<im. ]'rii!rii^, vol. i., ]i.'2'.i|. Ajiats-
I'ht'e, H uatiuu ' Wflclii' niii i; itiz Xeu-Jjiseuyii, uud iiui'h an 'raialiiiiiiai'ii
iii-iiiv/.vt.' >'',/''(/, in Mm-r, Xnchrirlilvii, p. 3li2. ' I'liiclit das (icliict diT
Ai)iK"ln-Iiidi,iii('r vom \0',i. bis ziiiii lit. Grad. wt'stliflicr I,;iii.u'<' voii (irctn-
wii'h, uiid von di'ii (iniizcii drs I'tali-deliittcs, dim .'t.S. (Irad, bis lijiiuiiti'i'
/luu 30. (irad iitii'dlicln'r l>i<'iti'.' Miillli<iiis>i>, Taiiilnirli. ]}.'2'1'.K hdialiit "all
the coiiiitry iKU'tli and simlli of the (ilia, and liotli sides of tiic Oil Norlc,
alioiit till' jianillil of till' Jornada and J)i'ad Man's lakes.' Kiiimi/'s Ilinoi-
iiiiissoiiir, J). i;{'2. 'Tola lia'C iei,'io, (juani Novaiii Mexicaiiam Micant. alt
i.iiiniliiis 1)1111! lateriliiis aiiiliitiir ali .\iiai'!iil>us.' 7v Ijtil, ,V>l(•l^^■ Oiliin, p. '.\\(\.
• lU'CoiTeli las iiroviiu'ias del Nm-te de Mexico, lle;4ando alj^iinas veces liasta
cercii de Ziicateeas.' J'iiitmhl, ('mnlni, toni. ii., p. "J-'il. ' Iierraniadas disdo
la Inteiidi'iicia de San Luis I'otosi' liasta la extreniidad seteiilrional del ^nlfo
de Calitoniia.' iJulb'i, in iiidintif llirm, h'ctifirdi ,'ii, \<. ItN."). 'Se i \tii ndi ii < n
el vasto esimeif). . . .line eoiiiprelideu los ^'lados .'II a IW de latitiid iiorte, y
2<!1 a 277 de lonL,'itllde de 'I'l'llenfe.' ('.>/•(/(■/•(), in /(/., p. ,'!(;'.»: see also /(/.,
11.40. 'From the entrance of the Itio (rrande to the (l,df of California.'
}'iki's Kfjilitr. 7'/v/r., p. ;i:!7. ''J'he southern and south-wi'stern portions
of New Jlexieo, and mainly the valley of the (iila.' Scliiiclrni/I's Airh.. vol.
v., p. 'io;!; Hint, in lil., vol. i., p. 2 13. ' Seareily extends farther north than
.Mlmiinenpie. . . .nor more than two hundred miles south of I'd I'aso del
N'ortt'; east, tho vieinity of the Wliite Mountains; west, generally no further
than the liorders of Soiiora.' Ili-nri/, in SrlmdlcritJ'I's Arvli., vol. v., p. 207.
' lis out prineipalenieiit haliiti' le trian^'Ie forme par le Kio del Norte, le (lilu
et lo Colorado do I'ouest.' Tiinicr, in younllisAiDidlisili.i I'ni/., 1N.")2, tom.
exxxv., pp. ;I07, ;J13. Couonrrent authorities: (iallutin, in /</., l.s.">l, tom.
exxxi., pp. 21)8, 3.11; MiiUi-linm, Z'/'i'ci.s i/c laOi'mj., torn, vi., p. A'),\; Lmh-
('•e/'.s Ah. LiD'i., \>\). 8, lISCi; I{viim'cl;/'.i Ti\i'(ts, vol. i., ji. 3I."'>; .S/ri ./■//'.•< J'ur-
(r Ills, p. ."t7; rull'ic's l\rs. Xnr., p. 207; rrlchurd's yut. Hist. Mm, vol. ii.,
p. r>l'.»; ir,s'/('y)( Si'i'ws, p. 233; MUVa Hist. ,1A.,i-., p. 170; lhhip<,rt,', lit ism,
tom. X., p. irtd; t'oHilrr's .l/i'.i". Omd., vol. ii., p. 71-5; I laiin unit's hrserix,
vol. ii., i)p. 4-(i; h'niri-s, in Tnd. Aff. liept., 1854, p. 180; rustaii, in Id.,
181)4, p. 155; Ckirh; in //«/. Af. Uijit. Spei'. Cinn., 1807, ]). 3:J(5.
Tho Apache nation is divided into the following tribes; Chirica^iiis,
CoyoteroH, Fiiraones, (Hlenos, Cop]>er Mine Apaches, Lipanes, Jdaneros,
Mesealeros, Mimlireuos, Xatages, Pelones, Pinaleilos, Toiitos, Vaipieros, and
Xicarillas.
The Lipanos roam tlirnnj,di western Texas, Coabuila, and tho oijsti.'rn
portion of Chihuahua. Their territi)ry is hounded on tho west by tho
' lauds of tho Llaueros; on the north, the Comanche country; on the i ast,
the province of Coh.ij^uila; and on tho south, the left bank of the liio
(Irandudel Norto.' Ciirtez, in Puc. It. Ii. Il'pt., vol. iii., p. IIJ); Whipple,
Eirhunk, iind Turner's /iV/)'., p. 8, in fd.; rope, in /(/., vol, ii.. p. 14. Tho
Lee Pauls 'rove from tho Rio (rrande to some distance into th'' province of
Texas. Their former residence was on the Rio Grande, near the sea shore.'
I'ike's Explor, Trav., p. 3Ij3. Su ' principal asieuto os en Coahuila, Nuevo
Leon y Tumiiuli pas.' Piinentd, Ciuulro, torn, ii., p. '251. 'Divi'desc eu dos
Vol I. M
59 1
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
rlasf's ...la |iriiiiera lift cstiido fiiLiznila onii Ins nifsciilcros y llniirroR, r
oiMipa los tcrrciios coiitij,'n(is a a(iiicllas trilms: la scj^miila vivc j-ciicral-
in<'iit« en la frontpra dc la proviiu-ia dc Tcjas y millas del mar. . . .ror el
I'oiiii'iitf' son sus liiiiitcH los llaiH'i'ijK; por ol Xorte los ctiuianclics; i)or rj
Oriciitf los caraiica^jnac'esy Ijorrados, provincia diT<jiis. ypori'i Snrinu'stia
fi'ontcra (Mexico).' (\>nhro, in Orozro y lUrra, Odi'irafin. p. ;t82. 'From
time iiiiiiiiiiiovial has roved and is yet rnviiij,' over tlic Bolson de Mai)imi.'
Il'(.s7i3' (iK.s' Tiiiir, p. 70. ' Fre([nf'nti il flic hays of .Vransas and Corpus
t'hristi, and the country lying between them and 111'' l!io (Irande.' Ktitiiiih/'.i
Tesus, vol. i., p. 349; Ftink's Tvxas, \>. 2'M. Sec also: }[<ille-lSrnv, Pi'dds il<-
In iri'di/., torn, vi., p. 2S9; Ilassel, Miw. liudt., p. 211); .lA/oj-i '.s TtA'iis, p. ."1;
])iiiii<)i(cli's Ihscrts, vol. ii., p. 0.
Tlu) Mcscalcros inhabit ' tbo monntains on both banks of the river rec<m,
as far as the nioiintains that fonii the head of the Bolson de Mapinii, and
there terniin;it(! on the ri^ht bank of the Rio (Irande. Its limit on the wist
is the tribe of the Taracoiics; on the north, thi' extensive territories of tlic
Comanche peoi)le; on the east, the coast of the Llanero Indians; and on tlin
south, the di'scrt Bolson <lc Mapinii.' I'ortt:, in I'lir. I!. II. Hijit., vol. iii.. p.
119. ' Ini Bolson de Mapiiui mid in den ostlichcn Ciranzj^'ebirgcn del Cha-
nate, del Diablo puereo und de los Pilarcs.' Mi\hlcni>f(>rill, Mtjiro, t(jni. ii.,
ptii., p. n-'l. ' Occupent le Bolson de Mapinii, les iiionta^^'nes de Chanate.
et cclh s do los Organos, sur la i"ive gauche du Rio (Irande del Norte.' Ilnni-
lohlt, Kssdi Pol., torn, i., p. 289. Live 'east of the Rio lUl Norte.' '?)ti/(/'s'
f'oni. Priiiries, vol. i., p. 290; CarkUm, in Sinilhsimiun Pi'i't., lS,">t, p. 31.");
Ill .^■^ /•)» .*<'('(■))('.%', p. 233; DonK'ni'ch's ])isn'ln, vol. ii., p. fi; Iu'ii)ir(h/'s 7V,r(/.s,
vol. i.. p. 313. 'On the east side of the Rio Grande, and on both sides cf
the Pecos, extending up the latter ri"er . . to about the thirty-fourth parallel.'
^F,■)■lilrlth('l■, in Iml. Aff". Pept., 18.">4, p. 170-1. See also: .V.r/,-, in /(/.,
18.-|S, pp. 1!).>-S, 18G3, p. 108; Colluis, in Id., 1802, p. 240; Voob i/, in hi.,
180."), p. '20; .Y()?'to)i, in Id, 1800, ]). 1 1.")
'The Copper Mine .\paches occ i,>y the country on both sides of the Rio
Grande, and extend west to the country of the Coyoteros and Pinalinos, near
the eastern San Francisc > River.' B (rtldl'x Pcm. Xor., vol. i., p. 323.
The Faraones, Pharaouos or Taraeones, ' inhabit the mountains between the
river Grande del Norte and the I'ecos.' Cortez, in Pn<\ II. R. lipjtl., vol. iii., ]>.
119. The fallowing concur; MuhhnpfitnU, M'jlcn, torn, i., p. 213, toin. ii. pi
ii., p. 521; VHla-.Senor y Sanchez, Tlmdro, torn, ii., p. 410; Ilninbolfll, Pf^sni
Pol., tom. i., p. 289.
The 'Xicarillas anciently inhabited the forests of that name in the fartd-
ritories to the north of New Mexico, until they were driven out by tin-
Comanches, and now live ou tb ■ limits of thi; province, some of them having
gone into the chasms (caiiada-*) .\ud mountains between Pecuries and Taos,
which are the last towns of the province.' fort.i, in Pac. R. R. Rpl., vd.
iii., p. 119. ' Inhabiting the mountains north of Taos.' Grpipi'n Com. Proi-
ri(w, vol. i., p. 28.5. ' Les Jicorillas, ai'extremite nord du Nouveaii-Mexiipie.'
Tttrti'T, in Xouvelles jUviakit c/cs Voy., 18.")2, tom. cxxxv., p. 310. 'From tli"
Rio Grande eastward beyond the Red river, between the thirty-fourth and
thirty-seventh parallels.' Merriicelher, in Ind. Af. Pupl., 1854, p. 170. 'In
APACHE TRIBES.
&05
the innnntiiins which lip brtwppii Santa Fr, Tiiot, nnd Al<ii[niii.' f'lilUns. in
Jil., W,i), pp. l.V.M'.O. 'At tht! CinmiToii.' '//wr.s, in 1,1., IsiiC, p. KM.
' Tpon Rio Osc, west of the Rio tlraiidc' I)(tris, in A/., IWilS, p. CO;
Jinmeitfrlt's Ihsirt.i, vol. ii., p. H.
The IJimtroK occupy 'the Rrcat plains and sands that lie lictwccn tho
Tccort ami the lift hank of the liver (trandd del Xoite." t'ortu, in /''/'•. /.'.
Ji. Uept., vol. iii., p. 110. Inhahit the 'cajoiies de la Cahellera y ritavcachi.
Sierra de Minibres, Ijii;,'nna de Gnznian.' Itiin-Kiifinn, in HI Onlni, Mix., Ih.
cuiih. "JT, l.S.")!. ' Ociipan. , . .los llanos y areiiales nituadus entre el rio do
VecDS, n()nd)radi) por ellos Tjunchi, y el Colorado (pie lianian Tjnlchide.'
('()(•(/< /•(), in Oc(i:i'')(/ liirni, <ipii'iriij'i(i.\}. ;tMl; Ihimr inch's Uisiilx, vol. ii.. p. (1.
The Mindn'caos have their hinitin^j; (,'ronnds npon the Minihres Moniit-
nins and River, and ranf,'e hctwocn the sierras Kan Mateo and J'lorida on the
north and south, and hetween the Unrros and Mo^'oyen on the west and v,\s\.
S'-hodliTiijr.'i AitIi., vol. v., p. '207. ' Siidlieh von den .Vpuehes (iilenos. an
den Griinzen von Chihn.'ihna nnd Neu-5Iejico jaj^'en inden (ieliiryenini Osti n
die Ap.'iehes Miinhreuos.' .^fulll^^ll})/llrllt. M'j'ii-ii. loni. i., p. "Jll. 'La pro-
viiieia de Nnevo ^Ii'xieo es sn conlin por el Norte: por el I'oniente la par-
ei.ilidad niiinbrena; i)or tl Oriente la faraona, y por el Stir nnestra frontera.'
I'ltrihvii, in Onnco i/ Ikrm, (ji<><irii/i(i, \>. IlKO. See also: Corki, in J'ar. I!.
11. /?<7)r, vol. iii., p. ll'.l; Jh.nnmih's Ihsvrt.i, vol. ii., p. 0. 'In Iho wild
lavines of the Sierra de Acha.' Milt'.-i Jfi.it. Mcr., p. IM").
The Chirieaf^nis adjoin on the north 'the Tontos and Moii'iiiios; on tho
east the (lihuos; and on the south and west the province of Sonora.' CoHi ;,
in Par. 7?. /.'. Itij)!., vol. iii., p. 110. 'Live in the mountains of that name,
the Sierra Largua and Dos Cabaces.' iSkiL, in hid. A^}'. Hci'i., IS.")'.), jip.
:m-c,.
The Tontos ' inhabit the northern side of the Gila from Antelope Peak
to the Pinio villa;j;es.' CniHony's Aimclns, p. lliO. ' llctween Rio Vi rdo
and th<> Aztec ran^'e of mountains,' and ' from Pueblo creek to the junction
of liio Verde with the Salinas.' Whipjilf, Kirhiaih. and Titrncr's Hrpl., p. M-
1."); in Pdc. fl. I!. Ilijit., \(,\. iii; Cartr:, in Id., p. IIH. ' Siidlii h von den
Wohnsitzen der Cocomarici'ipas und dem Rio Gila.' M'ulu-niifuvdt, Mij'n-o,
torn, i., p. 211. On tlu^ 'rio Pnerco.' Il'irrniiijiin, in F.l<)rdni .lA.i'., Th'innh,
'll, \^T)\. ' In the canons to the north and east of the ^lazatsal peaks.' Siinirt,
in Siiiitlisniiktn H-pt., ISCT, p. -117. See I'ldimr, in Iliti-jin's .lAc;., vol. xvii.,
J). ICiO; Diiiiii'iifirli'fi Pisirln. vol. i., p. l.S."», vol. ii., p. 7. ' Inh.ibit the Touto
basin from the ^^o^'ollon fountains on the north to Salt l;i\er on the south,
nnd between th(! Sierra Ancha on the east to the Ma/ats,tl Mountains.'
('oh/cr, in Iiid. Aff. l!<pt.. ISOO. p. OL 'On both sides of th<' Vdde from
its source to the East Fork. and. .. .around the headwaters of the t hi<|uitii
Colorado, on tho northern slope of the Illack Mesa or Mogol'.on .Mountains
. . . .<'n the north, to Salt River on the south, and between the Sierra ,\ucha
fin the east and tho Mazatsal Mountains on the west.' Juims, in Ind. Aff.
Pejit., 18G'.>, p. '221.
The Pinaleilos, Pinols or Piiials ran^^e ' over an extensive circuit between
th Sierra Pinal and the Sierra Rlanca.' Bdriktr^ I'irs. \.ir., vol. i,, p. :i(.H.
' il-'twL'uu tlij Color.ido Chiiiuito and Rio Gila.' Whippk, Kicbunk, and Tur-
606
TllIllAL IJOUXDAIIIES.
ncr's Jlijil., \). II, in /''»'•. /.'. 7t. Hijil., vol. iii. Sci' iilso: ^fo!lll<ll(sr)), TVc/f-
hitfh, \>. 117; Luili ir'ni's Ah. I,(iH'i., J). I'lO. ]u 'tin; coiuitry wiitiTiil liy the
KulinuH 1111(1 othir tiibiitiirii's <if thcCtila." Slirk, in hul. .[{T. Ilrjil., IS.")',), p.
ai(i; (list) \\'ltttr„r, in Ul., IHCH, p. Ml; Calytr, in W., IHd'.t, p. 94; ./ones, in
7i/.. p. -J-J^.
Tin' Ciiyiitirns ' live in tlio oountry norlh of tlio Gilii ixnd cnst of the Kan
Curios.' '■„///,/•. ill [nil. Af. H'l'l., WW). J), 2'J;<. 'Upon the Rio H.in Fran-
cisci), and licad waters of the Kiiliiias.' Shih.in Id., IHoJ), p. 3Ui; hmm hivIi'h
])isi'rls. Vol. i., p. IM.I; llnrdi/'s Trar., \>. ■I:!().
'The (HitiioH inhabit tlu' nioniitains iniinodiutcly on the river Gila
l)ound<(l on the west liy the Chirica^^iiis; on the north hy the ])rovin<'e of
New Jfexieo; on the east liy the Minilireuo trilie.' Curliz, in I'ar. II. It. Hifit.,
vol. iii., p. ll!l. ' Oestlieh von dieseni FIushc? (Gild), zwischen ihni nnd deiu
Hiidliehen Fusse der Sierra ile los Mindires, eines Theiles der Sierra Madr<'.'
Mnlikiipl'iinll, Mijii-'i, toni. ii., \)t ii., ]>. 121; ('unliro, in Ormru ij Ikmi,
Ueixjni/lii. |(. :tsi); M(i,rinll, in Ii«l. Af. /.''7'<., lH7;t, p. llC).
The .Vpai'he Mojaves are 'a mon^'rel race of Indiaim living,' Itetween tho
Verde or San I'raiieiseo and the ('olorado.' I'ontan, in [ml. A_{}'. Itrpt., IHOt,
p. lofi.
The Nunijiis oi'cupy 'a distriet in tho Territory of New Mexico, lyiii<,'
between tho Siin .Iiian river on the north and northeast, the Pnelilo of Znfii
on till' south, the Mocpii villayi s on the west, and the rid,L;e of land dividini^
the waters which llow into the Atlantii? ocean from those which tlow into tlio
raeitic on the e;ist.' Ldheniiun, in Sni'dliKonhin U''pt., IH.").'), ]>. 'J.S.'J. 'Ex-
tindiuj,' fi'oni near the KiTth to 111th meridian, and from the lUtli to the MTth
lianillel of latitude.' (.'Idfh; in llhl. .!/</;/., vol. viii., p. 2H(>. Northward from
the ;i."ith iiarallel 'to Kio San Juan, valley of Tni"ie Ch.i, and ("anon da
Chelle.' ir///>/)'<', Hirhiitil,; and 7V/'»(c'.s- H.pt.. p. Ill, in I'ar. ]t. I!. H'pl.,
vol. iii. ' Hetweenthe Del Norte and Colorado of the West,' in tlie northwest-
ern portion of New Mexico. Etiton, in Schnolcraft's Artdi., \u\ iv., j). 2 Hi.
'In the m.iin ran^'u of Cordilleras, 1.10 to 2iti) miles west of Santa Fe, on
the waters of Uio Colorado of Calit'ornia.' '//'"/'/'.s' t'nin. rmiriis, vol. i.,
p. 28.j-<i. ' IJetween the del Norto nnd the Sierra Anahuac, situated upon
tho Hio Chama and Puerco, — from thence ext<'ndin^{ along the Sierra do los
!Miml)ros, into the province of Sonora.' Sr.oiesin the Iturhy Mix, p. IHO. 'La
Proviiicia di' Navajoos, (jue esta situada a la parte do el Nort(^ del ]\ro(|ni,
y a la dil Noruest de la Villa de Santa Fee.' VHla-Scrmr y S'inrhr:, Tlanh'i),
tom. ii., p. ■12(i. 'Esta'nacion dista de las fronteras de Nuevo-^I('xico como
veiuticincoleguas. entre los pueblos de Motpii, Zuui y la capital ( Santa Fe).'
Ban-dro, Ojindd snhre X. Mv.x., app., p. 10. ' Habita la sierra y mi sas ilo
Navaji'i.' Cttrdi'i-ii, in Onncoi/ liirm, Geoijrafla, p. 382. Seealso: Alct'dn, Dir.
cinivirlo, tom. iii., p. 2'.t"). ' Along the ;?4th parallel, north latitude.' Mmi'rii'^i
Avhona, p. Ki. ' On tho tributaries of the river San Juan, west of the Itio
Grande, and east of the Colorado, and between the thirty-tifth and thirty-
Boveuth parallels of north latitude.' Merrhcdhv); in Tnd. J.ff. Pupl., 1H.")1, p.
172. 'From Caiion de Chelly to Rio San Juan.' l'almti\\n. ILtrpir'^ M'l'.h,
vol. xvii., p. -too. ' From the Rio San Juan to the Gila.' Gravis, in //«/. Aff.
Ii:pt., 18j1, p. 17t). 'Directly west from Santa Fe, extending from near the
MO.IAVKS AND Yl'MAS.
B9T
Rio rimndo on tho cnnf, to (In- rolonido rm tho wost; aticl from tlio l.iiul of
tlll> I'tllllS
th<
rth, ti> till' \|iii('lii's on till' south.' Il'irl.ufi, in Silnml.
i/l's Ai-fh., vol. iv., J). 2()'.>. 'Fifty miles from tlu' Itio di 1 Norte ' ]'iillh''
A'.
\K lO'J
Tromtlio ;ilt to the ;H()f north latitiiile.' i.ml 'from
Soceorro to the viilley of Tiios. ' llniilns' Piinijthiiii'.^i A'.r., p. 2ii2. Cotienr-
rent authorities: ,S
uiipson
,s Joni: .)[!!. /.',
/>H
r'/,'
Vol. i., J). IHt; Lmli-iri'i's Ah. l.iiwj., p. 132.
The M'>J(U-t's dwell on the Mojuve and Colorado rivers, n , f;n iiji as lUark
Canon. The word Jlojave 'ajipiars to he t'ornu-d of two Yuma words —
liamook (three,) and hiiiti (mountains) and desi;,'niites the tril)e of Indiaiirt
whieh oeujiies a valley of the Colorado lyinj,' between three mountains. Tho
rauLfes supposed to be ref( rre(l to are: 1st, "The Needh s," whieh terminate^
th
le valley upiui the sr>uth, and is e.illed Asientie-h;ilii, or first ram.
:d.
tho hei^,'hts that l)()iind the ri;,'ht bank of the Colorado north of tlu' .Mojavo
villa^'es. termed Ilavie-liabi, orseeond ranuie; and, Itil, the ]!
in'
lion;,' the left bank of the ri
to whi<'h has been •(iveu
Ki.V
the
\telid-
.t
Ibl
.k-1
iiiioou-iiaiii, or
third
117,
/'/
l'<ir. II. I!. l;.i,t.. vol. iii.. ].. :i().
Von :lt' :!ti' norilwarts bis zum !>laek Can
.l/-;//7e
/e
II illfi
/•' 7,s('(i'/r7,., toin. i., pp. 4.'t(i I. ' Inhabit tht^ Cottonwood valley.' /''is' I'ulu
ridlii H'lr., p. 7',). ' Oecupy the eonntry watered by a river of the sanu^ name
which empties into the Colm-ado.' liirllrlt's }'i
'I
The Mohav.
II^i
i'khaves, oeeupy tin- river al
.1.
th
1'
ITS.
Miiirri/, in Iml. A;}', lliiil., 1H.")7, \>. U()2. See further: l.mh n-hi's .1/,. J^nii-i.
p. 12 J; ('ill. Ml iniiilUe Jii
A. i.
V
,J,i
in IniL Atr. lliff., ISC,'.),
p. 217: M'i//i.s, in /(/., Sper,, Com., l^tu, pp. 32',)-30; Straltuii'.s Vtipl. tjnlmnii
Glrl.i, p. 12:!.
The Ihinln
are ' located chiefly in tho Cerbat and .\iiuarins Mount-
ains,
uid alon;^ the e.istern slope f)f the IJlaek Jlountains. They r:
throUi,'h llualapai, Yampai. ami Sacramento valleys, from Uill Williams Foik
on the
itli to Diamond liiver on the lun-th.
in liiil. AjJ. U,,,t.
18()',l, p. 217. ' In the almost iuaoccssiblo mountains on the I'ppi r Colo-
rado.' /'.«/,„(, iu /'/., isr,:l, p. ;is7. ' On the north and south of th<
>l
fi'om ('.imj) .Mohave to rrescott.' U'liillhr, in/./., iMiS, p. 110. • In tho
northwest i)art of Arizona.' \i"illi^, in fnl. AtJ. Ilipt. .s/i e. I'lmt., iSiw, p.
32'.).
The )'iiiiins or Cnchans rau'^^'e 'from the New River to tlie Colorado, and
throULjh the country b<tween the latter river and tiie Ciila. but may be said
to inhibit the bottom lands of tho Colorado, near the juneliun of the (iila
and the Colorado.' Iml. TntiN, vol. i., in llni/'S Culkflinii. • I'.oth sides of
tho Colorado both abovo and below the junction with the (tila,' li'irtkU's
Pi-rs. .V'fc.vol. ii., pji. 177-1). 'From about sixty miles above Fort Yuma to
within a few miles of the most southern point of that part of the Colorado
formim,' the Ixmndary.' Kiiinri/'x Uci>t. V. S. iiml .lA.,'. Il'minlnri/ .'<iir-
'■'(/, vol. i., p. Ilt7. 'Das eij^'eiifliche (rebiet dieses Stannues ist das Thai des
untern Colorado; OS l)e<,'innt dasselbo unf,'efiihr nchtzii; Meilen obi rhalb der
Miinduii'' <les (iila, und erstreckt sich von da bis nahe an den (loif von Cali-
forii
.l/,;///e
liils'll iu iI'li' Fill
seii'ivi
)1.
ri'
122, i:i(i-l, VM.
'La junta d'l (rila con el Col()rado, tiorra poblada de la nieion yuma.
BOS
TUIllAL lM)lNI)AUir.S.
Sulfltiinir, Hiliir'iiDi, in />,.,•. Hist. Mi.r,, Hcrii' iii., luin. iv., p. H\'.\. 'I.r imiil
Ai' Ilk Himsc-C'ilifiiniic, siir In rive tli-uito iln Kii)-t'nliiraili>.' >'r>c. //ri"/., Ilidh:
till, Hrrii' v., No. !M'i, p. |!S(i. ' Fm- ten nr Itftiiii inili s ikhIIi uml smitli ' in tlii>
vhIIi'V iirar till' niniiili iif till' (iilii. /rw' I'lilnridln Uir., p. IJ. Sri- M'/i/'/i-
jil' , h'lrliiiiil, , Diiil 'I'linnr's ll'iit., p. 1(11, in I'm'. ^^ /i". Hijil., vnl. iii.; /.n-
tliim's I'liiiijiiii'iil'iiv I'li'iliiUiijii. viil. viii., p. I'JII; l.iiiliiii>'lli\ lliiiinssil-lliiiillinii,
p. 7N; Mtiirri/'fi Arhnnn, p, il.l; Mr ICinsIri/, in >»/» l'iinii'isri> llirnhl, Jiinr, |H."i:t;
l.iiiliirll's All. L'liii., p. 'Jll'i; Mmrnj, in /Hl^ .1//'. /^/<^, l><"'7. pp. IHM-'J; I'm'i-
!•!/, ill III., iS.'iH. p. '2(12; ./o/ics, in /./., IHr.'.l, p. aid; llomiril, in /</., iw'J,
pp. KM "J; I'nrliiinrs Sal. Hist. Mun, vul. ii.. p. TiCI.
Till' CiimiliiiiM 'riiiiin nurtliwaiil tu llii' hi},' linul nf tl.i' ('ulnriiilo.' MVn'/i-
iii. • l\- till-
in /,/./. Atr.
}.'•■. Kii-hii„l,.„n<1 Tiinin-'s /.'././., p. II, in I'm: /.'. /.'. H-iil .
*i('inilv iif Hill Williiiiiis anil San P'ranrisco Mniintniiis.' .In
llilil., IHiill, p. 1221. Sii' alsii: h'hiniir's limit. Itmi, \>. |.s(; Ihimi lurli's
llisvrls, vnl. i., p. |M."(.
Till' )'iiiiii)<i'i.i inlialiit tin' runiitry west ami nortli-vrst nf \hv .\/ti'i' riiiij^'ii
nf ninillllMins tn till' mnlllli nf till' Kin Vil'^'rl.. Wliijijili-, h'ir'iiiiik, iiml 'I'lir-
>iir's li'i'l., p. II. in I'lir. I!. It. liijil., vnl. iii. ' .Vni hImiii Cnlniailn.'
■ NiH'illiill Vnll ilcll MnliiiM'S.' .Miillliililsiii, lliisiii III il'ii- l-'i 111 mil li.. Inlil. i., pp.
I'll, 277. 'On till' wi'sl liiinii nf tin' Cnlnriuln, almiit tin' Mmtitli nf Itill Wil-
liams's fork.' Mmrri/, in Iml. AjJ. Ilijil., If^'il, p. 11(12; I'lishm in /•/., isil'l, p.
;is7.
Till' l'i(/i'//('i//(ms nr Tali'lirillim'S ' livi' nll tlli' ri^,'lll l>iink nf the (^nlnimln,
mill tlirir trilirs lii-st iippi'iir in Int. :i:t 2(1.' ('ll('^;, in I'nr. I!. U. llijil., Mil.
iii.. p. 121.
Till' Viniiiiinli'i nr Tamaialis ' ari" srttli'il mi tlii' lift liiiiik nf tin' Cnlnrailn
fi'nm :!l nf lilitihl.' tn :i.*
t'lirli:, in
/'.('•. /.'. /;. Ilriil
Ji'., vnl. 111., p
121;
Ihiiiii inrli'.-i Ihsirl.'i, vnl. ii., p. (i"2.
Till' Ciirlii'in iu'i' ill till' ' Cliii'icahi i mniintiiins, smitlurii .\iiznim niul
iinrtliirn Sminrii ' W'hiltln; in Iml. .\tj'. Hrjil., ISH.S, p. III.
Till' .V/'/H/-i(.>i ilwi II in till' liasin nf llir Itin .\ziil. ' I'ltiln tiilm di's
lini'ils ilii ( lilu.' Iiii.il'iii, iu .\iiiirillis .\iiiiiili.'! ili.f I'll//., IS.^Il, tnin, I'Wvi., p.
47; Hiilliiliii, in hi., |.s."il, tnni. cwxi., p. 2'.ll.
Till' .s'nmii'.s' livi' 'ni'iirtlii' lii'inl watiTsnf tlm Siiliiiiis.' I'limri/'s niriDiiini.i-
tiitii ■• . p. Ili:i; tiiilUii'in, in Siiiirilks .iiuinlis ihn I'"//., |s.")l, tmii. r\x\i., p. 2'.m;.
Till' r.ii'nyids 'livi' alnii},' tlii' Cnlnrailn for lifty milis finiii tin' mniitli.'
In.t' t'lilnrmlii llir., \>. ',\\. ' On tin' Cnlnrailn llnltnms Wrlr tlm Cn<'n)i;i]is,
till' sniitlifrn j^'iilf trilii's nf wliii'h Coiisai; rails tlir r>iiu;in)ias. Ili'liniiniiiiis,
(^iiitiViiiiias, Ciii'iiiitrs, ami tlic .Vli'lit'iliiimis.' /,
tl'nii'ii' X l..l'l
h'.nilnr. Ill' I.I
I'lil., \K 'A. ' On till' rij^lit liaiik nf the river Cnlnrailn, finmlat. 112 |.S' iip-
waiil." ( iii7i :, ill I'm-. II. II. li'ipl., vnl. iii., ]). I2lt. ' llali'^^i' all tlir way
frniii I'nrt Isalit'l, uimn tin' I'list liaiik of tlir rivi'r (Cnlmailni, tn tin' 1>numlaiy
lim> liftwi'i'ii tlif lli'piililic of Mi'xico and tin' I'nitiil Stati s.' .luliiisnii'fi llisl.
^\n:i>iiii, p. 1(). ' Hi'twi'i'ii thi'Oila ami tho (iulf, aiul mar tlir laltir.'
Itiirllilt's I'lrs. .\'iir., vol. ii., p. 1711. Set' also: Kiimri/'s lljil. I'. S.uml Mi. v.
liiiiinilitnj Siirvi'ij, vnl. i., p. I(i7; Miirvy,\\\ Jiiil. Aff. Iti/il., 1S."(7, p. .'(dl ;
I'.istmi. in III., lS(i;i, p. 38(;; .Uitlki/, iu Jd., 18oS, p. '2(12; llowunl. in 7'/.,
1S72, 1-. ir.i.
IMKllLO FAMILY.
I'.M)
Williiiiit (Iclhiili l\ Inciiliiit; •liciii, Kiilini'ruii cntinHnitrs llic fnllnwiiiK
IIUtiiitlH, hi'i'li li_v ( >Milli' tliliilij^ liin llip llil'iinL>|| New Mi'xiro;
'I'lii' < 'I'li/uiliiH, hciiiii'W lii'i'i' lii'iwi't'ii lilt' iMiM|iiiH mill llii' Kill (iiiii, miir li
rivi'f wliii'ji he ciiils 'li.' Kii' SitrruiiK'iitii. ' him jiiniailiiM ili' iilli (('I'u/iiili'f,)
III till' I'ri iii.o I'amii.y, ln'sirlcs (lie iiiliiiliitaiits of tlu' villaj-'i s siliuitrd in
Hid valli'v (if till' Kill (Jniiidc del N'urti', 1 iiiiliidd the hi'Vcii .Mmiui villii^'H
\yitiH West of III!' foriiiri', Mild also tlic I'iiiiiis, llic Maiicoiui'i, tlii' ('.i|iiij,'os,
and till' Si)liai|imis willi tliiir coiii^'iiicrH of the lower (iilii rivri'. ' 'I'lu' iiiiiii-
lirr of iiilialiili'd piiflilcis in the 'I't'i'i'itory [ New MrxicoJ is t\Miit,v-six ...
Tlifii' iiaiiii's ai'i' Taos, ricorlK, Naiiilii', 'rrziKinc, rojiiaiiuc, San .liiaii, San
Yldt'foiiso. S.iiito I)oiiiiii'_;ii, San I'"<'ii[M', Sanlii .\iia, Codiiti, l.iji la, Silla,
La^^'iina, .Vconia, •huu/, /iifii, Saiidia, and Santa Clara . . hi 'I'l \as, a sliort
distaiii'i' liclow till' soiitiirin liiiiindary of New RIcxiro, and in tin' vallry of
llic ]>i'l Xorli', is a ]iiii'i>lo called Islita of tliii South,' and aiintliir callid
Los Li'ntcs. J)(iris' Kl (iriii'io, jip. ll."i Iti. San (icri'ininio dr 'I'aos, San
Loren/.(i do Picnrirs, San .liian dc los ('aliallcros, Santo 'J'oiiiiis dc .Miiiinin,
Santa Clara, San IMifoiiso, San Fniiirisco do Niiiidii', Nik stni Sii'iora do
(iiiadaliiiic di' I'ojiiaiini', San ldc^,'o di' 'r<'SUi|ilt', N. S. df los .Vnj^'i Ics dc
Tocos, San niiriiii Ventura de Cocliiti, Santo ItoniinK". San l'eli|ii', N. S. do
los I)olores de Saiidia, San I)iej;o do .leiiies, N. S. dc la .\siiiii|iiion de Zia,
S.mta .\iia, San .Vn^'iislin del Isleta, N. S. do IJcleni, San Ksti xaiide .\eonm,
San Josef (\t: La La;^'una, N. S. do (tiiadalniio do Zinii. Akwi^l' r, in .lA /i'ki '.-.•
Tico TliDHniiiiil Mills, J). •Ji\\i. Taos, oij^lity-tlirei! niilos north north-oast of
Kanta To; I'ioiiris, on Kio ricnris, sixtv miles north li.v east of Santa Fo;
San Juan, on the Rio (iraiido, thirty-foi.; miles north of Santa I'V-, mi road
to Taos; Santa (!lara, twenty-six i.iilos north north-west of Santa ]''('; San
Ildofonso, on Kio (Irando, oij,d»teon niilos north i^f ; ".nta Fe; Namlio, on
Niiinhe ('rook, three miles oast of I'djuaquo; Pojnacino, sixteen miles north
of Siiutii Fe; Tesunuo, eight miles north of Siiutii Fe; Coohiti, on west 'oank
600
TRIBAL BOUNDAUIES.
of Rio Gmndo, twcnty-fonr milps sonth-wost of Santa Fi'; Santo Domingo,
on Rio (iriinilo, six mili's south of Cocliiti; Sun Filipc, on Rio (rniiuli!, six
miles sr)utli of Siinto Douiinj,'o; Siindia, on Itio Griindc, liftctn niiks south
of Siiu Ft'lipi'; Ihlcta, on Rio Gnindc, tliirty milts south of Samlia; .It'nus,
on J(!ni('s llivcr, fifty miles west of Siiuta Fe; '/An, neiir Jenies, tifty-tivo
miles west of Siintii Fe; S:inta Ana, near Zia, sixty-fivi' miles west of Santu
Ft'; Laguna, west of Alhuiiueniue forty-five miles, on San Jose River; Aeoma,
one hundred and iifteen miles west of Santa Ft', on a rock tive hundred feet
hi;,'h, Iifteen miles south-west of Lacuna; Zuni, om^ hundred and ninety
utiles west south-west of Santa Fe, iu tho Navajo country, on Zuni River.
J/i'/Z/k's Tii-t> Tli'iKs'tml ^^ll'n, J). 222. i^co Ahtrl, in Emory's Iticohiiiiisunnre,
pp. 4SS-!U; U'liiiijilc, Jurhanh; ami Ttmnr's Hfpt., \>\t. 10-12, in I'tir. U. II.
ll'lit., vol. iii.; W'd-it, in Lid. Af. Hi'iit., W,l, pp. Ill], ll»;t-4; limrdro,
Ojnula s<i!)ri! X. M'.f., p. lo. 'La primera, entrundo sura norte, es la
nauionTij^'ua. . . .Estan [)i)l)lados junto a la sierra de I'uruai, que toiiia (1 nom-
bro del prineipal pueblo (jue se llama asi, y orillas del j^ran rio, . . .fueran do
este, puehlan otros dos pueblos, el nno San Pedro, rio abajo di' Puruai y el
otro Santiaijo, rio arriba....La se^unda naeion es la de 'rulianos, (pie al
rniiibo oriental y niano dereeha del eaniino, puebla un rio (jue de la jiarte del
Orieiite .. viene d unirse eon el rio Grande; su putblo principal es Zandia
con otros dos [lueblos . . . La fercera naeion es la de los (teiiiex, que a la parte
0>'cidua pui'bla las orillas d '1 Rio-Puerco cuyo principal pneblo (^icin/.i^T.a
. . . .La cuarta naciun es de los teyuas, que estan p<iblados al Norte do los
tahanas, de esa otra parte del rio, su principal es (ialisteo . con otros dos
pueblos, y hay al riunbo oriental, encaramada ( n una sierra alta, la ipiiuta do
Navon de los Pecos, su prineipal i)ueblo se llama asi, otro se llama el Tuerto,
con otras rancherfas en aqnellos picaehos. . . .La sesta naciuu es la de loa
(jueres. . . .El pueblo prineipal de esta naeion es Santo Domint,'o. . . .la
s.'tima naeion al rundio bon al es la de los tahos. . . .La octava iiacion es la
du los picuries, al rumbo Norueste do Santa Crnz, euy<i pueblo primijial es
San Felipe, orillas del rio Zama, y su visita Coehite, (uilla del misuio rio. . . .
La ultima naeion es la do los tonipiras, tpie habita de esa otra parte de la
Canada de Santa Cl.ira y rio Zama, en nu arroyo que junta al dicho rio, y i s
las fronteras de los llanos do Cibola 6 Zui"ii.' Suliiurim, llildiUjias, in Due.
Hist. Mi.f., serio iii., tom. iv., pi). !)8-100.
' Some sixty miles to the south southeast of Fort Defiance is situated tho
pneblo of Zuui, on a small tributary of the Colorado Chi<piito.' JJaris' Kl
Gniup, p. 422. ' On the Rio do Zufii.' Siiiipstin's Jmtr. .1/(7. lli'mn., p. 'JO.
' To the N. E. of the Little Colorado, about lat. 'do , are the Zunis.' J'/'ichanl'ti
Nid. Jlist. Man, vol. ii., p. otl:).
The J/'"/i(i.s. are settled ' West from the Navajos, and in the fork between
the Little and the l>i^' C'olorados.' The namcsof their villan't s are, aecurdini;
to Mr Leroux, 'Oraibe, Sluimuthpa, Miishiii'ina, Ahlil.'i, Gualpi, Sluwinn.'i,
Tc(iuii.' Whipple, Eii-lutiik, (t)(d I'linitr's Hcjil., p. l:!, in I'ar. 11. H. Ucpt,,
vol. iii. 'Westward of the capital of New Jlexico. . . .Ovaibe, Ttiucos, JIus-
Ziisnavi, Gtiipaidavi, Xou^'opavi, (iual[ii.' Corlii, in I'ar. Jl. /.'. L'ipt., vol,
iii., p. 121. 'Desde estos paraj^es (Zuni) corriendo ]iara el Ve^t Xoruest,
empiezau los Pueblos, yRaucUeruis do las Proviucias do Moqui Oraylie: lea
THE riMAS OF ALIZONA.
601
Pueblos iloqninos son: Hual])i, Taiins, ^Moxdiiavi, Xonj^opuvi, (Jiiiimnu,
Af^uutul)!, y Kio ^^'nindede ospfh tii.' \"illti-S( I'or 1/ Siinrln:, 'J'/ixitrn, toiii. ii.,
pp. -ilo-t',; Vrnc/iis, .\')lii){ii ih- III ('ill., torn, ii., J). .')27. ' 'I'lif live piitMo)*
in thu Moipii luo Oray.Xit, Musaiiiiis, J()n;.,'(iapi, (Jiiiilpii, mid aiicitlit r, tlio
naiuo of which is not known.' Rii.etini's Ailnn. J/i.c, p. I'.l.'i. 'Thcthno
castorn villatjcs arc hicatcd on ono hliitt", and arc named as follows: Taywah,
Scchomawt', .Tiialpi. . . .Five miles west of the aliove-nanicd villai^cs . . is . . . .
the villai,'!! of ilisln)ni,'anawt! . . .One mile west of the last-nanifd villa),'e. . . .
is. . . .Shepowl.iwe. Fivi! miles, in ft northwestern direction, from the last-
named villa,L,'c is, . . .Shnn!4o[iawc. Five miles west of the latter ... is thu
Orcyhe vill i'-;e.' ''nitln'rs, in Iml. Atf. JlfjiL, l.s7"2. p. li'iJ. Further authori-
ties: rnliiiir, in lil., 1H70, p. l:!;}; Ilnnnn's Aiuulie Cmiiilrii. ji. 'I'M*; Ihnm-
lu'ch's Di'sifl!!, vol. i., p. ls.">, vol. ii., p. 40; lliiiiihuhll, Iwni }'<:l.. toni. i.,
p. .1115; llnssil, Mi.r. (inut., p. \i7H; Ins' Vidnriiiln llir., p. 127; Min ij'» J.ij'i:
on tliP lliirili r, ]>. 111.
'The /'(///'(.s' inhaliit the country on both hauhs if the (lila lliver, two
Imndred miles aliove its month. They claim the territory l\iii,L; hi tweentho
followiii'.,' lioundavies: CouimeiicinL! at a mountain about twelve miles from
the bend of the (iila lliver, the line runs nj) said river to the Maiicopa (dp-
perniine. 'J'he north line extends to Salt liiver and the southern one to
the I'icacho.' M'/ilhr'a riiim^, MS. 'La partie la plus scptentrinnale de
I'inti'ndance de la Sonora portc le nom de lu I'imeria... On distin!.,'ne lit
I'imeria alta de la I'iuieriii baxa.' Jluiiiliolill, Kssai I'nl., toni. )., p. 'I'M.
' Corre, pues, esta I'inierfa alta, de Sur a Norte desde los .'10 ^rados hasta Ics
3-1 que se ci.entan desde esta luision dv. Nuestra Sefiora de los Dolores hasta
el rio del Clila. . . .y de Oriente a I'oniente desde el valle de los jiimas. llama-
doH sobai[)uris, hasta las eercanms y eostas del senodel mar ealifornio, habit a-
das de los pinias sobas. . . .l*or el Sur tielie el resto di' las naciones ilpata,
eudeves, pert( uecieutes a dicha prosincia y entre ellas y la sierra-iuadre, cle
Oriente a I'oniinte, la Finieria b; 'i.' lA/ic/i', Hiinriirni, in linr. //;,^^ J/i.r.,
serie iv., tom. i., pp. l!l-">-l). ' I<os jiueblos de pimas liajos son .. dcMlo
Tarait/i hasta Cumuripa, Onajia, Nuri, JFovas y Oaidias lo son h.'niu el Sur
de Cumuripa, Suaipii, San .losi' de I'inias. Santa liosaba, I'res y Nacameri
hacia el I'onieuti-, son la frontera contra los seris .. Los pirn isaltos oeupaii
todo el terreno que hay desde lie Ciiciiriie por Santa .\na Cabona ha^ta la mar
di' Oriente a I'oniente y Sur Norte, toilo lo (pie <lesde dicha inision tirando
jior Dolores, Itcniedios, t'ocospera el presidio de Terrenate, y desde ('sto
siguicnd<j el rio de San Pedro I'l de los Sobaipuris hasta su junta eon el rio
Xila, y jMir amb, -; oiillas de estc hasta el Colorado y elitie la mar, li elio ilo
Californias se 1 ncierra.' ."^nnnrii, I>it.rr>ii. 'ii<»/., in iJnr. //I'.s^ .)/. ,c., sc rie
iii., torn, iv., pji. ."lVJ-I. ' I'lom the rivft' Yaqui in Sonora, northwanl to
the (lila and ev.n beyond the 'Idmos.it/i (Colorado) eastward bexond the
mountains in the province of 'i'arauinara, and westward to the sea of ( 'orte/.,'
SiiiUli, (Iritiininir iif till' J'iiiui o/' .\'i ro/dc l.iuiiiiiiuii, ji. viii; hi.. //■!■. I.iui-
<jmiil<'> pp. i5-7; .\rriririlii, I'luuirn Sinifuii, p. i('.(li; Alii/ii-, Jli.-^l. ( V;/;//).
ih' f/c.sKs, tom. ii., 1). 'Ih'i. ' Xiirdlich vom Flnsse Yaqui, vom Dorfe S.
-lose de Pimas bis /ii dem iibcr (11) Le.ruas niirdlichcr ;,'ele^en( 11 l)oilV Cucu-
r'lpe, buwohneii die Pimas bajas die Mitte de* Landes,' ' NonllicU vom
G02
TRIIIAL BOUNDARIES.
Fhiss Aspcnsiim, von ilcr Kiistc weit ins Laud liiiuin. titft't n viv (li(> Pinms
altas.' MiililxnpJ'ordt, Jf(jko, toni. ii., pt ii., pi). 4rJ-'J0. 'rinuiii' linutod
biis-ic. Lft iiri'iuii're K't'toiiil ilcimis Ics Rios Cdlormlo ct (iilii jusiura In villo
dc lIiTiuusilloit an Riode his UriK, it la stcoiidu dciuiisci ttc liiiiitc jus(i\riiu
Rio dfl Fiierte qui la srpiire df Siualoa.' Mafnts, LVpl"!-., tuiii. i., p. 2(ih.
' Los pimas ultos ocnpan iosjiartidos de la M«i,'daloiia y del Altar: liiidan al
N(jit(^ con el Gila; al Estc con los apac'hcH y con lus I'ipatas, sirviindo do
L'niito fl rio San Pedro 6 de Solmipuris; nl Ocste el mar de Corti'H, y al Sur
el tcn-ciio (pie ocuparou los scris.' Orozio 1/ Hvrra, (icuijnij'id, i^. 'M7. See
also: Mdlti-ISriai, Sonora, pp. U-lo; Mill's llisl. Mi.v., p. I'Jl; Ldclaiptlle,
Jtniiiissil-ltiiulhon, p. 81; Jliinli/'s Tmv., p. 437; VatlH Coikj. CuL, p. I'Jij;
>7'(/i/('(/".s rurtntUs, p. 5S; ,'<cli(iolcrufl's Arch., vol. iii., p. 2'Mi; Cremony's
Apiichis, i)p. 8',)-00; Dowoiirli's Diserls, vol. ii., p. 50.
The MufkoiuiH iidiabit both sides of the; Gila River, fur altout 3(1 leagues
in the vicinity of its junction with the Asuncion lUver. Ajiotrlicoa A/unts,
p. 351. 'On the northern bank of the Gila, a few miles west of that of the
Pinias. in about west longitude ll'i".' Wliijuiti-, Kii-hu)il\ uinl TiirKcr'n Itijil.,
p. 102, in /'(((". 7i'. 7i. ]le]il., vol. iii. 'Desde Stue Cabitic, se esti( ndeii h lo
larf:;o del rio (Gila) come treinta y seis legnas.' .'^edvltnah; lleldfiaii, in l)oc.
Jfist. .lA'.i'., serie, iii., torn, iv., p. 849; Villd-Sc/'tor 1/ Sdinln s, V'Ai «//•<), torn, ii,,
j>p. 40t-">. ' Voni siidlichen Ufer desGila bis zuni ilstliclien dcs Colorado.'
MuhknpfnriU, Mejico, torn, ii., pt ii., p. 420; Kiimrifa UvcdiiiniissiDire, pji.
i;tl-2; ^fvUh(lUfH)l, Ileis'n in div l-\lsvnii<h, torn, i., ]>. 12.J. ' .\u siul du rio
Gila, sur une etendue de prcs de 150 niilles, en remontant (b puis 1 induju-
ehure.' GalUdin, iu Kouvellcs Amiuks (hs I'oy., 1)S51, toni. cxxxi., p. 2'Jl;
Doiiwiiich's D(Scrts, vol. ii., p. 18; Escmhro, ynticiun (/<' ('hiliniihiiii. p. 228.
The Pimas and llarieopas live 'on the Gila, one hinidrcd an<l eighty
miles f; cm its junction with the Colorado.' Moirry's Ariiima, ji. 14. 'Wo
der ll2te (trad wej'llicher Liinu'e den Gila-Strom Kreuzt, also ungi fiihr nuf
der Mitte derStrecke, die der Gila, fast vom Rio (iraiidedel Noite bis audio
Spitze des Golfs von Kalifornieu, zu durchlaufen hat, liej,'en die Ddrfer der
Piiuos und Coco-Maricopas.' M<illIi(iHS(», FliicldliiK/, toni. iv., p. bt7. 'Nou
loin du conHuent du rio Salinas, par 112 environ de loiii^'itude.' Galluiin,
in Xiiiirclhs Annaha (kn I'"//-, 18")), tom. cxxxi., ]>p. 2N0-0O. 'On the Gila
river, about one hundred miles above the conltueiice of that stream with
the Colorado.' Dole, in Lid, Aff. licpt., 1804, p. 20. 'Claiuied as their own
jiroperty the entire Gila valhy on both sides, from the I'inal mounfaiiis to
thuTesotal.' Moirry, in hid. Ajf. llipL. IH.TJ, p. []')S. ' rroiii Maricopa AVells
to a short distance beyond Sacaton.' Whittier, iu Ind. Afi'. ilvpt., 18(')8, p. 142.
Limits also given in Jidi-tlclt's J'vrs. Xnr., vol. ii., ji. 2;i2; Ins' Cnltuiido l!ir.,
p. 45; Ilitlloy, in Ind. Aff. Jt'pt., 1858, pp. •UK); I'oslim, in /</., 18(14, )). 152.
The I'dpaijos ' inhabit that trianguhir space of arid laud bounded by the
Santa Cruz, Gila, and Colorado rivers, and the JP xi<'an boundary line.' I'l'S-
tiin, in Jiid. Aff. Hipt., bSO.i, p. 3S4. ' NTadlich von dieseii t Pimas altas)
liauseii im Osti'ii der Sierra de Santa Clara, welche sich nnter lU'a nord-
licher ISreite dicht am iistliclien I'fer des Meerbusens von Califoruien erhtlit,
die I'apagos oder Papi'ibi-Ootam.' Miililivp/ordt, Mijiro, torn, i., y>. 210.
'Junto al rio do Snu Marcos: 50 leguas uias urriba babita la uuciou de lus
LOWER CALIFORNIANS.
603
rapaj^os.' Alrrdo, Dirclonario, torn, iv., p. 217. ' In the country iilwnt Snn
Xaviir (1(1 Baca, a few miles from Tucson.' J'urko; in Ind, Ajf'. Jl'jit., iHK),
).. 10; .IniLs. in fit., p. '220; Dole, in /(/.. 18(14, p. '21. ' Wander over the
Country lr>)in San Javier as far west as the Tiuajas Altas.' E)iii>ri/'s llijil,
Mcx. uikI I'. S. lloHiidari/ Sunri/, vol. i., p. 123. Kee also: Jkii-idnou, in
Ind. .1//'. Ii'i'i'l., IHCt'), p. 1;{:J; Ldchtipelli', naoHssel-IlouIhon, p. 81.
The .'^olidipiiris, a nation related to the Pinias, live anions^' the lower
Pinias. ' I'or una sierrezuela que hay al Oriente de este rio y .■ius rancho-
r'as, se dividen I'stiis del valle de los pinias soliaipuris, que a poca distancift
tieiien las ^uyas niuchas y niuy nunu'rosas, las mas al Poniente y pocas al
Oiiente del rio, que naeii'ndo de las vertientes del cerro de Terreiiato, que
csta conio treintii lej^uas al Norte de esta niision, eorre de Sin' a Niute liasln
juntarsc con el tantas veces nondirado de (lila y juntos eorren fil Poniente.'
Mamjo, Il'imrtirhi. in Thv. Ifi.4. Me.v., oerie iv., tom. i., p. M'.). Ueferenoo
ulso in ,l/f((/(), Dlcdonario, tom. iv., p. 218; Muldeii]\fonlt, J/(_yio(;, tom. i.,
p. 210,
The Lowi:n r.xi.ii-oiiMAN Family includes all the nations inhal>itin<,' the
Peninsula of Lower California, northward to the mouth of the Colorado
River.
The r',)f//(((i/»' iiiliahit the ]ieninsula north of the twenty-sixth def,'ree of
north latitude. 'I Cochimf ne presero la parte settentrionale da i^'r. 'l-i sino
a 33, e alcune isole viiine del Mar Pacilico.' (lavhiirn, Slorin lUlht Cdl., tom.
i., p. lO'.t. ' Dexle el territ irio de Loreto, por todo lo deseubiirto al Norte
de la Nacion Cocliimf, ode los Cochimies.' 'La Nacion, y Lcnj^uia de )o3
Cochimics azia el N.irte, despues de la ultim.'i Mission de San Ij,'niicio.' ' Los
Laymones sun los mismos, (jue his Cochimies (hi Norte.' 1 'i ;("/"•'>', Xnihia
de la Cid., tom. i., pp. (13-7. ' Los Cochimies ocui)al)an la peninsula desde
Loreto hasta poco mas alia de nuestra frontera. Los de las misiones de San
Francisco >raviir y San J(is(' Comondi'i se llamahan edi'ies; k)s de San Igna-
eio didi'ies.' (truzro j/ lUrrr,, <ii(i<iriit'i(i, p. 3(1(1; Furlns' (al., p. 21; I.ude-
iciij's Ah. I,(tnii., pp. ■!'.•, '.''••; I'hiiinkl, Vwidro, tom. ii., p. 2(i7; lUisrlnnonn,
Sinivoi d'V Adrl.-. Sjir., pj). 4(l',»-7(>. ' Pi'tween San Fernando and Mohje
were the I.iiiKinii s dividid (goin-,' from north) into the CMLjnagutts. Adacs
and Kadakauiaiis.' 'From Santo Tomas to San Vicente they were ternud
leas.' />;'()ic/((''.s /,()((•(/• r.(/., p. ,") I; llitil. Chfi'lkiDie di- III (a/., ]>. 1(13. 'Niird-
lich von Lor('to schuariiit dir /ahliciche Slaiiim der Cochimit s, audi Co-
ehimas oder (dliiiics j^'i nannt. Zu ihiicii ^'cliiiren die Laimdnes und die
leas,' Muld<niifitn!t. M'ji'ui, torn, ii., jit ii., p. 413.
The '/"'o'cKci.s' riiani sdUth of the Cochim's, as far as Mau'dah ii.a Pay.
' Si staliiliniiio tra i gr. 23', j e 2(1.' Cliiriiiiro. Slar'ni d'lln Cnl.. tom. i., p.
109. 'Los f,'uai(iirits se suhdividen en ^'unicuras, coras, coiulii's. uchitas,
y aripas. Los guaicuias vivian principaliiKiite (ii la costa del racitico,
desde el puerto (U' San liernahe hasta el de la JIa<,'dal(na. J-os coras in la
costa del (Jolfo, desde los perici'ies hasta la niisit n de los Dolores, conipren-
diendo el ]iUerto de la Pa/. F.ntre los ^;uaicuras, los coras, y los peri-
cues estalian Ins uchitas v uchities. Hasta el niisnio Lorito, u muy cercu
Ucgaban los eoiichos ('j mon(iuies, a quienes los jesuitas pusierou lauretanos,
G04
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
. . . .una rama do sn nncion nombrnda nionqnf-lninion o iiionqniVs del in-
5erior, porcjno vivian Icjos do la costa, y kg enciteiitraii tain1)ien noinbradus
por Holo laiiuoiu'K, Luk ari[>as al Norto do los ),'\iaicuras.' Orozio y Hivni,
O'eoijnifid, jip. itO.VG. ' Dosdo la Paz liasta mas airiba del I'losidio Itoal di^
Lort'to, cs do lus lIoiKinis ... a s'l iiiismos so Hainan Cdii vooalilo yon(>ral M( m-
qni, (') ^loiKjuis. . . .Ins Vohitics, que iin<d)lan las ecrcanfas do la I'ah'a. y
Puerto do la I'a/.; y la do los (Juayci'iias, (jno dcsdc la I'a/ so c sticiidtii < n la
Costa intoi'iur liasta las ccrr'anfas de Lort'to. Los Jlonquis iiiisinos sc di vidt u
en Liyiii's, Didiiis, y i>tras ranias nicnorus.' Wnnids, XnlliUt ilv In Cut , toin.
i., pp. fill -7. ' Los (riiaicuras so ostaliltoioron cntro cl paralolo do 2:! 30' y
oldc'20 .' I'iiiintlil, Ciiadro, toni. ii., p. 207. 'V<in La PazLis ubor <1( n Vn-
sidio von Lnri'to dchnt dor Stannn Jlonqni, ^Lxpii odor ^lon^^ni sioli ans,
wclrhoiu die raiiiilion Gnayciira und I'olii'ti odor Vdu'li aii^'olniron, dio jo-
docli von <>iiiigrii Uoisondon fiir pmz vorshiodoiio Stiinmio j^'chnlton wordcii.'
Muhhui)j'i)nU, M'Jlco, torn, ii., pt ii.. p. 143; Jiaschiiuuui, Sjikvih ihr Aitil..
Spr., p. 173; Forhis' CuL, p. 21; Brotnie'n Lmrer Cah. ]>. 51; LmUvU/x Ah.
7v'(h;/., p. litH. ' La naoion ya nonil)rada (ruaionro, (pU! liahita tl liiniaMc
la siorra f^'ij^anta, (pie vienc costoando ol pnorto do la JLo^dalona liasia ol <li'
Sau Bernabo.' Sabneron, lielacioncs, in Doc. Hint, 3[i'X., sorio iii., torn, iv.,
p. (U.
Tho roriri'iia livo in the sonthorn jiortion of tho Peninsula from C'ajio
San Lnoas northward to La Paz. 'Dosdo cl Cabo do San Lucas, lla^ta mas
aoa do I'lurto do la I'az do la Naoion Pirioa . . . . A los Indios, quo oaon al
Siir, o ^Ii'diodia do sn torritorio, llaman VaVu, u Ecpili, u Kdiios . . so divide
eu varias Naoirinoillas pcqnouas, dc las (pialos la mas nombratla < s la do Ics
Coras, nombro propio do una Ranoliori'a, quo so lia oomunioado di spuos ,"i
alt,'unos I'uoblos, y al Ifio, qnv dosaL;ua on la liah'a do San liornabi'.' Wiii-
f/cw, Xot'icid lie la IdL, toni. i., p]). 03-7. ' Los poriouos liaiiitan on la mision
do Santiai^'o, <pio tiono snjoto a San Joso dol Cabo y on las islas do ('ori'alvo,
ol Espi'iitu Santo y San Joso.' Onnco y Ikrrit, (koijrofUi, p. 3(jri. ' 1 IVrinii
no ooonparono la jiarto australo dal C. di S. Lnoa sino a gr. 24, o lo isolo
jidjaoouti di C'orralvo, dollo Spirito Santo, o di S. Giusoi)po.' ('I<n-hirr<i, Sdn-ia
f?(7/(f (''(/., torn, i., p. lU!). ' Im Siidon, voni Cap San Lucas bis iibcr din
Ilafon Los Picliibii^'uos und dio Mission La Paz liiiianswolmon dio I'cn'cm s
zu wflclun dio Familion Edu odor E(pin uml Cora ^,'ovoclinot wordin.'
MiilileiqifonU, Mijira, tom. ii., pt ii., ]>. 443. Soo alsci; rinntilil, I'lunlrd,
toni. ii., ]). 2t)7; ('itHfunudft, XoliriuK, carta i., p. HO: Jlrmna's f.mnr < nl., p.
45; Fiii-hvs' I'a}., p. 21; .llnsclimayin, ,'<puii:H dir AzOh'. >';u-., p. 4x0.
The NoitTuKux Mkxican Family is eonijiosod of tho inhabitants of tho
States of Sonora. Siiialoa, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuovo Leon, and ]icirtiiiHs
of Tamaulipas, l)urani,'o, and Zacatocas, south as far as 23 north latitude,
divided as follows:
The Si'ris ' live towiirds the coast of Sonora, (Ui tho fanxais ( Crro Prieto.
and in its iiiiniedjato neiL;hborhood.' I'nrli:, in I'ar. II. II. Ilipl., vol. iii.. p.
123. ' Reside in tho villaujo near llermosillo, ooe\ipy th<' isl.ind of 'libumn
iutheOulf of California, north of (inaymas.' llarCitt's }'irs. Snr., vol. i.,
p. 4(51. 'Son las Isla.s nombradas S. Antonio, Tabuion, S. Estovan, Boca-
CERIS AND OPATAS.
C05
linns, SnlsipiiPclos, In Tortiiftn, In rnsonndn de In Conpopcion, lml)itu(lnH ilo
Iiulios (1(1 111 nnciou Si-ris.' Vadilht, Conq. N. GuUcUi, MS., p. 4'.)0. ' Su
liriiK'ipiil iibi'igo cscl fnmoso cerro I'ricto, nl Poiiiontf do Sun Jdsi' do Ids
riiiiiis, (IfK'o loguns, y docc cnsi nl Sur dol Tific; dol iniir omno corea do
outiircc lou'uiiH nl Ori(.-utc, y do In boon dol lio Iliaqui nl Norto, trointn lof,'uas. . .
Otro asilo fioucn, nsi on sn isln dol Tibnron, cnsi conio ounicntn lc(,'Uiis nl
rnnioiito d(^ In hn( iondn dol Pilii' y oonionna loyun do In oostn, on ol sono do
C'nliffirniiis; oonio on In de Snn Juan IJuutistn, corcn do nuovo lo{,Mins dol
Tiburou al Sud-suduosto yii nins do dos loynas do tierru.' S<inora, iJcscrip.
G o;/., in T)nc. Hist, .l/c.r., sorie iii., vol. iv., pp. uoO-OO. ' Los oovih. . . . [ 1771']
ostal»an .situados o)i la villa do Iloroasitas on nn jmoblo llaniado ol I'l'ijmlo,
una loj,'na haoia ol Esto de dioha villa, oamino para Nnoanioii. Do alii so
tiasladitrou on 1780 al puoblo do Coris.' ]\i(tsco, X(jlkias de Sdiiuixt, p. 121.
' TIk! C'i'vos are eonlinod to tbo island of Tiburon, tho ooast of 'I't'pooa, and
tlio I'uiblo of hoa C('ros, noar Pitio.' Jlnnli/'s 7';''ii\, j). 137. ' Zwisohondoni
riookon I'oti'o nnd dor Kiiste, und dioso hinnuf bis zum Flnsso Asoonsii'm.'
MOhbiiphiviU. Mijirii, vol. ii., jit ii., j). 419. Tho oountiy ndjaoont totlio Hay
of Snn Juan Dnutista was oooupiod by tho C'oiis. Jiroirin's Aimrhc ('(iiintri/,
J). 2-47. ' Sus nindriguoras las linn tonido en ol famoso coiro I'rioto, dooo
lci,'uas al Oosto do Snn Joso d(! los Pimas, on la oadonn quo so o.ti( udo hacia
(iunynins, on ol vinoon do Mnicos, on las sierras do Doooatzi (Jraiulo. on In
sierra do Piou coroa do la costn, y sobre todo en In isln dol Tiburou, situnda
en ol (rolfo do Cnliforuins, n nun logun do In jJnyn.' Oroirn y Hi rrit, Hi oijmflii,
]i. ;J.")1; I'lijithvn, in dd. Fanner, Juno II!, 1802. Couourrout auth(jritios: J.a-
chiipdle, JlaiiHssit-lloiilbon, p. 79; JHilo.i, Hist. J/t'.c, p. 21">; Wiiril's Mexico,
vol. i., p. 5().'>; Lialiirii/s Ah. Liivq., p. .'14; Ihinmifch's hcucrU, vol. ii., p. 57;
Mn/nis. Kvjiliir., torn. 1., p. 214; Stmip, in IHst. M<ui., vol. v., ji. l(i(!.
Tli(! Salinoros ' haoia los coufiuos do la Piuu'ria nltn.' Vrozvo y Ikrm,
Gcoiira/io, p. ',i'>\.
Tho Top( ions nro south of tho latter. ' Ordinnrily live on tho island of
Tiburon.' ( orti-z, in /V/c. 1!. It. Hijit., vol. iii.. p. 122. ' I,os uias pri'ixinios ii
la isla dol Tiburou.' Orozrn y liirni. (ivixinifio, p. 354; Multi-Ilnin, Sonora,
pp. 20-1: Mti/nis, Kriilur., toni. i.. p. 214.
The (tuaynias and rpanf,'iiayuias live noar tho liko-naiiied ]iort. ' Oonpn-
b:in el tirreuo on (pie ahor;' so enoueutrn el puerto ('n' ese uouibro, y quo so
' ron al pueblo do Delon.' Ori'zro y Itirrn, Gioijrofio. p. ',\'>l.
Tlio O/iiitiis occupy central anil eastern Souora. 'In the (astern part of
tho State, on tlie banks of the Sonora nnd Oposura, and in the vicinity of
tiie town ol Arispo and tho niinornl region of Nocasnri.' Miiyir'.-< .lA.i'. .l;/(<',
ill'., vol. ii., p. Itl'O. ' liours vijlaj^'os oouvrent los bords dos rivif'ros do Yntpii,
lie Sonora ot de Nacauu'ri, aiusi cpio In Ixdlo vall('e d'Oposiuii.' '/.ii'i'niii, in
Xiinnllr^ Aniiitlis <hs \'oy., LSl-j, toui. xciii., p]>. 2tiH-',). ' Iiu Osteii dos
Slants, nil don Ufern dor Fliisse Sonijrn und Oiiosi'irn luid bis ,t,'ej,'on die
Stadt .\ri'si)e und don Miiioudistriot von Nnoosari hiniuif.' Miiliknji/crdl,
Mijici), toni. ii., j)t ii., j). 420. ' Habitn el oontro del Kstndo do Souorn.'
J'iinriilil, Citmlro, toia. i., p. 40.'J. ' Le king dos rivii-res do Snn Mi^,'uel do
Iloroasitas, d'.Vrispo, do los Ures et d'Oiiosurn.' Tvrnawt-CoiiipiniK, in Xnn-
vilks Aiiiiidis di.-^ \'oy.. 1H42, t(un. xov., p. 319. ' Coulinnn id Norte oun los
606
TRIBAL BOrXDARIES.
piiniR y con loa apaclics; ul Esto con la Tiirahnmnra; al Sur con la rinitri.i
baja, y al Oostt! con los i)imus y cou los st'ris.' ' Ocupan en ol Estailo ilo So-
noru los actualcs partidos «le Saliunripa, Oposnra, Urcs, Arizpc y parte del
tie May(lal(>na.' Vrozco y Ikrni, Uv<i(i,(iJ"ia, pi>. J53H, 31:1-4. Tlic (»patas,
Eiiililjos, ami Jovas ' pucMan la mayor parte ile la Sonnra, dcsdi! nniy
atkntro de la sicrrra, son sus terrenes liacia al Sur dcsdc csle <pie iiusinin.-*
por liiidi'if) al Oricnte, jior el desicrto pueblo de Xatora, Aribet/i, IJaeanoia,
Toiiitzi, Soyopa, Naeori, Alamos, parte de Tres, Nacaiiieri, Opodcpc, Cu-
ouvpe h.'ieia el Pouiente; desde a(jui' Arispo, { binapa, li.ico.itzi, Cucpiiarat/i
liast.i Bablspe bi'teia el Norte, j- desde csta mision la |)<)C() ba eitado sierra
liasta Natora, los que la teriuinan li'icia el Oriinte.' !><)iii>ra, l.iis<riji. 'r'ni;;.,
in J>(><\ Il'ifit. Mcx.. serie iii., toni. iv., pp. rJoJ-l!. See also: MVyi^dVos, Gioii.
u. Stat., p. Hi; Mofrds, Esplor., toni. i., p. 21,'); }f(i!t(-Ilrnn, Soiioni. p. II;
JiartMl'n Pers. Xar., vol. i., p. 411; Unrdi/s Tntv., p. 4:!7; J'aj'il.' i, in
c'nl. Furmci; June G, 18C2; I'l-'uhinl's Xat. Hist, .l/o/i, toni. ii., p. HO:];
Wanl'.i ^fvJ:il•o, vol. i., p. oOT; Lmlnriifn Ali. I.itmj., p. lli'.t; IWc/.sto, XnUrhi:!
de Somira, pp. 117, Mo. In early days 'tbey occupied tbe wbole western
slope of tbe Si< rra, from tbe beadrpiarters of tlie Sonora liiver Ut Nuri, near
tbe Yi. Mil towns. Tbey were tbi^n esteemed ditrcrent trilics in ditlVrent
localities, and are named in tbe old n'cords as Jobas, Tecpiimas, Teyuis,
and Cogiiinaebies.' Stone, in lliM. Mixj., vol. v., p. Kili. 'La nacion (ipata
se subdivide en (ipatas tejiiiis, avecindados en los pueblos de Oiio(lepi\ Tir-
rapa, Cncurpe, Alamos, Ilatuco. En opatas tcj^'iiimas en Sinoipiipe. liana-
miclii, lliiepaca, Aconcbi, Tabiacora, ('binapa, IJacuacbi, t'uquiaratlii,
Cuniiias. ()i>atas fogiiinacbis <Ji Tonicbe, llataiie, Oputo, ()iK>suia, (lua-
saViis, ])ac:idi'guaebi, Naeori n>tro), llocbopa. Los d<l j)ueblo di- Santa
Cvuz SI' iUc< que son de nacion contla. LoslJatucas, en el jmeblode ISatiico
correspondt'u tand)ien ii los ojtatas, asi como los sabuariiias, los bimeris y
los giiasalias.' Onui'o y Ikrm, (li(iijnif!a, pp. 34;{ 4, and Vdui,ai, Xvticins
de Si>)t(mt, 2)p. 155-0.
To tbe Jovas ' perteneccn los pueblos de San Jose Teoi)ari, Los Do-
lores, Sabuarijia, donde bay tandiien ('ijjatas, l^'mida, Santo Tonias, .\rivetzi,
San Mateo JIalznra.' Owzco y Ilrmi, Cicoijni/id, j). 345; J'iniiiifil. Cwidro,
tom. ii., p. 24'.>. Ovas, 'csta nacion csta poblada a orillas del rio Papi-
gocbi(\ variedad de algunos pueblos y corro basta cerca del paitido de
Samaripa y uno de sus pueblos llamado Teojiari (que es de nacion ova
su gente I y eorre como se ba dicbo poblada en este rio basta cerca de
la mision de Matacbic' Zapata, in Dae. Hid. Mtx., serie iv., tom. iii.,
!>. 311. ' Ijos ovas, tribu (pie vive principalmcnte en S'Uiora. . . .(U C'lii-
Luabua esta iiol)lada orillas del rio Papigocbi (el Yaqui), llegando liasta
corca de Yepomera, de la mision de tarabumares de Matacbic; sus ran-
I'beri'as se llamaron Oparrapa, Natora, liacaniyabua d Piaipoa, Orosa(pii
y Xiripa.' Orozca y Iii rra, (temirdfia, p. 325.
Tbe Sobas ' oeupnron a Caborca, encoutriindose tand)icn en los alrede-
dores.' Orozro y Ikrra, Gcoitrafia, p. 348.
Tbe I'otlajiiguas, 'nacion genlil cercu de IJabispc yde IJacerac, colocnda
en la frontcra.' //).
Tbe Tepabues were ' babitadorcs de una pem'nsula que formau dos rios li
briizos del ilayo al Orieuto do los de estu nacion.' Id., p. o5G.
SINALO.VS AND MAYOS.
607
Tlif ToPfiy.iguiH, CiicH or Mrtcoynhnis wcro ' on liis vortipnt«'« drl rio,
antes ile los topahuos. . . .sus restos se t'luMieiitnui en el puchlo <!«■ la C'on-
et^K'ioii (If Macciyaliili.' Ih.
The llyiiic'i-is. ' iiacion sitnatlft en los varios vallcs que f(inna Li SiriTii
Jli'.dru outre Oocicloute y Norte ilel vuUe do Soiioni.' Ak'jtr, llhl. ('oinit.
ik .fesiis, tnni. ii., p. "i-tU.
The Sdiinras inhaUit the valley of Sofiora, which 'fan a In handa d< 1
Nitrto, ajiartadu do la villa (Sinaloa) eiouto y treinta lof^uiis.' Ilihii.-:, jllst.
di' los Triinniiliii.-i, ji. !'.)"2.
The ]',nilov(>s, Eudolios, Ilognoa, Heqnis, Ileves, Eudevas nr l)<)hinn
dwell ill till' villiii^'os ' Matajio, Naoori, Lns Alamos, ruihesco, llaoaiidra,
IJiituoo, TcpuHMo, Cneiirpe, Saraoatzi, Toajie, and Ojiodepe.' Orozco ij III rni,
Gttvjrat'i'i, p. !M 1.
The Sil)ul)a|)as 'del jinchlo do Suaqni.' Til., p. H.j1.
The Nnrcs, ' h ihitadoros del [mehlu de Xuri.' Ih. ' Iluhitn eerea do la do
los Nelioinos.' .Vri''lii. U'lrvionnrio, vol. iii., p. .'!.")().
The Ilins, 'a oelio lo^'Uas al Esto doTopahm'.' Orozcny Ikrra, Gtfxjntfitt,
p. ar.i.
The IIiivai:n»eros and Tohuisos are nei^'hhnrs of the Ilios. Ih.
Till! li.isii'oas and Ti'atas, ' iii'is al Este.' Ih.
The Tnpoonyos arc four leaijues Northwest of i-'aiita JIaj,'daloiin. 'Do
Santa Jla.^'daloiia en., el ruiiibo al Noroesto. . . .a 4 le^uas de distaiioiii
llei,'aiiios i'l la rancliori'a ilel Tupocuyos.' Mnnijr, Ulncrnvin, in Ih'C. lli^t.
Mex., Horie iv., torn, i., ]>. 'I'-Vl.
' Thi^ Indians of the stato of Cinaloa helonj^ to diflt'oriiit trili<^s: towards
the south, ill the country and in the Sierra, the I'oras, Najaritcs, ami lliici-
collines arc to lie found; to the north of Culiacan, the Cinaloas, ('(^chitas
and Tuvarcs: and tf)wards the town of El Fiicrtc, and farther north, wc tliiil
the Mayos Indians, to which hekui^' also the tribes tiuasarc, Ahoiiic, and
Oeoronis.' Sina, in f.oiul. Girnj. >or.., Juur., vol. xxx., p. 1'2; Miilih iiji/anlt,
2fiJlro, tolii. ii., ]it ii., ]>. 402.
The Shiii!(ui.'< ' [ieno sii assiento y pohlaeiones en el niismo rio de Toj,'neeo,
y Cua<pie, en lo mas alto del, y mas eercaiias a las haldas do scrranias
de Topia; y sus jjuoIiIos comieni^an seis Ic^^uas arriha del fuerte do Mon-
tosclaros.' Hilin^, Hist, de los VVio/i/i/io.s, pp. ]'.l',(, 47. ' Los mas orieiitales
de las gontes (pie hahitaliaii las rilieras del (pie alnmi llanianios rio (hi
Fuerte.' Ah/ro, llisl. i'dinp. i/c ,/i.si'.<, toni. i., j). 100. ' Aveeindados en nnn,
parte de las orillas, haci.i las fuentes del rio del Enerte.' Orozco ij Jkiniy
Geoiirn/i'ii, p. ',i2\).
The Mn/oa occupy tli(^ banks of the rivers Mayo and Fuerte. The Jlayo
river ' bana todos Ins ]iueblos de indigeiias llamados los llayos.' ViUiaro,
A'^/ic('/.>' //(' .s'()))()/v/, p. H2. ' l)io ei^eiitlichcn Mayos wohlieli hanptsiiehlieh
westlich uiid nordwestlieh von dor Stadt .Vlaiuos.' Milhlmitfovdl, .Mijico. tom.
ii., ptii., p. 4(12. ' Eos mayos, sobro el rio Mayo. ..estaii distiibnidos in
los pueblos de Santa Cruz de Alayo, Espi'ritii Santo Echojoa 6 l!(lioiiova,
Nutividad Navajoa (') Navohoua, C'oncepeion Cuirimpo, San 1^,'naeio dcTcsia,
Santa ratalina Cavamoa d Canioa. San IJartolonu- Butaeosa, Masiaca.' urozri)
y Berra, Geoijrofia, pp. 356, !1.'J4; Malk-Jiruii, Sonora, p. 13. ' iln, Mayos ou
608
TRIBAL BOfNDARIES.
Uif river ^layo in1>:i1>it tho following towns; To|)'it;np, Comc'inN f'ninc'iu.
Ti'sia, Niiv.ihcHi, ('iii'iii^'lu'ia, Ecliclii'iii, lunl Sauti» Cniz tic Mayo, ii seaport.
Towns of the s line nation on the Uio del Fnerte: Tc'iro. l>aea, rin'iis, Oiiii,
iSim Mi^,'nel, {'harae. Sivilih(ia, nml Temii'co.' Ilurili/'s 'rmr.. jiji. 4;{H, Hl'd;
ll'(('(/',s JA.rico, vol. i., p. .IMU, vol. ii., p. fiOfi; also: Staur, iu IH.4. Mnj.,
vol. v., |i. Ui'>; Mdi/ir's .lA'.r., Attrr, etc., vol. ii., p. 'Jill*.
Tlio y'li/iiis are settled on the Kio Yatjni and between it nnd tho Rio
Mayo. On the Yaiini River at n distance of twelve leaj^ms from the sea,
'esta pohlada la fanios.a Naeiim de lliai[uis.' Ililids, Wist. (/<• bin Tnitiiijilinn,
p. 2St. ' Lista (!(■ los pnelilos del rio Vaipii, contados desde C'ocoii, jirinic r
]aiel)lo al otro lado del rioile IJnenavistii, al Este del I'.stado, caniino jiara la
eiiidad di' .\lanios, y rio ahajo hastii Itelen; Coeori, R.ienni, Torin, liieam,
I'otani, IimIhuii, Iliiirivis.' \'il(tsco, Xnlirins tin SoiKirn. p. 84. ' Zwischeii
den Eliissen .Mayc nnd Yaepif . . . .Die Ortsehaften des Stanmies Yaiinf (Hia-
(jiif) sind Ix'sonders: Helen, Hnndihis, Rai'in, Potan, IJiean, Torin, Raei'in
nnd Coeori'm.' Miililiiijiii>ril(,.}fiJ!ci>,vii\.\i., jit ii., ji. ll'.l; .^fnlh-Hnin,.^!!-
ii'iro, p. Hi. ' Les hal'itations des Y"a(piis eoniineneent, a partir de la riviern
de CO noui. et s'etendent e^'alcnicnt sur le Rio do ^layo Fuerte et de Sinaloa,
snr nne eteiidne de ])lns de ll(» lieni'S.' Zn/'iiia, in Xnnrcllis Aiintilfsdisl'ni/.,
1S12, toni. xciii., ji. 'I'.iU; TiriKiii.r-l'diniKOis, in /(/., toni. xcv., p. lidCi. 'Tara-
uniara es la resideneia de los Indios Yatpiis.' ' Ar<' still farther north (than
the ^layos), and heloni,' entirely to the state of Sonora.' Si rhi, in Linul. ili'mj.
Site, ,fitiir., vol. XXX., p. I'i: Slitnc, in Hist. Mnij., vol. v., pji. Kit-"); I'ltjn-
ha, in ('<il. Farnirr, .Imie 0, 1M02; Alcedo, D'wrAimario, tom. v., ]>. I'!. ' C)c-
<Mii)ent le pays sitae an sud do Giiaynias jus<pi'an Rio del Fuerte.' Mofnis,
h'.fjilor., t'lin. i., p. 'JI'-*. See further: Fcrri/, Srhirs ik In I'ic >Vom(/;/c, pp.
1">, 45; U'/)-(/'s Mi.i'ii;,, vol. i., p. ,'5S2, vol. ii., ]). f'lOii; Ifanlj/'.-t Trtiw, jip.
4:17-8; ('ninhhrj'oi/., p. 200: .Wx. in 1842, pp. (;7-8; Hist. Clii-rliimf dv la
Cal., p. 244.
Tho Ziiiiqiiis have their villi)<,'e.s hotwoon tho Mayo nnd Yaqui rivers.
' Los zuaipu's estabau adelant<>, :'i cinco leguas do los tehuocos, y sus tierras
oorrian por espacio do die/ lei,'uas.' Orozcn j/ Ikrrn, Gimirnfla, p. ;i;i2. ' Sus
pueblos. .. .eran tres....el principal dellns, llamado Jlochicani.' Itilms,
JIlsl. de Ins Triitiiiiilios, p. Ki;?; Miililoiii/imlt, Mijim, vol. ii., pt ii., j). 411).
Tho 'I'l Imii'os ari' west of the Sinaloas. ' Si'is lef,'uas nl Oesto del ultimo
de sus pueblos (Sinaloas) sei.;nian los toRuooos o tehu(>cos.' Onnnt y Ilirrn,
G 'O'irit/iii, p. !132. ' Los pueblos dosta Nacion, (pio en sus principios ftieron
tros, comoiKjiunin quiitro loguiis rio arriba del vltinio do los yuaqnos.' llihas,
Jfist. di' Ins Triiuiijiliiis. p. 171.
Tho AliDiiii's dwell on the Rio Znaqne fonr leagues from the sea. 'La
Nacion Ahmno, y su ])rincipal pueblo. . . .Dista qnatro loguns do la mar do
Californias.' 7.'/7(a.s-, Hist, dv /as TriHt)iphos, p. 14i); Orinro ;/ Ikmi, (iroiinifid,
p. 332; Ali'i'do, JUrriitnurii), vol. i., p. 33; Srhoolcroft'.'i Arr.h,, vol. iii.,p. 522.
The I 'itcoreiiui's ' vivian on lus plnyas del mar y en los nu'dnnos, . . . . uu
pueblo, orillas del rio (Fuerte), no lojos de Aliome.' Orozco y Ikivn, Gimjra-
fia, p. 332.
Tho llidncnris ' froonentaban nn lagunazo a tros legnas de Ahomo.' 11).
The Cutnoporis 'oxistian en una ponfusula, siete loguas de Ahome.' lb.
TUir.EH OF SINALOA.
COO
' En vna poninsula retiradu, y on los Modnnos, 6 montos do iircnn dol ninr,
vinian las ranclnrius dv la gente flora dustos Comoporiu.' liibus, l/ist. de Ins
Ti'hoiiiiltDS, p. 1."j3.
The (riifUdcvs ' distante dioz, y doze loguas do la villa ' ifinaloaK /(/., p.
10. ' Habitadrircs do San I'oilro Gnuzave y do Taniaznla, orillas dol rio
Siualoa.' Onizcn ij llvrra, iriDiivufla, p. 332.
Tbe Zoes 'eran Indios sevrands, (pio tcnian sns poblacionon on lo mUo dol
niisnio rio ilo los Cinalo.is, y a las lialdus do sus sorranias.' Hilm^. Ili.it. ile
his TrhuiiiihiiH, Y. 2(IH. 'So ostablooioron a las faldas (io la Siorra, on las
fiicntos dol rio dol Fuorte ooroanos a los sinaloas.' Orozm ij llirni. tlnnivufin,
p. 333. ' Continau con los tubaros.' Ziiputa, in Doc. Jll.tt. Mex., sorio iv.,
torn, iii., p. 3<jr>.
The //i((7''.s 'Vivian on la Sierra, k sieto leguas do los sinaloas.' Orozrn y
Jkrrri, ifiiiiintfia, \^. 3:i3.
The Olnwrii.i and Ciihuhndofi dwell at ' San Lorenzo do Of,'uora. . . .situado
a seis lo^'uas al E. do la villa do Sinaloa y sobro ol rio.' /(/., p. 331.
The Ch'f.oratos and /irf.so/xis, ' on la sion-a, y ;i sioto b^^uas al E. do
(>j,'aera, se enonontr.i la Concopcion do C'bicorato ...Cinoo bj,'nas al Norto
ticue a San Ignaeio do Cbienris, en que lu.i habitautes sou tanibieu basopas.'
Ih.
The f'lilrurrtu 'eran vocinos do los chieoratos.' 7/).
The Tiiliiiri's or Tovaros live in the 'jjnoblos de Conooprion, San Tfjnnoio
y San Mii^'uol.' 'habitan nno do los afluentes dol rio dol Etiorto.' /(/..pp.
323-4. ' I'oblada on varias rauoherias sobro los altos dol rio grando do Cina-
loa.' li'thas, Hist, ik Um Tnumplios, p. 117. ' En el distrito do Mina.' I'hinn-
til, Cttmlro, torn, ii., p. 254.
The Chilli pus, tfiKoVo/xw, and Maiiniaquis \i\e 'en San .\ndres Chinipas.'
Ornzro y Ikrm, GKOijrafin, p. 324; Hihna, llixi. de los TriHuijilKis, p. !)■">.
The llizos are in 'Nuostra Soiiora do Guadalupe de Vorayios <i Taraichi.'
Orozco y Ihrm, Geoiivnfia, p. 324.
The Vanxjios, ]fiisnri>ws, Cntwns and Tvcanjouis are in 'Nuostra Sofiora
de Loreto do Voraj,'ios »> Sinoyooa y en Santa Ana.' lb.
The Tanihuinares inhabit the district of Tarahumara in the state of Chi-
huahua. 'Provincia. . . .eonfina por el O con la do Sonora, por ol E con el
Nuevo Mexico, sirvii'ndole do Ii'mitos el rio Grande dol Norto, por osto rnnibo
no estan conocidos ann sus torniinos, por ol S O con la do Cinaloa . . .tonm
ol uonibre de la Nacion do Indios asi Uamada, que confinaba con la do los Te-
poguanes.' Alreiln, DiirlntmriiK toni. v., p. 4t>; J'tnienM, Cwnlri), toni. i., p.
363. ' In den tiofon und wildon Schluchton von Tararocua und Santa Sinfo-
rosa, jagou verschiedono Faniilion dor Tarahuniaras.' Milldi itpfordt, Mvjivn,
torn, ii., pt ii., p. 521; Miwikniisrlir ZnsViwh', toiu. i., p. 74. ' Howohuon
oinen Thoil des IJerglandos iiu \V. dor llauptstadt, wo sio namontlioh indoin
schdneu Hochthale des Uio rapigochic in alien Ortschafton oinon Thoil dor
Bevolkerungbilden.' Wappiiiis, Geog. u. Stat., p. 213. 'Inhabit the towns in
Mulatos.' Hardy's Trav., p. 438. 'Eularaya qne divide los Koynos do la
Vizcaya y de la Galicia no en los terminos liniitados que hoy tiono ipie os
Acaponeta, sine en los que antes tubo basta cerca de Si-ialoa.' 'ndtll'i,
Conq. X. Galicia, ^fS., p. 491. ' Al Oriente tienen el rio de los Cone los y ul
Vol. I. 39
i
CIO
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
roiiipiito liv Siiialoft. Snnorft y Ins rogionesdcl Xnovo Mt'xioo, ril Norte y ; I
Austro 111 Niicioii dc l<m 'rf'pchuaTicn. ' Sc estit'inlim p<>r el Nortf Imstii ini.s
iilmjd (Ic Shu BiU'n;iv<'i»turu.' ' Vivimi cii S. .IdS'' df Bocuh, oiiIu'cltu <]<■
unii (It' las iiiiHioiu'H (1e Ioh jfstiitiis, ' in Duraiit,'". Omzm y lierra, Orixinii'i'n.
pj). lll!l-'2"». ' A tros IcyuaH ilf Sail .lost' Tcmaii'hic csti otro iiticMo y
iimclia |,'<'nt(! en I'l llainada taraiiniar Pachcra.' Xnji'ilit, in I'nr. //;>/.
^Ifr.r., scrio iv.. toin. iii., p. H.'tH; Hh'IMnfm, Mfxiro, p. -US. ' Lch Talim s
t'taicnt probalilcini'ut li's int'-incs ([tie ccux iinc I'oii (It'siitiio i)lus tai'l
HouH It' iioiu (Ic TaiMliiiinaras,' ' Lcnr capitalc rtait Tt'o-Colliuacaii.' 7i/v(>-
si'ur ih lif>iirli<mrii, I'opol \'ith, prefiicc, p. I'.U.
Tin' CiiHohim iiih:i1)it tho banks f)f tho Rio rondins, iirar its contlnfiiro
witli tlic Uio ilfl Xoiti'. ' Kn(l('r(^(,'o sn camiiio Im/ia <1 Norte, y a don jorn.i-
das topo inucha caiitidad d( mdiosdelos i\\w llaiiiMii Conclins.' Knin'jn, in
llnkliijil'n \'i>!/., vol. iii., pp. UHl, ;t!M), 'Kn en Rial del Piirrul.' Arli^ii'ii.
Chri'm. ill' Ziiriilonis, p. !I7. 'So estitiido Imsta las orillas del rio grimdf di I
Norto. I'or la parte del septentrion contiiia con los la;,'nneros, y al ^ledin-
dia tieiie hIkuuos pueblos do los tepehuunes y vallo do Santa Bailiaia.'
Akip'ft Hi'<t- Comp. lie Jesus, torn, ii., p, .'")8.
Tlio /''(.s'.s/((/i(((/('s live twenty-four leajjues north of the Conehos. 'Anda-
das las veinte y ijuatro le^,'iias diclias (from the C'nuehosj, toparon otran.U'i"ii
de Indios, llanmdosPassaf^uates.' Kspiji), in llahlui/t's Toy., vol.iii.,pp. IJ.M,
391.
The ilamites, Colorados, Arii^anios, Otaiinitamoiies, Pajalanies, Poaraniiis
were in the neij^hborhood of the Conchos. Oruzru y llerrii, (ieoiirafin, y. ;!-•"'■
The 'Indiiipnri'x are 'a veinte lei,'uas de tiistuiicia tlel j)neblo y i)artido de
Tioreto al Siir, reeonocioiiclo al Orieiite, y solas diez del pneblo y jjartido Ai:
Sant.i Ines, eaminando di^reeho al Oriente, fsta el pneblo j' partido de Santi
Teresa de fluazapares, llanindo en su leiif^ua Guazayepo.' Zapala, in I>i>r.
Jl'ist. Mi:r., serie iv., toni. iii., j). IW,».
Tho Ti'inoris dwell in tho 'pueblo de Santa JLirfa JlaRdalena de Teniovis
. , . . .\ cinoo lo'^uas di; distancia h'leia el Norte del ])uel)l() y cabeeera de Santa
Teresa esta el pui-blo Uaniado Nuostra Seuora del Vallo Hunibroso. A/., |i.
It'JO.
Tho 7'i)'io.s"'w nro north of tho Tarahuinaros and in the Missicni of S:iii
Franeisco do Coahuila, in tho state of Coahuila. ' So extondianporel Bolsen
de Mapimi, y se les enouentra oonietiondo depredaeiones nsi en Chihualiu.i
y en Duran^o. conio en las niisiones do Parras, en las demas do Coahuila y
en el Norto de Nuevo Leon.' Orozm y lierra, Geoijrafla, ])p. 30H-0, 302, :!'J"i.
In Coahuila, ' Uu parajo. . . .(juo llaman In Cuesta do los niuertos, doiidr
tionen habitacion los Indios Tobosos.' I'llla-Si/ior y Sanchez, Tlnalro, toni.
ii., pp. 290-7, 348-9. 'A nnparaje que hoy es la niisiou del Santo nonibiv
do Jesus.' Padilla, Conq. .V. Galirin, p. r)19.
The Sisimbres, Chizos, Coeoyomes, Coclamas, Toohos, Babos, nnd Nnn-i
live near tho Tobosos. Orotcn y lierra, Gen(jrnfin, ji. 325. Vulle de San liai -
tholomo, Presidio de la Proviueia de Tepegnana, . . .antignn residoncia de l"s
Indios Infieles Coeoyomes. Alceilo, Diccionario, turn, i., pp. 222-3.
The Tepaijues are ' Cinco legnns arribii del rio de Mayo, eu vu aiToyo.'
Jlibas, Hist, ile los Tr'uunphos, p. 253.
NORTII-EAHTERN MFAICAN TIUnES.
Oil
Tho Conic'tris live ' ilistiiiitc! do Cliiuipn diiz y Ktin l»miiis.' /(/., pp., '2t'„"»,
2.-. I.
A mnltitudo of iiiinu'S of nntiotiH or trilics nro iiu'iitioncd by dirtVritit
autliorilicH, iiouo of wliicli (■(lini'idt' oiu' with tlif otluf. J!ut few imtidiis
lire dcliiiilt ly lociitcd. I Ihil-i'fol'e lil'st j,'ivt' tlic dilVtliiit listnof iiiitiics, iilul
iiftcrwarcls lofiitc tliciii us far iis jiossihio. ' liiibclfs, Xicdroi^cH, Ciuciiitii/.ii-
Ics. (Idxiciis, Miiuos I'rictiiH, IJororas, Escalias, Cocoliiptas. I'inaimcaH, t'n-
daiiifs, Cacasti's, ('oUirados, ('iicoiiiatts, .laiuiaiiians, ('niitorrs, I'ilifaiH,
Ilaliialiiarcs, CatiljaiifS, Apes, ra(lm;,'ilts, li;i;^iiaiiK'S, Isipiipulaiiics, I'iiv. ili'
lii'iiadi). Cliiiiicafus, I'aya^^'uas, rachalis, tliiiiiix, .Fdliamartx, liapamcira-
|iilialiia<'a'<, I>aliiisaiit<aiii(s, I'au/.aiics, I'asi'os. ('haliiiains, Miscalrs, Xara-
liii'S, ('liai'lia;^'nal'(s, Ilij.inii'S, li'docndainos, XiJaiiiiH, Cciiizos, ranip.ipas,
(ruvilaiic'S Scan tstos iiombrcs vcrdadi'ins, d dcstigurailoH sc;4iin la iiiti li-
f^'cucia, capiiclios, u vdluntarii-dad di' los (pic sv ciiiplcardii cii la pat'ilicacidii
(111 I'ais, ('i lie Ids fiiiidadorcs (1(^ las Doctriiias, parccc iiias crciMc (|iic Ins
luciu'idiiadds Yiidios, fiitisou pe(pieuiis piircialidadcs, (5 raiiios ilc ul^'Uiia ii;i-
cidii, (Mivd Udiubre j,'cni'ri("o no ha podido Salicrsc' Il'vllhii/Kifilit, ('niln, MS.
' I'acpolcs, ('da(piit('s, Zibolos, C'aUdS, I'achdchcs, Sicxacauics, Siyaii-
^'iiayas, Saudajiiaiics, la^^'iiaccs, Puciia/in, I'ajalataiiics y Carri/.ds.' /'■(-
(lUla, cap. Ixix., (pidtcd in Oriiiro 1/ liirnt, Uci'ivii/iii, p. lilKi. ' N(;.,'iitds,
ISdcaldS, Xaiiaiidiics, ISonados, (liiaidpas. I'cloiics, (liiisdlcs, Hualahiiis. s,
Alasapas, (iiiazanidros, Yiirj.;iiiiiics, llazaiiics, Mcta/.iirt s, (^iiciinnds, CdVo-
t"s, Bi^'iiaiias, Zdpildtcs, lllancds, Amita^'nas, (^iiiinis, Ayas, Cdinocabras,
M('/(piitcs.' .l/v/i/iD/j, ,,(■/■(//, MSS.,Un\\. xxxi., fol. "JOH, (piotcd in /''. I'uoLjas,
Caviscras, Vasapallcs, Alidinamas, Yaiiahopos, Daparalinpos, Maiiiazdrras,
Ncgualcs, Saliiici'ds y IJaxaluros, couocidds ;.;( luialuu iitc liajo la apclacion
di) Laj,'unci'ds. A/., p. :i(t."). ' liayailos y CholdUiDs.' /i/., p. :tii(i.
' Las trilms (pic hahit.ihan d Vallo (del rio N'azas) sc ndiid)ral)a!i Irritilas,
Mid[).u'das, Jlcviras, lldcras }• Maiconcras, y los dc la laguiia ' [Layuiiu
Lji'aiidc dc Sail i'cdro or Tlahuclila]. /(/., p. IJII.j.
'Pajalatcs, Orcjoucs, Pacoas, Tilijayas, Alasapas, Pausancs, y otras imi-
c'has difcrcntcs, (pic sc hallaii cii las luisidius del rid dc San .Vntonio y rio
i,'vando . . .cDiiid son; los Pacuaehos, MoscmU'S, l'ani|)d[ias, Tacauics, Chayo-
piucs, Vcu.idds, Pain.Kpics, y tola la juvciituddc Pihuii|iics, Horrados, Saiii-
p.ids y Manos d(( Pcrro.' Id., p. ;fil(i; I'iiiti'id'l, Cd'ulro, tuni. ii., p. lOD. 'A
media Icyiiacorta . . .[dc San Juan liaiitista] so fundi'i la niisionde San I>cr-
n.irdo ...con las iiaeioncs dc Ocancs, ("annas, Catuxancs, Paxcliahs,
I'dinuluniaH, Pacnaches, Pastaneoyas. PastaldCdS y i'ainasiis, a (jnc sc a,t,'rei,M-
vi>n despncs los Pauiias, Papanacas, Tiiancas y otiMs." Ormrtt y Hi rr<i, inn.
(jrnflii. p. Ittllt.
The (lijauics are in the nidimtiins near the mission (if El Santo Nondiio
dc Jesus de Peyotcs. Marfi, in />ec. ///>■<. Mtx.. scrie iii., tuni. iv., \>. V'A.
The I'itas and Pasalves at the Mission of ' Nnestra Seuora de Icjs Do-
lores do la Pnnta.' Omzco y Ikrra, Gen'irnfia, i>. ;l();(.
Tho I'anipdpas ' haliital>an en el rio de las Nueces, a 'J 2 leguasal Siir dc l;l
iiiision dc San Jniin Pautista; los Tilijaes mas abajo dc Ins aiitiriorcs; al Sur
dc estos los Pataeales, y los Cachopostules cerca deJos Pauipdi)as. I^os I'aja-
hupies vivian on f 1 rio do San Antonio coino a 40 leguas do la misiou do Sau
f.l2
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
Bcrimrdo; Ioh Phooh y Iom PastiuicnyaH ?i !."> Ic^'iiiis en v\ jmrnjo nninlinulo 1 1
<'iirri/.ci; li>s I'liiiiij^'ncs ;"» IH Ic^'iiiis dc In iiiiHidii hoIivc t'l rio tie Imh Nih'cch;
LoH I'liu/uncH Holirc t-l rio di.' Sim Antonio, y Ioh I'li^'iint'liiH u 15 K'i,'iims ilil
inlHiiii) San llcrnanlo.'. . . .* Con IndioH do lit uacioncH Miihniimt'H, riiohidcs,
JIcHcalis, .IiiriinicH, r>lia','iiiun('H y (^huhuaincH. . . .con cllos y con Ian trilnis
di' l'ani[)o|iaH, TilofuyaH, ruchalocoM y Tusancs sitiu'i dn nucvo In inisinn do
San Juan ItitntiHta, junto nl presidio del misino noinhri', cvrcix del rio IJravo.'
' A tiro d(> oHcopt'ta [from Santo Nond)r() dii Josuh I't'yotcHl h<! cncucntra
S.m rrancisco Vizarron dc los I'auBnnt'ii ...con faniiliaH do Tinajiiliuavas,
l'iliui(iU('H y Jnlinu'uos, atmquc la niivyor partt! fiicron Pau/aiics.' Onr.cn y
lirni, ilviKirdfla, \'i\-\. \W.\-\. 'En el vallo do Santo Doniiiij^o, a orilla di 1
rio d(i Sal)iii:is. . . .San Juan Tlautista. ...lo poMi'i con indios riialinanis,
Paclialis, Mcscalcs y Jaramcs, a tjuo so ft}^rc/:ii on d(>spu<'s ul^;nnos I'aiii|io-
jias, Tilofayas, I'aclialocos y Tusauus.' Morfi, in Dor. Hist, .l/c.c, Kcric iii.,
♦oiu. iv.,pp. llO-l.
Till' Calicsas, Contfitorcs, Bazauri^'nmcs and others wore iit tln^ mission
San Untiiavcntura. T'ltiliWi, Cnwj. .V. (IdUri'i, MS,, p. ^I'M).
The (talnlancs and Tripas lUancas roamed over a stretch of country sit-
niited ninth of the I'rcsidio of Mapiini, between th(! rivers San Pedm and
(.'onchoH to their eontluenco with tho Rio Grando, \"dl((-Sirii>i' y Sniicli'i,
TliKitri), toin. ii., ])p. ItlH-l).
The I.iiiiHHPrdx ' pohlados a la,s margenps do la lacuna quo llaman Grande
de san Pedro, y alj^unos dellos en las isletas quo ha/e la misma layima,'
liViKs, llisl. (If lux Trliniiphos, p. GOO.
Los misioneros franeiseanos ntrajoron do paz las tribus siijuientes, con
los enales fundaron cineo misionos. San Francisco do t'oaliuila, nn euiiito
de leg\ia al Norte de Mondova, con indios Poboles y Ohayas, a los enales
se agregai'on algunos Tobosos y TliixciUtecas conducidas de San Esteban
dil Saltillo. Santa Rosa de Nadadores, pnesta en 1(!77 a ouarenta legaas al
Noroeste de Coahuila. di' indios Cotzales y 5Ianosj)rietas, trasladada junto al
rio de Nadadores para huir de la guerra de los Tobosos, y coloeada al tin,
en l(llt3, .'i siute legnas al Noroeste de Coaliuila: so le agregaron oclio familias
Tlaxcaltecas. San Bernardo de hi Cande'a. con indios Catnjanes, Tilijais
y Miiijaes, y cna o familias Tlaxcaltecas. San Ruenaventura do las cuatro
Cicuegas, veinte i ,'uas al Oeste do Coahnila, con indios Cabezas, Conto-
tores y IJau/.ari'' > es: la misiou repnesta en 1G'J2 eon los Tocas y los Colo-
•((, (ivo'ira/la, p. 302.
'py ' la parte del jjartido do Mapimf al Estc' /(/., p. Itlll.
Xitnambfvs roam ' Al Sur di'l valle do la Puri'sima y al
■ICO, coutinando ivl Oesto con los Cuivchiehiles.' Onnvo y
•2'.»8.
Other names which cannot be located are: Cadimas, Pelones, Nazas,
Pamoranos, Quedexenos, Palmitos, Pintos, Quinienanes, Maipiiapenu s,
Segnyones, Ayagna, Zinia, Canaiua, Comepescados, Aguaceros, Vocarrus,
Posuamas, Zalnias, Malahuecos, Pitisfiafuiles, Cuchiuochis, Talaipiichis,
Alaza|)as, Pafaltoes. LI., pp. 290-300.
The nations or tribes of Tamuulipas, altLoiigb very numerous, are mostly
located.
rados. Oroiro y i
The TrrUilas oi
Tho risoHfs an
Norte hasta Rio R
Berra, Gvoijrdfia, •
TllinES OF TAMAULIPAS.
Gl:)
Tho OUren livo in llnrrusitas. Ormm y Jlira. lii'oijyitfiii, \i. •JOfl,
Till' l''ilitijuifiites nr« iit th(> Mission of Hun Francisco Xuvitr. /'*.
Till' Aiiii''iiiiii.'<, 'u niia l('i,'iiii <li' Altaiiiini.' /';.
Till.' .l/v/i(i('.'(, /'foi^Kdis, iiuil ''((n/;iii(/((f((,s in tlio ' wicriM ild ('liiij)opott',
4110 n iiiat.i tn 111 ImiTii dtl Tnnlo,' ll>.
Till' M'lpiih niiitx, I'liliili'itiiiifi, ('iiriiiiiliii'iis, Pinvinu'm, iiiiil Zuiioli rn-i livn
nciir till' S iliims, wliidi iirc hctwccn tlm ('crro del Miii/ nml tlm kch. /'*.
Tliii ' ''0'('»(//,>i, ('iinii'i'iiiiiiilr^, Aiirjishimtls, 'ruiinitlilds, iiiul I'usiliis urc iicmt
Du Siitii l;i .Mai'iiiii ami Santamlir. Ih.
Tho Moriki'iiiH iind I'amiaiiji'H livu i>n tbo const bt'twciii Mariiiii and Alta-
niiraiio. /'>.
Tlit> Miiiiliio:, 'on liv Siirnx dc Tunianlipii vicjii.' /'».
Tliti Mm-hiniiiii'tt, CaritiiiitriijitiiHix, ArdintH, ' lialiitadii di'sdo el cirro li'
S. Josr A I,, inai'.' Ill,
Till' T'liiiiijiiiriiiiis, 'i>n el I'uniino parii Kuntunder. ' Ih.
Tlio iKiip'iiKtiiiis, ' a una y nii'diii IcyiiuH do hi iirinifni villa (Snntillunu).'
Till' I'iiiliin and ^K/dicKiOK's dwdl iinar San Fernando du Austria, Ih.
Till' Till' jfv una, ' on las laj,'uiias di; la barra.' lit.
Tlii^ I'liiiiirriiil'ia, ' dondi' d rin so vacia on sus crt'oit'iiti's.' /'*.
Tl)o TiiiiiiiiiUpirca and .U'llhichnrids livo at tlio niissimi of S. I'odro Alci'in-
tara. /'-.
Tilt' <liil,V(il(tt(K, (''((IhiKis, CinKii/iifs, and llitrrmlos nvo ' al i)i('' do la siorra
do Tamanlii)as, tonioudo al Sur cl torrono quo so llama la 'l'aniaulii)a Mo/.a.'
/(/., i.i>. -I'.r.i-l.
Till' Aa.'is, .yitrh'f.'i, ComvcruiloH, and Tcxones are at tho mission of Iloy-
nosa. /'/., p. 2'.»1.
The 'riiiKKinhijtotni'x, SduhijmjiU' mat, y\iiyiipfmca, f'si'i/yx'i/ie.s", Ciiiiii'siird-
pi nil's, (iiiiiuinsiif(ii>i iiiis, t'uliiiiiuiifjHKjitis iiro 'runilio al Ksto y soliro ol rio,
a sols li'^'uas do la niisiou. . . .so iutornau h las tiorras llogaiiilo on sus ouiro-
n'as Miiioaiiiontt! liasta ol mar.' Ih.
Tho '■((/•/•(MS, ('nlDinitnes, and C'vahitrs aro at ' CainarLro, r-ituado sohro ol
rio do S. .Juan. . . .al otro liulo dol liriivo . . . . los cualos jior fuora dol rio
Ctraiulo lloi,'aii hasta liovilla.' Ih.
Till' h'lirnts and M'llii'imriis livo noar rio Alamo, fd., j). '2'M.
No liioatiou for tho fiillowiiiji oaii 1)0 found; I'olitos, Mulatos, Pajarito-^,
Vonuilns, Payzanos, f'uornos ijuoiiia(h)s. Iil., pj). •2'.).")-(i.
Tho VV/"'/ KKii'.,' inhaliit tho niiiuntnins of snuthoni C'liiliualiiia and tho
niu'thorn portions of Duranj,'o, a district coiiimonly oallod tho partido do
Tipohuanos. 'Estioiido do.sdo la Siorra dol Mo/ciuital hasta ol Parral ...
hasta adilanto do Topia. muy ooroa do C'apoiiota.' Aiii'iid, Chruii. ik Znviiti-
I'lis, ]ip. IST-H. 'So oxtiond'.' osta ro,i,'ion dosdo la altura iiiisniado (iuadiaiia,
a poci) nioiios do '2') i,'rados liasta los 27 do latitud soptt'iitrional. Sus pui Mns
ooiuioiizan ii las vointieinco loj^uas do la capital do Nuova-Vizcaya, aiia il
Niirorsto on Santiago do Papasipiiaro. Al Norto tiono a la prnvimia do
Taraumara, al Sur la do Chianiotlan y costiv del sono Califoniio, al ()ri«uto
Ids ^'laiidis aroiialos y iiat'iouos vocinas a la layuna do S. i'l'dro, y al Poni-
oiito la Siorra Madro do Topia, tpio la divide do esta provincia y la do Sinaloa, '
614
TRIBAL BOUNDAKIES.
Aleiirc, ITisl. fnmp. (/'■ Jisus, torn, i., p. 319. ' Sns pnoWos, pnrto en llanos,
y parte en sierra, n las vtrtiontos do la do Topia, y san Andres. . . .Y por essa
jjurte vczinos a las Naziunes Xixime, y Acaxee, y aim a las dc la tierra mas
iidentro do Cinaloa." K'lhas, H'uit. de los Trhuniihos, j). o73. I'or coneurrciit
tt'HtinKjny see: Ziipnta, in Dtjc. Hist. Me.r., serie iv., toin. iii., p. 310; \'Ulit-
Si I'lir 1/ Sanrlii z, 7Vy(Y(/>'c), toni. ii., i)p. 3}l-r); Phnmld, Ciuiilvo, torn, ii., )i.
43; .]furr, Xdvlirh-hlni, p. 323; Oroico y lierm, Geoiirnfiu, pp. 318-19.
The Acaxevs inhabit the valleys of the mountain regions of Topia and S.
Andres in Durangi) and Sinaloa. ' La principal Naeion, en cnyas tierras est.'i
el Heal de Topia, es la Aeaxeo.' Rilnts, JHst. (k Ion Tfinmiihos, p. -171. ' Lo
limitau al Norte y al Este el Tepehnan, al Snr el Xi.xinie y al Oeste el Sa-
bailio y el Tebaca.' Onnro y Birra, (leoijraj'i'n, pp. 311), 310, 3ir»; /.a paid,
ill />()(■. Hist. Mix., serio iv., torn, iii., pp. -HO -17. 'San Pedro valhi de
Topia, el mineral de Topia, Asuncion Siauori, Sau Antonio TahuahiU'to y
l.)s Dolores de Ayua Calionto, las cnalos jioblaeiones niarean los ternnos
h.ibitados por Ids Aeaxees.' Tamavim, in Oruzro y llirra, fiKniriifia, \f. 'Mi.
The Tvbacas lived among the Aeaxees in the mountain districts of To|iia
and S. Andres. 7<7., p. 334.
The .'^ahathns ' liabitaban .. • ci partido do Sau Iguacio Otatitlan y pueblos
de Piaba, Alaya y Quejupa.' lb.
The ( '(icitris dwell in Cacaria. Id., p. 310.
The Pupndos and TLvnyiis were settled in the district of San Andres.
A'"(in', Hi.sl. Cnwp. do Ji-^HS, tom. i., pp. 37'.)-H().
Tlio Xi.v'utii'ri inhabited ' en el cora(;oii desta sierra ' de San Andres.
7u''"'s, IHsl dr /o.s Trhtmidios, p. 531. ' Ocupau el partido de San Dinias.'
y.o.-ci) y lli'vi't, GiO'ii-iifid, pp. 315-17.
The U'liiita • Habitan la nuiyor parte on profnndi'sinias cpubradas del ciii-
tro do la sierra, y iinndios a las margenes del rio de Hiiniaee, i\\\v t n su t ni-
bocadura llanian de I'iaxtla, muy cerca do su naciniiento, eonio a ciiicoleguiis
do Yanu)riba.' Alciin-, Ui.M. Cniiip. de Jesus, torn, ii., p. 11)5. ' Ilabitantes d(;
la-4 ni.'irgeiu's del rio de l'ia/;tla.' Omzco y Ikrni, (riDijni/iii, p. 310.
The //((f/K's are in tlie Sierr;i do San Andres. ' C'onio nuoue loguas dt 1
puelilo de Qnilitlan, y en lo mas alto do toda esta si(>rra, eaminaiido al Ori-
ente.' Itibfi'i, Hist, di' los Trhimplios, p. 502. ' Xuev(> leguas mas adelaiito
di'l bigar do Queibos u do Santiago.' Ali<ire, ill.it. Cmiip. dc Ji.sus, tom. ii.,
J). Ill',); Oroifci y llirni. (h'0[irafia, pp. 310, 325.
The Zacidncos iidiabit the like-named State, and particularly near ti." rio
Nazas. ' Baxo la Sierra, <pio oy llaman del calabazal, y paro a las orillas de
un rio, que oy llaman do Sue'iil.' Arlcjdi, ( 'liron. dc Zdculvcits, p. 20. ' Los (]Uo
liabitan on el rio do las Jsasas son indios zacateeos.' Doc. Itisl. .lA.i-.,
Serio iv., turn, iii., p. 33. 'So extondian hasta el rio Nazas. ('uomiuni'.
Curro Gordo, S. Juan del V.'.^;, Nouibro do Dios, quodaban comprendidos i ii
esta deuiarcaeion.' Oiozco y Ilerni, tfcoiird/lu, p. 3)1).
The (jiidclikli'di'S, Cuachiehiles, or Iluachichilis ' corrian jjor Zaeateeas
hasta San Potosf y Coahuila.' Orozco y Ikrrd, Geoijrafid, p. 2H5. 'La villa
del Saltillo esta fund.ula sobro el terreno quo on lo antiguo oeuparon loii
iudio.s cutichiehiles.' Id., pp. 301, 287; De Lad, .Voru.s Orbis, p. '281.
lanns,
r fssa
I mas
imut
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md S.
IS fsta
'Lo
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a villa
on Ids
CHAPTER VI.
WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO.
Teriiitorial Aspects— Two Main Divisions; Wild Tribfs of Centrai,
Mkxk-o, and Wild Tribes op Southern ^Mexico — The Coras and
OTHERS IN Jalisco — Descendants op the Aztecs — The O tomi's
AND MvzAiiuAs Adjacent to the Valley of JIexico — The Fames —
The Tarascos and JIailaltzincas of Michoacan — The IIuaztecs and
ToToNAcs OF Vera Crcz and Tamaulipas -The Cuontales, Chinan-
tecs, Mazatecs, Ccu:atecs, Chatinos, Miztecs, Zapotecs, JIijes, Hea-
ves, CillAPANECS, Zot^UES, LacANDONES, ChOLES, ilAMKS, TZOTZXLES, TzEN-
DALES, ChOCHONES, AND OTHERS OP SoCTUKllN MEXICO.
The term Wild Tjiihes of Mexico, which I employ
to distinguish this IVom the other iiroiii)til divisions of
the Xiitive Knees of the Fiieidc iStates needs some ex-
})lanation. Tiie territory enihraceil under this title ex-
tends from latitude 23^ north, to the eighteenth parallel
on the Atlantic, and the tifteenth on the Paeifie; that is
to the Central American line, includino' Yucatan and
exeludinii' (iuatemala. At the time of the conqui'st. a
large })ortion of this ivgion as well as jiail of Central
America was occupied hy those nations that we call civi-
lized, which are fully descril)ed in the second \olume of
this work. These several precincts of civilization may
he likened to suns, shining hi-ightly at their I'l'spcctive
centres, and radititing into the surrounding darkness
with greater or less intensity according to distance and
circumstances. The hlot)dy conquest iichieved. these
6uns were dinnned, their light went out ; i)art of this civi-
Y
/iP"
p>-
NATIVE RACES
oi t ll f
PACIFIC STATES
MEXICAN GROUP
I
7 UOl) IMUi
/
/'
/.>
/.'
MH I.i.uvitlitti' V^'l>^t
c ' o
"1
-^(^.'mMirt/
V»C»NDONtS
\ CAKCH,<,UILS ^ i H (> >' l> 1' ■!' '^ ^
/'
/'/
'/:
A
V,,,.,.,. /(,,./
C16
WILD TEnES OF MEXICO.
rv p.
w
1
lizatioii merged into that of the conquerors, and
part fell ])iick into the more distant darkness. Later
many of the advanced ahoriginals ])ecame more and more
identified with the Spaniards; the other natives soon
came to he regarded as savages, wlio, once i)acilied,
s[)read over the seat of their nation's former grandeur,
obliterating many of the traces or their peoples' former
high advancement; — so that very shortly after the
Spaniards became masters of the land, any description
of its {iljorigines could but be a descrii)ti()n of its savage
nations, or of retrograded, or partially obliterated peoples
of higher culture. And thu.s 1 find it, and thus must
treat the subject, going over the whole territory almost
as if there had been no civilization at all.
For variety and striking contrasts the climate and
scenery of central and southern Mexico is surpassed by
no region of equal extent in the world. It is here that
the tierra caliente, or hot border-land of either ocean,
the tierra templada, or temperate ])elt adjacent, and the
tierra fria, or cool elevated table-land assume their most
definite fonns. The interior tal)le-lurds have an aver-
age elevation above the sea of from 5,000 to 8,000 feet.
The geological formation is on a Titanic scale ; huge rocks
of basalt, granite, and lava rise in fantastic shapes, inter-
sected by deep barrancas or ravines presenting un-
paralleled scenes of grandeur. I'rominent among the
surrounding mountains tower the snow-clad crests of
Orizaba and Popocatepetl, — volcanic piles whose slum-
l)ering fires appear to be taking but a temponary rest.
The plateau is variegated with many lakes; the soil,
almost everywhere fertile, is overspread with a nudti-
tudinous variety of nopal, maguey, and forests of ever-
green, among which the graceful iir and um])rageous oak
stand conspicuous. Seasons come and go and leave no
mark behind; or it may be said that spring, satisfied
with its abode, there takes up its perpetual rest; the
temperature is ever mellow, Avith resi)lendent sunshine
by day, while at night the stars shine with a brilliancy
nowhere excelled. The limits of the tierra templada
TRIBES OF CENTRAL MEXICO.
cn
it is impossible to tlefinc, as tiic tonn is used in a some-
what arbitrary manner by the inhabitants oi' dilVerent
altitudes. On the lowlands along' the coast known as
the tierra caliente, the features of nature are changed ;
vegetation assumes a more luxuriant aspect; palms, para-
sitical plants and trees of a troi)ical character, take the
place of the evergreens of a colder clime; the climate
is not salubrious, and the heat is o[)prcssive. On the
Atlantic side furious storms, called ' northers.' spring
up with a suddenness and violence unexampled in other
places, often causing much destruction to both life and
property.
For the purpose of description, I separate the Wild
Tribes of ^lexico in two i)arts, — the Wild TrUies of Cen-
tral ^fccico. and the Wild Tribes of Sji'therit Mv.vico. The
first of these divisions extends from 2o ' north latitutle
to the northern boundary of the siateof Oajaca, or rather
to an imaginary line, taking as its base said boimdary
and running from the Tacific Ocean to the Gulf of ^lexi-
co. that is to say from Vera Cruz to Acapulco.
To eniunerate and locate all the nations and tril)es
within this territory, to separate the uncivilized from
the civili/ed, the mythical from the real, is not ])os-
siblo. 1 have therefore deferred to the end of this
chapter such authorities as 1 have on tiie subject,
where they will be iljund ranged in ])roi)er order
under the head of Ti'ibal Boundaries. Of tlie tribes that
are known to have possessed no civilization, such as was
found among the Aztecs ami other cultivated nations, I
will only mention the peo[)le denominated C/iirhiinecs,
under which general name were designated a nntltitude
of tribes inhabiting the mountains north of the vidley
of Mexico, all of which were prominently dependent
on the result of the chase for tlieir subsistence; the
ancient Ofoinls who mostly occu[tied the niountMins
which inclose the vallev of Mexico; and the Pmnvs in
(^ueretaro. South of Mexico were munerous other
nations who were more or less intermixed witii those
more civilized. Finally, I shall describe those i)eoplo
818
WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO.
who, since thoy camo in contact with the whites, have
retrograded in such a degree, that their maimers and cus-
toms can only bo given in connectiori witli those of the
Wild Tiihes, and which comprise a Uirge proportion of
all the present aborigines of Mexico.'
Tlie natives of the valley of Mexico are represented
by some authorities as tall, by others as of short stiiture;
but from what I gather we may conclude that on the
whole they are over rather than under the middle heightj
well made and robust. In Vera Cruz they are some-
what shorter, say from four feet six inches to five feet
at most, and clumsily made, having their knees further
apart than Europeans and walking with their toes turned
in; the women are shorter than the men and become
fully developed at a very early age. In Jalisco both
sexes are tall ; they are also well br lit, and among the
women are found many forms of such perfection that
they might well serve as models for scul])ture. Through-
out the table-lands, the men are nniscular and well pro-
portioned. Their skin is very thick and conceals the
action of the muscles; they are out-kneed, turn their
toes well in, and their carriage is anything but graceful.*
A'^arious opinions have been advanced by competent per-
sons in regard to the features of the natives of Mexico,
liaron A'on Humboldt describes them as resemljling the
aborigines of Canada, Peru, Florida, and Ih'azil; hav-
' Otoini'; — ' Othn en la misma lonj?ua otliomf qniero docir nadn, y mi,
qnit'to, (') scntiiilo, do munoi'ii q\w triulucida liti'nilnuiito In iialiibvii, .siynitipa
iiiula-<inii'ti), ciivii idea imdii'raiiios exprosar diciiMido }>■ mirbiD u (rrantc'
J'iimitM, Ciiii'lro, torn, i., p. IIH. (.'hii'liiiiK'cs; — 'Los di'inas Indios Ics
llaniabaii ('hiuhinu'cos {(\\\Q hoy lo misiiio cs <'hi('lii qiit? penos altaiicrns)
iHir la niii'^uua vosidcncia.' J'ndilla, ('0*17. .V. Gitliciit. MS., ]\. 44. Sptiik-
inj,' of Cliichinu'cs, ' dt.'l>axo dcsto iiombie fstan iiiuchas jiacioiicH con dif-
reuuias de liii^'iias poiuo son I'aniit'S, Capuzes, Saiiincs, Zan(;as, JIaiolias,
(.luaiiiavt's, (TiiachicliiU's, y otros, todos difiTontus auiKpio Kciiujaiitcs en las
(•<)stuii\l)ris.' Ikrnra. Hist. Utn., duo. viii., lib. vi., cap. xiv. For further
etynioloji;y of tribes, see linxchiwum, OrUnumm.
* ' Hanuo d'aitozza jiiii di cincpio picdi pariHini.' Chir'firro, Sluria Ant.
(hi .1/o.s.sico. toiii. iv., p. 1()1. ' Dc i)('(pit'fia cstatura [cratro pit's seis pultiadas,
ii cinco pirs ciiaiido mas.]' Ikrlundirr y 'I'liorcl, lihtrio, ]>, 22!). In Yalisco
' casi en todo cst(! royno, son f^raiidos, y hcrniosas.' (ioiiidrii. Hist. Iiid.,
fol. 271. 'Son dc cstatura alta, biun hcchos y foriiidos.' I'lhxt, Xolicvi^
Atnenm)\n>^.\\. IW8; Ti/Ujr'ti Ana}iH<u\\<. 182; llurhurt, J/c.n'cii, toni. i., p. 4'J;
Oi-iedo, Jlist. (Jen., t'Jiu. iii., 11. 5G0: Jieaumunt, iron Uc Muclivacun, MS., p.
230.
PHYSICAL FEATURES IN NORTHERN MEXICO.
C19
ing elongated eyes, the corners turned towards the
temples, prominent clieek-l)ones, large lips, and a sweet
expression alHjiit the mouth, forming a strong contrast
>vith their other\Nise gloomy and severe aspect. Ro.s.si
says that their eycM are oval, and that their physiognomy
resembles that of tlie A.-iatics. According to I'rescott,
they hear a strong resem1)lance to the Egyptians, and
A'ioUet le Due asserts that the Malay type predominates.
They have generally a very narrow forehead, an oval
face, long Ijlack eyes set wide apart, large mouth with
thick lips, teeth white and regular, the nose small and
rather tlat. The general expression of the countenance
is melancholy, and exhibits a strange combination of
nioroseuess and gentleness. Although some very hand-
some women are to I)e found among them, the mnjority
of the race, botii men and women, are ugly, juid in old
age, which with the Momen begins early, their laces are
nuich wrinkled and their features cpiite harsh. They have
acute senses, especially that of sight, \vhich ivmains lui-
im[)aired to a very advanced age. Long, straight, black,
thick, and glossy hair is common to all ; their l)eard is thin,
and most of them, especially in the capital and its vicinity,
have a small moustache; but very few, if any. have hair
on their legs, thighs, or arms. It is very seldom that a
gray-haired native is found. All the people referred to,
are remarkable for their strength and endurance, wiiicli
may be judged of by the heavy burdens they carry on
their liacks. The iidiabitants of the table-lands are of
various hues; some are olivi', some brown, others of a
red copper color. \\i the f^ierras some ha\e a bluish
tint as if dyed with indigo. The natives of the tierras
calieutes are of a darker com})lexion, inclining to black.
There are some caUed InOlos Pintos. whose cuticle is of
a less deep color, inclining more to yellowish and marked
with dark copper-colored spots.^
3 ' In complexion, f(';itnro, hair nml ryos, I could trnco a very great rc-
Boiublauce Ixtwceii thesn Iiuliaiis and the Escjniinimx.' f.i/on's .Iniininl, vol.
i., ]). 2'.t'i, see also vol. ii., \^\>. I'.li), 2111). 'Son do la frente anelia. y las en-
l)ezas ehatas.' i^nliii iini. Hist. O'ei)., toni. iii., pp. 133, Ti'.'. Set; further,
I'liclianl'ii Xut. Jlist. Man., vol. ii., p. uU; Caldtron de In JJuicu's Lift: in
620
WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO.
In tlic valley of ^[exico the natives wear the ichapllll,
or a sort of shirt without sleeves, made of wiiiteand blue
striped cotton, which reaches to the knees and is gathered
round the waist with a belt. This is frequently the only
garment worn by the aborigines of the .\lexican valley.
\n lieu of the ancient feather ornaments for the head,
they now use liU'ge felt or straw hats, the rim of which
is about nine inclies in width ; or they bind round the
head a colored handkerc^hief Most of the men and
women g<i barefooted, and those who have coverings for
their feet, use the a/r/cs, or /imoxic/ics. (sandals) made of
tanned leather and tied with thongs to the ankles. The
dress of the women has undergone even less change than
that of the men, since the time of the Spanish concjuest.
Many of them wear over the ichapilli a cotton or woolen
cloth, bound by a belt just above the hi[)s; this answers
the pur[)ose of a petticoat; it is woven in stripes of dark
colors or embellished with figures. The ichapilli is
white, with figures worked on the breast, and is longer
than that worn by the men. In Puebla the Avouien
wear very narrow petticoats and elegant qiiic/wmcls cover-
ing the l)reast and jjack and embroidered all over with
silk aud worsted. In the state of A'era Cruz and other
parts of the tierra caliente the men's apparel consists of a
short white cotton jacket or a dark-colored woolen tunic,
with broad 0[)en sleeves fastened roiuid the waist with a
sash, and short blue or white breeches o\){jn at the sides
near the knee; these area Spanish imiovation, but they
continue to wear the square short cloak, til/na or tilnKUH,
with the end tied on oue of the shoulders or across the
breast. Sometimes a pair of shorter breeches made of
goat or deer skin arc worn over the cotton ones, and
also a jacket of the same material. The women wear a
^^'\l'., vol. i.. p. 200; AbiKirdz, ^femor'tn, p. 70; Jhnnhohlt. Kssai Pol., lorn, i.,
1)|).S2, (S(i; lioss'i, Sonrcidrs. iy.2W: Vlolkt-Le-Dnr.. in cliKnui;/, llniuvs Anu-ri-
(•(((/((■s, j>. 1(12: I'l'iiisi'll's Xiilvs (i)> }fi,r., pp. 107- H; Ottarhi. in yi'iirdlin AnixilfS
(/c.s- I'd//., 1n;1;J. toin. lix., pp. 7;J-1; Fossvi/, Mi^rh/iie. p. ',V.)l; Mijuatux, Sour.
Mi:\\. p. .120; J)'Or!,hi)ij/. I'l'//., p. 'M)'2: lliDDiyruslk's Sjmn. Am., vol. i., ]ip.
•l'.t-.")0; Fiiiiiier'.s Hum. Have, \>. 4.").">; Wuppiim, (leo(j. \i SUtl., pp. 3K--10; liid-
lorh-'s MexUo, vol, i., pp. 184, 192; Miya-'s Mex.' us U Was., pp. 1-12, 1G7,
MEXICAN COSTUMES.
C21
coarse cotton .shift with largo open sleeves, often worke*!
ahout the neck in ])right colored worsted, to suit tiie
wearer's fancy; a blue woolen petticoat is gathered round
the waist, very full below, and a blue or brown rebozo
is used as a wrai)per for the shoulders. Sometimes a
mulUer is used Jbr the head and face.* They bestow
great care on tlieir luxuriant hair, which they arrange
in two long braids that fall from the })ack of the head,
neatly j)ainted and interwoven with worsted of lively
colors, and the ends tied at the waist-band or joined be-
hind; others l)ind the braids tightly round the head,
and occasionally add some wild ilowers." In the tierra
fria, a thick dark wt)olen blanket with a hole in the
centre through wiiich i)asses the head protects the weaier
during the day from the cold and rain, and serves at
night for a covering and often for the bed itself. This
garment has in some places taken the place of the til-
matli. Children are kept in a nude state until they are
eight or ten years old, and infants are enveloped in a coarse
cotton cloth, leaving the head and liml)s exiM),sed. The
I luicholas of .Jalisco have a peculiar dress ; the men wear a
short tiniic made of coarse brown or Idue wcK)len fabric,
tightened at the waist with a girdle hanging down in
front and l)ehind, and very short breeches of poorly
dressed goat or deer skin without hair, at the lower edges
of which are strung a number of leathern thonus. Mar-
ried men and women wear straw hats with high pointed
crowns and bi-oad turned-up rims; near the top is a nar-
row and handsomely woven band of many colors, with
long tassels. Tlieir long bushy hair is secured tightly
* In Mexico in IfiOS the costume was (i ' short douMet nnd wide breofhc s.
On their slii-ulilcrs they weiir ii clo.ik i)f s(>veriil colours, whicli thi y cull Tihim.
. . . .T!ke women all wear tlie (iniii/ill, (which is Hke a suck) undi r the (Ulium,
which is 11 tine wluto cotton chith; ti) which tliey add luiotlier u])<in tlieir
buck . . Their coats are narrow with tij,'nres of lions, birds, and other crea-
tures, adiirninj,' them with curious ducks' feathers, which they call XiUibjur.'
(reiiiclli Citrtr'), in ClinrcliHl's Col. Voyujes, vol. iv., p. 4!ll. I (n ss of a nativo
Q\v\ of Mexico, ' enaguas blan(iuisiinKS, el qnlsqiutufl que <,'raciosameiite cubre
BU pecho y espiihla. . . .dos Inrgas trenza»-color de ebano caen a h.s lados del
cucUo.' f'r'u'tiK i'i'ijfs. pp. -154, 190-1, 4;tO-l. ' Leur costume varie selou lo
terrain et le clinmt.' Loianslern, Mexk/uo, pp. 17(), 3.'39.
* See Calderun de la Jiarca's Life in Mvx., vol. ii., pj). 31C-8.
C22
WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO.
round tlio crown of the hviid with n l)rijil»t woolon rih-
hon. Many of the men do \\\) tlio liiiir in (|U(MU's witli
w»»ist<Ml rihhons, with heavy tiissels tiiat hun;:; lu'low tho
Wiiist." Dc liiiet, (U'scrihin;;' tlio natives of JaU«ro early
in the seventeenth centnr>', s[)eaks of s((uare elotiis made
of cotton and maiiuey tied on the rijilit or left shoulder,
and small pebbles or shells strunji together as necklaces.
Mota I'adilla, in his hi.«<torv of New (Jalicia, .siys that
the (Miichimecs at Xali»stitlan. in li')'M), went naked.
The iuliabitants of Al/atlan about that time adorned
themselves uith leathers. In /acualco, the conuuon
dress «)f the women about the same period, particularly
widows, was thv Im !//!/, made of fnie cotton cloth. |:t'n-
erally black. Tho natives of the province ol' Piinuco,
for many years after the Spanish Concpiest, continued
top) naked; they pulled out the beard, perforated the
nosi> and ears, and, lilinjj; their teeth to a sharp i)oint,
bored holes in them and dyed them black. The slayer
of a human being «ised to hanu; a pi(<'e of the skin and
hair of the slain at the waist, considerini:' such things as
very valuable ornaments. Their hair they dyed in
various colors, and wore it in different forms. Their
women adorned themselves prolusely, and braided their
hair with feathers. iSahagun, si)eaking of the Matlalt-
zincas, says that their api)arel was of cloth made from
the maguey; referring to the Tlahuicas, ho mentions
among their i'aults thaf they used to go overdressed;
and of the Macoaipie.-i. he wates: that the oldest women
as well as the young ono:^ i/aint themselves with a varnish
called Iccdciiritl, or with some colored stulV, and wear
feathers about their arms and legs. The Tlascaltecs
in 1508 wore cotton-cloth mantles jiainted in various
fine colors. The inhabitants of Cholula, according to
CortJs, dressed better than the "JMascaltecs ; the better
class wearing over their other clothes a garment re-
sembling the ^foorish cloak, yet somewhat diiferent,
as that of Cholula had pockets, but in the cloth, the
B ' T"'Han lie una psj o de gmnpafioonadrndo, quo tieno on el rcntro uun
abortuvu por iloutle put,.* la eabeza.' livrktnUkr y Tlwvel, JJkirio, p. 2'1'J.
DliCSS IN MICIIOAC.VN.
02:)
cut. and the friniio, tlioro was niucli rt'soinldanct' to tl»t'
cloak worn in AlViea. Old Spanish writers ti'il ns that
tlie natives of Michoacan made nnich use of feathers lor
\vearinji-a|»i)arel and for adorning;' their hodies an;i
heath
At their hiter relijiious I'estivals. h<ith sexes
appear in white, tlie men with shirt and trtnvseis. liavin^"
a hand phiced shmtin^ly ata'oss the hreast and hark, tied
to a helt ronnd tlie waist, and on tiie head a small red
oloth arran;j,ed like a tnrhan, from which are pendent
scarlet feathei's. similar to those used hy the ancient A/tec
warriors. The man is also adorned with a (piantity of
sliowv
head?
ant
I three small mirrors, one of which i>
pla(;od on his hreast. another on his hack, and the thii'd
invana'tlv on
his forehead. At his hack he cai'ries a
(piiver, and in his hand a how, adorned with hiiuht col-
ored artilicial flowers, or it may he the Aztecs axe. so
pai
nted and vai'nished as to resemble Hint. At tlu
present tune, a native woniiui. however poor, still wears
a necklaces of coral or rows of red heads. The unmar-
ried women of Chilpanzinco used to tlaiih their faci's
with a ]M)uiided yellow llowor. In Diiranuo. the na-
tives were accustomed to rnb their swarthy hodies with
clay of various colors, and paint reptiles and other ani-
mals thereon.^
" ' Vuiin iiuiy piliinos, y pnipoimohados.' Ifnrrr'i, Ifist. (ioi.. Aoc. iv., lil>.
viii., Clip. i. ' Si'iKircs ('> in'iii(i]ial<s, tniiun en il liibionu liczntc ili' dialdii-
vit(t 1) <'siii('riil(la, (') (Ic caracol, o dc oro, (') du folu'e. . . .Las iim'„'rrc's ciiandi)
liifias, taiubicli sc lapalian la ctdjc/a, y cualido ya liiosas dcjaliaii criav Ics
cahcUoH. . . cuaiido ali^iiiia ( ra ya iiui^<'r lu'clia y liaMa ])aiid(). tocabasc d
cuIk'Ho. Taiiiliicii traiaii sarcillos o diojiTas, y so piiitalian tos jk'iIkis y Ins
liiMZiis, cdii una lalmr (pic quidalia di' a/.iil limy fiiio, piiitada iii la inisiua
cai'iic, (■(iriaiiiiiila cnii una iiavajucla.' Suldiiini}, llisl. dm., toiii. iii., lil). x.,
pp. l".il! -•"), i;t.'i I. ■ En 1 1 I'lalilo dc .Inito salicron nniclios Yndius dc pa/, con
osc.ipiilarios lilaiicos al ])ciho, cuvtadu el labclld cu iiindd do cc iMpiillo coiiio
lli'liLjios.is, tiidds cnn Unas cniccs cu las niaiKis (|nc craii dc carri/i s, y uii
Ylidio (pic pai'ccia cl principal o caci(pio ciii iiii vcstilario ■!(■ 'I'niiica talaii.'
J'uililla. CoiHi. y. (iiil'iriii, MS., ]). 7;t, also, pp. 21, 41, -li'i, ('.:{, 107, I'lO.
For further description of dress and onmniciits see .\ihrl, \"i'iji\ jilates, uos.
xxvi., xxxi., xxxvi., xli., xlvi.; 'riimiiiisoii's Hifnlli'i'lidus Mi.yicu. ]>. 2',); /,(/(■/,
\<iri(i Orhis, jip. 250, 2.")2, 281; J./ifonil. Viiii<«irs, toiu. i., p. 211; Ab<,r(\
Hid. Coini). (In Ji'say, toin. i., jip. 'M\ 270; Li/oii's Jmirwil, vol. ii., jip. 'il,
1'JS; Arliyid, Clirun. tie Zdratcat^. p. Il'i2; lUnatiuihl, I'rnnik Miehi'iicdn, MS.,
2>. 21t); .-i/io.s^^/ico.s .\fituix, pp. It), ('i7; Alvvlo, Jllfriimunii, toin. iii., p. 2'K>;
V"nin(<in.v, Sduv. Mi.v.. jip. 27C, 2%; Hotiiurn, Hid. Iml., fol. r)"i-(;; Ithiri,
in AVi'Kc Frmirii'ise, Dec;. 18C4, p]). 478-!); Oltarin. in ynnrillrs .{itnnle.'t di.'^
\'oii., 18,');i, torn, lix., p. Gl; Tylor'sAnalmuc, p. 302; llurkv.il, M<:xko, toiu.
i., pj). 5U-1.
624
^VlLD TRIBES OF MEXICO.
The (Iwcllings of tho Wild Tril>o.s of Central ^Foxioo
vary with climate and locality, in tiie lowlands, sheds
consistinjx of a few poles stuck in the ground, the sjjaces
))etween tilled with rushes, and the roof covered with
])alni-leaves, afforded sufficient shelter. In the colder
higidands they huilt somewhat more substantial houses
of truid\s of trees, tied together with ci-ee})ing ])lants,
the walls plastered with nuid or clay, the roof of s[)]it
hoards kept in place with stones. In tiveless j)arts,
houses were constructed of adobe or sun-dried l)ricksand
.stones, and the interior walls covered with mats; the
l)est houses v.erc only one story high, and the humbler
habitations too low to allow a man to shuid erect. The
entire house constituted but one room, where all the
family lived, sleeping on the bare ground, A few stones
l)lace(l in the middle of the floor, served as a fireplace
where food was cooked. In A'era Cruz there is a sej)-
arate small hut for cooking purposes. The wild nomadic
(Miichimecs lived in caverns or fissures of i-ocks situated
in secluded valleys, and the Tames contented themselves
Avith the shade afforded by the forest-tives.^
Corn. Iteans, tomatoes, chile, and a variety of fruits
and veiietables constitute the chief subsistence of the
])eo[)le, and in those districts where the banana i\v.ur-
ishes, it ranks as an important article of food. The
natives of Vera Cruz and Tamaulipas gather large quan-
tities of the })italiayii, hy means of an osier basket
attached to a long pole; round the brim are ai ranged
several forks, for the purpose of detaching the fruit,
which then drops into the basket. From the blossoms
and buds they make a ragout, and also grind the seeds
lor bread. From the sea and rivers they obtain a plen-
tiful sui)ply of fish, and they have accjuired from child-
hood a peculiar habit of eating earth, which is said to
be injurious to their physical development. It has been
'''Lcs pulmnos sont do vi'ritiiMos cagos on ImmlKnin.' V'i[in(nu,r, Sonv.
Mi'x., \y. 2~i; Miii/er'>i Mi.r. ok it M (/s; p. 170; ]\'iirit's Mr.rii-o, \i)\. ii., ])]).
171), rrll; nnslamiink', in I'rh'lo, I'i-yVs, pp. l',)2. 111."). :t7;j, 437, 117: MiihUn-
jtfin'ilt, M'j'k'o, toll), i., ]ip. •i'JiS-l; Hkih/hi/'s Mix. lilustr., p. 'loS; I'djiin'
travels, vol. i., p. 15'J; Dillon, Hist. Mix.', p. 47.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE.
G25
staled tliat in former days they used human flesh as food.
The Otomi's and tribes of Jalisco cultivated but little
{jjrain, and consumed that little before it ripened, trust-
ing for a further supply of food to the natural produc-
tions of tlie soil and to game, such as rabbits, deer,
moles, and birds, and also foxes, rats, snakes and other
reptiles. Corn-cobs they ground, mixed cacao with the
powder, and baked the mixture on the lire. From the
lakes in the valley of Mexico they giithered flies' eggs,
deposited there in large quantities by a species of Hies
called by the Mexicans a.vAUjacatl^ that is to say, ' water-
face,' and by MM. Meneville and A'irlet d'Aoust covhu
femorata and notonecta uulfascUtta. The eggs being
pounded, were moulded into lumps and sold in the
market-place; they were esteemed a special di-licacy,
and were t;aten fried. These peoj^le are also accused by
some authors of having eaten human flesh.''
Otlier tribes, inhabiting the valley of ^Texico, Puebla,
Michoacan, and (^uere'taro, show a greater inclination to
cultivate the soil, and live almost wholly on the products
t)f their own industry. They plant corn by making a
hole in the ground with a sharp-pointed stick, into
which the seed is drop[)ed and co\ered up. Honey is
plentiful, and when a tive is found where bees are at
work, they stop the entrance with clay, cut oft' the
l)ranch and hang \\. outside their Imts: after a short
time they remove the clay, and the bees continue their
operations in their new locality, as if they had not been
disturbed.'"
Oemelli Careri thus de*<oril)es a novel method of
catching ducks: "C)thers contrive to deceive ducks, as
' Monlanufi, Xienirp lUi »(''/(/, p. 2."iO; nnd Ttnpprr. Xene MMt, p. r)82. ' Estos
■ " iinit'H ('(iniiiiii los/oi'villns (jnc liitdci.. ciili bras y linnics, y toiln j^'i'iicru do
' -lOUt'H, comiitlri'jiis, y (itriis siiljiiiulijiis del ciiiinio y ild iiKintc, laj,'ailijas do
tddiis sui'l'tcs, y iibi'joii! s y laii\'<>stas dc todas main ras.' Salni'inii. Hist. (,'iii.,
torn, iii., lib. x., j)ji. VH<-7, 121! ."i. In .(.disco ' f.os imlios d<' aiiui Has jiio-
viucias skii caribi!-, qiKi I'Diiuii canii' Imm iiia todas lis Ncij'i.s (jtiu 1 1 piu diu
aviT.' Orii'ilo, Jlisl. Hin.. toiii. iii.. Ji. 5(18.
'0 Iji I'lU'bla 'l.os Iiidios sc ban iiiilicaiio mas al riiltivo dc la ticrru y
plaiitfo dc fnitas y lc;j;uiidiris.' In Miclioacrn ' Cidtivau nuiclio maiz,
frixolcH y ul^odciu.' Mi-'dn. hirrinniirin. iim. i,, )))i. JIM. 714. In tiucn'turo
' vivuu del ciiltivo dc liisj ijcuiuuUras. ' h!., to>u. iii., y. 320.
Vol. I. 40
C2G
WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO.
shy ,is they arc; for when they liave nsM 'em to he fre-
qiit.itly anioiiji; calahashes left tioatinj;' on the hike for
that i)Mrpo.se, they make holes in tiiose calahashes, no
that puttin«2; their head.s in thetn, they can .see out ot
them, and then going up to the neck in the water, they
go among the ducks and draw 'em down hy the feet. '
For making tortillas, the corn is pre[)ared hy placing it
in water, to which a little lime is added, and allowing it
to soak all night, or it is put to simmer over a slow fire;
the husk is then easily separated and the corn mashed
or ground on the metate. From this paste the tor-
tilla is formed hy patting it hetween the hands into .;
very thin cake, which is cooked on an earthern pan
placed over the tire; the tortilla is eaten with boiled
beans, and a mixture of chile and lard. The ground
corn is also mixed with water and strained through a
►sieve; ot' this li(|nor they make a gruel, to which is
added a little cacao or sugar. The sediment which re-
mains in the sieve is used to make tamales. which an^
a coinl)ination of chop[)ed meat, chile, and onions, which
ingredients are covered with the corn paste, and the
whole en sloped in corn or plantain leaves and boiled or
baked, ^i he ^Fexicans are very moderate eaters, but
have an insatiable passion for strong liipiors."
Laziness and filth follow us as we proce(>d southward
in our observations; among the Mexicans, the poorer
classes especially are filthy in their persons, and have a
disgusting appearance, which increases with the infirmi-
ties of age. Many of them indulge freely in the use
of a steam-bath called ttuiazadll^ siinilar to the Russian
" 'Tlioy l)iiil tlu> Iniliiin wlieiit vvit'i liino, and wlirii it hiis stnoil a-whiln
grind it, us tlii'y<lo the ciicao.' (k'nieili Vnrfvi. in CliHrcliiTs Cul. I'l'i/U'iia, vul.
v., ])p. I'.Ml, I'.ti, r»i;{; ]\' tlton's SiMii. Col., p. lid"). For fiutlior account o/
foc^d iicc Ti/lor's Anuhwtr, pp. K8-!t, ITjO; Siirrs, M'llk-'iniinika. p. 21(5; Khiimi.
I'liltur-'ri'srliiflilf, p. 102; iMnpinii', /I'ci.svu, toiii. x., p. ;)2;t; I'midhi, Cuikj, .V.
(julii'm, MS., i)p. ;tl, 4-4, "»;$, 7;{, 1'27; llninholilt, Kssui I'ul.. toni. i., iip. 7!',
87; LdirwiHirhiv, in XiiuveltiK AiuKili.^ flex I'ni/., 1M21, toiu. xxiii.. p. (17; I'li'tii
I'inj's, pp. 1111-2. ;{7;{; Mix. in 1842. i)p. 4(1, (14, (18; JA/(/.)''.s' J/r.r.. Aitvr, if,:,
vol. ii., p. 32; .Wmninz. in Irinlialci'tu. Cul. ile D"C.. toni. i., j). 488; MuliUn-
pfonll. Slcjicn, ti'in. i., lip. 18r>, 21H-1'.I; Anniii. Diin llfidhti' .Vi,vil:0. ji. 245,
with plate; M inloru, Hid. dt lasCondS, p. 31ti; MiUk-Jirun, J'lxcisdeln {/•■'«j.,
toni. vi., p. 443.
WEAPONS AND SHIELDS.
627
ii
vapor-bath, but it doos not appear to have the efiect of
cleaiiisiiig their persons.'"'
All the.se tribes nse bows and arrows; the hitter car-
ried in a quiver shnig at the back, a lew spare one.s
being stuck in the belt for immediate u.se. A heavy-
club is secured to the arm hy a thong, and wielded with
terrible elfect at close quarters. In battle, the princij)al
warriors are armed with sizars and shields. Another
weapon much in use is the sling, from which they cast
Btones to a great distance and with considerable accu-
racy. The natives of the valley of Mexico kill birds
with small pellets blown through a hollow tube.'^
The clubs, which are from three to four feet in length,
are made of a species of heavy wood, some having a
round knoi) at the end similar to a mace, others broad
and tiat, and armed with sharp pieces of obsidian, fas-
tened on either side. Acosta states that with these
wea})ons they could cut off the head of a horse at one
stroke. Si)ears and arrows are i)ointed with ilint or
obsidian, the latter having a reed shaft with a piece of
hard wood inserted into it to hold the point. Their
quivers are made of deer-skin, and sometimes of seal
or shark skin. Shields are ingeniously constructed of
small canes so woven together with thread that they
can be fi>lded uj) and carried tied under the arm. When
wanted for use they are loosed, and when opened out
ihey cover the greater part of the bod} .'*
1^ WimVs ^^<.r!ro. ,(il. ii., jip. 208 0. 'One would fliiiik tli." ha\h would
niukc the Iiuliiins cliiuily in tluir jifrsoiis. l)ut it liurdlv steins so, for tiny
look riitlicr diitiiT iifU'i- tlii'y huve bfon in the d iitazmUi than licforc' li/ltii's
Awiliitiir. |). ;t(('2.
i:' I'mlillii, (■<oiq. X. Galinn, .U."*., pp. 3^. 7'2- H; liraimiout. rn'ji. ik M<rl„,„.
am, MS , p. '2:15. 'El arco y la thcha tiau sus arnias <'n la ^iciTa, iiun(|ni!
jiara la caza los ('a('i((Tiis y sifiorts usahaii taniliiin di- ciTvatanas.' .1/';//'',
Jlist. Cinnp. (If Jfsiix, tolii. i.. p. 27!l. ' I saw st)liu^ Indians that Kill'd tlu!
least hirds ui)on the hi^dnst trees with iielhts shutout of truidis.' iinmUi
t'ltfi'Vi. in ' linrrhUVii Col. Vhijuijck, vol. iv., p. 51*2, and in JirrihfiiT, ('al. dv lUi/.,
torn, ii., p. ;{1(7.
n IIV.s/ null Ost hHlisclifr f.nsliiart. pt i,, p. l(t'2; CUivhin-o, Slariti Ati.t ihl
3/i',s,nii'(), t(iu\, ii., ]ip. Itl-t, with plate; Curldftul .Vmli'ilf I'niill. ji. Ill; ll'li>s'
Spun. ('(Dii/,, vol. ii., p. "iSt!; AiricirituJ'roii'iKi SiiiijifU, \f. M\ Sulniqiiii. Ilisl.
(Jill., toni. iii., lil). x., jip. l:'t. IIIU; Lj/on's Jvnnml, \ol. i., )'|p. ll'.i, '.',i;t;
llivrirn, Hlsl. (icn., dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. ii.; MulihiiiifuriH. MijUn,
torn, ii., pt ii., p. 378. ' Uim macana, a luuucrudi; jioiru, Ikiia dc puutus t'e
<528
"WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO.
Alxiriginall}', as with most northern nation.s. waifare
was the normal state of these people. The so-called
( 'hichimecs attacked all who entered tlieir domain,
whether for hunting, collecting fruit, or fighting. War
once declared hetween two tribes, each side endeavors
to secure by alliance as many of tlieir neighbors as
l)ossible; to which end ambassadors are despatched to
the chiefs of adjacent provinces, each bearing in his
hand an iirrow of tliC make peculiar to the tribe of
the straiij ; ' 'ef. Arriving at the village, the mes-
senger seek,-, the chief and lays the arrow at his
feet; if the pu>|X)sal of his master be accepted by the
stranger chief, the rendezvous is named and the mes-
stMiger departs. The ambassadors having returned with
their report, preparations are at once made for the re-
ception of the allies, a feast is prepared, large quanti-
ties of game and intoxicating drink are made ready,
and as soon as the guests arrive the viands are placed
before them. Then follow eating and drinking, con-
cluding with drunken orgies; this finished, a council
is held, and the assault })lanued, care being taken to
scLMire plaCL's suitable for an aml)uscade and stones fur
the slingers. A regular organization of Ibrces is ob-
served and every effort made to outflank or surround
the enemv. Archers and slingers march to an attack
in sintile file, always occupying the van, v>hile warriors
aniud with clubs and luices are drawn up in the rear;
the assault is commenced by the former, accompanied
with furious shouts and yells. During the period of
their wars against the li^paniards. they often ex|>ended
much time and lal)or in the fortification of heights by
means of tree-trunks, and large rocks, which were so
iirranged, one on top of anotlier, that at a given sig-
nal they might be loosened, and let fall on tlieir assail-
ants. The chiefs of tlie Te})ecanos and contiguous tribes
carried no weapons during the action, but had rods
|ii''(lras pedpi'iinlos.' Orinln, Hist. 0\-)i., toiu. iii., jv GCiS. 'En si'liihlcii uit
>itiivt' st(>kj(>ns {^fvku-litcii, van wclke sick vj^rwDnilonns-wiifnli^ tliincn iu
cl'ii oorloy.' Montaiiuti, Xkuwe Wu-nid, pji. 'J"25~(i, iiud Dapper, .Veae iWU.,
p 251.
WAK AND TREATMENT OF CAPTIVES.
G20
with Avliicli tliev cliastiscd those ^vho oxliil)itc(l svmp-
toiJis of couiirdico, or bocaino disordorly in the riud-is.''*
The shiiii wore scal[)ed or their heads cut oft", and
prisoners were treated witii the ntniost harharity. end-
ing invariably in the death of the nnHn-tunates; often
were they scalped while yet alive, and the bloody tro-
pliy placed npon the heads of their tt)rnientors. The
heads of the slain were placed on poles and paraded
through tl'cir villaires in token of victorv, the inhabi-
tants mean>, '>ile dancing round them. Young children
were sometimes spared, and reared to fight in the raid\s
of their concpierors; and in order to brutalize their
youthful minds and eradicate all feeUngs of alTection
toward their own kindred, the youthiul captives were
given to drink the brains and blood of their murdered
parents. The Chichimecs carried with them a bone,
on which, when they killed an enemy, they marked a
notch, as a record of the number each had slain. Mota
I'adilla states that when Xuno de Guzman arrived in
the vallev of Covnan, in Jalisco, the chiefs canu; out to
meet him, and, as a sign of peace and obedience, drop[)ed
on one knee; upon being raised up by the S[)aniards,
they placed round their necks strings of rabbits and
quails, in token ol* respect.^"
As the wants of the people are few and simple, so is
the inventory of their implements and household furni-
ture. Every family is sup[)lied with the indis[)ensable
metate. an oblong stone, about twelve by eighteen inches,
smooth on the surface and resting u[)ou three legs in a
slanting position ; with this is used a long stone rollei-,
ij ' Sipinprn ]n'ornr,iii dc iicomcfer cii iiiiiIds jjiisos, tn ticrras (luliliidiis y
j)('ili'(v^'i)s:is.' Il'rri'rii, lli-it. H'li., die. vii., lil'. ii., (Mp. xii. 'Tivs mil
YhiHdS f inii!lli:lll ell soli> 1111:1 tibl h:ii'ic'llili» fl'cliti' ,1 limstl' tllipi).' /''(i/i//((,
('■nil/. X. (iiiliriii, MS., jt, ,U; SCO I'lirthfr, Oc/((/(^, Jlial, t/Vu., tuiii. iii., \>.
572; lii'tinimiil, t'ri'iii. </< Mirlinnniii, MS., ]). •j;(.").
••i Tilt' C'hic'hiiiiccs 'Eli'H tliiir ln'uils, and tit that skin njxiri tlicir own
lioads with all tlii' hair, and so wear it as a t(.ki.'n of valour, till it rots ut!' iu
hits.' (rfiia-Hi I'ltirri, iu C/nirrliUrs Cnl. \'iij/iiiif'S, vol. iv., p. .")l:i, and lii-rnnivr,
<'■>!. ih' I n(/,, toiii. ii.. j>. 4iHl. ' (JnitandolfS los cascos con il ]»■]<>, su los
Ih'van ;i sii I'liclilo, para haylar <■! niitotc en (•oiii[)afiia ilf siis pani'iitcscoii las
(•111) z IS di' siis (•ui'!iii..,'os ell scflil (hi triilllfo.' Arl'-'ini. i'IiI'ihi. ih Zui-nliriin,
]ip. IT'.l, l.V.t (ii», I'lu'ihcr rcfircucc in SiiIiiii/hii. II'isI. i/i ii., turn, iii., lih. x.,
jip. 1J3-1; Ak'jre, Hist, t'oniji. de Jtsu^, tola, i., p. "iNl.
I
f)30
WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO.
17
omIU'iI tlio mdhiptUl, for ru])l)ing ilcmn tlic maize, iind a
liirii'i' rarthen pan, (iallod tlic conkiI/I, ou ^vllich to hake tlie
tortillas. Their hottlos, IkjwIs, jiiul cups aro made iVom
gourds, often prettily painted, and ke[)t haniiing round
the \valls; some ungla/ed earthenware vessels, orna-
mented with hhu^k iiguri's ou Ji dull red ground, are used
lor eooking, a bloek of wood serves i'or a stool and
table, und lastly a lew i)etates (Aztec, pd/atl, ' palm-leal'
mat'), ju'O laid ujxni ihe ground for beds. These eom-
})rise the whole elfeets of a native's house. For agricul-
tural pur[)oses. they have wooden spades, hoes, and sliarj)
stakes for planting (H)rn. "^i'lieir products are carried
home or to market i>i large wicker-work frames, ofti'u
live feet higli by two and a half feet broad, made I'rom
split palm-leavc!
In the State of Jalisco, the natives are celebrated for
the maiiufacturo oi' blankets and woolen mantas; in
other parts of the country they continue to weave cot-
ton stulfs in the same manner as before the comiuest, all
on very primitive hand-looms. The conunon designs
ari> in blue or red and white stripes, but they are some-
times neatlv worked with fiuures. the juice from the
nuu'ex or piu'ple shell su[)[)lying the vermilion color for
the i)atterns. The iidiabitants of Tonala exhibit nuicli
taste and excellence in the production of pottery, mak-
ing a great variety of toys, masks, figures, and orna-
ments, besides the vessels for household use. In the
vicinity t)f Santa (^'uz, the fibres of the aloe, crushed
U[)(in the iui'tate, are em[)loyed for the manufacture of
ropes, nets, bags, and ilat round pelotas, used in rubbing
down the body after a bath. Talm-leaf mats and
dressed skins also figure largely among the articles of
native industry
i»
1" (Vrvsc/, ill Xiii(i'( lli'.-i Ainialci (lef> I'v/-. 18H0, tdin. xlv., p. ^'^S• Vi'DX'nn.r.
Ml
Miil.h
221; ami D'ljijh
p. 271; I'r'nto, Vhiji.i, p. IlCt; Ti/I'i
■'It, M'Jiri, tolil. i., p]!. 221-(i, 211; MndHh
AiiithiKir, ]ip. 2ill
\\\
'./,
Wilt., 11. 2r)2.
I'* ' Thi> 1 111 It. ins (if tliis Count rii'tldt' inako "veat stoioof Woollen f'jotli .iml
Silkc
I'lin-li'
His riliir'niics. Vol. iv.. HI), vii., p. 1 lltH. 'llir Otoiii
' saliiiin Imci'i' liinl.is laliorcs en las mantas, tna!.;iias, y vipilcs ([uc tijian iiniv
cuiiosanHuto; pcru tuilas I'Uas labiabaa lo iliulio il'.' Lilo do niayiK-y 4110
TRADE AND AliTS.
631
In Voni CvivA, tlicy have Ciuioe.s dug out of tlio trunk
of II rnahoiian^- or cedar tree, which arc capalilc of liold-
hig .several pcr,st)n.s, and are worked witht^injile jjaddles."
A considerahle trade i.s carried on in potterN , niatw,
dressed skins, anil manufactures of the aloe-lihre; also
fruit, feathers, vejietahles, and lish. All such wares are
packed in light osier baskets, whii;h, thrown upon their
hacks, are carried long distances to the several markets,
in the province of N'era C^'uz, vanilla, jala[), and other
herbs ai'e important articles of native coumierce. and all
the interior tril)es place a high \alue on salt, lor which
they readily exchange their products.-"
The natives display nuich jiatience and skill in orna-
mental work, especially carvings in stone, and in paint-
ing; although the llgures, their gods bearing witness,
are all of grotes(pie shai)es and Jij)pea!ance. With noth-
ing more than a rude knife, they make very ingenious
iigures, of Avax, of the pith of trees, of wood, charcoal,
day, and bone. They are fond of nmsic, and readily
imitate an^- strain they hear. From time iunnemorial
they have letained a passion for llowers, in all seasons
of the year tastefidly decorating therewith their dwell-
ings and sho[)s. The art of working in gold and silvir
is well known to the natives of Jalisco, who execute
well-shaped specimens of cups and vases, beautifully
en<'ra\e(
I and
ornamei
ited.-'
sacahiii y hoiipriciabiui di' liin pi'uoiis.' Snhninm. Tl'tnt. Gen., toni. iii., lil). x.
i>. in
r.K); r
T,
■/•'/''■
lA
J). 'JDI; JtnslHiiiiin('\ ill I'r'nlit, \"i(ijis, \)
y.. 11.
Mr.
in ISI'J, II. Ci
.\[iil,l'
• ion!/, M,
•'), toiii. ii., Jit ii., ]>. ;{11; Lj/uu's Journal, vul, ii., p. Iii; 'riiiniiiiul, Jlixilo
>. (i:t.
'Ji-
n
V
!l.
Ill tliosc ((iiiiitiiys tlii'y tiiko ncithrr RfiMo nor silvor for rxclianp;!' of
luiy tliiiiL;, liut (uilcy Suit.' I'liilhin, in llalJni/t's I'"// , vol. iii,, ]i. l."!'.); (diii-
jiiiri' l.i/iiit'a tlounntl, vol. i., p. 'ilKt, laul vul. ii., jt. I'.'S; ami '/'(/Inr's Ai'iiliimr,
p. «5. ■
21 llHnihol.U. K:
I'til.. tiiiii. i., 11.98; Ti/liir's AiiiihiiiK-, ]t. VAf,: II'
^f|'.v!l•(\ vol. ii., )). 'I'M; Lufniiil, Vdijdiii'x, toiii. i., p. llil; Miihli u/ij'i'rdl, Mi^
CO, toiii, i., p, 'Jt:i: Mill'ti II'kiI. J/c.r., p. (i; ('uriiintfr's Tr.ir. .l/i.c, ]i. 2i:!.
Lcs Mfxiciiins lint (•(iiisfv\(' uii }^ofit piiiticiiliii' pmir l,i iniiilmr tl ]nii;i"
I'lirt (I
1'
lli;
ilptcr
J,
en ]ii( riM
it (11 liuis,' Miilti'-lt,
I'
hi (
irml., tdlll.
iiiiis lit' ilivcrsiis cdU
inilV bilrlios (Mlltiir
l)ai'ti ■iiliir (I
.Mi>'l
loiiciin fill
Mr
Hist. I'
tl iirtc do jiiiit:!!' I'lin lu.s plii-
"y
,U' ,/.
sun. tnlll. 1.. p
taikdoiVii du tudiv sut'i'tu do iustniuiLiiti
W.
Mrnilvm,
Hint, dc l((s C'(
V
;ij«.
C32
WILD TRIDES OF MFAICO.
The wild tribes surrounding, and in places intermixed
with, the Civilized Xations of Central Mexico, as far as
I can learn, do not appear to hav^ had any systematic
tribal govermnent; at least, none of the old historians
have given any account of such. Some of the tribes
attach themselves to chiefs of their own choice, to whom
they pay a certiiin tribute from the produce of their
labor or hunting expeditions, while others live without
any government or laws whatsoever, and only elect a
chief on going to war.^^
Mari'iage takes place at an early age, and girls are
seldom found single after they attain fourteen or fifteen
years. Gomara, however, says that wt)men in the dis-
trict of Tamaulipas are not married till they reach the
tige of forty. The Otomi's marry young, and if, when
arrived at the age of puberty, a young girl has not
found a mate, her parents or guardians select one for her,
so that none shall remain single. Among the Guachichi-
les, when a young man has selected a girl, he takes her on
trial for an indefinite period; if, afterwards, ])oth parties
are satisfied with each other, the ceremony of marriage
is performed ; should it happen, however, that the man
be not pleased, he returns the girl to her parents, whicii
proceeding does not place any obstacle in the way of her
obtaininij another suitor. The Cliichimecs cannot marry
without the consent of parents ; if a young man violates
this law and takes a girl with<Mit first ol)taining the
parental sanction, even with tiie intention of mar-
rying her, the penalty is death; usually, in ancient
times, the oflender was shot with arrows. When one of
tills people marries, if the girl proves not to be a virgin,
the marriage is null, and the girl is returned to her
parents. AVheii a young man desires to marry, his
l)arents make a visit to those of the intended bride, and
leave with them a bouquet of flowers bound with red
M
^ Alpip-c, IHsit. Comp. (le Jcsna, torn, i., p. 281; Iferrern, Hist. Gev., dec.
viii., lib. vi., c^-.p, xv.; Orieilo, }Iist. (ten., toiu, iii., p. Hd"; Padilla, Cin^q. S.
(riilirbi, J/.S., pp. 31, G8; OUavio, in Nouvdks Annaletideii Vny., 1833, toia. lix.,
p. 01.
MARRIAGE CUSTOMS.
CSS
wool: tlio l)ri(lo's parents then send round to tlio houses
of tlieir IViends a bunch of marijiuana. a narcotic herh,
which signifies that all are to meet together at the bride's
father's on the next night. The meeting is inaugurated
by smoking; then they (thew niariguana, during which
time all preliminaries of the marriage are settled. The
following da^' the resolutions of th** conclave are made
known to the voung man and woman, and if the decision
is favorable, the latter sends her husband a few })resents,
and from that time the parties consider themselves mar-
ried, and the friend.s give themselves up to feasting and
dancing."^
A plurality of wives was found among all the inhabi-
tants of this region at the time of the Spanish concpiest,
the fu'st wife taking precedence of those who came after
her. Manv had concubines who, it mav be said, ranked
third in the family circle. The missionary Fathers,
however, soon put an end to the custom of more than
one wife, whenever tliey had the power to do so. Iler-
rera says that the Chichimecs indulged in one wife only,
but that they had the habit of repudiating^ her for any
slight cause, and of taking another. The women are
kept under subjection by their husbands, and not only
have all the indoor work to do, such as cooking,
spiiming, and mat-making, but they are also recpiired to
carry heavy burdens home from the market, and bring
all the wood and water for household use. Infants are
carried on the mother's back, wrapped in a coarse cot-
ton cloth, leaving the head and legs free. Among the
Chichimecs, wlien a woman goes out of her house, she
places her child in a wicker basket, and there leaves it,
usually suspending it from the branch of a tree, .v child
is suckled by the mother until another comes on and
crowds it out. !Muhlenpfordt relates that he saw a boy oi'
*' ^f lifer's -l/p.r., Atter, etc., vol. ii., p. 20(5; VUUi. in Pnifn, Vinjift, jip.
42H-3(). ' Toniiin uso y postumlirfi los otoimVa, do (jnc los viinmts siiudu luiiy
iiiuclmchos y ticrnns se ciisiiKcii, y lo inisnio las iiuit,'ii<'s.' Sdlniiixn. /list.
GfiK, torn, iii., lib. x., ]). 127. ('hicliiinerH ' rnsiuisc cdii liis jiariciitiis iims
fori'niitis, pero uo cou las liermauus.' Ilerreru, Hint. Uen.. dec. viii., lib. vi,
cup. XV.
684
WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO.
.seven or oii-lit yciirs of age tleinaiuling siu'k and ivceiv-"*
ing it from Iiis mother. A woman near her time of
confinement, retires to a dark corner of the lion.H',
atteiuh'd ])y .^ome aged woman, wlio .sings to her. and
pretends to eall the hahy from afar. This midwifi-. liow-
ovcr, does not in any way assist at the hirtli, hut as
.so(m as the child is Ijorn she goes out, meanwhile cover-
ing; her face with her hands, so that she ma\ not see.
Having walked once roinid the hou.se, she opens her
ty es, and the name of the first ol)ject .she sees is chosen
as the name of the child. Among the Otomi's. a young
woman a])()ut to heconio a mother is the \ictim of much
unnecessary suffering arising from their superstitious
j)ractices; loaded with cert.ain amulets and charms, .she
must carefully avoid meeting certain individuals and
animals whose look might produce evil ellei'ts — a l)lack
dog especially must be avoided. The song of a mock-
ing-hird near the house is held to he a hajjpy omen.
At certain hours the mother Avas to drink water
which had been collected in the mountains, and pre-
viously- presented to the gods; the phases of the moon
were carefully watched. She was obliged to undergo
an examination from the old crone who attended her,
an<l who performed certain ceremonies, such as l)urning
aromatic herbs mingled with saltpetre. Sonu'times,
amidst her pains, the ancient attendant obliged her
charge to jump about, and take powerful inedicines,
which fre(|uently cau.sed abortion or prematiuv delivery.
If the child was a boy, one of the old men took it in
his arms and painted on its breast an axe or .some im-
plement of husbandry, on its forehead a feather, and on
the shoulders a bow and quiver; he then invoked ibr it
the protection of the gods. If the child proved to be
a female, the same ceremony was ob.served, with the
exception that an old woman officiated, and the figui'e of
a llower was traced over the region of the heart, while
on the palm of the right hand a spinning-wheel was
])icture(l. and on the left a i)iece of wool, thus indiciiting
the several duties of after life. According to ilm Aj)us-
CIIILDKEN AXD AMUSEMENTS.
685
tolico)^ A/iiiH'S, tlio Coras cull tlio eliild uftcr ono of
its uiick's or iuints. In twolvo months' time a feast is
prcpaivd in honor of said ,>oun;j:', and tiie niothor and
child. to^t'tluM* with the un(!lo or aunt, jilact'd in the
middle of the circle of relatives. V[\(m these occasions
much wine is drunk, and for the Hrst time salt is [)!aci'd
in the child's mouth. As soon as the child's tet'th are
all cut, a similar meeting takes place, and the child is
then y,iven its first meal:
and again
at tl
le a'.:e o
twelve, the ancients come together, when the youth is
Hrst given wine to drink. As a ruk>, young people show
reat res[)ect and aft'ection for their parents; uU their
earnings I)eing at once handed over to tiiem."^
In early times, iimnorality and prostitution existed
among these nations to an unparalleled extent, (louiara
says that in the province of Tauiaulipas thei'e were puh-
lic brothels, where men enacted the part of women, and
where ever}' night were assemhled as many as ji thou-
sand, more or less, of these worse than beastly beings,
according to the size of the vilhige. It is certain that
incest and every species of fornication was coimuonly
})ractice(l, esi)ecially in the districts of ^'era Cruz, Ta-
maulipas, and Quen'taro."'^
Their amusements are stam[)ed with the general mel-
ancholy of their character. Dancing, ac(!om[)anied with
music and singing, is their favorite }>astinu\ but it is
sehlom indulged in without the acc()m[)anying vice of
intoxication. When the Totonacs join in tla'ir na-
tional dances, they attach a kind of I'attle ciMi-d nin.
ab'ldH to a band round the head, that jic'iices a
peculiar sound during th(! perli^'mance. Among some
tril)es women are not permitted to join in tlu' dances.
21 }fiililc)ip/nrilt, Mi'jifn, torn. i.. pp. 240-8; Bnllnnk's .Af<.virii. vol. i., p.
1!I'J; Ai'iist 'iiicn.-i At'iiiii's, PI). '21-'2; UUlmr, <lwitiniin\ii, p. HI. • Jll ainancilia-
iiiiciito IKJ <'s (Icshonra I'litrc cllos.' '/jirj'nlf, in .l/c'i;/v, llisl. ('nm/i. ih ■lisn.t,
torn, i., ])|). liM, ;i3"). ' Zlin-^'crdi'ii dc kiiulcnn in ^cvlcichtc kuiv ii acii
l)iii>uit:ikkiMi.' MtiiitdiiuK, y'uHWH Weenlil, p. 21'.l; ami Ihipjiir, Sim' W'tll., p.
241!.
'-' • Lii iiiiiiiccli'a, f'l iiu'csto, y onniito ticTip dc n^as iisiiiicinsiiiiu'iitc ii--
pn'4li;llltt' el ili>s,ilTi"j;|i) ill' lil ('i)li('il])isci'U('iil, Ki> li;t {'(invil'tiiln ell lliMtu,'
Pi'ictij, I'iijus, i>. 37'J; Fossil/, Mtxi'i'i':, p. 27; Liuinaia, HiM. lad., lul. 50.
CM
\VILD TUIUKS OF MEXICO.
Tlioy make various kinds of drinks and intoxicating
licjuors. One is made Ironi i\w fruit of tiie nojial or
prickly jK'jir, which is (ii'st jK'cli'd and j)rt'sst'd ; the juice
is then i)assed tln'ou|ih straw sieves, and ^jhiced \ty a fire
or in the sun, where in ahont an hour it ferments.
Another drink, called cliiclia, is nuuk' Ironi raw su^ai-
cane, which is mashed with a W(H)den mallet and passed
throujih a pressing-machine. Their princi})al and na-
tional drink is pukpie, made from the agave aniericana,
and is thus prepared: When the plant is ahout to hloom,
the heart or stalk is cut out, leaving a hole in the center,
which is covered witli the outer leaves. Kvery twenty-
four hours, or in the hotter climates twice a day, the
cavity fills with the sap from the plant, which is taken
out and fermented hv the addition of .some alreadv-fer-
mented pukjue, and the process is continued until i
plant ceases to yield a further supply. The 11
ohtained is at first of a thick white color, and is at
all times very intoxicating.'^"
Father Joseph Arlegui, in his Chronica da hi Pro-
rlncla <Je Zdcufeafs, which province then comprised a
nnich larger extent of territory than the present state
of Zacatecas, descrihes a singular ceremony nowhere
else mentioned. It is employed when one nation
wishes to form a close connection, friendship, alliance,
family or ))lood relationship, so to say (tratan de ha-
cerse parientes), with another nation; and the })rocess
is as follows: From the trihe with which the alliiuice
is desired, a man is seized, and a feast or drunken
carousal commenced. Meanwhile the victim destined
to form the connecting link between the two bands,
and whose blood is to cement their friendship, is kei)t
without food for twenty-four hours. Into him is then
poured of their execrable beverages until he is fdled,
Sfi UamhohU, Essui A>/., torn, i., p. 97; Hussel, 3/l'.r. Gunt., p. IHO;
Sohaijuii, Hist. Oi'it., toiu. iii., lib. x., p. i:U; Aixistoiicos A/dnes, \t. I'J; /*'(-
(//'//'/, CiDi)/. X. Otilici't, i>i). l'.», 127; \\'iii)i>iius, dioij. n. Slit't., ji. «(); 'I'liiim-
tiiil, .W'.viico, p. (11; Alci'ilo, Dirriomtrio, toin. ii., p. 47(1; MuhWniifnriU,
Mj'if'f, tola, i., p, 219; GvmcUi Cunri, in ChurchiU'ii Vol. Voywjvs, vul. iv.,
p. 517.
MAKIN'CI AX ALLIANCF..
f.:J7
and liis sciisos aro dojuU'iied, whvn ho is strotolird
Ik'I'oiv a (ire. Iniilt in a wide o\)vn pliuv, ulii'iv all
the j)e<)i)le may have access to him, llavin;: \van:ied
wll his ImkIv, and ruhhed liis ears, eacli aspiiant t«> the
new tViendsiiip. armed witli a .^liarj) awl-shajted in.4rii-
nient, made of deer's lM)ne, proceeds t<» pierce tiie earsdi'
the prostrate wretch, each in turn Ibrcinji' his sharp-
ened hone throngh some new phice, wiiich causes the
hUM»d to sjjurt afresh with every incision. With the
hlood so drawn, the several memhers of the trihe anoint
tlu'iiiselves, and the ceremony is done. On the spot
where the rehitive of a Cora is killed in a fiuht. a
piece of cloth is dipped in l)lood. and kept as a remem-
brance, niitil his death ho avenued hv killini: the sla\er.
or one of the males of his family When meetinji each
other on a journey, they make use of many compli-
mentary salutations, and a kind of freemasonry ajjpears
to exist among them. Major Brantz Mayer mentions a
trihe at Cuernavaca that, in the event of a white man
arrivinij at their villaj^e, irmnediately seize and place
him under guard for the night in a large hut; he ami
his animals are carefully provided for until the following
day, when he is despatched from the village under an
escort, to wait upon him until far beyond the limits of
the settlement. The custom, at the present day. of hid-
ing money in the ground is nnivei'.sd: nothing would
induce a native to entrust his savings with another. The
inhabitants of (^nen'taro s[)end nnich of their time l)ask-
ing in the sun, and if the sun (h)es not yield suilicient
warmth, they scoop out a hole in the ground, burn in it
branches and leaves uf the maguey, and when properly
heated, lay themselves down in the place, and cover
themselves with a mat or the loose earth.-^
27 Arleqni, Cim'm. de Zacnteraa, pp. 161-2; ^^l(;/f'r's JA.c. as it Wnft. pji.
173-('.; Mi'iiiloza, Hist, de las dosas, p. all; J'riito, \'i(ijis, ]>. liTo; .1/»-n/iU
linis A/itins, ih I'i. ' Los iiulios, si no tixlos t-ii sii niajni- piiitc, vivtii li^n-
(los por una cspecie di- niiisoneriii.' JinskiiiKinti:, in I'viiUt, Vinjis. p. I'.t'.i.
' Wuun nifhrt'i-c in (T(>st'llst'liiift i^clicn, nic nclicn. sondtrn iinint r liinlii- < iii-
andtr und sclten ruhig schn itiiid, sondnii fust iiunitr km/, tialii nd.' M'o/i-
;)'Vi(.s, (it'Dif. H. Stdt.. p. .'{!(. ' Jj'Indicn t-nttrrc son HVi,'i'nt, it an niniiHnt ilc
Biv mort 11 ue dit pus a sou plus procht- pureut ou il a dt'posc sou titsor, utiu
6?58
WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO.
The ^rexicans are not siil)ioct to nianv diseases. Small-
pox. broiiiiht into the country at the time of the eon-
quest, typlioid fever, and syphilis are those whicli
cause the greatest destruction of life; the two former
are aggravated b}- the filthy condition of the villages.
Yellow fever, or jjlaek vomit, very rarely attacks the
aboiigines. The measles is a prevalent disease. Death
is likewise the result of severe wounds, fracttu'es, or
bruises, most of which end in mortification, owing to
neglect, or to the barbarous remedies ap[)lied to condjat
theui. The Huastecs of \'^era Cruz .suffer from certain
woruis that breed in their lips, and liighly esteem salt
for the curative properties they believe it to jjossess
against this disorder. At the village of Qjuiala. in the
state of Colima, a considerable number of the children
are born deaf and dumb, idiots, or deformed; besides
Avhicn. when they roach a mature age, if we may believe
the early chroniclers, the goitres are more or less devel-
o[)ed on them, notwithstanding Humboldt's assertion
that the aborigines never suffer from this disorder.
There is another disease, cutaneous in its character,
Avhich is quite prevalent in many parts of the country,
and is supposed to be contracted under the inllueuce
of a warm, humid, and uidiealthy eliuiate, and may
be descri!/od «1,s follows: AV^ithout pain the skin assuuies
a variety of colors, the spots produced being white, red,
brownish, or blue. The Pintos, as south-western coast-
dwellers are called, the chief victims to this disorder.
cxi)erience no physical pain, except when they go into
a cold climate; then they feel twitcliings in the places
where the skin has clianf;ed color. The disease is de-
clared to be contagious: and from all accounts no remedy
I'or it has I)een as yet discovered. Formerly, an epidemic
called the inatldkii/uKttl vmit'd the country at long inter-
vals and caused terrible havoc. All the Spanish wiiters
uho speak of it call it the peste, and supjiose it to be the
same scourge that destroyed nearly the whole pnprdation
qu"il no Ini fiissp pftH fnuto qufind il ressuscitern.' Cassil, iu Xouvdlei> Aiuntks
des Viiy., lb3U, torn, xlv., p. 31)1).
MEDICAL TREATMENT.
630
of tlie Toltoc empire in tlio olovoiith coiiturv, Otliors
believe it to have borne Ji greater similarity to yellow
fever. The disease, whatever it is. made its ai)
ippe
iranoe
in 154o, 1570. and 1 <oG, since which date 1 find no
mention of it. destroying each time jui innuense num-
ber of people; but u})on no o<_^easion did it attack the
s or the mestizos. Its greatest havoc was in
re w
,hit(
pu
the interior, on the central plateau, and in the coldest
and most arid regions, the lowlands of the cojist being
nearlv, if not entirely, free from its elfects."**
Wl
len sma
11-
pox
Avas iirst introduced, the natives
resorted to bathing as a cure, and a ver\ lai-ge nund)er
succumbed to the disease. An old Spanish author,
writing in 1 ")8(), states that the natives of the kingdom
of Xew S[)iiiii had an extensive knowledge of medicinal
herbs; that they seldom resorted to bleeding or com-
pound purgati\es, for they had many simple cathai'tic
herbs, lliev were in the habit of making j)ills with
the India-rubber gum mixed with other substances,
which they snallowed, and rul)bed tlu'iuselves withal,
to increase their agility and sup})leness of body. Cold
water baths are commonly I'esorted to when attacked
witl
1 lever, an
\ th
ley cannot l)e ])revailea in)oii
led
to a!
)an-
»u tlie practice.
I'
The tcJiiazcnlU or sweat-bath, is also
df
verv much used lor cases oi severe iiiuess
f
Tl
le hat 11
th
liouse stands close to a spring of fresh water, and is
built and heated not unlike a l']uro[)ean bake-oven.
AVlien up to the reiiuired temperature the (ire is taken
out. and water thrown in; the patient is then thrust into
it naked, feet foremost and head near the ape»'ture. and
laid on a mat that covers the hot stone;
Tl
le lio
le tl'
alVords him air foi' breathing is about eighteen iiicher
'' ' La prtifo vi'roli! ot la rout,'<'ol»^ Kfnit di'iix iniilinlii s tns '(iiiiinniKs.'
Cliappi- il' Aidi riiclii. Wij/diie, ji. '25. The I'ititos ' iiiiiiUcd with !,'ii at liiulis cif
(Iffj) blue .. .tlic (Icciinitioii is natural and caniiot l)i> <'trar((L' 'ri/lnr'.i Ami-
luKIc, J). ItO'J, Sec flUthir: Fassi'i/, ,l/cji(/(/R, li]i. ;i:t 1, ;i',).Vli. ('nni|ial'i' llnin-
holilt, H.-'scu i'oL. totii. i., p|). <l6, (;!)-7(>. HS; .}rni,tiiiiiin, '"'Unu-i' Wnnlil. ]k
'i.l ); Ihipimr, Xiiif WiU. ]). "iH'i; ('<tssvl, in Xnnrcllig ,1)/;" 's ths \'iii/.. 18,'t(t,
toin. \lv., J). IMii; f.i'iin'iifihri). Miwii/iie, p. '207; <'li'ir',iif/. llninis Ainiiiriiiiits,
jip. 5()'2-;t; Malk-lirun, J'nds tie la Gaxj., ton;, vi., p. ii;); W'-ijipiius, (Jvn'j. u.
litat., p. 10.
640
WILD TEIBES OF MEXICO.
square. TVhcn siiiTicicntly steamed, and the bod} well
beaten with rushes, a cold water bath and a brisk rub-
bing complete. the operation.*-*
In Midioacan, the natives believe that the leaves of
a plant called cozolmecatl or olmcaran applied to a sore
part of the liody will foretell the result of the disorder;
for if the leaves adhere to the s[M)t, it is a sure sign that
the sufferer will get well, but if they fiiU ofi* the con-
trary will hap|)on. When prostrated with disease, the
nearest relatives and friends surround the patient's
couch find hold a confal) ifpon the nature of his ailment
and the application of the remed}'. Old sorceresses and
charlatans put in practicv* their spells; fumigatiims and
meltings of saltpetre abound ; and by some jugglery, out
of the crystallized saltpetre is brought a monstrous ant,
a horrible worm, or some other object, which, as they
allege, is the cause of the disorder. As the disease pro-
gresses, the friends of the sufterer severally roconnnend
and apply, according to the judgment each may have
formed of the matter, oil of scorpions or of worms,
water supposed to produce miraculous effects on fevers,
or like applications, and these empirical reuiedies. most
of which are entirely useless, and others extrcmeh" l)ar-
barous, are applied together without weight or measure.''**
In common with other peoples, it is usual with these
nations to place several kinds of edibles in the grave
with the deceased. Amcmg the Coras, when one died,
the corpse was dressed and wrapped in a mantle; if a
man, with 1k)\v and arrows, and if a woman, with her
distail' etc., and in this maimer the l)ody was buried
in a cave previously selected by the deceased. All
his Avorldly goods were placed at the door of his
'■^'' ' TjDS Indids son f^'riuidcH herboliirios, y cnran sit'iupro ■ i\\ illiis.' Mm-
doza, Ilisl. lie l,(iK Ciisdn, \i, Itll. 'For fevtrs. for had coldi;. lOY the l)itt' of ii
lioisoiioiis iiiiiiDal, this (tlif tfiiiazi'itlli) is said to ho a c rtain curts also fiir
acute rlii'umatism.' ('clihron <h la lldixn's J.ifv in ^fc.\^., vol. i., p. 2.")");
Helps' Siirtn. ('iiii<i., vol. ii., j). 4I{(); Mnionrilk, A'tise, p. 12i; Murr, \avlinrli-
teii, p. .'iOii; Mitldcnpfoi-dl, Mijifo, toiii. i., p. 250.
s" ' Notant harhari, folia parti afl'tcta) ant dok'Uti npi)lieuta, do ovoiitn
niorhi ]ira'jiulioaro: nam si tirmitor nd haroaiit, eortiim Ki(,'uuni csso a-j,'nini
convalitiirnni, sin docidant, eontru.' L'lvl, Xwun Orbh, p. 271; \"di't, in
Priito, I'iiijis, pp, 1118- 'J.
BURIAL AND CHARACTER.
G41
former house, so that lie might come nnd take them
without crossing the threshold, as thev helieved the dead
returned to see ahout pro{)erty. If the decea.sed had
cattle, his friends and relatives every now and then
placed some meat upon sticks about tlie helds. for fear
he miulit come for the cattle he formerlv owned. Five
da\ s after death a hired wizju'd essayed to conjure away
the shade of the de})arted pro})erty- holder. The.^e
spirit-scarers went smoking their pipes all over the dead
man's house, and shook zai)ote-branches in the coiners,
till they pretended to have found the fancied shadow,
which they hurled headlong to its linal restiiig-[)lace.
Tpon the seiu^nd of Xovemher most of the natives of
the Mexiciui vallej' bring olVcrings to their dead rela-
tives and friends, consisting of edibles, live animals,
and tlowers, which are laid on or about the graves.
The anniversary or commemoration of the dead among
the ancient Aztecs occurred almost upon the same day."'^
The thick-skinned, thoughtful and reserved aborig-
inals of central Mexico are most enigmatical in their
character. Their i)e('uliar cast of features, their natural
reserve, and the thickness of their skin, make it ex-
tremely dillicult to ascertain by the expression of the
face what tiieir real thoiiuhts are. The wiieral ch
f^*^
ar-
acteristics of this people maybe summed uj)as i'ollows:
pe
ice
able
'utU
d
e auu suhmissive
to tl
leir suneriors
gnvc fnen to melancholv. and \vt fond of striking;
exhibitioiih and noisy revelry; improvident but charita-
ble, sincerely pious, but wallowing in ignorance and
su
[)erstitioiis; (piick of [lerception. and possessed of great
facility for aeipiiring knowledge, es[tecially of tlie arts,
verv imitative, but with little origiiialitv, unambitious,
■>' ihe reniainrt of one nf their nnciciit kiiif^'s found in a riiv<> is tlnis ilc-
spvilicd; 'ostaba cubici-to dc indrcria tcxida Kc^un su (•(istiniibrc in la Miiinl.t
con (|ue sc I'liliria disdc ins lionibius liasta l(is jiics, silitadci en la niisma silla
i|Uc lu linj^'iciim (1 sdlio, I'on ialiali, lirazalctts, ('(illaics, y ii])ritiiil(>ri s do
plata; y en la frcntc una curona di' lurnuisas plunias. dt' varins cdlnics niiz-
t'ladas, la luano i/ijuicrda jiuista vn fl bra/f) do la silla, y en la di irclia nn
alt'an|_'(' Clin t;uarnicion dc (ilata.' .l/cci/i;, l)ir<h)iiiirU), tuni. iii., p. "-'.I'.'. Sid
also: \fiil,'e,int'nnlt, Mijiro. toni. i., pp. '2.">y 00; Aj'uslvlkus Aj'an'S, p. li'J;
-l/'/((ui, Z'K.s lli-iitiiif MvjclLii, I). 2111.
Vol. I. 41
642
WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO.
Unwilling to loarn, and indiflforont to the comforts of
life. Irascihilitv is bv no means foreijin to tlieir nature,
but it seems to lie dormant until awakened by intox-
ication or some powerful i'ni)ulse, when tbe iimate
crueltv ilames forth, and thev pass suddeidv from ii
state of perfect cjdinness to one of unresti'ained fierce-
ness. (\)uriiue and cowardice are so blended in their
character that it is no easy m.atter to determine which
is the predominant trait. A fact worthy of notice is
that upon many occasions they have jiroved themselves
capable of facing danger with the greatest resolution.
and }et they will tremble at the angry fit)wn of a
white man. La/iness, and a marked inclination to
cheating and stealing are among the other bad (jualities
attributed to them; but there is abundant evidence to
show, that although naturally .averse to industry, they
work hard from morning till night, in mining, agri-
culture, and other occupations, and in tlieir inefficient
way accomplish no little labor. Murder and highway
ro})berv ai'c crimes not generally couunitted by the
pure altoriginal. who steals rarely anxthiug but food
to appease his hunger or that of his fauiily. A ^lex-
ican author savs. the Indian cuts down a tree to nick
its fruit, destroys an oak of ten years grt)wth for a
week's fu'ewood; in other words, he produces little, con-
sumes little, and destroys nmch. Another Mexican
writer afhrms that the Indiai; is active, industrious,
handy in agi-icultural labor, a diligent servant, a trusty
postmiui, humble, hospitable to his guests, and shows
a sincere uratitude to his benefactors.''-
32 7)7)c/i;.;?))/, Voy., p. Do;]; CoJihron tie In Borro's Life in Mix., vol. i.. ]>.
200; Miii/r'n .U'.r. (Ik it Wits. jip. 17(*, 201; Jlntasi'iir dtt liimvhmirij, Vnii.
Ti'liiiiuiti'jii'r, ]t\i, 111, 172: LinvntntilHyi', in .\iiiirillis AidihIi.i Uis 1'"//..
1M24, toll). x\iii.. 11.07; Oltarin, in hi.. IHICl, toin. lix.. ]>. 71: !:'lliiei\ (iim-
iiiiiinin, \tp. Hi -2: Villn, in I'riilit, Vlnjis, ]>]}. 11(1-7; Arnrnrnlu, Ilispitialii
II, ])p. 21, 20; Siiliiiiiini, Hist, (tin., toin. iii., lib. n., )i)i. l:il, \\\T>\ liussi, Sim-
renirs, p. 2.S."): t.nfitiiil, I'ni/iniis. toin. i.. p. 211?: Wiijiiiiins, Uioij. n. Slut..
pp. 40-1; I'liilill'i. I'omi. S. (Iii'ii-ia. .lA.S., p. 10; I'niiisilt's XuIp.i .lA.i'., pp.
108, Ifll : .Miilli'-llriin, I'n-ris de I'l liiUtij.. toin. vi.. )i. 11."); Himilli Cnriri, in
Cluirrliill's ('ill. Viii/iiiifs. vol. iv., p. 402; livrin'iir, ( nl. ilr I'd//., totii. ii.,
pp. IWIl 4; Hii)iiii/iiistli''s Sjian. Aw., vol. i., j)p. lO-")!). • L'inil'iL,'i"'nc' nicxi-
cuiu est yriivo, nit'liiuculitiUf, sileucicux, iiussi louy-touips (piu lus liquoiira
CHARACTER IN NORTHERN MEXICO.
C43
Tlie Panics. Otomi's. Piiitos. and other nations north
of tho Afoxican valley Avero. at the tiuio of the con(|uost,
a harljaroiis people, lierce and warlike, covetous even of
trilles and fond of display. The Michoacaciiies or Taras-
cos are warlike and bnive, and for many y.'ars after the
conquest showed themselves exceedinjil} hostile t) the
whites, whom they attacked, plundered, and frecpiently
murdered, when traveling through their countrv. in
1751 they were already fpiiet, and gave evidences of
being intelligent and devoted to work. The men in the
vicinity of the city of A'era (h'uz are careless, lazy, and
fickle; much given to gambling and drunkenness; but
the women are virtuous, frugal, cleanly, and extremi'ly
industrious. The natives of .lalapa, judging by their
countenance, are less intelligent, and lack the sweetness
of character that distinguishes the inhid/itants of the
higher i)lateau; they are, however, peaceable and inoffen-
sive. The wild tribes of the north are rude, revengeful,
dull, irreligious, lazy, and given to ro])bery, plunder,
and murder. Such arc the characteristics attributed to
them under the name of Chichimecs by old Si)anish au-
thoi's and others. Indeed, the onlv creditable traits thev
were allowed to possess, were, in certain parts, courage
and an inde[)endent s[)irit. Of the nations of .lalisco,
l)oth ancient and modern writers bear testimony to their
bravi'ry. They are also sagacious and somewhat .ndus-
trious, but oi)posed to hard laboi" (as what savage is not),
and not easily kept under restraint. Those who dwell
on Lake Cha|)ala are quiet and mild, devoted to agricid-
tural pursuits, ^fhey indeed proved themselves high-
spirited and efficient in defending their rights, when
long oppression had exhausti'd their for))earance. Tlie
Coras were hardv and warlike, averse to anv inter-
course with the whites and to the Christian religion,
but by the efforts of the missionaries, and the heavy
cnivnuitos n'nnt pas nsisnrlni.' llnmhnhU, Esam Pol., iom. \.,\i\t. f)4. 90.
' The most violent j)!issi()iis are iu'Vit piiiiitctl in their features.' M'lWs Hist.
M<',e., ]t\t. .")-(!, 1((. 'Of a shar[i(! wit, and (^'uod vnderntaudin),', for wliiit ko-
euer ii lie. Sciences or other Arts, these jieople are very apt to Icarne it w.tb
(jiiiall uistnictiiiy.' rurclms' His rUijrhius, vol. iv., p. 1433.
r,U
WILD TRIBES OF 5IKXIC0.
hlow.s of the Spanish soldiiTs, they were Iji'oiiglit under
sulycction, and became trsu'ttihle.
;i:i
The SorTin:u\ MExrcAXS, under which name T jirouj)
the people iiduihiting tlie present states of Oajaca, (Juer-
rero, (Miiai)as, the southern portion of Vera (\-\\7.,
Tabasco, and Yucatan, constitute the second and last
division of this chapter. Much of this territory is sit-
uated within the tierras ('(iHciifrt^, or hot lands, wherein
^.yj»i.y variety of tro[)ical vegetation altounds in luxuriant
profusion. The heat, especially along the coast, to the
unacclimated is most opj)ressive. The great chain of
the Cordillera in its tiansit across the Tehuantei»ec isth-
nuis, appi'oaches nearer to the l^u^ific seaboard than to
the Atlantic, and dropping from the elevated table-land
of central M(>xico. seeks a lower altitude, and breaks
iuto cross-ridges tliat traverse the country in an east and
west direction. I'pon the northern side of the istlunus
aj'e plains of considerable extent, of rich alluvial soil,
through which several rivers, after draining the mount-
ain districts, discharue into the Mexican gulf These
streams, in their course through the table-lands, are bor-
diM'ecl by rich lands of greater or lesser extent. On th(!
southern side, natm-e puts on a boldei* as[)ect and a nar-
rower belt of lowlands is traversed by several rivers,
which discharge the drainage of the southern slope iuto
the Pacific Ocean, and into the lagoons that border the
ocean. One of the most important features of Vuc^atan
is the absence of any important river. The coast, which
is of great extent, has in general a bleak and ii'id aj)-
[jcarance, and is little broken except on the north-west,
3^ Tb(> I'intos of Guprrcro are 'most ffroci(nissavag<\s.' Ti/l(<r's AunhiKW,
]).;!()'.). Thu CliifhiiiU'cs iiiv ' los prori's do toilos y los iiiiiyons liniiiicid.is
y siilt(':i(lin'cs (1(( toilii lii ticrra.' /urt'dti', in Ali'iir, ll'ist. i'lDiiji. ih ,lfsii^, tniii.
i., (i. "JHl. Sot! t'uvtlu'f, Ahiiiirii-, .ilciiKirid, j). IS; Ividtrj/, in Hcnu' ihs dnix
Mond'S. Soj)!., |.S(!tJ, \^, l.'):!: fhldjinrli', Ilnsdh timi. x., j). I{2.'{; Ovoioi i/ liiint,
<f oiriifid, p. '2SI; 1,'iit, S'lH-iis Orhis, ji]). •lil'.K 'its. I; CtDnhirr. I'o//., p. If'.M;
lliirl. in Jieruf Fridirdisc, ])oi'., iKCil, )ip. -IT'.t, IS."); llirnni, Ilist.'deH., doo.
viii., Ill), vi., cap. xvi.; Iti'ma. //(.s7. </( /os '/Vi'kui/i/io.s, ]>. 721; Orh-do. U'lsl.
'/I'd., toiu. iii.. p. .')(!. I; (Imii'irn, llisl. Iiid.. fol. 271; liiiiiiiiuDd, Cron. dtMv-
vIuMican, MS., pp. l'J7, 235; I'ikj^'s' Tracds, vol. i., p. IM.
THE NATIONS OF SOITIIERN MEXICO.
f.l5
AvluMV it is iiidt'iitod l»v tlio lajiuiiii do Tcrminos, aiul
on the oa.st('i'ii side by the l)iiys of Aseeiisioh. Mspi'ritii
Santo, and (.'lietunu'l. Tlio central i)ai't ol" tlie Vneattni
])eninsnla is occupied by a low ridf-e of mountains, of
hajTen aspect. A sliort distance IVoni the coast the
'neral
ii})[)earance of the country inii)roves, being wv
11-
wooded, and containing many fertile tract.>
M
uiy
of tl
le
nations occn[)ying this region at the
it th
time of the coiKpiest may be called cultivated, or at
least, progressive, and consecpieiitly belong to the ci\il-
i/,ed nations described in the second volume ol' this work;
others falling back into a stati> of wildness after the<'eii-
tral civilization was extinguished, makes it extremely
dilliciilt to draw any line separating civili/ation from
savagism. Nevertheless we will examine them as best
we may; and if it be found that what we learn ol'thi'iii
ivfers more to the present time than has been the case
with nations hitherto treated, the cause will be o])vious.
The ZdpotecH, who were in former times a very \)o\\-
orful nation, still occupy a great jujrtion of Oajaca, sur-
rounded by the ruins of their ancient palaces and (pities.
The whole western part of the state is taken ii[) by the
M'rdecx. Tributary to the above before the coiKpiest,
were the J/ZyVs and other smaller tribes now residing in
the mountain districts in the centre of the isthmus.
The JIiKircs, who are said to have come by sea from the
south, and t<^ have lauded near the present city of Te-
huantepec, s[)read out owv the lowlands and around the
laiioons on the south-western coast ol" Oaiaca. In the
l)rovince of (Joa/acoalco, and in Tal)asco. are the A/nni-
liilcofi. and Choiitd/cs, who o('cu[)y a large ])ortion of tlu;
latter state. South of them In ('hia[)as are the C/io/cf^,
7}i('ii,(ht/cK, ZotzU(')<, AlrDiics, and (^/iciciH.^. ;nid in the ex-
treme south-eastern end of the same state, and extend-
ing into Central America, some tribes of the /,iir,in(/niiif<
are located, '^fhe extensive peninsula of Yucatan, the
ancient name of which was Maya[)an, formed the inde-
])endeiit and powerful kingdom of the Mayas, who held
imdis|)uted possession of the country until, after a heroic
G4G
"WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO.
ivsistjUK'C, tlioy wore fiiiully coinpellcd to yield to the
j<ii|)eri()r dijscipline uiid weiipuiis of the Hpaiii.sli in-
vade rs.^
The Ziipotecs proper are well-fornied and strong; the
features of the men are of a i)e('idiar east and not pleas-
ing; the ■women, however, are delicately formed, and
graceful with hiuidsome leatures. Another tribe of the
same nation, the Zapoteesof Tehuantei)ee, are rather un-
der the medium height, with a })leasing oval lace and j)re-
sent a (hie })ersonal ap[)earance. Not a few of them
luive light-colored hair, and a somewhat fair complexion,
'['heir senses, especially that of sight, are acute, and the
constitution sound and robust, notwithstanding theii-
habits of intoxication. The females have regular and
handsome features, and though of small stature and
bizarre in their carriage, are truly graceful and seduc-
tive. Dark lustrous eyes, long eje-lashes. well defined
eye-brows, luxuriant and glossy jet-black hair, play
havoc with the men. Those of Acayucan .village are
particularly noted for their beauty, l^ut not all are
thus; instance the Chatinos who are remarkabl\- uiilw
The natives ol'Oajaca are generally largeand well-formed ;
those of Sierra are of a light-yellow complexion, and
their women are tolerably white with mild features.
Some l»ranches of the Miztecs and ^la/atecs carr\ uj.on
their shoulders very large loads. Farther Burgoa writ-
ing of the Miztecs, of Yangiiistlan, in the year 1'>4J,
speaks of their l)eautiful comi)lexion and line ioruis.
The Mijes are of g(K)d height, strongly built, hardy, and
active; thev wear a beard, and altogether their aspect is
I'epulsive. The Zotiues are very nnich like the .Mijes.
their features are as prominent juid unprepossessing; l)ut
they are probably more athletic. The Chontales are
3' T le llayiis, 'Sio sclbst nennen sicli lioiito nodi Mnrofivdl. d, h. Kin,i;o-
borciic vom Miiya-Liindi', iiic Yuciit;iiu)s (mIct NucutfCDs. wiis sjiaiiisilK r
Ausilnick fiir ilif UcwdhinT dcs Staatcs i.-<t.' ir((/-/i.Vi(s, ^Vi,;/. v. Stul.. \ p.
112 li. Sci' iilsi) Oriiifd 1/ llcn-ii, (j'litiiriifi'd. ]i]). I<;;(, ITit, IKi, I'.Hi; llmssi m-
(/ UniirlxiKiy, I'ojiiil Viili. iircfacc, j). clvii; Mi':li!i lui/nrill, M' jini. tout. i.. \K'lf S;
toiii. ii., ])t i., I'll. 141)-!!; liiiriind, (Ivmi. Ihscriji., tiiii. ii., pt ii., fdl. ;i!(G, 4i U-
1; A'c !/(«((/, Hid. de L'lijjaiia, y\). 'iOi-o; Juaims' lliftt. Umd., p. 11.
niVSIQUE IN OAJACA AND YUCATAN.
G-Ll
tiill ftiid vc'i'v lolmst. In tliu villiij:o of TiMiiiisi.stlun,
OajiU'ii, sliortly iifttT the k^panisli coii<|Uc'st. tlii'j ^Vl.'l•o
all ivportt'd as of ji gijiantic stature. The Iliunes pre-
sent a (liiVerent appearance from anv of the other native.s
of the isthnuis of 'rehiiantepec. They are jieiieially well-
made, and of strong; constitutions. The natives of Ta-
hasco who dwell in the country horderinii on the liver of
that name, are of medium heijiht, and with well-devel-
oped Tuuhs. l>oth men and wouien ha\e round Hat
faces, low foreheads, siuall Q\vt^, llattish noses, thick li[)s,
small but (piite full mouths, white teeth, and tawny
comiuexions.
The Ahualulcos are rather under the
midiUe heijiht, hut of great physical streuj:th. They
have a low narrow forehead, salient cheek-bones, full
lips, white teeth, small beard, and coarse hair. Their
features are a((uiline, aud the expression ol" their coun-
tenance is melancholy, one of gentleuess bleuck'd with
sternness. They stroujily resemble the dt'scendants of
the Aztecs of ^lexico. The women are more delicately
nuide, aud souie beautiful ones are seen auioujj,' them.
They move quickly and with much natiual ,i:race.''
The descendants of the ^ia\as are of medium size,
with tiood liuibs, large faces and mouth, the up[)('r lip
slightly arched, and a marked tendcucy to stoutuess;
the nose is somewhat Hat, eyes slee})y-lookiug aud hair
black and glossy, which rarely turns gray, couiplexion
of a copper color, and in some instances yellowish. Xat-
urally stroug. the Maya or Yucatec can carr\' hcaxy
loads loug distances, aud i)erf()rm a great <U'al of hard
labor without showing signs of fatigue. .Vn uUl ^^panisli
■'5 liiinifird's 'I'lliuniili jiif, pp. '220, 221, 227; ^forn, in liai-'u/, llirrDwrhnknlo,
PI). H'.)-1U; MiU,lii,ii/nnil. M'j'm,,
turn.
A,
V
21.-); Mu
r
"J
pp. H\S, h.")!): lit riiiisiliitf, in Lmnl. 'itmi. >(ic . ./(;
" .1 ' " " '
Mil. -WMl., p
i")-!;}; Cliarnoi/, Jliuias Aiiirrifiiinrs, j)p. 2S7, ildd-l; llnlrhhuis' (al. M'HJ., Vdl.
ii., p IV.It. Ziipotccs 'bicn tMllii(k)s,' Mijf.s ' ^iTduaiiti s, iiltitids tic f<inili-
ciou, J- cucrpc),' MiztccK ' liiula ttz en el rostid, y Inn nii (lis|(isi(iiin tn el
tille.' linniiia, ii'i"i. I)(scr>ii., toni. ii., ])t li., fol. ■j.ii-. 271. ^i'll, Jdl, timi. i.,
pt ii., p. 131. ' Ttjiii.iuteiifc women: .Ict-bluck hair, silky iiinl lii.\iiiiaiit. cn-
Iranns
li|4ht-l)i()\\ 11 fai'cs, on wliii'h, in votiili,
nil lilu>li I'll till!
clirck luiLilitcus tlic lustre of their iliilk eyes, with lonj,' liovi/.oiital lasln 8
1111(1 sli.iviily-iiiarked lyeliidws.' 'J'fnij>shi/'s Mltln, )>. '.(iH. 'Ihe Soijiies,
'short, with lat|4e dusts and ]ni\voifiil uniscles. . . ]>ntli men ami u^ mm
have Very rejnilsivc countenaiiLxs.' HlnifdiJl's ICxplur. I'ljluiaid iiu-, p. 12tj.
648
WILD TIIIHES OF MKXKO.
■writer montioiin that tlioy were goncrally l)<)w-l(>{:<:o(1,
und many of tlu'in ."^(iiiint-ovcd. TIk' sanu' author >:a\s
tlioN' had "ood fiieos. wvw not vcrv dark, did not wear a
hoard, and uore long-lived. The uoinen are plump, and
uenerallv sneakiny; not uylv
m
\vr\ scanty was the dress of the dwelleis on Tehuan-
tepee isthnnis. Jn Oajaea and ('hia})as, thi' men wore
a ])ieee of deer or other skin fastened round the waist.
and hanging down in front, and the women wore aprons
of maguey-iihre. Montanus indeserihing tlie Mijes says
they were quite naked, l)ut that some wore round the
waist a white deer-skin dressed with human hearts, Tiie
Ijacandones, when going to war, wore on their shoulders
the skin of a tiger, lion, or deer. The (^uelenes wra[)ped
round their head a colored cloth, in the maimer of a
turhan, or garland of flowers. At present, the usual
dress of the /a])otecs is a pair of wide Mexican drawers,
and short jacket of cotton, with a ))road-hrinnued hat,
made of felt or straw — yet the Iluaves and man\- of the
})0()
rer class, still wear nothinu' hut a hreech-clolh. The
costume of the women is simple, and not without ele-
gance. That of the Miztccs, Zapotecs, and others dwell-
ing in the city of Tehuantepec is a skirt made of cotton,
- — ^sometimes of wool — that reaches nearly to the ankles,
])rettily and often elahorately worked in various designs
and colors. The uj)per part of the hody is covered
Avith a kind of chemisette, with short sleeves called the
IriilpU. of fine texture, and adorned with lace and gold
or silk threads. On the head is a white cotton cover-
ing, made like a narrow sack or sleeve, which is drawn
on and hangs down over the hack. In Tahasco, the
dress of the men difliers little from that of the people
of ^rehuantepec; the 'i'ahiiscan women wear a cotton
l)etticoat or a few yards of calico wrajtped round the
waist, and reaching helow the knees. Over the petti-
3'' ' Es fxonU' la do Ynontan tl(> Imeiios ctiPi-iios. l)irii lioc-hos, y rczios'. . . .
The wo!iii>ti 'liicii li('<lias, y no fcas. . . iin sou blaiuas. siiio dc color 1ia(;r
llfinrn. Hist. h'm.. dec. iv.. lih. iii., cap. iv. Sco fiirtlic
llllllll I' s
'''.'/"
r/(/'N,
vol. ii.. pt ii.. p. 115; Mm-ili'l. Wii/niic. tmii. i., p. 1IH; Mnnlditiis, JN'itioce
Wartld, p. "258; D'tppcr, A'l we Wdi, p. 'i',»l; Ti/lar'tt Anulmuc, p. 10.
DIlKrS IN OA.IACA AND YUCATAN.
f.l!)
ooiit tlu'v wear ii frock with sUh'Vos to tlic vrist. Icnv iiiL?
the hosoiii 1111(1 neck oxposed. Chihhvii iiinl hovs <:o
naked; iiKh-ed. whenever elothinj;' t() uii\ extent is loimd
in this rciiion. we niav he sure tliat the foreitiii tradei'
is at the hottoni of it.'"
lioth sexes usually wear the hair loni:". partiii;^ it in
the middle, and either permit it to liaii^ in loose tresses
over tlie shoulders, or. hinding it with «:ay colored rih-
hons. loop it up on the hiick of the head, where it is
fastened with a lar^e comh. On festive occasions they
interweave llowers with the hair, and also mingle with
it Ji s[)ecies of sliininu' heetle. culled fiicullo. wliich emits
u phosphorescent lijilit. and produces a very })retty elVect.
Amon|i' the /otiues who reside at San Miguel and Santa
M
irui
V\
iinialai)a
tl
10 ma
les si
lave
tl
le crown o
f tl
le
liead. a custom of nossihle monkish oriizin iKculiar to
themselve:
V
Feather tulYs and skins of «ireen hird,-
Avere formerly much used for ornaments; they had also
necklaces made of [)iece8 of gold joined to^cthi'r. and
amher heads. Xose and ears were [lierced, and pieces
of stone or amher tir uold rin^s or a hit of carved wood
inserted. Moiitanus descrihes Ji kind of snake calle(l
ihohiicti. which lie says the inhahitants of ('hiaj)as wore
round the neck.'"'^ Tluy also ])ainte(l and stained tlic
face. A\'hen I'ernandez do furdova explored the north-
ern coast of Yucatan, he found the jm'oijIc clad in cotton
{iarments. and at tlie pri'sent day this forms tlu' })rinci-
pal matiM'ial from which tlieir dothini;' is made, ^hn
now wear a cotton s
hilt
or
hi
ouse
usualh wi
thoiit
sleeves, and wide drawers; round the waist is tied a
lie .M'llliiiiii. liHiiKSUI. //Of. i_ iil/iilKt, \>. Z.ri.
'■>>^ ' Willi till ir liair ty'd up in u Knot licliiml. tin y think tin nisi Ivis ( x-
trnain tint'.' l)iiiiii>ir's r(i(/'(',('s, vol. ii., jit ii., |i. 111. • ;Mny t in|ii nachados
y liintiiili)s.' Ihrnrn, 7/(»7. 'j'tu., ik'c. ii., lib. iv., cai'. xi.; Luimirifs Tilivnuk-
2H'c, PI). 2Jl-'2, -l-H',.
I
ono
Wir.D THIllKS OF JIKXICO.
W
llit
«' <)!• colored s;ish; for jji'oti'ction Iroiii tlic sun, a
.strau liiit is worn, or iicrliups u [nvr.o of <'(jlort'il ciilico,
jind tlit'ir siiiidjils jiro luiido from deor-skiu. Iiistrad of
drawers. tlie_\' used to wear a broad cotton hand jtassed
I'oinid the loins, tho ends of wliich were airan;;i'd to
han;j; one in front and the otlier hehind; a cloak or man-
tle ol' cotton called ziit/cu was throw novel' the shoulders.
Colonel (lalindo mentions tliat t\ivy usi'd the hark
of the India-ruhher tive for making ;;arments, and Co-
jiolludo ,sivs that when tlie Spaniards arri\ed at Ak(', in
the yejii* 1527, the army of natives were in a state of
nudity, with only their privy parts covered, and the
whole body hesmeared with clay of dill'erent colois. The
women dis[)lay considerahlo taste in the style of their
garuu'nts; over a |)etticoat, which reaches to their ankles,
and [)rettily bordered at the bottom, they have a dress
with sleeves down to the ell)Ow; the skirt is open at the
sides, and does not fall as low as the petticoat, so that
the border of the latter may be seen, the bosom of the
dress is o[)en, and on each side of the breast and round
the neck it is embroidered with coarse silk, as in Tehnan-
tepec; the hui[)il (Aztec, rlpil/l) is also worn, in country
places women wear th(> jjctticoat alone, using the o\ erskirt
or hui[)il only on spi'ci il occasions. When out of doors,
they c;over the head and part of the face w ith a piece of
(H)tton cloth.'''' All permit the liMir to attain to its full
length; the men plait theirs and wind it round the head,
leaving a short end to hang down behind. whiK' thitt of
the women lianus in dark masses over their shouMi ■><.
or is neatly bound up behind and decorated witl ilowt i>
ov feathers. J[ei'rera states that it w.'
iiarv to
scoi'ch the faces of }oung children to pn aie growth
'3 'Their iippfivf'll \v;is of Totton in mnnifold fusliii
'I eold
/'
rl(((s' His riliiriiiK.i, vdl. v., ]). HM.j. 'I'lii' Miijii ■wuiiiim's till ^s ' (- nducciil
liiuil quo cubi'c 111 i)iii'tfsuiici-i()rili'l ciU'ri"), y al fustaii li iiiaLiiia, d luaiita di
iv1j,'(k1uii.' Or
!l llirni, li'-iiiini/iii, \). 158. Of the iiitii ' nn cal/inicillK
:'hi) y hu\'ii hasta iii(<ha iiieriia, v tal vtz hasta ci-rcu (hi tnhilhi, df la
iiiisina mania, iiu ccnidor hlaiico o do coloiv.s, nn iianiiclo, y \iu snmliri td
do jiaja, y a vooos una al[)ai'^ata do siiola, ooii sns cdidi m s do niocato.'
Itl'islri) )'(iri(licit. \oui. i., \)]). 177-S. Soo furthor: llns-il, Jf.r. limil.. ]i.
'2117; I! ilimt I, in l.uiiil.dioii. Si,
Jo
vol. iii.. I), .j',); ll'i'/.s
lli^l.
pj). 8S, 111; Munkt, Vi'ijny, toiu. i., iip. 117, 17'J.
ZAIHTIEC lil'ILDINCiS.
661
of tlirir Ix'iirds. and llii' int'ii allowcil tlio hair to j-iow
down (»\('i' tlic oyehi'ow.s, iiiaUiii}: tlu'ir licatls and luiv-
Ik'ads Hat on })nr|M).si'. 'I'lioy |)'u'itvd no."^^ and cars,
ornamenting' tlicni witli rin^s set witli pearls and hits
of ainlier. and wore collars anil bracelets of j:old. J^onu*
anionj;' tlieni liled tlu'ir teeth, 'i'hev painted the face
and all exposed parts of the body in nian_\- colors. nsin;j;
white or yellow with black and red, covering: tin niselves
from the waist npwar<l with a variety of desijzns and
[igures. When jioinji; to battle i)aint was nnich used, in
order to I'cnder their apj)earance more i'oiinitlable; men
tattooeU on the chest, and the women ini.\ed licpiid and)er
uith their pigments, which, when rubbed over the body,
omitti'd a perfume.^"
The l>etter class of /apotocs of the jm^scnt (hiy Imild
their houses in a su))stantial manner oi' adobes; the com-
mon people construct a more sim[)le dwelling with
branches arranged in a double row. and the space be-
tween Idled in with earth; they also make them of
wattled cane-work plastered with clay. Such dwi'llings
are cool and [)roof against the freipient earthiiuaUes that
occur in their territory. Hoofs are thati-hi'tl with pal-
metto-leaves without o[)ening, nor are there any windows
in t1
le walls.
^riie interior is divided ijito si'Ncral com-
})artments. according to size and necessity.^' The Mijes
thatch their bouses with bundles of coarse straw. The
Chinantecs. Chochos, and Chontales originallx' built no
houses, but sought out the mt)st shady forests, where
they dwelt, or they located themselves in raxiues and
<" 'Tdus )iortaicnt Ics chovcux lonjjs, ot Irs F,s])nf;H(pls()iit t ii Ixuncunii do
pi'inc ;'i Its It 111' faiic <'cin|i( i; la ulicvcliirc Ittiii^'iic est t'licm-f iiuinmil Imi 1(!
Hi'^nr (listitiftif ilis Iiiiliciis iiismuMis.' W'lihlirK-, Vnj. l'ill..\\. In. ■ I„is
ciinis (If l)liiii('i), Uf^'i'o, y (•(ili)niili) itiiitinl.is, tpif lliiiiiMU ciiiliijiirst', y cicrto
parfccii (Ifiiiiiiiiiis piiitad'is.' I'liinlhiilii, Hisl. ih ]'iiriill,it)i, p. (;. ('iiiii|i!ini
fthiivi' wiHi Ti riniii.r-Coiiiixciis, in Xiinr<lltsAiiii<ilr.iilis\'i'y., isl.'i, tt^iii. \cvii.,
J). 5(1; lliliis' S/Kiii. i'lDUj.. vol. ii., |i. '21'i'i.
'I ' 'I'lif liiiil lilii,'s of tlif lt)\V('r I'lass iiio tliatclitil with ]>aliii-li a\. s, and
ftirni liiit oni' piicc, witlmnt wintltiw or chininiv.' lli nii' ^ilnr/. in /.miil.
tiiiKi Sue, Jour., vol. xxxii., j). i'>M. ' Ciiliit iisf las casas tlf vna ciuliillii
qiic Ids Intlitis liazcii df ])ajas niny osjussas y liii n assiiilatlas. t|nc Hainan ( n
t'sta tifl-ra jacalfS.' D.ir'ihi r'liliilii. Jli.if. 'Fr„d. .Vci-., ]>. .">!'.». St.- idsi):
Jl'isiii M',i\. toni. ii., ]i. ").")4: llnnnirirx Tihintnli inr, \ p. L'Jl, '>::■"). wiili •.•\\\\
Jl'(nsil, .l/i.r. (ji'id., p. 2'>'1: lliirtjtm, '/cur/. Jhsiriji., toni, i., pi ii., I'til. VJl.
■
C52
AVILD TRIBES OF MEXICO.
rockv parts, liv'.nji; in cavcM'iis or holes under the rocks'
tlie T/.en(hiles of ChiajKis had !uany t(twns and painted
theii- houses; tlie Ahuahdcos iived togetlu'r in eounini-
nitit's. and had connnodious, well-built houses ol' inter-
uoven cane, plastered on the inside with mud, the roof
thatched with palmetto."
From the earliest times of which we have anv recoi-d.
the natives of Oajaca and the istlnnus of Tehuantepec
culti\ated corn and vegetables, and likewise Ibiiowed
the chase; tliose who dwelt on the borders of the sea or
lakes ai)plied themselves to fishing. The Za[)otecs now
raise wheat, and build mills. It is asserted bv an old
S[)anish chronicler that this nation exceeded all otliers
in eatiuLi' and drinking. As early as IGDO, they gath-
ered crops of maguey, mai/e, Spanish jn'as, chile,
l)()tatoes. and pumpkins, and ])red swine and jioidti-y.
Of late they cultivate rice, sugar-cane, and other tr<)[)-
ical [inxluctions. as also do the inhabitants of 'Pehuante-
])ec. Trimitive agricidture has undergone but little
alteration; deer are caught by means of tra])s and nets.
The Miztecs, Mijes, and Cuicatecs have IVom the earliest
tiuies been cultivators of the soil. The .Mijes make a
coarsi'oi- impure sugar from sugar-cane: their eorn-lields
are often many miles distant froui tiieir dwellings. The
lluaves. the greater })ortion of whom are on the bonlers
of the lagoons on the isthnmsof Tehuantepec. Vwv mostly
on the pr(K'eeds of their llsheries. although they raise a
small siip[)ly of grain and fruit. Their (Ishing is almost
exclusively done with swee[)-nets in shallow waters, and
during oue luonth ol' the year thty catch large schools of
shrimps in ti'aps. The Zcxpies produce the small (pian-
tity ot' corn that tluy need, some (k-Iio/c. many \eiy
line oi'auges, aiid tobacco. Tluy are fond of iguanas and
their egizs. and of jtarrots, killing the latter with stones.
The ('lu)utales of Tabasco and Tehuante])ec use maize
■•■- Tile Choclios and Choiitiilcs 'no tcniaii Pu'liln fuiuliuli), si iio onbacliu-
c.iis cstrci'li.'is (11 1(1 mas csciUKliilo dc Ids niuutcs.' /<'i'/';;'"(. Hkhi. Iil-m ri/i.,
tdtii. ii., ))t ii., fol. ;{:'(). 'Jhr ('liiiiaiifrcs lived 'en ranclidias inin' liar-
raiicas, y tsjii'ssiiras dc iirbidi s.' Jlttr^jnit, I'tiU.-itra, Jlid., ['l i., lol. lUJ; '. Icii-
IMJ, llniin:^ Aiitchtiliati, p. J^lS.
PREPARATION OF FOOD.
G53
and ODOoa asfooil. They cat llosh only u[K)n jiivat ivliji-
ious li'stiviils, niiirriagos, or other (•ek'l)riit ions, hut are loud
of I'ish. In olilen times they were eannil)als. and .\n-
tonio do Ilerrera, the chief chronicler of ti;e Indies, ac;-
cused also the natives of Chia[)as of heint;' eatei's of human
tlesh. Since the conipiest the natives have lived mostly
on corn and other vegetahle productions. eultivate(l hy
themselves. A large iH)rtion of the Nhiyas and of tiie
otht'r ahorigines of Yucatan are to-day ennaized in the
cultivation of the soil, they also hreed such domestic ani-
niids as tlicv need for themsi'lve;
and fruual in their eatin<
All tl
Tl
le
ley are very simj)le
ativ'-s of tl is sec-
tion of the Mexican re[)uhlic uriiid their mai/c in the
•same manner; after first soaUinu' it in lye or in lime and
water, it is bruised on the metate, or rul»l>iu,i:-stone,
hein;4 wet occasionally, until it becomes a soft jiaste.
With this they make their tortillas and other comju)unds,
both to eat and drink. To make tortillas the mai/e jKistc
is shaped into thin cakes with the [)alms of the hands and
cooked ui)on a Hat clay pan. The tctojioMv is a suudler
cake usimI for joiu'ueys in lieu of the tortillas. Tlu' dif-
ference between theui is in the m.inner of preparation;
the totoiK)stes are cooked one side only and laid near the
fnv which makes them crisj). and reipiire to be moistened
in order to render them eatable. Tamales are a faxorite
dish and are made of poi'k. i; ime. or [loultry. The meiit
is cut u[) in small pitves and washed ; a small (piantity of
tl
»e m;
li/e paste seasoned with ciun;
dl
unon. sanron. cloves.
pimento, tomatoes, coarse pej))>er. salt, reel coloring mut-
ter, and some lard added to it. is placed on the lire in a
pan and as soon as it has ac(|iiiri'd the consistency of a
thick i:ruel. it is removed, mixed with the meat, some
<' Z ijioti'i-i; ' So iliin I'rtii ^,'r 111 vicio sns scnuntc ims." Mi/tic^. 'I.iIum-
dorc:s di' iiiavz, V fiizol.' Uiir'iini, 'iVu//. hisfrip., tmii. i.. )it ii.. ful. 'M\, i |;t
111''. -17, l(i."i ('), \si, toiu. ii.. \)t ii.. fol.' i;i'.»-'JiK), -jo-j, 2-Js, 2s-J. :t'.K!, ll'.is, .((id.
Zii|i(.ti>('s, '^I'liiilc iucliliaciDii, y rxiicicio ;i In ciiz:!, y luoiiti lia ilc ;iiiiiii^:lis
iMlii|irsilic)< (11 t'Spi'ciiil (If vi'luidos.' />'»/•'/'«/. I'dl'sliu Hist,, |)t i., fol. 110.
Sec fiirtlicr: Harwinra 'riliinnili jm'c, ]i\>. 'JiO- 2, 2-") (i; .l/i/vi, in liunii/, 1,'f-
eniiiiriniifiitii, jip. 'Jil, Kit 4; lirassiiir df linHrhi»ivii, \'<'!/. 'rrlninidi /r c, j). IIKI;
X'lntrn ti\ till, di' \"t<i<ii>, (dui. iii., I'li. .jO, 01; Otiliia!-i, iu Loifl. 'j'hj. Sui .,
Jour,, vul. iii., p. 5'J.
654
WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO
more lard and .salt added, and the mar^r; kneaded for a ftv:
moments. It is then divided into small jwrtions, Avhich
are enveloped in a thin paste of mai/e. The tamales
thus prepared are covered with a banana-leaf or corn-
husk and placed in a pot or pan over which large leaves
are laid. They are allowed to boil from one hour and a
half to two hours. The i)osole is a nourishing drink
made of sour maize paste mixed with water; sometimes
they add a little honey to it. They also prepare a drink
by parcliing corn and grinding it to powder on the nic-
tate, and mixing it with water and a little acliote. This
hist drink they prefer to the posole, for long journeys."
The natives of Tehuantei^c and esijecially those wIkj
reside in the Goazacoalco district are neat and clean in
regard to their i)ersonal habits. They observe the custom
of bathing daily. In their ablutions they make use of a
j)lant called cMntuk the root of which they mix with
water, thereby imparting to their bodies a strong aroma-
tic odor. The same plant is used when they wash their
clothes, the scent from which remains on tiiem for some
time. A pleading feature in the appearance of these
peo[)le is the spotless whiteness of their cotton dresses
and the care they bestow on their luxuriant hair.
The other tribes who inhabit this isthmus as well as
those of Chiapas are not so clean in their persons, and
as a consequence are much infested with vermin which
the women have a disgusting habit of eating when picked
from the heads of their children. The Mavas make ire-
(juent use of cold water, but this practice appeart^ to be
more for pleasure than for cleansing purposes, as neither
in their persons nor in their dwellings do they present
an appearance of cleanliness.*''
**Talmsco: ' Coinon a i-r.s horns ooncertndas, oaineM do vnca, puovpo, y
nnes, y bi'ui' vna bcniila iiiuy siina, hocha de cacao, mayz, y ('sj)ccia dc la
tierra, la (inal llaiDiUi Zocolato.' Jfcrrem, Hist. Gen., dec. iii., lib. vii., ca]).
iii. 'J'lii'tilliis, ' Whont'icy are baked brown, they aro called " totoposti," and
taste like parched corn.' SliHt'ddt'a Kvplor. T'ehmmtcpet', 11.125. 'I'lieChon-
tales, ' sii aliinento frecneiite es ol poHole . . .rara vez conien la carnc dc res.'
Orozi'o y Herra, (rcfxinifla, ]■>. l(>l-'2; Duxipicr's \'oi/ftiii'K, vol. ii., pt ii., p[).
112-11: lltTviesdorf, in Lmul. (icofi. Sor., Joitr , vol. xxxii., pp. i'A'A-l.
•' Sr Mon., Kpcakinf^ of the chintnle, says: ' I'na infusion de estas i-nices
oomuuica sn fragancia ul agua quo los tehuantepecanos cniplcuu conio uu
WEAPONS AND WAR.
6oij
The weapons of the Southern Mexicans wore in most
rcspt'ct.s snnihir to those used by the Central Mexicans,
namely, bows and arrows, macanas, and lances, the latter
of great length and very strong. In Tabasco they carried
turtle-shell siiields highly poUshed so as to rellect the
sun; thev also had Hint stones fo) * nces and arrow-
points, but sometimes weapon-point.-, were made from
strong thorns and iish-bones. The hanl wooden sword
of the Maya was a heavy and formidable weapon, and
required tlie use of both hands to wield it; the edge was
grooved for the purpose of inserting the sharp Hint with
which it was armed. Slings were eonnnoidy used by
all these nations. In addition to shields the Mayas had
for defensive armor garments of thickly (piilted cotton
called esanipi/cs, which covered the body down to the
lower part of the thigh, and were considered impervious
to arrows. The flint knife of former days has now been
replaced by the machete which serves the i)ur[)ose of
both cutlass and chopping-knife, and without it no native
ever goes into the woods.*"
When the Spaniards first arrived at Ta])asco, they
encountered a })eople well-skilled in the art of war, witli
a fair knowledge of military tactics, who defended tlieir
country witli nnich brjivery; their towns and villages
were well fortified with intrenchments or j)ansades. and
strong towel's and forts were built on such places as pre-
sented the most favorable position for resisting attacks.
oT»jeto do Injo KUiimmnnto npreeiado, tanto para Inlinr la rnpa do nsn, poiim
jiiirii las abliicioiK's pcisdiiaUs.' Moro, in iivuzvi) // llirnt. ftiiitjrii/iii, ]>. ISd.
' Toutt's Ics jiiiitics (le Iciir vi'tciiifiit sunt t(nij(uiis iKnivillciiitiit lilaii<liics.
Les feiuiiU'S sc liaiL;iuiit an iiioins micfois ])ar jour.' Fosmi/, .Ui.riV/id , p. 24.
At Cliiapas, ' 'I'diis CCS Iiidicns. luistm on dicniisc. ri'jiandaicnt dans rafnins-
plif'ro line (idcur SKI (/ixfris (pii soidt'vait Ic ctcur.' I'lKirmii/. UKima Aiin-ri-
ruuifs, ]i. -I'u , Tlic women arc ' not very clean in their habits, eating' the
insects from the laishy heads of their children.' Ilir)iii Kilurt', in Lmnl. timij.
Soc, Joiiv., vol. xxxii., )). "(t.'i. ' No son nmy linipias en sns jiersdnas, ni en
sus casas, con ipianto se luhan.' llerrem, llist. Oik., di;c. iv., lib. x., cap.
iv.; Miirild, I'nt/dfir-. toni. i., yi. HH.
46 • Pch'anan con lan(,'as, iinuadas las pniitaR con espinas y hnes-os :imy
Rf^ndos de pescados.' llirrera, Ilist. <hn., ih'v. ii., lib. iv., ca]i. xi. ' I'sabiin
de laiizas de desinesnrado taniafio j)ara combatir.' Onniti 1/ liirnt, (iini,r(ij:n,
p. 1H7. Sec also; Orinio, Hist. (l<)).,i<nn. iii., p. Ifil ; ll>iri,ii'i. (liaii, Ihsfi'iii.,
torn, ii., ])t ii., fol. \\'M\: CoiidUwIo, llisl. <le, yiii-(i(li(tii, pp. r> (i, 11, 77; Xm-nr-
rele, Col. de \"ut(jv.i, torn, iii., pp. 58-5'J; Morvkl, I'oi/uiji, tuni. i., p. 17U.
C56
WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO.
To tlicir forts they retired when invaded l)y a superior
force, and from the wjills they hurled hn'ge rocks witli
damaging effect against their foes. Cortus found erected
on the hank of the Tahasco River, in front of one of
their towns, a strong wooden stockade, with loo[)holes
tlu'ougli which to discharge arrows; and suhsecjuently,
during his march through tlicir country, tliey freiiuently
set fire to their villages, with the oljject of harassing his
troops. When advancing to battle they maintained a
regular formation, and they are described as having met
Francisco ^[ontejo in good order, dniwn up in three col-
nnnis, the centre under the command of tiieir chief,
accompanied ])y their chief priest. The combatants
rushed forward to the attack with loud shouts, cheered
on by the blowing of horns and l)eating of small drums
called tmtknles. Prisoners taken in battle were sacrificed
to their gods.^^
^rhe furnitiu'e of their houses is of the plainest de-
scri[)tion, and limited to their absolute wants. Their
tables or benches are made of a few rough boards, and a
mat called petate, spread on tlie floor, serves for a bed,
while a coarse woolen blanket is used for covering;
some few have small cane bedsteads. The natives of
^fabasco and Yucatan more commonly have a network
hanvtc I oi hammock, sus[)ended from two posts or trees.
Their cooking-utensils consist of the metate, pots made
of eartluMiware, and gourds. The universal maiihete
carried by man and boy serves many ])urposes. such i s
chopping firewood, killing animals, eating, and building
houses. Burgoa describes nets of a peculiar make i' .'
by the Zapotecs lor catching game; in the knots of the
net were fixed the claws of lions, tigers, bears, and other
*7 ' Tipiipu cnfrnnte dosto Puclilo vn cerro nltissimo, con vna pinita quo
tlcscuclla soli('rviim*'i)to. ciisi ciitrc lii Koginn do las imbcs, y coiMiia^c (•nu
vii.i Jiiny diliitailii iimralla do liissas le inas di; vn t'stado dc alto, y <iii('iitan
do liis iiintiiras do siis (•liarii''t('res historialea, (jiio so rotirabau alii, ji.na do-
ft t\di'rs(> do sTis oiii'iiii^os.' Jiitrijoa, h'toij. Dfsrrip., tmii. i., jit, ii.. fi>l. I'i7.
' t'ciuoiK^aron Inoi,'!) i tooar las liozinas, pitos, troini)otillas, y atabuh jus do
f;onto do gnorra.' Ifi nrvd, Jlist. (ftn., dec. ii., lib. ii.. c»)>. xvii., and lib. iv.,
eap. xi. Also soo I'lt'iolhiiln. //),s7. <le Yuo'didn, pp. "i, 77^; Xdiairde. Vol.
dc Viaijis, torn, iii., pp. GO-iJ; Jhlp.-i' .S/J«it. Covq.. vol. ii., p. 203.
OAJACAN MANUFACTURES.
G57
wild boasts of prey, and at intervals were fastened a cer-
tain number of small stones; the object of such con-
struction being probably to wound or disable the animal
.when caught/**
The Zapotecs, Miztecs, Mayas, and others, since the
conquest, have long been justly celebrated for the manu-
facture of cotton stuffs, a fact that is all the more
surprising when we consider tlie very im^wrfect imple-
ments they possessed with which to perform tlie work.
Burgoa speaks of the excellence and rich quality' of their
manufactures in cotton, silk, and gold thread, in 1670,
and Thomas Gage, writing about the same time, says
"it is rare to see what Avorks those Indian women will
make in silk, such as mi[>'M serve for patterns and sam-
plers to many Schoolmistresses in England." All the
cpinning aud weaving is done by the women ; the cot-
ton clothes they make are often interwoven with beau-
tiful patterns or figures of birds and animals, sometimes
with gold and silk thread. A species of the agave
americana is extensively cultivated through the country,
from the fibres of which the natives spin a very strong
thread that is used chietiy for making hammocks; the
fibre is bleached and then dyed in dilferent rich tints.
The materials they have for dyeing are so good that
the colors never fade. The Zapotecs have also an in-
timate knowledge of the process of tanning skins,
which they use for several domestic purposes.*"
4' Danipkr's Voyaijrs, vol. ii., pt ii., ji. 115; Burfjon, Palestra Hist., pt i.,
fol. 110; lirassenr de liourhoimi, Co//. Tihwinh-pic, \^. 19(5; Vharnny, Itahies
Amcrirdims, p. i.j-l. ' Subre viisv I'stcrii si l.i tit uc, quo son niiiy pocos loii
quo (luernit'u on alto, en tiipescos do cnua. . . .ollas, (> hornillos do ticrni. . . .
caBolouos, o xi(;iii'iis.' Iiur<joa, Gvotj. IJ ncrip., Unn, ii., pt ii., fol. '2'.U, ;i'j;j.
*'■> ' Liis zoipiL'S cultivan. . . .dos jilaiitiis jicrti'iu'cioiitoH a hi funiilia dc hxa
/tromilht'^, do Lw eualo.s siicaii el idl'' y li iiitu ciiyas hebrassuboii blmiciurav,
hilar y tcuir do varios coloros, Sus hiladus y las haiiiicas quo tcji'u cm
estas ui.itiTias, coiistituyeu la jiavto principal do n\i iiidnstria y d(^ sii c(iiiii t-
cio "... .'J'ho Zapotecs, ' los tejidos de soda, siivestre y de al|;odoii (pio labi-.ui
las miigcros, sou vordaderamonto adinirables.' Mm-o, in Omzco y lii-rm. lim-
(jrafi'd, i)p 170, 180. Of the Miztecs it is said tliiit ' las lun^'orcs se han da 'o
a texer con primor panos, y hucpiles, assi do ulj^odon eonio do seda, y hilo
do oro, may eostosos.' Banjun, (jeotj. Ihsonp., toin. 1., pt ii., fol 1!;), mid
toni. ii.. ])t ii., fol. 100. Further reference in Jianinrd's T hiiiin'iitr, y\K
22G-7; ( liiltiin, in Hahhiyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 450; llntiUlnijs' (Ud. Miui.. vol.
ii., ]i. 31)1; Wnpjfiini, (iin;i. n. Stat., p. 103; Wnkkek, \'i>y. Pitt., p. -Ill; Uuji'ii
New Harcri/. p. 2 W; Muldeiqifordt, Mejico, torn, ii., pt i.'. pp. IW, 2U'J.
Vol. I. ii
658
WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO.
Notwithstanding their proximity to the sea-const,
and although their country is in many parts intersected
by rivers and higoons, they liavc a surprisingly sliglit
knowledge of navigation, few having any vessels with
which io venture into deep water. The inhabitants
of Taliasco, the Yucatan coast, and Cozumel island
possess some canoes made from the single trunk of a
mahogany-tree, which they navigate with small lateen
sails and paddles. The lluaves and others are in
complete ignorance of the management of any descrip-
tion of boats.^'
The Zu([ues make from the ixtle and pita thread
and superior hannnocks, in which they have quite a
trade. In the neighborhood of t^anta Maria they grow
excellent oranges, and sell them throughout all the
neighboring towns. The Zapotecs have, many of them,
a consideraljle commerce in fruits, vegetables, and seeds.
In the city of Tehuantepec the business of buying and
selling is contlucted exclusively by women in the mar-
ket-place. The Ahualulcos are chielly employed in
cutting pliinks and beams, with which they supply
many })laces on this isthmus; they also trade to some
extent in seeds and cotton cloths. Different kinds of
earthenware \essels for domestic pur[)oses arc made by
the natives of Chiapas, and by them exchanged for
salt, hatchets, and glass ornaments. The Mayas have
an extensive business in logwood, which, besides maize
and poultry, they transport to several places along tlie
coast. Mv tStei)hens describes a small community of
the Maya nation, numbering about a hundred men
with their families, living at a place called Schawill,
who hold and work their lands in common. The
50 Jlerrern, lliM. Gen., dec. ii.,lib. iii., cap. ii., lib. iv., rap. xi., CorioUvJo,
Hist, (le Ytindlidii, p. 2; MureUl, Vvyaiie, torn, i., pp. 17'J, 2H; iSlmjVill's
E,tplor. 2\'ha(tiili'pec, p. 123, ' Tbeir ciinoos are foniicd out of tbo trunk (f
a siuf^lo niahoj^'aiiy or ct'dar tree.' Dak'n Xotcs, p. 2-4. WLen (irijalva was
nt Cozuinel 'viuo una canoa.' Navari-iie, Col. de rii/i/PH, torn, iii., p. iJO.
The Huaves 'hd posoyeiido euiljareaeioiies prtipias jiaraarrioHj^'arse en ablins
de algun londo, y dcsconoeiendo basta el uso de Ioh rcnios, no fveeiientaii
mus que Ids puutus cpio pur su poi'a profuudidad uo ofreceu mayor pcligro.'
Moro, iu Uamy, liccuaociinknlo, p. yo.
ZAPOTEC GOVERNMENT.
cna
jiroclucts of the soil are shared equally hy all, and the
food for the whole settlement is pre[)ared at one hut.
]''ach family contributes its quota of provisions, Avhich,
when cooked, arc carried off smoking hot to their several
dwellings. Many of the natives of Tabasco earn a
livelihood by keeping bee-hives; the bees are captured
wild in the woods, and domesticated. The Iluaves breed
cattle and tan hides; cheese .and tasajo, or jerked meat,
are prepared and exported by them and other tribes on
the isthmus of Tehuantepec. At the present day cochi-
neal is cultivated to a considerable extent, and forma
an important article of commerce among the inhabi-
tants. A rather remarkable propensity to the possession
of large numbers of mules is peculiar to the Mijes; such
property in no way benefits them, as they make no use
of them as beasts of burden ; indeed, their owners seem
to prefer carrying the loads on their own baeks.'"'^
Formerly the Zapotecs were governed by a king,
under whom were cacicjues or governors who ruled over
certain districts. Their rank and power descended by
inheritance, but they were obliged to pay tribute to the
king, from whom they held their authority in fief. At
the time of the coiKjuest the most powerful among them
was the Lord of Cuicatlan; for the service of his house-
hold, ten servants were furnished daily, and he was
treated with the greatest respect and homage. In later
years a cacique was elected annually by the people, and
under him officers were appointed for the different vil-
lages. Once a week these sulj-officers assemljled to con-
sult with and receive instructions from the caci(jue on
matters relating to the laws and regulations of tlieir dis-
tricts. In the towns of the Miztecs a municipal form of
government was esta1)lished. Certain officials, elected
anniially, appointed the work which was to be done by
the people, and every morning at sunrise the town-criers
51 .l/i7/'.s Hist, ^fcx., p. l.'JS; ralachs, in Orozco y llerrn, Geoijrafi'ft, \i. infi;
Jlrrmendorf, in L'md. (ri'O'j, Soc, Jour., vol. xxxii., p. 547; llnisseur de
Jiimrboimj, Voy. TchmniO'in'c, \). Ui8; llutchhifis' Val. J/";/., vol. ii., p. liOl;
JliiC'ire'jdr's I'ronnss of Aiiiiric(t, vol. i., p. Hli); Muru, in iianty, lleconuci-
niknto, p. 03; Stephens' Yucatan, vol. it., p. 14.
GGO
WILD XniBES OF MEXICO.
from the tops of the highest houses called the iiihahi-
tjints to their allotted tasks. It was also the duty of
the town-criers to inflict the punishment imposed on all
who from laziness or other neglect failed to perform
tlieir share of work. A somewhat similar system ap-
pears to have prevailed in Ciiiapas, where the people
lived under a species of republican government."^ Tlie
Mayas were at one time governed hy a king who reigned
supreme over the whole of Yucatan. Internal dissen-
sions and wars, however, caused their country to l)e
divided up into several provinces, which were ruled over
by lords or petty kings, who held complete sway, each
in his own territory, owing allegiance to none, and
recognizing no authority outside of their own juris-
diction. These lords appointed captains of towns, who
had to perform their duties subject to their lord's ap-
proval. Disputes arising, the captains named umpires
to determine differences, whose decisions were final.
These people had also a code of criminal laws, and
when capital piniishment was ordered, public execution-
ers carried the sentence into effect. Tlie crime of adul-
tery in the man was })unishable hy death, but the injured
party could claim the right to have the adulterer de-
livered to him, and he could kill or pardon him at
j)leasure; disgrace was the punishment of the woman.
The rape of a virgin was punished by stoning the man
to death. '•'
■S'^ ' Lcs sciRnenrs de Cnioatlan c'taient, an tomps df: la conqnete tres-iiolios
ct tri's-pniKsants, et Icuvs desceiulaiits en ligue iliri'cto, dc'coit's oncore du titio
dc> (•,u;i(iuos.' Fiissei/, Me.r'KiUf', pp. 338-9. At Etla ' Ilcrien dcs Ortes warcn
fazikoii, WL'lcho iliii als eino Art von Maiiulchcn bcsassen, und deni Kiini^o
fineu pewissonTribut bezahhai ninsstcn.' Mdldcnpfordt, Mejico, toni. ii., pt
i., p. 188. Tho MiztofS 'tfniau senaliidos conio pivgoneros, ofticiales quo
»li>i»ianporano, para que todas las mananas al dospTiutar el Sol, siibiddnen lo
mas alto do la casa de su Kcpiiblica, con gi-nndes vozes, llaniasen, y exitascn
a todos, dizicndo salid, salid a trabajar, ii trabajar, y con rij,'or oxecntivo
castigaban al que faltaba de ku tarea.' Burqna, G&xj. Dcscrip., torn, i., pt ii.,
fol. l.'jl, also Jlprnra, Hist. Oen., dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xi.
''■' ' Estava snjcta ii diuersos Sefiores, que como Eej'czuelos dominaban
diiiersos territorios pero antes aula sido toda sujeta ii vn Sefior, y liey
Sii;>renio, y asi gonernada con goniernoMonarqnieo.' CoijoUmIo, Jlist.ilv Yu-
rntlfin, \i. (10. ' En cada pueblo tenian sefialados Capitanes a quienes obede-
ciin.' llnrera, IHkI. (if))., tloc. i\., lib. x., cap. ii-iv. For old ciistonis and
nt'w, com I lare above with J/oct7(<, loyayc, toni. i., p. 1C8, and iiussc/, J/.i'.
dual., p. 2lJ7.
SLAVER\' AND MARRIAGE.
661
Slavery existed among the tribes of Ooazacoalco and
Ta])asc(). Donii ^farina was one of twenty female sla\ (.s
who were presented to Cortes b}' the cacique of the lat-
ter place; and when her mother, who lived in the
province of Goazacoalco, gave her away to some traM.!-
ing merchants, she, to conceal the act, })retende(l that
the corpse of one of her slaves who died at that time
was that of her own daughter.'^
Among the Zapotecs and other nations who iidiabit
the isthmus of Tehuantepec, mari-iages are contracte(l
at a very early age; it happens not unfrecpiently that
a youth of fourteen marries a girl of eknen or twehe.
Polygamy is not permissiljle, and gentleness, affection,
and frugality characterize the marital relations. Cer-
tain superstitious ceremonies formerly attended the birth
of children, which, to a modified extent, exist at the
present day. When a woman was about to be con-
lined, the relatives assembled in the hut, and com-
menced to draw on the floor figures of difl'erent animals,
rubl)ing each one out as soon as it was completed.
This operation continued till the moment of birth, and
the figure that then remained sketched ui)on the ground
was called the child's tond or second self. AVhen the
child grew old enough, he procured the animal that
represented him and took care of it, as it was believed
that health and existence were bound up with that of
the animals, in fact, that the death of l)oth would occur
simultaneouslv. ?oon after the child was born, the
parents, accouipnnied l)y friends and relatives, carried
it to the nearest water, where it was inunersed, while
at the same time they invoked the inhabitants of the
water to extend their protection to the child; in like
manner they afterwards prayed for the fa^'or of the
animals of the land. It is a noticeal)le trait, nnich to
the credit of the parents, that their children render to
them as well as to all aged people the greatest respect
and obedience. That the women arc strictly moral can-
■'•' 'With otlioi' prosonts wliicli thoy brought fo the conqueror were twouty
female slaves.' JJelps' l:!pan. Lonq,, vol. ii., j). 2G1.
6fi2
WILD TUIBES OF MEXICO.
not 1)0 asscM'tod. Voluptuous, with mi ndn untrained, ind
tlit'ir luunlMT luMug jiroiitly in cxcoss of tiio nion, it is
not surprising that travelers have noted an absence of
chastity ainoug these women; yet few cases of conjugal
infidelity occur, and (ihastity is higidy esteemecl. Ilie-
gitiuiate diildren are not couunon, partly the result, jier-
haps, of early marriages/''^ Auiong the Quelenes, when
a contract of marriage was made, the friends nnd rela-
tives collected at the assembly-house conuu(m to everv
village. The bride and bridegroom were then introduced
by the parents, and in the presence of the cacique and
])riest confessed all the sins of which they were guilty.
The bridegroom was obliged to state whether he had had
connection with the bride or with other women, and
she, on her part, made a full confession of all her short-
comings; this ended, the parents produced the presents,
which consisted of wearing-apparel and jewelry, in which
they proceeded to avray them; they were then lifted up
and placed upon the shoulders of two old men and
women, who carried them to their future home, where
they laid theui on a bed, locked them in. and there left
them securelv married."" Auioni!; the .\ravas earlv mar-
riage was a duty imposed by the K^panish Fathers, aud
if a boy or girl at the age of twelve or fourteen had not
chosen a mate, the priest selected one of erpial rank or
■W ' Vhi) en estii juriilieion gvnndes orroros, y ritos con Ins piiviilas. y
iiiuns rci'ieii iiiicidos, lleiiiiiulolos li los rios, y sumeri^'iendolos en el aj.'ua. Iki-
zi;in (IriJi'cciioiiiu ;'i t()iU)s los iiiiiiuiilus iKiiiiitik'S, y lucgo ;'i los iIl' tii iia In
fiiPiMii fiiuornblcs, y no le ofiiulieran.' Bwijod, Gcoij. Desnrip , torn, ii., ]it
ii., fol. 32".). ' Const'rvase entro t'llos la creenciiv de que su vid.i t?>t,i
nnid.i a la dt' nn animal, y que os foiv.oso quo niuirau ellos cnanilo ('^.tc nin-
vYo.' }fiisro ^fl,r., torn, ii., jip. .').>l-5. ' lictween husband and wife c.iks cf
intidclity are rare . . To the credit of the Indians be it also said, that tlnir
])roL;('iiy is lef,'itiniate, and that the vows of niairiaf^'e are as faithfully cher-
ished as in the most euli^'htened and favored lands. Youthful niarria^'es are
nevertheless of frequent occurrence.' Jiitrndvd'a Tthaonti'iiuc, \). 2'2'1. Women
of the Ja])ateco race: 'their manners in re<,'ard to morals are most blame-
able.' Ili'miexiliirf, in Loinl. (feoi/, Soc, Jour., vol. xxxii., p. 543. Jlor-),
referrin;,; to the women of .Jaltipan, says: 'Son do costumbres sumameiite
libres: suele decirse ademas (pie los jaltipanos no sol > no lascelan. sino (|ue
llevan las ideas de hosjiitalidad a un raro exceso.' (Idrai/, litcoiKXiliiiiihld, p.
11(1; Fcrri/, Cusldl L' Indiin, j)]). (S-T; Uefiistro rwateco, tom. i., p. Hl(>
■'''' ' Inntauanse en el t'apul. que es vna oasii del coninn, en eada barrio,
para hazer easamientos, el I'aziqne, el Papa, los des]K)sa(los, los |iaii(ntrs:
e^>tnHllo sentailos el sefior, y el I'apa, lle^'auan los contrayrntes, y el I'apa h s
umonestaui q-io dixessen las cosas (pie auiau hecho hasta a(piella hora.'
Jlernra, Hid. (/<.«., doc. iv., lib. \., cup. xi.
WEDDINGS AND FATIIEllS-lN-LAW.
CG3
foi'timo and obli^vd tliom to niiirry. Tlic usual pivsoiits
Avore (livs-cs; and a haiKjurt was prepared, of wliu'li all
piv.st'ut partook. During' the feast the parents of the
[)arties addres.sed them in s[)eeches apjiheahle to the
occasion, and afterwards the house was [u-rfunu'd by tlio
priest, who then blessed the company iiiid the ceremony
ended. I'j'evious tt) the wedding-day ihe i)arents fasted
during three days. The young man buih a house in
front of that of his father-in-law, in which he lived
with his wife during the Hrst years of his servitude, for
ho was obliged to work for his father-in-law four or five
years. If he failed to [)erform faithful ser\ ice, his
father-in-law dismissed him, and gave his (hmgliter to
another. Widowers were exempt from this servitude,
and could choose whom they pleased lbi- a wife without
the interference of relatives. It was forbidden a man
to marry a woman of the same name as his lather.
They married ])iit one wife, though the lords were per-
mitted to make concubines of their slaves. Mr Stephens,
ill his description of the inhabitants of the village of
Schawill, says: "Every member must marry within the
rancho, and no such thing as a marriage out of it had
ever occurred. They said it was imj)ossil)le; it could
not happen. They were in the habit ol" going to the
villages to attend the festivals; and wlu'u we suggested
a supposalde case of a young man or woman falling in
love with some village Indian, they said it might hap-
pen; there was no law against it; but none could marry
out of the rancho. Thin was a thing so little a})pre-
hended, that the punishment for it was not delined in
their penal code; but )>eing questioned, alter some con-
sultations, the}' said that the oftender, whether man or
woman would lie expelled. We remarked that in their
small comnumity constant intermarriages nnist make
them all relatives, which they said was the case since
the reduction of their numbers by the cholera, ^fhey
were in fact all kinsfolk, ))ut it was allowabU' for kins-
folk to marry, except in the relationship of brothers and
sisters."
GGi
WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO.
In divisions of pro))crty women could not inlicrit;
in defhult t)l' direct um\v. hoirs tlie estate went to tlio
brothers or nearest male relatives. Wli m the heir
was a minor, one of his male relatives was a})iK)inted
guardian, until tiie daj.s of his minority should have
passed, when the property was delivered up to him.
The Southern Mexicans were particular to keep a strict
chionolojiy of their lineage. Young children underwent
a kind of ha[)tismal ceremony. The Mayas believed
that aldution washed away all evil; and previous to the
ceremony the parents fasted three days, and they were
particular to select for it what they considei'ed a lucky
day. The age at which the rite was ix'rformed was be-
tween three and twelve years, and no one could mairy
until he had been baptized. Habits of industry as well
as res[)ect for parents and aged people was strongly im-
pressed u[)on the minds of the children.''^
The Southern Mexicans are fond of singing and
dan(!ing, thvMigh there is not nuich variety either in
their melancholy music or monotonous dances. Their
favorite instrument is the mtirimba, composed of pieces
of hard wood of different lengthr stretclied across a hol-
lov/ed-out canoe-shaped case. The pieces of wood or
keys are played upon with two short sticks, one held in
each hand. The sound produced is soft and pleasing,
and not unlike that of a piano. Another instrument is
the timhd or drum, made of a hollow log with sheep-
skin stretched over the end; it is struck with the fnigers
of the right hand, the performer holding it under his
left arm. Their movements during their dances are
slow and graceful. The men ore addicted to intoxica-
tion at their feasts, the liquor in common use auiong
them being mescal and aguardiente, a colorless spirit
made from the sugar-cane. Many of the natives have
a small still in their houses.™
" Dampier'K Voi/agen, vol, ii., pt ii., p. 114; Ilerrern, Hist. Gen., doe. iv.,
lib. X., cup. iv. ; Tenmax-<'o<)ip(ms, in \ouvelks Aniidleti (kri Voy., 18-4;j, torn.
X(!vii., p. oO; Stephens' Yucatan, vol., ii., pp. l.j-lC; Lmt, \ovus Orbis, p.
272; Dice. Uniu., torn, iv., p. 25(5; Baeza, in Iteijistro Yucateco, torn, i., p.
iLiG.
58 ' Their amusements are scarcely worthy of note their liveliest songs
CUSTOMS IN OAJACA.
CU5
The Ziijiotprs arc cxceediiifrly ytoWti} to one njiothor in
tlu'ir coMimoii siiliitatioii.s, calling ouch otluT Itrotla-r. and
to the (k'scoiulant.s of tlioir ancient cacitjucs or lords the
utmost rcvoronco is paid. It is related by a Mexican
writer that in a village not distant IVoni the city of
Oajaca, whenever an aged man, the son of one ol" their
ancient lords was seen ))y the natives out walking, with
a majesty that well became his fine Ibrni, j)osition. and
age. they uncovered tlieir heads, kissed his hands, which
he held out to them, with much tenderness, calling him
(ht(t(/e (lather), and remained uncoveretl uncil he was
lost to sight. They are a theocratic people, nuich ad-
dicted to their ancient religious belie!" and custoius.
Those who live in the vicinity of Mitla entertain a
jjcculiar superstition; they will run to the farthest vil-
lages and pick up even the smallest stones that foiin>'d a
part of the mosaic work of that famous ruin, believing
that such stones will in their hands turn into gold.
Some of them hold the belief that anyone who discovers
a buried or hidden trea.sure has no right to appro[)riate
to his own use any jx)rtion of it, and that if he does,
death will strike him down within the year, in i»unish-
ment of the sacrilege committed against the spirit of the
person who hid or buried the treasure. One of the first
priests that lived among the Zapotecs says that after
they had entered the pale of the church, they still clung
to their old religious practices, and made oll'erings of
aromatic gums, and living aniuuds; and that when the
occasion demanded a greater solemnity, the olliciatiug
priest drew blood from the under part of his tongue,
and from the back part of his ears, with which he
sprinkled some thick coarse straw, held as sacred and
used at the sacrifices. To warm themselves, the Cho-
chos, or Chuchones, of Oajaca used, in cold weather,
J
nrp sad. and their mptriest music mclaneholj-.' Burnnril's T liHunlejvc, p.
'222. ' Aff ctos a las l)f'l)idiis onibrinfijaiitcH, conocon dos jxirtii'iilari's. tl rln'-
rnle, y td hnlclni 6 (luamjio, eonipiK'sto de iiL;ua, c'linii dc iiziicar, iniln-i^nuiMjx)
y niiuz queinado.' Owzcn y Jierm, Oioijrafid, p. 1(12. See uUd: F^ssii/,
Me.TiijHi', pp. 34;J, 3(U; Ddinincr'n Vayaiiis, vol. ii., jit ii., )). 115; Sttphtnii'
Yuculan, vol. i., pp. 111-5; t'hanmy, lUdnes Amcriaiincs, pp. I'JG-T.
I
(5fi6
\\LLD TlilBES OF MEXICO.
towards the evGiiiiig, to burn logs {uivl drv leaves clt)se to
the eiitniuce of their caves, ami blow llie smoke into
their du«'llinu;s. which being (juite full, all the laniily, old
and young, males and females, lushcd in naked and
closed the entrance. The natives of (Joa/acoaleo and
otlier places practiced some of the Jca ish rites, inidud-
ing a kind ol' circumcision, which custoui they claimed
to ha\'(' derived from their fori'l'athers; hence ha\e
arisen inmunci'ahle analogies to prt)ve the Jewish oiigin
of these pe()[)les. The lluaves still preserve ancient
customs at their feasts, it is a remarkahlc fact tlnvt
ulthougli neai'ly all tlu!se peo[)le are fishermen, vi'ry lew
of them can swim. The Mijes have a iiahit of s[)i'aking
in very loud toiu's; this is attributed b}" souie to their
Iiaughty spirit, and hy others to their niiuiner of life in
the most rugged portion of the mountains, When hound
upon ii journey, if they have no other load to carry,
they fill their tonafcs, or nets, ^vith stones. This is gen-
erally done by tluMU on the return houie froui the mar-
ket-place of Tehuantepec. These loads rest u[)on their
backs, and bang by a band from their foreheads. In
ancient tiuies, when they were in searcrh ol' a new coun-
try to settle in. they subjected the places they had
deviistiited to the (ire j)roof. This was doue hy putting
a Mrehiand over nigiit into a hole, and if it wa> Ibuud
extinguislied iu the uiorning. they considered that the
Sun desired his children (that is tbeuisi Ives) to continue
their journey. They are mucl' given, oven at the
present time, to idolatrous prat ices, and will make
saci'ifice.s in tlu.'ir ehurcbes, if p ;rmittc<l, of birds as
(jft'erings to the false gods they v, )rsliipe(l before their
jiartial coiivei'sion to Cliristiani y. The natives at-
tribute eclipses of the moon to an attempt by the sun
to destroy tlieir satellite, and to prevent the catas-
trophe make a frightful uproar, em[)loying tlicrefor
over3'thing they can get bold of.*^"
^3 ' rrnvinciic riua7nrii;ileo ntquo Yliit^i} iicc noil ot riicztx.'itl:^ iii(li;4iii;e,
Dinltiis cii'i-iuuiiiiis luihi'ofiiiu uyuri>iil)iiiit, ii:im ct cin'umcid.liaiittir. uiuiv .'i
iiiajuribus (ut IciLbiiut) ticccpto, ijuuil alibi iu hisce rc^iuuibua ub llisiiuuia
DISEASES AND MEDICAL TREATMENT.
GO"
TllO (lisciisos most
pr
0\'
aliMit
iinioiiiJi;
th
itl
oiitiiorn
^[oxicaiis are levers, incasl
OS,
UI
id sc'vure colds. All
tlu'se people pusse.ss uii excellent knowledge of medicinal
lierhs, and make nsr of them in ca.ses of |/aias and sick-
ness. Tliex still practice some of their m\.-le\ious cere-
monies, and arci inclined to attrihnte all com[)laints to
the evil inlhience of bewitclnnents. Father IJae/a. in
the /iCf/isfro Yiimt
fCd.
av.s li'cy consn
Ited
a cr\s
tal
or
transparent stone called 'Jikmi, h_y which they }»reten(U'd
to divine the oi'i^iin and canse of anv sickness. W hen
.snlVerinii' with fever or other disorders, the disease is
often nmch auiiravated and death eansed hv inindicious
l)atli
ini
ni
tl
le I'l ve
I
n ancient times tobacco was
much used as a specilic a^^ainst [)ains arising from colds,
rheumatism, and asthma; the natives Ibund that it
.soothed the nerves and acted as a. narcotic
Tl
ie\ also
practiced l)leedi!ig with a sl):ir[i I'-nt or fish-bone. Tlu;
Zapotecs attein[)ted cures by meaiis of a ))low-pi[)e, at
tl
le same tinu' mvokiii"' the assistance
of tl
le 'jiou
^\dleu a (U'ath occurs the body is wra.[)ped in a cotton
clotli. lenA'inLi' the head and face imcoxered. and in tins
condition is [daced in a jiravo. Very few of the ancient
funeral usages remain at the present day. though some
traces of superstitious cereinonii's m;iy still be obscrNCil
among them; such as jilacing food in the grave, or at
di(V rent spots in its immediate vicinity. Sometimes a
funeral is conduct"d with a (^erbiiii degree (;!" pcuip. and
the coi'j)se carried to its last i'esting-[ilacc foUowctl by
haetrnns nmi fuit ulisirvatum.' L'kI, .Vonix Ocfi'.s', p. 2''il. Tiny i iijiiar
to n^'.irl with Imrroi' aiil iivoiil with sii|Ptrstiliiim fiar all thusc ;)la(is
VHpiitci to CDiitaiu ri'Uiaiiw (ir ( viilciiccs of tin ir fc.iin'r n liLiioii.' >/(" Wi//',-;
Kfpl >i\ T'liiciiitiju-c, ]). MT,, Sic fnrtlii'i-: M'l^'i M x . toin. ii , jip "i', ! ";
(Jlinrniii/. ltii'iiii-!i Aiih'r'K'iliiii's, pp. '2i\'>. 'JMti; Hnnimi, (/.ic/ l)isriij,._ (.im. jj .
l)t ii., fol. 2S1-2, -J'.M), ;tl:t. :t;2, :!;{•") (i. :!'.»7; //., r-ii^lfi //;-',, fnl. 11(1,
Muni, ill iiiiriii/, HiCdinifii, '••iitn, pp. 1)0, !(li; I)tic, I'liic.. tmii. iv., p. 2"i7.
wi liitri<ii(,ii(i)i. />.sc/'i/)., tiiiii. ii.. pt ii.. fi)l. :)2'.); Ilmzi. in Itriiylrn Vnni-
<(■(•(). t ail. i.. 11. MIS; .][iintii, Vi.ijikii. tolll. i., ]>. Ullt; flirniisilarl', ill l.diiil.
(ii'ixj. Sii\. J.mr., vnl. xxxii., p. 'il:!. ' .\y f'U <-ta tii'lT.i iiiiii'lia (linii-iiilai!
cl(^ yci lias iiU'dii'iiiali'H, ('(111 cpii' sc ciiran los n itiu'ali'S.' 11 rrmi, y/i.s'. '/'■».,
dee. iii., 111>. vii . cap. iii. 'I'iu' Maya 'salic las virtmli < de Iim1;in lti-<
Jilantas iMtiini si hnliiist' csliidiadu lintaiiica, ciinoci' los vi'!H'ii.is, Ins mil dii-
tiis, V III! S(; ki ocailtaii los ciliuiuiti's.' Oiutco y Jkrni, O'm'^ 'u/ai, pp. I'lH,
IGJ, 'its.
^Mi
1; i
S.I
6G8
WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO.
r
! t;
f
III!
liorn-blowcrs, and tuiikiil-dnimmcrs. As in tlio case of
the central ^[exicaiis, a memorial dav is ol)served, Avhen
much respect in sliown for tlie memory of the dead, at
^vhicll times fruits, hi'ead. and cakes are placed upon the
graves
ci
The character of the inhabitants of the Teluiantepec
isthnuis and Yucatan is at the present day one of
docility and mildness. With a few exceptions they arc
kind-hearted, confidinix. and irenerous. and some lew of
them evince a high degree of intelligence, although the
majorit}' are ignorant, superstitious, of loose morality as
Me esteem it, yet a[>[)arently unconsci(jus of Avmng.
Cayetano ^h)i'0sa_\s they are far superior to the average
American Indian. The Zapotecs are a bold and inde-
j)endent people, exhibit many intellectual ([ualities, and
are of an impatient disposition, though cheerful, gentle,
and inoifcmsive; they make good soldier^: they are
fanatical and superstitious like their neighbors. The
women are full of vivacity, of temperate and industri-
ous h;ibits. their manners are characterized l)v sin i less
I'atlu'i' than modesty, and they are full of intrigU' To
this nation th*- Mijes present a complete contrast ; of all
the tribes w ho inhabit the istlunus. they are the most
brutal, (h'gradi'd. and idolatrous; they are grossly stu-
])i(l yet stiibJM.rn and ferocious. The Chontidc> and
( 'holes ar>' barbarous, fierce, and quarrelsome, andgivatly
addicted *.» witcbcruft. The Ciijonos Mud \exit/;is. of
Oajaca. arc of a c<>\ etous and malicious nature, dishon-
est in their dealings, and nmch inclined tothiexing. The
Zofpies are more rational in thcii- behavior; although
they are ignorant and int«ifiip«ratc in their habits,
they are natiu'ally kind and obligiii'.'. as mcH as pntiiiit
and enduring. The lluaves are iicficii'ut in iutilli-
gence, arrogant and iuho-pitab]*- ♦.. strangers, md of a
reticent .and perverse dis|M»«*iti(>ii. TIh Mi/l<"s are
r'' Tfnhin.i'-i'diiipiins, in XiiureUci .hmales (1e:i I'-v ]>*-i3 toiii, \cvii., p.
fil: l^(.^•(•.) .lA.r., tiiiu. ii., p. T)."!. ■ Eii riiitiiltti. • ■* ii.Hios iisnn ' < • n-
nii'iii IS supi'i'slicios IS eu sns .s('[iulturiis. Si K'H\' I. ..•ir <n los I'l i' I'i'is
j)i(lii('i"i(.s iiiiiiitoiiis ^U' ticira, ni Ins <|U(' iih /.< Inn \' ns eiiilu %«'^ i^. tu-
tifiTuu iiiyuuu do tllo.s.' lieiiuitilkr (/ ih'nl, Muii [<. 2\H.
CHARACTER OF SOUTHERN IIEXICAXS.
669
grave and steady; they exhibit many traits of iiiLie-
nuity. are industrious, hospitable, and ai1id)le in their
manners, and retain an ardent love for liberty.''- The
!Mayas exhibit many distinguished characteristics. Al-
though of limited intelligence, and more governed bv
their senses than their reason, their good (jualitics
predominate. Formerly they were lierce and warlike,
but these characteristics have given place to timidity,
and they now appear patient, generous, and humnne;
they are frugal and satisfied with little, being ivmark-
ably free from avarice. TIeri'era describes them as
fierce and warlike, much giv^n to drunkeimcss and other
sins, })ut generous and hospitable. Doctor Young, in
his History of Mexico, says: ''They are not so intel-
ligent or energetic, though far more virtuous and hu-
mane than their brethren <jf the north." The women
arc industrious, have pleasing manners, and are inclined
to shyness. To sum it all np, I may say that the
besetting vice of these nations is intemiterance, but the
haltit of drinking to excess is found to l)e nuich more
connnon among the mountain tribes than among the
iidiiibitants of the lowlands. (Quarrels among them-
selve.'* seldom occur, and there is abundant evidence
to show that many of them possess excellent natural
(jualilit-ations both for connnon labor, and artistic indus-
try; and that there is no cause to prevent their becoming,
imder favorable circumstances, useful citizens.''^
•i'^ Till' Miztocs ' sipinpviMir' luavfir rp]int!ioion, y nius pol'tioos.' Zii]i(i-
tri'v. ' iiutiUMluii'iiti' ii)):i/.ii)lfs. liiiii>iiis. liiriiliis, y lilii rahs.' Ncxitz.is 'ustutos,
uiiilicinsos, iiirli iiiiilus I'l ic)l)(js, V (itsiu'iitos, {•D'.i iitros C'trniiios siiinvsiicic)S(ps,
uiii>itiim))iii(li)s a iil( uiisiiis, y li' clii/A'ros.' ISdnin'i, (Inij. l)istrlfi.. tmii. i.,
j.t li., fill. 151, torn, ii., i)t ii., fol. 202, WVl, also f,,l. 'iiil, 211. 22.S. -71, 2h2,
'2'.(4. ;f3.-), -loi), CUdlt's, 'uaeioii . .. furoz, ^'lurriTii (' iiKltpiiiiliiiiti .' I'lulhi,
in Oniicii 1/ 111 yra, lii'iiirnfid. y. lf>7. ' Sifudo los Iiulins JliMsde iiatinal
ftTDZ, l)ad)ai'ii, y (liiro, ntn iiniiri n scr tratadus am as|jti(za, y rii;or.' Jliirilu,
Ti'iitro /-.'Vcs., ti)iii. 1., p. 224. Sti' furtliir: I'tni-'inn. /''ilcstin IHM., jt i.. fnl.
ml; Oi->i:ro y Hiirn- '/""inifi'it. pji. l<il 2, IS'l 7: '/'"Cms. in /</., p. 17'.i; M"-
fio Mi'.r., torn, ii., pp '1-5; '/'(.//i^).-7.//'.s Milln. ]>. 2(i'.'; Ilniiiisilui/, in Lmnl.
UiDij. >iii\, ,/()i(/'., Vol. \xxii., ji. i^^'^^, ll'inntrH's 'I'climtiiU'pn-, ])p. 2i(i 7;
lli'inmij, liiiini'S Aiiirririilins, pp. 2oS 'J, 2h7; Orh'hi, U'iM. 'n /'., toiii. iii.,
p. 43!t; MiDikniif'inll. MiJii-'>, toni. ii., pt i., p. "200; l)<(iiii>iii's \'('!/ii<iis, vol.
ii., pt ii., )ip, li"i Ki; Iiiirllit I'mlUlit, JJist. P'rutl. Mi,;-., p. 21)4; IauI, Auroa
(tvhh, p. :i2"i.
li' ' I'is ( 1 iuilio yucatci'i' nil nionstmoso conjuiilo <lr n li,L;ion i' iiiiiiiidiiil,
dt: virtiulisy vicius, ilf !ia^.uidui.l y tsliipiJtz, . . .liiUu idtab tsactiis piccihud
f'
G70
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
do lo Imonn y do lo malo . . .Es iiifnpaz ilo rohiir itn poso, y rolm onatro
vcces (los rcalfs. . . Siciido houriido en ciisi tf)diis sus acpioiii's. . si' piiedi'
dccir (jiie I'l I'liiico vifi(t (juii Ic domiua es el iiv In eiiiliviii^^UfZ.' ]!i'(i>^tri>
Ym-itlvro, tdui. i., pp. 'l\)\-',\\ liiiczd, ill Id., torn, i., pji. HlCi-K, 174; Mnr'lit,
\'nijniii\ torn, i., p. 148; Ufrrfni, Hid., <k'H., dec. iv., lil). x., ciii).iv.; ,lA(7/".s
!f!.-i(. .l/i'.i'., p. 15H; Mora, iu Uuray, liijconocimknto, i)p. 8'J-'J4; MuUer, liumn,
toiii. ii., p. 371.
TniBAL noUNDARIKS.
T'lidcr the name Wild Tkiiiks of Mexico, I indiido nil the prople
inhiilntinj,' th(; Mexican Territory from oceau to ocean, between latitirde '2;5'
north and the ("cntral American boundary line south, including Yucatan and
Tehuaiitepcc. The southernmost i>oint of this division touches the tifteeiitli
degree of north latitude. A subdivision of this group is made and the jiarts
are called the I'vnlral Mexicans, and the Southern Mixirans, i-espectively. lu
the former I include the nations north of an imaginary line, drawn from the
port of Acajiulco, on the Pacific coast, to Vera Cruz, on the Gulf of Mexico,
and iu the latter all those south of this lino.
Going to the fountain-head of Mexican history, I find mentinned certain
names, of which it is now imjiossiblc to determine whether they are diti'er-
ent names applied to the same people or different peoples, or whether they
iire mythical and apply to no really existing nations. Still less is it possible
to give these strange names any definite location; instance the Toltecs and
the ('hichiiiiecs, ami indeed almost all early designations, very common
names used to denote very uncommon people. Sahagun is the only one of
tho oldest writers who mentions the n.'ime of Toltecs, which in later years
was us( d by Ixt'ilxochitl and Boturini, and after them bandied about more
freely by modern writers. After the conquest, the name Chichimecs was
applied to all uncivilized and unsettled people north of the valley of Jlexico,
extending to (he fiirthist discovered region. Of still other nations nothing
further can be said than that they occupied the cities to which their nam<'
was applied; such were the Mexicans, or Aztecs, the Tlascaltecs, the Cholul-
tecs, and many others. Home general remarks respecting the locatiim of the
princii)al civilized nations, will be found in vol. ii., chap, ii., of this worl;;
and all obtainable details concerning the many tribes that cannot be deti-
uitcly located here are given iu volume v.
The ihi'iii'iiii'S or Giants are mentioned as the first iidiabitants of ^lexico,
•Los (iuinauielin, gigantes que viviiin en esta rinconada, (pie se die(> ahora
Nueva I'l^pafia.' [.HliLrochitl, lichiciones, in Kiniigbomutili's .I/i'.i'. Anliij., vol.
ix., p. :i-'; /'/., Jlixt. Cltirliimerit, in 7'/., p. 205. ' lios (pie hasta agora se
sabe, aver i.'orado estas Estendidas, y Ampliudisimas Tierras, y Regioiies,
de 1,1 Xiii'va \: ')iu"ia, fueron vnas Gentes mui crecidas de Cuerpo, (pio llama-
rou desMues otros (iuinaiurtin.' Ti)riiiii')ii(nla, .Mnwini. //k/., torn, i., p. 1)4.
'Les Qiiiiiaiui's, la p'.us ain-ienne des races connues de ces contri'es, ('taieiit
encore en i)oss(!ssion iV' (juehpies lociditi's de pen d'importanc(^ pn'-s des
villes de Huitzilapan, de tu-'tlaxcohuapau ct deTotomihuacan.' Jintasntr ilc
JiDurliiiiii-'i. Hid. Xdf. (^'ir., t(im. i, p. IIKI. ' Su domination s'l'teudait
sur les provinces inti'rieiires du Mexiipie et du Guatemala, et, a r('po(iue dii
OLMECS AND XICALAXr.VS.
671
(1 'barquomnnt ili^s Olinr'quos ot ilf^s Xiciilancns, les liistoirrs noas la mon-
trclit encore (>ii jiossissiou (In iiliiteim iizteque et lies coiitii'is ^oisines (ill
fleiive Tiibivseo.' />/., in Xnure.lks Aiinaks (ks Voy., 18.')S, tdiii, dviii., ]>. 258.
'Vivian li.'tcia las liberas del rio Atoyac, eiitre la eiiulail ile Tlaxca'.a y la ile
la I'uehla du los Angfk'S.' Wyt'ut, Ifist. Ant. .WJ., bnii. i., jip. 2S, IC! 1.
The 0/)»ers and Xir.altiicns wvrc ' los que poseian i sti' Niuvo MuiuId. 'ii
esta teiT(n'a ed.id.' LtlULroi'hltl, Hist. ('Iiirliiinccn, in I\"niiisli"riiii(jli's Mr.r.
Aidii]., vol. ix., p. 'ilLj. ' Ohuecas, \ ixloti, y Mixteeas. Estos tides iisf llania-
dos, I'.st.ui •■'icia el naeiliiiento del sol, y llaniaides laailiii !i titanic, jKin|ue
halilan lenyua lifirhara, y dieen cpui son Tulteeas.' Sdhniiiiu. Hist, (ii'ii.. toni.
iii., lil). X.. p. I'M'). ' Estos poMaron, domle uora e.<t'i Editieada. y PoVilada In
C'iudad d" los .\nyeles, y en Totomihuacan . . . .I.os Xiealancas. fuerou taiu-
bieil Pohlando. aeia Cuathaznaleo ( <pie es aeia la Cos; i del Norte ) y adilunto
cu la niisnia Costa, esta oi dia vn I'ueblo, que se dice Xiealaneo. ... Otro
Pueblo ai del inisnio Xoudjre, en la Provincia de ^laxealtzineo, eerea del
Puerto de la Vera-Cruz, (pie jiarece uverlo tainbien I'oblndo los .\iiulaiieas.'
Tonjui'Diriild, MniKirt/. Inil., Unix, i., p. .'J"2. ' .\travesaiulo los Puertos del Kol-
oan, y Sierra-Nevada, y otros rodeandolos por la part<.' de el Medioiii.i, hasta
quo venieron a salir a vn Lugar. i]V,e do presente se llanui TceliniUeij. J)e
alii, pasaron a .\tlixeo, Calpnii, y Iluexotzineo, liasta llcLjar al parage, v Tii r-
ras de la Provincia de 'riaxcallan; y liaciiiido asitnto en el ])rincipio, y cii-
trada de la diclia 'lil rra, Idcieron su Eundacion en el I'm bio, (pie imra se
llama Nuostra Senoiii do la Natividad Cy en LengUi-. !Mi xi( ara Van. iiicilal-
pau.) De alii, pasaron a otro I'oblado, el referido, llaniado lluapalcaleo,
junto a vna Ilcrinita, i\\\v Hainan de Santa Cruz, al ipial II miau los Ni.turales,
Texoloe, Mizco, y Xiloxncliitta. donde aora es la lb neila di San Vicente, y
cl Cerro de la Xoehitecatl, y Ten.iyacae, donde estan otras dos llerndtas,
k poco treelio Vila de otra. (pie las llanian de i-'an Mit.'Ui'l, y de San Eran-
cisco, eliliiedio de las (piales, pasa el Hi-), (pie vie lie (!.■ la Siena Nevada de
H.iexot/inco. Y aqiii en este Sitio, liicieron los Huliiiecas, su I'riiieipal
asieiito, y l'obla(;oii.' /(/., ]>, 'l"i\ M niVtitit. Hist, lu'li's.. )ip. Iiri-fi: Mutilinin,
llis.t. fiiilios. ill l.ii:l,iilfitil, Cdl. lie />(ii\, tdlll. i., Ji. 7. ' \'llilecal]|i ] oblo
tainbien iniichos JiiLjares in mpiella parte, a do a.u'ora esta la eindad de iis
Angeles. V iiii!iil)i() los Totoiiiiuacau, Vicilajiaii, Cuetlaxeoapan, y (Uros
iiNsi. Xie.ilancallh aiiduiio mas tierra, llego a la mar d( 1 iioite. y en la cosm
liizo muelios plleblos. Peru a los dos mas I'lillcipales llalilo de sil im ^ino
nombre. El vn Xi< .ilanco esta en la piiniincia di Maxcalciuc n. que is eerea
de la Vera I'm/, y el otro Xicalaiieo esta eeica de 'I'auasco.' li.nu'irn.
Ciiiiq. Mi.f., fi.l. 'i'.t.l. ' Ilaeia .\tlisco y llzueau los xicalaueas; yeiieltei-
ritoiio de la I'uibla, Choi olali y Tlaxcallan los ulniecas, eiiya ]ilimiliva y
principal Jiolilacieii diceii liaber sido la ciudad de> ClioUolan.' }'ii/liii. Hist,
.{lit. Mij., toiii. i.. J). !.'):>: Urnsstur dn Uonrhunrii, Hist. Sot. (ii ,, tnm.
i.. j>p. I'.i' 11, I'.Mi; /(/., I^ojitil \'iili. iiitrod., p, xxx; Oniianj lliiid, iJi'nmirn,
p. lU^; A ■•<il'i. hici-idit irii), toui. iii., p. liTl.
f
I 1
The I ,,r(is eoiisfitate the iiortli-westeniinost nation of the Cknti!.\t, ^I
r.vNs, iii.habiting the district of ' Nayarit ti reiiio de Nm vo'I'Mlrdo . . AM Ioj^w
fc^'Ut W pueblos de la iiUtigUul>roviuciu do Aciipoueta; al Este los de I oh.tUui,
G72
TllIBAL BOUNDARIES.
y al Snr qniercn nlc,ninns quo se exticndii Imsta las orillaH del rin Gmiido '\
Tololotlaii . . .fl Niiyarit so fxtii'iulc fiitrc liis 21 ' liO' y 'l',\ dc liii., y fiitri' los
5' y (i ill' loii{{. occ'idi^ntal de Mi'xico.' Orozco y Ikrra, Gen<ira/ia, p. '27',).
"Eli la Sicrm del Xayarit.' ri»ienl<I, CtKidro, toiii. ii., p. 71. 'Losiiidios
(juo vivpii en el ciiiitro dc I'.i sitUTa, llaiiiadi)K nniutzizti . . Los Uuniados tea-
It uaeitzizti viven en las faldas de la sierra que niira al Ponieute , . . los eoras
que vivon a la orilla del rio Nayarit 6 do Jesus Maria, conocidos por Ateakari.'
/(/., p. 83.
The 7''co.TinM ' tcnian sii principal asiento en el vallo de Caetlan .... y so
exteiidian a la Magdalona, Aualeo, Iloxtotipaquillo y barrancas de Mochi-
tiltic' Orozco y Bern', Oemirdfia, p. 279.
'The, Vocotkaies were at tlie missions of ' Apozolco y en Comatlan.' LI.,
p. '280,
The J/d?'^!-*^^ reside in Tlajomiilco. Alccdo, D'tccionario, torn, ii., ji. 242.
The ThorfCiics and Tifn/dijiicciK dwell near the town of Zentipae. ' Dos
leyuas ajiartado del mar, la naeioiiThorama. . . .diezleguas de Zentipae hal)ia
otros Indios de Naeiou Tzayaqneea.' radUI't, Citmj. X. (Uduia, MS., y. iVl.
' La f^'ran pi)1ilaeion y Valle de Tzentiepac, enyo pueblo pi-incipal estasituado
punto a la mar del Snr, dos leguas antes a orillus del rio grande-, y (pie la
gente de i sta provincia era de la uaciou Totorame.' Jieuuinoiit, Cr6n. de J/o-
rhoitriiH. .lA.V, p 107.
Th(! Coroni.'i ■ habit.iban . . . .hacia la parte del Norte, diez leguas del diclio
pueblo do Tzentiepac.' Ih.
The O'drliold.'i 'are settled in the village of San Sebastian, which lie3
tij-'hteen leaf^ues tf) the westward of Dolafms.' Li/cu's Jonriud, vol. i., p.
322; .\V(in-»/'i.s Amiuks dcs Toy. , 1828, torn, xl., p. 2:;'.). ' En Santa ("atariua.
S. Sebastian, S. .Vndres Civimiat, Soledad y Tezonipan, pertenecientes ;i
t't)lotlan.' Orozco y Jlerra, Gcotjrufia, p. 282.
The (.'oroxados ' son los del pueblo de Tuito al Sur del valle de Banderas.'
1,1., ],. 27S.
The T.ii.fO}n}dti'cs ' habitaban en Tliijomnleo.' 'Estos tecuexes. . . .llaman
h l(js indios cocas de toda la provincia de Tonalan, (pie no erau de su hn-
giui, tlaxomultecas.' /(/., p. 278.
The Cocnn and Tccjiiwen ' eran los de la provincia do Tonalan ...Los
tecuexes [lasaban dt 1 otro lado deTololotlan hasta ocupur jiartede Zacatec.is,
derrauii'indose jior los pueblos de Tecpatitlan, Te()ealticli(% Milic, Jalostntit-
hin. Mesticatan, Yagualica, Tlacotlan, Teoealtitlan, Ixtlahuaean, Cuaiitla,
Ocotic y Acatic. /(/., pp. '278-9.
The Mazdjiihs avf ' al N. E. de la zacateea.' llrmts, in Id., p. 11.
The (\izrini(n ' habitan hasta la comarca de Zacateeas.' Jlcrrcrn, Ifist.
den., dee. iv., lib. ix., cap. xiii.; I.act, Nnviia Oc//?,s-, ]-,. 281. ' Oenpaba el
terreno desde el no Grande, continando con los tecuexes j los tepecanos.'
Orozco y liirra, Gcoiirofia, pp. 284, 49.
The Meros live in the pueblo Soledad do las Canoas, in the StiUe of (^ue-
retaro. .4/c'(/<), Dice, torn, iv., p. 507.
Th(> 7'((((i(\s inhabit the state of Queretaro, ' treinta leguas distante de 1?
<-x]ires,ida Ciudad de Queriitaro, y se estieude a cien leguas de largo, y treiuui
de unolio, on cuyas breiias vivian los Indios de la Nucion runu',' J alov.
THE OTOMtS.
c:3
M'lit ih' Jnnip''rn Sirr((. p. 2.T. ' I'ti In iiiision do Trrro Priotn di 1 Estiulo
(li- Jlc'xicn, sc fxtiiiiilc jiriiicipalinciiti' imr Ids jiiicblos (Ic Sun Luis I'dtosf,
y tiinihicn sc Ic ciiciu ntni en C^iuii'tiiro _v cu ( luiuiajiuito.' Orii:iii y l.urn,
<iK>iir(i/iii, jip. IS, •i^.C, ■J.^'i-2. 2(il. ' Kii Sun Luis ile lii I'liz, tc viiloiii) ilv hi
Sierra Cioid.i. .. .(u lit I'iiulad (1(1 Miiiz, !>( iiartaimiitii dc Suu Luis I'otDsf
... en la run'siina Conccpeioii de Ariicdo, in la Siinu (nirda.' rbuint'l,
('undrii. ti
Till' 01
V
onus arc o
111' of the most widely dispersed nations of ]\rexic
' Todo 111 alti) dt' las inontanas, o la mayor jiarte, a la ridonda de .Mink
estan llen.is de ( Uc
una gran piovimi
L
I calie/.a (le sii seuorio creo que es
Xiloti
a, y las |irovineias de 'Idllan y Otomjja casi todas son ik
ellos, hiu contav (piu en lo hneno de la Nueva Esjiana Lay nnulias jKjljla-
clones du istos Oti
do 1(
(in;
lies procei
Ic n los<'Li()iii
M<,h.li
Jfist. IihUos, ill Irinliillrilil. i'nl.ili- J)<ir.. til
u. 1.,
1'
[).
'11
ie nl'OVe is i.()
liy T.]
1 led
iptemada, m liis
.l/o
■'/■
ln,l., t
mil. 1., ]!
' listos 'rioeliieliillieeas
son Ills (jiie aoia se llaliiall Otoliiies. . . 'Jlaixjian, es de los que lial.lan ( sta
/./., ji. '2>'i\. ' Tja ;_;randisima rrovimia, 6 Iteinn de Ins Oto-
lielif'ua (,)t(
mies, (lUe eoye ,i 1 1 [
Tula, Xiloti
Call-
V-
d.
stc ];
Cliiaji;
Xii|niliileii, .\tiic]iaii. y (^Uien taro, en etiio medio de estos TueMns nfeiidos,
ai otro inuiiieralili s, jioiijue 111 eraii sus (rentes.' /(/., ji. "J'^T. " Xi'nti jiequo
jirovilieia Otiuiiiis haliitata.
J.'i'l.
Orl\
!>•
;:il. ' La Jroviiiiia
dcj^li Otoniiti eoniiiieiava Jiella ]iarte settentvioiiale della Valli^ Mi ssieaiia, c
si eontiliuava per i[>i( lie niontaiilie verso tramontana sino a novalita niieljn
dalla Cai'itale. Soora liitti i
,'lii aliitati. elie v' i rauo lieii niolti. s' iinial-
;ava TuntiLM o poleliro Cittii di Tollaii [o;_'yiiri Tula,] e (pirlla di Xilntip'
I'liti-liirii, Stiirhi Ant. il'l .Vc
1). toin. i., p
111. I
11 HUeli nt times
th
' uccuparono un tratio di terra di pii'i di trecento miglia dallo montagiio
d'lzuiiiiuilpaii verso Maestro, conlinando verso Levantc, c ver.so Ponentc con
altru Xa/.ioni parimentc stlvaj^gie.' Later: ' foiidarono nel ]i(i( so d'Arin-
Iniiic, ed anehc nclla stessa Valle di Messico int'initi liuiglii; la mn;4i;ior parto
d'essi, spi'zialminte i pifi graiidi, eonie <iiulli di Xilotopic c di Huitzapaa
nolle vicinanze dc
ese, die iiinaii/i oceupavaiio: altri spnrsi fra i llnllat-
zinclii, ed i Tlaseallesi, ed in altro Provincio del Kegnn.' Id., p. 1]8, T/03
iudios di- este pais ( (^ueri'taro ) eran 1 or la mayor parte otoiiiitis.' ..1/'<,;r,
Iflst. I'miiji. ill' Jisii.'i, tiiiii. ii., ji. |i'..i: Ilnmhiddi, ]\ssin Pul., torn, i , p.
77. 'Sous le uoiii d' (•thoiiiis. on
nations iirimitivi^. ic']iandiis d.iii-
iiipreiiait gi'tu'ralement les n stos dvn
s halites vail 'is iiui Lorni lit I'Aii.i-
Imac a 1'
idelit.' j:
ih- lU
1'
11 1st. Silt. (■
torn.
tr.iditi
les pi
ns ancieiuies
(In Mexiiiuo nous inontiont h
lai', ain^i
Othomis en possession des niontau'ii's it do la valli'o d'.Vnahi
line lies vastes coiiti'i'is (|ui seti iideiit an dela. dans le Michoaean, Jus-
cinanx froiitieres de Xalizco et de Tonalim; ils I'taient e'tideriient les luaitres
du plateau do Tlaxcallaii.' /'/., torn, i., p. UiO, 'lis occtipaii lit In (iIuh
grando partio tie la valh 1 dWiialome, UV' e sos cnntoiirR jUNipi'iiUX fiivironH
do Cholullan, ainsi ipm les provinces ip; • s'l'd iiili lit ml iioid (iitro lo Mi-
choacauet Tullnit/iiic.i.' /(/., p. VM\. ' Otonipan. Hiijolii'irhui ()liiiii>)a. lut
lour oapitale. ' /w -v-axr •in liiiarhourij, Pufi'-l Vidi, intr'J . p|i. xx^.. ex.
^^wn'taro 'fue sii mpro doniicilio do los esfoMiuloH O»(ioiiiiti"< ...llinuii
Vul. I. i.i
'
071 Tmr.AL BOrNDAKIES.
])iilil .ilii tiiild lo (ilto (Ic las Moutafiiis, (jiic cirfUiKlaii ;'i Mexico, siciiilo pa1)i>-
ci'iM di' inda la I'riiviiiria Otlidini Xiliit(|i(i', tiiU' la liaceii iiunii insa los
J'lK l)!..-; ill' 'rcjicxic. Tula, lliiirliia|iaii, Xiqiiiliio, Atixpali, 1 1 Jlixiiuilal, S.
Juan (111 Kid. y Qiici'itam.' /•.syu'/nw;, ('hrnn. AjKistMirii, jiji. 1-2. 'J'lu' Olinui
l.Ui:_'tia'^'i' ' sc li' fiiruclitra dilTainadii pur i-\ Jv-itailu dc ]\Ii''Xii'<i. ciitr a en San
I.ius I'litosi, aluaza todo (^ucn't.irn
iiiaynr parte de ( iuanajuatii, Ij
1111-
falidose al <). ]Htr Icis puelilos de Ids laiascus; reapal'eee (■diifmididd Cdii el
ti'pelma eiiTa del tdlciii tco. y salpieadd M'plf y adj'i se tl'opie/.a eull el en
]'
ui'lila V en S'eracrii/.' (h-
];■
liiiii;r(ifi(i, pi). 17, 21()-7, 'IW, 'J.").") (I
li'll I, ■1~2. ' l".u tddo el I'.stadd de t^ilerc't iro y en una ])al'tt' de Ins de Si
Jjlis, (liiaiiajuatii. Miflioacaii, 'S\v\
III
1ll<lll( /. ' 'iKlllfll. tdlll. i
p. i:iS; lhl,ii><)rti\ 11'
, I'lielila, Veracni/ y 'I'laxeala.' /'/
). 117. ('diicnri'eiit authorities: //'/.>.<(/, M<.i-., 'i'"il.
tdlll. X., IP. ;jj:3; M7(;-(/',s Mv.
vol. ii.. p. ;J|.'
Mulii' iipj'urdl. Mijiro, toni. ii., pt ii., p. 177; \\'(ij>ih'iiis, Gvinj. n. ■'^Inl., ]>
mi, ISN, l'.li;-l; Kliiiiiil, CilllHr-lirsclnrhti', tolll. v., p. 1'.):!; 'i'lll'llni, ill .l//e
J'jli,
Ti
«trt.
1>
dim
ir, r,ir
Cliiirrlilirs Ci'l. V
(iilfs. tolll. iv., p. ")!;!. ' Ilaliitait les liords dii ^'dlfi' du Mexicpie, depiiis la
province I
le 1
aimed juscpiall .Nueces
Jh.
I'll, till
Ifi
'i lie M i.ahiiiis • fiiKiud teiu|id fa )iaile della Na/.idiie Otdlnita. . . . I ]i:
ciptili liioi^lii da loro aliitati eraiio sulle iiioiiti
I'cidelitali della A'alli
SI
essic.ill.l. (■ cdiiipoili V.llld
la I'rdvincia di Ma/aliuacun, apjiarleiK nh
Cdl-dil I (li 'L'ac'.lba.' Cl'iriicrn. ,'^lniiii Ant, ilil .lA.s.s'icd, tdlll. i.. ]i[i. 1 111 •")!);
fdpied ill liriil'iit II Siiriiiiiiili), Sirimm ilc biiadnlnjiu, p. !S;J. •^la/alma,
Jla/aliai, ^[.itzalir
JLill
yii
mi. ell Mexico y on
:\Iicli.
i:
tieiiniiis del iin|ii I'in a/teea esia tiiliu |iei-ti IK cia al reilio de 'riacdp.aii; sim
imi
■bl,
IS iii.anMlian Ins limites eiitre sii seAurid v Miclidacaii.' Or
1/ J''
Ik'Ofirnfiit, p. '2'>'\
V
[Vi'ce ((ue Sdio ipiedaii ulyiiiid
s restds di' la iiacinu
lUiizaliu.a en ( i distiito Ixllal
lliaca. liertelieclellt
te al ]>c'piiitanu'Ut()de ^[I'xi
I'iiiimilil. I'li'i'lrn, tdlll. ii., p. IICJ. -An udkI ils eteiidaii'Ut leiirs viUaj^'cs
jusipi a pell
de distance do I'anciei
llniss' ((*• (/(,' liinvh
wnV'j,
U\s(.
X.d. I
tdlll. iii., p. 50,
The lln'islirK, Hinixtecs, Guastocs,
Cnextecas inhabit povtidiis of tl
states of \'eni Cruz and Tiunanlipas. 'A los inismos lliiiiiabau rantec.i I'l
Paiioteca, (pu! miierc decir honibi'i's del hv^M pasaduro, los cualcs fueion
Hsi llaniiK
lut'utc so llunian rimtliin,
los, y sou los (pio viveii en la, provinciii do V
iinucd. que propia-
)tlau.' SaliU'iHii, Ilist.Gtti., toiii. iii.. lib. x.,
p. bi2. ' I'd lluaxtecapaii so cxtendio de Veracruz a Sun Luis I'dtosi, y
corria a lo lar^'o de la costa del Gdlfn, hacia el Novte, iirolon;,'Miiddsi^
proVmblenicnte inuy adeiitro de Ta!ii,iiili():is. por Ingares en doiid aliura no
Be cnciieiitra ni vestii^io suyo.' Orijirn ij liirrii, (iio-jrctl
I'
1200, 1').
' Cilandd lle''ardn los espauoles, el Int.
ir (iiie dcnp
abali era la frontera Ndi'd
del reiiio de TVxcdco, y jiarte de la del niexii'ano .
.11.
ly se eonoce sn pais i
fl nonibri; de lii Iluaxleca: conipreiide l.i p.irte N >rte del Estado de \eracni/
3' una fr.u'cion lindante del d(^ San Luis, cdutinandd, al Orieiite, con 1 1 (ieifd
de M 'xico, desde la barra di> T.ixpau liisia T'lihipico.' I'iiiivuk'l, t'wulni,
toni. i., p. 5. Further inentidU in ( '/cMis, U-iyij
>•"'/, in 7V)')iai!.i'-('
iinptn
r
'if-
H'rie ii., toiu. v., p. 'i'.ts; Mii!dinpfi»'dl, Mjirn, toni. ii., pt i., p. 40; IIiimI,
^fex. (fnnt., p
\\'iipj)i'iiin, Ui'i'j. n. Si,d.^ pp. ,'.t.")-0; Sijnkr'ti ('< nl, -l'^
p. 310; \'clla-SLriij); ThuUro, tuiu. i., p. 122.
TOTOXACS AND NAIIFATLACS.
C75
The Tflonarf! on'upy tln' cnuiitrv <Jist of tln' valley <>( ^rrxicd dnwu to
till' s(ii-<'i>:ist, 1111(1 particularly the stat»^ (if Vcriicrn/ and a portion of I'litlila.
' Kstos Totona(|ii(S (stmi pohluilos ;'i In parte del imrli', y sc (lice scr
giliistciiias.' S'lliiiiiKii, Hid. dill., toin. iii., lil). x., |i|i. i:il 1. ''rotoiiaehi.
Qilcsta grauile I'rovincia, ch'era pir (piella parte rulliiiia dill' iiiipeiio,
kI steiideva ])er bell cclitocilKpiaiita iiiii^lia, coiniiiciaiido dalia frolilii ni
(!i Zacatlaii . , .e teriiiiiiaiido iiel ( iolfo ^Icssicaiio. (Hire alia capitale Miz-
(liiiluiacau, (juiiulici iiii:;lia a l.evaiile da Zacatlaii. v' i ra la bella (ilia di
t.'cmpoallali sulla costii del (ioll'o.' dnri'ii r<i, Slari'i Anl. ihl Miss'ud, ((jui. i.,
p. ;U. ' ]laccoiitavaiio diuiipie. (pic fsselidosi celiiio da priiieipio ]ier (pial-
clie tempo slaliiliti sil le rive del la;_'o te/.ellcailo. (plilldi t-i iMirtaidlio a ] opo-
ll'e ipiejle lliolltielle, (lie da loin ]ireM ro
1;
il
li 'I'otoli
/'/.
toiii. iv.
•"il. ' J'.ii Piielila y (11 Vi racriiz. J,os totoii
Norte del Departaiiieiito, foriiiaiido iiii solo ^'riipo cm
icos ocupaii la ]iart(^
\'erii-
1 SIIS vecllios (le
eril/.; leiniiiiaii sohre la costa del ^I'lfo, cii toda lii /.
olla (pie se (Mil llde l lltld
111-; rios de ( liaclialacas v de ( 'azoucs I'p S. Marcos.' ()r
ruii;, 1/ III rra. (iiniji-n/ni.
jij). 2! I, "Jlfi. ■ J'.st.'iii csteiididos, y derraiiiados por las Sierras, ipie le cai ii. al
Xorte, ;i esla Ciudad de Mexico.' 'I'lifi/m iiKiil'i, Mniiiiri/. Iml.. toiii. i., ]i. 27n;
J''iini iiliL I'miilro ten. i.
'■j:l. 'Ill the districts of Zacatlan. State t.f
I'llcbla, and in the State >if Vera I'm/..' [.mi
I irni .
.!/.. /..
r.M;
;//(/-
(ill, ill .1/
Tlii.ifm, t(
p. 'M2: Millili iiji/drill, Mijii-i,, tmii. i., p. 20.S; liitlln-
Eih
lllil, .si<C,
Truiisdrl., vol. i.
1'
'I'lie MrzliHiiiiirs inhabited the nj^iou north of 'I'l/.rwn, In t ween the Sierra
(he and tlu^ territory occiiiiied by the linastecw. 'Al Norte de 'ret/eoeo
Madi
fxistiael seflorio iudepelldiento de IMcZtitlall, (pie li
d(3 M('xic(). . . .Oliedcciiill a Mcztitlilli, cabeeera priucilial, las provincias do
^[lolide al I'.slado
Mol;
111'-,'".
Jfalili:, Tlalichiiiolti
•pi
lliiniatlan, Allihiu t/iaii, Sucliicoatlan,
T
iaiiL,'ili/ten'4o, (iuazaliiiL;o, Ya'_;iiali(
j:i
sellono, JiUes, se ex
ti lldi
1"
toda la sierra, liasta el Iimit(
los 1
iilaxt
ecos: ell
Val
illalica estalia
^'iianiicioii contra ellos, jior scr la frontera. coiiieiizando desde all; las llaiiiiras
de Uilaxteca
Xelitla era el iiiinto mas iivaiizai
lo alOeste V
iliiiab
los b.'irbaros chicliimecas; v\ li'rmilio id Siir era Xaeiialtipali y al Norte teiii.-i
il los chichiiiiecas.' ('Itai:i;, I!' I'd'i'm i.k M JUla,
I, ipioled ill (irn.rii u j;, rrit
(n'<i'inili<(. p. 211)
The .\.ll,."ll!>l,
diiiidi
It ell sii'le liliaji
.L
pni
Sllchimilcos. i[UC ijuiere dezir, yente de selliellteras de llores. Est
roll a la orilla de la ^'iiiii lic^'iiiia dc ^lexico h.izia el ^bdiodia, y fi
fueroll III'
OS iiobla
Villi ciiid.idde sii iioiiibre, v otios iniirhos liiLjare
Ml
llCilo d. spiles
los (I'l seLjiiudo Iinau!e llamados ('hajeas, (pie si^'iiiliea i,'ente de las b
as. y
tiiiiibien fiiiidaroli otra ciudad de
Suchim'lcos. J,os terceros fueion
dc la I'ueiite. V taiubiell poi)laroii
La ciibeca de sii iiroviuciii la llimai
iiibrc, partii ndo tenuinos con h
■I'ep
Uiecas, ipie iplleri
lite
la orilla de la la'_;iiiia al ( )ciiilenti
.Vzciiiiuziilco.
las e,-,!!
Ion (pie pobliiroii a rczt'i'ico, ipio son los do Cidhiia. ipc ipiiin
coma. . . .V assi (picd'i la lai^'iina cercada dc iistas(pial
cstos al Orieiite, y los 'I'epair'
■/J v. eillll
iro 11 irlolc
pobli
al Norte
.D
He
<3aH, (pic sii,'iiiliea ^'ei
ite dc la siirra . . . Y
CS|)UCS 111
hall
m li
atllll-
iroii ocupa
los lodos los
Uauos ell coiUoruL) dc la liigixnn hii.stu las sierras, piissaruii du la otra parte dc
()7(;
TUIHAL BOrN'D.VUIES,
In sicnvi. . . . V 11 lariil)0(;ii(l(' sn ])ri>uiiii'iii llnmiiidii Qiialiiinahu'ii^. . . .rpic oitr-
riiMi]iiil;iiiiciiti'iiurstri) viili^'o lluiiiii (^ucniiuuK'ii, y luimUii iiroiiiiiciii <'s, lu (pu'
<iy S(i (li/c (I Mai'clUcsiuIo. Lns (It; 111 si'Xtll f,'('llcliU'ii)ll, ([lie Sdll Ins 'I'lus-
calli'cas. (|iic (|iii('i(' (Ic/.ir f,'i'liti! (lt> (lall, jiassiiroii lii sii'iaiiia lia/.ia «1 (.)lii lite
(itliiilissaliilip 1 I sii'i'i'a lli'iiada, ilniidc cst.'i el faliiiiso Imlrati iiitrr Mixico y
la ciiiilail ill' Ins .\iiL;rlis. . . .In cillici^ii dc sii iinniiiicia llaniaiim dr su imndiri'
'I'lasi'Ma. . . . La s(']itiiiiu cucua, o liimj^c, (jiif is la nacimi .Mi \ii'aiiii, la ijiial
niliio las dtras, s.ilio di' L
IS pniiuiii'ias
di' A/tlaii, V 'riiii'ulliii.'ii'ali.' ^\c(istii,
Hist. i(f Ins )'iiil.. ]i|i, I") IS, llfpcatrd ill ll'mni. Wist, tim., drf. iii.,
lili. ii., cap. \. Also ill ihinijn'it, Slurkt AhI. ihl Mtsslm, tniii. i., jip. 151 -J,
and ill lli-ridii // Sdrmlt nlo, ,Si'riii(M de (iiiiiiliilniii', }). K'j; Oraici) y Jlirrti,
(ieiiijriifiii. pp. '.'1 'J.
'I'lii' Ai-nlliiiii-i inlial)il(d the kiiij^'dniii of .Vconiiiacan. ' Su ('i»]iital cm
'l'<'f/ripi'ii, a la milla dil la^ii di' sn lunulirr. . . . La cNtriisinii dil iciiio era:
dcsdi- I I
dil N.
di 1 Sm
todii lo ((
tic SC CDIIIll
iciidc a la liaiuladi 1
Toniiuti h.i^ti il piicitii dc la Vcnvniz. salvi> la <'iiiil id i\f Thu'licala y H
Uc-
xiitziiii
!•■
!!■ h
(If Ti xrix'o. (pioti (1 ill ('
// /;.
rrn. Ill ni/fd I m^
1'1>
•J(0--J
Juan I>. I'miiar tija lo^ Ifniitcs del rciiiocim liiilala('.\aj.C('iiu'i()n
<pii' pucdc iiifuiidir cl orj^'iillo ili' ra/ii. V«v nmstia ii.irlc, lidiins liidn con
cUKlailo las n
laciniics (pU' A la liioiiiinpiia ciuit spoiiili n. y jiciiii
--tiidiaii
«n (1 ]ilaii() jus liii^ai'cs a (pio so V( licit n, y iii di' las uiias iii dc Ins (itn
11
ci'Mliiiis a saca
V jamas (pic los rcycs dc Aculliiiacan inaiidaraii snluc las tii-
Imis avicindadas en la ciista dc] I'acilico, no va .1 la inisiiia altiir.i dc Mi'xic
sino ami a niciioi-cs latitudes.' Or
nni'ii 1/ ix'irn, in'ii'imj ni, ]ip,
212 I. Sci
furtlicr: MDlnliiili
Ixllil.UxliU!. Hililr
The DruUlir.'i
llisl. Liili
Iril-hiilril'l, I 'ill. (/' Dm'., toni. i,, 1). 11
in Kiiiii.-tliiiriiiiijli's Mix. Ant!
ell el distiito dcToliua, (11 ticiras V tciniinos snvo
Siihtiiimi, Jlisl. iliii., tiiiii. iii.. HI), x., j). l.'IO.
The .1/./
viveii ell una coiiiarcaih' Toll
Idlehlo dc Xoeotitlan. I'l.
Tht^ Tun I unit dwell cliictlv in tlie state of ^liili
y estiiii polilados en cl
I'stos,
1 inaiirc i
Ic los [li
lescados, ipic es
Mil
,a pMiviiicia dc
.'iiiiasc lainliicii
Qilaoclipaiiiiic' Siihuiitii, llisl. dun., toin. iii., lili. x., ji. 1:!7. Kcpcatc d
in Clnrhii i-ii, Slnri't .\iit. ilti Mi'ssini, toiu. i., i>. lis. Tl
icir tcrritniv is
bouiiilcd: "All iiord-rst, le royauiiie dc Tonalan it !c ten-itoire inaviiiiiic ile
Coliiiia cu sunt si'pari's par le rii) I'alltla et le llciivc Coidinay.iiia, aiupicl
s'unit cctte liviiic, dix licues avant d'allcv toiiihcv dans la iin r racitii|iic. dniit
\v riva'_,'c eontiiiiie eiisuite ;i hnrncr Ic ^lichoacaii, all siid-ouest, jusipi'a Za-
eatoilaii.
liiuitcs, :
La les
I'cst ct
ili(>s ('.ijiricicuscs dn !Mcxcala liii cniistitucnt iTaiiti
d, p
mis, a Test eiicoi-c, Ii s lidus iirovinccs
dc (■
ixei) et d(! Matlat/
.I'liis iiu liord, (''('taiciit Ics Ma/ahu.is, doiit li
fcl-ti
lies valli es. ailisl que c
lies des Matlat/iucas,
■Icndciit
les plus froidi
1,1 ('nrilillere; ( iilin 1
c ciiiir liiajestucux dil
alls lis icLtlnns
Tololotlall it
les rives pittorcsipies dti lae Cli.apala forinaiciit uiie h.irricrc iiaturcllc elitro
les Tanisipics et les iioiubreuscs populations othoniies ct chichiuicipics des
t'tatsde (i
toiu. iii., p[). "):!
ixiiato et dc (^ucrctaro.' lirussritr ilr llmirlKU'rii, llisl. .Wd. I'ir.
' El tarasci) sc habla en el Estado d( ilichoaeaii, i xcc])-
tuaudu la paric Sur-Oeste (pit; iiuJii cou cl I'ucilico doudc be habla cl nitxi-
:iI.VTI,ALTZINCAS AND TLArANECS,
G77
ofino. niia itfrincMii jvirtr al Nnr-Kstc. (Idiidf sc acostiiinlirn d otliniiif i'> il
liia/ahua, y otra \i.\i\r ilmiclc sc usii tl liiatlal/inca. 'I'ai.iliit ii sc lialila rii i 1
listailii di' ( liialiajllatci, i li l.i ]iaitL' iiuc lilitlil cuii ^f iilinacall y (liladalajaia,
liiiiitail.i al Oiiiiili' [iiir una li'iu a (]iit' jmrde ciiiui n/ar i u A( ainliain, st i;uii'
raiiiiald V trniiinar on Sail !•"( li
111', I'S (
Iccir,
( 11 Ins l.luitrs cull Sail
l.lli>
I'ntiisi.' I'ilif litil, ( (Klllrn, tnlll. i., p. -71. ' Kll Miillii:, call, ( ilK IK I'll, (luil-
iia jualu V -laliscii.' Onnco i/ llirvn, O'riiiirii/in, jip. "jS, 2I!n, •Jdl, ■271-2. "^M.
Coiiciii n lit aiillidrillcs; lidllntln, in Aim r. F.tln
•/■/
f/., veil.
1., !■
■1 ; l.ii'l' ici'i's A'l. l.'iicj., II. \S1\ F((jii
l", V(d. ii.. !>. <;7").
//'(;,.. 7.'
lOil; W'anl's .lA.r-
Tlii' M'itliill:iiirii!>, ririlidiw, or Tuhiciis iiiliabiti il tlic valley nf 'I'duca,
Hitiialcd lirtwccii the vallcv of Mexico and Jlicli
La I'luv iiicia cl, i
]M,itlat/.iuclii (•(
ip:
■iidcva, olti'o 111 vulle di 'Idli
in, tultii i|i
11
■lie v'c iiiliiiii a 'riaxiiiialoyiin (o^'Lji Taxiiimvoa) fruiiticiii del I'-^i
HI (il
.Miclmacaii . . , Ndl.
di 'I'/iiiiilialiilacali, c di
liiiilit.i'_;iic ciri'om icini' v' craiio L,'li stati di Xalallauli
Malilialcn; in liull liinlla I. iiitallaUiSa \crsii l,i \alili
lalla vallc (jUcUo d'Oi'iiillaii,
t(
(In
rso roncntc ijucUi di 'I'o/.aiitla. c di Znl-
i-!ifr<i, Slnrid Aiif. (I'l M'ssirii, tniu. i., )i|i. Ill _', I'i'i. 'Aiiliuna-
lllilltc cIl cl Vi
dc 'I'liluca; jicro li'iy no
ilo sc nsa cii Cliani, lii^ar
llclii -
cicntc al I'^stado dc Michoacaii.' I'ltiiitibl, I'lin^lro, tniii. i., p. I'.i'.i. "In \\
strict of that iiaiiii\ sixtv miles smitli-west of ^fcxi
Kiln
Tniiixicl., toiu. i., 1). 1, Also in /,
ii'ii^iS' ";■ '
(iil'fdliil, ill .l(/c /■.
Ir lliinihiiiiril. Hist.
Xdl. I /'•.. toiii. iii., ji. 5(1.
Tlic Cliiiiiihiiia iiilialiit the puelilos Ciutla, Axalo, Iliuitlan, Vitalata, < liia-
^'uayutla and C'liyuipiilla in the State of (liieirero. lirn.cn ij lUn-'i, d' nijrii-
fid. p. 227.
TIk' 'I'lnjiiinrcri, Coviscas, Yo])es, Yo]'is, .Tcijus, YoiiiiiKs, 'rdiiiiics, I'ilio-
ines, C'hiiKiniiiics, ('linciiontcs, rinotl-Choelions, ('hoclins, ( liiiclioni s, I'e-
le same I'ciiph , wlio
lolocas, 1 ecos, I ( i-oMiics. or
Poiioliiciis ale one and tl
liy dilVcii nt wrileis a.rc i
' I'.st OS Coviscas v'Tlaiialleeas, son niios
Icsci'ilied under oii<' or the oihcr of tin sc iinnies.
vestaii iiolilailos en
Iliad.
'repceilaellih
V Tlaiii
II s .... son ii is
y I'lachmalacac. y en la provincia de riiilapaii.' ' ]!stos Yopii
lieeas. son dc lo^ dc' la eiiiii.irca dc Yopit/iiicd, llaimiidi s \i
ipie ll.iiiiaii proiiiaiiieiite tciiiiues, pinonie, (•liiiii|iiimc, ihuchoiiti. SnlKdinn
Jlisl. h'lii., toiii. iii.. lili. X.. p. l:i"): quoted also in "/■
.en // Urn 'I, (I'lli-
iji-'if.'ii, pp. 2n."i li. 217. I'.li;, • J.a provincia de Ins \'npes lindalia al ()isle
fill Ins CllitlaliMpies, al Snr cnli el I'aeilleo, al ]'!ste enii Ins Jlixleces
y al Xortc enii Ins ( 'nhuixcas: la division por ista parte la n I'n si iitaria iiim
l.iiea Av V.^U a Ocslc, al Siir dc Xncnlmaiii y dc .Vmatlaii. y cniiiiireinljeia "i
Ins aclll. lies llapaliccns.' Miutiifdi^in /'/., pp. 2:>.") (1 • ( 'niiliiiava iieia eosl.i
dci (.'oliiii\cln ipiella del Jopi, o con cpiesta iplella del Mixteihi, eniinseiiit i
iii nnstri tempi cnl iininc di Xicavaii.' i lari'ii m, Sl^rin Anl. ild .I/cvm'/o. tnm.
II. ;!l; lidliiiCiK, in Amcr. FJIn
'rraiisnrl \(\\, i.
1'
I. •Ticali
chilcn era sii polilaeioii principal, y se derraniulian al Snr hasta t
niixtccns. l)nr:intc el si^'Ui \YI se encoufralian an
n pn|io
nc.ar cnii Ins
TLacote-
pcc y ell S.iii Salvador ( linidns eon los otoniii s '. jiiiclilo sil ji tn a (^Miiclioliie,
I'nr la parte dc 'I'l Iniacaii, el liniite ile esl.i trilm se hall.d
la ell ( n\e,at-
m.' Or
!/ Ikrrd, (I
I'lrnfid. jip. 217-18. The ( Imehns dwell in sixtei n
puublo.s in the department uf Iluajiiapan in the stiite of Oaj.iea. /</., p. I'M,
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678
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
Thf C'nlin'.fcan ilwr^'t ill tlio prnviiifo of tlio siinip nninf, wliicli ' ronfiiinva
ft Settcutriiiiic (joi Miitlutziiiclii. o coi Tliihtiiclii, ii I'diiciitc coi Cnitluti clii, ii
Lfvaiitc coi J()|)i e coi Mixtcclii, cd a Mcxzonioniio si stciidivii intiiio nl
Jlar I'acilii'o ]); r (jii* 11a parte, ilovc ju'csciitt im iitc vi soiio il iiortu c la Citta
d'Acainilcc).' I hirhjiVd, Sluvlii Ant. ilil Mis.^'no, loin, i., ]>. .''2. 'La jtiMviiicia
coiiiciizaba en Za('nal])a, li'niite con los niatlaltziucas, y (jiio, por ultimo, los
ronliiics dc csa ])oi'cion antij,'na drl iinpivio ^Icxicaiio, rvaii ill Nortf los
Iiiatlalt/.ilKpit's y los tlalmiiplcs, al Lslc los liiixtcfos y los tlapaliecos, al Siir
los yojics, y al Ocsto los t'liitlatnplcs.' Ovuzfn ij lUrnt, Uiniirnfid, ])j), 'I'll-Wi.
Their country lies 'between Tesitzlau ami Cliilapan.' Kir's Tionls, p. 'j;i;{.
The Ciiilldli'rs inhabit the country between (he Cohuixcas and the I'acitic
(^'oast. ' I Cuitlateehi abitavano nil paese. elie si stc iideva jiifi di i1u!,'< iito
iniulia da llaestio a Seiroceo dal rei,'iio di lliehuacaii iiitiiio al mar raeitico.
l.ia loro eapitale ( ni la f^raiide e popolosii citta di Jlexcalti jmc sulla costa,
della (plale ap[)ena sussistoiio le roviiie.' Clnr'nuni, Slavii ^\)it. dil .1/<»/m>,
toni. i., p. .'i-'. ' ]",ii Ajucliitlaii, San ( 'ristc'ibal y Poliutlaiii la muiii(ii>aiiilad
di^ Aju.'hitlaii, distrito del misnio noinbre, y en Atoyac, disliilo y iimiiici-
Jialiilad de T<'cpaii. La proviiicia de los cuitlate(iiies I'l euitlateeos, siiji ta en
lo aiiti^'uo a los eiuperadores dt^ Mexico, (piedaba comi)r< iidida (litre las do
Zacatula y de los (joluiixcpies.' Ornzco i/ lli rni, (noiirofji, pp. '233-1.
rroceedin;^' soul li ward, amouf,' the Soi'THKitN Mkxicans, we first encoun-
ter the M'nliiS, whose province, Miztecaiiaii, was in the i)reseiit states of Oa-
jaca and (ii:. rrero. ' La Mixtecapan, o sia I'roviuciu dei llixtei hi si sti udi vii
da .Vcatlaii, luo^'o loiitiiuo cento veiiti mij^liadalla corte verso Seirdcco. iutino
id Mar I'acitico, e conteiieva piu Citt.'i <^ villai,"4J ben popolati, e dicoiisidera-
bil
I' comnu rcio.
rl,n
i;l''ri),
Stona A)d. il'l M>.
toiii. i., j>. ;!'J,
'L(
Mixt( capall eoiiipreliait les I'l'j^'ions occidelitales de I'etat d'Oaxai a, di puis la
f roiilii're septeiitrionale d'.Vcatlan, (jui le srparait des jiriiuipauti's des 'I'lahiii-
cas et de -Mazatlaii. juscjue siir le riv.i^e de I'oci'an ra(ili(]ue. I'.lh s so
divisaiiiit en haute et basse Mixtc(]Ue. I'iuk' et raiilre ej^'alfiiieiit f< rlili s. la
jireiiiirre resserree cut re les moiita^'liesqiii lui doiinaient son iioiii; la seeonde,
occupant les riches territoir«s des bonis de la nier, ayaiit jioiir (apilale la
villc (If Tutiitcpec (a rembouchuro dii rio Verde).' Jinism nr ilf liiiid-liniirii,
toiii. iii.. p. 4. ' Les Mixtr(|ues doiinaient eiix-niciiies a leur
i/<W. .V,((. (■
Jiays le iiolii (1(> (liiudzavui-(hnihu, Terre de pluie, pour le haute ^lixteipie,
ft (Siiuundaa, Cnte de la nier, a la basse.' A/., pji. o-d. ' Kn la aiiti^ua juo-
vincia dc (ste niuubre, situada sobre la costa del
1'
lico, (pie coni-
prclide actualuieiite, liacia el Norte, una fiacciou del llstado de riitbia;
liacia el Ksle, una del de Oajaca, y al Oestc, parte del Estado de (liu rn ro.
Div dese l.i Mixt( ca en alta y ba ja. esfando la priinera ( n la sdlaliia, y la
iie,L;uiida ell las llannras coiitiguas a la costa.' J'hinnld, Viuiilni, toiii. i., p.
'Si. ' Westlicii der Zapoti'cos, bei San I'l'aiuisco lIu:zo illl Nordi 11 •ilid. bi i
Banta Cruz Miztep('c ini Siideii des ^rossen 'I'liales von Oajaca Ik L;iiiiii ii dii!
Misti'keii, welchc den f,'anzen westlicheii Theil des Staats einiK linu ii, und
si'idlich bis an die Kiist(^ des .Austral-Oceans bei .Janiiltepec mid Tutut(]ii'c
liinabreichcn.' M'ulih upjurill, Mijim, t(
pt i., pp. ll'J, 1H7, l',i'J-i;, I'.IS-
9, •201-'2. Also iu Wiipitiiiis, (kaij. u. .^I'd., ji. KlU.
z.vroTErs and mijes^.
C.79
Tiio X'ipiihr<: nfcujiy tlic lai'j^i' Vulli V uf Oiijucn. 'I'llf lil ZiilKiticapllIl
Sciiuva. _v tall ii)i(mIiimi1ii ili' liis diluas dc su Oli/miti', inif iiliiliiriii-<{is siis
l{i,'Vi'S,r(iiii|iiri()ii Ins ti'iiiiiiKPS ill
r su liiiill(li), V sc flitral
111 ft 1
ii/.i s. V valii liti
piil'Cliniitalis, Mijcs, y til lias iiiaiitiiiias ilf aiiilms iiiaii s ili i
(ll 1 Nliltl!
. . . .y viiiciiiiild, hasta Si ficinai' Ins fiitilis llanos ili- 'I'l^uaiilii i ijin . y i ir-
rii'iiili) liasta Xiu'iiiiiisrii.' /,'"/■(;<.((. '<'i(.i/. liisiriji.. toiii.i.,]'t ii.. fnl. r.'i;. imii.
II.. fol. :)(12. ■ liasta 'I'l'iiriaf, 'richaliiaclialco, l.hiiilidl.ii- y '1 i ulniacali. (pio
liiirai|ili ilii-ili ijiii' liifii'iiiii siis Jinlplac-inliis los /a]Hiti cas.' \'< i/Hn, y/i'.v/.
Alit. Mij,, tiiiu. i., \t. \'i'.]. ■ \ Livaliti' di'" ^lixtirlii rlaliu i Zitjiuti ilii, ciisl
a]iitalc TidtzaiMitlaii. Nil Inni ilistri ttn iia la \'allr ili
cliiaiiiati dalla lo
Hnaxyarac. da^li S(ia^:iniii]i di tia Oaxai'a n (iiiaxac-a.' ' Vi
</./ .1/..
si<''», tulll. 1. Ji.
:V2.
i:
1'
nti' dt 1 Estadii dr ( »i
IIIKII II
ijai-i
>/',
.1-./.
lilliitada al
Slir iior ll racticd, ixci'jitnaiido una pi cim fia fiaiiimi dc trinim im ujadii
]inr Ids I'lliiiitalis.' /'
• ill I, I'mnh'
liiUl.
\i. ;fr.t.
' /•/•(/, (niiijriti III.
pp. 177-S7: Miirijiiiii 1/ h'liliirili, in >"<•. .lA
/;../,/;
tnlll. vii.. ])p. "Jll-li. 'Till' Zapiitiis cnnslitnti' tllf },'lrativ ]iait Ilf ihr | iijni-
latiiiii Ilf till' sinithiin divisiun uf liii' Istliniiis (uf 'I'lliuanti pr
/;.
«/■,
itiil talili' lands
'J'l hiiiiiil' jiir. p. 'l-li',. ' Inlialtit till- raiilii' jilainsand tlir i
fioui 'I'aiifa tul'i tapa.' .^Im/ilill'ti h'.rjilnr. 'J'l Imnnti jnf. ji|). li."(, ll!.! 1; 'inini/'s
'J'l liiiiliili jir<\ p, .")',»; Fiissil/, Mixhjii
Jlitti' drs Sta.itis. das ^'inssr Thai
dii' (itliiii'r Vim Huix.'i/.u, Iztl
Jiji. \V.\H, 47(1. ' Zapoti riis. \Vi Irlif dio
111 ( )aja
1.
nil 11, sirli ill! ( )sli 11 id Mr
ind 'lam tzi' und dii- 'I'liali r Lns ( aii'.iius
ailslii-i itrii, mid im Siidcli. iiii I'ailidu (^udidiapa (l)ipait. 'I'l huantipi'i' )
uiit di'U Mijrs, iiii raitidii von I'oiliutia 1 Dipait. Ilji'itia) alii r niit di n ( Imn-
t.'ilcs. Naililiaiiii jriicr. ^,'ianzi
Mil hi I
iijiinnll, Mijii'i), ti
pt i.. PI.
Ml, 17(1, 17:i-(;, IHK-c, is'.t, r.il, l'.i'.». -JliJ-l;!; ir.(/i/i/;i(.'.-, ^■«l,(;. n. >////., p. id:
' Les Zapoti'-ijUt'S appeliiieiit li'iir pays Ijaidua.' Ilriissi nr ih lU
Nat. <"u\, toiii. iii., p. IIS; Mni'iivniiir
'"I'll,
Uhl.
's I'liiiin tis i>f Anil n
V
MS.
The -l/')'.''' dwiU ill the nioiiiitaiiis of snuthcrii Oajara and in a small por-
tion of Ti'liuanti'i)!
.Vnti'iiiui'ciui'iit h lu rniiif dc rciiipiir tolti ipu
ll
Jliji's ocfUiiaifirt tout lu tcrritoire df rislluPf dr 'riliiiantijii', d'lnir iiu r a
r.iutre.' Jinissi'iir ill' ItDiti'lionrii, I'"//. 'I'l linnnli jur. ]>]>. l.i'^ '.'. ' Toiiti ci iii- r'
gion, ciiiiipii n.iiit, a Test, les liniis do la SiiTV.'i dr Mm uilajia ipn- dominc li;
villayo ai'tui'l <li' Zanatrpi'i- ct lis inontiLjiiis ipii s'l'ttiidi nt, ilu I'oii' opposr,
dr 'I'l huaiitrlH'i'. au sud, it, au
Vers Lucliixila, bai'
1''
a ilVhiT
il'd, par filli' di' la \'i]la-Alta. j
ilsipi alix savants, ini
ill' r.Vlvaradii it du (
lua/.ai'oali'ci, ajipanriiait a la iiiiiiii
ri.lllrllt Irs alllui ills
nation ill s Mixi mi
Miji
It dii ■/.:
ifs vaiiiriisili miurririi
It suumisd.'slors aiix inis dr la Mi\
1. s Mi
ipotrrapan, a I'rXri plioll dull ]n tit liiiiidili' ipli, jllsipi'ii I'l Jn
spi
'lioli
itiniii'n lit dans Kur I'l'sistam-i' dans Irs taiitoiis austi'ii s qui
t'Hviroiiiiiiit ll' ('('iiipoaltt'pti'. ('(■ Ipli rrstr du iitti' iiat
loll sur
Ml
iliiu
Tuhuaiiti
st di
ssuniiiii' IK
till lliiiiiiit 111 divirs villaiiis du la iiiMiit«i
Entru lis jilus iiiiportants est uului du (tiiiuliiuovi ipiu j'avais laissi' a ma
droitu 111 vuiiaiit du la iilaiuu du Xouliia|ia an Karrio.' hi., pji. 1I.1-7.
* Lus Mixi avail lit possudi' aiiiiuniu uiuni la plus j^'i'iindu jiartiu dis royaiimis
du Tuhiiaiitupiu, du SouoiHisi'o it du Za[ioti uai»aii: jit ut-utru niiiiiu lusrivaj,'i s
di; Tututupuu luiir duvaiuiit-ils luiir pruiiiiiru livilisatinii.' hi., Ilisl. .\iit.
Ch\, toiu. iii., pp. 31-5. 'Ihi alyunos liigarus del l)i partaiiiuiitu du Oajauu
C80
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
como Jnqnila, Qiioznltppec y Atilnu.' rhiiciitd, (KOi/ro, lom.ii., p. 173. 'Lc«
IiulioiiH niijc'H biibiteiit uiie contrt'e niontngneuse, an sud-oncst ilii Goatzn-
ciMileo ct an noi'd-otU'st tlo Tt>hnaiiti'ii«'e. . . De la chuiiit' dcH inoiits MijcH
(li'sceiul la riviiTt! do Sarrabia, qui travcrso la bflK' plaiuo de Boca-dtl-
Monte.' l'\)si<-y, Mfxiqw, p. 4'J. 'The Mijcs, oiico a iH)\v«'rful tribe, inhab-
it tlu! inouiii.'ins to tho west, in tlio eontral division of the Isthnuis, mid
arc now continul to the town of San .luau Ciuichiiovi.' limimrd's Tihxtan-
irpec, p. 221; Mont'iuns, Ximwe Wicnld, j). 'i'iJJ; Ikriiicsilur/, in Loud. Gioi/.
iSofl., Ji.itr., vol. xxxii, p. '>4.7. ' The Mijes constitnled fornioily a jtowerful
nation, and they still ocoupj- the land from tlio S^ierra, north of Tcliuaute-
poc, to the district of Chiapas. In tlio Isthmus thfv only inhabit the village
tif Guit'hicovi, and a small portion of tho Sierra, which is never visited.'
Garai/a Tihwiiiteiier, p. (W. Also Miicijreijor's I'roijnus of Amefira, p. 849;
Orozeo 1/ Ikrni, (Inniriiflu, pp. 17(>-7.
The lliotns, Iluavi, Iluabi, Iluabes, Gnavi,AVubi, etc., live on the Isthmus
of TehuanteiK'c. ' Les Wabi avaient etc, dans lessiccles pass('s, possesseiirs
de la province de Tehuantepee. . . .lis avaient etc les maitres du riche teni-
toire de Soct)inis<'o (autrefois Xoconochco. . . .esi)cce de nojial), et avaient
etendu leiirs eonquetes jusqu'au sein nienie d(s niontagnes, oil ils avaient
fondi' oil a<'crii la ville de Xala]>a la (irande (Xalapa-ih'l-Manpies).' Jlrassnir
til- Jiottrhiiui-ii, Hist. Xtit. Cu\, tom. iii., p. H. 'The Knaves are in all little
more than three thousand, and occupy the four villages of the coast called
San Mateo, Santa Maria, San Dionisio, iind San Francisco." liitnii/a 'IMntaw
i'lnc, p. ■'•D. 'Scattered over the sandy peninsulas formed by the lakes and
thol'acitic. .\t present they occupy the four villages of San ilateo, Santa Ma-
ria, San Dionisio, and San Francisco.' Ikin«irirs Tilmnut' jur. p. 'i27. ' Sau
Francisco Istaltcpec is the last vil'age, inhabited by the descendants of a
tribe called lluaves.' Jkniicnilort', in Lund. (Uoij. t^oc.., Jmir., vol. xxxii., p.
516. ' Ilabitent les villages du bord de la nier au sud de Giuchicovi.' Fos-
sry, Mi'xiijiie, p. -1(17. SItitfeldi's Ju'j>lor. TclnKinUper, p. 120; Miihloijifurdl,
Mi'j'ii'it, torn, ii., pt i., p. 141. 'Se extienden en Tehuantepee, desde laS
playas d(l I'acitico hasta la Cordillera interior.' Onnm y Jkrra, Gvmjrafia,
]>p. 17;i-C.
The lUul-Xonos ' composaient nne province nonibreuse, occujuuit en par-
tie les routes (pii conduisaieut au Mexique et aiix montagnes des Mixi. . . .
Leur ville principale, depuis la conquete, s'appelait San-Francisco, a 15 1.
N. O. de l.i cite d'Oaxaca.' 'Habitant sur les coniins des Mixi et des Zapo-
teques.' Hidssittr de linurhoHrij, Hist. yal. <"ii\, torn, iii., pp. 42-^ 'Les
Beni-Xono sont appeh's aussi Nexicha et Cajones.' /^.
The Ma:(di'cs live in the state of Oajaca, near the riiebla boundary. 'A
Tramontana dei Mixtechi v'era la Provincia di Mazatlan, e a Tramontana, (^
a Lcvante dei Zaiiotechi <iuel!a di Chinantla colic loro capitali deilo stesso
iionie, onde furono i loro abitanti Mazatechi e Chinantechi appellali.' Chtvi-
<l(To, Storlo Aii(. dd Mfssim, tom. i., j). 33. ' In den I'artidos Teutitlan und
Teuti'la, Departement Teutitlan del Camiuo.' Muhlcnpfimlt, Mijico, tom. ii.,
pt i., pp. 141, 2(10, 210. 'En el Departamento de Teotitlan, formando una
l>c(juefia fraccion eu cl li'mite cou el Estado de Veracruz.' Orvzco y Lara,
GcoijraJ'ia, p. 188.
TRI15i:S OF OA.TACA AND CIIIArAS.
C81
The r»(Vrt/w» <l\v»'ll 'en una iirqnefm fracrion del Drpnrtfinunto do
Oajacii.' riiimitil, Cuiidrii, toin. ii., \>. 'i')!*. ' In ilen I'avtiilos Tcnlitlitn nn»l
Teuti'lii, Dt'partt'nu'Ht Tentitlau del ("amino.' Mulile)i)>forilt, Mijirn, toni. ii.,
pt i., p. 141; ri'iK'att'd in Urvzco y Jkiru, Ovoijrdj'iu, i)p. 1S8-D; Wnjijiiius,
O'eoij. It. >ya<., p. It;;}.
The I'lihufos live in the 'piicl)lo do Elotepcp, Departanionto dol Centre'
Orozco y Jkrra, (jeogra/kt, p. 197; Muhlenpfordt, Mijico, torn, ii., pt i., j).
187.
The SoUevs are in the pueblo do Sola. Omzm y Ikrrn, Gfo<iriifitt, p. 197.
The I'iiitDs are a pcoplo inhal>itin{.,' sniull iK)rtionH of GufrnTi) and Tt'-
linauti'pcc. ' A Toncst, Mir Ic vcrsant dos CordilliTcs, une ^ranile partio do la
coto baij,'ni'o i)ar It; Paoiflrpio, halntt'o par los Indiens Pintos.' IC'rutry, iu
JiVi'ue (/c.s Diiix MiiDilis, Sept. 15, IMfKi, i>. i't\). 'On trouvo di'j.'i dans In
plaino dc Tfhuiuitopco (iiultpics I'chaiitillons do citto raco touto j articulioro
au Moxicpio, appi'lt'o pintu, (jui appartient prinoipahiuout a I'l'tut do GuoiToro.'
Chiirmty, Hitiias Ainrrh tihun, ji. .ItVi.
The Cltiapiintrs inhabit the interior of the state of Chiapas. 'Dans I'in-
terionr dcs jirovinccs bonlant les rives dii Chiapan, a sa sortie <les },'(iutl'ies
d'oii il s'elance, on deseendant du plateau do Zacatlan.' (Guatemalan name
for Chiapas,) and thoy extended over the whole jirovinco, later on. Jlntuxtnr
th Ii<)urli<iiir:i, Iflst. Xal. ("u\, torn, ii., p. 87. ' A I'onest de cepliiteau, entro
les Zot/iks on t^m'lenes du sud et les Zotjui du nord, habitaient les Chiapa-
neipU's.' f<l., J'lijiiil ]'iili, introd., pp. Ifn, 199. Also iu Ijut, .Winis Orhis, \\
325; Litilfii-'fi'.i All. /.<iii<i., p. 39. 'En Acahi, distrito del Centro, y en 1ft
villa de Chiapa y en Suehiapa, distrito del Oeste,' Orozfo y lUrn, (jeaiifn-
y'lVf, p. 172. • Le priueipali Citta dei Chiapaneehi /rano Teoehiajian, (ehia-
niata daj,'Ii Spa^'uuoli Chiapa de Indios), Toehtla, Chamolla, c Tzinaeuntla.'
Ckivhjini, SUirhi A)it. (hi Mrn.slco, toni. i., p. 33.
The 7'^(-)l(/'(/(■.s are in Chiaj)as. ' De I'Etat de Chiapas.' TJrr/.wKc dn limtr-
hnxmj, I'ltpol ]'iih, p. 3(54. 'The province ealled Z( Idales lyeth lit hind this
of the Zotpies, from the North Sea within the continent, running' up ttiwards
Chiapa aiiil reaches in some parts near to the borders of Ctimitlan, north-
westwartl.' Hdi/n's Xnr Sitrrcy, p. '23(1. Also in Litilfiriii's Ah. Lkiki., p. 193;
PimeiiUI, ('mulro, toni. ii., p. 'lXi\ Oroivo y Itcrm, UeiMjrafkt, p. 1(>9; Ihrnra,
Hist, lien., tlec. iv,, lib. x.. cap. xi.; Lait, Xitrn.i Orlii^, j). 32.").
The Z(/L=ifes' inhabit a small district iu Chiapas. 'La eindad de Tzina-
cantlan, tpie en niexicano sif,'iiitica "ln},'ar de murcii'lagos," fiu' la capital
de Ids tjuelenes, y ilesputs tie los tzotziles ijuit lies la Uamaban Zet/ilha, tpio
siguifuM lo misnio; tie zotzil, UHU'cii'lai;ii.' r'numiUl, ('mulni, lom. ii.. p. 215.
Tzinacnntan (Quiche Zntzilhai ' tloit avoir t't<' It! btrceau de la iiatimi zotzil,
I'line des noiubi'euses ])iipulatious du Chiapas.' Jirnsseur dv Ijimrhciirij, Jli.-^t.
Ndl. I'ir., toni. ii., p. 88.
The C/if(^';(o,s live in the ' Departanicntos del Centro y de Jamiltepee.'
Orozm y Ikvra, Utotjiv/in, p. 189; MulikujiJ'orilt, Mijiro, tom. ii., pt i., pj).
19G-9.
The Chindutecs, or Tenez, are in the ' Depnrtamento de Teotitlaii.' Oruzco
y Ikrrn, (•'vniptif/a, p. 1K7; Mulilnipfurill, Mijim, turn. ii.. pt i.. ji. 211. 'In
the purtidos of Quicchapa, Jahilog, uudChuapun.' jAukicitfsAb. Lamj., p. -10.
682
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
Tho Ahuriliilron inlinltit Fnn Fmncispo do Ocnnpa whieli ' os In Cahozft de
Purti(l') dc los Indios AhnalulcoK.' Alrcdn, 1 tU'rUmanit, torn, iii., p. IKlii.
The QikIiiics (iccniiii'd fi district in C'hiiipuH lu'iir tho Guatoiiialii lioniidniy
line. ' La nation di'H Qnoli'iu's, dout la onjiitalo I'tait Coniitan, oofiipait lit
frontirre giiatrnialicuno.' JIntssvnr de HmtrliDtirii, Jli.it. Xat. dr., toni. iii..
p. 4. ' An toinpH do In con(iuott;, la villo iiriucipalo dos Quolt'nos otait C'o-
pnnahua/.tlau.' Hrasscur de Jtourlionrij, Po/iol Vuh, introd., j). 157. ' Kta-
Llit'S ciitro lo liant plateau do Clh()v<'l on du Ciiidad-Roal ot los nioutagnoH
do Sooonusoo an luidi.' Ih.; and .^funt(lHHs, Xifitwi' Wrcrvld, p. 27L
Tho XiKims aro scattered over portions of Tnlmsco, Chiapas, Oajaca, and
Tehnantepec. ' So oncnontrau dorramados on Cliiapas, Tabasco y Oaxaca;
tienen al Norti' el niexicnno y el ohontal, al Esto el tzendaj, ol t/otzil y el
chiapanoco, al Snr ol moxicnuo, y ul Oosto el huuvo, el zapotoco y «1 niixo.*
Orozco y liirrn, 'leiKjriifla, p. 170. ' Occupy tho mountain towns of Santa
Maria and San Miguel, and number altogether about two thousand souls.'
ShiifeldVs Explor. 7\huanle])ec, p. 1:20. 'Los Zotzilos ot les Zoqui, confinant,
nu sud-cst, av(>c les Mixi montagnards, an nord avec los Nonoliualcas,
et los Xicalancas. qui habitaiout les territoiros fiu'tilos de Tabasco.' Jlrii.ssntr
dv Jioitrhiiunj, Jlisl. Xut. CU:, torn, iii., \). 5. ' Quorum prjociimnm Tecpat-
lan.' J/tit, Xiii-us Ofb'is, p. 325. 'The Soqucs, who came originally from
Chiapas, inhabit in tho Ii-thmus only tho villages of Sau Jligui'l and
Santa Maria Chimalapa,' Uamy'tiTehuantcjivr, p. (JO. ' La mayor de ollas
esta situada k tres leguas de Tacoialpa, aguas nrriba del no do la Sierra.
Ocupa un po(iueuo valle causado por el dosconso de varios cerros y
colinas (pio lacircuyou.' I'iiiH'iUii, Cuudm, toni. ii., pj). 2UG-8; Miihlmpfordt,
Mejico, torn, ii., jit i., pp. 181-2; Muoirvijor' s rroijrvsfi of Auicvka, pj). 81'J-
50. ' Tho Zoquos inhabit the mountainous region to the east, from the \alley
of tho Chiiipa en the south, to tho Rio del Corte on the north. Original!}'
occupying a small province lying on tho confines of Tabasco, they were sub-
jugated by tho oxpoditiou to Chiapas under Luis Mariu. At present thoy
iiro contined to tlm villages of San Miguel and Santa Maria Chimalapa.'
JiitriKird't! Ti'li<t<nikpcc, p. 225. ' Near tho Arroyo de Otatos, on tho road
from Tarifa to Santa Maria, stands a new sottlemont, conipos< d of a few
shanties, inhabited by Zoques, which is called Tiorra Blanca.' Ikrmesdorf,
in Loitd. Ijifiij. .S'oc., Jour., vol. xxxii., p. o-iO.
The Chuli'.i, Munches, and Moixineti aro scattered through small portions of
Chiapas and Vera Paz in Guatemala. ' 2.'< leagues from Cahbdn, in the midst
of inaccessible mountains and morasses. dwi'U tho Chills and Manches.'
J-J.-^Ciilior. in f.ond. Uvo't. fioc, Juur., vol. \\., jip. 01-5. liosideu en la ' Pro-
viucia del Mancho.' Akedo, Dice, torn, iii., p. 452. Also in Boyle's Hide,
vol. i., preface, p. 14; Dunlop's Cent. Ainer., p. 196; Gavurrete, in J'n-
vumi'i St(H' luid Ihrnld, Dec. 19, 18C7. 'Los Choles forman una tribu esta-
blecida dosdo tiompos remotos en Guatemala; dividos en dos fraccionos
....laiiua se oncu<ntra al Este de Chiapas, y la otra muy retirada en la
Vorapaz.' Onnroy llnni, (ii'injivfi'd, p. 1()7. 'Tenia por el Sur la I'rovincia
del Chill: Por la Parte del Orionte, y do el Norte, de ignal modo, las
Naci(nio8 do los It/.aox Petenos: Y por el Ponionte, las de los Laeandcmes,
y Xo«iuinoc8.' Villwjutierrc, Hist. C'otq. Ilza, pp. 278-9. 'The nation of
MAYAS AND ITZAS.
683
the Choi Tndiiins is settled in a country ft')out 2") or 30 Icapnrs ilistnnt
from ('iilial)on, the last villa{,'e in Veriipnz, nnil far rcuioveil from the Man-
cht's.' Jiinrnis' llixt. iltidt., p. 275.
The Mdifds iiihahit the peninsula of Yucatan. ' Avant In conquete des
Esi)iiv,'n(ils, Ics Maj-iis oceuiiaient toute la pnscine'ile d'Y'ucatan, y conipris
les distiii'ts il(> Petrn, lo Honduras nn^'lais, et la partie orientale do Tabasco
. . . -La seule portion de \)nrc race restant de c<'tte j,'rande nation, se reduit ii
qneliiues tribiis eiiarses, habitant principalenient Ics bord.s dcs rivieres Usu-
niasinta, San Pedro et Pacaitun; la totalite de lenr territoire fait, politiiine-
luent parlant, partie du Peten.' Udlhiiln, in Xotivilles Anltal^s ihnl'iii/., ]h34,
torn. Ixiii., pp. 148-9, and in Lontl. (ieoii. Soc, Jmir., torn, iii., i>. it'J. ' Lii
todo el Estado de Y'ucatan, Isla del C.'irnien, pueblo de llontecristo en Ta-
basco, y del Palencpie en Chiapas.' I'imentil, Ciuulro, toni. ii., ]). H; ('rum's
Cent. Ami't'ka, pp. 4(5-7; Miille); Aincrihwdiiche Uirdiijionen, \). -i'tS; M'ulden-
pj'onlt, Mijko, toni. i., ]>. 208; Waiqiiius, Geoij. u. Stat,, jip. 142-;i.
The lUd.i occupy a like-named district in the centre of Yucatan. ' Los (pie
poblaron a Chicheniza, so llaman los Yzaes.' llirrcra, lllM. (Im., dec. iv.,
lib. X., cap. ii. ' Ticnen por la jiarte del Mediodia, la I'rovimia de la Vera-.
Paz, y Ileyiio d(! Guatimala; por el Norte, las Provincias de Y'ucatau; por lu
parte del Oriente, el liar; por la de el Occidente, la Provincia dt; Chiapa;
y al Siieste, la Tierra, y Proviucia do Honduras.' Villayuticrre, Hid. Conq.
Itza, p. 489.
CHAPTER YII.
WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
Physical Geography and Climate — Thuek Groital Divisions; First, thb
NATIONS OF Yucatan, Guatkmala, Salvaimir, Western Honduras, and
Nicaragda; Second, The Mosyunos of IIoxduhas; Timu), the na-
tions OF Costa Eica and the Isthmus of Panama — The I'DPoLtcAs,
PiPiLEs, andChontales— The Desckndaxts op the Maya-Quichk Racks
— The Natives of Nicaragua — The Mosquitos, Poyas, Ramas, Len-
CAS, T«)\VKAs, WooLWAs, AND XicAQUEs, OF Honduhah — The (IfAiusos
OF THE Itio Frio — The Caimanes, Bayamos, Dorachos, Goajiros. Max-
piNGos, Savankrics, Sayrones, Viscitas, and OTHERS living in CusiaRicv
AND ON THE LsTHMCS.
Of the Wild Tribes of Central America, wiiieli tcr-
ritoriiil group completcfs the line of our I'acific States
wahoard, I make tliree «livi.sioii.s following modern geo-
graphical boundaries, nuinely, the aliorigines of Guate-
mala, Salvador, and Nicaragua, which 1 call (TiiatoiKtkms;
the people of the ^Io.spiito Coast and Honduras, J/os-
guitos; and the nations of Costa Rica and the isthnuis of
Uarien, or Panama, hthm'uins.
The territory occupied hy this group of nations lies
between the eighteenth and i\i\ seventh parallels of north
latitude, that is to say, bet'vecii the northern bomidary
of the (V'litral American states, and the river Atrato,
which stream nearly sevc'rs the Isthmus from the South
American continent. This continental tract is a narrow,
irregular, indented coast-country of volcanic character,
in which Cuatemala and Honduras alone present any
(081)
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NATIVE RACKS
SPACIIF2C STATES
CENTRAL AMERICAN GROUP.
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niYSICAL fJKOfJR.vniY OF cnXTRAL AMEUICA.
085
ronsidcnihlo l)iva(lth. Tlio two oordillrnis. nirming
tliroiijih Mt'xico imd inet't'm}; on the istliinus of Trlmaii-
t('[H'c. coiitiiuK' tlioir conrxo tliroiijih (iiiiitfiimlii, wIuto
tlioy foi'iM ii hroUci? tuiilo-laiid .studded with olcviitions. ot'
IcsM lit'ij:lit tliiiii V. '. jLiiciux of Mexico. After ^<ild\illg
eoiisideraltlv at tlie iHtlmnis foniied l»v tlie ;:ulf of lion-
diinis, tliis iiiountaiii ranjie take;; a fresh .start and (dfers
a lorini(hihle harrier ah)n;ithe Pacific; coast, which .sends
a nninher of transverse ranjies into tlie interioi* of Hon-
<hnas, and ^i\e.s ri.se to conntles.s rivers, cliiellvc'ii| t\ inj^
into the Atlantic. Thecliain passes at adiniinishi i Iti-
tiiiU' tiiroiiiih Nicarajina, wliereitfornisalar;j:ehasin V. hi(;h
holdsthe lakes of Nitrai-a<:iia and .\hn»a,mia; hut « i reachin.ii;
(V)sta Kica it apain ))econies a hold. rn|^j:'ed raii;;e, ca])|)e'l
hy the volctmo of ( 'aitauo. Seemingly exhanstod h\' its
wild contortions, it dwindles into a .series of low i idges
on ^aterinji' Verajiua, and pas.sos in thisfoi-m through the
isthuuisof Panama, until it unites with the South Ameii-
can Andes, 'i'he scenery of this region is extremely
varied, uniting that of most countries of the glohe; lakes,
livers, plains, valleys, and hays ahound in all forms
and sizes. The north-east trade winds hk)w the greater
part of the year, and, meeting the high ranges, tle}M)sit
their sn[)erahiuidant moisture npon the easti'rn side,
which is dam[). overgrown with rank vegetation, filled
with mar.shes. and nnhealthful. The snnnner here, is
hot and fever-hreeding. Kelieved of their moisture, and
C(M)led hy the mountains, the tradi> winds continue their
cour.se through the ga[)s left here and there, and tend
materially to refresh the atmosphere of the Pacific slojio
for a part of the year; while the south-west winds. IjIow-
ing from May to Octol)er, for a few hours at a time, ))iing
short rains to temper what would otherwise he the hot
.season on this coast. Dew falls everywhere, except in
the more elevated regions, and keeps vegetsition fre.sh.
l*alms, plantains, mahogany, and dye-woods ahound in
the hot di.strict; maize tlouri.shes he.st in the t''mperate
parts, while cedars, pines, and hardier growths find a
home in the tierra fria. The animal kingdom is best
686
WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
represontod on tlie Atliiutic side, for hero tlio puma, the
tiiior-ciit. 5111(1 the dccM*, >!t!irtlc'd oiilv hv the cliinltiii!'-
oiMjssiim or tlie cliattoriiig inonkov. Ihid a more soeiiro
ivtivat. Bird.s of hrilliaiit phiiiiajio fill the lori'.sts
witli their s()ii;;s. wh'de the hiizz of insects evervwiiere
is heard as thev swarm over sweUeriiiir allijiators.
h/ards, and snakes. ^I'hemanil'old prothictioiis. and varied
features ol' tlie eountrv liave liad, no (h)uht. a great in-
iiuence in shaping the destiny of the iniiahitants. The
fine ehmate. good soil, and scarcity of game on the I'acilic
side must iiav(» <'ontril)uted to the allurements of a settled
life and assisted in the progress of nations who had for
centuries before tlie coiKiuest li\ed in the enjoyment of ;i
liigh culture. It is hard to say what might have heen the
present condition of a people so hai)[)ily situated, hut the
advent of the white race. I)eiit only u[)on theae(|nirement
of [)resent riches hy means of op[)ression. cheeked the
advancement of ii civilization which struck even the in-
vaders with admiration. Crossing to the Atlantic side wo
find an over-ahundant vegetation, whose dark recesses
serve as a litting shelter for the wild beast. Here man,
imbibing the wildness of his surroundings, and o[)pressed
by a feverish climate, seems content to remain in a savage
state depi'iiding u[)on natural fruits, the chase, and lish-
ing for his subsistence. Of a roaming disposition, he
objects to the restraint i in [K)sed by government and forms.
The natives of Costa Rica and the isthmus of Darieii
escaped the civilizing inlhience of foreign intercourse,
— thanks to their geographical isolation, — and remain on
about the same level of culture as in their primitive
days.
Ciider the name of GrATEMALAXS, 1 include the na-
tives of (iuatemala. Salvador, and Nicaragua. I have
already ])oiiited out the favorable features of the region
inhabited by thein. ^fhe only sultry portion of (iuate-
mala is a narrow strij) along the Pacific; it is occupied by
a lew planters and lishermeii, who find most of their re-
(piirements supj)lied by the palms that grow here in the
greatest luxuriance. The chief part of the population is
CENTRAL AMERICAN NATIONS.
f.87
conoontrnted roimd the various lakos iiiul rivcM's of tlio
ttiljlt'-land above, where iiiai/e, iiuli^uo, eoehnieah and
MiLiai-eaue are stiiple prothicts. In the altos, the banana
is dis[)Ia('.ed by hardier IVnits sheltered under ihe loi'ty
ei'ilar, and here we find a thrifty and less hinnlde people
who pay some attention to niannlaetui-es. Sahadoi*
])i'es('nts less abrupt vaiiation in its features. Although
outsidi' of the hij:her raULi'e of mountains, it still pos.^esscs
a considerable elevation running- throuj:h its entire len^tli.
which breaks out at fri'(|ucnt intervals into volcanic ]»eaks.
and ,i:ives rise to an abundant iind well-spread water
system, l^uch favorable conditi(jns have not failed to
iiather a jiopulation which is not only the most numerous
comparatively, but also the most inilustrious in Central
America. Xorthern Xicarauua is a continuation of Sal-
vador in its features and inhaliitants: but the central
and southern parts aiv low and have more the character
of the (iuatemalan coast, the climate beinji' hot. yet not
unhealthful. Its Atlantic coast rejiion. however. [)ar-
takes of the <i'enerall\' unfavorable condition described
above.
The Spanish rulers naturally exercised a j:reat infhi-
ence u[)on the natives, and their ancient civili/ation was
lost in the stream of Caucasian projiress, a stream which,
in this reuion. itself flowed b> t slowh' in later times.
()p[)ressed and despised, a sullen indifVerence has set-
tled
upon
tl
le race, and causet
d it t
o nei:lect even its
traditions. The "ireater [)ortion still endeavor to keep
up tribal distinctions and certain customs; certain
tribes of lesser culture, as the connate .IA//"7/(s and A"-
oni(/<>ues, retii'ed before the Si)aniards to the north and
north-east, where they still live in a certain isolation
and independence. The name Lacandones has been
api)lied to a numbei' of tribes, of which the eastern are
descril)ed to be ([uite harmless a.s com[)ared with the
western. The (^hnr/n's. a ju-ople livinu' in the altos.
lave afso surroundec
1 th
itl
lemsefves witli a certani resei've,
and are truer to their ancient customs than the Xiitii.
yik, Cakc'liimls, and many others related by language
CSS
WILD TRIBES OF CTA'TRAL AMERICA.
to tlio Qnich(',s surroiindiii^u" tlicin. Tlio P'ljiilcs. mean-
ing diildivn. iiceoiNlinif to Molina, are tlie eliicf people
in yalviulor, ,,here their villaiies are scattered over a
larjre extent of territor\-. In Xirarauna we llnd several
<listinct peoples. The al)orit:inal iidialjitants K'cin to
liave heen th«' diflere'nt peoples known as ('/loiotci/dus,
mIio occnpy the country lyinj:' between the ha}' of Fon-
se(!a and lake Xicara<!;iia. The ('hoiituhx (stran^iers, or
harharians) live to tlu' north-east of the lakes, and
assimilate more to the barbarous tribes of the Mosquito
eounti'v adjoining them. '^i'he C/io/nfccs inhabit the
north i'roni the liulf of Fonseca towards Ilonduias. The
Orot'uKins occu])v the countrv south of the lake of Xica-
I'aiiua and around the i-ulf of Xicoxa. Further inlbrma-
tion about the location of the different nations and tribes
of this family will bo Ibund at the end of this chapter.'
The GrATEMALANS. that is to say the aborigines of
(luatemala, Salvador, and Nicaragua, are i-atlu-r below
tiie middle size, s(|uare and tough, with a llnely devel-
oped physl(|ue. Their hue is yellow-laown. in some
parts cojtperv. varying in shade accoi'ding to locality,
l)nt lighter than that t)f the standard American type.
The ftdl round face lias a mild expression: the Ibi-ehead
is low and retiring, the cheek-bones ])rotruding. chin and
nose short, the latter thick and ihit. lijis full, eyes Idack
and small, turned upwards at the tem[)les, with a stoical,
' Till' Liicrmdrtiips nvo of (iiio stork with tho ^liiiichrs. niul very nnincv-
ous. Tlii'V Wen- lii[,'lily civili/cd only one Iniiulrcd .iiid fifty xciirs ii^'o.
Hdjl'c's Hiilr. viil. i., iir(fii('(>, p|i. 11-17. 'The ol<l Choiitils wcir ci itaiiily in
a coiiilitidii iiioic civilised.' hi.. \i[). 2S('i-'.tr>, 2(ir>-7(l. 'Die (liinitidcs wird, u
IVllcll Caiailu'li 1,'i'iialilit.' H'^/i/i/Vks, (i<'<i;l, v. Shll.. (ip. 'J l:i M. 'J(l~), 'is.'l '.Ml,
JUl, ;t21. :i'2<i. :i;i(). 'XCt, It sccnis thcro oxistcd in NicaiaL;na: CliindtcLraiis,
(•iiiiipi'isiii;4 Diriaus, NaL;nnidaiis, aiul Ore it i nans; Cluiliitccaiis and Ni(]iiiiiiiis,
.Mexican colniiies; and Cliondals. >7i(iic's \iciir(iiiii(i, vol. ii.-, |i]). .'iiiD-l'J.
Examine further: MiilliT. Ann'riLanisrhi' I'rvVi'jhiiivn, \^. IT)!; Fimlnl, Ans
.l(m'ci/,((. toiii. i.. )))>. 'JS.I-'.Vi; I'll, /lit, llitpimrt. in A)ii''ri<iiii' I'mtnilf, p. (i'.l;
iietizoiii. Hist, ihl .\li>)iilo .\iiiiro. ful. 104; Mulli-llinn, in yinirillis Ainidli'fi i/is
Td//., lHr).s, toiii. elviii., p. 'JdO; 11- mult, in .'<iii!tli.tiini<ir Hipt., isr.T, ]i. -l'.'.");
Cniifi's Ti )//. .((/lie. .)). 40; lln.tsil, Mc.e. linnl., pp. H.")7-H, ItTo; Dnllfus niid
Miiiit-Srrrnl. I'"//, llriiliniiiiiii-. ]\]i. IS ID: Mnnht. I'lii/H'ii; toni i., ]i]). 20'2,
'20«, 27'2, toin. ii., pp. 4',», ll'>. lU.'i; linisseni- ilv JSnnrliniirii, //W. .\iit. I'ir.,
toin. ii., pp. 7'.». 110-11; ['alois, Mf.viqiM, pp. 288, 2y'J-3UO; Eacobur, in L<Md.
(jeoij. Soc, Jmiv., vol. xi., pj). S0-U7.
rilYS.IQUE AND DllESS.
C89
distrustful look. The cranium is sliiihtly couiciil ; liiiir
long, suiooth, iUiil hhick, lino but sti'onji', I'ftainiuii- its
color well us old niic ;4)})roiichc's, thouuh soniotiuK's turn-
ing white. Although the heard is soanty, natives may
he seen ^vho iiave (juite a respectable nioiistaclie. The
limbs art! muscular, the calf of the leg being esiiecially
large; hands and tc'et small; a high inslcp. which, no
doul)t. partly accounts ibr their great endurance in
walking. The women are not devoid of good looks,
especially in Nicaragua, where, in some districts, they
are said to be stronger and better formed than the uk'H,
The custom of carrying pitchers of water upon the head,
gives to the women an erect carriage and a (irm step.
The constitution of the males is good. and. as a rule,
they reach a ripe old age; the females are U'ss i()ug-li\ed.
I)efc)rmed persons are extremely rare, (jiuateuuda. with
its varied geogra[)hical aspects, presents striking diller-
ences in physique ; the highlanders being lighter in com-
plexion, aud iiner in form and features than the
inhabitants of the lowlands.'-
Intercourse with Si)aniards seems to have ])roduced
little change in the dress of the (iuatemidans. whicii is
pretty nnich the same as that of the .Mexicans. The
poorer class wear a waist-cloth of white cotton, or of y>/Vr/,
which is a kind of white hemi). or a long shirt ol' the
same material, with short sleeves, partly open at the
sides, the ends of which are passed between the legs,
and fastened at the waist; a strip of cotton round the
s C'rofrc's Cent, .tocr., ii]-). tO-1 : .''^i/iVr's y'lrnrfiqim. pp. IC^f,, 27S-f): /•>()('-
bel's Ci:nl. Annr., \>\>. '.'>'■> I: Oniui's liU'ili ntala. yp. 'JTT-S; lii i'lidnll, Xirarit-
ijHd, )ip. l(i(')-7; Muiilmtns, Shuicv lIVi ;■(/(/, ji. •jTi'l: LufniiiL ]'(ii/<iiits. tmii. i.,
]). It3S; Miin'lit, \'iii/ii(ii', tdiii. i., p. '2(J(), toiii. ii., j)}). liiii, 11*7; .{inhi'ii'i/d, in
Xin-di'i'ih', I 'ol. (/. I'l'/i/is. toDi. iii., p. Ill; JMIi/, Ai'((r/'((|;i(", tuiii. i.. pji. •Ji)ii-I ;
,S'«'/i( )'•('/'. IT'I/hA ;'i(((|;( », pp. ."i'i :); Ft'cli'n I'mt. Aimr., p. 104. UouihI I.ccni
' bay iiii'is iiidiiis tiicrtcis . . y is la causa el contiiino pdlvn.' (h-'mld. Jlist.
(ten., {mn. iw, p. <!1. In (riiatuiiiala, ' los lioiiibics iiniy ^'I'licssos.' ll'Vitiu,
Jlitit. Uni., (Ill', iii., lili. v., caps, xi., xii., dec. iv.. lili. x.. tap. xiv.
' Cenx (Ic la titrra fria soiit petits. trapus, bicii nicinluvs, snscc jitililt s do
grniidcs fatij^'Ucs. . . ctux do la ticrra oaliiiite soiit [,'iaiids, iMaiL;ii s, jmn s-
KLMix.' Ihillf'ns KKil Manl-Sirritl, !'<>//. ^'I'li^'i/if/dc. p]). 17, ■_'!. 'Kni/c Stlicii-
kel. lauLjcii Obcrlcil). kiiizi' Stiriio niul laiij^cs strni'iiiL;i s llaar.' Hiilmr,
Nirariiiiiiii. p. 7S. 'Tin' dispi(ij)orti(>nati' size i>( tlif In ad, tin' tiiaisc Imish
hair, and the dwuriiHli stature,' of the Masuyas. Bvijk's lihk, vol. ii., pp.
8-a.
Vol. I. 4t
coo
WILD TKIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
lioiiil, i^urmoniitod l)v .1 dark-eolorcd liut of straw or
])alni-lo5ivos, with a very wide })riin. compU'tt's tlie nttirt'.
Tliis cotton cap or turban is an indisjKMisahle article of
dress to the lii^lilander, who passes suddenly i'roui the
cold air oi' the hilly country, to the hiu'uinii' i)laius helow.
>^uui[)tuary regulations here olttain, as ahoriiiinally the
lower classes were not allowed to wear anythinj;' better
than pita clothing', cotton being reserved lor the nobles.
The i)riu»itive dress of the noi)ility is a colored waist-
cloth, and a mantle ornamented and etnbroideri'd with
figures ol" birds, tigers, and other designs, and, although
tliej' have ado[)ted nuu;h of the l^panish dress, the rich
and fanciful stitchingson the shirt, still distinguish them
from their inferiors. On feast-days, and when travel-
ing, a kind of blanket, commonly known as sanijx', iikiih/h,
uv jioiir/n), is added to the ordinary di'ess. The sera[M',
which dilVers in style according to locality, is closer in
texture than the ordinary blanket and colored, checked,
fiLiured. or fringed, to suit the taste. It has an ()[)ening
in the centre, through which the head is passed, and
hanging in loose Iblds over the body it foi'ms a very
])ictures(iue attire. Some iasten it with a knot on one
shoulder, leaving it to fall over the side from the otlu-r.
The scrape also serves for rain-coat and ^^ rapper, and,
at night, it is wound round the head and body, serving
ibr bed as well as covering, the other portion of the dress
being made into a pillow. ^I'lie cai-riers of (luatemala
use a rain-proof palm-leaf called xui/drfi/. Shepherds
are distinguished by a black and white checked apron,
somewhat resembling the Scotch kilt. The hair, which,
before the conijuest of (luatemala. was worn long, and
hung in braiils down the back, is now cut short, except
in the remote mountain districts, where long loose hair
is still the fashion. In Salvador and Nicaragua, on tin'
other hand, the Iront part of the hair used to be shaved
oil', the brave often a[)i)eai'ing perfectly bald. Most
natives go bare-footed, excejjt when traveling; they then
})ut on sandals, which consist of a ])iece of hide fastened
by thongs. The women, when at home, content them-
GUATEMALAN DKESS AND Ol'.NAMENTS.
GUI
selves witli a uaist-cloth. jrcnorallv Ijliio-cliecki'd, socurcil
by a twisted knot; hut. on jzoiiiu' abroad, they ]>iit on
the huii»il. which is a })ieee <>1" white eottoii. havin,^ an
o[)eniiii: in the niiihlle lor the hciid, and eovi'i'inu the
breast and baek. as lar as the waist,
sewed toi^ctlier at the sides and have sliort sU'ev
'onie nui|)ils art
es.
On
tiiis part of their (bvss tlie wonuMi — who. Ibr that niattei-,
attend to the nianiilaeture and dyeinji' ol'all the eiothinj:;
— e\[)end their best elVoi'ts. They enibroi(U'r. or (\\<%
the neck and shoukk'iv; with varions (h'siuiis. whose out-
lines and eolorinii' oi'ten do ^reat credit to their taste.
]\\ (luatemahi, the colors and desii:iis are distinct for
dilVerent villaui's, so that it may at once be seen to which
tribe the wearer belonLis. The hair is [)laited into one
or two bi-aids. intei'laced with bi'i<:ht-e'olored ribbons,
and nsiiallv wi't-athed tnrban-l'ashion round the head.
The (.)iiich
cs, v.liose re(
I tnrl
)an-(li'ess is more nronouncet
than others, sometimes vary it by adding' yellow bands
and tassels to the braids, which are i)ermitted to hanj;'
down to the heels. Thomas (iajie, who lived in (Guatemala
from about lO'il to llioS. relates that on ;:ala-days the
fair natives were ai-rayed in cotton vi'ils reachini:' to the
jii'ound. The ancient custom of paintinj:'. and of pierc-
ini:' the ears and lip. to hold pendants, is now restricted
to the remote hill country, and ornaments are limited to
to a lew striiiLis of beads, shells, and metal tor the arms
and neck, with an occasional ])air ot" ear-riniis; the
women add (lowers and liarlands to theii' head-dress,
dl
esneciailv on u
ast-
(la\i
Some mountiiin tribes of
a wear red feathers in their cotton turbans —
(Jnat.
the nobles and chiefs usinsi' uret-n ones — and paint the
j)ody black: the paint bi'inj:', no doubt, inteiidetl I'oi- a
jirotection aLiainst mos(|uitos. The apron worn by the
women is made of bark, which, alter beinu' soaked and
beate
tl
n, assumes ine apiiearanee <
of d
lamois leather,
lie
l^acandones also wore cotton sacks adorned with tassels,
and the wonu'n had bracelets of cords with tassels. In
Nicaraii'iia. tattooinix seems to have been i)racticed. for
Oviedo sa\ s that the natives cut their faces and arms
692
•WILD TIIIBES OF CENTRAL AMEKICA.
with Hint knives, and rubljcd a l)lack }H)\v(lor o])tain'.'(l
IVoiu })ine ^inn into the .scars. Children wear no otlier
dress tlian that provided by nature: here and there, how-
ever, the girls are furnished with a strip of cotton lor
the waist.''
The con([uerors have left numerous records of lariie
cities with s[)lendid palaces and temples of stone, hut
these exist now onlv in their ruins. The masses luid,
doulitless. no better houses than those Ave see at present.
Their liuts are madt! of wooden posts and ral'ters t<\\[)-
})ortinii' a thatched roof of straw or })alm-lea\es. tlie
side 1»einii' stockaded with cane, bamboo, or rush, .so as
to allow a free i)as,sagc to the air. (Jcnerally they luixe
but one room: two or three stones in the centre of the
hut compose the iirepluce, and the only egress jui- the
smoke is through the door. The room is .scantil\- fur-
nishetl with a iew mats, a hanunock, and .^ome earthen-
>vare. IMieir villaues are lienerally situated upon lising
ground, and, owing to the hou.ses being .^o .scattered,
thev often extend over a league, which gi\es some
foiuulation to the .statements of the conquerors ri'porting
the existence of towns of enormous si/e. 'i'he better
kind of villages have regular streets, a thing not to bo
seen in the ordinary handets; and the hou.ses. which arc
often of (idohrs (sun-burnt bricks), or of cane })lastei'eil
over, containing two or three rooms and a loft, are sur-
I'ounded by neatly kept gardens, enclo.sed within hedges.
3 Anilaiini/ii, in X'lrarnk, Col, (h Mo'ics, toni. iii., pp. '107, 411. In
Siilviulor, the WdiiR'ifs 'only gariiii'Ht bi'ini,' fi loiii^ striiiylit piece (if cuttnu
c'ldth without a seani.' Fank's Cod. Aimr., jiji. J():i-4. 'I'lie Nieiirii^Mi.ins
' se raselit la hallie, Ics clK'UeUX, ct tout le poil illl corps, <t ne laissclit (pu)
(plel([Ues clieueux siu' le soiuuiet (It^ la teste... Jls piutclit cl( s e^lians, ct
(Ics chemises sans uiaiiches.' l)'Ariti/, L'Aim'.r'Kiiw, toiu. ii.. p. Ji. ' Tlio
cnstoMi of tattooiiii,'. it seems, was ])i'aetieed to a certain extent, at least so
far as to (lesii,Miate, by peculiarities in the marks, the several tribes or ca/.i-
(pies ,.,they llattened their lieails.' SijiiU-r'^i StrarnijiKi, vol, ii.. jip. :!1 1,
'M'f. Id., Xiciint'iiKi. pp. 27:!- 1; \'iih nzmUi. in /(/., (V;((. Aiiki-, ]>. riCC.; 7'. wjishifa
Mitht, pp. ;i 'i:!-."). ;jr.S: Ihillfus ami Mi'i'i-Si'rrnt, Vnjl. (ii'iihiiiii/ni', pp. l',t-"2ii.
4il-',), .jlM'.i); JiKirnia' Hist.'Uudt., ]tp. VXi-~>; Ifntixi'l, M<.i\ dniit.. jip, ;in2-");
Vuhi'in. .Mr.nijKc. jip. •27S-',); Uh'iu's .Vi'fc .Snrrii/, pp. lUd-M; MniilijniKi ri/'s
(iii'ileiiiiild, ])p, DS-l); Ik'nx'nt, ///.-/. 'V'./i., tlec. iii,, lib. iv., caii. \ii.; .Man I' I,
Vdjl'iili', torn, ii., i)p, 1(12, 12(5, 14."), 171, 227, 21."), 2.")3; GaU'^ito. \n Xinirilhs
Anitnlis ili'-i V'lij.. ls;t-l, toni. Ixiii., ^ , 14'J; Oruzco y Ikrra, C/voj'vf'a, p. l(jij;
Uumara, Hid. Ind., fol. 203.
GUATEir.VLAN DM'ELLIXGS.
G03
AVlion n. rJuutcMnnlan Avislios to l)iill(l a lint, or ivjiair
one, lie iiotilics tlu' cliiof. \\\\o siiinuions the triln' to
ln'iiii:' straw and other iKrdfnl niatci'ials. and tlir woi'k
is finislicil in a, I'cw lionrs; aftrr which tlu' owner sii[)-
j)li('s the company witli chocolate. Some of the \'ei'ii
l*a/- tribes an' ol" a roaminii' disj)osition. They will take
great tronhle in clea'-inii' ami ])rej)arinu' a piece oI'Lii'oinid
lor sowini:'. and, after one or two harvests, wdl leave for
another locality. Their dwi'llin^s. ^vhich an' ol't<'n
gronped in handets. are tlierefoi'c of a moiv tempoi'ary
character. th(^ walls heinj;" ol' maize-stalks and sMu,ar-cane.
surmoinited l)y ji sli;^lit jtalm-leaf roof. Oniini:' an e\-
IH'dltion intothecounti'y ofthe Lacandones. the S[)aiiiards
I'onnd a town of over one Innidred houses, hetter con-
structed than the xilla^cs on the (iuatfmalan plateau.
Jii the centi'e of the place stood three large huildings. one
a teujpk'. and the other two assembly houses, for men and
Avomen res[)cctively. All were enclosed with fences
excellently varnished. Tlu? Xicai'aguan villages seem
to be llu' neatest; the houses are chielly of plaitt'd cane
or band)oo I'ranu'-woi'k. raisi'd a few feet i'rom the
ground, and standing in tlu' midst of well-arranged t!ow-
ers and shrul)beiy'. Dollfus describes a sim[)le but in-
genious method used by the (Juatemalans to cross deep
l'i\'ei's. A stout cable of aloe-libres is passed awv the
stream, and (ixetl to the banks at a sullicient height
iVom the surface of the water. To this rope l)ridge.
called i/i'ni<-/i'f, is attache(l a i' uming strap, which the
tra\"eler passes round his body, and is pidled aci'oss b\-
men stationed on the opposite side.'
■< 'I'lif LucaiKliinns li iv^' ' tlnntiii!,' f,'!ir(li')i!< wliic-li c:in niivij,'!!!^ tlio lii'-foon-)
]ik(> balsas,' iui.l iiir dl'ii 11 inliiiliiti cl. Tiny liivu stuiic si|i()liliii s lii.'lily
sriili'tiii'. (I. I''ufli'''i. in I ,il. I'iiniiir. Nov. 7, 1s(;l*. 'in these micii nf C lion-
1:il<s \ iU.tLJfS the hmises Were in tlie centre, and tlie tninlis. [ihii'iil in ;i eirelo
ardunil ,'1'he Iiuhans who hehire the Sll.■lni^^h enniinot inh.ihiieil Xirai-iuna
dill n<it constriiet any hiV'_'e teniphs or other stone ImiMin-rs.' /■;/,( ,(,,,/ >,,.
iiKiiiii's ll'illiii'is, i)[i. iJi'.-7. 'I'hey live like tlieir fdrel'iithers ■ in hiiil.hnL;-!
]irecisely similai'. . , .some hilts nf a sinuh' room will mono|piili( an ;irre t.f
land.' I!ni/!i's l!'<'!i, vol. ii.. Y\*. li-S; tii,:v'n \i n- Surri i/. ]i|., .•!|S-l:i; >/,.)•.
;. )', ]\'(,tilrrin,'i( II. j)|). 7">, 4;ii). -('.Ml; I'lii/ill, li'iiiijinrl, m Aiii''r'ii/iir I'mtrrh,
]ip. C'l-7ll; I'w/e/'v, Ml xi<ini\ ]). "^7^; Itiir.nn!, llisf. Miitnln Xiinrn, fol. h(i,
h'2; i'ruihfVs i.'i id. Amu'., {'{k S'J, IKi; JtiiU/us and Muid-Si-nal, \'iiij. Ot'ti-
694
WILD TUIDES OF CENTIIAL AMERICA.
Thcso nativos aro ossontiiiUy nuriculturiil, l)iit, like all
who inhabit the wanri zoiu'. (U'siic to hvo with the least
j)OssihK> labor. Most of thcni arc couti'iit with a siiiall
patch of jiroiind round thoir huts, on which tlicv culti-
vatc, in till' same manner as (lid their fort'Tiithei's. the lit-
tle ma.ize. heans. and the banana and jilantain ti'ees neces-
sary for their subsistence. There are. however, a number
of small fai'mers. who raise cochineal, cacao, indiuo. and
cotton, thereby adding to their own and their country's
|)i'os|H'i"ity. In the more thiidy settled districts. huutiiiL;;
enables them to incri'ase the variety of their food with
the tiesh of wild 1io:j,s. deer, and other ,i:ame, which are
ji'enerally brouLiht d )wn with stone- headed arrows.
When huntini:' the wild hoii', tiny stretch a stroni:' net,
with larue meshes, in some part of tlu> woods, and drive
th
le animals towards it. These rush headlonn' into the
meshes, and aiv entangled, enabling their pursuers to
disj)!itiU them with ease.
Ueans. and tortillas of mai/.e. with the inevitable chile
for seasoning, and plantains or bananas are tlu'ir chief
food. To these may be added meat in small (|uantities,
tish. cii'/s. honev. turtle, fowl, and a ^•ariet\■ of iVuit and
root."
alt is obtained hv boiling thu soil gathered on
tl
-sh
le sea-sliorc
M:
ir/,e IS i)rei)are(l m several wa\s.
AV
leu
younii' an(
I tender, the ears are boiled, and eate
n wirii
til
salt and jK-pper: or a portion of them ai'c [)ressed. and
the remainder boiled with the juice thus extracted.
\Vhen rii)e. the fruit is soaked and then dried between
the hands, prexious to l)eing crushed \o Hour bctweeu
two stones. It is usually made into tortillas, which arc
eaten hot. with a, strong sprinkling of pe[>[)er and occa-
sioi
lallv a sliubt addition of I'at. TdnKih^ is the nai
n(>
for balls of cooked mai/.e mixed with beef and chile, and
rolU'd in lea\es. A favorite dish is a dum[)ling made of
maize and frijoles. The frijoles. or beans, ol' which a stock
is always kept, are boiled a short time with chile; they
Ithiupir. ]i]i. 1!), 5."); Jfinrra. Jfist. Gm.. Hoc. iii.. lili. iv., cmji, vii.; I'lrnnH,
in Siii'ilh>tnii'i,iii Hi fit. . I.si;7, )>. [i')-, W'isl imd (hi Ini/'oflc r Lii^t'jdil, jit ii., I'li.
y.Sd, 3'JO; Wtlinzuila, in .S'7i(it'*''.v t'e/i(. Aimr., y. oiifi.
FOOD or Till:: GUATKMALANS.
C05
nro tlicii iniNcd >vitli mui/o, and !ij:ain put into t]i(» j«)t
until tlioroiitililv cooUed, ulu-n tlii-y arc eaten ^vitll u
wince made of^all. chile, and watei'. Tlicie are a nnnj-
l)er of llnid and M»lid iti'c[)aratiuns made cliielly IVoni
niai/e. and known as iilolc, to ulucli name \ariniis pre-
fixes are added to denote the othiT inuiedients \\>i'{\.
!Meat, which is usually kt'|»t jei'ki'd. is u least-day food.
(iago describes the jei'kin;^' i)rocess as follows: Ti-esh
meat is cut into lon^ir striiis. salted, and hunu' hetween
l)0.sts to dry in the sun for a week. The strips aic then
smoked for another week, rolled \\\\ in hnndles. which
become c|uit(> hard, and are called fos^ajo or cisiiiii.
Another mode vl' [)re[)arin^ meat is descrihi'd l)y the
wnne author: When a deer has been shot, the body is
left until decay and mauuots render it ap|ieti/.in;.:; it is
then hi'oiiuht home and parboiled with a certain her!)
until the llesh hecomes sweet and whitt'. The joint is
afterwards apiin boiled, and eaten with chile. 'I'lie I^a-
candones preserve meat us follows: A lariic hole is made
in the <:r<)und, and lined with stones. After the hole has
been heated, the meat is thrown in, and the top covered
with leaves and earth, u[)on which a lire is kept burn-
ing. ^J'lie meat takes ibur hours to cook, and can ))0
preserved lor eiuht or ten days. Cacao forms an im-
])ortant article of lood, both as a drink and as bread.
The kernel is picked when v'\\k\ dried on a mat. and
roasted ni an earthen [)an. presiou^'
to 1
k'UIl;' i^rotUKl to
llour. I'ormerly. cacao was i-eserved ii»r the hiiiln'r
classes, and even now the ptior endea\or to economi/.e it
by adding .'^'/yyi'"/^^/. the kernel of the .svy/oA'. They ob-
ser\e no reiiularity in their meals, hut (.'at and drink at
})leasin'e,
W
len travehng. some roasted mar/.e jiasti
called (nfnj)/)sl(.'. crumbled in boiling water with an addi-
tion of salt and jjcpper. and a cu\) of warm water, suiru^e
for a re[)ast. I'ire is obtained in the usual primiti\e
maimer, by rubbing two sticks toi:ether.'^
5 Tlii'v ' vivi lit li' plus Koiivcnt do fruits ct (loraciiios.' T>ii}lfii^ii)i(l Ma >l-
Serntl. \'"i/. '/■ 'i/././iiyif, ]i|). 47, "i'l-'J, (i'J. 'Tnut vn f.iismit niai'jif ch^rr, ,1s
mauyuut ft buivuul c'outimicllumfUt, commo luti uuimuux.' JJuniut, lnytf/e,
coo
WILD TRir.ES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
]\rost .iiitlioritioM auroo tliiit tlicy arc dean in tlicir
hahits, and that lVo<inrnt bathinii is tlio rule, vet it is
hinted that leprosy is cansed i)artiaily hy inich'aidiness.''
Since Uu! Spaniai'ds assumed control ol' the eonntrv,
veajions. a.< applietl to war, have fallen into disuse, and
it is only in the mountain districts that we meet the
Inuiter armed with how and spear, and slunu omt his
shoulder a (juiver lull of reed arrows, pointed with stone.
In Salvador and Nicaraj-ua. the natives are still vcrNox-
j)ert in tlie use ol' the sling, game ol'ten being brought
down by it."
I lind no record of any wars among the aborigines
since the con(piest, and the oidy inlbrmation relati ug to
their war customs, gathered iVom the account of skir-
mislu's which the Sitaniards ha\e had with some ol' the
tribi's in eastern (Juatemala, is. that the nati\('s ke[it in
the back-ui'ound. hiiUlen bv rocks or trees, waitimi' I
or
tl
le enemy to approiu
h. A;
tl
s soon as tue soiuiers came
close enougii. a cloud of arrows came whiz/ing among
thcui. and the wai'riors ap[>eared. shouting with all their
nn
dit. TI'T.
icandones oi'casionaii\- n
taliat
e uiion tilt
jilanters on their borders for ill-treatment received at
their hands. A mmd)er of warriors set out at night
with faggots of dry sticks and grass, which are lighted as
they approach the plantation, and thrown into the enemy's
camp; during the confusion that ensues, the proposed
torn. ii.. p]i. 101, 02, 1(1-2, 1112, 131, 11.",, 210, torn. i.. i>p. 205-0. Xicnr.iu'iiiiiis
.nlli; Tiii; lu^iclut iiur (in Xaililiar ciii
'(.■SSCU illlrli
r
Mi'Msclii iiltcisch
111, (lain i sic allc lioclit
1(1 ila
liii iiiulcnr.' W'l si iind Ost li
tlisrliir l,iisli<irl. jit i., ]>. It'.MI. ' IViritos iicfiiui'uis ([lie tamliicn los coiuiaii.
imicl
ids vciiadiis y i)isi|ii(
du,
I" I/"
.ViM
ilr. (■-;/. (/(■ I
/((l/C-
toiii. iii., jip. llo-ll, 11)7. lIinitiiiL! all i|^a tens; ii man dives iimlir. niid
fastens a imidsc rouiiil tlir Ici; at the Hl<'C|iiii^' iiuiiistt'i'; his cfiiiiiiniiidiis tin u
liaiil it on sli
1(1
MUlflii
;/,<
fiivtlicr: Fiii'lliiifs hiniinrti, vol, i., p. 20;!: (iaiir't^ yi
1'1>
i;i!l. l;i(l. Con
pan
,Sc/((
Wdiith-niii'ini, ]ip. 412-1.'!, I'J-l; llitumii, Jli.st, Momlo Si
<'//, pp. :il'.l--J
fol.
lib
lii;i— 1; ifiKirri's' Hist, (hidl., pp. l'JG-7; lliri-'ni. Hist, f/oi., ilcc. iv,
cap. vii-ix., lib. x., cap. xiv. ; Ksrnlinr, in Lniiil. (na/. .s'oc., ,hnti'., v(.)l. xi.
;M; 7,'((/, .V/r/w C(7-;s, p. 32i»: U'<il<lcrL; 1 '(///. 7',7/.. pp. 42-3.
Ihii,l<
I'll s I '
i-/. ,1)
V
:i;i7: ,sv/„
!!'(
(lllilrril.lli
ini. p. 173.
"> 'I'ln^ LaciUidoiics ' eniploitnt di'S ll.'chis do canni' ayant dcs t("'tos d(^ cail-
loux.' liKliiilii. in Aiitii/. M'.w, toni. i., div. ii., j). (17. Sic also, lli'dinr, Xirii-
ri'inn, \i\t. 7'.*-IS i; IlKssct. Mix. (Imit., y 3(l"i; Jiairros' Hist, tlnnl.. pp. \\)'i,
27S; Sclwrscr, ira/u/c/'K/cyoi, pp. 413, 430; FiviUl, Aus Aiiivril.a, toni. i., p.
3J8.
WAR, AVEArONS, AND IlirLEJIEXTS.
697
roprisiil is iniitlc. Ono writer jiivcs a, brief dcHM-iption of
tli(! ccri'iiionics prccedinii' iiiul following' their expedi-
tions. 1)1 front of the temple iire hiniiiiii! hr;i/iei's lilied
■with odoiifei'oiis resiii; round tliis the warriors iis>einhlo
in full (h'ess, their jirnis heinu' plaeed hi'hind them. A
smaller hra/.ier of incense hhi/es in I'ront of each warrior,
before whieh hi' prostrates himself, implorini: the aid of
the (ireat Spii'it in his enterprise. On theii- retinii,
they auain asst'mble. disi:uised in tiie heads of vai'ions
animals, and ':o throimb a war danee bi-lbre the chief
nid 1
lis council
u-n
tinel-
s are aiwa\s i)acin
I- tl
le sum-
mit of the hills, and iii\e notice to one another. i»y trum-
pet blast, of the ai)[)roach of any stranpi'r. If it is an
enemy, they speedily form ambuscades to entrap him."
1 ha\(' alreadv referred to the bare interior of their
dweHin".is: a lew mats, a hammock, and
some earthen
■ware beiii:n" the only ajjoloi^y for furniture. The mats
are plaited of bark or other fibres, and serve, amon^
other purposes, as a bed for the children, the ^tirowii
persons jieiicrally sleeping in hammocks attached to the
rafters. Sv-attered over the lloor may Ik? seen the
earthen jar which the ^vomeii ."^o izracefully balance on
their head when bringing!; it full of water iVoin the
>vell; the earthen pot for b()ilin<r plantains, with its
folded banana-l( af cover; ciips made from clay, cala-
Ijash, cocoa-nut, or wacal shells, with their stamls. often
polished and bi-arinu' the marks of native scul[)ture; the
metate ibr !.:riiidinL:' the famil\- Hour: the cohkiI. a clav
}ilate upon which the tortilla is baked. A banana-leaf
fserves for a iilate. and a fir-stick does the du{\' of a
cane I
bai-k-fibre;
le. Their hunting or liag nets are made of pita o
I'he steel machete and the knife ha\e en-
tirely dis[)laced their ancient silex tools, of which some
relics may still be I'ound amonu' the Lacandoiies. \ a-
lenzuela mentions that in tlu? meeting-h(»iist' of this
tril)e, the con([uerors found two hundred hanging seats,'*
« .l/".,'rA7, I'.//"/-, torn, ii., p. HI ; r..»/-=W, in '""/. F<in,>'i\ Xov. 7. 1 1. lSC-2.
V'Oiii:^, Mi:xi'iii>. |)|). -iTS, 2s7: S'u-rrs, .\ri>t'l'(iii' ril.-t. p. I-IH; .s'r/,i'C;i r,
Waii:kranj<:n, p. IJO; Monlituu^i, XU'ui.Cfi \WenUl, p. "iT'J; S(i'iii r's .\ii:<ir:tijua.
0'J8
AVILI) TllIlJES OF CKNTllAI- AMI'.UK A.
Tlicst' iiiitivcs ^till I'xccl ill the iiiiinurMctiirr ol'iiutU'rv.
ami pi'ndiicc, uitlioiit the iiid of tools, .■".[ici'iiiiciis tliut
lire as ri'ii»iirUal»l«' for tlirir raiicil'iil roiiiis. as I'or their
('li'^aiicc ami ('(tloriiii:-. Watcr-J!! rs art' made siiMiciciitlv
[)()roiis to allow the water to percolate ami keep the coii-
ti'iits cool ; other eartheiiwai'e is ;:la/.e(l li\ nihliinu the
ed vessel \\ ith a resllloils"iiiii.
.or are the\ lielmid
heat
iiaiid ill the art of ueaviii;:'. lor most ol' the i'ahrics usvA
ill the «'oiiiitrv are of native make. The ahoripiiiul
spiimim:' machine is not vet wiiollv displaced, nml con-
sists, accoi'dinu' to S(piier. ol" a, thin spindle ol" wood,
lil'teeii or sixteen iiu'hes in leii,;:tli. which is j)assed
tlirtMiiih a wheel of hard, heavy wood, si\ inches in di-
al
iieter. and resi'iiihles a jiigantic top
AV
lell \\i<vd. it IS
placeil in a hollowed pii'ce of wooil. to preM'iit it from
to[)prm,Li' over. A thread is attached to the spindle just
ahove the wheel, and it is tlu'ii twirled rapidlv hetweeii
the thniiih and forelinuer. The inomeiiliim of the wheel
kee[)s it in motion ftjr half a minnte. and nu-aiitime the
thread is drawn ont h\' the operator from the pile of
})repared cotton in her lap. Their mode of \\ca\inj;' is
the same as that of the Mexicans, and the fabrics are
not only dnrahle, Itnt tastefully desij^ned and colored to
.snit the (piality and price. The dyi's nscd are. indiiio
ibr hhie, cochineal for red, and indiiio mixed with lemon
inic(? for Itlack. ^flie Aicaraiiiians ohtain a liiuhh i)ri/,ed
pnr[)le by pressing the valve of a shell-lish fonnd on the
.sea-shore. IJail • says that they .ake the material to
the seaside, am after })rociiring a <piantity of fresh
coloriiiii' matter, "[) each thread singly into it. and lay
it aside to dry. 'roin the aloe, and }»ita. or silk-L:rass,
which are very ,sl nv^ and can easily be bleached, they
])]). '272-;i; Vfilmzueld, i A/., ('nil. Amer., p. r)('i7. The Liicaiidon hut coii-
tiiiui'd ' (Ics liirtiris ;i ti ..siT, (lis Siill):u'iinis, tics Imclus ct d iilltns oiitils ill
Kili'X.' Miinlil, I'"//!/;/!', toil), ii.. ]ip. 71), Idl, 1U~, "ill. ' ]iiii iiutu cii vim
I'fil, (jm' SI' lis ililiii \>or las costillas, n en Ml cafiizd, y ]»n' fiibitii'ii vu liia-
di'i'o: y.i si' ahiiiilinin fim ti'iis.' ]li rnva, Hist (li-n., ilri'. iv., lib. x., rap.
xiv., ili'f. ii., lil). iii., ca]). vi. At Miisava, ' Ltur inolpiliir sc foiiipusi' tli'
liatti'S par trrrt', (Ic haiiiai's siispi'iiiliis, d'nii lit di; cuir ft d'uiii' laissi' tu
rrdi-i', (iu(li|in.'fuis onu'u U'liiunistutiuiis du tuivri'.' JUUij, SiiMnvjun, toiii.
i., pp., rj7-S.
(UAIKM.VI.AN CANor.S.
fi'ty
»»l)taiii ;i vcrv fiiu' tlnvuil, siiitahU' for tlu' finest Acaviiiii.
|{«'('(ls iiinl Itark ^ive inatiTial Inr coarMT stiilV. Midi as
ropt's ami nets. Mats ami liamiiiocks. wiiicli arc made
from auN of tlic last-iiiciitioncil lilacs, are dl'tcn iiitcr-
AV
oven with i:ia\' colors and licli (l('sii:ii.>'
M)1IU' Ull'il
niiiy lu' loniH'd ol' tiie i)ati('iit iiidiistrv ol" tlir iiati\(;
AvIu'M we learn that he will woi'U lor months iijton one
of the hit:hlv i)iized hats made from the lihic ol" tlu?
liall'-tormed nirli'ilnr'n-ii pti/iim/ti leal". Tliev drill holes
in stones, lor pipes and other ohjirts, ])V twirling a stick
rapidlv hetween the hands in some sand and water [ilaced
npon the -toni
( 'anoes are the usnal ' duu-onts.' made IVom a sinule
cedar or malioi:any lou". cedar hein^' liked lor its light-
ness, niahoi^aiiv I'oi" its dnrahility. Thev are iVi'ijiient
enoniih on the coast, and even the north-eastern (uiate-
malans wsvA to nuistei- Meets of several hundred canoes
on their lakes ;md livers, iisiiii:' them Tor trade as well as
111
>v
th
ar. I'im. when at (Jrevtown, partictilarlv ohser\ed
le iiollowed-out hoats, some n[)\vai
■ds of liftv feet i
11
len,t:;h. ind straii^ht as an arrow. Ho says that they aro
vei'v s!;illfiilly handled, and may he seen oil' the liarhor
in an\- weather.
le paddles, wliicn are used
hoth for
steeriiiLi' and jjropeUinjji:. are of liiiiit mahogany, four feet
lunii'. with \('r\ hroad hlades. and across at the handle
II
Their wealth, which, since the coiKpiest. mostly consists
of household lioods, is the product of their fariiisand in-
dustry mentioned under food. imjiU'inents. and manu-
iacture
Tl
le coas
ttril)es. in SaUador. ha\e a source of
wealth not \('t referred to — halsam-
ai (I
tl
ie\ are \ery
jealous of their knowledge of (jhtaining it. The process,
1" '\.f iii'iiici|"Mviliiriuit I'st lixi' nil iiinycii d'uno snlistinicc i^tussc ([iir Tcin
(>l)tii'iit pMi' I'l liiillitiiiii (I'mi iiisirti' iiuiiinu' a^,'i'.' M"rilif. I ni/nii , ti<lii. ii.
J)]). 1:M, r.)7. ( (iiisnlt fnrtlii 1', >'/"
.iimr.. pp. 121—"); lli rnrn. Hist. <i
X., I'iili. \iv.; Ci'iiiri'.i I'cid. Aimr.
ini'iiiii. \i\i
2(111-
l;,iU
11 ■•<■
(Ice. IV.
pp. U;
HI
I. VIII.. ca
111..
ill lll.l. lA.
I. 21"i; ll'ilii'iis Hint M'ht-Siinil, \'iii/. iii-nliKjiijui:, \>. 47; ]->iiul"ji's Ci.tt, Anm
IV.iS: M'liiliih
II'
II /'
(/ Sf
hi, p. 274.
's /A///i(i|/.s. ]ip. 21 1-2; T.dfouil, I'oi/'ff/i.v, tiiiii. i., p.
317; Mnnld, I'ii/aok, toiii. ii.. ]). ;il; ItiM/n.-i (unl Mm. IS' mil. I
</'-
il>«\ pp. 47 -S. Ill tlicii" tviiilf, till' Lacaliiliiiics
not kss th.iii 424 cauuis.' Jiuirru^' Jllsl. (juat., p. 271.
ill to haVL' tiapkijed
I
700
AVII.D TRir.ES OF CENTEAL AMEKICA.
as closcril)0(l l)y DoUfns. is to iiiako smoral (loop incisions
in tlio trunk of tlu; biilsani-troo, and stiill' tlii' liolos
"Nvitii ootton rasis. A\'hon those liavo ahsoi'hoil sullioiont
liahn. thoy aiv })laco(l in jai-s of wator, and snhmittod
to a niodoiMto lioat. Tho lioat so[)avati's the suhstanco
IVoiii tho raus, and tlio balsan) rises to tho sui-raco to he
skinnnod aiiil phuvd in uoll-olosed jars lor shijunont.
Those jx'opK' possess no written I'ocords to ostahhsli own-
ership to their })roperty. l>nt liold it hy ancient riiihts
transmitted from father to son. whicli are transforal)lo.
The riiiht of lirst discover\', as ap[)lied to iVuit-lroes and
the like, is rosj)octod, Jind ca.n ho transmittoik (Joods
und lands are e(pially divided among the sons. There
is a fionortd interohanLro of products on a small scale,
and as soon as tho farm yield is ready, or a sullicieut
((uantity of hannnocks, mats, hats, and cups ha\e hei'u
]»iei)art'(l. tho native will sti,"^ sn a short tradin,i:-tour.
Avilh tho load on his hack — lt>r tliiy usi' no other mode
of transport. Tho ancient custom of holding' fre(|uent
mai'kets in all towns of any importanci' has not (piito
disap[)oared. for .\hisaya. amonn' other ])lacos, continues
to keep a daily fhiiKjnc-i. Cacao-heans. \\hich were I'oi'-
nu'rly tho chief ciu'i'ouiy. are still n.H-d i()r that puipose
t(» a certain extent, and maki' uj) a lariii' item in their
Avealth. The I.acandonos at ouo tiuu' droxc a I)ri>k
trade on the rio (\v la Pasion. omijloyinu' so\-ei-al hun-
dred oauoes. hut this has now izroatly diminished, and
tliiy seem to urow loss and loss inclined to intercourse,
llardcastlo relates that two shy mountain trihos of ( iiia-
temala ■■e.\chau,Lie doiis and a s[)ocios of M'ry sliarj) rod
poi)por. hy loaxinii' them on the top of tho niounlaiii,
and izoiuii' to tho spot in turn. ' '"
The nati\i' s ajititudo for art is well illustrated h\- tlio
Aarious [iroducts of his industry, decorated as they aio
■' 'I'lic (^liiiilii s ' ii{iit<'iit in»ii|n'jm Ni(Mriif,'iiii (Its haiiiius en lil (r:ii,';ivc.'
Mn-iht. Voiri,,'. toiii. ii., i.|.'. 11.".. ii-j. i;i(i-|, liis. toiii. i.. 1)1). M). ;il\ :t'J(i;
Ihillfim itml MiDil-Si mil, I 'i//- '""/<>;/"/'"'. PI'' l'**-''". Il'i'i''i'<i. //(>/. 'iVk.. lUc.
iii.. lil). v.. ca]). \ii.; Jiiiirms' //'>7. iliml., \\\\. (!m, "JTI. 17"); ]\'iii'iii'ii(s, thtuj.
V. Sl^:l.. 1 ;. 2 IS. :t|:.; I.,iit. .\,,ni>i Orlns. p. :U',(; llnnlcn^^'h , in Hist. Mw].,
viil. VI,, p, ir)3; (.iuju's Sue ^'ii/ny, ji, JJP.i.
AllT AND GOVEliNMENT.
701
witli nmcifiil clcsiiriiH, Ciirvinps, juid coloriiijr. The ealii-
));isli c'U[ts aiv wiiU'ly cii'ciilatcd, ami tlio artistic carviiiii;
c)t" U-aAc's. curious lines, and (iuiires of all (lescrii)tioiis, in
ivliel". with Nvhidi the outside is onianienti'd. has ')een
inui'h achniivd. No less esteemed are the small (iuate-
malau earthen figures, j)ainte(l in natural colors, repri'-
sentinjj,' the varit)us trades and occuj)ations ol" the jie()j)le,
^v
hie!
I ma\' i»e said to riv
.urouean iircn
])ean ])
duct:
on.-
o
r til
same cliaracter. The ornaiuents on their jiotterv hear
S(
mie resemhlance to the iltrusc
ui.
Tliev ari' e(|iially
advauct'd in lainting. lor manv ol' the aUar-pieces iu
('ential America are IVoiii the native brush, and their
dishes are ol'teii richU' colored in Aarious dcsiLins. Ori-
1 1'
!_inai i\ii(
poetry
seems
to il(
oiirish auioiiLi' tlieiu. and is
not wautiiiLi' in izraci'. altliouiih the renderiiiti' t>i" it niav
ni)t lie exactly ojn'ratic. Tlie suhject jjieneraily ri'lers to
victorious (■ncounters \\\\\\ monsters, hut contains also
sarcasms on u:(»\ernnien
t and socii'ty
A reveri'utial respect lorauthorit
1.1
\- is innate wi
th tl
lese
people, and the ehiet", usually a desceiuhmt ol' the ancient
eaci<(ues, who is also the head of the municipal govern-
ment imroduci'd amoni;' them hy the S[)aniards. receives
the honiatic \y,iu\ him with inqierturhahle gravity.
'I'hese chiefs form a ]»roud and powerful nohlcsse. who
rule with an iron hand oscr their suhmissixc followers.
.Vlthoiiih L;()\i'rne(l to all appearance l»y the code of the
country, they lupe their own laws based on custom and
common sense, which are applied to ci\il as well as
criminal t'asis. Amoiii; the Lacandones. the chief is
elected lt\' a council of old men. mIicii death, misconduct.
or
tl
le suiierior a
hiliti
es of some oiii' else call for such a
step, rontelii adds that the new chief is iiiNcsted with
lion-skins and a collar of human teeth to re])resent his
" AiMDii;^' till! NulmatlH ' nicclianicMl urts iivi' litllo niidrrst 1, inul, of
course, the 11111' iirls still liSS pr '•red.' >(y»(ii/'s i inl, Ann r.. Ji. II'JII; /(/.,
Xii'itrdiim, \t\^. •J7H-:t, Tlio .Miis.i ,.ins h:\\o ' uiu' cuissc tli cMlir. ijiii l(|iii-
fois uiiK'r iriuiiustatiolis lie iiiivri.' Ii<llif, .V('i ii(i(;,i/((, ])|i. 1U7H, S< o
iilsri, Mnrilil. \'in/<iiji\ ♦mil. i' , p. l;!(l; I'ni/ilt, Jniiijidit, in .lidw/'r/i" l'ihlniU\
J). 1:U; 'i'i( /i''s A'"' f^iivn II, J). ;i2'.l; I'l/ois, Mixiij>ir, pji, ".is", lin li; ^inrs,
Miltilidin rih'i, jip. 127, T.>~)\ l-'iiiiii(ll'.i I "//., p. IIJ; X'K/i/i'i (jualLnmlu, [).
2B1; I'untdli, iu Cal. Fariiivr, Nuv. 7, 1802.
. ■!:
702
^VILD TEir.ES OF CENTEAL AMEEICA.
victories; a crown of foatlicrs or a lion-skin is liis iistuil
distinctive' hoad-dross. The wile of the chief is required
to possess some rare (jiialities. ^Phese people are very
sti'ict ill executing; the law; the oifender is hi'oii^lit l)e-
lore the old men, and if the crime is serious his relatives
have often to share in his ])iiuishment. 'i'lie peojile of
Salvador, iteeoiding to Dollfus. have frefpient reunions
in their eouncil-housc at nij:lit. '^^I'lie hall is then liiihted
I'.p hy a lai\iie lire, and the peo[)le sit with uncovered
heads, listcninti' respectfully to the ohservat ions and deci-
.sions of tiie ulitmhs — men over forty years of aiic. who
have occu[)ied [)ublic positions, or distiniiuished them-
fcielves in some way. (jlajic makes a curious statement
concerniiiLi' the rio Lempa that may he based ujuni some
ancient law. Any man who connnitted a heinous crime
on the one side of the river, and succeeded in escapinij;
to the other, was allowed to go umnolesteil, provided
he did not return."
Mariiaiics take place at an early niie. often before ])U-
berty. and usually within the tribe. When the boy. in
(jiuatemala and Salvador, has attained the a^iic of nine,
Ins parents begin to look around for a bride for him. the
mother having a good deal to say in this matter. I'lvs-
ents are made to the j)arents of the girl chosen, and she
is transferred to the house of her future father-indaw,
whei'c she is treated as a daunhter, and assists in the
household duties, until slu
)ld
e IS old enoiu
,h t
o marr\'
It
sometimes ha[)[)ens that she has by this tinu^ I'ecome dis-
tasteful to the ailianced husband, and is returned to her
parents. Tlu^ presents givi'U for her are then demanded
back. a. refusal natur^dly follows, and feuds ivsult, last-
ing ibr generations, (lage states that when the parties
to tlu' betrothal are of dilferent tribes, the chiefs are
notilied. and meet in solemn conclave to consult about
the expediency of the alliance. The consultations often
fi-:
u D.illfiix mill ^^lml-S!<'t'rat, Voi/, ('l.'<iln,i\ij\{c, pp. '2(\ \'.)-')\\ Pnijill, Hap-
p'lrt, ill AiKi'riijiif ('i,ilr(tl<', ]>. llil; ll'issil. Mix. (unit., \\. !t'.'S; fr'((;,< 's .\i "i
i^iin-ij/. pp. :ils '.I. 117; I'liiilrUi, \n (HI. Funinr. Ndv. 7, isii'i. ' Cliiiiiiu
(I'ciix viiit ciisiiitf' l):iisi'r l.i niiiiii ilu diif, li()iuiii:it,'(' i|n'il irc^'iit avcc uuu iliy-
uitu iuiptitiabablu.' Munkt, Vvymji., turn, ii., pp. 215-0, IJl.
M.VIirjAGE AND CHILDBIRTH.
703
extoiid over Ji jK'riod of sovoval mouths, diiriuu' Mliicli
the parents of the hov siq)[)ly tlie council with relVesh-
ments. and make presents to tlie jzirls I'aniilv for lier
l)ur
cliase
tl
le council (lisaurec
th
1
rt'scnls are re-
tni'ne<! and tlie matter droiis. When the \oiitli ha
real
led and tlie matter drop
lied his sixteenth or eii^hteenth year, and the m;iid
her foiu'teenth. they are considerecl ahle to take care of
themselves: a house is accord in^uly huilt. and the father
The cacique and n lations
ives his son ;i start in liti
Jiro snnimonet
1 t(
o witness tlie marriaLic cen iiiony. now
perlornied by the priest, after which the ]>air are carried
upon the shoulilers of their friends to the new house,
placed in a room, and shut in. The hride hrin,t:s no
dowry, hut ju'i'sents are made hy the friends of the
famil
le
H'N'cr
d tril.
's m (iuatemala are
4iictl
\' oil
posed to marriaiics outside of the trihe. and destroy the
pro^iicny lelt hy a stnni^u'er. The Lacandoncs still })rac-
tice polyiiamy. each wile having a separate house and
field ibr her sunnort. \n Xicarauiia. wliii
niori
e ^\()lnen are
e independent, and lewer ol tlie ancient marria,L:e cus-
toms lunc hi'cii retained than elsewlu're. the ceremony is
often ([uickly disposed of. the liushand and wife ri'tiirn-
iiiu' to their axocations immediatelv after. The life of
the wouiiUi is one of (IrndLiery ; household duties, weav-
iii'j.", and the care of children keepini.: her eonstantlv
))nsy. while the liushand is occupied in dolee farniente;
yet their married life is not nnhai>py. Allhoiijih the
female dresses scantily and is not over shy when hathiiiL:',
she is hy no means imniodi'st or unchaste, hut kears rather
a hetter character than woincn of tlu' superior race.
Childhirth is not atteiuled with an\- diniciilties. for it
soilietimes hanpfiis
on tl
le road
wil
lia
\\a
ttl
H' woman, a
fter 1
xiliL: dell\'ere(
I
di the child and heix'lf in the
; if noth-
iioarest stream, and jiroceed on her journey,
inji: had occurred. The (^)uicll(''s. amoni: otheis. still call
ill the sorcerer to take the horoscope of the new-horn.
and to appeal to tlu> pods in its hehalf. He also givis
the infant the name of some animal, whieh hecomes
its guardian spirit for life. ]>elly states that more boy.s
11
704
^VILD TllIBES OF CEXTKAL AMEllR.V.
are uoru
to tl
W 11
atives. "svliilo the -whites liuvo mo'-i
girls. 'I'liL' iiiotlior iiivaritihly nurses the child herself
until its third vi'Mr, and, \vhen at Avork. carries it on
her back in a clt)th passed round her hody; the luove-
nieiits of the mother in washing' or kneadinj:' tt'iidiiiL^'
to rock the iid'ant to sleep. (Otherwise the child is
little cared for, and has to lie on the l)are .<:i'ound.
or.
at most, ^vith a mat under it. A;
lie
l)o\' urows
older the ftither will take hiui into the held Jind lorest,
suitin,u' tln' work to his stren^uth, and instructing' hiui in
the use of tools, while the mother takes cliarge of the
girl, teaclnng her to cook, s})in, and wea\e. Ilespect
for parents aud older j)eople is incidcate(l. and children
never presume to speak l)efore a iirown i>erson unU'ss
first addressed, 'i'iiey remain under the pareuts' roof
until married, and fretpiently after, several generations
often living together in one house under the rule of
the eldest. The native is fond of home, for here he
escapes iVoui the conteuipt of the other races, and I'eigns
Kupreuie oxer a fauiily which is taught to res[)ect hiui:
l)ati'iotisiu lias been j'eplaced by love of home among
th
lis oniiressed
opi
peoi
)ie
n
Their amuseuieiits are less common and varied tha
amonu' the whites, and are aeuerallv ivserved ior sijccial
occasions, wueii tliev are iiidu
th
dued
in to exces.-
^till.
they have orderly gatherings round the hearth, at which
wondrous and aiuusing stories form the chief ])art of the
entertainuR'iit.
onus ibllow in natural order, and are
loudly ai)plauded by the listeners, who join in repeating
the last words ol' the verse. The subject, as given b}-
some local [)oet. or tran.^mitted irom an ancient liard. is
pleasing enough, but the rendering is in a plaintive, dis-
iliiiiicr-iir sns]>riuln a lonrs fluiics.' Mrtrdi, Vminqc, toiii. ii., i>]i.
198, l-JC, tdii
wife's tr
I. i.. I
iji. •iol-."), :n«. In Sitlviiiliir, the •lilid.
{I'diiiii ma
las 1
lis
nil liiiusclf, till' wonii'ii, stiiiiii'f io sav,
1)
utinlv iL'iiiiviint
of ni'i'tlkwdik.' h'liiili's t'rnt. A
iiii-i'.
p. IdlJ. l'"urtln'r itfiit iiL'f in IV(/"
Mi\ri<lili\ lip. •2M(l, 'JISS; Jlillj/, \iriiril(inil, pp. 'JOK 1, "J-");!; //((nm/, J/m'. dual.,
pp. ;,tllH-l; llii-tii' lint., Is-J"), in AiiirnijUf Cinth-nh', ]>. 'IW; IHilmr, Xintriiiinn,
ji. 80: Miiiilitiiiifi, Xiiiiii-f Wernlil, p. "iT'J; triii/e's S\ir Surni/, p. lil'.i; Junr-
w' Hist. <i(iiit., pji. l'.J.")-(>; Tviiipsici/'s .Millfi, \i.[il)'i; J)nll/iis mul ^fll|lt-Sl■l^rllt
Vol/, (ri'iiliiiiiiini . pp. '2U, 47; iSclii:rza', Wumkrunyen, p. GO; Id., Jjiv lialkiuer
Vuti lnUucamn
11.
GUATEMALAN MUSIC.
705
h
a2:recal)l(' monotono. Tlioir instrnmcntnl music is iin
iinprovt'iiieiit on tho vocal, in .some ivs[)ccts. and ])riic-
tice lias onahlcd tlu; plavci" to oxecnte pieces from
mcniorv ^vitll ])rocisioii and accord. Tiio nKirn.'hn, a
i'avoritc instrument, consists of a series of vertical tulies
of dilVerent leULith 1/ut ecjual diameter, fastened toiictliei"
in a line by l)ark lihro, and held firm between two pieces
of wood. The tubes liave a lateral opening' at tlie base
covered with a membrane, and the np[)er end is closed
by a small, movable elastic plate, upon which tlie per-
former strikes with liiibt driuusticks. Tbe i)lay of tlie
plates causes a compression of air in the tube, and a
conseiiuent vibration ol' the membrane, wliieh i)i-o(luces
a .sound diilering in character according to the lenutli of
tho tube. All the parts are of wood, tlie tul)e being,
however, occasionally of tei'ra-cotta. or replaced by cala-
bash-shells. The marimba of usual size is over a yard in
length, and consists of twenty-two tubes ranging from
ibur to sixteen inches in length, forming three com[)lete
octaves. The pitch is regulated by a coating of wax on
the key-plates. Some drumsticks are I'orktd to strike
two i)lates at once. Occasionally, several iiersons join
in executing an air ui)on the instrument, or two marim-
bas are })layed in pei'iect accord with some song. 'J'heir
usual di'um is called te^Kiiidlxn, described by (Jage as a
smooth hollow trunk with two or three clefts on the
upper side and holes at the ends. It is l)eaten with two
t^ticks. and produces a dull heavy sound. Other drums
covered with wild goat skin, tortoise-shells, pipes, small
liells. and rattles, are chielly used at dances. The Lacaii-
<lones possess a, kind ol" mandolin, a double-necked, trun-
cated cone, with one string, made to pass lour times
over the liridge; also a clarionet-like instrument named
<-1ih'hniijii\ their drum is called tepaunhna)<te. A dance
is generally a grand alVair with the native, comliining as
it does dress with dramatic and .saltatory exhibitions.
At the ^«'o//^"/Mlance. in (ihiatemala, from twenty to forty
persons dressed in white clothes richly embroidered,
and bedecked with gaudy bands, colored feathersi in
m '!! I
■fMii
* iiV
Vol. I. 45
roo
■VVILD TRIBES OF CEXTRAL A:\rF,UI('\.
p\t fi'niiu's fastciiod on tlic Lack, fancifiil liclincts toppctj
^vitll leathers, and feathei-s, airain. on their le^s, in toriii
()^^villl:s. The conthu'tor stands in th(! centre heating
time on tlie tepunahaz, Avhile the (hmeers ciivle loinid
liim. one 1 1)1 lowing' the other, sometimes straight, some-
times tnrning hull-\vay, at other times fnlly ronnd. and
hendinii' the hody to tlio ^roinid. all the time shoiitini:
till" lame ofsome hero. '^I'his continues lor scNcral hours.
1 is often roi)eated in one house after anothei'. In
iin(
niotiiei' dance
tl
K
■J
d
(IISUUISO
tl
leniselves
\vitl
I skins ol
diil'erent animals, acting up to the chai'acter assumed.
and running in and out of the circle formed round the
nnisicians. striking, shrieking, and hotly pursuing some
jiai'ticular performer. There are also several dances like
those of the Mexicans, in \vhicli men dress i women's
clothes and other disunises. 'i'he Xicaraunan dances
v.u y hut little from the uhove. Several hundred people
Avill gather in some well-cleared spot, their ai'uis and
leiis ornamented with striniis of shells, their heads with
ieathers, and with lluis in theii" hands. The leader,
walking Itackwards, connnences some movements to he
imitated hy the dancers, who lollow in threi's and fouis.
tnrniuLi' round, interminglinti'. and aiiain unitin<:. The
nnisicians heat drums and sinii' sonus to which the leader
I'esjionds. the dancers taking nj) the refrain in their turn,
and shaking their calahash rattles. After a while they
])ass I'ound each other and j)crform the most curious
antics and urimaces, crvinir, lauiihim!'. ])osturinii'. actim:
lame, hlind, and .so on. Drinking is insi'parahle from
these reunions, and they do not usually hreak nji until
Jill have attained the climax of their wishes — hecom-
ing heli)lessly druid\. The })rincipal drinks are. atole
made from maize, hut which assumes diiVerent prefixes,
jiccordinir' to the additional iimredients used, as kt(jU)li\
jorodto/c. etc.; pultpie. chietly used in the highlands; and.
not least, cldcJin, made from maize and various fruits
and roots, fermented with honey or sugar-cane juice.
(jage states tluit tohacco-leaves and toads were added t(»
increase the Uavor. The Xicaraunans make their favorite
CUSTOMS IX GUATEMALA AND NICAKAGUA.
707
drink from a wild ivd chorrv. It takes scvonil wooks
to pivi):ire tlii'so rKjuors, l)ut bv the pciieroiis uiil ol'
IViomls the stoi'k is often consumed at one caroiisa
1 ir,
1-1
OS,
noi'ant and o|)[)resst'd as thev are. superstition is
naturally stronif amoim" them, tlu; evil eye. ominous im-
])ort of animals and the like heiiin' firmly believed in.
Xicara'-uans nave as a reason for sueakinn' in wliis-
]H'rs at niiiht. that loud talkini:' attracts mos(|iiit
The (^)iiicln's. of Istliixacan. amouLi' others, believe in
certain evil and certain uood (la\s. and arrange tlii'ir
nndertakiuiis accord ini:ly. When ineetinii' a straniicr.
tlii'V jireseiit the forehead to be toiieheil. thinkiiiu' that
a beneficial ])o\ver is imj)arted to them by this means.
They still adhere to tlu'ir sorceri'rs, wiio are called in
upon all im[)ortant occasions, to |)redict the future, exor-
cise evil s[)irits and the like, with the aid of \arioiis
ococtionsand incantations.
The(
lion
tal
es have diviners
mIio, with the aid of druus. taken after a fast, fall into
a trance, duriiiii' which they pro[)hesy. They Ibriii a
.sort of uiiild, and live alone in the mountains with a
few j)U[)ils. who supijort them in return for the instruc-
tion received. .Vlthouiih idolatry pro[)er is abolisheil,
lie ancient practices .still live. I)lended with their
son
C'hristian worship, and it is said that tribes inhabitiiii:'
tl
le r(>mote nit)iintain rcLiions s
till
cet.
m secret.
)olH
us IS ap[)arentiy inciine(
itb
p ui
tl
) their o
Id rit
es
to I
)ehe\i'
that
the soniis he heard the natives chant every morning' and
evening' may be the relic of some ancient reli,i:ioiis cere-
mony. The It/as hold deer sacred, and these animals
were consetpieiitly ([uite lamiliar with man, before tlu^
con(|uerors subdued the country. The Lacamloiies are
said to have been the last who publicly worshiped in their
\>'l!a,ys X'lr S'in;\i/, jip fl^n, I?)"''): .\„ili'ir,,/'i, ]n Xnvfirro'.o, Cr,}, ,h.
\"i'('lis. tniii. iii.. |i. Il'i; i'lil.iis. M xi'jiii . pii. :i7'.i •>il. !_() il: Itnlh'us iixd
.Unid-S' rrnl, \'ni/. '/.wi/o./i'iyK. . p. .|.S; /•'/•()i'//(/',s '■(■;,/..!,,/./■.. 1 1],. TM M -. Ihiii,,ii;
Xiud' W'i'lt, ji]!. iJiMi, ;{1'J; \'iilii(zitflii, ill Siinli'r's I'lul. Am' r.. \\. W''<~ : .Imir-
ri-i' l[iit. <hi.ll., in). IIT-'.I; I'liriitl, I'lu/niia, turn, i., pp. ss-',); Arrifirila,
('r'in'yit Si'r'ilic(i, ]>. Ill: Linl, Xitrns Orliis. p. I{'Jl>-'i: I'luihUi, in t'dl. Funin'r,
Nov. It. lMi!2. 'Lis [ndiciis lie fiiuuMit pus.' II'lli/, yii;iniiiU'(. p. Ifil. ' llir
Hcwdhiiliclu's (Ictraiikc ist Wusscr.' l/nssil, Mi.i\ limil.. p. IMI. 'Jc ii'ii
elitcli In ([il'a FIdi'is. pi'lld;\lit Ic ('(iiirs di' liioii VciViii,' ■, drs clinMiis t'X('(.-Ut 'S
uvec jiisttssL'.' Monk't, ^ <■•</' tjf, tola, ii,, pp, i2-i, J25, t'lui. i., p, I'JO.
70S
WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
ti'mplc, Jiiid Aviioso prii'sts sioi-iricc'd iiniiiiiils to idols.
IJv tlio side of the toinpU' stood two other liir-jv hiiild-
iiigs used as nu'el'mii-hoiises, one lor men, tlie other lor
women. Doizs and tame i)an'ots formed part of their
domestic! estahlishment. The native is very taciturn
hefore stranp'rs. hut on payini;' a visit to I'riends lie will
deliver louLi' haranii'ues lull of repetition. It is almo-t
im[)()ssihle to ohtain a direct answer from him to any
([uestion. Another peculiarity with many is to hoard
moni'y at the e.\j)ense of bodily comfort. It is hiu'ied
m some secrt
i pi
ace
anc
I the
owner dies wi
ithout
even
carinu' to inform his kin of the wherealujuts of his
treasures. I'he favorite occupation of the people is
to act as porters, and Guatemala certainly possesses
the most excellent carriers, who are trained for the
l)usiness from an early age. ^fhey nsually go in Mies,
headed hy a chiel". all armed with Ion , stalfs and water-
])roof palm-leaf mats, and travel from twenty to thirty
miles a day. for days in succession, without sullering any
inconvenience. The weight varies from one Imndi'ed
to two hundrt'd and fifty pounds, according to road and
distance, and is carried oiT the hack. su[)poi'ted ])y strii[)s
]iassed over the forehead and shoulders. They are very
moderate in eating, and never drink cold water if they
van avoid it; when tired, they stretch themselves at
full length on the ground, and are si)eedily reiVeshed.
A\'omen are also accustomed to carry hiirdeiis, and may
frequently he seen taking several idled pitchers to mar-
ket in lU'ts suspended from their forehead and shoulder
Water they usually bring in jars balanced on the head.
17
Th
all-
le ruling diseases are small-[)ox. winch makes yearly
havoc; dysentery, wdiich is also not unconnnon in the
" The TiiiPiindijii rhiof reri'lvod mo with ' tlm oiiiMciii of friiudsliip
(\vhi<'li is ii Iciif of the f;in-piilin).' Ponklli. in Cal. Funin'r. Nov. 11. iscj.
Sco 7Vi/(/).s/.//'.s' Mllhl. pp. ;Jt)t-r); \'(ll<ii.-l. MrxJi/iU, Jip. 4()7-.S; h\riihi(l\ ill lyml.
(ho'i. tSor., jour., viA. \i., ]). Ill; Tliiinnii'l. Miw'ihi, p. '.V,)\\ Jimrrus Hist.
<fui(t., p. r.)7; /•'),,^■•,s■ fint. ADh'f., ]). 12'2; Dultfun a.il MDut-Sirrdt, !''<//.
Ir.iolo'i'uiio', pp. IS -I); Sfhi'r:i:r. Dk huUnai)- von fslliinicdn, ]>]>, 7- 1-"): lliifli-
anlt, Xir-ir't'iii'i. pp. KKi, •i.'Jt; VdhmnvUi, in Sqn'vr's ('ml. ,-l);irc., i>p.
B'ii;-7; .\tor>lfl, I'oi/H'f , torn, i., p. '20(), toiii. ii., ])p. ;j«, 101-2,101, rJ7;
Jioyk's Uid<:, vul. i., pp, 2'JJ-l, vol ii., pi). U-12, lb,
MEDICAL PRACTICE.
709
lii,!ilil:in(ls (liirin;^ tlio smnincr; and l('])i'osy. manifcstcfl
l)_v wounds and orii[)tions, and eausi'il hv liltli, iiiunoral
lial)its. and had food. In sonic parts of XiiMrajiua. tin;
latter disi'asi' hi-caks out in liornv cxcrcsi jiiccs. similar
in appearance to the tips of cow-hoi-ns. illieuniatisni
and chest diseases are rare, in spite ol" their rt)iii'.li lile.
Su[)erstitioiis practices and enijiii'ieal I'ecipes trniisiuitted
from their ancestors are the ri'inedies resoi-ted to. Ih)t
Ijatliini:' is the favorite treatment. Thev are skilU'id at
hlood-lettiiiLi'. making' wvy small punctures, and apply-
ing' a jiinch of salt to them after tiu^ o])eration is ended.
C'auteri/,in,Li' wounds to prewnt intlanimation is not un-
comii'on, and does not atfect tiie patient much. The
l)rinci[)al remeilv ol' the Chorotejians consists of a decoc-
tion from \arious liei'I)s injected hv means of a tiihe.
Some trihes of the lii,L:hlands call in sorcei'ers U) j<nead
and suck the suiferint:' part. .Vfter ])erformin,L:' a Nariety
of antics and lirimaci's, the wise man j)roduces a hlack
■suhstance from the mouth, wliich he ainiounces as the
oai'.se of the sickness; the friends of the j)alient take
this matter and trample it to pieces amidst noisy denion-
tstrations."
Their dead are washed, and dressed in a fr<'sh suit;
frii'uds then assemble to e\[)ress their regard and sorro\s-
)y l)urnin,i;' copa
1 and
)eriornun'j,' a wilu dance rouut
d tl
('ori)se, w
hich is buried with all its belonviimi^
as wt
11
as fo!)d I'or sustenance on the loni:' journey. The lt/a>
inhaJiitim: the islamls in the lake I'eten.
are san
Itol
ia\e
thrown theii' dead into the lake, i'or want of room.
The charac^ter of the Guatemalans exhibits a nunibei-
oi excel ic
nt traits. They luue alwa\:
'I'U a Livntl
•■^ At Mas,i\
Till' (ItMtii-r.iti
Ji>,!/h-s ir>'l<
r, vol. II
1). HI.
.\llr (
nniouL,' cliililrni i
t-.l
IC (XCCSSIVC
llird
■r lii r l-';iinili' li:.ll' ii (in :iiHsi r^t
iiiii'fsiuiilcs .\iiss(liiii mill ii.iiiii ntlich ilir Kii
nil r. iiii ( '<
liiaurr. liattiii tlicki>, iiiif''isi'li\V(illi-iic l>:iu('lic,
'iii'lcrdii'ien, jip. I'.U. ll
-I; Mnrihl, 1 '..//.(.;. . tl
ill Ml irh lUhl
1 I'V \ilcca-riiiils.
in. ii.-'lip. 10'.) 10,
r'»-/.
.{'!■< Aim i-'iht. tuiu. i , yyi
III. ]). .'UN; l'iii/(ll. /i'i'/i/"i(/, ill .1/
;{i.". r,; //w.sm/. .1/.
'/.'.(/.
Mi
Kir, ill L'liiil. '/ill./,
. li)-li.'
n:. I ,r„
,1..
Vol. xi.
1'
111; .S''/,i
I .i.lrnk
I'l'
... 4;»;
:iii-j. iiris;
I r, /'/' Imli'iiii r i.'iiii
inifiiii, 1111
I'J Sr'r
ii,, [t. UK; i'J'Ad, .Uuti'^'.'.c, i>. iuS.
fslliii-'iiytn, pp. 11-12; .U'nhl, Vi'j'i'j'', toiu.
710
WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AlIEUKA.
I'iico, and easily led l)v k'mdnoss. hut coiitiii'ics of oppres-
sion liave thrown omt thoiu a timid, hioodin^' spirit,
I'ar from warlike, they have ne\-ertheless pioved Iheni-
■;elves ellieient soldiers durinn' the late ci\ il war:
Tl
leir
lionesty and laithlulness to a trnst or enpauenient is uni-
versally admitted, and e\-ei-y traveler heai's witni'ss to
their hospitality and ohliiiing disposition. Although
taciturn hel'ore stranucrs. whom the\- natui'alK' distrust,
thi'v are uiute voluhie and merrv amouL: thenisel\t's
• 1 »/ '
('s[)e(;ia
llv tl
le women:
th
•tl
leu- nurtn, nowcNcr, wan
ts th
rini;' of true ha[)[)iness. Looking at the darker side,
it is found that drunkeiniess stands j)re"niinent. and
if the native is not oftener drunk, it is heeause the
means for carousing are wanting. Surrounded hy a
hountifid nature, he is naturally la/y and improvident,
whole days hcing passed in dreamy inaction, without a
symptom of ennui, lie is ohstinate, and clings to ani;ient
customs, yet he will not dispute with you. hut tacitly
l"orms his own o[)inion. Taught to he humhle. he does
not possess nmch manliness, hiis a certain cunning, will
v.i'cp at tritles. and is a[)t to he vindictive, especially it'
h
us ^lealousy is iu'oi
ised. The hiuhlanders form an e\-
ce[)tion to tlu'se general characteristic's in main ic.-pecrts.
The purer air of the mountain has infusi-d in them a
certain inde[)en(lent energy, and industrw .\or are the
women to l»e classed as la/y, for theii" })osition is rather
that of slaves than of wives, yet they nvv \i\acious and
not devoid of coipietry. hut of undis[)utctl modest v.
Afany of the remoti'r trihes are hrave. and the Manchi's,
for instance, ht'hasi'd lately in so spirited a manner as
to compel the governnu-nt to treat with them
Tl
le
It/as ai'e said to ha,\e heen warlike and ryuv\. hut tlu'ir
neiiihhors the Lacandones are not so lei'ociou
s as siu)-
.1'
})osed. The (^)uich('s hear a -high character for iudus-
Uy, and intelligence, while those of KaMnal excel in
truthfidness. honesty, and morality. The \'era Paz
trihes are less active and industrious tliiui those of
the plateau; this aj»plies es[)ecially to the eastern
nations who are also more stupid than the western.
THE MOSCiUITOS.
rii
Tlio Siilviiilor ])(M)j)li' iiiv uoti'd ior tlu'ii' i)]il(';:in;itic
ti'iu[)t'niim'iit. Mini the pi'ovokcnl straiiLicr \\li<» sci'ks
to liiii'i'v them, is lucrclv liiii^iuMl at: otliciwisc they,
us \v«'ll MS the N'u'MrMuiiMiis. Mi'i' moi'i' docile Mini imlus-
ti'ioiis tliMii liic ( iiiMlciuaJMiis. Idit iilso iiioi'c Mi|ii'i'stitioiis.
S'luT/cr thinks that tlicv liave all the iiicrnialiou t'or
becMJiiiin,:: rohhcrs. I)iit wMiit the oiuTj^y. The A/trc reiii-
iiauts ill .\i('arti,t:iiM mtc particiilai'ly patient and tlirilty.
hilt exti'i'inely shy and hroodint:'. The ('hontales. on
the other hand, are said to ha\e been a sa\a;;c and de-
haseil race, whil *he Choliitecs were l)ra\e ami cruel
l)iit suhject to petticoat I'nle. Opinions concerning:' the
iiitelli.Lience ol' the nati\'es and their ])rospcct ot" ad-
vancement are varied, soiiu' ailinniiii:' that they are dull
and spiritless. iiica[)ahle of inakini:' any pro,L:i'ess. while
others assign tlu'ni u hii:'h charactei' and intelli^Lii'iice,
uhich. i)ro[)erl}- dirocteil, would gise them a [nomiiient
position.-"
The ^^()S(aIT'•>. the second division of the Central
At
iiencan jiTonj). are
at tl
le present day composed in
part ol" an incoiii.;rnoiis mixture ol' Carih colonists and
nepii'o im[)oi'tations. and in part of a piirenati\(' element.
Owinii to tlu' independent si)irit of the tribes aloim' the
central chain of mountains, which siicces>l"iill\- resisted
2" ' Ti:i somin(i lies ])( iiics (St (lone liiniti'o coiniiu' rtWr dcs jduissanccs; ils
111' i'rs-<(Ul( 111 iii bs mil s ni 1>'S uiitri-; avrc licaucimii dc vivaciti'.' M^rihl,
\'ni/,i.i'\ t.Hu. i., pp. -J io 7, I'.ti;, tiiiii. ii., pp. in|, i:!:!. \'M, •iim, 2o:!.
' Wlicn arniiscil, liowcvi ]■. tii^'V arc liiTrc, enicl, aliil iiiiplacaliliv . . .slnvwil
. . . .ci'iu'4iii'4 si-rvilit y aiiil Iav <'umiiii.L;. . . .I'Xti'cuii' traclialiliii; ss.' ( ii'ii;'>t
(''■lit. Aiii' r.. pp. \l'.i. ■ .\Ii laiiclinly ...silent . . .piisillaiiiiunu-, ., timid.'
I)iii>ii's lin'il- iii'ilii. p. 'JTs. • Iinp(rturl)aliility of tliv Xcjrtli Aim i ic iii Indian,
li;it arc a j^iiitliT and less w.irliki,' raci'.' Fouh's I'ml. Ani'i-.. pp. |i>l --).
Xifara,L;uatis • arr siiiLtiilifly dnrili'aihl industrious . .. imt waililu lull I'lMVc'
S'/iilrr's Xic'ira iii'(, p. 'JUS. 1' u' I'lirllur ivfcrciicc! coiKaTiiinL! tliisc piopKi
s.'i' S'j'iirr's ('flit. Aiii'i'.. \i. 'I'hi: llnlnir, Xirnrdiinn. ji]). 7'.i s|; .linifrns'
nut. h'liiit., lip. l'.i7-S; /i'r '//, Xi'iirii'inn. pp. Id!), ll'ill: I'lii/ill. L'ti/i/rirt. in
Aiii'iriiiiic I ' nlr'ili . pp. 7il, l:i.") il; 'I" h'iiil. in /</.. jip. l-p7 S; I'n.^si i/, Mixii/ih^
ji. 171: lliii/!i''s U'rh'. v.il. i., pri'f,, ji. xiv., and p. 7"); i/i'ii's .\- n- Sumi/,
li]i. ;ni-l-2'. :):!:!: I'nln!.^, M..fU,iii; y\i. -Jtis-i), -277, 'iss. 2'.i;), ■!:{ '; Dnllfus (w^l
)f<itd->i i-i-iil. \''ii/. !•'■■, ilii'/iijiir, pp. -17-'.), I)'.); Orii'ili), ll'ist. (nil., tola, iv., p. li-l;
llrrrrn. Ilisl. 'ini ., dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii.; Sfir r:i r, W'lmli niinii'ii, m>.
.') i, (11. l--)"), |iil--): l>iiiihiji'.'i Ciiil. Aimr., \t\). ■211, :!:i7 -S. The Lacaiiilums
are very lacouie, sober, tciupurato and striet. I'onklH, ini'id. Fitriiitr,}\uv.
7, 1S«2.
712
WILD TUrnES OF CENTIl.VL AMKIilCA.
till' atti'inpts ol" SiKiiiiiirds to ju'iictriiti' the territory, iiiul
to tln' iinliciiltliy cliiiiiitc ol' tin- coast, this coiiiitry. uitli
tiic ('xci'ptioii ol' tilt' iiortlii'i'ii |)!irt ol" iJoiKliiriis. lias as
yvt I'scapcd siilijcctioii to the wliilc rai-c. Tlii' coiiiitiT.
iisiik' Iroiii tilt.' sca-sliorc. jiosscsscs many attractivi;
i'l'atiircs. The transverse ranges, radiatiiiu' fioiii the
l)i'iiiei]tal <'liain, Ibriii a .series of terniees \vhicli i^raijiially
lessen in elevation, until they disappear in a low eoast
re,uioii. rn'tween thein inniiiiieraMe rivers, led hy the
moisture-laden sea-winds, now nishiiii: hoisteroiisly from
lieavilv wcxhUmI heii-hts. now shiuuishK' weiidiiii:' their
^vay tlirou;^h luxuriant prairie-land. How Ihrouj^li a rej:ion
of most pU'asini;' variety, and at last empty into vast
lagoons horderiiiLi' the ocean. The ahori'/ines still form
the greater part ol" the po[>ulation. and are composed of
a larp.e numher of trihes which, while practicini: ajiri-
cultnre to a limited extent, siihsist chielly on natural
fruits and on the [)rodu(,'ts of the chase. Ilxceptin,:: the
small trihes of the I'astern Mosiiuito country-, Mr Scpiier,
who has ,t:i\en much ])atient research to their lan-
^uatics, includes the natives of this sul)-di\ ision amon""'
the Lenca i'amily, at the head of which stand the (t'lui-
jlqtteros in western lloiuluras, e.-ssentially an a,^ricultural
peo[)le. lO.ist of these are the Aicikjiks. and I'oijdx,
names j:iven to a collection of closely related trihes,
some of which have heen. hroULiht under the suhjugat-
iiiu' nnluences
of tl
le missionarx'
itl
itiiers. wiuie otiier.s
^till k
tl
\eei) tlieir ancle
nt cu-'toms intact. The .s'
I'fd^ on
I)lack Iviver are iiuluded )V .some writers with the
J
oyas.
outli and we-t o'" these are the J/os''os. and in
the western part of the .M()s(iuito coast, the Waithnis^
who still cherish a tradition of their emijzration from
the north-west. Kast of the latter live the '/o//-/v/s and
Cook !'((!<. who extend to IMewlields. and siieak dialects
varyiii;^' little from the W'oolwa tonuiie. hut stand lower
in the scale of humanity. I>ell states that the Towka.s
are merely a hranch of the Suioox. w ho haw mau\- points
in ('ommon with the I'oyas, tliou;zh dilferinji' from them
in laniiuaiie. Anioim' other ahoriuines ma\' he men-
MOSQUITO NATIONS.
718
tloiU'd tllO Alhiihi'iiiii!^, Tiilinii!*, I'liiiiin/i Ids, Jiii'ii.-i, T'lOft,
(iiinltiK. Ilvlis, Mi)lih'tin, anil tlic liiintii.> oil tin- iUculiclds
lii'ioori; (»!' soWTiil otiici's tlit> iiaiiU's ;i
re
itlii'i' lost
oi' iiiiknowii. I'ollnwiui:' the coast soiitliwiiid we iiirct
tliu Ci/rilis, ii .sti'oiin'. liardv. I)iit cnnU' i-acc at [iri'st'iit,
of varied iK'.Lii'o adiiiixtiirc. chicllv descrinl('(i IVoiii the
tiii'ludrut iiati\cs of Sail NiccMtc island, wlioiii the lln::-
lish transporti'il in IT'."! to the island of Uoataii. wlK'nco
tlicy were liroiiiiht over to Honduras. Tlio (\iiil)s. who
liavt' within a lew drcadi's spri-ad from a small colony
over the whole northern coast. driviiiLiother nations into
th
10 inti'i'ior and southward, appear to ne siipcrsediiii;"
tii(^ alM)rii:ines, now last disappeariiii;' under the anni-
liilatinii' ell'ect of drink and disease. South ol' the
Oarihs round caiie (iracias i'l hios are the Si/m/i
Mn
los. or
<liiit()^ pro[)er. said to ha\'e spriiiiL:' h'oin the union ol
na,ti\'e woiiii'ii with neuro slaves wreekeil on the coast
diirini;' the se\-enteenth century. Owin,:.;' to their jz'eo-
«irai)hical [lositioii they wi-re hroii^ht in contact with th(}
buccaneers, and placed in a position to .uiain ascendancy
o\er other trihes IVoiii the ToNas southward, hut werii
at tl
le sal
lie time inoculated with the deiiradinij,' victvs
ai
id ilisorders which
are now so ra[ndly hriirjin,:
DO
lit
their extinction, lllated hy their position as masters of
the coast, they assumed the proud title of ll'/.7//^/s. or
iii"n. in which conceit they have heeii imitated \)\ tho
siilijecteil trihes. which af(> liradually ado[itiii^ the ."^amho
tonji'iie. Adiaceiit to tlu'in are the T'lnn'jIiiSy ii not very
nniiierons oilshout of Smoos and Sanihu?
21
21 Tho iiiiiui' iliisquito is j,'iii( r;illy supposid to hi vo urisi ii finin tlio
nuuici-oiiM iiiiim|iiit.i iiis.'cts tl) lir fipiiiiil ill tilt' CDiiuiiy; otlr rs tliiiik that tlio
siliiiU isl iiid-i ort' tlif cii ists, '• wliji'li lie as tliick as iiii)si|iiiti>is." may iiavo
caused till' u|iiiillatioii; while a tiiiid niiiiiidii is that the name isa e.MiMi>ti'iii
of nil uhiiri^iiial term, ami to siili^tantiate this ojiiiiiiiii it is sai.l liiat liiu
iiuHvi's u ill tlieiii-ielves distinctly Msskitos. .1/ is7''/',,;,n,,/. I!<r'i-lil. \i\>. IM,
1S)-2I. i'lie Caril) name is [iroiioiiiieed •• Kh iiilieis " on tie- c i.ist. .!/(.•-
(/A- /o/''s /'/•'(//•.•.•>■<)/' .l,;).;,'i(vt, vol. i.. ])|). 770. 77"). '11 exi^ti' (le/ eiix di S
liiiiLjiies tres dift''i'eiites, ft nous avous I'einariiui' i[u'm eeiit lieiies de distaneo
ii;! ll'J S.' comprellllelit Jlliis les uus les ailtres.' Viriili'l'l-n, I'r III. I'd//, il'i
yl'irc(./> IV-;/) (ee.'. (). K). See further; .s7'/i(r.s .Vf'ii-'Oi'"', p. III!; .S'/'u'' /''.s
Xii'.imina, vol. ii., p. .'iOS: lil.. ('•■id. Aiii"r.. pp. -JIL-JII 7, -rflU; lialnii\
yi ■antii'iii. ]). 77; .Tun- rut' IIUI. (tiuil.. p. ;U<i; li'it'iinln. in /..ee/. ii,;,n. .^■■<\,
Joai'., vol. lii., p. 2'M; /■' ', iu Id., vol. \\.\.ii,, pp. :ijS-'J; lixid's W'dLiui,
U
'■ i
711
WILD TRIBES OF CEXTRA.L AMEllICA.
Iv!U!i^-inixtiires in certain lociilites have almost ()l)lit-
eratod aboriginal types, which are [)ortra\x'il asol'inediiim
stature, regular ibnn, and varying in color IVoni light
hrown to dark coppery. The peo[)le about cape (iracia.s
i'l Diosare represented by the first voNagers to have; been
nearly as dark as negroes. The lace is rather Hat and
oval, the head smaller tiian among Europeans; forehead
liigh and cheek-bones not very prominent; hair long,
straight, (ioarse, and black; beard scanty; nose very
small, thin, and usually afpiiline among tlie coast peo
j)le. but larger and broader toward the interior. The
iris of the eve is u,enerallv bhick. l)ut oi'ten verues
toward brown; mouth broad, with thin lips and regular
teeth. The women present a full bust and alxlomen;
they are called pretty, but early mari-iages soon make
them old. It is suspected that iuiant nun-der has
something to do with the rarity of deformed })eople.
The Towkas and llamas present the fniest pure-blooded
tv[)e. the former being very fair, while the latter are
large, athletic, and stern-looking. 'I'he Poyas are cop-
per-colored, short, but nnisculai', broad-faced, with largo
forehead, bent nose, and small, mild eyes. The Toon-
glas are duskier; the Smoos a[)|)roach the I'air Towkas
in hue. though they have a ilatter head, .iccompanied
by a stolid look. The darkest of all aie the W'oolwas,
whose color seems a mixture of vellow ochre and
Indi
I ui
k. r
roceedni
li
to Honduras, we mt'et the
Caribs. whose varied admixture ol' negi'o blood sep-
arates them into yellow and black Caribs. The ibrmer
are distinguished by a somewhat ruddy hue. with a
hooked nose; while his duskier brother is talK'r. hardier,
and longer-lived; with a nose inclining to atpiiline.
Children are prettier as they ap[)roach the negro type.
The hair varies in curl and gloss acciording to piu'ity
of blood. The Mos(|uitos proper are moi'<^ uniform in
a[)pearaucej and buccaneers have no doubt assisted
V
12:1. 201 --2.
I'P-
Wijiiifii^i. (U'liij. '(. Slut., ])
!|:
:n.l. :U7 .",(); //,
(/";'s' Ill's Ifithlnr'is. p. -Jlfl; li ii/lr's Hide, vol. i., p|). xii-xiii., 2iJJ, 2S7; iiluLrs,
MUldaiiui-iLa, i>i>. iTJ-60, 287-8.
MOSQUITO PHYSIQUE AND DRESS.
ri5
ill l)ringin;;' out iiumy of the characteristics tliat have
obtaiiUMl Ibr lh(! Sambo race the leadiiiii p(;sition on
the coast. 'I'licy are all well-l)iiilt, raw-boned, nimble,
and of a dull, ilark, co[)i)er color. The lace is o\al. with
a coai'se. lustful e\[)ression. the hair rou,!:h. wa\ \ . and
black. e\('s !)riLiht and remarkablv stroni: : women i)rett\',
Avith lariie e\es. an<l small feet and ankles."
A [)iece of cloth fastened at the waist in a twist or by
a cord, and I'eaching to the knee, constitutes the native
male costume in these parts, that of the women bcin,:^
somewhat shorter. This cloth is either of cotton, some-
times woven with down, or of fibres IVom the inner bark
of the caoutchouc tree, beaten on stones till they become
soft, and is often lar^e enough to serve for a coxfrini:' at
nijiht. Some are ([uite fanciful in coloi'and dcsij^n. and
formerly tliey were painted. Those ol tlie \\'oolwi'.s ar(^
usually si.v ieet loni:' by thi'ee broad, strijied blue and
yellow: tlu-y arepas.sed between the legs and fastened at
the waist by a thonji'. The Xica([nes, on the contrary,
wear the cloth sera[)e- fashion, by passinu,' the head
thi'oirjih a slit in the centre, and tviu'-' the folds round
the waist. I'^ncu this scanty covering is ol'ten reduced
to the smallest api'on. and is dispensed Avith altoLietlu r
in some j)arts, for modei'u travelers speak of nati\es
in a naked
■^tate
W
omen occasionall\- wear a smal
s(|uare clotli. having an o[)ening ibr tbe head, one [»ai't
of which covers the breast the other tlii' i>ack. In
some parts chiefs aie distinguished by a cotton cap,
2-'T)io l),i(kMikiio{'li.'" tvcton nidit, «!■■ I'i'i aiulcrii aiiifiikimisiliin
Stiiiuiiirii, aiillMliiiM licivor. . .starke ( )liiTliii)'.'.' .l/-i.s/y/i/7'././/'i/, liiiilJ. |i|i.
l:U (1. .')'.l. 7(1, I'.l. ('(lusiilt itls<i: Siiiin.'s (•,,,/. .!„,./■., pp. TAK •S>\. '<■>': n;
If'tss'i. M:.f. d'lii.. in). ;i'vS-'.l; /•'/■i,'/»/. ,l.s AiH-ril.'i, toiii. i.. \>\i. il'.iT S;
\'iiriili'i'ii II, I'liiii. \'''i/. ilr Aiif riiiii I'l'.-//""), pp. lO-l. 'I'll!' ]'U\-f l.vpi' Ikih
' srli'irliti'. i^ril'.i, vi\ si'liw.ir/.i' llaiir mill I'l'iiiriv Lipprii.' Sir.r-i, Miiiiliiiin ril.u,
])]). 7!. 177. is.i. ■is7 s; y,,ii„.fs X'lrniliir, pp. •^c. 'js '.(, 72, 7"i, !'■>. s->. ,s7,
rr'iil'i's IliJ. r..//.. p. 2^(1: //■//. ill /',•'/</. '•■"■J. Snr,, ./.,</,■., veil, xwii.,
pi.. 2'ii'.-'.l; /''■//( 'M / Srnniiiii'a .t>'>iriii(i^, ii|>. 'lis. :i.i.'i. |n:t: ('■>h>ii. //('.-'. Mm!-
rtnt'\ in llii-'i'i. /r<.vAi/'; ( /-(/■(s, tiiMi. i,. p. |iil; ll'inl's Wo'il, mi. )i)>. IJ7.'i'.lS,
;U7; Slrnii'iiiriii/^' MiS'i'i'iln Sh'HV. p. ;!'J!». 'I'll.- iiiitivcs uf Cuiii isl.nnl .'in 'nf
a (lark ('')]ip('r-cii!()iii', hhirlv ilair, full ruiuiil I'lici's, wiiiU hl.iik I'lyi's, ilnji-
Eyi'-lirow-; U:iii.;iii.; ovir tiiiii' l\V(,'s, lnw Fnrihr.i Is, slimi tiiii''< N .scs. imt
LiV'li. liiit tlitii^d; full Lips, mid short (.'hiiiM.' JJaiini'C'''ti rt'///iys, vol. i.,
pp. 31-2, 7-S.
riG
WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
and a long si 'ovelesH r()l)o. open in fi iit and often nicely
ornamen
ted
in
oth
ler places men
of
ik
raniv uear
turl
)aiis
decorate(' witli plumes .and feathers, and dress in skins
of eagles, tillers, and other animals: tiiese are also used
by the common peoi)le on festive occasions. The Smoos"
liead-dress is especially pretty, with its (.'iiihroidery and
feather-work. Ordinarily the lonu' loose hair is deemed
.'^ullicieiit to protect the head, and is kept sleek and shin-
ing l)y ])alm-oil. which they .say furthers its growth.
The women have longer hair tlian the men, and often
dress it in rinulets. seldom in a knot or wreath. Tli(>
l)eo[
le of
rtl
nortUern
Hond
uras wear
a lock hanuiiii: over
the forehead; some highland chieftains, on the contrary,
;^Iiiive the front of the head, but allow the back hair to
grow long, while the Toyas part theirs in the middle.
kee[)ing it in position with a band. That of the religicjus
men reaches to the waist, and generally falls in braids
])ehind. In nn>urning, both sides of the liead are shaved,
a bushy conii) being left along the middle. I'or-
merly all hiiir except that on the head, even eyelirows
and lashes, was pulled out, because it was thought fit lor
animals oidy to have hair on the body. All go liare-
iooted, and it is onl}' where the native has to traMl
ox'er a rough roa.l that he puts on )i/jiiiri'f/(if.'<, or sandals
lasteiied bv thonii's
f)f bark.
wood, or skin, w
hicl
I are
round the foot. W hatevr is wanting in actual dress.
however, is made up by ])aint and ornaments, of which
both sexes are eipially ibnd. The face and ujiiu'r part
of the 1)ody are either unifoi'nily dauix'd oxcror tattooeil
with rays, i'ancirul lines, and designs representing animals
and the like, chielly in red and hlark. Taste is not
wanting in this ailormnent. for the tint is often delicate,
and the black circles round the eyrs indicate that they
nnderstand elVect. increasing as they do the lustre of tiu'
orbs. Msiiueinelin states that when \isitov'^ were ex-
])ected, the men combed the hair, and smeared the face
with an ointment of oil and black powder, the women
using a red ailmixture. Tattooing ligures on the hody
l)y cauterization, as seen I)}' Coliimhus on the Mostpiito
MOSQUITO HEAD-FL.VTTEN'IXG. 717
Coast, is .still practiced in certain ]iarts of the interior.
A horiuinal M()S(|uitos also iierforated eai's. lips, and
cheeks, to liold pendants of fisli-))ones and ,u;reen stones;
the holes in the ears being as Itirge as eggs. The natives of
Corn island not only carried large pieces of wood in the
ears, but gradually eidarged the hole in the lower lip;
at filU'en years of aiic the wood was removed and a tor-
toise-shell inserted. Women woiv a tiiiht bandaue round
the ankle to increase the size of their calves. Strings
of tastefully ai'ranged beads, bones, shells, and stones,
and gaily colored bandages, were worn round the neck
and wrist; the women adorning the legs iuid aid\les in
a similar manner, and also using fi'athers and (lowers.
Certain interior tribes, as the Smoos. esteem ii round
forehead as a reproach, and hence the head is llattened,
the elVect of which woidd be more noticeable, were it
not for the thick bushy hair. This head-llattening
fashion hei-e ap])ears lor the first time since we left the
Columl)ian grou[); we shall see it once again lurther
south, and that is all. The process here is essentially
similar to that of tlie C\)lumbians. AVhen the infant is
a month old. it is tied to a ])oard. and a flat ])iece of
wood, kept fu'm by bands, is })laced upon the forehead.
The child remains in this painful j)osition for several
iiioDihs, the pressure increasing as the head grows.-'
Tuvns there are none, except in certain parts; seldom
•■(• b")t'e than four or five houses stand in a group; the
ioi tbtv being ;'hang<'d at intervals for sanitai'y or super-
■<tiii >: > ['urposes. A few upright posts pliuiteil in par-
allel
lines, or ni a, cncle. i
uid
occasionalh' iiiterwo\'en
with cane or leaves, support what may l)e called the hut
2:i //i, •/'.)•((. Hist, (lid., (Ice. iv., lil). i., c;\\i. vi.. lib. viii., mi), iii., v.; l\s-
(jneiiiiTui, Xii -llnimrn, jip. loH-l; Si/nir, in Iliirjiir'.-i l/'.'/-. vul. xix., ]>. fUl;
Jit., ill .\iiiiri!lis .\iiiiiilis iti>i\'ni/.. lMr)S, tdiii. fix., p. l:U; M'irliii'.-< lint. Col.,
V(.!. ii., i>. II-.'; rhti ami Nu'/zKni/t's Duttiwi.-^, pp. -Jls-:)!!; -Jsd, liuM, Jd.'i,
415: .M'lr'iri'iinr's I'rmirrss ni' Ainrr., vol. i., p. 77'J; Itmnjiii r's \'iii/iiii)'s. vol.
)., p|i. 11. :!J: /;./n/'s' n'nU.iiii. pj). 127, 2r,'.i-G, -Jim; Mnsijinlnliinil. JinU-l,!. jij).
I't>-17, l:til-7; IMt. in Lunil. (iiuij. Sm-., .hmr., vol. \xxii., jii). 'jr)tU(;ii;
LoHHii's ynrniltri , \)ii. IJ, 2(1, 'J'J, It-', 7'2, 77. >^.'t, 122, i:!'!. ' Alcuiii vsntii)
fovtc ciuiiiciniili' <'oiii"i|iicn('. clio vsiiimo iidi, Iuiil'Iu' siiio iil lulico, (> siii/,i
jimnchi'. l'(irtiiiii) li' linici'ia, c il coipo Inuoviili ili lauoii uiuitSL'Li, futti cul
fuoc'o.' i'lAoinljo, Ui-it. i/i./ Aininiruijlh, pp. -lUU-fi.
718
WILD TRIBES OF CENTKAL AMERICA.
proper. mIiIcIi is a sharply slopinir. wcll-tliiiteiiod palm-
k'al" roof with projoctiii;^' eaws, roachiii":; to within tinve
or Tour i'ec't oi" tho tiroiiiul. Thci'o is usually hut oui>
apai'tuuMjt, the tloor of Avhich is often coated with clay,
and niiscd a little to avoid dampness. In the center is
the fireplace, surr(jnnde(l hy household wai'e and cack-
lini:' hens, and all round may ))e seen luuinnocks and nets
susi)ende(l from the ))!Viuboo rafters. Some sleep on a
irame-work of hamhoo ;)laced upon posts. ^rhehettei-Cii>^s
of houses con; iii partition? for the several families occu-
pying' it. and SI . field -i enclosed hy stalk fences. A
village with main le interior trii)es consists of oiu' lai'iie
huildint:'. often one liundred feet lon<i' hv thirtv feet wide.
The front and end of tin se structures are open. i)ut the
hack is partitioned olf iiito small cU)sets with the hark of
the cal)ha^i:e-[)ahns. each serving as a l)eilroom for a mar-
ried couple, or for unmarried women. A ])latform inune-
diately under the roof is used as a 8leepin,<i-i»lace for the
hoys, and an apartment at the end of the hut is set ajiart
for women about to he confined. Some of the (iuaji(|ue-
ro villaiics contain over a hundred su])stantial huts of
mud. or of cane plastei'ed over and whitewashed. The
Tooniilas and Cookras, erect temporary sheds near the
streams, durinii: tho summer, hut seek more secure huts
in t!ie winter. Carib dwelliniis are the neatest of all ;
ill
th
some are of cane, others of frame-work iilied witli wnu
Cockburn relates that, dui'inu' his journey throujih Hon-
duras, he came across a hridue made of a net-work of
cane, which was sus})ended between trees so that the
centre hunu' forty feet above the surface of the stream.
Jle found it wry old and shaky, and concluded that it
belonged to the remote past."*
Kedundaiit nature here leaves man so little to d(».
as scarcely to allbrd an opportunity for development.
.'>(riii)ij(')rrtt/^' .l/osv/ioVo .^^/mrf, p. ^31 : Pi'fifhrl'sC'iiil. Ai
p. IH."); Si/ii'Hr'x
Ciitl. Am i\. )) (JC'ii: /,/., ill lliiriHi'fi Muti.. vol. xix.. ]>. (ii:i; /r/., ill .V-
ils ilx \'<>i/.. 1S.")S, tuiii v\k.. [). l:il; r
ii, V>r>: r
■ IS
!■' imiiin s
lloti
Hll'l S
vtin\ J)]!. l:t. 77, W
iml:^
l)|i. 2711. -Jltrt, -tl')-*!; nil, in l."Hfl. '
.l<ifir..\;d. \\\u..i)\>.-2'<n~\>\ llxnls W'ail.iiK. pp. 'i'.i:! I, ;Uh-',(: J/m,
I'lliiiiil. llnrlit. pp. -Jii, i;t7-'J; S'n-crg, MilkluiiieriUt, pp. Hw, 17.'^; Cochhi
Juuriiij, pp. 'I'i, oH-l,
FOOD IN IIONDUllAS.
riD
The pooplo of iiortlioni Hoiidiiras, according to TTcrrorn,
clcai'i'il till' groiind uitli stone axes, and turned the sod
])y main strength uitli a forked pole or with shar)) wooden
si)ades, and hv this means secureil two or three \ields e\ ery
year; hut tlie pi-esent occn|)ants scarcely take so nuieh
trouhk'. i)n marr\ inu,', the me
n ])re[)are a
<mall Held
for a lew heds of yams, heans. cassa\a. and s(|uasli. some
])e[)[)er. and pine-apjik's. )n>sides twenty to thiity plan-
tain and co('();i-init trees, leaving their wives to give it
such I'urthei" care as may be reipiired. Where mai/e is
cultivated it is eii'>er st)wn two or three gi'ains in holes
two feet ai> ut, or broadcast over freshlv cleai'e(l wood-
land a little before the rainy season. The i'oyas are
the only people who cultivate res[)L'ctable i'arms. Fish-
ing is the fa\oi'ite occupation of the coast i ibes. and
their de.Kterity Avitli the spear and harpoon is <|uite re-
inai
kabk
Tl
le proiH'i' time l()r catching tin
laru'
vv
species of fish, such as the tar[)om and })alpa. is at night,
when a ilet't of })itpans, each with a pitch-pine toicli in
the bow. may be si'en on the lagoon inti'rmingling in
])ictures( pie confusion. One or two paddlers pro[)el the
boivt. another holds the torch, while the hai'iuxiin'cr stands
at the bow with a ii;ilsh)-(/iiK((, or stalV, having a loosidy
litting, barbed harjioon at one end, and a jtieci' of light
wood at the otlu'r. A. shoi't line attached to the harpoon,
passes along the stall", and is rolled round this tloat for
convenience. The glare of the torch attracts the fish
and enables the bowuian to spy his prey, which is imme-
diately transfixed by the iiar[)oon. Away it darts, but
the tk)at retards its piogre
aiK
points out Its when"
.^boiits to the lioatmeii, who again seize the line, and
drag it to the sli.)re. Occasionally the tarj)om is taken
ill strong: nets, the meshes of which re(piire to be six
in(!hes sipiare in order to I'litaiigle it. Manatees or sea-
rows are caught in the early morning, and to gi-t w ithin
^itrikinu" distance of the warv animal, it is necessar\ to
deck the canoe with bushes and leaves, giving it the ap-
pearance of a lloating tree. The line attachetl to the
liarpoo)! is in this case payed out from the canoe, which
720
WILD TllIDES OF CENTHAL AlIEllICA.
is ofton tmiled l)v i\w. nianiitoe in a lively inaniicr. Tt
p'lioi'jilly takes sovei-al harpoons as well ;is liuioes to kill
it. Smaller liar[)()ous. without harh. with merely ((iiad-
ranji'ular points an inch and a hall" long and nearly as
wide, are: used for catchinu' turtles so that the shell may
not ho daniaged. As the eanoe approaches, tln^ tui'tle
slides under the watej': the hownian signali/es the oars-
man how to steer, and when the tiu'tle I'isi's to hreathe,
it is speared, dragged into the canoes, and jjlaced on its
hack. Some lishei'inen will jum[» into the water after
the animal, and hring it up in their hands, hut this
ieat is attended with danger, from hites and sharj)
coral. T'"') hawk-hill turtle is set i'ree after the shell
has ])een stri[)i)ed of its scales, hut the green species
is eaten, and its eggs, which are esteemed a dainty,
are sought for ui the sand hy ])oking sus[)ected places
with !i stick. Smaller hsh are s[)eared with the shtiiorl,',
a iong i)ole with a /i\ed point. 'fhe river peo[)le
take less pleasure in fishing, and resort thereto oidy
as driven hy necessity. Weirs of hi'anches and clay
are constructed, with a small outlet in the middle,
where men ar(> stationed to catch the ])assing fish
with nets and s[)ears. The Poyas em[)l()y a still surer
method. The water is heaten with sticks lor some dis-
tance ahove the weir, so as to drive the (ish together; a
quantity of juice extracted from a, wild vine called
jtcq/diic. which has a stupelying elfect, is thrown into the
water, and the men have mei'el\" to select the hest look-
inu'. the smaller ones heiuii; aUowed to iloat awav and
recover in the unadulterated waters helow. The preserv-
ing offish is the work of women, who cut them in slices, — -
sometimes ru!)l)ing them with salt. — and place the pieces
on a iramework of cane over the (ire to he smoke-dried;
after which they areex[)o,sed to the sun for a day or two.
Part of the (ish is cooked, or haked in oil. and eaten at
once. If we except the Smoos and Xica((ues. who fol-
low game with true precision and patience, the usual
mode of hunting is as primitive as weir-fishing. ,V
numher of men assemhle and set lire to the grass, whicb
MOSQUITO COOKEUY.
ilrivo.s tlio torrifiod iiiiiinals into a f'ornor, wlicvo tlicy
iiw sliot or sti'uclv «l()\vii. or tho gaiiu' is cutrajjiu'd in
lioics jKirtly fillod with wattT. The wild lioii'. the tapii-.
and dcrr supply most of tlio moat, which is cinvd in the
same way as lish: some ciittinji' the meat in sti'ips. and
cnirinii" it on t\w (incnnK ov grate of" sticks, while others
preler the harhetnie method which is to smoke-dry the
whole animal. Certain old writers state that human
ilesh was eaten, hut this is discredited hy others, who
think that the error arose from seein<i' tlu> natives least
on monkeys, which, skinned, liave much the apjiear-
ance of humans. The statement of their eatini:- raw
fish may also he wrong, lor the natives of the present
da\' aie verv careful ahout thoi'oughlv cookini: their I'ooil,
and even a\()id fruit not fully ri[K'n( 1. A well-known
articli! of food is the Cai'ih hread. a sort of wliiti^ hard
hiscuit made iVom cassava or mandioc roots, which are
skinned, washeil, and grated on Ji hoard set with sharj)
stones. The pulp is rinsed in water to extract the
jKiisoiious juice, and when it is snlliciently whitened hy
this means, the water is cari'lully pressed out. and the
.suhstan.'e set to dry in the sun. The sifted Hour
is made into large round thin cakes, which, after
heing exposed fo the sun for a while, ai'e slowly
haked over the fi;e. The Poyas make large rolls, which
are wi'apped in leaves and haked in the ashes. These
soon hecome sour, and are then eaten with a I'elisli.
Othi'rs grind cassa\;i or maize on the nictate, and hake
tortillas. A gruel is also made t)f the Hour, ami eatt'U
with salt and chile, or .'^yru[). One of tln'ir dainties is
A'"sA/'/r. the name given to j)lantains ke[)t in lea\es till
])uti'i'l, and eaten hoiled. Scalding hot cacao mixed
with chile is the favorite stiniidant. of which lari^c (piau-
tities are imhihed. until the perspiration starts iVeui e\ery
])ore. Cacao-fruit is also eaten I'oasted. Xotwithstand-
ing the ri(;hness of the soil and the variety of its pro-
ductions, the natives are accused of resoi'ting to inse(!ts
for food, and of eating theii* own vermin. The coa.-r,
people lia\e the greater selection, but trust mostly lo
Vol. I.
id
722 WILD TRIBES OF CENTllAL AMERICA.
fisliiiiLi'. wliilo the interior trilies after imturul products
(le[)eii(l u\Hm the chase. The Cook i-as subsist ehielly on
th
le cahhaLie-piilin
Sainho </\r
Is 1
uive ti iiecMiluu
jinc
y
ihv eating chiircoiil and sand, helievinj;' that their eliarni?
are iinpi'oved thereby. \o reji'nlarit\' is oh.served in
eatini:'. hut food is taken at any hotn-, and ^ith voracity;
nor will they take the trcjuhle to procure more, until tlie
uhole stock is consumed, and huuficr drives them from
their hammocks. The I'oyasand (luajifpieros seem to he
the only tribes uho have any idea ol" providing lor the
future; the latter laying up a connnon reserve."''
I''ri'(|uent hathiim' is the rule, vet the Samhos. who
ha\e a better opi)ortunit\' foi- this, perliajis, than otlu r
tribes, are desci'ibed as diity in their surroundings, and,
uhen warmed l)y motion, emit a disagreeable odor,
arising iVom the use of ointments and powders. The
]*oyas, Xicaipies, Secos. and especially the Caribs are,
on the contrary, very cleanly in their habits.-''
The bow and arrow figures as the chief weapon of
the Mos(|uitos, the former being usually oi' iron-wood,
spanned with twisted mahoe-hark, and often six tiet in
length; tlu; latter of reed or wood, hardi'ned in lire,
and pointed with hard wood, Hint, fish-bones, or teeth,
'^riiey not only handle the bow well, hut some are ex-
pert in the art of defense. ^I'o attain this dextei'ity,
childi'en are taught to turn aside, with a stick, the blunt
darts thrown iit them, and in time thev become sulli-
cientl\- t'xiicrt to wan
1 olf
u'rows in the same manner,
They also light with cane lances about nine ieet long,
■with oblong diamond points, javelins, clubs, and heavy
sharp -pointed swords made t)f a poisonous wood, a
.splinter from which causes first madness and then
"'' If rirrii, Ifnil. Gen., doc. iv.. lib. viii., rap. iii-v.: ^f(l(•'|^v< i/av's /'coi/jy.vs
of Aii'cr., vol. i., pp. 77i-5: >'/"/';■, in Jlnrjin's .!/«;/., vol. xix.. p. (il:!;
. Ydiiii I's X'lrrtitirr, i\\), 14. IS, 21, CI, 71-7. il'l, Its, W,;' llnnrs WiiiLnx. ]ip.
1110-11. V.V2 C, ±)--'iXi, ;!-J0; Sinrs. M!lt< Ixiiifiil.a, jip. 75 C, H7, l(;s-74.
Tho Wodlwas had lisli 'which hud hecii shot with iirniws.' rim iintl Sn-
vmnn's Dfiltih'is, pp. 403,248-50, 3i.0-l, 407, 412-lU; Duwjna-'s Wi/jmi's, \o\.
i., pp. ;»-i:(, :r.-7.
i!i' lldi/'i'a /,';■/(', vol. i., pi-(f., p. IS; YoHHi/s Xitmd'ive, jip. 70, 'JD, i'M;
Torqiteimtda, Jlutuirq, Iml., toiii. i., p. U35.
MOS(iUITO WEAPONS AND WAR.
723
death. The milkj juice of tlie ninir/nnilla-trce is used
to poison arrows ami darts. IMowpiin'S, >vln)se li,i:lit
arrows siuelv iiiid silonth' l)riii<r down liirds at a liimdrrd
Ic'C't and over, are in jireat favor witii llie voiitli. Armor
is made of plaited reeds eoveivd with ti^er-skins. and
ornamented with leatiiers; besides wiiich. tlie noitliern
^h)S(|uitos employ a ln'east[)late of twisted cotton, like
that of the Mexicans, ^h)s(|nito women are said to bo
as j^ood archers as the nien."^
Altoi'iiiinal wars were contiiniallv wiiucd in lh)ndn-
riis withont am- other ohiect than to a\c'n<:e the dciith
ol' an ancestor, or to retaliate on those who had carried
away I'riends into .slavery. Nei^hhoring' trilies. how-
e\(r, aiii'ced to a truce at cei'tain times, to allow tho
intcrchiiii^e of uoods. Previous to starting on an ex-
jH'dition. turkeys, dogs, and even human heings were
^>acriliced to intluence the gods; Mood was drawn IVoni
tongue and ears, and dreams cari'lully noted, and their
import determined. Amhassadois wcie sent to challenge
the enem\" to a nitchetl battle, and. if the\ weiv not re-
^pondedto. thecoiMitry was ravaged. \\ hen prisoners were
taken they were usually held as slascs. after having the
nose cut olf. forty thousand nu'n sometimes com|)()sed
an e.\i)i'dition. opi'i'ating without chief or order, devising
ambu.-hes and stratagems as it suited them, and accdu-
panied by wouien to act as porters. ^hK-cpiito warriors
bhu Iseu the face, and place themselves under the t( m-
])orary command of the bravest and most experienced.
The coast people ari' liold and unyielding, and usually
kill their ])risoni'rs. \\ hen the Saud.os confederate with
their neighboi's. they expect their allies to pay lor iriend.s
lost in battle.-'"*
*' Of till' jn'oiilo rif Liis Pci-tiis isliUKls it is! said: 'Aeii't oii'lt viiii Imcr
gewecr ceil liav-tandl, scliictcli lint nciii 1mii)l;1i.' KsfjUi iiii-Hk, Xii-l!ui,ri rn,
1)|). 71, l.-)0. Also sec: I'oldii. Hifil. Ahiiirniili'. in Jliirrin, Ili.slaridilitris,
tniii. 1.. p. 10,"(; Ili'Vi-' I'll, l/isl. (Int.. (lee. iii.. lil). ix., cup. x., iiinl di c. iv.,
nil. viii . call, iii.; llniniiUr's \'<u/'iiiis, vol. i., j p. 7-8; IJani's W'liU.ini, jip.
K{). 1-J.s.
ss llirrcrit, Jl'isl. ilmi.. dec. iv., lib. viii., piiji. iii.; A>y/i"'//i('//», '/jc-lldnnrs,
p. \\\'.\\ liiniqiUr's \'nj/iiii<s. vol. i , p. h; InUijioilt:, lalmi, torn, x., j). -lOG;
L^trHiitiitcni/ti' Jlufiiuitij .S/n/ct, p, u31.
7:i4 WILD TIUBES OF CENTRAL AJIEKICA.
Domestic ntonsils in tho liomos of the M()8(|iiitos coii-
pist of stoiK'H lor grindinj:' •iViiiii and roots, clav |)ots inul
])Iat('M I'or cookinji' purposes, and uonrds, calahashcs. and
iK'ts lor liolding iood and li(juids. ^I'lio st«)no liatclii-t.
Avliicli is fast Ixroming a relic, is ten incites lonu', i'our
broad, and three thick, sharp at both ends, uith a
groove to hold the handle which is liiMnlv twisted round
its centi'e. Besides the ini])leinents ah'eady rei'erred to
nnder lishinji and weapons, tnay he mentioned the lasso,
in the use of which they are very expert, and the jKifn-
'p('(\ a pretty water-tight basket that the (^u'ibs j)lait of
reeds. The men usuallj' sleep in hannnocks. or on mats
spread on the ground near the lire, with a stick lor a
pillow, while the women prefer a platform of cane raisi-d
a few feet from the ground, and covered with a mat or
a skin.-''
Fibres of mahoe and ule ])ark, })isang-leave.s and silk-
grass furnish material for ropes, nets, mats, and coarse
fabrics. Most of the Mosquitos grow a little cotton,
whicii the women spin on a rude wheel, like that of the
(luatemalans, and weave on a IVame loom into strong
and neat cloths. The favorite ])lue color for dy(>ing is
obtained from the jiqinUte plant; the yellow iroiu the
(U'hUilt tree. Tottery is a very ancient art among them,
as may be seen from the fine specimens discovered in
the graves and ruins of Honduras. Their red cooking-
pots are very light but strong, and the water-jars, which
are only slightly biu'iit to permit percolation, show con-
siderable taste in design.^"
Nowhere do we find more daring and expert boat-
men than the Moscpiitos. who will venture out \\\v.m the
roughest sea in a boat barely large enough to hold a man
s^ ' irmiiiiocks, iiiiulc (if 11 Sort nf Ktislics.' C/x l.tiKrH's Jouvini/, ]>j). (',4,
2'i. ' lil iilmoliiuliv vii ji:ili). () Yiiii pii'(lr:i; los cofifs son ccstillds, nfnirailns
<'n cuti'os lie vt'imilds ' llirrvni, //i.s/. Ont., lU'c. iv., lil). viii., vti}}. v. C'oii-
Milt n\^o: Yoiou/'s Xfirriilive, iip. 70-7; rknnjiirr's Vrnjd'jva, vol. i., ]). ^•");
S'luier'n Vent. Annr., p. tUiO; McsqidloliiiHl, Jkrirht, pp. 100, IKi, 12H, KiS,
173.
■M sii-r^. mtt'liimrnhri, p. 107; BdnVs IT'n'Av)';, pp. 127, 20.S-0. ' Aiif
irj»('nil cine Ziil)i'witiiiiL,' (of skins) vcrstohcn sich die ludiiiuor iiii'lit.' Mus-
ijiutclniil. Iliillit. \i\). r.lil. 14s. 'They iiiiiki' Vw'^e J.irs hin', oiin of wliiili
will h )kl ti'U Gullous, iiiul not woiyli one I'onud.' Cockburii's Journii/,i). a3.
BOATS AND riSIiKiaiCS.
nnd a Ijov. If tlic lioiit ciiii.-i/c it is iit oiiro ri^liti'd,
))MiI(.'(l out. ami tlio vovaiii' rcMimnl. iiiid h'Moim is iiiiy
part of the car^o lost. The ilanj, or oidinaiv sia-Iioat
is a lioUowi'd-oiit tivc. ol'tcii t\V(nt\-li\c> to \\\'\\ t'crt loiiu,
ioiir to six widr. and l()iir to lisc {Wv\k roiiiid-hotlonird.
l>iio_\aiit, and wiiii ,i:()od liandlin;^' sali-. Tlic hcst an;
inadt' In the u[)-ri\('r trila's, csjicciallN tlio Towkas. wiio
pr(.'l)ai'e tiicni rou^iildv \s\{\\ axe and liro, and sell tluni
to lilt' coast pi'ople to lie linislicd aecordinin' to lancv.
AlU'r tlic dii^-ont lias ln'cn trininicd, it is olttn >( akcd
in water lor u tinic. so that the sides niav he .stretched
and secnred uilh knies. The y>//y.////. A\hich is \\>n\ on
ri\ers and lauoons. dill'ers IVom the dorv in hein;:' tlat-
liottoined. \\\{\\ hroad and "iraihialh" ronndt'd ends, and
ol' k'ss deiith and ^vidth. Cedar is eiiiellv used lor ))it-
l)ans on account ol' its lightness, and the stroniier nialiou-
jinv for doi'ies: hut the latter are. however, soon injui'cd
\)y worms if kept in the water, t^niall hoats are pro-
pelled \)\ a single hroad-hladed paddle; sails also are
enii)lo\e(l wi
Ih
th tl
(1
le vi'idn or Keeleil canoe.
npoon and canoi' arc the hasis of the Mos(jnito's
wealth, for with tlu ni he ohtains his food and the tortoise
shell, the i)rinci|)al article of traliic. 4'he season lor
catching' hawk-hill turtles is iVoni April to Auiinst. when
lleets of canoes, each manned hv ahout twehe men. pio-
ceed to dilVerent parts of the coast, as far .M)uth as('jui'i-
(pu', and hrini:' home ten thousand pounds of shell on an
averaiie. (Jreen turtles, which are caujiht near reels,
also lind a "iooil maiket in lUi'wIields and elsewheie.
All keej) hous. the Carihs more than others; maiiv po>'
sess cattle and horses, w
hid
I are
all
owei
1 t
o I'un
d
th
t)ver the prairies, the horses heinu' lassoed whenever
re(piired for ridiiiLi'. Their manner of hrt'akinu them is
uni(pie. One man leads the horse with the kis>o into
water, to a depth of three or four I'eet, when another
■" Yiiunii's Xiirral'iri', jp. 1 1, 10, 70, ](!(•-! : MiirVin's Wist lixl'us. vol. i . i ]'>.
].').■)-(); hiiiiqihr's \'<ij/i(i,(fi. vol. i.. ] ]). I!."), S"). • J)(i' 'I iilicniM- trie tli i llnj.'-
laiulfi' litftit (lie stitikshii J>auiiist;iiiiii;f. dcnii die llaliiiiii r si<li zii Aiifc l-
ti-;unL; ilinr giiis.sttii Wusssnfiiliizcugt' litdiiluu.' Monjuili'Uinil, l.tr'nhl, H'.
IM, 7o, U7.
m
■'■ "Si
720
WILD TRIllES OF rEXTUAL AlIEKICA.
jiuiips 111)011 Ills hack, and n'spoiuls to l»iickiii<i's and !<kit-
tisline'ss with hlosvs on the licud, until in ahoiit liall' iiii
hour the exhaustnl animal snrrcndcrs. A liiK' ol" h:ni\-
lihrc MTVcs lor ivins. and a i'vw jihiiti'd palni-hiiNcs I'oi'
^addlt,'. I'rewrvation of wcaHli is httlc th()ii;:ht of. lor
«'attK> are most recklessly slaii}:hteri'd at leasts and lur
oll'ences, and IVnit-trees, as well as other projiertN aic,
as a I'ule, destroyed on the death 1)1' the owner. (^Miite
a trade is carried on in these parts, the iidjind trilcs
l)rin«iinj;" rongh canoes, calahashes, skins, cloth, lioiiey,
and cacao to the coast people, and i'eceivin;i theidor tur-
tles, salt, Knjilish I'ancy and iisel'id aiticles; while nuiny
of the latter nndertake k'nj:thy coast trii)s to disjiose of
the hartered ])rodiice, as well as tlu'ir own. The \\ an-
kees deal heavily in hlshlrc, or (U'coniposed plantains.
while sarsaparilla and honey are the staple articles of
the Secos and Poyas. A mixture of shriwdness nu('
simplicity characterizes their dealiniis. A party wishii
to dispose of hides, lor instance, lirst pi'oduces thi' woim
ones, which are thrown aside hy the huyei- until llio.-e
(»f the standard (piality are hrought out; a suui is tin n
olfered for the whole, which is ofti'u unhesitatin,!ily ac-
cepted hy the native who is too da/./led hy the Jipparcntly
high price to consider the ainount of produce gixcu for
it. ^ ery little value is placed upon lahor. lor canoes,
which have taken a considerahle time ro picjiiu'e. lue
often hartered for a mere trille. The people of lloialu-
ras have alwavs a stock of cloth and hone\- to pa\ t;ixcs
with, and set a high value on colored feathers ohtaiiud
from Yucatec coast traders, who take cacao liir rt'turu
cargoes.'"
Although versatile enough in luandicrafts, their men-
tal faculties are exceedingly crude. With tlu' aid oi"
lingei's and toes the Samho is ahle to count to twcuty,
hut anything Iteyond that confuses him. Time is vvvk-
^2 Tlio Mosqiiitns Imvo 'liftlo frndo r\('r]it in toHdisf-slifUs inul Mirn] ii
rillii.' Sijiiii r's I'nit. \iii( r., ]>. (i"'.l. ( oiii|iiin' lUnd'a ]\'(iil,ii(i, p. IU7: /</
ill Lnllil. <
].. ;i:{7; )-
"'"<;.
,/-
XXXll.
L'c, iv., lib. vi
iiiiii/'n XnmiHii', ] )). K'l. S:i. iSli--'
"ij; Sirniiit icui/^' Mnsijuild >/m
!!!. ]•:(;: //
lint I,
lip
.1/..
lUvluuil, J,ti}<l(t, ip. lis, 171 -1, 1
1)0,
MOSQIMTO CALKXDAi: AND AKT.
727
othmI hy /y//'.s'. oi- moons, tliirti'ciiol' wliicli iiiiikc a miiiily
or year. \\ lu'ii iiskcd to \'\\ tlic datr of jin «'\tiit, lio
■\vill say that it occiirrc*! so many sleeps of iikkhis a,i:o;
l)iit when the time exceeds a year oi- two. the answt i- is
given in the rather indelinite term of '" many, many
Aears;"' eonsiMinentlN' he is nnahle to tell his aiie.
• 1 •
KU'i'.s ol eosmolo«iy are e(inaily vaj:n
tl
MIS.
«tar;
lis
WW
lield to he filouinji' stones. The people ol" Ijoiidnrascall
the year iohii', and divide it in the same manner as the
^lexicans. h\' whom the s\stem lias, no donht. heen in-
trod
need
'I'l
jev reckon tnne h\- so man\ nitilits or twi-
lights, not by days, and deternnne the iiom- hy tiie
lieight of the snn. Tiie song-laniinage t)l' the .Mos(piitos
dillei's greatly Irom that einj)loyed in conversation, a
(jnaint old-time st\le being apparenth' preserved in their-
lyrics.''
The art of extracting and melting gold has long lieen
known to them, hnt, although the> wear a lew orna-
ments of this metal, they do not seem to \m/.v it \ery
liijihb
At the time of (V)ckhiirn's \isit to lloiidnra?
dams were nsed in nnning. and instruments ol cane to
hift the gold. The mode emi)loyed by the Toyas to
.separate gold from sand is the one known in California
as panning, and is thus descrihed h_\' Stpiier: "Scoojting
np some of the sand in his bowl, and then lilling it with
water, he whirled it rapidly, so that a feathi'iy stream
of mingled sand and water Hew constantly over its edge.
lie contimied this operation nntil the sand was nearly
exhaiisti'd. and then Idled the bowl again. After repeat-
ing this proci'ss se\'eral times, he grew more cain
I'nl.
]>alanciiig the bowl skillfully, and stop[iing occasionally
to i)ick out the pebbles. . . .after the process was loin-
plete. the I'oxer showed me a little deiiosit of uold. in
m
^^ Tlic ^r(is(|nit{is ' (livisiiiriit I'.inm'p on IS inois do 20 jouis, ct '\\< apiiil-
luii'iit IcH iJKjis liiiihir.' Mdi'li -llriiii. 7'/vc?s <l( In (iinij., u\u. \i., p. 172.
'l)it kDiiciisc ri'i'i'ljciicii by di' Matii. dai r van sy vvltitii viair <i ii jacr
rtcckriicii.' h'^ijiniiii I'm. /.i' -lliinrrrs. \i. 152. ' Fiir die Jii ncliiii.ii;^ di r .laliK!
existiit kfiiic Acra. Daln-i' wiiss Xiciiiund sciii .Mtir.' M<'siii'if"iiiiiil. I'n r'lvlit,
rii. I 12. 2(17 s. Sii' alsd l.diiis Willi, : (I, ])|i. 21-l-r»; i'vauija }\iarid'ai, \).
70; Iln-niv, ili^t. (Jul, dt-f. iv., lib, viii., cip. vi.
illijii
r2s
AVII.D TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
grains, at tlie ])()tt()ui of tlic calaba.'^li." Tlio pold dust
})ass('.s into the hands of the white trader. '*
The M()S(juitos proper are rnled hy a hei'editary kinu'.
ulio claims sovereignty over tiie interior trihes of the
.Mosipiito Coast, Avhieli. in nia)i\' eases, is merely noiui-
nah I)etoi'e the I*hi<ilisli made their inlhienee I'elt. this
monarch, uho, in these latter degenerate days, does not
])o.ssess many })rerogatives, seems to have had hnt a small
extent of territory, i'or among the earlier travelers some
assert that the inhahitants of this coast lived nnder a
repnhlican rule. Avhile otheis ohserved no foi"m of go\-
ei'nment. ILich Aillaiie or connnunitv has it i)riiic;n;d
man, or jndge, selected from the eldest and ablest, who
settles miiior grievjin.oes. referi'ing v.eightii'r matters to
the king, and sni)erintends the eontrihntion of ennoes.
t )rtoise-shells, and produce for the sup[)ort of tho mon-
arch iuul chief;; — I'or I'egnktr taxes ai'c not collected.
Among (he I'oyas, the old men. 'svho are highly re-
specti'd hy theii* juniors, assemble every excning to
delihei'ate upon the duties of the following tlAv: all
memhers of the trihe take part in the vork. and >liare
alii<e in the results. According to Young, the AIos-
([uitos had ;m oliicer. in whom was vested cei'tain
authoi"ify. The Carihs are also rnled hy elders, dig-
nilied hy tlie title of cai>tains. '^I'heir laws iwv in some
respects hars'i: for instance, a woman who hax had in-
tercourse with a man of another rai-e is whipped slowly
to death
tl
amhos are less i)ai
le
dt
Kimterer Oemu' mereiv nnnt'tc'i ni a <'ow
I'ticul;
let.
w m this matter,
,!
a'
If tl
decision of a chief he not s.'itisfactiM'v. the ct;ntestants
resort to trial hy combat. I'he Xicaciues live in com-
munities of from seventy to < ue hundred jicrsons ruleil
by chiefs elected I'or life. The insignia of a judge or
ruler in llondui'as are a white stall", often claliorately
ornamented with a '!,()lden head and tassels. J'V)rmei'l\'
:ii ll'ir'l'.i If'n'A'iiff, pp. 292-3; Ctrhhiiri'x Jmirt.di. p. "7: Hnninrn. Ilisl.
Ti)il., fill (i:!. Till' ii;itiv('.-; of IIi'Mlniiis hud ']i((liu;(is dc Ticviii. Ilaiii iil.i
Cdlfiilr, cnii la (pial so ftindo t-l Ml'I.iI.' Colon, Hist. Alinirui.ti:, in Jldil'i,
i/i.s^l/■(l((/f//■I^•, tulil. i,, p. lUl.
GOVEKXilENT, SL.VVEllY, TOLYGAMY.
OMcli town or province was rnlcd hy an hereditary caciciue,
Avlio adininistered jnstice with lour nohU's as connselors.
1'heft was [)unished hy conliseation of ])ro[ierty. and in
graver eases the ears and hands of the enl[)rit were
cut oiV; the adulterer caught in the act had his ear-rings
i'orcihly tt»rn out; then he was wliipped hy the i-ei.itivi
of the injured, and depi'ived of hi,-' possessions. The
woman went free on the supposition that she, as the
weaker jiarty, was not responsihU'.''"'
One [)rinei[)al object of war among the ancient nations
of liondui'as was to make sla\-es. hut tiie .\'()S(piito
Coast was free from this scourge, according to all
accounts;"'
Polycauiy obtains, some men ha\ing >ix wi\-es each,
and till' king yet moi'e. 'flu- lirst wife, nho i\y a I'ule,
is betrothed iVom early inlancy. is mistress connnand-
ing: her marriage is attended with festivities, ami later
additions to the harem are subject to her. The custom
is to marry early, (»ften bi'fore })nberty, and it is not un-
usual to see a girl of thirteen with an oll'spring in her
arms; but the ma.rriage tie is not very l»inding. for tla^
wife may be discarded or sold at will, on the slightest
pretence. es[)ecially if children do not follow the
union. The interior tribes, which aiv less gi\cn to plu-
rality <'f wi\es, i)ear a [)retty good charactci' foi' ii'male
chastity. The caciipie of ancient llonduiMs married
among his own class. On behalf of a sui
Aiouslv enuati'ed. an old man was disi)!
pr
'sents to the father of the chost'n i^irl. 1
lie made a lonij; hiiranuue on the ancestr\ a
^' Unrn-a. IIi.<t. <!
IfC. IV.
lil
Jhlu
Aim
21)7-
mini /■
lU. /:
p. 1
vol. i.
ir
1(1111. X.. [1
I'P
). Vlll., fil]). V.
1(1-11; /■;.•
I II.
( ',ii-l. I,
illii, Zi
III. I,
I hit. Mil
/■'/•'-' '.I /■>■ I nil. Am
-Sliiiil. 1).
1'
1 p. ■2-
I!
inl'
li
vol. xix., )i. till; /'/., ill \i,iirillis Aumll'S ilis I"//. 1 '^•
lltl; l'iii(i(;/s Xdri'iilifi. ]i|). 71, HS; Mnsiiiiiliiliiiiil, llcriclil,
Btt'licn iiiitrr
'iifii K:i/ik(ii, (lir ilii'c Ai.fiilin
Wilchi'ii si'' iiiilndiiiut ui liorclitii.' 1
(|\ 'IS
Jill, i;
,'U I'Ull
kiatiscli.' Ilii:.-<rl, Ml.
It.
V
liSS. li'.MI. M(is(|uitii • col
the priists. till' liiwvcis :ii.(l the jii(lj.'fs. . . .tln' l%iiig is a ih
lioniiijriistti'-- Sjimi. Amir., nuI. i., ji. J7I.
'i'i 'i'vriiimnuda, Muiui
:-/., tt.
1'
•Mr,
730
■WILD TR115i:s OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
of the vontli. If this proved satislactorv, tlio pros
eiits wore aeco
pte.1,
pn
JllK
1 BiU'diaiiiiliii iolU)\ve(l. Xc t
laorninji' tlie bride was closely Avi'npiK'd in a jiorueously
l);iinted cloth, and, seated u\)on the shoulder of a miin,
uas convexcd t»j the hrideurooni, a mniiber of iViends
uccotnpanyini;" her, dancini:' and sinuinji" along the rond.
driiddnu' out of every I'ividet. and i'eastinti' at ever\-
stoppnj,iLi'- place.
n ar
ri\al, she was received bv the
female iriemls of the groom, and subjected to a cleaning
and ]»erfmning pi'(;cess, lasting three da\s. during which
the friends of the two i'amilies held a urand feast to
celebrate the aj)[)roaching union. She was then deliv-
ered to the husband, who kei)t her three nights iit his
lionie. and then proceeded lv> the house of his fither-in-
law, where the couple remained three other nights, td'ter
which they returned to their own jioiise and renewed
festivities. These were the ceremonies attending the niar-
riaue of nobles Old \'. An old woman acted as niesseniicr
for connnon swains, and brought a present of cacao to
the bride's parents, which was consumed at the pre-
liminary feast, ^i'he girl was then delivered to the old
woman, together with a return present of cacao to serve
ibr two feasts, one taking place at the house of the
bridegroom, the other at the bride's. Relationship Avas
no im[)ediment to marriage, and widows were I'cceivetl
among the wives of the late hus])and"s I)rothcr. Im-
Morality ruled, and the most lascivious ])erf()rmau(
cs
1
irevailed at their festivah
On the islands in tb
gtdf ol" llondui'as and on tlie lu'lize coast, the suitor had
to undergo a prelinnnary examination by the ])roi)()S(Ml
father-in-law as to his ability to perform the duties of
husband: if satisfactory, a bow and arrow were handed
him. and he at once presented himself b(>fore the ob-
.lect
Ol
liVect
ion with a uarland of lea\'
am
llowers. which slm j)laced u])on her head in.iead of
th
u
le wreath alwa\s worn hv a viriiin.
rieiKls
tl
lerc'
poll met at the home of the bride to discuss the
pros[)ects of the couple, and to witness the act of giving
her to the bridegroom, partaking, meanwhile, of some
MOSQUITO MAKKIAGE CUSTOMS.
731
cliooring liquid. The next dnv tlio l)ri(lo nppoared 1)C-
fore tlie mother, and toiv oil' lior fiarltuul with nuich
lameiitiition. Among the Sanil)os the l)etroth<>d siiitoi"
nmst liive presents of food and other articles to the
l)arents of his intended, as payment for their caie of
lier nntil she attains the marriaueahle aiie. when he
comes to claim lier. t^honld the i)arents then reliise to
give up the girl, they are Ijound to refund the \u\uv of
the presents twice or thrice told. The usual ])ri('i' paid
for a wife is a cow or its e<iuivalent. which is also
exacted from any man infringing on the marital right,
Avhile the female for such olVence is mei'ely hciten.
Es([uemelin adds that when tlu' young man came to
claim his hride, he was ([uestioued as to his ability to
make nets and arrows, and if all went well, the daughter
was suunnoned to bring a calabash of wine. Avhich the
three drained between them in to];en of the new rela-
tionship. The widow was bound to supply the grave
of hei' husband with provisions for a yeai'. after which
sh(^ took up the bones and CiU'ried them with her for
another year, at last placing them u[)on the roof of her
house, and then oidy was ^he allowed to mat'ry again.
'I'heCarib nmst provide a separate house and field for
each of his wives, where she not only supports her-
self, hei' children, and her husband, but can. if she
})lcases. accumulate property. '\[\v husband is expected
to s])cnd his time ecpially between his wives, but not to
assist in ]"'oviding necessities alter the marriaiic day ;
should iiis help he rtMpiired. the wife nmst pay liini tlu?
customary I'ate of wages. The sexcral wives cenipete
jcidously with each otlii'r to provide the bt'st lor ibcir
husband, and are comparatixcly well-beha\-ed. owing.
j)crhaiis. to tlie si'Nci'e puni.-bnieiit of infidelirN. Anmiig
the SuKMc-' wi\i'S()fone husband Lieiierally li\ c togetiiei'.
each wib- bi'ingin^' her share to make up li« v lord's
dinnei'. Widows ai'c the ])roperty of the relatJNcs of
the husl>and. to whom "widow-money" must be )iaid
befoi'c they ari' allowed to niai'ry again. The method
of coui'tship among the W'oolwas is to place a deers
"III
'-'"'
732
^VILD TRIBES OF CEN'TKAL AMEIICA.
cjircjiss ,nii(l smio fMV>v(K)(l at the dooi' of the iiitciidod;
il" ac('('[)li'(l. iiianiii_i:v oiiMics. liach \\\i\' has usually
ii separate cstuhlislinu'iit. TIk' Towkas. Avlio arc iii(ii(!
iiK'linnl to inonouaiiiy, liaxe an i lit crest iiijj; iiiarria^o
cereiiiouy, of ^\lli('ll Squicr ^iscs a loii^' account. On
tiio betrothal of children a, coi'respondiiig cotton hand
is (jistciu'd uhovc the clhow or helow the knee of
each, ^riiese hands are selected hy the old men so
as to ))e distinct iVoiii others in color. Jind are re-
newed when worn out. They also wear necklaces to
which Ji shell or head is added every year, and when tlio
hoy has ten i'.ddcd to his striiij:'. he is ctdled imtliiixiil. or
ten. siiinilyinu.' liuU'ii man; when the twentieth and (iiial
shell is added, he is considcreil ;i lull man. and is called
(ilK nicaniiiL:' tweiitx'
\^ 1
lis intciuU'd has h\" this time
iittained her fifteenth year, jircparations are at once made
lor the marriaLio. A uenerul lioli(la\' is taken li\ the
villagers, who clear from urass a circular itiece of i^round,
which is dclined liy ;i rinii of stones, and trampled smooth ;
a little hilt is then erected in the 'eiitre ha\ iiiu, a ,-mall
openin;.:' at the top. and another at the side faciiiLi the
east. \\ ithin the hut. the entrance of which is coxcidl
Avith a mat. is a liea[) of copal-twiiis. and without, at the
edL><' of till' circle, a canoe filK'd with palm-wine is
placed, havinii' a la,r,Lie pile of white calahashes hy its
side. At no(»n the villa,L:ers proceed to the home ot" liie
hrideuroom. who is addressed in turn hy the old men;
they then start with the youth for the house of the hride
where the youni;' man seats himself hefo re the closed en-
trance on a l)iindle of presents intended for the hride.
lie
fatl
ler raps
at tl
le door w
liich
•tl
1 is iuirri\' oiieiK(
d I
IV
an old woman who asks his hiisiiiess. hut tlu' reply does
not st'cm satisfactory, for the door is slammed in his
face. The old men try their juiwerof jiersuasion with the
sai
thei
lie result, and at last determine to call Ornh
l.> U)
r aid
.M
nsic liatii charms I tlu> door is seen to open,
and a female peeps timidly out: louder swells the music
and the hride.Liroom hasti'iis to unroll his Imnille contain-
ing heads aiul other articles. 'J'he door opens wuler and
MOSQUITO conn'siirp.
783
)
wider us each prosoiit is liiiiidi'd in hy tlio fatlior. until
it is ontii'oly thrown back, i-cvcalinir the hridi: arravcd
in iicr ])ivttiest. seated on a ericUerv. in the remotest
corner. While all are absorbed in exaniininii' the pres-
ents, the lirideiirooni dashes in, shoulders the <:ii'l like
a sack, and trots oil' ibr the mystic circle. Aviiich. urucd
on l)y the frantic cries of the women, he ivtiches belbre
the crowd can rescue her. The females, who camiot
])ass the ring, stand outside jiivinii; vent to their despair-
ing shrieks, while the men s([uat within the circle in
r(jws, ficing outward. The old men alone remain stand-
ing, and one of them hands a lighted stick to the couple
inside the hut. with a shoi't si)eech. Soon an ai'omatic
smoke curls n[) from the copal i)ile. whereat the women
gi'ow silent, but when it sul)sides. a sudden gayety takes
possi'ssion of them, and the uuisic is again heard. The
reason for this is that the bridegroom, if he has any ob-
jections to the girl, may exiud her while the gum is
))urning. but if it burns out ((iiietly, the groom is sup-
])osed to be satisfied and the nuirriage com[)lete. '^fhe
women now pass fdled calabashes to the men. who soon
xM'ome
exi^ited and start a di
mce w
bid
1 nicreases in
wildness with each additional cn[). and does iiot end till
most of tluMU have bitten the dust. Al'tei- dark the
crowd proceeds with lighted torclu^s to the hut. which is
torn down, disclosing the mari'ied pair sitting ileunu'ely
The husband shoulders his new baggage
ted to his houu'. The followinu' da\' ever\-
SKlC l)V SUU
d
ind IS eseoi
body presents a gift of some kind, so as to ])lace the
couple on an ecpial ibotlug with the rest of the villagers. ''
The position of a wife is not an cnvial)!!' one. as the care
of the household, the farm, and all hard and (b'grading
work fall to lier share, while her liege lord spends most
of his time in idliniz'. \\ lieu about to be coniined. she
7)'< ((•'/','<• 11' (//.•i
Strati'ii inii/^
Mn
th
• I". ///^^ <irll., liilU. iii . )). 'ill'i
1))>. 127, l-2!)-:!ii, CO-i 11, 2;i('., '2l:?. 2')'.) liiO, ;i21
Shoiv, lip. ;i:i2. JiliU; /•';■<«'"/'>■ '.,</. Aimr., p. 1.
Ill) SI, I
Till \ miivrv hut din' Wife, with wlr.n
till.lcith
lavutrs thilii.' D'l
iijiiir's \'iiijfi'ivs, Veil, i.. p. II. 'Docli
hrsit/,<ii ill di'i' 'J'lmt ilic lutisti ii .M:iiiii(i' iiuv cin Wcili.' Miisijiiil'il'iiiil, l!i ridit,
pp, 111-11, l:)J-'J; S'.il'.nar 1/ Olnrli, Hist, (.'ohq. Mcx., toiu, ii., p, 312.
...d^
734
WILD TRIBES OF CENTR.VL AMEPJCA.
proceeds to a hut erected for this purpose in tlie for(>st, a
short distance IVoni the viHatie. wliere she ivniains iVoiu a
Aveek to two months, accordinji' to the (uistoni of the trihc,
attemk'd ))y female friends who supply all her wants,
since she is not allowed to handle food herself. No one
nuist pass to the windward of the hut. hecause an ohstriic-
tion of the air miuht cause the death of the mother jind
child, and for thus oilcndinti' the guilty party nuist pay
the dani!i,i:es. In such seclusic^n it is easy to dispose of
<leforined children, and it is helieved that this is done to
avoid the disiii-ace of a nickname, which miiiht otherwise
attach to the family. At the e\[)iration of the period of
])uri(ication. the mother returns to the villaiiccai'ryint:' tlic;
infant tied to her hack in a cloth. The villai;'e witch
has in the meantime fastened round its neck, a /n'lr or
charm, consisting;' of a hag of small seeds with which to
pay old (Miaron for ferriage across the river, in case of
an earl V death, ^fhe child is suckled forahout two \ears;
yucca-root pap also forms a great ])art of its food in some
})arts, hut otherwise it receives little care. The mother
delivers herself, cutting the navel-string with her own
liand; she also washes the infant's clothes, for it
is helieved that the child will die ii' this is done
])y anotlu'r; after washing herself and suckling the child
slu' returns to the vilhiLH'. Formerlv all children horn
within the year were taken to the temple hy the ])arents,
wrapped in a net and painted cloth, and laid to sleep
under a cake made of honey and iguana-llesh. Notice
was taken of dreams, and if the child ajtpeared well and
happy. tlu\\' augured I'iches and long life i'or it. if weak
and sorrowl'ul, it would he ])oor and unfortunati'; if no
dreams occuiM'cd. it hetokeued an eaily death. Acting on
this superstition. ])arents often hecame careless ahout the
lutiire of their children, and suiVered them to grow up
w itliout atti'ution. L'l'lests wei'e not allowed to many,
and the care and education of the sons of nrominent men
bel
(pK
wh
Tu,
rou
he
clii
mo
olV
hi(
wh
ha.^
hel
were entrusted to them,
U8
3^ EsqiiPiiitliu vt'liitcs thiit tlii> natives on tlio In liz(^ cnnst aiul iuljiioeiit
isLiU'ls ciirriL'd tho iiLW-boiii iufiint to the tiiii]ik', wliuiv it was jilactil
MOSQriTO DIVEllSIONS. TA'}
Drinking is the chief aiuusemeiit, and to heoomo
hel[)lesslv diiiuk is the sum of till enjoviuent. I''ri'-
qiieiit si/i/rrxns or feasts ui'e held, liistiug foi' days, jit
which large immhers assist to drain the eanoefid of
Tujuor [)re[)ared for the occasion. (Occasionally sur-
ronndiiiiA' villauers are invited, and a drinkint:-l)ont is
held, lirst in one house and then in another, until the
climax is i-eached in a dehaiich hv hoth sexes of the
most revolting character. (Quarrels are generally i)ut
oil" for these occasions, hut. as the wives have careiully
hidden all weapons, recourse is had tt) the (ist. with
whii'h the eonil)atants exchange 1)1onvs in turn until one
has had enoutih. These trials of endurance are alst)
held in sport; the Snioo or W'oolwa. lor instance, who
wishes to be held most woithy of the fair sex, en-
gages in a ii)iii(i or striking-match with a rival, each one
l)resenting his l)ent back to the othei' in turn, until the
bravt'st stands declared. Death is not unfre(inently the
result of such trials. Even l)o\s, (^arried away l)y enui-
latioii. hold lighted sticks to each other's skin. In
early times the jK'ople of Honduras held regular festi-
vals at the beginning of each month, at the time of
electing oHicers. at hai'vest time, and three other grand
celebrations during the year, for whit'h much food and
drink were pre[)ared. ,\s the wine took ell'ect. the \y,\v-
ticipauts were seized with a desire to move to theexhil-
araiing sound of drinu. Ilute. and j'attle. and a simpU;
dance was organized. That of the Carib is merely a
forwai'd and bacl^ward moM'inent of hands and feet,
companied l)y a pt-cidiai' intonation of voice, and at
tl
leir XI'
■:h
i/i'iorx,
or festivals in connuemoration of the (
le-
parted, they stalk in a circle, one following the other.
nii1;c(l ill 11 hole IiHihI with aslios, (-XDoscd to tlu' \\\h\ licusts, iiiul left tlun
itilll
ic tv,-
.f
siiiiii'iuniii
il was nolii'id in the :l;^ll
Ihisl
to ihi' i-iiilil who was taiii'ht tootlVrit iiicuusi' unci to iiiv,
iri-amc I a:iill
/■.-/:
PI.. f!4-ll, 14'.). 'I he 1.,'cliiti
A iillVciiou for a woman.
J<l.. PI I
il-.i. (
Jiuifid as a ]
oniiia
IV //'•
for
of of
Jlist. t
iiotictlon.
consiaui-y
1( ■
II II., (Ic'(
iv.. lil>. i.. (Mp. vi., lib. viii., caj). iii.-vi.; Yiihihi's X'trrKlirc, ]i\>. 7li, To, l'j:t,
\2'>: ll'U, in Lotvl. flnti). Soc., Jn
vol. xxxii.
ami S
JIJ). ".^Ol. ■.,")!:-
/'
.Sc IIIHlHI S
DoUiiiija, pp. 2111, ;ii(;-S: Tiir>i>tiiiiiiilii. .lA
■'/•
lii'l.. toll
I). 'Mo; Ddnpork, Rvisen, toni. x., ii. 4(11); Crowe's Cent. Annr., pp. 41), 245-7.
i i
WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL A^IERICA.
and sin;j.'lng in a loud and nncoiitli tone, 1'lioir pas t^vul
is li\c'Her, IiowoviT, the port'onner ski})[)iii,Li' up and
down, hondinu' tlio body in dilVorent wa\s. and niakin.i;
t . ft, ft. I
the most ^I'otcscpio movements. 'I'licy aiv not satislicd
Avith a nu'i'o driidviiiLi-lmut at tlioir ri'unions, hut s[)rt'iid
a u'ood tal)k', to which jiiirsts olton hring their uwn
rK[uor. Tiie Towkas and others prefer the eircle dance,
walkin,::' at a slow, swiniiing pace, heatinji' their knuckles
against emjjtied calabashes, and joining in a velVain. at
the end ot' which thev strike their cups one against
another's. At each additional potation, the walk is in-
creased in speed, until it assumes a trot and ends in a
uallon. tiie calabashes rattlintr in accordance. Tiie
Sambi) dance is like a minuet, in which the })erl'ormers
advance and reix'de. makiuii' straniic gesticulations. 'J'he
women have also a dance amon
g tl
lemselves
lor
tl
lev
are not allowed to join with the men, — in which they
I'orm a ring, holding each other round the waist with
the left hand, bending, wriggling, shaking calabash rat-
tles, and singing until exhausted. Dramatic rejjresenta-
tions usually acc(ani)any these s
*■ 1. »/
idtatorv exhibitions.
wherein t\\o yarious phases of a lover's trials, comical
sketches, or battles are depicted. The })eople of Hondu-
ras are I'ond of disiiuisinir themselves with I'eather tufts.
an(
1 sk
\ins ol annnal>i. who-^e actions and cries they imi
tate. The faxorite entertainment of the Sambos is to
put on a head-dress of thin strips of wood })ainted in
various colors to represent the beak of a swonl-iish.
fasten a collar of wi)od I'ound the neck, i'rom which a
number ol' ])alm-U'aves are suspended, and to daub the
lac
e ri't I
hlacU, and M'llow
wo men tlius ailoi
rued
advance toward one another and ])eiid the lish-head in
salute. keei)iiiLi' time with a rattle and sinuini:', "•shoyel-
noseil sbarlss. giandinotherl after which they slide oiV
erab-like. making the most ludicrous gestures imagin-
able. This fun exhaiiste(h Iresh mena[)[)ear. introducing
new movements, and then the sjjectators join in a 'walk
arouiK
1." I!.
)urishiim' white sticks in
tl
leir
haiKb
and
I
repeating the abo\e-iiientioned refrain in a peculiar buz-
GUAJIQUERO DANCE.
787
zm^ tone produced by placino; in the mouth a small
tube covered uith the membrane of a mit.'"'''
The (juaj'niueros in an interesting!; performance de-
scribed by S(iuier, de})ict incidents i'rom their history.
A s(juare i)iece of ground havin,n' a tree in the centre is
marked olf, and two [)oles adorned with feathci's are
ereiited in opposite corners, one bearing the head of a
deer, the other that of a tiger. A dull, monotonous
music is heard, and two [)arties of youth, fanta>tically
dressed up and painted, move up to the sipiai'c in a slow,
but not ungraceful dance, and station themselves round
the poles that bear their respective insignia. A man,
8too[)ing as if bent with age, stai'ts out ii'om the deers,
dances rounil the ground, trjing to arouse the mirtii of
the spectators with his gi'otescpie movements. The
ti^,ers also dispatch a man, who does his best to e.\(!el
the other one in contortions and grimaces. A iter a
while they meet, and connnence a discussion which ends
in open rupture, the rising passions being well delineated.
The two men who represent ambassadors then return to
their party with an account of the mission, the result of
which is a general excitement, both factious starting
out, dancing backwards and ibrwards, up and down the
square, until they meet under the tree, in the centre.
The leader of eacli then steps out and recites the ulorie.s
and prowess of his ti'ibe. amidst the ap[)lause of his own
men, and the disai)[)ro\id of the others. As soon as
they are worked u[) to tiie requisite pitch of ii'ritation,
the dialogue ceases, the nuisic strikes u|). and a mimic
combat ensues, in which the armies advance and re-
treat, close and separate, using short canes Ibr weapons.
At last the tigers lose their st;uidard and take to tlight,
whereat the victors execute a dance of triumph; l)ut
finding how dearly the victory has been b(jught. their
33 Ifrrnra, Hist. Oen., <loe. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii., vi.; 7)''//, in Laud. <itoii.
Soc,, Jdiir., Vol. xxxii., p. '.io.j-O. The Wndlwas 'liibcii fj;c\vis>(' .Tahrcsfcsto
l)tn wt'k'bcn wider ciii Fri'iiulcr nodi Wcilur luul Kinder ties eij^mi! Stiini-
nics /uiii'lassen werden. Bi^i diescii Festeii fi'ihren sie niit jiinti in (ie.selirei
ilire T.-iiize iiiif, " wuhei ihiuu ilir Gott Gesellseli;ift kistet." ' I'nuUd, Aas
AiiKjfika, toiu. i., ]ip. 107-8.
Vol. T. 47
■ ^M
i
."ills
i !
738
WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
joy is turned into sorrow, and tliey Ix-nd tlicii- licad
U[)()H the knees, hreakinn out in loud lament. In a lew
moiiients one of them starts up and l)egins a pane.uvric on
the fallen hraAo, which is ibllowed b}' a mimie sacu'itico
and oilier ceremonies.
Tl
le vaiK
juished
lire now seen to
ai)l)i'oach with downcast eyes, hringinii' tribute, which
tluy lay at the feet of the \ictors, who receixt' it with
imperious bearin,^'. TIu.' music at these entertainments
is not of a very inspiring nature; drums, consisting of a
set'tiou of hollow tree covered uith skin, which are gene-
rally beaten with the hand, and Mutes of bamboo with
four sto[)s on which eight notes are played with dillerent
degrees of s[)eed for variety, being the usual instruments.
The (iiiaji(iuerosalso use the c/iirhn(f)j<i,U\o ilutes joined
m one mouthpiece; tlio .sy/v//,/
th
or
r
ni s nine; a loiu
calabash with a narrow o[)ening at the small end. into
Avhich the performer blows suddenly, at intervals, to
mark time; and a sort of di'um consisting of a large
earthen jar, over the mouth of which a dressed skin is
tightly stretched. To the centre of the skin, and passing
through ail opening in the l)ottom, is attaclu'd a string
which the perl'ormer pulls, the I'ebound of the uu'mbrane
proilucing a very lugul)rioiis sound. In western llon-
duias the so-called strum-strum is much used. This is
a lai'gt' gourd cut in the middle, and covered with a thin
board having strings attached. The tnarinihii, and the
jews-liarj) which has been introduced by the tradei. are,
liowever. the favorite instruments ibr a (piiet reunion,
and the few tunes known to them are played thereon with
admirable skill and taste. Songs always accompany their
(lances and are \isually im|)rom[)tu compositions on (suit-
able subje(!ts, gotten up for the occasion by the favoritt;
singei's of the village, and rendered in a sol't. but mono-
tonous and })laintivetone. They have no national melo-
dies, but on the receipt of an viiood or bad message, their
I'eeliugs generally find vent in a ditty embodying tlio
news. Talking is a passion with them, and as soon as a
piece of news is received at a village, two or three younger
men will start with their women and children for the
EEVERAC.ES OF IIOXDUIIAS.
7;;o
next liJimlct. mIumv it is (IIscussimI for hours ])y tlic ;is-
scnibli'd jM)[)iil;iti()ii. who in thcii- turn disjiutch u iiicsscn-
.ror
to tl
le next viIImlic. am
I tl
HIS
•rt'iK
I (1
It' news ovvv
tho whole (.'oiintrv in a xvvy sliort tiiiu-. In story-tell-
ing, tho.so wlio (!oncoet the bigiivst lies receive tlie most
apjjlansc. Orcotn'sc. the \)\\n' nuist he smoked on tli(>se
occasions, ])nt as their own tohai'co has heconie too mild
lor them, recourse is had to tlie vilest desci'iption of
American leaf. When this is wantinu', the smoke-dried
leaves of the trumpet and papah-tree are used hy men as
well as women. The I'avorite di'ink is niixJila. prepared
ehielly from cassava- roots; l)ut others from hananas. pine-
apples, and other
Iruit."
are
Iso use(
1. A mil
uiH'r o
f
young women provided with good teeth, untiring jaws,
and a large su[)ply of salivsi. are emi)loye(l to chew
about half of the l)oiled and peeled roots re(iuisite to mal
KO
a canoeful of liipior. the remainder being ci'iished in a
mortiU'. This delectable compound is stii'red with cold
wati-r, and allowed to ferment lor a day or two, when it
and tastes ^ery strong and
led in warm watei-, and then
assumes a creamy ai)i)earance
SOUl",
rianti
uns are kneai
allowed to stand for a few days till the mixture ferments,
or the fruit is left in the water in small pieces, and the
kneading [)erformed in the cup prexious to di-iid\ing. A
fermented drink from jjowdered cacao and indigenous
sugar-cane juice is called nhunj. and yy'.s'.so is the name
given to another made from ernshed lime-rinds, niai/.e
and honey; in eai'ly times meail was a iavoi'ite drink in
llondm'as. The cocoa-nut ])ahn yields monthly a large
cpiiuitity of Tupior known as cdvui-n. The tip of tho
undevelo[)e(l shoots ai'e (Mit olV. and the brani'h bent down
80 as to idlow the iluid to drip into a calabash jilaced
])eneath. It.-
th
seei I
water u'lve the acclnot
when crushea
40
and
I steeped in hot
■•I' Sipiier. in /Aac/i. c's M<i;i.. vol. Nix., pp. COIJ-O. nirj; Sinrs, MilUhimcnhn,
p]i 171-2. 174 ll: Murliii's il'is/ IihI'hs. vol. i., ji l')."); J.nrl. .\iii-iis Orl.is. ]).
337; Urifi'i's 1114. \'ni/.. pp. 22:!-."); htnujiiir's \'ni/ii,i-s, vol. i., |p. in. 1-7;
Jliinl's \Vii!l.;m, jip. 2u.")-',). 221 Ml, 2;!2-;i, 2;i;); M.^s^iuiUihihil. Iln-ichl. pi . in^,
ltl-2, 14r,-7, I'.Ml, 2(U 2. 2(17: Cnnrr's Cnit. A)iiir.,]^. 217: I'hu <ii,il Sec
Viann's Dullinijx, pp. 3U(J, lUo; I'uun'j's Sarnd'a' , pp. oO-li, 72, 77-S, 12."), 132-
no
WILD THIDES OF CENTRAL AMERIf'.V.
Xo namo for a .sMi)r('inc good sj)lrit is fomul in the
VfK'ahiilary of the Mos(iuitos; all tlu'ir aiipcals aic ad-
dressed to Wulaslia. the devil, the cause of all misfor-
tiiiies and contrarieties that happen. The inteicessois
uith this dread heinji; are the sukim*. or soi'ceri'sses. i^i-n-
(Tidly dirty, malicious old hags, who are ap[)ioa<'lH'd willi
gifts hy the trenilding upplicant, and hesonght to use
their })o\ver to avert impending evils. They are siip-
])()sed to ho in ])artnership with their devil, for whom
they always exact the half of the fee hefore entering
upon any exorcising or divination. These witches exer-
cise a greater jujwer over the peojile than the chief — a
power which is sustained hy the exhihition of certain
tri( ks, such as allowing poisonous snid<es to hite them,
and handling fire, which they have leained irom j)re-
decessors during their long preparation for the ollice,
passed amidst exposure and fasts in the solitude of tho
wilderness. The people of lIoiK^'U'as had also evil sor-
cerers who [K)ssessed the power of transforming men into
wild heasts. and were nuich feared and hated {iccord-
ingly; hut their priests or hermits wht) live in com-
munion with mati'riali/ed gods, in small, elevated huts,
apart from the villages, enjoyed the res[)ect of all, and
their advice was applied for on ever}- matter of imjjort-
ance. Xone hut the princii)al men could a])proach them
without the necessarv offering of n>nize and fowl, and
they humhly knelt ))eforo them to receive their oracular
answer. Preparatory to important undertakings, dogs,
cocks, and even men were sacrificed to ohtain the fa\<ir
of their idols, and hlood was drawn from tongue, irs,
and other memhers of the hod v. Thev thon'l ;♦ nl^e-
wise necessary to their welfare to have muj' i' guar-
dian spirits, whose life hecame so hound up ith tin ir
own that the death of one involved that of the ot^er.
The manner of obtaining this guardian was to proceed
to some secluded spot and oiler up a sacrifice: with the
5; Esqwmdin, Zft-BoovorH, \>\\ 150-1. The iintivea of Hondnrns liejit sninll
liinls which 'could talk iiitillit^'iUly, mid whistle iiud sing aduiirubly.' f.-cA;-
harn''s Journey, pp. o:i-3, Hi, 7U-2/«s 'JJ.
M()S(iLriU II SIOMS.
Ul
beast or Mill wliicli llu'rciipon iijipciiriMl. in dcciim or in
v»'iilit\. !i con^iiu't for lilt' was iiiiulc, liv drawiiiL:' lijoixl
iVom \iiiioiis parts ol" tlic lio'h. Caiilts and W oolwas
assciiilili' at coi'tain [icriods cnci'v vcar. to jtroiiitiatc coii-
trolliiiji' f'pii'its with rcrcmonics transmitted IVom tlu'ir
iord'atlifi's. A vai'ictv ol' ghosts, as Lcwii'c. the spirit
of the water, are sn[i|)osed to jilav their pranks at ni,uht,
and it is dillieidt to induce anxone to lea\e the hut
alter dark, unless m eompany
'11
le
■lief
in (ireani.s
is so lirndx' rooted that their very course of life is in-
iluenceil 1; it. l']\'er_v dream has a direct or indirect
ineaninu': thus, a hi'oki-n calahash hetokeiis loss ol" wile;
a hroken dish, the death of a mothei'. Anions otlu".'
suiterstitions. it was helievcd that the li,uhtin}: of an owl
niton the house-to[i windd he I'ollowi'd h_v the (U'ath of
an inmate ; when thunder roared, cotton-seed was hurm
d
hrol
\eu e
'\h
an(
I d
eer-hones wei'e carefidlv jire
.served lest the chickens or the deer should die oi" disap-
1
)ear
A
ware o
f th
10 peculiar iniliience o
111
)f tl
u' moon on
man and matter, they are careful not to sleei) in its
<:lare. nor to lish when it i.s up, and malio,i:any-cutters
ahstain from lelling trees at certain periods lor fear tho
wood may spoil. They are wonderfully jiood path-
finders, and will pass throudi the densest forest without
puiding marks; as swimmers they are not to he sur-
pas.sed. Their mode of greeting a friend is wvy v\\\\-
sive. according to Danipier. One will throw himself at
the feet of another, who liel[)s him up. emhraces him,
and falls down in his turn to he assisted up and com-
i'orted with ji pressure. Cockhurii says that tlu' Hon-
duras peojtle hend one knee to tho ground and chq) their
hands in token of farewell. ^^
Thoir li
iti
lif(
d fruit and fish dii't. with 11
lioir licentious lile. and iruit and lisii diet, witli lim-
itod nso of salt, havo loft thoir constitution very su>ci'[.-
•" Ucrrrra. Hist. Om.. dco. iv., lili. \iii., cay), iv-vi.; ('iirl,h)irh's Jtinvmii,
j)[). Itl'i, l") (i; l)iniijiii r'x ri'V'('/'S, vol. i., ji]). H-i), Sd; Mns(jii!liiliiiiil, lli r'lifit,
JI]). 112-:!; M<irti„\i l!nt. (''•!..' \i>\. ii.. \>. 41.'5; ll'inl\< W'aU.ini, jip. •2.s .',:>,
'Ju't-l:!, 'J")(I S, 'J7:i I. Sivci's was tluniiiht iiusscsstil of tln'ilrvil, ,inil ciuc-
f iiily sIhihiiimI, btciiusc Lo iiiiituttcl tiiu ciowiiiy of ii cock, it'ii / s, Mitti laim / i«
/i,((, p, ITS,
-ii'l
742
^VILD TllIBES OF CENTRAL AMEPJCA.
iil)lo to opiclomics as well as otlior diseases. The most
coinniou disorder.s are aftections of the bowels, sucli as
tlvseiitery and diarrhoea, but chills, rheunuitisin. coii-
Mmi[)tioii, and )*ic-asles are not unfreciuent. Cliildi'eii
Miller nuich from "worms, and their abdomen is some-
times enormously swollen. A very i)ainful, though
not daniierous e3e-disease termed unhibWan is preva-
lent; and the burrowing of the tick in the skin causes
Avouiuls and inllannnation if the ily be not speedily le-
mo\ed; the cJuyoe, or sand-ilea, attacks the feet in the
same manner. Hut small-pox and leprosy are the great-
est scourges of this country, tlie ibrmer havinu' here as
elsewhere in America connnitted enormous ravages
among the population. Le[)rosy — that living death
lelk'cting the sins of former generations, so capricious
in the selection of its victims, taking the parent, yet
leaving the cliild intact, or seizing upon the olVspring
Avithout touching its mother — may certaiidy be less de-
!-tructive, but it is nevertheless fearful in its effect: half
of the natives of the Ah)s(iuito country being more or
less marked by it. either in the sha[)e of Avhite or Hvid
spots, or red, white, and scabbed hiilpis. All sickjiess
and allliction is su[)posed to be the work of the evil
spirit who has taken possession of the allected part; su-
kias nmst, therefore, be called in to Uf^a their incanta-
tions and herbs against the enemy. The witch appears
with her face painted in hideons devices, and begins
(»l)erations by })lacing some herl)s beneath the })illow of
the patient, blowing smoke ovr him, rubbing the
l)ody with the liiiads, .and nnittering strange words. If
this is not effective, a decoction is made from the herl)s,
to be used as a drink or fomentation, and the patient is
ienced in with painted sticks, with strict orders to let
no one approach; the witch herself bringing the i()od to
the patient, whistling a plaintive strain and nnittering
o\er the invalid for some time to chase awav the evil.
Xo pregnant woman, or pi'i-son who has lately buried a
frit-nd, nmst come near the house durii.g the illness, nor
must any one pu s to the windward of it, lest the sick
MOSQUITO MEDICAL TllE.VT.MENT.
74.3
bo deprived of ))reiitli; any presumed l)reach of tliese
injiiiu'tioii.s leaving i\ sale lo()[)liole ior tlie sorceress, in
case Ikh" remedies fail. During epidemics, the sukias
consult together and note their dreams, to ascei'tain tiio
natiU-e anfl disposition of the s[»irit. After muttering
incantations all night, and invoking all soi-ts of terrihlo
monsters, they plant small painted sticks, mounted hy
grotesijue figures, to the windward of tlu; village, and
announce the expulsion of the evil. Should the scoiu'go
continue, it is supposed that the sjjirits areohstimite. :ind
the })eople ii'Uiove to other pai'ts, burning the \illagv.
The instructions of the sukia are always scrupulously
followed, and the cretlulous native may be s<'<'n lying on
the heacli for days, exposed to all v.eathers, smeared
Avith blood and waiting for restoration from ills. Scari-
fications are nnich resorted to, and fever patients throw
themselves into cold water, where they remain luitil
dead or until the fever leaves them, in Honduras, on
the other hand, the patient is taken out of the water
after a short innnersion, and r(»lled to and fro l)efoie a
fire, until half dead with fatigue, when he was k'ft to
be restored by sleep; l)lood is let IVom the tliighs. legs,
and shoidders; vomiting is promoted by certain herbs;
vermin are administered for jaundice. In sickness a
rigid diet is obserxcd, the patient subsisting chielly on
iguana broth. Snake-biies are cured by chewing the
guaco-root, and poulticing the wound therewitii; the
Caribs api)ly an oil obtained from the head of the tom-
my-gofl' as an antidote for its bite. ilerrera states
that the comfoi't of a sick j'erson wa- but little regarded;
l)read and (h"iid< wei'e jjkiced near the patii'Ut's bead,
and if strong enough t(> i)artake thereof, well and uood,
but if not he might die; nobody took iuiy notice of
liim after this. The Mos(piitos arc; not entirely de\()i(l
of aiTection. but their grief seems to be reserved for the
dend. not the dyinj.
■•- Ifevri'rn, Hist. (Icn., ilic. iv., lil
Ci-'iin's ('nit. Aniir., ])jT. "21") 7; )''
./)''//. in hnnil. <rf(>ii. Sill'., Jniif.. Yc
). vr.i., ('Ill
.1<
lil
). I.
iiitiil .
1>1). '>:i '2<)
vol, XXXll
Jicri:lit, pp. 132, US-51; VJun/'f W'tihim, pp. 'JIIJ 1.
pji. Lrdt, 2i;u-l;
'Jx. T.t, «:i;
laiinilnlintil,
7i4
WILD TRIBES OF CENXnAL AMEKICA.
The corpse is wrapped in a clotli and placed in one
liair of a piti)an whieli has ])een cut in two; iViends
asseiiiljle i'or the funeral and di'own their grief in nuish-
la, the women giving vent to their sorinw l)y dashing
themselves on the ground nntil covered with hlood, and
inllieting other tortures, occasional!}' even committing
suicide. As it is sui)posed that the evil spirit seeks to
ohtain possession of the hody, nmsicians are called in to
lull it io slee[), while pre[)arations are made for its re-
moval; nil at once four naked me
n, w
ho 1
lave (lis
guised themselves with jmint. so Jis not to he recognized
and [>iniished hy Wnlaslia. rush out Irom a, neighhoring
hut, and, seizing the ro[)e attached to the canoe, drag
it into the woods, followi'd hy the nnisic and the crowd.
Here the pitjian is lowered into the gra\e witli how,
arrovV. s[K'ar, paddle, and other iiuplements to serve the
departed in the land heyond ; then the othei" half of tiie
hoat is [ilaced over the body. A rude hut is constructed
over the grave, serving as a receptacle for the I'hoice food,
drink, and other articles })la{vd tliere Iroui tiuie to time
hy relatives. The water that disa[)pears IVoui the [)orous
jars is thought to have heen diunk hy the deceaseth and
if the food is nibbled by birds it is held t<^ be a good
sign. On returning from the graAe the pro[)erty of the
deceased is destroyed, the cocoa-palms being cut (U)wn,
and all who have taken i)art in the funeral undergo
a lustration in the river. Relatives cut olV the bail', the
men k-aving a I'idge along the middle from the na[)e
of the iKH'k to the forehead; widows, according to some
old writers, ai'ter su[)[)lying the gi'ave with Ibod for
a, year, take up the bones, and carry tlieiu on the
back in the daytime. sle(>i)iiig with them at night, for
another year, after which they are placed at the d(u»r,
or u[)oii the house-t()i». Ou the anniversary of death,
fi'ieuds of the deceased hold a least called srr/
roe,
at
which huge ((uantities of li(pior are drained to his
nuMuory. ^ipuer, who witnessed the ceremonies on nn
Oi'Ciision of this kind, says that males and females wtM'e
dressed in I'lc cloaks fantaslically j)a,inted Ijlack and
CHARACTER OF THE MOftQUITOS.
715
wlilto, ^vhilc their faces were correspond iiiLilv streaked
■Nvitli red and yellow, and tliey peribrnied a slow walk-
aronnd. the immediate relatives [yrosti'ating themselves
at intervals, callinu' loudlv noon the dead, juid tearim^
the ground with their hands. At no other time is'the
de[)arted rel'erred to, the very mention of his name Iteing
su[)erstitiously avoided. Some trihes extend a thread
from the house of death to the grave, cari'ying it in a
straight line over every oljstaele. Froehel states that
among the Woolwas all pro[)erty of the deceased is
huried with him, and that both husband and wife cut
the hair and burn the hut on the death of either, plac-
ing a gruel of maize upon the grave for a certain time.^'
Hospitality, a gentle and obliging disposition, faith-
fulness in the i'uUilliiii:' of eniiauements, lionest\- and
docility, balanced by an inaptness to make any a\ail of
natural benehts, and a su[)ineness in matters of veracity
and judgment, by reason of which they fall into many
excesses, especially in drink, characterize both Mosipiitos
and Caribs. The a[)athy and slowness of the unadid-
terated aboriginal aiv. however, in striking contrast to the
vivacious and Impressible natureof the Caribs, whose ver-
satility evidences a I'ather higher intelligence, which is
aiia in overshadowed bvan inordinate vanit\'. based cbiellv
upon their greater strength and stature. l>oth j)ossess a
certain industry, the one being more })lodding. the other
more energetic though less ))atient; this trait is also
noticeable in their pastimes, where the native is far less
exuberant and noisy than his darker neighbor. With
regard to the elVect of negro admixture on character,
comparisons may I)e niaile among the Caribs themselves,
when it will be found that the black race is nuich mt)re
■1^ Till' (li';i(l 'art' sc'\v( il np in ii mat, ainl luit laiil in tin ir L'lavi li iiutli-
vays, lull iiiiii,L,'lit on tluir fi . t with tluir faces dirt dly to tin- last.' Aimr.,
>/)'//(. N ///., ji. 4(1. ' J'^in ai.iliii r Ki lii^iuns^i ln-aiicli (1( r iiltrii MuM[iiitin
war, (lass sic hiy (1( in 'I'mlt' t iiiis Hausvatris alli' Mine litdicntin n.il ilmi
lic'^^'rulieii.' D'hi'i'iirli', It'iy.Di. tiini. \,, p. -lOS. Ildnl's WuiLini, pp. C'"^ "it,
iii'i-il; M'iixiiiiUnliiKil, 11' rirlit. ])\t. Kill, li:!-i; I'l»i uml Simi'mii's li"tlnr,s. \<\k
U "-S; /,v//, in l.iiiiil. h'riiii. Sni\, Jiiiir., vol. xxxii.. p. 2">."; Frdnl. .Ih.s- Aiup-
ril.'i. toni. i.. \^. lii?; Ihrnni. IliM. Ihh., die. iv,, l:li. viii,, i.Mp. v-vi.;
EaqMiiiilin, Zii-liOoi\ri>, ii>. 152-3.
740
WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
niercuriiil and voluMiiont tlian tlio purer typo, and pos-
ticsses jiivator vi)lnl)ilih-. Tlie sincre di,<cii)line kopt up,
and the disposition, ainonj:; the uoinen at least, to ]»ro-
vide for the morrow, aii.mirs uell lor their future. 'I'he
bravery and love of freedom which so long kept the
S})anisli invaders at hay both on the western and north-
ern borders and on the coast was subsecpiently subdued,
instance the mild dis[K)sition of the independent Xi-
(N'Kjues, Poyas, and Secos, who are now inclined i-ather
to [)eacel"ul diploniai;y than to "warlike demonstrations;
yet the Caribs manifested considerable spirit during a
late conflict witli the Honduras go\ernment, and i)roved
theuiselves eiricient soldiers. The characttM- given to the
nations of this subdivision by ancient Avi'iters. contains
many nnenvia])le (pialities. lor not only are tluy de-
.scribed as la/y, vicious, lying, inconstant, but as cruel,
Aoid of aiVection and of less inteirmence tban the Mex-
icans; nevertheles.s thev ai'e obedient,
pe
ici'ahic
blc
aiK
I
(piiet. The oidy cbaracteristic we have concei'uing the
Albatuius is tbat they were savage, and until of liitc
the J\amas bore tlie same character. Among tbe in-
dustrious Towkas we find that gentle melancholy
whi(!li cbaracteri/es some of the (inatemalans; while
their brothers, tbe Snioos, have the reitutation of being
a very simple peo^jle whom the neighboi's take delight
in iui[)osin,i; upon, yet tbeir women are said to b(> more
ingenious tlum the Sambo women, rroceedinu' to the
Toonglas and Sambos, we ol)serve a i)reponderance of
])ad (|ualities, attributable, no doubt, to their intercourse
witli bucciineers and tradei's. ]\\ most writers the\ are
chaiacteri/ed as a lazy, druid\en. debauched, audacious
race, givi-n to thieving; capricious, quarrelsome, treacher-
ous and exacting amoim' themselves, thouiih obliLiiuii' to
strangei's, their oidy redeeming traits being lK)s])it;dity,
'hiellv exhibited
and a certani nnpulsiveness wlncli is c
in grief, and indicates somethii^g good at heart. Their
want of ener<rv, which deters them alike IVom household
work and the commission of trveat crimes, \\\\\ not
V
Vent them from undertaking; weariscme vovaires to dis-
THE ISTinilANS.
74.7
poso of more trillos; mid tlieir suporstitioiis fears and
puerility uiidei" alHiction, are entirely lost when lacing
the ragiii,;:; surf or hungry shark. Other Avriters take ad-
vantaiie of this trait to show that they are hi:zh-s[)irited
enough to carry anytiiinii' throu,i:h when once ai'oused,
and iidd that they have proved themselves faithful to
their masters, are docile and intelligent, abhorring to
appear mean and et)wardly.^*
The Isthmians, l)y -whicli name I designate all tlie
nations occupying the territory lying hetween the San
Juan River and the southern shore of Lake Nicaragua
on the north, and the gulf of Urah;i. or Dai'ien. and the
]\i\er Atrato on the south, present several i)ecidiarities
when compared with the othei* nations of Central Amer-
ica. 'I'he inhabitants of these regions
lue a
hai'd'
an(
I
active race, jealous of their inde[)endencc and excr hos-
tile to those who atteujpt to penetrate their country.
Their resoluteness in e.vcduding all I'oreigners is mate-
rially strengtlu'ned hy the rugged and malarious nature
of the countiy. by its deep ravines, its miasmatic swamj)s,
its abrupt heights, its rapid streams, its tangled undi'r-
urowlh. and (h'Uselv wooded district.-
Tl
le an* o
f tl
lO
table-lands and valleys is hot and moist, the soil e.xceed-
hvAv i'ertile. but the interior and mountainous locali-
tie;
lave a nnldei" and more temperate chniate with
)Ut
little variation except that of the dry and wet seasons.
In the lowlands of Panama, the swampy nature of the
Hurfai'e. with the great luuniditx- ol'tlie atmosphei'e. pro-
duces a luxui'iant Negetation. and the conse(p!cnt (pian-
tity of decomposed vegetable matter under the iulhicuce
of a, vertical sun. engendi'i's a miasma deadly to the nu-
acclimated. The I'icli and marsh\- nature of tin; soil.
4' TLi
ir.si. a.
(\v
in
lii.
in
u., cap. Ill . V.
/...,../.
(il:i)l. S-.
(loc. 111., III). VIII.. nip. vu., ilif. IV
.. HI.
".I ■
A.
aim
:s- s2.
il)). VI.
.s7, rj-J. i;i:f; 1,1 II,
vol. xx\ii., pp. 'J.")!! '2, 2.")7 S; llnnl's W'liil.ini,
j.p. 2i."). :U7. ;i21; M-^siiitil<il(in,l. lUrhld, |.p. i;)r). lli'.Mii, 1 1 1 -•".. ii:;(;
V ti/.<
.1/..
(■/'* ^li<
V
'M; J'lii/.lt, L
li.inA
iii'i'ii/iii' ' II'
tVllli
iinifi'-
1'
I
a
HDil S,iiii'(iiii's liiittiii'is, ]>p. '2IS-'.t, 'll'J, '.lUS-'.i; IIdi/Ii'.i Uhli . \ii[. ... jii'rl.
ji;). i:t, IS; Mnit'.it, i'd/ii./i-, toiii. ii,, pp. 21'i, 2^('.», ;jil2; (. rum's (> nl. Atn' r.
pp. VJ, 21 J.
748
WILD TRIBES OF CENTIlAL AMERICA.
liowovor. sends forth iinmonso palm-trcos. in tliolimnclio.s
orwliieli the natives huild their houses, thus ohtaininu;
a j)urer air and greater safety from the numerous uild
animals and chmgeriai-; re[)tiles that infest that region.
A great [untion of the territory i,^ rioh in minerals which
were once i)roduced hy the natives in great (juantities,
hut which, unfortunately, were the loadstone that drew
u})on them the ruthless Spani.sh [)lunderers.
In the northern part of Costa Jlica along the head
Avaters of the Hio Frio the (jiiat/iso.'^, or J'rdnzds, are lo-
cated. Mr Scpiier is inclined to think they are of the
same stock as the Xahuas. Some sti'iking physical
peculiaritii's ohserved among them have given rise to
various surmises and startling ccjnclusions regarding
their origin. Dwelling in the western jtart of the state
are the Tcrndxis and the (JIkukjkoik'S, fierce and har-
harous nations, at constant enmity with theii' neigh-
hors. In the south-east and extending to the hordi-rs
of Chiriipu' dwell the yJ/Z'^^/^rr/^rv/.s composed of a numlier
of diilerent trihes and declared hy some to Ite allied in
i'a,ee with the (iuatusos. Ik'sides these are the /Inricas.
Torrcstjiics, 7hr(ti^, and others.^' In the mountains of
(Miiri(iui are the VnUenU's^ ko called l)y theyj)aniards from
their heroic resistance to the invaders. Many of the
warlike nations who occu[)ied the country at the time of
the discovery derived their names from the cacitpies
that governed them. The peoi)le wlio dwell along the
shore of the Carihhean Sea. l)etween Tortohello and
rrah;i. a)id occupy the l.imones. Sasardi, and Finos
islands are supposed to he a hranch of the once powerful
I'l TIk^ Ouiitnsns 'arc sail! to ho of very fair coinplcxion, a statement
which lias caiisi'il the aiiiicllation of Indins hitiui'iis. or lin-ihisns — the latter
11 uiu' lieiu;^' tliatof all animal of redihsh-hrowiieolour, and iutiauhal to ilrsi;4-
nate the colour of their hair.' /•'/'(» '"7'.s (V,,;. Aiiiir..]>.'2i; IiL, .l".s Aiinr.^
tiim. i., p. 'Jll. Sj'c ikiiiL; of Sir Francis ])rake's miitiiic( IS aiul their es( ajio
from Esiiarsa northwaril, h(> says: 'It is b liev(d by many in Costa Kiwi
that the white Indians of the Kio I'rio, called I'ranzos, or Ciuatiisos. . . are
ihe descendants of these EiiLjlislimen.' /io///i's It'nio, \n\. ii., iip. '211), 27. and
Vol. i.. pref., pii, XX xxii. 'Talamanca cont lins ■_•! ditl'er. lit tiilns of In-
dians; besides wliicli there are si'veral nei^hblllll■ill^' nations, as the ( lian-
K Idles, divided into thiiieeii tribes; the ')'c;;abas the Torresiiues, I'riiianias,
an I (' ivei-aras.' .hiirnis' Hist, dnat., j). ;!7l!; Sii'ti r's I'ail. Auirr.. ]>. 113;
Jlaasil, J/e.i'. Uiutt., p, -luT; Ton^iuin'ida, Mi^wirij. Ind., torn, i., pp. 331-3.
Pa
tpu
of
th
Jis
vie
of
Ya
lik
coi
tin
ISTHMIAN NATIONS.
M9
Diirieii nations wlio to the present day remain uneon-
([uered. Their province is sitnated on the; western sliore
of the gnlfot' l'ra))ii, and their town was oriiiinally ni'ar
tlic month of tlie River Atrato. The town and the river
us wi'il as the province were called hy the natives |)a-
rien. This town was con(iuered in iolO l)y a little hand
of shipwrecked Spaniards under the ]>a(^hiller Knciso.
A'asco Xufie/, de I'lalhoa, Francisco l*i/arro. and men of
like metal were there, and this was the first successful
conijuest and settlement on Tierra Firnie. Whence, as
the conquests of the Spaniards widened, the name Daricn
VMS at k'ngth applied to the .greater part of the Istlunus.
Still i'urther westward were the once powerful pi'ovince
of Ciinrn, and the site of the ancient city of Panama, dis-
covered in 1515 hy Tello de (luzman. This was a
famous fishing-station, the word Pananiii signifyini;' in
the native tonjaue a place where many fish are taken.
Alonii' the western shore of the hay of l*anam;i dwelt
.several inde[)en(lent and warlike nations, those of ^^'^^v^
Piivl)^, hWorld, hesidcs many others who waued con-
tinual war airainst eac^h other with the ohject of in-
creasiuii' their territories and adding lustre to their
jiames.^"
Sliiilit differences only are ohservahle in the Isthmian
physi([ue. The j)eople are generally well-huilt, nuiscular,
and of average height, although old authorities, such as
llerrera, Andagoya. and (Honiara, descrihe a trihe, whom
•"' ' Thn iiuliiins who iit iinsciit iiihiilnt tlic Tstlimus nro scattored ovt r
Bocas del TdI'o, the luivtht 111 ijcji'tiiiiis uf Vfrai,'ii,is, thr iioitli-ciisti'm slmri'S
of I'Hiiaiua ami ahnnst thf wIkiK' uf Darii'ii, and consist |)iiiici|>ally cif fmir
triln-s, the Savaiici-ics, the San lilas Indians, the IJayaims, and the Clinlos.*
»S'('7/('(ii/('.s \'i>i/. II' I'llil. \(i\. i., !'■ 'tlT. ' At till' time of till' ciiiicincst (if l)aricii,
till' coiiiitry was covcrt'd with imiiifroiis and wiU-pi'Oplcd villagis. 'I'lu' iii-
lialiitints l)oloii!;i'il to the ('arril)lpi(: race, dividcil into trilns, the priiici|ial
l)ini;'4 till' M-iiiiliii:4hrs('. ('hiii'iinaiiiU'si', I)arii'ns, I'liiias. Anacliacunas, Ac.
Oil tilc casti'Vli slioi'r of thr(Tiilf of L'l'.itia dwi'lt tin- iniiiiinsr but now iicar.y
t'Xtirminatril tiiht' of thi' ( 'aimans. — only a frwnniiiaiits of tin' jicrsi'ciitioiis
of till' Spaniards, liaviii'.,' taken i'i'fii;^'<' in the Chot'o .Mountains, wlnTf tiny
iiri' still found . . Thu D.iriiiis, as well as the Anachaciiiias. li ive eillni'
totally disai^peai'i'd or liei'U .ihsorb 'd in other tribes.' I'ni/dl, in /.(itnl. ii'H-i.
Son., .four., vol. x\xviii., pp. "Jl -'2; FiL-lloi/, in Id., vol. xx., pp. l(i;{-t; Hi.
{;'(•/^', in .V^)i(i"'.'/'.s .bti't/M i/i's' I'ly., IS.")!, toiu. cxlvii., p. IP; llnbinnn.xw .V.
Y. I'mlari). (jtli D.'eeiu.. ISii'l; Anliiujl't. in Xm-drnt", '.'•'/. i/" I'la/'s, toiii.
iii., p. 4 I'l; .U !'■ ji- i/^ir'n /'/■•/r/n'.s.-i d/ Antir.. vol. i., p. K^:t; Bnif^svur ik
Bourijounj, I'opol !'«/», iiitrud., p. ccii. Set) Tribal BouudtiriLS.
750
■WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
tlioy locate noar Esoorla and ()narooas. as l)cin*r vorv
tall — V(M'ital)le giants. Women, as a rule, iuv small and
of delicate proportions, but after attaining a certain aij^c,
incline to obesitv. I'be momitain ti'ibes are generallv
fsboi'ter in stature, Avith more pleasing features tban the
coast-dweller;
A notable diiVerenci; between the Isth-
mians and the other aboritiines of the I'acilic States, is
the short, rather ilat nosi'. in contradistinction to the
almost universal aquiline cast. In color they are ol' a
medium bron/.e tint, varving according U) localities, tlu*
mountain tribes bein"' tlic^ darker. IMack. straight, and
verv abundant coarse hair, black or dark eve;
ai
id
excellent teeth predominate.*^ In Costa Ixica. on the
]{io Fi'io, is the IVeijuently s[)oken ofbut never accurately
described nation — the (riuifusf)^ — whoih somewhat myth-
ical accrounts tlescri''.' as oi' lair com[)lexions. with light
hair and blue eyes. Likewise Albinos are spoken ol" by
"Wafer, who relates having seen people "milk white,
lighter than the colour of any Kuroiieaiis. and much
like that of a white horse
Furtl
lermore
it I
s sai(
I
that their bodies were covered with a milk-wliite down,
which added to the wliiteness of tlieir skin; hair and
evebrows white, and cncs obloiiu'. with the coi'iiers iioint-
iiig downwards. During daylight they Avere weak-
sighti'd, restive, and lacking energy, but after sundown,
their cheerfidness. activity, and eyesight returned — tlui
latter being apparently as good as that of other people."*
<" SiiviUiovics, ' i\ fmo athlctio rac(>.' f^rotixinh'.^ !'(///. Iht-'iUl. vol. i., ]i. D'S,
'TiflU'ii Ids cascos dr la ciilict^a ^rucssiis. ' Oiialu. IH>I, 'iiu.. tdiu. iii.. p.
l^iM. ' The Cliocils aiv not tall iiov niuarkahlc in a))ii(avan(c, lint always
liiiik well fi)iiilitii)nc(l.' Mii-hhr'n hitrirn. i)Ai'>. ' Son ape rsoiiailos.' l>'irUa,
'I'ritlrii I'Ji'hu., toui. ii.. fill, ■"id; Hdiiiiirn. ll'isi. hid., in]. 77, s7; ><//V((/;/i''s Dar'nn
Siirri'i/s. pp. 1(1. 'M't; ('nlaii. llisf. Ahiiiritiiic, in Jlnrrin, HislnriiiiloiiK, tdm. i.,
p. 1()7; I'lii/iU, in l.'itul. tltiKj. Sue.. .Iimr., Vdl. xxxviii.. \)\<. ',t'>-~\ I'llir Mar-
t'/r. ilfc. viii.. lib. vi; 'risVin/'/ic's Ixiihu. ]i. l.")5; i 'iifl,liiiri('s .laiirn' i/. p. •j:!."i;
J>'.\i'ifi/. I.' Aiih'r'iiiKi', toni. ii.. p. '.IS; U7/i//(/vi/i'.s ('(iinf nml Smlilh. p. ;i(„");
Jl'triii'ciiiir's I'l'di/rrss iif Aiiiir.. vol, i.. p, fS2'{; /•'/■"//s/iio/i's Wnrl'l in Mininliirc,
p. "J"). ' .Uirniaiia Pasipialdc .Xnilai^oya. amr visto ali,'nniis Ian LtiMndcs. ipio
li)-i otros liiinihi-cs I'l'au cnaiios con I'llos. y (pic ti'nian biiinas caras, y cufr-
piis.' Il'rrrrii, Hist. <!i'ii,, dec. ii., lili. iii.. <'ap. vi.; Amhi'ioi/ii. in .Xdrnrnl'',
('•il. il I'lV/i/cs, toni. iii., p. 412; Hit'f's S'l'n' Suvri'ii. p. 171; Ihiriin, lii/m.-e
of I III' S, -Ills' Sillli'iiivid. pp. ()'.)-7(l; ('iilli)i's I)iirii'ii, ])p. (i."). t',7 .
!■* (riilfo l)ulc('. ' .Miidica^ sunt statura', bmi' ccmipositis nii ndnis. niori-
Ir.s lilandis ct nmi invcniistis.' l.ml. Xums Orhis. ]). :\2'.K 'It is a ntii-
verdiil bulicf ulouy the Atlautic coast, from JJelizo to Aspunv.til, tliat tliu Frio
DKESS OF THE ISTHMIANS.
51
Cotton textures and the l)ark of u eertaiii ti'ce. lieati'ii
in a wet state initil soil and pliant, were tlie materials
used \)y the Isthmians to cover their naUedni'ss. if. in-
deed, they covered it at all. Where cotton was used, as
in |)arts of (\)sta Kica. the costume was sinn)l\' a suiall
strij) of cloth which hoth men and woukmi wound round
the loius or. as on the islands in the "iulf oi" Xiroya, the
women passed it hetween the lejis. and I'astened it to a
string i-ound the waist. These latter ornamented their
scanty raiment })rettily with various designs painted in
colors, and also with seeds and shells. Near the ha\' of
Ih'rradura the men woi'e a kind of mantle coveriu;:' the
whole I'ront and hack of the wearer, made of the al)o\i'-
mentioned hark, in the centre of which was a hole
thi'ou;^h which the head passed. The wouien of this
locality only wrap themselves in a piece oi' hark, with-
out takinji' the trouble to fashion a mantle of it. "i et
more simple was the dress of the men near Cartauo; a
few cotton strings wouiwl round the foreskin of their
A'iiile memher. suHiced them.^' Near Fanamii and Da-
rien, the cacicpies only wore long cotton mantles thrown
dd
over the slioulder and reaclnmi nc
arly to the feet, the
conmion [)eoi)le going naked, oidy I'ucasing their pri\y
l)arts in a kind of funnel uiade of gold, silver, shell, or
))Muihoo. accordiug to the wealth of the weaivr. and
whicli was held in place l)y a string fastencvl to twi)
trilir 1i vi> wliito ooiii]ilp\iriiis, fniv li:iir. anil 'jxoy oyo^i.' Tuvih's llhh
u -.M.
1
JS)I1. tolii, (
nni.
il.S \
I'll/., PI'. Kil-7,
•li., pp. t\, J-; I<l., ill Jllsl. M'lj.
p. i'>;
tani
■1'' ' I'll liiiciubrc) ^'I'licrativii tracii atado ]inr el caiiiillci. liiiijii'ii'ldlc i iitrar
(J ad' ntlii. niic ,1 aluUMos im
hil.
, p:iri
t
il ai'iiia MHO
aiL;'iuiill alli rcviicltci
(Ir'iiilii, Hist. (
lir.)-'. 1. il',). S.M- a\^o: r
Srh. ,
r/.:
ii(l\
./.
('(isl'l Itii'it. ]ip. T).")? -'•'; />n///<''s Hull , Vi
'//. PI'
la iilaiini
iftl., tl'lll. iii.. ]ip
tijiii I' ifn>
lsi-;t. iss; ir<
iz ilr IJall
CDl'tl
miii'rrc
clltf (lilt
hall,
■V
il. i;< fi i-riii''tii \'
ulaiia fii ciirrds. silio ciali sciini'i
ilumnra. Hist. liuL. U>\. H2, Ci;, i<l . V
f^clililms ijs marcs iiudo-i ]ifiiitiis, fn'iiiiuas iicio al) iiinliiliio^'ussaiiiiiiii
tict
IS maltitia irpcrt run
t.' !'<!■
Mil rill I
<li
li
). I., Illsci Ul I
lill
iv., di'c. vii,, HI). X., dec. viii., lili. vi.. viii.: Qiiii:t'i,i'i, \"iiliis ih K-ihu'hIi
(litl'init 1. )). ;): Wn/ir'n Xiir I'm,/., jij), :!7, s7. I(»2. platr, i:!J t, i:iS4s, i,i,ii(
M'///'('". ill Misri'lliiiifil ('iirhisn. vol. iii., p. -llS; U'arliintnii'tt iMliini. ]). J!.;".-
Ailnini
4 1 J: //■■
■II, (ill. ill' r/Ki/rs'. tdiii. iii., |i. '2(i; AihIhiji-ijh, in /'/.. pp. 3i'7-)S, 11'?,
i-rirn. Ilisl. inn.. dec. ii.. lib. iii., caii. v.. vi.. iiud dtf. iv., liL. i., Lap,
MichUr's JJurkh, jip. 13, 00-0, 60.
^VILD TRIIJES OF CENTIUL AMEUICA.
liok's ill tlio sides wliicli >viis passed loiind tlie ^vaist.
AVoincii in the same loealities wore (;utt()U petticoats
reacliinj; to the knees, or. if ladies of «jiiality, to tiie
ankles. Near the {inH'ol' Xicoya, women wore the \ou'^
liair parted in the middle IVom the iVont to the hack of
the head, and plaited into two hi-aids which hung down
on eithei- side over tiie eais. The men tied the iiair up
in a still' (jiieue with a cot on hand, which was at times
arranged so as to rise straight over the crown of the
lieail. Xecklaces of colored heads or of tigers teeth
were worn as orniiments. ]iike manv nations of the
Hyperborean group, the Chorotegans of Nicoya pierced
the lower li[) and inserted a round [)iece of hone. Their
arms they painted with a mixture of their own blood
and chai'coal. In portions of Veragua and JJehetrias
even the liuniel or cotton sti'ings were omitted, and the
(jrugures, Mandingos. ami many others on the J'acilic
seaboard, like the peojjle of Veragua. went entirely na-
ked, the chiefs oidy wearing long mantles. All of tFie
Isthmians were fond of ornaments; among those which
(leser\e special notice is the nose-i)endant. This was a
crescent-shaped piece of gold or silver, of various sizes
for dillerent occasions, those used on holidays hanging
down so as to cover the mouth, while those for ordinary
Uf<e oidy reached the ujjjjcr lip. Besides the iioso-pend-
ant wei-e ear-rings and a munber of lu-avy necklaces of
gold, silver, tiger's teeth, colored seeds, shells, and coral,
according to the wealth of the wearer. I'nder their
breasts the richer women also wore gold bars as a sup-
port, which were held up In' strings passed over the
shoulders. (fiuiiiJiio^. or figures of animals made of gold,
were worn around the neck by the men on the coast of
A\>ragua, Chii-iqui, and Uraba; others again wore on
their heads fillets or crowns of gold or of the claws of
wild beasts, or of feathers. Thus did these naked sav-
ages (k'corate themselves, often to the extent of several
pounds weight. Women considered it a mark of beauty
to have thick Icii's. and to that end wore baiidaues
round them. Another Hyperborean custom is hero
ISTHMIAN liODY-PAIXTINO.
7.-3
mot with — tlio anoiiitinji' of tlit' body with oil —which
ill tiii'sc tn)[>i('s is oxtnu^tcd iVoiii tlu' hl.rd or sicil of the
ani()(/o, jind ovt-r whicli they spi'inkh'il down and leath-
ers. Painting tlie body was everywhere practii't'd. and
was ('arried to a j^ivat extent, the dilVerent colors and
lignres employed each having its peculiar signilicance.
On going to war, paint was nsed more fu clx' than at
othci' times, and the greater the warrior the thicker the
j)aint. Among the men of Ciieha painting had a donhle
ohject; it served as an ornament to the person, and also
as a mark of distiiu^tion of rank. 'IMie chief, when he
iidierited or attaineil his title, made choice of a certain
device, which became that of all his honse. Freemen
wore i)ainted from the month downward, and on the
ju'ins and chest, while slaves were oidy painted or tat-
tooed from the mouth upward. All the lords. ser\it(ir-!,
and vassals who wei'o freemen, wci'o painted in exactly
the same manner. If the son of a chief adopted tlie
ancestral totem, he could not afterward change it on
eomiiiLi' into his inheritance, ])ut if durinn' his father's
life-time he declined to use thi^ distinctive badge of his
house, he could, when he became chief, choose any new
device he might fancy. A son who did not adopt his
father's totem was always hateful to him during his
lifetime. The natives on the northern coast of ( 'liii'icpu'
painted the body in wa\v lines. I'roni the shoulders to
the heels; through the cai'tilage of the nose the\- stuck a
])orcn[)ine-(prdl. and in tlu' chin the tooth of a wild
))ea,st. The women had holes made in their cheeks
through which they stuck little bunches of I'eatliers;
they also wore tigers claws in their ears. At San IJlas,
some of the men [jainted themselves in black streaks,
and the women in red. At Porto Helo, the kinii' was
painted l)lack and all his subjects red. The nati\('s of
Ivscoria tattooed breast and arms; the women of Darien
across the bridge of the nose from one cheelv to the
othei'; they also blacken their teeth. Others have
ligures of birds, animals, or trees ])ainted ull o\cr the
body, according to fancy; their fa\orite colors being
Vol. I. 48
754
WILD TIIIIIES OF CENTRAL AMr.HICV.
l)lii('k. red, iiiid vi'llow, which arc hi'nl on with pencils
ii)ii(h' oCwdDil, cliL'Wcd at the end till they hecoine sol't.'"
All the Isthmians pull nnt the hair iVoni e\«'.\ ]>art ol"
the holy e.\i'e[)t the head, and nih thenisehcs with
lieilfs. which prevent its I'mtlier {irowth. Uoth sexes
\mdr tJKMnsidves on thi' len;^lh of the hair, and most of
tliem allow it to <:row to its fidl length i\\u\ hani;' loose
over their shonlders, ))nt keep it cut on the I'oreheail as
low as the eyehrows. The men of Cariai and some
jtai'ts of Chiricpu'. hind it with lilletsanil wind it in rolls
roinid the head, fastenin;^' it with a comh made of tiu^
heai't of the palm-tree; others wear round their head a
hand made of hark or certain lihres of plants, and at
festi\als they often wear hiuh caps, made from theiiaudy
feathei's of parrots. At Tanela mai'i'ied women cut their
hair short. It appeal's that head-ilattenin^' a,:.:ain ('ro[)s
out in these ])art>. lias Casas states that infants had
their heads placed Itetweeii two pads, one in iVont and
another hrhind. in order to increase tiie leniith of the
head and width of the forehead.''
In ( 'osta Kica man\' of the natives li\'e in small huts
huiit of plaited rushes. In the year l")l"). l)i(\L:o ( Juti-
orri'/,, u()\eriior of Xueva ('artai^o, iu Costa Kica, at-
riis I' (iir.is iiL^uii-i (ic ri'lirvc, iiniti d,' oii: ii'ki: (|ni' por in inciius jcs-iiha (;icii-
t<M* (;iii(|iii'iit I (' luni (li)S(;ic'iitiis jicssos una l>;in't.i drstiis . . .l)ist(pscui'iic(ilt h
j^'riiiiilr^ SI' liMi;i'ii uiiiis cniiti (^'iciis blaiicas dr muclias in iiicras, i' iitiiis culd-
r III IS. i' (itras nc'L;ras, ('■ (iti'as nimailas, i' cafiutirus dc Id nicsnid: ('■ haCj'cu
1)1' icali'fi'S 111 i]ui' coll cstas qiiriitas liU'Zi'lau ntrai-', ('• (ilivi'tas (It- mo (|ilf si!
liuiiru ell las iiiurii'cas y ciii'lma (U; los toliillos (' il"l)aXi> dc lis vmlillas jmr
f4 iiiili-iM: ell rs|)r(;ial las iiin^i'iTS . . .Trai'ii assiiiiisiuo (^Mi^'illos dr oio ni las
^ iiiiii vii. \'ii . -»| 'I (^'lil I las 111 11 L^l'l'l 'S ... I iinii nHTtiiii' r^im ' .^iii v 1 1 n '.-i \i' .'i\'
oiTJas. (■ lior.'iil.iiisi' lis iiari(;rs liccliii iiii a;..;il.i,'cni fiit'i' l.is vcniaiias, i
f,' III d • alli solno ol labio alto citro (;ai'(jillu.' Ora'do, Hist. (Iin., torn, ii
1.(1. l:iS.
Trai'ii assiiiiisiuo (^'ai^'idos dr oio en las
fi' l.is vcniaiias, r cucl-
ii., lip.
Ji. liiS.
■'' riii'ir liiir ' Uii'.v wear usually down to tin' iniddlr of tlip l):ick, or lower,
aiiL!in'4 loosr at its i:ull lin.\'ili . . .All otliii' Haiv, <Nciiit that of iliiir I'.yc^
rows and l\vi.-lids, they cradii' ite.' Wiifir's Xi w I'"//., p}'. l^l- •!; d'ls-
•riir's Itiir'i' II. p. IJj."); .Miinjrtijor's I'ruunss oj' Atncr., \}. 824; Jj'Ac'Ui/,
Am,' rii till' fiiln i i» !m
h
lir
//'•/•»''.>■ Ii'iri' II. p. . , ..
L'A}ucriiiiu, tuiu. i., p. yy
DWEi.UNCis OS rrir. istiimis.
738
tempted to explore tliiit territory. Arriviivj: nt tlie
province of Stieic ii[>oii ii river of tliiit luiiiie at ii point
Honie twelve k'iiiiUes distant iVoni tlie Noitli Sea. Iio
came to a villam', and tliei'e occupied a lionsc helonuini^
to tliecliiel'ol' the district. The old .Milanese ehroniclei',
(lirolanio IJen/.oni, who accompanied the expedition,
descrihin;.'' the dweUinjj; of the eaci(|iie. says it was
^Iiapt'd like an (\iig and was lorty-liM' paces in lentith
and nine in breath. The sides were of reeds and the
ro)!" of [)ahn-leaves all interlaced and well execnted.
Thei'e were hut few other houses in the \illa,t:(' and
those of infei'ior charai^tei-. I'adre Zepeda. a Jesuit, w ho
in IT')!) lived amonu' the (Jnatusos lor sevei'al months,
speaking' of their towns and izai'dens. says that when
the rains connnenci'. they coiistiMict small huts in t'a^
trci'«;. where they live .safe from the danji'er of Hoods.'"''
I nlikt' most other nations, the Isthmia.ns do not huild
their \illajies in s(piares, hut genei'ally foi'ni lonii; streets,
keepin.;; the houst-s woil ajjai't iVoui each other, prohalily
as a pi'ecaution a,i:ainst contlaLirations. ( )n many parts ot'
the coast of Darien and on the pulf of I'rahil. thi' villa<:('s
are built inthe watei'. Othersare on the banksof ri\'ers,
ami many ol' them ai'e spacious and consti'ucted with
fii'eat skill and attention to details. The supportini;'
j)i)sts of the roof an^ liU'Lic bamboos or [)alm-trei's. Three
or four of these are driven into the jiround at etpial dis-
tances. proj)ortione(l accordinu- t(» the intended length of
tlie house, and across the toj) is laid the ridge-pole: on
each side a, numbei' of shorti'r posts are sind\, iVom
whieii loiii^' rafters are laid to the ridL:'e-j)()le; the whole
is then coM'i'ed with palm-leaves, both roof and sides.
Oilier houses are plastered inside and outsidi' with nmd,
ami these have a, lloorinii ol" open bamboo work, i-aised
.si.x Ol" ei,L:lit feet IVom the jiround. The dwellings are
divided into two or more rooms. haviu;j no doors to the
ontiunuos, wliicli are reached \)y ladders. Sometimes the
s^ U:i:'>ni, Illsf. Mtnlo Xnoro, fol.SC); Sfjiili^r. in .Vi^nv/fcs .l?i»f//rs' dru
Vol/. Is'iii, toni. cli.. ]i. 1): l-'ruc'irl. Ans Aiinr., tmn. i., ji. 210; JiL, Cent.
Am I , i>. .U; Wiii/Kcr iinil .'ivh r:iu\ ('usit JUki, p. '2'>'.L
A
756
•WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
house 'n huilt without walls, in which case the roof
(loscoj'.i.s to below the level of the tloor, and the struc-
ture is k'<'t open {.t both ends, havinjji; the a[)pearan('e of
an elevated nlatfonn. The ^avanerics and some othei-s
on the coast of Veragua l)uild circular or i)yrauiid;d
dwellings, by driving strong posts into the ground
sloping toward each other, so as to unite in a ])oint
Avhere they are strongly Iwund with withes or vims,
across which are tied small sticks, some peeled, others
with the bark on. or blackened, thereby ])roducing a
j)leasiug etl'ect. The walls inside are lined with reeds
])enutifully interwoven. Tiie u])[)er jiortion of the sti'uc-
ture is thatched on the outside with straw and on the
ajK'X is placi>d an ornament of baked day. \n the centie
of the dwelling is a spac^ious apai-tuient, and round tl)(»
walls are small rooms in which dilVerent families leside.''
J'lacli village has a public, town., or council house, or
ibi't, one hundred or more feet in length, constru(;ted in
tlie siune maimer as the dwellings, but with no interior
])artitions; in the walls are loop-holes for tlie discharge
of arrows. There is an entrance at each end, and thick
doors, made of split ])ahn-tree and bamboo strongly
l)ound together with withes, are kept in readiness to shut
out theeneuiy. The doors are kept in position by strong
posts set in tlie ground l>ehind them. In the pro\ince
of V'eranua, tlie\" build stronu' wooden fences or ])alisades
round some of the villages, to {)r()tect them from attac^ks
of enemies and wild beasts. l)uring the expedition of
(Jaspar de Kspinosa in 1517, Diego de Abite/,. wlio in-
vaded the pi'ON ince of a caci(pie named T J>ra1)a. some
distance south-west i'voni I'anauiii, found tl e inhabitants
'^ rnijiU, in Lovd. Giori. Sor.., Jour., Vdl. xxxviii., p. S' '■; Sei'tnnnn's Vol/.
Jlirnhl, vol. i., pp. lU'.'. :{2l-2; I'iiii ami S'iiuiiuk's hutthnif p. ir>l; Miililir's
/>(/'ic.', p. 81; Wii/ii-'k .\i'ir I''//., ])p. ir.' .V2; I'nrUni.n'n .loiiri'i t/, pp. 2;M
5. Oil the hiinks of the Rio (iiaiidc. tlir Spiiiiiiinls iiiiilcr .loli.in dc Tiivini
fiiiliid ' luufhas jiohl ^'ioncs cii liiirl)iiro;is d ciisiis iiuiy altus, ffdms i' urma-
(l,is sohro posti'S (Ic p;ilinas iic|,'ias foiti'ssimas i' {piiissi in(\i>iiu;iia1ilis' . . . .
' I lay otra niaiicva ilc liuh oh o (Msas cii Nata rciloiiilns. coiun iiiios cliaiiitclcs
limy altos.' (h'ifdii. Hist. I iiii., tiiui. iii.. pp. .')(), IIJI.H, pi. ' |ji otfas luuclias
partis hacian siis casas di' liiadi'fa y dc paja di' l.i forma di' una caiiipaiia.
I'^stas (rail iiiiiy ultas y hiu\' capaci's que iiioi'ab.iii I'li cada uuii do uUu^5 dlf z ^
iiia.-i wa'iuo.'j.' Xu.s L'aMd, Uibt, ^IpoUnjclicu, M-'>., cip. -M.
ISTIDIIAN EDIFICES.
757
protoctoil In- stroiijx fortiHrntioiis. Their forts nrc 1)nilt
with iiuich skiU. The gnmuil is (Irst ciicIosimI h\- :i (h>i'p
Irciich, u[)()ii the iiiiuT hank of which trees are |>ianieil,
and the iiitei'stices lilled ii[) witli lojzs and I'ocks. In
many i)arts of tlie coniitrv the iuhal)itants were lonnd
li .in:i' in the tops oi' tri'es like hirds. htyin;^' sticks aci'o-^s
IVoni one hranch to another, and huildinii' their hciisi's
ii[)on them. In l')12, Vasco Xnfie/, de lialhoa f-ur\'eyeil
scN'eral channels at the month oi' the River Atralo in
([iiest of gold and plnnder. The sin'ronndin,2' country
A\
as low and marsh\-. hut the soil sent I'oi'th ininu'n
se
]>alm-trees. in the hranches of which the nati\cs l)!iilt
their honses. Vasco Xnfiez. enterini:' an alllnenl of the
]{io Xeiiro. discovi'red a lio'Lie tree-top villaizc. the nanu^
of whose rnler was Ahie'ha. 'fhe houses were di\ide(l
into sevi'ral apartments, each ol' a size sullicieiit to accom-
modate several liunilii's. Tlu'y ueiv hiiilt of uood and
willows, and were so jtliahle and yei , > stron,:^'. that tlie
swayinu,' to and fro of the hi-anches. to \vhich the elastic,
tenement yieldeil. did not in the least interfei'e with the
safety of the <)ccu[)ants. Ladders, made of a single
laruf hamhoo sj)lit in two. were nsed in niaking' the
ascent and descent. These were drawn np at niiilit. or
in case of
th
invasion of an enemv. On the coa^t ol
W'ranna ( 'cliiiuhus discovered similai' dwellinL;^. and he
Hays that he could not account i'oi- the custom, nnless it
was thro:igh i'ear ol' ^irrilfnis which ahoinid in that coini-
try, or of enennes. each trihe heir..': iit war with vwry
other trihe alonji; the coast. The true cause, liowcvcr,
of tiieir taking' to trees for places of resideiu (\ is to
place themsehes heyond the ri'ach of sudden and vio-
lent lloods. which are causeil by the swelliiiji of streams
jiftei' storms in the mountains. an<l also in ordei' to he
out of the reach of I'cptiles and wild heists in which
that
countr\' ahou
nd.>
Some of the Isthmians huilt
•'"' ' II il'iiroii iiiiich'is jiiidiliis Cfroiulos. cnli puli iiqiKs di' iu:nliTa.' //•■
rcrn, IliM. <iiii., (!<■(•. lii.. lil>. iv.. cap. ix., ili c i., lili. i\., caii
Kill
lo ]•
ill ciiiia (Ic ''li alli.ri.' /A
///W. M'.ndn ,V'
I'iO, Si'i' alno: Irrin I'x ('iiliiiiiiiis. \<i\. iii.. p. 1'
(li; ti'iiiiiii'ii.
111-^1.
■rn, f,,l.
,1., ful.
73; Colon, Hist, Alinlj'uidu.iu Barcia, Uist'iihnlnrcfi, tola, i., p. luS.
I!
X
vns
WILD TRIBES OF CENTKAL AJIEFJCA.
larLTo cnclo.siu-es for tlie chiefs, wliich early contempo-
rary writers call the king'.s psilace. ^'a.sco Nufiez de
])alhoa. on his march through the ])roviiice of Coma<ire,
situnted on tlie northern coast of Darien ahout thirty
leagues from the uulf of I rah:i. relates that he visite(l
the dwelling or palace of the caci([iie Comaure. which
he descrihes as iollows: It was one luuidred ;iiid (ifty
hy eighty paces in dimension, constructed upon hen\y
])osts. which stood within a stone wall. The upper
part of the l)uildiiig was heautifidly finished with tiin-
hers. interlaced in such a miuuier as to strike the he-
holder with ama'/ement. The huilding contained various
apartments — -chaml)ers. pantry, and wiue-ccdlar. In one
very large apartment were sacreilly k(>pt the i-emains of
the king s ancestors an"air_'>'d roinid the walls."
le ( osta nicans live chiell\' h\- liuutinL;' an
Ih
.1 fisl
inu
and mau\ <
>f tl
lein cii
Itivat
e mai/<\ Deans
?
ni(t
ananas;
the Talamancas. especially, are agriculturists. Accord-
ing to l''a,ther Zepeda. and others who penetrateil soin(»
distance into tlie country oi' the Ouatusos, the\ had
large fields under cultivation. Salt is seldom usvd hy
any of these trihes. and none of them evei' < at dogs, as
they keep them f«)r hunting ])urposes. Their chief game
is wild hogs anil (N-er, hut they are not very jinrticular
as to their animal diet for the\' I'at whatevei- thev can
itcl
eaten. iiK
hid
nil: r»'|>iiles
•til<
Tl
itar mot
le of
cooking lish
rendi'M them exe^it-ilinglv ]):datahle. which is hy roast-
ing ihem wrapj)ed in i)lantaiii-le ives. liaiianas an*
u.-ually ])ulled when green. ;ind huried in sand to ripen.'"'
Maiu' of the other Isthmians are airiculturi-^ts, ami
of ('(iiii:i!,'i'r's ]inliici' it is siii'l, ' Iji>n|..;itU'liii»''i> liniw-nsi |i:issnTiin
tuiii ()iiiii(|iiauiiitii. liititi
riiit: liujui ,iril>as ct |iaMiiiiciiti
111 wvyo ]ii liiiiu (Kti<_iiitii, 111 iiaciio (liiiuiiu r,i-
rtc 1 xiiiiiii Ial» >r.iUs.' f'-^li'r Murli/r, dri
ii., lib. iii. Cniiipaii' fiutlitr: Mniilinms, .Mian' W'v ichi, [>}< (11 .'i. ,s7; l>i
( 'lull
\eiie ]\\ll, pi. 71 2, ilH; Ihirhii. !>:■'(• .v.e iif thv Sf4s
Sijiiicr, in Aoin.v/Zc.s Anmili'^ ili-t '".'/■. l'^"'*». t"Mi
,1,1.
M
.1.
.'/■ V
V
•f.
2it,22l 5; M
]))). Xll., XXltl.
I hiss, I. M.J >i»,it
I
11 ■ /.'...,./■
' I. 'iirii
anx'i' nil'
mils
/ Sriirrtir. I'lislo li'i'-n, yi<.^>'t< '.i. ()ii(li'»
cniiu'ii I'lS iiiiliiis (11 (stas islas iiiucli ih vciiul
(jilc Ins liay III f^i'aiul ssiiua caiitiiliil.
Has in iiicras.
oos.i v.va
lllilclins !■ hilill 'S
iiialii/., (' fi's ill s Tiiii' I.
•ailos. !■ ta'rtiii'ti sa- ■•
dfxii
)l. 111).
oincr piir siii;ia unc si'ti.' Orhhi, JJist, ',
(• iHT r.im,
i' (il ilivrr-
r iilll'^'imil
, loin, in ,
FOOD OF THE ISriIMIANS.
7r;9
•i'l'ow coiisidonihle quantities of inai/o. plantaiiis. cacao,
j)iiin('nt(). and cocoa-iuits; their means of suhsistenee are
further hiruelv sup[)leinente(l 1)V pune and li>h. A
staple article of iitod anionn' the coast trihes is turtle, of
il)le article ot u»oH among the coast tin
'dell the\' cauture hu'u'e numbers. M
()ul<e\
dl
Ulord
lem a favorite mea
I'luauas. \()un<i' a I
1.
ator:
and
1 the\' are esneciallv idnd of
aiK
I tl
n
leir e"Lis.
i'Vom tlu!
vucca as well as corn they make, a, iiood (juality ot" ln'ead.
'fhe Doraches and (lUaimiesof \'era,iiua sulisist mainly
'iiii.r. somewhat I'esem-
])\\u'j: dates, which toasted, 'uakes an a,urecal)le and
wholesome food. ^h)st of their dishes are highly s( a-
soned with pimieiito. a kind ot" pe])[)er produced hy ;i
on wild roots and a fruit called /ti.rl^
small shrul) which is very al)undant on 1 lerra r nine.
'I'he toocan hird lives chietly on the herry. which it dis-
charjj.es t"rom the stomach almost immediately al"ter -wal-
lowing' it; the natives prefer it thus, as its hitlernos is
partly ahsorhed by the hird. it is said that the ( 'a-
I'lhs ate human tlesh whenr\t'r they had an op[)ortunity.
Ilerreia says that some of the Isthmians purchased
shives. wiiom they sold to the Carihs for l"ood. and the
inhahitants of I'aria supplied hoys to the nativt's ot'Tu-
hraJ
)a loi-
tl
le same
tl
P'
irpose.
The\' cookeil the tlesh of
ii'ir enemies, and ate it seasoned witli salt ;ind aji
(riule)."' \\ hen a, piece of urouiid is to he jilanteil. a
numher ol" the villagers collect and cut down the hiii^h-
wood on a selected sjtot; the seed is then scattereil ;imon
tl
le wooM
as it n(
t li
In due time the Lirain. w hicii i,-
well sheltered iVom the sun \>y the hranches. spriiiLis up
and o\'ertoi)s them, and when (it t"or har\('sting tlu' ears
are gatheri'd. Alter this, the luideiwooil and coiai-
.stalks are set on lire, and tlu; ground c(jntiuues to hi;
•''" ' llaniio la iiiMi'u'i'ir ]iiirti' ill qiustiv pustii'i'a )irr co^jtiiiiir i!i iiiaiiL;i:ir
(■artic liiiiuana c ijilainl i inaiij^'lauaiin <li' j^'li SjiaL;mi>ili, v'
chi' liiMisaiiaui) di ciltai-' ni', tciiii'inlo iiiicnra clu' inl im'
fat'i'sscrd i[Htllo cariii i[' 'In.' daiiiio.' />.
lii-l. .1/
mil ili ciiliiii)
iKiii j,'li
■in, fnj.
,/., .\,
4!t. On till
st 'tlii'vln' in'ili' ijially ni'iiii lisli. ])Iaiitaiiis, mnl liaiialias,
\\]t\\ eiiliaii I'lii'ii ainl u Uii
'ill. (iiuiiia
ri' (■„/,,
il of
.Vi/i
/■/■;</'
;i- .>■ Ifdin i>
ill /•/.. tiiiu. iii.. pp. :!<14 "i: Aridii, liirr.. ti
/•(■/'•, ''i>/. lie ri'/'/rs, tmil i . |i
pp. l:>.
I'l'
iliimbv. Hid. Aiiiiiiirit'ilh
pp. 2U--J.
P
ui. v.. p.
412; lA
Ih
irii'H,
U'
,\'i;/i ihin Sacra-
760
WILD TRIBES OF CEN'TIUL AMERICA.
used for ajxrioultural purposes, (u huntinji" doer find
wild s\\ iiR', dogs are used to drive tliein out of tlie dense
forest ; at other times tliey set fire to a [)art of the woods,
and as the animals try to escape, they kill tiiem with
sjK'ars iind arrows. Jiirds are killed with a i)low-i)ii)e.
A\'ii"n lishing they use nets made ol'mahoe-liark or silk-
grass, and in phices where rocks prevent their using a
net, they catch them with their hands or shoot them
Avith .(vrows. Fisiiing hy toreldight with spears is Ire-
le Savanerics ])oison ijools with
<pientl\ })ractice(
1. Th
P'
)inided leaves of the l)arl)asc(), and thus ohtain fish
without nui(;h hil)or. I'^or duck-hunting tiny also em-
ploy the ol'ten-descrihed trick of placing a cahihiish tin
the head, and in this manner ap[)roach the game, 'fhe
len of Cueha are celehriited for makiiiL-' pure white salt
n
from sea water — an article nnich used in this locality.
In the same j)rovince a kind of connnunism obtained ; all
provisions were delivered to the chief, who distrihuted
to each his share. Part of the connnunity were em-
})loved as agriculturists, and part us hunters and (i>her-
nu n.
At h
»f 1
ds tl
1 h
us meals tlio cacupie was served nv women,
th h
.some oi ins prnuMiial men eatnig with inni.'
In their })ei'sonal hahits the Jsthmians are cleanly
thev l)athe <:(Mierall\' twice a dav and sometimes ol'tener
hut
commonh' at sunrise and sunset. The interior of
their dwellings has a neat a})i)earance, and order and
cleanliness prevail in all their domestit; ai-rauLiements.'-'
1
l)Ows and arrows, long spears, javelins. Hint-edged
cliih
:ni(
I hi
ow-pipes
pip
are
tl
le weapons used in
tl
lese
1
)arts. Tlui hows are heautil'uUv made, those of the
^'^ ' Tdf'rn (los v trcs vozos al iino in:ii/.. v iior csto no lo cimraiiciMn.' (r'o-
V. llisl. liiil., ^)1. 82, SS.
'111,'in iiiii( III!
1^1
lil. ■
c.ios liui'l'CdS cm.
•1
iiiiililii;() 111 (spiim/ii
llr
K
lie viliiulos,
v(, IliM. a
.1.
y
Aiti'i;i"!/'i, ill .ViirrnTWc
!■ '1- t'lirtlur details sci' .Mirlilir'n Jhirh ii, ])]>. (l"i. 'iS, 81
,/. ./r 1
III
vol. i.. i)[). ;ii
w.
1'
"1;
;ti:); /'././•
,1 0,(/7»
IK'I'S, tlllll.
rli/r, di'
n. 4 .;i, -ioT; MitidiiiiKx
]). 7'.l; Si'iiiKdiii'.i I'll//. Ilmtlil,
lil>
(h-i i/ii, ll'isl. H
tdiii. iii.. 1)1). lit--;}, I'M, IX); Ma/ic's 3'i((.' To//-, ri). 88, 101, 1(10-7, liU-
IIKI, l.")J-r>, 17(1-7.
MU-l,}c
Dm
nfit, |i. (d; ' III
tniubfc, assi los iiidios como las iiidias
iiir)ii'i/. ]i,
'iliC.
li'UiMi lior cos-
h.iliar tics o <|Uatro vii;t
il
dia, por cstar liiniiins i' pui'nuu dii,'eu (juc iksicausau lu lavuisi.'.' Uckilij,
Hist, 'ltd., toiii. iii., [>[>. I.'t5-(i,
WEAPONS OF THE ISTHMIANS.
761
Costa Ricans l)oiiig aLoiit scvi'ii ll'ct loiiir. of a daik-
coloivd, wvy liard wood, with tlio string ol" wi'll-t\viste<l
silk-grass. Ari'ows are of tlu- same wood, vcrv long, and
l)oiiited with a porcii[)ine-([nill <»i' fish-hone. The hows
and arrows ef tlios(> farther r-onth are niucli shortei'. and
of hlaek palm-wood, as are also their laiiees and jaxclins.
The arrows an; pointed with Hint or fish-hi>ne. or ai'e
hardened in the fire and harhed ; tlie shaft is of reed
having a ])ieee of hard wood eight or ten inelu^'^ in length
insertetl in the end. The inhabitants of Coil);! iiiid some
of the tribes on tiu> western shore of the gull' ol" rialni,
do not nse i)ows and arrows. In this respect. ,^o far as 1
have ohsei'ved. they form an exception: as among tlic
almost innnmerahle tribes sitncded between tlie gull" of
rrabii and the Arctic Ocean I know of none othei's
wheiv bows and arrows are not nsed. These i)eo|)le in
hattle employ a long wooden sword, and wooden spears,
the ends of which ari' hai'dened in the fire and tipjuMl
with bone; they also make nst> of slings and darts.
Their javelins ure thrown with nnu^h fore and dexterity
hy means of a stic^k slightly grooved to hold the pro-
jectile. It is called t'slorica and is h<'ld between tlu^
thumb and two lingers, there being a, small loop on tlie
side, near the centre, in which the foi'edngi'r is placed;
the dart is cast straight from the slmuldcr. while tla;
projectoi- is retained in the hand. 1 ha\'e noticed a
somewhat similar conVri\ance employed by the Aleutian
Islanders.'" TIk' bl()w-))ipe which is used witli much
efVect. is about six *>r se\en feet long, and the darts sliot
from it are made of Mucaw-wood, ver\' thin willi ;iu
''" 111 f'ucvii, • iiii soil fl(<hcriis, t' jiclfiiii coll nuiPiiims t' cini l,int;iis lia ii<,'iis
y coll Minis (|!U' iiiruj.in, rouio a.uilos cdii csti'iri.as (ijiH' smi lii itn iiiiiiu ni
<lc aviciitiis lie iiiios liiisliiin s hiiii laliiiulos ' "I'li'/o, Hist. <iiii., tuiii. iii ,
I'll. l~~. 12'.». 'Sunt iiutviii ipsiiniiii .'iriiia, imii iirciis, inni sii^'itla uiiic-
liata-. uti ImhiTr iiiili;_;i'iias illns tiaiis siiitiiu orii utiilcs (lixi)iiiis. (niiiiiiiin
lii .-•rtitit lit iilurimi.iii, ciisibiis ohlniinis, i|U(>s iiiacaii.is ipsi a| [n 1 ant,
li;^i*. is I mil 11. (|iii.(. fcrniin ni>ii assc(Hiiiiiliii': ft luifustis siiililms aiit ' r— . is
<• ^pidilMls, iiiwsjliljiis ttiiiii ail iiraliiim iituntiir.' /'•/■/• Marh/r, ilcf. ii., lili.
iai., also, «l<-c. iv., lii). X.. (liT. \ ., 111). i\. ('um|iarc' fiutlur, Jlrrnni. lI'iM lint.,
tic', i.v lil>. i\., cM|i. vi.. 111). \.. ca;i. i.: An lii'inii'i. in S'lrnrrit', i'ul. ,le
I'l (i/*-s; tmii, i-ii., ]1. in:); I'tiiT'is, in /'/.. t en. i.. n. 'iH."); I'lirl/mru's .hnirni'if,
p. •,i:iV W .k'li'l. f/.\iii''rii/iii \ p. '.IS; 0/;>' I'unHmn, pp. 77-S; I'nyilt, ill L'Jiiti,
Uuoji. ^^o^^, •fiiiir., vol. .\xvviii., [ip. 1)5, US.
( I
' ^ii
7(;j
WILD 'LllIlSES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
oxpco.liiiiily sharp point, iiotcliod. so f1i;it whon an
object is struck it breaks oil' iiiiil it is iiliuost iiii[K)ssil)k;
to cxtriict the broken point; others ai'e ]U)isonc(i so that
a siiiiht wound causes deatli in a sliort time. One end
is wriii)pL'(l with a httlo cotton, until it lits the tube
which is placed to tlu^ mouth and the (hirt blown out.
It is (piite elVective I'or a distance of one hundred vai'ds.
DilVerent varieties of ])()ison have been described by
writers and travelers
II
errera sue
aks of
one which ho
says was made with certain grey roots found alouii' the
coast, which were burnt in earthen jjipkins and mixed
with a species of poisonous black ant; to thiscouipositioii
were added larue s[)iders, some haii'v caterpillars, the
wiuLis of a bat. and the head and tail ol" sea-fith called
fti'-iirliio, very venomous, besides toads, the tails of snakes,
and man/.auilhis. All these injiredients weiv set over a
tire in an open lieltl and well boiled in pots by a slave till
they were reduced to a prop^u' consistency. Tlie unfor-
tunate slave wh;) attends to the bailinij; almost invariably
ille-* from thi' fum;>s. Ani)'dier [);)isouous composition is
sp )ken of as having been m;i le of fourteen dilferent in-
gretlients and anotlu'r of twenty-four, one that kills in
three da\s. another in five, and another later, and when
one w
as eiuploNi'd it was stated that sometii
nes the
wounded lixcd as many days as the poison had been made.
The nati\('s said that lire. sea. water, and contineucN' were
tl
le an
tidot
t's aii'auis
t tl
th
le venom, others aihi'ujei
dli
that
the duuLi' of the woimded person taken in \n\\s or other-
Peter Martvr ^\ rites that tii<> poison
wi<e was a cure
was made b\ old women skilled in th
't. wl
V
lo were
shut u[) for two days in a house where they boiUvl the
iuLii'edieuts; if at the ex[)iratiou of the time, the uomen
wt're fouuil in szood health instead of heini:' Italf th^ad,
they weic piuiishe(l and the ointment was thrown awav.
("a[)tain ('ochrane in \\\s Jaiinni/ in ( I'/nnihid. sa\s that
they obtain the poison from a small fro^' called tlie /•'■hh
(/(' rci/i'iio. Tlu'se IVo,l:s ai'e kejit in a, hollow cane and
regularly [\'d. \\ hen recpiii'ed for use. the\' take one
and [KISS a })i)inted stick down its throat ami out at one
I
WEAPONS, AUMOR, AND WAKS.
rc3
of its l«>,irs. Tlio pain 1)rin,i:s to the ]),ick of tlio toad a
wliiti' troth, which is a deadly poison and in it the (hu'ts
arc luhlu'd; below the IVoth a acUow oils' matter is
I'ou
nd wliK'
li IS caret idly scrajx
d oir.
as it i."
also a
l)o\vi'rl'nl poison, but not so lastin<;' as the first snbstanc(\
which \vill retain its deadl\' pro[)erties for a year svhilc
the yellow niatttT looses its sti'enj^lh after five oi* six
months.''^ The javelins nsed by the Caribs wei'e not
made pointed but scjuare at the end, they also lia\ c \ cry
loni;' pikes and heavy chibs. AVhen l)artoloin(' liiu'tado
in lolG visited the island of ( 'anbaco lie relates that th(>
caci()ue ])resented him with a uolden ai'inoi- \ahied at
one tnousand castellanos
At the island of Cabo se\-eii
leaiiues distant, the warriors woi'e ;i thick matted armoi-
of cotton impervions to arro\vs; they were armcil with
})iKes and ni tlien- marcli wei'e accompanied witli drums,
conchs. and lifes.''-
Wars arise chietly from the jealousies and ambition
of rival chieftains. IJattles are frerpH'nt and saniiuinary.
often lasting; for manv da\s. and are foutiht with tena-
•"' 'Tho )iip(; was niailo of two ] i( oi s of rood, ench forniinc; n lialf circli';
tliPRf Ix'iii;,' )]la('((l t'ii,'(thcr left :i s]ii. ill hole, just lai'u'e ciiouj,'!! for tlic i.d-
liiissiou of th',' ai'i'iw . .The aii'"\vs an- almiU i in'ht iiii-lns Iiuil; . tli( |HUiit
very sliar[>. aiul cut lilic a curksciiw f.u- :;ii iiidi up . Tliis is inlli d in tin"
jiiiisou . . .'i'lii' arrow will fly out' liuml'.itl y.inls. and is c itain diath to man
oi' animal wounded liy it; no i-urc as yi t liuviuj,' been dixovnid. A tiL;ir,
when l;it. funs ten or a do/rn yanls. stau';i rs. lircona's sick, nialdics in f'lur
or live minntis. A li'vd is killed as with a hullit. and tlic arrow and w. undcil
part of the tlcsh licint,' cut out, the rcmai'idi r is i ati n without dau'ji r.'
C'lrlirdiic a Jniirn'il in ( 'itUmih'm. vol. ii., \l\^. A' 't-1 . ' 'I'h.it jvoyson kilh th hiui
that is wiumdcd. but not su<ldcnly . S\'ho-,o is wouiidcil, Hues a misi i.ibic
and sti'ict life after that, for he must alistaine freni many thines.' I'.Ur
Murliir. dec. viii.. lib. viii. ' Sdiue w.iorali I corova ) and jioisoned arrows
that I Mlitaincd from ihc Imlians of thi' iuteriiu- were ]Udeurid ly lie mi
from Clioco . tluir deidly effect is almost instaiitan< ous ' ( k'Ii.'s /Ih-
rhii. i>, 117. 'Me inquired of ail tiie Indians, both men and boys. :;t ( ,.li do-
nia iiay and at San lllas for the "eurari" lU' ■■urari" [loison . liny I r. lU, lit
US what thi'V Vepresented to be tile li'inii-'iili y,i\^,in It turih d I'Ut I' Ik-
uothin;,' but tlu- jui<e iif the niaiiZiinillo del |ilaya. So, if this i-, llii ir ehii f
poison, and is the same as the 'eurari."' it is not so much t" lie ilri ailed.'
,S,'h'r'i(l'ii's Ifiri'ii .S-oTr -/,v, ii|i, Hill 7. See further, Fih.-Uxij, \\\ l.'iml. 'i'""/.
.S'.,"' . JiHir.. vol. XX., \>. mi; //. ciT/ir, //;.«,'. (; h., dec, i,, lib. vii,, ciiii, xvi,;
.l/T-/f/'/''s /Ao/.e, Ji. 77; />i/////ie /''.S I o(/i|.;..s', \o!. i.. )i. II.
••■-'. Ic' )■■<'/'(, .V. liniiiHilit, ]i. li; li'iliiiirn, lli.^l. Intl., f | K>i; I'ld'/l, ' 'r/r/(.'.s',
pt i . |i. 17. 'Trai.-i' <\- o^««•J^■t s feclios de alj^'odoir (|U' h » lle.i.ibili i' uba-
.\ d. Ill d> la- es;iald . .1 *», «" les He^raban a I. is |-o,lil|;i ^ i' deude ibilXo. e liW
II. 1^ f.lsl I losei..li>. e t.m J-'lUCSOS eiiUlo Ul| eii| ||OU ll-l'IIIUil Hon tall
tifttiii v'liU'Uuu boilfsta uo losiJitsu.' i'adnv^ Cvl, pvv, iivAiti\HH, ii.. !'■ 010,
7(it
WILD TRI15ES OF CKNTKAL AMEUICA.
cioiis couriini'. Tliroiiulioiit Diiricn it is custoinnrv to
])liU'o wiitiiu'l.s at ni;iht in tlii' liiiilicst lioiiscs ol' tlif
towns, to keep watch and |iivo warninji' of the approiicli
of an enemy. At the connnencement of a canipaiiiii,
eliiels and eajjtains e\j)erieneed in war are nominated
hy the head ol' the tril)e. to lead the men in hattle and
conduct the operations; they wear certain insij^nia. so
as to he distinunished from the rest of the men. loftv
jthnnes on the head, and a (piantity of uohU-n oina-
nunts and jewels, hesiih's v.hich the\' are ])ainted in a
diiVei'cnt style. All. howevei'. adorn themselves when
p)inL: to hattle. with a pi'ofusion of necklaces, hracelets,
and golden coi'selets. The men are cheered on to hattle
and enconi'am'd dm'infj; the (iLiht hy the hlowinu of large
shells and the heatinir ol' drums. in the j)ro\ince of
Cueha. women accomjiany the men. Ii>:iitini:' hy their
side and sometimes e\en leadinji' the \!ni. '1'Ih' action
is oonnneiK^ed with the slinks and estoricas. hut they
soon meet Jit close quarters, when the lu'avy wooden
swords and iavelins are hroiiuht into use. (.'ertain rules
juid military rejiulations are ohserxed wherehy thi' hra\e
are rewarded, and olfenders against nnlitary disci[)rnie
])unishe(l. Xol)ilit\' is conferrt'd on him who is wounded
in war. and he is further rewarded with lands, with
some distinguished woman, and with military connnand;
lie is deemed more illustrious than others, and the sou
of such a I'ather, I'ollowing the prol'i'ssion of arms, may
iidicrit all the father's honors. He who disohiys the
orders of his chief in hattle is denrived of his arms.
'P
struck with them, and dri\en from the settlement. All
hooty is the pro[)erty of him who captured it. The
1'
•isoner is the slave of the ciintor; he is hranded on the
I'ace and one of his I'roi it teeth knocked out. The Car
W
Her
howe^■er. used to kill and e;i*" their [irisoner,-
mentions that upon some occasions, he who had killed
an enem\- cu
t oir
his own hair as a di^tin-juisluni:' mar
of ti'iuniph. and ])ainted hiins(>lf hlack. continuing so
painted until the (irst new moon.' '
'''•' ' Cuuiulo ibiin ;'i lii ''Ucn-iv lU'valian udi-uiius du luci cu liis culiczas v uuiis
ISTinilAN DISHES AND DirLEMEXTS.
TCf)
Tlio Lsthmiiiiis slct'p in liainiiiocks, ol'ton bcautiriilly
made, iuul siisju'iKk'd hotwta'ii two ti'ivs or upright })osts.
Owiiiu; to tlio matcriiil ol' which they aiv coiiiposcMl they
are exceed iiiiily cool and well ada[)ted to the climate,
(loiirds, calal)ashes, and cocoa-nut shells ai'e employed
i'or water-howls and drinkinji-cnps. Their othei- house-
hold utensils consist of earthen jai's. Hint knives, f^tone
hatchets and hoxes inu'eniously made of palm-leaves,
and covered with deer or other skins. Drums ol" dilVer-
ent sizes, some very larue. others small, a-e made of the
liollow trunk ol'a tree coveivd at theendswith deei's hide,
^riiose of the larLiVst size are ke[)t ftt the chief's residence
or at the town-house, llainmocks are made ol' finely
vvo\en cloth, or more lVe(piently of plaited urass of
various colors and curiously ornamented. Wooden mor-
tars, made irom the knotty part of a tree, are used to
pound yucca, iVom which they make their (Missava. The
metate or i-uhhinu-stone is also in use ainonji: them.
Tluy have nets of dilferent kinds lor hoth lishuig and
huntinji;. At nidit, as a li^ht I'or their dwellinjis tluy
use torches made from jvalm-wood dii)[)ed in oil and
heeswax. 'J'he lords and principal men of the provinces
of Parien and Traha are reputed to have drunk IVom
iioldcn cups of rich and heautiful workmanship. Teter
^lartyr gives an account of golden trumpets and a great
number of hells fomul hy the Spaniards in a town situ-
ated on the Uivt'r l)al)aiha (.Vtrato). The hells wt're
used at ceremonies and iestivals, giving forth a sweet
and pleasant sound; the tongues or clappers wci'e hcau-
tifulh' made, of lish-hones. In another part of the
country, on the gulf of I rahii, says I'etei' Martyr, as
rendered hy the ancient translator: ''Tliey Ibunde also a
IKitiiias irriindcs en Ins jii'dios y liriicclctcs y otriis joyas (•u otrfis hii,'arcs il( 1
(■ilci'iii).' Jjis I'lisitu, Hist. Ajiiit'nirl'ii'd. MS, ca]). Ixv., ccxliv. ' VA luiiclo i n
1,\ LjiiiMM I'S liiilalu'n, y i^'n/.a t]o ^raiulcs fraii(|il>'/as.' (imiKini, ll'tsl. Iml.. Ui\.
HS, ' A Ills ([nc j>ni'(U>ii mat ir iiialaii, i' a Ins qw iirciidcii Ids liimau ('• so
sil'vii (Icllos por (Si'laviis.' Oriidit, Jlist. llr)>., ti)Ui. iii., (ip. IJl*. I'ifi. Sn
furtLcr; QninJniKi, \'hl'is Esj>iiri<>Uti ( liiilhnitj, p. 8; /A,
//
lil
). 111.
I]), v.: Aii'ht'ii'iin, in .V'
r/c, (■../. ./r
tiiin. iii.
l',)'.i, K);!, AVI: I'l.kr Martyr, duu. iii., lib. iv.. doc. viii., lib. viii., Il'd/t/'s
'.'/■- V
i:i:)
TOO
WILD TllIBES or CKNTKAL AMElilCA.
^ivjit iniiltitiulf of slut's. iuii(U' of tilt' silko or oolton of
the ^ossiitiiijiiK' tivc: likewise diueis kiudes ol' vessi'ls
uiul look's made ol'wood, iind inaiiv of earth: also iiiaiiv
brest plates of gold, and ouches wrought after their man-
ner
'M
Thev manufacture strong cords from the bark of the
mahoe-tive. which is taken oil" in long strijjs, beaten with
sticks, cleaned, and then twisted. A (iner description
of thread is made iVom a species of pita, of which the
leaves undergo a somewhat similar process in ])rej)ara-
tion as llax. being .steeped in water for several davs. then
dried in the sun and afterwards beaten, producing line
sillvv threads, from which their hanunocks and linei"
kinds of nets for catching small lish are made, l-'rom
the same plant thev maki; excellent baskets and mat-
ting; the materials are first dved in diilerent colors,
prettily mixed and woven together .^o closely as to hold
water. Thi'y are of a sol't textui'e and exceedingly du-
rabk'. The Dorachos are famed for the manufacture of
pottery, water-bottjes, and other hou.sehold utensils, ele-
gantly shaped and prettily painte(l. ( 'otton cloths are
wovi'U by women, and considei'ing tlie rude and simple
im[)lements they work w ith, the lineness of texture and
blending of colors present a marvel ol' skill and [)atience.
'I'lie process of Avea\ing is thus desi-iibed by Waler:
'"The Wouu'ii make a KoUer of Wood, about threi' I'oot
long, turning easily al)out betwi-en two Posts. About
this tlu'v i)laci' Strings of (\)tton. of •) or I yards long,
at most, but oftncr less, according to the use the (Moth
is to be i)ut to, whether ibi- a llanmiock. or to tie about
tlicii' Waists,
them in their
or for (lowns. or
for I
)!ai»ki'ts to cover
lb
unmo(
ks. as tlie\' lie in them in their
lire. 1.. lib. vii., cap. x\i.. lib. ix.. c
IV 11., HI), ii,, cii]). i.; I'd r Mirli/r, drc. ii.. lili. i., dci'. vii., lib. x.;
'i r's Darkii, pp. (JG, 77; M'jj'i', X'lrU fkin Sa-nuif ntn. pp. 21-'2.
i.. (l.iv ii., lib
Mkhl'
ISTHMIAN JIOATS AM) NAVKiATIoN'.
7G7
Hon-
:os; w
llid
I il re
ill th
tli('\ liii\(> for Cloth
And tlicv lu'vor wi-iivc ii ijiccc of ("ottou with a dcsiua
to cut it, hut of II si/A' that .shall just scrvr Tor the i)artic-
uiar use
Tlu' Thrrads thus couiinL-' IVoiu the Kollcrai
the Warp; and I'or the Wdi)!". {\\vy twist ( 'ottoii - varn
uhout il suiall piece ol" JA/r^/zr-wodd. uotch'd at each end ;
And takiuir U[) every other Thread ol" the \\ aip with the
l'''iu,:j.i'rs ol" out' Hand, they put the Wool" throu,uh with
the otlier Hand, luid receive it out on the otlu'r ^idc:
and to make the Threads ol' the WOol" lie clo.<e in thi^
(Moth. the\' strike tluMU at e\ery turn with a louu' and
thin piece of .IA/r///r-\voo(l like a Kidt'r. which lies across
bet
WH'eii the 'i'hreads of the W'ari) I'or that i)iu'i»<»s(
Tl
le canoes and I'al'ts of the Istluuians are aduurahh'
ai
la[)ted to the na\i,Li!ition of their I'iNcrs and i:ull>
an(
I th
le uu'U who nianauc tliciu are .skillfu
1 boat
Mien.
Tl
le canoi's varv in si/.e: some are duu' out from the
sin.^le trunk of a tree, othei's are constructed of hark.
'I'he lari-est are thirt\-(lve I'eet in leniith h\- three in
dth
reatltu.and arecapaoleol carrynii:' many persi)ns. hesides
a considerable amount of carLH
Tl
ie\' arc so li
ditb
l)uilt that little dilliculty is "xpi-rienced in passiuLi' them
over ohstructions, and those of smaller si/c are oflen car-
rie 1 on the lieail. They draw ver_\ little watei-. and are
])roj)eJle I with paddles by two persons, one in the stern,
the ()■ lier Ml the now.
W
len [la-isiULiONcr rapids, paianca-
or
poles, are Uf<iH\. witii crotchets attache(l. which ans\ver
the pur|)ose of a hoat-hoo!<: in iayim;' hold of th
'lani
or o\ erhaULiin'j,' hranches ol trees, wlieri
ne dei)!n o
water pre\'ents the [)ok' reachin,:;' t
ai
similar to cork-wood
le hottom.
'e maile from an ex-ceedimiK' liuiit and sol
he raits
timher
I.' I' I. ,v.
Itrhl
V
Tl
3-lS; S,
nee or four Iolis are hound to-
l).<ll!,i;is. |,. ■_',!; r„c/,7„
',/■. 1'
'.12 \. 1 ;()
It
■l'l'ili_; 111 (1
\'''f/. llrnihi, V..1, i., p. :;j(i; /'
.h'lirn //, I [I, I7-- '■'>. 2\'-'i I ; ll'i
Vi-'sscls.
il I
111' nciitiv and siiiutiiiii
1111(|UI (■.-irlllrll I'l lu-s
j;r ici fullv fiii'incd of cliiv
■llio
.S. V-
eral l)i-ar risciiihlalii't'
nif'iHinucil that the natives (if the Isfh
tl) Jliinian, (Irccian, and I'.trnsi-iiU j:i
ijii;s now niaUe tlnir rude cji'tliiu
l)r. :\I( nitt
itrnsils (pf a prculiai- Mack iii: th, wliirli eivc s thciii the iiii|icaranc'f of
//;,-/. .1/.
('/.. vol. IV.
17ii
hi \.
r.-iLfUa ■ VI II' s.,l)iinas .'randi-s i
lo
nl.uodon, lallr.•lda^. di' Uiuy sotiirs hdmris; otras jiiiitadas niiiy siitihiii iiti- ii
Cololc'S cull piucfles.' Vuliin, in .Vwriic/'c/t, i.'uL dv \'vi
turn. 1., p. o(J8.
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768
WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA,
gethor witli ropes and across tlicm arc laid smaller tim-
bers of the same wood, fastened down with hard wooden
pegs that are easily driven through. Th^ rafts are chiell y
employed for fishing or crossing large rivers. C^inoes
are, however, quite as frequently used for fishing pur-
m
lK)ses.
The native products are gold, pearls, tortoise-shell,
ivory-nuts, cjicao, caoutchouc, corozo-nuts, cocoa-nuts,
dried venison, lard, and deer-skins; these are olt'ered in
consideralde quantities to foreigners, and in exchange
they receive salt and ironware, besides various trinkets
and such domestic utensils as they are in need of. The
value of the pearls was lessened on account of their
practice of throwing oysters into tiie fire in order to
open them, which partially destroyed their lustre. The
natives of the coast carry into the interior dried fish and
salt, which they barter for gold dust and other i)roducts.
At Pueblo Xucvo sarsaparilla forms a principal article
of trade. The native traders are very shrewd, and as
a rule practice fair dealing. On his march through the
country. Vnsco Xunez de Balboa found the people in
possession of large (piantitiesof gold, jewelry, and pearls.
Ever\ where along his route he received presents ot gold ;
indeed, in some places he found this metal in greater
abundance than food."^
The streams of this region arc sulyect to fref[ucnt
swellings, caused by heavy rains. After the subsiding
66 • En cstas islfis do Chnrfi o Pooosi no tionen canons, siuo biilsns' ... .In
the Province of Cnclm ' ticncn ciiiions pccnu'fiiis, tiiiubicn lits usau grandra
.'. .hay caiioa (jiii' lU'va (;in(iut'iitii o sesscuta hoiiilirt's i' mas.' Orinlo, lli.'-t.
^'(•))., tmii. iii., i)|). IIU, IT)',). Sfoalso: Mirhhr's Ihiriin, \)\k -iS, (tli-7; U'dfeiH
New 1'"//.. p. itli; MoiitmiHn, Xhitirc Wicnkl, j). 07; and Daiijicr, Xme U'tit,
p. 7."); riti/di, in Loud. (iwij. Sue., Jonr., vol. xxxviii., p. 'M; Awstn, X.
GmiKiild, p. 4H.
«7 ilDiiiitrii, Hist. Imh, fol. 74, 88; lUilhoit, in Xavarrete, f'oh ih Vidijai,
torn. iii.. pp. Hii-"); I'dcv Murli/r, dt'c viii,, lib. vi.; Jfcnrra, Hist, flcn., doc.
i., lib. vii., va\K xvi., lib. x., caji. iii.; lUirhrr's Vnydni', vol. i., \t. iioti;
Sel/rid ii's Darkii NioTc/y.s, jjp. 10-11; J'lti/ill, in Lond. livmi. Sov.., Jaiir., vol.
xxxviii., )). !t'.t; (Hs'iorif'x Jhiri'ti, j). 151; Olin' I'ltwund. p. 77: Cnlli'ii's J)a-
rien, pp. (W-G. ' (Jnai.d > los indios no ticntn t?u<'iTu, todo hu exfiric^'io os
tr.ietar ('• trocar qtiaiito tionen unos con otros .... tinos llevan sal, otros nialiiz,
otro-i niant.is, otms li;unacas, otros alpxbm liilado ii ])or liilar, oti'os ja'sc.i-
dos saladus; otros llt'Vim oi'o.' Ockdo. Hist. Uiu., tuni. iii., p. 14;), torn, ii.,
I). 34U.
ARTS AND GOVERNMENT.
769
of tliese floods, the iiiitivcs procure gold from the river-
heds; they also burn the grasH in the niountjiin.s and
pick up the metal left exjjosed on the surface in large
quantities. In the district of Yeragua and in Darien
they have workers in gold, crucibles (or melting metals,
and implements of silversmiths. They understand the
allo> ing of gold, from which they make vases and many
kinds of ornaments in the sha|)e of 1)1 rds and dift'erent
varieties of animals. The relics which from time t)
time have Ijeen e.xhumed in Chiri(|ui and other parts of
the Isthnuis, prove that the natives had an excellent
knowledge of the art of working and also of sculpturing
in gold and stone. Painting and glazing on jars and
other descriptions of pjttery was an art in which the
men of Chiri(pu' were famous.*"'*^ The Isthmians ^wssessed
only a very slight knowledge of the computation of time.
They calculate the hour of the day by the height
of the sun in the heavens, and have no division of tiuje
into years, months, or weeks. Their enumeration is
limited to twenty, and beyond that they count by twen-
ties to one hundred; their knowledge of numbers does
not go further.""
In the provinces of Cueba, Comagre, and other parts
of Darien the eldest son succeeded to the government
upon the death of his father. As sot)n as the funeral
ceremonies were over, the heir received the congratula-
tions of the attendant nobles, the highest and most aged
of whom conducted him to a duuniu'r and laid him in a
hanuuock. His subjects then came to ofi'er their sub-
mission acc()m[)anied with presents, which consisted of
large stores of edibles and fruits of every kind. They
•''* ' Esto cacique Davaivp ticnc griind fundicioii dc oro on su cnsn; ticiio
ciont lioiiihi'cs ii 111 coiitina ([lU' liilmm ovd.' liitVimt, \a \'itfnrriti\ Col. di',
r/'f'/cs, tola, iii., ]t\). ;t(>-l-5. ' ILiy {^'nindis iiiiiicvuH de colirr; liiiclms do
ellii, otnis CDsas liilirndas. fiindid is. sold id is liulic, y fraL;nas con tcido s:;
ap.iri'jit dc iilatcro y los crisolcs.' ''n/'O, in /</., torn. i.. p. ;t(W. In I'aiiaiii.i,
'jjrunlcs l.iit dladorcs, yPiutorcs.' Dinht, 7'i a//vi /■,'■/<>•., foin. ii., fol. ")(».
(!i>inj)arc further: llnzunt. Hist. Mntvlit Xnoni. fol. HH; Ifii-f' rn. Hist. Hi'n.,
dec. ii., lilt, ii., cap. x.; I'ini ami Sei'iiumn's Ihitlinis, pp. "i'.t-^O; J'lkr Mar-
tyr, dec. iii., lib. iv.; lihlirtU'K Isthinia, p. ;J7.
«'■• W'li/i'r'a .Vcm Vni/., pp. ITH-Sfl: l.nssaii. Jour, du \'<'>J., p. -10; I'uydt,
ill Loud, (iio'i. Sor., Jour., Vol. xxxviii., \t. 'J'J.
Vol. I. lU
770
AVILD TPJBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
greeted him with triumphal songs in which they re-
counted the deeds of his ancestors, as well as those of
other lords of the land, telling him who were his friends
and who his enemies. Much wine was consumed and
tile rejoicing ii.sted several days. Afterwards amhassa-
dors were dispatched to inform all the neighboring
cacicjues of the new accession, desiring their gxHwl will
and IVieniisliip for the future. In the j)rovince ol' Pana-
ma u[x)n the death of the lord, the eldest ))rother suc-
ceeded him, and if there were no brothers the succession
went to a nephew by the sister's side. The ciiiefs iield un-
d!'^[)uted authority over their people and were implicitly
obeyed. They received no tribute but required pergonal
service for house-building, hunting, fishing, or tilling
the ground; men so emi)loyed were fed and maintained
by the chief. In Cueba the reigning lord was called
qwhl, in other parts he was called tilxi. The highest in
rank after the tllxi had the title <>f j>v?ros, who commanded
certain districts of the country. Pir<n'<iijh)K. wer»; nobles
who had lu'come famous in war. Subject to the sacos
were the cdhnis who enjoyed certain lands and privi-
leges not accorded to the couunon people. Any one
wounded in battle, when fighting in presence of the tilxf,
was made a caljra and his wife l)ecame an cxpara or
princi[)al woman. A constable could not arrest or kill
a cabia; this could Im^ done only by the tiba; once
struck by the tiba, however, any i)erson might kill him,
for no sooner was he wounded by his chief than his
title and rank dropped from him. Constables were
apiH)inted whose duty it was to arrest offenders and
execute judgment on the guilty. Justice was a(hiiiuis-
tered witliout form by the chief in [hm'soii who decided
all controversies. The cases must be stated truthl'uUy,
as the penalty for false testimony was death. There
was no a[)|)eal from the decision of the chief. Theft
was punishal)le with death and anyone catching a thief
in ilagrante delicto, might cut oft' the oftender's hands
and hang them to his neck. Murder was also i)unished
by death; the penalty for adultery was desith to lK)th
PUNISHMENTS AND SLAVERY.
771
parties. In Darion, ho wlio dofloured a virj:in had a
brier tiirust up hi.s virile member, whieh generally
caused death. The Tacts had to be proved on oath, the
Ibrm of taking which was to swear by their tooth. As
1 have said, a constable could not arrest or kill a noble;
consequently if one committed a critne punishable with
death, the chief nnist kill him with hi.- own baud, and
notice was jiiven to all the peo[)le by beating the largo
war drum so that they should assemble and witness tho
execution. The chief then in presence of the nndtitudo
recited the olfence, and the culi)rit a'iknowledged the
justice of tho sentence. This duty fullilled, the chief
struck the culprit two or three blows on tho head with
a macana until ho fell, and if he was not killed, any
one. of the spectators gave him the Hnishing stroke.
Criminals who were executed were denied the right of
burial. The Caribs had no chiefs, every man obeyed
the dictates of his own passions, uin'ostrained by either
government or laws.'"
Slavery was in force among the various nations in-
habiting the Istluuus, and every principal man r< tained
a number of prisoners as bondsmen; they were called
ptfos, and. as 1 have already mentioned, were bianded
or tattooed with the particular mark of the owner on the
face or arm, or ha«l one of their Iront ti-eth extracted.
When traveling, the slaves had to carry their lord's
elVects, and a do/en or more weiv detailed to cai'ry his
litter or hauunock. which was slung on a, pole and borno
on the shoulders of two men at a time, wiio were relieved
at intervals by two others, the change being made witbout
■"• ' Bosiui Ids pies nl lii.jn, o sdhriuo, que hcrcila, ostjiiKli) en liv c :ma; quo
viile t lUlu eoiiio jiiruiiiciito, y cDniimcioii.' (luiiiiiru. his!. Iml.. fdl. l.").")-(1,
MS, 'To(l')s teiiiaii h;is lli'ii's, y Sefiorcs, I'l iiuicii iplicdrciiiii.' Tmi/ic hkiiIh,
M'lii'ini. Inil., tolii.ii., ji. ;IK1. 'Los liijos In n cliiuaii a Ins jiadn s. sii iido
iiiiiil IS fii la i)riiiei[)al iiiiij,'i'r . . . Lus Caziqnes y st noics i ran iiiiiy teiiiilos y
ob.'iL'L'id )s.' //('/•(■./•(, Ilisl. ili'n., (li'i!. i., lib. vii., cap. xvi., dt'c. iv., lili. i.,
cii. X. S.'i) alsi>, '>/-; i/), l[M. 'r'vi.. toiu. iii., pp. I'ilt-M, Hi, l")i> -7; V (i'h-
liwi, \"i(la.-<ili' l-Jsj)iirinlis. (U'llhiut.) p.'J; Aiiil'i'iiii/'i. in \ irnrnle, Cnl.ih Vin ex,
toin. iii., p. it'J'.t; \\'iffr'!< .Win Vtn/.. p. \>\'.\\ Ihiji^ivr, Si'nn W'vll. j). 7i; W'al-
Idcr, ill Misiilioita turinsa, vol. iii., p. 41H; I'lii/ill, in l.'nnl. Uimj. Sue,
Jour., vol. xxxviii., p. 'J7; FunueirH \i>yii<ji\ pp. Illl-'J; Scljvhlijii's D'lvkn
Hurciys, p, 2U.
772
WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
Btopping. On his march across the Isthmus in 1513,
Vasco Nunez found some nt'iiro slaves bclonn'inir to the
cacique of Quarecas, but the owner could give no ini'or-
niation relative to them, except tliat there were more of
that color near the phicc, with whom they were con-
timially at war.''
C^ici(|ues and lords married as many wives as they
plensed. The marriage of tiie first wife was celebrated
with a great banquet, at the close of which the bride
was handed over to her husband. Subsequent wives
were not married with ceremonies or rejoicings, but t(H)k
the phice of concubines, ami were subject to the orders
of the first wife. The number of wives was limited
only by the wealth of the lord. Vasco Xufiez took pris-
oner the cacique Tumananiii with all his family, among
which were eighty wives. The children of the first wife
were legitimate, while those of others were bastards and
could not inherit. Marriage was not contracted with
strangers or people si)eaking a tlifVerent language, and
the tiba and lords oidy married with the daughters of
noble blood. Divorces were brought alunit by muttial
consent and for slight causes, and sometimes w ives were
exchanged. If a woman was barren, they promptly
agreed ujxm a separation, which took place when the
woman had her menstrual period, in order that there
might 1k} no suspicion of pregnancy. When a maiden
reached the age of pu))erty, she was kept shut up. some-
times for a iKM'iod of two years. In some parts of Da-
rien, when a contract of mari'iage was made, all the
neighbors brought presents of maize or fruits, and laid
them at the door of the bride" s father; when the ofler-
ings were all made, each one of the company was given
a calabash of liquor; then followed speeches and dancing,
and the bridegroom's father presented his son to the
hride, and joined their hands; after which the bride
was returned to her father, who kept her shut up in a
house with him for seven days. During that time all
71 Ovirdo, Hist. Gen., toni. iii., pp. 8, 12fi, 129; Gownra, Hist. Iml., fol.
77; Monluiuui, Nieuicc W'eenkI, p, 00; Dai>pcr, Xeue Wdt, p. 74.
FAMILY 11ELATI0X9 OF THE ISTHMIANS.
773
the friiMuls iissistcil in cleiiriiii; a |)liintjiti()M and ])uil(l-
iiij; ii liouso lor tlie coiiplo, while the woiiu'n and chil-
dren planted the groiind. The seven days liaviiij^
elapsed, another ineri'Mnakinj;' took i)lace. at which much
rn|Uor was drunk. The hridejii-oom took the precaution
to put away all weapons whi<!h were hun<; to the ridjic-
p;)le ol' his house, in order to i)revent any serious liuht-
iui!; durin;.;; their drunken oriiies, which lasted several
days, or until all the liipior was consumed, ll'a man had
several wives, he often kept each one in a separate
house, though sometimes thi'}' all lived toiicthei'; a
woman who was pregnant always occupied a house to
hersi'll'.'" Women are easily deliveivd, and the young
infant is tied to a hoard on its hack or hetweu two
pillows, and is kept so conlined until jihle to walk, the
hoard heing removed only to wash the child. Male
children are eaily accustomed to the use of weaiK)ns, and
when able to carry u few provisions ibr themselves, they
accompany their fathers on hunting exi)editions. (iirls
are hrouuht ui) to household duties, cookinjr, weavinj:;.
an(
1 si)inning. Prostitution was not inf
unous; nob
lo
ladies held asama.\im, that it was plebeian to deny any-
thing asked of them, and they gave themselves u[> to
any i)erson
that
wooei
1 tl
lein, wi
llin-1
y, es[)ecnilly to
l»rinci[)al men. This tendency to licentiousness carried
with it e.Ktremes in the use of abortives whereby to
avoid the consequence of illicit pleasures, as widl that
they might not be de[)rived of them, as to keep their
breasts from softening; for, said the\, old women should
hear children, not young ones, who have to anuise them-
selves. Sodomy was practiced by the nations of Cueba,
'^ Piii/'ll, in Liml. d^'hi. Soc, Jmir., vol. xxxviii., ]>. '.*S; }f(ir(iriiiiir'.i
Pmiriss iij' .\iiiiT., pp. H2.'! -">. S2'.<; J. is Ciisas, llisl. Aimln ift'irii, MS., cap.
t'cxliv. ' Ciisaiiiiiisi' coll liij;iS(U' siis licrmiiiiiis: y Ins si ruircH iciiiiiM iiiiiilius
imii^'i'i't's.* 11 1' r rem, Hisl. irin., di'c. i., lib. vii., cup. xvi..(lt('. iv., lib. i., ciip.
X. 'I)i' liis muticrt's j)riiicipiil('s di' sns piulris, y hcniiiiiiuH o liij.is ^,'ii;irilai»
41K' lilt liis toiiicii jior iim;,'i'i'fs, poniHf Id tii'iu'ii piT iiialo.' .Iic/'d/",'/''. in
i\iiritrrilr, f<,l. ilv VUi[ies, torn, iii , iip. 4tl-'-l>. Of wives: 'Tiny may liaiu;
as many as tlii'v plcasi', ( cxcrptiii',' tlu'ii' kitulrcd, iiiiil allii'S) viilrssc tlicy Iik
widilowi's. . . .ill some ])liic'f it wiiMnw mairvfth tlic liiMih'V nf Inr foriin'r
Imsbiiiil, or his kinsman, fspi'cially if Lt'u left any cLiMicu.' I'dvi' Murli/r,
dec. vii., lib. X , doc. viii., hb. viii.
774
WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
Carota, and other places. The caciques and soirio of
the head men kept harems of youths, who, as soon as
destined to tlie unclean office, were dressed as women,
did women's work aljout tlie house, and were exempt
iVoiu war and its fatigues. They went by the name of
a(in(n/0(is, and were liated and detested by the women.''
Tlieir i)ublic anmsements were called areiton. a species
of dance very nearly resembling .some in the northern
])rovinces of Spain. They took place upon occasions of
a marriage or birth, or when they were about to go forth
on a hunting expedition, or at the time of harvest.
One led tiie singing, stepping to the measure, and the
rest followed, imitating the leader. Others again en-
gaged in feats of arms and sham battles, while singei's
and improvisatori related the deeds of their ancestors
and historical events of the nation. The men indulged
iVeely in fermented liquors and wines, the drinking and
dancing lasting many hoiu's and sometimes whole days,
until drunk and exhausted they fell to the ground.
Actors in appropriate costumes counterfeited the various
pursuits of fishing, hunting, and agriculture, while oth-
ers, in the guise of jesters and fools, assisted in enliven-
ing the scene. Their principal musical instruments
were drums and small wliistles made of reeds; tbey had
also javelins with holes pierced in them near the end,
so that when cast into the air a loud whistling noise was
])ro(luced."* They have va ious kinds of wines and
liquors both sweet and sour. One is obtained from a
7' The women ' observe their HnshaiK^s with a profound Respect nnd Duty
upon iill occasions; iiuil on tlie other side their Husliimils .ire very 1>"Mu1 and
lovini^ to them. I never knew an Indian heat his Wife, or ^'ive her any hard
Words. . . .They seem very fond of their ChiUh'en, both Fathers and Mothers.'
M'lt'ir's .V'lP l''>//., pp- l'")l)-()(). ' Tienen nianrehias pubUeas dt^nii^'cres, y
nun de hombres en muehos cabos.' Ginudrd. Ilisl. IikI., fol. H7. Sec alsd:
Oriilo, Hid. (fen., torn, iii., pp. 18, 20, 13U-4; ^^uintunll, \"uliiti (/«' Kspiulotis,
(/i((/'«)a), pp. !> 10.
" ' Pipes, or tluites of sundry j»iopes, of tiw bones of Deere, and canes of
the riuer. They make also little ])ruinmes or Taliers beantilied with diners
picttu'es, they forme and frame them also of t»oin'des, and of an hoUowe jjitce
of timber (.greater than a mannes anne.' /'Wee .\[irti/r, dee. viii.. lib. viii.
See also: Oriilo. Hist. Uni., totn. iii., pp. 127, l.'Jil. I:t7. l."i(>; <li»iiiiV(i. Hi.-it.
Int.. fol. SS; Dtrh'ii. J')i-/i-iii-e of Itr S -nts' Si'llli'iii'i)!. jip. 72 ;1: Mti-ijrvuDr'a
i'/vi/rc.sN iif :\ii'v.. lip. S2'». Ml: Warliartou'a Durhn, j). ;J21; Lna Cusan,
Hint. Apoli>j<Jtica, MS., cap. ccxliii.
INTOXICATING LIQUORS.
spi'cies of pjilin-tive, l)y tiippiiijj: the trunk near the toj),
and inserting a loaf intu the cut. Tlie Tupior drawn olF
soon ferinentn, and in two or three days is (it to drink;
or it is hoiled with water and mixed vitii s[)i('es.
Another kind called chichii is made from maize; a (pian-
titv of tiie i!;rain is soaked in water, then taken out and
left to
it, wh
it is h
d and nlaeed
h
•msL'u
vessel tilled with water, where it is all*)wed to jvmain
nntil it hegins to tnrn sonr. A nnml)er of old women
then collect and chew some of the grain, which they
spit ont into largo gonrds nntil they have a sullicient
quantity; this, as scK)n as it ferments, is a«lded to the
water in the vessel, and in a short time the w hole under-
goes fermentation. When the Tupjor is done working it
is drawn oft* from the sediment, and a strongly intoxi-
cating Tupior is thus produced, which is their favorite
beverage. They have another method of making cliicha,
by boiling the sprouted grain in water till the (piantity
is considerably reduced; it is then removed from the
fire and left to settle and cool. In two days it becomes
clear and fit to drink, but after five or six days it I)egins
to acidify so that only a moderate quantity is made at
a time. Difterent varieties of wines and li(piors are
made from dates, bananas, pineapples, and other fruits,
and we are told that the first Spanish explorers of the
country found large quantities of fermented Tupiors
buried beneath the ground under their house-tree, be-
cause if stored in their houses the Tupior became tml)id
from constant .agitation. The cellar of the king Coma-
gre is described as l)eing filled with great vessels of
earth and wood, containing wine .ind cider. IVter Mar-
tyr, in his account of the visit of \!isco Xufie/. and his
company to the king, says '"they drunke wines of sun-
dry tastes both white and black." Tobacco is nuich
nsed by the Isthmians; the natives of Costa Kica roll
the leaf up in the form of a cigar, and tie it with grass
threads; they inhale the smoke, and. retaining it for a
short time, pass it out through the mouth and nostiils.
The cigar used by the natives of the isthnms of Panama
770
WILD TKIIJES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
is niiicli lurjior. Mr Wufor thus (U'scrilK's their maiincr
of iii:ilviM<.5 uiul smokinj^ it: '' Layiiiji two or throe J^euve.s
u[Hm one unotlier, tliey roll up all together side-ways
into II long Roll, yet leiiving n little hollow, liound this
they roll other Leaves one after another, in the same
manner hut close and hard, till the Roll he as hig as ones
Wrist, and two or three Feet in length. Their way of
Smoaking when they are in Company together is thus:
A Boy lights one end of a Roll and hums it to a Coal,
wetting the part next it to keep it from wasting too fast.
The End so lighted he puts into his Mouth, and blows
the Sinoak through the whole length of the Iloll into
the Face of every one of the Company or Coun(^il. tho'
there he 2 or 800 of them. Then they, sitting in their
usual I'ostm'e u
pon
Forms, make, with their Hands
held hollow together, a kind of Funnel round their
Mouths and Xoses. Into this they receive the Smoak
as 'tis hlown upon them, snufling it up greedily and
strongly as long as ever they are able to hold their
Ri-eath, and seeming to bless themselves, .is it were, witii
the Refreshment it gives them." After eating heartily,
more es[)ecially after sup[)er, they burn certain gums
and herbs and fumigate themselves to produce sleep.''
The Isthmians are good walkers, their tread (inn, but
light and soft as a cat, and they are exceedingly active
in all their movementsi When traveling they are
guided 1)V the sun, or ascertain their course 1)V observ-
ing the bark of the trees; the bark on the south side
l)eing always the thickest. AVhen fatigued by travel
they scarify their legs with a sharpened reed or snakes'
teeth. They are very expert swimmers and the dwell-
Ti In ConniRro, 'vinos Wiincos j' tintos, hocliosdeniiiyz, y niyzcsdc fruta«,
y (If oicrtii fspt'cic de pitliuu, y <li' otias cosus: los (Miiilcs vinos loiuiitii los Cas-
te linos (jiiimdo los IxMiiiin.' Ilcrnrd. Jlist. Uni., dec. i., lil>. i.x., dip. ii.
' Tenia villi b()d<'Ha con ninuhasfnbasy tin ijiisllenasde vino, htchod jjiano, y
friita, bianco, tinto, dulcc, y iij,'n'to dc datilos, y arn>i)f.' UmiKint, Hint. /»(/.,
fol. 73. ' Hiician dt> iiiai/. vino bianco i tinto . . Es de nini bncn sabor ann-
(lue conio unos vinos l)ruscos ode (,'asciifii.' L>is Corns, Hist, hid., .MS., torn,
ii., cap. xxvi. Sec also: OrUdo, Hist. (Ivii., toni. iii., i)p. lIi()-7, 14!-'2; toni.
iv., i)p. U(i-7; M'lnt'inas, Xteuwt IVeirdd, pp. (il, 'IHo; IhipiH'r. S'me Welt. pj).
71, ;J21; Wiifer'n AV(o C.*//-, pp. «7, l()2-:{, l.jJ-5, IGt, l(;'J-7iJ; raijdl, iu
Lond. (Jeoij. Soc, Jour., vol. xxxviii., p. 'JG.
ISTHMIAN SOIICEUEUS.
777
QVH on tho coast pass niiicli of llii-ir tlino in tlio water.
In salutation they tiu'ii tiicir hacks to oai-ii otluT. Xo
one will a(rc'|»t u jiift from a strjuigur unk'ss with the
(.'s|K'(rial jK'rniission of the chief.'"
They helicvc larjicly in s[)irits ami divinations, and
have sorcerers called pldces who arc held in imich r*'-
s|)ect and awe. The places |)rofess to have the |)o»ver
of foretelling the futin-e and raising spirits. When
putting in practice their arts they retire to a solitary
])lace, or shut themselves n[) in a house, wjieic, with
loud cries and unearthly soiuids they pretend to consult
tjje oracle, lioys destined to he places are taken at the
age often or twelve years to he instructed in the ollice;
they are sele(;ted i'or the natural inclination or the
])eculiar a|)titude and intc^lligent'e which they display
lor the service. Those so chosen are confined in a soli-
tary i)lace where they dwell in company witii their in-
structors. For two years they are suhjected to severe
disci[)line, they nnist not eat llesh nor anything having
life, hut live solely on vegetahles, drink oidy water, and
not indulge in sexual intercourse. During the pro))ation-
ary term neither parents nor friends are permitted to
see them; at night only are they visited h}' professional
masters, who instruct them in the mysteries of the
necromantic arts. In the province of Cueha masters in
these arts are called tequliids. It is asserted of the places
that they could foretell an ecli[)se of the moon three
months hefore the time. The people were nmch trouhled
with witches, who were sni)i)ost'd to hold converse with
evil si)irits, and intlicted many ills es[)ecially upon chil-
dren."
"C ' Qnnnilo habliin viio con otro, se ponon cIt rspnldas.' Cfhni, Ifisl.
AlDiiranle, in Jktrc'iU, Jiiitorkulunti, iuin. I., p. Ill; Wafer's S' f ley., jip.
177-!).
Ti (roiiKim, Hist, huh, fol. 2."); Piltr Mttrtijr, drc. vii., lib. x., ilic. viii.,
lil). viii.; M'afir's .V((c t'"//., jij). ;i7-!); lliirira, llixt. Hin., dec. ii., lih. iii.,
oai). v.; Selfridji's Ihiv'uu Sumijx. ]ij>. 10-11; !'';/'(, //(>/. liisruh. Aihk-.. ]i.
14."). ' Di'ste iioiiibrt! tt'ipiiiiii av h:\^^^' iniiclm (lifcrtii{;ia; porquc a «|iial(iiiit'i!k
(jncs mas h;il)il J' cxiierto en alj,'nn arte, ...lo Uamaii tc(jniiia, tjiir (|iiici()
(li'(;ir lo incsino (pic niacstrd: por iiiancra que al qncs mafstro ilc ias rcj^pcu-
sii)iR's »■ iiit lij,'t'iic-ias con tl (li.ililo, llriinaiilc tc(piiiia en aiind arti'. ]i(Hqno
aquestc tul ts ul que udmiuistra kus ,viloliitriiis c (,-urimuuius 6 saciili<,ius, y el
778
"NVir.n Tnmi:^ of cta'TRal amkuica.
Tho Istlnniuns arc a licaltlifiil and l(m<;-liv<Ml rare.
Till' ills most ('(HiimoM to tlit'in n.v li'viTs and vfiu r.'al
discasi'. 'rill' lattiT, an Ovii-do alliriiis. >vaM iiitrodiuvd
into MiirojH' IVoin Ilavti, or Mspariola, wIuti' it was i)ri'v-
uli'iit as wi'll as tliroiijiliout Tii-rra Kirmi'. This is a sid)-
ji'i't that has jiivcii rise to iiuirh ooiiti'iitioii amoiij;
uiithurs, Imt the halaiice of testiinoiiy soi'iiis to indii-ato
that till' vi'iu'ival disease in Miirope was not of Aiiieriean
orijiin. althoiijih the disease prohahly existed in Angelica
hefore the eoiiiinj;' of l''im'<»peans. The remedies eir-
j)loyed hy the Isthmians for the complaint were (/ini-
yitcfiu wood, and other medieinjd herhs known to
them. They are nmeh troiihled with a minute s^u'cies
of tick-liee that cover their limhs in ^i\'at umnhers,
i'rom which they cndeaAor to five themselves hy Jijiply-
jnji hnrnin<i stniw. Another insect, more serious in its
conse(|uences and i)enet rating in its attacks, is the c/h'i/oc,
or j)i(/i'X jteiit'trdns; it hurrows umler the skin, ^vhere it
lays its egjis. and if not extracted will in time increase
to such an extent as to I'lidaiiLier the loss of the limh.
The natixes remove it with any shari)-}K)inted instru-
ment. The3are liahle to he bitten hy venomous snakes,
which are lumicrous in the countrv am fre(iuentlv cause
death. Whenever one is bitten by such a reptile, the
PulVerer inunediately ties al)ove the wounded ])art a
ligature made from plants well known to the natives,
and which they usually carry with them ; this enables
him to reach a village, where he })rocures assistance, and
by means of herbal applications is often cured. Some
of them are sulyect to a skin disease somewhat similar
in its appearance to ringworm; it spreads over the whole
body until eventually the skin |H'els oft*. Those who are
thus alllicted are called cdrdtas. These jn'ople are gen-
erally very hanh- and strong, with grejit powers of en-
durance. The places, as medicine-men, consult their
que h i1)liv con f>l iliiiblo.' Orkilo, Iliit. Gvn., torn. n\., it. I'll. 'Triiiim o
liiil)i I I'litrt' cstiis gi'litos niios siiccnl.itcs (jut' lliiniiibali en sii klii^'iiiv ''I'liirlms"
limy t'spci'fDS «,'n el iirto lu'ii^'icii, t iiiti) (inc so rc^vi'stin cii ellos el Diiilmlii y
hiihliibii ))()!• hiKM lie t'lloH iiiuchiis fiilsciliiiles, couqut! lubteuiti cttutivos.' Las
Cittius, Hint. ApoltKjdlat, J/iS'., cup. ccxlv.
MKDICAL rUArTICE.
779
onu'lcs for llic hciicfit of all those who ivijuiro their
wvviccs. The Huckinjr «'iii'(' ohtiiiiis in thi'se parts as
veil as nortlnvunl. WIhmi HUimnoiU'tl to atteinl a pa-
tient, if the pain >k A' se is slijiht, the niedicine-nian
takes s(»ine lierhs in )iis niouth, an(l appljin<r his lips to
the part alVeete«l, pretejids to snek ont tia^ disortjer; siid-
denlv he rushes outside with (iheeks extended, and feiiiiis
to spit out soniethin<r, einsin^ and inipreeatin*; at the
same time; he then assin'es his patient that lie has
«lVeeted a ein'e hv extracting; the eaiise of thi | ain.
Wln'n the siekness is of a more serious nature, nioie
elahorate enchantments are enacted, endinj; in the prac-
titionei- suckinii; it out from tlu' sick person' oody, not,
howevei" "iMiout undergoing infmito trouhle, lahor. and
contoi'tions. till at last the piaee thiusts a snt II sli«'k
iU,.\i\ his own throat, which causes lim toNomit, and so
he casts up that which he pretends to have drawn out
from the sull'erer. Should his conjurations and tricks
not i)rove elVectual, the ])h\sician hrings to his aid cer-
tain la-rlis and dec(H'tions, with which he is well
uc(|uainted; their knowledge of medicine is, however,
nion^ extensive in the treatment of external than of
internal diseases. The com[)ensatioJi given to the piaco
is in [)ro[)ortion to the gravity of the case, and the
ahility of the* individual to reward him. In case^ of
fevei", hleeding is resorted to; their mode of practicing
phlehotoujy is [K'culiar and attended with much ••.nu'.'ces-
sai'v suifering. The operator sh(K>ts a small anow from
a how into various jKirts of the patient's body until a
vein he acc^identaily opened; the arrow is gauged a short
<listance froui the point to prevent its ])eneli'ating too
far.''* Oviedo tells us that in the i)rovince of Cueha the
w The prifsts ' foinuninonto criin s>ih nu'dicoK, <' (•<mns^;i;in iinichim liiir-
viis, (If (int.' \ish1imii, y iriiii aiivdiii'iuiliis a <liv( .sun infciiiicdadcs.' ihi'do,
Hist. Ill II., toiM. iii., i)p. 12(). i;!S-'.>, Ml, tiiiii. i., j))). .")(; 7. ' Acim inline' to
the diners imtiirc, (ir (intditic of llic discaso, flicy ctirc tliciii l.y dim rs siijiir-
Htitiiiiis, mid tin y lire diiici'siy rcw.irdcd.' I'lU r .Murli/r, df. iii , ciii). viii,
C(iiii]iiir(' fiiitlici'; <!'iniiirn, llist. /m/., fid. 8S; J.utt i'kshh. Hist. Apuli'iii'lir",
J/'., <'ii|>. ccxlv.; Wiifrr's .V- in I'l///.. )>. '2S; Srlfriihir's lliiri' n ■'^nn-' i/s. \t. li ;
I'm/ It, ill 1,'Hiil. ^/'(("/. >'ac,, Jifiu'., vt)l, xxxviii., J). Ui ; I'nrchns Ids rUiiriin(t;e,
vol. v., p. «'j;j.
780
V.-ILD TUICErs OF CENTKAL AMEEICA.
pructici' of siu'kin<:; AViis carried on to u fearful extent,
Jiml uitli (lire ('onseciuenees, Tlie persons, men and
Avonien. wlio indiiliied in the liahit were called 1)V tiie
»r^[)aniard!s clmjiddores. Ti»e\' belonged to a class of sor-
ceivrs, and the historian says they went ahout at niiilit
visitin" cerhiin of the inhabitants, whoiii they sucked I'or
liours, continuing;' the practice from day to day, nntll
Jinally the unfortunate recipients of their attentions be-
came so thin and emaciated that tliey often died froui
exiijuistion.''-'
Amonij; certain nations of Costa l\ica when a death
occui's the l)ody is deposited in a small hut constructed
of plaited pahn-leavcs; ftx)d, drink, as well as the w(>ap-
ons and inijik'nients that ser\ed the del'unct during' hie
are placed in the same hut. Here the body is presei'ved
for three years, and niK)n each anniversary of the death
it is redressed and attended to amidst certain cereuio-
nies. At the end of the third year it is taken «)ut and
interred. Amonj;' other tribes in the same district, the
corpse after death is coveri'd with leaves and suri'ounded
■with a lariie i)ile of wood which is set on Hre, tlie friends
dancin;;' and siimiu'j; I'ound the llanies until all is con-
sumed, when the ashes are collected and buried in the
ground. In Vei'agua the ]H»raclios liad two kinds of
tombs, one for the ])rinci[)al men constructed with Hat
stones laid together w ith mnch care, and in which Avere
placed costly jars and urns lilled with food and wines
"9 ' Qui'ilamo do (l((;ir quo en aqiiostii liiiKHii do f'urva hay nnioli<is iii-
diiis h('i'hi(j'('i'iis (' on osjirc^'ial uu (^iorto ^('ncvo A^ nialos, {\no los cluiiistiaiios
oil aiiuolla ti'ira llaniali oliu|vadiii(s. . . Ksti'S ohu|)iiii a utros liasia (|iio los
si'caii ('■ matin, o sin oali'iitiua alitmia do dia on dia ijucou \hh'o so ontlai|nos-
<,on tanto, iiuu s<> los inu'don oontar los Imosos, (jno so lospansi^cn solamc nto
oabioitiis con ol ouoro; y ol viontro so los rosuolvo do nianora (|uol ()nd)li^'()
Iraon jio^;ado a l)s lonios y os; inac^'o, o so toinaii do aijiuUa fdiiua quo i),n-
t in a la niiortc", sin imliia ni oaino. J'-sfos oliuiiad iros, do nociic, sin sir
Kiiitidos, Viin a lia(^'oi' nial i)i>r las oisas aj^onas: o jxiiun la Ixioa on ol oni-
b.i^i) do acjuol (jno oliiipan, y osf.ni ( n a(Hiol »'Xoi\i<;i() niia I'l dos huras
('i lo (jno los |!aros(^'o, toiiirndo « n aipiol trahaxoal |ia(^ii'nto. sin iino soa ]i(>(li_-
!()•;(> do so valor ni dot'ondor, no di xando du snfiir sii dafio ooii sili nolo, li
oon"S(;(' ol assi ofondido, o voo al nidlioohor, y ann los lial>!an: lo (|i;al. assi
lo< ([uc lia(;in csto ni il conio los (|no lo |iados(^'i n, liaii oonl'ossado al;.!unos
dollos; i' diiiii ijuo^tos olni])adoros son oriados o nalioiias ilol iiiyia, y (|iiol
so los mand I assi lia(;or. y el tnyra os, oonio osta ilioho, ol diablo.' (h-'uilii,
JJiat. O'i'ii., toiii, iii., I'll. lo'J-{J>l,
ISTinilAN GRAVES AMD IIOURNIXO.
781
for tho (load ; tlioso for plol)ciiins wore inoroly tronelios,
in Avliich were deposited with the oc(Mipiint some gourds
of inaize and wine and the place filled with stones. In
some parts of ranama and Darien only the chiefs and
lords received funeral rites. Amonj!; the conunon peoi)!e
a person feeling his end approaching either went himself
or was led to the Avoods hy his wife, family, and friends,
who, supplying him with some cake or ears of coi'n and
a gourd of water, there left him to die alone, or to he
assisted by wild beasts. Others with more res[)ect for
their dead, buried them in sepulchres made with niches
where they placed mai/e and wine and renewed tho
same annuallv. With some, a mother d\ing while suck-
ling her infant, the living child was })laced at her i)reast
and buried with her in order that in her future state
she miuht continue to nourish it with her milk. In
some provinces when the cacicpie l)ecame sick, the
priests consulted their oracles as to his condition and if
they received for answer that the illness was moital, one
half of his jewelry and gold was cast into the river as a
sacrifice to the god they reverenced, in the belief that
he would u'uide him to his fmal rest; the other half was
buried in the grave. ^I'he relatives of the deceased
shaved the head as a sign of .nourning and all his weap-
ons and other property wei'e consumed by fire in order
that nothing should remain as a remembrance of him. In
Panauiii, Xata, and some other districts, Avhen a caciriue
died, those of his concubines that loved him enough,
those that he loved ardently and so appointed, as well
as certain servants, killed themselves and were interred
with him. This thev did in order that thev niidit Wi'lt
npon him in the land of spirits. They held the belief
that those who did not accompany him then, would,
when they died a natural death, lose the })rivilege of
being with him afterwards, and in fact that their souls
would die with them. The privilege of attending on
the caci(pie in his future state was believed to be only
granted to those who were in his service during his life-
time, hence such service was eagerly sought after by
782
WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
natives of both sexes, who made every exertion to be
admitted as servants in liis house. At the time of the
interment, tliose who planted corn for him during his
lifetime had some maize and an implement of husban(h*y
buried with them in order that they might commence
planting innnediately on arrival in tlie other world. In
Comagre and other provinces the bodies of the cacicpies
were embalmed l)y placing them on a cane hurdle,
hanging them up by cords, or placing them on a stoiK',
or log; and round or Ijelow the body they made a slow
lire of herbs at such a distance as to drv it giaduallv
until only skin and bone remained. During the process
of embahning. twelve of the principal men sat round the
l)ody, dressed in black mantles which covered their heads,
letting them hang down to their feet; at intervals one
of them beat a drum and when he ceased he chiuited
in monotonous tones, the others responding. Day and
night the twelve kept watch and never left the body.
AVhen sufliciently dried it was dressed and adorned with
many ornaments of gold, jewels, and feathers, and sot
up in an apartment of the j)alace where were kept
ranged round the walls the remains of his ancestors,
each one in his place and in regular succession, [n
case a caci(pie fell in battle and his body could not be
recovered, or was otherwise lost, the place he would
have occupied in the row was jdways left vacant.
Among other tribes the body after being dried by fue
was wrapped in several folds of cloth, put in a ham-
mock, and placed upon a platform in the air or in
a room. The manner in which the wives, attendants,
and servants put themselves to death was, with s(tuie,
by poison; in such case, the nudtitude asseml»led to
chant the i)raises of their dead lord, when those w ho were
to Ibllow drank poison from goui'ds. and droi)i>ed dead
instantly. In some cases they first killed their children.
AVith others the fimeral obsecpiies of a princi[)al chief
were conducted dilVerently. They prei)ared a larg(i
grave twelve or fifteen feet scpiare and nine or ten leet
deep; round the sides they built a stone bench and
FUNERAL KITES ON THE ESTILMUS.
783
covered it with painted cloth ; in tlie middle of the gnive
they [)liioed jars and gourds lillod with maize, fruit, arul
Avines. and a (quantity of liowers. On the hench was
laid the dead chief dressed, oinamented. and jewek-d,
while around him sat his wives gaily attired with ear-
rings and hracelets. All heing |)re[)ared the assemhlcd
multitude raised their voices in songs declaring tlie
hraveiy and prowess of the deceased; they recounted his
liherality and many virtues and highly extolled the
alfection of his faithful wives who desired to acconipiuiy
him. The singing and dancing usually lasted two days
and during its continuance wine was freely served to tlie
})erf()rmers and also to the women who weic awaiting
their fate. At the expiration of such time tlicy became
entirely inebriated and in a senseless condition, wlu-n
the final act was consunnnated by throwing dead and
doDini'd into the grave, and lilling it with logs, branches,
and earth. The spot was afterwards held in sacred
remembrance and a grove of trees planted round it.
At the end of a year funeral honors wei'e celel)i-ated in
memoiy of the dead. A host of friends and relatives
of e([ual rank with the deceased were invited to partici-
l)ate, who upon the day a[)i)ointed brought quantities of
food and wine such as he whose memory they honored
delighted in, also wea|)ons with which he used to light,
all of which were placed in a canoe prei)ared for the
])urpose; in it was also de[)osited an eiligy of the de-
ceased. The canoe was then carried on men's shoulders
round the court of the [)alace or house, in presence of
the deceased, if he was euibalmed. and afterwards
brought out to the centre of the town where it was
burned with all it contained, — ^tlie peo[)le believing that
the fumes and smoke ascended to the soul of the dead
and was pleasing and acce[)table to him.'"' If the body
s" 'Ay nuichns, quo ])iensan, que no ay niiis d*^ n- :'Pr, y iiidrir: y a(iii('!-
los tail's no sc ciititrraii cciii pan, y vino, nicon niii^'cris, ni niocos. i,os(itii^
dccn la inniiortalidad dil alma, sc cntiirra; si son Stfiori's, con oro, arnias,
pliunas, si no lo son, con may/,, vino, y niaiitas.' (innntrit, llisl. Ind., fol.
'2")."!, SS. ' Huins rc^'uli iMintralt' ini^'iissi canicnim ri'iii'iiunt |ii nsiihus
rcpictani cudaucribus, gossanqiinis funilms a|iiitnsis. Intciroj^ati (piid sibi
784
"WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
liad been interred tlioy opened the .sepulcliro; all tlio
people with hair disheveled uttering loud lamenting
cries while the bones were Ijeing collected, and these
they burned all except the hinder \y,ivt of the skull,
which was taken home by one of the })rincipal women
and preserved by her as a sacred relic.
The character of tlie Costa Ricans has ever been that
of a tierce and savage people, prominent in which cjual-
ities are the Guatusos and Buricas, who have shown
themselves strongly averse to intercourse with civiliza-
tion. The Talamancas are a little less untameable,
which is the best, or perhaps the worst, that can l)e said.
The Terrabas, also a cruel and warlike nation, are nev-
ertheless spoken of bv Fi'av Juan Dominuo Arricivita
as endowed with natural docility. The natives of Boca
del 'Who are barbarous and averse to change. In Chi-
ricpu they are brave and intelligent, their exceeding
courage havi}"ji; obtiiined for them the name of ^7(Ue)lk'S
or liid'ios J>f(iros from the early discoverers; they are
also noted for honesty and fair dealing. Tiie same war-
like and independent spirit and fearlessness of death i)re-
vails among the nations of A'eragua, ranama, and
Darien. The iidiabitants of Panama and Cueba are
given to lecliery, theft, and l\ing; with some these qual-
ities are fasiiionable; others hold them to be crimes.
The Mandingos and natives of k>an Bias are an inde-
pendent and industrious people, possessing considerable
intelligeiux', and are of a docile and hospitable disposi-
uellet pa supcvstitio: piirontiiin osso ot nuovuni .itiiuormnqno C(inii>f,'ri ro},'nl-
e:i ciiil.-iiiciM, iiKiuimit. l)v (iiiil)iis scrniiiidis iimxiiiuim fssi' iijxiil tus curimii
ft ]iri) ri',it,'iiiiic t'.iiii iiictatciii h;il><ii ricfiisciit : \n-o i'nins(|nc j^imiIii ii dn,
iiu'iitu <'ni(jiii' ciKluicii iMii)()sitii, aurii j^i'iiimis(im> supiTiiitcxta.' I'tcr ^.(t,^-
ti/r, (lee. ii., lib. iii., dec. iii., lib. iv., dec. vii.. lili. x., doc. viii., lil?. ix.
' Viciidi) 1 1 (• lutid id t' naincro do los iiintu'tos, so coiiosct' <jui' taiitus scnDrps
ha livid I cu a([iii'l ]'',stadi>, i' (in.'il fiu' liijo del otrn o lo sub(;t'dii'> en el scnorio
He^und la (iidrii sulx^'csivii en ([no ostau jiuostos.' Oriiiln, lli.it. licit., toiii.
iii., jip. l")") (i. ll'i. For fiii'tlior a<'i'(niiits soo Winiinr iiikI Srhi'rzcv, ('nsln
liini, ji|>. r)")U. iVJit: riic/i'iKcn'.s flnnrin i/, \). ls;i; Si'ciinnm'.i Voi/. Jlivdhl, veil.
i., jip.JUt, ;U('), ;tl',l; I'liii <nitl St'viiiiiiiii'.s J>(ittiiiiis, p. lU); Ifivrira, IH<t. (jcii.,
dec. i., lili. vii., oip. xvi., lib. ix., v ip. ii , doo. ii., lib. iii., cNip. v., doi;. iv.,
lib. i., cap. xi.; (^liitatKi, \"nl<is tie Ksixi Ti'ilrs, (lUilUtutJ ]).l(l; Auihiiinyii, in
Xnrarriii' , Cnl. (/. r;'(i/.s, torn, iii., pp. -lOl-'i; I'drii, i'drt'tx, )>t i., jip. l()r)-(i;
A/ rs r /,s((s, I list. .1/1 )/.)|/i.'7i •(/, MS., cap. coxlii., ccxlvii.; I'un'ltas Ills J'U-
ijrimes, v(.)l. v., p. H'Jl.
ISTHMIAN CHARACTER.
785
tion. The inhabitants of Darien are kind, open-hearted,
and ix'acealfle, yet have always been resohite in oppos-
ing all interference from foreigners; they n,re fond of
annisements and inclined to indolence; the latter trait
is not, however, applicable to all, a noticeable exception
being the Cunas and Chocos of the Atrato Valley, who
are of a gentle natnre, kind, hospitable, and o})en-
hearted when once their confidence is gained; they are
likewise industrious and patient, and M. Lucien de I'uydt
says of the former: '"Theft is altogether unknown
amongst the Cunas. " Colonel Alcedo, speaking of their
neighbors, the Idibacs, calls them treacherous, incon-
stant, and false. In the interior and mountain districts
the iidiabitants are more fierce than those from tlie coast;
the former are shy and retiring, yet given to hospitality.
On the gulf of Uraba the people are warlike, vainglori-
ous, and revengcful.'^^
Thus from the icy regions of the north to the hot and
humid shores of Darien 1 have followed these AV'ild
Tribes of the Pacific States, with no other object in
view than faithfully to picture them according to the
information 1 have been able to glean. And thus I
leave them, yet not Avithout regret: for notwithstanding
all that has been said 1 cainiot but feel how little we
know of them. Of their mighty unrecorded })ast, their
interminable intermixtures, their ages of wars and con-
vi'Vsions. their inner ^ife, their aspirations, hopes, and
"' Tlip Torrahiis 'nacioncs. . . .las rins ln'avas i' indnniitas di^ lodas
Tndios dotailis de iiatnr.d docilidad y ^\n]/.nru i\v iH'ino-'Aniririld, I ri'niai
,Siri!lii(i,\). IK, Spcakiiij^ of the native-^ of I'aiiaiiia; ' iiiny dcuotos del tra-
liajii, y I'lU'inii^iis de la ociosidad.' Diiidn, 'I'ldtro Kclfs., toin. ii.. j). i>(>.
Darien: 'Sou iiicliiiados ii jiii^;os y hiiitos, son iimy liara^'anes.' h'dtiuirii,
Jlist. IniL, f'll. MS. San Hlas triticH: 'Tlicy are very iieaiialile in tin ir na-
tures' ... .Clmeiiiias and N'avij^'undis: 'The most warlilie' .. Cea^t tiilics,
'from fontaet with foreij,'ners. are very docile and tvactahle' . . . .'llii' S.issal-
dis: ' As a whole, this tribe are eowardly, hut treacherous.' Si'lfr'nliii's iJur'nn
t<urrii/s, pp. 1(1-11, ;i('i. Compare further, Frorhvrs ('ml. A»i(r., p. 24: Si/niir,
in Xouirllen Aiiudks ilis Voy., IHr)(>. toin. cli., j). fi; llin/lr'n Hiilc, vol. i., ])nf.,
J), xii.; Wdiiiii r ami Schcrzir, ('<ist/i Jtlcn. p. .')57; Hid/v's .\iin ,'^iirrii/, ]>. .Iiiti;
Mi(lilir\s I)iiriiii, \i. 2i\; Alndo, I>iic., torn, ii., ji.-llil; I'vijiU. in J.tiiil Uiimj.
Sor., .Iniir., vol. xxxviii., j>. '.Ml; Mur'nrijor'n rroijriKs of AiKir., p. 8.'0; Vtts'
ranaiiid, j). 77; ('ullen's iJaiiin, pp. tio-O, (JH-'J.
Vol. I. 50
78G
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
foara, how little do we know of all this! And now as
the eye rests upon the fair domain from which they
have been so ignobly hurried, (questions like these arise:
How long have these baskings and battlings been going
on? AVhat purpose did these ix?oples serve? Whence
did they come and whither have they gone? — questions
unanswera]>le until Onniiscience be fathomed and the
beginning and end made one.
TBIBAL BOUNDARIES.
The Wild TmnKS of Centi!al America, the last Bronpal division of this
work, extend from the western boundary of Guatemala, south and ciistwiird,
to the Rio Atrato. I have divided the group into three subdivisions, namely:
the Guutfi)iala»s, the ^f(>.1quUos, and the Isthmlmis.
The Guatemalans, for the i)urposes of this delineation, embrace those
nations occupying the present states of Guatemala, Salvador, and poitions
of Nicaragua.
The Zarandones are a wild nation inhabiting the Chammd niountnins on
the boundary of Guatemala and Chiapas. ' Mountains of Chamma, inhab-
ited by the wild Indians of Lacandon. . . .a distinction ought to be drawn
between the Western and Eastern Lacandtjnes. All the country lying on the
W., between the bishopric of Ciudad Real and the X'rovinco of Vera Paz,
Avasonce occupied by the Western Lacandones. . . .The country of the Eastern
Lacandones may be ccmsidered as extending from the mountains of ChiinnuH,
a day and a half from Cobi'in, along the borders of the river de la Tasion to
Pctt'n, or even further.' Esvohar, in Lond. Geoij. Soc, Jour., vol. xi., pj). 93-
4. Ujion tho margin of the Rio de la Passion. Juarros' Hist, (iitat., p.
271. ' Un tribu de lliiyas sauvages appeles Lacandons, qui habitent nn dis-
trict immense dans le centre du continent, embrasse toute la partie oc-iden-
tale du Peten; erre sur les bords superieurs de I'lTsumasinta et le pays (pii se
trouve an sud de I'endroit d'oii j'i'cris.' Galindo, in Antiq. Mcx., tom. i., div. ii.,
p. 07. ' The vast region lying between Chiapa, Tabasco, Yucatan, and the re-
public of Guatemala ... is still occupied bj' a considerable body of Indians,
tho Lacandones and others.' Squier, in Ilist. M(Uj., vol. iv., p. C5. ' The vast
region (>nd)racing not less than from 8000 to 10,000 square miles, surround-
ing the upper waters of the river Usumasinta, in which exist the indomitable
Lacandones.' Id., p. (!7. 'Mais la contree qui s't'teiidait au nord de Caha-
bon, siege )irovisoire des Dominicains, et qui coniprenait le pays de Dolores
ft celui des Itzas, etait encore a peupres inconnue. La vivaient les C'holes,
les belliqueux et fi'roces Mopans, les Lacandons et quelques tribus plus ob-
scures, dont I'histoiro a neglige les noms.' Morelel, Voyaije, tom. ii., p.
78, tom. i., p. 318. 'They are reducid to-day to a very insignificant
number, living on and near Passion river and its tributaries.' Iknvdt, in
.S);ii7/is(i»u'((ii Hept., 18(i7, p. i'lH. ' In the north of Vera Paz, to the west of
Peten, and all along the Usumacinta, dwell numerous and warlike tribes,
THE MAMES OF GUATEMALA.
787
c;\llo(l genfrilly LaciiiKloncs.' Itoi/Ic's Pt'ide, Vdl. i., pref., p. xvi.; FuSM'tj,
Mvx'xiHi', p. -171; I'uneiilil, Mi'm. sulirc lit llazd Inillijenn, j). I!t7.
'I'he Munvs 'oceni)ii'(l the cxistiiit^ ili-itrict of CTiiof,'iU't('niiiif,'o, a part of
Qnczali iiiinj,'(), iiiid the ))i()viiu'e of Soi oiuisco, unci in all tluso phuvs the
Mam or I'oconiaii laiij,"ia^'e is vernaenlur. It is u circunistanco not ft
littl(> rcniarkalili', that this iiliom is also peculiar to j)lacos very distant
from the country of tlu^ Mams: viz. in Amatitan, Mixco, and IVtapa. in
the provinco of Sacntcjuipics; Chalchuapa, in St. Salvador; Mita, .Talai)a,
and Xihjtt'pcqne, in Chiiiuiniuhi.' Jmirnni' HIM. Giud., p. KID. 'ElManio
o Poconian le iisan los nianics o poconiaues, quo parcfcn no ser mas
que dos trilms de vina niisnuv nacion, la cual forniaha un estado pode-
roso en Guatemala. Se extendi<5 por el distriti'i do Huehuetenan),'o, en lu pro-
vincia de este nonibre, y por parte do la de Quetzaltenanf,'o, asi como por el
distrito de Soconusco eu Chiapas. En todos estos hif,'aresso hahlalja niamo
o pocoman, lo niisnio que en Anuititlan, Jlixco y I'etapa, do la I'rovincia do
Zacatepec o Guatenmla; en Chalchuapa, perteneciente a la de San Salvador;
y en Mita, Jalapa y Jilolteiiec, de la de Chiquiniula.' IMhi, in rhnchkl,
Vitdilro., torn, i., p. HI. ' Leur capitale etait Guegut tenango, au nord-est do
la \ille actuelle de Guatemala, et les villes de Masacatan, Cuilco, Chiantla et
Istayuaeau etaient encluvees dans leur territoire.' Squiei; in KounlUs An-
naks iks Voy., 1K.J7, tom. diii., p. 177. ' A I'ouest, jusqu'aux frontieres de
Chiapas, sV'tendaient les il mis, proprcnient dits Mani-Yoc, dans leurs his-
toires, partages eu plnsieurs families egalenient puissautes qui gouvernaient
souverainenieiit cette contree, alors designee sous le nom comniun d'Otzoya
(de otzoy, sortes d'ecrevisses d'or) : c'l'taient d'un cote les Chnn-Zak-Yoc,
qui avaieut pour capitale Qulaha, que son opulence et son etendue avaient
fait s\n-nommer Ninia-.Vmag ou la Grande-Ville, dite dejiuis Xelahun-(,»uit h,
ou Xelahuh, et Quezaltenango; les Tzitzol, dont la capitale etait jieut-etro
ChinabaLul ou Huohuetenango, les Ganchebi (see note below under Ganchi-
bis) et les IJamaq. Ceux-ci, dont nous avons connu les descendants, etaient
seigneurs d'Iztlahuacnn (San-Miguel-Izthdinacan), dont le platiau est encore
aujiiurd'hui parsenie de mine's au milieu desquelles s'eleve rhumble boiu-
gade de ce nom: au dessus doniine, a uue hauteur formidable, Xubiltenam
(villeduS(mtHe) . . . .Ganchebi, ecrit alternativenu>iit Canclubiz, Canchevezet
Ganchebirse. Kieu u'lndiijue d'uui'manirre precise oil regnait cette fannlle:
mais il se pourrait (jue ce fut ."i Zipacapan ou a Chiviiin, dont les minis
existent ii trois lieues au sud dc cette derniero locaiite; la I'tait rancitn
Oztoncalco.' Ilrdssiurde liourlKntni, I'opol Vuh, introd., pp. 'JC)!-."). 'Ilabi-
taban el Soconusco, dcsde tiempos remotos, y era un pueblo auti'icton; los
olmecas (lue Uegaron de la parte de Mexico, les rednjeron a la servicbnnbre,
y una fracciou de los vencidos emigrri hasta Guatemala.' Ormrn ij llrrvn,
Ui'uijnit'ia, p. 1(18. The Mauu'y, Aehi, Cuaahtenialteca, Hutateca, and Cliiri-
chota 'en la de los Suchitepeques y Cuaahtemala.' ralnclo, in Pnclun,. Cul.
Dm-. hitUL, tom. vi., p. 7. Mame 'Parle dans les localites voisiui s dt> Hue-
buetenango.' /ini.sscf/c ik liintrtiuunj, MS. Tr<i<ino, tom. ii., p. viii. ' Ou
retrouve encore aujourd'hui leurs restes jiarnii les ludiens de la jrovinco
de Totouicapau, aux frontieres de Chiapas et des Lacandons, au noid-
oufcst de I'etat de Guatemala. La place forte de Zakuleu (c'est-a-dire, Terre
788
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
bliuipho, nidi u propos orthographii' Rocoli'o), dont on ntlmire Ics vnstos
dt'bris aupri'H do In ville de Hui'hni'tpnango. rcstii, jusqn'ftii temps de lii con-
quete espiiguole, 1ft cftpitale dos MeinH. C'ette race iiviiit vU' nntc'rifiirenient
lit niiiitresso do lu plus grande pnrtio do I'l'tut do Guiiti'mnlu.' Jirasmur de
Jiourliinmj, Hist. Nut. Civ., toni. ii., pp. 119-20.
Tlio Pokoviams, or Pokonchis, lived in the district of Vera Pftz in Guate-
mala, 'sous lo nora dTxab et de Pokoniam, une i)ftrtio dos trei/.e tribus de
Tccpan, dont la capitalo etait la grand© cite do Nimpokoni, etait maitresse
do la Verapaz et dos provinces situees an sud du Motagna jusqu'a Paliu ' (2
leagues N. W. of Rabinal). Bra-iseur de Bourhouiy, I'DpnlVuli, introd., j). 2G4.
lis ' paraissent avoir oocnpi' nno grande partie des provinces guatenialienneH,'
]}rnssenr de liourhounj, HLst. Nat. Cif., torn, ii., pp. 84, COfi. 'Toute la nve
droito du Chixoy (Lacanuon ou haut Uzumaciuta), depuis CoIjuu (eciit
quolipiefois Coljoan) jusqu'au flenvo Motagiia, les moutagues et Ics valleea
do Gagcoh (Sau-Cristoval), de Taltic, de Rabinal et d'l'rran, nne partie
des d'parteiuents actucls de Zacatc|)ec, do Guatrniala et de riii([iiiniiilii,
juscpi'au pied des volcans de Hiinahpu (volcans d'Eau et do Feu), di'vinrent
leur proie.' Id., pp. 121-2. ' Le pocomchi, le pokoniau, lo cakclii, semi's
d'Amatitau a Coban.' Jirutisiur de Jiourhonnj, MS. Troimo, torn, ii., introd.,
p. viii. In ' La Verapaz, la poponchi, caechi y colchi.' P((/((cw, in Pacheco,
Col. Doc. T)h L, torn. vi.,p . 7. 'La lengua pocomana so habla en Amatitan,
Petapa, San Cbrisobal, I'inula, j' Herniita o Llano do la Cnlebra de Guate-
mala.' Ilervds, CaUUoijo, torn, i., p. 305. 'Ala nacion Poconcbi pcrtene-
con lo3 lugareso misiones . . .llamadas Santa Cruz, San Christobal, Taktik,
Tucuri'i, y Toniasii'i.' lb.
The Qnirhiis inhabit the centre of the state of Guatemala. ' Quiclic then
comprehended the lu-esent districts of Quiche, Totonieapan, part of Quezul-
tenango, and the village of Rabinal; in all these places the Quich:' language
is spoken. For this reason, it may be inferred with much i)ri)bability, that
the greater part of the province of Sapotitlan, or Suchiltcpt'cpies, was a cul-
ony of the Quichees, as the same idiom is made use of nearly throughout the
whole of it.' Juarros' Hist. Gitat., p. 168. 'Los Quiches, or Utletecas, habi-
taient la frontiere du sud, les chefs de Sacapu'iis et Uspatan a Test, et los
Lacandones iud.'pendants au nord. lis occupaient probablement la plus
grande partie du district actuel do Totonicajian et uno portion de ctlui de
Quesaltenango.' Sijuler, in Koufelles Annnlis d<s Voy., 1857, tom. cliii., p.
177. ' Lours pnstes principaux furent t'tablis sur les deux coti's du Chixoy,
doimis Zacapulas jusqu'a Zactzuy.' Brasseur de Bourhoimi, //is<. Nat. Vie,
tom. ii., pp. 131-2; Wappiius, Geog. m. Stat., pp. 280, 288, 291.
The Cakchiqmls are south of the Quiches. ' The territory of the Kaclii-
quelcs was conq)osed of that which now forms the provinces of ( lii:iialte-
nango and Sacatejicques, and the district of Holola; and as the Kachiijucl
language is also spoken in the villages of Patulnl, Cctzunialguaiian, and
others along the same coast, it is a [ilausible supposition that they weie
colonies settled by the Kachiquels, for the purpose of cultivating the desirable
productions of a warmer climate than their own.' Juavros' lIL-t. Gnat., p.
IC)'.). ' La capitalo fut, en dernier lien, Iximche ou Tecpan-Guatem.ila, lors
do la declaration de riudepeudeucc de cette uatiuu.' -ii/us.scu," t/c LnurLvunj,
GUATE^IALAXS.
783
Pnpnl Vnh, introd., p. 270. 'Dnr wistliflio Thoil dor Prnvinz fAtit in] iiiit
1(1 Dilrfcrn in 4 Kirflisintlcn, vdu Xiulikomimu di r KiulMimlt n iiiul Ziitii-
(^ik'ii l)c\vohnt.' Ifdssil, JA.r. Omil., p. ',i',1H. 'Los jiaisis dv l,i iiacinii Calj.
fliiqiiilii Hon Cbiiiiiiltoniinyo, Ziuiiiuiuyo, Tfjiir, Santo I).iiiiiiij4<>, Saii PkIid
las lliiertas, Suu GuHpnr, Sau Luisdc las Carrctas, yotros ditz In^'ans, tixLis
Iicrti'iu'cientes k las misiouus do los I'P. d(>iiiiiiicns; _v a las do ius i'l'. ub»
Horvantea do sau Francisco jicrti iicccn Isapa, I'ason, Tciiim-i^niatcnialin
Comalapa, San Antonio, San Juan del Obispo, y otros ipiincc liiyans a lo
nicnos do la misma nacion Cakchiqiiila, cuyas pob'.acioncs cstan al rcdcdor
do Guatoinaln.' Jhrvih, Cittnloiin, torn, i., p. 305.
The Ztttntjlls dwelt near the lake of Atitlan. ' Tlip dominion of tlio
Zutuyilcs extended over the modern district of Atitan, and tlic vi'lit,')' of
Sau Antonio, SncliiUei>e(pies.' Jwivnifi' Hist. Hiinl,^ p. K',;). • I,a capital do
los caclii(iueles era ratmaniit ci Tecpan^uatcuiala, citida 1 j^randc y f'uitf; y
la do los zntuhiles, Atitan, ccrca do la luguna do cste nomine y (jue so teuiii
por inexpugnable.' I'imcntcl, <\a(lro, toin. ii., pp. 1212.
The rVtoWi.s live on tlio banks of the ^Iotai,'ini River. Tlie rhiipiiinulii
•Indians belong to the Chorti nation.' (ktranrtv, in I'linittini Sluraiul llintkl,
Tec. 19, 18(;7; LwJvichi's Ah. Lawj., p. 48.
IJrasseur de Dourbourg describes qnito a ninnbrr of very ancient
nations, of some of which ho endeavors to fix the localities, and which
I insert here. Dan or Tamnb fonnded a monarchy on the ftuateniahin
plateau. Their ' capitale, Aiu;ig-l) m, existait, suivant toute apparence,
entre los niunts Tohil ot Miuuah, ii trois lieues a peine an nord d'lTt-
latlan.' Popol Vuh, introd., pp. 148, 2G2. ' Ilocab etcndait si domina-
tion :i I'onost et an Slid do Tamnb, et la cite d^Ucjuincat, siege principale
de cette inaison, oecnpait un plateau etroit, situe <'ntre les niemes ravins
qui ceignent un ]ieu phis lias les mines d'l'tlatlan.' ' Li vi'.le dTcpiincat
(forme antique), Avec Ic tilet la mettre le niais), I'tait siir iin platiau
au noi'd-o\iest do ceux dTtlatlan, d mt eile n' talt s-pare (pie jiar ses
ravins; on en voit encore les raiues connues auj )ur.riuii sois le nom do
P'-Ilocab, en Ilocab.' /(/., p. 2G;i. .\gaab, 'dont les i)ossessi ins s'eteinlaient
Bur los deux rives du Chixoy ou Lacandon.' 'Cetait tine nation jiuissanto
dont los priucipalos villes exislaient a pen de distance de 1 1 rive gauclie du
fleuve Chixoy ou Lacandon (Uio Grande de Saeapr.las). L'lme d'ellcs etait
Carind, dont j'ai visite lo premier, on 1S5C, les belles mines, situ es s;:r les
bords du Pacalag, riviere ipii so jette dans hi Lacanilon, | res pie vis-'i-vis
rembouchure do celh' de Ilabin d, dans la Vi'rapaz.' /'i. Caliiiiii, 'I. <■ ijii-
tale etait a Zameueb, dans les montagnes de Xoy diali on X(4;;l> h. [I i.tro
les roehers].' /iZ., p. 270. Ah-Actuliil, ' so|it tribiis de I ■ natio.i h-Vtiilid,
qui sVtaient etablies sur ties territoires di'pendants de 1 i snivi r.iineto
d'.\titlan.' ' Ces sept tribiis sont: AhTzmiue. Ah-i laiicni.
it. Mana-
zaipieijct, Vancoh, Yabacoh ot Ah- rzakol-tinet on (,)u h. Ac- lulul ent-.'tro
pour Ah -TuluL' /(/., p. 274. ' Ah-Txiipiinah i, ee ix on les haliiiants do
Tziquinaha (Nid d'oiseau), dont lacaiiiialo fut Atillin. sur le lac' du ni'Uio
nom.' Id., p. 29(5. Acutoe. 'nom aussi d'une ancienno trilin dont on re-
trouvo le souvenir dans ('huvi-.\cutec, au-dessus d'.Vcutec, sur lo te ritoiro
de Chalcitau, pros de Malaoatan et de Huehueteiiangn.' /r/., pp. ;tl2-3.
Cohab, 'nom d'uue tribu antique duns Torient des t^uichi's.' II. p. 353.
I;
790
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
Tho rhnntnkn dwell in the mnnntdin districts N.E. of Lnko Nicnrnpiin,
bosidos hiiviii<» iniscolliinoons villiigcs in Gnirroro, Oujivcn, Tabiisro, Gimte-
nmln, and Ilonduras. ' En el Dcpurtaniento dti Tliicolidii .... y ho enourntran
chontftloH en Guerrero, en Tabasco y en (riiatt'inalii.' Ornivn y Ikrro, Gio-
ijriifin, pp. 18') -7. In San Salvador, Choluteca, Honduras, Nicaragua.
Pilndo, in Pacheco, Col. Doc. Imid., torn, vi., pp. 7, 20, 35.' Quii'chapa . .
2i) Leguis Hildiistlich von Oaj'ica nnd 10 Li'guas siidwcstlich von N» j'tpa
.... .\n den Gri'inzen dos Landes der Chontalos. '....' Tlapalcatepi'c. Hiiu])t-
ort im Lando dor Chont'il(!s.' M'AMmpfnvdl, M^jh'0, torn, ii., pt i,, pp. 17'2-.'l,
17."), 1!)2. 'Lcs Chontiiles s'l'taicnt vus en possession de tonte la contn'o
qui s'l'tend entre la nu>r et la ehaino di; Quyecolani . . etaient en posses-
sion non seulement do Nexapa, niais encore do la portion la jilns iniportanto
do la montagno do Quiyecolani.' Bmxs' ., de lUwrhoimj, Hist. Xut. <"u\,
torn, iii., pp. 3, 47, 'An nord-ouest du grand lac, les C'houdals occupiiitiit
le district montagneux ajipele encore aujourd'hui Choutales, d'apres eux.'
Holiiuiki, L'l diUfornie, p. 290. ' Inhabitants of the mountainous regions ta
the north-east of the lake of Nicaragua.' FnicbiVn Cetd. .\tttir., p. 52. ' .\u
nord des lacs, les Chontales barbares habitaicnt la eonlillero.' linisscur <le
liouvbounj. Hid. Nut. Ciiv, torn, ii., p. 110. 'The Choiitals covered Chou-
tales, northward of Lake Nicaragua, and lying between the tribes already
given, and those on tho Caribbean Hea.' Sloul's Xivdnvinn, p. 111. ' Bewoh-
uor der Gebirgsgegendeu nordiistlich voni See von Nicaragua." Froihil, Aus
Amer., torn, i., p. '285. 'In Nicaragua die Chontales im Hoiddaude ini N .
dos XIanigua-Soes.' Wdnpiim, Genj. u. S<rt<., p. 24(). ' Deste lugar [Yztepe-
que] comien(;an los Chontales.' Ilerrera, U'lM. Gen., dec. iv., lib. viii., cap.
X. 'The Chondals d. Chontals, the third great division mentioned by
Oviedo, occupied the wide, mountainous region, still bearing the name of
Chontales, situated to tho northward of Lake Nicaragua, and midway be-
tween the nations already named and the savage hordes bordering the (Carib-
bean Sea.' Squier's yimmijua, (Ed. 185(5.) vol. ii., p. 311. 'On the northern
shores of tho Lake of Nicaragua.' LwleirhfH Ah. Lami, p. 48. 'The Lencas
under the various names of Chontals, and perhaps Xicaques and Payas,
occupying what is now tho Department of San Miguel in San Salvador, of
Comayagua, Choluteca, Tegucigalpa, and parts of Olancho and Yoro in
Honduras, including the islands of lloatan, Guanaja, and their dependencies.'
iSquier's Cent. Amcr., p. 2.52.
The Pipiles ' n'y occupaicnt guere quelques cantons sur les c6tes de
I'ocean Paciftque, dans la province d'ltzcuintlau et no s'internaient que vers
les frontieresde I'etatde San-Salvador, le long dos rives du rio Paxa.' /j'jvj.s-
seur dt Bonrhourij, Hist. Nat. Civ., torn, ii., p. 120. ' Welche den gauzen
•westlichen Theil des heutigen Staates von S. Salvador siullich vom Rio
L •m;)a, das sogen. Rjich Cozcotlan bewohuton.' W'lppiins, Geoij. u. Slat.,
pp. 322, 32'), ' Are settled along the coasts of tho Pacitic, from the province
of Escuintla to that of St. Salvador In a short time those Pipiles multi-
plied immensely, and spread over the provinces of Zouzonate, St. Salvador,
and St. Miguel.' Juarros' Hi.st. Gual., pp. 202, 224. Among 'los Izalcos y
oosta de Guiizacap m . . . . San Salvador .... Hondur.vs .... Nicaragua. ' Palacio,
in Pacheco, Cul, Doc. Indd., torn, vi., p. 7.
NATIONS OF NICAUAQUA.
7!U
XminltnrtU-nn. 'A liv fiilda ^lo nn nlto voU'iiu (Suu Vicontc) ostiin cantro
lugarcH (Ic iiulius, que lluiniiu Ids Nuiiuiilt'oH,' /'/., p. 2'>.
Tlnsntlteon. ' In iiiclircrcn I'niictcn Sun SulvadniH, wio /.. 11. in Isiilro,
MoxicMiios, Niihiiisiilco Icbcn noch jctzt Iniliunt;r voni Stiinmie ilur TliiKkul-
tekcn.' Sriicrzi'r, W'tiiili'miniPii, \i. {'n't.
Th(' I'h'iliilrrs 'occti'iiicd tlic districts north of tlif NiiKrundans, extcndiiiR
nlon{,' th<^ (tulf of Fonsccii into what is now Ilondiuiis tcrritnry.' Sl<iiit's
NkfinnKfi, p. 111. 'Th«> CliolntecnnH, HpfakinK the rholntccnn dialci't. hit-
imtcd to the northward of thi' Naf,'randans, and c.xfcndinK' alon^ the (iiilf of
Foust'ca, into what is now tho territory of Ilonihu'as. A town and riv< r in
tho territory here indicated, still bear the name of Choliiteca, which how-
ever is a Alexionn name.' Siinh-r's Xiiutrdijiiii, (Ed. IH.Vi,') vol. ii., p. IHO.
These Soconusco exiles settled 'dans les terres (pii .H'i'tendent an nord et a
I'ouest du Rolfo do Concha;,'ua, uux frontieresde Hondnras et de Nicura^'iia.'
Bvansfitr d- Uimrhniini, Hisl. Xnl. r/c, torn. ii. p. 79. ' IJeyond thcni (Na-
gr.indiinsi on the f^nlf of Fonseca, a nation called thu Cholutt.'cans had their
seats.' Frnehel's Cent. Aiiier., p. 53.
Jf (ci'/ios, a tribe formerly inhabitini,' the mountain ref,'ion about Leon.
' Ihre Woliusitze bikleten die Provinz Maiibichoa.' Frochel, Aim Aim r., toni.
i., p. '.m.
'Ay en Nicaragua cinco leguajes. . . .C'oribicl . . .Cliorotef,'a. . . .f'hondal
Orotina. . . .Mexicano.' Guniura. Hist. Iml., fol. 2(i4. ' llablauan < n Nica-
ragua, cinco lenguas difei ites, Coribizi, (pie \o hablan niiicho en Chuloteca
Los de Chontal la qnarta es Orotina, ^lexicana es la (luiiita." lla-
rera, Hid. Gin., dee. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii. 'In Nicaragua there wer(> tiuo
linages, and difTt'rent languages: the ("oribici, f'iocotoga, Ciondale. Oretigua,
and the Mexican.' rnrclirts his J'UiiniiiiKic, \o\. v., 887; Oi into, Hist. Utn.,
torn, iv., p. 3.'); limchmunn, Ortmimiien, j). 132.
The I'lii/viitviianii 'occupied the entire country north of the Niquirans,
exteiuling along the Pacific Ocean, bctwi'cu it and J^ake Managua, to the
borders, and probably for a distance along the shores of the gulf of Fonstca.
They also occupied the country south of the Niipiirans. and around the gulf
of Nicoya, then calli'd Orotina.' S<j>iiir's XiidrdijiKt., (Ed. iH.'iC), )vol. ii., p. 31(i.
' Welche die Gegenden zwischiii der Siidsee und deni Managua-See vou der
Fonseca-l?i.i sitd warts bis zii den aztckisch sprechenden Indianern bewohncu
und audi siidlich von di'U Nicpiii-iansbis zur l>ai von Nicoya sichausbreiten.'
W<iiiiiiiiis, (inoij. u. Slat., p. 2l(). ' North of the Mexican inhabitants of
Nicaragua (the Niquirans), between the Pacific Ocean, Lake Alanagu.i, and
the Oulf of Fonseca.' Lmlewi'i's Ah. L'lii'j., p. 48. Before thi' eontpiest they
occupied ' les rcgituis aujourd'hui a peu jircs di'sertes (pii s'etendcnt entrc
le territoire do Tehuantepec et eelui de Soeonnsco, sur li's Lords de lOcean
Pacifiipie.' To escape the Olmec tyranny they iniigrated to ' golfe de
Nieoya; de h'l, lis retournerent ensuite, en passant h s moiits, jusiprau lac de
Nicaragua et se fixerent sur ses bords.' Driven ofl' by the Nahuas ' les uns,
se dirigeant au nord-ouest, vont fonder Nagarando, an bord du lac de Mana-
gua, tandis quo les autres contournaient les rivages du g'>lfo de Nicoya, quo
Ton trouve encore aujourd'hui habites par leurs descendants.' liras.sinr de
Bourbounj, Popol Vuk, iutrod., pp. ce., ceil. ' Als die Spunier uuch Nicara-
702
TRTDAL nOUNDARIEH.
(iwi kiiinrn, wir dipss Volk nn dir Kiistc vcrln'citft. . . wolmton liiiigM dor
Kiistf dcM AiistriiloctMiim.' Ifiissil, Mix. Unat., \)\\. .'tI)7-H,
The lUriiii.i ' (>c-ciii)iod the territory lyin^,' Ititwrm tlir npiicr cxtrcinity of
Laki' NiciUM^'im, tliu rivi-r Tipifup.i, ainltlic Honthcrn half of Luke Maiianim
niid tlic I'ai'illc, wlioMi! jiriiiripal tnwiis were Kituatcd wlirrc now Mtaiid tho
citicH of (ir.iiiadu, tln'u (culled Siiltebi,) Masayii, and Man.if,Mia, and the vil-
l;i','i'H of Tipitapii, Dhiomo and Diriamha ' Si/ithr's XUnrdiiiKi, (Kd. lH."(i, )
V )|. ii., ]> ItlO. '(rroiip's dans les localit's encore comiiiich dc I.iria, do
Dh'ioiii '. dc Diriamha, de Monh.icho et de Ijenderi, snr les hauteurs ipii forni-
eiit 1,1 hasij dii volciiu do Mazava.' Ilritntviir ih' lloitrlniiivij, Il'ist. S(d. ( U\,
toin. ii., ]). 111. ' Occiipii'd Manaya, Maiiaj,'iia, Tipit.ipa, I)irionio, and
l)iriaiiih:i.' SinuVn Xlcdni'inn, p. Ill; Ffocln'l, Ans Aiiiir., toiii. i., p. 'JH7.
The XiKji'diKlnns. ' Enfre les Dirias et lu ('h(dnteca c'tait sitiiei' la province
dcs llan^'Ui's on Niij,'arandaK (Tonpiemaila dit que Nn^'ariulo est un mot
de h'ur l:in!,'iio. Oviedo les appelle Na^jraiidas'i, dont les fertiles camp.i^'neH
H'''tenilaient, an nord et ?i I'oiiest du lac dc Manai,'na, jiiscpr.'i la nii r; on y
ndmirait les cites florissantcs de ('hinande:-;u, de ("hichi^'MJiia, de Po/olte^'a, do
Ti'Iica, di^ Suhtiaha, de Naj,'arundo, appeh'o iiussi Xolotl.n, de Matiari s et
une foiilu d'aiitres, r.'diiites maintenaiit, ixmr lu pliiiart, a de misi'r.ihh^H
hi)iir;^'adcs.' Ilrassrar ilf lionrhniini, Hist. \iil, (Ir., I( ni. ii., jp. 111-12.
' Thi) \aj,'raiidaiis occupied the plain of Leon hetweeu the northern extremo
of Lake Mana^'Uft and the Pacific. ' Slniil's Xicuriifiiin, p. III. 'An \V( ieho
Kicli weiter nordwestwiirts (the last mention was Dirians) die Ihwdmi r der
Gcf^ond von Leon, welcho Squier Naj^'iauder iiennt . . aiis(hloss< ii.' Fmilnl,
vli(.>: -li/KT., torn. 1., p. '287. ' ("hoviitet,'a trihe of (he plains of Leon. Nica-
ra;,'ua.' Lmkiclfa Ah, Lmiij., p. I'M); S'jukr's Xicdniniui, i L,l. lh.")(i, ) vol. ii.,
p. 310.
The Xiipiinins ' Rottled in the district of Nicaraf^'Ua, In twem the Lake of
Nicaraj^'iia and iho Pacific Ocean ' J.ii(hirl<i's Al>. /,<//!(/, p lltl. 'Au centro
du jiays, siir lo hic Nicaraj^na, appel(' Cociholca par les inuim'nes, vivaieiit
L's Ni(iinrans.' Ifollnshi, La ('(tUfitrnic, p. '2!)0. Onietepec. 'This island
was occupied hy the Niqiiirans.' Sqnkr's Xkurayita, (Ld. 18oG,) vol. ii., p.
31:1; ll,^l/l,■^s i:i,lr, vol. i., p. 71.
The Oroli'Ktiin occupied ' t' o country around the Gi.lf of Nieoya, and to
tho southward of liake Nica igua.' Squier'n Xk'ardipin, {V.i], IHhV),) vol. ii.,
p. 310. ' .Vni (iolfi! von Or( '. 'a oder Nicoya. . . .I'litir di ii )4eo;,'rai)hisclien
N. linen im Laiido der Orotiiii tiisst man iiuf den Vulkaii Orosi. iiii j(t/ij,'en
Costa Rica, Wiihrcnd einer de. 'ulkano in der Kette der M .rihiis, bii Leon,
also im Lande der Naj,'rande Orota In.'isst.' Fro'hvt, Ans Ainr., tom. i.,
p. '287. 'Les Orotiuas, voisiii du golfe d(( Nicoya, <loii4 les vilics princi-
palos etaitent Nicoya, Orotiiia. aintren et Chorotc.' Jirassriw de linurhourij,
H'lsl. Xnt. Civ., tom. ii., pp. 11' . ' Settled the country soi.th of Lake Nicaru-
g.ia arouu.l tho Gulf of Nicoya.' Slaut's Xkaratjua, p. 111.
The MosQuiTOS, as a subdivision of this group, inhabit the whole of Hon-
duras, the eastern portion of Nicaragua, and all that part of the cous-t on tho
Caribbean Sea known as the Mosquito Coast.
The Xkaques ' exist in the district lying between the Lio Ulna and Eio
Tiuto....It seems probable that the Xiuaques were once much more
MOSQUITO NATION'S.
798
widely (lilTiiseil, cxtiiuliiin over tho iiluiiw of OIuiicIki. iiinl iiitu '.he ])> i)art-
iin'iit ()( NiU'Vii Si'|,'()viii, ill Niciirat^tiii.' Sijuiir's (tnl. Aiiier,, ji. 2-II, 'So
r<'ii('iinti'(>iit ]ii'iii('i|iiili'iii)'iit (lutiH IcMlt'piirtt'iiiciit dc Vnro. , . . (hhiiic) h rcin-
lnnK'liiire (Ic la rivii'rn t'lKiloiim, ct Iv iTHtc est iliHinrHi' diiiH Ics iiiuutii^'iicrt
k ToiiuHt (U) 111 pliiiiiu (1u Siilii. DaiiH lo ili'imrtoiiK'iit di' Ydi'o, iIh Hunt n'piiiw
dim dans Id piiyH dc|)iiis lii rivii'-n.' SuIiicd jiisiiu'i'* la luiic ilc IIund'irMM.' /i/.,
ill Sunn llis Aiiiiill.is (lis \'i>i/., IM.'.S, tdiu. I'lx., Jip. lll:t-l. Voru di'|iailiiiclit ;
' Widi'lu' mil obticii Liiiif dur FIuhso mul iu dciii Uti^,'- und UiiKtllamlo
zwischcii dcr Kiisto uiid dciii Thale von Oliindio woliiitii.' Wiijiju'ius, (Imij,
«. Still., p. 317.
The I'oijds. 'In tho tiianKlf liotwccn tho Tinto, the Hoa, and tlif llio
Wanks, or Segovia.' Sqnier's Cvht. Axiir., \>. '211. ' Inlialiil the I'oycr
niountains, IicvdihI tho Kiiibarradcro on the I'olvtr liiver.' Ymtitifs S'lirni-
tire, p. (SI). • iJcn wcstlichfn TIk il dts I)istrikts Taj^'ii/^alpa, /wisclnn dtii
Fliissun .\^,Minn niid IJarho.' Unssil, Mix. tlwit., p. ',i<K ' Inhabit tin lirada
of the Klai'k and I'atook rivers.' Ikil, in Lund, ijnuj. Soc, Joiir., vol. xxxii.,
p. 'i->H.
The Towkns, 'bowohnen die siidlichcn (ic^cudtii dcs l)istrikts (Ta^;uz-
galpa) und diis Oebir(,'e.' Iliis.sd, Mrx. Uiud., p]). ;i',»l) 1. 'Their principal
ri'sidciice is at tho head of I'atook llivir.' Ydaitifs \<ii-riitin\ j). )s7. ' Tin y
dwell alon^' tin; Twaka river whieh is a branch of the I'rinz Awala.' Utll, iu
Lonil. '/(■(/ ;. >(ii'., .four., vol. xxxii., p. 2r)H.
The ' Tiiiiiiijliin inhabit along the other branch of the same river.' /'*.
The SiiiiiuH 'inhabit the heads of all tho rivers from UlewlioKls to I'atook.'
Jd., p. 2rr,.
Tlie VDokrdH ' reside about ono hundred and thirty miles from its mouth'
(the Rio Eseondido). Stmniitinnjs' .Mosijiiito .'^Imir, p. 111).
The Cnrlhs ' now occupy tho coast from the iieighbcirhood of the port of
Triixillo to Caratiska Lagoon. . . .Their original seat was San Vincent, ono
of \vh;it are called th(^ Leeward Islaiuls, whence they were deported ill a b<idy,
by the English, iu 17',^)S, and landed upon the then iinoceupied island of
Hoatan, in the I5ay of Honduras.' Tiie}- afterwards removed to the main
land 'in tho vicinity of Truxillo, whence they havt; spread rajiidly to tho
eastw.ird. -VU along the coast, generally m ar the niniitlis of the various
rivers with which it is fringed, they have tlnir establishments or towns.'
Bard'n ir(((7.)W(, p. 31(). ' Now .settled along the win de extent of coast from
C.ii>e (rracias fi Dios to lielize.' Fnx'hi'Vs Cent. Aiiirr., p. IS."). ' l>well on
tho sea c )ast, tliei. lirst town, {,"ape Town, being a few miles t > the west-
ward of Hlack River.' rouni/s Xnrrntii-o, pp. 71, 12J, 1;I4. In Roaiaii; ' Die
Volksiueiige bcsteht aus Caraibeii und Sambus, dereii etwa 1,1)1111 auf der lii-
Bol seyn solK'ii.' //(s.vi/, Mi\i:. UniU.,\u list). ' Unter dtii ('araibemliiifern
Bind zu nonuon: Stanu Creek. .. .unfern im S. von Heli/.e, uiid voii da bis
znr Siilgreu/o Settee, Lower Stanu Crec'k, Silver I'reek, Seven Hills uiul
PiHiti (j.)rd.i.' \Viip[)aaii, iJuoi/. u. Stilt., [>. oW See also: Siors, Mittitainivi-
ki, pp. lot, 179; Mirdet, Voynfjc, torn, ii., p. W,).
Tho RftiiKis extend from Groytown to IJlewtields, a regit)n ' uninhubited
except by tho scinty remnant of a tribe called Ramas.' 'Inhabit a small
island utthe southern extremity of Blewlields Lagoon; they are only a uiiuer-
794
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
al)lo remnant of a nnmoious trihe tlmt formerly lived on the St. .Tolin's
and other rivers in that neighliourhood. A great nnndier of them still live
at the head of tiie Bio Frio, which runs into the St. .John's Hiver at Han Carlos
Fort.' Jldl, in J.nnd. (juxj. Sur., Jour., vol. xxxii., pp. 242, 2M. ' llama Cay,
in BK'wfiels La^'oon. This small island is the refuge of a feeble remnant
of the once powerful Bania tribe.' I'i)n (tml Sef))ia)in'» DotlhKjs, p. 278.
The Mdsijiiiliis inhabit ' the whole coast from Pearl Key Lagoon to Black
River, and along the banks of the Wawa and Waux, or Wanks Rivers for a
great distance inland.' JjiII, in Lond. (lauj. Soc, Jour., vol. xxxii., p. 2.")().
' L'intcrieur dn pays est occupc par la nation sauvage et indoniptable des
Mos(piit(is-Sond)os. Les cotes, surtont pres le cap Gracias a Dios, soiit
habitees par une autre tribu d'Indiens (pie les navigateurs anglais ont appeles
Mos(init(is de la cote.' MaUc-Jiruu, i'?v'ci.s de la Gax/., toni. vi., p. 472.
An dem Ende dieser Provinz (Honduras), nahe bey dem Cap, Gnitias-a-
Dios, tindet man die bcriihmte Nation der Mos(puteu.' Lihiiiorte, Ji'u'.soi,
torn. X., p. 4114. 'Nearly the whole coast of Honduras; and their most
numi'rous tribe exists near the Cape Gracios a Dios.' Jioini/i'tistlc's S]titn,
Aimr., vol. i., p. 172. ' Ocupan el terrcni de mas de sesenta h'guas, (pie
correu desik- la jurisdiccion de Comaniagua, iiasta la de Costa-Rica.' Iterisln
Mix., toni. i., p. 404. 'Die Sambo, oder eigentlichen Mos(piitoindi:in(r
welche den gnissten Tluil der Seekiiste bis zum Black river hinauf nnd die
an dersclben belegenen Savannen bewohnen.' Mixiquilolimd, Ikrivld, p. I'J.
' Inhabiting on the Main, on the N(U'th side, near Cape Gratia Dios; between
Cape Honduias and Nicaragua.' Diuiijtkr's V<'y<iins, vol. i., p. 7. 'Inhabit
ft considerable space of coui;try on th(! continent of America, nearly extend-
ing from Point Castile, or Cap'^ Honduras, the southern point of th(> Bay of
Truxillo, to the northern branch of th(> river Nicaragua, called usually St.
Juan's; and comprehending within these limits nearly 100 leagues of land
on the sea coiwst, from latitude 11 to Ki deg.' J[(mliv.^<in's Ifoiuhmi.s, pp. 211-
12. The Sand)os 'inhabit the cotnitry fruiii Sandy Bay to I'otook.' Strahi/e-
way.t' Mosquito Shoir, j). \i'AO. 'The Sand)os, or Mos(piitians, inhabit the
sea coast, and the savannas inland, as far west as Black River.' Yoiunfs
iV(/cr«<n'(', p. 71. 'The increase and exjjansion of the Caribs has already
driven most of the Sandxis, who were established to the northward and west-
ward of Cape Gracias a Dios, into the territory of Nicaragua, southward of
the Cap*!.' l^quhr's Jlonduras [Lund., 1(S70,] p. 109; Id., Cent. Aiiivr., p. '228.
The Isthmians, thi? last sub-division of this gi'oup, embrace the jieoplo
of Costa Riea, together with the nations dwelling on the Isthmus of I'anania,
or Darieii, as far as the gulf of I'raba, and along the river Atrato to tho
mouth of the Na}>ipi, thence up the last-named river to the Pacific Ocean.
' Tho Indian tribes within the territory of Costarriea, distinguished by the
name of Parcialidades, are tln^ Valientes, or most eastern people of the state;
tho TiriVacs, who occupy the coast from Bocatoro to the Banana; the Tala-
niancas and P' '.ncos, who inhabit tho interior, but frecpient tho coast
between the Banana and Salt Creek; the ^Montauos and Cabecares, who are
settled in the neighbourhood of the high lands bounding Veragua, and tho
Guatusos, inhabiting tho mountains and forest between Esparsa and Baga-
ISTHMIAN NATIONS.
795
fics, nixl towards tlio north of these jiliicos. ' Gnlhxlo, in LonJ. Orof], For.,
Jiinr., vol. vi., p. 134. From Hot';, del Toro towiirils the west const dwell Iho
Vieeitiis, lilniicos, Valieiites, Gniitnsos, Tiribis, iind riiliiiimiiciis. Wminir
and Sriii rzi r, Costit liifii, yt. ijol. Bliineos, Viilieiites, mid Tii!iuiiai>cas 'eiit-
laiig der Ostlviisto zwischeu dem Kio Zeut uiid Boca del Toro, iiu Staato
Costa Itica.' Id., p. 573.
'J'hi' (liitihisos ' vorii Nicarngiia - Seo nn don Eio Frio anfw;irts mid
zwischeii dii'SL'Ui und deiu San Carlos bis zmn Iloehlande.' iVuppihin,
(jioij. \i. Slid., p. 3o7. 'Inhabit a territory lying between the JlerivaUs
mountains on the west, the lake of Nicaragua and the San Jiian river
on the north, ho Atlantic shore on the oast, and the tablo land of San
Jose upo!! the south.'. . . .The llio Frio 'head-waters are the favorite haunt
or habitation of the Guatnsos occupy the north-east corner of Costiv
Itica.' liiiijk'H Hide, \ol. i., pref., pp. xii., xix., p. 298. They inhabit ' tho
basin of tho llio Frio,' t<(jukr's Cent. Anivr., p. •10.'); /(/., in Xourcllis An-
ludes (/c.s !'(/(/., 18.')(), torn, di., p. 5; Id., iu Jlist. Mwj., vol. iv., \}. C5; V'ujne's
Travch, \v\. i., p. 77.
The Uiu'ktres ' viven ontjima do las sierras del puerto do la Herradura e
86 extiendeu per la costa deste golpho al Poniente do la banda <U1 Norto
hasvn el conliu do los Chorotegas.' Orhdo, Hist. (Itn., torn, iii , \). 1( H.
The Jlhtitcos ' welcho uiigefiihr 5 Tageroisen siidostlich von ,\ngostura in
don Bergen liansen.' Warner and Srhener, Co.sta lUca, pp. 55(), 554.
The I'idhnks and Bamas, ' zwischen dem Punta Gorda und dor Lagnno
von ('liiri(pii.' Mosqidhhind, Jierirht, p. 9.
Inhabiting the Isthmus were numerous tribes speaking different lan-
guages, mentioned by early writers only by tho name of tho chief,
wliich was usually identical with that of both town and province. In the
jirovince of i'anama there were ' quatro seiiores do lengiias difercntes Do
nlli se baxaua a la prouincia do Nata. . . .treynta leguas do Panama otro
Uamado Eseoria, oelio leguas do Nata. . . .Ocho leguas mas adelaute, la buelta
do Panama, aula otro Caziijue dicho Chiri'i, de lengua diforento: y otrassieto
leguas mas adelante, hazia Patiama, estaua el do Thame, (juo era el remate
de la lengua do Coyba: y la prouincia de 1 aris so hallaua dozo h^guas do
Nata, l.es liuisto.' Jfevrcri', Hist. Ow., dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. vi. Westward
from the gulf of Uraba ' hay una provineia que so dice Careta. . . .yeiido mas
la costa abajo, fasta euarenta leguas desta villa, entrando la tierra adentro
fasta doce leg las, esta un caeicjue ipie se dice Comogro y otro (jue se dice
Poborosa.' Balboa, in Xafarntr, Vol. dc !"((;/?«, tom. iii., p. .'idf!. 'En la
primera jirovincia de los darioles hay las jxiblaciones siguientes: Kera<p'.e,
Surugmiti. Queno, Morrri, Agrazenutiua, Occabayanti y Ujaba.' llirriis,
('atdlo'io, tom. i., p. '280. 'Treinta y tautas leguas del Darien habia una
provineia que se decia Careta, y otra cinco leguas do ella qtie se dice Acla ....
La primera provineia desde .\cla ha<'ia el uewte es Coniogre. . . F.n esta tierra
esta una provineia que s, ILuna Peruijueta, de una mar a otra, y la isla de las
Porlas, y golfo do S. Mignol, y otra provineia, que llamamos las Behetrias
por no liaber en ella ningun senor, so llanui Cueva: es toda una gente y do
una lengua . . Desde esta provineia de PeriKpieta hasta Adechanie (juo son
cerca do 40 leguas todavfa nl ucste, se llama la proviucia de Coiba, y la len-
?96
TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
gna PS la de Cneva . . . . dcfidc Biirica hasta esta provincia, que so dioo To-
breytrota, casi que cada scnor cs difiTcntc de Iciigna niio (Iv titro. . . .Dcsde
aqui tornando a baj.ir corca de la mar, veiiiiiios a la provincia de Tj."*a. . . .
t'sta 30 Ic'guas de I'auaiiia. . . .touia por eoutrario a \m senor que se decia Es-
coria, que tenia sus poblaeiones en uu rio p-ande oeho leguas de Meta. . .
Esta es len<j;ua por hi'. Y ocho leguas de alli baeia Panama estA otro sener
que sc diee Cbiru, lengua diferonte. Sitte leguas de C'biru, liacia ranaiiui,
estfi la provincia de C'banie: es el reniatc do la leiigua de Coiba. . . .Chinian
. . . .dos leguas de Coniogro. . . .desde estc C'Limau. . . la provincia de I'ocii-
rosa, y de alli dos leguas la vuelta del ueste. . . .la de Paruraca, donde conii-
enza la de Coiba, y do alli laniisniavia euatro leguas. . . .la de Tubanania. y
de alli a oclio leguas todo a esta via. . . la de Cbepo, y seis leguas do a!li
... .la de Cliepobar, y dos leguas dolaute. . . .la de Pacora, y euatro de alli
. . . .la de Panama, y de alli otras euatro, . . .la de Periquete, y otras euatro
adelante. . . .la de lahore, y otras euatro adelaute. . . ,1a do Cliame, que cs
remati' de la leugna y provincia de Coiba.... de Cliamo a la provincia del
C'liiru bay ocbo leguas. . . .y este Cliiru es otra lengua por si.' Andagoya, in
JVararre/e, Cnl. de Vmjcs, torn, iii., pp. 397-8, 407-8, 410.
Tlie (liiahnles. 'En la provincia de Vcraguas, situada a 9 grados de lati-
tud boreal, esta la naeiou delos Guaimieso lluamies. llcrrus, L'tduli>(]<i, toiii.
i., pp. '280-1. 'Los quales indios, segnn deciau. no eran naturales de
nquella coniarca: antes era su antigua pntria la tierra que esta junto al rio
grande de Darieu.' Vhza de Ij-on, in LI., p. 281.
' The Indians who at present inhabit the Isthmus are scattered over
Bocas del Toro, the northern portions of Vcraguas. the nortli-east(rn shores
of Panama, and almost the whole of Darien, and consist jirincipaliy of
four tribes, the Savaneries, the San Bias Indians, the Bayanns, and the
Cholos. Each tribe speaks a diflVreiit language.' Snmann'n Voij. luruld,
vol. i., p. 317. ' Li'S Goajiros, Ics Jlotilones, les Guainetas et les Cocinas,
dans les juovinces de Ilio-llaclia, de I'jiar et de Saiita-Marta; etlesDa-
riens, les Cunas et les Choeoes, siir lis rives et les alHuiiils de I'Atrato (t
les cotes du Darieu.' lioqiulk', iu A'ourdks Aniudes dcs Vol/., IbiJu, tom.
exlvii., pp. 24-5.
' The Savtncncs occupy the northern portioi' of Vcraguas.' lb.
The Doraclios occupied western Veragu:i. Iil., ]>. 312.
The MniizniiUhi, or San Bias Indians, 'inhabit the north-eastern jwrtion
of the province of Panama.' /(/., p. 320. 'The chict' settlement is about Sun
Bias, th? rest of the coast being dotted over \;\\\\ small villages.' (iis!i<iniv's
Ihirkn. p. l^C). 'Their i)rincipal settlements are on the 'upper branches of
the Chipi). Chiman. and Congo, on the Tuquesa, I'ciirgantI, ilubiigaiiti, and
Cliiieti. branches of the CluKpianaqua, and on the Pucro and Paya.' <'iilhi\'s
])itricii, ji. (19. 'The whole of the Isthmus of Darien, exce])t a small portion
of thi> valley of the Tuyra, eonipiisiiig the towns of Chipogana, Piiiogana,
Yavisa, and Santa Maria, and a few scattering inhabitants on the Bayauio
near its mouth, is uninhabited except by the San Pd.is or Darien Indians. . .
They inhabit the whole Atlantic coast from San Bias to the Tarena, mouth
of the Atrato, and in the interior from tlu^ Sucubti to the upper parts of the
Bayamo.' SvlJ'r'ulije's Varicn Sitnrys, p. 10.
NATIONS OF THE ISTHMUS.
797
The ^^nndin(^^ls ' occupy the coast as far (is the Bay of raledonia.' Pm/dl,
in Lonil. Cleoij. Sor,., Jour., vol. xxxviii., p. 02; llekhnnlt, Cent. Amer., p.
Kil; Lailewlifs Ab. .Lmu;, p. fil.
The Bayanos, • about the Hi verChepo.' 7(7., p. 18; Seemann's Voy. Jlerahl,
vol. i., p. ^-21.
The (linlos, 'extending from the Giilf of San Miguel to the bay r.f rimro,
and thence with a few int<'rrnptions to the northern jiarts of tin; Kepublic of
Ecuador.' Sfantami's Voy. Jlemld, vol. i., p. 321. 'Inhabiting j)art of tlio
Isthmus of Durien, east of tlu! river C'hu(iUiina(pm, which is watered by tlio
river Paya and its brunches in and about lat. 8' b')' N., and long. 77 !iO' W.'
Latluim, in Lund. Gvog. Soc, Jour., vol. xx., p. 180.
' The Vitnas have established themselves on the shores of thi> Gulf of
Urabi'i, near the outlets of the Atrato.' Fuydt, in Lvnd. Ueog. .Soc, Jour., vol.
xxxviii., p. 02.
The CunacHims, ' on the south-easterly side of the Isthmus.' 7',i((?r iri/'.s ,l/>.
Lanr/., p. 50. ''J"he remnimts of the Chncunacpiese who in 18(;i dwelt on
the banks of the river w' ich bears their name. . . .have gone up towards the
north.' lb.
Tlu Chocoa, 'on the Leon and the diflferent tributaries of the Atrato.'
Mirhkr's Ditikn, p. 20.
The Cdhuftnc.'i, ' between Punta Arenas and Turbo.' Tb.
The Urabds, ' en las selvas y bosques de la Trovincia de Uraba.' Alcedo,
Dice, tom. v., p. 2.">8.
The Idibas ' del Reyno de Tierra-Firme y Gobierno de Panama, son con-
tinantes con los Chococs y los Tatabes.' /(/., tom. ii., p. 113.
The I'ayas 'on the river of that uume.' Self rid je's Darkn Surveys, p.
83.
i2ND OF THE FIPiST VOLUME.