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Kiili-iiil iiciunling t.i Art of Omgress in tljp Year Isxi', liy HU15KKT H. TUNCIIOFT, Jn tin- (iltici' (.f tlic Liliiiiiiaii i<{ Ciiiijjir^rt, at AViinliiiit,'t"ii. All Rhjhts J ■'■nerved. PREFACE. In rur«n.a„cc. of a gonon.l plan involving the „--«i„e. turn „f a *,.,o„ of „.„,.,<„ „„ t,,„ ,,^,,,^„.„ ,;... ^ ,^ Am;.,„.a, r ,„«o„t tin. ddineation of i,„ „„o,.i„i„,, ;;""••";- ■■■ "-. (h.,st. To ,!,„ in,„K,„.se ten-i.on I i , ." > .^;>n th. wcstorn ocean fmm Ala»i.ies. .„ th,.s con>i«sitc mass, leavened by it, desti, -rion .)os(' Mai'i'a Andrade. litterateur and ])ul)lisli(>r of the city of ^lexico, was thi'own upon the European market and furnished me ahout three thousand additional volumes. \n 18(10. having' accunndated some sixteen thousand hooks, manuscripts, and })aui[)hlets, hesides maps and cund)ersome tiles of I'acific Coast journals. I detei'mined to iio to work, Ihit 1 soon found that, like I'antalus, while up to mv neck in water. J was dvini:' of thii'st. The facts which 1 reipiired were so co[)iously diluted with ti'ash. that to follow dillerent suljjects throuiih this trackless sea of ei'udition. in the exhaustive manner 1 had })roiiosed, with hut one life-time to devote to the work, was siuiply im[)racticahle. In this emerjivncy my friend. Mr Henry L. Oak, lihi'arian of the collec- tion, canu; to my relief. After many consultations, and not a few partial failures, a s^stem of indexing' the PREFACE. IX subject-matter of the whole library was devised sufTi- eie.itly general to be practicable, and suflicienth- partic- ular to du-ect me innnediately to all mv authorities („. 'vsent the few grains ol" ,yWnt „,. ,„ j,;^,,,^,,^ ,,^. tlH' mountain of ehalf as to be of couiparatively litll'e |H'neht to searchei's in tlu- various hiau.'hes of" K^aru- "ig: and to sift and select from this mass, to extract ''•">'i iHdky tome and transient jourual. from the arcbiyes "I convent anponsibility. And th.aid. miiie is the lahorof the artisan rathe- than that of the artist a i\>v". •ng of weapons for abler ban.ls to wield, a prodncim- •>f niw materials for skilled UHrbanies to weave and ^••>l<>i' at will: yet. in undertaking to brin- to b-bt IV.mu .sounvs innumerable e>.en!ial fu-ts. whieb. from the very shortness of lif,. ji' iVom no oth.T ea„se. ninst otlu-r- wise be let-tout in the physical and s,u-iaUeuerab/aMons. winch occupy the ablest minds. I Ibel that 1 en-a-e in ♦ no idle i)astime. ' ' A word as to the Nations of which this work is a de- wnption.and my nietho.l of treating the subje-'t. \bo- ngmally. for a savage wildei-ness, tliere was hciv a .hms." poi.uation; particularly south of the thirtieth parallel PREFACE. and along the border of the ocean north of that line. Before the ad^^nt of Europeans, this domain counted its aborigines by millions; ranked among its people every phase of primitive humanity, from the reptile- eating cave-dweller of the Great Basin, to the Aztec and Afaya-Quiche civilization of the southern tal)le-land, — a civilization, if we niiiy credit Dr l)ra[)er. " that might have instructed l']urope," a culture wantonly crushed by Spain, who therein " destroyed races more civilized than herself."' Differing among themselves in minor particulars only, and bearing a general I'esembluuce to the nations of east- ern and southern America: diil'ering ngain. the whole, in character and cast of features IVoui every other people of the world, we haxc here presented hundreds of nations and toniiues, with thousands of l)eliefs and customs, wonderfullv dissimilar for so setireirated a humanity, yet Avonderfully alike .for the inhabitants of a laud that comprises within its liuiits nearh- every phase of climate on the globe. At the touch of European civilization, whether Latin or Teutonic, these Uiitions vanislic'd; and tlieir unwritten history, reaching back for thousands of a'ies. ended. All this time thev had been com i nil' and uoiiiii'. nations swallowiuii' up nations, annihilating and being lumihilated, amidst luunan con- vulsions and struiiulinn" civilizations. Their strange destiny fullilled, in an instant they disa])pear; and all we have of them, besides their material relics, is the glance cauuht in tlieir liastv liiiibt, which liives us a few customs and traditions, and a little mvtholoiiical history. To gather and arrange in systematic compact form all that is known of these people; to rescue some facts, PREFACE. XI perhaps from oblivion, to bring others from inaccessible nooks to render all available to science an,l to the general readier, is the object of this work. Xecessarilv -mo part, of it .nay te o,K.n to the charge „f drv ,«• I have not l*e„ able to interlanl my f,u=ts with ini..rest mg anecdotes for lack of space, and I have endeavor.,1 to avoKl spc^ulatua. believing, as 1 do, the work of the lector and that of the theori.er to be distinct, a ri a be who attempts to establish .some ,«.t conjecture Une nnpartn.g general infonnation. ca!, harjlv be .■n.,ted for nnpartial statements. With respect ,;, the orr,tor,al d.v.sions of the lirst vohnne. whi •!, is co ' med to the Wild Tribes, and the neccssitv of i™ descr,p„ons ot the same characteristics in -eacb.' ther^ may be found u,ore apparent than real. Althou.!, there are many snndar cu.^ton.s. there are als au^ nun , d.fterenee.s. and. as one of ,l,e chief dini,.ul,ie.; „f „,i vobune was ,o keep i, witbin rca.sonable liu.it.s. , „|in'. pe, to e.x^st The .second vohuue. which treats of , e C b,.cd .Nat,ou.s. olfers ,re fascinating lield. and th ample space and all exi..,ing authorities at b.ud, heaul ,sthewr,tcrsifinreres,.,enotberee iued I value. As regards .Nly,|„,|,,,,.,,,,,„,,^ ,,^,,,. 1 .c. and .l,gra„ous. of wbi.-h the Ibree remsiui, . vobuucs treat ,t has been n,y ai,n ,o present ciearh a„d oncsely all knowledge e.x.ant on these subje,.,;: and he work, as a whole, is iutend,.d to e,ub,„h- all fa,.ts that have been preserve,, „,„eorning these people at the tin.e of then- ahnost snnultaneou, di.seovery and disappear- an e. u w.ll he noticed that 1 have said little of the natives or then- deeds since the coming of the JOuro- xu PREFACE. poans; of their wars against iiivaclors and among them- selves; of repartimientos, presidios, missions, leserva- tions, and otiier institutions for their conquest, conver- sion, protection, or oppression. My reason lor tliis is that all these things, so far iis thev have any ini[)ortance, belong to the modern histoi'v of the countiy and will receive due attention in a subsequent work. In these live ^■olumes. l)esides inroiuiatiou iu'(|nired from sources not therein named, are ijoiideiiscd tlie re- searcdies of twelve hundred writers, a list of whose Avorks, with the edition used, is given in this \olume. 1 have endeavored to state fully and clearly in my text the substance of the matter, and in reaching my conclu- sions to use due discrimination as to the i'es[)ective value of different authorities. In the notes I gi\e liljcral (pio- tations. bothcorroboratixeof the te.vt. and touching points on whicli autuoi's dill'er. together with complete references to all authorities, includiu''' some ol' little \alue. on each int, for the use of readers or writei's who ma\ either h t( l>*^ be dissatislied with my conclusions, or may wish to in vestigate any particular lji"anch of the subject farther than my limits allow. I have gi\en full credit to each of the many authors from whom 1 ha\e taken material, and il". in a few in- stances, a scai'city of authorities has compelled me to di'aw somewhat largely on the few who have treated })ar- ticular points, I trust I shall be jjardoned in view of the comprehensive natui'c of the woi'k. (^)uotation3 are made in the li muuaues ui whu ■htl ie\' are Avritten, and great pains has been taken to axoiil nuitilation of the authors words. As the books cjuoted Ibrm [lai't of my private library. 1 have been able, by com})arison with the originals, to carefully- verify all references al'ter PREFACE. SUl thoy wore put in typo; lioiieo I may confi.lo.itlv liopo that fewer error.s have crept in than are n.sually found ni woi-ks of such vjiriety and extent. Tlie lahor involved in the preparation of tliese vohniie^i wdl be appivciated by few. That expended on the first XiAumv alone, with all the material before me, is more tlmn e.ii.ivalent to the well-directed eiforts of one person lor ten years. In the work of selecting, siftin- and ar- ranging my subject-matter. I have called in the aid oi' a liirge coi-ps of assistants, and. while desiring to place on HO one hut myself any responsibility for the'work, either lu Ntyle or matter, I would render just acknowledgment for the services of all; esp,^cially to the following gentle- men, for the eflicient manner in which, each in Iiis special department, they have devoted their energies and ii''ihties to the carrying out of my plan;— to Afr T. Aiundel-irarcourt, in the researches on the manners and customs of the Civilized Xations; to Mv Walter M. Fi.-her. in the investigation of Mythology; to .Air Albert uiche Paces — The Natives of Nicara;4ua— The Mos(|uitos, Poyas, l!aiiias, I,en- cas, Towkas, Woohvas, and Xicannes of Honduras — The (luatusos of the Uio Frio — The Cainumes, Payanios, Dorachos, (Joajiros, Mandin;.'os, Savanerics, Sayrones, and N'iscitas livinj^ in Costa Pica and on the I«tlinius 681 ArTIIORITIES QUOTED. ''■"iv::;;;;t'ft^'tt;i^';:"r'- "™ '-' - ''■'""•■ ':■■■"■ ^'"■m;vH=I=-^^^^ ^^.,„, i., ton,, i.x. •'■'^'-""""- t"i'i. 111.; Jcnmux ( ,,a„s, V„v„ .srii,- AllHir.i .Mrxi.aii... M,.xi,.„, |,si<» Al..l.M.\n.<.nH> .1.,. Di...,,.,,,,,;, (;..o,ni,i,.. His.on,.,,. Al.I.i,!, ITS,; A.::r;i--'^v-=r'^ -- A I A A A ''''i''in .\iilii|iiaiiaii Socicfv T '■'.'■•' iv.'d (iO. 4 v„|s. niiiNactioiis and Coll cctions M oiccxicr '"■'•."•iiM Ktlmolo^ri,,,! Sorii'tv T ii'«''';i':iii Missions, H iiicriian N. •Ii's and (I I'^lory of. U ninsacfions. X.'w V„rl<, |,s4.-)-8. vols ItlTICS, oircslcr, ISU. ia, ls.")7. riiiladclpii "-'■'-" (^.ar,erly K.gi.tor. I'Jni;;^!^ < S18 ct .sf(|. XVUl AUTIIOUITIES (iUOTED. AiM('i-ic;iii (\)iiiirl('r!y lii'vicw. IMii!iiilcl|iliia, IS'.'T I't w'l. Allirrir.ill l!c,ui>liT. I'llil;iili'l|)lliil. ISI)7 el sci^. Aiiicrir.iii licNJcw. New N'ork, ISirifi sc(|, Aiiu'iiMiic t 'ciiiriilf. rtrk't iK; Saiito-Tlidnias, (iiiatc« iijii lii. I'.iiis. \Si\. Am|»Tc (.1. .1. ), rriiiiii'Mailc en Ani(''rii|iii'. I'aris, IS."), 'i vols. Viialc-. .Mi'\iiaiiii> lie < tCIK I II, Litcratma, rti .M. isno. .'I'lilctsiiii (.\l('\. ('. ), llaiiil-riiiiik and .Map of Frazor'.s aiitl Tliniiijisoirrt !i\crs. Sail l''iatici> |ls.-,,s|. Aiiiliews (\V. S.), llliiNtralioii.-. of ilir Wc-it Imlit's. liOiidoii, [|,S(ilJ. folio. Aimali's (It's \'ova l'ari>, ISO!) U. •_'» vol Aimiial of Sciciitiiic Disi'ovfi-v. lioston. IS.')(i ct sc<[. Annual l!c';;i>tri'. I.oiiiloti, I7S7 IS(I7. 17 vols. Alison i( ;coil;c), a \'oya;;i' round llic World, I7HI -I, London, 17l> Antii|niii''s .Mcxii'aincs. I'aris, ls;i4. folio. ;} vols. 'I'f.\t, '2 Mils., raili ■Mo. Ill "J ili\ i>ion ]>lati's, I vol. Antnrii'/ V .\cc\rdo (liafai'l), .Mciiiorias Mist Madrid, 17!il Aniinciarioii i.hian dc lal, Hoctriiia I liristiana iiiiiy i'iiin|ilida. Kn L'n^rna ('a'^ii'llana y .Mt'Niiana. Mexico, |.">7.">. Aiiiiiiciaiioii (.liiaii dc la), .Scniionaiio en l.ciij;iia Mi'sicaiia. Mexico, l.")77. ,\|mstidicos Afaiics de i.i ('oinpariia ile .lesiis. Ilarcelona, 17."'l. Ito. Aiavjo(l\an Martinez dc), .Manual de los .Santos Sacrainentos en el Idioina de M irliuacan. M. Il'i'.tli Arilienlioltz i.l. .M. von), 'I'lie llistorv of tlie I'irates, eti'., of Aineiica. l.on- Arc'liieol(i;^ia. or Miscellaneous Traits rclaliii;,' to Antii|uity. London, I77it ls.")7. .''T vols. Arena- (I'cdro dci, (Jiiidi; de la Coin-ersatioii en trois LaULiUi's, I'rancais i; iiol et Mexicain. I'aris, lSi;-_'. Arenas (I'edrode), N'ocalnilario .Manual de las F,eii''nas Castellana v Mex- icana. .M( I1.-.n:iieretaro. Mexico. I7!t-. 4lo. Arte de la Lciijiiia Nevonie, 4110 so dice I'inia. (Shea's Linguistics, No. ').) San .\u;;u.-tiiie, ISdi*. Atliaii;i>ins, see West-lndisclu' Sjiieiiliel. Atlantic .Monllily, IJostoii, I8.'>8 et si'i|. Atwater (t'ah'ii). Description of tlie .\iitinuities of Ohio. In Amcr. Aii- tii|. Soc, Transai't.. vol. i. Auhin .M cinoire sii r Tecriture titrurativi P 1S40. y\ii;;er ( Ivlouard), \'oya,t;e en < ';ilifornie. I'aris, 1,S.">4. Avila (Francisco de), Arte de la Li'iijiua Mexicaiia. Mexico, 1717. IJaojrcrt (.lacoli), .\n Account of the .Miori^iinal Fnhahitants of the Califor- uiaii I'cninsula. In Smithsonian lleport, IS('»:i-4. ]5aer(K. Iv voii), Statistische iind Ktliiio;;rapliische Nachrichtcii iiher dio liiissischeii l»esitzunyeii an der NordwestUiiste von Anierika. St I'eters- hur;:, l.s;«t. ISaeza ( jlaitolonie del Granudo), Los Indios dc Yucatan. In lU-^'istro Yiica' teco, tola. i. AniloRITIES QUOTED. xix llaily (.Tiilm), T'oiitral Aiiii'rii'n; (Icscriliiiif^ (iiiatcniala, lIoiiiliira?<, Salva- it. Jlaiii (Alcxaiiclcr), Mind and Uotlv; The Tlifork-s of fliuir lU'latimi. Ni'W York, |,S7:{. Italilwiii (.liiliii |).), AiH'ifiit Aiiu'rica. Ni'w York, 1S72. JtarUcr (.loliii W.), ami Henry Howe, All the Wo.Htern Slates ami Tfrritu- ries. Cincinnati, IKIiT. lliircena, (.F. M. Jloa), Knsayo Je una llistnria AniTilnlica de .Mcxl«i>. Mexi ISC' liiirccna, (.1. M. Koa), Ijcycmlas Mj-xicainis. Mexico, lfS(!2. Itarcia (Andres (Itnuale/ de), I listi triad) ires I'riniitivus de las liidias Occi- dentales. Mailrid, 174'.). folio. 3 \■^>\H. Hard (Samuel A.), Waikna; or, Adventures on the Mosnuito Slnue. [Ity K. (J. Snuier.J New York, 18."». ISaril (V. F-.), Mexi.iue. Donai. i.S(J2. Jlarnanl (.F. usaml Incidents in Texas, N. .Mexico, (/aliforuiu, Souora ami I'liihualiua. New York, 18.VF. '2 vols, llates (.Mrs 1). 15.), Incidents on Laml and W.iter. Hoston, iStJO. itausa (.losi- M.), l>os(|uejo (Ieo;;ralieo y Estadistico de I'aiiantla. In Soe. Mex. (leo;;., ISoJetin, toni. v. liaxley (Willisi, What I saw on the West Coast of South and North Amer- ica. New Yorii, l,S(i."». Itiuancourt (de), l-e Mexiinio Conteinporain. Paris, 1S()2, Iteaufoy (.Markl, .Mexican ll...strations. liondon, IS2H. IJeauinoiit, I'alilo de la Piirisima Conceiiciou, Cronica de la Provincia de S. Pedro V S. I'aiiSxle Mechoacan. .SiS. I'.echer (<'. C.), Mexico. Flamhurj,', IS:U. lieechev (K. W.), Narrative of a Yoyaye to the Pacific, 1825-8. London, ISIJI. 2 vols, r.eesoii (.Folm), A Plea for the Indians. New York, l.S.-),S. I,'ow, 183G. C vol.s. I'.elly (I'.lix). Le Nicaraunia. Paris. "1870. 2 vols. IJeltraini (.1. (".), Le .Mexi(|Ue. Pari.s, ISSO. 2 vol.s. Beltran . Pen/oni (Mnilaiiio), La Ilislitria del .Moiidn Nvovo. Yeiietia, l.">72. P.enzoni ((iirolaiiio), Historv of the New World, (llakl. Soc. ed.) London, 18.->7. Berendt (C. If.), Iteport of Explorations in Central America. In Smith- sonian Iteport, 1S(;7. Perenjrer, Collect ion de tons les N'ovages faits antour du Monde. Paris, 17.SS-'.t. it vols. Perlandier (Luis), and IJafacl Tliovel. Diario de Yiaj,'e de la Coniision do Liinites. .Mexii'o, 1S.")(). IJernardez (.Fosof de Itivera), Descripcion Breve de la Ciudad de Zacatcuas. Mexico, 17.'}2. Beta-^h (Win.), A Voyau'o round the \Yorld. London, 1757. Benlloch, Le .Mexi(iue en l.S2;i. Lonilon, 1824. 2 vol.s. P>iart (Lucien), F-a Tene Chande. Paris, [)8(;2|. Biart (l.ncien), l-a Terre Temperee. Paris, ISIiO. Bidwell (('has. Toll.), The Isthmus of I'auauui. London, 18G5. Vol. 1. 2 ' xz AUTIIOIIITIES Qr()TKI>. ni;;('li>w (.Iiiliii). 'VfiMiKiir i>f tlir !,if<' iiiiil I'lililic Siivii'cs i(f .luliii Cliarliw I'li'iiiiiiil. Ni'w N nrk, l.s."rt>. Iti^'liiriil i-loliiii, A (i('ii;;nijilii<'jil and lii^tiiiii ;il \"w\\ <>( ilu' Wnilil. l.nu- , IslO. .'i Mils. 15i;;lci' ill. 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Dvishvr;.'!, ir.lil. folio. IMexican rictiire-\Viitin;;s. I'ac-similes of .\ncient Mexiiiuile, C itiou of IJoluii Codex I >i{ I'ac-siinile, Woval l.ilirarv. Codex I'eJcrNary, l"ac-simile. in |io>.Mssion of M. !■" Codex .Mcndo/,1, Copy of till' Cidleclion of Meiidoza. vid i. i; de la C ileccion. vo Inl criu-elion of the Colleclio i1. iii. xplicacion n. vol. VI. Codex Telleriaiio-lteuiensis, Coiiv, in IJov.il Lilirarv at Paris, vol i. I'.xplicacioii, vol. v. I'.xplaiiatioii, \ol. vi Codex \'al'calius. Copy, l.ilpiary of the SpieL':azione didle Ta\oli d. Codex \ 1' h T il I \at . New V.uk ISCJ. Mexii„n,,,„,., |.,,j •,,^.-,, ^ni i^.iu. sn.ani; i:s..;';.:*;";;-,ir,'i..i;""'^"""'^- ^-"•'""- '«'- •* -i. ^ 1 1 (Nicholas,, Hi.s,,.,v of MoNi..,,. I..„..l.,„, ls-'4 A '''■'■ '•'""■I'"'"- ''»^' Arn..,i-st Hi,. M.mIo.s. L,..h1o„ IST-? ^I:;;"L;;;:;I : t- 1: ']::;„^;:::",s;r ■'--- ">'"'■■"'-.- [.-.]. ;;';t;;5:;;;;;:::'''v:;-.^';si>:;''^.;- -^.i— .. ::;:;'';tt;^s/r^'-i;:-::l':,;!;:7 ■••-■'-- -■a.i..n.i..s. inVnTnti;^;;;:'''''''''''-''-'^^^^^ m,.. M..lllm,.s,.„,|!al,|,n„,, 1)..,- Hu.l.tli,,^. I,,;,.,!. ,s.;.> ., vols MoIlliMiiNcii |l!,i!cliiiii), 'ra..,>l.ii,Ii ,. iM.r I',.; . , M- • • ■ ^lo;vi;.;7^;!;,::;,;''-;^,^';r'H'''''^:', ■''--• ^-vo,.k. ,^.,. ''''''.;;;:' ^'i;^^^i;•^•:;:;.:y;r;^''''"'''^>'''-^^^ >.. i!!;:;-nin';S::.i';v:,!!::|-?, ;;;'/•';'- x,. na..„, ,s... ^l^iill- of vaiioas'l,,; I V ■■'■■"'•' !';••' • "'"I'^'ialiv \i,.wof tlio ,, i'inia,i,.i,,hi;;:'is!;:,V:iir"'' ^""""-'' >-"••:' "".i souh. Amm.;;! Arosai,o .M-'Ni,.,-,,,,,, .M,,^i,„ ,S4,, o ; ^.„, > nM,;,„,.l,„ I, |j,,.-,|„ ,,, -■ ' ^-ls. :;:SrV:ti,--T;i'(;::-r-- - "-■ M 'viy i.S- I ^.n, Ft- Ivotri), A 'i/oiia ami Soiu.ra. N, \- ^V o\o I Mciiito M lllcisio, ISCi.'i. 'fo;:lM|i|iy an, I i;,.>nii nc> of A l^ill. li/oiia aii'l Sdii oi-a. Ilia ilfi, ( "lil''iM:">nlt ,i:,luar.li, \-,.,>„.| lias Mcjii;, lii'iiiias C.i'u 'Ml. I), I Mill! M (■Jii'o. If III i.loliii), I """'^' I". I^H. :.' \ol I t'liiiT ;;vliviifii S, lii|,l,.|- 'III!,' ''|iort on li, 'I'llloii. W oil-lillrlinii of a M ili.aiN Kia.l )' roiii W Ilia- mmmmmm MRM xxxvm AUTHORITIES QUOTED. MiillorM. 0.), floscliidito (lor Ainorikniiisrlicn Urrc'li;,n()non. r.ascl. ISOT. IMullcr f.l. W. voii), Ucit'-jijic /iir (Ji'st'liicliti-, etf., voi Mi'xico. I^fiji/ij,', iStM. IMulk'r(.F. W. V -ii). Ivt'iscn in lieu A't'icini^^tcnstaati'ii, ("auiiila, uml Mex- ico. Lcipzij,'. 'S(14. ,'i vols. ^liillcr (Max), Cliips fnim a (Icrmaii Worksln)]!. New York, ISd!). "2 vols. M iilli'i' ( Max), Lcctiiri's mi the Scit'iicc of Laii^na;,'i'. New ^'ork, 1.S71-2. •-'vols. Miiii>li'r (Scliastiau), ^'osiiio.ui'aipliia. liascl, l.")4.">. -(to. Miir;,f|iia, Ksfadistii'a a!iti;;iia >• iiioilcnia to|)li ( iolilicl) Mill), Naclniclit \(iii \('rsclii('(l('nt'n Liiinlfin dcs Spaiiisilicn AiiKTJka. Ilallc, ISOlt. ]\!nna\ illii^'li), !li^tol■i(•al Account of Discoveries and Travels in Norlli America. London, \s\l'.). •_' vols. Z\ln--co Mexicano. Mexico, 1S4:! ,"). ,"» V(ds. N. (N.), America, or an exact descrijition of flic West Indies. London, l(i.V>. 2Savarii'tc (Martin I'Vrnandez), Colcccion de los A'ia^rcs y Descnliriniii'iitos (|iie lucieioii los Ksjianoles desde lines d(d Siulo W. Mailri. Xeliel (Carlos), Viaje I'intoresco v Anineol 'ijico solire la lU'inililieiv Meji- cana, IS-.".) .'U. " I'aiis, ls:V.>. 'folio. Nene Naclirinri;', 177<>. >.'eve y Molina (iaiis de). (Irainin.ilica dcdla Liniiiia (Momi. I'1s|misI,i en Italianodal Conte I'/ica Silvio \'in<'enzo l'icc(doinini. Iioiiia, ISll. Nicolai (|-lliiid). Xewe nnd Wailiafte Kelalion \ on West-nnd-Osf Indien. Miinclieii, ICllt. Nicolay (('. (i.), Tlie Ore^ron Territory. London. ISIC). Xicvv.c Weerelt, Anders ;;lieiiaeMi|>t ^^'e--t-|||di(■n. .\msterdani, l('rJ'_'. folio. Ni/a ( Marco de), A Itclatioi of the r( iiercnd father l-'iier Marco de \ica. tondiin;,' liis dis(cnieiy i " Cciiola or ('ilifda. In !Iaklii\l's X'oyaucs, V'd. iii.; Ternanx-("oin|>ans, \'oy., si'rie i., toni. ix.; Itamiisio, Navi- ^ ,u'atioiii, torn. iii. Noriiia:i (IS. .M.), Ifamlileshy Land and Water. New ^'ork, iSl.'i. Norman ll!. M.i, l!aml)les in ^■ncatan. New N'oik. ISIH. Noitli .\nieiican llevicw. Itoston, iSMtct se<|. Nolt i-l. (' ) and < o'o. ll. (Widdon. lndi,i;cnoiis Itaces .,f the Karth. Tliil- adel|>hia. Iscs. Noiivelles .\niialcs de> A'oya-fs. Paris, ISI'.) (".(». l(i,S vol.s. Oersted. l/.\iiu''rii|iie Centralo. Uoi)enlia;;'ne, ISti.'i. (^L;illl^ i.ioliiil. .\merica: llein.u' the lafcsi inid nio^t accurate Desi'ri|it ion of the New World. London, 1()71. folio. < henoll. Sketches of Mission Life aiiloii'.: the ilidiaiisof. Nt'W ^ oik. IS"it. Orozco y liena (Manuel), (ieourafia ile las Li'iiL;iias y Carta Iltno.iriatica de >L'>\ico. Mrxico, |,S(i I. Onio il'raiici^co Xa\ ier .\lexo de), Ssc'. I.fiii/i;.', Isi'.i. Ulis(l'\ N.), Istliiiiiis (It I'iiiiaiii:'.. New \i>\\ lS(i,. <)ltii\ii>, I'lciiiHiiailc dans Ic (inliV ilu .Mcxi'i'.U'. In .Nnuvi'llts An V ls;{;{. tuiii. ONcrland .MimiIIiIn. San I'ranriscii, ISCiS ct •!■ ( )\ icdi) \- N'aldcs (( Ion /a 1(1 I'crnandcz del, II i>iiiria ( i( iicial v Nat'iia! dr las hiilias. .Ma.iiid, isr.i:). 4 vids. 4t.i. (Ivi. do V \'aldtiiii:l Natural di- la- Indias. In Itaicia, lii^lciiiadincs I'lini., ti Ndrlli (l(in, liiMitdM Moji- Ni I'll is-. I. |M< Sue. Parlii (.Ii)ac|uiii I'".), el al., ( 'idcn'iiin dc Dciciun.'nln-^ Ini'dito-; iclaliMis al |)fsciil>riniit'nto. ( '(iiii|iii>ta y ( idnnizacinn dc las T i: .Madrid, lSi;4- rts of IvNiilniat vols. tioiis anil Survt'vs \\ isliiiiL:ton, Is.i.i- •n An Pacili.' 11. {{.. It . , (Id. i:! vols. 4l"o. I'ldilla i.Maliasile la Mola), Cominista del llcino de la Nnc\a (ialicia. -MS. (iuadalajara, I74'_'. folio. I'mc (Lc';;li), Notes on a .lourncv fioni I>i'li/(' to ( Jiiatcniala. In Loiid. r (Jl'o;;'. S( oar., \oi. VIII I. IL,'I.-S iK ■I, N oiivcaii \ ova'jv a utonr du Moni Taris. 17!I7 l'a.i;i's (!■'. dc), 'i"i'av(ds round llic World. London, 17'.':{. "J vols. ralacio(i)ic;;o(;arcia dc), (aria diri;;ida a I licv dc i;s|iana. afio ir)7(i. | Willi Pal; I'al.i Mnulisli transliition. ii'io ( 1 >!(■"(! « laiiia dc), licl; .Mlianv, ISCO. (No. 1 of Souicr's ( 'ollcct ion. irlon IIC( I). I'clioc II. IS;ni ic a N prccci ilin-l lia |i lor cl liiccniiailo lalacio a n I ai'hci'o, ( oi. I lios. Description dc la Province dc ( inalcniala. reding.] In 'rciiiaux-t '(iin|i.in>, Kcciicil lic 1 >oc. Itcy Ic I loc. toni. \ i. I'Translatiiin of prc- I'alliscr i.lolm), l"..\|iloration of l'.rili--li .Vnicrit a. London, iSCiO. foli Palliscr (.lolin). Solitary ll.iiiililcs. Loudon. IS.-)."}. Palmer I. loci), .lournal of 'I'rascls oxer the L( P IS.- ilou ( irain-i iv.. toni. vi. vii. sco), Notic .M ias dc las ( 'a!il'( c\ieo, |S.-)7. P.-ilo : 1 1-' rill Itclaeion llistoriea .Mountains, ( 'ini innat i, In I >oc. II ist. .Mex., sei ii3 I \'iila V .\lio-tolir;is Tare: \' Trail. N< w N IM'.l. arrv ( III (l'rauci>i, The .Icsnils in North .\iiicriia. \\ . M.i, .loiniMls of the lirst, second and lliinl io-ton, isi, o\ ;i::e^ tor I hi Patf •i\ of a Niiilli ■ \: .VliH'ricaili^. L d licrloa (.). D( iiid llritish ( 'ill il -pa III I. Fad- iiiiiiiia. Loiidi I''i,u'iircs II, ISIKI. .'lalin.u' to \ aiicouv er'~ l-laiid V ' / I I'lanciM'oi, Caii'i-i-nio de la Doelrina ('ri--ti I Len'_:na ( lloini. !cxii'( >. ls;u. h / (.III, ill), liclac'oii ( !e/ Milan I'lo/. ( roiiolii',^1 ll'cli del ill viauc 1 II 1774 eon la fia'iata Saiitiauo. 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Puydt (Liicicn ile), Account of Scientilii' Explorations in the Tsthmns of Darien, IStil, 1805. In homl. (ieoy. fSoc, Jour., vol. xxxviii. Quarterly Itcview, Tiondon, ISOKet secj. (jhicH'taro, Noticias Kstadisticas. Mexico, lS-t8. (^uintana (Manuel Josef), \'idas de Esiiafudes L'elelires Paris, 1845. Itadloir (L.), Einijj;o Naclirichten iiher die Sprache der Kai;;anen; in Me- lan;;('s Itusses, tttni. i/, , livraison v. St IV'tershourj;-, 1S."»8. Ptae(\V. !•". I, Westward )i.' iMl. London, 1870. Itaniirex (Antoi.io de (Iiiadaluiie), liri've <'oni|iendio de todo lo (|ue dcl.e sailer y entender id Christiauo, en l.en;;:ua Ollionii. Mexico, 17."it; torn, ii., I.")..;{; toni. iii., l.")(i."). ;{ V(ds. folio. Jtankiii^ (.loliii). Historical liesearclies on the C'oiKiucst of Pern, Mexico, etc., hy the Mon;;(tls. I.onilon, 1S"_'7. Paso (.\iitoiii(( did), Notas I'sladisticas del Departanicnto de (jMieii'taro. Ill Isdc. .Mex. (Jeojf., Iioletiii, toni. iii. Pattiay (.Mex.), N'ancoiiver Islaiiil and liritish ("(diiniliia. T.ondoii, IS()2. Kail (Chailc--), Indian Pottery. In Sniilh.Miiiian i;e|ioit. l.S(i<;. llaveii (l;alph!, tJolden Dreanis and Leaden Kealities. New ^'oik. l.S.">;!. Payiial ((;. r.), Iliftoire Philosopliii|ue et I'olititnie. Pari.s, lS'JO-1. 12 \ols. iiiid atlas. Pe;;iMln 'rriiiicstie. Mexico, lS.'i-2. lu'^i.-tro ViicMlcco. MiTida, ISt,">. 2 vols. Pcichaiilt (<', V.:, Ceiitio-.Aiiierika. Piaiinsehweijr, IS.'il. Iteichanlt (('. I'.i, Nicara^iiia. ItiaiiiiMliwci;;-, 1S.")4. lieid (lliinoi, The Indians of I.os .\n;:ilfs ('oiiiity. In Eos An;.'cles Star, isr)2; Calitoniia I'anncr, lS(il;aiid in Hiiycs ("(dh'ctioii. Pelacion de al;;iinas nisas de la Niiexa Espafia. [.\nonynions ('i)iii|iicror. | In Icazhalceta, Col de Doc. toiii. i. Pelatione d" alcvne cusr della Niioua Spa.uiia. etc., jicr vii piitirhiioiiio clel Si^fiior I'l'inaiido Cnitof. [ Anonynioii.'' ('nii(|Uer(ir. ] In i;aiiiii>io, Na\i- j;atiuiii. toni. iii. l!eli;;ioiis (■(■iciMcinies and Ciistonis. Eoiidoii, I7.'il. .'(vols, folio. l!eiiie>al (.\iitnnio de), llisi.iria tie la I'mvincia de S. \i-eiite de ( livapa. Madrid. Kint. 4to, lleniy (.lilies), and .liiliiis r.rcnchley, A .lourney to (Jreat Suit Lake Citv. Londiiii. iSCij, 2 Vols. Jteveie (.losi'pli Vaiicn), \ 'l',,,,,- of Dntv in California. New York. |S4!t. JJeviila-Uip'.in. Extra, icis de la Carta de •-'7 hi Mc.\ ii'iiiia. .Mexico, IS.T). lii'Viie Ann'iii nine. I'liiis, IS-JH et se([. Ile\ lie lies Deux Mniiclcs. Palis, KS.'i'.l et seq. IJeviie I'laiicaise. I'aris, IS(!4. Jiil)a^ lAiidres I'ere/ de). Ilisloria \ incia de Nne\a-Ks|iafia. Madrid. Kil.'). folio. ]!il>eiii il.. .Mi;.;tiel), I'loyectii de .Monaii|uia en .\ie\ico. Madiid. IMIi. liicliaidsiin (.liilm), Arctic Seanliin;; Kxiiedition: A .1 onrna of a I>oat V i. .n, 1,S,')I. •_' vols ov- Iiicliaidson (.lolin). 'I'lie I'olar l!e;;ions. Kdinl>nrj;li, IS(il. liiclitliiifen I Mniil Karl lleinricli \iin), i)ie Aensseren iind Inncren I'ulitisclieii Ziisliinde der l!e|inlilik Mi'xico. Uerlin, i.S.")J. l!it) (Anionii) dell, ! tescriiiliou of the Knins of an Ancient ( 'it\ [I'aleniiueJ. I Ion, ]S-2-2. 4to. l!io (Antonio dell, liesclireilMinn' einer Allen Stadt. [With additions liy the Irauslalor, .1, II. von .Minntoli. ] lierlin. I."i.".l'. Jlios ( !!|iitaciit •). de los), Conipendio de la llistoria de ^lexico. Mexico, IS.V_'. I'i|i,ildo, ('atecisnio (en idio.iia Mixteco). Pnehla, 171!>. liitos Anti;;iios, Sacrilicios e idolatrias de los Indios de la N'neva-l'.siiana. In KinL;slioron;:h's .Mi'x. ,\ntiii., vol. ix. l.'ittner ( lleinricli), ( li;alii..o/iii iiln r die Welt und die I'.ide. Uerlin, ISO). li ivera, am I (; iircia, l>niiias iie (,>neiiiaila. In Mnsco .Mexicaiio, toni '.Mariano Edward), See 'rsdindi, I'ernv iaii .\nti lioliertsDn Itiilierlsiin (W (W in). The Ilistorvof .\iiierica. Eoiidon, 1777. -\i illianif illiain Parrishl. ■Ito. Ill, I.S,").S. 2 vol> .\ N'isit to .Mexico. I.oiidi l!ii!iiii,-oii (.\lfreil), Life in California. New ^'orl<, ISIti. PoliiiiMin I I'jiyette), California .iiiil itstJuld i;e;:ions. New "N'ork, LSI!). Ilorhelle (lioiix de), lltals I' nis dWinciiiiiie. Paris, |.s.";{ J > I ii:i iWi O, A Cn \ ovai^e ro iind the W orld. I.oiiiluii, I7IS. liollin. .Mcinoire PI \- i\'., toni. IV. i\siolo;^iiine t PatI lolOL;li)lle stir 11 s A nicricaiiis. In r .losi' ( iiiadi iliii'i •), Niiti icias iiaia turnia ir la Hist I V la E.stadist ica P. Id Oliis|iado de .Miclioacaii. .Mexico, ISIil*; and in Sue. .Mc\. (Ici iietiii. tolii. VIII. EoijUceiiil (( 'aiiiille de), ^'ova;ie round the World. I.iiiidon, |S'J;{. lioi|iielte (I>e hi), He la ( ii'ii;.;ra|iliii' de la Noii\elle-( Ireiiade. In Noiivelli Am; V is.- toin. cxlvii Pose 1 1 OSS iiiili (.1. P>.), I.ettei- on Northern California Indians. MS. .\le\.i. Adventures of the I'iist Settlers on the ( )reL;on or CohiiiiMa i; I, IS ID. Itoss (.Mex.), The I'lir llnnters of the I''ar West, l.oiidon, IS.V). '.'vols Kossi, Soiixcniis il'iiii \'o,\ a;:e en Ori'^on, Paris, ISC.j. li'oiihaud (Iliji.). l.es Pcjioiis Nonvi i; Ics. I'aris, l.StlS. C i'o'4rai)iiicai .>ociet\ tv of I itusclieiilicrucr r(\V. S. W.), N iiiiiliin. irraliv (' i ee l.oiiil. ( icoir. .Nik f a \- o'.aue roi mil the Worhl. Li d. is;{s. •_» vol^ 1 Inxtoii iCcoil:!' I'rcderic), Adveiitiires in Mexico and the Itocky .Moiiiilaiiis. NewVork, 1S4S. Iiiixlon ((ieor;^e I'rcderic). Sur hi Mi^rration des .\iiciens Mexicaiiis. Iii Nonvelles .Vnnalcs lies \'oy.. iS.'iO. loin, exxvi. liii/ (.Iiiai|iiin), Cartilla IP Silaliario lie I.en;.;iia .Maya. .Merida, lS4t>. IJnz !.loai|uin), ( iraniiitica \'ncateca. .Mirida. ls||. Jlyaii (Williain Itednioinl ), Pei-mial Aiheiitnies in V'pjier and Lower Cali- fornia. London, 1S.")I>. "J vols. S. (.1. L.), See Neiie Xachrichten. Sacramento Daily I'liion. Sacramento. lS."4etsei(. Sahaunii ( liernardiiio de). La .\iiaricion de Niiesiia Sefiora de (Inadahiiie de Mexico, ^lexico, 1840. Itaiiis. Ill ICali- Ipo lie Sail AI AL'TIIorJTIES QUOTED. (I'oniai'iliiii) (Ic), Ilistoriu (iciicral dc las Cosas iK- Xiicva I"> CXICll. 1S21). ;{ V. iiKl 111 iMiiusiiitnii li s Mux. Aiiti4. Sala/ar y ( Martc ( lunario ilfi, Historia dc la < '(imniista dc .Mexico, Sc;,'iiiidii I'artc. |< 'iintiniiatinii of Si (I'lnlidia, 174I{. t'(iiii>. Saiincnin, (( icri'iiiiliii) dc Z;iratci, liclacioiics dc todas las cu.sas i^iic cli cl XiicvK-.Mcxico sc liaii vislit y saiiidii, iri.'JS-lli'Jli. lnl)(ic. Ili^t. Mc.\., rcric iii., [it iv. Salvaticira (Jiiaii .Maria dc), Cartas. In Doc. Hist. Mcx.. scric iv., toiii. v., and scric ii., tiiin. i. Siiinanii i-lnan del, IJclacion dc la (.'uiKjiiisla dc lus Tciilc.> Cliicliiinccas. la lia/.lialrcta. 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Wlivniper ( I'l't'ih'i'ickl, 'i'ravel and Adventure in tlie 'IVrritory of Alaska. ' New York, IStiO. W'ierzhicki (P. 1'.), Califoniia as it is. San Francisco, 1849. '.rTIIOIJITIKS QfOTED. xlix WilUfH (Clinrlo). Narriilivr of ilu- \ . S. W. Ilx., 1S.'W-J2. I'liilailfli-liiii ^t the (lie ill .1. 111 V o.k, n lionilDii, :m. Ill iX\.] Ill I'. New Li|iiMit>r. Alaska. Isn. •It< (l. S. W. i;x. \. ASi'' rsdii. Notes (III l'll;;('t Si.iiliil. ll.pl.. II. il. W I li iiii^oii (It, S.), Ii( |ioi't. of l'l\|iloi'alioiis ill California, Is.'i:!. In I' iI. K. Iicport^, vol. V . A\'ilisoii (.Male iii-i, Aiiicrii'aii FiiHti ('iiicimiati, ISlT. ^\■il>oll (Paiiifl), l'liy>iial l'.lliiio|o;;y. In Siuitli^oiiiaii l!('|iort. ISlI'J. \\ ilsoii (liohfil Aii(lt'rson), .Mr.\iro anil it.s Kcli^jion. Nrw Nork, is.").'). ^Vil>oll (luilicit .\ii(Ici'moii), a Ni'W History of the ('oiiijiicst of .Mexico. riiila.lcl|.liia, hs.'.it. M'iiiinii'l (lli'inrich), Califoniieii. C'as.scl, l.S()7. ■\\ inflow (t'liailis !■".), I'oiic ami Nature. riiilailel|.liia, ISC.O. \\ iiiteriiotliain (W.), An liistoiical \'ie\v of the l'. S. of .Vmeriia. New \n]k, \S\± 4 vols. Militelfelill (I,. VOID, Del- Mosi|iiilo-Staat. I'.erlili, 1.H4."). A\;mI|iio|i ( riieii(lore), 'i'lie t'aiioe ami the SaiMli-. I!o>ton, l.StJ.'J. \\ise, Los tl rill jio.s. New N'oik, |si,"). N\'i/.li/eiiiis (.\. I, .Memoir of a 'I'oiir to Noilheiii Mexico, (."iith Coii^'., 1st Se>s., Senate .Miseel. Doe. •JC. ) \Va>hiii;;ton, ISJS. ^\'(lolls (Daniel II.), Sixteen .Months at tlu^ (ioltl Di^^i^iii^s. New Vurk, IS,-) I. AV(ii>ley (Israel), llevie.w of the .\niei-ieaii Indians. liomlon, 1 JS. Wortiev (l-adv Kiiiineliiie Stuart), Travels in the I'nite'l .-lates. New York, ls.-ii. Wiaiiui'll, ( >l)servatioiis iceiieillies |iar I'.Vliiiral ^siir les llaliitantsdeH Coles Nonloiiest de rAiiieriniie. In Noiivelle.s AiiniiU's dcs \ oy., 1S.')3. toni. exxx\ii. Wyeth (.lolin 11.), Ore^^oii. Canihrid^'e, 1SH3. Xiniene/ (I'raneisco), Las Ili.storiiis del Uri^'en de los Iiidios de esta I'roviii- eiii de (■iiateiiiala. Vieiia, l.S")?. Vales (.Fohn), Sketch of the SacranicMito Valley in 1842. ^IS. ^■e|ies (.Ioai|iiiii Lo])ez), Catecisino y Doclaraciou de la Doetriiia Cristiantonii. .Me;^ico, l.S'Jll. Voii.;-e (C. |).), Tlifee Centillies of .Modern History. New \'oik, I.S7'_'. Voiin;,' ('riionias), Narrative of a llcsideiiee on the Mosquito Shore. i.,oii- doii, ISfJ. Viieatan, tstadisticiv do. Mexico, 18.>3. Zeiiteiio (Curios de Tapiu), Arte Novissinia de Lciif^iui Mexicana. Mexico, 1 :.-):<. /eiiteiio (Carlos de Tajiiii), Noticia de la Leii;,'na Hiiasteca. Mexico, 17<>7. Zajiata (.Iiian ( )rfiz), Uelacioii de las .Mis-;ic)iies (|iic la ( 'ompariia de .lesns tieiie en el Ueiiio y I'roviiicia de la Niieva N'iscaya. [IdTS.j In Doc. Hist. .Mex., scrie iv., toni. iii. Ziiazo (.Monso), Carter del Liceiieiailo al I'adre Fray Luis do Fij,'iieroa. In leazhalcetu. Col. tie Doc., torn. i. Ziirii;;a (I^iiiacio), Iti'ipida Ojeada al I'.stado dc Soiiora. [Con]) d't >eil, etc.] In Noiivelles Aniiales lies \'oy., ISt-J. torn, xciii. Ziirita (.Vlonzo de), liapport siir les Dillereiites Classes de Ciiei's de la N'oii- velle Es]iagiie. In Termiu.x-Conipans, \'ov., scrie ii., toin. L I'aris, 1840. m > i : i i'i THE NATIVE RACES OF THE PACIFIC STATES. "WILD TlilBES. CHAPTER I. ETHNOLOGICAL LXTRODUCTIOX. elothand stoam.onut facts i^Ar^i A r'"^*"? '!"^^- '^^-^ly lor '-'^ ti.o sun, of as:;c;rt^!;ald L""^>' ^^"^^"'^^^^ '^ Vol. I. 1 acts, and that OA'vi-y new (1) ETHNOLOGICAL INTKODUCTIOX, fuct ])r()u:zlit to lidit. pr i'sor\'tM iu\r. 11 ii(mii 111 to ill m'lUM'iil fiiiid. is .so much ju'ided to tlio uorld's Atnv of CHOW k"d: -"vvlu'ii Ave coiisidor lluit, ])i'oiid iind i\\v ;is oiii" tlicoiics limy iviU'h, the reahii ot'delinite, tiiii.i^ihle, iisce"- t.ihied truth is still of so little extent, the iuDoi '.u./e of every nevei'-so-iusiunifieiuit Ji('(|uisiti()u is iiuuiiKst. (Nnupare any fact Avith the i'ancies which ha\e liecii prevalent conceniiiiii' it. and consider. 1 Avill iiv)t say their relative hr'Miance, hut their relativi' iiiip(irtaiire. Take electricity, how many e\i)lanatioiis lia\e licen given of the lightning' and tlie thunder, yet there is \>ut one lact; the atmosphere, how many howliiij:' demons have directed tlie tem[)est, how many smiiiu^:' deities moM'd in the soft hree/.e. For the one all-sulliciciit First (^uise. how many myriads of uod.^ lia\e l)een set up: for every [ilu'nomenon how many causes Ikim' Ii(( u iuvi'iited ; with every truth how many untruths liaxc coiiteiideil. with everv fact how main' faucic Tl: proli)iind in\'esti,iiations of latter-day ]»liilosopliers are nothin;!' hut sinijile and lahorious inductions from ascer- tained [\v('i:i, facts concerniuL'' attraction, polarity, chemi- cal aiTmity and the like, for the e\j)lanation of A\hi( h there are countless hyjiotheses. each hypothesis iinoU in;.;' nuiltitudes of speculations, all of which e\aporate as the truth slowlv crvstalli/es. speculation is \ahia ihle t o science ouh' as it directs the mind into othcrwise-uiidis- ('ovi'ral)lc paths; hut when the truth is i()und. there is an (']h\ to s[)eculation. So much lor facts in fivneral : let us now look for a mouicut at the j)articiilar class of facts of which this uoi'k a CO llectl on. Th" tendency of [)irdosophic. inquiry is inoi-e and iiior;' toward the orii^in of thiir^s. In the earlier stages of iutelk'ctual inii)ulsc. the mind is almost wholly ai»-oi'!)' I ill mini.-'teriiin' to the n {':'{' < after hi'e proxokes iiii|uiry. au I conteniplations ot" an et^'rnity of the future cnuiMi in I attention : but not until knowledue is well a l\ance;l TENDENCY OF PHILOSOrillC IXQUIKT. does it iip[)eiir that tlicro is likewise an eternity of tlio past wui'tliy of careful scrutiny. — without which scrutiny, indeed, the eternit\' of the future nnist I'orever reiuMin se aled hook Standing' as we do hetween these two eternities, our view limited to a narrow thoiiuh ura lualh \- wKlenmti' hori/on. as nature nnveils hi'r nns- Is h tcries to our iuijuiries. an inlinity s[)re;ids out in either dir;'ction. an inliuity of minuteness no less than an iniinity of iumu'nsity ; I'or hitherto, attempts to reach the ultimate (^f molecules, have proved as lutile as attem[)ts to reach the ultimate of masses. Xow man. the nohlest work of creation, the only reasoninj;' (creature, standing; alone in the midst of this vast sea of undiscovered truth, — ultimate knowli'dge ever recedin.i:' I'rom his ,uras[). [)rimal causes only thi'own I'arther hack ;is proximate j)i'ol)lems iU'c solved. — man. in the study of maid^ind. nuist i'ollow his researches in hoth ol' these directions. ])ackwai'd its well as i'orward, nnist indeed deiive his whole l^nowl- ed;ie of what man is and will he IVom what he has heen. Thus it is tiiat the study of mankind in its mimiteness assumes the gi'andest proi)ortions. \ iewed in this liiiht tluMv is not a feature of primitive humanity without siu- "iiicance; there is not a custom or characteristic oi' sa\- a/e nations, however mean or rcNoltini:' to us. IVom which impoi'tant le.ssons may not he ih'awn. It is only I'rom till' study ol' ha>'l)arous and partialis cnltixati'd nations that we are ahle to couiprehend man as a [iroiiressiNC l)ein.i'. and fo icca!i'ni/,c the siiccessixe statics throuLli whii'h our sa\a;A> ancestors lia\c passed on their way to ci\ih/ation. With the natural jihilosophcr. there is little thouiiht as to the relative importance of the manil'old wo'.'l pair, constitutes but one sto.'k, though subject to vai'io'.is modifications. Anatomically, there is no dilVerence be- tween a Xegi'o and a Muropcan. The color of the skin, the textuiv of the hair, the convolutions of tiie bi'aiii, and all other peculiarities, may be attributed to heat, moistmv, and food, .Man. though ca[>able of subduiiig the world to himself and of making his home under climates and circumstances the most diverse, is none the OIIIGIN OF Man. thero ^^B tion ; ^B tiine- ^^B • pro- B Miists, "'^ other •1 vorito lulom. ario'.is :3 CO 1>^'- ^ i skin, ln-ain, :H ln'ilt, W )i'luiii;j; "^B uiulcr ue the -^ h'ss 11 cliild of iiutuiv. acti'd upon and inoldod Ijy tlioso t'oiiditioiis whicli lie attempts to iioxcni. ('liiuatc. peri- odicities of iiatiui'. material siirroimdin,t:s. lial)its of t!ioii,::lit and nuxles of life, aetinj;' tliroii,t:li a lon.i-' series 1)1" a,u('s, exercise a powerl'id inlhience npon the linman i)hvsical ori-ani/ution; and M't man is i)erreetl\' created lor any .s[)here in whicli lie may dwell; and is esides hein.u consistent with sonnd reasoninj:. this theory can hrinii' to its sni)[iort the testimony of the sacred writiniis. and an internal evidence of a creation di\ini? and spiritual, whicli is saiu'tionod ])\ trailition, and confn-nied hy most philosophic minds. Man, mdiki' aiiiiiials. is the direct olls[)i'in_L!; of the Creator, and as muIi he alono contimies to deri\o his iidierit- ance IVom a divine Konrce. Tlui llehi'aic ivcord, con- tiniio the monoLivnists, i- tlu' only anthentlc solution of the ori.i-inof all thin-s; nnd its histoiy is not only I'lilly sustained hy science, hut it is upheld l»y the traditions i)f the most ancient harharous nations, "whose mythology strikimily reseinl>les the Mosaic accoimt of the crt'ation, the dehiize. and the disti-ihnticajo*' ])eoi)les. The ^^emitic lamily alone were civili/eil from the hoLiinninii'. A pe- I * g I i Hill i! I il 6 ETHNOLOGICAL INTIIODUCTIOX. ciiliar jK'oplo. constiiiitly uplu'ld by spociul net of Frovi- doiice IVom lallinji' into [iiipmisni. they iilono pos-^essed a true knowledge of tlu' mystery of civatioii. A univer>id iieci'ssity foi' some form of worsliij). a lielief inliereiit in all mankind, in an omnipotent deity and a life hty ond the ^ra\e. ])oint to a connnon origin and j^ophesy a eonmion destiny. This ntiieh for the moiumenists. The second liyi)othesis, that of the [)oly;ienists. holds that there Avas not one only, hnt several indcjieiident creations, each ^ivinji' birth to the essential, unchan^ealile peculiarities of a separate I'ace; thus constitutin.u' a di- versity of s[iecies with primeval adaptation to their ()i:raphical distrii)ution. Aforton Agassi/. Clidd(jn, and others in America, stand spoii>ors for this theory. The physiolouical diil'erences ol' rac(>. they say. \vhich separate maidvind into dassi's. do not result from climatic; .surround injas, but are inherited fi'om original projienitors. They ])oint to marked charactei'istics in various peoples which have remained imchanLicd ibr -a period of lour thousand \ears. In place ol' controvertinu' (li\ ine i'cac- lation, they claim that Mosaic history is the history of a •sinizle race, and not the history of all mankind; thai the record itself contains an implied existenceof other races; and that the distribution of the Aarious s[iecies or races of men. accordin^i' to their i'elati\'e oi'pmisms. A\as jiart of the cri'ative act. and ol' no less importance than Avas the act of creation. The third hyi)othesis. derived maiidy from the writ- injis of Lamarck. Darwin, and lluxky. is based tipon (he ])riuci{)le of evolution. .Ml existin,^' species are dcNclop- meiits of some prei'xistin^L' i()rm. Avhich in like manner desci'nded by true ••eneration from a Wivui still kmer. Man. say they, bears no impress oi'a divini' orii:iual that is not common to brutes; he is but an animal, more [teifectly (le\ eloped throuuh natural and sexual si-lection. Cnm- niencinu' with the s}»ontaneous veneration of the lowest types of vetii'table and animal life. — as the accuiiudation of mold upon food, the swarminii of mai:iiots in nuat, i! HYPOTHESES CONCERNING OIliaiN. a tlic infusorial aniinalculos in water, the generation of insect life in decaying vegetable sub.stance.s, — the birlh of one form arising out of the decay of another, the slow and gradual unfolding from a loAver to a higher sjliere, aeling through a long succession of ages, culminate in the grandeur of intellectual manhood. Thus nmch for this lil'e, while the hope of a like continued progress is enier- taine(1 lor llie life to come. While the tendency of variety in organic ibrms is to decrease, argue these latter-day niitui'alists, individuals increase in a proportion greater than the provisional means of support. A predomi- naling species, nnder favorable circumstances, rapidly multiplies, crowding out and annihilating opposing spe- cies, There is therefore a constant struggle for existence in nature, in which the strongest, those ])est fitted to live antl improve their species, prevail; while the deformed and ill-la\'ored are destroyed. In courtship and sexual selection the Avar ibr precedence continues. Throughout nature the male is the wooer; he it is who is armed lor fight, and j^rovided with musical organs and ornamental appendages, with which to charm the fair one. The savage and the wild beast alike secure their mate o\er the mimgled form of a vanquished rival. In this man- ner tlie more liighly favored of cither sex are mated, and natural selections made, Ijy which, l)etter ever pro- ducing Ijetter, the species in its constant variation is constantly improved. ^lany remarkal^le resemblances may be seen between man and the inferior animals, in embryonic development, in physical structure, in material composition and the function of organs, man and animals are strikingly alike. And, in the possession of tbat immaterial nature which more widely separates the human from tbe l^rute creation, the '".r onable soul' of man is but an evolution from Ijrute instincts. The dillerence in the mental iiiculties of man and ani- mals is immense; l)ut the high culture Avhich T)elongs to man h;is bwn slowly developed, and there is plainly a wider separation between the mental power of the lowest 8 ETUNOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION. '1^ I zoijplijte and the highest ape, than between the most intellectual ape and the least intellectual man. Fhysi- eally and mentally, the man-like ape and the ape-like man sustain to ea^sh other a near relationship; while between the mammal and the mollusk there exists the greatest possible dissimilarity. Articulate language, it is true, acting upon the brain, and in turn being acted upon to the improvement of both, belongs only to man; yet animals are not devoid of expedients for express- ing feeling and emotion. It has been observe;! that no brute ever fashioned a tool for a special purpose; but some animals crack nuts with a stone, and an accident- ally splinteretl Hint naturally suggests itself as the first instrument of primeval man. The chief dilllculty lies in the high state of moral and intellectual power which may Ije attained by man; yet this same progressive principle is likewise found in brutes. Nor need Ave Ijlush ibr our origin. The nations now most civilized were once barbarians. Our ancestors were sa\^ages, who, with tangled hair, and glaring eyes, and blood-besmeared hands, devoured man and beast alike. Surely a re- spcctaljle gorilla lineage stands no unfavorable compari- son. Ik'twccn the first and the last of these three rallying points, a whole continent of debatable land is sprcacl, stretching from the most conservative orthodoxy to the most scientific liberalism. Numberless arguments may 1)0 advanced to sustain any given position; and not un- freqiicntly the same analogies arc brought forward to prove propositions directly oppugnant. As has l)cen ob- served, each school ranks among its followers the aljlcst men of science of the day. These men do not differ in minor particulars only, meeting in general upon one broiid, common platform; on the contrary, they find themselves nnable to agree as touching any one thing, except that man is, and that he is surrounded ])y those climatic intkiences best suited to his organization. Any one of these theories, if substantiated, is the death-blow PLANTS AND ANIMALS. of the others. The first denies an}- diversity of species ill ereiitiun uiid all iiinuutabilitv of race; the second denies a unity of sjjecies and the possibility of chanji'e in race; the tliird denies jdl s[)ecial acts of creation and, like the first, all iminutabillty of race. The question respecting the oriiiin of animals and ])lants has likewise underuonc a siuiilar ilux ol' 1)eliels, but with dillerent result. ^Vluitever the conclusions may be with I'cgard to the origin of man, naturalists of the present day very generally agree, that there was no one universal centre of propagation for pliuits and ani- mals; Ijut that the same conditions of soil, moisture, heat, and geographical situation, always produce a shni- larity of species; or, what is eciuivalent, that there were )nany primary centres, each originating species, -which spread out from these centres and covered the earth, 'j'his dor.trine was helsl by early naturalists to be irrecon- cilable with the ^^cripture account of the creation, and was therefore denounced as heretical. Linnanis and his contem[)orarics drew up a pleasing picture, assigning the birth-place of all forms of life to one particular fertile spot, situated in a gonial climate, and so diversified with lofty uKjuntains and declivities, as to present all tlie various temperatures recpiisite for the sustenance of the diliereut species of animal and vegetable lil'e. The most exuber;uit types of llora and fauna are found within the tropic d i-egions, decreasing in richness and profusion tow.;i;!s either pole; while man in his greatest jjerfcction occupies the temperate zone, degenerating in harmony of features, in })hysical symmetry, and in intellectual \igor in either direction. Within this temperate zone is placed the hypolheti;',al cradle of the human race, varynig in locality according to religion and tradition, 'i'lie Cau- casians are referred for their origin to ]\hnuit Cauc;i>us. the ?^I<)n;j,olians to ]\[ount Altai, and the Africans to ^[ount Atlas. Thi'ce jirimordlal centres of po[)al:ii'(!n have been assigned to the thi-ee sons of Noah, — Arauia, the S.'Uiitic; India, the Japetic; and Egypt, the ruumtiv.- 10 ETHNOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION. i ! coni:ro. Thibet, an\ tlio inaiint.iins ,sui'roun;ling (ho Gobi desert, liavo b^uii dcisi;j;ii;ite;l us the point IVoni which u genenil distribution w;is miido; while the sacrod writings mention Ibui- ricli and boaiitilul valleys, two of which aro watered by the Tigris and l"]n[)hratos, as the birth-placo ol' ni;in. It was formerly believed that in the bciiinnin-j;, the [)ri!neval ocean covered the remaining portion of the idobe, and that from this central spot the Avaters receded, tiiereb)' extending the limits of terrestrial life. Admitting the unity of origin, conjecture points with apparent reason to the regions of Armenia and of Iran, in ^vestern Asia, tis the cradle of the human race. De- parting from this geographical centre, in the directions of the extremities of the continent, the race at iirst de- generated in proportion to distance. Civilization was ibr many ages confined within these central limits, until by slow degrees, paths Averc marked out to the eastward and to the westward, terminating the one upon the eastern coast of Asia, and the other upon the American shores of the Pacific. Concerning the distri))ution of plants and animals, but one general opinion is now sustained with any de- gree of reason. The beautifully varied systems of vege- tati(^n with which the habitable earth is clothed, springing up in I'ich, spontaneous abundance; the botanical centres of corresponding latitudes producing resemldance in gen- era without identity of species; their inability to cross high mountains or wide seas, or to pass through inhospi- taljle zones, or in any way to spread far from the original centre, — all show conclusively the impossibility that such a multitude of animal and vegetable tribes, with char- acters so diverse, could have derived their oriiiin from the same locality, and disappearing entirely from their original bi^'th-jilace, sprung ibrth in some remote part of the globe. Linni^cus, and many others of his time, held that all telluric tribes, in common with mankind, sprang from a single pair, and desccniled from the stock which was preserved by Noah. Subse(|uently this opinion was M PRDIORDIAL CENTEES. n moiVifiofl, dvlng to each f^pocics an origin in .some certain sp'jt to which it WHS particularly adiipted by nature; and it ^vas supposed that i'roni these priuiar\- centres, throut:li SL'conchu'y causes, there was a general difl'usion through- out the surrounding regions. A comparison of the entomijlogy of the old world and the new, shows that the genera and species of insects are ibr the most part peculiar to the localities in which tbcy are Ibund. J>irds and marine animals, although um-e- stricted in their movements, seldom Avander far I'rom specific C(!ntres. AVith regard to wild beasts, and the larger animals, insurmoimtable difficulties present them- selves; so that we may infer that the sysfeuis of animal life are indigenous to the great /.oijlogical pro\inces where tliov are ibund. On the other hand, the harmony Avhich exists be- tween the organism of man and the methods by which nature meets his recpiirements, tends conclusively to s!i()w that the world in its variety was made lor man, iind that man is made ibr any portion of the earth in which he may ])o found. Whencesoever he comes, or howsoever liereaches his dwelling-place, he always finds it Itrcpared for him. On the icy banks of the Aivtic ( )cean, where mercury freezes and the ground never softens, the lisi'cimo, wrapped in furs, and burrowing in the earth, revels in grease and train-oil, sustains vitality b\' eating raw ilcsh and whale-fat; while tfie naked inter-tro|)ical mau luxuriates in lile under a ])urning sun, where etlur boils and reptiles f^hrivel upon the hot stone over Avhieli they attempt to crawl. Tlie watery iVuit and shading vegetation would 1)e as useless to the one. as l!ie heating food and aniuial clothing would be to the other. The capability of man to endure all climates, his om- nivorous habits, and his powers of locomotion, (nabl(> liiui to roam at will over the earth, lie Avas i ndowed ^\ith intelligence wherewith to invent methods of migra- tion and means of protection from nnfavorable climatic in!luen(?e, and with ciipabilities for existing in almost 12 ETHNOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION. any pju't of the \vorl(l; so tliiit, \n tlio oconomy of natiiro tlu' iR!(!t;s.sity did not oxist uilli i-cjiiird to iiiiiii lor tluit diversity of creation wliich uas deemed re(iui!;ite in tlio ca.se of [(hints and animals. Tlu! (dassilication of man into .sjiecics or races, yo as lo 1)0 able to de.si^njite by his orL^ani/ation the family to Vvhich he belongs, as well as the (juestion of his ori;^in, luii? been the snbject of great diversity of opinion, IVoni the fact that the various forms .so {iradiiato into lach other, that it is impossible to determine which is sjHcicj and which variety. Attempts have indeed been made at divisions of men into classes accord inii; to Iheir pri- meval and permanent pliysiolo,i;ical structure, but wluit uniformity can be expected I'roui such a classificativai anioiii;' naturalists who carniot so much as agree what is l)rimeval and what ])ermanent? The tests applied by ethnologists for distinguishing tlu; race to which an individual belongs, are the color of the .';kin, the size and shape of the skull, — detcrmine(' gen- erally l)y the facial angle, — the texture of the hair, and the character of the features. The structui-e of language, also, has an important bearing npon the allinity of raiics; and is, with some ethnologists, the primary criterion in the (dassilication of species. The I'acial angle is deter- mined by a line drawn from the foivhead to the front of the nppcr jaw, intersected by a horizontal line [)assing over the middle of the ear. The facial an,-lo of a lOnropean is estimated at 85'^, of Ji Negro at 75 \ and of the ape at GO^. Eepresentations of an adult Troglodyte measure 35^, and of a ^^at\r 30\ >^ome writers classify according to one or several of these tests, others consider them all in arriving at their conclusions. Thus, Vircy divides the human liimily into two parts: those with a facial angle of from eighty-five to ninety degrees, — embracing the Caucasian, Mongo- lian, and American; and those with a facial angle of from seventy-five to eighty-two degrees, — including the Malay, Negro, and Hottentot. Cuvier and Jaquinot SPECIFIC CLASSIFICVTIONS. 18 make tlnvo classt's, placinp: tlio ^ra\aj and American amoiiii' the ^^lll)(livi^i(ms of tlie Moniroliiin. Kant niaki-s I'oiii" divisions under lour colors: white, Mack, copijer, and oli\t'. I.inna'us also makes lijur: ]']ur(;pean, wliiti.'-li; American, coppery; Asiatic, tuwnv; and AiVienn, black. iJuii'on ma,i\es ilve divisions and IUumen))acli live. ])hi- meuhadi's class! (ication is bused upon cranial admeasure- ments, comi)le.\i()n, and texture of the hair. His di\ is- ions arc Caucasian or Arvan, ^lonj^ohjui, llihiopian, Malay, and Ameri(;an. Lesson makis six divisions ac- cording!; to colors: white, dusky, orange, yellow, red, and bluck. Bovy do h't, Vincent arranges fifteen stocks under three classes wliicli are dillerenced by hair: lluro- peau strai.Liht hair. American straidit hair, and crisped or curly hair, in like manner I'rof. Zeune dei^Liuates his divisions under three types of crania ibr the eastern hemisphere, and three for the Avestern. namely, liidi skulls, broad skulls, and lon;j; skulls. Hunter classifies the li iman i'amily under seven species; A^:assi/ m;;kcs ei,!_i,i; I'ickerinp:, eleven; Dc^smoulins, sixteen; and ('rawfoi'd. sixty-three. Dr Latham, considered by many the chief exptment of the science of ethnoloiry in I'n- [:inid, classilies the difTerent races mider three pi-imnry divisions, uamelv: Monu;olida\ Atlantidie, and dapetid:.'. I'richard makes three principal types of cranial confonna- tion. which he denominates respectively, the civili;:ed races, the nomadic or wanderinj;' races, and the sava;.:e or huutiuL;' I'acis. Ali'assi/ designates the races of men ac:'onlinL>; to the zoidojiical ])rovinces which they respecl- ively oc','Ui)y. Thus the Arctic realm is inhabited by Ilyp'jrboreaus. the Asiatic by Monirols, the Ihn-opean by Avhite men. tlie American by American Indians, the African l)y liku'k rar-es, and the I'.ast Indian, Australian and PolyUv^sian by their respectl\u [n'wi,i"s. Xow when we consider the wide differences hctwecn naturalists, not only as to what constitutes race and species,- if there be variety of species in the human family, — but also in the assignment of peoples and indi- u ETHNOLOGICAL HiTRODUCTION. viduals to their respective categories under tlie direction of the given tests ; when we see the human race chi><.si- lied under from one to sixt}'- three listinct species, acc(jrding to individual opinions; and when we see that the several tests which govern classification are by no nie:uis satisfactory, and that those who have made this subject the study of their lives, cannot agree as toncliing the fundamental clianicteristics of such classification — we cannot but conclude, either that there are no abso- lute lines of separation Ijetween the various menil)crs of the human family, or that thus far tbe touchstone ])y which such separation is to be made remains undio- covered. The color of the liuman skin, for example, is no cer- tain guide in classification. Microscopists liave asoor- tained that the normal colorations of the slcin are not the results of organic dili'erenccs in race; that complexions are not permanent physical characters, but are sub- ject to change. Climate is a cause of physical dil't'ei'- ences. and iVcquently in a single tribe may be ibuud shades of coloi- extendin'j; tbrouu;li all the various traiisl- tions from black to white. In one people, part occup\ iug a C(^ld mountainous region, and part a heated low- land, a marked difterence in color is always ]:)orceptil)le. reculiarities in the texture of the hair are likewise no proof of race. The hair is more sensibly afr'ected by the ai'tlon of the climate than the skin, i^very degrea of coU)r and crispation may be found in tbe Euro- pean family alone; and even among the I'rizzlod locks of negroi>s e\'erv gradation appetu's, ir(^m crisped to llowing hail". I'he growtii of the be;u*d may bo cul- tivated or retarded according to tbe caprice of the indi- vidual ; and in those tribes which are characterized b\' ;;u absence or thinness of beard, mav be ibund the practici>, continued for ages, of carel'uUy plucking out all traces of beard at the age of inilnn'ty. N'o [)hysi()logicid de- formities have been discovered v.bich ])revent nny peoijle from cultivating a beard if such be their pleasurj. Tho iJIII! .!! ALL TESTS F.VLLACIOUS, 15 conformation of the cranium is often peculiar to habits of reariiip; the young, and may be modified by acci- dental or artilicial causes. Tlie most eminent scliolars now liold tl)<> opinion that the size and t^liape of the t^kull has far less inlluence upon the intelligence of the indi- vidual than tho quality and convolutions of the brain. The structure of language, especially uhen ofi'ered in evi.lence supi)lementary to that of jjlnsicjd science, is most unportant in establishing a relaiiont^hip between races. But it should be borne in mind that langiuiges are accpiired, not inherited; tliat they are less permanent than Uving organisms; that they ai'e constantly changing, merging into each other, one (lialect dying out juid iiu- other springing into exif^tence; that in llie migrations of nomadic tribes, or in the arrival of new nations, alilioiigh languages may for a time preserve their se\eral ty, they arc at last oljliged, from necessity, to yield to the as- similating inilueiices which constantly surround thrm, an;l become merged into the dialects of neighboring clans. And on the other liand, a counter iniluence is exercised u^uai the absorbing dialect. The dialectic fusion of two conmiunities results in the partial disa[)- ])eui'aut'e of both languages, so that a constant assimilation ami ilissiniilation is going on. " The value of language."' sa\.; hatliam, "has been overrated;" and AVhitnev aCiinus that "language is no inlidlihle sign of race;" although both of these authors give to language the first ])la(v as a test of national afiinities. Language is not a jtliysi()l.)gieiil characteristic, but an a('(|uisition; and as such should be used with care in the chisiilicaiion ol species. Science, during the last half century, has unfolded manv imjiortant secrets; has tamed impetuous elements, called forth power and life iVom the hidden recesses of the earth; has aroused the slum) )erimi,' cni'riiies of both mental and mat; rial force, changed the currents of thought, emancipated the intellect from religious tran- Bcendentalism, and spread out to the Ijroad light of open 16 ETHNOLOGICAL INTEODUCTION. day a vast sea of truth. Old-time licliefs have had to t!;ive place. The deljris of one exploded do;;ma is scarcely cleared away beibre wc are startled Avith a reciiiest ibr the yielding up of another long and dearl}^ cherished opinion. And in the attempt to read the book of Lu- nr.mity as it comes Iresh from the impress of nature, to trace the history of the human race, by means of moral and physical characteristics, backward through all its intricate >vindings to its source, science has accomi)lished much; but the attempt to solve the great [problem of human existence, l)y analogous comparisons of man with man, and man with an'mals, has so far been vain and futile in the extreme. I w()ul(] not be understood as attempting captiously to decry the noble eCbrts of lein ned men to solve the prob- lems of nature. For who can tell what may or may not be found out In' inquiry? Any classification, more- over, and any attempt at classification, is better tlinn none; and in draAving attention to the uncertainty of the conclusions arrived at ])y science, 1 but reiterate the opinions of the most proibund thinkers of tbe day. It is onl)' shallow and ilippant scientists, so cnlled, who arbitrarilj^ force deductions I'rom mere postulates, and with one sweeping assertion strive to annihilale all history and tradition. They attempt dogTnatically to set up a reign of intellect in opposition to that of the Author of iutelk'ct. Terms of vituperation and contempt with whicli a certain class of writers interlard their sophisms, as ajipliefl to those Iiolding difi'erent opinions, are alike an ollensc aiiiiinst uood taste and sound reasoning;. Xotv.ithstanding all these failures to establish rules by which mankind may 1)0 dixided into classes, there yet remains the s!iibl)orn f;ict that dilVerences do exist, as palpable as '!ie diftereuco l)etween daylight and d;irkness. These difivreuces, however, are so played ui)on by change, tha' hiduM't(^ tlie scholar has been un- a!>le to trans! ix those elements which appear to hiui permanent .f.n.d chann'Jeristic. For, as Drsiper remarks, ORIGIN OF THE INDIANS. 17 ■ulcs It here •xist, anil laved |i uii- hlui lark.s, " tlie permanence of organic forms is altogether depend- ent on the invariability of the material conditions under ■which thoy live. Any variation therein, no nuvtter how insigniiicant it might be, wotdd be forthwith followed by u coiTes[)onding variation in form, 'f he present invari- al)ility ol' the world of organization is the direct conse- quen -e of the physical equilibrium, and so it Avill con- tinue as long as the mean temiieraturc, the annual sui)ply of light, the composition of the air, the distribution of water, oceanic and atmospheric currents, and other such agencies, remain unaltered; but if any one of these, or of a hundred other incidents that might be mentioned, fdiould suffer modificatiijn, in an instant the I'ancii'ul doc- trine of the immutability of species would )je brought to its true value." The Auiorican ludiaus. their origin aud consanguinity, have, from the days of (V)lumbus to the present tiuie proved no less a knotty question. Schoolmen and scien- tists count their theories by hundreds, each sustaining some pet conjecture, with a logical clearness equaled only by the facility with which he demolishes all tlie rest. One proves their origin by holy Avrit; another by the writings of ancient pliiloso pliers; another b}' the sage sayings of the Fathers. One discovers in them Phoenician merchants; another, the ten lost tribes of Israel. They arc tracked Avith equal certainty from Scandinavia, from Ireland, iVom Iceland, from Green- land, across Bering Strait, across the northern Pacilic, the southern I'aeilic, from the Polynesian Inlands, iVoui Australia. I'rom Africa, ^'enturesome Carthaginians Avere thrown upon the eastern shoi't'; .hqianese junks on the Avestern. The breezes that Aval'ted hither Ainerica's primo- genitors are still bloAving.and the oe^'au currents by Avhich they came cease not yet to How. The finely sjnni Avebs of lo'dc by Avliich these fancies are maintained would prove anuising, did not the profound earnestness of their re- spective advocates render them ridiculous. Acosta, Avho studied the subject for nine years in Peru, concludes Vol.. I. a T 18 ETHNOLOGICAL INTllODUCTION. fill Jill that An\( rica was the Ophu* of Solomon. Ari.stotle re- lates that the Carthaginians in a voyage were carried to an unknown island; whereui)on Florian,(Jomai"a, Oviedo, and others, are satisfied that the island was Ivspafiola. " ^^'ho are these that lly as a cloud," exclaims ilsaias, " or as the doves to their windows ?" Scholastic sages answer, Columbus is the columba or dove here prophesied. Alexo ^^aneg•as shows that America was peopled by Car- thaginians; Anahuac being but another name for Anak. Ijcsides, both nations practiced picture-writing; both venerated iire and water, wore skins of animals, jjierced the ears, ate dogs, drtuik to excess, telegraphed by means of ilres on hills, Avore all their iinery on going to war, ])oisoned their arrows, beat drums and shouted in battk'. Carcia found a man in Peru who had seen a rock with something very like Greelc letters engraved upon it; six hundred years after the nnolheosis of Hercules, ('oleo ma-Je a long voyage; Homer knew of the ocean; tlie Athenians waged war with the inhabitants of Atlantis; hence the American Indians were Greeks. Lord Kings- borough proves conclusively that these same American Indians were Jews: because their " s\'mbol of inno- cence" was in the one case a I'awn and in the other a lamb; because of the law of ^Foses, " considered in ref- erence to the custom of sacriliciug children, which ex- isted in ^lexico and lern;' because " the iearsof Inmidts of the people, famine, pestilence, and warlike invasion,;, were exactly the same as those entei-tained by tlie Jews if they failed in the performiuire of any of their rituid observances;" because " the education of children com- menced amongst the ]\Iexica)is, as with the dews, at .';n exceedingly early age;" because '" Ijeating with !i stick was a very common punishment amongst the dcAvs," ns well as among the ^lexicinis; ])ecause tlie priesthood (;f l)o!h nations "was hereditary in a certain iinnily;" be- cause both were inclined to pay great respect to lucky or unlucky omens, such as the screeching of the owl the sneezing of a person in company," etc., and because OrJGIX OF THE INDIANS. 19 Tican inno- in rc'i- Ih e:v- imr.Vi s vitui.l (.'(111!- ;it ini s:' ns lood (if lucky lociiube It ol' ;i lunulivd Oilier c'(|ujill_v wund and ivlovant ariiii- iiK'uts. Aiialo,iioii,s reason iu,L!; to this of J^ord Ivinus- borough's was that of the Merced Indians o[' California. Shortly after the diseoverv of the Yosemite Vallev, tidings reached the settlers of Ahiriposa that certain chiefs had nnited with intent to droj) down from their mountain stronghold and annihilate them. To show the Indians the uselessness of warring npon white ni'-n, these chieftains were invited to A'isit the citv of San Francisco, where, from the nnmher and superiority of the peo[)le that they would there behold, they should become intimidated, and thereafter maintain i)eacc. IJut contraryto the most reusonal»le e\i)ectations, no sooner had the dusky delegates returned to their hinie than a coun- cil uiis called, and the assembled warriors were informed that the\ r<'ed have no i'ear of these stran<:er; 1- or, said the envoys, "the |)eo[)leof the great cityof San Fran- cisco are of a diiVerent tribe from these wliite settlers of Mariposa. Their maimers, tlu'ir customs, their language. tl icu" dress, ar e all diil'erent. The\' wear black coats aut high hats, and are not able to walk along the smoothest path without the aid of a .stick There ai'e manv advocates for an A si at ic ori!j.ni, Motn th among ancii-nt and modern si)eculators. luxorable winds and currents, tlie short distance l)etween islands, traditions, lioth Chinese and Indian. I'l'fer the ]>eo|)lingof America to that ([iiarter. Similarity in coloi'. leaturt's. religion, ri'cili. roiims. g\ ptiaii.* I'isians. hv tl .tbiopian cxiUians; aiit I also that difu'ieid pints were settled by dilVeivnt peoi)les, The test of language lias been ai)p!ied with eipial I'acllity and enthusiasm to Fi.'.vutian. .1 I'W IM uemcian. Carll la- iniaii. Sjianiai'd, ( 'hinese, .bipanese. and in fact to lu'arly dl tl le nations ot til e eart h. A coiiiiilete rcNiew o f ! 20 ETHNOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION. theories and oi)iui()ns concernin;^ the oriLiiii of the Tii- (liaiis, r propo.se to ^'p e in another i)hiee; not that intriu- ■sically they ai'e of much vahie, except as showing the clilferent fancies of dilVerent men and times. Fancies, I say, for modern scholars, with the aid of all tlie new rev- elations of science, do not appear in their investi|jiations to arrive one whit nearer an induhitahle conclusion, it was ohvious to the Euroj)eans when they fn'st helield the natives of America, that these were unlike the intellectual white -skinned race of Europe, the hiU'- harous hlacks of Africa, or any nation or people which they had hitherto enccnuitered, vet wei'o strikinjilj like eacli other. Into whatsoever part of the newly discov- ered lands they penetrated, they Ibund a people seemingly one in color, physiojiuomy, customs, and in mental and social traits. Their vestii-es of anti([uity and their lan- fiua<:es presented a coincidence which was generally ohserved by early travelers. Hence physical and psy- chological comparisons are advanced to pi'ove etlnio- logical resemblances among all the ])eo})les of America, and that they meanwhile possess (ujuuuon peculiarities totally distinct I'rom the natii^ns of the old world. Morton and his coniivres. the originators of the Anu'r- ican homogeneity theory, even gi) so i'ar as to claim I'or the American man an origin as indigenous as that ol" the I'auna and llora. ^J'hey classily all the tribes of America, excepting only the Eskimos who wandered oNer iVoin Asia, as the Amei'ican race, and divide it into the American iamily and the 'J'olteciin fuuily. I'lumenbach classifies the Amei'icans as a, distinct species. The American Mongolida; of Dr Latham are divided into Eskimos and American Indians, J)r Moi'ton })ercei\('s the same chai-acteristic lineaments in the face of the Euegian and the ^Mexican, and in tribes iidiabiting the l?(K'ky Mountains, the ^lississippi A'alley, and Eloiida, The same osteolotiical structure, swarthy color, straivored trihos \\v\v nioiv like cat'h other than Avero any other jjeoples tliey had ever l)er()re seen; and at the same time very nnich mdike any nation whatever of tlie old world. And s(j any I'eally existing' physical distinctions amonp; the American stocks came to he overlooked or nndervahied. Din-win, on the anthority of l"]lphinst()ne, ohservt's that in India, '"id- thouiili a newly arrived I']nroi)eini cannot at fn-st distin- jinish the varions native I'aces. yet they soon aj)])eai' to him entirely dissimilar; and the Hindoo cannot at fn-st ])erceive any difference hetween the several Knropean nations." Jt has hcen ohserved l)y Prof, von Martins that the lit- erary and architectnral i-emains of the civilized trihcs of .Vmerica indicate a hi_u'her de.uree of intellectual eleva- tion than is likely to he found in a nation i-meriiin^' from har))arism. In their sacerdotal oi'dinances. privi- leu'ed orders, retiulatetl desijotisms. codes of law. tnid forms of government are i'onnd clear indications of a relapse from civilization to harharism. (/'hiite;nil)i"iand, from the same premises, develojjs a directly o[)posite conclusion, and ])erceives in all this hijih initi(|uity and civih/ation only a praiseworthy evolution from primcNal harharism. I'hus arguments drawn from a comjjai-ison of pai-allel traits in the moral, social, or physical condition ol" man shoidd he received with allowance, for man has nnich in connnon not only with man. hut with animals. A'ari- ations in hodily structure and mental faculties are gov- erned ])y ji'eneral laws, 'fhe ,ureat variety of climate which characterizes America could not I'ail to produce various hahits of lii'e. The half-tori)i(l llyperhorcan, the fierce wari-ior-hunter of the vast interior I'orests. the sluii^ish. swarthy native of the trojtics. and the intelli- uent Mexican of the tal»le-land. slowly dcvelo[)in,Li' into civilization under the rt-(inin,u' inlhiences of arts and letters. — all these indicate variety in the unit\- of the T Sv liACi::j OF THE rACIFIC. 23 lunii 'h in Yaii- n()V- iinato (ullK'O orciJii, -. llu! ntc'lli- Li' into s i\n(l )!' the Amorioiui race; AvliiU' the insulation of American na- tions, and the general chanicteristii's ineiilent to peculiar ])hvsical conditions could not tail to produce u unity in their variety. The races of the I'acilic States endirace all the va- rieties o(" species known as American under any ol' the classifications nientioni^h Thus, in the li\e ilivicions of lilumenhach. the l']skiinos of the norlh would come muU'r the I'ourth division, which end)ruces .\hdays and I'olynesians. and wliich is distin«iuislied h\- a, hiuh s([uare skull, low I'oreliead. short hroad nose, and j)i"()- iectinu' iaws. To his fifth cla.'^s. the American, which he subdivides into the .Vmerican family and the Tol- teeun timiily, he limits of tlie American, Mahiy. or Toltecan family to California and Avestcni Mexico. He is of tin; oi)inion that they crossed from southeastern Asia, byway of the islands of tlie Pacific, and landed upon this con- tinent south of San J''i'ancisco. there beinu' no traces (jf them north of thi.'; i)oint; while the Mongolians found r^ I 21 ETHNOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION. 4 4 tlicii" way from iiortlicastcru Af^lii across PxTiufX Strait, 'I'lit! Calif'oniiaiis. tlicri'lorc. lit" calls Malays: and the inliahilaiits dl' N'aiicoiivcr Island. IJi'itish ( 'olimihia, A\ asliiimton, and On-Lion. lie classilics as Monpslians. Calirornians. in the eyes of this ti"a\t'k'r. dillcr IVoiii their northern nei,Lihhors in complexion and ]>hysiocri«'ii('(' iiiid li'iirn liow Iii-st to sluijic tlu ir coiii'se lor tlie I'litiirc. to crv down the mitiiiiL:Iit man of llic wildi'rnt'ss. denv liint a place in this woild or tlie next, denounce liini as a sconrLii'. an oiithMv. and sei/i' upon escrv liulit pi'et«>\t to assist liint oil' the A-.v'r IVoni which liis doom IS so raiiKllN removni '^ 1 um. W e view man in his primitive state from a wronji' stand-p(»int at the outset. In place of rcLiardinji savaiiics as of oiu' conmion humanity with ouisehcs. and tlu' ancestoi's perhai)s of peoj)les hiLiher in the ) Fr, till tlir y( ar 1S:!7, wliin ^Messrs I): f iiul PACIFICATION OF TIEKUA FIU5IE. 27 Piiii]wciii. l>v ordcviif till' TTiiil-iiiirs Tiny roirtmiiy, ('nt)i])]iti (ltli''siirvc_viif (ht> liiu'tlii 1 11 I xtn iiiity, wliiili liiiiiinU tlu' Arctic ( Icciiii, llic iiitcrvciiiii'^ tci'vitniy VMS iliscdvcriil at iiitcrvaN, lunl iiiulii- widely ilitVci'ciit circiinislaiiccs. |)ur- in^; tli.it time, iimli r variuiN iiiiiiiccliat:' ii ciiiivcH, Imt witli tlic lnnad ]ii'iii( i- jilc uf u\aricr iiiid( riyiii',' all, ^ilcU jiaits uf thin ti rritiny as wcic cDiucivcd tn lie iif slltllcic lit value were seixed, illld the illlialiitlillts llUlile a |>l'e\ til tlie r ipacity uf the invaders. Thus the ]iiir|)cpse df the worthy nntary liastidas, the lirst S|iiiiiaid who visited th iiitii: 'lit (if Ninth Aiiiericii, was liaellic liartir with the Indians; and his kind treatment was rewarded by a success- ful tnitlic. Ni\t came Coliiiiiluis, fiuiii the (i)i])osite (lirectinii, sailiii;^ siiiilh- vard iiiinii,' the eiiast iif llnlidiuas nil his fiuirth viiyiiKe, in I'lO'i. His was the niilili r iiliject (if (lisciivciy. He Was stiiviii;^ to i,'ef thidu^jh (ir rdiiiul this I'll rni lifiiit which, stainlini^ lietweeii himself and his llicdry, persistently larreil Ins lniiLjress Wis twai'd. He had nu time for liarter, n(ir anv iiicli- iiatiiui til jilaiit SI tth iiieiits; he was liinkini; fur a strait iir passaee thniiinh or riiiiiid till sc (iiiti r ((inlims In the mure dinileiit rei^idiisnf liuli lint, unsuccessful ill his laudahle ( tVdit, It leiiL/th vielded til th (■ii]iiilily df his crew, li^' jn riiiitt( d his liiiitlicr, the .Vdelaliladu, to land and )f Spain, and, in the year fullow- t.ike piissessldli (It llie Cduntiy tnr Ille Klllj^'Ol inn, ti) attempt a settlement at V( lat^ila. Ill 1."i(m;-s, Juan de Siilis vith rinzdii continued the search of Cdliimluis, nloii^,' the coast df Yucatan and ^Ie\i( o, fur a passaj^'e fhrdiiyh to the siMitliei n ocean. Til" disastrous adventures of Alon/.o de Ojedii, I)ie^,'ode Nicui sa, and Juan de la t'usa, oil the Islhinusof Diiricn, hefwceii the years l.")l)7 and l.'»ll, l).iiil),dit into liion^ intimate ei litact the steel vveiipoiis of the chi/alroiis lKdal;^iis \\ ilh the li.iked liddii s of the sava.i^es. Vaseo NilTiez de laillioa, niter ,1 tiiiKoiiie jiiuriiey iicid^s the Isthnnis in I'tV.S, was rewarded hy the first \iiw df the J'acilic Ocean, of which lie todk possession for the kiiii,' of Sjiaiu on lh(( twenty-tilth of Septeiiilier. The white sails of ('('irdova (Iriiaha, and (laiay. descried liy the natives of Yucatan and Jlexieo in l."il7-l'.>, wi re (juicldy fnlaiwcd liy Cmti's and his keen-scented hand of advi utureis, who, received liy the nnsuspeetiiij^' nativ( s as ends, wnnld have 111 (11 dismissed liy them as liiiids hail imt the invasion eiilniiiiat( d in tlio Cdiiipiest df Mexico. ])urini,' the years ].")2'2-:il, Cortes made expedilions to Tehuantepee, IMiiueo, and Ccntr.il America; tiil (ion/.ales and Cristntial do Olid iuvadi d Nicaiiii^na and Hmiduras. Numo de Onxiuan in l-'i.'in, w ith a lari^e force, tonk p issessiiiu of the eulin! imrtliern ciiuntry from the cllv i.f Jlexieo (o the liorlheiii liouiidaiy df Sinald.i; and Calie/.i de Vaea erossid the ediiliiieiit friiiii Texas tn Siiialna in the years MJH-liCi. Jnurnivs to the liortli were made liy C.nti's, Cilna, Coninado, Jlendoza, and C.iliiillo Iietwe( n the years l.">);(i and l.'ilJ. Hundn ds of luimaii Cathnlie iiiissii.naiies, n ady t I lay down their lives in their earuest anxiety for the souls df the Indians, spread out into the wilderness iu every direction. l)ui'in}; the latter jiart uf the sixteeiiih fcntury had jiaice, — th(! expeditinn of rrancisco de Iharra to Saialiia iu l.'i'i'i, (hu cimpaiyii of Hernando de IJa/.ali a^'ainst the Indians {.f Sinaloa ill l-'iT't, the ailveiitnres of Oxeiihaia iu Harieniii l.">7."), th,' vd\- nge '.(iiind the world of Sir rraucis l)rake, touching iiudu the Norihwest f 28 riEST INTEKCOUUKE WITH EITiOrEAXS. f'liast ill 1")7'.'; tlir fXiifili*'.()i\ of .Viitdiiin d^ Esik jo to New ^.Icxico in IHS"; Fnilicisico (Ic (tali's ret;]- ii fioiii .M.icao tn iNfcNico, liy \\;\\ I'f tiic XoiUiwi'^t C'liist in ITiSt ; the viiy .;^" of ^Miildiiiiado to tlir iiiia'^iiiavv Straits of Aiiiaii iu J'iSS; tlir <\]ii-(litiiiii (if ('a itano dc Sos^l to Xcw Mf\i-,;. in lo'.Kl; thi' vii\a;_'c of Juan dc Fiica to the Strait;, of Aniaii iu I'l'.tl; tlic wivck of tlir 'Sail A^iistin ' •,\\>nn till' Xorthwist Coast in i.").!.); the voyaL.c of Sebastian Vi/.caino towards California in 1. ":)(;; fhr disco vrrus of Juan dc < )riati' in \i >\ AfiNico in l")'.!'.!. and luany others. Tiitcrcoursc with the natives was extended diirilii,' llic hcven- teenth century liy the voya'^c of Schastian Vi/.caino from ^Icxico to Cali- fornia in n!02; hy the ex|ieditiuii of I'raiicisco dc Ortega to Lower Calil'orniik in |r,:il: liy the j(Uirney of Thomas (la'^c from ^Mexico to ( iuateniahk in Kills; liy the voyage round the woihl of William Dampier in Iesclinet1' and his coiii|ianions in the year l>. and ]iur|iorts to have ex]iiored the .\siatic coast from the river Kolyma to the south of t!ie riv. r .Ui.idi)-, tlius lu-oviiijj; the si]iaratioii of the continents of .Vsia and .\iiier- iea. Ill 1711, a Kiissiaii Cossack, named i'lumtl'. was sent from the fort on the .\nadir river to sulidiie the n liellious Tsehukischi of Tsihul' ~ ts'hi N'oss. a point of lanil on the .\siatic coast near to the .Vmerican continent. He there n ceived from the natives the lirst intellii^eiice of (he proximity of the continent of Amerie.i ;ind tie charact. r of ihi' iiihahilants; ail account of which will lie ;;i\en in anoilier jilace, hi 1711, Nitus Jierinj^ find .McM i Tschirikoti' sailed in compaii •. from l'( t) '.jinclnvski. for the oppo- site coast of .Vinerica. They |iarted eoiiipaey duriiiL' a storm, the Lap r reaching' the coast in latitude lifty-six. and the former lalidiiiL; at ( 'a le St Klias in latitude sixty deirrecs north. The i arlie-.i information c dUci i niiii,' the Aleutian Jslanders was ohtainid by tin Ku>siaiis in the ye.ir i7iri. win n !>[i'-liael N'( vodtsikotf' sailed from ihe Kamlehatka ri\er in imrsiiii o lurs. .V liiissiaii c; 111 I Mil rcial company, called the I'roiiix ^rhleniki. was fonm .and other huntiii;.; and tradine- voyai^i the And s followt il. Lasari II' visited six isli- if reaiiovsu i j-;roup in 17(il: and the year follow iiii,' was made t e dis- ivery of the .\la^kan I'eiiinsula. suppoM d to In an island until af r the survey ot tlie coasi st bv Caiilain Cook. 1) lusiiiin made a hmitii il; e\p I itloii to riialaskaand tlii' Fox Islands in 17ii ami. iluriiiL; (lie sa (Ir line \ear. S! <;iot(otl' visited th. d of Ka'liak. Koio.in. SoloviitV. Svnd. (Ms Kreiiitzeii, and other Fiiissian fiir-hunlers spent the years 17i;:i-"i amonu the Aleutian Islands, capturing; sea-otlers. seals, and foxes, lunl exchaiiying, with the natives, In ads and iron utensil for fi occur ATIOX OF CALIFOUXIA. 29 ■111 ll'.Milt' iriwi'ls t" til i.f thi! 111(1 Anur- ih. furt -..liul. - II I'iciiu contend for preiloniiualiee at hunie, j^'elieroiisly offered t(> ■. < 'le the vlmli of Lower California to the Douiiuieans, and theinselvi s retiri' ;o the wild and distant ri'i^'ions of Upper California. Tliis beini,' agreed upon, two expidi- lions Were or^,'iini/ed to jirijceed northward sinmltaneously, one liy water a 111 till other by land. In Jannary, 17(i'.t, the ship 'San Carlos,' coninianded by Viei nte Vila, wasdis]iati'hed for San I)iei,'o, followed by the ' San Antonio," under Juan I'ere/. and the 'SaiiJosr,' which was unfortunately lost, I'ho land exjiedition was sejiaiated into two divisions: the first iindir Itivera y ^[oncMila de]iaiti (I fidui ^rexiro ill ^[aicli, and aii 'vi d at San l)ie^'o in May; the seeniid under (iasjiar de I'ortol.t and J'atl er Juiiipero Sena reacled Sail I)iepiin July. 17il'.i. rorlola with his eoiniiaiiions immediately set out by land for the l!ay of Monterey; but, imwittiiiL^ly jiassiuL,' it by, they eoii- tiiuied iimtliward until barred in tin ir )iro;_;ress by the niaunilice' t Hay uf San Fiaueisro. I llalile to lind tiie harbor of ^roliterey, they retli aid to San i.»ie^'ij in January, 17711. In .\|ril, I'oitola made a second and moio successful attempt, and arrivi d at !M,)iiteiey in ]\Iay. ^b'anwhile J'eicz and Juiifpi ro Siria acromplished the voya,L;e by sea, s.ailini,' in the ' Sau Callus.' In 1772, I'edro Fauies anil Juan Cresjii jirocei iled from Monterey to exjilnie the J>ay of Sau Francisco. They were followed by liivera y Miui- cada ill 1771, and ralmi and l'>.eta in 177.^; and in 17711. ^luiaL;a founded the Mission of Dolores. Ill 177'), ]>odei;a y (,|uadra viiyau;ed uj) tho Californiaii coast to the lifty-eiuliih . arallel. In 177(1, i)omin,L;uez and Es- calante made an exjieditiiii fiuiii Sam i Fr to ^Monterey, jreiinnville jinir- niyed to Oajaca in New Sp.iln in 1777. In 177!S, Captain Cook, in his third y<\:v^<' I'lHiiid ihcw-.Jd, tnilehed aloli^; the Coast from Cape Flattery to Xoitoii Smind; and in ]T7',I, liode^a y t^h.adia. Maurell , inid .Vrteicja voyau'ed 11)1 the westmi enast to ^Immt St I'.lias. Diiriiii,' the years l7^s.-»-.S, Voyaui's iif eiiriimnaviuatiiiii were mailr by liixmi and rorthick, and by J,n I'erouse, all tiiiichiic^' upon the Niirthwest Coa-t. Frmch ('aiiadi;in tradi-rs uire the tlist to jieiietvate the northern inti-rinr west I if Iliid-.iiii li.iy, Tin ir luiisi distant slatimi was mi llir Sa>kateli. ■.I'aii Ilivi r. twii thuusand mih s fnun eiviii/atiiui. in tlie heart of an unknown wilileriiv>s inhabited by saxa^e men and beasts, 'I'luse cmov i(,-.s ,/,,s /,,.,'s ,ir woiid-ran^ers, as they wi it called, wi re adiiiirab)-- adapted, by their disjiusi- tion and superior addiiss. t. c.iiieiliate the Indians and funii settlements amoiie them. Uiir< strain, d, Imv-vir. by cmitiul, they committed excesses Vvhiih the Flench enveinmi nt iDuid eheik only by pnihibitinu', under jienaliy of dialh, any but its authorizi d ,r.;i nts fiom tradiliL; within ;ts ferritoiies. 80 FIEST IXTEErOURSE \VITII EUKOrEAXS. f IHI I^i'itisii iiKVcliiints at Nrw Yovk snon iutir( il iiit" cuinj)! titiou v.itli tin- fr.r lirinccsiif MniitviMl. But. in KwO, a niorc fdi'iiiiilalilc (i|nin-iti(iii arose in flu> ()r'.,'anizaliiiii nf the niulsoii's IJay Coiiijiiiiiy. liy I'liiicc Itninit and otlii r niililcuHu, nndi'i' a cliartcy of Charles II. wliidi '.^ranted cxi-Insivf ri^'lit to all tlir trrrilory drained liy riv( rs llnwiiiL; into Hudson 15ay. Xotwillislaudin^' constant fends with tlie French merchants' re^'ardin^' territorial limits, the r'unipany prosjiered from the lie'4innini,'. jiayiiii,' aiimiai dividenils of twenty- tive and til'ty p-v cent, after many times inci-easini; the capital stock. In I mI'i, the Canadians formed tin- < '■'iiiiHiii,,ir i'" A'./i/, in order tln' more su<'- cessfuUy to resist encroacliment. I'pon the loss of Canada hy the French in ITi'.J, hostililii s thiclci ned between the (Mihipanies. aial the trallic for a timo fell off. In ITSl, the famous Northwest Company was formed liy Cana- dian niereliants, and the manai,'enu nt entrusleil to the Fro'iisher lirothi rs and Simon M'Tavish. The head-quartersof th<- com]Mny W( ,e at Jfontre^d, liut annual meeting's were held, with lordly stati. at Fort \\'iliiam. on the shore of f.,ake Su]ierior. 'J"he comp.my consisted of tweiity-thiic partners, and emiiloyed ovevtwo thons.and clerks and servai:ts. It ext reis.d an almost feudal sway over a wide savai,'e domain, .and maintained a fornddalile coni- petition with the Ifitdsoii's JSay Comjiany. with ■ hich Hay were for two yiars in actual war. In IHllt. they j)in'ehase I'-J.'Jand iH.'til. ih. Koeky^buii - an Fur Colupai!\ of St Louis cxtei>l<«l their .pevations ov( {■ ('aliforiiia and (lre;.,'on. lint at a lost of the livc» nt pearly "Ue half of their emjiioyi's. John Jae b \stor end larked in tlie fnr ti.ide at Xew York in ITS I, imrcliasini.,' i'.t thai time in M"<-,trial. In lMi>. he ol.taii.ed a < ! ,«rter for tln' .Vmeric.an Fur C mpauy. which was, in ISl 1. na r'.i d into the South W( st <'omi)aiiy. In bsi",), Mr .\ste.r conceived the iiroject of ,>-tab!ishin;4 a tran-e.ii.tinental line of Dosts. His purpatiy. win, 'i Were not oldy I'cji ( ti il. but an atli lapt \V:ai II lade by t j|..t assoei,,tion to iil.' :- pale Mr .Vstor in his ojierations. by makini; a setthiui nl at tlie m><'Hh . ' fi .• Ill iHltt. the racific Fur ( omiianv was foiiinl' 'I )>«» W Columbia l!i' Astor, and ai .M 1 expeilition dispati' ivelland bv \\a\ (if Si I^ouih hikI th iss(uiri Itiver. At the same time a vessel was sent loiind Cape Horn 'n (h e mo utli uf the Ciduiiibii; but, their adventure in that ijuaiter pi'uvku^ THE (JitEAT xoirrinvEST. 31 1 , ' tlrl tilt' lliini '" * unsnrrcssfnl, tlio criminniy -was dissnlvcil, niul tin' nixTiitioii-* of ^fr A'^tor were tlKT.'iiftcr (•oiiruud t« the tiiritdvv mst of tin' Ifm kv M(imit,tin~. Siimili'l Hrani"'. an dlliccr of lln- lliu^nirs ];ay ('oiiiliaiiy. was lli" first Em-diH'an to icacli the Aivlic Octaii tlinHii;li the int« linr cf the cnntiiuiit. Ill' (li'scriiclcil ('(iiii)cniiiiie J!iv( r to ils iiiouth in tlie year 1771. The r|i;H'V Misiiiipi liivn- was livst visited liy .Tiiscih Frobishi v in 177-",. 'i''ii.i' years lati-r, 1)111' I'i'tcr roiiil priit'tratcil to witliiii tliiity luilis of Atlial.isca Lalci', iind cstalilislicd ii trailiiii,' post at that jioiut. E'liiv c^'iioc-loails of in. rch.iii- ilise Were .xcha-.i-^'c'd liy him foi- iiioii' lim- furs than his caiincs couiil eaiiy. Other ad VI iitu rolls traders soon foUowid; hut not lone; aftiiwards the iiit vi- tidile broils which always attenili <1 the early intercourse of Euvopi aiis and Indians, rose to snch a heiL;ht that, lad for the aiipeiivance of th;d liliilile seonrjie, the small- pox, the traders voiild lia\e heiu e\tir]',;ti il. Tlie ravaees of this dire disease continiK d to d. iiopiilali' the coiinliy iiiiUl 17S'J, will II traders aeain apiieared aiiion;^ the Kiiis!eni:iii\ aud 'riniieli. Tile mosi northern division of the "Northwest ('oiiipaey was at that time the Athahascaii Lake neinn. ^^here Alexander Maekeii/ie was the man- 11^111},' partner. His winter residenee was at Fort {'hiiiewyaii, on .\tiiiiliase;v Luke. 'J'he Indians who traded at his estaldishnu nt informed him of the I >i.-f nee of a lar.L;e liver llowin^; to the westward from Slave Laki-. 'Ihiiik- !M'.' !' reliy to reach the I'aeitic Ocean, Mr .Mackenzie, iii the year 17.s'.i. set oiii upon an expedition to the west: and, desceiidinL; the noble stn am which bears his naiin , found himself, contrary to his expi et;iiions. upon liie shores (if till' Arctic Sell. In 17'.):;. he made a journey to the I'aeilic, nscenditi!.,' I'eaee liivi'r, and reacliiuL; the coast in latitude aliout tifty-twii. 'i'he lii-.t expedition or^'ani/.id by llie J!iili>h eovirnnient l'^ 'i' the purpose of siir\ ■ \ iie.,' the nortlie'-n coast, was sent out tiiidi r I^ieiiti naiits I'ranklin and IViiyiii IHIK. I liirine the year foUowine. 1'"r:inklin descended ('op])erniine liiver. and -ulisi cjiiently, in \'^'I'k he made a jouiiiey down the ]\Iaeken/.ie. In ISdH, 1). W. Harmon, a jiartnir in the Northwest lom|ian\. ero^^eil the Uoiky Ibiuntains, at «>■■ the tifty-sixth parallel, to I'raser and Stuart Lakes. Till lints of (>ti< nativi'jt ^iviii by thisi- travelers and tin ir companions lire IS- iitially tile same, and later voyaeers have failed to throw iiiiieh adcli- tinial Ijeht upon the subject, .lohii ^[eares, in I7''^S, visiieil tiie Straits of Euca, N'ootk; S, md. and Cook Inlet : and. liming the same year, two ships, Kent out 1)\ r.oston iinrchaids, iiiid> r llobi rt (Irayaiid .Tohii I'leiidrick, (•litirid X'Mitk.i Souiiil. l'".ste\an M irtim/ mid (i mzalo llaro. sent from Mexico to look after the iiitenst of Spain ill these I' u'iolis, explon il I'rince AVilliam Sound, and visited Kadiak. jMiiine the saiiii' year, the liii-sinns ( st iMi-.lud a tiadine post ill ('o|ip( r llivi 1 . in I, .lo>,. ph Ihlliii'.s visited th • -Meilliall Islands, and till' lloNton \i ssi Is (>;plo)id the Eastei n const of (^ui'cn Charlotte Island. In I7'.)l), S ilv i h.r I'idi'I-o was si lit by the Mi xiciiii ^overiiliielit to Nootka: and .MoiialdoeX) d tie Sirailsof .lualide Fllca. In 17 'I, four shijis beloi uim; to lioston tie haiits. two S|ianisli ships, one I'leneh and several Itilssiali vessels touched llpniitlie Northwest Coast. The S,iallisli Vissi'ls Were 11 lider the command of .Ml jandroM ilespiiia; IJii line Mar- I'hiind V as the tomniander of tlie I'n i: li shii'. 'Ilii 'Sulilv Mixieana' in- 32 riKST iNTEiirontsK ^viTii r.riiorEANS. tcvccl \; a!:d Sir Edward J!eli-h( r in ]S)i7. J. K. Townsend made an excursion w( st of the liocky Mountains in ]h:!4. In ]s;i7, ])eaKe and Simpson niade an ojnn boat voyani- from the JIackenzie Itiver, westward to Point Harrow, tlie far- thest point niade liy !!(•( ch( y from the opposite directi(jn, thus reaehini,' the I'U'iiiKi 'lliiilf of nortliwestern discovery. Sir G<'or;_;e Sinijison c-ossed the continent in JSll. Freiiaint in ]S};t, and I'aul Kinu^ in ]«1"». Kushevarotl' visited the coast in ls:),S, Lapla<'(> in 1n:>'.(, Connnodore AVilkes in 1*^11. and Cajitain Kellett in If-ll). Eollowint,' the discovery of gold, the country was drl- nged hy adventmcis. In IS,")!!-!, comnK nee d the series of explorations for a I'licitic railway. The necessities of the natives were examimd, and renmaiils of disapiiearini; nations were colhcted upon reservations niahr governna r.t a,L;ents. 'I'he interior of Ahiska was lirst jienetratid hy the euijiloyi's of the llussian-Americau Fur Company, ^hdakntl' asei nded the "\ukon in ]'->:;S; and, in lsl2, l)erahin estahlished a fort upon tliat live)-. In XM'.K W. H. Hooper made a hoat (xindition from Kotrihue Sound to the ^Iack( n;;!j Itiver: and, in iMld, ^Villiam 11. Dall and Fredi'rick AN'hymper ascenilid tho Yukon. I have lere L;iven a few only of the ori;_;inal sources whence my infoi illa- tion is i',iri\i d couci rnin.L; the Indians. A nniltituih> of luinor voyages and travels have 1h i n ])erformid (hiring; the jiast three and a half centnries, and accounts ]iuhlished hy early residents anion!,' the natives. th<' hare ( nunic r;i- tion of wlii( h I fear would jirovc wearisome to the iiaih^r. Enoii;;li, how- ever, has hceii given to show the immediate causes which led to the disi-ovi ly and occupation of tlu' several jiarts of this western coast. 'J'he Spanir-h cavaliers ciaved from the Indians of the South their lands and their gold. The Spanish missionaries demanded fi'om the Indians of \ortliern ]\reNii o and California, faith. The French, English. Canadian, and American fr.r companies sought from the Indians of Oregon and New Caleihuiia. iieltries. The iin^siaiis ciim|iellid thi' natives of the .\leutian Islands to hunt sea- animals. 'I'he tilth raw-llesh-eating Eskimos, having nothing wherev.ith to t<'mpt the cupidity of the sii]ierior race, retain their jiriniilive pe.iity. AVe oli^i rve then tliric original incentives urging on civilixed whitn men to overspreiid the (hmiaiu of the Im'.ian. The lirst M'as that th'r't for gold, whieh characterized the lieiy hidalgos fioiii Spain ia their con- CrriDITV ANJ) ZEAL. iiifciiiiiii- la,u;cs al.'l hies, aial UiniK 1':'- ',ll. llclW- [lis'-iivci y Spanish Irir L,'iiUl. ■icaii fr.r jK Iti'iis. lint sca- ■with (i) y. il wl i;o lat tl.'v^t II ir i-Mii- qiiists, aiiil til iilitiiir. wIi'mIi iki crnclty was loo scvcvp iioi- any sacvifioo of liuiiiaii lid' till) 1,'irat ; as tlidil^li iif all thi' ^'ifts vdiiilisafrd tn man. material or (liviiir. iiiif (luly \va,^ voith jiossfssiiii,'. Tlu' sicoiul, fdllnwiiiL! i-lnsdy ill the fiiiitsti ps (if the ihsf. ami ol'telitimes cdiistitutiii;^' a [lait nf il, \\;is li'li;;iii:i-i I iitliusiaMu; a /ealmis interest in tlie souls of the natives ami tlio form in whirli tiii y wurshipe,!. The thinl, which oeeniiied th ■ atteiJien of other auil niiu" northern Etiropeans, ;,^'rew out of a covetnus desire for the wild man's elolhilii!; to seeure to themselves the ]iellries of the ^'reat liv[ieil"irean riLiii-nsof America. From the soutli of Knrope the Spaniards lalaled in tro|iieid North America, and exterminated the natives. Froiu the north of Kurope the FreMeli, Em,Iisli, and llussiaiis I'rossed over to the liortli' lai part of .\merica; and, with a kinder and nmre reiliied ( rui Ity, I'o less 4 lleetuallv siiccicdeu in swee])in^' them from the face of the ( arth liy tlm introduction of the iioisoranis elements of a deliased cultivation. ]-'iirtunately fur the Indians of the north, it was contrary to the interests of while jieojile to kill them iu order to obtain the skins of their animals; for. with a f( w trinkets, they could jirociu'e what otherwise would reiiuire 1 iia; and severe l^oor to ol'taiu. The policy, therefore, of the ;,'reat fur- tradiii;.^ conipanies lias heeii to <-hcrish the Indians as their best hunters, to livL' at peace Vi-ith them, to lieal thiir ancient feuds, a'ld to withlmld from thcni iiitoxicatine liquors. The condition of their women, who were considered liy t.l:i> natives as littlu better than beasts, lias been changed by their inter- Mieial relations with the sci'vaiits of the trading companies; and their liioro barbarous practices discontinued. It was the ah;iost universal custom of tlio '.■m]iliiyi's of th(^ Hudson's Day Company to unite to themselves nativ(^ "..iiieii; thus, by nuans of this relationship, the condition of the women has liei'U raised, while the men manifest a kinder feeling towards the white ra( c who thus in a measure become one with them. The etliiitsof e.irly missionaries to this region were not crowned with that succi'ss wiiich attended the Sp.aniards in theirspiritual warfare ujion the sonfii- ern nations, from the fact that no attention was paid to the temporal necessi- tiesof t 111- native-.. It has loni; since been demonstriiti d impossible to reach the heart of a sava'^i' throueh abstract ideas of morality and elevatimiof char- acter. .\. reli;4inn. in order to find favor in liis eys, mtist first meet some of his ni.aterial rei[uirements. If it is eood, it will clothe him bettir and feed him better, for this to him is the (diiefest good in life. Intermix- furesof civilized with s.avtige peoples are sure to I'esidt in tl;e total disappear- anc- of '■! til 11 iiieiil III! the one side, or in the extinction of tlie barbaric race nu the other. The downward path is always the easiest. (»f all the millions of native Aiiit lie.ins who liiive pi rished undt r the withering inlliieiices of Enroiiean civilization, there is not a single in>!anee on record, nf a tribe or nation having been reclaimed, i cclesiiistically or ntherwise, by artiliee and argument. liiili\ idiial savages have been educated with a fair degree of suc- cess. I!ut, witii a iVgreeof cert.ainty far greater, no sooner is the white man freed from the siwHid restraim of civilized eoiiipanionshi[i, than he imniedi- atily tends tow-ivls l>arl«»risiii; and not iinfreipteiitly Ik cunii s sn f.-iseiuated \Nitli his in w lis as to pj-<'fer it toany nthi r. Social develuimu lit is inhcrcut: Vol. I. 4 !; ( I , I , !l I 34 riKhT IXTEKCOrUSE WITH EUIIOPEANS. sn]i( 1 induci (1 cultuif.' is a failure Li ft alour, tln' iiiitidus o{ Amciiiu iiiiL;ht liiivo iiufoi.lid into iiK 1 ri;;lit ;i livili/utidi as (hut of Eiir(i|ic. Tin y wiri' iilreiuly will mlvaiK'i (1, and still raiiiilly ailvancing towards it, when tin y wci'o so nivriilfssly strickiu down. 15iit for a stmuger to n-crcati; the heart u.; liLiul of ii red man, it wcru easier tu changu tbt: color uf Lis skiu. i !■ H -i :l- '• J'l Tt-'^- i IS" ^ — - UMi' ' '■ Vi ' ^ c. •« ^ . — '" '• i ^,^,.>^»» ,^.l»"' ►U'-^*^ .■\.«*'''^ It *. -^- N - CVI*' *^°r' t*^. ^ »' .**vr,,. \»* tv 0>' ' .«> vi / \"3 CMIAPTKI^ ii iiVi'!:i;i;(>i;i;\Ns. <^ (W:vKi;\i, I'lvii S-, IIviKiiiiiKK.w Natiuns - Aspkcix or Nvrt'i:!:— VFdfTA- lu.N < ir;\rK Ammm.s - Tuk Kskimos I'iikii! ("(ii-nti;v Piiyskai, Si,' IH.K; Snuw-SmoKs (iuYKIlNMKNT- lld.MKsllc All'AI Ki -AmisKMHSTS I)ISK\-Ks r>fl:l\l. I'lIK KiiNIAliAS, TIlKll! I'llY-^lrvi, AM) SuCIAJ. CoN- imiiiN I'iii: Ai.Ki i>, I'liK I'lii.iMvKKr-; Thk 'I'inskh. 1 >li.ill ;ittt'iii|it to (lcs('ril)c the pliysical ami nu'iital (•liaract('ri>ti('> iA' l!i.' Xativi- IJaccs of tlio racilic Status iiiidci- st'xrii (listiiit'tivc tjiroui's: uaiiich. I. ll\|icil)()- rcaii-. lifiiii tlio-r nations A\ lilt-, ' tcrritoi'x lies lua'tli ot' tlif lii'tN -lit'lli paiallfl; 11. ( 'oliiniliiaiis. wjio ducll lic- twfcii the lil'iN - tilth ami lort\ -sccoml jiarallds. and wliox' lauils to sonic I'Xtt'nt ai't' draiiu'd 1»\ the < 'olnnihia liivfi- and it^ tiihutai'ics; 111. < 'alitoniians. ami the In- ahitants of tlif (ircat i)asin 1\-. Ni'w M o.Mcan^ inrhidiir^ thr nation- ot' the ( 'ojorado ITimt and nortlu in Mexico; \. Wild Trihcs<.r .Mexico; VI. Wild Tri!.e> of t'ciiti'il .\inciica; \ 11. t'i\ili/.ed Nati(Uisot" .Mexico and ( 'cniral Ainci'ica. It is niv |)nf|iose. \\ ithont. anv attempt at et!inolo;.;ical elas.^-ilication. oi- Inrther coinnient con- ecrninu; races and stocks, plainly to poitra\ such customs an ! chai'actei'i-tic.-< as wiae pecnliar to each pcopit' at the time ol' its lir-t in!ci'cour-e with I'-uropcan stiaii mt- : l"a\in^' ^cit•n!i^ts to make their own deductions. ;nid draw spccilic lines hetween linLiuistic and pli\ siolo-ical families, as llu-v may deem proper. 1 shall endeavor to jiictnre tliese nation- in theii' ahoriLiinal condition, a- seen ._2i-: _iS2i ^: '^' J .4 3^ 1..4 M r M If,,/ c'li- 'Jr^':»i A it »■' '-^ KATIVE RiVCI of t he HYPERBOREAN GROUP S.-.1I,.. I /AT \titrnff iiiilr.r tit nn tnrh I'M H* ui IH IM laa IIS 111 u« 111 <•• IK \rj ■""WiliU h ) Ni'ji'iiicKulrJ r * '•111* J >" -V,.-'*" \ ■ ■-?■>'. C"*"" *.; A' 1,-iiUll^ itilt<'lii<> ft i''"y/ *,. n**- 'iu ^^ ^> ■svv IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) i 1.0 I.I 1.25 " "i2 IIIM 1.4 1.6 % /) ^;. ■>>, •> "V y y^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN iTRfET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) 872-4503 ,» l/.A sa HYPEKBOKEAXS. 1)V tlie first invaders, as described bv those who beheld them in their savage jirandeur, and Ijelbre they were startled from their lair by the treaclieroiis voice of eivili/ed irieiuiship. Now they are ;:(H>e. — those dusky deiii/.eiis of a tlunisaiid forests. — melted like hoar-frost liefore tin; risiiiji' sun of a superior intelliiience; and it is oidy from the eailiest records, from the narratives of eye witnesses, mjujy of them rude unlettered men, trapjx'is, sailors, ami soldiers, that wv are able to know them as they were. Some division of the work into parts, how- ever arbitrary' it may lie, is indis[)ensable. In deal- in}; with M^ihology, and in tracinji the tortuous course; of Language, l»onndari»'s will l»e dropiK'd and beliefs and tongues will Ijo followed wherevei they lead: but in describing Maimers and Customs, to avoid confusion, territorial divisions are ne(;essarv. in the groupings which 1 have adopted, one clustei* of nations follows another in geograi)l.ical succession; the dividing lino not being more distinct. |)erhai)s, than that whl* h distinguishes svnne national divisions, but sulli- ciently marked, in mental and physical |K'culiarities, to entitle each groui) to a separate ct)nsi(leration. The only distinctitui of rju;e made by naturalists. \\\H)n the continents of lx)th Xorth and J^outh America, until a comparatively recent jn'riod, was by segregating the first of the abovif named groups from all olber piH)i)le of both continents, and calling one Mongolians ami the other Americans. A more intimate accpiaintnnce with the nations of the Xorth ])roves conclusively that one ( f t^>> boldest tyi^s of the Amcricun Indinn proper, the 'iiuiieh. lies within the territory of this first group, conteiminous with the Mongolian Mskimos. and ciowding them down to a narrow line along the shore of the Arctic Sea. The nations of the second group, although exhibit- ing multitudinous variatit)ns in minor traits, aie escen- tially one jx-ople. lietween the California Diggei's of the third division and the New Mexican Towns- people of the fourth, there is niore diversity; and a still greater GROri'INdS AND Sl'ISDIVISIONS. 37 (liilVrcnw bi'twcoii tlie sivairo ami civili/od nations of tlio Mexican tahlo-land. Any classilication or division of the suhjeet which could he made would he oih'H to criticism. 1 therefore adopt the most simple practical plan, one Avhich will present the suhject most clearly tc the jicneral leader, and leave it in the Ix'st shajH.' foi puriM)ses of theorizin^i' and generalization. In the fnst or Ih i-kkuokkan jironp, to which thischnp- t«'r is devoted, are live suhdivisions. as I'ollows: The As/,/- iiiin<. i'oiumonly calle S c.f tile SMlllr llcHlk. )lMs ,lt l\t, descrijjed boundaries and Hudson liay. Ivich of these hunilies is divided into nations or tribes, distiii- fiuislied one from another by slight dialectic or other differences, which tribal divisions will ))e given in treat- ing of the several nations respectively. Let us first cast a glance over this brojul domain, and mark those as[)ects of nature which exercise so [)owerfi!l an inlluence u}X)n the destinies of mankind, ^lidway be- tween Mount St Eliasantl the Arctic sealxjard rise three mountain chains. One. the Rocky Mountain range, cross- ing from the Yukon to the .Macken/le River, dellects south- ward, and taking up its mighty line of march, throws a barrier between the east and the west, which extends throughout the entire length of the continent. Between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific. interiM)ses another called in Oregon the Cascade Range, and in (^difornia the Sierra Nevada; wliile from the same starting-iM)iut, the Alaskan range stretches out to the southwest along the Alaskan IVninsula, and breaks into fragments in the Aleutian Archipelago. Three noble streams, the Macken- zie, the Yukon, and the Kuskofpiim. float the lK)ats of the inland lIy[)erboreans and supply them with food; while from the heated waters of Japan comes a current of the sea. bathing the icy coasts with genial waniith, temper- ing the air. and imparting gladness to the oily watermen of the coast, to the northenuuost limit of their lauds. The northern border of this territory is treeless; the southern shore. al)sor))ing more warmth and moisture from the Ja})an current, is fringed with dense forests; htshhi us the niinu' of tlio island. As thcst; niimos arc all coiTuptions frnm 8rtunate in his search for game, or foiled in his attempt at cajtture. he nuist liist. The associate of beasts, go\erni'd l»v the same eujeriicncit.'s, nrcNinu" upon annuals as annuals ])rey upon I'ach other, the victim supplying all the necessities of the victor, oc- cu[)ying territory in counnon. lM>th alike drawing sup- plies directly from the storehouse of nature, — primitive 40 HYPERHOllE.VXS. mail (Iriivos liis vorv ciualitv from tlie lirute Avitli Avliicli ho strii naiuo is said. l>y Chiirlcvnix 'to lu' (Icvivi'd fnim tlic l:iiimiii^,'f of tlii' Abenii([ui, a tribe of .Vlyoiiquius iu L'uutulu, wlio buuU'i- iiiiou tliiiii iiiul cull THE ESKIMOS. 41 Arctic sfMl)oar(l from eastern (ireenlaiid alonpr tlie cn- tiiv contiiicnt of Ainerica, aiul across Uerinji'' Strait to tlie Asiatic shore. Formerly the inliahitants of our \vhole nyi)erhorean sea-coast, from the ^hleken•/,ie Uiver to Queen Charlotte Island — tlu' intei-ior heinjr en- tirely unknown — were denominated Eskimos, and Avere of supposed Asiatic origin.* The tril)es of southern tlicm "EHqinmnntsir. ' L'ori^iue ilv loiinioiu ii't'st jhik certain. Tcnitcfois il y 11 Mill lit' riij)ii!iv('iii'(' (pi'il vitiit dn mot Aliiiiii<|iii, isiiKiimiiit.sif ijni vi iit (lire "iiiiii!^i'iii' (Ic vialiclc t'Vili'. >)M' I'rir/innl s llnjsiiiil ili-'l. 'J'hey ' call themselves "In- liuit," which si^'iiities "man." ' Ariiislrn,i a word from the commonly necejited orthoLtraphy. Names of jilaces, thon^^h iirii^inalin;,' in error, whin once istalilislii d. it is better to leave nnchanj,'ed. Indian niimes, coniinu to lis fliroii._;h Itussiaii. (ternian, French, or Spanish writers, should l)e jircst nti d in lai'^'lish hy such letters as will best produce the orii.'inal Indian jiioiiun- ciation. Iviropcan ))crsonal names, however, no matter how loiij,', m r how commonly they may have been erroneously used should be immedi- ately correctcil. Every n.an who can spell is sii])[iosed to be able to j^ive the cornet orthoi^'ra]ihy of his own name, and liis spel'iiti),' should in every instance be followed, when it can be ascertained. Veit lierint,', ant;licc Vitus 1'" laiiiL,', wasof a Danish family, si'veral nieinbei'sof which were well known in liteiaturcbi fore his own time. In Danish writings, aswdl asanioii^'thebio^'ra- ]iliiisof liiissiaii admirals, where may be found a fac-siiiiile of his aiito^'raph, the name iss])i Hid ISir'nKj. It is soj^ivcn by Humboldt , and by the hii-tUinKuhir Xin-lirirMfn, p. ;{JM. Tlieif is no doubt that the famous navii,'ator wrote his nniiie Hirnm. and that the letter 'h' was subse.piently inserted to ^-ive the Daiiidi sound to the letter 'e,' To accomplish the same i)urpose, perhajis, I'oxe, I.aiii^sdorll', Deeehi y, and others write llitnui). * ' Die Kailjacker im (le-jentheil niihern sich niehr deu .Xmcrik.anischeii Staiiiiiii II luiil eh.ii.i,,,], in ihrum .Veiissern i/ar niclit deii i!skimos oder deu V a HYPERBOREANS. Alaska wvw then found to difli'i" ossentially from tliose of the nortlu'rn coast, Inder tlio nanio Kskinios, tliiTc- foro, 1 include oidy the AVestern Kskinios of certain wnters. wiiose st)iithern Ijonndary terminates at Kot/.ehiie Sound.' Eskimo- land is thinly jxH)pled, and hut little is known of tribal divisions. At the Copix-rmine liiver, the KsUimos ai'e called X(i<. Their vil- lajics, cousisting of five or six families each.'' are scattered alonj; tlie coast. A village site is usually selected u[)on souie |i(MHl landin,u-|)lace, where there is suilicient depth of water to lloat a whale, lietween tribes is lel't a sj)ot of unoccupied or neutral ground, \\\Km Avhich small parties meet duriuj;' the suunner for pur[M)ses of trade.^ ^riie Kskimos are essentially a jK'culiar peoi)le. Their character and their condition, the one of necessity grow- ing out of the other, are peculiar. First, it is claimed for tlu'ui that they ari^ the anouialous race of Ameiica — the oidy j)eo[)le of the new world clearly identical with any race of the old. Then they are the most littt)ral peo- ple in the world. The linear extent of their cx;cu})ancy, all of it a narrow se Iward averaging scarcely one hundred Asiatisclicu Viilkorii, wnlirsclicinlich lialirn sio <1ur('h f1if> yeriuischniit,' iiiit (Icn Stiiiiimcii Aiiicrikii's iliic urspriin^'liclu' Asiiitisclic .insseri' (icstalt iiiul (icsichtsliil(liiii;4 vtiloii'ii 1111(1 imr dit' Sinaclu' bciliclmltt'n.' linvr, Slnl. u. fdiii. .V<(rlii\, ]). 121. 'lis icssciiiMi'iit lpcaiic. l'). 5 ''I'lic tiilics rrowdcd lopftlior on tlio sliovs of R('oriri^''s Sea witliin n roinparafivi ly small I'Xttiit of • i usf-liiic, exhibit ti f^'irater variety, ludli in liersoiial aiii)eMralie(( and diale- ■, l^an that which exists lietweeii the W( stein Eskimos and their distant crj'nitryiiien in Labrador; and ethnolo^'isfs have found Home dillieulty in cl-.ssifying them properly.' Jiichunlsnn's Jvor., vol i., i>. It(i;t. * For authorities, see Tkiijai, RofMMRiEs, nt the end of thii* eliiipter, ' CoUiiiaoii, 'u\ Luiiilva 'ii<"^r(ii)iiu:itt .Society Joitnud, vol. \xv. p. '_(J1. rSKIMO TiAND. i.\ miles in witltli. is estimated at not loss than five thou- sand mill's. Hi'loro thorn is a vast, nnknown, iov (H'osm, u)M)n which thoy searcoly daro vonturo l>oyond sim east to west — now in variegated oscillations. <>raduating through all tlie various tints of blue, and grien. and vio- let, and ci-imson ; darting, flashing, or streaming in yellow colunms, upwards, downwards; now blazing steadily, now >< 'Im iiordwpstlifliston Tlicilc von AiiiciiViii fniul Franklin <1<)i Dudin. Mittc August, Khon in tin.r Tiifc von l(i /oil (^( froicn. Kiclmnlson siih nn rincni iistlidHTcn I'nnUtc (Kr Kiistc, in 71' 12' Unite, die Kissdiiilit im Jnlins inifm-tlmnt bis A Fuss untcr lUr kvantbwkL'ktt n Olieiriiichi'. Jlnu,- bolitt, A'oswo.s, toni. iv. p. 47. ■J SilUman's Jonnnl. vol. \vi., p. 130. Stewann's Voy. Ihnikl, vol. ii., p. 13. Annslriiini's .\iir., j). 28!). ■lO ' Chiiractfiistic of tbu Arctic rogions.' SilVmaii's Jour., vol. xvi., p. 113. d4 ITYPERHOREANS. in wavy iindiilatioiiH, soiKctiinos up to tlio vitv zt'uith; inoiiK'ntarily lijihtiii}^ up in maijostic jrrancU'iir tlio I'lurrk'ss iVo/i'u Kcrnory, l)iit only to fall bat'k Avitli I'xhaiistt'd I'ort'o, k-avinj;' a denwr ohscurity. Natmi's I'U'ctric lantt'in, .siis[K>n(k'(l lor a tiiiio in the IVosty vault of heaven; — nuuiifioent nature's fire-works; with the polar owl, the ^Kjlar hear, and the polar man, siH.'ctators. In .laiujarv, the hrilliancy cf the stars is dimiued pei'ceptihly at ntK)n; in February, a jiolden tint i-ests upon the hori/on at the same hour; in March, the incipient dawn liroadens; in April, the (hr/.iuji' Kski- mt) rubs his eyes and crawls forth; in May, the suow^ bejiins to melt, the impatient t. ii.. \>. ^i. '-' ' In dir ILini (Ic
  • stiios,\o]. iv.. ]). 42. iJ ' TliciinnnictiT rises as liii^li as fil'' Fahr. With « sun shilling,' (livi>njj;li- ont tho twrnty-fonr honis tin- ^Vdwlh of plants is rapid in the cxtrcnie.' Sieiiiiiiiii's Vnij. Jlmtltl, vol. ii.. p. 1">. " ' Diu'inj^ the period of ineuhation of the ftquatic birds, every hole ami proji'ctinj,' cia;^ on the sides of this rook is oeeupieil by them. Its shores resonndwith the chorus of thousands of the featherj- tribe.' IkiTlny's To//., vol. i., p, 3-19. Ill rilYSKAL CIIARAC TEUISTirS. 45 noiw of spoutiii':; wliiilt's ami Iwirkiii^ wals; niid lliis w> liitt'lv dismal, clurrloss iv}:;i()ii, I»)(H)1um whh an i'xIiiiIk'I'- ancc of lifi' <'(|iial('(l only by tlio hlaa-tiu'ss of its dura- tion. And in token of a jnst apprt'ciation of tiit' Creators ;:«M)dni'.ss, this animated mi'dlcv — man. and bi'iists, and birds, and ilslics — rises np, divide.s, falls t(», and ends in eatinji or in heinji ente'.i. 'I'lu' j)liysi('al characteristics of the Kskimos are: a fair complexion, the skin, uhen Wvv from dirt and paint, beinj;' almost Avhite;'* 'i medium stature, well pr(»iM)r- tioned, thick-set, nmscidar, robust, active,'" with sujall and beautifully sha^K-d hands and feet;" a p\ramidal '■' ' Tlnir coiiijiltxiini, if divcstrd of its iisniil covi linj,' of dirt, can Imnlly Ik> ciiUrd (lurk.' SiriiKiiin's I'd//. Ihrahl, v.il. ii., p. r>l. 'In coiiiiMrisdii •with iitlitr Aincrii'iiiis, of ii wliitc comiilcxioii.' Mr<'idli,li'.v Alioriiiimil II s- 1 'ijl "f Aiiiiririi, ]). 'i(t. ' Whiti! Coinphxidii, not Coiipir mlourrd.' I>i:lilis' IIkiIsiiii's liiijl, \i. i">0. 'Almost UK white as Eiiroinaiis.' Kubii's Tnirrh, Vol. ii., J). 2<1."<. 'Not darker tluiu that of u I'ortUj^uese.' Ljim's JituriKil, J). 221. ' Scarcely a sliusi>ii'n Xiir., ]). 110. At Cajie Hatlnirst 'The complexion is swarthy, ehietly, I think, from exi)osuro and the accumulation of dirt.' Anii.-'tn.iiii's .\. 110, 114. ' IJelow tho nu-an of the Caucasian race.' l>r. Jhii/ix i,i llislnrii-. M(htf a niiddh' si/e, robust make, and healthy appearance.' J\'i,t:'l»ir'K I'd//., vol. i., )). 2(i!». ' .Men vary in lui^'ht from alJout Hve fe( t to live feet ten inches.' Jtirlidnlsdii's J'al. Iii-. 221. " 'Tons lea individus ieds et ile leurs mains, et la ;^'i(>sseur euonnc de leur.s tet'S.' Jti' I'miir. Hirlnrrlns J'lii'., tom. i., p. 2ti2. 'The hands and feet are delicately small and well formed.' /;;(•/,(//•(/><. ,i's J'ul. U'V., ]). .'JOI. 'Small and heautifully made.' Siviiiinin's I'd//, llinild, vol. ii , p. •"ill. .\t Point Harrow, "their hands, notwithstanding,' the j^'reat amount of manual labour to which they are subject, were beuutifully snudl and well- 40 IIYPEIIBOREAXS. licjul;'" a Ijroad cvi(l<'iu'iiij,' 11 prciiondcriiuci' of tlic uiiiiiml iHissioiis: tint foi'riK'iid WHS, for till' ii'ost jmrt, low and needing; in a ftw it was soim wliat vertical, hut narrow. Aniisli-DiKi's .\ar., ji. Il);t. Th( if cniiiial clmnnli r- istics 'arc llii- htroii^Iy di'vcloiicd coronary rid^c, the olili(|uity n*' tlic /.y^;onia, and its (,'reatcr cajiacity coni])ared witli tlic Indiaii craniiim. 'I'lic former is essentially ])yraniidal, wiiile the latter mure iii nlv aiipruachcs ti ciiltic shi'l)'.' Jtiill'H AUishii, \i. ;t7(i. "(Jrcatest briadtli d tlie face is just lielow the eyes, tlio forehead liipers upwards, ciidiiiu' uarruwly, liiit \\"\ acutely, and in liko manner the chin is a Munt com .' It'i(hiinlsi,ii\ l\:l. Iliy., p. U(t2. l)r (tall, whose «(l)servatioiiK i>n tiie same skulls prest uted him for plirenolotjical ciliservatiou are pMlilir.het/i'1iiie SmiiMi : ' L'or- ({ane dc I'iustinct dc la propagation He troiive extrcniemciit di'Velii|ipi' ixnir nne tet*! dc femmc' He lin(ls the luusicul and intellectual or^'ans \ riy developed; while vanity and love of children are well displayed. ' Kn ij'ni- ral,' saf^cly <'oncluded the dtx-tor, 'cette tdi' femme pn'seiitait unc or>;Miii/a- tion aussi henreiist! (juu cello do la )>lu]iurt des fcnimes d'Eurojie.' i'mj, J'ilt., pt. ii., p. Ki. ''■*' Large fat nnnid faces, liigh cheek hones, small hazel eyes, eye- lirows slantinj^ like the Chinese, and wiile mouths.' lim Ini/'s !'((//,, vol. i., p. .'14.'). 'llroad, Hat faces, IukIi cheek hones.' Or Ilni/isiii Hist. Mnii.. \o\. 1., p. fi. Their 'teeth are regular, hut, from the nature of their fuod, and from their )>racticc of preparing hides by chewint,', are worn down almost to the gums at an early age.' SceiiKinii's I'ni/. Ikrulil, vol. ii., \t. '>l. At Hudson Strait, broad, liat, pleasing f 'c; small and generally ^ore eyes; giveu to bleeding at the nose. Frunl.' 's .Vkc, vol. i., ji. 'i'.t. ' Small eyes iiiul very high cheek bones.' Kntivbuc'n Vny., vol. i., p. 209. 'La face platte, la bouche ronde, le nez petit sans etre ecrasi', le blanc dc Tueil jaunatre, I'irisnoiret jieii brillant.' J)c ]'((itir, lleclnrchts I'liil., tom.i., \t.'2l)'l. They have 'small, wild-looking eyes, large and verv foul teeth, tlie hair generally black, but Hometinies fair, and always 111 extreme disorder.' lirincntU's Iml. liticfs, p. 4(17. 'As contrasted with the other nativt* .\mer- icau races, their eyes are remarkable, being narrow and more or less <>li- li(pie.' h'irlKtnlsoii'.i .\(tr., vol. i., p. ',W.i. Expression of face intelligent and good-natured. l$oth sexes have mostly round, flat faces, with Mongo- lian cast. JI'iii/ier'K 'I'liaL 1, p. '2'2I{. 20 ' Allowed to hang down in a club to the shoulder.' Tlirhar(hiiii's I'ul. h't-ij., p. H0.">. Hair cut 'dose round the crown of the head, and thereby, having a bushy ring round the lower jiart of it.' Ilnrlni/'.-, \'iii/., vol. i., p. IMi"). 'Their hair is straight, black, and coarse.' Siiiinitin'.'^ (''»//. Jln-- !(///, vol. ii., p. r>l. A tierce exj)ression characterized them on the ^lackenzie lliver, which 'was increased by the h)ng disheveled hair flowing aboiit their shoulders.' Aniinlr'nnfn Aar. p. 141t. At Kotzebue Sound ' their hair was done up in large plaits on each side of the head.' lUtrUi i/x Voij.. vol. i.. p. HiiO. At Camden Hay, h)fty top-knots; at Point Harrow, none. .'Vt ( o])])er- niine Kiver the hair is worn short, unshaven on the crown, and bound with titrii)s of deer-skiu. IShiqjsun's A'lO'., pp. 121, loi. Some of the nieu luivu nirUOVEMEXTH UPON NATLKE. 47 (|iuiitly U'iiw the liuir in a iiiitiirtil state. The women <»f lev Keel" intnKlnce false liair amonj; their own. wear- in;.i' the wliole in two ininienst' |m)ws at the hack of tiii' head. At '. oint IJarrow, they separate the hair into two party o • ' .iihis, .Maturatin«r it witii train-oil, and hindinj^ it int«) .still' hnnehes with stri[».s of skin. Their lower fxtreinities are short, so that in a sitting' jKistnre they l(M)k taller than when standin;:. Were these jH'ople satisfied with what natin'e has done for them, thev wonM ho pa- ;d>ly kinji. ]>iit with them as with all mankind. n«( matter how hijih the decree of intelli^iMice and refii.ement attiur.cd. art must 1h' aiH)lied to improve njx* • nature. T'le lew fin- ishinii touches neglected hy the Creator, man is ever ready to supi)ly. Arrived at the age of pulterty, the great work of im- proMMuent l)egins. I'p to this time tlie .skin has hcen ke}it siituiated in grease and fdth. imtil the natuial color is lost, and until the complexion is hrought down to the Eskimo standard. Xow pigments of various dye are aj)- ])ru'd. hoth i)ainted outwardly and |»ricked into the skin; lioli's lire cut in the face, and plugs or lahrets inserted. These uiH'rations, however, attended Avith no little .'^olem- nity, iU'e suit[>osed to possess some significance other than that ol' niei'e ornament, V[nm the tKcasion of piercing the li[). for instance, a religious fea.st is given. bnre crowns, but the nuijority wear the liuir liowing iifttiiriilly. The women out till' hail- sill lit ill front, k'vcl with the eyelirows. At Hiiniiihn y Point it is twistt il witii sciiuc fiilsc hair into t'.vo iniiiiense hc)ws on tlie li.ick of the head, //"h/k-c's I'asLi, p. •22-'k ' Their liair lmnj,'s cUiwii hm^;, hnt is cut (|uitu short on the erowii of the heail.' Kulnlnu's \'. "il. -I ('rant/, says tlic (ireeiilauch-rs root it out. 'Tlie old men had a few pray liaiis on tlieir chins. Init the yoinij^' ones, thou!,'li ^'rown \\\\ were heard- less.' lifu-liiii'K Villi., vol. i.. p. '.'{:li. ''J'hf j)ossession of it l)''iird is vi ry rare, hut a_ sli;^'ht moustache is not iiifrcipK nt.' SniiKiint's Tn//. lliinhl, vol ii., |). ■")!. 'As the men pow old, they liave more hair on the face than Ked Indians.' Uhlinnlsoii's .\iir., vol. i., "p. HKt. ' (lelierally an ahseiieeof heard and whiskers.' Ani^!U, p. 410. 48 HYPERBOREANS. Oil the northern coast the women jiaint tlie eyel)rvhile tlie men only ])ierce the lower lip under one or l)oth corners of the mouth, and insert in each api'i'ture a dou)>le-headed sleeve-huttoii or dumh- l)ell-sha[)ed lahri't. of l)one, ivory, f^hell, .stone, j:lass, or wood. The incision Avhen lirst made i.s ahout the si/o ol'a eriii>,' Isle, nun as well us women tattoo, ' riusieurs honimes avaieiit h' visayi' tatoue.' ('Imiin. \'(ii/, i'itl., pt. ii., ji. T). '^* ' Oive a particularly disgustini,' look when tho boues are taken out, us ESKIMO DRESS. •19 For covering to the body, the Eskimos cini)loy the skin ol' ill! the beasts jukI birds tliat come Avithiu their reach. Skins tire pre})ared in the I'ur.'' and cut and .sewed witii neatness and skiU. Even tlic intestines of seals and wliales are used in tlie mannfactnre ol' water- The costnme for both sexes consists P' ■oot'overdresse." ot* lonu; stockings or drawers, over which are l)ri'eches extendinjj; I'roni the shoidders to below the knei's; and a frock or jacket, somewhat shorter than the breeches with sU'cves and IuhxI. This pu'ment is made wlude, there bcini;' no openinjis except for the head and arms. The frock of the mal(( is cut at the bottom nearly s(|uare, while that of the female reaches a little lower, and terminates b(>fore and behind in a point or scol- lop. The tail of some animal jii'aces the hinder part of the male frock; the woman s has a large hood, in which she carries her infant. Otherwise both sexes dress alike; and as, when strip[X'd of their facial decorations, their physiognomies are alike, the}' are not nnfre- (piently mistaken one for the other.'-' They have boots kt, as the saliviV oontinnally runs over the rhin.' Ziohi/^Kc's I'/;/., vol. i., p. 227. At Caiiuli'ii, lahi'fts were made of lar;,'L' bhu; heads, ^^'liicd ti> )pic('ts nf ivnrv. None worn at Coiipcvminc lUvcr. Sliiiii.iini's .\\>. II'.I. .'{17. 'Many of thi'iu also tianstix the scjitiiiii of tht? ii()st> with a dintalimii slii.ll or ivovy Ui'cdlc'.' liirjKirilsiin'fi \ii'!< .\'t antipathy to water. ' Occasionally they wash their lioilies with a certain animal iluid, hut even this process is seldom gone through.' >('('i/(((/i/r.s Ic//. Iliriihl, Vol. ii., p. ('}•!. ■^'' ' Durin;.; the summer, when on whalini,' or sealiutr excursioTis. a coat of the f,Mtt of till! whale, and linots of seal or Wiilrr.s hide, are used as water- juoof cov.rinj^s.' iSniiiimn'ri V'xj. Ii ntl'l, \o\, \\, yi. 't'.\. At Toiiit liarrow they Wear ' Kamleikas or wattr-jiroof sliirts, made of the entrails of sials.' i^'iiiiiifiim's A'"'., p. 15!). Women wear close-titling hieechi s of seal-skin. y/"'/"('s Ti(si,i, p. '224. 'They are on the whoh' as good as tli.' best oil- skins in England.' Ikichii/'A I'"//-' ^'"l' '■• !'• •""■ '^' Till' dress of the two sexes is much alike, the outer shirt or jacket haviuL! a pointed skirt before and behind, those of the female beiim merely a little lou'^^'er. ' Pretty much the samo for both sexes.' i'ijKLr's Ilutnaii Jii-tr, p. 2U. Vol, I. i 50 HYPElinOllEANS. of ^viilnis or soal skin, mittens or {ilovos of door-skin, and intostino w{itor-})roofs covering" llio entire body. Sevei.J kinds of i'ur frecjuently enter into the composi- tion of one garment. Tiius tiie body of the frock, generally of reindeer-skin, may bo of bird, bear, seal, mink, or stpiirrel skin; while the h(K)d may ))e of ibx- skin, the lining of hare-skin, the fringe of wolverine- skin, and the gloves of liiwn-skin.-'^ Two suits are worn during the coldest weather; the imier one with the fur next the skin, the outer suit with the I'ur out- ward."' Thus, with their stomachs well filled with fat, and their backs cx)vered with furs, the\' bid delianco to the severest Arctic winter.*" in architecture, the Eskimo is fully e(|ual to the emergency; building, upon a soil which yields him little or no material, three classes of dwellings. IVnetrating the I'rozen earth, or casting around him a frozeri wall, he c()m[)els the very elements from which he seeks protection to protect lihn. For his i/u/'ii or winter 5'* 'Tlipyhove Wsitles this a jiickot mndp of oidti- drakes' skins rowchI to^i'thfi', wliich, put oil nndtnu'iitli their other dress, is a tolrrahle protec- tion aj^'iiinst 11 distant arrow, and is worn in times of hostility.' Ilivrli- ei/'x \'iii/. vol. i., p. ;W<). Messrs Dease and Siniiison found those o£ Point IJarrow 'well clothed ill seal and reindeer skins.' I.nnd. Gimi. Snr.. tliiiu'., vol. viii., p. '221. ' The finest (h'osses are niaileof the sliiiis of nnboru deer.' liii'li'tnlsiin's fill /iV(/.. p. ;!()(!. ' The h'^lf-develo|iiMl skin of a fawn that has iievi-r lived, ohtaiiieil l)y driving the doe till her otl^piiii!,' is jire- liiatnrily born.' ^ni/iiiiti r's Aldsha, p. 1(10. Eskimo woaun pay nuich rci,'ard to their toilet. Hii-hnrdsDii's Xitr., vol. i., p. 'i'>'>. -"■* Tlieir dress consists of two suits. Seiinuim's I'of/. Ikriihl, vol. ii., l>. "rJ. 'Reindeer skin— the fur next the body.' Annslnmii's Xor., p. ll'.». ' Two women, dressed like men, looked frightfully with tluir tattooed faces.' Jinlsiliiii'n I'd//., vol. i., p. I'.ll. Heal-skiu jackets, luar-skin trowsers, and white-fox skin caps, is the male costume at Hudson Slriiit. The female dress is the same, with the addition of a hood for carryiiii,' children. Fnink- liii's .\. At ("amdeii Hay, reindeer-skin jackets and water- proof boots. Shll|>.^^n,l'!i \ i-skin, hair outside, ornamented with white fur. Kirhi/ ii Siii'iUif. l.t. • 'I'hev are more than half nnder;4r(Hiiid.' and are 'about twtiity I'eet square ami ti,s,'ht feetdiip.' SteiiiL.i' -i I'll./, ll'i-iilil. Vol. ii., p. 57. •'•' • Tlie whole bnildinn is eovered with earth to the thickness of a foot or jnorc. a:id in a few years it becomes over 'own witii ifrass, looking from a shott di-taiici- like a small tuuiulus.' Jorlririh'iii's I'lil. /,'fi/., ]i. ItKI. " .V sm.iJIiT drift-wood house is sonietitiies built with aside-door. ' Li:,'ht ntid air are admitted by ii lyw dyyr ut yuu end.' likli'inlson's At/r., vol. i., p. lil.j. i 52 HYPERliOEEANS. purposes in tlio ii])soiico of firo-wood.''' In the Letter class of buiklings, the sides and lloor arc Ijoarded. Supplies are kept in a store house at a little distance from the dwi'lling, perched upon four i)osts, away fi'oni the reach of the do-i's, and a frame is alwa\s erected on Avhich to hanu; furs and fish. Several year^ are sometimes «)ocupied in ])uildin^e snow is then thrown into the crevices, which (piickly congeals; an aperture is cut in the side for a door; and if the thin wall is not sullicieutly '« 'Eastern Esqiiiniiiux invcisicm toUiiukof tiiv us a nicansdf im;>iirliiii,' Wfiriiitli.' SiiiijiS'iii's Xnr.. \\. :u<;. ■'■' Their liouscs iirc ' univcalili' t<>nts, cdiistnU'ttMl uf jiolcs luul sivins." JlroicneU's lull. Uncia, j). |r,ii. • Xiiilur wiiiil nor wuterti^^ht.' l'>'i<-hi-i/.-i \'"i/.. vol. i., J). :((;i. At ('a|)i> Sniyllu', lli>(ii)('r saw sivcn Eskinnt tciitH of sciil skin. 7'".n7,/, p. 21i;. ' We' cnttivd u siimll tent (if niursc -skins, niiiili' in th" form of a cnnoc.' A'. /;.///ii"s \'ni/., vol. i., y. 'J.i(i. At ('(ij)- liiniiinc Kivcr their tents in sniuiiier are of ;/;,/co,s .fn,ir., v. *' The snuw houses are called by the natives viloo, and the underp;ronnd huts j/oiirts, or y arts, nm\ thvir U'litu hiii'l.s. Winter residence, 'i^lut.' /i((;/(- . Beeehey, descrihinj^ the same kind of huildiiiLjs, calls them 'yourts.' 1'')//., vol. i., p'. .'(Oti. Tent of skins, tie-poo-eet; tojiak; toopi'k. Tent, too- pote. //>/(?., vol. ii., p. UHl. 'Yourts.' ^Sffiiituiii'a rn//. .ll'i.(l(J, vol. ii., p. 5'J. Tent, topek. Dull says Riehaidson is wron^', and that i|,'loo so fondof the warm blnotl of ilyint,' niiimals that they iiivonted nn iustiuiiuiit to sfi-m'o it. See lii-iflififs V"/A- ^'"1- i-- !'• !M'- ' Whalt- 1)lul>l)(r, thiii' ffi-cut (li'liciicy, is sii-kfiiiii^' iiiul daugi'roub to ii Kuroi)Lau Ktouiacli.' K''t:il, Ill's I'nij., vol. i., p. 11(2. ■•1 Hcarnc says that tho uativos on the. Arctic coast of British Ann ilea aro 80 (lis;4nstiiinly tilthy that vhcn they have MecdiiiK "t the iiosr th.y lick up tliiir own liloixt. 'rntnls, p. l('il. 'Salt always nppcand an alioin- iiiatioii.' ' Tli.y sciilom codk their food, tho frost apparently actini,' as ti bulistitiitc for tire.' I'ulliiisoii, in. Loml. (/eiiij. Snr. ,li,iir., vol/xxv.. p. 2(11. At KotZ'))nr Sdtmd they 'seoni to subsist entirely on the tleshof ni,u-ine ani- mals, which they, fortLe most i)art, cut raw.' KUztbuv's Voy., vol. i., p. 231). «6 HYPERBOREANS, 1'' tiult's f)f o'ooso. (lucks, and .swuiis visit the ocean during the suiie }M.'ri(jd to breed/'' August and September are tbe months for ubales. AVbcn a wliale is discovered rollinii; on the water, a boat starts out. and from the distance of a few I'eet a wea[K)n is phniji'ed into its bhibbery carcass. Tiie iiar- ])oons are so constructed that when tliis blow is given, the shaft becomes disengaged from the barbed ivor\' iK)int. To this }«)int a seal-skin buoy or bladder is attached by- means of a cord. The bk)ws are re[)eated; the buo\ sen- cumber the monster in diving or swinnning, and tiie inge- nious Ivskimo is soon able to tow the carcass to the shore. A succes,sful chase secures an abundance of food foi- the winter.**^ Se.ds are caught during the winter, and con- siderable skill is rcMjuired in taking them. IJeing a warm- Ijlooded res[)iratory animal, they are obliged to ha\o air, and in order to obtain it, while the surface of the water is undergoing the freezing [)rt)cess. they keep open a breathing- hole by constantly gnawing away the ice. They produce their young in March, and soon aiterward the natives a])andon their villages and set out on the ice in i)ursuit of them. Seals, like whales, are also killed with a liar})oon to which is attached a bladder. The seal, when struck, may draw the iloat under water for a time, Ijut is soon obliged to rise to the sin-faco from exhaustion and ibr air, when he is again attacked an^l soon obliged to yield. The Eskimos are no less ingenious in catching wild- fowl, which they accomplish hy means of a sling or net made of woven sinews, with ivory balls attjiched. They also snare birds by means of whalebone noosi's. roiuid which fine gravel is scattered as a bait. The_)' ma- *•> ' During tho two snmmor months they hnnt and Uvo on swims, j^ceso, and ducks.' Ilic!i(iriln(>ii's Xar., vol. i., \i. itlii, *'' ' Sit'Ui-ps wintor ft'usts imd ubuudiinco of oil for the lumps of a wholo villat,'!', and there is grt'itt vcjuicinf^.' JtirlKtrilsim's I'oL /iV;/., p. Jil;!. 'Tho captnro of tho seal and walrus is ftt'cott'd ill tho samt; manner. Salmon and other fish aro oauj^'ht in nets.' Sevmmin's Vinj. lla-uld, \ul. ii., p. (il. "Six small perforated ivory halls attached soiiarately to cords of smu \v three feet long.' iJaise lU Hiiniisun, in Lund. Ovij. .Sue. Jour., vol, viii., "222. BEAR -HUNTING. 67 iiaMivre reindeer to near tlie edge of a clift' and. driving tlieni into the sea, kill tlieni from oanoes. They also uaylay them at the narrow passes, and ea^jturi' thc-m in great lunnbers. They eonstriict large reindeer ixtunds, and set u\) two diverging rows of turf so as to rejiresent men; the outer extremities of the line heing sometimes two miles ajjart, and narrowing to a small i-nclosure. Into this trap the unsuspecting animals are driven, when they are easily speaivd/" To overcome the formidalile polar hear the natives have two strategems. One is l)y imitating the seal, u[)on which the ])ear principally feeds, and therehy enticing it within gunshot. Another is hy hendijig a })iece ol' stift' whalehone, encasing it in a hall of hluhher, and freezing the J)all, which then holds firm the bent whalehone. Armed with these frozen hluhher halls, the natives ap- l)r()ach their victim, and, with a discharge of arrows, o})en the engagement. The bear, smarting with pain, turns u|M)n his tormentors, who, taking to their heels, drop now and then a blub1)er ball. Jiruin, as fond of food as of revenge, pauses for a moment, hastily swallows one, then another, and {mother. Soon a strange sensa- tion is felt within. The thawing blubber, melted by the heat of the animal's stomach, releases the pent-up whale- bone, which. s[)ringing into place, pla}'s havoc with the intestines, and brings the bear to a painful Jind ignomin- ious end. To vegetables, the natives are rather indiiler- ent: berries, acid sorrel leaves, and certain roots, ai'e n.sed as a relish. There is no native intoxicating li(|uor, but in eating they get gluttonously stupid. Xotwithstanding his long, frigid, ))iting winter, the Eskimo never suffers from the cold so long as he has an abuiuLmce of food. As we have seen, a whale or a, moose su[)plies him with food, shelter, and raiment. ^Vith an internal lire, fed by his oily and animal food, glow- <' Nfiir Smith Rivor, a low jnooo of Ki'onnd, two iiiilcH In- tad iit tli(> hoach, was fduiul inclosed liy tloiililc vows of tmf set u)) to rfi)V(> 'tit nun. iiairow- iu^' towards a lake, into which miulocr were (Mveu and '. ilh d, .Vu/iy'son's Aw., p. 135. i !l!| nYPERBOREANS in;jC in his stomacli. liis IHood at fovor lioiit, lio Inir- row.s comlortiihly in ico and miow and iVo/cn <>roMnd, without ni'wssity for wood or coal." Xor aro tiiose i)as- sioiis which arc siii)poscd to develop most fully under a milder teuq^'raturc. wanting; in the half-fro/en ]l\|)ei*- hoiean.^'' One of the chief dilfundties of the I'iskimo during the winter is to ohtain water, and the women sjtend a large portion of their time in meltinji snow over oil-lamps. In the Arctic regions, eating snow is at- tended with serious conseipiences. Ice or snow, touched to the lips or tongue, hlisters like caustic. Fire is oh- tained hy striking sparks from iron pyrites with ([uartz. It is a singular fact that in the coldest climate inhahited hy man. lire is less used than anywhere else in the world, eipiatorial regions perhaps excepted. Caloric for the hodj- is supplied ])y food and supplemented hy furs. Snow houses, from their nature, prohibit the use of tire; hut cooking with the Eskimo is a luxury, not a necessity, lie well understands how to utilize every l)art of the animals so essential to his existence. AVith their skins he clothes himself, makes houses, hoats, and oil-hags; their ilesli and fat he eats. He even devours the contents of the intestines, and with the skin makes water-proof clothing. Knives, arrow-points, house, hoat, and sledge frames, lish-hooks, domestic utensils, ice-chisels, and in fact almost all their implements, are made from the horns and hones of the deer, whale, and seal. Bow- sti'ings are made of the sinews of musk-oxen, and ropes of seal-skin.''" The Eskimo's arms are not very formidtdjle. 4'' 'Ce qn'il y a encore de frappant clans la comi)lexion de cos harhares," c't'st rcxtrciuc chiilcur de Icur ostomae et de lour sanj^; ils echanffcut tello- iiitiit, par It'ur halcini' ardtiitc, Ics hnttes (in ils assemlilent on bivor, (jno les Europi'aiis, s'y st'Uti'Ut ('tuiirti's, conmie dans une <'tuve dout la chalcur tst tnip j,'radai'(': aussi nc fi)nt-ils jamais do feu dans leur lialiitation en aucnno Haison, ft ils i^'uorent I'nsai^i' dcs fheniini'cs, sons lu elimat lo plus froid du globe.' De I'aiiw. llecln'rcla.-i I'liil., toin. i., ]). ^(Sl. 49 'Tlu> voluptuousness and l'oly<,'aniy of tbo North Amei-icau Indians, nnder a temperature of almost perpetual winter, is far greater than that of the most sensual tropieal nations.' Murtiii's llrilish i'olonk's, vol.iii., j). r)21:. ^" ' The seal is perhaps their most useful animal, not merely furuishinj{ oil and l)lul)l)er. but the skin used for their canoes, thongs, nets, lassoes, and boot soles.' \ilt!/inpcr'ii AlutiLa, p. IGl. SLEDGES, SNOW -SHOES, ANT) BOATS. 5'J Biu-kc'd l»y his ingenuity, tlicy nrvcrtlu^loss provo sufTi- cioiit for practical iniri)<)sc's; and Avliilc his ncijililjor |)<)ss».»HS0H none bettor, all are on an e([iial footing' in Avar. Their most iK)werful as well as most artistic Aveai)on is the how. it is made oi' l)eech or si)ru('e, in three pieces curving in o[)[K)site directions and in- geniously hound by twisted sinews, so as to give the greatest possible strength. Ilichardson allinns that " in the hands of a native hunter it will pro[)el an arrow with sufficient force to pii'ree the heart of a mur>k-ox. or break the leg of a reindeer.' Arrows, as well as spears, lances, and darts, are of white spruce, and pointed with bone, ivory. Hint, and slate."'* Kast of the Mackenzie, copper enters largely into the com- lM)sition of Eskimo utensils.'"'" Ik'fore the introduction of iron In' lluropeans, stone hatchets were connnon.''' The llyper))oreans surpass all American nations in their facilities for locomotion, both upon land and water. Jn their skin ])oats, the natives of the Alaskan seaboard from I'oint j/arrow to ^Mount St Elias, made long voyages, crossing the strait and sea of Bering, and held commercial intercourse with the people of Asia. Sixty miles is an ordinary day's journey for sledges, while Indians on snow-shoes have Ijeen known to run down and ca[)- turr deer. Throughout this entire border, including the Aleutian Islands, boats are made wholly of the skins of seals or sea-lions, excepting the fnime of wood ''I They h;\\o 'two sorts of hows: nrrows ])ointe(l with ivmi. flint, aiul bmic. or lihiut for liinls; ii durt with tlirowin.L^-hoiird for sciils; it s))iiir hciulnl with iron or cojiiitr, the huuiUf about six fcft Ion;,'; iind fonuiilahlo iron knives. Kiually ailaptcd for throwing, cutting;, or stuhhin^.' Shnjisnn':^ y'(r.. p. 121$. They asccnchil the llackonzif in former times as fur as the Itamparts, to obtain tiinty slate for hmee and arrow points. Ilirlmiil- .soil's ./(iiir., vol. i., J). -IV.i. At St. Lawrence Island, they are armed with a knife two feet loni< h'.t-.i^hne's I'.-//., vol. i., iq). VXi, -ill.' One weapon was 'a walrus tooth tixed to the end of u wooden stall'.' Jin<:hii/'s \''>i/., vol. i., p. .ili. '•- At the Copperniino Eivev, arrows arc pointed with slato or copp( r; hatch- ets also are made of a thick lump of copper. JTarne's 'I'runlf:, pp. IC' -D. i^t ' The old ivory knives and itiut axes are now sui)ei-seded, the I'lussians liavint,' iiitroduc((l the connuon Eiiropi'au sheath-knife and hatrh, t. T'le board f..r throwim,' darts is in use, and is similar to that of the i'olyue' s.' i^tciiiniin's Vuij. Iknttd, vol. ii., p. '\i. CO inTERnOllEAXS. or \vliiili'-ril)s. In tlic interior, iis well as on tin' coast iniini'diati'lv lu'low Mount St Iliias. skin Moat.s disai)- jR'ar. and canoi's or woodi-n boats arc used. Two kinds of skin hoats arc cinidovcd liy tlu' natives of the iMaskan coast, a lar^-c and ji small ( )nc '11 K! former is called hv the nati\«'s (inmnih-, and In' the Rus- sians /iiiii/iir. This is ji lar^i'. Ilat-hottomed. open hoat; the skeleton of wood or whale-rihs. fastened uith scal- tskin thonji's or whale's sinews, and coveivd with oiled seal or sea-lion skins, which are lirst sewed toj:tther an( I then stretched over the frame Tl le haidai' is nsnallv uhont thirty I'eet in length, six feet in extreme l)readtli, and three feet in depth. It is propelled hy oars, and will carry fifteen or twentv persons. ])nt its cai)aeity is ^ Tho 'l>ftV(liivo is (I liirgo open lioat, quite flnt, nimlo of sfii-llnns' sldnw,' nncl is us(!(l also for ii tent. At Lunfsclirrt' Island it was ' ii liiivc and jirol)- iibly Icatlu'i'ii bout, with Mack sails.' J\'ut:iliiit's \'iii/., vol. i., jip. 2()2. •JH!. ' Tho kaiyaks arc iniiidlcd by a donblc-bladid jiaddli', nscd wilh or witliont n central rest, and the umiaks with oavs.' Can 'jiroixl ♦heir kaiyaks at the rate of seven miles ail hour.' j;icli(irilsnn's Jmir., vol. i., ^ip. 'iltH, ;)").S. At *lud- Bon Strait they have canoes of seal-skin, like those of (incnlimd. I-'riiiiUi,,'s iA((/'., vol. i., n. 2!). Not a drop of w ter can penetrate the opening,' into tho canoe. Milli "'s I'".'/., p. 40. The kyak is like an English waf.'er-boat. They are 'n I'h stroii<,'er than their lif,'htness would lead one to sni>]iose.' Jliinijer's Tl' • ', pp. '22li, '2'2«'/'< Al'ishK, p. I})S(». ' Eramo vorkof wood vheu this cannot be procured whalebone is substituted.' .\nii- ulroiii/'s yur., , ')H. Mackenzie saw boats put toj^'ether with whalebone; 'sewed in some parts, id tied in others.' I'd//'/;/' x, p. (17. They also use a sail. ' Ou di'couvrit an ' in, dans la baie, un bateau ipii allait a hi voile; ello etait eu cuir.' I'lioris, '([(>. witlmnt It thii MMnd- ■diil.tih'K iitd tho I'-lioat. • i'liiino Adii- ; 'sewed •On I'tuit I'U dist'ov- .,1). 43. ( of wiitor Ciin iK'iK'tnito it. This divss is pio- vi(li'(l witii sk'ovos and ii hood. It is s'curcly fastciicil at thcAvrists and neck, and \\\\vn tht» IkmmI is drawn cArr the head, tho hoatman may hid (k'lianci' to the watiT. ^rht' hai(hn'ka is ahoiit sixteen firt in l('n,iitii. and two I'c'ct in uidth at the- inichlk". tain-rin^' to a })oint at I'ithcr end.'' It is liiiiit and stron ri an( Uvl icn ski lifidlv han- dUd is consitK'ivd vci'v safe. Tho iiatixo of Noi'ton Sound will twirl his kyak coniplotoly ovor, turn an a(|ii;itio soniorsanlt. and hy tiio aid of his |itod l)y thom in iiavigatin, eiiii)loyed.' 7/;- '.- i(/'./s../.\' ./.„(/•., vol. i., p. 4i(."), If h'v aeeident a liole should bo made, it is stopiied 'vith a piece of the Hesh of' the sea-doL?, or fat of tho whale, whieh they always c-arry with them. /,./„. ;.v,?.,c/r.s I'-w/.', ])t, ii., p. 1:1. They striko ' the water with iKjiiiek. rej^ular motion', lirst in ono side, and then on tins cith-r.' Ci>,,L's Thinl l'„y/., vol. ii., p. TiK;. ' WieLjen u'w iiber ;J(I I'fund, undhabeii cin diinnes mit Leder iilier/o^nes Geripiie.' Xmr Xavhrirhl':,!, \). l.)2. 'The Aleutians put to sea with them inall weathers.' /vit-ilnit'.i Ar/'i 1 "// , vol. ii., p. .JO. At tlie Shuma^,'in Islands they 'are penerally about twelve feet in length, sharp at each end, and about twenty inehes'broad.' J/"(/r,s' I „,/.. J,. X. 'J'hey are as transjiarent as oihnl paper. At Unalaska they are so light that they cuu be carried iu one Laud. ,S((i(ec, BHliwfs \'vu., p. loi, loD. ill 02 HYPERBOREANS. il \vlialc's jaw-bone. This sled is heavy, and fit only for traveling over ice or frozen snow. Indian sleds of the interior are lighter, the rnnners being of thin llexible l)oards better adapted to the ine(iiialities of the ground, h^ledges, such as are used by the voyagers of Hudson r>iiy, are of totally difterent construction. Three lioards, each about one foot in width and twelve feet in length, thinned, and curved into a semicircle at one vm\, are ]tlaced side ])y side and firndy lashed together with thonus. A leathern bag or blanket of the full si/e of the sled is provided, in which the load is i)laced and lashed down with strings."^ Sleds and sledges are drawn by dogs, and they will carry a load of from a quarter to half a ton, or about one hundred pounds to each dog. The dogs of Alaska are s^carculy up to the average of Arctic canine nobilit>-.''^ They are of various colors, hairy, :liort-legged, with large l)ushy tails curved over the back; they are wold sh, sus])icit)us, yet powerfid, sagacious, and docile, patiently jK'rl'onning an incredU)le amount of ill-re(iuited labor. Dogs are harnessed to the sledge, sometimes by separate thongs at TURMpial distances, sometimes in pairs to a single line. They are guided by the voice accompanied by a whip, and to the best trained and most sagacious is "iven the longest tether, that he may act as leader. ^Vn eastei'n dog will carry on his l)ack a weight of thirty pounds. The dogs of the nortljern coast are larger and stronger " ' Thoy I'lvcviicto twolvo foot in loii'^th, two foot six iuohos in hoi^lit, two foot biiiail, and liiivo tho fovo pnvt turned up in ii p'ntlo ourvi'.' ' Tlu; tlnor rosouililos 11 gi'iitins,' withunt oioss-liars, und is almost ii fnot fioni tho Icvi 1 of tlio snow.' ,'artioulaily voniarkod two vory noat slodi,'( s niado of nioiso and whalolionos.' .A'./.-<7(/(c'.s \'iii/.. Vol. i., yt. "ilO. ' To niako tho luniuis j^liilo hniootlily. n coatinvtof ioo is j,'ivon to tlioni.' llirliKrilnmi's I'ul. //i- ;..)). :i(i't. At N'oiton Sound ('ai)tain Cook found slodLios ton foot loni; and twenty inolios in width. A rail-work on caoh side, and shod with liono; "neatly ])ut toL;i ther; simui with Wooden pins, hut mostly with thongs or lashin'-;sof wliiiie-lioii,>.' Tliird \'"!/., vol. ii., j>, 41:i, 4t:!. Maokouzie doscrihos tlie sledges of IJritish Alner- ioil, re//'/(/(.S, ]ip. ()7, (!M. ^•^ ' Aliout tho si/e of tlioso of Newfoundland, with diorter lerrs.' DnU's vl/'(.s.',a, p. 20. 'Neither plentiful nor of a good class.' Wliijxqu.f's AIuhkh, . 171. AL- PROrERTY. C3 ihon tliosc of the interior. Eskimo dogs are used in Imnting reindeer and musk-oxen, as Avell as in drawing sledges;^'-' Those at Cai)e Prinee of AN'alcs a[)pear to Ije of the same s[)ecies as those used upon the Asiatic coast for drawing sledges. Snow-shoes, or foot-sledges, are differently made ac- cording to the locality. \n traveling over soft snow they are indispensable. Thcv consist of an open light wooden frame, made of two smooth pieces of wood each ahoii^ two inches wide and an inch thick; the inner ])art sometimes straight, and the outer curved out to about one foot in the widest part. Thev are from two to six feet in length, some oval and turned up in front, running to a point behind; others Hat. and ])oiuted at both ends, the space within the frame l>cing filled with a network of twisted deer-sinews or line seal-skin.™ 'J'ho Hudson r)ay snow-shoe is oidy two and a half feet in length. The Kutchin shoe is smaller than that of the ]>kiuio. The merchanta1)lo wealth of the Eskimos consists of peltries, such as wolf, deer, badger, ^xjlar-bcar, otter, hiue, nmsk-rat, Arctic-fox, and seal skins; red ochre, plumI)imo, and iron ])yrites; oil, ivory, whalebone; in short, all }iarts of all species of beasts, birds, and lishesthat they Ciiii se- cure and convert into an exchangeable shape.''' The arti- cles they most covet are tobacco, iron, and beads. 'J'hey are not particularly given to strong drink. On the shore of IJering Strait the natives have constant conmicrcial '■>^ The ill);;; will hunt bear and rc^indtir, hut is lu'iaid of its uvav illative, thi' wolf. llrtiinwH'fi Iml. U'trrs, J). ITt. ''" An aveviif,'!' hn,tj;th is fnur and a half fi'it.' U7////(i/i(c',s' .l/(/.s7,rt, ji. is:}. ' The lunuit snowsliDe is small and nearly llat,' 'sildoui over thiity inches liii^'.' 'Thiy art! always ri;^iits and lefts.' ln),'alik larmr: Kiitehin saiiui style; Hudson Hay, thirty inches in hiiLjth. Iinll's Jln-iLn. ]i|i. I'.ii), ]'./i, ' They iU'c fniiu two to threii feet hm^Mi inot hroad, and sliyhlly tiirm d up in front.' i^ii iiKiini's In//. //»/•((,'(/, vol ii., ji. (it). ■ '■' ' Blue beads, cutlery, toliacco, and buttons, were the artii-les in re(|Uest.' ./.'(((•//, //'s I'll//., Vol. i., p. ;i")".i. At lliulson Strait they have a ctisloiii (if licking,' with Iho tonf,'U(i eacdi article iiurch.astd, as a finish to the baii^'ain. Fri(i(l.iiii's ypperuiinc River. >((/i/i.v./,',s y very expert traders, haf,'L;le obstinately, always consult to- pothcr, ancl an' infinitely happy when they fancy tin y h.ave cheated aiiylio'ly.' Kiil:ihHi''s I'l//., V(d. i.,]!. 'l.\. ' A thieving, cunniii;^' race.' ADu^lmn'i's Xnr., p. 110. 'L'liey resp(>ct tach oiU 'r's projierty, 'Imt Ihcy steal without scr.plo from btranL-'ers. ■sp(>ct t'acli oih'r s property, 'Inn the Lkinirdson':! Jiur., vul. i., p. 3'j2. SOCIAL ECOXOJir. 05 an a '^""""' ".-"•''. £';;;. ^::„;;::-';:r z';.;;:-;:;;,,- * TlK. '"..no „!• tl... iy;>'"'">'t-'"<-n,l,i,K..i„n„f,I,.n;!^:. "'•'•lii<':il ;iii(l rc])ul);i,.,.i,i; roposjiiizcliisiuitlKintv.' ;;'-l'- 1-. At Kot/,.h„„s„„n,l, arok.'t v-niiu' mail uas taken t..' 1„ "■ partus sitting down „,„1 M-ilm^'i ,,„'";' j'''^ /V" "'""'^ ''V 1.0x1,,,;. ^'>^'-„i/ 7.';,.w,/i„v.A:;,,.. . 'i ' ;"n;'""v' "'?" -- i-'ow..,! i,v ;::... Vol. I, 5 '"''"'.'b--' cvrcnouy La. L.eu pu'fun,„,l i^i;: CG IIYrERBOEEANS. Avoiiuii is ])iit littlo iK'ttcr tliini sl.iAcrv. All the woik. except the nobler ocoiipjitioiis ui' hiiiitinj:', (ishiiiu'. iiiul tiizhliiii:', lulls to them. ^J'he lesson of lenuile inleri- ority is at iiu eai'ly ajie instilled into the mind of youth. Nevertheless, the l-lskimo mother is remark- alily alVeetionate. and I'ullills her low (Ustiny A\ith j)a- tient kindne; rohi!i imv IS eonnne-n: ever\- man hemy; entitled to as many Avi\es as he ean iixt and main- tain. On the other hand, if '»vomen are scaice, the nun as easily ada[)t themsehes to circumstances, and two of them marry one Avoman. ^larriaijix's are celihiated as i'olhnvs: alter iiaininii' the consent of the mother, the lovei' presents a snit of clothes to the lady, who aiiays herself therein and thencel'orth is his ^vil'e.''' Dancini;', accompanied hy siiiLiinji' and violent gesticulation, is their chief annisement. In all the nations ol" the north, eveiy uell-rcLiulated village aspiring to any di'gi'iv of respect- ahility has its pnhlic or town house, Avhich among the ]^skimos is called the Cdsiiic or Ju(i//. Ifirahl. veil. ii.. ]i. (10. 'Thiso jicdjilc an' in tlic li;iliit (if ciilK ctiiiu; ciTtiiin Hiiids for the piniioscs oi tiiiinii!;,'; and that, ju(li;in,L; fnmi what took place in the tent, in the most ^iieu manner, in the ju'e^enio of all the family.' luirln i/'fi \'i'i/., vol.i., p. -id". '''''Two men sometimes many the Kiime woinan.' SrcniiiiDi's I'l"/. //i(>ns. ii le ^ceue (lie lialiit U, jilil,:;ili:4 v„i/. /;./•- I NvislltS to •If. 11 ac- Itlit' ^;irl i^ |;„'.s- A.u-., liiil'i r---l':ni .lni. Their son^' consisted cif the \: '.-A ■: ' Hi, Yan',Mh yanijah; hii ha. yanijuh -with variety only in the iiillee- ti lU of Y lice.' II i:,iii'r's I'lisl.i, p. 'JJ."). W'lieii lieateil liy the dance, even t"i ' \v 1',! 11 Were stripjieil to their 1)reeclies. .s///ois.i,i's \,ir., p. l.">x. 'An o' 1 ia;ii, all liiit naked, jumped into the rin;,', and was lie^'innino soni<' in- d nt i; sHcnlations, when his appearance not nifi'tiii;^ with our iippiobii- tioii he withdrew.' JJieclwi/'s I'"//., vol. i., p. 3'JtJ. ! .'si I I ) 68 HYPERBOREANS. must sul)mit his iio.se to the nose of liis ITvpor])oivnii l)rotht'r,''' ,111(1 his faeo to the caressing' hand of his ])olai' IViend. To convey intimations of friendship at a distance, they extend their arms, and nil) and pat Iheir Ijreast. Upon tlie approach of visitors they i'orm a circle, and sit hke Turks, smokinji; their ])i[)es. Men, uomen. and chil- dren are inordinately fond of to])acco. They swallow the smoke and revel in a temporar>' elysium. They are called hrave, simple, kind, intellijient. hai)j)y, hospita])le, respe(rtful to the ajied. They are also called cruel, un- jirateful, treacherous, cunninii', dolorously complaining, mi.serahle.''^ They are great mimics, and, in ordi'r to terrify strangers, they accustom tiiemselves to the most extraordinary contortions of ieatures and hody. As a measure of intellectual capacity, it is claimed lor theui that they divide time into days, lunar moutlis, seasons, and vears; tiiat they estimate accurately 1)\' the sun or stars the time of d.iy or night; that they can count several hundred and draw niai)s. Tiiey also make rude drawings on bone. rei)resenting dances, deer- hunting, animals, and all the various pursuits followed by them from the cradle to the gi'i've. l)Ut few diseases are common to them, and a deformed person is scarcely e\er seen. Cutaneous eru})tions. re- sulting from their antipathy to water, and ojjhthahuia, arising from the smoke of their closed huts and the glare of sun-light upon snow and water, constitute their chief disorders.'^ For protection to their eyes in limiting and "" ' C't'tait lii phis f,'riinil(> miirqno (l'iuniti(' qn'ils ponvaiont nous .loiiiicr.' Choi'ls, Voij. rut., ])t. ii., p. 5. 'TIk V canic up to nic one after the dthrv-- ciich of thciii ciiiliract'd iiir. riililiiil liis ipisc liar'l aj^'aiiist mine, mid iiidtil his eari'sscs hy si)ittini,' in liis iiaiids and wipiiij,' them sevenil times ovir my faee.' Ivitnbiif's I'"//., vol. i., ]ip. ]'.•_', ]'■>'>, "" • Tlieiv iiei'soiial bravery is conspieudiis, and they two tho only nation on till' N'U'tli Ainerieau Continent who ojiposi; their enemies face to fare in opi-n tiLcht.' I!ii-/ii/. Ikralil. vol. ii,, p. C,7. 'Dis- eases me ipiite iis prevalent among them as among civilized people.' JJuU'ti THE KOXIAGAS. G9 borcaii s polar stance, l)reast. aiul sit id cliH- Avallow lioy are pital»k', u'l. iin- lainiii^', »r(U'i' to 10 most As a lod lor months, y l)y tho hey call icy also i>s. (lecr- ibllowod oformc'd lions, rc- Ithahnia, ho ;ilave loir chu'f ing and lis llolllK'V.' Itllc (itlu'V-- and riuliil ^es uvir uiy inly nutiou ti) iiW^• ill Miplc; vi'i'X ■O liolll lUlll LT.' i>'/'^ f,7. 'Di^- llu.' I'n'i's fisliing. tlioy make j:o,i:,li1os l>y cnttinu: a slit in a piece ot" sol't wood, and adjustiii,:;' it to the liic;'. The Mskiiuos do not. as u ride, hui'v their dead; hut doiihle the hody u\). and ])lace it on the side in a ])];nik hox. which is elevated three (»r lljiir i'eet IVom tlio j:romi(h and supported hy four ])()sts. Tlie grave-liox is olh'U eovei'ed \\\\h });uuted fi;iui'es of Itirds. iishi's. and iiuimids. Sometimes it iswi';ip])ed in skins. ])la»H'd upon nil elexated iViiine, and co\('i'i'd w ith phiiiks, ur trunks of trees, so as to protect it fi'oui uild beasts. I'pon the frame or in the _it/., vol. i., p. ;nn. ''riiirc i.s scldoni any iiiDitality cxci pt (unonj,'st the old j)"ii])lf and vrvy yonni,' idiildrcn.' .•l*'//i.s(/''./ii/'s .\'(ii\. )>. Ili7. "' At I'liint JSarrnw. bodies were found in f^icat nnmlMVs scattiTcd ovci' the ^'voiuitl in their ordinary seal-skin dress; a fiAV coverc d witli pieces of wood, the Iteads all turned north-east t<>\vards the extremity of the [loint. >///7'- smi's A'//'., p. l"i"). ' They lay their deail on the (ground, with their head> all tamed to the north.' ' The bodies lay exposed in the most horrible and dis- ^.'iistini; manner.' Doaso dial ■'^'mijiSDn, in Lmiil. (iffij. Si,t\ •Ioki'., vol. viii., p. •iJl, 222. ' 'J'heir position with re^'ard to Ihe jKiiiits of the eompass is not taken into ponsideratioii.' .'■'fniKiim's / e/y. //< )v('i/, vol ii., 11. 117. ' There are many mor(> rjraves than present inhabitants of the villa^'e, and the story is tlra the whole coast was once niU(di more densely populated.' hul/'s Alu^h'l, ji. I'.i. Hooper, on coniiiiL; to a buri.d place not far from I'oint IS.irrow, 'conjectunil that the <'or]ises had been buried in an upri,Lrht position, with their heads at or above the sm'face.' TusU, ji. 221. '' Kadiak ' is a derivative, aerordiiiL; to some authors, from the I'ns-jan Iviilid. a lari^e tub; more probably, however, it is a coi'i iiiition of Kania;^', th" anci"nt Tnauit name.' linWa Al'is/.a, p. ."i:i2. Hohuber;.; tliiidis th.it the Word Kadiak arose from K'll.rlitnl,. which in th" lanu'uatje of the Konia'^'.as means a lar!,'e island. " Oer N.ime Kadjak ist oti'enbar cine Verdrehiur.; \on Kikchtak, welches Wort in der Spraehe der Konjaneii '"Ltrosse Insel " be- d'Utet und il.ihi r audi als IJenennunL; der ijri>ssten Insel dieser (iniiijie ili nte.' h'Uni'i ;riiiilii.-r)(i' Sl,-iizi:,i. iih' r ili,' \'t"i /.i r ili'x Jlnssi!«:l(fii A)iii ril.". ji. 7"i. ■ .V la division Ivnihi'i'i appartieiit la parlie la plus se|itintrional' de r\li.-1.a. et rile de Kodiak, ([ae Its Itllsses il]ipelleut vul_i,'airement l\!'l,liil. , ipinipi.', dans la l.inx'iie des naturels, le mot Kii,ditak ne d'sij,'ne vn Li.'iii'ral 'inline de.' llmtiltn'iH. l\ssiil I'nI., torn, i., ]i. iUT. f'oxe alHrms that the natives 'call th;iiiselves Kana^'ist.' JinsMiin bis., p. lin. And Saui i' >ays, liii I II IIYPEllBOREANS. hy early Russian writers witli the Aleuts. Kuiilish ethnologists sometimes call tlieui Southern I'^sUiuios. From Kadiak they extend along' the coast in hoth di- rections; northward across the Alaskan Teninsula to Kotzehuo Souud, and eastwai'd to Prince Williaui Sound. The Koniapni I'auiily is divided iuto nations as fol- lows: the KniiuKpts proi)er, uho inhal>it the Konia- ji'an Archipela.ii'o; the ('luKfihlicx''^ avIio occupy the islands and shores of I'rince Williaui Sound; the A(j/(y- i}i'it(!f<, of Ih'istol liay; the K('f(f(n(/i)iiit('.'^, ■who live upon the river Xushauak and the coast as far as Cape Xew- enhaui; the Aiinhiintes. dwelliuj^' n[>on the coast hetween the lvusko([uim and Kishunak rivers; the KiixhtqHiii- viiitcs,''^ occupying the hanks of the river Kuskixjuiui; the Jfir/viniites, in the neit-'hhoi'hood of Cape llouianzotf; the Kini'Jipiiijniuh'A^ .Kirlc/t/HiKjiinifcx^ and /^i.-^/ifo/i/ts, on the Kwichpak, Kwickluak, and Pashtolik I'ivers; the (Viiuiqiimfas, near Tashtolik I>a\-: the Auf'/f/iiinfrs, of (Jo- 1 igxii ovum ]5i "onm 70 u ly, and the Kin-ial^i and Jfi/cinnffx, of Xorton All of these peo[)le.'' says IJai'on von AVran- gell. "speak one lantiuaiie and hi'louu; io one stock." The most ])opidous district is tlie Kuslvoquiui Valley.'^ The suiall islands in the vicinity of Ka liak were once Well peopled; ])utasthe Russians de[K)[)ulated theui. and hunters hecame scaire. the natives were not allowed to s(;atter. hut were forced to couiireiiate in towns." Sche- likolV. the lli'st settler on Kadiak, reported, in that and continuous isles, thirty thousand natives. Thirty years later, Saritshelf visited the island and found but three I ' tlio niitivi's cull thcmsplvps Sno-nn-it.' IT'lllnii's Ex., p. 17o. ' llaii vpvstunil Vein iluicii, (las sic sich sclhst Iviinanist lu-micu.' yi'iic A'/c/o'., \>. lit. Ti TscliiKintsflif-i, 'rsclinii'it4 111' Tsrii idtii . Latham, Xntire Jin. 70. m LAND OF THE KONIAGAS. 71 "t tlioiisiind. Tlio Chngatshos not lona; since lived upon tlic island of K;idiak, l)iit, in eons(M|iienee of dissensions Avith tlii'ii" n*'i;ilil)oi's, they 'wei'O ohli^i'ed to eiui.^rate and take ii[) tlu'ir residenee oi' the main land. They de- rived their iii;innei's originally IVoiii the nortiievn nations; l)iit. alter lia\ ing been driven IriMU their ancient posses- .•^ioiis, they nuulo raids n[)on .southern nations, carried oil* their \voiiien. and, I'rom tho connections thus i'oi-nied, nnderwent a marked change. They now ivsemlile the southern rather than tho northern tribes. Tho Kadiaks, CMuigatshes. lvnskoi|ninis, and adjacent tribes, according to thi'ir own traditions, camo I'roin the north, while the I nalaskas believe themselves to have originated in the west. Tho Ivaviak.s intermingle to a considei'ablo extent with tho .N[alenuites. and tho two lu'o often taken for one jieople; l)nt their dialects are ((uite distinct. Tho country of tho Koniagas is a rugged wilderness, into many parts of which no white man has ever pene- trate(l. Moiuitainons forests, glacial canons, down which How inmimerable torrents, hills intersi)ersed with lakel- and marshy plains; ice-clad in Avinter, covered with luxuriant vegetation in sunnner. Some sheltered inlets absorb an undue j)ro[)ortion of oceanic warmth. Thus the name Aglegmutes signilies tho inhaljitants of a warm climate. Traxelers report chiefs among tho Koniagas seven fei't in height, but in general they are of medium stature.'' Their cuni[)lexion may bo a shade darker "The ^Iiilcinntcs avo 'a r.ico of tall and stnnt poojjlo.' }]ln/mper's Aldshi. ]). l.",;i. ' Die Kuskiikwiiuir siud, luittlcnr St;itar, sililaiik, riistit,' uiiil (ift luit i^'rosstT Sliirkc l)i'u'al>t.' //(('■/•, Slut. h. h'llin., ji. I:!."). Jli.fnit's !'"//•• !'• '^''- ' I'i'WcilfU fallen smjiar vicsii,'(! (Jcstaltcn ailf, wit; icli z. 1>. fincn llanptlini,' in dcr iL;atsclitn liui-lit /u scluii (Iclii^'cn- lii'it liatti', di'sscii L.'iii'^t' (i ., Fuss hitrn^'.' Ilnhiili-i-'i, Kllai. >/,);,, )>. 80. Tlic chief at I'liiicc William Sniuid was a man uf low stature, 'with a lon^' beavd, and seemed aliout sixty years of a;,'e.' l'ijrllnr//s \'i'i/.. p. 'i:!?. A Strom,', law-lioned race, Menrcs' ' \'ni/., p. :{2. At Cook's Inlet tluy seemed to lie of the same nation as those'of I'r. Wm Sd , but entirely ilirtir- ent from those at N'ootk.i, in jiersons ami lant,'ua,i^e. ('<»(/, 's riiif. '^i' Aclil;n.u;iniutcn, ' lifwuliiicrdrr waniiruGi'j^'ciKl.' Ilnfinlnni, h'llni. SI,U., p. 5. ' ('i)ii])ir coiiiplcxiiin.' J/isinusl.if.i I'l//., ]). l'-*4. ^1 ' 'I'hi V l)i)n< their umlcr lip, where they haiij,' tine hones of Ixnsts and liivds." >7 /('A/)!i's Xiiiili. Arcli., p. li:!. ' Setzen sich aiieli — Z.dim' von \ii\ii 1 (id;v Thiei'kniiehen in Kiinstliehe Ueti'nimgeu der Uuttrlippu und nnter del' Nas(! ein,' \viw Xadir., ]). 11:!. '*'i Thi^ people of Kadiak, aecordinc; to LiinrjsdovfF, are similar to tlioso of I'nalaska, the men hein.L; a little taller. They ditler from the Fox Inlanders. \'i'i/., ])t. ii., p. ''i'2. 'Die' Insulaner waren hier von den Einwoluurn, d. r vorhin entdeckten iil)rit;en Fuehsinsnhi, in KleidiinL; nnd SjaMehe zieni- lieli versehieden.' Xcni; Xavhr., p. IKt. 'lis resseniMent lieaiieoiip aiix indi,L,'enes des iles Curiles, depeuduutos du Japon.' Luplaw, Circintnnv., vul. vi., p. io. KADIAK AND KUSKOQIIM DllESS. .'11 as 'ss«.'(l ; clay Avliitc can inkles, I'sclui- .SAL-., thoso of iliiiiilcrs. iihiK I'll, he ziflll- (l\l]) ilUX iiiiinav.. m % lu'sidcs inakin.u' a iimltitu(l(! of Imlcs loi- them in tlie ears, nose, and cliin. Into these hoii's they will also insert hiittoiis, nails, or any European tiinket Nvhicli falls into their ^lossession."'' Tho alioi-i^ninal dress of a -wealthy Kadiak uas a hird- skiu pavka, or shirt, IVinnvd at the top and hottoni. with loll,-- wide sleeves out of AvlTu'li the wearer shpixd his arms in an emerj-eiKy. This t was fastened an emhroidered prdle, and over all, in wet weather, was worn an intestine water-[)roof coat, 'flu; Kadiak hreeches and stockin.iis were of otter or other skins, and the l)(M)ts, when any were worn, were of seal-neck leather, with whale-skin soles. The Kussians in a nieasmv prohih- ited the nse of furs amoiiL;; the natives, compellint; them to purchase woolen ^oods from the com|)any, and deliver np all their peltries. The ])arkas and sto(tkin,u,s of the Kusko(|uims are of reindeer-skin, covered with eni- hroidei'y. and trinuued Avith valuahle l'ui-s. Thty also make stockings of swamp <:rass. and cloaks of stur^ieon- skin. The Ahdemute and Kaviak dress is similar to that of the northern Eskimo."" s'' ' Thry wnro striii^'^ <'( I'oads siNiioiidod from ni)"rtnrfs in tlio Inwrr li)).' /,i'v '(,/s/, //'.s I'"//., p. r.'"). ' Tluii' (ills live full of hoks. fnnii wliirli 1i;iiil; ]iriiilaiits of liono or shell.' Mniix-s' \'iii;.. ]>. xxxii. "Ellis |)oitt'Ut (Irs prili'S oi-,liu,iiiciii('iit cii vciTi.' blcu, sns|)tii(lius au-ilf'ssoiis dii ncz a iiu til pass' ilaiis la cloisou iiasalc' It'Orhi'iHi/, I'l.//., ]>. .17;t. ' rpmi tlii> whole, I have ihuvIk re seen savaU's who taki' nunc pains than these pco- j)l(( ill) to oinanunt, or I'ather to disliu'iire tlnir ]iei'sons.' At Priiin' Wil- liam S lunil they aie so foml of oi'naninit ' tleit t!ii-y stiek any tliini.' in their iierforateil li|); oil'! man aiipeariie.; with two of our imn nails jirojii-tinL; from it like pniU'^s: and anothi r endeavouring; to put a larL,'e oi-ass button into it.' rnii/.'s Tli'inl \'"!/., Vol. ii.. ii. .'i7it. They slit the under li[). and have orna- ments of glass heads and nmseh-shrlis in nostrils and ears: tattoo chin and ■iM'k. L'lii'i-id'irirs i'l/., vol. ii.. p. iV.i. ' I)i,. I'rauen nriehi'ii l-'.insihnitto in die Ijippeii. Der XaseukiiorpLd ist ehenfalls durehstoehen.' /;'"/', .^7'//. a. J-:th„., ]>. l:i.".. -' Tlie Kadiaks d'vss likn the .Meuts, hut their imneijial L;arnient they eall K'hii'i'ic"; Lmrisilirf's ro//., pt. ii.. p. (l:!. Like the I'ualaskas, the neck li'ili^' more e.\|ioseil, fewer ornallielltatiollS. Sdm',-, I'AU'iinl's \'ni/., p. 177. ' Consists wholly of tho skins uf animals and birds.' I'urlhck's I c^., i\ 71 IIVPEUnoltEAXS. TIk^ ('liiij:atsli('s, iiu'!i, M'onu'U, and cliildrcu, di-oss iiliki! ill 11 closo i'lu' iVin'Is. or rohc, icjicliiiiL; .smictiiiu's to till! knees, hilt ;:t'iU'riilly to tlie iiiiUh's. Their j'eet iiiid le,i:M iiro rniniuoiilv hiiri'. iiotwitlistaiidinn' the liii:h latitiidi! in which the\ li\e; hut thev sonietiiiies Avear f^kiii .^toekin::,^ and mittens. They make ii triincateil (■oni(! Iiat ol' straw or uood. in Avhimsical representation of tlie head ol' >oine iisli or hird, and jiarnished Avith rolors.'''' The Koniauas hnild two kinds of lioiisi's; one a hn\Lie, winter \ iUa.Lie rt'siiU'iice. caHed hy the llnssians Imrnhdni^ and the other ii sninmer hnntiii;i-hnt, plact'd usually upon tho hanks of a stream Avhence tlu'V od. Their Avinter houses are very lar^e. accommodatinj.'; three or li)iir liimilieseaeh. Tliey are e.jnstrncted hy diiztiinu,' ii stpiaro space of the re(|iiire(l area to ii depth of two liet, ]ilacin,j; 11 post, l»)iir fei't \\\vith ^rass. In tho roof is a smokediole, and on tho eastern side a door-holo ahoiit three feet stpiare. thr(»n_iih "which en- trance is maile on hands and knees, and uhii'h i-< pro- tected hy a seal or other skin. I nder the openiiiii' in the roof, a hole is dui;' tor fire; and round the sides of the I'oum. tonii)-like excavations are made, or hoards ])ut up. for sleepinji-pkices, where the occupant rejjoseson his hack with his ]jic •> drawn np to the chin. Adjoining 210. A cniit ppr\i1i ■;• *) Xdi'tou Snuml nii]ioaroil 'to li ■ in.idi' of vpctls siwrd very I'lost ly npujctliir.' Ilixun's I'l'//., ]). I'.M. ' Xalicii iliii' I'niLiii ( Wiiitcr-Kli'iilii' 1 mis N'i'iijrlliiiutcii niid ilivr ICiiiiliii'n (Sniuiiiri-lvlfidcr) iius (li'ii ( ;rl:iriiirii vdii Wallli -.I'licii uiul lii>l)l)rii.' II iir, SUit. k. l-!l.liii.,\t. 117. At Norton Souiiil • ]>i'iuci[);iily of dn- -.kins.' Cnul.'s 'riiifl I'')//., vol. ii., |). JSl 'Iliro Kliiil.T siuil iLin sc-ii\v;uv.i'ii Hill mill 'vii riiclisli:i1_;i'ii, Uiluc, V()L;('lli;(Utcii, iuirJi jiiii>!. u Jl'niiOii.T iiiL.l Jcwr.isrhknifrll.u. allcs mil S.'li- IK'll i^l'lllillt.' A«'(H A'lf ''/'., J). Jl:>. ' 'I'll.' llri'SS (if llcitll h.NCS CdU-'ists of l)iirk;is and caiiilcykiis, Imtli of whicli iiiaily resemble iu I'onu a cartel's frock.' {.lni(HI ' Tlu'ir 'or loiii" L siniarc ])liU'in.u; xiiid. at «titiiti' ii L'd. and roof of 1 ^I'ass. I side a Icli vn- i-! pro- niii,::' ill sidt'S of I'ds ])Ut s on liis Ijoiuing (if vopiIh V l',(rl.';i •iilir) iius .117. At |il. ii.. i>. I'll, liilii'T, mil S.-h- llllsi-its of |a cai-li'i-V; seuiu that rooms ar^ soinctinics made. Avltli low imd('r;j:roiind |xi.>-sa,^('s K'adinn' oil' IVom llic main liall. 'I'lu' walls jmc adorned with im])lements of tin? chase, and ha;j.s of winter liiod; tlu' latter of wliieh. I)einir iju'vcrvsiajivof (U-eav . emits uii odor most oUeiisive to nnlialiitnated nostrils. The ,!:r(»mid iscarjieted with s^traw. A\ lieu tlio smoUe-liole is eovein-il 1»\' ail int.'stino window, tla^ (hvellinjis of the Konia'ias are e.\ee»'diii:j.ly warm, and neither (ire nor elothiiiLi' is re- ([iiired.'*" ^fho /v/s//////. or |tiii»ru5 house of the Koniauas, is hnilt like their dwt'Uin.Lis, and is capahle of aeeommo- datiii'i' three or t()iir hundred jx'ople.^^ lints are hnilt hy earthing' o\-er stii'ks ])laeed in roof-shajii'; also |>v ereet- iiiL:' a iVame of j)()les. and coverinn' it with hark or skins. The Konia'.:as will eat any diu'estilde siihstance in nature except pork; from which fact Kin,i;sl)oron^'h miiiht ha\e j)roven incoiitestahly a .lewish origin. 1 should rather j:iv(5 them .swinish aflinities, and .see in this sin- pnlarity a hesitancy to leed upon the only animal. e\ce[)t thi'iiiselves, Avhicli eats Avith ecpial avidity hears I'xere- ments, carrion hirds. inaLiiioty iish, and rotten sea-aiii- mals.'^"' When a whale is taken, it is liti-rally stri[)pe(l of everytliimi' to tlu^ ])are hones, and the.se also are used for hiiildiug huts and hoats.''' These people can dis- f*mi.llIL;('II. iM'nn .>((*■il with lint stniics. Mnir s' I'o//., p. .\x Tlif luctliiid iif (Mtchiiij,' wild i^ccsi', is to cliase ami li'k tlnni (Inwii i jiinli.-iti'ly after tlicy liavi' slud llii-ir larj,'i' wiuy-featlu i.>; at v, iiiili tiuir i\ luv lint alilc ti) fly. I'i.rll"<-/. 's I'"//., )). '1<<'>. >^'' ' lull liattf aiif del' luscl Afui^'uak Golcgeuheit dciu ZLrschncidi'U li t:i il Ml ii ' I il :iii 7G IIYPERr.OJIEAXS. V .f 10S0 oi enormous thi'N" can uo a loir-' time ^vl (liiiintities of lood; or. if iieeessarv itliout eat 111' liei'ore the introduction of intoxieatinjr drinks ])y -vvliite men. they made a fermented liiiuor irom the juice ()f raspberries and hhiel)erries. d Johacco IS m iicner; use hut el lew fi it til >k nin" and snuhnr:" are more Ireciuent tlian smoKintr'. ^al- moil are \'ei"y plentiful in the vicinity of Ivadiak. and I'oi'in one of the chief articles of diet. Duriiiji' their 1 terioi lical ascension o f tl le rivers. tl ie\' are tal ]. '■"' 'I'ln^ Kailiiiks 'pas-, their tiuin in liuiitiui,', festivals, iiiul iil)stii:i iici'. Till' first tali, s ])licc ill tlii' siiunwcr; tin' sim'hikI l)c;;iiis in flic iiuiiitli cf Pc- (•(•iiilirr, iui;l (Miiiiiiiics as li'ii'^ lis any jirnvisidiis vciiiaiii: and thvii f.ll'iws till' IK rioil (if faMiiti •, which la'its till Ih ' rc-a]ii>c:irani'i' of ti h in tin' v!\' rs. Dnriii'^' the jicrind I.ist iiii'iitimicl, iiiany lia\ ■ iidthinr liit 'h'.'ll-llsh to siili- sist on, nuiI hiuhc die fur want,' Lisiu-is!. /'s I ",'/., pp. "idJ, '2UK THE Kl'SKOKWIGMUTES AND MALEMUTES. 77 for distant islands, in searoli of soa-ottor. As snccoss nMjiiii'c's a smooth sea. tlicv can limit tliom only durinj^ the months of May and Jnno. takinj:: tliom in the man- ner followiiiLi'. Fifty or one liinKh'cd boats ])ro('i'('(l slowly throii;^h the Avator, so closely tcectlicr that it is impossible for an otter to escape between them. As soon as th le animal is (useoveret li d. tl 10 S! unal IS "iveii. tl le urea within Avliich he must neccs;^arily rise to the siirl'ace ibr air. is surrounded by a do/en boats, and when ho ai)pears upon the surlace he is filled Avith arrows. Seals are hunted Avith spears tenor twelve feet in length, upon till' end of which is i'astened an inllated ))ladder, in order to float the animal when (k-ad. The Kiiskokwipnutes are less nomadic than their neiiihbors; bein;.r housed in ])ermanent settldiat:>ly repair to the kashim. leaving the women to unload and take care of the products of t!ie day's wo''k, ]"'in'ing the hnnting-season the men visit their wives onlv duriiiL; tlie ni'jht. returning to the kashim before dayliiibt. ^fho Malemutes lea\'e their villages npon the coast regularly in Fel)ruary, ami. Avith their nunilies, resort tj tlio mountains, where th y follow the deer nntil snow melts, and. tlii'U return tt) catch watei-fiwl and her- ring, and gather eggs npon thi* clifts and. pronioidories of the coast and islands. \n duly is their salmon feast. The fawns of reindeer iiw ca.i'jht cpon the hills bv tlio 78 HlTEllBOKEANS. .i^aiii womoii in August, cither In chasing thcni tloAvn or ])y snaring thcni. Deer are stalked, noosed in snares, or dri%'en into enclosures, Avhere they are easily killed. At Kadiak, hunting l)egins in February, and in April they visit the smaller islands for sea-otter, seals, sea-lions, and eggs. Their Avhale and other fisheries conunence in June and c(jntiinie till October, at which tiuie they abandon work suid give tliemseUes up to festivities. The seal is highly prized by them for its skin, blubber, and oil. One method of catching seals illustrates their ingenuity. Taking an air-tight seal- skin, they l)low it up like a bladder, fasten to it a Ion?; line, and, concealing themselves behind the rocks, thw throw their iiuitation seal among the live ones and dniw it slowly to the shore. The others follow, and are s[)eared or killed with lunv and arrows. Blueberries and hucklebrrries are gathered in ([uantities and dried I'or Avinter use; they are eaten mixed with seal-oil. 1'he Koui.igas are also very ibnd of raw reindeer-fat. They hunt with uuns. and snare urouse, uiarten, and hares. A suiall wiiite fish is taken in great ((uantities iVom holes in the ice. They are so abundant and so easily caught >hat the natives break oif the barl)s froui their lisb-books in order to iiicilitate their operations. Tbe white jiolar l)ear does not wamk-r south of the sixty-lil'th ]);u'alkl, and isouly found near Bering Strait. Some were found on St Mat^bew Island, in Beriug Si-a, J)ut were supposed to have been conveyed thither U]>on tloating ice. The natives approach the griz/ly bear with great cautiou. Wbeu a lair is discovered, tbe opeuiug is uicasured, and a tiuiber barrici!;le constructed, with an aperture tbrough which tbe brai' uiay ])ut his head, 'i'he Indians then (juietly a[)i)roa('h and secure their tind)ers agaiust tiio opening of tiie den with ttones, and throw a fire-brand into the den to arouse th< "^limal, who there- upon puts his his head out tbrough tlie hole and met'ts with a reception Avhich brings him to an untimely end.''^ ... * 9< 'Wild imiiimls which thoy huut, iiiul (.'si)ediilly wild shoii), Ui'' (It sh of ■WAR, IlIPLEMENTS, AND GOVEKNIIEXT. 79 of the ir^tniit. \v U])()U V \\\t\i ucuin;.;' itli an . The inibcrs Illl'OW 11 lluTO- HK'l'tS vxkV r UlhliOf % In former times, tlio Koniaiiiis -went to war Lcliind a liiiLie wooden shield a foot thick and twelve feet in width. It Avas made of three tliieioiesses of larch-wood, 1)ound toj:ether with willows, and with it they covered thirty or forty lancers.''^ They jioisoned their arrow and lance jiointsAvith a preparation of aconite, ))y drying and ])ulvei'i/.ing the root, mixing the powder with water, and, when it I'ermented, ajiplying it to their \vea[)ons.'''* ^J hey made arrow-points of copper, obtaining a .supi)ly from the Kenai of (V)i)})er River ;''^ and the wood was as Ihiely finished as if turned in a lathe. The boats of the Koniagas are similar to those of the north, except that the how and stem are not alike, the jne turning up to a ])oint and the other cut olf sipiare.'''' Xeedles made of ])irds' ))ones, and thicad iVom whale- sinews, in the hands of a Kadiak woman, ]irodueed work, "many specimens of which."' wiys I.isianskv, " would (h) credit to our liest seamstresses." '"'' ^I'hey ]»roduced hre ])y revolving with a how-string a hard dry stick upon ii sol't di-y hoard, one end of tlii' stick being held in a mouth-piece of bone or i\ory. Their im[)le- wliich is ( xccllc'it.' T.isU(iisJ.i/'.i V'ljl.. Ji. 1SR. Thoy ('at tho larger sort of f(>r;i. rent liiiljcil, aiul ;i snlistaiicc \vliicli sccukmI the inner Imriiof tin'jiini!. I nnl.'it 'J'liird I'"//., Vol. ii., p. H7L ' Die ]',iiiL;ili(inn ii fs^iii ditse Wur/flii (Laj^'at) lull luul l;( kiirht; ims dir Wnr/il, nacliilciii sir in Mdil virwaiidilt ist, liiickt man, niit ciiiei' f^'criuLtcu ]>riniisi-lnni,L; v- ■ Hire liillzeruo Sehildo iieiineii sic Knj.ilii.' iV-cc .Xurhr.. ]). 114. '•'1 ' S,l( I'liiii; tlie I'ciiiti (if HUch ]ilaiits us {^'row nlmie, thcsu roots arc dried ,''.nd pounded, or t,'rated.' SrnT, I'nUhi'i's K.f.. ji. IT'S. !" ' i)' I'feilspitzen siiid am I'.iseu oder luijifer. ( rsteres crhnltoii sio von d II Kenayerii, !( tzieres von dell 'I'aliieH.' ./.''(•/•, ^^(/. n. l-.iliu.. \i. lis. ' Oe ]ii denial en foniai de arpoli, cortado con tailt.-i delieadeza eomo pudieia haeer- lo el 111. IS hiiiiii lajiidirio.' Iinihiiroa;ler. 'I'iiinl \'"i/., vol. ii., J)]). .'171, lliT. ' Dio kadjaicscheii liaidarkeii liiite'selii iden sieh ill der Form (ill \veiii'_( von (h'lieli der audein liewohiier (hr aiiierikauisc In n Kaste, von tieiien ill r Aleiiteii aher nanitiitlieh daiiii, das sic kiir/er und lir( iter siiid.' l/'Jiiilicfi, Htliii. SI,};., p. l)l». At I'rinee William Sound. ' forniada la canoa on cs(pie|eto la forrau jior fiirra con pieles de aiiiinales.' J>"(l( i-i .'/ 'jnailiu, .Vin-., ;MS. ]i. (I."). '(^Juon se li^,'ure line nacelle de (jnati(^ metres d(> loiif.; ct de soixalito centiluetres de larne tout nil plus.' J.iinUtrr, < 'iriuiniiitlr., \ol. vi.. p. IS. ' Thesis canoes Were covered with skills, the same as We hail Hieii last season ill Cook's Kiver. hi.f'ni'^ 1'".'/., p. 1 17. 'Safir at sea in had Weather than European hoats.' Lisi iii>il,ij's Toy/., p. 'Jjl. '■>'• Their wbale-siutw thread was as liuu as silk. LinidnsLi/'s Vnj., p. '2U7. 01 m 80 H\TEllIiOREANS. monts woro few — a stono iulzo, a slicll or (lint knife, a polishinj^ .stono, and a haiiilled tooth.'' Yet tliov oxcol in carvinjr, and in ^vo^kinJj5 Avalrus-tcoth and uliak'bone, the fonnur being p!ui)[)lied them mostly by tlie Ajile- mntes of tho Alaskan Peninsula. ^Phe tools used in these manulaetures Mere of stone, and the polishinii' tools of shell. Traces of tho f^tono aji'e ai'e found in lamps, liannners and cnttinu; instruments, Avedjj.es and hatchets. Carving is done by the men, \vhilo the women ai'e no less skill'' l in f^ewinii', ])asket-makinu'. erochetiDij:, and knit- ting. omen tan. and make clothing and boat-covers from wki nd in*"estine>.''*' The Auuhnutes are skilled ill the carving of wood and ivory; the Kusko([uims excel in wood r.nd stcjne carving. They make in this manner domestic; utensils and vases, with grotesque rep resentations of men, animals, and bii-ds. in relief. Authority is exercised only by heads of households lint chiel's may, by f^uperior ability, ac(piire much inthi ence.'"* Before they became ])roken np and demoralized by contact with civilization, tlu're was a marked division of commtniities into castes; an hereditary nobility and commonalty. In tho former was embodied all author- ity; but the rule of American chieftains is nowhere of a very arbiti'ai'y character. Slavery existed to a limited extent, tho thralls being mostly women and children. Th leir male nrisonei's ot wai tl lev eithei illed im- inediatelv or reserved, to toi'ture for the edification and impr ovemeiit of their children liW r po n tl 10 arriv al of ■'" Th-^ oiilj- tool srrn was a stono ndy.o. frml.-'f; Tlih-il V<>i/.. vol, ii. p. ^13. !H -'I'lirir siwiii^', ]il,iitiii'4 (if sinews, mid siiiull win'k on their little 1iiii,'S may 1"' l''it i" ciMiipetitioii with the most d licite luaiiufaetnies fduinl in iiiiy ])iirt 1 if the known WDild.' CihiI/h 'lliiril I'n//., vol ii., jtp. liTil. ;t7t. 'If we may judL,'o liy these tiLjiires, th(i inhabitatifs cif Cadiaek must have Inst mueh of theii- skill in earviu;,', their old in-odurtions of this kind h^ in',';,'i'eatly superior.' I.hiniisl.i/. J). ITW. The Inijalik's household furnitui'e is "lade 'von j^ehoi^'e- jieiu ][olz sehr /ierlieh ^'earlieitet niid mittel-;t Krdfarhen roth. !,'riiu uiid Idau an^esti'iehiii. /uni Koelen der Speiseu liiilieiiea sic sich irdeiier, iius- {^chranuter (lesehirre. /lur, Stat. ii. l-.tlm., p. I'Jl. '■'•'Tis most proh.dile thi'y are divided into clans oi- trilies,' T'Lvii's Vol/., i).fj7. ' Tle'V htiveii Kinu'. whose ii.mie was Sh'^noway.' M'iivi/., J), xxvii. 'They always keeji toi,'ellii r in famili's, and are under the direc- tion iif tnyons or chlet's.' /.isi'^/v'. v's I'-iy , ]>. L")!. i"" Feni de slaves aro sold lium one triLty to nnotli-.r. S'nur, BUHh'/s Vol/., p. Ii5. I . /I :iIORALirY OF THE KONIAGAS. gl the Kussians. tlio .luvos tlien ]k-1,1 ],v the native, tlm.l- u - '"'"' "'^^^'1**"^ *''^' ^'-'^'^^^ '"''^ -t then ;:";;:':i\l^-ll,:;^];;;;r-t;atr;:^;;.:?'^!;;:!' 'iau'i.'"' '""' '" l''-"i"rti"" '" tlio ck.nuu.d for I J,''!" ""■;"'■•''''=, '"•■'""CTS of Iho Konla-ns arc of tlio and tiK. ,n„m-a,o .datio, -.i :;^ loo. I .:,'''''?,''' •:- " tl-X "f value only as „>, a 1„ , ; * . l;''^""^'' cnouslv. )m)thers .,,,1 ., • "^'^'''^'^'^ l""*'"^''^" Ti ■;• '''<*^"«-i''^ '"Id .sisters, piuvnts and diiMicn i"' ihe Malennites are content with oiio Jl . t t .'-v have no mamauc ceivinonv -nxl r...n V i -^ at pio,.„v Ti;^,,n.o, :^: ,;;;!;, c,,';:i,r.ih tlie pris, taking (horn out into tlio ,vil,l,.n , ^ . h fT K.*s n>fo t lu.i,. n,outh an,l al.nd.m!," 1 V^ ' f .l.vn am Inghly est,™,,.,!. an,l tl,. b/n-. o, . , i : q.roaH, a,non, iK... |,o,,io. Su.-l, porsons . , r,,' !.» ..s to n,alut the most repugnant of all their practices is that of male concul)inaj;e. A Kadiak mother will select her handsomest and most ])romising boy, and di'ess and rear liim as a girl, teacliing hiuKJidy domestic duties. keej)ing him at woman's work, associating him only with women and girls, in order to render his elleminacy complete. Arriving at the age of ten or fll'teen years, he is married to some wealthy man, who regards such a companion as a great acipiisition. These male wives are called adtunt- tSC luh' or sen (,pa IIS 111.-. A most cruel superstition is enforced upon maidens at the age of puberty; the victim being conlined for six months in a hut built ibr the purpose, apart from the others, and so small that the poor inmate camiot straight- en her back while upon her knees. Dui'ing the six months i()llowing. she is allowed a room a little laruei', but is still permitted no intercourse with anv one Daughters of princi[)al men obtain the rigid of access to the kashim by undergoing a ceremonial yielding up of "" ' IiUiiiJios (Ircwscd ill (liU'orciit fimiis.' Lisidiiskj/'s I'l//., p. 1~H. 'The most fiivdurcd of woiinu is sho who liiis the j,'rciitcst iiumhor t)f chihh'cu.' (Vdcv, llilliii'i's ''"//•' !'• l^''- Kii ' I),.)' Viitcr oiler die Mnttrr Ixstiniiiicn den Sohii schoii in sciuci' fnih- sten Kiudhcit ziuii Achiuitsuhik. wciiii cr ihiicn iiNidchcnhiift crschiint.' JIiiliiihii\j, KUiii. !^IAi., p. ]'21. 'Male concnliiiics arc iinich more fiTiiiicnt h(i-(^ thiin at Ooiialaslika.' I.iiiiiisiliirirs \'"i/., pt. ii., p. (il. They 'archa]i]iy to sec thciii talicn liy the cliict's, to L;i'atify tluir iiiiuatural desires. SueJi youths are ih'essed like \voiiieii, aiis penples sont tres lulonnes aii\ jilaisirs des sens ft iiieiiio h nil vice iiifaiiie.' < liarin, Voij. I'ilt., jit. vii.. ji. H. 'Of all tlio customs of these islanders, the most dis^^'ustin^,' is that of liieii. called .vc/uhv- jiitiis. liviiiL! with men, and siipiilyiii',,' the ]ilaee of women.' Lisidiisl. i)\s J'"i/., p. 1'.)',). This shanieful custom a])))lies to the 'J'hlinkeets as well. '(inel(|U(S jiersonnosde rK(iui])a^'e du Solide out rap])orte (|u'il ne leur est pas pdssihlo de douter (pie les Tchinkiti'iiieeiis ne soieiit Kouilli's de ce vice honteux (iiui la Th'oLjonie ininiorale dcs Grecs iivoit divinise.' Marchand, Voy. ant. da Jlondc, toiii. ii., i>. U". KONIAGAN SWEAT-HOUSES 83 1, ronl j.iuiii ; lior 11 liouso on the e, but is tbiit \{\ rear :oei)ing women luplete. narried nioii as achiint- n aid ens ibr six foin the tvaitilit- tlie si.M larger, IV one. CCX' ss to Ig up of 178. ' The Icliildivu.' I'liicv fviib- >i's<'h(iiit.' ' frniuiiit live ll:i]iliy ■cs. Sncll Is.' Sdurr, (It'S sens Of till tlic Jlll'll .v('/(i)«- |/, )/'.S /'"//., 'Qu(l(|iicn Is jKPSsililo litc'iix i]no I/, ant. da tlieir viriiinitv to the shaman.^"*'' irarriap:e ceremonies are few, and marriage engagements peculiar. The con- sent of tiie father of the intended bride being obtained, the aspirant for nuptial honors bi-ings wood and builds a fire in the bath-room; after which, he and the father take a hath together. The relatives meanwhile congregate, a fea.st is held, presents are made, the bridegroom takes the name of the bride's father, the couple are escorted to a heated va[)or-bath and there left together. Although e.\treuiely fdthy in their persons and hal)its, all Indians attach great im[)ortance to their sweat-baths. This })ecii- liar institution extends tiu'ongh most of the nations of our territory, from Alaska to Mexico, with wonderl'ul uni- Jbnnitv. J-'requently one of the side subterranean ajjart- ments which open olf from the main hall, is devoted to the purjHises of a sweat-house. Into one of thi'se caverns a Kadiak will enter sti'ijjped. Rteam is gen- erati'd ]»\' throwing water u[)()n heated stones. Alh'r sweltering for a time in the conlined ajul heated atmos- })here, and while yet in a prol'iiso perspiration, the bather rushes out and plunges into the nearest stream or into the sea, fre(|uently having to break the ice before ))eing able to fniish his bath. (Sometimes all the occu- ])ants of the house join in a l)atli. They then clear the tloor of the main room I'rom obstructions, and build a hot file under the smoke-hole. AVlieii the fire is reduced to coals, a covering is placed over the smoke-hole, and the bathers prweed to wash themselves in a certain rK|uid, which is carefully saved for this andotlu'r cleansing i)ur- poses. and also for tanning. 'I'he alkali of the thiid comljines with the grease upon tlu'ir ])ers()ns. and thus a lather is formed which removes dirt as effectually as s(ia[) would. They then wash in wati'r. wraj) themselves in deiT-skins. and rejjose ujion sludves luitil the lassitude occasioned by pers})iration pas.^^es away. UK ' p,,,. Schamiiiic hat srincr Ohlioitonhoit f,'oni;iss ndcr fins lipsoiidorpm Wcihlwiilliii sif del' •IniiL.'fci'sch.ift lii'iiiiiht Ulid sii' wiiir niiwiirdi;,' V(ir dcr ^' vsannulnii',' /n I vsiIk iiirii, wnin sii- ilirc iTstc Lirhc ir.Lrciid ciiiciii .Viukrin uiid uiilit dim SuhiiiuiiiK'U gc/.ijUt hiitti.'.' JJatr, ^(((<. ii. Etltn,, p. VS,i. "^ , !l 84 HYPEKBOKEANS. Festivals of various kinds (ire held ; as, when one vil- lage is desirous of extending hospitality to another village, or ^vhen an individual becomes ambitious of jjopularity, a feast is given. A ceremonial banquet takes place a year after the death of a relative; or an entertaiinnent may be announced as a reparation for an injury done to one's neighbor. At some of these feasts only men dance, and at others the women join. Upon these occasions, presents are exclianged, and the festivities sometimes continue for several days. The men ajjpear upon the scene nearly or (juite naked, with painted faces, and the hair fan- tii.stic;ally decorated with feathers, dancing to the nnisic of the tamI)ourine, sometimes accompanied by sham lights and warlike songs. Their faces are marked or fantasti- cally painted, and they hold a knife or lance in one hand and a rattle in the other. The women dance by sim[)ly hopping forwiird and l)ackward upon their toes."*^ A visitor, upon entering a dwelling, is presented with a cup of cold water; afterward, fish or llesh is set belbro liim. and it is expected that he will leave nothing un- eaten. The more he eats, the greater the honor to the host; and, if it be impossible to eat all that is given him, he nuist take away with him whatever remains. ^Vfter eating, he is conducted to a hot bath and regaled with a drink of melted i'at. k^agoskin assisted at a ceremony which is celel)rated annually about the first of January at all the villages on the coast. It is called the festival of the innnersion of the bladders in the sea. More than a hundred l)lad- ders, taken only from animals which have been killed with arrows, and decorated with fantastic paintings, are hung u[)on a cord stretched horizontally along the wall of the kasliim. Four birds carved from wood, a screech- in? 'Thoir (liiiipps aro proper tonrnaments.' Snnvr, JiiUiii'i's Ex., ]>. 17(1. They iir(! iimcli luldictt'd to public (liiuees, (^sp(><'ially (luriuj,' winter. Wlii/in- j)''/''.s Al'isliU, p. 1(1"). ' Miisks t)f tlu^ uiost hiilcons tiu'iri's iiro worn.' /./m'- (iii!:l,!/'s V'li/., p. "iJO. ' Usi; a sort of rattlo c'oiu])osi'(l of ii number of tlio beaks of the sea-parrot, struiij,' upon a wooden ero.-is, ' — sounds like eastanets. J.iiiiiiailnrff'rt \'iii/., pt. ii., ]). (ii. ' l)ieT;'in/.er ersclieinen, ebon so, niit Wiirf- f*piessen oder ^lessern in den Ilandeu, welche sie iiber deiu Kopfe scliwing- t'u.' JJuvr, Stat. a. Ellin., p. US. SUrEESTITIONS OF THE KONIAGAS. 85 no vil- iliirity, ! a year lit may to one's CO. anil )rownts ontinno ' nearly lir ian- nusio of n fidits antasti- in one anco l»v V tCK'S.'"^ \ ^vith a »t Ijolbro liintr nn- to the en liini, After with a ehrated illajios mersion 1 l)lad- killed n;ji;s. aro ho wall icreocU- ^.c, y. 17G. II lij/iii- |ni.' /.'■>■'- Iluv (if llio Ic'iistiint'ts. Imit y^'mf- : sclnviiig- H owl with the head of a man. a sea-gull, and two })artrid,ues, aro so dis[)ost'd that they can ho moved hy striniis urtl'uUy arran;:ed : the owl Ihitters his win<:s and mo\es his head; the tinil stril^es the lioards with his l)eak as if he werooatehiug lisli. and the partridges eoni- uience to peck each other. Lastly, a stake envelo[)ed in straw is placed in the centre of the lire-place. Men and women dance hefore these elligies in honor of 'f"(/- jtik, the sjjirit of the sea. livery time the dancing ceases, one ol' the assistants lights some straw, horning it like incense hefore the hirds and the hladders. The jirincipal ceremony of the feast consists, as its name indicates, in tiie innnersion of the ))la(lders in the sea. It was iin[)ossihie to iliscovcr the origin of this custom; tiie only answer given to (piestions was, that their an- cestors hail done so hefoi'c them. Tlic sham.iu. or medicine-man of the Koniagas. is the spiritual and tem[)oral doctor of the trihe; wizard, sor- cerer, priest, or physician, as necessity demands. In the execution of hi? jllices. the shauiiin has several assistants, mal and female, sages and disciples; the first in rank heiug called In isc /,■><. whose duty it is to superintend I'estivals and teach the children to dance. AVhen a jK'i'son falls sick, some evil s[)irit is supposed to have taken pos- session of him, and it is the husiness of the shaiiijin to I'Norcise that s[)irit, to coml)at and drive it out of tho man. To this end, armed with a magic tamhourine. ho places himself near tiie patient and nmtters his incan- tations. A female assistant accompanies him with groans and gnnvls. Should this ])ro\e inelVectual. the shanuin ap[)roaches tho hod and throws himself upon the person of the suiVei'or; then, seizing the demon, ho struggles with it. over[>owers and casts it out. while tl ■ assistants rvy. '• lie is gonel he is gonel ' If the jjatient recoxtTs. tli(.> physician is paid, otherwise lie receives nothing.'""* '"'' ' Lcs sorcirvs ct chanums jonissciit (Vnno f^'Viiiulc fivcnr diuis ci ttc n'- !?ii>!i u'liKv'c (Ic rAiii.'ricir.c.' Il'tirh'i luji. I'd//., |). .")? 1. ' SfhiUiirini' iiiul iiltt^ \Vr i'lii- kciiiicii vi'i'scliifdctii' Hriliuittil.' liftrr. Slit. it. Ktlm., \\. I'i'i. " Xi xt iii rank tn thu shauiiiiis arc thu kascks, ur sages, whose (jllice is to teacli cliil- 86 HYPERBOREANS. Colds, consumption, rlionmatism, itcli, lioils, ulcci's. sy}>r»- ilis, Jiro iimong tlicir most common diseases. IMood-let- ting is commonly resorted to as a curative, and exce})t in extreme cases the shaman is not called. The Koniagas l)lee(l one another l)y jiiercing the arm with a needle, and then cutting away the liesh aliove the needle with a Hint or cop})er instrument. Beaver's oil is said to I'e- lieve their rheumatii^m. '•The Kadiak people," says liisiansky, "seem more attached to their dead than to their living." In token of their grief, surviving friends cut the hair, hlacken the face with soot, and the ancient cut^tom Avas to remain in mourning for a year. No work may ])e done for twenty days, hut after the lifth day the mourner may l)atlie. . Lnmediately after deatii, the body is arrayed in its best apparel, or wrapped with moss in seal or sea-lion skins, and placed in the kashim, or left in the house in which the person died, where it remains for a time in state. The body, with the arms and implements of the de- ceased, is then buried. It was not uiilre([uent in former times to sacrifice a slave upon such an occasion, ^fhe grave is covered over with blocks of wood and largo stones.^*^ A mother, upon the death of a child, retires for a time from the camp; a husband or wife withdraws and joins another tribe."" Tiie character of the Koniagas may be drawn as peaco able, industrious, serviceable to luiropeans, adapted to labor and commerce rather than to war and huntinu'. They are not more superstitious than civilized nations; and their inmiorality, though to a stranger most rank, is not to them of that socially criminal sort which loves darkness and brings down the aAcnger. In their own eycii, their abhorrent practices are as sinless as the ordi- dren tho different diinces, and supi'rintt>nd tlio pnhlio aninsements and shows, of which they have tho siiprriiic control.' Xiscois/.'v'.s /"//.. p. "it's. iii!> ' Th(> (lead l>o(ly of a cliiff is cmhahncd with moss, and huricd.' Sinur, JlWiiK/'s /-.'.r., p. 177. 1'" ' In one of tlif small huildin'^s, or k(>nn('ls, as they may very pro])('rly he cnll'd, was a woman who had retired into it iu conseipleuce of thu death of her sou,' Li-iiitiisi.ij's \'<>ij., [>. iSi. THE ALEUTS. 87 iiiiry. oju'iily o(miluft«'(l iivocations of tiny foniimmity are to the nic'iiiljcrs theivol'. Tii[-; Ai.Ki'T.s jire the iiiliiihitiints of tlio Alcullan Arcliiiu'liiiio. Tlio ori.iiin of the word is uiikiiowii;"' tho orijiiiial name ))c'iiij;' KiKjiitiiijtt A'o'Iimj hx, or " lucii of the cast," indicating an American origin."- 'I'hi' na- tion consists of two tribes s[)eaking different dialects; tiie ['iKiiiis/itiiin^ occnpyinji' the soiith-westei'n jxntion of the Ahiskan I'eninsnhi, the Shumngin Ishuuls. iind tlie l'\).v Islands: and the At/i/ids, inhabiting the Andrean- ovski. Kat. and Xear hslands. Migrations and intermix- tures with the Russians liave, however, nearly obliterated original distinctions. The earliest iidbrmation concerning the Aleutian Is- landers was ol)tained by Michael XevodtsikoiV, Avho sailed from Kamchatka in 1745. Other l^ussian voy- iigers innncdiately followed, attracted thither in search of sea-animal skins, which at that time were very plen- til'ul."'' Tribute was levied npon the islanders by the Kussians. and a system of cruelty connnenced which soon reduced the natives from ten thousand to but little more than one thousand. The Aleuts, to Ijangsdorff, '' ajj'pear to l)e a sort of middle race between the mongrel Tartars and the North "' ' Tlio word Alentinn sopins to ho dorivcd from tho intriTorfutivc juivti- cl(> (tHi.i\ wliic-h struck strun^'ors in tlit; lani^'Uit^'c of that pfDijlc' K'^li'lnn'^ Viiy., V(j1. iii., \^. ;tl2. The llimlnskiis and ' the people of Ooniiiak, call tlieni- avhcs I'liiriilniliiiiii'ii.' 'The natives of Alaksa and all the adjacent islands tliey call Ivt'idtiihihiiiiii'n.' Smu-r, HUIhni'ry Kf ., ]>. lot. 'The iidialiitants of I'nalashka ans called KiK/hiilitiilii; those of Akntan, and further cast to I'ni- niak, Ki'jIiifiKsi; and those of I'niniak and Alaxa, K"''i'ilii/ft'i(', j). 'ul : 'Si on interroi^'e Its Ali'iuitiens sur leur t)vi.L;iiie, iln disent tjue Icurs anci"'tres out hahiti' un {,'rantl ]iays vtrs I'oucst, ft tjue tie la ils stint avuuct's dc proclie en proclie sur Ics ilcs th sertes giistj'au ctiutinent anii'ricain.' "■' Trapesiiiktitt' tot)k from nn unknown islantl in ITIH, 1020 sta-titter skins. JiiH'net!' returned to Kamchatka in ITTit, wiUi li.OOd skins. Jn \1')'2 one crew tuuclietl at IJerinj.; Islantl autl ttiok 1,'S2'2 .Vretic foxes, ami '2, ■")()() sea-liears. Chtilotliltitt', in 17.">;!, took from tme islantl I.CjOI) otter-skins. Tiilstyeh in oiu' voyaijo tt>t)k 1.7SI) sea-otter. 720 blue foxes, antl biU scu- bears. Cuxe's Ititus. D'n., pp. 43, 44, 4U, 51, 53. ! m ! !l: I ':li '! i 88 IIYrERnOREANH. John TA'dviinl. wlio visited riiiiliiska with AnuM'icnns. ('aptiiin ('')()!<, saw "two dilVcrciit kinds ol' pcoplr: tli'.i oni! wr kni'W to he the j-Jiorii^ini's ol' Aiiici'ica. whilo wc supposed th<' otliei's to iiiwe eome IVoni the opposite roasts of Asia. 'Ill Their I'eatures are stroiiiU narked, and tliose Avho saw them as thev ()ri;iinali^v i'.\isti'(K were impressed with the intellijient and henevolent expression of tlieir laces.^'"' They have an ahundance ol" knik liair, which thev ('ut with Hints — the men i'rom the ci'own. a I id tlie women in front m; )tl )oui sexes 11 ikU'I'l^o the usual faee-paintinji' and ornamentations. They extend tlieir nostrils hy means (jf a how-cvlindei'. The men weai- a hone ahout the si/e of a ((uill in the nose, and the women 111 sert p iieces ot hone m the iiiK th der 1 ii». V lieu' leus are howed, iVom siieiidini:' .so much of tlii-ir time in hoats; they lVe([iientlv sitting in them til'teeii or twenty hours at a time. Their figure is awkward and uncouth, Aot rohiist, active, caijahle of carr\ inu' heav\ 1 I'deiis and nnderiioinii' ureat t'atiuue IIH The hat of the Aleut is the most peeidi... ^ ..it of liis dress. It consists of a helmet-shaped crown of wood or leather, with an exceedingly long hrim in front, so as 1" Siifirl.s, I.i/f of h-ili/iinl, 11. 70. "' A ^;i-riit d' ill of cliiiviictcr. f.iiii(if p. 11"2. Hair 'stroni; and wiry:' scanty beard, but thick on the n[)per lip. iS(tufi\ IliHiiiiis' K.f., p. l.')l. "" ' Li s feninies ah'outcs portaieiit anx mains et aux ])ieds dc'S chaiMl<>tn (!(> pierres d(^ conleur et pn'fi'rablenient d'ambn'.' It'Orliiiiini. \'iii/.. \>. 571t. ' None are so hiijhly esteemed as a sort of lont; muscle, commonly called sea- teeth, the ikiiUUiHiii riildlin of Liinians.' /.(iiiiisdn-fr'' ■ Vi'ij., pt. ii., p. JO. ' Wiimi n have the chin punctured in tine lines ray<'d from tlie centre of tlio lip and coverinL; tlie whole chin.' I'liey wear brai'eh'ts of black seal-skin iiround the wrists and ankles, and i/o barefoot. Smicr, IH'Innis' A'.r., p. 15,"). 'Im Xasiii-knorpel und der rntei'Hppe maciien bi'ide (leseldechter Locliev nnd set/( n Knoclien ein. welches ihr liebster Soso for cook- ing and light. '-^ A hoat turned hottom upward is the summer house of the Aleut.'" "!' At Shiuna;-;iii I/,liin(l. their cips wovo of sea-lion skins. . !/«//' c's I'w/., ]>. K), On tile fi'out areone or two siiiiill iniau;es of bone. I '■'iil.'s Tliiril \'"i/., vol. ii., p. •")1l'el(liell, \vi. ' Ihr I'el/.kleid wild iiherdeii Kopf aiiLte/oLieii, nnd ist liiiit( u nnd vonp;aiiz zn. .1 >ie Manner traeeii es aiis Vo;,'elh;iuten; die Weilier hiiiL;i"4en Voll IJiliern nnd juii^en Seeh.ir. n.' .\,io; ^'(flii\, ]t. I'il. ' Jloots and breiches in one piece.' <',iiii/'hiir.i I'liy., ]). ]]'.i. '*' ' lioiind the sides and ends of the lints, tho families (for several aro lod'4<'d to)j;etlier) have their separate u])artments, when' they sleeji. and sit at; wiuk; not upon h iielies, hat in ii kind of <'oneavc tri iieli, which is iIiil; all around tlu' inside of the house, and cover.d with nials.' I'-n/.'s 'I'liirl I ..//., vol. ii., p. oj-j. 'Winn they have stood for soiiielime, tiny liecome over- },'rown wiih .u'vass. so thatii villa'^e has the appearaiie" of an .l'".uropean ehiireh- yanl full of j,'raves.' ./,(.'.,■ ,.■,./. ;7/',s To;/., p. M'J. 'In den .Miiteii wird iiieinals Fi uer an.L;ele|^t ninl doch ist es fieiiieinii^lich sehr warm dariuneii, so dass beide treschleehter ean/ nakkeiid sit/en.' Xi'm' .\ stoue knife ten or twelve inches lon;^. and lor armor they wear a coat of plaited rushes, which covers the whole Ijody.'"' An Till' oiirs are then laid ahnvi from tlic l)'>,it to tlio cross stick, and covered with Seal skins, wiiicli arc always at hand for the purpost'.' JAshinti/. i/'s \'i>i/., 1>. ]'>2. '■■^1 ' An^.nt; the i^rcatcst delicacies of Oonalashka arc the \vel)1ie(l feet of iv hcal, wlii'.h arc^ tieil in a bladder, buried iu the ^ffo.'ud, and remain there till they .ii'i! chanj^'ed into II stinkiiiL; ji'Uy.' Jvitn-lmc's I ■//,, vol. ii.. p. Ki.'). Al- most cverythinL; is eaten raw. Too/.'s Tliir(l \'oj/., vol. ii., p. 52(1. The sca- :To!4 is caii.i^ht with nets, killed when asleep, or enticed on shure by a falso cap made to resc iid)le a seal's head. J.i-^inn.-^l.i/'fi \''ii/.. p. 20."). '-' ' L'Ah'onte pent tner les jiluxpU'S et les oiseaux, sans ctro obli^'.' d'eii rcndrt! comjite h la eon ;)aL,'nie.' <'!i'iris, Votj. I'ltt , ]it. vii., p. \. 1-' 'J)ic Si>it;'.e selbst wird iheils ans Obsidian od-r Ijavaurlas, theils aneh auH Traili;i t verfertiutt.' hitHil:, Hcisr, vol. i., p. 2ii!S. Spear-handles are fi'ath- creil. (lie points of shariiened llint. .\i ne Xnnir., p. I'i2. ' .Vrrows are thrown from a narrow and ])oiiited 1 lard, twenty inches 1 mi,', which is held by tho tlrnnl) and three tin ,'ers. 'ihey an^ thrown strai^dit from the shoulder with nstonisliin.Lj velocity.' J.isia^isl.i/'.i \'iii/., p. 2il5. 'Les amies d'fensives con- fiistaieat eii uno cotte du joucs tress^'s (pii lenr convrait tout Ic coi'ps.' jyOflihiiii/, I'll/-, y oT'.l. 'No such tiiiii},' as an otlensive, or even defens- ive weapon was s ■en umo)i,L,'-;t the natives v( Oonalashka.' I'robably they had been disarmed by tin; Jlnssians. CmiL's 'I'liinl \'iii/., vol. ii., p. 51"). ' Wheri'ver any onti has li\ed his habitation, nobody else dares to hunt or lish.' Sl'iflilln's Xnr. Arc'i., ]>. :I7. Tor birds tli(yi>oint their darts with thn- 1 lii^lit bones, s])read ar.d barbed, i^nniv, HiUiiiiis' K.r.., p. I."i7. ' Indeid, there is a neatiies, and jierfection in most of their w.'rlc. 'hat shews they touither want ingenuity nor perseverance' L'ook's Tidrd Vni;., ^ol. ii., p. 5ii. I III CUSTOMS OF THE ALEUTS. qj Aloiit boar-trap consists of a board two foot sqnaro and two mcbos thick, planted with ])arlK'd spikes, plar< .1 in brum s patli and covered with dust. The nnsuspirrin-' victun steps firndj npo.. the smooth surface oireiv(f when his foot sinks into tlie dust. .Afaddened with paiii. he i)uts forward anotlier foot to assist in piillin- the first away, wlien tliat too is caught. Soon all four ot the ieet are hmih- spiked to the board; the beast rolls over on his back, and his career is soon brouuht to an end. Xotwithstanding their peaceful character the occu- pants of the several islands were almost constaiitlv at wai- hlood, the only- atonement Ibr oflense, must ))e waslied out by blood, and the line of ven-cance he- comes endless At the time of discovery, the Unimak J slanders held the supremac\-. The fabrications of the Aieuts comprise household ntensils of stone, bone, and wood; missiles of war an.l the ch-'ise; i.iats and baskets of grass and the roots of trees, neat and strong: ))ird-beak rattles, tamb.airines or (li-uu.s. wooden hats and carved fi-ures. F,,)m the wing-b,me of the sea-gull, the women make their needk's; from sinews, they make thread and ccnd '■'" ^I\) o^.tam i-lue for mending or manufacturing i)iuM.oses. thev .strike the nose until it bleeds.'^^ To kin.Ue a fiiv theV niake use of sulphm'. in which their volcanh' islands nbouu.l. aiKl the process is vei'v curious. First thev prepare some dry grass to c;it<-h the (ire; then thev take two pieces of (juartz. and. hoMiug theui ov<-r the'-ras. v-.b them well with unlive sulphur. A few fVathei; a.v sea tere.l over the grass to <,,teh the particles of sidphur and. when all is ready, hukliug the stones over ine grass, 92 HYPEKBOREAXS. tlioy strike tlitMii togctlior; a Hash is produced hy tlie con- cussion, the snl[)hur ijiiiites, and the straw bla/es uj).'-^ The Aleuts liave no niarriaiie cereuiony. Jlvery uiun takes as many women to Avife as he can sup[H)rt. or rather as lie can Lret to supi)ort hiui. Presents are made to the relatives of the hride. and Avhen she ceases to possess attractions or value in the eyes of her pro})rietor, .she is sent back to her friends. Wives are exchanticd l)y the men. and rich women are permitted to induliio in two hu'oands. ^Tale concuhintiiie obtains throu.ihout the Aleutian Islands. 1)ut not to the sauie extent as auionti" the Koniauas.'-'' .\h)thers i»hnm'e their crxinij;' ba- bies under water in order to (|uiet them. This reuiedy })erfoi-med in winter amid brjken ice. is very eiU'ctual.'"' Kvery island, and. in the lariier islands, every viilajie, has its ffii/oii, or chiel". who decides dilVerences. is ex- em[)t Irom work, is ;dlowed a servant to row his boat, but in other respects possesses no power. The ollict' is elective.^'^ The Aleuts are fond of dancint:' and iiiven to hospitality. Tbe stranpM" guest, as he a[)[iroacIu's tlie village, is met ly dancing men and dancing wouien. who conduct him to the house of the host, where food is iii\en hiui. .Vfter sup[)er. the dancing, now perlbnued ])y naked uieu. con- tinues until aU are exhausted, when the hospitahtii's of I-"* Sintir, Uilliiifis' Kf., p. I't.i; I'ltuijihfTii ''".'/•) P' '~*'^- li!'' ' ('oiiimc li's fiMir.iii's (Miiitairut clirr rii pri'scuts dc fian(^',iillrs. l,t ]ilu- piirt dcsAli'outfs ii'tii iiviiinit iiii'iuic (HI dciix.' li'i irhiini/, \''>i/., ]>. ")7'.l. i'm- rliiisii iis iiiiuiy ^irls fur wives us tliry (.'iiii sniipdi't. >'< or/', liiHiinis' /■.",(•., p. l(ii). 'Olijccts of niniiitniiil iirtVctinii.' /'/., ji. Jtit). 'Tluir lizards me (l (lilt assd.iiias tin y ItiLjiu to aiiiicar, and their cliins tattmMd li!c'> thiiHc tif tlic wdiiieii.' l.Kii isilnriFn I'"//-. I't- ii-. !>• •l''^. 'Tin) llussiaiw t:ilil lis, that they never had any iMiineetidiis with their Wduieu, lieeaiisd tliey were Udt Christians. Our pedple were not so s('rn]iuldns; and some nf tlieni liad reason to repent tiiat tlie fi Utah s of Oonalashka eiicduraijed lie ir adilvesses wilhoiit any I'eserve; for their liealth snil'ered liy a distemper that is not nnknown here.' ('nnl.'s 'IliirtI I'e//., vol. ii., p i"i21. '■'" ' It often hapjieiis that a mother iihinues Ik riioi'-.' 'hild into wati r, even in winter, and keeps it there till it leaves otl' cryiiiL;.' .Lisiinal. i/'s !'■ //.. ]>. lHJ, ' Sehreyt das Kind, so tviiitt es die Afiitter, es sey tVinter dder Sonnui i' nak- kend naeh der See, nnd halt es so i,inL;e iiu Wasser his es still wiiil.' A'/cH y:ichi:, p. IDS. '" 'Have their own chiefs in each island.' t'mil.'n Thu'iJ \'oii.. vol. ii., p. i'lO. '(rener.illy is conferred (in him who is tliu most rem.irkahle for hi^ persDual (pialitics.' Coxn's Itatis. lils.. p. "iTJ. CIIAEACTErt OF THE ALEUTS. 93 im to A Wvv . cou- t'u's of 111 iiln- • ittniMll U'^MillH ( mil' iif il thi ir ii- Ihiit r, (Vi'u I' _ii t- 1l:ll' tor his tliG dwellinp; are pltvood iit the disposal of tho gnost, and all ri'tiiv.^'' A ivli.uious i'cstival used to ho held in Dc- cenihrr, at Avhich all the woiut'ii of the villat;e asseinhled by nioouliji'ht. and danced naked with masked faces, tlio men heing excluded under i)enalt_v of death. The men and women of a vilkiiie bathe toiiether, in aboiiiiinal innoceucA'. unconscious of im[)r()})riety. They are Ibnd of pantomimic performanivs : of representing in dances their myths and their le,2.en(ls; of acting" out a chase, one assuming the part of hunter, another of a bird or beast tr\ ing to escape the snare, now succeeding, now failing — the piece ending in the ti-ansformation of a captive bird into a lovely woman, who falls exhau.sted into the arms of the hunter. The dead are clothed and masked, and either placed in the cleft of a rock, or swung in a boat or cradle from a pole in the open air, Thvy seem to guard the body as nuich as possilde from contact with the ground.'''^ \n their nature and disposition, these islanders are sluggish but strong. Their sluggishness gives to their character a gentleness and obse(|uiousness often remarked 1)y travelers; while their inherent strength, when roused ])y brutal passions, di'ives them on to the gi'eatest enor- mities. They are capable of enduring great i'atigue, and, Avhen roused to action by necessity, they will pei'form an incredible amount of woi'k. sullei'ing the severes', I'old or heat or hunger with the most stoical cahnness. Thev are verv (luiet in their demeanor: sometimes sit- tmg in companies within their dens, or on their liouse- 1 '- TliDsi' of the inhiibitauts wlui Imvo two wivis Ljive tluir Rnosts ouo, or u sliivi.'. XvHC Xni'lir., j). 171. 'In the sprint,' Lilidays, tlicy wiar musks, lU'iitly carvt'cl ami fiuicifiilly orniniifntid.' Suai-r, JiiHiKjs' A'.i'.. p. 1(10. 'i' ' (_)u avail soin dc IcilisiiMstiilc iiianii"'rc iicc (|u'il iw toiU'liat pas la tcnv.' ])'()rlii iiii/, I'"//., p. ">71*. ' I'hulialiii the Iiodiisof llif mill witli (liiiil mossaml grass.' Siimr, IIUHikjs' l:',f..]>. IHI. Slavi'S s(iiurtimcsslaiiL;lit(rtMl. I,it,i(isili'rfj"s /-il//.. ])t. ii., p. 48. 'Jiiiry tliciv ilrail uii tlir summits of liills.' Cnnl.'s 'I'Inrd I'd//., vol. ii., p. fj'il. ' Wlii'ii a man dits in tin- hut hLlou'^iiit; to his wife, sho rctiics into a (lark hole, whinshr rrmains forty days. Tin' husliaiid jiavs tlio same comiilinu'iit to liis favorite wife npnu her death.' ('■mi'.s Huns, jiis., p. 218. ' Die Todten werdeu heu'ralien, mid man ^iebt dem Mann seineii I'iahn, I'feilo mid Kleider mit ins Grah.' ' Die Todtiu umwinden sie mit Itiemen und li,iiiL,'en sie in eiiier Art li'il/enur Wiei;e an ciiien anf /wey Galxhii vuheudeu t^uurstuck ill dcr Luft uuf.' ^Vme Sachr., pp. iUl, IJl. nrr *W u; ■■ \ H 94 HYrERBOREANS. tops gazing at tlie sea for hours, Avitliout .^peaking a word. It is said that formerly thej -were much more gii\- and cheerful, but that an accpiaintance Avith civilization has been productive of the usual misfortune and misery.' '* It does not appear that the Russians Avere behind the Spaniards in their l)arbarous treatment of the nati\es.'^' Notwithstanding their interest lay in preserving lil'e, and holding the natives in a state of serfdom as fishers and hunters, the poor people were soon swept away. I'iither Innocentius A'eiiiaminolf, a Russian missionary who la- bored among the islanders long and faitlifuUy. gives them the highest character for ])robity and propriety. Among other thintis, he aflirms that during a residence of ten vears in L nalaska, there did not occur a >i;mle fiuht among tlie natives. Proselytes were made by tlie Rus- sians with the same facility as l)y the j^paniards. ^frib- ute was levied l)y the Russians upon all the islanders, l)ut. for three years after their conversion, neopliytes were exempt; a cheap release I'rom hatel'ul serA'itude, thought tlie jHior Aleut; and a polit^• which brought into the lolds of the church 1 iiauan iiiu Ititud es. The Thuxkeet?, as they call themselves, or KoInscJicSj as they are designated by the Russians, iiihnliit the coast and islands from Alount St l"'ilius to the river Xass. The name Thlinkeet signilies "man,' or 'human l^eing.' '■'• ' Natni'tllcniont silciicionx.' T)'f>rhhiiii/, Vo)/., p. ~\~H. ' Sii' voiTichteu aucli tlie Xcithilnrft niid das Ehc.ycschat't (iliiic iillc Schcu.' .\(iii' AVcA;'., j). ] "ill. ' A stiijiiil sik'iu'f rciLjiis iim<>ii;_; tln'm.' ' I niii jxisiiiidi d that tlic siiii- plicifv (if tliiir iliaiactii' cxccids that of any (ithcr ]Kii]'ii\' J.isimiyhy's I (■//., PI). 1S2, I'S:!. ' Kiiiil-hcavti d and oliliLtinLj, siihniissivc ami curcfid; Imt if roused to ani^'cr, they l)('. The liussian hunters "used not unfrccjuently to ]ilace tl.e nun close to;,'ether, and try throuudi how iuany the hall of thi ir rilli'-harrelled musket would ]>ass.' ,Si((((C, lliiliiiii's P'.y. Ajiji.. ]). "iCi. '(>i a thousand men, who formerly li\cd in this spot, scarcely more than forty remained.' .I,'(iiiis(liiijJ''x 1'"//., pt. ii., p. "iit.j. ' La variole, la syjiliilis, voire meme le cholc'ra depuis (pnli|ues anm'es, en em- jiorteut lUiL' eftrayante >, of Bering Bay; the Cldlhtt)^, at Lynn Canal; the JlooJiiith, at Cross t^ound; the llomhuioox, of Chatham Strait; and. following down the coast and islands, the Taloos. the .1«Z'8, the Kahis, the /S';V/.W8,^''' the StUAms.^'" and the T/iiKja^'s The Sitkas on JJaranoff Island'" are the dominant tribe. Descending from the north into more genial climes, the physical type changes, and the form assumes mor« grace- fid propoi'tions. With the expansion of nature and r» freer })lay of physical powers, the mind expands, native character becomes intensihed. instinct keener, savage nature more savjige, the noljler (jualities become more noble: cruelty is more cruel, torture is elevated into an art, stoicism is cultivated,"" human sacrifice and human slavery begin, and the oppression and degradation of woman is systematized. '' If an oi-iginal American race is acc('[)ted."' says llolm])erg, " the Tldiid7(7. ('I'll, .^tihhw, Stijchine, are aiuony thosu before me at tlie iiK)nient. 1" At the eiul of this chapter, under Trihal Boundaries, the location of these tvihes is ^'iveli detinitely. "•■! A 'l'hlinl;e( t hoy, ' win n under the whip, continued his derision, with- out once uxhihitiiig the slightest appearuucu of sutl'eriny.' Li^l'um.'.ij'ii \'(>ij., p. 212. are the 'ijdkiizi, ia-ch(iii, Iiy tllllSl! •iitidii of THLIXKEET I'ECULIAIUTIES. 97 from Kiuliiik, niid tlu'ir f^uninu'i's near tlio inoiitli of ('o})l)t'r Kivcr, uliero they take lish in jireat (|iiiintities. Their eoiiiitrv also ahoiiiid.s in heaver. The Chilkats make t^vo anmial trading excnrsions into the interior. The Taeully trihes. the Sicannis and XehMinies, with uhom the Thilkats exehange J'iUrojH'aii goods foi- I'urs, Mill allow no wliite man to ascend their streams. Xatnrally. the 'i'hlinkeets are a fine raee; the men het- ter formed than the lioatmen ol' the north;"' the women modest, fair, and handsome;'" hut the latter have gone I'ar out of their way to sj)oil the liandiwork of nature. Xot content with daul)ing the hi'ad and l)od\ with (ilthv coloring mixtiu'es; with adorning the neck with co])|)er- wire collars, and the i'ace with grotes([ue wooden mtisks; with scarring their lind)s and hreast Avith keen-edged instrinnents; with j)iercing the nose and ears, and filling the apertures with hones, shells, sticks, pieces of copper, nails, or attaching to them heavy jiendants, which drag down the organs and pull the features out of place ;"^ '" ' Loni ('(n']is ost raiimsst', niais asscz Idcii propdrtioniii'.' Miircliiiiid, I'liy., torn. ii.. J). K). ' Very ticrco.' I'urilni-I.'s To//-- !'• -'■') ■ " Eiinlis strai^^ht aiul well sliapcd.' liivon's !'/, i'i., i>. 1(1. ' Active and clcvi'l' ' ],is}(tiisl,i/'s 1'"//., ji. 2.'i7. ' ]!i^,'(itc i'i iiiaiiera ile los Chinos.' J'inz, AV(r., MS. p. l-l. ' Liiulis ill-pioiiortioncd.' Ki.hiliiit's y<'iD \'. H. As lair as many Enro- jieans. LiiiKisili.rjrs \'ir chevellire. (hire, epaisse, nieli'e, coiiverte d'ocre, de duvet d'oi- seUUX. et de toutes Ic s onhu'es (|Ue la ni'gligence et le tem]is y ont aceumulees, contriliue encore a rendre leiir aspect hideux.' Mdirlinml, \'ni/., torn, ii., p. •111. ' .\ more hidions set of beings, in the form of men and women. 1 had never hefor ' seen.' Cb nUiniVfi I'e//., p. '.H . The men painted ' a hlaek circlo exten(Hng from the forehea. ()H. ' lis se font des cicatrices sur h's bras et surla poitrine.' J.ii Pi'roHse, I'"//., tom. ii.. p. 22IJ. 'Um ausdemCTCsichte diese fette Earben- niasse abznwasclieii. gehrauchen sie ihren eignen I'rin. und dieser verursacht bei ihnen den widerliehiii (Terueh.der den sich ihm naheudeu I'remdliug fast zuui Erbrecheu bringt.' llvlmbenj, Etiuu tikiz., p. 20. Vol. I. 7 08 HYPEllBOUEAXS. tliev appear to liavo taxed tlicir invontivo powers to the utmost, and with a siiecess imsuri)assed In' any iiatujn in the Avorld, to produce a model of hideous heauty, ^J'his success is achieved in their wooden lii)-ornament, the ci'ownin,ir ^ilory of the Thhnkeet matron. (U'scriljed ])y a multitude of eye-witnesses; and the ceremony of its introduction maA' l)e not inaj)propriiitely termed, the ha})tism of the hlock. At the a,ue of puhert_\-. — some say during infancy or childhood. — in the under lij)()f ail free- horn female Thlinkeets."'' a slit is made parallel with the mouth, and al)out hall' an inch l)elow it.^'" If the incision is made during infanc\-. it is only a small hole, into which a needle of copper, a hone, or a stick is inserted, the size ))eing increased as the child grows. If the haptism is deferred until the period when the maiden merges into womanhood, the operation is necessarily uj)on a larger scale, and conseipienth' more i)ainful."** Wlien '■1^' 'Xlenrcs, T'(. 172. 11" 'About three tenthsof an inch below the upper part of the under lip.' Viiiiroiivi'va Voij., vol. ii., p. "iSO. 'In the centre of the nndtr-lip.' hoiiis- ihirff's To//., pt. ii., p. lb"). •Fendue (in ras des j,'encives.' ]ji I'l'i-misv, V"i/., tom. ii.. p. '224. 'In the thick part near the month.' Jltsax's I'"//., p. 1^7. 'When the tirst person havini; (his incision was se(n by one of the seamen, Mho called out. that tiie man had two mouths.' ('(idI/s I hiril I'",'/., vol. ii., p. li'ill. 'In Iheir early infancy, a small incision is made in the center of the under lip. and a jiiecc of brass or copper wire is placed in, and left in the wound. This c )rrodes the laceratirir's i'"i/.. vol. ii.. p. 4(W. 'Les femmes de Tchinki- tani' ont <'rn dev. lb"). When almost marriat^'cable. Iv.tiihui-'s A'/'- I'"//., vol. i'., ]). 51. ' The children havi' them bored at about (wo years of iij,'e, when II iiiece of co))per-wire is jint throu]:.'!! (he hole; (his (hey wear (ill the a!,'e of about thirteen or fourteen years, wliiai it is (akeii oii(. and the wooden ornament introduced.' I'l rtlnrl/s Vi'l)., ji. '2H',I. ' Said (o d( no(e ma- turity.' Wlijitiiinr's AUisid. ]). ltd. ' Se percer la levre inf('rieure des len- faiice.' ' D'aurandir jieu a pen cet(<> ouver(ur que r-iiilo lo tciiiaii los cas.Klns.' I'cnz, .\i(r., !MS. ]i. IT). '•'' ' Cdiicavc (111 lidtli sides.' \'(ini'i>ttcir'ti \ n;!., vol. ii., \i. 'JnO, ' Sn laiij,'t) Bio unvcilnilatlut ist, ti;iL;t sie diiscii; cilialt sic aliir ciiitii Maim, sn |ii'tssfc limn iiiiiii i,'V(')sscnii Sclumuk von Holz cider Kiinchcii in die ( )etl'iiuiii,', welclier iiaeli iiiiuii, d. li. zur ZaLiiseite elwas trii>;f(iriii!f,' aust,'elii.hlt ist.' Jlnliulnnj, Kiliii. SI, !:.. [). '21. 'I'lU! I'spi'ce tVeciulie dc Ixi s s.ilis alises cpii a})) llie coll- tre les )^elicives,' La I'l'l'mist, T'l//-' tniu. ii., p. .V'.L I'ieces with it.' ' Horvihlc in its appearau, •■ to us Europeans.' /.'((c/.mA. /•//".•,■ I'V/.. Jit. ii., p. ll.">. ' l"s una'alKitura coino de nudia puli,'ada dehaxo del labiu inferior, ipie riineseiita seeunda boca. donde culocan una espccic de roldana eliptiea de jiiiio. cuyo diamctvo mayor es de dos puluadas, ipiatro lineas, y cl lueiior du una pulgada.' Stdil ij Mixicut't, \"i(('ji , p. 120. :i , I" i' 100 IIYPElinOllEAXS. a ghastly sppctaclo.'"'^ Tliis ciistoiii is evidently associated ill their minds with vvonuinly modesty, for ulieu Iai l*ert)use asked them to remove their hhnrk, some rel'iised; those who complied manilestinj;' tlu' same emharrassment s-howu )ty a European woman who uiK'overs her hosom. The ^'akntats alone of all the Thlinkeet nation have never adopted this i'ashion. Their dress, which is made from wolf, deer, ])ear. or other skin, extends I'rom tlie shoidder to the knee, and consists of a mantle, or cape, with slei'ves. which reaches down to the waist, and to which the women attach a skirt, or jiown, and the men a helt and api'on. A white hlanket is made from the wool of the wild shee[), em- hroidered with fiiiiires, and frini-ed with I'nrs, all of nati\e Avork. This «iiirnient is most hitihly prized hy the men. They wear it thrown over the shoulder so as to cover the whole hody. A^ancunver thus describes the dross of a chief at Lynn Canal. His '•external robe was a very line large gar- '■''1 ' Uuo enormc tixsno . S7. ' Ji'cttit (If I'ct oniciiicnt ist (le raliiittro, ]iiii' 1(! jioids di,' sii ])!Uti(i siiillantf lu li'vrt' iiifi'iiciirc sur In luciiton, (k' cltjv<'lo])])ii' l■(■, Vai/., toiii. ii., p. 'J'2(i. 'Always in pniportion to ii person's wealth.' 'l>istorts every feature in th(^ lower part of the face.' l)ixoii'fi \'. Vpon IIk* continent the kaliij^a is worn still larijer; and the female who can cover her whole face with lier iinder-lip jiasses for the most perfect beauty.' ' The \\[)H of the women held out like ji t-,dU,i;li. and always tilled with saliva stained with tohacco-juiee, of which they are iiiinioderately fond, is the most alioniinahly revolting' jiart of the H])cctacle.' hnliibiii's yrin \'iii/., vol. ii., p. f)"2. 'Dadureli cnstelit tine im sellii^'cn Maasso nusgeilehnte IJppe, die hiichst widerlich aussi' lit, urn so iiielir, dii sieli nun inehr der ^Iiind iiiclit sclilicsseu kann, Hondern unauf- luirlich ciiieii brauncn Tahakssiieichel von sicli t,'il)t,' llolmhirii, Kllm. >Ais., ]i. 21. ' So distorts the face us to take from it uliiiost the reseiuhlance to this human; yet the privilcffc of wearini^ this ornament is not extended to tlit! female sluves, who are jnisoncrs taken in war.' ('Ivnlitinl's I'o//., p. I'l. 'Look lis if they had lurf,'e Hat wooden spoons growing,' in the flesh.' LiOKisilnrfl'/i I'd//., pt. ii. p. 115. 'The sif,'ht is hideous. Our men used jocosely to say, this lower lip would make a good slab to lay their trousers on to be scrubbeit.' DRESrt OF THE TIILIXKEETS. 101 ('(■Imiipo rnciiu'iit •I! SUV 1" i piciul I' (IclltS ln' (•( n- itli coii- lliUIK'Ut all tho • Ic pluH . ii., ]'. fiatmo liin iiiul )in still luli'V-lip it lik" ii f wliirli ,t of Ww. cine iiii , uiu so uiiiinf- I' to tilt) |l to tho 'Look ;si/ii/'//'.s • to SUV, •ubbed.' mciit. tlmt roaoluMl from liis nock dimii to liis lioels, iiiadc of ^v()<)l from the moimtiiin sljc('|). iicatlv vjirit'- ji'iitt'il with .scvc'i'iil colors, and cdocfl and othorwiso dt'c- oratt'd Avith littlo tufts oi' frojis of woolen varn. dved of various colors. His head-dress was made of wood, much resemhliii;:' in its shaju' a crown, ailorned Avith hrioht coi)lter and brass ])lates, from whence him^' a nuud)er of tails or streamers, composed of wool and I'ur, wrought tojiether, dved of Aarious colors, and I'ach ti'rininatin;;' in a whole ermine skin. The whole exhihited a ina,ii- nificent appearance, and indicated a taste for dress and ornament that we liad not supposed the natives of those rejiions to possess."' 'I'he men make a wooden mask, wliich I'l-sts on a ncck- |)iece, M'l'v iniicniously <'arved, and painted in colore, so as to re])ri'sent the head of souje bird or heast or mvth- olo^ical i)eino'. This was i'ormerly worn in hattle, j)roh- ahly, as J.,a Peronse snjijzests. in order to sti'ike terror into the hearts of enemies, hut is now used only on festive occasions. l.VJ A small hat of roots and hark, woven in tho shai)0 of a truncated cone, ornamented with painted (ijiures and pictures of animals, is worn hy hoth si'xes.''' Ordinarily, howevt'r. the men wear nothinu: on the head: their thick liair, greased and covered with ochiv and hirds' down, formino' a sulhciont coverinji'. The hat is dcsioned espe- cially for rainy weather, as a protection to the elaborately T)iini's Ornjon, p. "277. ' Oii n(< coiuiaii point (Tixplication plansililc dc cctti' luntilatiou, (pii, ilic/. lis Iiiilitlis, passe pour im siL,'iR' dv iiolilissc' Mofras, K,vi>li)i\, toll), ii., p. ;!:i1, 1'- ' Die Maiiiurtracht iintci'sclniilit sidi in Niclits von ilcv dcr Wciljir; sio licstt'lit iiaiiilich alls ciiu ni liis v.n diii Kuiccu j^iluiidcii Ilcindc.' H'liiilnrii, Kt'iiii. SL'ii., p. is. Soiiii' of their blankets 'are so ciiiioii^ly wmked on oiio side witli tlte furof the sea-otter, that they ai)pear as if lined w ith it.' ■ Some dress themselves in short jiaiitaloons.' .Lisidnsl, i/'n I'j//., ]). 2 !S. 'Las mu- f^eres visfeii liouestainente una es^ieeic^ detuiiiea interiorde pi. exvii. Their wooileii niaslis ' are so lliiek, that a iiinski>t-!)all, 11 red at a moderate distaiieo, can hardly peiutratu theiu.' JAsiitiish ij's \'iii/., p. I'O. Dili \ I'll 102 II\TEUnOREAXS. (livf^scd liiiir.' '* IVsidos tht'ir cvcrN-diiy divss, tlu'\' have a I'antast'ut co.stnnu' I'oi" trilial lidlidays. l-'or tlu'ir winter liahitatioiis, a littU' l»Mck (Voiii tlio (K'oaii. the 'ridiiikec'ts build Mihstaiiliid houses of plauk or loji's, .vol 1 lot ii IK'S of f^iillioieiit Htivii,i:tli to wi've as a fortress. TIh'V are six or eight feet in lieight, the base ill the form of a s(|ii!ire or iJaruUelograiii, the roof of ])oles placed at an angle of fortv-li\e degrees and cov- ered ^vith bark. 'I'lii; entrance is by a siiiall side door. The fire, which is usually ke[)t burning night and i\,\\\ occupies tlii> centre of the room; o\er it is a smoke- liole of minsnal size, and roniid the sides of tlu; loom ari' aj)artments or dens which are used as store-houses, sweat-houses, and private; family rooms. The main room is very iiiil)li(! and very fihliy.'''' Summer huts are li-iht jtortable buildings, thrown up during' hunting excursions in the interior, or on the sea-beach in the rishing-seasen. A IVame is made of stakes dii-,.n into the ground, sup- ]H)rting a roof, and the whole covered with bark, or w ilh green or dry l)ranche, and skins or l)ark over all. i hi (.•;or is ck)sed l)y bark or a curtain of skins. JOacii hut l"iiii(ls, wliicli till y take iiwiiy with tlniii \\1 It is very siifprisiii^ to s((^ Imw will tin hlioc-kiiii,' tiMils they ciniiliiy ; sMiiuMif tin i lii'diul, iiiiiliiiit iiion'thau iiii iin-li tliirk.' J'o, aiiil roomy, built of wood, witlitlii' hearth in iii into iis many colli] lartiiK lit s as tluic arc familii s li\iii ,uili r the root'.' Iticli- (irdniiK's Jtiiir,, vol. i., ]i. 41((. ' Lclit in Si'hoiipcn .tiis IJalkiu Ljihaiit. wo I'.n (li'ii Siitcii fiiv jcili' Faniilic liisonilcn- I'lat/c ahui tlnilt sind, in (h r Mitto iihir Ffinr fiir allc ziisamnnn aiininiacht wird. So ]ill(;.;cii jitniciiimlicli 2 bis Fuiuiliou eiuo ciuzigu Sehuiunj Liu/iiuthnRii.' JJiur'n Ethn. u. HUd., \\. IIT. -i arc mailr of a few tluir wiiiii r(|iiartcrs, .|M' tlnir I villi Iho - full 10 fift 1. ,. -J'., f.'.'t >ro//.. -I'M. ' lii^,'h. lar:4c, ''l(M' nil the side s divided i\iii .nder the roof.' Itlcli- i ■iiscn. I stij)- with T!i.' • riio • sides ">7.7, 's s limy s UIMIU isc art! •' '".'/•> I'llitcS, - nil 11 II few iirlcrs. ih tho ', f-'ft lai'u'f, livi.lcil • //;.•//- lit. wo 1- Mitto jli.-h 2 ,l'.i)7. FOOD OF THE TIILINKF.FTS. 103 i- llic rciidi'/voiis for u f. ■l'>. ' A fiw iiiijrs stuik ill the l;i'ouiii1, without onli r or ii'^iilaiity.' Jiix"ii's \iii/., l>. 172. ' (icliiiiulf liistihl ails laii;^iii, soit^f.-iltiu! licliaut iitii Ihittriii, '1:i' kartriiliaiisarti;.,' iilur I'iiiaiiiliT t,'(stil!t, an zalilrtichrii in ilir I'liilc ni-- slt ckti 11 Staiiu'i'n l)rfrstit,'t, i-fclit ci^'cntlicli ciu luil/.trncs Zrlt liililm. Es liatdii' Form ciui'V laiiglichen Jiaruku mil zwti Gieljilu.' KittliU, liiisi , vol. i., lij). 22(1. 221. '''' -Ml kinds of tisli; ' suoh iis saliiinii. nmssils, and vaiions othrr shtll-lisli, Kca-ctt 'I's, srals and jiorjioiscs; the liluMit r of the iiorpoisr, tiny iiii' n niaik- iiMy fond of. and indicd the lli sli of any aiiiiiial that conns in tluiv way.' J'i,rtliir/.'s \'"i/., i).2li(l. ' Voni ^rciic, an dcsstii L'fi riisiisii-listt ts ansiiddn, fiiialtiii sir ilirc liaiiiitsachliidistf XahninLt; cini^'c Wiii/iln, (Jrasir ii. Jicir- (11 yi'lii'iliii niiv zil drii liickciliisscn dis Siniiiiiiis.' llnlinhi r'l. illliii. Sl.iz., p. 22. Cakes made of haik of s]iiiU'e-tir. mixed with roots, berries, and train- oil. For suit they use sea-water. Never eat whale-fat. y/z/ii/^'/i/ //"■-<■ I'".'/., yt. ii., p. VM. At Sitka, siiinnier food eoiisists of berries, fresh tish, and llesh of aiiiphiliious animiils. Winter food, of drii^d salmon, train-oil, and the s]>awii of tish. esjieeially herring's. J/iai'itislti/'s \'<>i/., p. 2:i'.>. ' Siis ali- nielitos se ndlleeli a jieseado eorido li asado ya fresco I'l ya seco, vai'ias hier- lias y raizes.' /ji/i/i';/i( (/ ijinnlrii, A'l/c, ^IS. p. ,")(). They chew 'a jilaiit which ap])ears to lie a species of tobacco.' Iiixmi's I'"//., p. 17."i. 'Sunt converts de vermine; ils font inie cdiasse assidne a ces aiiimaiix devorans. iiiais jimir It s d'vonr eiix-niemes.' Mun-lniiiil. \'"i/., toni. ii., )i. '>2. ■T.iL,'liche NahniiiLC (hr Fiinwohner — siiid hanpsiiclitlich Fische. docli hiiuliy auch .Mollnskeii and Ecldivd'-rnien.' hitllil:. Iliisc, vol. i.. j). 222. liS'L,. pills, on frais on fume, les oufs seclics de jioisson.' M'lrrli/oii/, Viijl-, torn. ii.. p. (J2. ' Is sometimes cooked ujion red-hot stones, but more {•ominoiily eaten raw.' luilnbui's yeir iui/., vol. ii., p. 5:1. ' Not so expert in liuntiii),' as the .Vleutiaiis. Their principal mode is that of sliiiotin;^ the sea animals as they lie asleep.' JJniunsl, i/'n I'ni/., p. 242. 'J'luy boil tin ir victuals in woudcu vessels, by coustiintly putting red-bst stones into the 101 HYPERBOREANS. winter, thoy dry largo quantities oi" herring, roes, and the llesh of aninuds. For catching lish, diev stake the rivers, and also use .1 hook and line; one lishernian casting Ironi his canoe ten or fiiteen lines, with bladders for iloats. For herring, they fasten to the end of a ])ole four or li\ e pointed hones, and Avith tiiis instrument strike into a shoiil, spearing a fish on every point. They sonietiuies i>-..ike the same in- strument in !iie shape of a rake. .'»;i.l translix the fish with the teeth. The Sitkas catcii halibut with large, wooden, bone-[)ointe(l hooks.'''' The arms of the Thlinkeets denote a more warlike people than luiy we have hitherto encountered. IJows and ai'rows; hatchets of flint, and of a hard green stone Avhich cuts wood so smoothly that no marks of notches are left; great lances, six or eight varas in length, if l)odegay (^)uadra may be trusted, hardened in the fire or pointed with copper, or later witli iron; a large. l»i'oad, double-ended dagger, or knil'e. — aiv their princi[)al weap- ons. The knil'e is their cbief imi)lement and constant companion. The handle is nearer one end than the other, so that it has a long blade and a short blade, the latter beinu' one (luarter the len^ith of the former. The handle is covered with leather, and a strap fastens it to the hand when fighting. Both bladi's have leathern sheaths, one of which is suspended from the neck by a strap.'"" Wiitcr. rnyllocl.'a ]'i)i/., p. 2!)1. ' Diis K.ochcn i,'(S(liitht jitzt in tiscnu ii Kcs- Sflii, V(ir tl( r l>ik;iiiiitsch;ift luit den Riissiii alicr wnnlvii div/.n aus NVur/clii gflliichtcnc Kiirlic anucwiti'ilt. llni'iihrni, FAIm. Sl,i:,, p. ■J.'A. '''• Tolli' ir lishiiiL; lines. Maddcrsarcfasti ii. 'i^f'J. ' For taking; the spawn, tliey use the liraiiehes of the ])ine-trec, to which it easily adheres, and on whicli it is afterwards dried. It is then put into baskt ts, or holes purposely duL, in the f^ronnd, til wanted.' J.isiiinsl. i/'s \'ii!/., p. 'I'.WK ' Sii coniun aliiiieiito es cl salmon, yes in;_;enioso el nu'to(h) t\m' tieneii de jiescarle.' SnHL/ Mi.i-irinii, r/i'i/c, p. cwii. 'Their lines are very strong', hi iii'^ made of the sinews ir iiitestinesof animals.' Jii.e'ni's \'iii/.. p. 174. ' ])ie Itiiseiihutte, die in Sitchii liiswcilen ein (lewicht von lit liis 12 I'lid errcicht. wird ans ihr 'I'ii :'e mil j^ros- seii hiil/ernen Anu'eln, ilie niit \\ iderhaken aus l-'.isi n oder Knoeheii versehen sind. herausLtezogcn. Die AuLtelsehniu' hesteht aus an einander etkniipften ruciisst;inL;eln.' Ilnliiilicr'i. l-'.thu. Sl.'n.. )i. ',V1. iiiii ' ]j,.". s and arrows were fiu-uurly their only weapons: now. besides their THE TULINKEETS IN "WAR, 105 Thcv also cncuso almost the entire l)0(ly in a Moo'leii and leathern armor. Their helmets have euriously carved vizors, Avith firotesijne re})resentations of beinu'.s natural or supernatural, Avliieh, when hrilliantly or dis- mally i)ainted. and presented with proper >ells, and hrandishinps of their ever-, (IS. Knives, some two f( ct loiii,', sliapi (I almost like a da;.;;;er, witli a iidi,'e in tli(^ middle. Worn in skin shcatlis liniii,' liy a thon.n to the iieek under their rolic, prolialily used only as \vea{ious. ('on las tic clias, lali/.as d( seis y ocho varas de lar^o con len'4U( t s de lierro.' liudr'iit y (^himliii, .\i(i .. ,A1S. ji. •ill. 'The da,L;t,'( IS used in liattle arc made to stal> with either end, haviiij,' three, four or tive iuclu s aliovc the li ami taiiered to a sharp |ioint; lait the luijxr jiart of those used in the Sound and liiver is cxeiirvated.' I'url- I'rl's \'in/.. JI. -111. ' I'lineipally hows and arrows.' l.iiiiiisilnrirs l'"//.. jit.ii., ]'. IIU. 'Susannas se reduceii al arc o, la tleci.a y el juinal (]iie traeii siem|)ro eonsii,'o.' Siit'il ji Mi'.ririiiiii, I'lK/c, !>. cxvii. ' Coinme nous exaininions ti("'s- altentivcment tons ces ])(ii^,'nards, ils nous fireiit siL,'iic cju'ils n'eii faisaieiit nsai;c (JUC coillrc les outs ct les autres hcttsdes forets.' /,(/ /'r/Mi(.s( , I'l.//., tun. ii.. p. 172. ' J)er |)ol(h ist sehr hicit und hat zwei ;,'( sehiillene ]{liitter auf jcclcr Scitc des (Iritt'es. d.is oIk re jedoch iiur eiii Viertel vcm der L;inj,'e des nntc rcii." ' Ueich' lilatfer odcr Klingeii siiicl mit lederneii Scheid; n vcr- Hchen.' //..//,■/,;:., p. 2.S. !'■' • .V kind of jackc t, or coat of mail, made of thin laths, liound tci-^etlier with sinews, whicli makes it cpiite ticxilile, thciu^!h so close as not to admit un arrow or clart.' ('nn/.'s 'I hini I'm/., vol. ii,, )>. 1)72. ' Fiir den Kiic l,' hc- sitzeii die' Kaloseheii audi vcui Holz u'earheitefe SchutzwatVeii : Itru^tharnischc, Sturmhaiilien und seltsam •linitztc Visire, mit erelh n I'arlKii maltt Vratzciii^'csiclitcr diirstcUcu.' KHUIU, lieit»', vol. i., p, 21(1 ?f 1 ■iill ''II i i'i lOG HYTEKBOEEANS. l);ittl(' iirrav. tlic C()iii1)atant.s anned ^vitli their favorito \v('a}Min. tlio (lautivr. and "well aniiored, sti'[) Ibfth and enjia_i:e in liiilit: while the |)eoi)le on either side eniiaj:e in sonu' and dance din'inir the CDnihat. Wran^ell and La[)lace assert that hrave warriors killed in battle are devoured by the ('oii(|uerors, in the belief that the l}rav- ery ol the victim thereby enters into the nature of the l)artaker."'" CouiiuL;' from the north, the Thlinkeets are the first people of tile coast who use wooden boats. Tliey are made from a sinule trunk; the smaller ones about (il'teen i'eet lonii'. to carry I'rom ten to twehe persons; and the laruer ones, or war canoes, from fifty to seventy feet lonu'-. these will carry forty or fiity persons. They have I'rom two and a half to three feet beam; are sharj) fore and aft, and have the bow and stern raised, the former rather more than the latter. Keinji; very lijiht and well modeled, they can be handled Avitli ease and celerity. Their jjaddles an* about lour leet in leniith. with crutch- like handles and wide, shovel-shaped blades. Boats as well as paddles are ornaniente 1 with painted figures, and thi' I'amily coat-of-arms. Dodega y (^nadi'a. in con- tradiction to all other authorities, describes these canoes as beiuii' built in three parts; with one hollowed })iece, which forms the bottom and reaches well up the sides, and with two side \)lanks. Ilavinjj; hollowed the truid< of a trei' to the i'e([uiri'd depth, the Thlinkeet l)uilders fill it with water, which tluy heat with hot stones to soften till' wood, and in this state bend it to the desired shape. When they land, they draw their boats up on the beach, out ol' reach of the tide, and take great care in prcH'rving tliem.^"'' 111-2 ' 'I'll! y iim-i'v attiick their rnomios npcnly.' K'tzihiio's Xrir ]'•//., vol. ii., !>. ").■■), 'L(s ;;aivriris fu's ou faits jirisonnicrs a la t,'iiciTi', ))assciit I'tjalc- iiK'Ut sous 1,1 (Iriit (Ic Iciii's vaiii([niiirs (|ui. cii tli vorant iiiic jnoic aiwsi ilis- tiii'^'Ui'i', criiiciit y ])nisi'r ili' nouvolks for 'I's, nuc ikiuvoUu ('inrj^ic' .LatiUu-c, <"ir<-iiiiii,(ir., umi. vi., ]). ]'>'>. 1''^ ' l)ii 11 licilias di' una jiii'za con sii falc i sohrc las Ixinlas.' /'i/vr, \iiv., MS. \i. 17, 'On n'cst ]>as iiioins I'toiim' do liur stalnliti': iiial'4ri' la li'L;i"'ri't,' I't Ic ]i(ii (Ic lariii'iir dc la <'0(|iu', (llos iiOiit pas bcsoiii d'l'Uo sdiiti'inns ]iar ilus balaiii'ii'rs, it jamais ou uu lus iiccoupk'.' MarcliHud, Vnj., toui. ii., \). 72. pU't'O, s'uU's. trunk uiUk'i's ones to (U'siivil up on lit cure 1' //., vol. ■lit ('^.tali- au-.si (lis- rr, X,ir., : l';4."'r.'t>' ■iiui'S ]iav ii.,l).7:i. INDUSTRIES OF THE TIILINKEETS. 107 Tlio Tlilinkcots manifest no less ingenuity in tlie man- ufacture of domestic and other impk'ments than in their arms. llo[)e tliey make from sea-weed, water-tight hask- ets and mats from withes and grass; and pijjes, l)o\vls, and figures from a dark chiy. They excel in tlie work- ing of stone and copper, making necklaces, l)ra(;elets. and rings : they can also ibrge iron. They sj)in thread, use the neetUe, and make l)lankets from the white native wool. They exhibit considerable skill in carving and painting, ornauienting the fronts of their liouses with heraldic s\uil)ols. and alleu'orical and lu-torical iiiiures; while in front of the principal dwelUngs, and on their canoes, are carved parts representing the human face, the heads of crows, eagk's. sea-lions, and l)ears."'' La Perouse asserts that. ex('ei)t in agriculture, whic'h was not i-utirely un- known to them, the Thlinkeets were farther ailvanced in industry tluni tlie South Sea Islandei's. Trade is carried on between Europeans and the in- terior Indians, in which no little skill is manifested. ' Las rct,'nlart's rannas do quo se sirvon son do pinn, y no tionon mas oapaoi- (lad <|Uo la (pio l>asta para contouor una faniilia, sin tiiiliainti ([no las hay sn- nianii-nto i^'ramlcs.' /i'k/i ;'///7""''''" A'd'., ]\IS. p. JS. ' Uiiilly OAiriiii'n \'"i/., ]». 17:t. ' Their canoes are nmeli inl'erior to tliose of tho lower coast, while their skin " liaidarkcs " (kyacks) are not ecpial to those (if Norton Snunil and tho northern coast.' It A//i/i/ii7''.s Al'isl.'i, j). HU. At Cooks luht, ' their canoes aro sheathed with the hark of trees.' J.isiiinsl. i/'s \'. l^'^. 'i'hes(> canoes ' were made from ii snlid tree, and many of thein appeared to Ix^ from SO to 70 feet in length, lint very u.irrow, heiui,' no l.roader than tho tree itself.' J/kz/vs' 1'))/., p. xwviii. ' Their Imat was tho body of a laii;o pine tree, neatly excavated, and taperoil aw.iy towards tho I nds, until they came to a ]ioint. auil the fore-part soniiwhat higher than tho after-p.irt; indei^d, the whole was tinishud in a neat and very e.\.act luanuer.' "'' ' Out fait beanconp pins do jirngrcs d.ins hs arts que daiis hi ninrale.' Lu r^'rintsi', Viiij., torn, ii., p. 2:!:{. 'I'iiliidcec t women make baskets of bark of trei's, ami grass, that will hold water. /,'/»;/>■(/ <(7/",s I'd// , p. ii., p. i:f2. They has-c toleralile ideas of carving, most utensil^^ having sculptures, representing some animal. I'nftlnrl,'s \'"i/.. \i.'2'.>l. ' Cos pi intures, ce.s sculptures, telles (pi'ellcH sont, on en voit mir ti>us leurs nieubh s.' Mtvli'itul, \'(ii/.. tom. ii., p. 71. ' Do la vivacidad do sii ginio y del afecto ill candiiose debe infirir son bastaiitemente laboriosos.' Jl^ili'ia i/ (Jifidrn, A'l'c., J[S. p. IS. ' Tieueii lanii blancii CUV.) especie ignoraron.' I'rn:, \iii\, MS. ]», 10. ' Masks very ingeniously cut in wood, and jiaiuted with tlitt'oreut colors.' A r.ittie, 'very Well linished, both as to sculpture and |iainting.' ' One might suppose theso productions the work of a jx ciple greatly advanced in civili/ation." I.ifii(iiisl,-i/'s I'",'/.. W- 1"'". '-II- 'Found some square jiatches of ground in n state of rnltivation, prodncingii plant that appearLil tu be a species uf tobacco.' I a/e» tijuvcr'n I'ojj., vol. iii., p. '25ij. M ^1 I i! i Pi I 108 HYPERBOEEAXS. Every article which they purcliase undergoes the closest scrutiny, unci every slight defect, wliich they are sure to discover, sends down the price. In their connnerciul intercourse they exhibit the utmost decorum, and con- duct their negotiations with the most ])econiing dignity. Xevertheless, ibr iron and beads they willingly })art with anything in their possession, even their children. In the voyage of Bodega y (Quadra, several young Tblin- keets thus l)ecame the property of the Spaniards, as the author piously remarks, for purposes of con\ersion. Sea- otter skins circulate in place of money.""' The olHce of chief is elective, and the extent of power wielded depends upon the al)ility of tiie ruler. In some this authority is nominal; others l)ec()me great despots.'''' Slavery was practiced to a considerable extent; and not oidy all prisoners of war were slaves, l)ut a regular slave- trade was carried on with the south. When first known to the Russians, according to llohnberg. most of their slaves were Flatheads from Oi'egon. Slaves are not allowed to hold })roperty or to marry, and when old and worthless they are killed. Kot/A'bue says that a rich man " purchases male and female slaves, who nuist labor and fish for hiiu, and strengthen his force when he is engaged in Avarfare. The slaves are prisoners of Avar, and their descendants; the master's power over them is ■ uiiiMiited. and he even puts them to death Avitliout scruple, When the master dies, tAvo slaves are nuu'- dered on his gra\'e that he may not Avant attendance in the other Avorld; these arc chosen long before the event "'■' 'Tli(.' slvins of th.!^ soa-ntttn's fonn tlu'ir pviucijiiil wciilth, ni^'' a snl)- sHtutf fdi' indiicv.' K"l :• hill's yi k; I'd//., vcjI. ii., j). 54. ' In diic |il;i(itluy iliscovi Till ii cinisidiialilc huard of wooli'U olotli, iiUil as iiiuch diiiil I'lsh as woilM have loaili'd ]")l) liiilavkas.' I.isliiiial, i/'a l'"'/.. p. lUlt. iiiii ' hv (lonvciiuniriit tli's Tcliiukit'inc'eus i)aiiiili'oit done ho lapprochiv il'l (louvcniciaciit patiianlial.' Miiri'lutint, \'"// ., tolii. ii., )). S.'i. • |)u su f^ohicnu) iniisaiiioa cnaiidi) mas, oiriido el nioilo do soiuftiisi' a alu;niios \ii - jos, scriii olij^arlut'o. Ilmlciid //(Jmnlrii, Xnr., ^IS. |i. 51). ' 'l'houi;h ih-' lovoiis liave ])o\v( r ovit tluir siibjrits. it is a \rry limited power, unless wle ii an individual of cxtraoi'diuai y .diilities starts up, who is sure to rule desjiniieally.' J.isi'liisl.ii'K I'",'/., p.'il'J. '('liai(Ui! fanull(> semlih? vivre d uue nmniere iso|(-n ct avoir un rej^iuu' ]iarti('nlier,' /,'( /'.'/'oww, I'd//., toui. iv., p. fU. ' Ces C'on- seilij composes dus vieillarns.' Ltipluci:, VircuinnUi-., torn, vi., p. 155. CASTE AND CLANSHir. 109 must K'U he AViU", u'lii is itliout imir- tvuce in event a snli- laci' tlu y il I'lsli as ipjnoclii'V \K- sil niiiis \i(- 1k' tiiyoiis wli'ii all iitically.' iTf isoll't^ I'lH Cull- occurs. ])nt meet tlie destiny that awaits them verA' phil- osopliirall V. ^Simpson estimates the shives to l)e one thifd of the entire popuhition. Interior trihes enshive .their })risonei*s oi' Mar, but, unlike the coasi trihes, they have no hi'reditary shivery, nor systematic trailic in shues. A\'ith tlie superior activity and intellijienceot'theThlin- keets, social castes begin to appear. Besides an hered- itary nobilit\', from wliich class all chiefs are chosen, the whole nation is separated into two great divisions or clans, one of which is called the Wolf, and the other the llayen. U[)on their houses, boats, robes, shit'lds, and wherever else they can find a place for it, thev jiaint ov carve their crest, an heraldic device of the beast or the bird designating theclan to which the owner belongs. The Haven truid-c is aga" ? divided into sub-clans, called the Frog, the (Joose, the f^ea-Lion, the Owl, and the Salmon. The Wolf lamily com[)rises the IVar, Ivigle, Dolphin, Shark, and Alca. In this clanship some singular social ll'atures present themselves. I'eo^jle are at once thi'ust widely apart, and vet drawn togetiier. '^^i'ribes of the same clan may not war on each other, but at the same time members of the same chin may not marry with each other. Thus the \()ung AN'olf warrior nuist seek his mate among the Havens, and. while celel)rating his nuptials one day, he may be called upon the next to light his I'atber-in- law over some hereditary lend. Obviously this singular social fancy tends greatly to keep the various tribes of the nation at ])eace."'' Although the Thlinlvcet women impose upon them- selves the most ])ainful and rigorous social laws, there are fev,' savage nations in which the sex liaxc greater inlluence or couuuand greater respect. \\ hi'ther it be the superiority oi' their intellects, their success in ren- dering their hideous charms available, or the cruel pen- ""'" Tribos arc ilistini^'uishod l>y the cnloi-niid charartiu* of tliciv jiiint. h'f- iihur\ yiir I'd//., vol. ii., ]). "(l. Tlicy ' aro divided iiitu tnlics; tlic jniiicipal of viiich assiiiiii' fo tliniisclvcs titlis (if distilK'timi, fioiii the iiaiiics of tlic ani- mals till y jiii f( r; as the tiibc of the brar, of tho ca^di', etc. Tlic tiiliinf tli(! volf an- calli il Ciujiinntiiita, and bavi' many privik'^fs ovit the otb< r trilxs.' JAsiuntiki/'s \'i! strengthened, and she comes ibrth cleansed in mind as well as ])ody. This infamous ordeal, coming at a most critical period, and in connection with the ba[)tisiu of the l)lo('k. cannot fail to exert a powerful intluenct! upon her charactei". It is a singular idea that they have of uncleanness. During all this time, according to lIolm])ei-g, oidy the girls mother approaches her, and that oidy to [)la('e ibod within her rea(;h. There she lies, wallowing in her filth, scarcely al)le to move. It is almost incredible that human bcinus can ]»rinu; themselves so to distort nature. To this singular custom, as well as to that of the block, female slaves do not conform. After the uirl's imnunv- \■''^h if,s ' xiio woiniii possos n. prrdoniiniiiit influonco, anil iicknowlcdu'cil supi- ricirity dvi'i' tlic iitlur sex.' Mitircs' I'l'//., ]). I!2:t. ' ravmi cux Ics fciumi s jmiissciit (111111' ('('rtiiiuc <'onsiil('riitiim.' Luplncr, ('ii-ciiiiiidir., tinii. vi.. ]i. S7. Tlicy triMt their wives uud elnldnu with iiuieh iitl'ectiiiii ainl teiuleniess, ainl the women keep tlie ti'eiis'u'es. rmil'icL's I'n//., p. 21111. The Kahisli ' finds his tiUhy ('(mntiywoiiien, with their liii-tnm^lis, so ehiirniinj,', tliat they often awaken in liim the most velienient passion.' IOiIiiIiki-'h .Wir Vnii,. vol. ii., ]i. 5(i. ' It is certain that iiiihistry, reserve, modesty, and eoiijn;_;,d ti(h lity, are the general eliaraeteristiesof the femah' sex amonjj; these peojMe,' J/dkjs- iliirjj"s I'"//., pt. ii., p. 133. ' (iuoiipi'elhs vivent sous hi domination d'hom- TIILIXKEET SOCIAL CUSTOMS. m mont is over, if lior parents are wealtl. v. her old clotliiivv IS (lestnn e.l. she is Mashed and dressed'anew, and a j-rand east -iven in honor of the occasion."'^' Tlie natural suf- li'rui^s ot mothers dni-in-- conlineinent are also a«--ra- vated hv eiistom. At this time thev too are eonsidc-red uncleiin. and nmst withdraw into the forest or fields awa\- from all others, and tak'e care of themselves and their off- spring After the hirth of a child, the mother is locked up 111 a shed j'or ten davs. A marria that survixe the hrst year of filth, and the succeeding vears of appli.Ml ice water and exposure, are very justlv held to be well toughened. The Thlinkeet child is frequentlv given two names, one from the lather's side an.l one from the mother's; ..,„d when a son becomes more famous than his I'ather, the incs tivs-forof-.s, j,. n'ai p,is vu qu\'ll(.s on fussnit tr.-.ikVs ,Vxmv nru.i,'.,-.. to^'h-'lriu:"" '■ I'^-^t^-'^^'t la piupart d.s v„v:„.,n.s!' }:, i'" 'i j"''i • ;;: UlL nuiK.. J\.i,t.cUtll: H jSciC I (;//., Vul. 11., J). 57. ll ! I!1 'M 112 lIYrERBOREANS. latter drops Lis own name, and is known only as tlio lather oC his son. Their habits of Hf'e are reiiidar. In Niunnier, at early dawn they put out to sea in their boats, or seek lor I'ood upon the beach, retiu-nini;: before noon l()r their (ii'st meal. A second one is taken just belbre night, ^i'lie work is not uneciually divided bi'tween the sexes, and the division is based upon the econouiical ])rinciples of civilized connnunities. The uun rarely conclude a bargain without consulting their wi\es. ^hu'cbaud di'aws a revolting picture of tbeir treatment of infants. The little bodies are so excoriated by ler- mented filth, and so scarred by their cradle, that they carry the mai'ks to the grave. Xo wonder that when they grow u|) the}' are insensible to pain. Xor are the mothei's especially given to personal cleanliness and de- corum.''" ^[usic. -IS well as the arts, is cultivated by the Thlin- keets, and. if we may lielieve ^hu'chand. nniks with them as a social institution. "At fixed times," he says, '"evening and morning, they sing in chorus, every one takes part in the cioncert, and i'rom the pensi\e air which they assume while singing, one would imagine that the song has some dee[) interest for them." The men do the dancing, while the women, who are rather given to fat- ness and llaccidity, accompany them Avith song and tam- ))ourine.''' Their ])rincipal gambling game is played with thirty small sticks, of various colors, and called by divers names, as the crab, the whale, and the duck. The player sliulHes together all the sticks, then counting out seven, he hides them under a launch of moss, keeping '"o 'lis no K'('('iivtf'nt jamnis do deux pns pour niicnn lusoiii: i!s nv chcv- oheut dans ccs occasicnis iii I'oiiibro ui lu niyst^rc: ils (•iiiitinm lit la (diivd-- satidii (jii'ils out conumiK't'o, coiiinic s'ils n'avaicnt jias iin instant a j eid c; ct li>is(jni' o'cst jxiidant le r(|)as, ils rcprinncnt li nr jilacc, diut ils n( ui jamais ( t(' ('liiii;n s iVuni! tiiise.' J.u J'l'musi', 1'//., tcmi. ii., j). 2.1. '"' 'Ont un L'oJt d('cidi' ikiui- le chant.' Marcli'iiid, 1'"//., loni. ii., ]i. 75. ' The Monun sit upon the ground at a distance of s(inie j an s .iv ni .he di lu eis, and siii;4 a nut inharniunions niehidy, vhicli snp] lies the ]ila(e < f nn;sc.' LdiiilsilDiirs \'i>;/., \)t. ii., p. 114. 'They dance and sint,' Cdnlinnally.' //.>i- ininhj/'s I'"//., ]). '2-l(t. Besides the tanihiiurine, Captain Jnlclur haw a casti- iiet and ' a new musical iustrumeut, composed of three hoops, with a cross TIILIXKEET CHAEACTEll. 118 the remainder covered at the same thiie. Tlio izamo h to guess in ^vhich pile is the Avhale, and the crah, and the (hick. J)uring tlie i)rogres.s of the game, they pre- sent a i)erroct i)icture of melancholic .stoicism/'-' The ThlinkeetH hurn their dead. An exception is made when the deceased is a shaman or a slave; the hody of the former is preserved, after having heen wrapped in I'urs, in a large wooden sarco[)hagiis; and the latter is thrown out into the ocean or anywhere, like a heast. T\iv. ashes of the hnrned Thlinkeet are carefnlly collected in a hox covered with hierogly[)hic figures, and placed upon i'our posts. The head of a Avarrior killed in battle is cut off before the body is burned, and placed in a box supported by two poles over the box that holds his ashes.^'^ Some tribes preserve the bodies of those who die during the winter, until forced to get rid of them l)y the wai'mer weather of spring. Their grandest feasts are for the dead. ]?esides the funeral ceremon\-, which is the occasion of a festival, they hold an annual 'elevation t)f the dead,' at which times they erect mon- uments to the memory of their departed. The shami'uis possess some knowledge of the medicinal properties of herbs, but the healing of the body does not constitute so im^wrtant a part of their vocation as do their dealings with supernatural powers. To sum u[) the character of the IMilinkeets. they may be called bold, brave, shrewd, intelligent, industrious, lov- in the ceiitro, the circumforcuce being clobely Strang with the Ijiiiks of the Alea (ircticii.' Toy., vol. i., p. 1013. •"^ Tluy lose at this guniu nil their possessions, ami even their wives ami eliiliii'en, mIk) then become the property of the winner.' Kid:i hue's .\iic \''>y., viil. ii., [1. (12. 'Co jeu les rend tristes et serieux.' La I't.'roHse, Toy., torn, ii., p. •J.'!">. 1'' I'pon one tomb, ' formabu una figura grnnde y horrorosa que tenia entre sus garras una caxa.' Snlil y Mcvwana, Viinii'., p. cxviii. 'The box is fre(pieutly (licorated with two or three rows of small shells.' IUxon'.i In//., p. 17l). ''Hlw (lead are burned, and their ashes i)reserved in small wood- en boxes, in buildings appropriated to tliat purpose.' Kotzrhur's .\rir lo//., viil. ii., p. 57. ' Nos voyageurs rencoutrei'ent aussi un niorai qui leur pniuva quo ces Indiens etaicnt dans I'usage de briiler les niorts et d'eu eon- server la tete.' I.a I't'i-oiise, Voy., torn, ii., p. 2(15. ' On the death id a toyon, or other distinguished person, one of his slaves is deprived of life, and burned with him.' Lisiunsky's 1 o(,'., p. 241. Vol. I. 8 ^ il I m lU IIYrERDOltEANS. w ers of art and inuslc, n'spoctfiil to women nn't the nut'd; yet oxtivnu'ly cruel, Wiil[)in;;' und luiiiniing tlit ir i)risoners out of pure wjintonness, thievish, lying, und inveterate gaiuhlers. In shoit they possess most of the virtues and vices incident to savagism. Tmk Tixxeii, the fifth and last divisicm of our Ilyper- l)orean grou[), occui)y the '(ireat J^one Land.' hetween Hudson liay -nd the conterminous nations already de- scribed; a land greater than the whole of the I'nited States, and more 'lone,' excepting absolute deserts, than any part of Ameri(!a. A\'hite men there are scaici'ly any; wild men and wild beasts there are few; lew dense forests, and little vegetation, although the gi-assy savannahs sustain droves of deer. l)ulfalo, and other animals. The Tinneh are, next to the I']skimos, the jnost northern people of the continent. They inhabit the un- explored regions of Central Alaska, and thence extenil eastward, their area widening towards the south to the shores of lli.dson Jiay. Within their domain, irom the north-west to the south-east, may be drawn a straight line measuring over four thousand miles in length. The Tinneh,^'* may l)e divided into four great lamilies of nations; namely, tlio Chepewj/aiis, or Athabascas. living between Hudson IJavand the Kocky Mountains; the T>i- ciiU'a->>, or Carriers, of New C^dedonia or Xorth-western Jiritish America; the K'lfchiiis, occupying both banks of the u[)j)er ^'ukon and its tributaries, from near its mouth to the Mackenzie lliver; and the Kt'iidi, inhal)iting the interior from the lower Yukon to Copper lliver. '{'he Chepewyan family is composed of the Xorthcrn Indians, so called by the fiu'-hnnters at Fort Churchill as lying along the shores of Hudson Bay, directly to their north; the Copper Indians, on Coppermine lliver; the Horn Mountain and Beaver Indians, farther to the west; the Strong-ljows, Dog-ribs, Hares, Red-knives, Sheei>. !■>< Calleil l)y G.illiitin, in Am. Aiilh). Soc. Trai^ict., vol. ii., p. 17, At'.n- pii^C'i, the n;imo 'first j^'ivcu to tlic ("uti-iil p:ii't of tli" country tli:y inliiil it.' Sir Jolm lliuhardsoii, Jour., vol. ii., \\. 1. cills th 'in •Tiiui'"', or 'I)tiiuu!, At'.i- THE TINNEII. 15 .0 Triish-w()()(l. XapiiliT. niul liockv-Mountiiiu Tn- tliiUiH, of till' MiicUi'ii/K' Kivor and IJockv Moiintains.'"' The Tacullv '"" nation is divided into a nndtitii(U' of petty tribes, to which dill'eient travelers _<:i\e diilerent names accordinj;' to I'ancv. Amonu' them tlu' most ini- ])ortant are the Talkotins and (Miilkotins. Xateotetains and Sicannis, of the njjjter hraneliesof I'raser Kiverand vieinitv. It is sullieient I i our jnwjiose, lu)\vever, to tieat tlieni as one nation. The Kutchins.'" a larj^e and ]i(merfid nation, are oom- pf)sed of the folhmini:' tribes. ( "onmieneiu,^' at tlu' ^fa-'- kenzie !ii\'er, near its mouth, and extending wesiward across the mountains to and down the Yukon: the Lou- cheux or (^uarrellers, of the Mackenzie l\i\'ei'; the \'antii Kutchin. Xatdie Kutchin. and Yukuth Kutchin. of \\n- eupine Uh er and neiuldiorliotxl ; the Tutchone Kutchin, Jlan Kutchin. Kutcha Kutchin. (Jensde Uouleau. (lens d(! Milieu. Tenan Kutchin. Xuclukavettes. and Xewi- carji'uts. of the Yukon ITivi'r. Their strip of territory is from one hundred to one huuch'ed and fd'tx miles in width, hin"' inunediatelv south of the liskimos. and oxtendin,ii' westward IVom the Mackeii/ii Kiver about eiuht hundred miles.'''* iibasc'iins ov Cluiicwyiiiis.' ' They style tlinnsilvcs <,'( luiuUy J)iiiiuh lucu, or Iiuliiiiis.' I'm II Wilt's .^'tr., vol. i., ]>. 211. 1"' liirlmril.'iiiii's Joitr., vol. ii., jip. l~;i:!. 1"'' 'Lis ludiciis do liv cote on dc la Nimvcllo Ciili'donic, lis Tokalis, los C'hiirm'Ui's (Carviirs) lis Sclionclioiiaps, 1. s Atiius, aiipavtuiiiiiiit (mis u la liafimi (lis ( 'liiiK'iiiia'laiis dmit la lalii^'iic est in iisa^r dans li' nurd dn Cniili- mnt jiisipi'a la liaii' d'llndsou it a la Mir I'olairu.' J/o/Va.-.-, Kspluf., loni. ii., !>. 3;!7. 1" Aro 'known under the names of Lnnvhinx, Iii'jritlii, and Kid.^hin.' ].n- tlnnn's Aid. Jt. lil I. ''i'* (iallatin, hi Am. Anlii/. >nc. Trdn^act., vol. ii., ]). 17, iri'oneonsly rnli il the Loneiictix out of his Athabasca nation. ' liu ;iussersteu Nordn^itn h ;t nns (iallalin aufiuerksani i,'( iiiaeht auf das Voile der Loucheiix. /anker-lndia- ner odi !• DiLjothi : an der iliiudmij,' des ^lackenzie-Flnsses, naeh lani^en ;:ii i\ sscu heiilen Sciten (westlichc nnd (istliehi ); drssen (-praehe er naeli di u liciscnden fiir fn lud den athapaskischen hielt : woridur siih die neiii u Xach- richti u noeh widersprechen.' linf-rliiiKiiiii. Sfiirin do- .lit' I.. Sjiiiii'ln:, p. 71:!. Franklin, Xttr., vol. ii., p. 83, allies the Louchuux to the Eskimos. 116 HYl'ERDOnEAXa. Tlic Kcii!ii''''iiiiti()n iiicliuU'stlu' hii^nliks. of tlu* Lower Yukon; t\\v Koltcliaiu's. of tlie Kusko(|iiiiii Uivi-r; and to the .soiith-eastwiinl. tlie Keiiuis. of the Iventii iViiiii- siilii. iuul tlie Atiiiis. of ( 'opper Kiver."^" Thus we see tliiit the 'I'luueli are essentially an inland ])eo|)le. barred out from the fro/.en oeean by a thin strip of Mskiuio land, and barely touehinji' tlu> I'acilic at CcmjIv Inlet, riiilolo.ii'ists. however, lind (liale(,'ti(! resoniblanees, imaginary or ival. between them and the ! inptjuas'"' and Apaehes.'''- TIh; name Chepewyan siimifies '[)ointed coat,' and de- rives its oriiiin from the parka, eoat, or outer ji'annent, so universally common throu.iihout this rejiion. It is made of sevei-al skins diii'-rently di'essed and ornamenttHl in dillerent localities, but always cut with the skirt ])ointed ])efore and behind. The Chepewyans Relieve that their ancestors miuirated from the i-ast, and therefore tho.so of theui who are born nearest their eastei'u boumhu'y. are held in t!u' "reatest estimation. The Dou-ribs alone refer their ori^iii to the west. 'i'he Chepcwyans are physically characterized by a lonj^' full face,''^' tall slim liiiure :'"" in complexion they aredarker than coast tribes,'"' and have small piercing black eyes,'' ISO '"' Tniii. 'man:' Tniina Tfyn li. Thnainix, Kinai, Kcuai, Keniiizo. I'*" Sic notes on Doiuuliirifs at tlic ciul of this i-liiiiitir. '■ti 1! 'siili's the 'Umkwa,' bin.; outlyin;.; nicnilicis of tho Athaliasknn Btodc,' thcii' arc tlio 'Xavalioi% tlio .Ttcorilla, the I'anahro, alon;^' with tho Apatsh of Xcw !Mi\i('o, California, ami Soiiora. To these a(hl tlie Hoopah, of (-'alifovnia. which is also Atlialiaskan.' I.'iIIkiiii'.i Cuinji. I'liil., ]>. ',V.Ki. '■>^ William W. Turner was the tirst to assert ))ositivi ly that the Apaches Bpoko a lanL;ua,L;o which helongs to the Atliabascan family. Jianfliiiniii,!, ,'Sj>a- riiii dvr A:k'k. i^iiV'tclic, yi. 3i('i, IS'J Fiicc' 'oval.' FrauhHii'.-i Xfii',, vol. ii., p. ]S0. ' Broad fiioos, projecting* chcok-hones, audwiilo j; '-trils.' liL, vol.i.,]). 2t'2. Foreheads low, chin lon;^'. Jfdrtiii'if lirit. ('('I., Vol. iii., p. ~>2i. An exact componnd lietweeu the Us(pie- mows and Western Indians. .H'-'rcmr's llrmi. llnilxmi Hki/, p. 'M. 1^' (ienerally more than medi'im size. Hrdrin's Truv., ji. 3()">. 'Well jn'o- ])f)rtioncd, and almitt the niidUi size.' M'lrHn's lirit. (HI., vol. iii., p. Wl\, ' Lon.L,'-l)odied, with short, stout limbs.' Uin^s, in ^inilhuuuiati Jicpt., l,*-(;0, p. 'm. '■ij 'Dim,'y copper.' M-irti.i's JIrt'. Ci,l., vol. iii., p. .')2G. 'Swarthy.' Muc Ionic's Vi'ii.. p. exix. Din^ry brown, cop])er cast, llntnu:'.'^ True, ji. JiC.'i. 'Very fresh and red.' FriuUiii'ti Xar. V(d. ii., p. 180. 'Dirty yellowish ochre tinge.' hus.-i, in SinitJisih.i'ra Ucot., isrfi, p. 304. '"6 ' Small, line eyes and teeth." Fran/din's Sar., p. vol. 1., 212. Till'; CHITEWYANS. IIT flowing' liiiir,"*'' and tattooed rlu'cks and forolicad.'**'^ Al- tnn'ctlicr they arc in'oiKiimcrd nn inferior raee.'"' Into the coiiiiio'iitioii of their nai'nients enter heiiver. niooM-. and (h'er-sUiii. (hvssed with and without the hair. si'Wed "with sinews anil ornamented w ith claws, hoi'ns. teeth, and featliers."^' The Xorthern Indian man is nuister of his household.''" He iiKirries without eei-emony. and di\-orces his wile at liis pleasure.''- A man ol" forty huys or li;^hts for a s])ouse of twtdve.'''' and when tired of hei" whips her and sends iier awaw (lirls on ari'ivinu' at the a-je of womanhood i''^ 'Iliiir Innk. 1)nt nnt nhvnys of a diiii^'y lilnck. Men in ^^'iiicritl cxtrnct tluir luMiil, tlicu'.;!! hi.iiic nf tlimi iii'(^ sii-n to jircl'ir n lpu^lly. Mucl; heard, to n siiiMiih chill.' .l/'C'/.f/cic's !'<'//•• ]'• •'^i'^' ]liiinl in tlic iiijtil ' hitwtcii two mill thrr ' IJliu'k, striiit, mill vi Ills Ioiil;, mid i)ivl'ictly wliitf.' l-'ronU'ii's Sur., vol. ii , ]), lui). Mdrliii'fi llrit. Col., Vol. iii., |i. i'tll. ' N'lil ii'V sex liiivi! any Imir uiidfi" thi ir iiniipitM, mid vi ly litth' on miy ollur jiait of tin- li.iily, jiai'ticiiliuly the wnimii; Imt on tin' iiiaro wlirrt' Nahini j)lants thn Liiir. I M'vir kiirw tlii'iiuitti iii])t to (ladiiati' it.' J ffi in, <■'.■< 'I'rm '•-•< T.itt iioiUL,' ii|ipiars to be nnivri'sal aiiioir'tlu' Kiili'lr 1' ;(()(; Kilhl/, ill .Slililli- g'^iuitii. //'■/''., I'^lit, J). Il'.l. 'I'lii^ ('IniiiwyaiiH tattoord ' hy intiiiii'.,' nil awl or iiii'iUi' niidir tlio Kkiii, mid, on drawiii'^' it out ULtaiii, iiiiiiu diatrlv ruliMiii,' di'rid I'oal into tl 11' Willllll 1.' Jh T, ;iiii; I '.nth iiavr hiiii' or lilark hars, or from oiii' to four s(raiv;ht Hlics on thiir rlnckH or foi'rlicad, to distinguish thu trihu to whirli they luloiii^'.' Miirl.t 1' C'XX. 1^' Women 'dostitnto of roal licantv.' Ihi I'lor asoec t.' Uii'liiirilsi .In Trni\, p. SO. 'Very infc \\ii/.,]i. I'Ji'i, ' Positively hideous.' /.' Vol, ii.. )). H. Women nasty. MifrLviiiii-'s ill ,'^lll'llllHllllllllt 1"! .V Deer-n.irn Momitai I drt i:ijit., iMCi 1' ;mi. insisted of a shirt, or iaeket with , hood, wide lireeehes, Veaehini' Olllv to the kliei d tiL'lit li-iryitis sewed to the slioi s, all of deer's skills.' /•>'(»'/, //n's A'ir., vol. ii., jv. Isii. The lait ci hists of th" skin of II deei's h 'ad. Mur'.en-.ii'^ I'e/., p. cxxii. 1> i;'i .Vs witness this Kpeeeli of a iinhle chief: ' AN oiiieii were inaile for lal'or; one of them can carry, or haul, as luneh as two men can do. 'I'hey also pifeh our tents, make and mend our clothiuL!, keen us warm at iiiutht ; and. in fait, tl leri is no such thini,' as traveliiii,' any considerahk' distaiui , in this country without their assistance ]/■ II I'll!' S / ('(M 1' 1'- All Indian desiriuu' aiinther one's wife. tiLshtswith her hushand, princi- pally hy jmlliiiij li:iir. If victorious, ho pays a number of skins to thu hus- banil. ll'iijio-'^i TiisLi, p. lin:!. I'J' ' Coiitiiienco in an mimaiTiod female is scarcely considered a virtue.' ' Their disi)ositii>ns are uotamatorv. I have heard amimi,' them of two sons KeepillL,' tlleir 111 ither as a conn lion wife, of another wedded to his dallelltel 1 of several married to tleir sistei-s. // IlliillSnliiilil 310. ^y< loiii.. i,s(it;. p carrv their children on the back next the skin, and suckl" Ihem until another is born. They do not suspend their ordinary occupa- tion- )f wi fur cliil.l-birth. Mnrl.i'uzic's \'i>i/.. ]i. cxxii. ' .V temporary ii iterch vi's IS not nucoiniiiiiir. and tlit^ ofi'i r of their lersons IS cnlisii lered Jl necessary ]iart of the hospitality due to straiieers.' /'^li and ])()rtahle skin tents. Thev derive their oriiiin iVom ado::'. At one time iliey v.ere so stronglv imbued Avitli res[)e('t ibr tlieir ca- nine ancestry that thev entirely ceased to em[)loy dojis in drawing;' their sled.ues. Lireatlv to the hardshij) of the Avomen u[)()n whom this laboi'ious task IMI. Their food consists mostly of iish and reinde(M\ the latter l)einii' easily taken in snares. Much of their land is barren, but with sullicient veiietation to support nu- mci'ous lu'rds ir/,rr. to conceal. Canadian fur-huntci's often resorted to this ai'tilice. but the practice was couimon among the uati\es bcfoi'i' tiie advent of I'>uroj)eans. A sud(U'n ne- ccssit\- ofti'U ariM's in Indian (ountj'ics for the tra\eler '•'I They 111- • liursli towards their \vivatf>f', ]ii'(']>av<'d. frmn ilrrr only, is a kiiiil of Iia^Lji.s. made with the Mood, a '_;o(nl (|ii;intity of f:it shi'cil small, souic of the ti iidcrrs' of the llrsh, toijithrr with tiic Inait and luiiyscut, or icic coiiiliioiily cut into siiiall shiv- ers; all ot which is put into the stoniaeh, nd roasted.' //i/,i,r '.^ 'I'rur., ]>. I 11. ' Not reiiiarl;ali|e for tin ir activity as Im 'ers, owin^' to the ease with which they snare deer and s]i( ar tisli.' Mdrhcniiv s I'"//., p. cwiii. '1 In l>i < i-lloru SloiuitaiiU'crs 'repair to the sea in spriinj; and kill seals; as the season ad- \an.'"s, they hunt deir and musk uxen at some distance fi(.in the <'oast. 'I'hey ai>iiroach tlu' deer saii)i'strai,L;lit line with tlu-l)owsfi-iiio;tl pure alo HI' lii'lit, till otlii'l- two ] ollis • ai VUll. with L'h t uivw. !■: < ii|irnniiii iiiii Honic animal or i iiiost rclii's np la pii'i'i's arc neatly ticil together vol. ii , p. ISO, III pic])ariim for an attack, n paints his slii.lil with lif^nrcs of Sun, Moon, or A- aia'_;niarv licint's. •ml 1 .V Th >,v mill p. 7.". ritan ll'lii s portravini; whatever charaifer Ik 'I'r'ir., p. lis. In some jiavts auntiiii,' enmi U'e, ami the ri;,^ht of property is ri^i-'iy cnforceil. >;/,(/>- leli' cookiii;.,' utensils aio luaile of pot-stone, and tliev form very neat liishes of fir,' Fnn, /.Hit's A lU'ts of '^reeu tleer-thon nakei 'J'l 1: wi M'lrl., vol. ii., J,, l.si. .Make lishiiiL'-lincs anil ley are efrcat mimics.' Uirhurtl ■fl-, ]1, C\.\V1. linen (In ri,'-;lif to 1, ft witliont SItii .S ,1(1111' , V'll. ii :mi sseil. A crowil stand in .'i slraiijbl line ainl sjnilile f Tl ivitm the felt from the Lrnmnii. /It n (l;inc(! I'll 111 1' le mill occasionally howl in imitation of ■/) some aliiiual .1/. .i.T). Tl ifest icy manifest no common rcs]iert to the mi niory of tlieir deimrted friends, hy a ion;' jieriod of nioiirnii mall kill;,' nsc of till' ]iro]icrty of ll ciittiiiL' oil' their hair, and m le ilecea.sci ,1.' .)/ «i'«>(-..-nii, .'i'''/if/(;( Ihc death of leailiiiL; men is attrihnted to conjuiiii". Tl d. ud, but 1 cave them, win th die. f. ir wild beasts to di >!/■. p. cwviii. hev never blirv the '"(•., ]). 'Ml. The ('hepewyans'burv their dead. W //'■ ntivcs they L'ash their bodies with kiiiv 21. ->-2. jr,vl,.(rl. lien nioui'iiim,' for rd- S'JU S •JtJitI pp, H Hi 120 HYPERBOEEVNS. inirs, for assistance in iieriomiing cures of the siok.-"" 01(1 aji'e is treated with disrespect and neglect, one halt' of l)()th sexes dying Iwlbre their time for want of care. The Northern Indians are freciuently at war with the Eskimos and Southern Indians, for whom they at all times entertain tiic most inveterate hatred. The Cop})er Indians, bordering on the southern boundary of the Jvs- kiuios at the (\)[)[)ermine l\iver. were otiginally the occupants of the ti'rritorv south of (jreat Sla\e Lake. The I)oi;-ribs. or Slav('s as they are called ))V nei-ilibor- ing nations, are indolent, fond t)f annisement. but mild aud lios[)itable. They are so debased, as savages, that the men do the lal)()rious work, while the women emi)l<)y themselves in household aiVairs and ornauK'ulal uctMlle- work. Young married men have been known to exhibit s[)ecimens of their wives" needle-work with pride. I'rom tlieir i'urther advancement in civilization, and the ti'a- dition which they hold of having mitiiated from tlie westward, were it not that their lauguage diiVcrs from tbat of contiguous tribes only in accent, they miulit uat- nralh be' considered of diil'erent ori;:in. Biuids of Don- ribs meeting after a long absence greet each otli' rwith a dance, wliich freciuentU continues for two or tluee da\s. first (•]«■ ■! iu'j: a sixit of around, they take an arrow ii; tlie r'!;:lit hand aud a how in the left, and turning their hacks each baud to the other, they api)roach darning, and when '•lo.M' together they feign to perceive each others preseu»-»' for th*- tirst time; the l)ow and arrow are iu- stautl\ Tnnisfei It il iVom one hand to the other, in token of their non-ijiteritioii to use them against IVieuds. Th(\v are vei'y improvident, and frecjuently are driven to can- nibalism and suicide.-""' 2I1II 'The Niirthcrn Indians seldom attniii ?» tfrent ngf, thoiigli thcyliavo f( w disciiscs." M'lrHii's llrit. ''/'.. veil, iii,, ji. i't'i'i For inward coinplaints, tlin ddcldis lilciw /.lalously into the rectum, or itdj»i< nt i>ar(s. Ihiimv's 'J'yar., ]). l.'S'.*. The <'(in.)unr shuts liiniseH nji (<* «l.as with Ihi patient, wiihdi.t food, and sings over him. Fniii/Jiii's Sur. »'•! it., ]> H. AIedieine-iii( n or (•onjnrers are at the same time doeKiTH. ll--'i>i i .< T' .]))). IilV tin, 'Tlio Knteliiii-' praetice blood-littin;.,' ". .'(li.'j. ' Till ir iirin('i])al maladies are rheumatie paiuH, the rtux, iind consniu^)- tion.' Miirl,-ni:ii's JVi//., j). cxxiv. •■i''! Aeeordin.u' to tlH rejiurt of tli" ]>og-rih.-. (he Mountain !■ haus ;.'•* I 1 il I vs. )W il. icir luid i'l- Ury •ai'- s. the fV'IC.. II II ; and everv trinket in their })ossession. They also stake parts of a ,uarment or other article, and if losers, cut olf a piece oi" coat- sleeve or a ibot of gun-barrel. Native cooking vesselss Vii's Xdi-., vol, i., ]i. I'lT. 'TIk'v arc inflnonccil, movo or less, liy ecvtaiii j)riiit'i]i^ s wlii.-li i-diiilure t(i their Ltriu'val lioiilit.' Mdrl.iuji's \'iti/.. ]i. cxxv. '"I • Miiiiy I'Diisidcr a Imilh. iiiailc liy iiiraus of the diniL,' of tlic carilmo iiud the iiarc, to lu" a dainty dish.' lldiiiinii's .litur., ]i. II'JI. 'I licy " arc lazy, dirty, and sciisnal.' and cxtrinicly lUU'ivili/cd. 'Tlnir hahits and persons are eciually disLjustint,'.' Jhniii mrh's Jtimrtx, vol. ii., p. id. 'They uve a tall, well fornuMl. i^iMid-liKildn;,' race.' \!rt of cleanliness jii'( vailed on all hands, anil it was iivnllin^ to witness their viiracioiis <'ndeavurs to snr[)ass I'ach other in the gluttonous contest.' JkiI. l.ij'r. ]>. ).■)('>. '■"" 'i he women ' rnn a wooden jiin throULdi their noses.' Jl'iruicn's Jimr., p. 287. At their Imiial ceremonies they smear tlie face 'with a conipositiuii ,0111011 Tlioir h iiiul tribos. of the L'iiver- IVoiii Avith (1 do days leiitly inkt't lueiit OOilt- osselis civtaiu \t. cwv. ciiribiio ivc lii/y, IKl'SOllS utall, Itl'l- Cdll- witiK SS ■DUtLSt.' 's .Itiiir., jKisitiuii THE TACULLIES, OR CAURIEIIS. 123 are innde of bark, or of the roots or fibres of trees, woven so as to bold Avater. in wliich are [)laced heated stones I'or the pur[H)se of eooking food."'" Polyj.''aiiiy is \)viw- ticed. but not generally. 'Fhe TaouUies are ibnd of their ui\es. pcrforminji' the most of the household dnulL'X'ry in order to relieve them, and eoiisL'([iR'ntly they are very jealous of them. But to their unmarrii'd d;uiditers. ("itraniie as it may seem, they allow every libertv without censure or shame. The reason which they give lor this strange custom is. that the purity of their w'ves is there- by lu'tter preserved.""" Diiiing a }tortil'- 1-T. LIS. 2"' The i"aiulli(s have ' wdoihii disliis, and dtliiv vcssils of tlic rind of thi> liinh and (line trcis.' •Jlavf also othi r vtssils made df small iddts or filiivs df tin laini]iino tree, flosil y laci d t(i;j;i tluf, wliiili siivi' thini as buckets to ]int water in.' Iltiniirm's Junr., p. '2'.l2. *'■ ' In the suniniii' seasdn 1)dlli sexes liatho often; and this is thr only time, will 11 the married [ledjile wash t hen isi Ives.' 'The Tacullies are very fund and \i ry ji ahms of their wives, 'Imt to tluir daughters, they allow ivery lib- !| 124 HYPERBOREANS. 3P mountains, rivers, or other natural objects, and tht^ ri gilts of towns, as well as of individuals, are most gen- erally respected ; but broils are constantly occasioned by murders, abduction of women, an]k 2Mt, "i'J'i, 'i'.Ci. A fiithci', whose ;■) , a dcsertt d house, :i() by 'id. with tlivi e (hior^. li by H', feet; tln-ic tin-places, and beds on lithir side; behind the beds was a narrow space, like a nani^er, hoiuewhat elevated, for k( eiiim; fish. ' Their houses are well formed of lo^s of small tre seventy feet loni< and lll'teen hi^h. b\it, unlike those ot the coast, the ro( .' is of bark, their winter habitations are smallir, and often covend over with ;.'rass and eailh; some even dw< 11 in excavations of the j^round, which have only un apt r- tnro at the top, uud bcrveb alike for duor aud cLinauy,' A'ac/c^'s Vijn, 'iir., p. 151. NEIIANNES AND TALKOTINS. 125 th( his I'or lk)W '(1 it ami vi-ii'irse whose wliich •V iiiiiy who It'ift'tn s ■").")-, il lilac'is, ■llllUIV, t l"iii4 t!i( il- •;nth: II u|» r- ')<•/■.. trt'iit them most iiiliumanly. The coiintrv of the Rican- iiis in the llocky Mountains is sterile, yielding the occii- l)ants a scanty supply of food .and clothing. They are nevertheless devotedly attached to their hleak land, and \vill h^ht lor their rude homes ^vith the most patriotic ardor. Tile Xehannes usually pass the summer in the vicin- ity of the sea-coast, and scour the interior dui-ing the uinter for furs, which they obtain from inland tribes ))y barter or plunder, and dispose of to the iMiropean traders. It is not a little remarkable that this war- like and turl)ulent horde was at one time governed ])y a woman. Fame uives iicr a fair comnlexion. with rrmdar features, and great intelligence. Her inlluence over her iiery pcojjle, it is said, was ])erleet ; while her warriors, the terror aiul scourge of the surrounding country, (piailed before hei" eye. ller word was law, and was obe\ed with iiiar\eloiis alacrity. Through her inlluence the condi- tion of the women of her tribe was greatly raised. (Ircat oeri'inonies, cruelty, and superstition attend lairiiiug the dead, which custom obtains throughout this I'c'gioii,-"' and, as usual in savagism, woman is the suf- i'erer. AVheii the father oi' a household dies, the entire I'amily, or, if a chief, the tribe, are summoned to present themselves."^" Time must bo given to those most distant to reach the village before the ceremony begins.-" The Talkotin wife, when all is ready, is compelled to ascend the funeral pile, throw herself upon her husband's body and then' remain until nearlx' siilVocated.wlu'n she is ])ermitted to descend. Still she must keep her [ilace near the burn- ing cor[)se, keep it iu a proper [)ositioii, tend the fire, and 2"!' ' (Jnclqnos iicnpliulos tin nord, tcUcs (pU' Ics Sikiiiiis, (>nt(iTiiit Iciiis molts.' .M'tfriis. h't'iil''!'., toiii. ii.. \<. '.i'-W. 'Tln' Sicaiiiiiis hiiiy, wliilc thi' Ta- iillliis, liiirii their dead.' llnniK'n's Ji'i{r., ]1. IDCi, 'I'hiy 'and tlic ( hiiiiiiusy- aiis on the coast, and otlirr tiil'fs s]ifakinL; tin ir htiiL:nn;4c, hnyn the dead.' L'inr.< XiiL, vol. ii., 11. 'I'M'i. Seo also J)iiiiii's iiitiI"ii, jjii. 7',*, Ml; Jnd. Life, l>[>. I'iH. |;iil; />ii(i(()a('//'.s' Jlisnts, vol. ii., ])]), Htl'J, ;t(!3. '■^'" Thry th'i' unim us a waiijiui,' to their friuiulM not to invade their sorrow. M porforniance of her duties, she is lield up anu pri'ssed i'oi'wai'd by others; lier ei'ies meanwhile are drowned in wild sonjis, aecoiupanied hy the beating of drunis."^" A\ hen the funeral pile of a Taoully is fired, the wives of the deceased, if there are more than one, are plaei'd at the lu'ad and foot of the ])ody. Their duty there is to publicly demonstrate their all'eotion for the de])arted; which they do by restinj;' their head upon the dead bosoiu, by striking in fren/ied love the body, nursing and bat- tlinu' the lire meanwhile. And there they remaiu until the hair is burned from their head, until, suffocated and ahnost senseless, they stagger off to a little distance; then I'ecovering, attack the corpse with new vigor, striking it iii'st Avith one hand and then with the other, until the foiMii of the ]K'lo\e(l is reduced to aslu'S. Finally these ashes ari' gathered up. ])laced in sacks, and distributed one sack to each wife, whose duty it is to carry nj)on her jH'rson the remains of the depaited for the space of two 3 ears. During this jjei'iod of niouriung tlu; wouien are clotlied in rags, kept iu a kind of sla\ery. and not al- lowed to marry. S'ot unlVequently these poor creatures avoid their terui of servitude ])y suicide. At the expir- ation of the tiuu>. a feast is giAi'U them, and th. 2.'i'.(. They liavc ii custom p- vol. ii.. winter, when it is iinjxKsihlc to ])ro('iire food. Tlio nio- tivo iissiiiiiuMl to this custom is. tlutt there may l)e nothing left to hrinji' the deud to rememhrance A sini:ular custom })revails among tlie Xateotetain women, whicli is to cut oft' one joint of a fnigei' upon the death of ii near relative. In consiMjuence of this ])i'a('tice some old Avomtii may he sei-n with two joints olf every linger on hoth hands, ^fhe men hear thi'ii- sorrows more stoically, heing content in sucli cast's with shaving the head and cutting their llesh with llints.'-'^ 'I'he Kutchins are the llower of the Tinneh family. They are wry numei-ous, mnnhering al)out t\veJity-t\\() trihes. They ace a more nohlo and inaidy peoj)le than either the l']skimos u[)on the north or the contiguous Tiinieli trih(>s ujxin their own southern boundary. The finest sjH'cimens (iwoll on the Yukon llivei'. The women tath)o the chin with a, hlack pigment, and the men draw ii hlack stripe down the forehead and nosr, fre((uently crossing the forehead and (iheeks with red lines, and streaking the chin alternately Avith red and hlack. Their features aie more regular than those of their neigld)ors, more expressive of boldness. fraid\iu'ss. and eandoi'; their foreheads higlu'r. and their compk'xiijus lighter. Tho Tenan Kutchinof the 'fananah Kiver. one of the largest tribes of the "i'ukon A'alley, are somewhat Avildi-r and more ferocious in their appearance. The boys are pre- cocious, and till' girls marry at fifteen.'-'''' The Kutchins of Teel I\i\cr. as obserxed by Mr Isbister. "are an ath- letic and (ine-looking race; considerable abow the av- 2" Women rut dlF ii JDiiit iustvuiiii lit tlu y 'force liack tlio flesh lieyoiul the lirst juiiit, which they iiimiediati ly ainimtatc. ' Mitc/.i n- zh 's Villi., p. J l^i. ^''' 'The iiieiiav(> foinplctfly destitnto f>f lieiinl, mid liolh men and wonu 11, iiro intensely n.uly.' ./(),»>■. I'l .'^tiiithsahhhi l,tj,l.. Ism \t. ;;-_>o. 'They re- niiiuled nie of the ideal North Auierican Indian I liad read of hiit n( vcr seen.' II7(//;/'/i(/'',s A/ns'.d, p. 'J:!'.l. Distini^'iiishi-d from all other trihes fur the friinkni'ss ami candnrof their demeanor, and lioiil einint. nanci s. Simji- S:ia's yar.. p. IDI). ' .Males ari' of the averaife hiudit of Kumpcans. and \vi 11- fornied, vitli re<.;iilav features, hi^h foreheads, and liLditer eoinple\ions than those of the other red Indians. The wonieuieseniblu the mtii.' lyiclianl^nii'a Jour., vol. i., p. iiT'J. '\ 12S IIYrEUr.OllEANS. oi'ii^^e statiiio. most of thorn l)L'inji' ui)wartls of six foot in lu'i.ulit and I't'iiiarkablv avcH pi'ojjortioiu'd."' 'I'lic'ir clotliinii' is made from the skins of ivindoor, dressed with the hair on; their coat cnt after the fasiiion of the I'lskimos. with skirts peaked hefore and hehind, and ehihoratelv trinmied witli heads and dyed porcnpine- <|uills. The Kutchins, in common with the llskimos, are distinguished hy ii similarity in the costume of the sexes. Men and women wear tiie same (k'scription of hreeches. Some of the men have a loni;' Hap attached to their deer-skin shirts, shaj)e(l hke a heaver's tail, and reaching nearly to the il,'(. ]>. '2.;'.l. .)aelv( ts lilvc tlio Eskimos. llicJnirilxdn's Jcitr., voL i., j). 221. ' Uoth sexes wear hreer- ^roiiiid (hvclliiiiis and tlie tom[)orar\' Miiiunt'r-hiit or U'lit;^''' On the Yukon, tlio greatest ^*ca^f'ity of food is in llu' spriiiii'. The \viiit('r's stores are oxhaiistoch and tlic liriulit ravs of ,s. n's Xar.. pp. Hl.l, I'.M. Tho Co-Vukciii wiiittr (hvollin^'suro lumh^ Tiiuhv (ground, and inofi d over with oarth, having,' u holo for Uie siuoko to csi'apo l)_v, in tho same niaiiiior as thoso of tho Mahnmtos and IiiL;aliks. U'l'i/inin r's AldsLil. ]ip. 17"), 2(1."). Their uiov- alilo huts aro oonstniotod of door-skin, 'drossod with tho hair on, and sowod toLjothor, forniinu' two laii^o lolls, whioli aic strotcln d over ii fraiiio of hciit jiolos,' with a siilu door and siuoko-holo ut tho top. Jums, in i'^initlis'ittidii Jl']>t., ISCC, ;i21. i!^" Tho I,onohonx aro ' <,'roat pnrinandizors, and will dovonr solid fat, or ( von drink ^'naso, to surfoitiiiL;.' llnn^nv's 'J'usl.!, p. 271. "Tho brars arc not oftoli oatoii in siiiiinior. as tin ir thsh is not fj;ood at that tinio.' ,/iinis, hi S)inth- >:'iiiliin Jltjit., isCiC), )). ;i2l. Sonu! of their roindoor-pounds aro over one linn- drod years old and are horoditary in tho family. JHcIi'iviIsuk'k ,h>ur.. vol. i., p. ;i;il. 'Tho mode of tishiii^' thronj,'h tho ioo j)raoiiood by the lltis.siuus is much iu vuf:;uo with them.' WliijuqA-r's Alasku, p. 211. Vol. I. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) h A € ; out of liis own territory, is very liable to be shot. »S)nie Kutchin tribes |)ern!it the Eskimos to take the meat of the jiame which they kill, provided they leave the skin at the neare;ft village."^ The Kutehins of the Yukon liiver manufacture cups and iH)ts from clay, and ornament them with crosses, dots, and lines; moulding them by hand alter various j)atterns. fu'st drying them in the sun and tiien baking them. The Eskimo lamp is also sometimcM made of clay. The Tinneh make paint of pulverized colored stones or of earth, mixed with glue. The glue is made from buflhlo feet ami applied by a moose-hair brush. In the manufacture of their boats the Kutehins of the Yukon use bark as a substitute for the seal-skins of the coast. They lirst make a light frame of willow or birdi, from eight to sixteen feet in length. Thei*. with line spruce-(ir roots they sew together strips of birch bark, cover the fr.'.'ue, and calk the seams with s[)ruce gum. They aiv j)n)))elled ])y single jjaddles or poles. Those ot the Mackenzie River are after the same pattern.'^" In ahsence of law. nuu'der and all other crimes arecom- l)ounded for.'"' A man to l)e well married must be either 221 The Kutehins 'Imvo no kn(iwle(lt,'c of Kcnlinnf;.' ' Wlitii a man kills his cni'niy, hi cuts all his joints.' ,/n/,(s, in SiiiillisiDiidii ll'iit., isriii, ;t27. Thf Louchi'iix of I'lH'l IJiviT and tho Eskimos are constantly at war. JIhojk r s TusLi, i>. 27;t, 2'^ 'At I'tacr River the Imrk is taken off the troe the whole Icni^thof the iii- tfiidedeanoc, which is eoninionly ahout ei^'htitn feet, antlissewed with watiijie at both ends,' Mai'Linzh's \'iij/., )i,'iitJ7, When the Kutehins ])ly, turn tlie canc ,s ,l/((,s7.((, \^. '2'2i). The 'I'aeullies "make canoes which are elnnisily wrou^iht. of the aspin tree, as well as of the hark of tlii' s])ruce tir,' Ihinitmi'.i .Imir.. p. '-!M. Rafts are employed on the JIaek/"/. n. KVin., p, 112. The Kutchin <'anoe 'is tlat-hottomed, is about nine feet lon;.^ and one hroad, and the sidt's nearly straij,'lit up and down like a wall.' ./'■ '.■••, in SwHhKituinii Unit., 18(>l!, p. W'l'A. 2« As for instance for a life, the fine is forty heaver-skins, and may h« paid in ^uiis at twenty skins each; blankets, e(jual to ten skins I'ach: jiowder. Olio ekiu u lueasui'e; bullets, eighteen for ii skiu; worsted belts, two skins THE TENAN KUTCHIN. 131 11 a limn ki rich or strong. A good hiintor. wlio can aocumulate l)oa(ls. and a good wrestler, wlio can \\'\\\ hrides l>y force, may have from two to li\'e wives. The women ])erform all domestic duties, and eat after the husband is satisfied, hut the men ])addle the lK)ats, and have even U'cn known to carrv their wives ashore so that they might not wet their feet. The women carry their infants in a sort of ])ark saddle, fastened to their hack; they handage their feet in order to keep them small.'"* Kutchin annisements are wrestlnig, leaping, dancing, .and singing. They are great talkeis, and eti(|uette forbids any interruption to the narrative of a new comer.'"' The Tenan Kutchin, 'i)eople of the mountains.' in- habiting the country south of Fort Yukon which is drained by the river Tananah, are a wild, ungovernable horde, their territory never yet having been invaded by white })eople. The river u[H)n which the\ dwell is sup- l)osed to take its rise near the np[)er Yukon. They allow no women in their deer-hunting expeditions. They smear their leggins and hair with red ochre and grease. The men part their hair in the middle and separate it into locks, which, when jn'oiRU'ly dressed, look like rolls of red nmd about the size of a linger: one bunch of locks is secured in a mass which falls down the neck, l)y a band ol" dentalium shells, and two smalli'r rolls hang down either side of the face. After being soaked in |(l\villi\vatui'<' ;ci)vtr II It :ik. till y ul\vay« iliiisi 1)alm in liiiic ft'i't loll'. lach. Tf'i''ji(r'.-< Tusk'i, p. 272. ' Fovtlu'ft, little or iiniiniiislinicnt is intlictcd; fcir adultci'v, the wdiiian imiy is laiiiisli.il ' — smiHtiiius liy laatiiij,', scpiiatiiius hy death. ./'>i«.s, 'ni Siii'itliS"tiiitii llijit., INi'iCi, p. ;12.1. --' Kiitcliiii ' fi'Uiale chastity is jiri/ed. lait is inaily iiiiliiinwn.' .linxs, I'/t SiiiitliSDiiidii h'l jil., iNflfl, It. ;{"J"). Liiucheiix iiiotheis had (ai^;iiially a ciislciiii of eastiiij,' away their female children, luit i;ci\v it is mdy dmie liy the Mmintaiii Indians. Siini'snti's \itr., p. 1n7, 'The Ivntchiii ' women are much fi'Wer in nniiilier and live a much shorter time than the men.' K'nliij, in Sniillisuiiiiiii, H'lit., isdj, p. U.S. The old Jieople 'are not ill-used, hut sim]ily neglected.' U'lii/iiiiicr's Aliial.a, j). 'i'JD. 'I'he children ire cariiid iu small cliaiis iiicde of hircli hark. Id., p. 2'>i'2. 'In a scut of hirch hark.' llliliiiri> of a painted pole, hiihi/, in iSinitliKi'iiinn liipi., l.'^fU, p. 41'.). They of the Yukon ' do not inter the dead, hut yut them iu oblong boxes, raised ou posts.' WhymiHr's Alaska, pp. 207, 211. THE KENAI. 133 distinct from the Asiatic Eskimos. One of the most pow- oi'ful Kcnai tri^K's is tho Uiiukutjinas, Avho (hvell uim)ii the Kovukiik Uivor, and plant thoir villajros alon^; the hanivs of tho lower Ynkou tor a distance of one hundred and fifty miles. Tiiey are l>old and ferocious, dominative even to the jiivinji of fashion in dress. That p.u"t of the Yukon which runs throu^di their ter- ritory al)ounds with moose, which durinji' tiie sunnner fre<|iieut the water in order to avoid the moscj litos, and as the animals are clumsy swimmers, the Indians easily ca])ture them. Their women occupy a very inferior |m>- sitiou. heinj;' ohlij-ed to do more drudjiery and emlH'Uish theii" dress with fewer ornaments than those of the upper trihes. The men wear a heavy fringe of heads or shells npon their dress, ei^ual sometimes to two hundred mar- ten-skins in value. At Nuklukahvet, where the Tananah liiver ioins the Yukon, is a neutral trading-ground to which all the sur- rounding tril)es resort in the spring for trallic. Skins are their moneyed currency, the lx.'aver-skin heing the standard; one 'made' heaver-skin represents twomnrten- skins. The Tngaliks inhahiting the Yukon near its mouth cjdl themselves Kari/ti/t Kluitnim. Their dialect is totidly distinct from the Maleumtes. their neighbors on the west, hut shows an ailinity with that of the I'nakatanas to their east. I'ohacco they hoth smoke and snull". The smoke they swallow; snulf is drawn into the nostrils through a w, here to-d,iy. yoiidi r to-morrow. A traveler passing over the ootmtry finds it inhabited by certain tribes; another coming after finds all chanj,'ed. One writer j,'ives certain names to ceiiain nations; another changes the name, or j^dves to the nation a totally ditlerent locality. An approximation, however, can bo made suffi- ciently collect for practical purposes; and to arrive at this, I will t,'ive at the end of each chapter all the authorities at my command; that from the 138 TRIBAL BOUNDARIES. Ktatiniriits of all, wlutlur ponftietiiiR or othcrwiHO, tho tnith inny 1)p very iiiurly ariivctl iit. All uatioiiH, north of thu tifty-fifth parulkl, as before iiu-ntioiu.'il, I call Hyi)i rborfaiw. ! To TiiK Eskimos, I ^ive tln> Arctic Hea-linurd from the Copiiermino Rivpi to Ktjtzcbno Sound. J.ato travi-k-rH iiiakti ii distinction between the Slalc- Hinti'H and Kavcaks of Norton Sound and the Eskimos. 'NVhymiJcr calls the I'orn'u'r 'a ruco of tall and stout ix'oplc, but in other respect, much reseni- blinj5 tli(! Es(j\iiniaux.' Alnsha, p. 159. Kir John Richardson, in his Joiinidl, vol. i., J). ;t-U, i)liices them on the ' western coast, by Cook's Sound and Tchu- iitxt/. Ray, nearly to Mount St. Elias;' but in his I'oliO- Ikiiimis, j). '2!*!), ho tcrniinutes them at Kotzi'bue Sound. Early writers f^ivo them the widest si'ope. 'Die siidlichsten siiul in Amerika, auf der Kiiste LaVirador, wo nach <'harlevcix dieser Viilkerstamm den Nahnien Es(]uimaux bey den in der Ni'iho wohnendeii Abenaki fiihrte, und audi an der benachbarten Ostseite von Neu- FundlK'id, ferner westlich noeh unter der Halbinsel Alaska.' Witir, Milhri- )littis, vol. iii., pt. iii., p. 42."). Dr Latham, in his Wtrktics of Man, treatn the inhabitants of the Aleutian Islands as Eskimos, and in Xntive Hares iif the JiKsshiH Kiniiirr, p. 28!), ho gives them ' tho whole of the coast of tho Arctic Ocean, and the coast from Behring Strait to Cook Inlet.' Prichnrd, JiH.icitirlits, vol. v., p. ;t71, re)j., vol. ii., p. 21)9. 'Along tho entire coast of America.' Aniistriitiii's Sar., p. 191. Tho tribal sululi visions of tho Eskimos arc as follows: — .Vt Coppermincf River they are known by the name of Xaiitimld(>(mniti;n, ' deer-horns.' At tho eastern outlit of the Mackenzie they are called Klttear. Between the Mac- kenzie River and Barter Reef they call themselves KanymuU-liDiubi. Tho tribal name at Toint Barrow is yun-auiiiuemi. ' Tho \una-t/-. .Sj,riirhi\ p. r,7(i. ' The Koniet,'! are inhabitants of the Isle of Kodiak.' I'r'tch- (inl's Iti-ii'iii-rliin, vol. v., )). U71. ' Die eif,'entlichen Konjat,'en oder ltew(dinev der Iiisel Kadjiik.' Jli'linhini, Ktlm. Shi:., p. 4. 'Zu den htztern rechnet man . 405, Die A^'oh ^'niiittii, an den AnHnliiniz., p, 5. Dull says that they call themselves NiislierKa^,'- nmt, and 'inhabit the eoast mar the mouth of the N'usherKuk IJivi r, and westward to Cape Newenhani.' Alonhi, \<. 4(1"). 'Die Kijaten ortUr Kijalai^,'- miiten an den Fliissen NnMehaj,'aek nnd Ilj^'ujaek.' liacr, Stot. n. Klhn., p. 121. 'Am l'"l. Nusehunuk.' ]iiiscliuiu;oi, !-ipttrm>ler Aitfk-. Sjirarlie, j). TUO. Tho AiiidiiiuUs inhabit th«i eoast between the rivers Knskotjniui and Kish- imak. 'Die Aj,'nljmjnten haben sowohl den Kiistenstrieh als das lunere des Landes zwisehen den MiindunKcn des Kuskokwim nnd des Kishiinakh inne.' Ilobiilnni, Ktlni. Sl,iz., p. 5. ' This tribe extends from near Cape Avi- noft" nearly to Cape Romanzotf.' DuU's Atoshu, p. 4(1(5, 'Den AK'dmiiten, am rinsse Kwichliiwaek.' Jkier, Sltit. », i.Y/t»., \). V2'2. 'An der Kwiekjjak- Miind.' Jliischuiunii, Simren dfr Aztck. Spnichc, p. 71!). The KitsLdi/uhiiiiutes occupy the banks of Knskoqnim River and Bay. ' Die Kuskokwi},'m.juten bewohnen die T'fer des Fluxses Kuskokwim von seiner Miindunj,' bis znr Ansiedelnn^ Kwy^'ysehjjuinaijmjnt in der Xahe der Odinotsehku Kulmakow.' Jlolnihcrii, Ktlin. Shit., p. '». The Kuskwo^'muts 'inhabit both shores of Knskoquim Buy, and soim^ little dislauee up that river.' ]>7. Till- I'lislilnliLn dwell upon the river I'lishtolik. 'Die ruHclifoliVinjuteii, an lien I'feiii den I'listnlrtn—vn.' tli>hiilnrri, I'lliii. SL'n., p. (>. 'Den Tsehna^niiiten, (,'<%'en Xorden von den I'aseh- tuli^'niiiten und K"'K''" ^Vesten I'is zuni Kap Uodney.' llmr, Stat. ii. h'.thu,, p. IJ'2. ' Am. sdl. Norton-Uusen." Jlnsflitiioiin, Sintim ihr Aiti-k. Sju h'l , p. Hd"). The AidiiinnHtiK inhahit the sliores of (tolovnin IJay anil thi • luthern roast of the Kaviak peninsula. 'Die Anly^,'nijuten, nn den I'f' in der Hai (tiilowiiin mJi'dlieh vom Nortonsunde.' llnlniliirii, Klhii. S'.' ., j). (! 'An- Ivj^mliti 11, nn di r (tolownin'schen Dai.' Ilan; Stul. n. Ktl , j>. 1'22, 'Ndl. vom Norton-Send.' IliiHrlniiaiin, Sjiurni ikr Aitck. Sjirialit-, p. 7'2'2. Tile A inhaliit the western portion of the Kaviak jieniipi^nl i, 'Ad- jacent to I'oi't Clarence Mid Dehriiii,' Strait.' \\'lii/iii}» r's Am^hn p. 1(J7. ' J" iween Kotzelme and Norton Sounds.' Jiall'.- Atn.-ika, p. i;!7. The Muhiiiiilvs inhahit the coast at the mouth of the rnalaklik Jiiver, and northward iilon^,' the shores of Norton Sound across the neik of tlu> Kaviak I'eninsula at Kotzebue Sound. 'Die JIaleignijuti'n hewohnen dio Ki'iste des Nortonsundes vom Flusse I'nalaklik an und (,'ehen dnrcli das In» m re dis Landes hinauf his zum Kotzehuesnnde.' llnliiiln'ni, F.tlm. Shiz., p. (;, 'From Norton Sound und ]$ay north of Shaktolik, and the neck of tlio Kaviak I'l niiisiilu to St lawik Lake.' DaU's Al'ixka, p. K)?. 'Den Maliniiiten, iiaheiin den I'fern desdolfes Schaktulack oder Schaktol.' Itarr, Stat. n. Htlm., j>. 12'2. The Malemutes 'extend from the island of St. Michael to (Joloviu Sound.' W'iiijiiijicr's Alatiku, p. KIT. 'Ndl. am Norton-lJuseu bis ziim Kotze- bue Sund.' Jiaschinann, Spumi ihr Advk. Sjinwhe, p. 7(5(5. Thk Ai.KiTH inhaliit the islands of the Aleutian ftrehipela<:;o, and part of the peninsula of Alaska and the Island of Kadiak. They are dividt'd into the .•t(A(//i.s-, who inhabit the western islands, and the I'ltalashms or east- ern division. The tribal divisions inliabitin},' the various islands are as fol- l(}ws; namely, on the Alaskan peninsula, three tribes to which the Itiissians have given names — Mon Tiyalda Island; the ,bv(((/i'//i-.son Avatanak Island; on the Island of Akun, three tribes, which the Knssiaus call.,'lW-xhn'- iioic-skojf, and Kalecliinshije; and on the island of Uniuak the Tullk.i. La- tham, yat. lt((i:iK, p. 2'Jl, assigns them to the Aleutian Isles. 'Die Una- laschkaer oder Fuchs-Akuteu bewohneu die Gruppe der Fuehsiuseln, deu I 142 TRIBAL BOUNDARIES. Kii!l\vostli(!lion Thoil dor Hiilbinsol Aljiiska, nnd dio Insol):n''ippc Sc'hiiinaf,'insk. Di<^ Atchiicr odcr Andrcjiinowschen Aleutcn bcwolinon die Audrt'jiuiowsclifU, diu liutti'U, uiid dio Niibcn-Insfln dfV Alentcn-Kette.' JLdiiibirii, EUin. Skiz., pp. 7, 8. Inliiibit ' the isltiuds between Alyiiskii luul Kiuuscbutka.' Ludewiii, ^[b. LiiU'j., p. 1. Thk Thi.inkekts, or Kolosches, occnpy the islands and shores between Copper River and tlie river Nass. ' Die eij,'entliehen Thiinkithen (Bewohner dcs Arehipels von den Pnrallelen dos Fhisses Nass bis zuni St. Elias-bcrjie).' Jliiliiibtni, KUin. Ski;., p. 4. ' The Kalosh Indians seen at Sitka inliabit the eoast between the Stekine and Chileat Rivers,' Wlii/wjxr's Alushi, p. 100. ' Kaloflies et Ki|,'anis. Cotes et lies de rAni('ri()ne Rnsse.' Mufnis, Exiihir., toni. ii., p. 'MH. The 'Koloshians live upon the islands and coast from the latitnd. TtO^ 40' to the month of the Atna or Copper River.' Ml. Aff. Ue]A., 1S()'.(, p. 5Ij2. 'From aljout CO- to 43' N. Lat.. reaehinj,' therefore ai'ross the Russian frontier as far as the Columbia River.' MMhr's ( liiiis, vol. i.. p. ;i;t4. 'At Sitka Bay and Norfolk Sound.' Ludewiii, Ab. L. 21(2. .\djaeent to Behriug Bay. I'rlchard'.'i liiserm-hes, vol. v., p. 370. 'Die Ugalenzen, die ini Winter eine Bueht des Festlandes, der kleinen Insel Kajak gegeniiber. bewohnen, zum Sonmier aV)er ihre AVohuungsplatze an d(>m reehten Ufer dcs Kujiferrtiisscs bci dessen Miindung aufschlagcn.' llnhiibrrii, Kthii. Sl.iz., \<. 4. 'Das Vorgcbirge St. Elias, kann als die (Iranzschcide der AVohnsitzc der See-Kolosehen gegen Nordwest angcsehn werdi'U.' Jtmr, Stat. u. Ktlni., p. ',)(). 'Les I'galachmiuti s'ctendcnt dcpuis le golfe du Prince Cruillaume, jusijua la i'aie de.Jakutat.' llnmboldt, A'.s.sv(i I'al., Una. i., p. 348. ' I'galenzen oder Ugaljachnijuten. An der russ. Kiistendwstl. vom St. Elias Berg.' Ihisrh- vinmi, S}iuirit dir Azick. Sjirache, p. 807. '"West of Cape St. Elias and near the island of Kadjak.' Ludeii-iund reside the AVhincgas.' 'The llunnasor llooneaks, who are scattered along the main land from Lynn Canal to Capts Silencer.' //-(/. Aff. ltt., 18('.1», jip. r)3."i, 502, 575. The Huna Cow tribo is situated on (^ross Sound. SchookvifCs Arcliiris, vol. v., p. 48'J. THE THLIXKEETS. 143 The ITochinoos ' live near the head of Chatham Strait.' ' On Aaniiraltv Island.' 'Kat tribes „n Kyro and Kespriano Islands.' /»,/. Atf l!,,,l imu pp.yiio .,ryon, p. 288. '.'t Stephens l-assa.e.' 'The S il 'r' 7 ] Z,T ^1-l^taekine Biver and the islands n..ar Us numth.' / Afl. L'V., 18 ;0, p. o,;2. 'Stikeen Indians, Stik.^en Biver, Sieknaahu tv laeet.H.an. I.u>skuuatee, Kookatee, Naaneeaaghee, Tahp.atee, Ki<.ksat e' aadgettee.' s,,„„,,,,_^,., ^,,,,,/,^ ,„, ^.^ ^^ .^^,^_ ^^^^^ Se<.at,uomns .Zy he mam and about the mouths of the Stikeen Biver. and also the nJi^hbcS g islands. .So/7,.ym'.sOiw/.(»,; ,/,>((,•;(., vol. i.,p 210 The 7V,,/'',s.,' live on Tonkas Island, and on 'the nr,rth side of Portland Channel, y./ ,|^. l,,L, 18.;., p. 502. Southern entranc Carenee S M dlt'7 '^^ r ;••;"'• "' •'• ''•' ''''' '^"""'"'•-^ -r Tun (ihaase ' J^ Muall trlK, inhabiting the S.E. corner of Prince of Wales's Aivhipelago ' Ivuste. ii, ,./,m.n,„, ,S;.„n. ,/„•.,,/,/,, ,s^,,„,;„^ ,„, . Xunghase Indians of the south eastern part of Prince of Waless Archipelago. W..,/., if 7 vest from Hudson Bay, approaching the Arctic and Paciti.- Coasts .0 within '44 TRIBAL BOUNDARIES. from fiftj' to one hundred nnd fifty miles: (it Prince William Sound, tliey even touch tlio sciishort'. Mackenzie, I'oi/., p. cxvii., j^ivcs houndiirics ujion the basis of which (iallatin, hn. AnUii. Sue. TnDisact., vol. ii., p. !), draws n lino from the Mississippi to within one hundred miles of the I'acitie at 52' !}()', and allots tin m the northern intciior to Eskimos lands. ' Extend across the continent' JHclnirdsiiii's Jour., vol. ii., p. 2. 'Von der nordlichen Hud- simshai aus fast die ftimze Breite des ('{Uitinents dturhlauft— im Norden nnd Nordv.esten den ftotvu Gradu. heinahe die ftcstade des I'olai-meers eiTeicht.' Jlitsrliiiiaim, Alhiipii.^l,'. Siinichst., p. 313. -The Atliahascan area touches Hud- son's Bay on the one side, the Pacific on the other.' LhIIkoh's Cmii)). I'ltil., J). 3H!S. ' Occupies the whole of the northern limits of North America, to- (^[ether with the Eskimos.' Lialnc'iij, Ab. Tmikj., p. 14. Hhoi'hi jififj/iiiis, or Athahascas proper, ^Mackenzie, I'm/., p. cxvi., places lie- tween N. latitude fiU and G5 ', nnd W. lon^^'itudc KM) and 110'. ' Between the Athabasca nnd Great Slave Lakes nnd Churchill River.' FruvMin's A'ar., vol. i., p. 211. ' FrecpU'nt the Elk and Slave Rivers, and the ccnintry westward to Hay River.' H'lrlKirdxnii's Jmir., \n\. ii. i>. ,'5. The Northern Indians occupy the territory immediately n(U'th of Fort Churchill, on the Western shore of Hudson Bay. ' From the fifty-ninth to the sixty-eiijhth der;ree of North lat- itude, and fnun East to West is upward of fiv(^ hundred miles wide. IJmrue's Jour., p. 32(i; M'lrlin'a llrU. Ctd., vol. iii., p. r)21. The Cupper JuiVkius occupy the temtory on both sides of the Coppermine River south of the Eskimo lands, which border on the ocean at the mouth of the river. They are called bj' the Athabascas Tdntsfurhot-Ilbvich. Franldiii's yar., vol. ii., 7'>«. Transdrt., vol. ii., p. 19. The Hora Moantitii) ]ii(J'ntnn 'inhabit the country bitwixt Great Bear Lake nnd the west i-nd of Great Slave Lake.' FraiilJui's Xnr., vol. ii., p. 82. The ISe'tvcr liiiU'nm 'inhabit the lower part of Peace River.' Ihirmon's ■four., p. 3U1). On Mackenzie's map they are situated between Slave nnd Martin Lakes. ' Between the Peace River and the West branch of the Mac- kenzie.' Jlirliiird-'i'ii's Joiir., vol. ii., p. G. Edehawtawhoot-dinneh, Strong- bow, Beaver or Thick-wood Indians, who frequent the Riviere aux Liards, or south branch of the Jlackenzie River. FrKKhUn'.'i X. 'East from Mar- tin Lake to the Coppermine River.' liichurdsini'H Jmtr., vol. ii., p. 3. At Fort Confidence, north of Great Bear Lake.' tS'unp.ion's Kur., p. 200. 'Between Martin's Lake and the Coppermine River.' LndiirUi, Ab. L. The nUhimlairhoot Timeh, or Brush-wood Indians, inhabit the uj.per branches f)f the Rivn're 4' wohntcn die Slua-cu.ss-dinais d. i. Bothtisch-Mann..r.' Voter, MnhrkhtUs, vol 111., pt. 111., p. 421. On the upper part of Frazers Hiver Cx'a AJmi p '•{•)•{ The Uonln, Momdmn Indhim are a small tribe situated to th«. south-west of tho Sheep Indians. Fr„„Uln's .\<,r., vol. ii., j,. 8",. 'On the Unjitjah or J eaco h.ver.' (;allatii>, in Am. Anti,). Soc. Trnumd., vol. ii., p. 19. On the upper tributaries of Peace River. Mn..ral name given to tho native tribes of New-Caledonia ' Mor^ s !,,,o>, p. ;,71. 'All the natives of tho Upper Eraser are calle.l by to Hudson Bay Company, and indeed generally, •' Porteurs," or Carriers ' ^%.e s /;. , '., p. 208. . Tokalis, Le Nord do la Nouv..lle Caledoni...' Mo,n,'. Kn^lur., ton.. 11., p. ,^35. 'Norihern part of New Caledonia.' I'ivh.nn.r^ h. y-.r., vol. vi., p. 202. 'Southof , „■ Su.aun.s and Straits Lake.' n.n.nnrs Jour., p. l,..). They 'are divi.ld i,,''. ■U Ncn ..lans, or mmor tribes, whoso names are-beginning at the h„„.1i ,.s b l-nvs: the Tautn. orTalkotin; the Tsilkotin or Chilcotin; the Nasl.„ii,; hHh. in: thelsasnotin; the Nulaautin: the Ntshaautin; the Na.liau: t.n, theNikozhautin: the Jat.shiautin ; and the Babiue Indians.' JIak\, J th. Vui,. 1, iu . UQ TRIBAL BOUNDAEIES. nog., in XT. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 202. 'The prinoipfil trihpH in tlip country north of thf CohiniViin roRiona, are the (Hiileotius und the TiUcotins.' tirnn- how's Ilisl. Oi/n., p. 30. The Tiileotins ' oeeupy the territory above Fort Alexan- dria on I'razer lUver.' HnzHtt's II. ('., p. 7'.». 'Spend nmcli of their time iit Rellhoulii. in the Jientinek Inlet.' Mni/ui's H. ('.. p. '2!»!). The Calkohins 'in- habit New Caledonia, west of the niountainH.' ]>i^ Svirt's I.ethrs niid Slatrhf.'^. p. 157. Till' Nateotetains inhabit the country lyin^' directly west from Stuart Lake on either bank of the Nateotetain River, llitnnim'a Jour., p. 218. The Nuskootains lie alouf; Fra/er River from Frazer Lake. /(/., p. 21.">. The Simiiiii.i dwell in the Rocky Mountains between the Reaver Indians on the east, and the Tacullies and Atnas on the west and south. 1(J., p. iOO. They live east of the Tacullies in the Rocky Mountain, link's Ktliiioi). in U. S, Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. '202. ' On the Rocky Mountains near the Rapid Indians and West of them.' Morse's lieport, p. 371. The A^(^!'/u(.^• are a lar},'e nation, extending from the Mackenzie River westward along -the Yukon Valley to near the mouth of the river, with the Eskimos on one side and the Koltshanes on the other. RuHchiiiann, Sjiuren iler Ailfk. Spntche, p. 713, places them on the sixty-iifth par.illd of latitude, and from lliO to ISO-" of longitude west from Greenwich. ' Das Volk wohnt nm Flusse Yukon oder Kwiclipak und iiber ihm; es dehnt sicli nach Rich- ardson's Kart(( auf dem (J'lten Parallelkreise aus vom IDO-MO W. L. v. Gr., und gehiirt daher zur Halft(i dem britischen und zur Ilalfte dem russischen Nordamerika an.' They are located 'immediately to the northward of the Hare Indians on both ^>anks of Mackenzie's River.' l-'runUiu's Skt., vol. ii., p. 83. Gallatin, Am. Aiitiij. Sue. 'I'rtdisact., vol. ii., p. 83, places their north- ern boundary in latitude (>7' 27'. To the west of th(^ Mackenzie the Lou- cheux interpose between the Esipiimaux 'and the Tinnc, and spread west- ward until they come into the neighborhood of the coast tribes of Reering's Sea.' h'icliordson's Jour., vol. i., p. 377. 'The Kutchiu may be said to in- habit the territory extending from the Mackenzie, at the mouth of Peels River, lat. 08'^. long. 134"^, to Norton's sound, living i)rincipally upon the banks of the Youcon and Porcupine Rivers, though several of the tribes are situated far inland, many days' jcmrney from either river.' Jones, in Smitlisnu- iun Ihpt., 18t)(i, p. 320. ' They commence somewhere about the (Joth degree of north latitude, and stretch westward from the Mackenzie to Ikhriug's straits.' 'They are divided into many petty tribes, each lu>ving its own chief, as the Tatlit- Kutchin (Peel River Indians), Ta-Kuth-Kutchin ( Lapiene's House Indians), Kutch-a-Kutchin (Youcan Indians), Touchon-ta-Kutchin (AVoodcd-country Indians), and many others.' KWUy, in Siiiitlisouinn liipl., 18C4, pp. 417, 418, The Dcgothi-Kutehin, or Loucheux, Quarrellers, inhabit the west bank of the Mackenzie between the Hare Indians and Eskimos. The Loucheux are on the Mackenzie between the Arctic circle and the sea. Shnpsoii's Nar., p. 103. The Vanta-Kutchin occupy ' the banks of the Porcupine, and the country to the north of it.' ' Vanta-kutshi (peojile of the lakes), I only tind that they belong to the Porcupine River.' hithum's S zwisflirn den Ncbfiiflii'scn Xulato niul Juniiiika, so wio am iintora L;mf(> (Ics k'tzt^'i'iiiinntcn Fhisso;-!.' llitluihi'i-ii, FAIm. SUz., p. 6. 'Die Juiuiachotiuia l)c>\v. 7. 'Thi'y t'Xtt'iid virtually from the c-onflnenc*' of tin- ("o-Yukuk Itivi-r to Niichukayctte at the junction of tin' Taiiana with tlic Yukon.' 'They also inhabit the banks of the Co-yuknk and otluT interior rivers.' Whi/tiqiir's Alasht, p. 204. The IiKidllLs inhabit the Yukon from Nulato south to below the Anvic lliver. See Wlii/iiijivf'H Mnj). ' The tribe extends from the edj,'eof the wooded district n(>ar the sea to and across the Yukon below Kulato, on the Y'ukon and its ailiuents to the head of the delt.i, and across the portage to tlie Kus- kocpiini River and its branches.' Di ill's Ala a kit, p. 28. 'Die Inkilikeii, am nntern Laufe des Junna siidlich von Nnlato.' lliiliuUvni, Kthn. Sh'iz., p. (!. ' An deni ganzi'ii Itt(>ge wohnt der Stanim der Inkiliken, welcher zu deni Volk der Ttynai gehiirt.' Sagoskin, i.i Dmlsi'lv. dir niss. (ji<>. . '>'.). On AVhymper's map they are called T'kitskes and arc situated east of the Y'ukon in latitude Ol^' north. Tlit3 KoUschtinrs ocenpy the territory inland between the sources of the Kuskocjuim and Copjier Rivers. 'They extend as far inland as the water- shed between the Copper-river and the Y'nkon.' I.iitlniiii'a A'lit, /I'dce.s, p, '.il)2. 'Die Galzanen oder Koltschaneii (d. h. Fri'iiidliiige, in der Pjirache der Athnaer) bewohneii das Innere des Land<'S zwischen den (iuelllliisseii des Kuskokwim bis zu den iiiirdlichen Zulliissen des Athna oder Kujifev- stromes. ' Jlnhiilienj, Ltliii. Skh., p. 7. 'Diejenigeli Stiinime, welche dio iiihdlichen nnd (istlich<'n, dem Atna zustromendeii Fliisse und Fliisschen be- wohnen, eben so die noch weiter, jeiisi'its der (lebirge lebenden, werden vou den Atnaern Koltschaneii, d. h. FreiiuUinge, genannt.' Jinir, Skit. it. Klloi., 1>. 101. 'North of the river Atna.' Lmli'ii-iii, Ah. l.nwj., p. Of!. The Nehanues ocenpy the tirritory midway between Jlount St. Elias and the Mackenzie River, from Fort Selkirk and the Stakine Rivi r. 'According ti) Mr. Isbister, range the country betwtHii the Russian settlements on the Stikino River and the Rocky Mountains.' Lotldtm's ynl. Hitn.i, ]>. ■.;95. The Nolihannies live 'upon the ui'jar branches of the Riviere aux Liards.' Fr'mk- I'l'i's \iir., vol. ii., p. K7. They 'inhabit the angle between that branch and the great bend of the trunk of the river, anil are neighbours of tlu' Reaver Indians.' irirjiiiril.inn'n Juhv., vol. ii. j). fi. The region which includes the Lewis, or Tabco, uud Telly Rivers, with the .alley of the C'hilkaht River, is THE TINNEII. 149 ocrnpicd 1iy trilirs Imown to tlip HndHon Bay vnyarronrs ns Nthnnncf-s Tlu)s<- (.11 the I'clly 1111(1 iriicniilldn rivt^rs call tlu.iiis('lvcs Affats-tcim. Horn.' of tlunii uc-ar Lianl's Uiver call themselves Dalio-tcna or Achcto-tcua, and others are called Sieaniiees hy the voya-euis. Those near Francis Lake are known as Mauvais :M,,ii,|e, or Slav(' Indians. About Fort Selkirk tlu v have 1)( (1. called Gens des Foux. The A', ,„ii proper, or Keiiai-tena. or Thnaina, inhabit th(^ r<^ninMila of Keiiai, 'Iin shores of Took Inlet, and thence westerly across the Chi-mit .Aloui.i lius, nearly tothe Kiuko.iuini Itiver. Th.>y 'inhabit the country n, ,.r Cook's Inlet, and Iwtli shores of th- Inlet as far south as C'liu-'aehik'un ' D'dl's Alishi. p. 4.W. 'Die. eijrentiicheii Thnaina bewolnien (lie Ilalbii',;.'! Keiiai und Ziehen sichvonda westlich iiber dasTs(hi.,'niit-(}ebir-e zuni Jl.m- taschtauo oder Tchalchukh, eineni siidlichon Neb(>iiriuss,- des Kuskokwiiii ' Jlolmbuy, mn. SIA:., p. 7. 'Dieses-an den Ffern und den Unij-ebun-cii vou Cook's Inlet und uni die Seen Iliamna und Kisshiek lebende V("lk .-elui'* zu deiu selben Staniuie wie die Galzanen odcr Koltschauen, Atiiaer uiul Ku loschen.' /;«.;•. sua. n. Kthn., p. ]0;i. 'Les Kenmm liabitent la cAt.' oceid.-,,- tale de l^'iitiv^e de Cook ou du ^olfe Kenayskaja.' lln,„h,Mt, Esmi /'„/., toin i.. p. yj«. ' Tlu^ Indians of ('..(.k's Inlet and adjacent waters are called'"Ka- nisky." They are settled along the .shore of the inlet and on the east slioio of fhe peninsula.' 'East of Cx.k's Inlet, in Frince AVilliums Sound there arc but few Indians, they are called "Nuchusk." ' lud. Atf ](, ,,l ' 18G'i 11. 57"). •' ^ ■' ■ ' The AliuiH occupy the Atna or Copper Eiver from near its mouth to near it.^ source. 'At the month of the Copper Eiver.' Latham's Cow p. I'hU., vol viii l).:5',)->. 'BieAtlinaer,aniAthnaoderKupferflusse.'7/(>i,„/>,.,v/,A'//„i !s7, r p 7' 'On the upper part of the Atna or Copper Eiver are a little-known tribe' (,f the above name [viz., Ah-teiia]. Th.>y have b.-en call.ul Atnaer and K.dshini by tne Eussians, and Yellow Knife or Nehauiiee by the English. ' DaWs UasL,, p. -i-J. 'Diese kleine, jetzt uugefahr aus CO Familien bestehcnde Vdlkn' Bchaft ,voUnt an den Uferu des Flusses Atna und neuut sich Atmier ' Lw • StaL. u. Li)m., p. DV. " ' CHAPTER III. COLUMBIANS. Habitat of the CoLiniBiAN Gnoup — Physical Gkoohaphy — Socecks of fooD-i^^CITLV — iNFLUKNCK OF FoOL ANU ClIMATK — FoUK KXTKEME ClashKS — liAlDAHS — THEIU lIoME — PlIYSICAI. rECCLIAKITIKS — C'LOTHINd — SuEL- TKIl — SrSTENANCE — IMPLEMENTS — MaNIFAC I t'UKH — AllTS — ritOPKIiTV — Laws — Klaveky — Women— Cl-stomh — Medicine — Death — The Nootkas —The Sound Nations — The Chinooks— The Shushwai»s— The Salihh — The Sauaptinh — Tuiisal Bocndauies. Tlie term Columbians, or, as Scoulor^ and others have called them, Xootku-Colainhians, is, in the absence of a native word, snlficiently characteristic to distin«•ui^h the aboriginal nations of north-western America between the forty-third and fiftv-fifth parallels, from those of the other great divisions of this Avork. The Columbia River, w hieh sujigests the name of this group, and Nootka Sound on the western shore of A'ancouver Island, were originally the chief centres of Kuroi)ean settlement on the Koith- west (V)ast; and at an early period these names weie compounded to designate the natives of the Anglo- Amer- ican possessions on the Tacific, which lay between tbe discoveries of the Russians on the north and tho^e of the ^^})aniards on the south. As a simple name is al- ways j)relerable to a coun)lex one. and as no nK)re jierti- ncnt name suggests itself than that of the great river which, with its tributaries, drains a large portion of this 1 The XiiotLfi-ColiDiihiiiiis comprclicnd 'tlio tvilips inliiihitiiii;! Qiiiulrii iiikI A'iiiicoiiv(i'"s Isliiml, uml tin: mljactnt inlets of tlic iiiiiiuliiii(l, down to llio ( iilnniliiii Itivcr, aiicl inrlmiis us far S. as UiniKjUii liivc r ami the iioiliuiu liurt of Ntw C'alifiuaiu.' .'^conkr, in Loud. Otuij. •^vcJour,, vol. xi., p. 22L -4 )■ , 'I, - ,p'r ■• A y ■, NATIVE RACES PACI'^IC 3TAT3EiS COLU MBIAN CROUP S...li' 7 ;{ < T COLUMUIAN FAMILIES. 151 torritorv, I (lioj) 'X(H)tka' and retain only tlio word •Coliimhiiin. " Tlu'so nations have also been broadly denominated I'latlieads, I'l-oni a enstoni la-aeticed more or less by many of their triln's, of conijnvssinjj; tiie eraninn^ durinji inlancy;' althon^h the only Indians in the whole urea, tribally known as Flatheads, are those of the Salish i'amily. who do not llatten the head at all. in describinji the ('olnmbiau nations it is necessary, as in tile other divisions, to snbdivide the jironj); arbi- trarily this may have been done in some instances, but as natm-iilly as iM)ssible in all. Thus the iH'o[)le of (^)ueen Charlotte Islands, and the adjacent coast Ibr about a hundred miles inland, extendinjr I'rom o-j" to •')li" of north latitude, are called lldHhihs Ironi the predominant tribe of the islands. The jirni Cfi >('/((.■;, p. It."). Yet Mr Spi-oat su.;;4ests no othi r iiann'. It is (piite pussihlo (hat C'lolc, I' //. I < the I'lifU'tc, Vol. ii., )). '2^S, niisumhrstoi>d (he native lianas of Kootha t-'oi,nd. It is casv to criticise any name which nii;4ht he adojiti d. and t v. n if it wi rc^ j racticahh^ or (h siralile to chali;;(! all nualiinL,less anliniil>iii.tli(d(»\vi'r Snake, and their tribntary streams, may hecalleil S (^iseade Mountains, ruimiim iVoui north to south throughout their whole territory, make of it two distinct climatic divisions, both luLbly but uueipially I'avored by nature. On the coast side — a strip N\hich ' 'I'lic niiiiic \ti /'('cci/s, ' pici'ccil iiDscs,' is usually lu'dnuuuci il as if Eu- f;lisli, .\' : I'i'r-fis. ■> Fi)i- iiaiticulars and arithoritics stu! Tuibai, r.or.NU.uaKs al tuil of this (•liiii)tir. '' ''I'hi' Indian triln's df tlu> Xoith-vcstcrn C'nast liiay ln' divided into two {t'.'ouus, lUr Jn>ulai' and lln' Inland, i>v tliosi! who inlial it tht^ i:.lanils iind i.djaciut slion s (if the niaimand, iind siilisist ahiinst cutiii ly liy tisliin;.;; iiml tlidsc who livi' in tlio iiiti vicr and iuu ])artly hunt( is. 1'his ci/((/(c, hi l."iiil. (iro i. ^-nr. Jmir., viil. xi . ji. 217. Sec ><('i 'IS. hi P'lv. /,'. ];. Lift., Mil. i.. ]iii. 1I7-S. and Mni/in's .11. '., ; .LM2. 'Tho best ilivisiou is into tuastiiud inlaiul tiibi's.' Lnrd's Sat., Vol. ii., p. 'J^l'i. sioiis, as IIOSIT. OV THE COLUMlUAXfl. 1,-3 m;..v ].(' (';.1],.,1 n,io hmKlred and fiftv niili-s >vl.1(> juid „„,. t ion.sHKl luilrs lo.i-— excessive cold is uiikii.mii. and tlu-earlli. uan.ic.l l.y Asiatic cuiTeiits and Avatered l,v nunienKis inonntain streams, is thickly Avooded : iiohle ioivsts are well st(.ck(ul Avitii pa,ne; a feVtile soil xields a ^iivat vanetvot succidcut roots and edil,le herries Avliich Jattei-iiieaiisof suhsisteiice were li-litlvappreciatiMJhv tile indolent ndial.itants, by reason of tliV still more ahund- ant an. ac(vssd)le food-supply afforded In- the fish of ojvan. cha.n.el. ai.l stream, the sources oi" material for Hotiun- ^unv. also hountiful far beyond the needs ol' the l)eoj)le. i'assin- the (\isoade barrier, the climate and the face o the country chan-e. Here Aye have a succession of I'lMiHs or table-lan.ls. rarely dej-eneratiim' into dvsvvt. AVilh a -ood su])ply of oniss and roots: thou-h -enerally jvithout tunber, except along the stivan.;.. unfl the lieaydy wooded Ayestern spurs of the Kocky Mountains aije reached. 1 he air having lost much ol" its moisture aitords but a scanty supply of rain, the Avarmino' and equali/.nig nilluence of the ocean stream is n.. lon-er felt and the extremes of heat and cold are un.ler.„i,e ac<-o..l- liiu' to atitude anrtainly are in Ib.iu. char. •- ter andcustoms,_theirenyironnient,theclimate.andllMi» nietho. sot seeknig fbod may well be sunposed to have made them so .Not only do the ].ursuit of .anu> in ll:o inteiior and the taku.g of fish on the coa>t, ,h>vc1op Clearly marke.1 general peculiarities of character and lill' m the tn„ divisions, but the same causes prod>.,v < rades move or h ss distin<-t in ea<-b division. AVe.t of lie ( ■,.- ea(hj range, the highest posith.n is Ju.ld by the tribes who n their cruioes ,,ursue the whale upon th,> o.van. an.l in theellort to capture Leviathan become themselves -eat l.-)! COLUMBIANS. and daring as compared with the lowest order wlio live \i\)on shell-fish and Avhatever nutritious substances may ho cast by the tide n[xm the beach. Jjikewise in the in- terior, the extremes are found in the deer, ))ear, elk, and huftalo hunters, es^iecially when horses are employed, {ind in the root and insect eaters of the plains. IJetween these four extreme classes may be traced many intermediate jirades of physical and intellectual de\el()pment, due to necessity and the abilities exercised in the i)ursuit of game. The Columbians hitherto have been broujiht in much closer contact Avith the whites than the Hyperboreans, and the results of the association are known to all. The cruel tj'eacheries and massacres l)y which nations have been thinned, and llickering remnants of once powerful tribes gathered on govermnent reservations or reduced to a handful of beggars, dependent for a li\e[iliood on charity, theft, or the wages of prostitution, form an un- written chapter in the history of this region. That this prtM'ess of duplicity was mniecessary as well as infa- mous, 1 shall not attempt to show, as the discussion of Indian ix)licy Ibrms no part of my present purpose. AVhatever the cause, whether from an inhuman civilized policy, or the decrees of fate, it is evident that the Co- lumbians, in connnon with all the aboritiines of America, are doomed to extermination. Civilization and savagism will not coalesce, any more than liiiht and darkness; and although it may be necessary that these things come, yet are those l»y whom they are unrighteously accouipllshed none the less culpable. Once more let it l)e understood that the time of which this volume speaks, was when the respective peoples Avere iirst known to l']uro])eans. Jt was when, tbrougliout tliis region of the Cohuubia, nature's wild magnificence was yvt fresh; priuieval forests unprolaned ; lakes, and rivers, and I'olliug plains unswept; it was when count- less villages dotted the luxuriant valleys; wlien from the warrior's cauip-hre the curling suioke never ceased to ascend, nor the sounds of song and dance to be heard; s\ lien bands ol gaily dressed savages roamed o\er e\ery HAIDAH NATIONS. 155 ]iil -,si,l(^; when humanity unrestrained vied with ])ird aiK l.ea,st ni the exercise of hberty absohite. This i.s no history; alas! tliey liave none; it is hut a sun-nicture an(l to i.e taken correctly must he taken quickly Nor need we pause to look hack through the dark\"ista of u.iwritten history, and si^eculate, who and what thev are nor ior how many thousands of years they have been' com^ ing and ping, counting the winters, the nu)ons, and the sleeps; chasing the wild game, hasking in the sunshine IH.rsmng and being pursued, killing and being killed.' All knowledge regarding them lies buried in an eternity of he past, as all knowledge of their successors remains folded m an eternity of the future. ^Ve came upon tlic;in unawares, unbidden, and while we gaze.l vhev ine ted away. The infectious air of civilization pe.u^ trated to the remotest corner of their solitudes Their Ignorant and credulous nature, unable to cope with the intellect of a superior race, absorbed onlv its vices yiidd mg up Its own simi)licity and noblenJss lor the white man s diseases and death. In tbe Ilaidah family I include the nations occui>vin.v >ri,r r wV'^T"^'-^*"^ the southern extremitv ^, about Fort Simpson, and on ("latham' bound; the A.;s« and the .S'/v...,., on tbe rivers of e sa.ne names; the .SVW.s. on I'itt Aivhipeh..o and the sboivsot ,ardiier('liannel; and the Millbai.kVonnd In- dians, including the //m/(ra, and the /irf/.roo/o., the most .out ern of tins amily. Tiiese nations, tbe orthogr v of whose names is far from uniform among dilVeivm Lt ors. are st.U farther subdivide.! into numerous indefinite tnluvs, as specified at the end of tiiis chapter 15G COLUMBIANS. The Tlii'uLih territory, strotcliinjj; on the mainland tliriM^ luindrcd inilcs in lenjitli, and in width souiowhat over one linndrcd mik's from the sea to the lofty ChilUoti-n JMain, is traversed throujihout its lenjith hy the iiortlifrn extension of the Cascade Hanjie. Jn j)laees its spurs and hroken l()ot-hills touch the shore, anil the very heart of the riniuc is jH'netrated h\- innumerable inlets and chan- nels, into Avhich pour short rapid streams from intei-ior hill and plain. The country, thoujih hilly, is lertile and covei'ed hy an al)undant gi'owth of lar^e. sti'aitiht ])ines, cechirs, and other forest trees. The forest abounds ■with <:ani(\ the waters with fish. The climate is less se- vere than in the middle United States; and notwith- .standinu" the hiuh latitude of their home, the llaidahs have received no small share of nature's jiil'ts. Little has ])een explored, however, beyond the actual coast, and inl'ormation concei'ning this nation, cominji' fiom a few sources only, is less complete tluui in the case of the more southern Xootkas. Favoi'able natural conditituis have produced in the llai- dahs a tall, comely, and well-formed race, not inferior to any in Xorth-western America;' the northern nations of "! ' Tiy far tlio l)ost loolciiit,', uK>st intclligiiit .and cnrrgetic pooplo on the N'. W. ( (ia--t.' yroiiler, iu l.nhil. (ivikj. Sic. ,l<,iir.. vul xi., i>. "iltS. AIm) vaiilu d liy I'liiliaid as the finest spt'cinuns iiliysiuully iin tin' coast. /iVs. ((yr7.('>, vol. v., p. l:!:!. 'I'll!' Nassjicoplo ' Were ptciiliaily i't)ii)( ly. stroiii,', anil well ^'idwn. ' Sinip^iui'a (inrltniil .laiirii., vol i., p. 2(17. ' Wonlil he liandsoiuc. or at least comely,' weic it not for the jiaint. 'Soinct>f the women have excet diiiMly liamlsiime faces, and very symmetrical tieures.' 'Impressed by liie manly lieanty and liodily ])roi)(irti()ns of my islandi rs.' l\)iili-'s ijne' ii I huilultr Isl., pp. :il(l, .'HI. Mackenzie fonml tlie coast penple 'more corpulent and of lictter ap]ieai'ance than (he inhabitants of the interior.' I"//. ]i]i. ;!J'J-I!; SCO pji. ;w(l 1. 'The stature (at Ibnkc's Canal) was much more stout and rubnst than that (.f the Incilans furtiier south. The ludmim nee of their countenances and the rettularity of tin ir features, rcsiniblid the northern Kureans.' I'lOiconrc/'s \'iii/. vol. ii.. p "iH'i. .\ chief of 'tilLjantic ]iers(iii, a stately air, ii iioVile mien, ii manly poit, and all the characterisiics of external dJLjnity, with a symnietri<'al ftuure, and a perfect onh r of Kuro- jiean contour.' Ihnih'n ()riiiiiii, pj). -iT'.*. '.i")!, '2s;{, '2S.">. Alayne says, their (lunti nances are dicidedly plainer ' than the soutliern Indians. />. ' .. ]i. 'i.";!!. ' .V tall, well-foimed )ieii])h'.' H< ikIi I's .l/'.r. .bcA., j). "jO. "No finer men. . . . c in lie fiiund (in (lie .Vuierican Continent.' Sju'ihiI's So ins,]'),'!',). In "i,") , 'Son bien corpulentiis.' ('ri's/ii, in /''"'. Jlist. .l/».i'.. s. iv., vol. vi., p. (ilfi. ' I'lie best liKiKiti!,' Indians we liad <>ver met.' ' Much taller, and in every way sn|H rier 111 till' I'liL'i t Sdund tiibes. Tlie women arc stouter than the men, but nut so ^{oiid-ldiilunj^ ' Hu'd's A((/'. PHYSICAL rECULIAKITIES OF THE HAIDAllH. V>7 tlio family ])oiii<«- geiierallv superior to tlic M)utli('ni « ;>n Xootkas ihi'ir lacos are JM'oad, witli hi-li cliook honos;'' iho ('\(s Miiall ov,K.i-ally hlaok. thon-li Jnwn and gray ^vitll a icddish tin-ic liavo Ik'oii ohsurvod anionu' tluii'i.'" The f('u; ^^\m have won their faces free from paint i)ronom)ce then- complexion linht," and instances of A Ihino charac- teristics are sometimes loinid.'' The hair is not iini- lormlj coarse and hlack, ])ut often soft in texture, and of Viu-ymo- ,sl,a,les of hrown. worn hv some of the tri hes cut close to the head.'' The ),eard'is iisually j.hicked out with nreat care, hut inou.staches are raised svanetimes as strtmg as those of Europeans;" indeed there setins to !"->' — '-tiv.- and d..„ly tEn tile tr il;. i ^'Jr */ ' """o "'r |".1AW,,.,:;,V I-,,,/., ],,, :{<,!»-l(), 3-22^:?, :!7()-]; L.rd-s ynf., vol i, „ ^'; vol ';;;;'i:"i;!7!^'" ^'^^ '""« '^'"^ "— ••' ^/"''- ^'^"-/■. ';- r. v i.; 1 li v t t il V- V '"•^""■■'V f'"'" '"••"! <" f-t. tl"',. is .n ,,t r.aso,, i-sn|;';'';'.'7. '''•'■ '■""-/'"'!'>■ ••^l'"«"l <<> <1h> ind.,,,. ,„ v a„.l a!t,.,- Tluirvoin'/w , , ;,' 1 J"""''!- '" f<'>"I'l'xi"n hysique; ])nt the custom of tlattening the head in in- fancy obt.tins in some of the southern nations of this family, as the Ilailt/as and Bellacoolas,'" and the Thlin- kcet lip-piece, already sufficiently described, is in use throutihout a laruer part of the whole territorv. it was observed ])y Simpson as far south as Millbank Sound, where it was highly useful as well as ornamental, iflbrd- ing a firm hold for the fair fingers of the sex in their drunken fights. These ornaments, made of either wood, bone, or metal, are worn jjarticularly large in (^ueen thick licnrds, which nppear envlvin life.' Hale's Ethnnq., in U. S. Ex. Ex., vol. \i., J). I'.iT. '' 'After the iv^o of puhcvty, their hodios. in their niitTiriil state, are cov- «'re{l in tlie same luaiiiier us those of the Eiiroiii'iins. The men, iiiileed, esteem a beard very unliecoiiiiuj,', and take ^Teat pains to f,'et rid of it, nor is th<'re any ever to he ))erceived on their faces, except when they j^row old, and liccouK^ inattentive to their ai)})earance. Every crinons elUoresceiice on the other i)arts of tlie body is held nnseendy hy them, and both sexes employ much tiiiu^ in their I'xtirjiation. The Nawdowessies, and the remote; nations, pin 'c them out with bent jiiecesof hard wood, formed intoakindof nippers; whilst llioso who have communication with Eurojieans prociu'e from them wire, which they twist into a si'rew or worm; applying,' this to the ])art, they ])r(ss the ring's toLjetlur, and with a sudden twitch draw out all the haira that are inclosed iietween them.' (Jarvei-'s 'I'nir., p. 22.'i. •'' ScDiilt'i; in Loml. (hitij. Sue. Jour., vol. xi., p. '220. " M'tcLemie'.f \'<»j., pp. U70-1; Lord's \ii. 'l'.^>, 2ns. with u cut. A piece of lii'iisH or copper is first put in, iuul 'this corroihs tlic laeer.fetl parts, mill by consiuuiiiL; the Uesh f^'riidiiiilly iucreasesthe oritiee.' Vanrutivi r\ I Ol/., vol.ii,, pp. 27'.i-S(l, 4i).S. ^-ciinlir, in Lnml. IIukj. >iic. .Imir.. voh xi., j). 21^; IluiDi'a oriijiiK. pp. lTC), 271t; Cnsjii, in /Ajc. Hist. Mix., s. iv , vol. \i., ]>. (l.")!; C'Drnimllis' .\cti: Khhiriulo. p. led; I'lttliii'.i X. Am. ImL. vol. ii., p, 113, with pliito. •^» .lfr///)r'.s /i.e., pp. 281-2: I'iioysQ. Char, hi., pp. 7."), 311; liitrnll-hn- imviV.i Trni,, ])p. 1")-U; /Vkox'.s i)ri'ifi(i()i\'< Vn-',i"ii, p. 251. « Mdiph's J!. I'., p. 2iS2; Dwih'k Orcqon, pp. 251, 27(1, 'iitl ; J'nrhr's K.rpliv. Tiinr., p. 'id;!; J'd'ih'sQ. Clinr. l.-iL, p. 310. 'The men hil)ituiilly^,'o naked, Imt when they ;^'o ol!' on iv journey they wear a blanket.' Ilxd's .\i; tlii' ciuTu'st vis- itors to this ivi-ion, Ibinid fi'injivd I'olu's of hai'k-fihro, ornamented Avith i'ur and colored threads. A eireuhu' mat. Avith an openinj;' in the centre i'or the head, was worn as :i ])rotection from the i-ain; and uar garments eonsiste(l of sesend thicknesses of the sti'ouLiest liides l)rocnrahle. sometimes strengthened In strips of wood on the inside.'-* The Ihiidahs use as temporary dwellinus, in their fre- (pient sunnnei' excursions for war and ihe liunt, sim])le k)d,!i('s of poles, covered, among the poorer (Masses by ce- r>S'. 'their dress eniisists of a single robe tied liver the shiilll(hrs. filllillL; dciWU licllilld, to the lieels. lUld liifnre, ;i little below Ihe knees, with il . liTl. See also pp. 1:17, '.ii'.T M, 27"2. 'iSl. "'riieir suiiiiiier mid winter resideii.ts nre built of split plmk, similar ti tlio-.e (if the ClieiiiKiks.' I'lirl.cr's Kvji'ur. Timr, ]i.2i>',\. "Ilshabi- I lUt dans des lo,!.;i s de soixaiite jiieds de lou^', colistruites avec des troiics (h> s.i])in it reeouvertes d'l Corces darbres.' Jli't'ni.':, i.'yji'ur., toiii. ii., p. 'Xil. ■Their houses are neatly conslructid, HtandiiiL? in a row; liavi'.i;^ laiue ini- I'.ees, cut (lilt of wood, resi inbliiiL; idols. The dwelliii'us ha\e all ]iaint(d fronts, showing imitations of nieii and aiiinials. Attaeln d to fie ir houses most of them have lar^e jiot.itoe f^ardeiis.' h'liin's {ir(ii"ii, pp. '.iH;! t. See also, ]ip. ".ril-'J, "iT:)- 1, •^'.•'•; l.iiril'.-i .\>ii., vol. i , ]i. Hi); vol, ii., pp. 'J.'i,!, ■,^">"). with cuts on ]). t!")") and fidiitispiece. ' Near the house of the chief I observ( (I se\( ral oblll|l^' s(piarcs, of about twenty feet by cielit. 'i'ln y wcro made of tliiek cedar boanls, whidi were Jniiied with so iiiiieh nealiii ss, that I at first ihiiiieht tiny were one piece. They were painted with hi( io;;l\ phics, and li'^ures of ditl'eii nt animals.' iirnbably for ]iurposes of di volioii, as was 'alai'ee buildim,' in the middle of the villa;_'e ..The L;foiind-]iliit was lifty feet by fiirt\ -tii c; I aeh t nd is formed by four stout ]iosts, lixed )M||M lldic- iilarly in the mniiial. The c'lrner ones are plain, and sii]iport a Ix .iiu of tho whole leiiiith, haviiii,' thict! interniediate projis on each side, but of a Ian,'! r size, and ciLrht or nine fe( t in liei;.,'ht. The two centre ]iosts, at caidi ( nd, am two and a half fi ( t in diaim ter, and c'arv( d info human fii^ures, su] iioitiii;.; two ri(lL;e Jioles on tin ir In ads, twelve fe( t from the ^'round. The liuures at (he uii])( r part of this s(|uare represent two ))ersons, with their hands u| on their knees, us if they supported the weij^dit with ]iain and (UlVii ully: the others op])osite to them stand at their ease, with their hands restinu' on tin ir hips. . . Posts, poles, and li^ures, were jiainted re(l and black, but tla sculp- ture of these peojile is superior to their jiailitiliLi.' .lA/c/. (■/cic'.-t I'"//., p. :;;!(. See also pp. ;!()7, :tis, :t2S-:i(). ;!;!;>, :t4."i: /V,../. s (j. tl.ar. InL, pp. Ill, ll.'i-i; i.ci/',s .V((;'.: Mnri'hiiiiil, Voi/.. torn, ii., jip. \1~ \\\. Vol.. I. 11 102 c'OT.rMniAXs. Vin'i(>ty in its sonson. fill tli(> nvist ^v!lt('i•s. ^Fost (^f tlio const ti'ilu's. Mild all wlio live inlinid. kill the deer iwA otlici" iuiiiiials. particidarly since the introdnction of (iiv- anns. hnt it is ynient he- inu' heneath niaidy dignity. Fish, when ('aii;:lit. are (k'livei'ed to the women, whose (hity it is to prepare them lor winter use hy (h'vinj:'. Xo salt is used, hut the fish ar«' dried in the sun. or smoke-dried hy hein^' hmi;;' IVoui the to[> of dwellings, then wrapi»ed in hark, or j)a('Ued in rude baskets or chests, and stowed on hi|:h seaiVolds out ol' tiio reach of doiis and childri'n. Salmon areoiK'iied. and the; entrails, head, and back-hone removed hi'lbre drying', hiuiui^' the pi'ocess of dryin,n', sand is blown (jver the llsh, and the teeth of the eater are often worn down hy it nearly I'ven witii the ancake-form at a meal ])eing nothing iijr the stomach of a llaidah, according to L'oulo U'yi COHMIMANS. 1' i " i ! - tliat wliolf trilK's fiv(|iK'iitl\ siilVcr (Voin Imiifivr ln'Coiv S|>l'lllji/-" Till' Iluidali wciipons aic s|)('iirs IVoiu four to sixteen r.ct loiiji'. some with u iiioNiilile head or harh. whicli comes otV wlieii tlie seal or whale is struck; hows and arrows; h.itchets of hone. horn, or iroji. with whii'li their planks are made; and dai:|;'ers. lioth speais and ai'rowsare I're- <|iientlv pointed with iron, which, whether it I'onnd its wav across the continent iVom thi" Hudson -Hav settle- ments, down the coust from the Hnssians. or was oh- tained IVom wrt'cked vessels, was certainly nsed in Bi'it- i^h ('oluml)ia for various jjui'poses hel'ore the cominjidf the whites. IJows are made of cedar, with sinew ^lued .'iloiin' one side. I'oole states that lu'Core the introduc- tion of flre-aiMus. the (^ueen Charlotte Islanders had no weapon hut a cluh. l>rave as the Ilaidah warrior is admitted to he. open fair lljiht is unknown to him. and ill ti'iie Indian stvle he resorts to niuht attacks, supe- rior nmnhers. and .treacherv, to defeat his foe. Cut- tinu' oil* the head as a trojihy is practice(l instead of s.'alpinii'. hut though unmercifully cruel to all sexes and a^i's in the heat of hattle. [a-oloniicd torture of captives M-ems to he unknown. Treaties of jjcace are arranjied hy deU'^ations from the hostile trihes, followin^i' set forms, and the ceremonies terminate with a many days' feast.-' Nets are made of native wild hemj) and of cedar-hark lil)re; hooks, of two [)ieces of woou or hone fastened to- p'ther at an ohtu.se anjile; hoxe-. tiOU_L''is. and hou.sehold dishes, of wood: ladles and spoon-, of w(M)d. horn, and hone. Candle-lish. with a wick of !)ark or pith. .ser\e as -''Oil food of the Hiiiiliibs iiiiil tlic iiutliods of procmiiiL; it, see /.iml's \it . vol. i., pp. H. 152; M(cl.i;,:k's I'.-//., pp. ;!().), :il:J II, iJiD-^l, :(27. :i:.;i, ;i:!'.», ;J(i;)-7i); I'oalr's (j. cinr. ;.s/.. pp. lis, 2st r,. ;ur( ui: \;iiii;,iir,r's I'..//., V il . ii., p. '27i!; Ihimi's i)ir inn, pp. 25 1, 'iCiT, 271, ilJU-l : .l/i//'/''(.s, h'.f/i'ur., torn . ii , p. ;{:t7; I'l'iiilnrtnii's \'ni(couoir Isliind, p. 2:(; I'ar/.rr's h'd'jilnr. '/'k///'., p. 2ri:!; Jicrd's X'ir. "1 I'ltiifoiirfi's I'')//., vol. ii., ]). U;tl); I'o ilr's riL;lit in their various seats, so that from n loiij,' distaiiee the l: iliilier of the fallen eould he ascertailieil; and on each mast of the eanoes - iiiid some of them had three — was stii' the head of a slain foe,' Jkiuki's Ak^\ Arch., j). JO. iiAriiAii MANTTAt rniF.s. icn Ijmip-;; (Irinkiim ncsscIs jiiid iiiprs ai'c carved with ^ih at sUill IVoiM Ntniic. Tlic llaidalis arc noted loi- their sUiil ill the coiistnictioii of tlieir various iiiipleiiieiits. particii- hirlv I'or sciiI|ttMres in stone ami ivorv. in which tht y ('\<'i'l all the other trihes ol' N'oi'theni Aiiierica.-'"* The cedar-lihre and wild hemp were pii-pared lor n>e hy the women liy lieatiii;^' on the rocks; they were then spun with a rude distalV and spindle, and wov«n on a t'ranie into the material I'or hlankets. rohes. and mats, or twisted h\ the men into stroii;: and c\en cord, he- -'" 'I'lic KiiiLjiniii'S 'arc iiotrd fur tlii' licimty uinl size ( if tlnir ccdtir ciiiidi ^i. lui'l till ii- sKill ill caiviiiv,'. Must cpf llic sidiic i)i|iis. inlaid wilii fia;,'iiu iit^ if Il.diiitis (ir Ileal! sIkIIh, so rniiniKiii in < tlinniiiLiic a! cnlli clinns. arc tlnji' liandiwiii'k, 'i'iii' siati 'i.iarrv finiii wliirli the stmir is (.litaim il is sitilatid <'ii (/mill Cliailntti's Ulaiiii.' Jhill's Ahi^l.n. p. 111. 'I'lir ( liiiiisyaiis • uiaUi li^r- iiirs ill stiiiic dnssi (1 likr l''ii;,disliiii( ii; jilatisaiid i)niiir>i .»■(•(■,.(■>■, p, ;n7. 'J'lic sup- piiitin^' posts tif tlnir pmlialili' tcniiili s wiic caivid into liuinaii fli^ims, and all )iaint. li ml and lilark, ' Imt tlic sen 1] it arc of tlu>.c' iiiMiplr i ."I'i ' 'lO'i is siijh - rior to ilicir paiiitiiiL,'.' .\f ir!,!, nil's I'o//., pp. :t:i(i i ; sec pp. Ilit.'l I, 'Oni'inan (lirar Fort Siiiipsoii) known as tin' Arrowsniitii of lliciiortli-cast coast, had (^olic f.ir 111 yo 111 I his com piers, liavin;,' jircparcd viry accurate charts of lii>.^ (• jiarts of the adjacent slmris. ' >/i/i/(.si//('s (in rhiiKl Jimrn ., vol. i., p. "itlT. ' 'I'lic Indians of the Xortlurii Family arc rciiiaikalilc for tlnir inui-nuity and iin - cliaiiical dexterity in the coiistnictimi of tlnir canoes, houses, and dill'erei.t warlike or lishiiiL; iinplenic nts. They con^truet ilriiikinu-vtsscls, tohacio- jii[ies, \-c., from a soft ar'^illaeeons stone, and these ariielis are reinarkalile for th'.^ syninietry of their foini, and the exeeedinely elalioiate and intricate ti;,,'iiViS which arc carved ujioii them. W iih respect to carviin^' .■ind a faculty for imitation, the (^ueeii ( 'harlotte's Islanders are ci|ual to the most iiii,'enio: .4 of the i'olyiicsiaii 'I' lilies.' Snml'r, in Lmiil. (!. "i'.l!; M'lfris, l-'.Xj:''')- . tiilll. ii,, ]i. !,'.'i7, and ]ilate p. :IS7. The SkidaL,'.ites "showed iiie Iieautifnlly wrought articles (if their own desiLjn and make, and amiin_'st them some iliues manufaetui' d from an unctuous hire slate . . The two ends were inlaid v>itU lead, etvin,; the idea of a tine silver nioiintiiiL;. Two of the keys )ierfectly npresenn d fro_;s in a sittini,' postiin', the eyes lieint,' ]iickt d out with liurnished lead. ... It would hav(> iloiu! credit to a lairo|ieaii modeller.' I'nnh's (,/. (Intr. Isl . p. '!'<><. ' I'hejr talent for caivini,' li.is m.nle them f.imous far lieyond their own couiiliy .' Ji luliTa .h'c.r, ,l/''7/,, p, 2'.(, A square womli n lio\, holding one or tw.i bushels. is iiiaihj from three pieces, the sides iMiiii; fmni one jiiece so mitred ua to lieiid at the corners without l)ieakinL(. 'Ouiin'.,' their ]ii il'ormalice of this character of la' or, (carving;, etc, i tluiv suiicr>^litions will not allow any s)ii i - t.ilor of the oper.itor's work.' H'fl s .\t(r.\ Iml. /,i/'f, ]i. '.M'l, ' Of a very tii:e imd hard slati^ tiny make ciijis, jilates, jiiiies, little images, and various oriia- nieiits, wroiii,'lit with surprising' ele;,'ance and taste,' llulc's /■^I'mi'ii., in I ■ >. JCf. h'.f., vol. vi., )>, I'.lT, ' lis ]i ill lit aiissi a'.ee le nieine gollt.' 7i''j.s.s(, .'•Diiri- »((/s, p. '2'J8; Ani.kru'jK, In Hid. Mn'j., yliI. vii., pp, 7J •">. I m 1] 16fi COLl'Ml'.IANS. twcni tlic Iiand niid tliii^li. k^trips of oltcr-sk'ni. liird- ll'iithors, iuid other lUiitcriiils. were idso ^v(^\('ll into llio ])Iiiiik('ts. Doiis ol" ii jM'ctiliiir l)rfc(l, now nearly cxtinet, were shorn each year. Inrnishinga, loni:' white hair, whicli, mixed uith line henij) and eeihir. made the hest (doth. ])y dyi'in;.:; the materials. re;.iidar colored patterns uere jiro'.hu'i'd, ea(di trihe havin,ti' liad. it is said, a jieculiar pattern hy Avhich its mattinj:' could he distinguished. Since the coming oi' I''ur(ipeans. hlankets ol'nati\i' man- ulacture ha\e almost entirely disappeai'cd. Tlu> Hella- coolas mad(,' \'ery m-at hasket^■, called :.filiixijtiii. ms \\v\\ as hats and watei'-tight ^•essels. all ol' line cedar-ioots. I'^ach chiel' ahout I'oi't Simi)s()n kept an artisan, \vhose husiness it was to re[)air canois. make masks, etc."' The llaidah canoes are (Xwjl, out of ci'dar logs, and are sometimes sixty feet long, six and a hall" Avide, and I'oui' and a hall' di-ep. ticconnnodating oni> hundri'd men. The prow and stern ari' raised, and often grace- fully cur\ed like a swans neck, ■with a monsters head at the extremity. I'oats of the lietter class ha\-e (heir extiM'iors car\ed and i)ainted. uith the gunwale inlaid in some c:ises ■with otter-tei'th. Mach canoe is madi' of a single log. except the raised extri'milies id' the larger hoats. They ai'c impelled ra])idly and safely o\er the often I'ongli wate''s of tht> coast inlets, hy shovel-shaped iiKKlk lU ant 1 wl u'li on sliore, are in ile.l up and co\ere( I \\\[\\ mats foi' i)rotection against (he. rays of the >-\\\\. tl nice Uie comin - of i: uroiR'an.- ;is 1 !a\e lieen addi'i to the nati\e hoats. and otlu-r n)reii:ii features imitated. '•■"' MH ■!/■< V ;!:!S; Innfs Xal. :.)i: jhhni il it 1> '/«/', ip, il. 2'.;i, 'J'.ii. :!. i.. p. <:: A. V ). Li I II MCdllU s I)li;iMi' to 1)C worlvid liV tlir li:lll(l i'lu v lioil llii' (■( (lar icKit litat.-n with slii ks, whiii Uii'V jiicli till' t\l)i'( 111 art iiitii thrc ails. 'I'l t. vial -siuiw of till' ulial'', nr ilrinl liilii-tl.rrail.' lintl.t .\' ai |i is uf 'i (lirt'i vi 111 iiiii- •I'l talllii ilo \ara in i-uailio Mi ii vistusu, trjiiln ilc jialiua tiiia dr ilos colni'i s lilaiicn y ihlto ijiir tl jiilii 111 iiaulriliis.' (nsjii, in l)fi\ Hist, .l/i.r., s. iv., vnl. vi., i>\>. (117, r,:,ii I.' I'n.r^ 0. ,■!,',•. I.I.. I/., ]). li..,); .''(iiilis 'II .-! '/. !';• illll . [i, II ).'); Siilil 1/ M x.rii III, I'll ;«, -I'll, aiiil cr.is Ol I.I' > 1' ii"/'/i.. Vol. 1. iJI, •-'.11; .i; Vi.ii: in-r:, \ ii'h I II : I' A ■\\,; /.../■./-.s .\ id.. \ol. 1 ,11. I I '■ l\ .V. .1(11. 1,1 I. vvilii j.lat ■• 'I'll' 1 ' proaii ; '1 to const I'll, •! a ^. .■ .in- .'li^i hm I'l ■ ni.i.l 1 uf i.ur til llr Si aniiT ap Tin.' Was ii'oai -0 to ;;i) fii 1 1. '//.. \ ol. hs . S.illlr lini'' alti r oil ', all in olio ll'l.allril,! Tlt.VDR AND GOVERXMFAT, 1C>7 l\:u\k ami \)n\\vv (Icpciid .urcally iiih)ii AvcalMi. wliicli ••onsists oi" iniplciiiciits. wives, an'd slaves. Adniissiou to alliance \\]t\\ iiie.liciiie-iiieii, m hose iiiMiieiiee is -reatest ill the trilH-MMii oiiK he ^aiiu'd hv sacriliee ol"" private ])r<>pei-t\-. Hefciv the disappea ranee ol' sea-otters IVoiu the llai.lah ^vatel■s. the skins of that animal roinied (he chiel' element of their tradi' and wealth; now the po- tahu's cultivah'd in some pai'ts, and the vai'ioiis maini- laetures of (^)iieen (Miarlotte islands, snpplv their sli-ht neeessifii-s. There is -reat rivalrv amonu'lhe islanders 111 snpphin-'the trihes on the ma"in with' poiatot s. Ileets (_)(' lortv or (iftv <'iiiioes en-a-in-' each vear in tlu' trade from (,)ueen Charlotte Islands. .Fort Siiupson is the -ivat commercial rende/vous (;f the snrronndin,!:' natiiais." who assemhle from all directions in Septend;er". to hold a I'air dispose of their -oods. visit friends, fl-ht enemies, I'east.' and dance. Thus eontim:e trade and' nierrv-makin- for severalweeks. Lar-e Ileets of canoes from the north' also visit \ ictoria, each sprin^ii' lor tradin-' purposes.'' ^'crv little can he said of the -(.v'ernmeiit of the Ilai- didis ni distinction IVoin that of the other nations of the Xorthwest ( 'oast. Anion- nearlv all of them rank is nom- inally hereditary, for the most part hv the finale line, hut really depeii.ls to a nreat extent on wealth and ahility m Mar. Teimdes often possess the ri-lit of ehicriain.diip In early iidercourse with wldtt^s the ciru'f traded for tljo whole tnhe. siiliject. however, to tlu" approval ofthe several families, each of which seemed to form a kind of Mihordi- iiate-overnmenil.yitsell. !ii some parts the power of ilu; I.i....(>--;t I:,,-,; tn r hnlluw, ,1 ,,nt-^rrs, .nMi,,^ tl,.. ,u,mI I .f „,„• St, ;„.„,• S!„- XN.is hlark. vv.ll, ,,an,l,,l i,„.i-,: ,l,..k, ,| „„,■: ,■,,„! ha.i ,,a,l,l]..s ,, :„i ,1 , vn,lIn,I^msm„l..,■,•o^,,, , ,,,,;,„, |„.„M„un,l. Tl„. M,v,-s.uan v / , , ' M,. uas II,,,,,, .1 tn.mr ,;n;.K, an,| w, nt a, t!.. ,.,-,■ ,,f ,!„•, ,. : i;,., , | " ' , ';■':"' ■ ',"'""■'■■ ''^''""' """V ""'1 'I'i^ "''■^- <''""::ia ,:., V ,„,.M i , : anil' '/;,,/.'.;/. f . ; ... •'"^\>- "'.i .,i-, I'l In.' l:ii,ii-,i!-s\av .'vo'- Jl \,. ■I- ,_!,,.,«: ,s, „/,.,.„ s i),'n-i.u,.l.l.„in,., v..l. i.. ,,. -jii,;. / „.,/■, ', / Ml 1(18 COLU.MP.IANS. oliief sooms aLsdlutc. and is wantonly oxer 'ah] in tlic (jonuuission oi' tlio most cnu'l acts accordini:' to liis jHcas- xnv. T\\e cxtcn ive cnihanknionts and weirs I'onnd hy Mackenzie, althon,i;li their construction nuist \\n\v re- (juiivd tlie association of all the la1)or ol" tiie trilu', uere coini)letely under the chief's control, and no one could (ish Avithout his jH'rniission. The jieople sei-nied all eijual, but strantici's nnist obey the natives or leave the village. Crinics have no punishment l)y law; nnu'der is settled for with relatives of the victim, hy death or l)y the payment of alar^'esuin; and sometimes general or notorious offenders, especially medicine-men, are put to death by an agree- ment amoni;' leading men."'" Slavery is universal, and as the life of the slave is of no value to the owner exce[)t as l)ropei'ty. they arc treated with extreme cruelty. Slaves the northern tribes })urch!>se, kidnap, or capture in war from their southern neiuhbors. vb.) obtain them by like means from each othei', the course of the slave trallic ])e- inii' iicnerallv from south to north, and from the coast in- land.^'' Polygamy is everywhere practiced, and the ntmiborof wives is regulated only b\- wealth, girls being bought of parents at any ])rice vhich may be agreed upon, and retui'ued. and the price I'ccovered. when alter a jii-oper trial tluy are not satisfactory. The transfer of the pi'esents or ])rice to tlu; liride's ])arents is among some tribes accompanied by slight cei'cmouies n<.\\hei'e fully described. Tla> marriage ci'remonies at ^lillbaidv Sound arc ]iei'forme(l on a platform ovei' the water, suj jiorted b\- canoes. \\'hile jealousy is not entirely unknown, chastit} a[)pears to be so, as women who can earn the "■- M'ii!,-i'h:i'''fi I'll/., pp. .171-.'); Tiihn'io n)i(l Aitihrsnn, VI l/iriVti i\'((/., vnl. ii., pp. 'IW -J, •J.\'\\ M; liixi ii's \'• Ak:f. Ari'h., ]). Ill I, :ii l).i„.,\i(ii: h;i. ji]). 'J7:! I. 2s:i: Parf.vr's Kxphu-. Tnu,-., ji. •_(;:!; I'nuhl's AliX. Ardi., II. oO; Ivim ',s WkmL, p. 2iiU. ! i IIAIDAII (i.UIIiLEIiS. ],.„ Kill "'""'T'; ■"',■ '''""'"'■^ "■'" ^■'■'■^" -'""ration /;„. -m nud ml.nt.n,!,. ,„v „„t „„.,„„,„„„. T u li I , J, t ,. ..,,,1 l,c,„-n,^ .xu.n.l.s to liMtvu. i;„,,..sK 1 •'■ on mats round a ccMiti-al iiu-'^ • .ui , iccp '•"Kl oven, plavo.l with s.nall round stick, iu |i -h , |;:;;f -|3XSE;t;;i,:;:;;:; ? e M.. i|»,i l,v l„s aiitii-oiiist ill m-usv Ml 1,., ,. I ■* ;:;;'' V' r''''^'>--i'-'- 'I- -;ot-\vh J :;;';:; M^ : l.a, ,,., „itoxi..„tii|. ,lii„k l,.i;m.. At tlirir ,i ' ;:;;i':"-T'' ^■^ '■''■?'■"'■•■"-'■"- ti-v a" ^i:;i:..i;'':;,;?:'!f'''''''^'vv'''|-"'|''---'-'.".>«-i .)Hv^n.K a su.tal.le .vturu l.in,.' .xpcvtn! fWr At these, rcrc.i.t.on ll,ists, nicu aud wo.ucu .- . ■. . ' •• !'• '^•'•'- ^"' I'P. '-Jl-... ail, I v,,I i 111 iti .1 ,.,.,■* 1. 1 1 • ' ' aiv 111 L'.ii, ml V,.,.,. ;....i,., /. .; ■• ''!'• •"-!•>. aiv 111 5,r,.,„,,.,,i V, ry, j,al,,iis(,f tl I'liliviJiis ill 1 tati, Iiaii] II .1/.,- K' II visit f( iiic f.iiiiiil I'P Kir w,iiii(.ii. ll.-,-i(; i: 'I'Ji,. 1 •/, I- HI,. (.,iu,]i,.iit ji,.]i 11. '22.-,-(;, liillalis '//..(.. II l>h>i! liimss,.,, s dnrhiiil .A, II' a K'll■^^. xd |. IS (111,. ( .fill if (h.. (1, Vdi. >•! .-t, V8:» A. (■(.ast (1 is trail .s .S (.■(/((.S,JJ. ,'ivat( r-t li 1' Ldl] 'I'niiirs (hat can 1 ^l'< n, ,1 (,i l,:s •'llii.t. i;.;.,,- >!-' sLdwn il,, 10 >i! 170 COLUMBIANS. !iro seated on l);'n 'lu's aloiiLi' ()i)[)'.)sittMv;ills; nt AveiLling leasts l)i)tli si'xcs (luice and siii^j,' t(\;ietlK'r. In danciiig, the I)(>;1\ . Ilea 1. and anus are thrown into \ai';oiis atti- tndes to keep time witli the nnisic. very little use In'ing made of the It'^is. On (^neen Charlotte Islands the uoui- on dance at leasts, while the men in a eii'de heat time with stieks. the oidy instruments, exeejjt a kind of tam- honrine. I'or their danees they deek themseKi's in their ])est array, inelndinj i)lenty of hirds' down. Ashieh they deliuht to cominnnic • ■*■' Mieir jKU'tners in Ijc^win;^', and Avhich tluy also hlow the air at rt'irnlar intervals, thron;j.h a painted tuhe. ;"heir ^on,li's are ;i .>im[)le and monotonous ehant. with which t!Ky accom})any most of their danees and ceremonies, thouiih Maelun/ie lu'ard amoiiLi; th nt some sol't. plaintive tones, not uidike church music. The chiels in winter jiive a jiartly theatrical, })artly rtTiLiious entertainment, in which, after prepara- tion hehind a curtain, dressed in rich apparel and wear- iuLi' masks, tluy ap[)ear on a stai^e and imitate dilTerent spirits for the instruction of the hearers, who meanwhile kee[) u]) their soni:s.''' .Vftei" the salmon seas(m, feastinj;' and conjin'in,^ are in order The chief, whose greatest authoi'it^)' is in his chai'acter ol" conjui'er. or hci-trnilal' as he is tei'ined in the Ilailt/.uk ton,:^ue. pi'etends at this time to li\e alone in the forest, fasting or eating grass, and ^\hiK> there is known as hKunixli. AVhen he returns, elad in Ijeai'-rohe, ehaiiU't. and veil-hark eoUai'. the crowd Hies at his ap- ])roach. exiH'pt a few hrave spirits, who holdly pi'i-sent their naked arms, from which he hites and swallows large moutlifujs. This, skillfully done, adds to the repu- tation of holli hiter and hitten. and is ])ei'haps all the foundation that exists for the re[>ort that these })eople are ^■' 'Tlif Qurcii ('liinl Islimdci's snv]iass any jH'oplo that I v\v\ saw in liassiiiiiatc adilictimi ' to j^'aiiililiii'^. 7''"//i '>■ o. ( hur. /■/., ji. ."ilS 'iO. Sic pp. JS(i .^7, '.ItJ at. MdcLi n.ii's 1'",'/., I'p. '2SS, ;U1. 'J'lii' SdiasNas ai'c {,'rc'iit j;a;nlili rs. and ' n siiiiMt' the ('liiiindks in ttuir piims.' Ihiiin'.'i Lh(:i;i.ii, pj>. L.") 7, -".2 '.•, ~y\ '■''. -'M. ''J'lif Iniliau naidi' of danrini,' licavs ii stianf^e rcsfiaManci' to tlia! in ii'^c anionL; tlic < 'liim .^|..' I'mji's '^: J'urhir'^ K,tj\"i\ Tour, j). lOII; luil. J.ij'f, p. 03. wciLliii'T (hiiiciii ;)iis iittl- se iK'iiig he uoiii- leat lime of taiii- ' ill their id I they iiiii', and iitefvals, i[)le and most ot" ie heard e chiireh leatrieal, preijara- ul Avear- dillerent janwhilo iring are is ill his •rmed in \e alone there is rar-rol)e, : his ap- ■ [U'esent sAvallims he i\'|)ii- ^ all the eople are ever saw in II. Si c J1[i. iS arc ^'I'ciit V'iC'jtJii, j>]). S 11 stiilUKU Is'., p. K>. iff, \\. 03, MAGICIANS AND MEDICINE-.AIEN. lyj ranni]>als; althon-h Mr Duncan, speakin- of tlie rimn- syaiis 111 a Joenhty not definitely [ix(,l, testifies to the teann- to pieces and actual devourin- of the l.odv ol'a munleiyd slave hy naked hands (,f ,„nnihal me.li.i.u.. J"cn. ()nly certain parties of the initiated practice this h:.rl.ansm. others confining their tearing cerenionv to the hodu's of doiis."' Xoiie of these horrihle orgies are practiced h\- the n^^yn ( harlotte Islanders. The i.erformances o'f the lla.dah magicians, s « far as they mav differ from those ,4' tlH- .Nootkas haA-e no; ,. -on clearly descrihed hy trawlers 1 he magicians of Chatham Sound keep infenial sj.irits .-Init up 1,1 a Ik.x away from the vulgar ua/e, an.l pos- sess giyat ].ower hy reas(m of the implieit helief ,n the part ol the people, in their ahility to charm awaN life' i lie doctor, however, is not hevoud the ivacli of a" kins- man s revenge, mjd is H)iiu-times murdered.''" AVith thdr ceivmo.ues and superstitions there scms to he mix,.! veiy htt le religion, as all their many fears have refer- ence to the present life. (Vrhiin owls and s.piinvls are rcganh.l with reverence, and used as charms; salmon must u..t he cut across the grain, or the livin- fi>h will leave thr nver; the mysterious opiM'atic.iis with astronom- ical anil other Kuroj.can instruments ahout their rivers canned great fear that the fisheries would hernine.l- fo-s •I'v <'<.>iinred away without the slightest suspicion of the sun s a;.vncy.- Kuropean navigah)rs they welcome hy l'a■ .\'(/ ])]). liT'.l-Sil; I'uol,' "ir, (111 yiiitiiidi'd t lariii liiy lifr'awav.' /;»,, Hid will 11 ii(..-ir til !tl 1' till' splUlr 111 soiii' l!:iii.. o j^ivc it to till ir ■M r, '(!'•(;• .S In I'P 1, r.:t IJ-, Vol, n., jip. as.vy. p. ■i2n -]. ii's , )ili I'l' I'l' -.71 Ill II ' ! 172 COLUMDIANS. Ordiiiiiry prosonts. like tolKieoo or trinkets, are i/(/-'.s iivi'ij'.}!, ]i]i. 'i.-iH. -jst; I'fih's q. I'liiir. hi . jij.. I^IC-'iS; Im,,,- n. ia Mijin:'ii li. C, :i«'.>-'Jl; J!la('C'(l in a tivo. on a ))latr()rni. or linnu IVoni a ])oli'. Articles of })i'oiH'rty jnv lVt'(|ni'ntly (U'i)ositi'(l \\\\h the aslu's. l)ut not nnil'ornily. t^lavcs' hodics arc siniiily throun into tlio river or the sea. Monrninii' for the ili ad consists nsnallv of entting the hair and hlackcninjz' anc w the lace and neck lor several months. >\monji' tlu' Kai- uanies, uncsts at the hnrninji' of the l)odies are \vont to hu'cratc themselves with knives and stones. A trii;c visited 1)\ ^rackenzic. kept their jiraves free IVom shruh- bery. a woman clcarinLT that of her hnshand each time she passed. The Xass Indians paddle a dead chief, gaily dressid. i-ound the coast villages. '- The llaidahs. compared with other Xorth American Indians, may he called an intelligent. hoiH'st. and l)ra\e race, althongh not slow nnder l"]ni'opean tri-atnient to he- come drnnkards, gamhlers. and thieves. Acts of unpro- voked crnelty or treachery are rare; missionaries have heen somewhat successful in the vicinity of l\)it Simp- .son. finding in intoxicating li(piors their chief obstacle.^' *- At r.dca (1(> (^nadrii. Vai)(';.(ivor fouiiil ' a box ii1)ont throe f(''>1. At Caiic Xorth- ninlit rland, in T.t 4")', 'was a kind of vault formed ])artly hy the natural cavity of the rocks, and ]>artlyliy the rude artists of tho couiitiy. It was lined with hoards, and contained some fraijuu iils of warlike ini|ilenients, lyiuL,' mar a sipiare box covered with mats ami very curiously corded down.' /i/., p. :i7l): '■(,Y\\. lOil-T. Ont^ncenl'harlotti- Iskimls. ' ('<'s nionuniens sont de deiix es]ic(is: h s )iicnii(rs et les )ilus sinqilis ic sont coniposi's (pio dun seid |iilii r d'eiiviron dix j.ieds d't'levation et d uii jiied de dianietre, sur le sonimet dmiuel sont t'lM'es (h'S planclu s fnrmaut nu ])lateau: et dans ijuehpies-uns ce jilateau est suii]U)rti' ]iar deux ])ili( rs. J,e corps, d.'posc sur cette plali-folliie, est reconvert (h' nioiis^e el de eros>-es pierres ' . . . ' Les niansolees de la seconde esiece sont ])lus com] loses: iplalic ]potcaux plant- s en terre, et eleves de deux pieds seulement au-d' ssus du sid jiortent nu sarcophaL;e travailli' avec art. et liei-metiiiuement clos.' Murrliiinil, i''ii/.. toMi, ii.. ]>]). ]'■'>'> <>. 'AccordiiiL; to another account it apjieanil that tli( y actually liury their dead: and when anotlu'r of the family dies, the r( - mains of the ]ierson who was last inteired, are taken from the er.i\e and hurned.' Mitcl.ii':ii:'s \'<>!/., ]>. 'M)H. Sfc also ]ip. ;!7I, 2'.i-") W: Mmiisfii'.-i iii-.,- /.ow/ ./i.c)'//., vol.i., i>]>. •iiKi- I: Dniiii'a 'h'riinii. pp."27"2. u7<), "iNO: M'ii/,,i's l).i ., l>p. 'j7-J. •I'Xw Lord's \(i(., vol. ii., p. 23"); .l/r/c/i'i. '.s \'aii<\ hi., pp. IID- J 1 : IhtH's ,l/<(.s/,.'. ]. -117. '■' On the coast, at ^)'2 V2' . Vancouvi>r found them 'civil, |_'ood.hun!om-ed ulid friendly,' \t Cascude (.'anal, about ">2 l-i , ■ iu trullic Ihey proved ihcni- 174 COLl^JIDIANS. TiiK XooTrcAS, tl>o second division of tlio roliiml)ian groiii), iirc inr.iU'diiitclv south ol' the IltrKhdi country; occulting Vancouver Ishnid, and the coast ol' the main land, hetweon the fifty-second .and the forty-ninth paral- lels. The Avoi'd iioothi is not found in any native dialect of the j)resent day. ( Vptain Cook, to wlioui Me are in- debted for the terui, prohal^ly luisiuiderstood the name given hy the natives to the region of Xootka Sound. ^' si'lvis t(i 1)1' keen triulcrs, hut aotcil -witli tlio striftost honesty;' iit ruint. lI()l)l;iiiH 'tlicy !illl)('liiiv('(l very civilly mid honestly;' while fuithe of savauo ferocity infinitely snrjiassinj^ any tliin^^' of the sort I hiul hefore oliserved,' ])rcsents lieini,' scornfully rejected. Cey., vol. ii., j)]). "JHl, 2(''.(, Itll.'l, :i;i7. Tho Ivitswinscolds on Skeena Kiver 'are represented as ii very superior race, industrious, sober, cli anly, mid peacealile.' Iiul. Aff. Hcjit., INIIII, ]). 5 ill. The Chiinsyiins are liercer ami more uncivilized than the Inilians of the South. SjiriDit's Sri-ill's, ]>. 'Ml. 'Finer and fiercer Tuen than the Indi.ms of the South.' Mtij/iie'a II. ('.. p. '250. 'They appear to he of a friendly dis- j)osili()n, but they are subject to sudden f,'ustsof [las^ion. which are as (|ui<'kly composed; and the transition is instantaneous, from violent irritation to the most trancpiil demeanor. (Jf the many tribes. .. .whom I have seen, these ajipear to be the most susceptibl(> of civilization.' Murl.fnzir's I'e// , p. 5i7"), 'M2. At Stewart's Lake the natives, whenever there is any advanta^o to be 1,'ained are just as readily tempted to betray <'ach other as to deceive! the colonists. Miiflk's \'iuir. 14 , i)p. ■Jfiti-CpH, -I.IH- a!); [.nriTu .Vul.. vol. i., ]). 171. A Kyj^arnie chief beint,' asked to i;o to '.ni^rica or En^dand, rifu-^ed to i^o where even chiefs were slaves ^tliat is. had duties to perform — whilii he at home was served by slaves and wives. The Sebassas ' are more active and cnterjirisinL,' than the ^lilbank tribes, but the j^'reatist thieves and rob- b, rs on the coast.' Dmiii's Oriiimi, p. "JHT, '27.'i. 'All these visitors of Fort Simiison are turbulent and tierce. Their broils, which are inv.uiably at- tended with bloodshed, f^'ener.illy arise from the most trivial causes.' Simji- Siiii'n (>!•' rl iiiil .liiKrn., vol. i., ]>. 'iOil. The Ky^'arnies 'are very cleanly, tii no and darini,'.' 'Phe islanders, 'when they visit the mainland, they are bold auil t;( acherous, and always ready f(U' mischief.' Snnilir. in J.ninl. 'i'id;/. >'iir. J ")•.. vol. xi., ]i. 'il'.l. The Ky^arnies 'are a very fierce, treacherous race, and Lave not b(ien improved by the r\im and tire-arms sold to them.' Hull's .\'ii 'i,'iven more trouble to the Colonial (tovernniint than anv other alom,' the coast.' I'lmlr'ti Q. Cli'ir. IsL, i)j). 815, ir,[-2. ]sr,-i\. 2(KS, 214, 2:i:i, 2:15. 2I."), 257. 271-72, 2Mt, it()l>, .■i2t)-21. 'Of a {'nud and treacherous disiiosition.' Ilitlc's Kllmnj.. i,, {'. S. E.w Kr.. vol. vi., ]). 11)7. They will stand u]) and tii,dit Ent;lislini nmti'V ; K' main I ])aviil- ; dialect are in- lO iiaiiio ;• iit Point •V UOltll, !lt i* of Siiv;l!4(' ()l)SI'l'Vt(l,' I, :{(i:i, :t;;7. vy sniiividl* .^, IWIi'.l, 1>- ■ Indians cif tlic liiiliiUis 'liciidly dis- (' us (|nicldy irvitiitiDU to liiivc SCIll, Ir'.s I'h// , 1>. ly (idviUitiit,'o ,s to dic'ivii \'iil.. vol. i-, jiiiid. i-cfn^cd I nil— while lovc lutivo ind roll- tor s of Fort urialily iit- scs.' >i(iil'- luly, tiirco y arc l)ol(\ 't ;,■"<■. ns nici'. iriiil vior 1h iii'-;s, lli:4i lit rai'O clinn^y ill X■,», M,;..iH r. >■. 11 with their n<,'ct Soniiil . //; (. .i/'.i-.. u in :dl ii'.V .vluiT all iirti ,;., vol. vii., nine of Kiii;4 a liy the uii- Tlio first EiiropcMii si'ttlciiu'iit in this rcuioii \vas on tlic h^ound, Avliich thus hocaiiu' the centi-iil ])()iiit ofcai'ly \\\\- ulish and S[)anish intercourse Avith the Northwest Toast ; hilt it was soon ahandoiie(h and nt) mission or tradi!i^' post lias since taken its ])hice, so tiiat no trihes ol' tiii.s fainilv have heen le.^s known in later times than tho.^e on tiie west coast of \'anconver Island. The chief trihes of the Xootka iinnily, or those on whose ti'ihal existence, if not on the ortho^i-aj)liy of their names antiiors to some extent ajiree. are as follows.^' The .\'ifiii north; the ('oir'wlihis. Vclclax. and Coiiiii.r. on the east coast of N'ancoiiver and on the o|)posite main; the iS,ni/,iiiifH:;ir/t)i^~. in the interior of the island; the ('///rn«/'.s' .^Vv- .is, ji. 314. ■i' There ale no indiaii-i in the interior. Fitziri 11 hk's Kvhliua', in Ifinl, Ji. Co.. /,'./>'. >//"'. I'V( ( 1,1 urn ' sti.iiit^ers, A))(Ioiy'iii, ill U'kI. .!/«/., Vol. vii., \\\). l'.<-\. ^"Siiroat's division into nations, 'almost us distinct as tli" nations of Enro|ie ' is into the 1,)iiim|1ioii1i1i ( (^>iiackolIi or Fort linp rt. in the iiortji iiiul north-e.ist ; the ivnwilehaii, or Thuii'^eith. on tlie east and south; .Vlit on tlu' West coast: and i\oiiiiix, it distinct trilie also on the east of A'aiieoiivi r. 'Tliise trihes of the Ahts are not confederated; iind 1 have no other warrant for calliiiL; tieiii a natii .i than the fact >;[' their occiiiiyiii',' adjacent terntorii s, mill haviiii; the s.iiiie sn|ierstitioiis a i'' lan.i,'iiaL;e.' ■'^iir^nrn .'^n.mt, jij). J,S-1',», 311. Mayne makes liy lanL;iiaL,'e foil, nations; the tirst including,' the Cow- itehi'ii in the h nlior and valley of the siuiii' name north of Victoria, with the Numiiuiu u.ul Kwantluiu Indians iihout the inouth ul' the Fruser iiivcr, unj Ill 170 C0LUMJ51ANrt. Rotwocn till' Xootka i'ainily and its fisli-ciitiiiu' lU'ijih- bors on the north and .south, tlio lino of distinction is not clearly marked, hut the .iontrust is jireatt-r >vith the interior huntinji' triho.s on the east. Since their (Irst in- tercourse Avith uhites, the XcM>tl\as have constant! n de- creased in nunihers, and this not oidy in those parts where they have heen hroujiht into contact Avith traders and miners, hut on the Avest coast, Avliere they IiaNc iv- tained in a measure their primitive state. The savage lades hel'ore the superior race, and immediate intercourse is not necessary to pi'oduce in native races thosi'; • baleful inlluenci's of civilization.' \vhich like a lu'stilcnce are Avafted I'rom afar, as on the Avinus of the wind.''^ The Xootkas are of less than medium heiiiht. smaller than the llaidahs, hut rather stronjily huilt; usually ]!lump. ))ut rarely corpulent;'" their legs, like those of llic SrniL,'la('s; thcsionnd poitiin-isinf! tho Cnmonx, Nnnoosp, Nimjikisli, (Jiiiuv- j^uult, t'ti'., on X'iilicduvcr. aiul tin; Siniawiiiislit, Sccliclt. (.'liilidOM', Icli -tali, Maliiii-lil-a (•iilla. etc., (Hi tlu: liiaiii, and islands, Ik twt tn Nanainin and Fovt Kupiit; till' third ami I'unitli t,'r(iniis include the t\v( nty-foiir wcst-coa.-it trilx'S \\hi> speak twodistiiK t lan-^'iia^es, not uanied. .1/ (i.ki 's !'(/,.(•. />/., ]>\<. 'Jli'.i-iil. (Iiaiit's division j^ives fmir laneiia;,'es on Vancouver, viz.. the (.iiiaekoll, from ('!ayo(iuot Sound iiiuth to C!. Scott, and thence S. to Johnson's Strait: the Cowilchin, from .loliHson's Strait to Sanetch Arm; tlii! 'rsclalhini, or Clel- hini, from Sani tch to Soke, and on the opposite .\mei-ican shore; and the Macaw, from l'at(dieena to ('layo(]Uot Soimd. ''I'hese four (irinciiial hin- f,'na;,'es .. are totally distinct from each otlier, both iu sound, formation, and modes of expression.' (Irdi'l, ii Ln id. (,'fiiii. Sor. .lour., vol. xxvii.. p. "iitf"), Scouler atti nipts no division into nations or hin^'uaees. Li.ihL (!(■■. >'iii\ Jnttr., vol. \i., pp. 221. 2_1. Mofras sin^^'ularly dcsiijnati s them as one nation of 2ll.(H)(l souls, uiiiler the name of (limhirh. Mi'i'ni^. K.vjtloi-., torn. ii.. p. WA'i. itecent investii^atioiis have shown it somewhat ditleii nt relationship of these lan^,'nau;es, which J shall j^ivo more i>artictdarly in a suhsecpunt volume. ■'•' See Simiitl's >c(//i.s, pp. '272-h(), on the "etlects npon savai^'es of inter- course with el VI ili/ed • Hitherto, ( iS.'iCi) in N'aiicv.uver Jsland. the trihes who have iirincipajly heen in intercourse with the white man. have found it for their inti n st to kee)> up that intercourse in amity for the purposes of trade, and the whiti' adveiituiers have lieeii so few in nnmher, tliat they have not iit all interfered with the ordinary pursuits of the natives.' Untid, in Lmnt. 'I";/. ./,. vol. XXVII. 1' ;t().s. '■' ' Aluy roliustos y hieii ajieisonados.' ' Dc mediana estatura, oxcejito los Xefes euya coipulencia se hace iiotar.' Siitil // Mi.vindiii, lii/ /(, pp. ")•"). I'i4. 'I'lie youiit; i)rincess was of low stature, very i>liimi).' \'ii iifonii /• ,s I "//.. Vol. i. ji. ;i'.ir). Mac([uilla. the chief was five feet iii;ht inches, with S(p;are shoullersi lid muscular limhs: his son was live feet ni lie uiclies. Jirlcl,, pp. 11(1-12. The seaboard tribes have ' not mindi (ihysical streii<;th.' /'- l>.i'hiii\ />/., p. 7;t. ' La ^'eiite diceii ser niuy robusta.' 7'( /•(.', Uil.iUl V MS., )i. 2(1. ' I.,eur faille est nioyi Lteiieral. nibnst and well ])ro)Hirtioned.' Mn Mn/rns, /•.'.i/z/ii?'.. torn, ii., J). ;m:5. 'In I''///., p. 'Jt'.l. Under the eoni- iiion stature, jjretty full uud pluuiji. but uyt muscular — uever corpukut, old ! I i, NOOTKA rilVSUH'E. 177 iu'i;j,li- ioii is th the rst in- tly (k«- • parts hiulors IVI' 10- svviii. •kiill. fioui Stniit'. the a, (IV Clil- ■ ; and iho iciiml laii- il'iiniiiitimi, ,s,,c. Jiiiir., liatidli tif ii.. p. :!43. i|i ('«, (/(/■, 'm, J.iiiiil. itinii, >(;(■. Jiinr., vol. xi., ]>. 221. In tlie north, ainoii),' the {'layo(|iiolrt und (^iiacUolls, men are often met of five feet ten inches and over; on tho Bouth coast llie stature varies from live feet three inches to live feet six iiielies. Oihi'I, ill l.iinil. lii'iiij. Siii\ Jiiiiv., vol. xxvii., (i. 2!i7. ''I'lic men lire in \ii\\- rral from almiit live fit t six to live feet ei,L,'ht iuchoM in liei'.,'ht; remarkalily Btruiuiit, of a ^'iiiid form, rolmst and stroni,'.' Only my dwarf was sii n. ./« /'- iil'x Sii,-.. iij). fid 111. 'I'lie Klali-oh-(inahts are 'as a trilic pliysieally the tiliest. Individuals may ho found in all the trila s who reach ii liiiKliI *it live fei t eleven inches, and a wcJLtht of IHO jmunds, wilhout much llcsh on tin ir liodies.' lAtninc avera;^'e lui^'ht ; men, live feet six inches, women, live feet one-fourth iiicli. ' Many of the im n have well-sh ijicd forms and limhs. Xoiui are coriiuient.' 'The men i^enerall.v have well-set, stroii;4 flames, and, it they h id 1 luck and skill, could proliahly hold their own iu a uraii|ile with Kie^lisjimeii of the same stature. Sjn-udt's Scjii's. jip. '^2 U. ' liilln r ahovo the middle stature, copper-colored and of an athletic make.' Simii/s l.ijn of l.iili/iiril. p. 71: I'/ifl^iinl's /iVmkccAi.s, vol. v.. )). \['l. ' Spare muscular forms.' linrrill- I.I iin'triVs Truv., \>y. '1-1; iluvihin's Hist, iinil < I'm-., vol ii., pp. ;i()l-;t. 'Their limbs, thou^'h stmit and athletic, aro crooked and ill-sha[icd.' Miann' Viifi., p. 2-"')ll. 'Us (Uit les niemlires infi'- rieures li';,'eremelit ari] Ill's, lis chevilles trcs-saillailtcs. ct la pointe des [liedrt lonnii'e en dedans, ditlormiti' ipii provieiit de la mani('re doiit ils sunt assis dans leiirs caimts.' Mni'rus, h'.riilor., foiii. ii., pp. IUU-4. 'Stunted, and niovo with a lazy \vadillin;4 nait.' Miictii'a \'iiiii'.. /. (!J :l. They have <,'reat streiij^'tli in the tiiiL,'i rs. I'^lifoiii.'s >/■(■//(■>■. p. ;i3. Moiniii, short-limbed, and toe in. liL. p. 22; Mnijuv's li. ('., ])p. 2X2-;i. 'The limbs of both sexes are ill-formed, and the toes timed inwards.' 'The Icl's of the women, especially those of the slave-,, are often >wiilleu as if oedematoiis. so that the le^ ajipears of an uniform thickness from the ankle' to the calf,' from weariiig a garter, .scoii/c;', in /.unit. hiiiij. S<,r. ,/<»(/'., vol. xi.. ]i. 221. '' "T'lie dirt'ereiit .\ht tribes varv in jihysioLrnomy somewljat— faces of tho i'hiiiese and Spanish types may be seen.' • I lie face of the Alits is rather bro.id and llat: the mouth and lips of ixith miMi and women are lai'u'e. tlimieh to this there are exceptions, and tho cheekbones are broad but not liiL;li. The skull is fairly shajied. the eyes small and lonj,'. deep set, in eoioiir a lustre|e>.s inexpressive black, or very dark hazel, non(^ bein;.^ blue, ),'rey. or brown. . . .One occasionally seesan Indian with eyes distinctly Chinese. The nose. . . .in sonv instances is remarkably wt- 11-shuiJud. ' ' Tlie tcelli uio ley- VoL. I. Vi 178 •COLr^ir.IANH. m fill' as cfroiiso and ])aint liav*' allowed tiNnclcvs to ob- wr\»' it. is (U'cidt'dlx li,i:lit. Imt apparcntlv a ^liadi' darker than that oi' the Ilaidah laiiiilv.'"' The liaii'. worn lon|i'. iiliiv, lull Htiiiniiy. iiiitl lire dt i'ui( nt in iimiiu'l at the )n>iiits.' ]>i vliiips frdin liiliii^' saiul. il '■aliiidii. >i)ftiiit'x >('('/(i.s', 11(1. IW, 'Jl . ' 'I In ii fucis nvr \nv\^i' 1111(1 lull, tin ir clnrliH lii^,'li mid )ii(iiiiiiiiiif, with siimll Mack eves; their ikisi s arc liiiKid and ilat: tin ir li|is tliirk, ami they have ),'. iiiiallv vc ly lliw tn tli, mid (//;/ ;/ Mi^'icima, I laiie, it|>. LH, ;.(i. (12 )!. 121. 'I)idl mid iiiixi n hsivc v\i\' ' rii|'rciiii--s(ssiiij,' niid stiijiid ((iiinti iiaiici s.' i'loi'i '.s (J. I'liiir. Isl., ]ip. Vl, 8(1. 'I'lii' Wickitiiiiiiish have 'ii iiiiiih Iim; njuu aiid liliasiiiL; i'\]ir( ssioii (if coniiti nan c ' than the Klaizzarts. 'J he Nrwclii iiiiiss ' \vi ic tlic most sava;,'!' hinliiiit,' and U^'ly liicii that Itvcrsaw.' ''Ihf slmi>(' nf till' face is oval; the features aii' tnlirahly rii^'idar, the 11] is 1 nil ii; thin and the tilth very white and t veii: tie ir < yes are lilaek hut railn r Mnall, ami the nose jiietty \vi II tnriiii d. Ill iiii; m illur Hat nor very i.iiiiiiiin iii.' The wmiun 'lire ill eiiKial very well-liinkim,', niid snnic (piite haiLilsumi.' ,lii''hl'n^\iii\, jiji. Ti'i, 77, (11. ' Features that wimlil have iittraeted nutiee fur tin ir di lieaey mid lieaiity, in tlmse jartsuf the world where the (jualitiis of the hiiluail form are hi st iimlerstnoil.' Mitins' In//., p. 2'tiK Face loiiiid and fud, soiiie- tiim s hriiail, with iiromimiit ehei k-lmiies. . hdliiiL; in In twii ii the temiih s, the nose llatteliillL,' at the liase, wide nostrils mid a riilimled I'oilll .... forelieaii low; eyes small, hlaek and laiieiiishine; mouth rminil, with larj^'e, round, tliiikirh li| s; teith tohralily ii|iiai and well-si t, hut iml \iiy white. ]ie- luarkahle sanieiiess. ii dull iilile<,'iiiatie want of exiiression : im |iretensioiis to beauty auioiii,' the women. Conl.'s \'<;/. tn I'dU., vol. ii., jiji. 1101-2, See jior- traits'of Xootkas in IUMkv'h I'..;/., vol. i..i). IhH; i-k.I.'s Atins. ]-l. :tS--li; Siilil y Mcricmni, i'in'ir, AUhh; ]\'hi/iiiiiir'.s Al'inhd, ]i. 7"). 'Loni; imse. hivli cheek iiones, latj^'e ULjly mouth, very loii^ eyes, and foreln ads villainously low.' ' The woiinn of Vancouver Island have seldom or ever f^'oml fiatiires: tiny ftt" almost invariahly ]iu^'-nosed: tiny have however, fri i|neiitly ii I'leasiii}^ tljiression, and there is no lack of iiitelli^'eiice in their dail. h.i/i 1 eyes.' i,niiit, id J.oikI. ii'iii:i. S(ir. Jiiiir., vol. xxvii.. ]iji. 2'.l7 H. 'Thoiiiih without any iire- t<>r5sions to heauty. could not he coiisiden d asdisat,'reeahle.' \'i(iir(iiiri-r'n \'■• ■ Jler skin was clean, ai.d heini,' iieiirly white,' etc. ]'iiii(<,uvi'r's V. 250. Tln^ color hard to tell on account of the paint, but in a few cases ' the wliiti iiess of the skin (ipjieared almost to equal that of Euro|ieans; tlionoh rather of that jiale ert'ettt cast of our southern nations. . . .Their children. . . .also ei|nall( d ours in ■whiteness.' Cudh's Vtuj. i> I'ur., vol. ii., y. :i()J. 'Tlnir comjilexioii is ii dull brown,' darker than the llaidahs. 'Cook and Mi .ires )'ioliably men- tioned exceptional eases.' Siiniid's ScDii's. \)]). 'l'.]—i. ' T.I 11 blaiicos eomo el Tiiejor Esiianol.' J'ircz, Hel. ild \"ki'ii', MS. p. 20. Tor lo ijiie se ]iuede in- ferir del (color) de los uinoB, imreee menos cibsciiro qne el de los iltxicanus,' \O0TKA HAIR AND BEARD. 179 's to ()1)- (• (liirktT irii lU, Imt fi \v \-l\. 'iMill . s.' J'..'./«'.S S (1]M 11 llllll Icwcliiiniiss '1 lir t-lmJH' iil; tliiii imd :ill. llllll the Till' \vi>iiuti ■('•i./'s A'//'., .1 iv (li liiiicy till liiiniiin I I'H.l, MillK- hc ti iiijiU s. Y'J,V, Vtllllltl, whiti . lii- I trlisiolis to !. Si I- liul- , :!S. II; >i(/|7 lii'-li check u>i_v low.' luis; tiny j'lciisiiij^ S.' lifllllt, it any prc- ri/s \'ni/., t'linlicrtds, line of the ri-r'a !'"//•. Sonic, 'iliill. >()(•. II coiiiicr iv_; (linker w cluiiiiiss •'Ihcir ,f th. lli.i- ihitc. with 1' haiil to it' the skill jiiile ett'ctc (1 oilis iu lixiou is a ilily liicn- IS COlllO d I'Ueilc iu- UOiiciiuus,' is as ii nili' l)link oi* dark ln'own, coarse', and straidit, tlioiijili instanci's an- not \vtintin;,i' wlicrc all tlicsi' <[tiali- tirs ai'i' rcvi'i'.M'd " TIic beard is carcrnllv |iliickcd out l>\ the voini^i:' nR'U. and this operation, i-ciieatcd for gen- erations, lias rcndi'ivd tlio beard naturally thin. Old men often allow it to jii'ow on tin* eliin and npper lip. Tt) cut the hail" short is to the Xootkii u disgrace. AN'orn at Jnll lenjith. evened at the ends, luid sonielinu'S ent stiai^ht across tlii' li)rehead, it is either allowed to liaiiii' loosely from nnder a band of cloth or lillet of bark, or is tied in a knot on the crown. On full-dress occa- sions the top-knot is secured Avith a jireen bou^h. and after bein,u' well saturated with whale-^i'rease. the hair is ]>owdered jjlentifully with white feathers, which are re- garded as the crowning' ornament for manly diiiiiity in all these rep.ions. lioth sexes, but particulai !y the women, take great pains with the hair, cinvfully cond>in,n' tind })laitiiig their loniz' trt'sses. lashionin. ll;i. 'I'licy 'Imvc lij,'literi,'ip|ii|'li\ioiis than othei'iil)oi'i^;iiicsof Aim riea.' (iriiiiliiiir's Jli.st. O'jii., 1>. 1 HI. ■ Sallow ciiiiiplcxiiiii, vcrL^iii'4 towanls eo)i|'ir colour.' liairiV-l.fHiiurd's Tntv., \)\). 4i-0. L'oiiiier-colourcil. Sjxtrh's J.'nf (if Liiljiitnl, )). 71. ''• The jiair of the iiiifivis is never shaven from the heail. It is Mack nr ilark lirown, wiilmut ^loss, coarse ami lank, lait not Hcaiily, wmn loii^,' . . Slaves Wear their hair short. Now and then, hut rarely, a li^^lit-liaircil native is seen. 'J'herc is one woiunii iu the Oiicchisat tiilic at Allierni vIh, li,.il curly, nr rather wavy, lirown hair. Fi \v f^M'i y-hairi d im u c.iii he notieid iu any tribe. Tim imii's heanls and whiskers are deticiint, jrnhalily fiuiii tho olil iilli i,'i d custom, now seldom )iraetice(l. of extiriiatiiii,' the haiis with small shells Several of the Xoolkah Sound natives i Jloouehahts) have lin^,'e niiiustaches and whiskers.' Sjiri^al's >(•(/».■.•, ji]i. '.T)-?. ' Kl calii llo es lar^'o Ik ill y Lfrueso, variando sii cdlur eiitre ruliio. olisciiro, castauo y in ^ro. Li» h;irlia sale a los iiio/os con la misma ri'i^ularidad (jiie a los de otros ]iaises, y lleua a ser en Ins aneiaiins t ni iiolilada y l.irt;a como la de los 'I'ureos; juro los jnvelles liarei'eU illllierlies lionjue sc 1:1 arrallc 111 coll los dedos. I'l mas colll- niiue ntc con jdlizas formadas de iiequeuas conchas.' Sulil i/ M( .ciriiKd, 1'/"^;', jiji. l'21-">, 57. 'Hair of the Iu ad is iu i^reat idiuiidaliee. very coarse, and hIioiil;; and without a sinL,de exct [itimi. lilack, stiai;4ht and lank.' No lieards lit all. or 11 small thin one on the chin, imt from a naii'.ral defect, hut finiil ] luikiii),'. Old men often have beards. Kyebrows scanty and iiarmw. Cn,,/, '■< I'..,/. /.( /'<(/•., Vol. ii.. j)|). :iOI-;{. 'Neither beard, whisker, nor moiistaelie ever adorns the face of the redskin.' /.n/v/'.s .V(((.. vol. i. p. 1 H!; Jiiriil's Xnr., ])p. I'll, 7"), 77. Hair •invariably either black (u- dark brown.' Gi-(ii,l, in Luml. 'I. >o(' Jnxr., vol. xxvii., p. •J',)7; Mi<(ris' I'o//., ]i.'J.")(!; Mni/iifs' It, (.'., jip 277-8; Mdcjk's I'une. JkL, p. llJ; >//«(7i'.s JJj'i; uf Li'ilyard, p. 71, I 180 coLrMm.\xs. l(':i(U'ii weiulits to tlio In-jiids to kcei) tlicm struiulit. The bruised root of ii (vrtaiii [)l;int is tlioujilit by tlic Alits to i)roinote the growth of the hail'.'" 'i'be custom of Ihitteninu; the Ileal is jM-actioed ])y tlio Xootkas, in connnou Avith the Sound and Chinook fanii- hes, but is not universal, nor is so nuich ini})ortan('e at- tiU'iie(l to it OS elsewhere; althougli all seem to admire a llatti'ned forehead as a sign of noble birth, even amon;^' tribes that do not make tliis defoi'iuity a siiiii of freedom. Amonji' tlie (,)uatsinos and (^)uackolls of the north, the liead. besides bein^' flattened, is ek^nuati'd into a. conieal suuar-loaf shai)e. })ointed at the toj). The ihitteninji' pro- cess ])ejiins iunnediatel}' alter birtli, and is continued until tlie child can v.alk. It is elVected by coiu[)ressin^ the head uith ti^^lit bandauvs. usurliy attached to the lou,' cradle, the Ibrehead lieinii' iirst fitted with a soft pad, a fold of soft bark, a mould of hard wood, or a flat stone. Observers generally a,i:ree that little or no harui is done to the l)rain by this inliiction, the traces of which to a f:rcat exttMit disaiijicai' later in lile. Many tril)es. iii- ciudinii' the Aht nations, are said to have al)andoned the custom since they have been brought into contact with the whites.""^ T\iv body is ke])t constantly anointed with a reddish clayey ciirth. mi>.ed in trjiin oil, ami conse([uently little ailei'ted by their fre(|uent baths. In war and mourniug the whole hody is blackened: on feast days the heao, liuibs. and body are painted in fantastic figures with V!i- riot'.s colors, apparently accoiMling to individual faiuy, although the chiefs monopoll/e ihe Wwn-y figures, the ■>'' Con/.'fi Voy. to Par.. vi)1. ii., ])]). .'iltl-S; .s'l//,'' (/ Mix'onva, Vl'i'ie, jip J-'i-7; Sjirixit's ^^cciii's, \;\). •If',' t; Miarifi' I'n//., p. .r)!: ^f(tl^fi.l■^tl I'll,,', /.s/., p. (t'J; Ji'irilt'n .V'O'.. ]i|i. 21. 'Jit, (I'i, (!."), 77-H; ilv, 'n LukiI. linni. ,S(«'. ,li'.ii\, Viil. xxvii., p. 'JUT; Mii/m'a II. ('., pp. 'lll-H- lUirnli-Li mutnl's Tfur., p. 11. ■'■* Miiiihi-'s Ii. ''.. pp. '1\1. 'Ill, witli cut (if 11 child witli li;iii(l;i^,'i(l licad, jiiul nf ii |_;irl witli ii hU'4ai--lir:if hcail, lllclisul•in^' ii;.,'litriu iiiclus fmiii \\m •yes to ilic sniiiiiiit. Siirmit's Scciii.f, pp. _!S-:iii; (irant, in Luinl. (ii'mj. ,'-i.c, ./.»?'., vnl. xxvii., ]). 2IIS; Sc'inkr. in. I.iniil. Uvkj. Sm'. ,liinv., vol. \i., p. 'I'i'l; M'lins' I'"//., II. '-Ill; Miiri'ii's \'iini\ /.s7., ]). Ill; Sniil ij Mr.nrd^iu, Vimic, p. 1.1; f.iinl's .\nt., vnl. i.. ]i. 171; vol. ii., p. loii, cut of tlivic skulls of 11, il- t.iuil, coiiir'iil. iiud uatuial fonn; Kkh'-'h W'hi •'.. ]i. "Jll : .It ic'i'.l'n .\(ir,, p. 7(1; I'-rliDnlrr'nV.i ,1/v/i., vol. ii., ji. 'M'l; llnrnll-l. ll',f.l nml >.iv(iij. M'jii.. p. l\i>. ,''/',s Tnir,, \). 15; Uordvn'n NOOTKA FACE-PAINTING. 181 it. The Aht.s to I l)y tlio )k iiiiui- illlCO ilt- idinire a 1 uinong VcH'tlom. i-th, the I conical \u]X \)vo- )uthn;i.d I to the soft pad, at f^toiK'. 1 is (lone ru'h to a tibes. iii- )iioil the lot ^vith •eddish y little )unii'!L:i; ' heaci, ith va- iaiu'v, es, the iii'if, jij) (•.'/.s7,, |). >()('. Ji'.ii-,, ir.. !>. I!. friiiii Iho ,■'.-;/. ,'■,.,■. .i.. p. -2; I PC/''. II. lis .if U.it- ';'., ]i. 7(i; ; (i'i'/'(/t'(i'jj comiiion peoj)le ])eiu,ii' resti'icti'd to plain colors. Solid ji'retise is souu'tinu's a[)i)lied in a thick co.itinLi'. and oar\'ed or moulded in tilto-rllkro into ridjii's and li,L:nres al'tei'- Avards decoi'ated Nvith ivd i)aint, while shinini:' sand or Lirains of mica are sprinkled ovei' ;j,reas'> and paint to im[iart a i^litterini:' appearance. The women are eithei" less iond of })aint than the men. or else are debarred ly th(ii- lords IVom the free use ol" it; among the Ahts, at least of late, the women ahandtni ornamental paint alter the a;je of twenty-(i\e. In tiieir dances, as in war, masks carved from cedar to represent an endless variety ol" monstrous laces, painted in bi'ight colors, witii mouth and eyes movable by strings, are attached to their he;nls, giving theni a grotes(piely ferocious aspect.""'' The nose ■'■' At Valdcs Tsliind, 'tht! fiircs of Sdiui' wive lUiidi' iiitircly white, soiiio Veil. Macl<, or li'iid cciloui'.' Viiiiviinn v'ti !'■•// . Mil. i , lip. •!'*". -Ul At .^'iifii/, (I.-miKi Hay. 'sc iiiiifiiu do ciicaniado y iii't,'V(i ' ."^.|^7 // Mi .('intuit. Viit'ji , p. lin. At Noiitka Sound, •('on csta j^rasii idc hallriia) sc wiitan todn el ciuiiio, y dcspiKs SI' piiitin con una i spi cic di' liarniz i-oinpiu sto dc la luisnia ^'I'asa I'l iic( yti', y di,' iil'.na;.,'!'!' en trfniinos (juc paicci- isti' su color natin'al.' Clii' fs n:i!y may paint in varied colors, pliln ians lieini,' restricted to one.' hi., pji. l'2.")-7. '.Many of the fenial'-; p;:i;itite.' tin ir faces on all occasions. Init Uie men only at set periods.' \iiniilion is olitaimd liy liarter. ISlack. tin ir War as d mourni;i,u' color, is made by themselves. Mnrjh's V'lur. I.-I., p. I !2. ' Ces Indi ns endiiisent hnr corps d liuile de lialeiiif, it se pii;4nent avi c d s ocres.' (Iiiet's only ma,\ v."ur dirt'ercnt colors, and ti^ims of anini.ils. •1/ Vs. A'.iyi'/'.. ("111. ii.. ]i. :U1. ' Kuli their Imdies constantly with .i red paint, of a clayey or coarse ,il. ii., )i. ;tli."). ' .\ line of vi rmilion extends from til' ceiiire of the foiehi ad to the tip of the nose, and from tliis " trunk line " ol he, 'sr, id iate ovei' and under the eyes and acros-. the clieeks. J!( t\M 1 n till se ri d liaes white and lilue streaks alternately till tlie inlersliei s. A sim- il.ir pattern ornaments chest, arms, and hack, the freseoiiiL! In iu'^' artistically arrauLjed to L;ive ajiparent widlh to the cliest.' /."/•(/'.s' .\itl., vol. i.. ]i. li;i. 'Tlcy jiaint the fare in hideous desi'_;iis of liL-ick and red ihe only colours Used , and the partiii'4 of the h lir i^ a No eolnnn d ri d.' .Muf/iii '■■< Ii. ' '.. p. -'i . ' .Kt 1,'ri'at feasts the f.ieis of the w.iiiii 11 .iii' paint'd nil with vermilion or lierry -juice, and the men's faces are hlaelii ned witli Imint w loil. .Mu.iit iln. «■,'(• of twenty-tlve til" woiiii 11 cease to ii- e paint . S^.m.' of the ynuiij iiii n strealc their f.ici s with red, imt L;riiwn-ii]i tin n sildnm imw use ji.ijnt, iuil< ss on particular occ isions .. 'I'lie h .iiler of a war i'N|iedili'in is di^tin'4ilis'ii d liy a >;treaked visa'_;e from his Mack-f.ieed follnwers.' .-/nv/'ir.s' >r'(/c.s', p. l7 n. The manner of paintiiiu; is often .-i niatti rof wliim. • 'i'hc most usual nu lliod is to ]iaint the eye-lirows M.-ick, in form of a h.;!f iimon, and the face leil m HUiall sipiares, with the arms and 1 '-s and jiart of the liody red; sonnlimi s (11. hall of tic face is ]iainted red in sipiares, and the other Miek; at ollc v-. dotted with red spots, or r.d ainl Mack instead of si|nari s, with a varii t\ of olh'-r di vices, siidi as ]ia:ntiiej: oiic half nf llie f.'ici- and liod.v ivd, and tin- oth'r black.' .In'ill'^ \u-.. p. i 1: 1/ "ci ^' I'..//., p. -J.'.-J; ];it'irill-Li.,iMii-i's 'Jfm-., i*. [i;-. .•-p'trL'.'i I.'i/i ir /.' I ',,'(■■/. p, 71, 182 COLI'MBIANS. iuid cnrs ni'c i'(\iriil;irl_v pierced iiicliildliooil. with from one to as iMiUiy holes as the ieatmv uill liold. and IVom the ])iiii('tinvs are siisp,tMi(U'(l ])oiu's. shells. rini:s. heads, or in fact any oi'iiaiuent olitaiiiahle. ^Fhe lij) is sometinies. thoujih iiioi'e rarely. ])unctui'ed. I'racelets and aid tiarment loni' -r and fast- ened un-icr the chin, hindinii' an additional strip of (doth closelv about tlu^ middle, and showing' nnich mode.^ty about disclosin.u' the person, while the men often went entii'idy naked. IV'sides the l)]aid 1)1 The liiiliit (if tatti if Vi the li'.ys ami anii>i is (111 t(i all tl Klaild: the lUOl dd iKit addlit it.' Iti-ai.l, ill /.null. I ic WdlUCU /■(■(ii/. >((('. J'liir.. Vdl. \\\ii., ]). ;i(l7. 'NoKUcli )irM(ticc as tnttddiiii,' exists iiiiKiii;:; these liatives.' .'•'/iC.i(//'.s ,' cci (■>■, ]). '2(. ■ri le (iriiaiuent (ill wlii tl K V ajiiuar to set till' iiidst value, is tile lidse-jeW(^l. if siicli au a]iji( lla'.idii may he j^iveii to tli \Vd(i(l(li stick, uliicli Sdiue of tlielii ( lii)ildy fdl- this imi'iiose . . . . 1 have se( til '111 Jil'djectill,^' IKit less than (1,1:111 or nine ilK lies 1 1' side; this is made fast ot It. ./«■ iritt. V S( (Uri il 111 its plMee liy little WiM il the faee (Hi each ■dm s (111 each side 1'.^/. /.' /' I'i I. (i.)-l. .)/.-// f' M'U/ii lliedicilie-ca[i. Isl. II. ('., [i .. jiji. :ii)l H; Sidil !/ .1/., ..r/i/ii/'. nid, r tdin. ii., II. Iil4. ./,■ I'- ll 7i 1>1>. •111. I2i; 7; Miir- iliniii Al'iftl.d. ]i]). 117. 71. with cut df n Wm.il.. pii. 2-21 uid illustratidli (if a h with Theii' cl(ial;H, wliieli tive cireulav caries with a lieh in the centre, eik sea-dttei' slcin, av( instructed fl-dlll tile iiiin r I'lvdf II ■yv a •111 tarns the rain, is verv soft and iilialilc' etc. II' Irhi r\< I "// , vdl. i., )i ii-iiial dress of the Neweliemavs 'is a l.nufs'r!, made of wolf skin, with a iiu uhi r of the tails attached tn it . . hani^iiii,' frimi the tdp to the lioltdiii; thdii-h thev sdinetiiius wear a siieil itleof harkeldth, of a liiiK h DWELLINGS OF THE NOOTKAS. 183 The Xodika.s choose strong positions lor tlioir towns iuul t'liciuiipiiu'nts. At Dosoliition Sound, Vancouver iouiul a village huilton adetaelieJ rock with pei-[)entlieiilai' sides, only acces.-ihle hy plaidvs resting on the hranehes ol" a tree, and protected (Mi the sea side by a projecting jylat- i'onn resting on timbers iixed in the crevices of the preciiiice. The Xind\ish tribe, according to Lord, build their liouies on a tal»le-land overhanuinu' the sea. and reached by ascending a vertical clill' on a bark-ro[)e lad- der. ]!;i(h tribe has several villages in liivorable loca- tions ibr Hilling at different seasons. The houses. A\lien move than one is needed ibr a trilie, are placed Avith regularity aloug streets; they Aar_\' in si/e according to the need or wealth ol" the occupants, and are held in connnon under the direction of the ehiel". They isre con- structed iu till' uiannei" ibllowing. A row oi' large posts, iVoui ten to lilteen ieet high, oiten grotes(|Uely car\ed, supports an iuuuense ridge-pole, sometimes two and a hair I'eet thick and one hundred Ieet long. Similar but smaller lieams. on shorter posts, are })laced on either side of the central row, distant irom it lifteen, twenty, or twenty-li\(' feet, according to the dimensions ri'ipiired. This i'rame is then coveivd with s[)lit cedar plaids( Is. It jiassrs niiilcv till' left arm, and is tiid over the rii,'lit sIkhiIiIcv, by a strinu; lir- foi'i', and one biliind. near its niiddlc, . . .Ovci' tliis, wliich readies l>i low tho knees, is worn dl if the same sulistanee. liki wise frim,'' d at tin lower ))art. . . Tluir luail ir. covered with a (■■a]\ of the lii^nre of a truncated cone, or liki^ a tlower-pot, made of tine matliui^. havin;,' the top frequently ornamented with a round or]iointed knoh, or hunch of hatlu'rii tas>els." i en/, '.v \'(>j/. (i< I'lir.. Vol, ii . ]ip. ;i(U S, '27it-l. "Jso. ■'! he ni( n's dress is a hlaiiki t; the \voin( n's a strii) o*' cloth, or shift, and Manket. 'I'he old cosluna of tlm natives was the same as at present, Imt the material was ditVevent.' Spf-nVH Svii.ia, pp.2."), ;U."). "Their clothing,' e,,iuially consists of skins,' hut they have two other vjarnicnts of bark or doi,'s hair. • 'i'heii- earnants i4 all kinds are worn niantlewisc, an! , ih/unl, jji. 71-2: Cfh/n; In Iml. AjJ. /.'-//.. isO'.l. p. ■",;!;?; .'^Klil !/ Mixirn,',,., i"hiiif. pp. ;il)-l. lis, .")(i 7, 12(1 .S: .]hirix' 1'"//.. pp. 2-"')!-l; (I'l'lllit, ill /,<■/, i/. Iirml. ,Sn(.'. .fiilir., Vol. XXVii., p. 2'.t7; Lcyil's Xnt., \lil. i.. jip. l-i;t-l; Mi'i'i-ii^, K.fjilnr., tom. ii., pji, lUI ■'"); \','lii/tiii>' r'n Alnsl.ii. ]■. lo; iimn- h'lir'.i lUsf. i);r,.. p. llil; .)r,irri's \'iii.. Isl., ]ip'. llll, 11:1; l:,irn ll-l • munrH Tnir., ]i. ■{!'•. See portr.iits in i.'unk's Atl. ■i'-'iX, on Valdes Island: ]>. .'i"2<), view of villatte on l?nto Canal; and vol. iii., ] j). 3U)-1 1, a iieeuliarity not noticed hy Cook — 'inniicnsc jiicces of timher which nvo I'aisech and horizontally jilace d on wooden pillars, ahout liditeen inches flhovc the roof of the laVL'est liouscs in that village; one of whiih ]ii((is of tindier was of ji size sutKcient to have niadi' ii lower mast for a third rate man of war.' S.(> Cunl.'s Vi'ij. to I'ltr., voh ii.. ji]). "JS], ;ii;!-r.l, aial AIJus, plate III. A sort of II du])licate ii'iside liiiihhnj,', wiih shorter ] (ists, fr.rni-hes cm its roof II staLje, where all kinds of jiroperty and sUj ])liis :;;'e stored. ,*«'///'M. /'s .^c, ,,. ,s, pp. ;i7- j;!. 'The ]ilanks or hoards which they make use of for hnildiuL,' their houses, and for otli( r uses, they procure of ditt'erent lcnu;ths, as occasion rec|uircs. hy s|ilittinij tlnin out. with liaid wooden ■wedges from pine I(it,'s, and afterwards duhliine them down with thi'ir chi/- zels,' ./firill's \iii\, jip. ")•_' 4. (Iraut slates th t tiie Nootl;,i housi s are jialisaih' iuclosures formed of stakes or younu; tir trees, sonic twelve or Ihir-' U't'U lect liii^li, driven into the j^'round close toeether, roofed in with slah'S o( FOOD OF THE NOOTKAS. )| ortod t :o re- u' this, iinilit's, i ])iirti- ])ilSS>li'<' •ircU' of ^ raised •iU'ks ill noko or truul)lo- 1110 end. ideas, a ireatciis and sit outside . Only utensils eved in niiinii' to )Ui lish- ti) re- e orteii water.''" lonscs, p.r- tlic Miclii- \. in jioiiit il th:ill ilt ,f this vil- cl: i;. :i-S, 1. iii., 11'- ilicr \vlii<'h •I u iiii-lit'S h ^lilcrS (if thira viiti' .T'/s. . I'i.Vlli -lU'H '(' si lived, iilic lisr (if t' (litVcVCllt l\ WiiikIcU thi'ir ilii/- li(i!ls( s live 1\.' (ir tliif-' th sllll'Sdt lis The Xootkas. like the IIai(hihs, li\e ahnost uliolly on the jiioihicts ol' the sea, and are naturally e-xpi-rt fisher- lueu. Salmon, the jiivat staple, are taken in Au;iust and Septeiulier. iVoni sea, inlet, and i'i\er. hy nets, spears, pots or baskets, and even by hooks. Hooks consist of sliav[) barbed bones hound to strai,t:ht ])ieces of hard Avood : sea-M raek, inai)le-bark, and Avhale-siiu'w i'lU'uish lines. Mbicli in sahuon-dshing are short and attached to the paddles. The salinon-si)ear is a foi'ked pole, some fil'teeu iee*^^ lonu'. the detachable head haviuii' in'onus I ' I'll pointed with iisli-])one or ii'on, and the fish in deep water is sometimes attracted within its I'each by a avsmkI- en decoy, i'orced down by along l)olo. and then detached iiiid allowed to ascend rapidly to the suiiace. Sjiearini;' ^s carried on mostly by torch-liglit, A li^Lilit-colored f?tonc ])a\('mcjit is sometimes laid upon the bott<»m of the stream, which renders the fish visible in their ])ass- aiie over it. Nets are made of nettles oi- of wild llax, fotuid a!ou,u' Fraser liiver. They are small in si/.e. and used as dip-nets, or sunk between two canoes and lifted as the iish pass over. A jiot or basket lifteen to twen- ty feet Ioul:'. three to fi\e feet in diameter at one end, and taiK'iiuL;' to a })oint at the other, is made of pine s[)lintt'rs one or two inches apart, with twivi-hoops; and placed, larjie end up stream, at the I'oot of a fall or at an o[K'niu;i' in an embaid ! ; li'inn's < 'ri'nn, \). 2t.!; l!ilrl,ir's r.'//.. v. I'lS, HI 5. ]i,7, U2lt-_1; .'■friiini.ii's Viiij. I'f lliriilil. Vol. i., ]i[). Ill"; il. 'I'l.c cai'vi d jiill.iis me 111 it n'„'ar: H'lrr.ll-I.iiiiiiinrs Tnir.. pii.'tT, 7:! \. Siiine Imnses ciL.lil.v \. I-") (1, .'")'.l 1(1. 7(>, I::'.) I>(), 1:14 -~); (iriinl. hi Lund (Ifu'i. Sue. Janr., vol. xxvii . ]iji. '2;»'.» :((i(l; M:ii/it,-s Ii. (\, i)p. J.")L'-7; Moetie's V'nir. Jsl.. jip. 1(1.", IIJ; >;,»/,- SDii'n Orvfliiiil Jiinrn., vol. i., ]>. 2.10; I'linln rlnn's \'(tiic. Jsl., j ji. lS ;i'2; J>iiiiii's Onyoii, ]). 21:!; M'J'rus, l-.'.riilnr.. toiii.ii,, p. li.'iS. The S,iu-kaudutiick tr.lie 'are said t.i live on the ed.Lfe of a lake and suhsist |)rin('i|iallv on deer aiiil hear, and such lish as thevcan take in the lake.' I.nrila XaL, V(.l. i.. ]ip. l.'iS 0: Ji'imlt-Li'NiKinr.'i Tnir., ]>]>. -l:-i, 71-."'). 7(1 7, S.'>-(i. 00-1. I4l-."iO, 107-S; vol. ii.. ]). Ill; ('(iriin-idHs' .Vc/r A'/ l>. lilO; Fdrlii.i' Wine. Is'., jij). T)! .">: li'iillridj'.s I'tinr. /.-/., pp. 77-S, 82 Ii; llnd. JUtij Co., Jlipt. >7'(e. r,,,„. 1N.">7. p. 111.' ''' Siitil 11 Mixlc'iufi, T'/'/i/r, ])p. .■)7, (Hi, 7'S; Jririlt'!^ X(ir., pp. 78 .SI; \'ini. ' ' .;J07; M'iriii's \'i(i(i;. Isl.. i). 411!; ( 'o.r'.s .h/n //., vol. i.. Ciiiin r 100. // , \dl . 1 . , ] ) he unlive how, like th< It is LCeiieiiilly made of yew or crali-ajipl ind ]iaddle. is heaiitilully fon;ied. 1(1. and is tlu( a halt f( et lon'_r, with ahont two inches at cai-h end turned sli.n|)ly liackward-. fio:u tlir siring;. The slrim,' is a ]>ieci' of dried s 'al-^ut, ile The arrows are almut thiiiv inches loii'', and an lew, or twisted h.irk. tipp' il with six inches of serrated lioiie, or with two uiihi lie of ]i hoi or cedi;r, le or iron pro!i;_;s. I 1 lave never sieii all •Aht ivv with a harhed head.' >'iirt'iit's tioiial ti ]). S2. ' n,,vin;.,' now to a threat extent discarded the use of the traili- d as 1 \]i and sp ^[a leirlooius amoni th my of these weajions ar e, however, still uie- /;. itt-l.l ■-/'.s •/•) and p. 4; Ni nows,' '(ieiierally li^lit liaiid to hand, and not with missiles.' l-iUiiil' h'liihiicc, ill JIml. IJnij Co. Jti;it., 1S,')7, p. 11,5. NOOTK.V I5ATTLES AND IJOATS. 189 noon, ik'iuls, :oni. of y uhiit le only not to >, Hint, i'. were lit liiv- /e lonii; nre the Xootkii •edit;u-y , . . wclisrd ( I'dC. Vtil. •in-Niiniili' 1 (ir (liiril, bcrvii s (if il." .Irir-iU'ft , H7, 111 it, iiu'c is fiiv- lolili' IICCU- iiiilic Init {h< (Irii'il I iitlirs.' ■Ik \-> <■', xvli . i-l'. ,.. -.s :!2; iiiluiiick v iiu (U I r .,l.i.. VI'- V). I'.iT ^; SI; l'"H- , veil, i., Iv fdvnird. ,1 liulf fret 1, I'.o-.n tho istrtl biivk. (iV cciliiV, ,iic 111' iniu \\\,- tnuli- r, still pn- • >;(ilni\vs .' .'-iZ-iri/- ([iinrrcl-i 1>eln,ii' liandeil down for ji-eneriitions. According to tlicir idcii. lof^s ol' lil'e in battle can he lofgotten only when an e(|iial ininiher of the hostile trihe are killed, Their military tactics consist of sti'atap-in and snrpi'ise in attack, and watclifiilness in defense. J>efore enpiii- ing in war. some wei'ks ari> s[)ent in preparation, which consists mainly of abstinence I'rom women, bathinii. scriib- bin,Li' the skin with briers till it bleeds, and linally paint- ing: the whole body jet-black. All ](risoiU'rs not snital)lo I'or sla\('s ai'e ])iitchered or beheaded, in an attacrk the elfort is always made to steal into the adversary's cam[) at niiiht and kill men enoiijih to deci(h^ the \ictor\' be- fore the alai'iii can be "iivi'ii. When they I'ail in this. the battle is seldom long continued, for actual hand-to- ha.nd iiLihtini:' is not to the Xootka taste. On tlu' I'are occasions when it i.s considered desirable to make oxcr- tures of j)eace, an aml)assador is sent with an ornamented l)i[)e. anil with this emblem his person is sale. Smoking a pi[)e together b}' hostile chiefs also solemni/es a treaty."' Xootka boats are dugout each from a single ])ine-tree, and are made of all sizes from ten to iifty feet long, the largest accommodating fort\' or fifty men. Selecting a ]»ro|ier tree in the forest, the aboriginal X'ootka, fells it Avith a sort of chisel of Hint or elk-horn, thri'e by six- inches, fastened in a wooden handle, and struck by a smooth stone mallet, ^fhen tho log is split with wooden wedges, and the better jtiece l)eing selected, it is hollowed out wiih the aforesaid chisel, a mussel-shell ad/e. antl a birds-bone gimlet worked between the two hands. Sonu'- times, ))nt not always, lire is u.sud as an assistant, The •"'■'' The Alits 'vi ms. y^. iSil lOJ. 'Scalp (Very (Pile they kill.' Mirili's \' \lisl.'i, pp. i'A, 7S; .li'ii-iU'.'i .\ar.. jij). ]J) I; Lunl'^ Sni., vol. i., \\\i. \')7i V\. ir»s. ](;(!, 171, vdl. ii., J), 'i")! ;i. Women kee)) watch durini^ the ni^ht, and tt 11 the I'Xploits of their nation iu k.cp awake. Minris l'"!/., ji. -<;7. I'diicniiri'r'a I'l'//., vol. i.. ]). lilM!; ii'nti't. ill J.iihil, lifiiij. Scr.fldiir., vol. ^xvii., p. "-UG; ilaijiic'.s IS. C, J). -7l); JJarrtU-Le.nKird's Intc, ^.p. -il--, 12'J-3G. 190 COLT'MJIIANS. t'xtcrior is fiisliicmcil witli tli(» saiiic tools. The lM)iit is •widest ill till' iniddlc, tii[)crs tinvai'd cacli end. ami is .stivri-;iIiv'iR'd 1)\ lidit ('ross-j)i('('('s exti'iidiii;^ iVoiu side to Fide, ■svlnoli. liciiiL"; inserted after the 1»oat is soaked in hot Avater. niodify and iin[)rovo the oi'i<:inal lonn. The how is loiii:' and i)ointed.the stern s<|nare-ciit or slightly round- ed ; l.'oth inds are raised higher than the iniihlU' hy sep- arate j)ieees of wood painted with [i^inres of ])irds or l)easts. the head on the how and the tail on the stern, '^i'lie inside is painted red; the outside. sli,iilitl\- hiiriied, is ruhlied smooth and hlaek. and for the whale lisherv is oinaiiR'nted along the j:nnwales with a row of small .•-hells or seal-teeth. l)nt foi" purjioses of war it is painted with liunres in white. I'addles are neatly made of hard Avood. ahoiit live and a half feet long with a leal-shajjed ])lade of two feet. shar[) at the end. and \[>ll.v sit on llicir liaiiis. ln;t sonutiiucs th(,v make use of a kind of small stool.' Matres' \'i'.\, al,d ei'.l en title-jiaj,'!'. Canoes not in use are lianled Tip on the heach in froi;t ( f their villaLCs. (irind, in l.fiid. Umii. Sac. Jnur., mA, xxvii., ]i. Ildl. ''1 lu y hi (j) time to the stroke of the paddlo with their sont,'s.' ,/< ir\il's yar., ] ji. I! '71, 75; '•.I'll 1/ Mf,rirt Tniv., p. Ho. Coli/ir, in linl. .1//'. Ji'jil., liSfii), p. 5;!;!. W('o.7,'.s Vol/, to I'dc, vol. ii., pp. -271, :t(is, 3!(;, ILC, :i2',) ;!(). >;»■..<(<•.< I'-'cpiir.'., pp. iSd-li, :U7: >('///// Miwiciino, \'itifii\ jt. IlI'; l.niil'.s \i', If Xi',in;.lits Ixs.' ''Hk! |,i,t if llitir i''llu V l^'ip 1 !'• ''',.''1' 111; 1' "- Iv llic put- .■■If-l, i^l). Ill, S]n'"'it's ii., of clotli iii'i' luidi' of )'iisli('s and of ])im' or codai' liark, wliii'li alter Iteiim' soaked is l)eaten on a plank uitli a }:ro()\ed itistniiiieiit of wood or lione until the (litres are sepai-ated. Tiu' threads are twisted into cords lietween the hand and thi;ih; these cords. Inniu' to a, liori/ontal heani and knotted with finer thread at I'eunlar intt'ixals, Ibrni the cloth, 'i'hread of the same hai'k is used with a shai'iiened twijr lor a needle. Interconrse with lliii'o- ])eans has nioililied their manufactuivs. and checked the develoitinent of their native in.ii'ennity.''^ Caiitain Cook foinid amon^' the Ahts verv '"strict no- tions of their liavinii' a ri,i:ht to the exidnsive property of everythinii' that their country produces." so that they claimed p;iy I'nreven wood, water, and ^I'ass. The limits of tril»al ])i'oi>erty are very clearly defined, hut indi\id- uals rarely claim any ]iroperty in land. Houses helon^i: to the men who comhini' to huild them. Private wealth consists of hoiits iuid implements for olitiiinin^i' food, do- mestic utuisils. sla\('s. and hlaid\ets. the latter hein;i' ^■enerally the standard hy Avhicli wealth or ]irice is computed. ImioiI is not rejiarded as couunon jiroperty, yet any mi;ii may help himself to his nei^hhor's store when needy. 'Ilie accmmdation of jirojierty heyond the necessities of Tde is considered desirahle only for the ])urpo:-e of distrihiitinji' it in presents on jireat feast-days, and tlieiehy ;ii'i|nirin nv was lint (liscovcli'd. Jlucjii/'s \''(ii<;. /.• hi a will" pp. I' liu libc at I'oi-t I i 102 CULUMniAXH. I'l'iniirkalilc custom, and one tliat exerts u prcat inlliiciiro on the uliolc |icoiilt'. (lifts j)lii_\' tni inipoitjiiit part in jiroi'in-inji a wilr. and a division of iJi'ojK'rty accoiniianii'S u divorce, 'i'o enter tlie ranks of tlu' nudicine-men or ina;:icians. or to attain I'ank of any kind, {iropei'tv must lie sacrificed ; and a man \v!io receives an insidt or suii'ers any atlliction must teai" up the requisite (|uantify »>f blankets and skirts, if he wonkl retain his honor.' ' Trade in all their ]»roiluctionH uas cai'i'ied on hriskly between the dilVerent Xootka tribes before the comin;^' of the Avhites. They manil'est nnidi shrewdness in their ex- changes; even their system of ])resents is a sju'cies of trade, the I'uU value of eadi jiift beinj;' conlidently ex- jiccted in a ivturn ])resent on the next festi\(' oct-a.^ion. In their intertribal connnerce. a band holding' ii stiitnj;" ])ositi()n Avhere trade by canoes between dill'erent pai'ts may be .^topped, do not fail to oiler and enforce the ac- jv'ptance of their servi('es as middlemen, theivbx jireatly inci'easin^' market jirices.'^" The system ol" uiuneration. suflicii-ntlx' extensive for till' lai'p'st numbei's, is decimal, the innnbers to ten liaviiiii' names which are in some instanci-s compounds but not nudtiples of smaller innnbi'rs. The liiiLicrs are used to aid in countinji'. "^I'he year is divided iulo nioulhs with some reference to the moon. ])ut chietly by the Jish- si'asons. rijtenini:' of ])erries. nniirations of birds, and othe)' periodical events, for which the months are namc(b as: 'when the herrinjis spawn,' etc. The unit of meas- ure is the s[)an, the tinjiers representing' its irai'tional ])arts.'' The Xootkas disphiy considerable taste in orna- <>9 f^priviVs Sri'ncK, iip. 70-81, 8!), 11(5, 111-13; Kane's U'oi./., pp. '^•"' Miirjif's I'""''. /.-••/., l>p. i-.K iltT; CiKil.'s I'l///. li> I'd!'., vol. ii., ji. 2S-(: Mv,ttriiir)-(!; Mmiin's It.C.. "•I .Ivii-'iU'x y.i)ted as a l'amil_>' civst. ami its li,-ure is painted or emhroidered on canoes, ])aiidles. r,r hlankets.'" To the Xootka systi-m of poxcrnment the terms patri- archal, hereditary, and feudal have heen apidied. There is no confideration. each ti'ihi- hrinu' indi-pendent ol' all the rest, e.\ce[)t as powi'rful trihes are naturally domi- nant o\er the weak. In each trilie the liead chiei's rank is lierrditary hy tin' male line; his grandeur is dis|)layed on Lireat occasions, when. d« eked in all his (inery. he is the ceuiral li,i:ure. .Vt llu' fri'(|uently recurriiiLi feasts of state he occu[iies the seat of honor; presides id all coun- cils of the trihe. and is res[)ected and liiLihly hoiioi'c d hy all; l)Ut has no real authority- onci- any hut his ,-l;i\es. I'etwet n the chief, or kiuii'. and the ])eople is a U(/Iiility, in nund)er al)out ouv' fiiurth of the whoK' trihe. composed of st'.i'ral ;:rades. the hi,i:hest hein.ii' pariially heredilary, hut also, as are all the lower "rades, ohtainalde hv feats liu orna- .'UtlUlhS 111 nouns, niKl inoiiilis.' S^pmat'.v Sri',irfi, v)). 1C1-t. ' Ti is piTsoufiH niiis cultas ilivi'li'll rl iii'in 111 ratiii'cc iiii'scs, y riilii uiio dr (■■,; li I'U vciiilc il:;is, ii,'i'i''-;;ii:'l(i liii'.;o ulL;iiU(i-i (li:is iiitiivaliU'cs 111 liii dc cikI i im s. El ilc Julio, (jiic illos llaiiiaii S :lt-l 'i-'iii', yes (1 I'limi ro df su afio, a mas di' sns vciatr i,r. Jmir., vol. xwii., lip. •Z'.C). :,(!'; /, /•,/., '■,../., . !. li.. p-i. ^4-4. "- • i''i -y shrw tlii'iiisplvcs in.t,'i'uions '-cii'plovs. Tii' y not only ]iirscrvi', wifli u'r it exactness, t'le ;.;. neval cliarac'er ot th' ir own laees, liat liiiish the more ini uito parts, with a il. .jri e of a'Ciiracy in projiortion, and leatiiess in v.^eiitiou.' Ciioks I'.//, ti I'ar., vol. ii., | p.' :!J , 7, anil .!/■'.>■. jd. li); /,m;v/.s .\''^, vol. i., J))). KU-."), vol. ii., pp. 'J.^T-H, and eut, p. lOo; .)/(«;, a.s \'a,'C. IsL, pp. lit 7, 4SI; .\i,iiji.v's li. ('., cut on p. 271. Vol. I. 13 191 COLUMBTANS. of valor or tiroat lilK'rality. All chieftains must bo ron- finiK'd hv the trihe, and some of them a[)pointe(l by the kinii'; each man's rank is clearly defined in the tribe, and correspond inji' privileiies stri(;tly insistet". on. There are chiefs who have full authority in warlike ex))editions. Ilaritooners also form a i)rivile<'ed class, whose rank is handed down from iiither to son. This somewhat com- ])ru'ated system of Sacerdoli'.' '],os nolih s ^ozan (h' tanta coiisideraeinn i n Xntka, (pie ni ami de jialahni so atn vi ii lus Tayses ft re|ir( ieinhrlos.' ' To- d(is eonsideraliaii i'l cste iMa(|uinna) coiiio Sohcrano de las costas, desih' In de liiieli.i JvsperaliZii liasia hi I'liiita de ,\rreeifes, con todos los Canales iiili ri- ores.' 'I'll st^al, or to know carnally a Ljirl nine years old, is |iiinisliid wiiU death, ."-ii:! 1/ Mixirtimi, \'iiitiiiL;nisli( I by the name or title of , \cir- ' /, , and to whom the others are, in some measure, sllllol•dinat(^ ]!nt, 1 ^lioii d )^ii< ss, til" authority of each of these '^wnt men extends no farther than the family t ) wliieli 111' l)eloni,'s.' '■'"'/. '.s \'n(/. (t I 'dr., Vol. ii.. ]))>. :t:!;i-l. • ],a forme d.' leiir L;oiiveniciik lit est toiite jiatriai'cale, et hi diL,'nit(' de ch'f. h r ditaire.' Mnj'ris. F.xj)hii\, torn, ii., p. ;ilii. Sever d very populous villaL;es to the north- ward, included ill the territory of Maiinilla, the head chief, wi re entriisl( d to the ^'o\crnment of (he principal of lus female relations. The whole K"^'' "- liicnt foriinda political Imnd of union similar to the fcild.d system which formerly ohtained in i'lnrope. Mmris' Vinj., pp. -'Js '.». ''['he kin;.,' or In ad Tyee. is their Ic.'iih'r in war, in the mana^'enieiit of which ho is perfectly ali- Kolnti'. II" is also ]iresiili lit of thi ir councils, which aie almost always ii i,-- iilati d by his opinion, Uul he has no kind of power over the ])ii'perty of bin ':llll KOOTKA SLAVEKY AXD MAKlilAGE, 153 Slavory is praotia.l l,v m11 tlic h-ilios. :md (lie si.,,-,, n.,i,. I„r,„s ,ni ,„>|,„rt„!,t purt „f tlu.i,' ,■„,„„,,.„■., Sla i^ mv ul.mt tiu. only pvopc.ty tl.nt must not l.o s,«. fea ,' i'>.n-a«,„-,l„,g to so„K. ,-u,thoritn.s onlv the "Mcs-,,,,,, u,i,l Slavs. Mar a,„l ki,lnapni„« s,' p Iv "• ^ uv.. „.a,.I..t. a„,l „o ,.ap,iv.., „-l,at..c' i,is^,„ ' » Ihs "> m .;.;«. ,.,,1 OM-ap. (his (at... ox,v,.t l.v a heavy . ...som „( ,..,.,1 .soon aCte,. he is (ak „,l ift, ■ i' xhejvahouts iK.eo,„es ,„,k,„mn (o his (Vie.al.s. (N, ,| • ,' M.u es. ll,e |«nver o( the im „ei- is a,■l,it,■al■^■ aiicl ui, m, e, love,, the a,.ti,.„s a,„l li(eoC,l,e slave, ia, ., " >.Mi, .-e ,( h,,s |«„ve,. se,.n]s oC rare ,H.,.un.e],ee -mmI «|ve e har, lahor re,p,ire.l. the n.aterial e 1 tio (•- lave ,s ,lesp,,s„, ,is hair is e„t short. a„.l hi «■ ,.. e «.eo,Mes a t,.r,„ of reproaeh. l.V,„ale shucs aiv', e. ler h,re. es|..e,ally in the vieh.ity „C «hit,. in 1 i;;;t,i,^;:rh',;!:;:.^r^™"'''"^ -'»'-'' ''-i^ TIio Xootkii iiia\- Ii;!ve as sold iiiaiiv wives as ho can hnv. ^^' ^''-'Inds^ wl., arc cardul n<>t to ila^m alwJuilil g'va, will, t|„.i,.f„|i,„v,.,s • /A,„„ . 1/ "," "^ »,Hu,.n.... ,s i,..v,.rfl„.l,.ss v,.rv ■; • I M,al!y Juu.lly tc, :,t. ,1. .at'^f t h, I, "''i' ' ' i"'' '''i' T ' ^■"'- ^^i^- 1' • ^'i'- ">.-'sl; I's.' ■\,„„. l,„t th,. Ki„„ „„ 1 ,:,;', '""'■■""' 'V,. (,s M,.|| ,-. ,i„.i,. "• '"ly lifty. n,„l,. M,(,l f. ,„(,!,., in s ( : '" v'^;;.^'r ' " ' ^■''i"''-'- l-al J H' -\. u.tt,.,. (,.,1„. ,„.a,.lv ,..x,..,'„:i„,. u 1 1 V 1 , ,f ',""• "■'■'•• 1 • -■-'•^• ;^>^. •An.-,„.r,„i,l„ ^l huH(:un , . I' ' ' .l '^ /. ' 'V' '^ ' '^ • !>• ill 19a COLUMBIANS. familios henoath tliorn in ranlc. Especially particular as to rank arc the cliicfs in clu.osinji: their first wile, always l)referring the daughters of noble liunilies of another tribe. Courtship consists in an offer of presents l>y the lover to the liirl's father, accompanied generally l)y lengthy sp(>ech- es of friends on both sides, extolling the value of the man and his gift, and the attractions of the bride. Ai'ter the bargain is concluded, a period of feasting follows if the l)arties are rich, but this is not necessary as a part of the marriaue ceremonv. Betrothals ar(^ oiten made by l)iuvnts while the parties are yet children, nuitual de- l)osits of blankets and other jiroperty being made us securities for the fulfdlment of the contract, which is rarely broken. (Jills marry at an average age of sixteen. The common Xootka obtains his one bride Irom his own rank also by a ])resent of ))lankets. nuich more humbki than that oi his rich neighbor, and is assisted in his overtures In' perhaps a, single fViend instead of being ioHowed by the whok' tribe. (\)urtship among this class is not altogether without the attentions which render it so charming in civilized liie; Jis when the fond girl lov- ingly caresses and searches her lover's head, always giv- ing him the fattest of her disco\ei"ies. Wives are not ill treated, and although somewhat overworked, the di- vision of labor is not so oppressive as among many Indian tribes. >h'n build houses. mak(> boats and im- pk'uuMits. hunt and fish; women prei)are the iish and Liame foi' winter use, cook, manuft'.ctui't' cloth and cloth- ing. and iucreasi^ tli.o stock of Ibod by gathering berries and shell-fish; and most of this work among the ridiei' class is done by sla\es. Wives are considt( d in matters oi' trade, and in fact seem to be ni>arl\" on terms of e((ual- ity with their husbands, except that they are excluded fi'om soun' public feasts and ceremonies. TluM'e is nuich reason to sui)j)ose that befoiv tbc ad\'ent of the whites, the Xootka wile was comparatively i'aithful to her lord, that chastity was regarded as a desirable female (juality, and of- i'euses against it sexcri'ly ))unislied. ^Ilie fi'malesso freely brought on board the vessels of early voyagers and oU'ered THE NOOTKA FAillLY, r:.7 liar as \l\v:us L- tribe. )Vor to (jM^OCll- K- man "trr tl'.e ^ if the part of lade l)y ual »!»'- iiade i>s •hicii is sixtivn. his own huuiUlo 1 in his of lu'inii; this class vndor it jiirl lov- uvs Li'iv- aro not . tho (li- kg many and ini- fish and nd (doth- o; licirii'S 10 riiht'r I matters of I'Hual- cNcdudi'd is nnii'h liti's. tlio .ovi\. tliat V. and of- so iVcei y id olVoic'd to ll:(' men, were porliaps slaves, who are every\vhere ]ii'o.>;iiiiled for ^'-iii, so lliat tlie fathers of their ehibh'eu Ih 7i are iu'\'er l^iiown. \V oiaen rareU' ha\e more tliaii two th or lluce chihhvn, and eease heariiiji' at about twenty-hve. fri'mu'iilly prove ntinj;' the inerease ol' their family by aborLions. I'lvunaiiey and ehildbii'th afi'eet thim but little. The male ehild is named at liirth. but his name is '.: I nvards frecpieiitly eluuiiivd. lie is suekled by the moilier until three or I'our years old. and at an early aue beiiins to learn the arts of lishin,!j; by which he is to li\('. Children are not (juarrelsome amouii' themsehi's, aud are ivuarded by both parents with stime show of aliei'lioii and jiride. (iirls at puberty are closely con- fined Ibr several days, and iiiveii a little water l)ut no food; lliey are kej)t iiarticularly lV(;m the sun or lire, to see ei;her of which at this })eriod woidd be a lasting dis- grace. At such times feasts are given by the ])areuts. Dixorces or separations may be had at will by either }»arty. but a strict division of property and return of betrothal jireseuts is ex])ected, the woman being allowed not only the property she brought her husband, and ar- ticles manufactured by her in wedlock, but a certain ])ro- poi'tiou ol' the common wealth. Such proj)erty as be- longs to the father aud is not distributed in gifts during his life, ov destroyed at his death, is inherited by the eldest son."' "' ' Tile wonioii po to bid first, and f)ri> up first in tho nioniini,' to ])rt']mre liriiikl'iist." !>. oJ. ''J'lii' coiKlitiuu of llic Alit wduitii is not one of nns(( iiily iiifi liority.' ]).!•:). 'Tluir fcinalf relations tut as niidwivcs. Tin re is no sciiaratc jilaic for lyin^-in. 'riic < liild. on In int; Imrn, is rolled np in a mat union;,' featln rs.' "'I'liey unclde one ehild till anotlu r Ciinus,' [). '.)4. ' A i ill who was known to have lost her virtiK', lost w itli it one of In r ehalici s i f a faronialile marriage, and a chief. , . WduM have put his daughter to ih alh h r Kileh a la; se,' p. 1'."). In ease of a s )ia:atioii, if tlii' part ii s liilont,' to dill' r i.t trilies, till' child! ell po with the naitliir. p. HH. ' No Iraf s of the existence if jiolyaiiihy aiiioiiLr the Ahls,' p '.III. The pi iMinal inoilesty of the Aht \\o:ia n when vouni; is iimeli i^nati r than that of (he men, )p. 'M't. .syi o'.rs .-f',,i<, ji]). '.s': (I, 511 '2, !»:t lilii, 1(1(1. iCI. -<\r,. On.' of the chiefs said that thne was the imiulpcr of wives permitted' 'eiimo iHiiie in mcesii io para no eomiini -ar coll la ipie est 11 \ iese (11 ci lit a.' ' .MihI - de i llos nniei( n sin casarsi.' ' 1 .1 'i'ays no piiiile liacer uso di siis ihul, ii s sill vi r enteraiiieiitc iluiuinaih. i I iliseode la lllllll " >"/*' // ,hi,. /c ■ ;i". 1 I'l/'/i', p i. 1H-(1. Wolili n treated wi!h iHi |iiiitieular res]ieet in any situation. (((,,,'> \'i ii. In J'ur., vol. ii., ji. ;il,v, I'l rsiiiisof the same crest a: e not iiUowi il to marry. ' The child ai^aiii alwi.vs Uikcs the crest of thf niother.' 'As u rule also, descent is traced from lliu 108 COLUMBIANS. From tlio middle of XoA'omber to the middle of Jan- iiarv, i.^' the Nootka season of mirtli and festivity, ^vhen nearly the Avhole time is occupied ^vith public and pri- vate gaiety, '^fheir evenings are privatelx' passed ])y the family group Avithin doors in conversation, singing, jok- ing, boasting of past ex])loits, personal and tribal, and teasing the women until bed-time, when one by one they retire to rest in the same blankets worn dui'ing the day.'" ►^wimming and trials of strength ))y hooking together the little fingers, or sculUing for a ])ri7x\ seem to be the oidy out-door amuseuients indulged in hy adults, while tlie children shoot arrows and hurl spears at grass iigures of l)irds and fishes, and prepare themselves for future conflicts by cutting off the heads of imaginary enemies modeled in mud.'' To gambling the Xootkas are pas- sionately addicted, but their games are remarka])l\' few and uniform. Small bits of wood compose their entire para[)herniUia. sometimes "sed like dice, when the game depends on the side turned up; or passed rapidly froui hand to hand, when the gamester attempts to name the hand containing the trump stick; or again concealed in dust si)read over a blanket and moved al)out by one play- er that the rest may guess its location. In. j)laying they always form a circle seated on tiie ground, and the wouieu r" rarely if ever join the gauie.''* 'i'li^^W indulge in suiok- mothcr, not from the fath t.' ' IntrijJtup ^vitll the wiv(>s of mini (if other trilirsis one of the coiiiiuoni'st Cimscsof quarrel auioii;^' the Indians.' Mki/hi's Ji. ('., ]i\>. 'J-")7-S, 2711; M'lijii's \'iiiic. Isl., pp. IM-T. The woiiuu are 'very reserved ami eliaste.' Meari.-i' I"//., ])|). 2')l, 258, •JCi"), '..(iS; Jvim's ]\'ii)iil., p)). 2;!'.) 1(1. 'I'lie Indian woman, to smith her cliild, makes use of a K|iiin^'y stiek lixed ol)lii[iiely in tlie s^round to wlileli the eradle is attached by a strini^', forniini,' a convenient baby-jumper, /.'inl's Sill., vol. ii., p. 'J")',*; I'vinh rtmi's \',ii,r. JsL, p. llil; M'l/rns. I^xpli-r.. t ii., pp. :U()-7. 'AN'heru thi re avo no slaves in the tribe or family they perform all the drud;j;ery of biini,'in^' firewood, water, iVe.' drtiut, in Lmnl. y//'ee/'.v .si-i'm-^, jip. ."lO-l. 'Caiitando y baxlando id rededor de las hoi^ueras, abandonandost' a todos los exi- sos dc la liviaudad.' Until ji Mi.viciiiiii, \'iii'ii\ ]). l:i.!. "!"! Sjirndl's Sci'i(i~:, pp. ."'.") (i; >i(^7 // ^f^•'l^'nl■l. ]'i't;i\ ]i, 111. "■■' h'ritiil, in J.iiinl. iiiii'j. Sue, J^i .r., \ol. .\\\ii., p. •_'••■•; M(i^i.r's 11. i\, pp. NOOTK.V AMrSElIENTS. 199 ,f Jan- , when u\ pri- hy the l^^ jok- al, ami m\ tlioy ic day.''' ;()«i:etlier ) 1)0 tlio s. Avhilo r i'uture oiicniu'S are ptis- il)ly lew ir entire he puno lly iVoni lame the oaled in l)iie play- uyj: they |e ^^()llleu u sniok- in of otluT IS.' M'ii/"< '■'< In iU(! ' vtvy |.i "s H'diiiy., ,1' ii siuiuuy ,1iv !i^ii'iii;4. \l'',,nl) rt'ili'H ju ^h^v^• tiro ,,,..-^> i». iriiiil of t(U ]/( il,' p. 74. nil. iHiii'li easy fri qiuiitly layl.iiiilii ill liviainlad.' Is /;. ''., VI'. in;j:. the only ])ipes of their own manufacture heinii' of plain ci'dar, filled now with tohaeco hy those who ean aiford if. hut in which they formerly smoked, as it is supposed, the leaves of a native [)lant — still mixed with tobacco to le.s.xen its intoxicating i)roperties. The pipe is jKissed round after a meal, hut seems to ho less used in seiious ceremonies than among eastern Indian na- tions.''' IJut the Xootka amusement par excellence is that of feasts. gi\en by the richer classes and chiefs nearly I'very evening during ' the season.' Male and feuiale heralds are euijiloyed ceremoniously to invite thegue.sts, the house ha\- ing been first cleared of its [)artitions. and its floor sjireail with mats."'^'^ As in countries more civilized, tlie coiuuion people go early to secure the best seat,", their allotted place ))eing near the door. The elite couie later, after being I'cpeatedly sent for; on arrival they are announced by name, and assigned a ])lace according to I'aidv. In one corner of the hall the fish and whale-blubber are boiled by the wives of the chiefs, who serve it to the guests m ])ieces larger or smaller, according to their rank. A\ hat ciui not be eaten must 1)0 cai'ried home. Their drink or- dinarily is ]iure water. i>ut occasionally berries of a pecu- liar kind. preser\'ed in cakes, are stirred in until a froth is formed which swells the body of the drinker nearly to burstiug.'^^ Kating is followed by conversation and speech- making, oi'atory being an ai't highly pi'i/ed. in which, with their line voices, they become skillful. Mually, the floor is cleared for dancing. In the dances in which the crowd participate. i\\v thuicers. with faces piiiutcd in black and vermilion, It'i'ui a circle I'ound a few leaders w lio gi\ I' the step, which consists chielly in jumping with Is/.. 1). );U; Mtinh's ]'<(i>r. Is'.. )i. Ill; IS.irntl- V J.I'll. inril's 'I'rdf., p. 5:!. ''J >/.j'i<((/'s >(•!■,, IN. ]). i:('i',). l>ut l.iinl savs 'iiutliiiiL! can ]■•' dniic witlicmt it.' .V /., v.il. i.. ji. I'.x. '■"'rill' Iibliau iiivir Mivitis any of (he same crest as himself. .lA/iy'i '.s ^'|||.(■. l-l., H"). 'I hey are vi ly iiarticiilar ahuut whrnii tiny invite to their fiiists, 1111(1, on !J!reat oecasii:ns. men and woiiicu feast se|)ar.itely, the wnincu always takin'^' the iireceiUnce. />i(, ,<•■/((, in Mnijne's Ji. C'., j>i>. •Jt;;J-il; ."^pri/'it'x Sciiii s, )!]). ;")'.)-(;(. •*' Lvnl'n A'(/., vol. i., i>i). ".25',MiU. 200 COH'MBIANS. both ^voi from tlio irronnd. l)ran(lisliinir woniions or ImhioIi- osol" I'l'iitlic'i's. orsomc'tinK'ssini[)ly )K'iiilii)Li'tlu' hodv with- out moviuu' the loct. As to thi> j);irtici|);itiou of women ill these diinces. authorities do not iijiree/" In u sort of ('(nncrsiitionul (hince all j^ass briskly round the room to the sound of nmsic. praisinji" in exclamations the huild- inu' and all within it. while another dance re(|uires many to crunh ui)oii the rooi' and there eontiime their motions, 'i'heir sjjccial or character dances are many, and in them they show nnich dramatics talent. A curtain is stri'tched across a corner of the room to conceal the prepai'ations, and the actors, iantastically dressed, represent personal coud)ats. huntinji" s<'enes. or the actions of dilVerent ani- mals. In the seal-dance naked men jmnp into the water and then crawl out and over the lloors. imitating the motions of the seal. Indecent i)erformances are men- tioned hy some Aisitors. Sometimes in these dances men drop suddenly as if dead, and are at last re\ive/;Ci.((r.s >rr/.rN. lip. <'. IIU. ' Jjas mnijeres liaylan desayradisi- manieiile; rara vez se ])restan it <'sta diversion.' ShIiIi/ .]/(,ficiii.ii. I'"";<. p. \'>'2. ''■' 'La decencia ol)iiL;a a juisar en silencio 1>ps hayles fihsceiios ih; los Mis- cliimis {common iieo]i!ei. es|iecialmente el del impoteiite a causa (h' la (dad, y el del pohre (jiie no hi jiodido casarse.' Snhl 1/ Mf.\''u(i)i'l. \"i(it;t>. pp. 151 2. 18: Mi'rtlr's \' 71: Mtijin's II. ('., ]ip. •.'<'iil-7: Jrintl's S ie('(>p- r eere- luental )euclies liivc it is lilly -fonii ,,,,,/. lifiiij. linii-,' but 'On 1 share liis .ayniilisi- Jr;i. !>. 1">-. |o Ids Mis- Ill (.lad, |,p. ir,i -1. ■.s /;. ''., lol xwli., ■^tvuclv Avitli sticks: a iiluiik hollowed out on the uuder side aiu I heateu with (h'uin-stieks ahout ii ibot ion; rattle made ol" dried seal-skin in the lorni of a lii^h. with jH'hhles; a whistle ol" deer-hone aljout an ineh U)\\\s with one hole, w hieli like the rattle ean oidv he \\i II. 1'"//., Vdl. iii., pp. ;i(l7 1(1 Thiir inusio is mostly f^'rave inid serious, mid in exact eoneert, when RUiier by L'reat inuiibcrs. 'Variations niuiierons and tx])ressiv< d th drnee or melody ]io\verfully soothint,'.' t'tm/.'s I'o//. /'> J'ac, vol. ii., j p. Ilid- II, ■-><:!. J)islik(' i'lnrojiean nmsie. >i(/)7// .l/(,i'/(,'(ni'(, I'lV/f/e, ]'p. l-")! 'J. •'I'lieli' tunes are f,'enerally solt an.l jilaintive, and thoui,di not jiossessjnj,' i^vaU va- riety, are not deticient in harmony.' ib wilt thinks the words of tlie son^s may lie borrowed from otln r trilMS. ./ii/iV/'.s yar., ]>. 7'i, and sjieeinn ii of vvarsomj. i'. Ifii. Airs pon>ist of live or six bars, varyini,' sli;4hlly, time liein^.^ beaten in the middle of the bar. ' Melody they have none, there is nothiii^; solt. pleas] n'..;, or toiieliin;4 ill their airs; they are not, however, without Mime . ; lUl. '.Veert.iin In aiity of natural expression in many of the nativi' strains, if it were |ios,-iilile to relieve them from the iiioiiotoiiy w hirh is their f.iiilt.' 'Jheni are old men. wanderiiv.^ minstnls, who siiiu; w.ir soiiLrs and be^. 'It is re- niarUable how aptly the nativi's catch and imitaie sonys heard from settle ra ur travelers.' Sjimtil's Sfi'iny. p]i. C,:!-."). "'' .U'(.7r's \'unc. Jsl., pp. 4;ill-l; Jdci/r.s .V((/'., p. 3'.). 202 COLUMniANS. to out must not bo (leclinod, no matter how often repented. Out of doors there is no niitive jiesture of suhitation. hut in the housi's u ^uest is motioned politely to ii eoueh; guests iU'e held siicred. and great ceremonies are per- formed at the reception of strangers : all important events arc announced hv heralds. Friends sometimes saunter along hand in hand. A secret society, inde[)endent of triln', family, or crest, is sup[)osed ])y S[)roat to exist among tlieui. l)ut its purposes are unknown. In a jialaver with Avhites the orator holds a long Avhite pole in his liaud, which he sticks occasionally into the ground hy way of eni[)hasis. An animal chosen as a crest must not he shot or ill-treated in the presence of any wearing its iigure; hoys recite portions of their elders' speeches as declamations; names are changed many times during life, at the will of the individual or of the tribe. In sorcery, witclicraft, prophecy, dreams, evil spir- its, and the transmigration of .-ouls, the X(«)tkas are llrni ludievers. and these beliefs enable the numerous soi'cer- ers of dilferent grades to iiciiuire great jiower in the tribes by their strange ridiculous ceremonies. !Most of their tricks are transparent, l)eing deceptions worked by the aid of confedenites to keep up their power; hut, as in all religions, the votary nmst have some faith in the efficacy of their incantations. The sorcerer, before giv- ing a s[)ecial demonstration, retires apart to meditate. After spending some time alone in the forests and mount- ains, lasting and Incerating the llesh, he a})pears sud- denly before the tribe, emaciated, wild with excitement, clad in a strange costume, grotescpiely ])ainted. and wearing a hideous mask. The scenes that ensue aro indescribable. Itut the aim seems to be to commit all the wild iVeal^s that a maniac's imauination m:iv devise, accoui[)anied by the most unearthly yi'lls which can ter- rorize the heart. J/ive dogs and dead human ))odies aro sei/A'd and tovn by their teeth ; but. at least in later times, they seeju not to attack the living, and their ]H'rform- ances are souiewhat less hoi-rible and bloody than tlu? wild or;jiies of the northern tribes. The sorcerer ih CUSTOMS AND CANXIBALTS^I. 203 tliouglit to have- nioro iiilluoncc uitli l)a(l spirits than uith good, and is always rcsortrd to in tlio case of any sorions mislbrtuno. New ini'mhtTs of tlu' fraternity are initiated into the mysteries hy similar ceremonies. Old women are not without their traditional mysteiMous j)ow- er.s in matters of i)ro[)he('v and witchcraft; and all chiel's in times oi' per[tlexity practice fasting' and laceration. Dreams are helieved to he the visits of spirits or of the Avanderiuii' soul of some living' jtarty, and the unfortu- nate XoiJtUa hoy or jiirl whose hluhhi'r-loaded stomach causes uneasy dreams, nuist he pro[)erly hiicked, scoi'ched, smothered, and otherwise tormented until the evil s|)ii'it is appi'used."' A\ hether oi* not these people were can- nihals. is a disputed ((Ui'stion, hut there seems to he litllo douht that slaves huxe ])een sacrificed and eaten as a part of their devilish rites.*''^ "' 'I hnvo sfon tlio sorcprovs nt work a hundred timrs, Imt fh( y nso so nimiy cliuvms, which aiiiicar to luc ridiculDiis, — thry siii;^', howl, and ^^. •2-10. Shrewd individuals inqjoso on their neiijhliors hy jiretendin;.,' to reet ive a revelation, tellini,' ila ni where lish or berries are most abniuhint. Description of initiatory ceremonies of the sorcerers. Mdi'lic's \'1. .Iiirit'.'s \ar.. ]ip. IIS ',). A brave jirince t^'oes to a distant l.ike. inm])s f lom a hit;h ro(d< into (he water, and rubs all the skin oU' liis face with ])iec i s of rouu'h bark, amid the ap- plause of his attendants. l)eseri|.tion of kinij's prayirs. and ceremonies to l)rin^' rain. .'/. Candidates are thrown into a sfatt> of iiksiik risin before their initiation. ' Mnliciin.' in llii'c!.iic;s' I'lil. Mt'i.. vol. v., "p. 2l.7">S; Il'irntl-Li I'iKirils 'I'ritr., pp. r>l-3; Cd ifnrhins, .Xnl'i- ci'ls, pj). ()1 S.). ■" I'hey bidui;ht for sale 'human skulls, and hands not yet quite strip]ied of till' llesh, which thi'y maih' our peo|:te ]il.iinly understaml tlnyh.ad eaten; anil, indeed, some of them had evident marks that they had l)i en upon the tire.' i'tio,'.'.-< \'(ii/. Ill I'lic., vol. ii.. p. '-"l. Slaves are occasionally sarrilieed and feastid uimn. .1/"0's' I'"//., p. •_.'")."). ' No todos habian conndo la earno hnmana, ni en todo tiempo, sino solaiuente los|_;uerreros mas aniniosos ipnin- ih) SI' jireparaban para salir a canipafia.' ' I'iirece indudablr ipie esios salva- iirs han sido antropi')fau'os.' Si I'r i/ .\fi .i-'rnini, Vinjt. ]>, ll'.d. ',\t N'ootha Sonmh an I at the Sandwich Isl.inds. Ledyard witnessed inst.n.ces of canni- balism. In both places he saw human tlesh prepared for foixh' .">/"//■/. '.s L'lj'n l)t\iiiiining to tlie railiiiii' ol" iiiaiiliood umk'rv.t) littlcj cliaii;^!! ill appi'araiu't'. .Icwitt stati-s that during' liiscap- t'nitv of tliri'c vcars at XootUa Sound, onlv livi' natural deaths oi'i'uri'cd, and thc> jn'oplc sulVcrcd scarci'ly anv dis- oaso t'Xtvpt the ('olic. Sproat mentions as tlie eonnnon- ost diseases; l)ilious ('oui])iaints, dvsenterv. a eonsuniptioii Avliieh almost aUvavs lollows syi)lnlis, ievers, and anion|j; the aui'd. ophthahnia. Aeeidental injuries, as outs, hruis- es, sprains, and hi-oken limhs, are treated with e(Mi- .siderahle success hv means of sinqjle salves oi" uuiuf CO Id >v liter, [)ine-i)arl hand: iii'cs. and wooden si) liiit^ Natural pains and maladies are invariahlv ascriht'd to the ahsence or other irrcLiidar conduct of the soul, or to the inlliieiice of evil s|)irits. and all treatment is directed to the recall ol" the i'ormer and to the apiieasini:' of the latter. Still, so lonii' as the ailment is sliiiht. simple means are resorted to. and the patient is kindly cared lor hy the Avomen as Aviien head; icue, cohc, or rlier,mati>m is treated by the ap})lication of hot <r is a tonic, and l)lackl)erries an astrinu;'- ent ; hemlock hark I'orms a, j)laster, and doii-wood hark is a strenijjthener; an infusion of younii' pine cones or the inside scrapiiiiis of a human skull ])revent too rajiid family increase, while certain plants iacilitate al;ortion. AVhen a sickness hecomes serious, the sorct'i'er or medi- cine-man is called in and incantations hc^uin. more or less noisy according to the umoiint of the [)rospectivo fee sliin ami tciiilniis of tlio Imrlc. and iiftcnvanls (Icvonri'd. ,l/i '/.'r^.v, hi U"tfh- iiitjx' I'.il. .'.''/ '., vol. v., ]>. '2 :>. I/authriiii(>))lia'.'i(' a I't '■ loiiiitfiir s en i;;a.::;o . . . .pt iK'ut-i'-t re y exist c-t-i II' (1:0 )ic . . !,<■ chrf .Maciiiiiiii . . tuait iiii jiri sdh- iiicr ii chaiino ]U11(> IKUlVi Ih fs I't.'l it iiivit 's h ci-ttt' li iriil) frtc .1/ in. li.qi'i'i'., tiiiii. ii., ]i. ']t is not iiiiprolial Ic that the sms- liicinii vhat the N'oolkaus arc caniiihals may lie traced to the \.Yi A eustoni anala.i,'ous to the 'I'ud-t: Ui'. of the llacd t/.wl virlcr. III I.o,nJ., i: iiein;4 a vietini i .hiiir., vol. Ni., II]). 'l'l)-i. 'Tlie horrid iiraetiee of saeri- 'ither uuce iu three vears or not annual, hut onlv oe( t'lse at nnt'c rtaiu intervaln ^t" V Ijij. NOOTKA lUTilAL. 205 1 from ) little iscMi)- IJltlMul II V dis- luimsn- jiil)tioii ainonij; , bniis- h 0311- • -mils, sjiliiits. il to the r to the c'ctcd to I' latii'i". ■ans are • hy the \\\>m is )t a.-hos, )m vaii- specilic vj-hilis; asti'in.ii- |()(l hark ones or )o rajiid hortlon. l)r uu'di- c or loss tive lee in jr'lrh. Is en r.sa;^o lull pri ;oii- \r IrirrUilc [A till' Mis- Viic'.icc of |>ci(7c;', ill. lo of sacri- Tu vouis or and the luniihrrof relatives and friends ^vho join in the iil»i'oar. A vei'v \yn)v wretch is pcnnitted to die in eoiii- ]»Mrative (|iiiet. In d'llicMdt eases the doctor, wrought ii]) to the highest state oC excitement, claims to see and hear the soul, and to jnd<:e of the patient's |)r()s[)ects hy its ])osition and niovcnients. The sick man shows little iortitiide. and ahandons himsell' hel[)lessly to the doctors ridiculous measures. I''ai!in,^' in a cure, the jilivsician o('ts no |»ay. hut it successi'ul. does not I'ail to make u lariie demand. Hoth the old and the iielpU'ssly sick are i"re(|uentlv ahandoned hv the Alits to die without aid in tl le lorest After (h'ath the Xootkas hody is ])ronii)tly put away: a slave's hody is unceremoniously thrown into the wa- ter; that ol' a freeman, is placed in a crouching;' ])osture, their favorite oiu> during life, in a dee]) wooden l)o.\. or in a canoe, and suspeiide(l from the hranches of a trei', deposited on tlu' iiround with a co\erinii' of sticks and stones, or, more rarely, huried. Common [)eo|»le are i, -du- ally left on the surface; the nohility are suspeiidi'd from trees at heiuhts dilT eriiiLi'. as some au thorit les sa\'. accoiH i\\'^ to rank. The practic(> of hurnini;" the dead seems also to have heeii followed in some jjarts of this region, llach trihe has a huryiii,u'-,;zrouiid chosen on sonu* hill- siiU' or small island. With chiefs, hlankets. skins, and othei- property in larjie amounts ari' huried. huiio' \\\) ah )ut the jirave, or hiirned durinir tin; funeral ceremo- nies, whicli are not (N)mi)licated e\ce[)t foi" the luLihest ollicials. The eolllns are ol'ten ornamented with car\'- *■■' lihcumiiti-iin niul ]iuralysis :\ro varf iiialadii's.' Syiiliilis is ])rn1ialily iii(liL;iiiiius. Am]iiitaliiiii. liluiKl-lcttiiiL;. ainl iiii lallic iiii diriiic imt cinjilnvid. JL'lii'iius t) ])r()iliicc liivc arc luiiii'i-diis. ' Voiiiii,' and old of l)olli srxcs an; rX|iosi(l\vli('iialilictiMl with liii'^'iiiii.,' disrasc' >///•< (it's >(■■/, is, )i]i. 'l')'.-!, "iSJ, '.il:; I. • llrad.irlii' is cured liy strikiliu' tlic part atVccti d willi small liraiii'lii s of til" s]nuci' *r('i\' Doctors arc ^,'ciicrally chosen from imn uho liavc th<-m-.'-lvcs sutV ■i-c/., |)|). ■!■ S - 1(). •'I'lieir cure I'or rheUinalism or similar pains. . . is hy ciittiii'^ or scarifying; the part iitVcctecl.' ./I'iriVr.s' Xar., p. 1-12. They aro sen sick on Kiirnpiaii vi ssels. I'niilf's (J. Cliiir. hi., p. Ml, Description of ceremonies. >ini,4, in M^n/m's 11. I'., jip. "iiii:}, :ili|. ''rii'> jialii nt is jnU to hed, and for the most part Ktavvcd, lest the foiul should lie emisumcd hy his internal enemy,' ' I he Warm and steam hath is vi'iy freipiditly employed.' .)/' c/iciu'*, iii Jhil<:liiiii,n' Col. Muj., vol. v., pp. •J2(>-S. m coLr^rmAxm. iiif!s or j)aiiitiii;j;s of tlu' (Icccasi'd man's crest, oi* uitli roNvs of shells. When u tlciitli occurs, the woiueii of the ti'ihe make a ns .-ire buriecl. that their souls mav li ^■hortel• .;«•, pp. i:;'.l- •10. • Tlie Indians never iuler their dead.' ai.'.d rarelv burn them, liarnlt- journey to their residence in a future life, .'^util i^ M,, Xc. !««/•(/ s Trar., ji. 51. ClIAUVCTEU or Till'. NODTKAS. r with JU'll of iterviils i liliK'k- its liist < of M)l'- is ;j,'n'!it •iiiiut'i>; iHHTsti- >\[\\\v of Icyiiu'tt'd istl'IK-U'S ICO tlu'i'o ■Uoit( 1" l/'s I'P- '•'•'" Iiu. liarnii- llicir rciitViiU'^s lor WiV:. iiud ri'voltin^' 'mdiru'rciicc to liiiiiiiin siilll'i'iii':. " 'I'Ik'so <|ii;ilitii's. liidLird 1)\' <'i\ ili/.iil .•^tandiii'ds cciisiiriiblo. to tlio NdoiUa arc iiraiscwortliy. Avhilc coiitrai'v »iiialit'ws ari> to I)L' aAoidc 1. I)\ a, strict apiilicatioii. tliorcforc. of 'put yoiii'si'lf in his ))lacc" |»rin- cijilcs. to whirh most 'pHxl Indians' owe du-ir rc|)utation. Xdotka cliai'actcr nmst not be too liar^lily condcnnuMl. Tlicy iO'o not. so I'ai' as jiliysical action? arc (•(••iccrncd, a vcniiiikidily la/y ju'oplc. hnt their minc.s. idthonuh intcl- li.Licnt when aron.si'd. arc a\('r.H' to c Tort and (|uickl_\' iati,L!Ucd ; nor can they romitrchi-nd the idvantiii:t' of con- tinued clVort I'or any I'ntnrc i:()od wiuc'i is at all ri-mote. A'\ hat little ioresii:ht they haxc. has nnich in common x\ith the instinct of heasts. Ordinal ily. tluy are (|uiet iind well hehaM'd, especially the hiiilu-r classes, hut when once ron.si'd to anjii'r. they ra^c. hitc, spit and kick with- out the sliiihtest attemi>t at self-|iosscssion. A sei'ious ol- feiiscaLiinnst an individual. althouLih nominally jiardoned in considci'ation of presents, can I'cally never he com- jiletely atoned i'or except hy hlood : hence pri\!ite. fiMnil_\', and tribal ['v\\C\:^ continue from _i:enei'ation to ui'ni'ration. A\ Omen are not innnodest. hut the men have no shame. Stealin^i:' is recoi:ni/ed as a I'ault. and the ])ractice as he- tweeii nK'mi;ers of till' same trihi' is rare, hut skillful jiil- I'crii!': from stran,i:ers. if not ollicially sanctioned, is c.\- tt'nsi\('ly carried on and much admireil: still any prop- erty conlided in trust to a Noolka is said to he faithfully returncil. To his vrifc he is kind and just; to his chil- dren afi'cctionate. l''.l'.()rts for their con\-ersion to forclLii reliuifais lia\e heen in the highest deurt'c unsuccessful."' ll i! I 20S COLUMIUAXS. TiiK R -uxn Indians, l»y Vvhidi Iltiii T fiiul it convon- iriii t(»(K'siL;"iiatc llionaiioiisaboiit J'lr^et S()uihl,c;)iisti- 1 uti; lli(^ third ^".uuily <>1" llio ( 'oluiubiaii ji^Tou]). In this division 1 inchu'eall the natives ol' tliat part of Wasli- iiiLrtou whicli lies to the west ol' thi; Cascade li:in''';\ except a strip from t\ventv-(ive to forty mill's wide aloni;' the north hank ol' thi' ('ohnnhia. The north-i-astei'ii si'ction ol' this teri'itory. inchuiin,^' tlie San .Inan ^ironp, A\ irulhey Island, and llie rciiion trihntarx to lU-Uin^hani \\a\. is the home ol' the .\(i(i/iSii/,\ Lidiiiin. Saiin^li and Sh'(i'i't nations, whose nei^liliors and constant harassers on the north are the lierce Kwantlnms and Cowichinsol the Xooika family ahont tiie month of the I'raser. The eentiMi section, comprising the shores and islands of Admirally Inlet, llooil ranal. and I'nLiet Sonnd |)rojier, is occupied hy nnmerons tribes with \ariously spelled names, mostly U'rminatin;^' in ////s//. wliii'h names, with all tlirir oriho^raphic di\('i',>ity. have heen !^i\i'n lm'I)-- • ■rally to the streams on whose hanks the dlii'erent na- tions dwelt. All these trihes may he tt-rmcil the A 's- 'l'iii!'ij nation, takinu' the name from tlii' most mnnerons and hcst-known of the trihes located ahont the head of the sonml. The ddHniii^ inhahit the eastei'n jiorlioii of t!ie piaiinsnla hetween the sonnd and tin- Pacilic. 'I'lie western extremity of the same peninsnla. lerminat- ln;.:at ( 'ape l''liitter_\ . isoc>'npled \\\ the ( 'fiiKSt l^{)V M(i!,ii/i^; niiis.' I> mil .ii'cli's l>isirl<. vdl, i.. p. ss Tlic .vitlinalits ;,'ivrii to ^I'.'L'vcssixc v.ir, Mill runs, ijiiciiily 'lir.ir a ImiI ii|iiil.iliiui.' Wiiiimjn r's Ahi-I. i, p 71. >.ul 111' ivr, MM 1 a sli'^r],! iTpul-^1' ilamits Hi ni. ■ S'lici'Vc in liis fn'rmls lip, k'wA t I liii ui;r aihl rhiMrrii, tiiiil c l('V(i|( (II \' liival t'o liis own li-ilic.' p. •")!. • lit siclilic^s a!hl appniiicliili;^' dralli, I lie savii;.^r alwuvs 1mc,• ,.,s. \^\). :io. :i.;, Tii, ill, il'.i -Jl, 'l.'iii I'pi;. is;, ■. n; •Ci'iiniix mill \ iirl. I ih r, Ij.uvs Very Mava;.;!' and micivilizi il il'i!,'s.' aiul lli'' .S' ilKas im; I ' ll' !iii'.i(,l. •('nii'l. lilipinllliii'siy, ti'i'aclii iiiU'< ami cowuidly.' i, ■(,.'. ;,* J.ini'l. '.r ■!. >.»•. ./.),//•., vol. xwii.. p']). •.'.»!. -JDd. I'.is, :;(i.l. ;!ii7, .i/.i../ t's /;. c , |>. -! :: I/c;. 's \''iiii\ A-;'., pp« lllii, 10 1. 17-'. 177. ISI; /'noVs '/. inr. Isl., J p. - 'I 'i. ill'' Spaiiiai'ils !:,a\i' tlir Xocilka-- a iii'ali lii'K' v rli i ro v lli.in ^'lva:.,'l■^s of nlii, r nalidiis. >iitif ii .]/■. [■'!■■' imi. \"i i- < . pp. L.'i. .'tl ■.'. .i', '■'. ''■i. '.•!•, ifi. 1. 1.!. l;,i ."il. I.'il f.; |■,,.■llls^ \'.i„r. 1-.I.. p. •_:.; l:itrriii/'s \:iin . /.v/., pp. 17'J It. T'h' riiiltas 'all' ,'i lialiil nf lii\\l''ss p'ralcs and !■■ iMi. I's, liwiii',' lilarl.-liiail nil all llir sill'l'i iillidiiiir tl'llirs.' Ilirv ll-l.ciiir.irirs 7'/'.'r., p. Ii. ' liiil.l mid I'd'ciciiius, sly .md .csc r\id. iml i asilv [iruvnki'il. lail rrv. n :. ful.' Si,i-:/s i'l/c ,•/ l.nl /uril. p. 7J. 'I he 'I'd t ; li iv'r 'all lln" \ici s . f tli.' .'nasf. f ■.•!!)! 's' wi h ' ii'i'ir of Ihr r,'d''i mill..; i|iialilirs of I lie iiilcrior n.itiou.s'.' ,l,iiii ;•- *"./, ill lli I. M(;., Vol. vii., p. 7i. Tir:: sound Indians. :'(>nvon- ,i';!nst'l- Inthis i-oiistcni ill 'JVOUj), lliirJiam iiisli and liai'asstM'S ,i('hius ol ■;(.>r. TIh' elands t)l" il proper, \ SjK'lK'd IKS. with ,\i'ii ;.',''ti" ercnt na- il ic A.s- IniiuK'rous licail t)f pDii'uiU rarilic. t'l'iniiiat- .!/,7/,w//s; a.;'jri'ssivi' '.(-/,(. p Tl. ■ 1-, liji. kii''i ].. .M. -Ill ain)M'l> ■ |i • ( iiiniiN .' .,■ . /. ;.* ' ;/ t S /». ' » (/. '/..()•. /.■•/, ^1 (•■,! V (hiiii :,■, ',1, (i;i, '.111, ,. . /.-■., I'P- Ii--ii-.. \\. li. I-, V. 11,.. fill.' i.f til.- ciiiist iiiiis.' AiMi r- wiiilt' till' C/nlHi/i!^ and CnuTitz nation.^ are loiiiid on the Cluliali.-^ lliver. (irav Harbor, and tlu' njjper Cowlitz. JOxceittiiiii' a lew hands on the lieadwaters ol" ,'^treaiiis that rise in the vieinity of .Mount BaktT, the Sound laiiiily helonus to the coast lish-eatiiiii' trilies rather than to the hunti'i's of the interior. Indi'ed. this family Ipis so few marked peculiarities. possessin.L;' apjiareiitly no trait or custom not found as well aiiioni;' the Xootkas or ("hi- iiooks. that it may hi' descrihed in eonparatively lew^ words. \\ hen first known to Muropeau.-v they seiin to lia\e heeii far less numerous than luiulit ha\e hieu e.\- ])ected from the i xtraordiiiary fei'tility and climatic ad- vauiaiies of their country: and since they lia\e \)vv\\ in contact with the whites, their mnuhcrs lia\e hccu re- duced, chielly throuLih the a;ienc\ of small-pox and a,i:ue. even more rapidly than the nations larlhcr to the north-west.''" "-' 'Tlii'sc wh)ilc of Nootka, tliat the lii'st tli'liiualloii I ciii ulVir is u nl'crc -.Hr to 1. ■ iliN.-ii; tioii of tliiisi' |i'-o]ilc ' (by I 'ool; ), ]i. 'Jil. .* ' ( 'ipi' llaKi ry Ui' y ( !o>. i . ir-,i niM. d those III' Nootka and spoke the sa;iu' lai .jna'-'e. |). 'JhS. Atlir.iy llarhoi' they .se( Mil il to \ary in little or no respect 'fioni those on the hoiiuil. iuhI im.ler- stooil the Nootka Ion;.' lie, p. K\. ' 'I lie eharaeler iind a; pea ranee of their st v- erid trilies here l, "Jss: viih ii., p. Ki. Tim Cheiialis eoMie nantlni:is.' The Nciik-w isaiid Si • aniaiKis are called Sticlv Indiiins, and in l^.'iJ h;iil never s- . n u \\ hile. ' Tic Nenk-s;icks ( Mountain Men i trace fmni t li.' salt w.ati f ln.!i;ii s, ' ; luj • :irc en- tirely dillcrent from the oihers.' " Tin Loom is appear to iie more I'f a wiiii- derin;4 el.ass lli.in the olli. rs ali.nit i;. Ili)i;di;ini lla\.' /■/.. h-'u. i i'. .127 '.•. ' 'J'hey can he diviiled into two ckissi s the s;ili-wati r iind the Stick I ml i ins ' /'/.. \S'>7. p. 'J-Jt. Of the Ni^ipialli' s 'some live in tlii' | kiins, and olliiis in the haidis of the Sonnu.' The I'lassits have heen less all', eted lli;iil the hy fever and a._;iie. Ii.im's ihiiji'ii. ]ip. LIM Chin a kindred hin'.,'na.4e to that of the .Mils. >i, runt's no de est. IS natlllVlles de la 1 ull;id;i y e:inales de !■ tie his h;iliit:ieiiines las llianufiicl lll'as v VestidoH ulle lls:in Ihe (Vail p. -.7 lies spiiil II. i; ih lle;l I I di- Iio^icnm mil unv u mi! V I :ir. ci a los de los lialiitallti s de Nllliv;i. Indians i:.,: i:x.. II M X'''lici us, i i /'((<■. ]i. It. Jtcj'l., Vnl. i., ]) -l-iM. '"At J'cirt Discuvcvv tln'V 'ssicmcil f-aiialile of ciKliiviiiL; ut'ciit fatitjno ' Thcii' cli' ik-l)()iics wen- hiijh.' Tlit (il>lic|uc eye df the ( liiiuse was luit iliicoiinimii.' ' Tlieir cotiiitciiaiK'cs wort' an i \iii-c ^sioii of wililiiiss, and tin y liad, in the '(■pinion of some of iis. a inel:,iH Imly cast of features.' Some <]f ■woaieji w'HiliJ with dilticulty lie distiiriuislu d in colouf froiii those of Kuro- |M'|*II mee. 'J lie ( lasset Women ' ». I'e liiltell licttef lookiliL,' th.ili those of Other H»ia>es.' J'ortiait of a Tatoiieh. eliief. Will.- s' Aar.. ii', / >. /..c. /•'.r, Vol. iv.. |(j), ;il7 s, .')2(», .j17 S. • All are l)ow-len;^'ed.' 'Ail of a sad-cilon d. CaravitULito hi'owu.' 'All l*avo coiirM. Iri.iek liair. and are lieafdh ss.' Win- thniiia I iiiiiifi (iini Sdtl'i!- , ji. :!2. 'Till »lid htout.' Miinrill's ,l(iai\, \). LS. S|ii(jat iiH iitions a <'l :'Jlain slave w' *- in the daik like ii rai oon,' >«', ,i(.-.. p ",J. TheJ'lasset ' east ol niilitenancf is Very dilf'eitiit from that (if the Nootkiaii" . .their eonijiiexion in also luti'-h faiier and their stature sliortif.' ./('■'(■/'> \iii\, |i. 7."). 'i Ik' Nisipially Piidi.iii!* 'are of icrv laiLit) Klatiire: indenl, the larutest I have ini t with on the eontilieiit. The womi n iire ) artieuliirly lari;e aial stout.' Vi'/h's ll'w/e/., pj). 207, U-N. '.;VI. The Xis- iliiallies are liy no ni(-ans a lari,'!' race, bein;^ from five feet live ii"'lies to live fei t nine inches in height, and wei^hiii;^ from one huiulrt d and *i<.Hi\ l»» one hundred ami eighty )miuih1s. Andvi'sim, i i Lunl's .\iit., vol. ii . j).2-7. ' l**' ros- ti'o hermoso y de i^allarda liL;ura.' .Xai-i^rnli-, in- Siilil i/ Mi ,i< i\-. 'i'h<' (.jueiunlts, 'the linest-lookinu Indians I had (her t '. ^I.iny of tho Lumini ' very fair and have l;L;lit hair.' It'/it. Iml. Ajf . ]i. .'i^S; I'lchi-riu'i'.-! /.'"CO. in /'. >. i:,v. I\x., vol. i\., ji. 'j;!; Muiiiti, » i ,.f,,-, l>. '21"), with plate of Cowlitz skull; ( I'Viiint'lis' \iir Kt Ih.rddo. \t. !(7j Vuii- vuiVi-r's I'oj/., vol. i.. ]i. 252; Mnrjiiii/ ami lllninf, I'li'lit .'^iniiid ilinclnrij, pp. G-1-71; Clark's JAjlda (ind Sliaihnrs, pp. 211- I'l, 221-0. SOUND Dr.ESS AND DWEIJ.INGM. 211 ■k-Si't, ItU'C'S, )f Uo- i;i|)S !i il.lc of lllulOht t none ;()rs on ni'iLilit <. '\W 'd. :uul usi' of |)U'iiti- CDlorcil iato the )n cliiy. ' <^r;ui., ■(■(llol'l ll. ^s.■ Mn- ., V. •-'^• lai mill. iMiu that I' ^tatun' ry liu;.;!! wiiim u I hf Nis- . , to livi' I , tt> lillr • ]>t VI IS- r, 1', v. iv. > V w. '.i7; I'dn- pintlv ])ractl('r(l. ami iH-ndant trinkets of cvrrv rv;nn and sidistance arc worn, those of hone or slicll preiei-rcih aiuh le women tliest th if \\e iiia_\' credit \\ ilkes, hy some of tl ornaments are actually kept clean. The nati\e jiarmeiit. \\hen the weather makes naked- ness uncomlortahle. is a hlanket of doji"s liaii', sometimes mixed wiih hii'ds' down and hark-lilire. thrown ahoiit the dioiddci': ■>ome lew fasten this ahont the neck with a woodt'ii nm. he women are more care ■fid 111 coveniiii' the person with the hlanket than are the men. and gen- erally wear nnder it a hark apron hanuin.u' Irom' the waist in front. A cone-shaped, water-proof hat. woxcii from :'ol oreu ira> IS sonielimes worn on the iicai 'I't'injiorary ImntiiiLi-hiits in summer are merely cross- sticks coxcred with coai>e mats made hy layiiiLi' hiilrushes side h\ side, and knottim:' them at interxals with cord ())• vra^ )00 rer indi\ idiials or trihes dwt 11 nerma- 1! ihl\ 111 similar \\\\h s. impro\e(l )\ till' a Idit ion ol i'ew slahs; while the rich and jiowerfid hiiild snhstantial loupes, ot ])lanl >lit from trees l)\" means of hoii weliiiiLs in iiian. ant w<'d;es. much like the Nootka d neaih' as laiLii'. These houses sometimes measure o\'ei' one hundred fict in lenul and are di\ ided into rooms or Bi At c !'! 'Lcssl. ,lanl) ill j'aiiit ami 1' ss tillliy ' tliaii tin Xmilli •VV ' tll''V'Ailf«Mir!|:llllillts, tlliiUull lli'l I- rial! I'. II' Wire (ilisi r\ 1 1 At I'.irt in their in'-n s.' ■lu' till- S U.as. V luini I riiallirlit was stlai; ht. instead nt' eli scellt-shnlii <1, s. Valicfiuvt V sii )i(iM ll (111 ir eaiimiits tn lie cunii'iisi d (if li ;'s liaij' Ji;iM d with (! e hee, I ',:iirt itn r.t I '.'/.. \ « 1. i., 1 ]' had K'.aall liva^s Ik 11 < l.i.i.',' in ilie lini vf tli ,1 of sum ■ wild aiiiiual, wliiih he did not ■MK •iCi;. At I'oit niscoV(>iv nils V.-. ru t ;tti d V l:U li. The ( l:;ssi t.~ 11 th id fa I' IS. hiiue of the Skn- d fond of liruss lines, littaehcil to the <'arli':i tl 11 11 nts I ieee, and l! till ir liveathiiij.'. ' ji. "jII ■Ml, a: I, 411, r>ll 'J, ,■ mind !•( ■ ll sentations < small J ii ci s of all ilidi sei lit mnssi 1-sliell, of their iinse, whidi was in Hoine, of the size nf n, iLi.li.r in sha) e. It is f// nerally lie) t in motion liy wii:. .\. r /..!■. /•. vol.iv. 1:1' .'ii •JO. r-H. Tli(> conical hats and stout liodits •broneht to f s;ii 111 tiili J ;ri. 1 1 ll II 7e /./. '•»/(,, V\>. IMI, Ll)7, ill)-;l, '^.i. 2!l'.t: /;/(.. All. Oh. 'S (Ifl-Jiill, \)[) 's I e /. //.n./i/, M.l. i.. 111. JiiH 11; A'l 1 .")4,p.'2i:!; / /. iS-"7, ll 1' >iiii IriiKrUn. i,,iil,iUi. Mdi/ 2i, IS.',;); /,„/, :(::'.»; Hfrii' in I'm'. I!. I,'. Hi/.t., vol. i.. p. );t(). (li'av Ilai'lior tliev wi re dressed Willi n-d di i r skins. .V( ,f.' ■til C4-7 1 . //'(, \i'i;i'. ]i. xiiv; ('nrini-iiU'iH Sur 1:1 /)i railn, ]>. 1*7; H7ii'/.co/i'.s (/ .>!('/(//(•, ji. :;J ;i; Muriilii/ and Il'ir.iiil, in I'mjii S(l. J/irict., pii. i-M 212 COLUMP.IANS. pons, oaoli house aoeommodiitiiij:!; maii}^ families. Tliero are several fire-plaees in each (hveirmjjj; raised l)eiu'he.s extend round the sides, and the walls are oi'ten lined with matting.""' In sprinii: time they ahandon their rep;ular dwelliniis and resort in small companies to the various sources of food-su]ii)ly. l''ish is their chief dependence, though !j,ame is taken in much larger quantities than l\y the Xootkas; some of the more inland ?ound trihes sul)sist- ing ahuost entirely \)y the chase and hy root-digging. Nearly all the varieties of fish Avhicii support the north- ern trihes are also abundant here, and aiv taken suh- stantialh- 1)\- the same methods, namelv, hv the net. hook, s})ear, and i-ake; l)ut fisheries seem to ])e carried on some- what less systematically, and 1 iind no account of the extensive and complicated eml)aiikments and ti-aps men- tioned hy travelers in Ih'itish ('ohunl)ia,. To the sahnon, stui'geon. herring, rock-cod, and candle-lishj al)undant 9. The Skiit^'it liilic bciiit,' exposed to iittiicks fnmi the north, coinl)ine (l\velliiii,'s iuul tdi't. uiul liiiild tliinisi lv( s 'eiiclnsuves, t'oiirlmiulreil fee t louj,', iiud eiijiidile of eoiitiiiiiiiiL! luauy families, which lire constiueted of jjickels iiiiiih' . 511. At Port Discovery (he Iodides were 'no more than ii few ru(lely-cut slabs, covcnd in ] art by coarse mats,' ]i. .'ill), lI'/V/is' Anr., in V. S. I:'j\ A'.r., vol. iv., pp. :!!'•( •_(!, oil, ~>n. The Clallanis also have a fort of pickets ono hundred and lifly feet scpiare, roofed over and dividlir- «/(.s, ill J'lir. I!. I!. Hi/'l.. vol.i., pp. I'JIt-IfO. Well built lod^'cs of timber and ]ilank on Whidbey Island. 'I'liuriilnu'K O'jv. (iml Cnl.. vol. i., ]). ItdO. At New Dunitcni ss, 'comixisedof notliinjj; more than a few mats thrown over cross sticks;' and on l'u;4et Sound 'constructed some ihin;^ aftir the fashion of a soldier's tent, by two cross sticks about 1iv(> feet liinh. connected at each end by a ridi.;<'-pol<' fmm one to the other, over some of which was thrown a coarse kind of mat. ipver others a few loose bran.clies of trees, shridis or }_'l'ass.' \'iiiiriiiinr's \ "i/.. vol. i,, ]ip. 'I'l'). '2(!'J. The (^>ueiutllts somelimi s, but not always, whitewash the interior of their lodjje s with pipe-clay, aial then ]iaint linun s of lishes and animals in red and black on tlie white surface. See (It serijition aial cuts of ixteriorand interior of Indian lodf,'e in .^irmi'ii A. ir. CiiukI. )ip. •.:(■)'; 7. :IIU1, X\H\ rrum'n I'dji. Mnn., p. (55; (.'ornicac'/is' Sew El Jidfiiilii, ]). '.iX; ( Inrl. '.< J/h/hla uml .'^hadi'Ws, p. 'Z.'>. FOOD OF TIIF SOUXl) IXniAXS. 213 ill tl:(' iiili'tsof tlic soiuul. tlio f'liisscts. l)v vciitiiriii,ti' out to .'-;'ii. add u supply ol' MliaU'-Muhlior and ott( r-ircat, olitainod wiili speai's, lines, and lloats. At certain {(.int.- on tlic slioic tall poles arc erected, acr t)SS \\ hicl 1 ne ire ■spread; and a,uaiir>liot by the s]iell ol" torches. For preserxation, lish are di'ieo in tl le si sn or dried and smoked h\' the domestic hcai'th and sometimes pounded line, a-^ are roots of \arious kinds; clams are dried on strin<:s and hun,u uji in the houses, or occasionally Avorn round the neck, niinistei'inu' to the nati\e love of ornament until the str(>n<^er instinct ol" hunucr impairs the heauty ol" the necklace. In the ) et- ter class ol" houses, su[)i)lies are neatly stored in baskets at the sides. The people ai'e extremely imj»rovident, and, notwithstanding their abundant natural su]ij)lies in ocean, sti'eam. and i"orest. are olten in ureat want. I'oil- inii' in Avooden vessels by means of hot stones is the ordinai'y method of cookin^ii'. .V visitor to the Xooksaks thus describes their method ol'steannng elk-meat : '"TlKy lirst dii;' a, hole in the 'ground, then build u wuml Ww, ])lacin!^' stone on the toi) ol" it. As it burns, thi' stone become hot and fall down. Moss and lea\(s are then jtlaced on the to[» ol" the hot stones, the meat on ihi'se, and another layer ol" moss and leaves laid o\ei it. A\ ater is ]!oui'ed on. which is sjudily conxci'led into st* am. This is retained by mats carerully jilaeid o\cr the luap. in this wa\ tor a niuht. the UH'at is lound \\ len left tciKU'r and wtdl ceeiU1i«l we Mil. wxix,. I'll. T'.i"). T'.i'.i. si"i: /c/. .1 '!. i: III'' KKI to (.(III (llllKls. M 11(1 Ink ic I'lalliUii^. «>y iiiciins (.f .( s|pc.(|- witli ii liaiidlc s( vciitv t(i ( iuiilv d ct w IliK- 1\ iiii; (111 tkv IioMkUI ut tilt' liV(.r in SJ);! tiiiKj, i'i>>h-ii()(jk.s m 2U COLUMBIANS. I fiiul 110 mention of other woupons. ofTonsive or (1(»- feiisivo, tliiin spwirs, iind bows iiiid arrows. '['\\v arrows ami spears were usually itointed with hone; the liows Avei'u of yew, and thoiiiih shoi't, were of jireat jiower. ^'ancouver describes n superior l)ow used at l*n,i:et Sound. It was from two and a half to three leet lon<:'. made iVom a naturally em-ved piece of yew. whose concave sid(-' became the convex of the bow, and to the whole length of this side a strip of elastic; hide or ser[)ent-skin was attached so firmlvby a kind of cement as to become aUnost a part of the wood. This lii un»r at Ided •rea tiy I n-c ina<'i(> of c'dur root with In l)av1)s. Their njilv vci^ctahh s aii' th mas, wa]i[iat(H), and fciii niots. A'-/,/('s WiiikI., ]i]), 2Io-14, ;ill-- At I'nu'i't SoTiiid, 'null, %\'iiiicii and cliildrcii !'(> hiisilv ciij^'aj^id Hl;c swine iDotinj,' 11)1 this heantiful virdant nieadcw in (inest I'thleeau or ealldle-tish IS ns d oil Fiiea Strait for fo.d 'S eaiu'des. Pn -•A'.s I,: il. 111. Lampri y ei Is are (hied for food and liuht hy the Nis(|iiallii s and Ch lialis. ' Caii'iiiass root. .stored in haskets. n is a kind of s\ve< t ninills. ami ihout the si4^ v'f a small onion. It is extn tni Iv almndant on tli ries. and partienlaily on those whiel (1 liv till' small sti II p Cut of salmon lislierv. .f th vew free Tl II V are ( 1 are oV( rllowi ( 'oks are made in an ingenious maniii r hielly emiiloyed in trailiiij< for lisli.' (lit if hooks, ])\). 4-14 .-). Till Classets i^ake ii cut in the nose win n a while IS taken. ir;//,,w- E -skin float has n ilitl'ereiit iiatteni painted i n it r I'x. /•■. .1. I'l' I'.l. ;!".. 441 h The (111 lialis live clni tly on salmon. /(/., vol. v., ]i. 140. .Aceordin;,' to Sw;iii th Chin n,L;i t Sound Indians sometimes wandi l;ir Slioalwati r ]> terntorv, i n tl le s| rint. The (tinninlt Indians are fund of h.rei harnaeles, not eaten hy the Chinooks of Slioalwater J!ay. Cut of a sia-otter hunt. The Indians never eiiteh salmon with a luiitnl hook, Imt alwavs iiso the hook as a mill ( 'ill., vol. '1> " '//•. y. \v. (• si, ]ip i'.i, 87. 11:2, Ic.:!, •id 1, 1:71: Tlinri.Ui (ii:. i., pii. -IW.) -i. ;i01, ;ks ;i: /,„/. .ur. Ii./^i., is.")t, p. -J!!; 7, SI lil'S, III I!, n. l:rl,iii Irri'fr.t Aii'h., vol. i\ , I [>. (i( (• 2. 'J he Mal-.iihs live ' hy eatchine; cod and halilmt oii the hanks north and east of Ca)e 1 laf- ti ry.' //((/. Afi'., lUjil. Is-'is. p. 'j:!!. ' When in a state of semi-slarv;iiion the liiast shows very plainly in them (Stiek Indiansi: they are ei nerally foul fieihrs, lii;t at surli a tinii- they eat ai'vlhinir, and are disu'nstim; in the in- trellie. III.. ISriS. III.. 1m;ii. A, // / l.i.ril'n \iii , vol. i., pp. ItiJ 5: //'//, hi I! i>l'':i:ii, 11. ; .. 4llS;']r tin up a I iihiii I iiid Suililli', 11 I'l' M'liintk 's Ji :\IANrFACTURES OF ITCKT SOIXD. 215 irrows 1)()\VS i(»\vt'r. v)ini ' Svniiii II ii'n ns, coiisist- ,!(..' i:i'Ksi. n\'^ iiv, vol. ii., snluK'lii- quills. iilitl (ij.t 11 |.ai- 1 stn iilHS." liialilii I' tivh.' «i't II a vlrili^ |i it, ]■ ■"'.T. ,-., r,;7-is. 1.4 to Swan ir l!iiv. iu III (if i;;i-W a s( !i-(ittfi' lalways ii>^« ,„/..„■'>■ (i[.ii. ' 1 ; /.'ii/i/i's hiy all iV- lixiii'.' \viili 111,. M: l.ahH (■„1,. llnt- |r\alioil tlio rally foul ill tlir < A- .'... 1'. '■ "; ;i).s; " tl'iii- to the streiiutli of tlio l)()\v. ;ni(l uas not afit'ctcil l>v n loistiin'. '1'Ik' how-striiiii' was iiiadi' ol' sinew, Tl le triltes were ('(Mitinually at war with eacli other, and Avith northi'i'ii nations, generally losini:' many of their people ill battle. Stickin.u' the heads of the slain enemy on ])()les in IVont of their dweHino's. is a common way of demonstratinu' their joy over a victory. The Indians at Tort DiscoNcry spoke to W ilkes of sealpin,ti' amonji' their warlike e\[)loits, bnt accordin.ii to Kane the Classets do not practice that nsa^iie.'"* Vancouver, /inding sepulchres at I'enn ('o\e, in which were lartie ([uantitit's ol" hu- man hoiu's hut no limh-hones of adults, suspected that the latter were usi'd hy the Indians lor pointiii" their arrows, and in the mamifactni'e of other imi)lement.' The Sound manufactures include only the wi-ajM >ns and utensils Uf lihiv is twistid into _\arn hetwct n the hand and thiiih, and the strands airauotd in perpcndic- idar iVanies foi- weavinji' jiurposcs. Willcw and other twi,cs supply material for liaskets of various ll.rms. oiten neatly nuide and colored. Oil. hoth lor d()me>lic Hf^i.) and Ibi' hartei". is extracted hy hoiliu"'. except in llicca.'^e of the candle-lish. wIk'U hanoiiio' in th(> hot sun sulll it is preserM'd in liladdei's and skiu-hottle: ces: h;u ')' I'oiii'iiuri !•'•< ]'iii/., vol. i., ]■'. '2')'.). At (iray Harl'nr tli,' Imws wi vi> sninc. what Miort' c-in-iilar than t Isi w hni'. /-/,, vol. ii.. ji. M; II iihis' .\l; Ivn.i's Tl'r/i,./ , i-|i. -J.-ll 2; }',ii'Ci"i-i rs I'm//., vol. i.. ]i. 'J.'ll. ''i'lii'V ha\r linii iiiailv aiuiihih.ti (I liy till- lionh s (if iiovth( 111 Mivau,'! s that have ilit'(sti(l. i.lal do now, ( V( ti .'it llit.' jircsi lit ilay, iiifi i-t our own shores' for slaviH. TIk y had lirc-iiniiH In fori* our trilxs. thus t;riiiiiii'j an advaiitauc Iml, .1.;''. /,'/■' , \!^'il ti. ;1l7' ' /i/7, « 7.1;,//-' ("/ Slllld^nrs, ]>. "i'-4. '•''J \'o,ir'iri- y's i"//.. vol. i., ]i. '.IST. "'"'A ^il;nlt' llir< ad i-- u.au.d mmv r. Ihi-- at th<' tc)' and I'ull.i ,.|' ^ »i as to loiiu a i-oui ■ i,- w if thr(n.L,h wiiii li nh i.ltiriiute ! ; 216 COLUMBIAN'S. Cimocs arc made 1)\- the Sound Indians in the sanio mannci' as hy the Nootkas ah'eady descrihed ; JK'ini: al- ^\■^\ s i\\\ii, out. I'orniei'ly hy (ire, IVoni a single cedar trunk, and the ionn ini])r()vcd al'ter'wards by stretchin,u uliui soaked in liot Avater. ()!" the most elc|^'ant jjropoi'tions, tiu'\' a)'e modeled h\- tlie huilder with no r stern, or hoth. in \arious I'orins. ])oint- ed, round, shovel-nosed. I'aised or level. The raist'd stei'n. head-iiiece. and stern-post are usually formed of separate ])ieces. Like the Xoolkas. they char and polish the outside and paint the interior ^\ith red. The lai'j:est and linest specimen seen h_\' Mr. r^wan was l'orty-si\ leet lonp: and six feet Avidc. and crossed ihe har into Shoal- water l)ay N\ith thirty (^)ueniult Indians ii'om the north. The jiaddle used in (lee[) water has a ciiitch-hke handle UK 1 a si lai r-i )0 nit eil Diane lUl Hill .111 is cunii il liy tlii' liaiid, ixiul pi'ossi'd cliiscly tnpotlirr liy a suit of wipipili n ciiiuli: 1 V tuiiiiiiL; tlif idlliis cviry jiai't ui the woof is liinnnlit with- in vtach (if llic weave r: liy Ihis iiicaiis a lin-^' I'nniud, ii\Hn at i iicli ( iid, wliirli liciui,' cut (Idwii iiiakts a sijuavc lilaulii t.' IiHik's W'dml., jiji. 21(1-11. Cuts show ill),' the Idoiu aud jiniciss of wcavilij,' auuiug thu Nootsalis, also Ikhisc il wil.ow liaslicts. ' HIM). tluv I'i'i'liiilii, la llnijii I M'l vol. xxxix.. iiji. 7'.)'.)- 'I'lii Clallanis 'havr a l'>, ISCl /-.'.r. /-.'.r.. Vol, ix., ]i. 2 His' Xcw El liomili, V /•;<•/, iniiij s D< liiy |iresent a modi 1 of winch ii white niecliauic ndulit well be jirond. ■scri]ition if niethiid of makii lit/ canoes, and a v^lui niult ]i;uldli nd cuts of (^ucniult, Clallam, and Cow- .V. n\(i,t as wealth is sometimes inheiited.'"' Slaves aro hold hy all tho trihos. and are treated \t'ry nnich like thoir doiis, hoing looked upon us ,1 SliVt (if ■Jit \Mth- 1(1, wliiili 11. Cuts ,11 lldllSC, ,,,,. ?X.- ir. wllirll iliiiikils.' Iil;ink(tri 111.' /"'/• •,W. Tint CXtVilctlll hirli in a .. \'. :iss. M -oat.' niil fvoiu jius sl(iprs ill ' . /'.'.I'. /-.'.I',, vol, iv.. iip. ;iiO I. The ('lall.uiis liavi' ' a very larLjc canoe ii( ruder shape ami workmaiislii]i, lieiiit> v.iile and shovel-nosed,' used for the traiisiiortution of ha,eea'-;e, /..r/. .1;/'. Jic/it.. \S')i. p. '2l'>; Sti'i-fiis, in I'lic. It. I!, /e///.. vol, i-.^ip. i;lil 1; >i' imiiiit's yii/. llentlil, vol. i., p. HIS; I'irl.i riir/s /e/co. in I'. S. A.r. /'.'.i',. vol, i\., p]). '2.') (!; Wi.iUiroii's Caiwe Ond Smlilli , p. •_(!; ( lnrl.'s l.i ihts iiml .•^liinl'ins, jip, '>2t-(!, 'i'2 Iviiir's W'liinl,, pp, -J:!?-'.); hill. .Ur. l;,i,l., ISC,'.). ], lull; Slnrlinii, in. I'^r.hoolrniffs Arch., vol. iv,, ji. llul; I'irLi rimi's h'Kos. ill r. >. K.f. h'x., vol. ix., ]). -M). '"•' ' lis obi'isst lit ii nil chef, qui n'exerce son ]iimvoir ipi'i n femps de uner- re.' //(w.si, Sonrciiirs, ji. li'.i:). .\t (iray II ii'lior 'thiy atipeared lo \u- dixided into three diH'ereiit tribes, or ]iarties, eieh havini; one or twoehiifs.' ri'eCKii- vvr'.s I'll'/., vol. ii., p. Hi. \\ilkes nut a s.piaw chief at Nis(|UMlly, who ' seemed to exercise more authority tlian any that had been met witli.' ' Lit- tle or no distinction of rank seems f,i exist amoic_r tiiem: the authority of the chiefs is no loic-;er reco^'nized," ll'(7/,c,s'' Xur.. in I', .s. I:'.,\ /■.'.!■., vol, iv,, )t. •Ill; Vol, v., ]K lUl. Y. llow-euni had heeome eliiif of tlie Makahs from his own ]iersiiiial j rowiss. Kkik's U'om/., pp. '2:!7 '.•; Iml. .1'''. Ji'ij'l., 1s."j7, pp. y.7-iS. 218 rOTJ'MTlTAXS. jn'opci'tv. find not Avitliin tlic catcporv of liuniiinlty. For !i iiiiistt'i' to kill liiill' 11 (lo/.i'ii .'resentati\e ol' ImntinLi' or lishiiiij scenes, not particularly described by any visitor, take jilace at the weddin.iT. Women have all the work to do except luintiiiii' and fishinji. Avhile their lords spend their time ni Idleness and uanihlinu' ibli ^till the i'eniali's ari' not il treated: they ac(|uire iireat inlluence in the tribe, and are always consulted in matters of trade before a 1)ai\^ain is closed. Tlry are not o\'erbnrdened -svitli modesty, nor are husl a, i Is noted for iealonsv. lliriii"' out their Avomeii. chielly howexcr sla\es, lor prostitution, has been 11 iJi'ominent source of tribal revenue since the country "was partialh- settled bxuhite; A\' omen are not jirolilii three or lour bein^' ordinarily the liuiit ol' their ol.sprin^i ]nrants. proi)erly liound U[) Avith the necessary ap})ariitiis lor heiid-llatteninir. are tied to their cradle or to a piece ()ri)ark. and hun^ir by a cord to the end of a sprin,i:y pok; kept in motion by a strini:' attached to the mothers iireat toe. AU'ection for children is by no nu'ans lare. but in I'cAv ti'ibi's can they resist the temptation to sell or gamble tl lem awa\ 1IJ5 "II Sjircdt's SfCiV'.'^, ]). 02; S'lDipsim's Oi-i rhui(} Jonrn.. \o\. i., pp. ■2-l'2-3; Jvnir's ]]'t ihdanl, July 30, 1870. In nuitters of trade the opinion of AMr.SEMF.XTS or THE SOrXD INDIANS. LMO Fcastl lU uiimhliii jind siHokiii'j; iii'o llio favoi-ilc! niiuiH'iiicnts; ill! tlu'ir jji-opci'tv, hliivcs. cliililrcii. iuul ('\('ii tlicii' own iVct'ilom in m nu! casi-s nre ri^lscil in tlicii' ,i;!inics. S('V('i';il plants arc used ns tinhstiliitcs Hn" tohacci) when tliat article is not olttainalilc. Jt* an\' ini- 1 M)i'tant dill'ci'cnccs exist lietweeii llicireerenioiiies. dance }t A merica' as il" occin.ied l)\- one ih'oi)U 1"'"1 li»; Tl icl'c IS n:) evidence of cannibalism : indeed, dm'inii' \'ancou\er's \isit at I'mict Sound, some meat otiered to the natixcs uas reinsed. because it was suspected to he human Ik'sh. Since theii' ac(|uaintance with the whites thev have ac- (|uired a habit of assumin,Li' ,<:reat names, as l'u!ini 11 IS iiUViivs Cii illr.l 1.1 til (111 isinll il ciilcs til" 1 lari'alli. . n- \'"U. Iliriild, \i>\. \.. y. Ills. ' 'I'll.- wliiilr IhikImi of (I'l'iH s i fioii is tliriiwu ii]iiiii til Cut of the iiiitiv r i:.,: i:. I'.. Vlll. IV., \t[< :ir,)-2i). i:iliy-|niii])(i 117/,. •U| At I'.ilt 1)1: (ivcrv tluv I'U'rnil their chililivii fdl- sale, r At Cnay llarlMH' tiny \v< re i.nt j aloiis. 1' 2:a; vdl. ii. s:! 1. ll-i 11. Siri/; liaviii'4 liKJlT than tlin I' irl.'s Ij :'i t< iiiil sA'dA-zr.., I'P- I'"' II';//.'s' A' ,) r rx. i\ III! i I'll r: VUl .111; /. /■ s 1 ... VI ir fiir.r ' el I' 111 -i; M, .' Illtl( 1,1, Ktitioiis trilic, 1111(1 iiritiiid to 1 Ipv tl 1' ir unci .stdis. M II '-1. is:.;». •jCi '., LTO. '1 he I. trailitiniis — li L'l II niiiiiii 'iivc a \i ry sii].(r- . liaiiiL (I (Idw 11 to ti Kill N or 1 at 11 Jilu ii-.ali 17. ■!/.). No foili 1.. -••; 1: ll'oi//.,-: , 11 ]icrsna loll I r It.' /.,'/. .'ir. Jjil pay will iiiiluic tlii in to Lillinov. j Julhi ll'( salutation. (('/.' I'll , S I III l.t, III r. ,s-. 7..C. ;;, 1' ii. s ( '.h,,.v dill I ilir. lip. li- All ;tln'S;. a-it- •I>v. IIol: IK'S saw a 11 oLl man in tin' last st: IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) // 1.0 2.5 '■'■ lil^ III 2.2 I.I ^ m 1.25 1.4 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 5. -fer /A 6 220 coLriir-iANS. hsiicc'iiinl) to tlu'ir disoiiscs, or to tlio iiiciins employed for cure, are disposed of in difiereiit Avays aeeordiii;A' to lo- cality, trihi'. raidv. or auc. Skeletons are found 1)\ trav- eler.s buried in the ground or deposit^everal bodies are often put in one canoe or box. and the bodies of younti' children are Ibund sus- pended in l)askets. Property and implements, the latter idways broki'n, are de[)osited with or near the remaius, and these last restinti-i)laces of their peo[)le are relig- iousl\' cared for and uiuarded from intn > as to fuii'i' t lie ilia jilivani to ixlfonii vcs] ira- tiou \vitli.)ilt the aiil of tin' thovac lf„/.( r i:.y. r. vol. iv., !>. r)12. Aiiioii;^' till' Clallains, to iiuc a girl of a ilisiasi' of tli (1( llftt'V stiipiiiiig tlu> patii'iit iiakiil, tin' inciliriiii'-iiiau, tln-owiu'^ofl' liis lilaii!;it, ' coiuuii . ('Ill siiiL;iiij,' mill f,'isticiilatiii;4 in tlif most violiiit iiiaiiiicr, whilst till' others kr]it timn liy Ixatiuy with littli' slirlcs on Imllow wooih n howls il di' nms, sinL'iiiLt contiiiuallv Afirr ('Xci'i'isiiiL,' hiiiihilf in this nianiirr fo nhoiit half an huiu'. nntil the piisfiiiatioii ran down his liody. hr darti d- di'iily uiioii till' yoiinji woman, ratchini,' hold of hi r side with hi^ ti rlh ami KhaUin;^' lirr fornfrw iiiiniitis, wliili' tlii' i)atiitit st'ciiud to siilh r gnat auony. Ho thin nliiiijuishi d his hold, and I'liiil out th;it he had '_;ot it, at the same tiiiii' holdiiii; his hands to his month: after whiili he plnii'Jied them in llui water and ]iretended to hold down with great diilieiilty the disease whii h ho W'iiikI., P)i. L'io-f'i. Sniall-i)o\ siemed very pri v:dent had extraeted.' A' hv whii'li iiiaiiv had lost the sight of one eve. \'(ii' oil. >\. 212. To eiire ii cold in the faec the Qileiiinlts Imriied certain hi rlis tr 1> cinder mid mixing them with grease, aiiointeil the fa .y. II'. r„.,,s/ J), 'JCi"). .\moiig the Nooksaks mortality has not increased with civilizatii ii. ' .Vs yet the only causes of any amount aie consumption and the old dis- rases.' Iml. At/. 11' pi.. 1S.")7, ji. .'tJ7. .\t Xeah l?ay, 'a scrofulous afl'.ctiou jiervades the whole tribe.' '1 he old, sick and nminicd arc iiliandoucd hy their friends to die. hi.. 1H7-', )>. ;t."):i. 10!) SI hive no ri ,'lit to h ir ,/ iiiria 1 pi 1' 'if At a Qncniiilt thei'lai the dilVei-i nt colored lilaiikels and calicoes hung roitnd gavu I'lai ir. ace an ap]iearanei' o f clothes hull'' out to dry on a washiu'.' dav.' Si I. )). 2(; At Port Orchard "iillis were 'wrapped lir'idy in mat- ting, lu'lieath which was a vhite iilaliliet, closely fastnicd round the hoily, and under this a covering of Mue cotton.' ,\t I'ort Discovi rv hodi •ajtiii d in mats and jilaced upon the ground in a sitting' post lire, iiiiii sur roundrd with stakes ami jiiect s of ] l.'nik to piuteet tliem ' On the Cowlitz the liurial canoes are |iaiiileil with ii'.;inei. and gifts are not de[io^iti d till .\i(r.. i.i r. S. J:.)\ /',r.. Vol. iv.. ])p. d moiitlis after the funeral. W il, 3J:t, ;!I7-S, .")M'.l Id. .Uiioiigtlie Nisipi.-dlies holies of relatives are Konii tiiiii'fj diuiutcrrcd at dillcri'iit places, washed, ri-wia]iped and luirii d again in oiia ciiaiiacti:r of the souxd ixdi.vns. 221 Xftctka char.'K^ter jxM-liaps have ])OQn noted l)y travi'lors ainoii^' tlie Indians oi' the SouikI. ])iit none of tliese jecii- liarities are so eleaily niarke(ii( fid '/■>', ))]). 71 5. On I'eiin Cove, in a dtsertid villiiKc, were found 'several sepMlelires f(iniied « xaefly like a e(ntiy liox. Some (if tliiiii Were open, and eoiitaincd the sliclcfons of many voiui!^' children tieil 11)1 in liaski'ts.' yimronvtr's I'o//., vol. i., ]i|). 2."ii-('i, kST; Iml. [{I'. Hi/il , IN.") I, 1). '242; X'CKi.s ill I'or. /,'. /,'. I.'iiil.. vol. i., j). l-i'.t. \ eoiresjiondellt descriiies a tlathead inunimy from TuLtet Sound jiroerved in San Francisco. 'The eye-lialls are still round undi r the lid; the teeth, tlie muscles, and t(>ii- doiis jK rfect, till' veiiih injiit((l with some presirvin^' liquid, the howils, stomach and liver drieil \\]\ Inu not dccayeil. all ]iirfectly iires( rved. 'Vlui Very Mankct that enfwin( s liim. madi of some thn ads of Imrk and saturat( d with a ]iitchy suhstance, is ( ntire.' .^rlninlrrnit's .ice//., vol. v., p. (lUlt; rirl.- lTiii: 1,'iirrs, in ('. S. /•.',!•. /.'.i',, vol. ix.. ]). It'J. iiii -Their naiive haslifuiiiess r( ndt rs all sfpiaws poeuliarly sensitive to any puMic notice or ridicule' I'roli.ilily the la/icst ]icoplc in the world. Tic mails ar<> intruste(l with safety to Indian carriers, who arc I'trfccfly safo from interference on the part of any Indi.iii they may nuct. Kum'^i IC'dk/., p. -O'.t H!. 227 H, 2;M, 247 H. ' I,a im'moirc locale ct persoucllc du sauva^'o <'st adiuirid)le; 11 n'(UiMie jamais uu iiidroit id une ]iersoniie.' Nature seems to hive f,'iveii him nieniory to sup|)ly the want of intelli:4cnce. Much iii- elin( (I to venc;eance. 'I'hose havint,' means may avert vciij^'cance hy jiay- luiiits. Ilnssi, Siiifrviiira, \i[\. 1 lit. 2'.l") H. ' Perfectly indirt'crent to <'xposure; dec( ucy has no tncanini; in their lant'iiaiie.' Althoiiudi always lie>,"4iii^,', they refuse to atx-ept iiuy article not in good eouditiou, calling it rwnluutuL, u term 822 COLUMlil.VNS. The ruiNOOKs constitute tlic (ourtli division of tlio Colunihijin {iroiij). Orijiinaliy the luune >vas restiicted to :i tribe on the north bank of the Cohnnbiu between Gray Vmy and tlie ocean; afterwards, from a simihuity in lanjiuau'e and customs, it was ai)})lied to all the bands on both sides of tlie river, from its mouth to the J)alles.'" It is em], loved in this work to designate all the Ore I. ''I'he Claliam tribe lias always had a had charac- ter, which their inti'icoiirso with shiiipin^,', and the introduction of winskey, has hy no ni aiis iiiiproved.' Icil. .Uf. h'j't., ls"il. p. 21;!. 'The superior couraL;c of the ^lakahs, as well as tie ir treachery, will make them luoro diilicidt of niana^^eiiient than most t)ther trilies.' (*arl>aioii.s habits, and have adopted those of civilization. Cini nntii, ia Jlirpir'n Mmj., vol. xxxix., ]'p. 7'.i")-7; .^hiijisnii's (irerliiiiil .Iniirn.. vol. i., pj). '210-2. ' 'i'lie instincts of these jieople ar(> of a, Very deL;raded chaiaeti r. They arc filthy, cowardly, lazy, treacln ions, dniiik- I'li, avaiieioiis, and iimeh ^iveii to thieviii;,'. The women have not the sliehtcst pretension to viitiie.' The ^lakahs 'are the most indejK iident In- dians in my district -thcv and the (^uillcvutes, their near iieij^hbors.' Intl. Af. lU/it., I's.'iH. pp. -i'J.".. -J. 1; ;,/., is 2, p.':,',»;i; /./., bs7(», p.lO; >c.',o.i/c,y(/7 ,s ..be'/., vol. iv., p. hdl; ]\"nd,'iri>ii'.i ('((not ((/((/ .S(((/(^c, p. oS; I'nnii's 'I'i'p. M' m., p. (15. '" Perhaps the Cascades nii^'ht nuirc jn'operly bo named as the boundary, since the re.eioii of the Dalles, from thi' ( arliest records, has been tlic r( ndi z- voii.v fortishine, tradiiiL;, and ^;aiiiblin;^' juirposcs, of tribes from ev( ry jiart of the surrounding; country, rather thau tho home of any particular nation. THE CIIINOOKS. fiimilv — the last of the jiivut coast or fisli-eatintj divis- ions ol" the ('oluinl)iaii jirou]), Aiuoii.Lj the prominent tribes, or nations of the Thi- niK»k lUmilv niav he mentioned the followin'i: the \\)il- /.ili/s or upper Chincxjks, inchidinj;- the hands on the Cohinil.ia from the Cascades to th.e Cowlit/. and on the lower Willamette; the lower Chinooks iVom the Cowlit/, to the I'aeidc comi)risinji' the Wiil/ad'nuitf. and ('hhiooks on the north hank, and the ('oj>.i. on the i5outh; the ('((/(tjinoijas oeeupving the Valley of the "W'ilhimette, and the ClKcbniuDi on one of its chief trih- utariesof the same name; with the KiUniiKiohn and Viiiit- cy//^'s who live between the Coast rvan;:e""and the ocean. With respect to the present condition of these na- tions, an thorit les auree ni si)eakin'j; of them as a siiualid |UJ and ju)verty-stricken race, oiice numerous and [Xjwerful, now few and weak. Their country has been settled by w hiti's nuich more thickly than rejiions farther north, and they have rapi{ lition. CllilK 1>' "■- I'civ (litiiils src TuiiiAi. r>iirxi)Ai;iKs at the ciiil of this chiiiitcr. Tlu> Clatsops, Wiikiaknius aiul Catlilaimls nsiiuliliii'' cai h othi th-.ss. 1; iiiun 11(1 iiiaiiiK'i'." 'I'lir ( liiiKKiksaiid W: ikiakiiius wcn^ iiii-'ilially one liilic, ami Wukiakiini was the name oi tlic chii f who sect iIimI with Li-i la (Ihfidits. Ir Astn 1'1> -r(Mtliaritirs of tiic poimlation of these regions art' seen in the iiio.t Kliildii'' nianm r. t:il leS uhol i.(<-/,s />->•,;•;>, vol. ii., pj). i.")-!',. :ni. All tl ut the mouth of thi' t'olumhia "ajipear to be di seeiidid from tli saiue stoc. 'I: ''I ., 1' anil VI i7-s. lile one auotlii r in laM:;iiaL,'e. (In ss, and iiatiits. !!■ >n' The Cathli vachi va( lis at tiie Cascadis ilitVi i' hut litthi i>ni t:r rh /(/., j>. lil. Scoiili r cidls the (dlundiia lnli(s<(( H.l.l.s l..„iil. \\ eoiisi'liis tlieni ' iiitimat( ly related to the Kalajiooiah I'amily. ./.. d. xi. J). -- 'J'he Willamette trilxs •ditl'er verv little ill tli( ir habits and modes of life, from those on the ('olimibia Jiivi r. // ^ ■(>■ •i/K, i>. r. .Alofr !-oulh of (he ('(dumbia. /.'. .1/ akes h'iliii. ■ji'iif.. toiii. ii., ]i. It") general name for all Indians lin i/nil. l\h HI vol. ii.. 1). l:ii. Tile N< (Ik iidees on the WiUaluelte el d u alViaitv with the I'.lo'ts at the Naridws of the Columbii re- II. Ill ( tlirre semis of one faiui nbli! iu almost iveiy Jiaitieillar the Clat sops ala The 1 C'hiiiii ;iih< 7/ to b jip. IJT. "lilt. 'Of the Coast 1 1 that 1 hav( se(H lltti dirt' er( lice 111 will answer for tli in theii style of liviii;^' that a ih seriiilioii iliole.' >/(<'(('.s- .V. ir. ( nil!-!. ]l|l. I.'.ll I. ' All the natives iiihabitiiii,' the soiith( ill shore of the Straits, and the de( lll\• i.l leiited t'-rritory as far and ineludiii'^' the tide-wate;s of the Columbia, may h ■ eoiiiprehendt (1 under the i,'(iieral li rni of (.'hinooks.' 7'(('A('/i/i;/'.s Iii(:f!<, in i'. .■>'. £x. L.i:,, vol. i.\., \). 2J. Ji i 'f:i: 22i COLUlIinANS. rcnerv'ations or .strairjilin*? alxHit the Orop)n tinviis, no truce is ai>part'nt ol' the iiidcpoiKU'iit, oasy-liviii;^' Lands of the remote past It is however to he noted that at no time since this rejiion has heen known to Ilnropeans has the Indian i)opidation heen at all in })ro})ortion to the snp|)()rtin^' capacity of the land, uhile yvt in a ;hite of natnie, with its fertile soil and well-stocked streams and forests. In i)hysi(iue the Chin(X)k can not he said to difler ma- terially from the Xootka. In statnre the men rarely exceed five feet six inches, and the women five feet. ]?oth sexes are thick-set, hut as a rule loosely huilt, al- though in this respect they had douhtless de;ienerated when described hy most travelers. Their legs are howed and otherwise delbrmed by a constant s((uattin,u' position in and out of their canoes. Trained by constant ex- posure with slight clothing, they endure cold and hunger hetter than the white man, but to continued nuiscular exertion they s(M)n succumb. Plusically tluy improve in pro[)ortion to their distance from the Columbia and its fislieries; the Oalajiooyas on the upper \\ illamette. according to early visitors, [)resenting the finest s[)ei'i- mens.'" Descending from the north ak)ng the coast, 1'^ 'Tlic riu'o of tlio Cht'iioolcs is nearly run. From n. larjj;o and jiowcrfiil tribo... Ihcy liavo dwinilliil down to aliont a Inuidrcd individuals,... and tlit'si' arc It (irjaavcd, licentious, drunken s( t.' ^iniu'.i .\. W. ( mint. pj). Id.s- H). 'J'lii' Wiilojialis 'may be considert d as extinct, a fi>\v wonit n only re- muinin-;'.' >/''i. ;)•"»!; Jinl. Aif, Hrpt., ]sr>4, pp. •.;i',)-4(l; l.cnl's .V'(/.,'vol. i., p. X>1\ vol. ii., J). 217; !>'■ Sni't, J/i'.s.siod.s- ih I'ui'i'iihk, jip. 1G:J-4; Kmie's Wuml.. ])p. ITli 2 'A; llmin- lUi'h's livs li's. vol. ii., p. ;i>; I'ulmi'r'x •hmr., pp. St, 87; l''ir/.i'r's E.^idnv. Tmn-., jin. Kd-'J. 'In tlie Wallami'ttc valley, their favoiitc country... there arc hut f<'\v i-enmants Icfi, and they are dispirited and hroken-heart( d.' liobi rl.'ihi'.i (ifi'iiiiii, p. l;t(l. 11' ' 'I'he ])crsonal ajipcaranee of the Chinooks differs so mnch from that of the al'ori^'iual tiihes of the I'nited States, that it was dilliciilt at first to recoLjni. I' til.' atliuity.' I'irhininfx Jiitris. in ('. S. J:',\\ Ex., vol. ix., \\ . '11 . 'There are no two nations in Europe so dissimilar as the triln s to tlie norlli iind those to the south of thi^ Cohunliia.' hniKi'incli's iM-sciis, vol. i., p. hfS; vol. ii., ji. • I'l. ' 'I'liick set lind>s' north; 'slij,'ht,' south. /(/., vol. i., ]). HN; vol. ii.. ]). Iti. 'Very inferior in muscular powir.' Jd.. vol. ii , jip. iTi-Ki. '.\monu; the U|.,'licst of liieir race. They are Ixlow the middle size, with sipiat, clumsy foiins.' Il(il>'.< Fthmxi.. in I'. S. K.\\ /•,>.. vol. vi., ))p. I'.l.S, 210. Tlie men from live feet to live feet si.K inches hiyh, with vfell-shaped limbs; niixouK riiYsiorr. £23 ITv|Krl!()rcans, (\)li:in);i;ins, and rjililomiiins jjrocccd soiitliward. The ('!)iii[)U'.\inu of tlu' Cidiiooks may ho <'alU'd a trillo dai'kcr than the nativi'sol" llic Sound, and of Vancouver; tliou'-li nothin-a' is more dillicnlt than iVoni the va'ir.o I IT) oxjH'c'ssions ol' travcU'i's to (U'ti'nninc slwuU's of color Toints of rc'sinihlancc have hccn noted hy many oh- K'i'\('is hetween .the (Miinook and Mongolian jiliysici.'- nomw consistin'i cliiellv in the e\es turned ohliiiuclv upward at the outer coiMier. The i'ace is hroad and round, the nose Hat and I'at, with larjre nostrils, the mouih wide and thick-lipited. teetii irregular and unicli worn, eyes hlack, dull and expressioidess; the luiir .uen- erally hlack and worn lonj:'. and the heard carciiilly l)lucked out; nevertiieless, tlieir I'eatuj'es are ol'teii rc.g- luar 11(1 the women six to ci^^^'ht inclu s shorter, with bandy lej^s, thi<'k uiildis. liroad. tlut flit, idosc hannilii,' l>n ii^ts. ( i ,r'.s ,l(/r Vol, i. I'l' (i:i I. (Iliniu lltivc lace, ;,'iiierally Ik low tive feet the iuehis, with eroiikril \vl;<, ami tlliek aiiklis.' "nrnail. llat feet.' Irrimi's Aslnri'i, | ji. NT, :>:)•). ' Jiut Hot <1( llcient in stren.!.,'th or activity.' .V;co,'(((/'.s itrviiun, p. 1 l.">. Men 'stout, mnsi iil;ir and htlohL;, iiut not tall:' women 'of the middle size, lint very stont and I'aliliV, YX>. si)-'.»:t. At ( ai'.o with siKirt necks an il sh lilldl: i;, Ort'urd nolle exee( d tive fe( t six inches; 'tohralilv Well liinlied. thnii-h tril). in their iiersons.' I lUii-iinri /• .s I kirc somewliat lar''er anil lietti <'//.. vol. i. ^h idth d th !• •JOI. The \Vill,,ni.tt. th< of the ( ciliiniliia 1st. I.I irisfiiiiirifirl.i's 'I'nir.. j)]!. I,."), i;!; 7.")iil, r)iis. '/«, i, ]i]i. 7t) Ti; lliiiis' Viiij., {n>.HM, 1)1 ■r. if U le mi 11 I'enera are lather sviiiiiii triial: their statuicis low, with li^rht riiii \vy liiuhs, and ii n lil. delicate hands. The women are nsnallv mere rotrnd, and, ii di: 1 seme m- stanc ■s, even ainu'i rh ol )esity.' 'Ini'ii lull's ,". Id'., J). Ii.S. ' .MalV lint even \iir. tive feet ' Friini'li' Hhari) sii'ht and heariii!,', hut obtuse smell and tasti jip. '_l()-l. Call eiidnre cnld, but imt fall The women are nn- iilh 1. anil lioiii a com 'I'li'ir.. ]t\i. 'Jit-'" bination nf cinses :;] ]Mar old at ai 1 earlv a'.'e 'I he [iiili.ins nortli nf the ( oliimbia I', 1'er th iiio.st jiart L,Mod-lookint;, robust men some of ihciii h.-iviie.,' line, syimiicirical, forms. Tliey liavt; bet n reiu-esenti d as diminiilive, with cruoKiil ic^s and nncipiith features. This is not corvect: but, as a general rule, the din et re- verse is the truth.' >' .V. ir ■'■I- y. (irr I'l'- 1- thl '1 '"The folliiwin<_! terms aiV|)lied to ( iiiiionk <'om]ilexinii are taki n fim?! utliors (|U()ted in the ]ireredin'^' Hole: ' ('opier-coliired bi'i'wn;' ' lieht leer color ^''M olivi fair con iiiexiiin. Not dai wl leli \oull'. 'UiiU|_;li tanned skins.' 'Diney I'airi r ' Ih.iii caste: n Iiidi^siis Fairer on the const than on the I'olumbia. Ibiif-Vireeds jiartake nf tlu: Hwarthv hue of their mothers. rile Cheenoiik criiiiium, i ven wlw n not (lattened, is lonj,' and nan ijii'essed laterally, keel-shaped, lik ■ the skull of tlie l".si|iiimau> mil lii'di cheek-bi with a recedin.; forehead.' Srniilf l.nml. Kri a • l"(ir., vol. xi., ]>. 'J'JO. ' Skulls. . . .tot dly devoidof any |ieculiar dcvi lo|imcnt.' Nii.so lliit, nostrils distended, short irn ;,'ular tectli; eyes black, pierciiiu; and Vol. I. IJ 22G COLUMBIANS. It is sil)out tlio nioutli of tl»c C\)linnl)iii thiit tlic (Mis- tom ol" lliitton'mji; tlie lu'iid sivms to luivo orijiinatcd. Ku- (liatiuji from this coiitiv in all directions, and lu'coinin^ k'ss univorsal and ini[K)i'tant as the distance is increased, tlie usajic terminates on the south witii the nations uhich I have attm^hed to the (Miin«M)lv iUnjilv. is rarely found east of the Cascade I{an;j:e, hut extends, as >vc have seen, northward tlirou-ih all the coast hunilies. al- though it is far from hein^ held in the same esteem in the far north as in its apparently original centre. The or- ijiin of this deformity is unknown. All we can do is to rei'er it to that stranjic infatuation incident to humanity which lies at the rlii|n(ly uji- wiinl lit the outer corner.' Jl'th's l-Aliimn., l.i I'. S. I.x. E,\\, vol. vi., jip. 1',>M, UK). 'Faces lire round, with small, l)ut uniniated eyes. Their noses are broad and tlit at tlit' top, and tli'shv at the end, with liirj,'e nost.-ils.' li-rini/'n Ast'iri<(, p. ;i:!(i. Portraits of two Cidiiiooyn Indians. I'ir'.irif/'n lUios, iit r. S. h'.e. Z-,'.!'., vol. ix., ]>. 14. South of the- Colunibia they have ' Ion;.,' fa<'es, thin lijis,' but the Caliijuxiyas in Willamette Valley have 'broiid faces, low foreheads," and th(^ Chinooks ' avc 'a wide face, llat nose, and eyes turned obliipiely outwards.' Jlnminfi-I, .•< Disirts, vol. i., ]>. HS; vol, ii . jip. lo-KJ. 'Dull phlei;matic want of expression' common to all adults. S'lmlnifs Ihiu. Tir., p. 11.'). Women 'well-featured,' with ' li^ht hair, and jirominent eyes.' 7i'<>.s'.s' Ailnn., pp. H'.(-!)H. ' Their features ratlu'r partook of the j^'eneral Kuro- j)eiin charueter.' Hair lon,i,'and black, clean and neatly combed. Viinriuirvi'a Villi. , vol. i., p. '204. 'Women have, in ^'eneral, handsomo fac<'s.' 'There are rare instances of liiijh ai|uiline noses; the eyes are j,'enerally black," but sometimes 'of adark yellowish brown, with ;i black pu;iil.' J./'insninl C'lnl.i'.-i 'J'riir.. ij). l^"), 4:i(i-7. The men carefully eradicate tvery vesti^'eof a bearii. J>iiiiii's Dii'iii.i, p. rj4. 'The feature; of many urfi reL,'u!iir, tliou^'h ofti'ii devoid of ex;iression.' Tnwiisind's .\ ir.. )>. 17h. 'IMuck oiittli" beard at its lirst a](])caraiiee.' Ivnir's MVnn/., p ISl. i'ortrait of chief, p. 174. '.Vfew of the old men only sut^'er a tuft to j,'row upon their chins.' i'roiirlii'rc's Xur., p. '210. One of the Clatsops 'hid the reddest hair I ever saw. and a fair skin, much freckled.' iruss' .lour., y. "244; Lunl's \' t . vol. i., j). 7-">. For de- scriptions and plates of t'hinook skulls see Morten's I'ninia, pp. '202-13; jil. 42-7, i'J, 50, unil SckuokrHjVii Arch., vol. ii., pp. 318-34. IirAn-FLATTEXINTJ I'lIEXO'^irNOX. 227 njranc*'. and as this class arc ^cncrallv of iorcijrn trihcs or lamilii's. the worU ori'tIiii()l(>;iists in classilVinji skulls obtained hy travelers, and tlu'iehv ioinidin^r theories ot' race is sonu'what con; [.Heated ; l)iit the dillicnltv is less- ened hv the fact that slaves receiv*' no i"e^nlar hinial, and hence all sknlls Itelonyin;: to hodies I'roin nativ** ceineteries aie known to he Chinook 'i'he ChintMik ideal of facial l)eanty is a strai,::ht line from the end of the nose to the crown of the head. The llatteninu' of tlie sknll is elVected hv hindinu; the inl'ant to its cradle iiiini('diatel\- after hirth. and kce|)in": it tlu-ri' from thi»'e months to a \r Tl le ■simplest form of cradle is a j)iece of Iniard or |»lank on which the child is laid npon its hack with the head slij:htl_\ raist-d hy a hhn-k of wooil. Another j)iece of wood, or hark, or leather, is then placed over the foiehead and tied t«) the jtlank with strings whiih are tightened more and more each day until the skull is shaped to the rcijuired pattern. Space is left lor lateral expansion; and inider ordinai'v circumstances the child's head is not allowed to leave its position initil the j)i-(x'ess is com[)lete. The hody and limhs are also hound to the cradle, hut more l. ;!07. The <'ustniii 'jirevails auKUiu! all the natioiis we havo seen west of tlie IJoeky Xlomilaius,' hut " diiiiiiiishes in recediiii,' eastward.' l.'-n-is tnnl (I rhi's 7 /■ o-., p. -J;)?. ''I'hc Indians at the l)alles d.» not distort the licad.' /I'loc's Wiiml., \)\). 20:1, IS,)-.!. 'The i'hinooks aro the most distiii^'uished for their attachment to this sinj^'idar usap'.' llati's Elk Hi It. , ill r. >. /•.'.!•. /.'.iv, vol. vi , ji. r.is. 'I'iie trilies fiom the Coliindiiii Kivcr to Millbank Sound tlatteiithe forehead, also the Vakimas and Klikitats of the iiiti'iior. I'li'mii', in Liirl's .Sal., vol. ii., \i\\. 2IU J, •.lit. "The prae- tlce ])r v.iils, t^enerally, from the inouthof the Colundiia tn the D.dles, al)iiii4 one Iruulred and eij,dity miles, and from the Straits of Fuca on the north, to Coos 15. ly . . .Xorthwardof the Straits it diminishes gradually to a lucre sliLrht roiupression, tiiiidly eonrtned to woiuen, and ahandonecl entirely north of .Mil- Lank Sound. So east 7-H, \vith(Mit; I'li'iiiihir's Jdiir., vol. x., pp. lll-'2; lldrhtr's Toy/., vol. 1.. pj). U07-11, with entn: 'I'inrtiHChd's .V(//'., pp. ITiVf!; link's h'tlitiiiii.,iu C S. Ex. lu'.. vol. vi., p. "JlO; SifdUii/'s Oijn. 'J'tr., p. 150; Ihimmfvh' s Ileseits, vol. ii., p. '2'.l4; Irvhuj's Aslmhi, p. H!(: Cox's Ailrrn., vol. 1., p. ;t02; Catlin's.W Am. /lit/., vol. ii., pp. 110-11, with plato. Feinules remain longer than tho boys. Lcirisdiiil (liirl.i's Tntr,, pp. 4<(i, i'.ll. 'Not so ^reat ii deformity as is pn- eriilly sui)poseJ.' I'lirLvr's Hrfdor. Vokc, pp. 142-IJ, 251-'2. ' Lookinj; with contempt even upon the white for having round heads.' l\ani''s II'k/k/.. ji. LSI, 204. cut. '.\s a ^'. l'J7. Mr. Oray is the only authority I have seen for this injurious pffeot, except Doiuenech, who pronounces the Hat-heads more subject to apoplexy than others. Jfrsirts, vol. ii., j). Hi; fia.ss' .lour., p]>. '224-5; liroirn- eli's IikI. haves, pp. ;i:ir>-7; Million's ( mnia. Am., pp. 20IJ-l;{, cut of cradle and of skulls; Mol'r; Foster's I're-llist. liaces, pj), 204-5, 'MH. with cut; Sutil y MexiiMua, Viaye, p. 124; Wilson, in Siiiitlisoniaii llept., 1802, p. 2S7. CHINOOK DUESS. tlOf) ts. i thin ttiots, J)Ullll'>i t'odxt, , vol. U. S. vol. . Aw. boys. s n«n- {T with Y>. ISl, f tlat- n tlu'ir uiioi\s Bwt to Ic mill \e-lliM. 10)1, i'l lice uliicli rcii(l»>rs tlic CMiiiiook iiioro liidcoKs lliiiu tin; (•Diiiltrcssion of Ills sUiiU is tliiit of pici'cin,!"' or >liuiiiu' the riirlil;i,.:c of the luisc jind rars, and iiisrrtiii;j: tlicrcin \nv>^ «triii-> <»l IhnkIs or liia',|iia .slu'lls. tlio latter lu'iiio- jui/A'd aliovc all otlii'i" ()riiaiu('nt> Tatt (Mnui;" KriuH to 1 lavo !)!•( 11 |iia('tic('(l. hnt not i'.\t('nsi\('l_\ . takiiiji u.^iiallv llu> lonu of lilies oi" dots pricked into the ariii-*, u\i;>, and cliccks with |)iilverizi'(l eiuireoal. !initatio:i tattooiiio-, Aviili liie hriuht-eolored iiiices of dilVereiit herries. v.as a I'.ivorite }iastiiiie with the women, and neither .h'.\ eould resist the eharins of salnion-jirease and red elav. In later limes, however, aecordinjr to Swan, the eiisloin of ^reasiiiLi' and dauhino; the hodv has heeii to a i:reat extent aliandoned. Oreat pains is taken in dressiiij; the hair, whieh is conihed, parted in the inidille. and iisiiallv allowed to hann" in long tresses down the hai-k, hilt often tied n\) in a (iiieiie hy the women and girls, or hralded so as to hang in two tails tied uith strings."'' I'or dress, skins were inuch move commonly used in this region than among other coa.st families; particularly the skins of the smaller animals, as the rahhit and w«M)d- rat. These skins, dressed and often painted, wvw sewed topetlu-rsoas toform aroheor hlanket similar in form and use to the more northern hlanket of wiii(t. M',.-s. tl' /'")•,■ /n,). p. :.""). ' Sollif of these eiils I have SCI 11 with tlu' whole rim of their cars Iku-ciI full of holes, into ( .c li of which would he inserted a striiiu' of these shi lis that reacln d to the llnor, :(:id till- V hole wci'-liim,' so Inavv that to save tli fr oiii 111 iiiL; I'll th. y Were ol)lit,'((l to wear a hand across the top of the head.' 'T n li ivc s'(ii either men or women jnit oil or <_'rcasc of any hind on their l.od v. ir. fixi.-t. jip. IPi, loS :». Sec Jhi,.n's Ortjim, pp. ll."., I'J.: 1; .\iheii., pp. lll-l_'; I'tvlvi-'iiiifx //"ccs, i;( U.S. /".c. /.'.c, vol. ix., | ir'ii- J s .\st iiirt, jip, 3:J()-8; Domciacli's Jk'fiCrts, vol. 1-. '211. 1' j.jI; Fiiincli' n: s I ■I I 230 C0LUMDIAN8. (■t)iMin()ii use mnoiij;; thom. Thoy profor to jro ilakcd >vIk'Ii tlio wcutlier |>t'nnits. Skins of Ijir;_'i'r aniinals, as tlu» (k'lT and elk, are also iised lor clothinir, and of llii? latti'i" is niado a kind of arr()W-[)nM)f annor for war; an- anothcr ('«)at of mail ln'inj;" nia-kin passed l)etween the thighs and wound alMuit the waist. A fringed garment, like that descrilK'd, is also sonu'times worn alMHit the sluMdders; in cold wtather a fur roln- is wrap[)ed alxnit the hody from the hi[)s to the armpits, forming a close and warm vest; and over all is some- times thrown a ca^K?. or fur hlanket, like that of the men, varying in w. Tlie Nechecolies had 'larjjcrand louge'' robes, which are generally of deerskin dressed in the hair.' Leiris aid ( la r he's Tr uinier.' I'drLir's h'.vjiliir. 'i'luir., pp. '..41-5. The fringed skirt 'is still nsed by old women, and by all the females when they are at work in the water, aial is ealKd by them their siicufli cut.' Aavni'.s .V. W. ('< t, pp. 151-"). H'iss' Ailri'ii., j)p. H'.)-I(;i; Jjttiiu's (Jrcijini. jjp. l.;i-4; l)<>iii,-i,icl,'s jMsiils, vol. ii., pp. 15-1(1. uHl-'i, iHH; Toirnsi'iiirs \,ir., ]^. 17S; I\ii ,<'s WilmJ., jij). ]St-5; Fvdiirlii'n'ti \iir., pp. '2i2-i. The ci nieal eaji reiiiindrd Pickering of tho Siberian triljes. /i((ns, in l'. S. /•.>. A'.i'., vol. ix., p)). '.5. ;ti); Cix's Adnn., vol. i., pp. 111-12, 12(1-7; i/i<«.s' ]'";/., p. 107. Collars of bears' cluvvs, for DWLLiMNdS C)I' Tin: flllNOOKS. 231 Tlic ('liin(M>ks ijiovrtl iilioiit Irss lor tln» purpose ofoh- taliiiii^ 11 siipplv ol' HmmI, tlijin many otluMs, cmii of tli(» coast rainilii's. yot tlu> accuiinilatioii of liltli or a iiiiicli stron;:i'r motiv: — rl llcas. jivncrallv lonvil llicm to ta.ko <|o\vii tlu'ir ^v■■:;a'r 'Uvi'Uinj'.s vnvU spring:, picscrN iiij; the inatci'lals lor ri'-ori'ctioii on tlir wmio or aiiotlu'r ,*v> ')f ('edar b; 'k. These i:u spreading; ahovc by a woodi'U franit'.' WiKr-nrfr's I ".'/■• ^'' 1- i'-> i: sailc I'Uclosui't ill Si'liiiiilrn'fl's Arrliii'i'-:, vol. iii., p. 2(11), speaks ol' a pali- tcii or fiflccii fret hi.!.;li. witlia covcrcil way to th<' rivc r. ' llu^ Indian lints on the hanks of the C'ohuiihia arc, for tlic must ji.art, constrnctcd of thr hark of trees, pine branches, and hrand)h's, wiiich are so:;i( tiiues i (■red wiili skins or ra!4s. I)n ell's Ihsirls, voh ii., p. 'iCiil. Ihit 'lhc(' .k: huild their houses of tliiidc and broad iikmks.' etc. /(/. I, iiid Cl.a-ki saw 1! house in tlie Willamette Va'dev two liundred and twi ntv-^i\ feet hniL', divich (1 into two raiiL;es of hu'L;c a|iartniciits separated by a i larrow alii'\' loiu' VVrti feet wii piec( and IS sc U-elosuiL;. >('■((, is i)p. r.i»j--i, r,(ii), iiu J, nr,-u tmi, le door is ,'i >f board ' wliieli han.^s loos(> by a striiiir, like a sort of peiidiilni .V. ir. r'-„(.s/. in I. 11(1-11. The trill s iK'ar the coast remove lessfrc(inently than those of the interior.' ''.(/; I'a t, l> fulniiij h'litiire, ]>. VA'k ' 1 never saw more than four fires, or above ci.J.ity per- lall H(!, HIS; /. -slaves am the la m rill I'. t St h( /; : c \(lrvii,, vol. i., p. ;i.7, from J.ciris unil ('lurhc; Dnmi's (iir imi, \<]) mill Chin I'arl.i r.n'l"i: Tl Xar. IT M7 S; Lonfn Xiit. PI' iii-.\ n :i."); /■; vol. 1., ]) I'liin lis .V h'li in'-.i Wnul, PI). 1H7-H; ///'<''s J:t!iifiii. Ill SlricLluial's Hint. MistiiuHg, pj). loJ-'J, /'. .S. i,',r. L'x., vol. .01, 2i(j-f7; FISUEEIES OF THE CIIINOOKS. 2C3 warmer waters near tlie mouth, and arc there taken while in their l)est eondition, hv the ( 'hinook trihe })r()per, with a straight net of hark or roots, sometiiues live hand- led I'eet long and lii'teen feet dee[). with lloats and sink- ers. (Jne end of the net is carried out into the river at hi'Ji water, and drawn in hv the natives on the shore. who with a mallet (|uiet the lish and pre \e nt tl leni from jumping over the net and escaping. Farther up, especially at the Cascade's and at the I'alls of the V.'illa- mctte. salmon are speared \)y natives standing (>n the rocks or on planks placed for the purpose; scoopi'd up in small dip-nets; or taken with a hirge unhaited hook at- tached l)y a socket and short liu'^ to a long pole. There is some account of artificial channels of rocks at thi'se l)laces. hut such expedients were generalK- not needed, since, l)eside those caught hv the CMiinooks, such numl)ers were cast on the rocks hv their own I'h'orts to leap the I'alls. that the air for months was infected l)y the decay- ing mass; and many of these in a palatal )le state ol' decay were gathered h\- the natives ibr I'ood. ] looks, spears, and nets were sometimes ruhhed with the juice of cer- tain plants supposed to he attractive to the lish. Once taken, the salmon were cleaned hy the wonun. dried in the sun and smoked in the lodges; then tluy were sometimes powdered lii.e lu'tween two stones, lu'iorc pack- ing in skins or mats lor winter use. The heads were always eaten as favorite })ortions during the (ishing sea- son. Next to the salmon tlu' sturgeon was ranked as a source of I'ooch This lish. weighing from two hundred to live hundred [)ounds. was taken hy a haiteil hook, sunk al)out twenty I'eet. and allowed to lloat down tlu^ current; when hooked, the sturgeon rises suddeidx and is dispatched hy a spear, lli'tul into the canoe hy a galV- liDok. or towed ashore. The ("hinooks do not attack the whale, hut when one is accidentally cast ui)on the shore, more or less decayed, a .*rs, ' wln'n a inimberof Indians in canoes con- tinue splashini; the water; while oth( rs sink l)ran<'hes of j)iiie. The lish are then taken casilv out with seoojjs or wicki'r baskets.' Tlionilmi's Oi/n. inal Cul., vol. i., i)p. Its',), •iH.V.t, :{.S4-(>, ;i!K)-l. Fish 'are not eaten till tin y become soft from keeping,', when they are mashed with water.' In the Willametle Valley they raised corn, beans, and S(piashes. Jlantr'a Cap., pp. 70-'J. A 'stur- geon, thou;,'h wei.L;hinj,' upwards of tliree hundred pounds, is, by the sinj,'lo etl'ort of one Indian, jerked into the boat'! Dunn's Orniiin, pp. 11)5. 114-15, lii-t, l;i7-!). The Ump heat, thus forming a kind of pyramid of salmon over the whole lire ' Jliins' Vol/, p. 10-; Id. ()iiie- licch's l)i scrtx, vol. ii., pp. Ill-l, 10, '2 10 -'J. ' The salmon in this country are nevi-r caught with a (baited) hook.' Wlll.is' Jlist. Oijn., p. 107. ' Turbot and ilonn- ders arc caught (at Shoalwater Uay) v,hili> wading in the water, by means of the feet.' Stoii.'x .V. IT. Cmsi, pp'. liS, M.'l, 103-H, 110, 1(1:!- (I, with cuts. On food, see y/(*s.s' Ailvfii., vol. i., pp. ',(1-5, 97, 112-3; JjL, vol. vi., ]). Wt; hid. Life, p. 10"; I'lrl.criini's lltice.s, in C S. l-'x. V.'.i'., vol. ix., p. '-. l-io; I.>irl> oml Clnrh'n 'I ni-.. ]ij>. 4-!»- ;•!, .")()'.); JUkcs' O'iii.. ]>. 1 HI; I'm .rhrn-'s \t. Ji'ucis, p. 2'.'<'1. IMPLEMENTS, MANUFACTURES, BOATS. 237 ,011 or or aid tick !U\C one H'ir led ties I' "r Tiiiiui l.vnl. /■■((/■ state that before their intercourse with Europeans, chisels niiuleot' 'old files,' \vereein[)l()}ed, anddriven by an oblon<^ stone or a spruce-knot mallet. Pipe-bowls were of hard woo 1 fitted to an elder stem, hut the best ones, of stone ele- fiantly carved, were of Ilaidah manufacture and obtained from tiie north.*"' To kindle a fire the Chinook twirls rapidly ))etween the palms a cedar stick, the point of Avhich is pressed into a small hollow in a flat piece of the same material, the sparks fidling on finely-frayed bark. Sticks are commonly carried for the pur[K)se, impro\inj; with use. Besides woven l)askets, m;ittinj^ is the chief article of Chinook manufacture. It is made by the wo- men by placinj^ side ))y side common ])ulrushes or lla;is about three feet lonu'. tying the ends, and passing strings of twisted rushes through the whole lentith, sometimes twenty or thirty feet, about four inches apart, by mean.s of a bone needle.*-** Chinook boats do not difler essentially, either in mate- rial, form, or method of manufacture, from those already describeil as in use among the Sound family. Always dug out of a single log of the common white cedar, they vary in length from ten to fifty feet, and in form according to the waters they are intended to navigate or the freight they are to carry. In these canoes lightness, strength, and ele- gance combine to make them jjcrfect models of water- craft. Lewis and Clarke describe four forms in use in this region, and their desci-iption of ])()ats, as of most other matters connected witii this people, has been taken with or without credit by nearly all who have treated of the 'iibjv'ct. I cannot do better than to give their account t'l the largest and best boats usedl)v the Killamooks and '-■' Pickoring niaki^s 'tlif substitution of the wator-jiroof Imskrt, for tlio Bquarc wooiliii bucki t »)f the straits ' thr cliiif ditl'i'i'iiicc Ix'twccu this mid till' S.iimd Fiiuiily. Il'ir s, in I'. S. h'.f. /•,',!■., vol ix., \i. 'l'>; EiimnKis, In >(■/(<>(. 1)2; Doiiifiipi'.li's Jh.srts, vol. ii., ]i]>. 241. 2<'iil; Fntifhrri:'^ \. 2 IS !t; A''//(«'.s' WmuL, pp. IHt-."), IMS-iJ. '-' Swan's N. W. K'oia', pp. KJl-3; J'urLer's E,ri>lor, Toui\, p. '253. !i il 238 COLUMBIANS. other tribes on tlie coast outside the river. ''The sides are secured by cross-bars, or round sticks, two or three indies in thickness, which are inserted throup;h holes just below the gunwale, and made fast with cords. The upper edge of the gunwale itself is alx)ut five-eighths of an inch thick, and four or five in breadth, and I'olds outwards, so as to form a kind of rim, which prevents the water from beating into the boat. The liow and stern are about the same height, and each provided with a comb, reaching to the Ijottom of the boat. At each end, also, are pedestals, formed of the same solid piece, on which are placed strange grotes([ue figures of men or animals, rising sometunes to the height of five feet, and couiposed of small pieces of wood, firmly united, with great ingenuity, by inlaying and mortising, without a spike of any kind. The paddle is usually from four I'eet and a half to five feet in length; the handle being thick for one-third of its length, when it widens, and is hollowed and thinned on eavli side of the centre, which forms a sort of rib. AVlien they eml)ark, one Indian sits in the stern, and steers with a paddle, the others kneel in pairs ill the bottoui of the canoe, and sitting on their heels, paddle over the gunwale ni'xt to theui. In this way they ride with perfect safety the highest waves, iuid ven- ture without the least concern in seas where other lK)ats or seamen could not live an instant." The women are as expert as the men in the management of canoes.'-'' The Chinooks were always a couimercial ratliei' than a warlike people, and are excelled by none in their 129 LetrU ami Clarke's Trnv., pp. 431-5. 'HnllowoeT out of llip ecdar 1)y flro, ami siinMithed off with stone axes.' Kirio's Wmal., p. 18',). At Ciipe ()v- for.l ' tlKjirsh.ipt'iiiui'hrcsfiiiblcil tliat of ii butcher's tniy.' V^nifinnr's I'n//., \ol. i., p. "iOl, 'A liuiniuifiiceorji white-heiuled eil^'lo, as l!ir!,'(> us life, curved oil the prow, and raised lii;j;h in front.' /e«.s' Adren., ]>;). !»7-S. ' In landiiii; they put tlie ciiuoe roi.iid, ko as ta striko tho he ich stern on.' P'r n^f'ihr s \nr., j>. 2ti!. •Tiio liir','er cin)es on tlia Ci)Iumhi:i are sum etimos jiropelled l>y sh lit Oiirs.* Kinmon-i, it Srlioolrrifl's Arch,, vol. iii., p. '21S. 'Finest ca- noes iutho world.* Wi kf.s' ]lht. Oiju., j). 107; Pj). '.ill-"), liiT; /.'i>.s' .\il "//., jip. 8." mS, Dj (i; Siciin's A'. W. Co'ikI, p. l(i i; Irfi c/'.s ,l.s7 ir'm, p. .'!2J; hnini'.i "ri\i'ij, I p. ];t !-l; f'o.f's ..li?!')'/)., vol. i, p. Il^i'!; 'riKirnton's iiiii. iiml Cal., \iil. i., p. ;rU; A'(h, J)'). 44"). '■' llaw' no idea of drawinfj; ni ips on the sand. ' Tliriri)ow( is of I'ompiita- tiou. . . .ai'o Very iiniitcd.' h'liitiKiim, in Srluiolrrnfrs Arch., vol. iii.. pp. 'id."), 2i'7: l.cifl.i d Clarion's Trac, p. 4"J3; Jiuss' Adcen., pp. Hfi-'J, 'J8; /v«iit's yVund., p. 185. 240 COLUMBIANS. Little can 1)C said of tlieir system of government ex- cept that it was eminently successful in produciug j)eace- I'ul and well regulated conmumities. Kacli hand or villager was usually) a sovereignty, nominalh' ruled l)y a chief, either hereditary or selected for his wealth luid })op- ularity, who exerted over his trihe inlhience rather than authority, hut who was rarely ()i)|)osed in his measures. Souietimes a league existed, more or less permanent, for warlike exj)editions. Slight oifenses against usage — the trihal couunon law — were ex})iated \iy the payuient of an amount of property satisfactory to the party oiVended. Theft was an oft'ense, but the return of the article stolen removed every trace of dishonor. Serious criiues, as the robbery of a burial-pliU!e, were sometimes punished with death by the people, l)ut no si)ecial authorities or pro- cesses seem to have bjen employed, either for detection or punishuient."^ Slavery, counnon to all the coast families, is also practiced by the Chinooks, Ijut there is less diiVerence here perhaps than elsewhere between the condition of the slaves and the free. Obtained from without the liuiits of the family, towards the south or east, by war, or more connnoidv bv trade, the slaves are obliged to perforui all the drudgery lor their masters, and their» children nuist reuiain in their parents' condition, their round heads servinix as a distinguishing mark fi'om free- men. l)ut the amount of the work connected with the (.'hinook household is never great, and so long as the slaves are well and strong, they are liberally fed and well treated. True, many instances are known of slaves murdered by the whim of a cruel and rich master, and it was not very uncounnon to kill slaves on the occasion of the death of prouiinent persons, but wives and iViends are also known to have been sacrificed on similar oc- •32 Tho Williimotto tribes, nino in numlior, were wiuler four iirincii-iil chiefs. Itnss' Ailffii., jip. 2l!5-(i, HS, 210. ('asiini)v, ii fiiinous cliit'f iit Foit Viiui'oiivcr t'liriluyuil ii hii't'd iissiissiu to rcmovi' (ibiioxiotis juts ms. luun-'s WiiiiiL, pp. IV.l-'i; Friinrhi'ir'!< \(tr., p. 'i'lO; Ircimi's Astovin. pp. HS, 'Mi), Cii.r'n Ailr II., vol. i., pp. ;{Li2-;i; rarLer's Ejiplor. Tour,, p. 'lH'.i; Lewis and Clarkc'ti 'J'ntv., p. US. MARITAL KELATIONS OF THE CHINOOKS. 241 casions. Xo burial rights are accorded to slaves, and no care taken of them in .serious iihiess; when uiiahle to work they are left to die. and their bodies cast into the sea or forest as food for fish or beast, it was not a rare oc(unTence for a freeman to voluntarily subject himself to servitude in payment of a gamliling-debt; nor I'or a slave to be adopted into tlie tribe, and the privilege of head-flattening accorded to his oiVs[)ring.'" Xot only were the (Miinooks a peaceable people in their tribal intercourse, but eminently so in their liunily relations. The young men when they married brought their wives to their father's home, and thus several gen- erations lived amicably in their large dwellings until forced to separate by numbers, the chief authority l)eing exercised not by the oldest Ijut by the most active and useful member of the household. Overtures lor mar- riage were made by friends of the woidd-be bridegrcHnn, who olfered a certain price, and if Jiccepted by the maid- en's parents, the wedding ceremony was celebrated sim- ply by an interchange and exhibition of presents with the congratulations of invited guests. A man might take as many wives as he could buy and su[)i)()rt, and all lived together without jealousy; but practically few, and those among the rich and |)owerful, indulged in the luxury of more than one wife. It has been noticed that there was often great (lis[)arity in the ages of bride and groom, for. say the Chinooks, a very young or \ery jiged couple lack either the experience or the activity necessary for lighting the; battles of life. Divorce or separation is easily accomplished, but is not of fic(|ueut occurrence. A husband can repudiate.; his wife lor in- fidelity, or any cause of dissatisfaction, and she (;an uiarrv again. Some cases ;ire known oi' inlidelity i)unished with '■'^ 'Live in tho siunc ilwi'lliiiL,' with tlicir iiiiistcvs, iiiid often intcriiiiUTy with those who iu-e frc'o.' I'url.rr's H.i-iiUir. /'okc, pp. I\>7,'2i7. ' Tn at thciu with humanity whiU' their Horviccs arc useful.' Frdiichirr's Xtir., p. \Hl. 'I'lViited witli <;;reiit seventy, hfim's W'nit'l.. jip. IHl 2; L.('s i'/i-in., vol. i., 2)p. :(().■)-(;; Dnnii'a Ori'i'ni. pp. l2'J-3(); Fitzij<:rakl's Jliid. B. I o., pp. l'.W-7; .itiinlifs r the body with rotten hei.d(K;k, carefully a))staining from all fish and l)erries which are in season, and remaining closely in the house during a south wind. ])id she par- take of the forbidden f(K)d. the fish would leave the streams and the berries drop from the bushes; or did sbe go out in a south wind, the thunder-bird would come and shake his wings. All thunder-storms are thus caused. Both young children and the old and infinu are kindly treated. Work is equally divided ])etween the sexes; the women prepare the f(x>d which the men ])i'ovide; they also manufacture baskets and matting; they are Jiearlj^ as skillful as the men with the canoe, and are consulted on all im[K)rtant matters. 1'heir condition is by no means a hard one. It is among tribes that live by the chase or by other means in which women can be CHINOOK FEASTS AND FESTIVITIES. 943 oflittlo service, tliiit we find tlie sex luoHt opprensod Jiiid cnu'llv treated. '■" Like all ludiiuis, the fMiiiKKikn are fond of feiistiii}:-, but tiieir feasts ai'e simply the eoinin<; tojrether of men and women <(K'ial etiquette, observed farther north; nor has any traveler noticed the di.strihntion of [)ro})erty as a feature of these festivals. Fantastically dre.ssed and gaudily decked with paint, they are wont to jumj) alK)ut on cer- tain (M^casions in a ho[)pinjr, jolting kind of dance, Jic- companied by songs, beating of sticks, cla[)ping of hands, and (M'casional yells, the women usually dancing in a si'i>ai'ate set. As lew visitors mention their dances, it is probable that dancing was less prevalent than with others. Tlieii- songs were often soft and pleasing. dilVering in styU^ for various occasions, the words extemiiorized, the tunes l)eing often sung with meaningless sounds, like our tra- la-la. Swan gives exam[>lesof the nnisic used under dif- ferent circumstances. Smoking was universal, the leaves of the bear-berry being employed, mixed in later times with tobiu'co obtained from the whites. Smoke is swal- lowed and retained in the stoniiU'h and lungs until partial intoxication ensues. Xo intoxicating drink was knt)wn to them before the whites came, and after their coming i'or a little time they l(H)ked on strong drink with sus- ])ici()n. and were averse to its use. They are sometimes s<)l)er even now, when no whisky is at hand. Ihit the favorite annisement ol' all the Chinook nations is gamb- ling, which (KM'upies the larger part of their time when '^1 Sirdji's .v. ir. <'. li'il, 171: Kiiiiiiii))i<, in Srhoolcrnft's Arrh., vul. iii.. lip. "211 -2, ' In proijiivtimi iis we approiich Jhi' rapids frmn the sta, fi-- 111. lie impurity liccdiut's less p«rcii)tiMt': licyond this point it fntirdy cfuscs.' C'r.c's Ailriii.. vol. ii., lip. 1U4, l-")'.*; vol. i., pp. Itlii'i-?, HIM: Wills, in Uniinr's ilu'l., vol. xiii., p.fiO'i; /yi'iri.s ami Clurhe's Tnn\, pp. l!i',)-4;j. ('crcnionifs of a willow in hcrciulciivor.s to olitiiina UfW husliiUKl. M'Ul.i-n' .V'/r.,in ('.>. /•>. A>., vol. v., p. 124; /I'l'.ss' Ailrcii., pp. HH, 92 :{; h'r(iiirlirri''s \mi ncch's I>i:H(rts, vol. ii., J"]). Ill, 2'.)t-."); Iri-iii'i's Astmiii, p. IMO; hiiun's (ireiion, pp. 132-11; hull's .\iit.. Vol. ii., jip. 2;il 2; Kitm-'s Wiiml., pp. 175-7, 182; 0'ut*i' Jour., p. 27."); SlrkA' I'tiul's Hist. Mi-!,io)is, pj). 13y-40. !U COLUMDIAXS. not (Miji'Jijrcd in HU'('[)in^\ (.'utin^'. or uhsoluti'ly noccsHtiry work. In their ;ianii's tlu'v risk all tlu'ir |)ro[K'rtv, tlii'ir wivc's iinil chiltlrt'ii, and in miiny instiuuH's their ouii IVeedoni, losing nil with ('oiiii)osnre, and nearlv ulwaNs lu'ooinpanyinfjt the pune with a Hon^. Two |)ers<)nM, or two parties larjiv or small, play one against the otiier; a haidvin;; •;aine is also in vo^iie, in which one individual plays ajiainst all (!oiners. A I'avorite niethrrectly names the rel- ative position in which they shall fall. A lavorite jiame of lemales, called <(lukht. is played with heaver-teeth, having' ll^ured sides, which are thrown like dice; tlie i^sue dej)ends on the comhinations t)f (inures which aie turned up. In all these punes the players s(piat upon mats; sticks are used as counters; and an essential point iUra successful gambler is to make as much noise as [h)s- sihle, in order to confuse the judjiuient of opinments. In still another jianie the players attempt to roll small pii'ces of wood between two pins set up a few inches apart, at a distance of tei? feet, into a hole in the tloor ju.st heyond. The only s orts of an athletic nature are shoot- iuji; at targets with a' ows and sjK'ars. and a game of l)all in which two goals re placed a mile apart, and each party — sometimes a a ;ole tribe — endeavors to I'orce the bull past the other's t 7i'(cc.>f. in U. S. Ex. /.>., v(il. ix., j). 4'-i. 'All extriivii- ^; iMtly fi)n(l(>f urdent spirits, luid iiro not ]mrticulur wliiit kind thev hiive, I'liividi'd it is Hlroiig, nud gets thorn drunk yiiiekly.' Swan's N. IT. C'« meanin;n' or tbiii* ori^iinal sijiiiilieation is s(l to intiinpiraii.-o.' /•",■,( ,rh: 1). L't-. At jj.iiiililiuj,' 'tlioy wi.i chr.it if tlii'V imii. iiii.l piiilc tluiiisclvts (Ui tluj •suc- cess.' K'litf's WiukI., \t\K IIM), IDCi. Scliloiii client, mill siilmiit tu their l()-,scs vitli ri Nij^iiiition. Cn.e'n Ailrm., vol. i., \>. It:!2: /.< i-i.s irn/ ' 7i//. « 's 'I'l-nr., pji. 410, trt-l; ll'iV/s, i/( llnri'ir's Mnij., vol. xiii., )>. lii'l, itml cut of diiiicc nt Coos IJiiy; Will.ix' .V'/r., ii> !'. S, l-y. Ex., vol. iv., \)\k It'.tJ-H; vol. v . ji. I'J i; Vnnviinrvr'a Voij., vol. ii., |). 77; /ews' Fur U'ikIitx, vol. i., jip. ',t(t-J, IIJ l:i; I) 's Ori'in,,, i)p. llt-1."), Vn. l-i") H, i;tO 1; I'url.i'r's h's/.hr. 7 -t7 H; Itiiiinnech's Ihstrt^, vol. ii., p. 2i2; JrciiKj's Asluri'i, p. ',Hl; rnhin ,'^ m; >. Hi',, T'diiihm Lord'n Xiil., vol.ii., j). '2IS; G ins' Jo Orriiiiii, ])p. l'iH-8; Ivim's M'liinl., pp. -05, 'ijo-fi; .s^r S'liuulcmft's Arch., vol. v., p. ijoi. pp, 2;i2. '27ri; Dn \. n\r :-t. l>.: f ■•■■ "l I 246 COLUMBIANS. Avliole people, utterly extenniiiiiting soino tribes, Tlie t'HUse of tills excessive mortiility is su})posed to ])e the iKitive method of treatment, which allays a ragiiiji' fever ])y plunjiing the patient in the river or sea. On the Coliiml)ia this alleviating^ [)lnnge is preceded ])y violent jK'rspi ration in a vapor hath; consecpiently tlie treat- ment has been nnich mure fatal there than on the coast ^vhere the vapor hath is not in use. For slight ills and pains, especially for external injuries, the Chinooks em- ploy simi)le remedies obtained from various ])lants and trees. !Many of tlu'se remedies have been found to be of actual value, while others are evid("ntly quack nos- trums, as when the ashes of the hair of particular animals ai'c considered essential ingredients of certain ointments. Fastin'j; an.d bathiuiJi; serve to relieve manv slight internal comnlaints. Strant;elv enoudi. they never sutler from diseases of the digesti\" organs, notwithstanding the greasy C(3nipouiids used as food. When illness becomes serious or ivfuses to yield to simple tivatment, the con- clusion is that either the spirits of the dead are striving to remove the spirit of the sick person from the troubles of earth to a h!ij)[)ier existence, or certain evil s[;irits j)refer this world and the patient s body for their dwell- ing-place. Then the doctor is sunnuoned. Medical celebrities are numerous, each with his favorite method of treatment, but all agree that singing, beating of sticks, indeed a noise, however made, accompanied by mysteri- ous passes and motions, with violent pressure and kneail- ingofthe body are indispensable. The i)atient frecjuently Mirvi\es the treatment. Sevi'ral observers believe that mesmeric inthiences are exerted, sometimes with benelit, by the doctors in their nummieries.''" '!■' nocfovs, if uii> sonii'tiiiK'S subjccti-d to vont,'h tivutiiinit, 1)ut i'.ii't'ly killril, cxct'])! wIh'U tlnvhiivf prrvidusly tlnriitciud the life of tho liiticut. Sird'i's X. ir. I'iKifil, pp. ITi'i In."). At tin- Dallis uii f tlic (IctHiisd. ///'/. l-i/i. lip. 17:t-l. 112 ;{. Wlidli' tiil)is have Ixiii al- most cxtc riuinatcil liy tiic siiiall-iinx. SIvrcis. in l'((r. /;. /,', /,'«/i/ , \ul. i., pp. HJ, iT'.t. V( lUTcal disease ple\iili>nt. and il ciiinpleto cui-e is xwwv ef- fected. I.v'i'ifi (iiid I'liiii.i'.'ti 'Irnr., pp. tK), r)iis. (Jin rally >neee< d in ciu'in.ij; Venereal disease even in its worst stage. Itoss' AdcuK., p. '.Kj-'J. The nnsui;- CHINOOK BUKIAL RITES. 247 When the Chiiiouk dies, relatives arc careful to speak ill wl;is[)ers. and iiululi:;e in no loud nianill'stations of li'rief so long as tiie ))ody remains in the house. The lioily is pre[)ared for final dis[)osition hy wrap[)inn" it in Iilankets. to;.:etiier with ornaments antl othtr [jroperty of a valuahh; I»ut not bulivv nature. I'or a I)urial [)laee an ele\ati'd hut retired spot near the river hank or on an island is almost always selected, hut the methods of dis- posiuLi; of the dead in these cemeteries diiVer somewhat amon;4 the \ arious trihes. In the I'eiiion al)out the mouth of tlie 'Jolumhia, the hod}' uith its wra[)[)in,u,s is placed in the best canoe of the decea.sed, which is Wiished tor the purpose, coN'ered with additional blankets, mats, and prop- erty, a,2,ain covered, when the deceased is of tlie richer class, by another inverted canoe, the whole bound to- gether with mattin;;' and cords, and deposited usually on a plauk [)latform live or six feet high, but sometimes suspendeil from the branches of trees, or ''ven left on the surface of the ground. The more bulky artick's o\' [)i-op- erty. such as utensils, and wea[)ons. are deposited al)out or hung from the platform, heing previousU s[)()ile(l for use lat they may not tem[)t desecratoi's among the whites or foreign tribes; or. it may be that the sacrilicc or death of the im[)lements is necessary before the sjtiritstjf the imi)le- ments can accom[)any the s[»irit of the owner. For the sauu' pm'i)()se, and to allow the water to pass oil', holes are bored in the bottom of the canoe, the heail of the corpse i)eing raised a little higlu'r than the fei't. Some ti-a\elcrs have !)bser\'ed a imiformity in the position of the canoe, till' bead pointing towards the east, or down the current of the stream. After about a year, the bones are soiue- tiiiies 'akeii out and biirii'd. but the canoe and i)latfonn are iicNcr removed. Chiefs' canoes are often re'painted. fi ccssful (liictor kill■'. /■>. /•>., Vol. iv.. J). li'.U. J-'l;ith''ails liliii'i' sillijict tii iiijolilixy tli:iu ntlliTs. Ilniin iitrh's Ihsfrl.t. viil i., J). s7; r.r'.s AdriK., vul. i., ]). l-(> 7, Il'lT, 'Ml i'l, :'■>'>, vul. ii.. lUi. '.U -.">; Till'- i.<'iiiifi \iii-., jip. l."iS, 17H '.I; l'riiiii'liiri''s Xnr., \t. 'I'tii; ///M/r.v iiiTimi. 1)1). li.V',1, i'J7; Tlioriit Ill's Out. uml I'u!., vol. ii., p. 'i'.\; {'•ii-/,'r\ l:'.v- li!or. ■/ dciith of his dun^htrr ' hml an Iniliiiu slave bouiul hand and foot, anil fastened to the hody of '.Ik- dei'eased. and enclosed the two in allot her mat. leavin-' out the liead of the liviiiLtone. Tin Indian then took tlie nied it to a hi'di rock and ieft it then canoe unit cai the slave live for three days; tin victim by a cord.' Lithr, in >c/m iii., lip. "217 IK; vol. vi., \\[). fUll I'i. with plate; vol. v.. j TIk ir iiisioin is to let ithcr slave is coniin lied to stiani,de the ifl'ti Arrli., \ol. ii., J). 7 I. Sec ilso vol. I. ('.."(.). r lie enililcn: of a si|naw"s u'favc' is {generally a catnass-root di^ and fastened on the end of a stick.' U'il/.is' .\ ])\>. -IX) I. \o\. iv.. ].. ;!i)t. ' I helii at one li'.ivyin,' ]ilaci> of the riiinooki in.ide of a dicr's horn- in /• i:.,: /■:. <\. lelicvo I saw as manv as an hundred canoes (riiss' ,1 our. V 1. * l''onr stakes, in terlaced witli twin's and cov. red witli lirnsh,' tilled with dead liodies, Ahhull, in /' /,'. /.'. /; 1) •d. 111. VI., 1 , MS. .\t Coose l!av. ' foniu riv the hodv w;i- he wife of the corpse kilhd and interriMJ ' Now the bodx \l'd with sand and ashes, the ankh ' bent nil and fastened to tli neck; relatives shave their heads and jiiit Ih hair on ihi body with ihells ami roots. ,iiid the corpse is then buried and trampled on by the whole tribe. 'Ihc calioe-collilis Were decorated vol. ii., p. .">l. Stran.;ers are paid UV//V witii 111. Ilo M'lii,, vol. \iii , (I Ciili. •arved work.' I'dii'-'iuri I's \'i>' ■/" CHINOOK CHARACTEIl. 'Jin Tlioro is littU' (lilTcivnee of o[)iin()ii conccrnin;/ tlic oliiU'iK'tci' of the (Miiiiooks. All Jigrot' tlwit tlicy iirc iii- tc'UiLiriit and vorv aciito in trade; same travelers have found them at ililferent points harndess and inoiVensive: and in a few instances honesty has heen detected. So mucli foi" their Liood ([nalities. As to the l)ad, ther(» is nnanimity nearly as ureat that they are thieves ami liai-s. and foi' the rest each observer ap[)lies to them a selection of such adjecti\es as lazy, superstitious, cowardly, in- (piisitive. intrusive, libidinous, treacherous, turbulent, hypoci-itical. (ickle. etc. The (Uatsops. with some authors, have the reputation of bein-i' the most honest and moral: for the lowest position in the scale all the rest miiilit pivscnt a claim. Tt slu)uld however be said in their favor that they are diwotedly attached to their homes, and treat kindlx both their young children ami a;.:('d ])arents; also thai not a few of their bad traits oi-iiiinated with or have been aggravated by contact with civili/u- tion.i"-' to iiiiii ill til,' 1; iiuriitiitious. Jioss A ('itt'iii's .V. -\iit. litd., vol. ii., J). 111. Oil hnrial and nionrnin^ sci >■"■„„ .v. 11". (',Hl4. I'l . 72-n, ir.;», i8(;-'.>, with cut of cinoc on .latf. Mnfi-iis' F.x)ih>r., vol. ii., )). Ho"), and jil. IHof .[Has; l.in-'is iiml I'lurh's 'I'V'H lip! IJ;;, IJ',1. .jd'.t, A'.M.'s U'du'l.. itp. ITti-H, LSI, 2(12-",; r " jip. 121-5, ;i,'{.")-!'i, vol. ii., p. 1">7; I'lirl.ir's E.i-i>hiv. 'I'l vol. 1. vol. • ///. iind ('ill., vol. i., pp. 2S1-2, vol. 1' 2' 12: />c Adr pp. Ill, l.".l--J Ji. oit; llrlflar's \ "I/. i:il-2: MrnhiifsO'ii). 7'/'.,pp. H '.».",(>; /•', '.s l>is(rts, vol. i., p.2")"i; Ihimi's Oniioii, p)i. ll'.l 21), p. '.I'.t; Fr. '.S O'lll. Ilnd I 'ill., p. IS:!; //•! 210; Tiiiriisriiirs Xnr., ji. ISO. '.s .\V(/'., p. 1U(J; ridiitcr's Jimr., p. s7; Jud. J.i/i, ji Or 1''' 'Thi' clnnisy thief, who is dctiV'tcd, is scoftVd at and dcsjiiscd." fhi •f'Jd)). PI .. l:!(( 1, 111. riic Kalaimva, like the V a, . . , are uiorc> re^'u- cleantv. lioni st and moral lar and quilt ' tlian the in! ind ti'ihes. 'audi than tlie ' coast triln s. 'I'iie Chinooks an; ii (inarrelsonie, tiiievisli, ancl trear '.IS, JIM. ■rons pcop e. llilli\ l-'.lhhDij., m dlv. tllievill'' set.' ^r''(.s I'.S. ]■:.,-. i:. vi., ].p. 217. 21." kind and hi)s|iiiahl( V :y the ease witli wliich tliev ohtain foo, 2:l"i H. 'Tluy possess in an eminent di P lie ipi.iHties opposed to indolenci'. improvidence, and stupidity: tlie cidefn dl. are f'H 250 COLUMPIANS. TiiK rxLWD Familiks, coustitutiirA' the (ifth iind lust division ot* tlio (\)liiiul)ijiRs, iiiliabit the ivjiioii between the Ciiseaile l{;ui;^e iind the eastern limit iA' what 1 term the racilie States, i'rom 52' 30' to 45 ol' north latitude. Thesj hounds are tolerably distinct; thoui:h that on the south, separating the eastern portions ol' the Cohunbian and Calil'ornian i^roups, is irreji'ular and marked by no jireat river, mountain chain, or other [)i'omineiit jjliysical feature. These inland natives of the Northwest o(ru[)y, in [)erson. character, and customs, as well as in the loca- tion of their home, an intermediate })osition In'tween the coast people already described — to whom they ari> pro- nounced superior in most respects — and the Rocky Mountain or eastern tribe," Travelers ci'ossin;:' the Rocky Mountains into this territory fioui the east, or enterinji' it from the Pacific by way ol' the roliuubia or Fraser, note contrasts on passing the limits, sullicient to justify me in regariling its inhabitants as one people for the pur[)oses aiuied at in this volume.^"* Instead, there- T] yp. IK), 411 -2, 5(14, 52:1-4. 'Thorout,'h-1)r«Ml liyjxx-i-itcs ami liiirs. l\illvillUi the most I'o^'uish.' Imliistiy, jiati sdliriitv and iii- ■uiiity an' tlicir chief virtues: tiiieviii;^, Jyin,^', iiicDiitiiiei 2:11; II V mav lie 7." :i r :-lii issed aiilDli'' their (' Adr lee, i;alll .1. Mi! 111(1 )!."), :!2i, vi.l. l>li. li.'). l:U, I. l-'i;!. At Wishia)ii ' thev wi'ie a cDuraiiiuitv I'f arrant monies an: 1-2, -M: L VIU'' IS very ('(million; tliieviii'-,' (•oiii[)aratively riire.' I(7(i7»'.s '>;//(., ji. 207. ' J)o not !ili[iear to possess a particle of natural j^ood feeliii;,'.' T'ii'-,,S' .nl'n X'tr., [>. IH. Ate liav'hvno means till' tierce iind warlike race Imind further to tli uorUiward.' 11' //■ tril irjur s Miij. .1. 1' (lOi. r 11 and t'oos(j )es are iia tiir dlv industrious; tin; iSnislaws tin ist advanced; the Alce.i not so eiiter|irisin;j 1 )oor, CO in hul. Alf. Ivpl.. l.Silil, p. 2I0. CJalapooias, wardly. an 1 tliievisii ra(x^ M'llhr, in-lil.. 1 v")7, ]i. .jiil; A' V 1." ntfoiiir, in Midi '7 ••'■ ' rJi'a Ihscrts, vol. i., p. H7, vol. ii., p]). Itl. ltd; ll'(/'/ //(((/. 7.'. I-J.vtilor. V'l 1> H;i: I'((liiitr's .li. d S4, 10."*; J'urLer's p. 2i:)-r)(); liid. Life, jip. 1-4, 210; i'U.jtndil'H Vain'.. Is!., p. r.tti: SrhnolrrniTu Arrli., vol. iii., p. 207, ct ii'i ' Thev ail resemlih 'ji II) ■>M) Toar V •11'.). SI ea( lushwa] li other in L'eneral characteristic )S and Salisli all one ra( .Ml./. I'urhr ■>■ lie The Indians of the interior iirc, both ]ihysically and morally. v.istiv su'ierior to the trili if the St.' /(/., 1' 21J The Klik( lat Mount liainier, the Walla-AS'allas, and the Okanaean. . . .sjieak kindred dia- lect.;.' Lifhini, A'l. Lniij., ]). 170. The best-supported opinion is that the iiilaml were of the same orie;inal stock with the loW( r trilies. Iih V On 1 eaviu^ th li the Carrier countrv. near Alc.\andri markeil chan^'e is at once ])erceptibl( Ami. in llisl. M,i , .1. 127. lulau 1 tribes dill'r widely from the ])iscat(prial trilies. II dr Those n'sidiiiL,' near the Jtockv Mountains .. .are and alwavs have b 'en superior races to those liviie.,' on tli(! lower <'oluailii:i ^ ■liDul'niJ't'.s Ar.'h., vol. v., p. U51. 'I was particularly struck will, tlu THE SlIUSinVAPS. 251 ?o\v. of trc'itin,::' oiicli fainilv sopiirntcly. as lias hecii done witli the coast divisions of tlio i^roiij). I (Uviii it v.unv convi'iru'iit, as well as loss monotonous to the reader, to avoid rei)etition h\- descrihinir the manners and customs of all the people within these limits to;j:etlier, talon, ami I7[)p;'r Columhia rivers with their trihutar\' stn-ams and la! ves. They are hounded on the west hy the Xootkas and on the north hy the (Carriers, from I)oth ol' \vhieh lUuiilies they seem to l»e distinct. As national di\ isions of this family may he mentioned the Shushwaps j)i'oper, or J//^7'<8,"' who occupy the whole northern portion of tlie territory; the Ohdntf/ftnn,^*'^ in the valley of the lake and river of the same name; and the Kouteim IS u;) wno vast Niiiicviovity (on tho Siinilknmcon riivcr, I, at. -10' 30', T.dni,' I'JO' 'MY) in jioiiit of iutclli^'iucc iuid eiiri'Lty to tlic Fisli liulians ciii the Frasci' Kivir, an 1 in it-; m i;;lil)our]iiMiil.' I'li'imr, in //. ''. I'li/nrs. vnl. iii., ji. Si. Stiikiii'^ (vuitiMst Hiiti'l ill [);issiii'^' n[) till' C<)luiiil)ia. Jl'ili''s Kllumi., in I'. S. h'x. /•.'.!'., vol. vi . p. 1 ;»',). '" "'rii' Slu'\vlia])nivii'h . . .who ('onii>i»*(' '^ hiVJ,o branch of tlic Sadies family,' Icimwii as .\'i-iili'-iiiii'li—{Ht\m\>{vil by tlic (anailians into t'liiitcaiix — Ik'Iow the junction of the Fraser anl Thoaiiisou. An ! r.^mi, in //'s/. .!/(/■/., vol, vii., [1. Tii 7. .Vtnahs is tlnir name in the 'L\i1;ali lanv,'na'.,'<', ami siLriiitics ' straii ,' I's.' 'DitV'i' so little from their southern nei^'hliors, the Salish, lus to vcn li' a particular (V'scription Uiuieci'ssary.' Ilil's i'JIi'ini.. \\\ l'. S. E.r. F.I'., vol, vi,, ]), 2(1"). Tiiey were called hy M lekeli/.ie the Chill tlilit , aceiird- in,' I ) /'-■(' 7r((' r.s' It .sitr-lt s, vol. v., jV IJ7, but M lekeiizies Chin irilie was 11 irtli of the .Vtnihs, b in:^ the Xa,i,'ailer tribe of the C.-irriers. See M'lrl.ni- z'l'.-i l'"/., ]>p. "ioT-S, and map. "-".Vli.iut Okanaj^Mii, various brandies of the Carrier tribe' \i nin ,/'.•! <> ;:i. T /'., p. 14:(. ' ()Uanai,'ans, cui the upjicr jiart of Fra/er's Kivcr.' I.mli- "•/ /. .1), l/iii'i.. p. 170. '" .Vl-ii known as Flat-bows, ' 'I'hc )ioorest of tlie tribes com|iosiiiu' tlic Filth' id nati m,' M ■I'oi-nii ■!,■. in //' /, .1.'^. /l^7/^, isfiT, p. 211, ' Speaking ii l;ui_;ui^'' of their own, it is not easy to ima,i,'iiic their oiiL;iii; but it ajjj.ear.S liribible that they (incc b( loir.^ed to some more soulhern tribe, from whiidi tli-ybcamc shut ott' by the intervention of lirLjer tribe-.,' Majn 's It. I'., ]i. '1>7. ' fn a[>|)i'ar.uicc, chara 'ter, and customs, they resemble m ir • tin) luliaiM ea-it of the Uocky .Mountains than those of Lower ()re;.!on.' Ilil's /•.''7/,c) /,, in ['. ,S'. !■],{'. !■].{•., vol. vi., p, 2i)'). ' Les .Vrcs-:t-l'l,tts, et Is Koitciais suit connii.s daus Ic p.ivs sous lo uom du Skalzi.' JJc Sui'l, M'(.is. du I'Uix- 'J in. p. Sll, 252 COLI'MBIANS. I inhiil)it tlio trianjrlo Ixjiind d by the T'jipor r\)lmnl)ia, tlic Rocky Mountiiins. und the 40tli i)arall('l. Ihiiv^ oliii'lly on Flatljow rivor and lako. All thi-cc nations nii^lit ])i"oI)al>ly ho joined Avitli (inito as much reason to the Salisli family farther south, as indeed has usually been done \vith the Okauiiiians; while the Kooteuiiis are ))y .some considered distinct from any of their adjoining nations. 'I'liK ^^Ai.isH Famh.y dwells south of the Shushwaps. between 1!) and 47 . altogether on the Columbia and its tributaries, its nations, more clearly defined than in most other families, are the Fl(itln'<(ih}^ ov Salish i)roi)er, between the Bitter Root and Rocky ^^ountains on Mat- head and (Marke rivers; the Pend iT Omllc)^}^" who dwell about the lake of the same name and on (Mi"'ke Uiver, for fifty to seventv-five miles above and below the lake; the (. (H'iin< ( I'Ah end IK south of the Rend d'Oreilles, on C'oeur d'Al'^ne Lako and the streams falling into it; the Col.nf/c.'i,^" a term whicli may be used to designate the variously named bands about Kettle Falls, and north- ward along the Columbia to the Arrow Lakes; the Sj)o- ^^///cs."'* on the S[)okane Uiver and ])lateau along the Columbia below Kettle Falls, nearly to tue mouth of the l|IB W"--"l(|l m !|iit»i:ri: '" The fivii^'in of iho naiuo FlatliPiul. ns applied to tliis iialioii, is not known, us tin y liavi' never been known to Hatten the lu'ad. ''J'lie mass of the nation consists of )iersons who have more ur less of the lilol., l.S.")l, p. -2117; I'd: l{. II. Riit., vol. i., p. l.')(); Citlin's X. Am. I,rl.. vol. ii., p. ]!)•!; Stirirt'a M'lnliinri, p. H2, (rass aj)plie(l th<^ name apparently to tribes on tlie Clearwater of (he Sahaptin family. ■Imir.. )>. 'JJI. "' Also called K-ilisji Inis and I'mil' ni.-i. The I'ppcr I'end d'dnilles consist of a iiiiiiiber of waiiderin;^ families of S[iokanes. Knlispelms pro|i- er, and Flatlnads. Suf/.lrif. in I'm'. ]{. Jl. 1! jit., vol. i., p. 'J'.tl; SI i-' ,is, in II.. p. Ul); ,s7.r. ,(,s>, in ///•/. .\f. It 1)1., ls.".t, p. -JIO. 'Very similar in niinners. etc., to the Flatheads, and form one people with tlniu.' I>i Sin'l, J//.-.S. il'' rOi-'^'imi. p. .'tJ. '"''I'lie n itive name, nceordin-^ to TIale, is Sl.ihnish. and f'oenr d'Alene, 'Awl h"art,' is a nickname applied from the circinnstanee that a chief nsei'i, ami /,'f/,''s. are some of the names ap]ilieil to these bands. "■* 'lis s'appellent eiitre enx les Knfants dii Soleil, dans leur lanijue Sp(5- kane.' />.' Siiii'l, .l/('.ss. /'Sf'''' occupy the re,2,ion north of th«' Snake ahout the mouth of the I'alouse; the south hanks of the Columhiii and Snake neai" their conlluenee. and tlu' haidrni!irno(l with tho Yakiiinns that thov hiiv(> nliuost 'ost thtir uutiiinality.' Stiniis, in Iml. A/}'. Hipt., iS:")}, ji ::(t; to thi liii ' i'iii-ccd N'oscs,' sn niitiicil \t\ the Ciinachiiiis, jxihaps fnmi tlic niisul iits of the first . '■>. d and iiin'rated hv the Ncz I'erces I) escelidcd tliilll slaves l',uh /■;,,■/,/, ■/■• 17. • Not unlike the I'ierced-Noses in {general appearance. Ian'.^iiai;e. and haliits.' Ilrmriiiirn lu'l. I, n le colUlllc'llce o f the Sn PI' i:l:! i'arts of three diHeitnt nations at uid Colnmliia. linns' .Imir.. jip. '.ilS 11 of the liLiliaiis have any ]» rmalieiit hahitatioiis ' on the south hank of tli ('oliiml)ia ahout and above the Oalles. f.i'n-is niid l'ltirl,r's Trur.. ii. Iltl." ' (leiieiiillv campiii.L! in winter on the north side of tlie river.' Iml. At]'. Hi pi. \x'>\. p. Ss-i. ''■ The name Yakimii is a word meanin;.,' ' HIa<'k Hear' in the Walla W'M; 'halecl. Thev are called Klikatats west of the mountains. liihl,.-<, in I'm-. I,' U. Hnl vol. i., ]). 4()7. 'The Klikatats and Yakimas, in all essential ]ieciil- i.iiiile.-, of character, nro identical, and their intercourse is constant.' /'/.. ]>. ■l(i:t. id .s7'- in Inil. Af. Ili'iil.. isr.-t, p. -l-l iliycalleil Yakamas.' Tlie name si^'iiilies ■ Stony (jrouud. I'shawanwai'pam hands (I'l'llo ill /'. 254 COLUMBIANS. I Ix'twocn tlio Cusc.ido liaiijiv and i\w roluinl)!}!, the foinior in the valloy of the Vukinia. tlie hitter in the mountains ahout ^^t. A(huns. Both nations extend in some hands across into tiie territory of the S)nnd family. 'J'he na- tives of Oregon east of the (^iscade Range, who have not nsiially ))eeii inehided in tlie >^ahaptin family. I will di- vidi! somewhat arhitrarily into the UWi!ro8, extendini;; from the moimtains eastward to .John Pay River, and the ^ Vy/'sr',*""* from this river across the Blue Mountiiins to the (Jrande Ronde. ^riie iidand ('olum))ians are of medium stature, usn- ally IVom live feet sev name ^'i yen to the Whnhvhy- ])unis, ami then extended to all sjieakin^' the same lannuaj^e. For t\V( iily-tive years Ivforc 1S.')1 tlu'y overran the Willamet-tc Valley, but at that tin.e were forced by L;overnment to retire to their own country. TdIiii'ii', in Luvd'^ Xnt., vol. ii.. |)[). 211-7. Ill Wasco is said to mean 'basin,' and the tribe derives its name, tradi- tionally, from the fact that formerly on(> of tlu'ir chiefs, his wife liavin;^ died, spent much of his time in niakinj^' cavities or basins in the soft rock for his children to lill with water and pebbles, and thereby rehy amuse till A\ V to Ml . ";/"•> I'P !lt- Thc rd Caynse is perhaps the French I'liU- hiit.f. 'pelibles.' ('ailed by Tolmie, ' Wyeilals or Kyoose.' He s.iys tiieir lam^naLje has an attinity to that of the Carriers and Unipcpias. hiri'l's \p. i-t'.t-.")!*. 'Kcsend)lc the Walla-Wallas very much.' Kum's Wdml., pp. 'll'.f Sit. 'Tlie imperial tribe of Orcjijon' claimiii;.,' jurisdiction over the whole Columbia rei,'ioii. Fiir»liniii's Tntr., p. HI. The Snakes, Walla-Wallas, nd Cavuso meet annually in the Grande Koiule Valley. Thi>rnU: () 111 tlic interior tlio ' inou urf tall, tlip women tire uf coninuiii stature, and both iiri' Well fciniK il." I'lirl/' r's Kxiilnr. Tiiiir,\>.'2'^'.>. ' Of iiiidiUe liei^lit. slen- der.' Hull's AV/i/in;/, ill /'. N. I-J,i\ F.X., vol. vi., ]). I'.'ll. 'J'lie inland tiihes of liritisli Coluiiilija. coniiiareil with those on the coast, ' are of a better east, luillj,' 'generally of tlie middle hei^,'llt.' Iil., Ji. I'.IN. See also ]). J(Mi. 'J'he Xi'Z I'eiees and Cayuses 'are almost universally tine-lodUint;. robust nun.' In critirisiiii; the i>erson of one of that tribe 'one was forcibly remindid of the AjxiUo lielvidere.' 7'(//r;(.s(//(/',s Suv., ])]). MS, IIS. The Klikatat "stati.re is low, with lieht, sinewy limbs.' hi., \). ITS; also pp. 1.")S-I71. 'I he Wall i- W'allas are ^'.iieratiy powerful men, at least six feet lii.u'h, and the C'ayuse are still 'stouter and more athletic.' Ha'trdmr, in Lnml. liiinj. Snr, Jmir., vol. xi , |). ~~ii\. 'I'lie lT;ii:itillas 'may be a superior r.iee to the "Snakes," but I doubt it.' li'irnliiirl, in fud. .U/. Hi pi.. iMi'J. \i. •s'\. The S.ilish are 'rather beliiw the averai;!' si/c, but are well knit, niusruliir. aii(IH. • Well made and active.' Ihum's (In .mi, p|). Mil, ;!'27. ' l>e!ow the middle hiL;ht, with thiik-set limbs.' thmn mrh'n h'srrt.^, vol. i., J). SS, vol. ii., pp. ^r)-!;. (11"). The Contonais are above the inediuiii heittht. Viry few Shushwaps reach the Ik i;;ht of live feet nine inches. I'li.f's A'li'iii.. vol. ii., ])]i. l"i~). :i7ll, vol. i., p. -Id. See also on jiliy- siipie (if the iidaiid nations, Li'irl.i oml Clurlxi'.'i I'rur.. pp. li'JI, :i(t), Ii.'ii;, ;:.")'.•, MSJ, ."i-jT S, ,");");- 7: llV7.'s' Snr., in I'. S. K.t. i'.i-.. vol. iv., ji. )7"): limni. in ''■('. I'lniur. A/iril 2(i. IS(!I; Sun Friiiiri.- llirnhl, •Imi', 1H.")S; Sli nun. in /''/■•. I! H. Uijil., vol i., pp. .'toil, 111; \!ri.///. I'lr., p. 1.'>1; /.o/v/.s A"/, v il. ii., jij). l(ir)-C,. mil] vol. i,, frontis]iiece, cut of a ^'roup of Spok.ines. Ilf Siinl, VniJ., )ip. Ml', I'.tN; Pilltiivr'x ,f. 11.7, •-',>{; i^liiilrl'.i MmiUiiiii, ]i. N'J. '^'' The interior tribes have 'lon<,' faces, and bold features, thin lips, wide cheek-bones, smooth skins, and the usual tawny coiiiphxion of the .\iin ricaii tribes.' 'Features of a less exagc'erated harshness' than the coast tribes. 256 COLlMlilANS. Tlio custom of licad-llatti'iiiii^. ii|)i)iirc'ntlv of sojiboard oriji'iii uiid }:;rowtli. extends, novortlioU'ss, iUToss the Cas- cade barrier, and is i)racticed to a . iVnion|i thcni all, however, with the exception j)eihjips of the KliUi- tats. the deloiinitv consists only of a verv sli\. vi., p. ]!»S-;). 'Iluir mid tycs nre lilack, tliiir clici k buiics lii^jh, uiul very frtMiucntly tlu y liaM' iuiiiiliiir iidscs.' ' 'I'hcy wear their liair lniij,', jiait it iijimi tlitiv foi-fhi ad, and Itt it liaii^,' in tii'sscs on racli sidr. ordiiwii lnhiud.' -/''(/•/.< /''.s /.'I'/i/n/'. 'J'n'ir. \>. :)!.'■>. Cuiii- jilcxidii 'u little faini- than ntlier Indians.' /. The Si/. J'irets darker than the 'J'lisheipaws. I)iunitie27 S, .j.")(; 7, '.i'2\. The iidand natives are an nj,'ly race, with •broad faces, low foreheads, and rout,'li, cojppery and tanned skins.' Tlie Salish 'features are less re;,'alar, and their complexion darker' than the Sahaptins. Jiuik- (■ icrli's />'■>••/•/>•. vol. i., ]). SS, vol. ii., pp. .">.") (1. Tei th of the river tribt s worn down by sanded stdmon. Aiiih'rsnii, in Lnnl'ti Xiil., vol. ii., ]i. "i'iS; /kok'.s i\'iiifl.. p. ■27;J. Nez I'lrces and Cayuses 'art' almost iiniveisally line look- ii,', robust ni'ii. with strong aipiiline features, and a nineh n <• ist of ('onntenan<'e than is usual anionLtst the Son .f tl i-he( rful le women almost bi ille(l beautiful, and none that 1 have se en are lioniilv one verv hands youni,' >,'irls amoiij,' the Walla Wallas. The Kliketat features are ' rcLjular, tlioui^h often devoid of exjiression.' 'I'liirnsi mi's \iir. ji;). 7.S, IH, b"»S. 17S. Fl.itheads 'comparatively very fair in c()ni|il(\ion, ... .with oval faces, and a mild, and ]>layful ex|)ressi(>n of conntennnce.' .I)'niii's Orf'i'iii. p. ;U1. Till' Kayuls had lonj,' dark hair, and reeular features. ri/,"'.'< It'll.!/ ■U'l'ii'l'iii"', ]). :ibt. Cut and description of a ( lickitat skull, in Mirton'n I'ntiii'i, y. 211. ])l. 4S. 'The l-'latln ads are the nvjlii st, and most of their women are far from beinj,' beauties.' Slnarl's MdnUinii, p. ^2. I'' 'The Sahaptin and Wallawallas compress the head, but not so much us th" tribes near the coast. It merely serves with them to make the fore- head more retreating;, which, with the aquiline nose common t. All the Shushwaps Hatten the head niore or less. .M'Ujnc'H Ii. ('., 1). ;i";t. ' II (st h remar(mer ((Ue les tribus etablies au-dessns de 111 jonction de la brauche sud de la C'olond)ie, et dt'sij.'ni'es sous le nom do Tetes I'lates, out renonce depuis lonf,'temj)s a cet usaj^'e.' Mnj'riin. h'.i-j'hir., ti>:n. ii. ji. III!). ' A roundheatl Klickatat woman woidd be a pariah." Win- tlirop's Cuii'je and Swi'll", p. 2U4. Nez rerces " seldom known to llatteu the IIl'.AI) rLATTKNINc; IN TUK INTKUlOIt. :os nre linsl'S.' iiiii^' ill Cnlll- •liittir liiiiK ks set and •('si aie ) ' COlll- lUc IUmI (lavktr iinito :}.v.», faces, itUl-fH Ihilll- WdVll l(uik- t rlful (IIIK'U nil Iv.' lik.tut \(ir., cxioii, IlllCt'.' itnrcs. (ill. in iimst (if much ic I'oic- lativis, in the •;..•. i:.f., (ir less, •dcssiis iKini do l-^Xj'l")-., nin- ttiu iLo doformin;.! tin' |R'rson, such us tiittooinj;' and lu'i'loratiu"'' the It'atiiri's are as a rule not eiiiploveil; thi' \'akliiias and Kliketats. liowevei", with some other lower Coliiiii- l)ia ti'il)es. [)iert'e or out away the se[)tuin of tlie nose.'"* and the Xez I'l-nn's [)rohahly deriveil their name I'rom a similai'eiistoin lormerlv pnu^titx'd l)_v thi-m. I'aint. how- ever, is used hy all inland as well as coast tiiltes on occasions when decoration is desired, hut apiiliecl in less prolusion l)y the latter. The iavorite color is vermilion. a|»plied as a rule only to the face and hair.''" Mlaliorate hair-dressiuii' is not conunon, and hoth si'xes usually wi'ar the hair in the same style, soaked in ji'rease, often painted, and han^inu' in a natural state, or in hr^id. . plait>^ or (pieues. o\cr the shoulders. Some of the southi-rn trilu's <'ut the hair across the forehead, while othei's I'arther north tie it up in knots on the hack of the head."" The coast dress — r(jl)es or hlankets of hark-fihi'e or h-ad. .V. A,,,, ht'l.. id. ii. 108. />.i iiii'li'.i f)i's<'rl.i, \ic!-i ihnl I'l'irh's Tnir., ]>]>. IJTl, It.")'.*; 'iitus' .hmr., \t. '224 1' '•■* /'('A /•!/*/ 's li(ir:s,in r. S. E.r. A,'.c., vol. ix., j']). ;t,S-'.); Lvii-'isiunJ i'liirl V $ I /•'((•.. )lll ■m;-i. ;!N2~:t. 'I'lir S.dish •iivofiisc in th<^ nsc of jiuint.' .^7 hill. A'f. I!'i,f. Is'A. ].],. 2117 S, and in /'-/■■. /.'. Ii. i:. :«)'.». Nr/ INtim's paintdl coli.ri d stri]iis. U'mr's i"V.. |). 17;t. ' rour Indians (Nc/ I'l let's t stiiakcil ]]'ii„. M. I'eiid d'Oriillc wciiiun rub the face evei-y niorniu;^' with a mixture of red and brown powder, which is iimde to stick by ii eoiitiii!^ of tish-oil. Iir Sun I. T'l//., I' I'.IN. Till' Oakinaek ' wo men wea r their hair neatlv clubbed on each side of the he.iil b; hind t',c ears, and ornamented with double rows of tli snowv :ua. whic'; ,o'e ainoie^' the Oakinackens calh d Shet-la-cane; but they kei p II sh ■dor idcd in front. The men's hair is i(Ueued Ihd lip into a knot bthiud the head, and ornamented like that of the women; but in front it fall-i or liam^'s down loosely before the f:ic(s eoveriiij,' the fordiiad and tl which h mils to uncover tl them everv now iind then to shake the hi ad, tlr leir eves. /.' Aih V ■rcis not ornamented. Ia'i IT , 21U The head of the N. z i/ CliirL 'a Triir.. pp. ItU, 321, ;i7>\., 377, .">_», i:l2-;i; C'lL.'s /,' -. /, nnd to the leg or attiushed by strinjis to a belt abont the waist; nioc(rasins, and rarely a eaj). Men's fro(!ks desci'iid half-way to the knees; women's nearly to the ankles. Over this dress, or to conceal the want of some part of it, a bnfValo or elk robe is worn, espe- cially in winter. All pirments are ja'ofusely and often tastefully decorated with leather frinjies, feathers, shells, and porcupine (piills; beads, trinkets and various bri<;ht- colored cloths havinu; been added to Indian orniunenta- tion since the whites came. A new suit of this niitive skin clothinu; is not Avithout beauty, but by most tribes the suit is worn without chanjiv till nearly ready to drop oil' and becomes disiiustiimlv (iltir >(>me tribes ( lean and whiten their clothinjj; occasionallv Mith white earth, or i)ii)e-clav. The buffalo and most of the other larjic skins are obtained from the country east of the mount- ains ICl ""'^ Tho Ootliislioot wdnion wear ' ti lmi>» shiit of nkin, rciicliiiij,' down to tho nncli'rt. !U)(l tied round tho wiiist.' Fow onmnicnts. 'I'lic Ncz I'crci's woiir 'tli(^ bull'ilo or elk-skin robe deein'iited with ln'iids, sea-shells, chietly luother-of-peiii'l, uttuehed to ml otter-skin eoMiir iin 1 hnn^' in the hair ' Lei,';,'ins and nioeeasins are painted; ii \rriit of twisted j,'rass is worn MUiid the neck. The women wear their I'n-,,' v.il i without a ^'irdle, liut to it 'are tied little pieces of brass and sheiis, ui:d (.llu-r small articles.' 'The dress of the female is indeed more modes' ;..id more studitnlsly so than any W(; have observed, though the other sr >; i^. c treless of the indelicacy of ex|)osure.' 'The Sokulk females have no other (loverin^' but a truss or piece of leather tied round the hips and then drawn tij^ht between tlu^ lej,'s.' Three fourths of the Pis(juitpa\vs 'have scarcely any robes at all.' The ('hillnekitte(piaws use skins of wolves, deer, elk, and wild eats. 'Itound tlieir n(H'k is put a Htripof some skin with tlx; tail of the animal hiinf.;in),' down over the breast.' L-'icisdml Chtrh's Tivi\, pp. :j'21, IWO-l. .T)!, :r>:», IMI, ;i;7, r,2.;, 'i2H, r,M-:\. JIany of the Walla Walla, Nez Perce, and (.'ayuse females wine robes ' richly garnished with l)eads, hij^ua-S,' etc. The war chief wears as a head-dress the whole skin of a wolf's head, with the ears standing? erect. The Okana<,'ans wear in winter louj^ detachable sleeves or mittens of wolf or fox skin, also wolf or bear skin caps when hnntint^. Men and women dress n<'arly alike, and are profus(> in the use of ornaments. Vi'ds.-,'' Ailrcn., ]>. 1'27, '2'.)1-H; /(/., Fur Huntirn. vol. i., p. 30G. '''be Flatheads often chaiit,'e their elothiiiL; and clean it with pipe-clay. Thi hiive no regular hcaJ-dros». From the Ya- INLAND DWELLINGS. 950 Tho inliind dwcUinjr is u frame of i)<)los, oovortMl with nisii niiittinij;. or witli tiio hWuih of tiic biiilUlo or oik. As ti rule tiio riciu'st triln's uiul iiidividiials iiso skins, altiioujiii inuiiyof the finest Saliiiptin lionses are covered with mats oidy. Xotwithstandinji tliese nations are rich in horses, J find no mention tiiat liorse-hides are ever employed for tiiis or any other puriM)se. 1'he I'orm of the hxljie is that of a tent, conical or ohlonjr. and nsnalh" sharp at the top, where an ojvn space is li'ft for lijiht and air to enter, and smoke to esca[K>. Their internal condition presents a marked contrast with that of tlu* Ciiinook and Xootka hahitations. since they are hv many interior trihes kept free from vermin and filth. Their lijiht material and the fre([nency with which theii" loca- tion is chanji'ed contributes to this result, 'fhe lodjics are pitched hv the women, who ac<|uire great skill and celerity in the work. Holes are left aU)ng the sides for entrance, and within, a lloor of sticks is laid, or more fivcjuently the ground is spread with mats, and skins serye for ])eds. Dwellings are often l)uilt sullieiently large to acconnnodate many families, each of which in su(!h case has its own fireplace on a central longitudinal line, a definite space ])eing allotted for its gmxls. hut no dividing partitions are ever used. Tho dwellings are kima to tho Okanngan tho men go naked, niul tho woiiion woiir oiilj- a Ix It with a sH[) passinji botwccn the h'gs. Cn.r's .Ulnii., vol. i , ])|i, ];i;!, liH, 21(1 1, vol. ii.. J). 144. Xez I'eives better clad than any others, CavuseN Well clothed, Walla Wullas naked and half starved, /'nhm r's ,l. J:'.v.. vol. iv., ]ip. 4(i'.» 10, 42ii, IT.'t. The Kliketat women wear a short pine-hark ]K-tticoiit tinl rc;niid the loins. Toiriisi'iiil's \iir., \t\). 7H, 17H, 14s. 'Their linfi'alo ■ rohesaiid otlii r skins they ehietly procin-o on the Missouri, when they t,'o over to hunt, as there are no biitl'aloe in this part of the conntry an>l very little other j^anic.' '/■(>•>■' Juki-., pp. IS!), '20"). 218 lit, 2',l"). Tnsshej)aw 'women wore ea|is of wiUow neatly worked and fi;,'>u-ed.' //•cijii/'s Arlii)\ Timr.. ])p. '.^lD- ;i>; h'diii-'s ir'//(i/., p. 2(i4. and cnt; Fi-oikiuVs (hjn. (ivd t'uL, \)\i. lH(i-7; Sb r- «')is, in hid. AjY. It'i'l., 1854, p. 22'2; .Ximlay's U'lv. Tir., p. U^i: Fi-iiiirlirri's A'(tr.. ]). '2(iS;"7>i((i(r.s- Ori' ;■ », p. IJll; Cith-'n Korht) .l/ts.,p. 304; lluui, iu Mwi- vdlm Aimaks dts V«y., toni. x., 1821, pp. 74-5, 78. 200 COLVMBIANS. arranjiod in small villajios «'vnorall>- located in winter on the hanks of small streams a little away from the main rivers. For a short distance np the C'olumhia, houses similar to those ol' the Chinooks are built of split cedar iind ))ark. The Walla Wallas, livinu' in sunnner in the ordinary mat lodne. often construct for winter a subter- ranean abode by diiu'rally (if a sciuuro or ohldiii; forin, vuryiii^; in li'iij,'th from tifti'cn to sixty ffit, niul sujiiiortcd in the inside )iy jiulis or firivs rtlKHit six fci t liiijli.' The roof is nearly Hat. 'J'lie iM-lieloot and ( liil- liiekitt''cjna\v lions<'s weic of the Ciiinook style, jiartially snidv in the ^'lonnd. Till' Nez I'erees live in honses built "of straw and luals, in the form of tlu* roof of a house.' One of these 'was one hundred and fifty-six feet lonj,', and about fifteen wide, elosed at the ends, and havini,' a number of doors on e.ieh side." hiris (lull Clurl.f 's Triir., I)), ;M(I, :ir)l. :i'(i'.» 7U. ;i8l-2, iVKI. Nez I'erce dwellili;^s twenty to seventy fett loni,' and from ten to fifteen feet \\idi': free from vermin. I'lathead houses conical but sjiacious made of buti'alo and moose skins (iv. i4H, I'.I'J, 2(10. Nez l'(?-.' :;:;:' (ayuse lodges ' comjiosed of ten long Jioles, the lower (luls of vvhieh are jiointed and driven into the ground; the )i]i])er blunt and drawn l.>gether at the top by thongs' covered with skins. ' I'niversally nsed by the mountain Indians while travelling.' rnuitill.is live in ' shantys or wig- V anis of driftwood, covered with bnttido or deer skins.' Klicatats 'in mis- erable loose hovels.' 'rmrnsi lid's .\art.' ■ Summer hxlges are naide of willows aial ilags, and their winter lodges of split pine.' Ul., iK.".4. )ip. 215, 2;;m, 2.S2. llitniliiiil, in A/., \Xi',2, ]). •.:71. The Slm- sliwa)> (h'U is warm bt;t ' ni'cessiirily unwholesome, and redohnt. . . .of ans- fliin;^' but roses,' Ait(ki\-ii'ii, in Hist. Miij., vol. vii., ji. 77. Vukimas, 'rude FOOD OF THE INLAND NATIONS. 2C1 • on itiiii uses hIjU' the )toi-- eivd ! top l(k'V. iiilar coii- l)UU« I wvcr yiu^i 111 iiilis or 1(1 I hil- ,f the t lollj,', IIIVS 111! I. Ncz 11 ft'i't lilt' of 1)V I'l'll- •2(10. lev flllls liawn .1 I IV or \vij4- |in iiiis- wiiitir lev with Ihi' Vrof loii the luces. 111 It nioif 4( s art' ll llii;;s, ,;(. At stillvH, |h it tii- tht ir |ir t. iit- |in lull- If Shu- if aiis- . ' iiiilv Tlio inlaiid fiimilios vnt fisli and ^amo. uitli roots and fruit; no nation snhsists Avitliont all tluvo sn})[)lic's; hut the jn'oportion ol'^ach oonsiniicd varies jircatlN' accordinj; to localitv. Sonio ti'ihos divick' their I'ortvs rejinlarls- into ])iinds, of men to (ish and hunt, of Avonion to cure fish and ilcsli. and to "iathcr roots and herrii's. I have s[tokc'n of tho coast trihes as a lish-eatinji'. and tho in- terior tj'ihos as a Innitin;:' p*'oj)lo, iittrihntinii' in j^rcat dcjirco tlic'ir diiferonccs of person and eiiaracter to tht ii* food, or rather to their methods of ohtaininji' it; vet li>h constitutes an inijjortant element of inland suhsistence as well. Few trihes live altoiiether without salmon, the ji'reat staple of the Northwest; since those dwelling;' on streams inaccessihle to the salmon hy ri'ason of iu- terveninir ftdls. ohtain their supply hy annual miiiiations to the fishinji-jin)unds, or hy trade with other nations. The principal salmon fisheries of the C'ohnnhia aic at the Dalles, the falls tt'n miles ahovo. and at Kettle Falls, Other productive stat tions are on the Powder. Snake, Yakima. Okanaiian. and (Marke rivers. On the Fraser, which has no falls in its lower com-se, flshinii is carried on all alon^' the haid\s of the river instead of at reuidar stations, as on the ( \)lund)ia. Xets. weirs, hooks, spears, and all the imi)lements and methods hy which ilsh are taken and cured have heen suiriciently descrihcd in treatinji of the coast reuion; in the interior 1 lind no iiupoi'tant variations except in the hasket method in u.-c at the (Miaudiert's ui- Kettle Falls )>y the (^)uiarlpi trilie. ITerc an iunncnse wilknv ))asket. olten ten I'eet in diam- eter and twelve ieet deep, is susjeuded at tin' falls iVoni hntw covered with mat': i;ilil,; in /■. /.'. /.'. /.'././. .1. 1' 1(17 Shu- shwiips erect nich' slants (if hark or n'attiiii.': have no tents er liouses. MiUi ■ iii'l t'lifii'ilr's .V. ir. I'liss., )i. 212. I''.(iiii the swanijis south of Flatliow Lnh 'th • Ki'dtanie huhaiis ohtain the klus(ii iirti( thieii reed, which is tile only tliat serv( ;; tli( ui in tlic construction of tli( ir h du'is,' and is tradi (| vith otlicr trilies. SnHiniii, in /'i/W/s' /'s /•,'.c/i/. E. V r'laL; liuts of tlie Vvaila Wallas. Fiir'iii'Dii's V'/vn'.. ii. N."); yullmi's Hijit. ]i] ■I'.t ."id: I'lilimr's .Iniii-.. |i. (ii; Cuh's l!i),!.i/ Mis. Itl.l -..•.. //• .l.v/" U',1: III., himiiirHh '.v .\,l, ). :(li|. Ilr Slli't, V ..IM hi.. Wiyl. .^'. ]l. '_SI: /,(()v/s .V((/., vol. ii., pp. l(l.>-(). //".(.', iu .Smn-illiS AllllllttI '/iM \'iiij.. toni. X., I)S21, \>\). 71-5, 7'J. 2G2 COLUJIBIAXS. stronji; tiiulu'r.s fixo;! in oivvices of tlio r:. and alxn'O this is ji iViiine so attacliod that iho sahiioii in attoiiipt- inj^- to leap tlie fall strike tho sticks of the frame and Jire thrown l)ack into the hasket, in tlie laruest of which naked men armed witli cUil)s await them. Five thou- sand pounds of sahnon liave thus heen taken in a (hiy h_v means of a si'liile ])asket. During the fisliing-season tlie Sahnon Chief lias full authoritv; his hasket is the lari;est, and must l)e located a month hefore othi'rs are allowecl to fish. The small nets used in the same re;jion have also the peculiarity of a stick which keeps the mouth o[)en when the net is em[)t_v, l)ut is removed hy the weijiht of the fish, Resides the salmon, sturgeon are extensively taken in the Eraser, and in the Arrow Lakes, while trout and other varieties of small iish ahound in most of the streams. The fishing-season is the sunmier, hetweeu June and September, varying a month or more a(!cor(ling to locality. This is also the season of trade and festivity, when trihes from all directit)ns assemble to exchange commodities, gamble, dance, and in later times to drink and fight. ^'''' "'■i Niitivps bc^'in to assi'iiible iit Kettle Fulls iilKint three weeks before the siilmoii l)i'!^'iu to run; femls are laiil by: horse-raeiiiL;, j^Mmbliiii^, love-nialciii.i,', ote., occuiiy ti iissembly; ainl the laeilieiiie-meii are busy wiirkin;,; ehariiis f )!• II su:'cessfiii seisiiii. The tisli iin; cut open, dried ou poles over a small tb'e, and p lekeil in b des. On the Fraser <'ae)i family or village iish<'S for iN'lf; near the mouth laru;e j^'att'-hooks are nsi'd, hi .;her np a net niaiia,i,'ed between two eaiioes. All Mu' |)rineipal Indian tishin'^'-stations on the I'raser lire below Fort Hope. For stnr'^'i'on a spear seventy to eiijhty feet loni,' is used. Cut of sturj^'eon-tisliinf,'. I^nnl's .V/' , vol. i., pp. 71 (>, bSl, 1st -(!. The i'en fi-^h into a weir (U* rack.' on Clarke Kiver. just above the like. The W:dl:i Walla ' lisheiies at the Dalles and t!ie falls, ten miles above, lire the tinest ontlu' river,' The Yakima weirs constructed 'upon horizontal soars, and support. mI by tri[)ods of str(mL; })ol( s erected at sliort distancis apart; two of the 1ol;s fronting up stream, .and on ■ supportiu'^ tin ni below;' Inline lifty or sixty yards lon;^. The salmon of the OkanaLtan were ■ of a small s;pecies. which had assumed a uniform red color.' 'The fishery at the Ket- tle Falls is (Uie of the most im])ortant on the river, and the arraULjenients of tlie Indians in the shape of drvinL,'-sca!l'old-i ami store-honsi's are on a coia'e- siondin^' scale.' In I. At}'. /.'/l., vol. i., pp. Iil7 s. The sal. noil eliiif at K.ttle Falls distribute-^ tli ■ li h ainon;^' the iieojile, everyone, even tlie smalli^i child, L;ettiii;^' an eipia! share. Ivhi 's Wiml., pp. :!li-ll. On Des C'.mtes Kiver ' they spear th'' ti,-;h Willi barbed iron ]) lint;. litted loosely by sockets to the ends of poles about eij;ht feit lon^'.' to which they are fasten 'd by a thin,' ab.iiit tw(dve feet 1)11.;. Aii'inU, in /'/■. It. a. /.',>.. vol.vb.p. '.)')'. ( )n the upper Columbia an ilu.liau 'cut uir a bit uf his le.Uherii ijhirt, iibotit the size of u suiali beau; in xrixa by shusiiwaps, salisii, and saiiaptins. 203 The larger varu'ties of jiiunc are liuutod l)y the natives oil horseback wherever the nature of the eoinitrv ^vill j)eriuit. IJullalo are now never found west of the Uocky Mountains, and there are hut few localities where lar-ie game has ever been al)undant, at least since the country became known to white men. Conse([ueutly the Flat- heads. Xe/ iVrc.'s. and Kootenais, the distinctiveh' hunt- ing nations, as well as bands from nearly every other tribe, cross the mountains once or twice each year, penetrating to the buffalo-plains between the Yellowstone iuid the Missouri, in the territory of hostile nations. The bow and arrow was the weapon with which bufulo and all other gaiue were shot. Xo peculiar cunning seems to have been necessary to the native hunter of bulValo; he had only to ride into the hnmense herds on his well- trained horse, and sidect the fattest animals for his ar- rows. \';ii'ious de\ices are mentioned as being i)racticed in the chase of deer, elk, and mountain slu'e[); suiih as driving' them bv a circle of fire on the i)rairie towards the concealed hunters, or approaching within arrow-shot stv SUlilll for i:i;-,'oil 'rasir iiiu; is Th.^ nil, till! llioV<>, '.>i\t;il allci'H ■h>\y: sMiall • K.t- 'lltS llf I'OVl'i'- ■,ir. II. ,-,th' 11 r(lUi .1 Hir ti;h vt' fci't il'iii all i h.au; th^n piillin:; ont two or thrc" liiirs from his horso's tail for a lln<'. tied tho bit of li'ath ^r to oil',' ciiil of it, ill plauti of a hook or tly.' /i"S.s' .1 Irn.. pp. |:i2-:!. At th'' luputu of Fl.itliow liivi'r 'ii dike of roiuiil stouts, whirli runs up oliliijuily a^'iiust t!ic main stream, on tin; west side, f(U' moro than ouf hiiiuliccl yards in U'ii;,'tli, rt'sumlilinj,' the foundiliiui of a wall.' similar rair^'c on the i ast side, sujijuiscd to ln' fiU' talciii;,' lisli at low water. ',' i.ss' /■'((/■ Ifiitil- /'s, vol. ii., ])p. Ill-") -fi. West of the lioeky Miiiiitaiiis lluy tish 'with L;reat siiceess hy lueans of a kind of ]arL,'e basket suspeiuletl from t\ i inj,' lord,' Ihniii iifrli's />•.'<' ris, vol. ii., pj). 'ilO 1. On I'owder iiiver they nsn till' liook as a L,'a11'. r'.i/.c's Unrl-ii Mln., ]>. '.iS:!. X Waseo sjnars three or four sdnioiiof twenty to tliirty iioiinds e;ieh in ten niiiiutes. // mi/ an I llrim-lilij/'s .1. 1' X, o salnion ari taki liove the \ ll>|)ir falls . f llu' (• • ihia, Tl'iiriidui's l)- to a Ljreat extent uiioii '/(//•/,•, '.s- ■/'/■'(r., p. r);i2. Make lishini,'-iuts of llax. I'lirh r't> Esiilnr. I'l The Inland, as well as the Coast, trib di Mni/iii-'s II. ('., p. 'JIJ; Xi-iilui/'s (Jill. 'I'll-., pp. I."ij-:i. I'alouse live solely liy lishiu;,',' Mull'iti's Jtijil., p. 4'.). Salmon cannot ascend t C letir d'.Viciie Lake. Ilnh's Kllinoi., in I . S. Kf. J: li]i. 'Jn'.i Id. Oliaiia'^aii food "cDnsists iirincipally of salmon and a small lish whi. h they (.ill cari).' ir;;/,T.s' Xnr., ill I'. S. Kt'. A'.r., vol. iv,, p. KiJ. 'I'lie Walla W.dlaH ill ' Ula p. 8J arp y Will bu termed tho tishermeii ut the Skyu.->e camp." laruham's Tixtv, 11 i ■ !' I 2r,4 COLUMBIANS. by skillful manipulations of a donoy animal; or the fri-ilitciu'd (leer arc driven into an ainhusli by oonveriA- inii: lines of brigbt-colored rairs so })la('ed in the ])iisbes as to represent men. Kane states that about the Arrcjw Ijakes huntinji dogs are trained to follow the deer and to bring l)aek the game to their masters even fi-om very long distances. Deer are also pursued in the winter on snow-shoes, and in deep snow often knoclved down with clul)s. Bear and beaver are trap})ed in some places; and. especially about the northern lakes and marshes, wild fowl are a v^- 'dMuidar.t, and help materially' to eke out the su|)ply < 'ive fi)od.^'"'* Their natui. improvidence, or an occasicmal unlucky hunting or fishing se.ison, often reduces them to want, and in such case the resort is to roots, berries, and mosses. several varieties of which are also gathered and laid up "■'1 Tlio Shusbwaps formerly crossed the inonntains to the Assiiiuil)i)iiU' territory. '\'\u\ Okiiiiii;^'ans when hunting wear wolf or bear sbin caps: there is no bird or beast whose voice they cannot imitate. War ami linntiui; were the Nez I'erce oeeupation; cross the mountains for Imfl'alo. /I'o.ss' /■'/(/■ llnidrrs,' vol. i., pp. MS, -il'.l, -I'.n-H, ;JII5. Tlie chief game of tlu' X.z I'erces is th<' deer, 'ami whenever the ground will permit, the favourite linnt is on horse- back.' Am'v's mil Cliirlr's Tntr., p. ~h)'t. Tlie Salish live by the chase, on elii, moose, deer, big-horn and bears; make two trijis annually, spring' to fall,' and fall to mid-winter, across the mountains, accompanied by other nation.-i. The I'end d'Oreilles hunt deer in thi' snow with clubs; have distinct Ideali- ties for hunting each kind of game. Nez Perc('s, Flatheads, (!oeins d'Alcne,' SjK)kanes, Pcnd d'()reilles, etc., hunt togelher. Vakiuias formerlv jiiin(il the Flatheads in eastern hunt. In-I. Atf. It jtl.. 1S.-)1, pp. '207 H, 2r2" in. 'ilH, ^^^-(i. "'rwohuntsannually across the mountains — oiu in .Vjiril, for the bulls, from which tley return in June and .Tuly ; and anotlier, afdr about a month's recruit, to kill cows, which have bv that time become fat.' Sin; us, (lihhn, itirl SiirU,',/, in /',/,•. /,'. /.'. Hid., vol. i., pp. U."), ilH, -.ilHl 7, vol. xii.. p. bit. Kooli'n:iis live by the chase principally, Ifuli'liins, in Iml. Alf. l!''i>l., lS(il!,' p. l.")."). S]iokanes r.ither indolent in hunting; hunting deer by tire. To.r'.s- Ailrcii., vol. i.. pp. r.i7, vol. ii., pp. 4('i~7. The Koot( nais 'seldom hunt;' (her(> is not much to shoot except wild fowl in fall, Tr.ip beaver and carri- ■ " '" " " (>, lo, 7:).' Doeut on a tnuurary ot tne ivootanu? itiver. rniiisi'i- n i:.vj>ui)' I'liitheads 'follow the butl'ido ution the headwaters of I'lar pp Nez Pen ec women aecoMi')an id Salmon v the men to the btitTalo-hunt , /''o7,- ('(•".s- E.x'phir. T'lnr., )ip. 107, 311. Kootenais cross the mountains for bulValo M ijlii II. (' V Coeurs d'.\len(> ditto. M:i'lit,i'slll>l.,]' I'l, Half of the Nez Perces ' Usually m.ake a trip to the butl'.do country for three mmilhs. ITiV/r s' .V(»'.,in /^ >'. l-'.w Vv.r., vol, iv., p. t'.tl. Shushwaps 'live by huntii the bighorns, mountain g()ats, and mariuots .i/";/'e 7 I'hrdlr-s .V. II' i'./.s.s,, p. 212, ibitl'ilo iii'ver )iass to west of tin' liOi'ky Mountains. Aon/'.-! N'lt., vol, ii., p. 17'.); AV Wditil., ]). ;t-H; l)r Sunt, r '.'/•- V ;!i, ir., 141 In:l. /:;/'(', pp. 2:i-l, ;U-U; /•V-f/ir/e'/r'.s- .V'(('., pj), '2I1S-1); ll'nil, in .V.-'dvV/.s Aiiii(i!i:-< (/ ,s' ro//,, torn, X., 1H21, ])p. 17 -' roots the natives make regular migrations, as for game or fish. The varieties of roots and ))erries used for food are very numerous; and none seem to grow in the country which to the native taste are unpalatable or injurious, though many are both to the European."'' ^fowards obtaining food the men hunt and fish; all the otiier v, M-k of digging roots, picking berries, as well as dressing, preserving, and cooking all kinds of food is done )>y the women, with some excej)tious among the Xez lVrc(''S and I'end d'Oreilles. IhilValo-meat is jerked hy cutting in thin pieces and drying in liie sun and over smouldering fires on scallblds of poles. Fish is sun-dried on scallblds, and by some tribes on the lower Cc)luml)ia if'^ The KlikotrttH gather and eat pmhnij, a bittor root boiled into a ,j. lit. t^)naiiiasli, round, ouion-shai)ed, and sweet, oaten by the Nez Perces. Liurisaml I'Inrh T, ;i:!l). ('(juse root di; April or May; cani.is in .Jun d Juh VriirJ. in Srhnnlfrtift's Arch., vol. v., p. ').')(), The Skynses' 'main subsist- however niKiii roots.' Th(! Nez Perces eat hdmirtli. t)li it, jUi'/.Vli. •. ml,; etc. //■ ';/'.S II ill. .llr 1' 1 :iiil tana 'ans uve e it ni' xtensivelv on moss made into bread. The \e/ Pen iiscnit s also Will.': X'tr., in r. S. K\:. A>., vol. iv., pp. K;2, IIM. P.iid d'Oreilles at the last <'\tr"niitv live on pine-tree moss; also collect eaniash, .sv.cnis. in lii'l. Af. Rpl.. ls.")l, p. 21 1, 21 1 15. bitter-roots, aiiil sugar ' I never saw any berry in the course of my travels wliieh the Indians scruple to eat. nor have I seen any ill ett'ect from their doing so.' Iviik'h W'ihI.. p. H27. The Kootenai food in Septendier ' apjiears to be almost entirely berries; uauielv, th of el I '.-rv. sketi Iso i\ swet )f the Crees, a delicious fruit. mil a suiall species t root which thev obtain to the southward.' A'''//. i'.-.7n /'.(//;. '.s l-J.fjiliir.. ]K I'.i. Flatlieads dig hninli. 'bitter root' in May. It IS very nutritious a nd V( bitt itter. I'iih 'isir(ji), eanias, or 'water seego, is a sweet. giimmv bulbous root. Sht(irt'.-< M XllihKt, pp. .)(-«. Colvilles cut ilown liiiies for their moss (alectorii" 'M. Kaiiias also eaten. Pii'l.rr'iiif.s llnrs.h} I'. >'. h'.f. l-'.w. vol. ix., p. 'M. Th(> Shushwaps eat nio-s and lichens, chietly the black lii-hen. or n-liijc'l.iiir. Mni/iu's /<.''.,]). ;i(ll; I'arhr'.s K.qilnr. '/'•e/,., p. 127. Tile Salish in .March and .Vpril eat ;)'),)/,'(/(, an onion-like bulb; in May, sji'il a root like vermicelli; in June and .rulv, iln'li'i. like roasted i>Mt/7,s, vol. Its; in .Vugust, wild fruits; in September, ninninl, a grain. 'i/iiinti:rii ,s u., p, i ! m 266 COLUMBIANS. is ulso piilvcri/A'd ])et\vt'C'ii two .stoiios and packed in baskets lined with fish-skin. Here, as on the eoast, the heads and olVal only arc eaten during the fishing-season. The Walla Wallas are said usually to eat fish without cooking. Roots, mosses, and such berries as are pre- served, are usually kept in cakes, which for eating arc moistened, mixed in various proi)ortions and C(Joked, or eaten without [(reparation. To make the cakes simply drying, pulverizing, moistening, and sun-drying usually .suflice; but camas and pine-moss are l)aked or fermented for several days in an underground kiln by means of hot stones, coming out in the form of a dark gluey paste of the pro[)er consistency for moulding. Many of these powderc! roots may be preserved for years without in- jury. ]5oiling by means of hot stones and roasting on sharp sticks fixed in the ground near the fire, are the universal methods of cooking. Xo mention is made of l)eculiar customs in eating; to eat often and much is the aim; the st\le of serving is a secondarv consideration.''"" Life with all these nations is but a struggle for food, 1'''' At tliP Dalles 'dnriuf; tho flshini:; season, the rudians live entirely on the hea^ls, luiirts and ott'al of the salmon, whieh tlii'V strin.L; on stiiks, and roast over a small hie.' Itesides iiine-nioss. the ()kunaL,'ans use the seed of the halsaiu ori/.a pounded into meal, eaUvd iiiiilitd. 'To this is added the siiH.Kfs.' Berries made into calces by the N'e/ I'erees. Wil/.s' A''(/'., in ^'. ,s'. A'.r. A'.i'., vol. iv., \i[t. 4.10, ■l. (1")<). Boot bread on ihc Clearwater tastes like that made of ])umpkins. O'n.ss' ,lintr., i)p. '2l)2-:t. Kamas after comiiiL; from the kiln is 'made into lar^,'e <'akes, by be- iui,' mashed, and (iressed to,t,'eth<'r, and sli;,'htly baked in the sun.' "White- root, pulverized with stones, moistened and sun-baked, tastes not unlike stale bisciuts. Toiriisi'iiir.i Xnr., i)p, l'2(i-7. I'amas anl, pp. 211-15. f PERSONAL HABITS IN THE INTERIOR. 2G7 and tlio poorer tribes are often retliieed nearly to starva- tion: yet they never are known to kill dogs or horses for food. About the missions and on the reservations oattle h.'ive been introdneed and the soil is cultivated by the natives to considerable extent."" In their personal habits, as well as the care of their lodges, the Cayuses, Xez l*erces, and Kootenais. are mentioned as neat and eleanlv; the rest, thouuli (ilthv, are still somewhat sni)erior to the dwellers on the eoast. The Flatheads wash themselves daily, but their dishes iunl utensils never. De Smet repivsents the Tend d'O- reille women as untidj' even for savages.""'^ (jnns, llU) , iinil scid of .a the r..s. i;itm'al (MlU'd llCiul- liKt-'.); h-(l(itli 1 1 for ssion — if their (/■., YV- •J\w nr / 7/ '■/•(' ",s 1 SDllIl'- iiiiiit liv 1m- Whitc- kc stiilf 1 iiii\' il lllllilcll. ■ of the (1; //«/. /■;,,•. z;.!'.. 11-15. "■" A(l(litii)tial notes and referrneps on procnrini,' food. The Okini;if;iuis hreak up winter (jUiirters in Fehrnary; wiimier iihont in sniiill hands till June. Asscnihle on the river and divide into two parties of ni( n and two of wonun for tishini,' and dressini,' tish, limiting' ami di"4in^' roots, until Oetoher; hunt ill small partii'S in the mountains or tin th into winter (juarters < >n th lall )r for four or six week tnd /.' .1./' PI). ;)H-1(1 Further south on the Colinuhia plains the natives collect and dry roofs until Mav; li-ili on the north haidc of the river till Seotc l> the tish dii; cainas on the ])lains till snow falls: ami retire to the foot of tlu' mount- ins to hunt deer and elk throu'di the winter, i'he N'e/ Ten itch salmon and di;,' roots in sutunier; hunt deer on snow-shoes in winter; and cross the mountains for hutt'alo in sprinj^. Sokulks live on tish, roots, and antelojjc. Eneeshur, Kcheloots, ami (.'hilluckittetjuaw, on tish, berries, roots and nuts. l.i'ii-in till I i'lih-h--'x Tnir., pp. 141-5, ;M(I-1, li5J, ;i('i5, :i7ll. Spokanes live on deer, wild f.ovi, salmon, trout, carp, piiu'-moss, roots and wild fruit. They have no reii\iurn:inee to horse-tlesh, but never kill horses for food. The Sina- e on salmon, camas, and an occasional small deer. The ('handiere Mill I countrv W( stocked with L'anie, tish and fruit. '' A'h vol. i., p. 2111, d camass bread. Ih- Sunt, vol. ii., p. 115. The Kayuse live on lish. eame, am I')'/., pp. UD-l. 'lis cultivent avec succ''S le ble, lis patates, les pois et " I'end p. -JHt. phuii'ur- autres Ic'^UMies et fruits.' Id., .l//s.s'. di- idr^'iii, il'OriilKs: ti^li. Kamash, and i)ine-tn 1' OSS. /l.. vol. i., pp lot, 40S, li:). Kootenais; tish and wild fowl, beriies and jiounded meat, hav( cows a'ld oxen /'.(//; /•;, v imals. I'matiUas; ti-;h. sa'^i 1>1 ). Ill, 72. I'alou '.l7. 111.")-!', Ash, sheep, ah prai ru'-liares. tish, birds, and ■it's .\(lt.. vol. d sma II i'u^hepaws would not ptainit horses or il 'i^s to be I'aten. / , I'P p. ;Ul'). ,\ez Pere('s; beaver, elk, deer, white 1 Uld I mil I s lountain •amed its. /■/., /; .1./' 1' IMl. Sah.iiitin; ''ather and berries on Clarke Itiver. liuss' •Imir., p. 11):!; Xic'ilni/'s (tin. I'vi'. I' lliirn' Vt>!/., p. I(i7; II '■irs lull. I r( '■'>•, ])p ii-'t'ih. \v). (;;!-7I ; CnUhi's .V. Am. Iml., vol. ii .. p. IdS: Ivi /'.(/•/.■■/•'s l-J.qilni: T»ii\ pp. 22S-;n, lit)'.); Will.-a' \iir., in f. >'. K.r'. h'.i:, vol. p. 171; ird'x KlIiiKij.. /'»., vol. vi., ]i. 2iili 1- /. il2; 7'. ""(S (hi r. ■nVr/zV.r'.s 7'/vo'., i)p. ;ts:t. 5IS; I'urhr's AV/i/oc 7'oer, ji) ::fi>. p. Its; l)i' Siiirt, To//., lip. 1(1-7, r.is; (■ [.h /'.'' 1. i., p]i. r.)7-0, ;!5H, Vol. ii., pp. 155, 'S!\i, 375j CuKt's U'M:kij JiU., p. i.'Jj; I'P 51. 5s, 51) 208 COHMP.IAXS. knives imd t():.i;ili!nvks Iwivo liciu'rally taki'U tlic ]t1;tn» ol' such iiiitivc \V('ii|i(»Ms as tlicsc natives may liaxc used a;j,iiiMst tlieir loes originally. Only the how ami arrow have survived intiTi^ourse with uhite men, and no other native wcajutn is descrilied, ext'ej)t one ])ee,uliar to the Okanairans. a kind of Indian shmji-shot. 'i'his is a small eylindrieal ruler of hard uood. eovered Avith raw hide, which at t)ne end torms u small haji and holds a round stone as larire as a is tr"'s- (•I istinuo, mi lie la porni> tin ccrf.' De Sniif, I'li//., j). IS; U'/V/.'s' Xur., in l'. S. /•,'(•. /'.'i'.. vol. iv.. p. ISii; Slir ns, in I'm'. II. l{. Hrjil., vol. i., p. 1 i.'i; Toir,,- s it's \'(c., j>. !(8; Irvhi/a Asfiir'ni, \\. 'Ml ; L n-'is iiml (I'lriys '/'/'/r., ji. y.'il ; J'arL-r's J-!.qili>r. Tour, pp. 100-7, 'I'M; Cox's Ailrm., vol. i., p. 2h'>. Tin; INLAND NAI'IONS AT WAR. iJCl) li'l uMi'-liorsc's iin- st'Un'.tod, iiiiil Itoth rider Jiiid stt'cd iii'c H'lily |»iintt';l. uiid di'i'ki'il witli IriitlnT.-'. trinket.'. Jiml hri^lit-colored (cloths. Tlie \var-[>iirty in most iiaticiis is under tlui i; before? war, is always relij^iously observed. Their laws, however, admit of no com|)ulsion, nor is the chief's authority implicitly oh^'ved oil these occasions; (•oiisequeutly, every one judj^es for hii'iself, and either l;ocs or stays as he thinks i)niper. With a view, liowever, to obviate this di'fect in their system, tliey have instituted the dance, which answers every l)ur[)osr of a recruiting,' service.' ' Every man, thert'fore, who I'Uters within this rinj,' and joins in the dance is in honour bound to assist in carrying; on the w.ir.' /'/., A li-ea., pj). ;Jl'.*-20. Mock battles and military display for theentei- t.iinment of white visitors. Jliiifs' I'"//., pp. 173-4. The Chilluckitte(iuaws cut otl' the fori'tiiij^ers of a slain enemy as troi)hies. Leids untl Chirl.f's 'I'lvr., \)\\. ;)7")-(i. Whenscoutim;, ' Flathead chief would ride at full gallop so near the foe us to Hap in their faces the eaj^le's tail streaming behind (from his caj)), yet iio one (lari'd seize the tail or streamer, it beinj.; considered Kacrilefj[ious and frauj^ht with misfortune to touch it.' Tiihitle. in Lonra yi. One Flathead is said to be e(pial to four IJlackfeet in battle. Ih Sunt. Voy., pp. :J1. ,4',); Dumi's Ornion, pp. ;tl2-W; Uroi/'s Hi.-il. in., pp. 171-4; I'drker's ExpUir. Tnur, pp. 2Hii-7; St'tiili-ij's I'lir- trtdis, pp. (i")-71; Ind. Lift, pp. 2:J-5; Wilkxx' Xar., iu U. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., jt. 4'J">. PUKPAnATIOX or SKIN'S. LIVKR-r.OATS. 271 t(|2;i>ilKn' for inattiiiLi. Iliidc 1):)\vls find spixms iiro sojiic- tiincs (Iul; out of lioni or wood, l)ut tlic liM;.:('rs. witli ]m'('i's of hark and small mats are tlic ordinai-v tahlc riiniitinv. Skins arc divssod hy spivadin^'. scrapiiiu' ojV tilt' llcsli. Mild for some purposes tlie hair, with a s|iar[t j)i('ro of l)oiio, stoiu', or iron attjichod to a short haudlc, and iisi'd like an ad/e. The skin is then sii leai'iM 1 witl the aniin;d s hrains, and ruhhed or pounded h\ a very tedious i)i(K'ess till it liecomes soft and white, some hides hein;4' picviously smoked and l)leache(l with white clay 171 On the lower (Jolumhia the \Vas(^os. Kliketats. Walla Wallas, and other trihes use duii til'' liiili' lunl IniviiiLC it to diy, iiftcr whiih it is riiMxd otf. Si 111! s usiiitUy sit nnc.isiiy on tlii' iiorsc's l):iclv. I'arh'r's /;'.i'///m;\ 'I'diir, \>\k ill), SMI. ' S[:ill''t of stoiic curiously ciirvcil ' mil 111'.,' the S ikulks. Ncur t!i'> ('iisc:i(li>s \V;ls si'On II liliMcr rrscinUlill).,' those llsi il liy tlie wiiitcs 1)0 I'i-i!l[uiti);i\vs used ' 11 saddle or ])ad ()f dressed skill, stiiti'.d with tjnat )i;ii: ' /.'■"•/■.s' ,(„./ i 7f(/'/,i''s Tnii\. \i\>. li"))!. ;i7(). .'175, 5'2H. On tlic Friisir u roiij^'h kind 'if isini^'lass was iit one time jireiiared ainl traded to the Hudson l!ay Cnni- im.y. /, i/'i/'s \''i'., vol. i., ]>. 177. 'I'lie Saha|itins still make a kind of vase "f lava, soniewliat in the sha[ie of ii crucible, Init very widi'; tin y use it as ii 111 irt ir for jMiundiu;,' the t^rain. of which they make cakes.' I>niiv ,(i.-l,'s Ihsi ris. v il. ii., ]i[). lit, 'iCt. ( rndouhtedly iin error.) I'end dOreilles; ' les feiinii h font (les nattes de jones, des paiiiers, ot des chaiMaux sans Imrds." {>■ Siiirl, r.«//., ]i. I'.d). 'Nearly all (the Shushwaps) use the Spanish woodiii sil 11 ■, whicli tley ni.ikc with" innch skill.' M(ii/)ii''s />.''., pji. ;( 1-2. 'The i;ad lies for uonii'ii diti'er in form, heiii;^ furnished with the antlers of a deer, so as to resemble the hii,'h poniinelled saddle of the Mexican ladies.' l-'niu- '•h''ri''s \'ir.. pp. ■21!'.) -70; I'dliii'v's Jtmr., p. 12'J; J nniifs Astoria, p. 317, 'M't; V'lx's Adrm., Vol. i., pp. 148-1). 272 COLlMlilANS. cully torritorv, the niitlvi's nitiiuifiictm'c iind iiiuimito Itiirk CiiiKM's. Moth ])\\v]i and jtiiif avc euiplovcd, hy ■ut and slnjud iiji at tlic ('U()s, without form or tiiush.' irlhlm, iu /vai form by cords, and stretdied ou a few twin's, '''use they tow with liorsi s, ridiuf,' sometiiues three abn ast.' Slicrns, in Id., ji. -tlo. In the Kootenai canoe 'the upiier part is covered, txci'pt ii spai'e in tlie niiddh'.' The liUL^th is twenty-two ftet, the bottom bein^,' ii dead It vi 1 from end to end. lines' Fur //i(//^';>:, vol. ii.. pp. lliU 7(1. • The hiiLjth of tlie bottom of the (Uie I measured was twelve feet, the width bi^tween tlie KUnwalcs only siven and one half feet.' ' When iin Indian paddles it, he sits at the extreme end. and thus sinks the conical point, which serves to steady the caime liUe a tish's tail.' lyDnl's XaL, vol. ii,, pp. 17H-'.t, ii."),l-7. t)n the Arrow Lakes ' their form is also ix'culiar and very l)eautifiil. These canoes run the rapids with more safety than thos-j of any other shape.' Kane's Wdwl.. \). :S2S. Seu !)(' Siiid, \'i>!/., pj). It.'i, 1^7; Irrlnii's Adi)nii,it.'M'^; Lewis (tml ('l(iiio'\i Triir., ]>. :i7."i; llflor. in /'"//(scr'.s EA'plor., p. 27; Sterens, in Ind. All'. lUpi., 1654, pj.. -iOrt, 211, 223, 238. HOllSKS, riiOrEUTY, AND TUADE. 273 ofsiniill sl/o. prohiihls doiioiu'ratod from a siipcridr stock, ]>ut lianly iiiid sm't'liMjtcd; (*iistiiiiiiiid., vol. ii., pp. 217, J77 s. In- dividuals (if tlif Wallii Walliis liMVO over (iiic tlnmsaiid liorscs. Wmrv iiml \'<(fitsiiiir. ill Miirliii'a llniL H'lji, p. SU. K'' Sind, i'ni/., pi>. 47, rill. At an assi'mlil,iL,'e of Walla Wallas, Shahuptains and Kyoots, 'the plains were lit- erally covered with horsis, of which there could not have lieen less than four thousand in sii,dit of the camp.' Iluss' Aihrn., p. 127. The Kootanii s aliout Arrow Lake, or SinatchcLjLjs have uo horses, as the country i.s not suitalile for tlieiu. /'/., /•'"/• llniiliis, vol. ii., pp. 171-2. Of the Sjiokaiies the 'chief riches are their horses, which they (generally olitain in liaiter from the Nez I'el'ces.' I'lix's Ailrni., vol. i.. p. 2(10. A Skyuse is poor who has lail lifteeli or twenty horses. Tho horses are ii tine race, 'as lai^e and of liilter form ami more activity than most of the horses of the States.' Funilnnn's I'lHi., p. S2. The Flatheads 'are the most liorthirn of the eiiuestriaii trihes.' .N/co- lifl's ii'jn. Tii\, p. I'lil. ^laiiy Nez I'erci's 'have from live to liftei n liuiulnil iiead of horses.' J'oliiiir's .Imir., ])]). 12S-;». Indians of the S|.okaiM' and I'lathead trilxs 'own from oiu) thousand to four thousand hi ad ot hois.s and cattle." >7i'iv'/is' Aiihiss. p. 12. The Xez Jerce horses ' are j;riiially of till' iiony breed; but remarkably stout iinil lon^r-wi tided.' Irriif/'s liinui'- cillv's Adri'ii , p. ;t()l; Hiistiiiiis' Km. li trade for. as well as hunt buH'alo-robes east of thu mouutuiuB. Coiu'se of Uudc iu Vol. I. 18 274 COLUMBIANS. deeds of similar import in Avhito races. Tn decorative art the inland natives must he i)r()n()un('e(l inl'erior tu those of the coast, perhaps only l)ecuuse they have less time to devote to sueli un[)rodiictive lahor. Sculjjtun^ and painting are rare and exceedingly rude. On the coast the ])assi()n for ornamentation linds vent in carv- ing and otherwise decorating the canoe, house, and im- })lements: in the interior it expends itself on the capari- son ol' the horse, or in l)ead and fringe \vork on gannents. Systems of numeration are simple, progressing h\- lours, fives, or tens, according to the dilVei-ent languages, and is sulliciently extensive to include large numhers: hut the native rarely has occasion to count heyond a few hun- dred;', eonunoulv usin.g his fingers ;is an aid to his nu- meration. Years are reckoned hy winters, divided hy moons into months, and these months named from the ri[)ening of some plant, the occurrence of a fishing or hunting season, or some other ])eriodicity in their lives, or hy the temperature. Among the Salish the day is divided according to the j)osition of the sun into nine parts, ]X' Smet states that maps are made on l)ark or skin.s by which to direct their course on distant excur- the Suhaptiu cnniiiy: The pliiiii Iiifliims (luviiiL; Uuir stny on the river from May to Si |it(iiil>, ;, liiforc they Infill tisliinj;. o,, tlowu to the fulls with skins, liiiits, silk-:-;iir|iato, > a-tish, bevvies, and timlets obtained from the Avhiti'S. Then the trade benii;s: the ('hoimnnish and n;onntain tribes bny waiipato, jioinehd lish luid beads; ami the i-'ain Indi: ns buy wa; ])uto, i,,>,.. i.....,K ..f.. r , ,,-;^- /i,„; fi,,,'i„'^. 'i',.,,,. ,,i. ••.ii •><■) lei'-. n,,,.^,.. b itc. f.i iris Hull Cldrkr's 'I'l I'M HI, HI Uim fair.-i in whii'h the natives disjday tue (jualities of their steids with a view ti I'll, /..•/•-r.s- .V'(/. , ]i|). !S(')-(. The Oakinac ks make trijis to the raeitii to trade wild liemp for hiaijnn shells and trinki ts. I! Ailr Trade .DC. Yank conducted in silence Kl ikitats am I Val. iiinas bet ■ha Veen a Flathi ad .iml (' l)< VV ■I. I' la, ;J2;!. 'become to tlie nc i'^hborin'' tjibis what tin ees Wire to the once Western States, the tra\c lin;^ n tailei's of notions." r/iV/.s', in /' ni, (iiiil ('ill , Vol. i.. p. 2711; Hull's FJInm i. in /'. .s. Ex. K.r., vol. vi., •2()S; ('n.\-'s A-h )1. ii. I'l' 8S-'.I. I ;■)(■.: I'lili, ]V .1: 1)1' iiiirdi/'s (''ii>t. t jian j iiuui'cs (Ml (juarts dc journces.' Iii niar(|Uant Ics distances par journces, di nii- (/, i'o//., p. 2(i"i. I'onnt yi ars liv snows, niontlis liy innons, anil days by sleeps. Have names for each \; h. '1' to ten: then ten to (acll d then add I'ai-h h:.\-),lnr. Ti (I to multiply liy iiy. uid Salish lanj,'uai,'- torture, are made slaves, ])nt they are few in numl)er, and their children are ado})ted into the victorious tribe. Hereditary slavery and the shive-trade are uidvnown. The Shusliwaps are said to have no slaves.^" In choosing- a helpmate, or helpmates, for his bed and ])()ard, the inland native makes capacity for work the standard of fcuiide e.vcellence, and having!; made a sekc- tion buys a wife from her parents by the ])ayment of an amount uf pro])erty, generally hor.ses, which anions" the southern nations nmst be ecpialed by the jiirls par- ents. Often a ])etrothal is madj by parents while both '"'■ The twelve Oakinack tribes ' forvAi, as it were, so iimny states belonj^'iiif; in th(! siiiiie union, and are f^'overned by petty eliiifs.' Tlie chieftaiusliip (l"siMii(ls from father to son; ami tlioUL,']! merely nominal in antliority, the chief is rarely ilisobeyeil. Property i)ays for all erimes, liuss' A-lrm. j.p. '2S'.) lU, '.Vll~-:i, li'JT. The ('huali):iys are ^ovirned liy the ' ehief of the earth ' and 'chief of the wati'rs,' the latter havini^' exclusive authority in the lishinL;- seasoii. h'lnii'n \\''., J). i;'.)7. Thel'lathead war chief carries a lon^,' whij), decorated with scalps and feathers to enforce strict diseapline. The principal chief is hereditary. ''".I'.s Ailroi., vol.i., ]ij). 'J-ll-'J, Vol. ii., p. 88. The 'camp chief' of the I'latheads as well as the war ( hi< f w:is chosen for his nu^rits. Iml. Lit'f, jip. '2H-',t. Anioiij,' the Nez I'erces and W'ascos 'the form of •,'overniuent is patriarchal. 'J'hey acknowled^'e the he- reditary princi])le — Mood generally decides who shall be the chit f." Alrnnl, in S ■hoiilcriij't's Ardi.. vol. v.. pp. Vi')2- \. No rei;ularly recoj^nized chief ana)n^,' tlie Si>okanes, but an intellii^ent and rich man ofti ii controls the tribe by bis intlueuee. ll'iV/.'s' \itr., in ('. S. K,f. J-'.v., vol. iv., pp. 4To-('i. 'The Salish c;ui hardly be said to h.ave any rej^ularform of government.' Hdli ',s h'lliiiini.. in /'. S. K.v. h'.f., vol. vi., )ip. '2ii7 8. Every winter the Cayuses go d. ir)7; .^hml' !/'.■< I'Drlniiln. p. (l.'i; iiniiii'tt Oriii'iii, 111). ;il l-l'J: Wliili's OrKidu.v. IM); l''irhi ninfs ]!ii(is, in /'. i^'. /•.'.I'. Ivx., vol. ix., p. 108; Jii!. -7 ' Sli iverv IS common with all the tribes.' TIi itnv tnitl ]'(tr(is(nir, in Mil I'li's I Iml. 11.. p. 81). Sahaptins ahv.iys make slaves of pri' ■ icrsof war. 'I h Cayuses have many. Alrnnl. in .^ildnilrriij'l'.t Arrh.. vol. a., p. tl54; J'liltn p. ")('>. Among the Okanag.ms • there are but few slave s mdth • few iiro adopted as children, and treated inall rcNpeets asnn ndit>rs of the family.' /iV'.ss' Ailrni., )i. It'JO. The inlaial tribes formerly praellee el sl.eve rv, but leing si,ie'(! abeilishe'd it. J'ltrhi v's Kxjil'ir. 'I'lmr, p. 247. 'Neit prae'tised iu the in- f lior.' M"i/i'i'n Ii. '■., J). i'{\. Xot practiceel by the Shushwaps. Ani'a:svn, in IJisl. Mu'j.. vol. vii., p. 78. FAMILY RELATIONS. 277 parties are yot rliildrcn, and such a contract, frnarantccd ])v an intcrchan^uo of presents, is rarely broken. To iiive away a wife witliont a })rice is in the hij^hest ilegi'ee disgraceful to her family. IVsides payment of the price, gvnendly made for the suitor by his friends. courtslTn) in some nations includes certain visits to the hride before marriage; and the ^^pokane suitt)r nmst consult both the cliief and the young lady, as well as her parents; indeed the latter may herself propose if she wishes. Runaway matches are not uid\nown, l)ut bv the Xez Terci's the woman is in such cases considered a ])rostitute, and the bride's parents may seize upon the man's property. ^lany tribes seem to recjuire no marriage ceremony, but in others an assemblage of friends for smokinu' and feastinu' is called for on such occiisions; and amonu' the Flatheads more complicated ceremonies arc mentioned, of which long lectures to the couple, baths, change of clothing, torch-light processions, and dancing form apart. In tln! married state the wife nnist do all the heavy work and drudgery, l)ut is not otherwise ill treated, and in mo>t tribes her rights are e(pially respected with those of the husl)and. When there are several wives each occupies a se[)arate lodge, or at least has a separate lire. Among the S[h>- kanes a man marr\ing out of his own tribe ioins that of his wife, because she can work In'tter in a. country to which she is accustomed; and in the same nation all household goods are considered as the wife's property. Tlie \i'.:\\\ who marries the eldest daughter is entitled to all the rest, and parents make no oltjection to his turn- ing olV one in iuiother's fa\(H-. l"]ither party may dis- solve the marriage at will, but ])roperty nuist be e<[nita- bl\- di\ided, the children going with the mother. Dis- carded wives are often reinstate(l. If a Kliketat wife di( soon after marriage, the husband may reclaim her piice; the Xez Perce may not marry i'or a year after her death, but he is careful to avoid the inconvenience of this regulation by marrying just before that event. The ?Salish widow nuist remain a widow for about two years, 278 COLlTMIilANS. nnd then must innrrv nLLrcoainy to licr motlier-iu-law's tiistc or fbrll'it her husbiuid'.s pro[)ertv.^'** '^Fhe uoiiuii iiiiil^e iaithi'iih obedient ^vives und idVeetionate mothers. Incontinence in either girls or married women is ex- tremely rare, and prostitution almost uidoiown, heing severely [)unished. esj)ecially uuiong the Xe/ lVrc('s. In this respect the iidand triltes present a marked conti'ast to their coast neighhors.^'-* At the lirst appearance of the menses the woman must retire from the sight of all, '^■^ E;i(li ()liiinaf,'iin ' fiiuiily is riili'd by the jniiit will or milhority (if tlio hr.sliiiul :iii(l \vit\-, Imt iimi'i; ]iiuti(iilarly liy the hittir.' Wives live iit dil'- firciit ('iiiii]is iiiiiiiiii; tli;.s' Ailrvii., ]t]>. iU'>-'M)'2. The Spokane husband joins his wife's tribe; women are ludd in ^I'Lut res]iect; and much atl'ection is sliowu for chil- (b'en. Amon^' tlie S'ez Perces both nun and women liav(,' tlie jjower of tlissolvini^ the marria;,'*! tie at ph^asnre. ll'iVAi.s' Xar., in /'. S. K,f. K.i'., vol. iv., jip. lit), IT.j'd, i'SO, ■I'J"). Tlie Coeurs d'Alcne 'liave abandonxl jkj- lyLtaniy.' !i' Sunt, I'c//., pp. ll»s ',1, 2U'. Tlie Xez I'erces j^eiierally conline themselves to two wives, and rarely marry cousins. No weddiiif,' ceremony. Alranl, in Schnnlfnijl'n Anh., vol. v., j). ('>')'>. I'o- lyLjamy not Ljeneral on the I'raser; and unknown to Ivootenais. ('dj-'st Ailrai., vol. ii., PI), lo."*, ;!7It, vol. i., pp. 2u'. I'.x. /•.'.!■.. vol. vi.. J). '2n7. ' Itan ly marry out of tlieir own nalioii.' and do not like tlieir women to marry whites, llnnu's Unijnii, pp. DIo-ll. The Sokulk men 'are said to content themselvi s with a siiii^le wife, with whom . . . the husband shares the labours of ] rocurinj,' subsistence much iiioi'e than is usual aniouj,' sava^tes.' I, i if 'is uml Clnii.i's Trur.. p. Ii.")!; hniiiiiiriij/'s Cii/it. (inii/'s Ciiinii., p. l()l; (I'nii/'s llisl. (i,ii.. ]). 171; 'I'lilmii' ami Ainhrsnii, in l.iiViVs Xiit.. vol. ii., pp. -rji-r,; Jml. A(}'. Jlipt., 1S'){, p. '2()H; JJv Siml's ir-.s/. ^fiss., p. -iH'.l. I'-' The wifi' of a youn^' Kootenai left him foranotlier, whereupon he shot himself. Ilnss' Fur llmilirs, vol. ii., j). I'i'.t. Anion^' the Flatheads 'coiijiiual inlidelity is scarcely known.' Ihiim's Oriijnn, p. lill. The Sahaptins 'do not exlnbit those loose fei line's of carnal disire, nor aopear addicted to the coni- niMii customs of prostitution.' d'uss' Jimr., p. ■275. Inland tribes havi- a reoiltatioii for chastity, ]irobably due to circumstances rather tluiu to ti\( d Jiriliciples. Mni/iii's II, ('.. p. ;{ii(l. Sjokanes ' free frol'i liie vice of incoll- tiience.' Aiuoiil; tlie V.dla Wallas pr ^litution is unknown, 'and 1 bi lie ve no inducement would li.npt them to couiiii;[ a bri aeh of clinstity.' rroslilu- ti(Ui common on the Fiaser. Cn.y's .\ilnii., vol. i., pp. 14.'), ID'.t-'Jdii. Nez Pi rc<' women rtinarkable for their chastity. Alrunl, in SiluiulcivjVxAiili., vol. v., Jl. Cio-"). WO-MEN AND CHILDREN. 279 In'iiig itv of tho vo iit dil'- ■ Willi tli(! 11' WDlUIll i fdllltci 11 ift of iiis lis to li IIIOIKV. fc's tiilir; 1 for cliil- jiiiwii' of . /•>.. vol. dolH il Jio- ,s, in /'("'. |il tliiiii in tc. (1(11- Tli.' X./ (•(Hisiiis. ')•'), I'li- A'lrti,., (1 jioIvl;- l!!t llllllt s slavi i;, iiiilioii.' ;)i:;-il. wife, with llfll IIIOI'I' iiiiiiii'iii/ s Ill Siiiit's "11 111' shot ■ l-cllljllLIill IS ' (111 not the ciuii- I'S ililVC II n to t'lM il if iiudii- I llrlil VC I'rostitii- •2(10. N( / iVs Airli.. espeoially iikmi. for ii period viin iup; from ten days to a inoutli, iind on viU']\. ,siil)se([iient occasion i'or two oi' tlnvo days, and nnist bo purilied hy re[)oated ablutions beibro .^be may rt'siimo ber [)laee in tiie lioiisobold. Al.^o at tbo time ol' lier conlinement .sbo is deemed inielean. and nuist remain for a lew weeks in a se[)ara-te lodoc, attt'iided oenerally by an old woman. Tbe inland woman is not prolilic. and iibortions are not nneonnnon, wbieb may probably be attribiitetl in jireat nieasnre to ber lii'e of labor and exjiosiire. Cbildren are not ueaned till be- tween one iuid two years of aiie; stjmetimes not until tliey abandon tbe bivast of tlieir own accord or are siip- i)lanti'd by anew tirrival; vet tboimb siibsistinu' on tbo motber's milk alone, and ex}X)sed witb sliobt elotbiiio' to all extremes of weatlier, tbey arc betdtby and robust, beino- carried about in a rude cnidle on tbe motber's back, or moimted on colts Jind strai)[)ed to tbe saddle tbat tbey may not fall off wben tisleei). After beinjj; weaned tbe cbild is named after some iuiinuil, but tbo name is cbanocd fre([uently later in life^" Altboiidi cbildren ttnd old j)eople are as ji rule kindly cared foi-, yet so great tbe straits to ubicli tbe tribes are reduced by circiunstances, tbat both are someiinies abandoned if not put to deatb.'^^ '■*" In tlu> Salisli fmuily on tho liirth of a eliild wcaltliy rflativcs iiiuko liri'Ki'Uts of food and clothiiiij. Tlu^ Ncz l*crc(' iiiDthcr Liivis picsi iits Imt rcecivfS none on such an occasion. 'I Lc t'latluads and I'ciid d'l )nillt'S liaiidai,'(' the waist iiiul Icj^'s of infants willi a view to producing,' ludad-slKiiil- dd'cd, siiiall-waistcd and strai|_;lit-liiii1)('d adults. Tulinii' nn'l Amh rsmi, in Liinl'.t .\(iL, vol. ii., jip. 'l'M-\i. Anioii^' the Walla Wallas ' when tvavi-linf^ a liiiop, bent over thi' luad of the child, inolicts it fruui iiijury.' 'J'lii- con- tiiicmcnt after child-liiith contiiincs forty days. .Vt the first iiuiisiriiatiou the SiMikaiic woiiiaii must conceal herself two days in the finest; fur a man to See her Would he fatal; she must then be coiiliiied for twenty days loii^^'er ill a si'iiaratc lodj^'e. H'/Y/.'s" \'(tr., in I'. S. h\v. /','.r., vol. iv.. iip. I'Jd-IS, 18."). The Okaiiaijan iiiother is not allowed to |)rei(are her iinboru infant's swad- dliiiL! clothes, whicli cmi^ist of a piece of board, a bit of sldu, a bunch of moss, and a striiiL,'. /^^l.^.^' Ailrin.. ]>p. ^'Jl-oii. 'Small childicii, not more than three yisirs old, are iiiouiited .alone and i,'eiier,dly ;ipiiii colls.' V(iuii^,'er ones are carried (111 the inolher's back ■ or suspenih d from a liiuh kimb upun the fiirepart (pf tin ir saddles.' l'(irl,ir's F.x\il"i\ Tmir, p. lis. lluusis aninii;,' the Cliiipuniiish 'appropriated for women who arc uiKhr^'iiiii;^ the (ip( ra- tion of the menses.' ' When anylhin;,' is to be conveyed to these deserted females, th' ])ersiin throws it to them forty or fifty paces nib and then re- tires.' /, 11-]^ iiirl r/((/7,"'.s 7 iir.. p. ijit'.); T'lii-iisi ii'l's .\'}'>'). '■"' With the IVud d'Orcillcb 'it was not uncommon fur them to Vmry the 280 COLUMBIANS. The annual summer •iatlioring on tlio river hanks for fishiiiii; and trade, and, amoim' the mountain nations, the return from a successful raid in tlie enemy's country, are the favorite jieriods for native diversions."^- To gaml)- ling they are no less passionately addicted in the interior than on the coast/*^ hut even in this universal Indian vice, their preference for horse-racini:'. the noldest form of vory yonnc; alivo, befansc, thoy said, " tliosc eaniint take onvo of thcinsi Ives, and we cannot take care (jf tlieni, anrinci)>al aniTisement of the OkanaL;ans is f;aiidiliuL;. 'at which thoy are not so (piarrelsome as the Spokans and other tribes, ' disputes lie- inj,' settled i)y arlntratiou. I'n.t'.-i Adfin., vol. ii., ]>, xs. A ycaiiij^- man at Kettle Falls committid suicide, havintj lost everytliiic.; at i,'a;iil>lini,'. Ivdii'a W'diid., ])\>. ;i();i-ll). ' Les In■ Sincl, I'o//., pp. 'ID-oO. Many Kooteia ais have ahandoned },'aml)lin%'. Di'Simt, ll'.s/, .l/i'.ss., p. UtM). ' Whatever the ]io(ir Indian can call his own. is ruthlessly sacrilieed to this Moloch of human wiakniss.' Jnd. JJ/k, p. 12; //•(•(■/ij/'.s ItDiiwrilli's Afinn,, p. 102-3. I'*' Sp:)kanes: 'one of their f,'reat amusements is horse-raeini,'.' ir/7/.(.s' N'lr., in l'. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., ]i. IS". Kliketats and Yakimas; • the lacint,' ■ason is the yrand annual occasion of these trilies. ,V liorseof jiroved re ]iu- " ■ a source of wealth or ruin to his owner, (-)n his sliced he stakes his HI tiition i f GAMES IX THE INTERIOR. 281 (1110 vcll- '.Urd tied Fur 111(111, iciiij^, lUl- \iit., vliich 1)1- llltlU jdix iiut- 1(S suit, UfS (t (lulled 111 Cilll hid. ■Uhes' liiciiiti rcjiu- LS Lis uitli spears. A wooden riii<>; 8ome three iiielies in diam- eter is rolled over ii U'vel space between two slight stick iKiri'iers altout forty feet apurt; when the rin;j,' strikes tlu' harrier the s[)ear is hurled so that the rin^j; will fall over its head ; and the nmnlvr scored hj the throw de[)ends on which of six colored heads, attached to the hoop's iinier circumference, falls over the spear's head."^'' The almost universal (\)himhian game of guessing which hand contains a small polished hit of bone or wood is also a favorite here, and indeed the only game of the kind mentioned; it is played, to the accompaniment of songs and drumming, by parties sitting in a circk' on mats, the slmlller's hands being often wrapped in fiu'. the better to deceive the players."^" All ai'e e.Kcessively fond of danc- ing and singing; but their songs and dances, practiced oil all possible occasions, have not been, if indeed they vim be, descrii)ed. They seem merely a succession of sounds and motions without any fixed system, round- ing on rude drums of hide accompanies the songs, which are sung without words, and in which some listeners have detected a certain savage melody. Scalp-dances are ])er- formed by women hideously painted, who execute their diabolical antics in the centre of a circle formed by the rest of the tribe who furnish nuisic to the dancers.'**'' wlii)l(> stud, lii-i lii>ns(dii>ld floods, clothos, nnd finiilly his wives; niid ;\ siii<,'lt' li(;it (liinl)ics hirt foi'tuiu', or sends liiiii forth an inipuvi rislud lulveiitun r. The interest, however is not conrnied to the individual din ctly eoiiceriK d; the trihe share it with him, mid ii coniiiiDU jiilc of j;oods, of niiith y di serip- tioii, iipiiortioued aeeordiiiL; to their ideas of value, is put up liy either party, to 1)1' (livided iiiiioiii,' the li;iel;( rs of the winner.' SI' rms. in /'ce. _//. //. Ii' ft., vol. i., p[). Kit. Ail. 'Itiiiinini^ horses and foot-r.iees liy nieii, wouk n and ehildi'eii. and thi y havi' eaiiies of chance played with sticks or iKJiies;' do not driuli to excess. I'lirhir's K.fiihir. I'mn; pp. '2ol, le(i. l.i n-'is iiml Chtrh's Tnir. ])p. .").")7; Frniwhen'a Xnr., p. 2(i'J. 1^' ivhir's w.iihI., PI). ;uo-ii. '■*'' Tile ]iiiiieij):d ()k;Uii.;.iii aiiiusenieiit 's a crair.e railed liy the voya;.^'eurs 'jell de main,' liki; our odd and even. '' ' .' V<(/'.. in I'. S. K(. E,v., p. le.'t. It soiiielinies tales a week to deeid(! tln^ ^aiiie. The los( r uever r( pines. Riiss' A'Iri'ii., p]). ;{(IS-li; Slidirl's MiiiliUiil, p. 71. '^' .Vuioiii,' tli(^ Wahowpunis 'the sjiectators formed a circle round the dancers, wliu. with their rohcs drawn tii^htly round the shoulder.;, and di- vided into parties of tivi> or six men, jierform hy crossiii;,; in a line from one side of the cireh^ ti_) thu other. .VII the jiarties, perfonuers as will as sp( c- tat iiN, i \'^. and after proceeding,' in this way for soiiie time, the siieetators join, and the whole concludes liy a iiroiiiisciums dance and soir^.' 'Ili' V\alla NVallas ' wero fornicd into a solid culunin, round u kind of hollow 282 COLUMBIANS. AD ;uv li;il)itu;il smokri's, alwiiys iiiliiiliii;;' tlic smoke in- .stc'iid of pulling it out {il'ter tlio iiiaiiiu'r of more ciNili/.c'd devotees of the weed. To obtain tolwiceo the native will part witli ahiiost any other i)ropei'ty, hut no mention i.s niaile of any substitute used in tliis reiiion licfore th(? wliite man came. IJesides his constant use of the [)ij)e as an amusement or habit, the inland native employs it reji'ularly to elear his brain for the transaction of im- portant business. \\'ithont the [)ipe no war is di-elared, no [)ea('e ollieially ratified; in all promises and contracts it serves as the native })led«ic of honor; with ceremonial whills to the cardinal points the wise men open and close the (lelil)erations of their councils; a commercial smoke clinches a bargain, as it also opens neiiotiations of trade."*'^ The use of the horse has doul)tless been a most powei'ful aji'ent in molding inland customs; and yet the introduction of the horse nnist have lieen of compara- tively recent date. A\'hat were the customs and chai-ac- tei" of these jn'ople, even when America was (Irst discov- ered l)v the Si)aniards. must ever be unknown. It is bv no means certain that the j)ossessi()n of tin' horse has ma- terially bettered their condition. Indeed, by facilitating the ca[)ture of buiValo, previously taken perhaps ))y strat- agem, by introducing a medimn with which at least the wealthy may always purchase supplies, as well as by ren- dering practicable long migrations for ibod and trade, the wiUiUV, stood on tlic saiui' place, and luovcly jninpod \^^ at intc ivals, to kcc]) time to the iLinsic' Lrn-is iiinl ('lirrl,i''f< Tnir., pji. 52(1. it'M. Xcz J'cnM's dance round a polr on Sundays, and the chiefs exhort duiinj,' tlie panses. Irrimi'n rxiiiinrUlr's Ailr(H., pp. 101-2, 'M'l. In siiiLjin;^ 'IIk y nsv hi, tih, in constant I'tpctition, . . . .and instead of several jiarts harinonizin^', they only take lif^htlis one aliovu another, never exciidini,' thnc" I''iil, r's L'.i'pinr. 7'"")'. p|i. ■ii'J-li. 'The soni.; was a simple exjiression of a few sonnds. no iutelli_;ilile words Lein;.,' ntti'rfd. It resend)lt., IH.Jl, p. 220. TREATMENT OF HOUSES. 283 liorso intiy have rontribiitcil soinowliat to tluMi' present spirit of iini)r()vi(leiu'e. The horses ieed in liu^e (h'oves, each marki'd witli some siiiii of ownersliii), r*'"^''''illy '*3' clij)pin,i: the ears, and when recpiired tor nse aiv taken hy tlie lariat, in thi; nse of wliieh all the natives have some skill. tliou,L:h far inferior to the Mexiean vaqiicros. Tlie method of hreakin:;' and ti'aininji liorses is a (jiilck and an eilectiial one. It consists of catching;' and tvin;^ the animal; then ))nnalo-skins and other objects ai't; tlirown at and ni)()n the trendjlin^' heast. nntil all its fear is Iriijilitened out of it. AVhen willing to he handled, horses are treated witli irri'at kindness, hnt when re- fractoi-y, the harshest measnres are ado[)te(l. Thev are well trained to the saddle, and accnstomed to he monnt- ed iVom either side. They are never shod and never tiuii:ht to trot. The natives are skillfnl riders, so I'ar as the ability to keep their seat at <:reat >-p,'ed o\-er a rongh country is concei'ned, l)ut they nevei' ride j:racefidly, and rarely if ever peri()rin the wonderful feats of horsi'uian- ship so often attributed to the western Indians. A loose «iirth is used nnder which to insert the knees wlien rid- inii a wild horse. They are hard riders, and horses in use always have sore Ixicks and mouths. Women I'ide astride, and <|uite as well as the men; children also Iciii'n to ri(U> about as earlv as to walk IHl) I'^ach nation bus its su[)erstitions; by ea(di individual is I'e'oiiiii/ed the iulluence of unseen powers, exercised usually throuLih the medium of his medicine animal chosen early in life. Tlie ])eculiar customs arising' from this belit'l' in the sui)ernatui'al are not very numerous or comjiliciited. iuid Ik'Iouu' rather to the ivligion ol' these })eo[)k' treated else- wliei'e. The IVnd dOreille, on approaching;' lUMnliood, '"' [ll llKlviU'^. til iris iiiKl sinii illl.. .dr til irci' or lour nn ;\ liorsi witli thrir iii(itlu'l> lilc tlu' null iliivc the In nls of liurscs tint nm I'msc alicad. )1. I'l ll :iii(i. H. ll ft for lllOlltllS Willlollt !l 11(1 rarely stray far. Tiny call this ' cai^iiiL; ' tlirii-.. j)eSiiiil, I'"//., jip. 1>>7, liahii's of fifti'i'ii iiionths oM. jiackic'. in ii slMitn^' posture, n •17 iiloui; without fear, |,'rasiiiiii,' thu riiiis with tin ir tiny hands.' ,v /.'. /.'. /;././., vol. xii., i)t. ii., p. 1:10, with jijatc; '•' ■ • - ;'//;.• /'. ■ I- I'l r'A's I) 11). liH- J'dllisfr's 111 III., ]^. T.'i: I-'iriiliiiiii's Trur., pji. M- ; /;o', )1. ii., p. (U; / 2U'J 71; L'ox's Adnu., vol. ii., jip. 110-11. rrhi I's .\.itiiri((, p. 1,03; rrumlu.n's S'fr., j p. 2S1 COLUJIBIAXS. Wiis sent by liis fatlicr to a hljili moinitiiin and oljlluod to rciiiain until lie (Ircaincd of some iin'mial, bird, oi' lisli, tlK'icaftt'r to Ik! his nu'dicinc, whoso claw, tooth, or R'athcr was worn as a chanii, Tho howlin^ti' of tho iiU'diciiR'-wolf and soujc other Ix-asts f'oivhoiu's calainity, hut hy the Okanapms the whitc-wolt' skin is held as an emblem of ro\alty, and its possession pi'otoets the horses of the tribe from evil-minded wolves. A rani's Ikjimis left in the trunk of a tree where they were fixed hy the mis- directed zeal of their owner in attackin;:: a native, were nnich venerated by the Flatheads, and <>;ave them power over all animals so long as they made freijueiit oll'erinj^s at the foot of the tree. The Xez lVrc('s had a jHculiai* custom of overcoming the m|, p. 212, iiiid ill />' Siiiifs Wcsl. Mis^.. pp. 'i.^")-*!; Siir/Jn/, in /',"-•. Ji. It. It'll'.. ■^■"'- '•' P- -'•'": //"''''■•'' h^llitiiui., ill I'. ,S'. AV. /'.v., vol. vi.,' ]>. •JOS-!); A'(w.s'' Far llaid'fs, vol. i., p. (Jl, vol. ii., p. I'J; Kane's Wand., pp. 207, i8'J- 1, 318. MISCELLANEOUS CUSTOMS. 2S- the in- KTil- siou !* lire uno- rsti- is a •ality liviT m'lics is k"l"t ii„i. At). ill /V-. I. ■.•t;s-',i: CI, •.«'J- jor cntrimcc. and this is eloserl nj) aftci' tlic batlicr fil- ters. Stones an> licatcd by u (ire in tlie hatli itseli". or ari" tlirown in after heinjji,' heated outside. In this oven, heated to a siiiVocatinji' tei literature, the naked native i-evels for a Ion*;' time in the steam and nind. nieaii- Avliile sinuinii', liowlin;:'. prayinii'. and linally rushes out (h'iiipin^' uith j)ersj)irati<)n, to i)hine is snrroimded ])y a pack of wortli- less coyote-lookinji cnrs. Tlie.se arse natives of the interior are a liealthy lint not a very lonu-lived race. Ophthalmia, of which the sand, smoke of the lod,^•es, and retlection of the sun's rays on tlie lakes are suiiiicsted as the cau.ses, is more or less prevalent throu.iihout the territory; scrofulous com))laints and skin-eruptions are of frecjuent occurrence, especially in the Saha[)tin family. Other disea.ses are conij)ara- tlvely rare, exeeptinj.^ of cours(> epidemic disorders like i''i Lrir'is aii'l C'liirhr's Tntv., jip. 3^l{-4; J'firhtr's Krjilnr. Tour, j)}). 'ill-'J: l:n:i Snul, I'ni/., \k 'i(l"i. Aiiioni;- Ih s.iilement lorsiin'ils levent le Nez 1 erces eV( rvtl lin;.,' WHS proniul;.,'ated by criers. ■iierallv tilled by some old man, who is Th^ id for little els It^ olllee o f crier is A vilhc'e has •nerallv s ver: I, rriii;l . II (iniii'niii' s Ih' if the Flatheads in the missions. J)unn's Oroijim, ])p. lUo-O li/ci/i., j). 'iSf!, Habits of wiirsliii ired vol. i., pp. 71-3. ily ta •d praine wolves, always m l>i kof ck- uttt'udancc' LnnVs .\al. 286 COU'MHIANS. wiiiill-jtox iinil mi'ii.-U's ('(intractcd from tlic Avliitcs. uliich have ciiiiscd jiroat liavcut in iioarly all the trilics. Hot and cold liatlis aro the favorite native remcdv foi' all their ills, hut other Miiii[)le s})e('i(i('s, harks, herhs. and jiiiius are employed as well. Indivd, so eilicacioiis is theii- treatment, or rather, jH'rhaps, so jM)\verrid with them is nature in resisting' disease, that >vlien the lo- cality or eause of irrejiularity is manifest, as in the ease of wounds. I'raetures, or snake-hites, remai-kahle cures are asctiihed to these pi'ople. lint here as elsewhere, the si(!knes,s hecominji" at all serious or invsterious. medical treatment i)ro[»er is altojiether uhandoned. and the pa- tient (M)nnnitted to the magic [nnvers of the na'dicine- man. In his power either to cause or cinv disease at will im|)licit conlidence is i'elt, and failure to heal indi- cates no la(;k of skill; conseciuently the doc.tor is respon- sihle for his patient's ivcovery, and in case of death is liahle to. and often does, answer vith his life, so that a natural death anion,!];' the medical fn'^ernity is extremely rare. His oidy chance of escape is to persuade ri'latives of the dead that his ill success is attrihutahle to the evil iulluence of a rival physician, who is the one to die: or in some cases a heavy ransom soothes the it about him in a circle, each provided with st uere- with to drum. The sorcerer, often grotescpie. painted, enters the ring, chants a song, and proceeds to Ituce ^^e evil si)irit from the sick man by pressing both clenclicd lists with all his might in the pit of his stomach, knead- ing and pounding also other parts of the body, blowing occasionally through his own lingers, and sucking blood MEDICAL rnACTirE, 287 from tlic ]);n't su|)|)<)s(>(l to be alVi'ctcd. Tiic spcctiitors ])oiiiiil with tlifii' .sticU.s. iind .'ill. iucliitlin,:^' doctof. and ol'tcii tl'.c jLiticiit in spite of liimsclf. Is(t|) up a coiitimiiil m)m;: or veil. TluTi; is, liowcwr, sonic nictliod in this madness, and when tlie I'ontine is eoinpleted it is a,iiain ]n'j:un. and thus repeated for sevi'i'al hours I'ach (hiv un- til the ('as(> is decided. In many nations the doetor finally extracts the s[)irit. in the form of a small hone or other ol)lect. from thc^ itatient's bodv or mouth hv some t' I L • trick of le,u<'i'di'main. and this once eifected. he assures the surrounding friends that the tormentor having heen thu.M rem(»ved, recovery ninst soon lollow.'"' '•'^ The N'l'.'. I'lTci'-* ' nro pciifviilly liPiilthy, \]\r 'l~''i, (!.").'). Sniall-pnx seems tn have cniiie iininli}^ tlio Yakimas uud Kliketats before direct iutercoursu with whites. Gibhn, in 288 COLUMBIANS. Grief at tlic death of a relative is manifested hy cut- ting the hair ai^d smearing tlie face with black. I'he women also howl at intervals for a period of weeks or *'ven months; hut the men on ordinary occasions rarely make o[)en demonstrations of soi'row, though they some- times shed tears at the death of a son. Several instances of suicide in mournint:; are recorded; a Walla A\'alla chieftain caused himself to be Ijuried alive in the grave with the last of iiis five sons, '^fhe death of a wile or daughter is deemed of comparatively little consc((uence. In case of a tribal disaster, as the death of a prominent <'hief, or the killing of a band of warriors by a hostile ti'ibe, ;dl indulge in the most frantic demonstrations, tearing the hair, lacerating the llesh with Hints, often in- Jlicting serious injury. The sacrifice of human life, gen- erally that of a slave, was practiced, but apparently no- where as a regular part of the funeral rites. Among the Flatheads the bravest of the men and women ceremo- nially bewail the loss of a warrior by cutting out pieces of their own tlesh and casting them with roots and other articles into the fire. A long time })asses before a dead ])erson's name is willingly s[)oken in the tribe. I'he corjise is counuonly disposed of by wrapping in or- ilinary clothing and burying in the ground without a collin. The northern tribes sometimes suspentled the body in a canoe from a tree, while those in the south Ibrmerly [)iled their dead in wooden sheds or sepulchres above ground. The Okanagans often bound the body upright to the trunk of a tree. Property was in all cases sacrilieed; horses usually, and slaves sometimes, killed on the grave. The more valuable articles of wealth were de[)osite(l with the body; thy r(\st sus[)ended on poles over and about the grave or left on the surface of the gi'ouud ; a'ways previously dauiaged in such mauner as not to tem[)t the sacrilegious thief, for their places of I'll: /?. n. UMiniiii,L! for his dtiul irl.itivc; )!i ■ liroMii'v ill tnrii killuil, uiul scvirul othui- lives lost. Hohs' i'nr Ihinkrs, vol. i., p. 2J"J CII.VllACTER OF THE INLAND TIUCES. 289 I'.ii Iniriul arc liold most sacred. Moiniils of stoiios snr- luoiiutod with crosses indicate in later times the conver- sion of the natives to a foreijiii religion \n character and in morals/''"' as \vell as in physiijue, the ''" Till" Siikiilks wrap tho di'iid in skins, 1)ury thorn in ^'ivivcs, cover with earth, ami iiiiirk tlie f,'ruv(' liy liltlc pickets (if wood stnuK over and altoiit it. On lie C'liluniljia helow the Snake was a slied-tond) sixty hy tw( Ive feet, open at *ne ends, staiidin'^' cast and west, liecently diad lioi'ies wrajiped in hallu'r and ai'!anL,'ed on boards at the west end. .Vhont tlie centre a i roniiscr.ons hi'a|i of parti.illy (h'cayed eorjises; and at eastern end a mat with twenty-ono •nded nn tlie insid o ski'.ils an'an^'ed in il circle. jVrtieles vif pro]!erty anil ^>lvrl 't.ins of horses seatten-d outside, .\liout the Dalles ei-ht vaults of Imards ei\;lit fict s(piari'. and six f( et hi„'h, and all the walls decorati d with pieturi md earvin'''s. Tln' bodies were laid east and west. /> irisi'i.-l ('lnrl.v'.i Trar.. jip, :ut-.'), ;i.')'.i-(;o, :;7'.i--sii. or,!- ()k:ina''ans olisia've sili iiee a liont the (lath-lied, but the n t the jierson dies the ho is abandnued, arid sil, is niourninj,' is joined in by all the cani]i for some lloln^ . then (had while the bodv i- lodire torn (h 1)1 Th wr;iiipe( I in a new L;a!'ii It. !• ;ht (lit, and the len alt( iiiate liKHtrnini,' and silence, and the (lec(ased i.n 1 hole. Widows must mourn two vcars. juried 111 a sittiiiL,' posture m a rouni iucess.mtb' for some months, then onlv mornin'' and eveniii''. Hans' Ailroi. pp Frantic lnonrniiiL;. cnttini; the llesh, etc., by Xi /, 1' /;. Fur Ihud rs', vol. i.. pji. '2 ;l-"i, -iiiS-'.l, vol ii., p. l:i!). Destrncti if h and olh'T pri ■rty by Spokaiies. ro,i''.s Ailnn., vol, i,, )ip. linO-l. A sliusli wap widow insti;_'ati-; the murder of a victim as a s.icriliee to iKi'lnbbaiid. The liorst s of a Walla W.dla chief not used after his death. Iv \Vii,„l. pp. J7S~'.), -iCil-."), -rr,, 2h'.). ilnndr. (Is of Was bod muse on an island, just below the Dalles. .\ Walla \V leS (111 (1 11 i!la ( hief ciiused liim Self to be buried alive in the u'rave of his last son. linns' \' H. II l!r A\'alla \\ alia u'lav 7'.s' .Vi(/'., i>. 1")7. Shushwaiis often deposit dead in tre If in th f^'roiind. always cover j^Tiive with stones. Mui/ir's 11. ('., p. liiil. KilliiiL! a slave liy Wascos. W'Idl 's i)i., jip. 'ii'.O-:!. J)ances and pray( rs for thn o (lavs fit \e/ l'erc(' chief's burial. / mini . iniiii' rilii' ,/iv i. -s:;. J! ill,' infant with jiareiits by Flatheads. I)r Smrt. I'd//., p. IT.i. Lit^'ht wooih n I'ali, Tuin ,'iiili.iut Sliusluvap L;ra\ ' /. ill SrIiirilrrdiVs Ar A.. .1/; II, nl rlirilill 'S Xnrtlitr. / i in n. r. I'll in L'lrd's Xnl., vol. ii pi. ill., ji. Ml 1> /■.'.171A '/• Jl'.l; //I'/. I.in pp. U.l -s, 2r,i)-l. 1>. b I; . p. Ti."); '■'' Sokulks 'of a mild and ]ieaceable d sp,.>in,:ii t'hilliiekittiMpiaws 'unusually aos]i'talile and eood b -;]ieetful to old ( th. st amiable we h.ive seen. 'J'heir charai ived into )iass Tl lacid and ''eiill ijopuni.h It iiidei il sellish and avaricious. Will small articles. J.rirls mvl t'lurh Tl V. ;j:!s, ,111, ;i."i], :i7 ti,;...-;,,., .',..,) to I'l c ivc iiistnictiiiii. ■ JjVuilc scarce IV Km iwii. jurnn's /..vplnr. li,iritisli Cn- l',i;iibia K'ss industrials and less provident th.in tlie iiiere se(h ntary cdast ' " .Udi/ni'H Ii. ('., \i\). ;iiil, 21)7. Sahai tins 'cdld, tacitninj hii^li- ■ '■■'' ' ■ ' ' ' '" . 1, . .- , . ■ ,f Ii iali> t.' 11 (I'd, WHrhke, fond of liuiitiii!,'.' Pahiiise, Vakiinas, Kliketats, etc., ot a 'I '~is ha"dy and active teiinieranieiit ' than the Xe/. I'erci's. Unit's Klliiinii., iu U. S. A'.i-. J:\\, vol. vi., ini. r.i'J, 21U-l.'t. Cayuscs ' drea(h d by their neigh- INLAND MOKALITY. 201 justico, ]):il: iv.ilily appeastMl l»y kin;l troatnicnt; crtiol only to captive t'lieuru's, stoical in the eiiduraiice of tor- ture; devotedly attached to home and i'amily; these natives pi*oI)ahly come as near as it is permitted to llesii- and-hlood savaues to the traditional noble red man of the forest, s(Mnetimes met in romance. It is the pride and hoast of the Flathead that his tribe has never she(l llie blood of a Avhite man. Yet none, uliatever their tribe, amid altogether resist the tem[)tation to steal hoi'scs from their neijiliboi's of a dilVerent tribe, or in foi'nier times, to pilfer small articles, wonderinl to the ;i\:iu.e e\e. introduced hv Europe; uis. M niv have lieen nominally converted by the zealous labors of the .Jesuit leathers, or Protestant missionaries: and several nations liave gi'catly improved, in material condition as avcU as in character, niider their clianu'c of i'aitli. As ^Ir Al exam ler 1 toss remarks ^tli lerc is less crime in an Indian camp of live hundred souls than there is iu a civilized villai^e of but half that number. Let the lawyer or moralist jioint out the cause." !'t. ami nithi r i.M-als,' Millie, IK ii;h- iiinaiiil i. ;iii. IS. n - Ski'tu lliali r. H'l.. pidiid to I acli illxinUM ■. I'l'- \al vili- Nt ally i\(l 1 11- s wliii, •( ly (11- I'liasi'.' ish (•'- I'V (Miaht i; hi!-;li- itc, "f ■'Al.iii'n-s ,r miuli- 111 iicconut of tlii'ir cimvu'j 1(1 warlike siiirit.' Walla "NValliis 'iiotori- uiis as stitious, ( tliiivi tlirir tiist iiiti rciiursf with whitis. ' Illilwlcllt, sill 01'- Iniukcu ami (l(l>ancheil. I'liaiactrr nf Flatlic ads, 1". ud il'Or. illcs. r.ualiUas. l.nl.AjY. 1! pi., \h:,\.-[ li. /,'. //••/ii'., vol.i., ii|>.(n.".. -ills, |(i:i, lU;, vul. xii., i t.i , i i:i'.). Wi iliu^ly vicious. // r.-//., lip. i.")ii, ii Till' Xi/ I'l re s ' iiic, !•< it.iinh , nation of siiiits tliaii a lioi-di' of sava'. Skvn- :'S. Walla Wi.lla^ ll-'-i:i I ■ A falls. «i'((.s.s' ,l,iiir.. p. :iOl. riatlie.id ' lieiceiuss ami liailmiity il w ii Uld 11 >t !):■ eXC"ed\. ii. 11. 171. W, h :eb. \ Wall.i loi;. 1' .Vt Dill ir .V-(( /-•, ji. .V.I. Flatlieads; Inil. I.[ '<■, j p ix 111 /' A', .1. IV., p h- II, H ,j,r.s llr ,1,1 1> ( 'ID, lip. '2S.s-:tilt, :i;:t. At Palles; //-'///, in A /■s' V'li/., I'^iJI. toni. X., p. SJ; Shcirt. in /'/.. !■< 1, toiii. xii., i- lit. reiidd'Oivilles; Jnsit, in M., l^iJ, toiu. cxxiii., pp. o31-l.) 292 COLUMniANS. TRIBAL B O t' N n A U I K S . Tlio rolninliiiinOronii foinprisoH tht> tribes inhiibilin^ thotrmtory iiiimo- (liiitily south of tlmt of tlii' llyix'rliorciius, exteiuliiij^ from tho lifty-fifth to tin.' fdi-ty-third piaulK'l of north hititiulc. In thk Haidah Family, I indudc till tho const iiud island niitions of Uritish t'olund)ia, from i'tii' to 52 , iind cxtciidin',' inland aliout one hundred mill's til tho iHirdcrs of the Chilcotcn I'lain, tho llniddh 7»(/ioH propor hav- iiiL; thiir home on tho (^uoon Charlotte Islands. ' The Haidah tribes of tho Mortheni Family inhabit t^ueen Charlotte's Island.' 'The Massettes, Skitte- {jfiis, Cuiushawas, and other (Haidah) tribes inhabiting' tho eastern shores of Quoeii Charlotte's Island.' Sniiilir, in L2. 'Tribal nanus of tho princijial tribes inliabitinj,' tho islands: — Kluo, Skiihlan, Ninsteiieo or Capo St. James, Skida;_,'ato, Skida^'atoes, (lold-Harbour, Cumshowas, and four others Hyilah is tho <,'en. ir»7. The folloiviiif,' bands, viz.: L-.ilann.i. (or Siilannal, Ni^litan, Massotta, (orMosetto), Xeeoon, .\so- {^uauf,'. I (ir .VseipiMUL; 1, Skittdot,'utos, Cunishawas, Skoedans, (^ueoah, Cioo, Kishawin, Kow.veltli, (or Kawwelth), and Too, eompose the tiueen Char- lotto Island Indians, ' beL;innin^' at X. island, north end, and passing,' round by tho eastward.' SrlnKilcnn't's Arfh., vol. v., p. ISl); and /vmr's H'dinl., end of vol. ' The Hydah nation which is divided into numerous tribes inhabitiii},' tho island and tho mainland oiiposito.' livcil's X() , induihii^,' (^ueeii Charlotte's Island; North end of Vancouver's Island, ^lillbank Sound and Island, and tho Main shoro.' Maiiin's lliulson's llitij, p. NO. Tlio Massets and tliirtoen other tribes bosid(>s tln^ Qnacott tribes oc .i,..v Quoin Charlotte Islands. \V(trrv mnl Variismr, in Martin's Und. liny, p. 80. The Ninstcuco tribe inhabits 'the southerumost portions of Moresby Isl- and.' r<.<'l''s(l CInn: As/., pp. 122, iilt-I.-). The Crosswcr Indians Uve on Skiddeyato Channel. Doirnif, in U. C'd. Vapirs, vol. iii., p. 72. Tho Kit\ij(tn'v s inhabit the southern j'art of the Prince of Wales Archipela- go, ami th(! iiorthovn part oi liueen Charlotte Island. Tho Ky^art,'eys or Kyyc.rneys are divided by Schoolcraft and Kane into the Youahuoe, ( lictass lor Clictars\ (iuiahanles, Houayuaii, (or Wonagan), Shouagan, (or Show- THE IIAIDMI FAIIILY. 293 t^ixn), riiiitclH''ni(\ (or Cliiilclniiii). Arrhir s, vol. v., ji. ■I'-;',); }\'iiii I r'm la, . -IW. A coldny of tin Ily- (lalis ' liavf s('ttl(' ilielude 'the Kassaails, the ( hatela i iiees, and the KaiLjaiices.' I'timlil's Ab.f. Arili., ]i. \IS, 'Called Kai'_;anies and J'wliaViilians; the foniier beiii'^' near Kai:4an llarhor, and the lattei' near llu! (riilf of Kliavakan scattered aloie^ the shore from (drdova to 'Idiivel's l!ay.' Il.ilhrl.-ilirl Sr,,tl, in /,,/. Ajf. //(/-/., ISC',), p. oC-J I. ' A hiaiich of this trihe, the Kyi^'aiiies (Kij^arnies) live in the southern jiart of the ArcliiiK I of th(! I'rilice of Wales.' Lmli irij, Ah. hlii'l., p. HO. • I'll the west and south of I'riiii of Wales Island is an ot^'-slioot of th(! llydali,' Indians, called Aiii'i^'a or llcnne^^'as. MdlKuiij, in ///'/. .1//'. /.''y//., Isil',*, The Chhiiaynns inhalat the coiist and islands about Fort Simpson. T( n tribes of (!hynisyaus ut ' Chathain Sound, I'ortland Canal, Port l^ssini^ton, ttiid the neij^hbouriiifi Islands." W'trri' Kml I'linifnur, in Mniliii's Ihdlsrm's 111!/, ]i. HO. 'Th(i Chiiiisians or Fort Simpson Indians.' Tdlinii', in l.unl's X'lL, vol. ii., J). 'I'M. 'Indians iiihabitin;^' the coast and river mouth known by tint name of Cliyniseyan-i.' //*•/. /.'./''', ]). D^t. The Tsimsheeans live ■ in tile Fort Sini|)si'n section on the main land.' J'onlr's (J. Cldir. I.sl., p. •l'>7 . Chimps.-iins, ' livini,' on Cliiiiiiisain Feiiinsula.' .S'i'o//, in Id'l. AlL II />l., IHC",), ji. .") .IJ. 'J.'lie Chiiniiiesyaiis inhabit 'the coast of the main l.-iiid from 'i~>' :il) N'., down to i)',i' 'M' N.' tSriHlJlT, in Lnill. (ifnij. Sue. .find-., vol. xi., |l. 'JO.'; Lidl< iri I, A'l. Lnii I., p. 40. The Chimseeaiis ' occupy the country from iJouu;- las' Canal to .\ass Uiver.' S'niijis'di's Onrldiul .lnnrii.. vol. i., p. linii, \)\. vided into the billowing' bands: Kispaehalaidy, Kithiii (or Ketlaiie) , K.e- ches (or Keeellis), Kecuatlitoix, KitwiUeoits, Kitcliaelalth, Kelntsah 'orKet- ut-,ah), K('U(^b(MV Kicg, Ketandoii, Ketwilkcijia, who inhabit 'Chatham's Sound, fioiii I'ortlund Canal to Fort KssiiiL;toii (into wideh Skeeiia llivir discliitr^es) both main land and the iiei;.,diboriii^' isl Srl„„,lr vfr. Arrli., vol. v., p. -IST; Ivim's Wdiul., end of vol. The Cliyiusyan eonia ction ' exteiidiiii,' from Milbaiik Sound to Observatory Inlet, iiicludiii;^' tiie Sebas- dow'es, NasH, luul other ott'setn Ad If in Hist. .]/< 71. Mr. Umiean divides t le natives spi iiiiL,' the Tsi msliea './.. voi. vii. u laneuiejc into four parts at F(ut Simpson, Nass liiver, Sk^ciia Uiver, and the islands of Milbank Sound. ' .1/'(////('.'< //. ',, p. i>.'p(i. The Keeihratkdi liv(, ' near Fori Siiai m.' /./. 1' '21',). The .\'d!in 1 nation lives on I lie banks of the Nass Uiver. but the name is oft i iplied ti all the maiiil.ind tiilies of uh it 1 term the Ilaiilah l" aion consists of the Kithati Kit;i K( ti Ki iiiiily. The nawalax jor i '^ 204 TRIBAL BOUNDARIES. Kiudvoaliix), Idojitf'd ill that order frfun the month upward, .'^rhonlird/t'ii Ari'h., vol. v., 11.487: A''//(»'',s' H''//((/., end of vol. Fotir tribes, 'Xiissllivir on tlie ^Fiin land.' K'n-zv nml Vdnis'itr, in Murtin's Ilnilsnii's [iai/, ]>. HO. 'On Obsi rvat.iry Inlet, lat. 55 .' liri/ant, in Am. Autiq. Soc. I'l'unsitit, vol. ii , ]). 3:>2. Adjoin the Seb^'ssa tribe. I'lmiie'iUls' .V. Elihiroil), p. 107. .\l)ont Fort Simpson. Dunn' , <>n'\iim, p. 279. The llailtsa. Haeelt/nk, Billechoola, and Chinunesyan" are Nass tribes. Lwkwhj, Ah. Lnnij., p. KiO. See litixih- HKinn, lirit. ynriliimi'); pji. ;j',)8-l()l). 'There is a tribe of about 200 souls now living,' on a westerly branch f>f the Naas near Stikeen Itiver; they are called " L.aekweips " and formerly lived on Portland Channel.' Smtl, in Ind. Aft'. lii-j>l., IHOi), p. 5(;3. The Sli''i-iitis are on tli(^ river of the same name, ' at the month of the Skeeiia River.' Wdtrf itrnl I'crasfur, in M(tiiiii'n lliul.fDii's lUni, p. HO. They are the ' Kitsalas, Kitswiiigahs, Kitsi<,'uehs, Kitspayuehs, Ilayulgets, Kitsag- lis, and Kitswinseolds.' Smit, in Iial. Aff. Tii'iit., iHl!!), p. ."nl;}. Keeehumakarlo (or Keechumakailo) situated 'on the lower part of the Skeeua River.' SckoolcrajT s Ari'h., vol. v., p. 187; Kdm's Wand., end of vol. The Kitswinseolds live 'between the Xass and theSkeena.' Srott, in /;/(/. Aff. R pi., 1809, p. 5(J3. The Kilatels live 'on the islands in Ogdeu's Chan- nel, about sixty miles below Fort Simpson.' hi. The SiliassKs occupy the shores of (laiduer Channi 1 and the opposite islands. Inhabit Banks Island, ^hiijisim'n (Jn'rlaml Jmini., vol. i., p. 2(J(). The Labass.is in live tribes are situated on 'Gardner's Canal, Canal de Trin- cipe, Canal de la Reida.' WdrreKml Vdraseitr, in Mitrlin's IliKhon'n Bmj, p. 80. Keekheatla (or Keetheatla), (Jli Canal de Principe; Kileatah, at the entrance of Gardner Canal; Kittamaat (or Kittamuat), on the north arm of Gard- ner Canal; Kitlopo on the south arm; Neeslous on Canal de la Reido (Reina). .'^^7/o()/(•yv//7's .Ice/*., vol. v., ]>. 187; Ivnic's ir'/o/., end of vol. 'In the neighbourhood of Seal Harbour dwell the Sebassa tril)e.' <'(iniinilHft' X. Eldomilii, p. lOfi. 'The Shebasha, a powerful tribe inhabiting the numerous islands of Pitfs Archipelago.' Bryant, in Am. .\uiiii. Site. Tniiisdcl., vol. ii., p. 302. The MUlhank Snnnd tribes are the Onieletoch, Weitletoch (or Weetletoch), and Kokwaiytoch, on !Millbank Sound; Eesteytoch, on Cascade* Canal; Kui- muchquitoch, on Dean Canal; Bellahoola, at entrance of Salmon River of Mackenzie; Guashilla, on River Canal; Nalalsemoch, at Smith Inlet, and AVeikemoch on Calvert Island. Sclninlrnn't's Arch., vol. v.. pj). 487-8; Kiim's Wdiid., end of vol. 'The Millbank Indians on ilillbiadc Sound.' l'>rij'[ii>n, p. 2(')7. The Billechoolas live on Salmon 'unUimi r., ji. 1^81. Tht* liella- y,i(/v/'.s A''(^. vol. ii., !>. '258. River in latitude SiC \W . liuscln ISrit. ^ hoolas 'on the banks of tln> Salmon river.' J.n, 'The Indians at !Milbank Sound called lulbillahs.' Iiinm'ti Onijon, p. 271. ' Siiread along the margins of the i iunii rous ca n:ds or inlets with which lliis part of the coast abounds.' ticuubv. in Lmnl. (I'lmj. Ji.tir., vol. xi., II THE NOOTKA FAMILY. 205 'III tlic n(i,L,'lil)oni'lio()(l of the Fovt (McLonf,'hliii) was a vill ii^o of about tivo liiiuili'fd l!allal)ollas.' Siiiijison's Orvrl'iiid Jimni., vol. i., p. 2li2. The l/dilh'is, llailt/nks, or llat'd/nks 'dwell to the ioiitli of the r>illi>- cliiiola, ami iiilialiit lioth t\u; iiiaiiilaiid and tlu^ noi'thcrn cntraiict' of \'nii- (•ointr's Island from latitude ."i.'t 30' N. to ")(( 3(1' N.' .Sfunlir, in LodiI. (Icmi, ,s'. coast of I')iitish ('oliinil)ia, from Hentinek .\rms to the mouth of the Fiaser, and the wliole of Vanconvor Island. l?y other authors (he name haslieen i iiqiloyed to desiujiiate a tribe at Nootka Sound, or aiijilied to nearly all (he Coast tiila s of tile Columbian (Jroup. ''I'he native po|)Ulation of Vaneouver Island. . . . is chiefly coiuposfd of the follow! iii; tribes:— North and East coasts i in order in which they stand from North to South) — Qiiackolls, Newittees, Coniuxes, Yukletas, Suanaimuchs, Cowitchins, Sanetehs, otlier smaller tribes;- South Coast ( . . from East to West ) — Tsomass, Tsclalliims, Sokes, I'atcheena, Seii- natuch;— AVest Coast (from South to North) — Nitte(>nats, Chadukutl, diatnch, Totpiatiix, Schissadlch. I'patsesatuch, Cojuklesatuch, l'(jlu\latuch, Clayoipiots, Nootkas, Nespods, Koskeeinos, otlier small tribes." Hi'imt, in f.diuL (Icdij. Sor. Jnur., vol. xxvii., p. 2'.)3. 'In Barclay Sound: I'acheenett, Nittinat, Ohiat, Ouchuchlisit, Opecluset, Shechart, Tocpiart, T^letah, Tso- juass; — Clayoquot Sound: Clayocpiot, Kilsaniat, .Vhimset, iraniiawousiit, Ish- (|uat; — Notitka Sound: Matchdats, Jloachet, Neuchallet, Ehateset.' Mniiuv'n H. ('., p. 2.")1. 'About Queen Charlotte Sound;— Nawoetee, Quucolth, Quee- havuacolt (or Queeha(placoll), Marmalillacalla, Clowetsus (or Cla\V(tsus), ^lurtilpar ((U' !Martilpar), Nimkisli, AVi'warlika, 'Wew.irkkuni, Clalbu is (or Clalluiis), Cumqnekis, Laek M'-(;illi.(l Nootkahs), ,\yhuttisaht and Noocliahlaht : north of Nootkah Siiuiid, the Kyolupiaht, Cliaykisaht, and Klahosaht tribes, .'^jirnal's Snn/.y, ]'. 3 18. Alphabetical list of lam,'u,ai,'es on N'anciuiver inland: .\lei\vzar(s, Aiti/.zarts, .Vytcharts, Cayuquets, EsJKjuales i or Escpiiate^i. Klahars. Klaiz- /arts, KlaocKpiates (or Tlaoipiatch), Michlaits, Mowateliits, Neiicliadlils. Neit- witties, Niwcheniiiss, (Nuchimas), Saviniiars, Schoomadifs, Siitlisi (is, 'I'lao- quatcli, AVicaiianish. JIiisi-IhikDhi, llrit, .Xnriliini' i\, ji. .ill). '.Viuoiil; (hose from the nordi wer(^ the .Vid-varts. Schoiniiadits, Neuwi((i( s, Sasiiiiiars, -Miowzarts, Mowatchiis, Sudisetts, Neucliadli(s, Michlails. ami (■aym|Ue(s; \hv most of whom were considered as tribiitarv to Nootka. irom du- Suudi 2r)G TRIBAL BOUXDAIUES. the Aylcliiii'tM, aiul Esciuiiitcs also trilmtiivy, with tlio Kl loniinatcs and tlio 'Wickaiiiiiiiish, !i lartjc iind ])()\v('i'fnl trilic, alunit two Inuidrid niili s distant.' Jrii-JH's .\'(ir., \)\). ;i('>-7. 'Tiihi's situated bcfwiiu NaiiaiiiHi and I'dvt liupcrt, (in till' north of Vancouvc'V Island, and the mainland Indians lutwccu the sanii' jii lints. .. .ai'u divided into several trihes, the Niinoose, ('ciinunx, Ts'iniiikish, (^naw^nmlt, iVc, on the Island; and the Scinawniisht, Seehelt, ClahiMise, Ueletah, Manialilaeulla, Arc, on the coast, and anion^' the small islundH oflf it.' .V(ii/ii<''s li. ('., p. 21:). List of trihes on Vancouver Island; ' Soni,'es, Saneteh, Kawitchiii, Uchulta, Nimkis, (^uaijuiolts, Ne\v(>itir, (^uack- too, Nodtka, Nitinat, Klay(juoit, Soke.' I"niill. 2'2H. ' The Cawitehaus, Ucaltas, and Co- (juilths, who are I believe of the same family, occupy the shores of the (Julf of (ieor.Ljia and Johnston's Straits.' Amhrsuti, in 11 ist. Md'i., vol. vii., p. 74. 'Twenty-four tribes speaking; the f'hallani and Cowaitzchim lanjj;n;if,'es, from latitude .")0 aloni,' the Coast S(juth to Wliilby Island in latituile is ; part of Vancouver's Island, and the moutli of Franc's Itiver.' Also on tlie Strait of Juan de Fuca and Vancouver Islands, tlu! Saneteh. three tribes; llallams, eleven tribes; Sinahomish; ^katcat; Cowitchici, seven tribes; S. 11. The Cliii/iiiiiiiits, or Klaholuiuahts, live at Clayoiiuot Sound, and the ^loo- uchats at Nootka Sotnid. Sin'ixit's .Set /«■.•(, pp. 22, 25. North of the Wiek- iuinish. .liiriU'n Xnr., \k 7<>. 'J'he 'ri>i/iiiil,t.i arc a jieojile 'whoso villaf;(i is in iv dreary, reinoto piirt of Nitinalit (or Harclay) Sound.' Siirmit'x Sci'ui's, p. 104. The S'sliuls live at .Vlberni, IJarclay Sound. Siirniit's Srcnon, ji. .t. The I'drlmwis, or ' l'aclieen(tts, which I have included in ISarclay Sound, nlso inhabit I'ort San Juan.' Mui/in's Ji. ('., ]>. 251. The Tliiiiiinnlch occupy the south-western part of Vancouver. 'Den Siid- westen d( r (^uadra-und Vancouver-lnsel nehnien . :!72. Tlaoc|uatch, orTlo(piateh, on ' the south-western coast of Vaneouvers l.sland.' l.iKh'inj, Ah. I/iii'i.. p. I'^'^. The Snhs dwell 'Intween Victoria and Harclay Souial.' Min/w's II. ('., ji. 2.'')1. 'East point of San Juan to the Sonijes territory.' Fimll'ii/'s ll'mrUirj, ]). :t'.)2. The U'ii-l/uiiiinish live abotlt two hundred miles south of Nootka. J( iritt's X(ir.. p. 7(!. The Sdii ih!c:< an^ ' a tribe collected at and around Victoria.' Mhi/ik 's I!. I'., p. 21;!. 'The SonLjliish tribe, resident near Victoria.' Mm-jic's \'ttiir. Isl., p. 4:Jl(. Son^'es, 'S.E. ]>art of the island.' F'lh'lhn/a hirci'lnri/, ji. Ii',11. The Sitiiiirh dwell 'sixty miles N.W. of Jlount Douylas.' Fimllai/'n Dinrt- ori/. p. ;f',(l. The ' 'oir'irhhin live ' in the harboiu' and vall(>v of Cowitchen, about tO miles north of Victoria.' Mni/nf's Ji. ('., p. 24:t. 'Cowichin river, wliieh falls into that (Ilaro) canal about 20 miles N. of Cowichin Head, and derives its name from the tribe of Indians which inhabits the iieii,ddionrin^,' country.' I >nuil(ts, in Loml. (Ivinj. Sor. ,/o»;',, vol. xxiv., p. 24(i. Kawitehin, ■ eomitry N ".»'. of Sanetch territory to the entrane<' of .Folinson's Stri'its.' Fimlliij/'s Jtinrtnri/, p. li'.H. 'North of I'rasi r's Itivir, and on the opposite shores of Vancouver's Island.' .S'ox/ic, in J^nml. lliiKf. Snr. Jimr., vol. xi.. p. '_2I. ' North of Eraser's Itiver, on the north-west coast.' Lmhtrhi, Ah. Ijoni., p. 111. The Ciiiiiii.i', t)r Kt)niux, 'live on the east coast between the Kowitehan and the (^luocpioulth tribes.' SjiriKil'n Sciins. p. ;ill. Comoux. south of John- ston Straits. Srlitinlcrn/rs .lee/*., vol. v.. ]). 4MS; Kiiin's W'dml,, end of vol. The Conioux 'extend as far as Cape ^lud^e.' Mm/iic'.-i I!. ('., p. 213. The Kirii nil mils dwell about the ..lonth of tlie l''raser. ' .\t and about the entrance of the Eraser liiveristhe Kuantlun tribe: they live in villa^'es which eitend aloni^' tho banks of the river as far as Langley.' Alai/ni'.'i Ji. ('., jip. 2 in, 211."). The Tills live on the lower Frazer THver. ' Eroni the falls (of the Eraser) downward to the seucoast, the buuks of the river are inhabited by several 208 TIUr.AL IJOrNDAKIES. I T. liriuiclifM nf tlif H^iitlin or Ti'it trilir.' Ainhrsim, in Tflsl. Mikj., vol. vii., p. 7H. 'Exti'iidiii'^' fruiii Laii^jlty to Yuli', iin the Siiicss, Cliillwiiyhook. l*al- liilts, mill 'I'latcs . . .Till- Siiiiss JtuliMiis occiiiiy the Snicss Itivcr mid lake, mill the I 'liilhvMvliiioks the river ainl lake nf tliat iiaiiif.' MiiijHi'n It. C, p. 2'.)"). 'I'cali' Indians. St-e Ilrnirmt't's Map nf I'ur. Stulis. The \(ii('iiiiin.i tin- '<,'atliin d al)iait tlic nioiith nf tlic Frnscr.' Mnjiin'n li.t'., \i. "Jl !.— Cl.icHy on a river named tlic Nanainio, which falls into W'vn- tuhuysen Inht. Ihnvjldn, in Loud, tieoij. Sur. ,/iiitr., vol. xxiv., jt. 217. The Sf/ii'iiriiiislil-i 'live in Howe Sound.' Mhijik'x IS. ('., ji. 243. The ,s' rl.ills live on .Fervis Inlet. Maipu's II. <\, pii. 21;M. The I'l'iliiii/.tf, or Kluhous, 'live iu Desolation Sound.' Mai/ne's Jl. ('., pp. 2-13-4. The Xdiiii'i.ti- ' inhabit the harbour and district of that name, which lies 50 miles noitji of Nanainio.' .I/'///;e '.s II. ('., p. 213. The 'I'liridtus. or Talicnltahs, live at I'oint Mud!,'o on Valdes Island. Lord's Ned., vol. i.. i>. ]."».">. The Crhlns are found 'at and heyond Cape Mudgc' 'They hold ]iom- fipssion of the co'intry on both sides of Johnstone Straits until nut ".0 or 3t( miles south of Fort Iti'inrt by the Ninijikish and Manuililacullas.' Mdi/iii's II. I'.. J). 214. Youj,'letats — ' I'ne partie eampe sur I'ile Vancouver flle-iiicnie, le restc liabite sur le continent, an nord de la llivicre Fiasir.' l)e .Sunt. .l/(,s-.s. de /'0;'i'. tinii. cviii.. pp. iid!;-?. The Xiiid.isli are ' at the mouth of the Ninipkish river, about 15 miles be- low Fort l!up' rt.' Miii/m's, It. ('., p. 24'.»; Lord's Sat., vol. i., p. 158. The .S'friiJIds and (Jioddtiiirnlttis dwell at the entrance of Johnston Straits. Schoiilrnij'l'ri Anh., vol. v., p. 488; Juan's Witnd., end of vol. The (^''(/■■l."lls and " two smaller tribes, live at Fort liUjiert.' Muyia'.i B. ('., pp. 244. 21'.*. 'On the north-east side of Vancouver's Island, are to be found the ("ocpiilths." Corinridlis' .X. Eldoritdo, \^. [)8. Coijuilths, a nnnier- oiis tribe livinL,' at the north-east end. f)nnn's ()rt'(ii)n, p. 2l>i). The C'ogwi 11 Indians live around Fort llupert. Jldrrd-fA'UKard'.^ Tn(r., p. (18. The .\nrUteis ' east of Cape Scott. .. .meet th(^ (iJuaWHUults at Fort I!u- pert.' Miiijiie's li. C, p. 251. Neweet},', 'at N.W. entrance of Johnson's Straits." F'lndhiii's iJirertori/, p. 3'.)1. 'At the northern extremity of the island the Ni wette tribe.' i'oniii-'dHt' X. Kldnrada, \>. 118. Newcheiiiass came to Xootka ■ from a great way to the Northward, and from some distance in- land.' diir'iU's Xili\, J). 77. The Siiiil,iiiiliiliicl,s inhabit the intirior of the northern end of Vancouver Island. Liirl's X. '2.">1; ,V'ii'((i.s, in /■'('■. It. 11. Hii't., vol. i., p. liit. A raiiadiiin traiiju'r found tlui followins,' trilifs Ixtwccn Fort Nisciuallv and Frascr IJivtr; • Sukw.'nics, Sii- iiahi'iincs, Tshikatstiit, Piii.ih', and Kaw.tshin.' link's KUnimi., in /'. >'. /•.>. 7i.i'., vol. vi., 1)1). 'J'iO-l. C'hi'J'Uuli's, wfst; Cowlitz, sontli. and Nisijiially, lii.st of Pu^'ct Sound. Srhodlt-nnTs Arch., vol. iii., p. 2(10. iimp. 'I'll.' .'^Vo 'liiiKdIiiiiiiiifi occupy th 'coast towards Fra/cr's river. I'm t\ liiuunii Point and Frazcr's llivcr.' Sterp))s, in Iml. Aff. Hij,!., 1M.")1, ]ip. 'JIT, 'J.") I. 'Most northern tribe on the .Vuierican side of tiie line.' (ilhhs, in I'dc. J!. 11. II i>t., vol. i., p. 4;t:i; SrlmnlrrinTs Arrli., vol. v., p. i'.ll. The 1. niiiiiii.-i 'a ro divided into three liands a band for eacli nioutli of the riUiiinii Itiver.' Fit-Jnuili, in linl.Afl'. Hrj)!., IH.")?. p. 1)27. 'On the north- ern shore of r>elliii''liani l>av.' .^V' in Iwl.Aff. AVy>/., lh.")t, p. Lll. 'L mi river, and peninsula.' IL, p. "250. 'On a river ('niptyin;,' into tlie north- ern part of IJellin^hani Imy and on the peninsula.' /t, p. 2.")(). Nooksahk, ' on the niiiin fork of the river.' /i/.,p."217. Nociks'dik, 'above tht^ Luuniii, on the main fork of the river' h'i'ihs. in I'nr. I!, a. I! I't., vol. i., p. ■i'.i'.i. 'South fork Lunnni rivi'r.' I'l. p. -4.!"). Xoot- s.iks 'occupy the territory from the base of Jlount IJaki'rdown to within live miles of the mouth of the Luninii.' ('nk'nKiti, in llarpiT's Mh'J., vol. xxxix., p. T'.i'.l. N'euksacks 'principally aroinid the foot of Mount IJaker." FilJui'Ji. in //'•/. .1;/'. Ill pt., lis.")?, p. ii'J^i. 'J'Ik' Neukwi rs and Siamanas, or Sti<'k Indians ' live on lakes back of Whatcom and Sianumu Likes and their tributaries.' /i/., p. '.Vl'.l. Three trilxs at ]!ellin;,'ham l>ay, Neiiksack, Samish, and Lumniis, with some Neukwers and Mamanas who live in the back country. /(/ , p. li'JCi. Ncuksacks, a tribe inhabiting,' ii country drained by the riv.r of the same name. . . .takin;,' the name Liuiiiui before enq tyin;.; into the (iulf of (ieor^'ia. in lirl.Atr. Unit .\iii. (JiKir. Hi ,>7. .1. lii p. l^N. Nookliinimie, 'around llelHnxhiinrs 1' iS'.l; .Si-lii,iilcrii:'l's Arrh., vol. 1' ■11. 11 le >'(///iis// live on Saniisii j;iv(r and southern jiart of ]>ellin!,'hani liay. Str ill /(/(/. Afl'. Hipl.. bs."il, ]ip. 217, Thev have si V( iiil islands tl lev claim as th iheritii ther with a liu' 4 if tli main land.' Fililntih, in Ind. Aff. Ilipt.. KS.')7, j). .'527. Tlie Shiifils 'live on the main around the mouth of Skaj,'it river, and own tiie iiiitral parts of Whidby's island, their [.rincijial t,'round beinj,' the nt i;^h- biiihind of Penn's covi N/i' in I'nr. J!. /.'. /.■,/,/ il. i. 1' l: ;!. /../. ,1/?'. lirjit., 1«.")4, p. 21i'i. Whidby's Island ' is in the possession uf llie Sa- ihittribe.' 'riiiiriilun'sOiin. ((Ill I '\. i.. p. 1,(10. The Sachets inhabit \\ hid- livs Island. Will,! r. N. i:.v. j:.i ll. 1' ilO. [■hits ibout Possession Sound.' Xiculni/'.'s Oiju. Vw., p. IKl. Skadjets, 111 th sidi s of til' Sk;iiljet riv( r, and on the north end of Whidby's Island.' .^i-hnnlrnijT.f ■ ll. ll. v., p. 7oI; Am. (Jiuir. Ji'rji.-iti-r, vol, iii., p. I.h8. 'The Skiiyit, oil I i 3(J() TUir.AL UOrNDAIilKS. \ SUiii,'it liMr, mill rcnirs cdvc,' the N'lHiiicliiiiiii'^h, SnmlMilin, ^Ii^.klli^vll1l, Siiiiinii'liii, oil tlif liniiii'lics of tlic HiiJiic ii\(r. >/i n/is, in hid. A[)'. I! I'l., ]H.")|, p. 'J,")(|; /',(,'. /,', /,'. /;.y)^, vol. i., ji. l:!."!. SiK kaiiiiikc, ' In iidwuti is of KUiii^it liivir,' Ni'iitiilivii,', 'iioitli end of \\lii(lliy'K IsImikI, iiml county )»'- fwrrii SkM^^it's river iiiul l5eilin^liuiii'H 1)ii\.' Cowewaeliin, Noothiini, Mie- iiiissdukH, north to Fnizer Uiver. Si'liunli'm/rn Arrh,, vol. iv,, ]>. TiIiH. 'I'he KihhiU'iH oecnpy the Imiiks of 'KiluMlIis rivi r iiiul Whitliy's island.' ShrniH, in Iml. .[tf. Itij)!., iM.'it, j,p. 'Jlf., 'jr.lt. The Sl.ii/', 7(11 ; Am. l^itiir. lliii'istn; vol. iii., p. ItMH. 'Vhv Siiii/iniiiish resiile on 'the Honthern end of Whidliy's island, and the eoiintry on and near the mouth of tiii' Siiiahoiiiish river.' Slmn^', ill l''i<\ I!. I!. H'lit., vol. i., jip. -l.'(.', I:)'). 'The Sinaiieiiiish 'live on tlie Siiialieiiiish river ; falling,' into I'ossession Soinidi.' Silii'iilcrniTs Arch., vol. v., ]i. 7oi ; Am. i^mir. Itr ii.-.lir, vol. iii,, p. ',WH. ' Sinahoiinii /. i en \Z triliiis) de hi rivi''re l''raser a In haie d(^ PiiLfi't.' .Mni'ms, A'.i'/i'n/'., toni. ii., ])^l.!"i. 'N'i|iint]- iiiaiuish, Skywhamish, Sktuhlejiini, ujijier hranches, nortii side. Sinahoiiiish l-iver.' Slfriii.t, in Iml. Aff. Hipt., 18.-)4, Jip. 'JlTi. 'i")!!. Neewalliisll, • Nee- waiiiish river, hay and vicinity;' Sahnimiiish, 'on a lalic lutween Neewaniisli and Snohomish river;' Snohomish, 'South end of Whitney's Island, Sno- liomish river. Imy and vicinity,' Skeawamish, 'north fork of the Snohomish river, ealliMl Ski'awamish river;' Skiiekstaiiaiumiis. ■ Skiickstanajumi s river, H hranch of Skeawamish ri-er;' Stiilu'iuaniish, ' Stilliuiuaiiiish river and vi- cinity;' Kickuallis, 'mouth of Kii'kualiis river and vicinity.' >ifliii(ilrifij'r.^ Arch., vol. iv., p. "j'.iH. Stoluchwamish, on Stoluchwaniish river, also calhd Hteilaijuamisli. Slrrcn.^, in I'dc. It. U. Jlipl., vol. i.. pp. V-i'l, 4;iri, also iii //'(/. A.()'. llijit., lMi")4, pp. '24i!, '250. Sqniiiamish, Swodainish, Sinaahmish, 'north end of AVhithy's island, canoe passau'e, and Sinamish river.' Iil , ])]). '147, "^r)!). 'Southern end of Whidliy's island and Sinahomish river.' Slrrnis. in /''/''. 7i. II. Ii'i/il., vol. i., \)\>. -IWl-'-i. The SiKiiiiKihiKiii/.s ' reside on the south fork, north side of the Sinahomish river.' Stcrciis, in ]'<(c. It. R. Jl'iil., vol. i., p.Kiii. and in Iml. .U/. Hi jit., I.s."i|, p. 'JoO. Smxpialimich, ' Siio(jualiniich river and the south hranch of the Siiiahemish.' llitrkij, iu Schoolcnij't'.s Arch., vol. v.. p. 7(11; Am. (Jm(r. lin/- islt r, vol. iii., j). IWH. The Diriimish are 'living on nnd ehiimins; the lands on the D'^amish river.' I'dUir, in Iml. A.ff. lt< [iL, 1857, p. tti'.l. Dwamish Uiver and Lake, AVhife and (Jreeii Itivers. ScliunlcvdjTs Arch . >.! v., ji. i'.H. On D'wamish laki! etc. . . reside the Samainish and S'Kitehlmish tnhes. 'The l)'\vaniisli trihe have their home on Lake Fork, D'\\'aniish river.' >7('i(;/.s, in I'dc, /,'. /,'. Ili2, 4:.(i. Dwamish, 'Lake Fork. l)vv,imish Uiver;' i-aiiia- <•/-/. 1'1> mish, SK«'ti'lilmisli. 'Dwamish I.,ake;' Snnlki'miah, 'He. id of AVliite Live Sk 'I" 'ihiiiish. 'Head of (Jreen Uiver;' Stkaiiiish, 'maiuAVhite Uiver.' ^^ t- rns, in Jml. A(f. liejit., 1854, p. '250. The Shiijiidhmi.'ih h;kve their home at the 'head of (Jreen river.' Sti rrna, in /''('•. li. It. Itcjit., vol. i., p. 4IM. Till' Sikamish hand "on the miiiu \\ hito river;' the Sniulkumish tribe 'at the head of White river.' Jh. fJOI'N'D r-.DIANS. noi lake, liuish in. /;. laina- ivir.' Sti r- IVhitc Till .^f allh'n, n tvibo of tlic Siiuwliciiiiisli iiatinn, nnMiiiicil as tin ir |irinci|'al Ki'ttl.iui'llt, "11 Hlij,'ht clllilirlirr llrar till' lli'lld of wllllt JM IKiW klluWIl as I'lUt MiidisiPii lliiy.' Orirliniil Munllih/, ls7(l, vol. iv., \>. -lUl. 'i'lir .s'/(f/i(((»ii.s/i ' claim nil flic latnl lyiii),' on tlic west siilc of tlic Sdiiiid, lic- tvvccii Aiiplc Tree covi OH the iiortli, and (ti^,' Imrlioroii the south.' I'tii'ji', in ///-/. .1;/'. Ill jit., lH.'i7, ]). :i21t. So(|naiiiisli, ' cotuitry iiliout Port Orelmrd iitid nciu'liliHiuhuoil, iiiid the Wist sidi'of Widliy's Island.' Ilmlii/. in Srl,i,nl,'i;iiV.i Aiih., Vol. v., p. 7(11); Am, (jiKir. /i'(;;i>7M', vol. iii,. ]>. ;1>H. ' I'cninsiila hc- twccn Hood's ciinal and Admiralty inlet.' Stiniix, in Iml. At}'. Uijil., IN.1I, ]). V!.">!i, and in /'<»(•. It. I!. II' i>l., vol. i., ji. M)'). Sno(|Uaiiiish, ' I'ort Onliaid, l'',lliott's May, nnd their vicinity.' SrlnKilrrn/t'n Ari'h.. vol. v., ji. "('.IN. Shoiiia- iiiish. 'on Vashon's Island.' /'/. 'Vashon's Island.' Sim us. in Iml. Ajl", l!>pl., lN."il, p. 'JoO. S'sloniaiiiish, • N'aston's island.' Slii-ms, in I'm'. It. It. ]l' III.. \i>]. i.. p. ■l:\ri. 'The Inclians frcipicntiii^' tlii.H jiort (Orchard) c.iU themselves the. leachtiic trihe.' ii'ilh l\S. lu: K. vol. IV., J) 111). The l'iii/iilhijiiniii.
  • . Siinallyamish and rut,'allip.iniisli. 'in the country aliont Nes([iially, I'n|,'allipi, and Sinnoiiiish rivers.' Ilurlii/. in ,Si-li1; .[in. (Jnnr. Jtiyi.itir. vol. iii., p. '.'hh. I'lial- li|ia\vmisli or Pualliss, 'cm Piialliss river, liay, and vicinity.' .^'■hiiiilcrnn'.i Arrli.. vol. iv., J). rvj.S. I'liyyallapamisli, ' Pnyallop lliver.' Si-lionlcrnj't'.i Arrli. .1. v., p. VJl. The .VisiiniiUh's, or Skwall, 'inhabit the shores of Pu|,'et's Sound.' Ilnh Kill 'livi'l. r. s. K Vol. vi., )i. '211. Nes(iiiallis, de la liaie de i'lli'et ,'i la poinli .Martinez.' Mu/rns. K.i-iilnr., toin. ii., [i. 'M't. Xas(jnally trihes, • Nas(p'ally lliver and I'liLjet's Sound.' ]\'iirir iiml \'iirii.-iiiir, in Jlnil.'^ /<'»//, p. HI. Scjiiallyamish, 'at Pu|4et Sound.' J.iiiliii-iii, .Miirti iii'i. ]i. 177. The Squalliahniish are coniposed of six hands, iind have their n (lilice on Xis(pially lliver and vicinity. SIf in I 'dr. It. It. Itijil., vol. j>. i:i."). Sipiallyamish or Nisciually, Nis([ually Itiver and vicinity. Si-hnnl- rni/ls Arrli., vol. iv., p. oD.S. I-'ort Nis(|ually isfre(|uented by the ' Si.% in lial. .1^/'. /.'/.', 1.S.-.4, p. '250. The Shik'Diiiish live at the upjior end of Hood Canal. SrliixihrittT!^ Arch., vol. iv., p. o'J8; Stcvai.<, in Jnd. Aff. ItvjU., 1854, pp. '244, 2oO. Tiiau- i il I 3C3 TRIBAL BOX'XDAIUES. hooch ".nil Sli(i\nniish on Hood's Canal. Srh'iulcritfl'n Avli., \o\. v., p. 4!)1 fila'ioh and Skokoniish 'reside aliin;^ tlie shores of Hood's Canal.' A. II (^■uir. Iti'ii!t., 1S.",1, p. •Jl); tiihhs, in I'lw. 1!. II. Ilipl., vol. i., p. i:)!. Tnanooeh. 'mouth of Hood's Canal.' SrliDnliriifl's Arch., vol. iv., p. oils. 'The retjion iit the head of Pnp;et Sound is inhahiti d by a trihe called the Toandos.' iVilhr.<' X'ir., in U. S. E.v. A'.c., vol. v.. p. 140. Honianiish. Hotlinianiish, S(piahsina\vniisli, Sayhaywamish, Stitehassaniish, 'reside in tbe country from the Narrows alon;^ the western sh^re of I'uLtet's Sound to New Mark- et.' Mil -lii'll Kiiil llnrhi/, in .!//(. IJnur. Ili'i'istrr, \ol. iii., ]i. IJSS. The Xoos'liiliDii.'i, or Nilsdalunis, "dwell on Hood's Channel.' Lmlpivl'j, All. 1,'tii I.. ]i. l;)"). ' Die Noosdalum, wolinen am Hoods-Canal;' fJii.^rliiii'iini. liiit. Xiiriliiiiiir., p. :!7:i. ' Noostlalnnis. consist of eleven tribes or septs liv- ing; about the entrance of Hood's canal. I 'uiii^'eness, I'ort Discovery, and the coast to the Westward.' Am. (^mtr. Jii:ji.'.tr'tehes alon;,' tlie wlioji' southern shore of the Sti'aits to between I'ort liiscovt ry and I'ort Townsend.' ■, in Iml. AjJ. llu'l., lsM, Jl. -SV.K Stenthuus at N. w ]>ui. -eness. /■/.. in ]'"). The '.luhilis. or <'lnssil:i. dwell about Cipe Flat ery. Macaw, •('.■i]ie I'lat- t<'ry to Niali Pay." Silinnlrrni't'.'i Arrli.. vnl. i\-.. p. .!is. Pisteliin. ' Neali Hay to Los .\n:4elos Point.' //.. 'Countrv abo\it Ca le Flattery, ,iiid thi' coast f(U' some (list nice to tl'.e soutliw:;ril. ,and lastw; 1 to the boundary of tlie JIalam or Xoostl.ilum lands.' /./.. vi4 v.. p 70(1; .s7mv c.v. in /;)(/. .UJ'. I!ij, 4:i">. ■ .\t Ne:di Day nr Waadda. aiid its vicinity.' .^liinmiiif, in liil.AjJ. U jit.. bSoS. p. 'j;!!. 'rat(.U(he,a tribe of the ( la.^s.ts. Wiil.is Xiu\. in /'. .s'. /•,',i'. /•,'.!•., vol. iv., p. "iKl. Classets MMside on the south side of till! Straits of Fuea.' Jlali's JJIii'mj., in L'. > A'.r. /, J'., vol. V p '2-10 : TN'DI.VXS OF THE CO.VST OF WASIIIXiVrOX. 303 M'ikUll (t)iiJ [fiirlii/. ill Am. (Jmir. J!r I'lsl r, vnl. iii.. ]). USS. Tiitoncli(> or f'l.'issi'ts, 'l)ft\vcrii tlic Ci.. Miiliia imd tlic striiit of Fiica." yiri,!iii)'s Oiju. I'lr,, ]). l|:t. 'Clatsft tviht'.' ('iincnrlUs' X. Klilnniila, ]>. 117. ' Classcts. ou tho StiMit of Fiicii.' (irvcnhoir's Hist. O,,)),, j). ;}(); Slirnis' .jIiIi-is.<. |i. 10. Mii- kalis, ' iiihahitin^,' a wild brukcii luuinsulu cinuiiisciilK d liy llic river ^\'^•- atcli. till' waters (if tlie Strait aiiil the raeitic.' Sriiiiiiiinii. in I in i-'imj Mnull,!//, 1^71. vdl, vii.. p. '277. Kl.ii/zarts. 'liviiii,' nearly three luiii'ired miles to llie Smith ' "f Nootkit Sound. Jciritl'.i \iir., p. 75. The Klkwhali.N liave a viliaiio on the strait, .'"■/(/•na/'.s Sccitis, ]>. l."i;i. List of tribes between Colnnibiii IJivei; ,tnd Cape Flattery i n the Coast' Calasthoele, Cliillates, Chilt/, CiaMioctc .,1, hs. Kiilaxthoel, s, Pailsh, Foto- a^hs. (juii'ctsos. (^uinneehart. (i)ni]iiiilts. .i /-./•>■' '.< U'jil, p. :!71. The yi'/''/(7ii(/(' and (^"I'/'i"//. or (i>uenaielt. 'ix'cnpy (lie sea-eoast lietwi^en O/.elt or old Cape Flattery, on the noith. and (,)ninaieit river on the south ' S'liiiiiii'iis. in Iml. At}'. Hi III., ISdli. p. !'.»."). (^hiinaii it, (,inillehuli'. l^Mieets. and TI ih, live on tlie t^Miinaielt river and ocean. Sin'.l/f. in /"'/. .1,;''. H'/'l.. I><70, \i '.il. The (jiueniull live 'at I'oint (irenville,' .s^r, ,,,'>• A'. IT. <•"/>/, p. '.jlo. ■ On t'le banks . 7><. 'I'he \\'il,M]ialis ■ on the Wiiapaii Kiver.' /. (^tuinaik. '(-(.ast trom (ir.iy's liirbor northward.' >/( rw/s. in I'nr, /,'. /,'. /////., vol. i . \>. I:l"). I'.jii- h.iHs. (^luinailee, (111 y's Harbor and north '•■. /e. 'cru/t's .\rcli.. toI. v.. )i. I'.'l). South if ihe Classcts aioUL; tlie enast come llie (^ ■.iiiiieehants, Cala-thortes, Cliillates, t^uinults, I'ailsk, etc. l.i iri.-< iiinl ( i'lrl.' 's 'I'nn-.. p. I'_.s. 'I'Ik' Ka- liouehes and Konnichtchates, spol;eii of as dwi lliie_; on 1 )i slriictiiai Inland aiul the nri'.'hborin>,' main, 'in ni hi nor, in .No-nv //, .s- .iiunili's ilr.t ]'iii/.. \s2',i, tolll. \\., p. iiiili, et se(|. Till' ' 'III liiiH>. or Chickeeles. ' inhabit the cniintry around ( Iray's li.i.bour.' ir;//, >■' .V".-.. in r. N. /■,'.!■. l-.'.w. vol. v.. p. IKt. On tlie « hehall^, livir. S'.siiiili.. in /(((/, .!;/'. /eyi/., |s J, ]i. S. l'rei|nent also ."^lioaUvater l>ay. ,^'. /i,-s. in //I /. I,.' li'ijil.. is'il. pp 'Jli. -ir.i. (In the t'owi Ills. • .\ iil; the Tsihailish are included the Kwaiantl and Kwenaivvitl .... who live 111 ar th.' Coast, thirty or forty miles south of »'a))e l-'latteiy.' 'lili'.i Ivlnni.. in !'. S. /;.,•. /•,'.,■., vol, vi., ]ip. 'Jll \-l. 'ill the vicinity of the lUiilllh of the Columbia ' I'ul'in'.^ .\. Ar . in!.. \ol. ii.. ]i l|:l. ■ ('111 M- li--, it (jliiinayat. I'r's dii ii.ivrc de ( liay el la ri\i' r.- (In Kih■^.' lA; /•(•., /.',r- /i ■;',. toui. ii.. ]i. :!:!.">: .s'c-im's .\ . H". I'mi^l, p. uln; Sii -i ,,<, in /'wc. /,'. /,'. /,';•'.. \o|. i.. |i. ['■>')■, SliiiTnni, ill .^i-hiK.lcrn jVn Arrh.. vil. iv,, ]i. "I'.i'.i. ' .V. i|Ual:ili|e mill, s ell iiord, (from tlie Columbia 1 Ic loni,' ilc la ente, habili lit I s Ti l-ili.llS.' .^Iiinrt. ill .V..-/r«//iN .\i,„illi.'i ,/l.-< 1"..//.. IS'JI, lelll. \.. ]1. '.III. Tri! \Vlii-,|;kah and Wviiooehe tribes on llie u. irth'-rn branches of tie i hihailis. in /(-./. Ajr. Ill lit., bs.-.p p. •210, S, icli.ils I'eSl le iduuil llie lake nt lie same naiui and aloiiL? tilt ''isi r Chickeeles.' ir)'i7,(,s' .\iir.. in ('. S. K.i /.'.I'.. Mil. \.. p. 1 III. Till I'nii-i'il h\e oil the u)i]ier Cowlit/ liivi r. Oeciijiy the niid.Ue of the 1" 11 insula w hich lies west of I'uoet Snuiid and iiorlh of the ( '.iliimbia. //"/c s :i '•n I mm : 'Sill U ^ w» ;.', "/., Ill r. N. /-.'.r. /•>., vol. \i., p. 'ill. On ll le ( owlit/. 'liver. ■.llie ■iMh 804 TrjBAL BOrXDAEIES. Taitinnpiinis liuvc their iihudc iit the biisc of the nionntiiiiis on the T'owlitz. »S7cr('/i.s', ill /'(((•. /.'. /.'. liijil., vol. i.. ]>. -Hi"); and in hid. Aff. Jlcjit., 1.S51, j)]). 240, 21!); .Srlii,oli-r to the Dalles, and belon;^cd oiij^inaUy to a small tribe on tlie north bank near the month, 'The nation, or rather family, to which the f the Columbia Itiver, from its mouth to the (irand Dalles, a distance of about a liundred and seventy miles.' • On the north side of the river, tir.■^t the Chinooks projici' (Tchi-nuk ). whose ti-rritory exti mlcd from Caj.e Disap- jaiintnient nji the C'ohnnbia to lije iici-ldjorhood of (iray's I'kiji , not (trays JIuHior. which is on the I'acitiei, and back to the northern vi<'iuity of Shoal- water ]iav. where tliev interloekid with the (hihalisof the coast.' 'iihlis' ( l,'i- -/,■ r , i»;i. iii., iv. The najiie ^Vatlalas or rp])er Chinook^ ' inoji'rly b loni^'S to the Judians at the Casiadi s. ' btit is aj'plii d to all ' from the Multno- la Ishmd to the Falls of the Columbia." //'//• '.■.■ Ktl, 'liiiiii., m r I-:. I'p >A\ The principal tribes or baiads were the \Vaka kam i known as . the Katl/.uiat ( Cathlaniet >, the Tshinnk (('hinak( r's Jiav and >e el,i.-,>.e( 1: -Chinook Wi IS, Wacalaiiius. ( 'atth tiin I. s, Clat .Ih p. SI. 1' Tril )es on iioitii han Hi (.'oluiuliia fr n «»'>!ith: (hilts, Chinnook, Cathlamah. Walil viaKume kof Skil- lute, Qnatldapotl ((/((/ ' /'//•/,' .)A -Ml tl le natives inhabitini' lli sontliern shon of the >*traits of Fuea), and the dci [ily indented territory as far as and indudiiif^ th"' tide-waters of the Columbia, may be < oiii| lehendid under the j^'ciic r.d term of Chinooks.' I'h'h rinii the ( '.ilnmbia ri\cr, from the Cascades to its conilnenee with the oee«ii. i'iiff,ir's K.fphif, 'I'mtr. p. '.(11. ' InhabitiiiL,' the hjwer parts of the Columbia,' i'iitli,''t .V. Am. Jml.. vol. ii., 1> nil. 1 l.iiits-Tehinouli 11. s iscadeH (111 Ui(» Colom T. ouks d'lU bas, des Cascades juscpr.'i la Hut. Hi'k- f eliiiiouks." )/ jiliiv., toiii. ii.. pp "•':;, .1/-. /,' >, ;!."■)! 1 I. )). 40. Th.' ( h , /.'.,■- On till. ri. lit Uink. ..f 'ho 4 tnmbia.' t.n'l-- iks ami Ki lnHsuviiH. 4 trilxK, Hvt- at I'iUar i; ();i F'liiit, the Dall.is, the (• ides, rp. ,ti. ]{tvei', Tiikama liiver, on the Coiiimliia,' '( lueiiooks, ( latsops and - ra) ■'.n'l les near th THE CHINOOK FAMILY. 305 ^ntviiriff rif t\io rnliimhiiv Rivrr.' Witire mid ]'iriisi ui\ in .lArr// /'s //'"/. 77. , ]i. M . I'lpir and Liiwcr Cliinooks on tli(( (Olnniliia Kivcr. Lowi r ( liinnokrt at Sli(iahv:itii' Hay. SclnKilcrdj'I's Arcli., Vdl. v., j). I'.Hl. CliiiKKiks, •n'>illi of till' ('(liunil)ia.' /7i-C'),s. in /(/., ]i Tn:!. 'Month of Colmnbia rivrr. north side, including sonic "jO miles inli rior.' l-.n'im cs, in /'/., vol. iii.. II. "ittl. The Cliinnooks 'reside ehietly ulon;,' the baidis of ,i river, to wliiih wc j^iive the same name; and which, running,' parallel to th« nea coast ...em;ities itself into Ilahy's l>ay.' Lrn-'is ninl t'hirh's VV'n-.. p. 41'), and map: Irrinj's Ast'^riii. \) :i:i"). ' To the sonth of tic iiiouth of the Columbia ' linmoii'i-h's Ili'srrls. vol. ii., ]>. b"). ' Cheiiooks on the Coliunliia.' Sii-(ii('n X. ir. Const, \^. 2M. North side of the Colnmliia. \!frsi's /c/""■^ p. IJllS; (n-'inlmir's Jl'tst. Oipi., p. 'JSI). Tshiliiik sonth of the Coliiinbia at mouth. AVatlala oji both sides of the rivir fidm the Willamette to I)alles. 'J'hey pi-opi'ily iiclon^' to the Indians iit the Cascades. Ilii!.'s FJInn'i.. in T. >' AV. /•,',i'.. Vol. vi., pp. 'ii) ■■"), and niaji. j). JUT. Hanks of tie ( Hhnnbia fioni Dalles to the month, i'dnilnttn's 'rnn\, p. ts."). The I'piK r Chinooks were the Shalala and Lchtdoots of Lewis and Clarke. il'iUUs. in I'lif. It. I!. 1!' i>t.. Vol i., p. 117. In the vicinity of the mouth of the Ci ilnmbia, th' le ari', Ix-- siih s tie- Chinooks, the Klitdi.atacks, Cheehaylas, Naas, and many other trilxs. (''i<"iii's .V, .\iii. Lid., vol. ii., p. ]l;{. ' The l-'l.ithead Indians are mil wiili on the banks of the ( 'obimbia IJiver, from its I 'outh eastward to the Cascades, a diNtanee of about l.")^l mill s; they extend up the Walhanu'ttc Eivi I's mouth about thirty or forty mih s, and through the district between the Walhamettc and I'ort .Vsloiia.' A'Kk '.-i l\'iiii'l., ]i. i7;!. 'The Flatlieads are a vi ry niuuerous people, iidiabitiiii,' the shores oi' the ('olnnd)ia Itivi f, and a vast tract of country l>i'ie td the south of it.' Cii'.'i.i's \. .lid. //e/., vol. ii., p. lllS. ■ 'J'he Cathie-'i'on irilies, which iidiabit the Colundiia Kivcr.' .sc/i/i ,•, in Lntiil. (ii'u;/. .Snc, .hmr , \ol, xi., p. ■-'■Jj. ( .itlilascos (Ui the t'olinuliia liiver, S. side "i'iU mih s from its mouth. V .c.sc'.s Ii jil., ]>. iiliS. Shoatvv.iUT l!ay Indians: ^\'!al,lpah mi Whilapah rivi r; Ni coinanchee, or Vickonnii. on Nickoinin river. tlowiie_; into llie ea>t side of tlie bay; (jim lap- tiiiiiilt. at the mouth of Whilapah river; Wliarhoots, at Ihe |m. -cut site of l!ru |.ii;-t: 'Jiii -npn Itin, at the ne 'illi of a creek; Palux, ou Cojialux or I'aliiN rivi )■; .Marhoo, Nasal, on the I'liiin^ula. Sirmi'.-! .V. IT, C,„^^^. ],. -jIi. ' K.irwei Wee, or .\rtsmilsh, the name of thi Slioalwater iSay tiiiies.' hi., p. '210. .MoUl,' the coast north of the Columliia arr the Cliinnooks. I\illa\- tliockle, ( hills, ClaUloitoniish. I'nto.i^hees. etc. I.i ii'.s ,i ifl ( 'hi rl.- 's I'l-'ir., p. (."'>. (^ I'.il.ipieiupias at Shoalwali r Hay. .lA'/i in .^rliuiilcriij'l's An'li., vid. ili., |i 2'HI. K.wilhioipia. Uorliiof the Columbia near the mouth. Iliil 's l\lhii'"j, ill I'.S. /:.,■. h'.i\. \ol. vi., p. 2iil, and map, p. I'.i7. Klatska lai, 'on (he uplier waters of the N< h '!■ iii, a stream running,' into the raciiic. on those of Young's l.ivrr, and one !/■ irinj^ their own name, which enters the Coliiinbiii at Oik I'oint.' 'li/i'-.s' C/,;,riw./r lo k'i., p. iv. Willopahs, 'on the \\ iilopah Kivcr, and the heaii of the Chilialis.' I'l. The Cliilts inliabii the "coast to the noithward of Cape Dii^ai pointiiient. Vol,. I. 'JO ii 01 'Iliil nor, TRIBAL r.OUN'DAP.IES. TfLv's .1 /'■;(.. vol. i., ?,02. ' Xortli of tho mouth of tlio fVjluiiihiii and riifulis rivers.' I'liil.-r'n Explar. Tnur, p. "JOl, iiiid map. 'On tho sea-coast mar I'oiiif Ijiwis.' fjinndml ('hirl.r'ti Trav , p. 101. i\Iisi'('llaii('oiis haiulH on the ("ohiml)ia; Alois, on tho north siclo of tho Colunihia. '/'/ss' Jaitr., p. '2S5. Cathlacniiinps ' t)n the main short' S.AV. of AVa;>))at(io Isl." .lAic.sv's Itijit.. p. 'Ml. Catlilakaiiiaps, 'at the mouth of tlie 'Wall.iuiiiut.' /8. Cathlanaiiienauiens, ' On the island in the moutli of the Wallaiiiiiut.' III., p. ;)(;>S. Cathhtmupiiahs, 'On tlie S.W. side of A\'a]i]i,itiHi Isl.' III., p. ;i71. Cathlapootle, ei<,'htv miles from mouth of the CdliiMiliia opjiosite the mouth of tlie AViilainette. /(/ , ji. :;(1S. Cathlathlas, 'at (lie i-apids, S. side.' III., p. liCS. Clahelellah, 'below the r; pids.' Mnisi's liijil.. |). iiTO. ('laiinaniiiiiiiamuiis, ' S.W. side of AViip]:atoo Isl.' Id., ji. liTl. ( '1,-iiiiaiatas, 'S.W. side of Wappatoo Isl' Ih. ('lodestar, ' S.J-',. side of Wa-'paltoi) Isl." fh. Cooniaes, 'of Oak IViiiit { Kahiiyak or Kukhuyak. the Ki'eluits of I'ranchoi'P and Skilloots of Lewis and Clarki').' '//' '<.v' I'li'iimuk Vdi-h'i , p. iv. Ilellwits, 'S. side I'.'.t luih^s from mouth.' Muvsi's lli'id., \,. :i(lH. Katlii'^akya. ' from th(> Caseaih'S to Vancouver.' Vnimlc',s Jlijit., p. liTll. \eerchokioon, souih side aliove '.he Wa'dauinut river. I h. Shalala at the j.;r,iiid ra; iils down to the Willaiiiet. I li. (^iliiilila',iolle, liitweeu the Cowlits and ( haliwalniahiliook'' (Cath'aliootle 'i) river. I.' !i-h lUiil diirl:-! 's Mi:ji. Seamysty. 'at the luoulh of the 'J'owalitch livi-r.' i-'riiiiiliii'isc in 1.1 mil. liiiij, Si'i\ Ji inir., vol. XI., 1). -•<•) Shoto, W. side hack of a ])ond and lU'arly ()p]!Osite the entrance of the Wihamut. Mi.rsr's U. ).i /■'•■I' ;i. lutes, ' about junction of t'owlit/.' ./.< ,■/,■■ '.s' .i; '/'• Skiloots on the t'ol uiiiiiia on eacli salt from the lo\V( r jiart of the (. olumhi.i Yal. Mil,: low as Stiirueon Island, and. iPli both sidisof the Cowiliskee It /; /''.]' ■'luockslioi III. V ;i7(). 'i'rd( Kalels, n Fort Vi iiivc'r. W'lirii' iiii'l r((r(/.vr)(/'. in Murliii'.'i Jlml. U., \>.>^\. A\'alielellah. ' lieh all the 1 ii'ids Mil Uilii jiL, p liraiH-h of the Wallamat.' Frniiil. AVya'iipaiiis. iit the narrows. Iv m. Wakam .' . ill l.i'llil. li Deer's Isle to 111 ,/. "/■.. vol . XI., 1>. '.•)■) .!'/( pp. 117 lit. 'I'diilouits on th C'olumliia, south hank, helow the Cowlit/. ytiiitrl, in .V' .\llllilJiS ill I'e//., IS'21. toiii. X., JI. Il'i, Catlilakaheckits and Cathlathlalas in vicinity of till' Cascades. Id., tom. xii., iM'Ji, ]i. 'J:!. The I'l'ilsiiji^ live on Point .\daliis. Il'iiuft' In//., !S8. 'South side of the (f'oliuiilpia I river at its mouth.' Uri' nhmr's Hist, (iijii.. jip.liO, LMl. 'Soulheiii ■lior<'of the li:iv at till' mouth of the Columliia. and aloii'j the seacoiist oil holh ■ f I'oiiit Adii ,1/e,-/.. t'niiiiii, p. "Jll: 1,1 iris iiinl Cliirl.i' pji. 1:1, I'Ji'i, and map. 1'2 miles from iiKUith, south side. .Mn h'llil.. p. :''iS. 'South sid(> of the river.' (luss' Jimr.. \). 'Hi. ' I'rom mar 'rni.ii k lli.id to I'oint Adams ami up the river to 'I'oiieiie I'oinl.' 0'/'i'/'..s' I'liimiiih- 1 '("■(//<., i>. iv. Klakhelnk, ' on (latsoii I'oint, cm 1 Kops.' l-'riDii'iiisi', in I.iiml. '/" vul. iii., ]i. 2111. vol. V , p. 1U2. niiiioHlv ea died Clat- .;/. Si,i: vol. xi., p. 2ii>; I'^rliuvlfiv/t's .inli. COAST TUIBES OF OREGON. n)7 :;(iH. |l.' (if thr vuillu III Iciiast I'll r/,(/'/.i's |iim 111 111' (,;;,/..-■• Jl, ,1 Clat- Ir.s .1/v/,., Tlio 'Wiilialnnii, or 'Wiikaiknm, live on the rij^'lit Imiik of Uh' Coluniliiu; nn 11 siniill strcani. called Ciuli't IJiviT.' I'\'iiiii'iiiisi'. in Lnutl. (ii-mi. S<-<:. •Jinir,, vol. xi.. J). 'J^jo. \Vukiakunis ( Wakaiakiuii i " tiiwiinls Oak ruiiiv.' liih'is' I'ld- Tiiiiik- Wfiiii., ]). iv. Wahkiacuiiis, luljoinin^' th*.' C'litlilanialis on tlic smith- cast and the Skilliints on the north-west. J.iiris dml t'litrhv's Maii. AX'aiiki- ciuiis, thirty miles from the uumth of the Coluiubirt, north side, .l/urs-'s y.'V-/ . ]). ;i(i.S. The C'ltlildini'ts extend from Ton<,'ue Point to Fiu^'ct's Island, (iihhs' <''li\- U'lnh' \'i)ca')., p. iv. ' Oiijiositc the lower villii„'e of the Wahkiaciims.' Ir''i"/s Astoria, J). 33 i. 'ISO miles from the month of Colnmliia.' I/^im's Ui/iI,, ji. lii'iS. ' t)n a river of same name.' Frniiihui'ie, in Load. ikuj. Sar. Juur., vol. xi.. p. 2.")"); I.i'ii-is (t)iil f'lKfhe'a Map. 'Aloni,' the const south of the Colnmliia river ari' the Tlatsops, Killa- niiiiks. TiUektons, Kahiiiikle, Liekiiwis, Voiikon-'. Nec'-eto, I'lseah, Voiiitts, Shiasiiickle, Killiiwats, I'ookoose, Shuliilahs, Lnckasos, Hiinuukalals.' Lnri-i itirl '7.(/7,- 's Trar.. jip. 127-8. 'Alon;.^'the coast S. of Colnniliia river, and siieak till' Killamncks lanf.;iia.u-e,' Yoiiicone, Niekeetoos, I'lseahs, Yuiiitts, Slicastiikles, Killawats, Cookkoooos ■, Shallidah. Luck'carso. Haniiak.illal. .1/' '/■.■-•' ',s l!>'iit.. II. 371. Naeli:;i, 'on a river on the sea-coas;, .3.) miles S. cv ClatMi', J'oint,' and the folic I'viui,' tribes iiroceedin;,' sonthwanl Nikaas, K'.wai, N'eselitch.'l'ac 'ii'n, Alc.va, Sayon.stla. Kiliwatsal, Ivamis. (iodaii.'voii ( I), Stotoiiia, at the month of Cdnuin rivei-. I''r(iii:hi/isi', in L^nd. ili:nii, >i,i\ ,'i/nr., vol. xi.. pp. ■i."i.")-ii. 'I'lir /r;,'/(n/e«//..s- dwell alonf.; the coast Honthward from the month ot the Colu'.iiliia. ' Xcar the month ot the Colnmliia.' I'C). 'In a vjilloy ni tho same nnnin. Tlmy nrc divided iiitn six tribes; tho Sconta, Chalnla, I'idakiilm, (iniittaiiiya, and Cbnstii.' J'lin'.tr's h^xjilnr. Tow; p. '2(J'2. Uniljaquas. /. 202. ' Unipqnas (U tiibus) Kiir la rivii'rt! de ce nom, et do la riviere anx Vaelics.' l/ij/'ms, Krjilar., toni. ii., [1. :!ll'». 'Tlie I'ndvwa inhabit the ujiper jiart . 2:^1, map, J). I!t7. Sipselaw, 'on the banks of Jie Sinselaw river.' llnrn i/, in Iml. Aff. liejil., 18013, p. H(t. Sayousla, 'near the mouth of Snyoushi bay.' lUnn/.n, in 1(1., 1Si'p2, ]). 2'.lO. Saliutla, ' at the nioiith of tin,' Umbacjua river." J'ur/ai'ti Exjilor. Tiiiir, p. 2(12. Tho Kathiwotsetts iui^lude the Siuslaw and Alsea bauds on Siuslaw liiver; the Scottsburf,', Lower ("mpijua, and Kowes TJay bands on I'mjuiua liivi r. ./>/•(•((■, in lull. Aff. lliiiL, 1S.".7, p. liolt. Kiliw.'itshat, 'at the mouth of tho ITmiKpia.' Il'ih'-i /•.'//, I" «;., in /'. .'^'. h'.r. />., vol. vi., ji. 221. Till' Alsiiis, or .Ms.yas, live on Alsea Bay. /i/ooA.s-, in ind. Aff. Ixcpl., 1H(;2, p. 2".)',); linn-' I/, in A/., 180:!, p. 80. (^loereleatan, 'at the forks of tho Cor and Port Orfoid. Nasoniah. 'nearthv mouth of the Cixpiille liiver.' J'ftrrlf'li, in //*(/. .1/^ Ji'l't-, 18.")4. J.. 287. Willamette Valley Niitions: 'The nations who inhabit this fertile iieif,'ii- bc)Urhood are very uuiuerius. The Wappatoo inlet extends three hund- red yards wide, foi' ten or twelve miles to th(^ south, as far as the hills near •which it receives tlie waters of a small creek, whose s Clackstar natio:i, a uunienius pt (iple of twelve hundred souls, who subsist on tish and wappatoo, and who tradi' by nieaus of the Killamuck river, with the nation of that namt- on the sea-coast, Lower down the inlet, towards iIk; Columbia, is the tribe I alli il Cuthlacniiiiip. On the sluice which connects the inlet with the Multnomah, aic the trilies Cathlanahi|niidi and Cathlacomatup; and on Wap- patoo island, the tribes of ( la'iuidniiiuahinn and Clahiiacpiah. Iinin<(li- alelv (pp|iosite. Hear the Towahmdiioolts, are tlie (^)uathlapolli s, and hiLsla r up, nil the side of the Ccilumbia, the Sliotos. All tliesi' tribes, ,is well as the Calhlahaws, who live somewhat lower on the rivt r, and 1 ave an (Id vil- laj,'e (III 1)( ( r island, iii.iy be considered as parts of the greai. INIiiitiioiiaili nation, wlii. h has its iniiicipal residence on Wappatoo island, near the nidiitli of the larj^e river to which they ^ive their iianu' Forty miles above its jiu tion with the Columbia, it receives the waters of the (,'lackamos, a riv^ r which may be traced throu^'h a woody and fertil(> country to its sources in Mount Jetlcrsou, almost to the foot of which it is navigable for cauocs. A nation NATIVES OF THE "WILLAMETTE VALLEY. :509 li\Ilnl- uUs 111 :ir far fitiiii liiiitiiiii. ii of tliat [ill, is lliii with tli<' (111 Wiip- liiniutli- l.l hii^l'.i r Will lis 1 (hi vil- li, tllolUilll ic uKinih its jiii"- I which u Miiuiit A uiUiiiu (if till' sii'Tio iiiinio resides in eleven villiiL;es aloiif,' its l.cirders: tlieylivc cliiclly (III tish iiud nidts, wliicli alioniid in the Claelianins and alnii^ its hanks, thdiiyh they sdiiietinies descend tci the Coliiniliia to ),'athel' wajipatdn, where thevcan- imt he ( listini^nished by dri ss or nmnners, or lanL;nat,'e, from the t rihr-, of Multiioniahs. Two days' journey frnni the ('olnnd)ia, or ahout t\v( nty iinh s hrvolid the entrance of the Clackainos. are the falls of the .Mnltiioiuidi. .\t this I'lace are the iierniancnt residences of the ('nshool;s and Cliaheowahs, two trilies who are attracted to that jilace hy the tish. and hy the eonvciiii hch of trading' across the mountains and down Killaniuek river, with the nation of Kiihi'.iiucks, from whom they jirocure train oil. Tlusc falls were occa- sioned liy the jiassa;j;e of ii hi^'h rani,'i' of moiintains; lieyond which the country stretches into a vast h vel jilain, wholly destitute of tinihei. .\s far as the Indians, with whom W(t conversed, had ever ]h iietrated that country, il was in wjidse villa; liatiiteil liv il nation called Calal Hioewah, a V( ry numerous ]« ople, /es. IK arly fnrty in nunilM r, are scatlered aloii;,' each side of thi 's /.'./-/., p. :i(i.s. The t'lonj^'hewallhah are ' ii little hclow the falls.' I'arkcr's E^-plor. Tour, 177. The Kitlawcwalhi live 'at the falls of the ^Vallamat.' Frnmhdisi , in Lond. \'i ,/., vol. xi., p. 'iiVi. riie Leeslitehjsh occupy the 'headwaters of the Multnomah.' lltub at uiiiier ( nd of the island ii ('iijiHrili/, p. 7:5. The Multnoniahs for Jlathlanohs) dw llie miuitli of the Wallauniut.' Mnrsi'ti Ji'i/il., ji. 'MM. The Nemahpiinnir lands are 'N'.Fi. side of the NN'.dlaunmt river, ;J miles iihove its mouth.' .)/(ii'S''s li^ pi., p. :i70. The Newaskees extend eastward of tin headwaters of the ^lultnomah, on a lariie lake. Ilnnhr's Cuiilirili/^ p. 7li. The Vauikallies dwell ' towards the sources of the Wallamut Kivi r.' Sroti- /' <'. in IjiihiI. (ifMij. Sue. ./(>((/'., vol. xi.. \i 'l-i>. 'llie )'(l}iljiiHiiitis live in the n]i]ier Will.-imette Valli y. ('alli]>ooya, il. v.. p. 4'.fJ. vol. iii.. p. 2iil. I'lyi, 'aliove the falls.' Hull's Klliiimi., in T. .*<'. E.^'. I'.w. vol. \i., ]) 1 illawiiohveaa.i. Willamette tiilies sixti ( 11 in niimln r. /,' 'Wi hinii tte N'allcv. Svli'^iili-ni'Ts A,: I,. r.ir lh>,.h i., p. 1' e\ < 'U tiilns. I,''i.ss' Ailrni., p)i tlilli II, Ivdapoo- > Us, •on the shoii • i||. (>ri';-;on.' Mnrlmt's ''ooiei, p. •Ji:(. ■ Willamat 310 TRIBAL BOUNDARIES. riiiins.' Smnln; in T.nnd. Geori. Sdc. Jmir., vol. xi., p. 225. KulMiinvfiH, 'al)<)Vt) tho fulls of the CVjliunbiii.' Donivin'rh's Jksirh, vol. ii., p. Ii<>. '•")() iiiiU'S from tin- mouth of tin' NViiUiinniut, W, siilo.' Morse's llijil., p. 'M\H. Villi! Puyas, Valley of tlu; Willamt'ttL'. Wctm and Varasvnr, in Martin's llml. «.,'p. HI. Tlio Clnrkinitns air on the ' riackama Rivor.' Srhonlrrnft's An-li., vol. v., p. 'llt'2. 'Claktiiias ct Kaoulis, sur If Oiiallamct (t la livii'rc Kamilis.' Moj'nts, Exiihir., torn, li., ji. .'!:!."). 'Valley of the riakaniiis and the ^\'iHa- niiila Falls.' Il'/;';v' uml VnrasfKr, in Mitrlin's Ilnil. 11., p. 81. Klachanias, * thri'o mill's below the falls.' Iflins' l')^., p. 141. Clackamis. Pnliurr's .Imtr., }). HI. Clarkami'i's. Marsr's llrpt., p. 372. C'laekamus. Lfn-'ts and I'htrli' s .1/"/.. The MiUalrs are found in ' Willamcttee Valley.' Srhnolrra/t's An-li., vol. v.. p. 4'.)'2. ' At the mouth of the AVallimet, aiiil the Wapatoo Islands. Tinl,-- cr's Orfl'/di), J). 71. ' Upon the west side of the Willumottu and opposite Oie- ^"in City.' ]\tb)ur's Jmir., i>. 84. mi Thk Suushwap Famii.v comprises all the inland tribes of British Cu- Inndiia, south of lat. r>2 'Ml'. The Aliiiilis, Strant,'ers, Xiecoutamuch, or Shushwaps proper, inhabit the! Tracer and Thompsim valleys. ' At Spuz/ui habits d li ini'Uai'e is tonne id. Th a raee very difl'erent both in th• '".'/•I I'l'- '"'"^l- ' l he Atnali, or Chin Indian cianitry extends almut olio hundred miles,' from Fort Alexander. I'n.v's .I'/rm., vol. ii., p. ;1('>1. Shoo- shew.ips inhabit the region of the north bend of the Columbia, in.")- . At- iialis, in the region of the Fraser and Thompson riv(r^ Mn ail's l.'itv II p. li ; // rhir, ill I'dllis' r's L.fj'. (.Uiialis of ^lackelizii ilpy tie ink if Thoi Till Shi \\ha[iiiiil( li li oiupsou s 111 idong Frazer's liiver fuim lln Kapid village, t\\' iily inilt;^ In imv Ah.\iauh THE SIICSIIWAl' r.VMII.Y. 811 to thn confliionrc nf tlipso t>v(> stvciiins. Tliciicc tn iicir tlu' f;'.lls tlir tribo liciirs the iiiimc of Nicutcmiirh.' Amli in y/is/. M'lj., vol, vii., i>.7i 'I'lic Stt;v Llimiili, iiiitivcs of AiuliTsoii Liikr, spiiik ii dialect of tlic Slic- 8\va[i liiii;,'uaL;> Vol. ii., i». Ii2. Tho Li ([111 SUiiwliouiish, ill tlir saiiiii vifiuity. MK'ij, in IS. ' '. P'/jicrs, It liiiliiuis liavc tlicir lnnnr in the wintcf on Lake .\nili rsnn, ^t in .liivis 111 tlic sinTDundin'' di.strii-t, win iici' tluv dcsiTiul to thr i|is dwiU alxiiit one hnndi'cd and tifty miles nmtli-west of Inlet in the summer.' M'tijii: '.s Ii. ('., \i The Ka Okana;^an. ''im''.s Adnu., Vol. ii., p. VA'k The Clnnsiis arc east of I'raser Itiver, lutwein Yule and latitude 50 ; Skowtous, nn the fiftieth ]iaral!el south of Lake Kaiidoojis and west of Lako 01 lianu^an; Sockatclieeinuu, eas; st oi Fraser aiul north of oi'. Ui iTs Miijt jf I'' Sin I 'I'iie K'inti iKi'm livi' in the s]iace Ixumded liy the ("olumliia Itiver >I onntains, and I'larkc Kivt The Kituiiah.i, Coutanies, or I'iatl Koek, w.inde in the ru;.,"4ed and mountainous tract enclosed lietween the two northei-n fork.s if the Columl) The Flat l)o\v Kiver and L dso lielmi'' toll lem. link's Elh ilirl. ,iu r.s.j-y.K ,1. vv .(M niap, \) •21)7 ' Inhaliit Ihecountrv cxtcndin}' aloui' tlio foot of the lio ountains, north of the I'lalheads, for verv consid 'raldc distan id are about c(iuiilly in Amerii an aiul in Usit- i.sh territory.' il'thh.-^, in }'(('•. Ii. U. Ilipt., vol. i., p. 110. Kooti Gillivr Ih, !. I!., 1 tonic n s liivi the Flat 15ow Luke, etc' \\'t of Fort Colville.' >>iiiipsnn's Uv rlninl Jmini., vol. i., ji. ]: •l!e. t\v< the liocky Mountains, the Fpiier t olundua and its tributary the Kil- Ir usiiciiu or rend'orei!lc, and wati red by an intermediate str dl. d th. Kootanais liiver is an ani^ular piece ( f country peoph d by a small, isolated triiie bearin'4 the same name as the last-mentioned rivi r, on ihe banks of V hich they principally Ii .1/r- I/" 's J!. <\, p. '-1)7. Thu lands of the C'ot- tdUois .l./r.„ •li( (liately nortliof those of the Flatheads.' Irrin-i's Jli nil's p. 7t'. Ivutanao, Ki'itani, Kiiunaha. Kutucha, Coutaiiiis, Flath ' near the sources of the Marv llivi st of the liockv Mounta /.. Ah. Ludj., p.'J8. 'Inhabit a seilion of country to thf nortliof the Fonder "''■"t.l. M, iiloii;4 iFdillivray's river.' I'lirli rVrcs-llats, Fr.'^sdufort et dii lac d i:. e cc nom. 7' l/e 1' voutaiiii s oil In tile Kootauie \'allev.' /.' •,/■, ■IIS. A.',!'/)'!//-., tijiii. ii.. [ . ;;;!."). \'it.. \A. ii., p. 17^<. Kootniiays, south of the Shushwa ruUi !■:.>■ nl' I' ■u. ■ i.reat lomii itiidi valle if tl Kootanic river, lln-lur, in // p. -r Tob; riains form tl w le colllltlV (if the Ivootanii UhlkU';,, in /./. 'About the nnrll II 111 lil.iiu In s if the Columbia.' (irnnhiiir's Hist. Ojn., p. OH. Kootanais, 'an^le bituitii the Saeliss lands id the eastern lie.ids of the Columb' .l)|.A in IHst. .1/. '/.. Vo p. 7'.(. Abiiiit the river of tlu' same name, betweiu il.e((. luuilii: Sinatcln-jj d 1! iv Mountain ll/'s (J ,11 Tl 'i'l 111 the upper h ie iMiuteiiais Were iieiliaps tin iw Lake, /e Tusliepaw , p. 1 1: //r(e^/ A b 111! il. ii , p. lUd, if L d (lark Tiie l-llsh 'i jiiiir.' are I numerous people of four huiiilred and lil'ly t( nts, residiu'' on the luads of the ilissouri and ('olumljiii rivers, and some of ; ; Hi • '■i'l 1, 812 TKir.AL JiOL'NDAllIi:S. thf'in Ii)\v-r <1 >wn th" latt.r river.' f/n-i^ uml Clnrl.T'^ Tfir., \). !IJ1, mid jiiii;.; l!ii"rhirl,'.s ",»., p. V.il. 'On u N. fnik of ('Iiirki;"s liivcr.' Mdrxin 7i''7>'.. 11. IfTJ. Ootlaslioots, 'Micksiiclis, iltoii i rcn.I d'On illi ,V), IldliiliioH ( Fiiitlii .iiU? I, liriiiiilns iif tliu 'riislii|iii\vs. /'/., mill Li'n-ia inci Clarhi's Mnji. The 'rilship.iw uatiiiii iiii.;!it as cditi rtly 1m' iiiclililcd ill the Salisli family or (>:iiittc I alfiiLii-tln'r. .Vccoriliii;^ to ',;'//,,s, iu l' moic nearly conueetc d with tho SehAd;;el|,i than with tin/ ones first named.' Xi r. /is, in Iml. .UJ. Uiid., Ib.Jl, p. 2:17. and in /"'('■. /•'. /.'. /.'i/<7n, p.-i'J. ' I'ri-sdu fort de ee nom.' Mofnts, Ki'iilnr. toni. ii., p. U;i.">. ' Oil the Oiiaiiai^'an and I'iseour Itivers.' Warre iiiul \'(trits'■ Siik t, I'l'//., J). 51. Junction of the Ukan- ie.;aii and Columbia. I'drl.rr's Maji. ' Upper part of Fnvser's Kivirand its tributarii s.' .^i-aiiji r, iu Lmnl. H'oij, Sec. Jaiir., vol. xi., p. 2'25. I'lincijial family called Coucouulps about II miles up stri am of the same name, //"xs" ..li/i' «.. pp. '->i.l-'JiK The Simill^ameeii live on S. river, and 'area poitimi tif the Uivaiue^'aii tribe.' I'tdimr, in Ii. ' "l. I'ltin rs, voL iii., p. h"). The Okaii- le^ans, called Catsaiiini by Lewis and Clarke, (iilih.i, in J'(t<:, Ii. It. It' pi., vol. i.. p. 1 17. Cutsahnini, on the Columbia aliove the SokiUks, and on tlu' north- ern liraliehes of the Taptul. MmSi's Uipt., p. ;i7"2. Thk Salish F.\mily includes nil the inland tribes between 49 and -17 . The ^ali--ll. Saalis, St lish, or Flathi ads, 'inhabit the country about the uji- ])i r ]i:iit of the Columliia and its tributary streams, the Flatlu ad, Sjiokaii, and il,iaua:,'au llivers. The name includes several iudi pt luU nt tribts or biiuils, of which till' most important are the Salish proper, the KulU sj t Im, the Soayalpi, the Tsakaitsitlin, and the Okiniikaii.' IIiih''.'i EUimni.. in I . >. K,r. A,',!'.. Vol. vi.. !>. 'h-C). 'The Saeliss or Shewhapmueh race, whose limi'.s may be detiiied by the Kocky Jlountains eastward; on the west the line of Fra/.er's riVer from below Alexaudria to Keipieluose, near the i alls, in abiui THE SALISII FAMILY. nir} lul 17 . |llic \\[<- poliiiU, I'ilx s <■!• 1 s) clu], In r. >. |i' liuiii- lilH ■1 111 ulx'Ul liitituilt' 40 ."n"; iiovtliwiinl liy tlio rnrviir nffHct of tho riKpiiowyniis; (iml SMiilli liv till' Saliupliiis (If N'cz I'lTci's of ()if^,'on.' An'lirsnn, in llisl. Mn'i., V"\. vii., [1. 71!. • I'rniii 'riioiiijison's l!iv( r iik.ilis, Skuic Ijmi (of Colvillti. I'l liiTo- rcilUs, 1111(1 Coi'iirs d'Alfiucs occupy the country us far as llie I'lalhcail Passes of llic Iiocky JFountains. wlicrc tlic Sai liis or Flalluads fcim tlm eastern ji'iitioii of llie race' l/'(//(c '.s li, ('., pp. 2'.M>-7. 'Alioiil the northern lil'anehes of the CiillUliliia.' Iir> iiddnr's llt^l. Oi/n., ii, llll; l)niiii n' rli' .•. I)isn'ls, vol. n . p Trilies nientu)ne(l in l.i III-. l> ilCliirl.r's 7 nil-., ami map: ])a\v I Kootenai 1, lIo|iilpo ( Fhitliead l. MicksncksealtoMl 1 l'( till do W'hei Ipo, I ( Imalpays ), Siiilisto and Skctsoinish ( S])okani s . IL Tnshe- reilies), liiulieiumnio (S.ins I'oilst, iiccordinj,' to '/ ■',/,,- I'llr. U. I!. Li III.. Mil. Ill See Mufsi's /e/|^, p. '.\~2; lliiiiiniirli's llisnls. Mil. ii., p. .",."». ' III twei n the two (;reat lir.anches of the Colninliia and tlie Itia'ky Mountains are only livo tlv trilie^: tile Kootanais and Silish. or I'lalliiads, at the foot n( th iiiMiuitains, and the I'ointed Hearts. Tend d'()rei!les, and S down.' 1,'iis.-.' i'lir //■//. /r/s, vol, ii., p, P.M). 'I»i\iiled into si viral tiilns, tin most important of wliirh are the Selislies, the Knlles| elms, the Snayalpis ii.. pp. .").") II the 'rsa'iail.-itlins, and the Okinakai r7('.S III SI r/s, Vol. 'The I'/'illiiiiils. or Siilish proper, reside on the river, valhy. and l.ike of the s.inie name. 'Inhaliit St. Mary's or the Flathead Valhy and the ni i;^li- lioihood of the lake of the .same niiuie.' .'^tinns, iu /''/''. //. /,'. /.''///., vol. i., p. II."), and in Iml. AiJ'. ]lij)t., 1851, p. 21)7. ' Occiipyinj,' the valhys In i ween the liitter Koot and Uiu'kv mounta 7'/c IHIISIIII. Ill lull. Air. Unil., l.S.Vl, p. -Jsj. 'S aith of the Flathead Valley on the liitter Koot.' Sulli/. in /-/., IsTil. p. i'.U. St. .'.lary's Itiver. Srh,,i,lrnifrs An'li., vol. v., p. !'.( ). 'Fast 1 south-east (of the Coeurs d'Al-ne i and extends to the Hock v Moiinlains I'lirbr's !■:. fpiiir, hiiir, p 311, and imi]). I>i .^nul, .I//.*, i/i /"/• S.ialis on faux Tctes-I'lates. Slir la livii're de ee liolil an liii '/"". p. ' .1 d. s .M, II. ta^'lles ItoeheUSeS. Mo/nis, lu'/ilnr., t oni. 11., p ;{;."). ' Aioii- iiie fi.ui (,f the nioiintains.' Itus.i' Ailrm., p. 2V.i. 'In New C'liledonia. W . of llii- Itucl.y Miiiiitains.' .}firsi's U [il., p. 1171. IJitter Hoot vail.,,', llnhliins. in Iml. Alt', /cyi/., psi;;), p. l."),"i, i.sil.'), p. 210; .V('v//io/".s' j., 1.S2I, toin. xii., p. l:!. The I'idI irorc'illi'^ occupy (he vicinity of the lake of the same name. ' ()ii the Flathead or (,'larke liiver.' W'urri anl \'(iritsi;nr,iu Miiriin's llml. II.. |). 1 'At ('lar'.c's Fork.' .^rh.H.lrrujTs .{rrli., vol. v., p. I'.MI. Lower I'eml d '()- reilies, ' in the vicinity of the St. lL;ii:itius Mis>ii)ii.' I'lii i<-, in ///'/. -1.//'. lo jil., \'>\\'), p. ;)S. • The Kalispilnis or I'l u.l d( iri illes of the Lower Lake, inhahit the ciiuuti'v north of the Coeur d'.Vli ni s and around the K illspeliii lake '"■'(/as, in /',(.•. 11. Ii, llifil., vol. i., p. ll.'i. ralisjiels. or Calispi Hum. •on I'linl's I'rairie iit the head of Colville Valley, and on both sidi s of tiie I'eiid d'l )r. ill' lti\er, from its nuaitli to the Idaho line, hut principally at lie ( ainan 1' II mil 11.1, 111 Iml. Atr. Unit. iNili. \\\i. -l-l. 2.), 1112. Situated tu )h st of Fort Colville, adjoining the Kootonais ou their eastern holder, .^inq)' -.•iu ^>. •^- W. W v^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V /. :a J I/. /KL 1.0 «^' 1^ III 2.2 •• |36 '""^ I.I ill 18 1.25 1 1.4 1 5||||| ^ 6" V] § n m

    . % /a 7 >^ Photographic Sciences Corporation '^^ \ N? \\ ^. C> 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 "O"^ ^ ^ ^ v.:V -t" ... ^^ ^^ is. € lA 814 TRIBAL BOrXDARIES. ft'Di's Overland Jnurii., vnl. i., p. Hrt. ' rrnd'oroillos on Kfllfspcm. An- y the eon st lit nf thi' Sc- lisli, oceiipy jointly with theiii the country of the hitter, liihlis, in /''/'■. //. 11. Iti'iil., vol. '.., p. •tl'i. KiilliiH-ritluH, 'on the Fliithead or Clarke liiver.' II (1 'nrre awl \'. ;lv the Micksiicksealtoni of Lewis and Clarke, (i'thhs, in I'm-. It. 11 Jlv/.t., vol. i., J). 417. Trilies baptized by De Smet: Thlishatlvmnche, Stietshoi, ZiiiLjomenes, Shaistche, Shnyelpi, Tschilsulomi, Siur Toils, Tinabsoti, Yinkaceons, Yej- ak-onn, all of same stock. Tribes mentioned by Morse as living in the vicinity of Clarke River: Coopspellar, Lahama, Lartielo, Ilihij^heiiimmo, Wheelpo, Skeetsomish. ll'iil., p. ;!72. The f'iiruvx iVAlciie 'live about the lake which takes its ii me from thcni.' Iftilc's FJliiioii; in U. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., j). '2()!i. East of he Spolvam s, at headwaters of the Sp(d{ane l{iver. Vm-hir'n K.rjihir. Tour, p. 310, and map. 'The Skitswish or Coenr dWlenes, live upon the ujiptr jmrt of the ('ot A. i., p. 4i.- Tl leir mission is c >ii th ten miles above the lake and thirty miles from the mountains. Siinnx. in Jiiil. .Uf. II' lit., 1)S."H, p. -21(1. Stietshoi, or Coeur d'.Aleiies on the river, and about the liii I'. Srli(ii>lrrii/t's Arrh., vol. iii.. j>. 'iOd, map, vol. v., p. V.O. I'oiiited Hearts, ' shores of a lake about fifty miles to the eastward of S]io- kan House.' Co.r'.s' .\ilirn., vol. ii., p. 1")((; .Mriildi/'n thm. Tir.. p. 143: I>p Stwt, Ml.1.1. il t'Ori'ijiiu, p. 31. 'St. Joseph's river.' MkIIhh's It'ijit., p. 4!'. The I'ulrilivs include the tribes about Kettle Falls, and the banks of the Columbia uj) to the .\rrow Lakes. 'Colville valley and that of the Colum- bia river from Kettle Falls to a jioint thirty niilt's below.' I'ni le. in Iml. Aff. liifit., \Hi\'i, i>. !)M. 'The Colvilles, whose tribal name is Swielpree. are lo- cated in the Colville Valhy. on the Kettle River, and on both sides f)f tho Columbia River, from Kettle Falls down to the mouth of the Spokane.' iri/"//(.s, in lih, 1870, p. 22. Colvilles and Spokanes, 'near Fort Colville.' ir, d v in Mitrthi's llwl. Ii., p. 82 The Lakes, ' whose tribal name is Senijextee, ar<> located on both sides of the Columbia River, from Kettle Falls novth to British Columbia ir in //"/. Aff. tt'i'l., 1K7(», p. 22. 'So named from tin ir place of nsidt m e, which is about the .Vrrow Lakes.' I'urh'r'x E.fpUir. T'nir, p. .'!12. 'Lis saii- va};es des Lacs . . .resident sur le Lac-aux-tleches.' l)f .^nnt. l'"//., \i. 'A). The Chaudicrcs, or Kettle Falls, reside 'about Colville.' I'lirhr's /•,>- phir. Tiiur, p. 3l:(. The village of Les Chaudicres 'is situated on the north bide just below the fall.' I'n.v's Ailrcn., vol. i., p. ;t5H. Chaudi.'res ' live south of the Lake Lldialis." Ih' Sniii, I'ny., p. ."lO. 'Fort Colville is the rimipal ground of the Schwoyi'liii or Kettle Falls tribe.' liihiix. in /'l., 1H.")4, pp. 2J), 2li(i; and liihlis, in /''('•. //. It. Itfjii., vol. i., ]>p. 414 15. 'This tribe claim as their tirritory the country c. IH, 4;». • Principally on the plains.' [.unl's .\iit., vol. ii., p. 157. 'North-east of the Palooses are th(> Spokein n.itinn.' Viiil,- er's E,riiliii, l)('t\v('<'!i tin- Siiokiin mul Oakiiia^'aii rivers." Tui-'s Alrcii., vol. ii., p, 145. Hi'lii^'lu'iiiiJinio of Lewis aiil., vf.l. i., p. 417. The /'i.sY//c ff.sp inlmltit the west bunk of the ('olunibia betwefn thn Okaii- a:^'an anil Triest I{a|iii1s. riskvvav I'iscons; 'nanif ivroptrly licldU'^s to till' triln' who live on the small river which falls into the Coliinihia on tire west side, ahout forty miles helow Fort Okana^^an. IJut it is lure extemlen to all the trilies as f.ir down as Priest's llai.ids.' Tiie niap extends their ter- ritory across the ("oliinihia. Hull's Elliiinii.. in I'. S. E.e. K.e., vol. vi., p. I'lli, and map, ]>. I'.lT. l*isl., is.'.l. ]). •i:i;; and Hi'ilis, in J'ur. I!. /.'. /•'"/»/.. vol. i.. p. 4l'i. ' I'iscnuiis. S;i ■hi I jictite rivicro dt; ce nom a I'Oiiest de la ('olond)ie.' Mn/nis, l-Jxii tom. ii., ]). 'Xi'>. The Sk.'imoynumacks live on the banks of the Colnmliia, at'Piiest llapids, near tlu^ mouth of the I'matilla. 'I'hirty miles distant up the river are the Kewanjilitohenemaehs. Huss' Ailnn., pp. 134, l:i7. 'The Mithouies are located on the wi'st side of the Columbia Kiver. from the mcuth of the Okana^'an down to tlie Wonatchee, and includes the country drained by the Mithouie, Lake Chelan, and Enteeatook IJivers.' U'uKttix. in liul. Aff. llipl., 1«70, p. 2;J. 'Till' Isle . Hale's map, in /'. .s'. A'.r. /•.'.(•., vol. vi., p. 11*7, divides the territory amoii'.,' the Nez Perci's, Walla-Wallas, Waiila])tu, and Molele. ' The Indians in thisdistiict i of the l)alles; are 1)ol; It^vrr, \\ as- eos, Tyicks, Des Chutes, .lolin l>ay, I'tilla, Cayuses, Walla-Waha, Xiz Perees, Muuutaiu Snakes and Uannacks.' JJcHnisnn, in Jml. A^fi'. Itijil., ItS.j'.t, p. -l;jj. ii RAIIAPTIX FAMILY. 317 Only iiiiiily Jilll.H )f the Siiiiku kc s (III itllflU colll- is; tilt; ailil) r, ii;i^'aii, ihr. ill lol. vi., iil:il)fn, Wus- ['(■rci's, II. 435. 'Til'' (lifforrnt tri1)oa nttaolii'il ti> Fort Ntz Pcn-t's, imd whf> fomn riy wont bj th.'it ni<{iiiim('ii, iirethii ShitiiKioiimn^h, Skanitiiiininaii^'li, K'ynckiniah, Ih( jpt-- wlniiiiiiii^')i. and Inaspi'tsiini. These tribes iiiliahit tlic main nnrtli branch abcivc tile Forks. On the south braiieli are the I'aMetto Faliiis, Slm\vliaa|iteti -ti. Calhlakaliikits, at the riij-ids of Cohinibiii river. N. side; Cliippaiii'liickehieks, ' X. side of (.'olunibia river, in the lonj; narrows, u lit- tle below the falls.' Hellwits, 'at the falls of i.'(iluiiibi.i river;' Ithkyenia- iiiits, 'on <'()lniiibia river, N. side near t.'liippaui'hickehii-ks;' Yehah, "abovo the rapids.' Morse's lli/tt., pp. :i(i.S-70. The Xrz Perri'n ' jiossess the country on each side of thf Lewis or Snake lliver. from the Peloosetothe Waptieacoes, about a hundred mili s— to^'ether with the tributary .streams, extendin;,'. on the east, to the foot of the Uocky Mountains,' Ilik'ti Kthivii., in l'. S. Kx. /■,>., vol. vi., p. '212; Srhiiulirii/t'H Ar'h.. vol. iv,, p. r».")l. ' On both sides of the Kooskooskia and imi-th fork of Snake river.' s, in Pur. 11. It. Hrfit., vol. i., p. 4 Hi; and Sli nu.-i, in IikI. AjJ. Hi lit., 1H.")4, ]). '217. 'A few bauds of the \e/ Perc s Indians occupy the Saliiiiiii river and th(^ Clearwater.' Tlinmiison. in /(/.,p.2H2. ' The Ni/ Perces country is bounded west by the Palouse river and the Tucaniioii; on tho iiuiih by the rani^e of niountains between Clear Watir ami the Coeur d'.V- leiie; east by the Hitter Koot nioiiiitaiiis; on the south they are boundid near the line dividing; the two Territories.' >'nthj, in /(/., IH.'iT, p. 'X>.\. Tliu HuH'alo. a tribe of the Nez Pt.'i'ces, winter in the Bitter lioot Yalley. (tinn, iu A/., ]H.")1>, p. 421. ' rpp(>r waters and mountainous parts of the Columbia.' I'dtlin's \. Am. Iml., vol. ii., p. 1I),S. ' Country lyinj,' alon^; L wis river and its tributaries from tho eastern base of the 151ue Mo"'iii and the Snuke.' ., vi'l. vi., p. 213. I'pon the Pehxtse Uiver. ' En- trHiifo of Great Simke River and KurrotindinK oountry.' Tulmie, in Lord's .Y'/^, vol. ii., pp. l(»r», 'il'*. ' Properly a part of the Nez Perees. Their resi- tlrtiee is alon^' the Xez Peree river an<• Sunt, I'"//., jt. lU. Selloat- l)allah, north of the Snake, near its eontlnenee with the Columbia. /,»■('•;.* Kinl ('l(irl,r's M'lp. Same as the Sewatpalla. si/'!< lirnm., p. vii. 'A nund)er<.f 1>ands living,' tisually on tlu^ south side of the Columbia, and on the Snako river to a littl ist of the I'eluse." <,;W/.s, in J'xr. ]t. It. Itijit., vol. i., p. 4(12. 'Are on a small str(>am wliieh falls into the Columbia near Fort Xez-perees.' Jl ilf'x Htliiioii., in r. .S. A'.f. /,',r., vid. vi., p. 213. 'lidiabit the country about the river of the same nam<>, and ran^'e some distance below alonj,' the Co- I'.nnbia.' J'/irLrr'n Efiilnr. Timr, ]). :il(). ' I'pon the banks of the Colund>ia, below the mouth of the Lewis Fork an- found the Walla-wallas.' Ilnnfiiiirn Jnd. Ititci's, p. .").'J.J. ' Oualla-Ouallii. au-dessus dn fort des Xez I'erces." lA.- /■/vw, E,r]iii>r., tom. ii., p. 335, "ruder this tirm are end)raced a nuiidier of bands livinj^ usually on the soutii side of the Cohnnbia, and on the Snake river, to a little east of the Pelouse; as also the Klikatats and Yakainas, nortli of the former.' Sli-rnis, in //«/. Ajf. 11' pt., 1S5I, p. 223. 'On both sides of the Columbia river betw( en Snake river and Hudson Ray fort. Wal- la-Walla.' J>ninisi"»7, j). .'ITl. Walla Waljaiium. Tiiliiiii', in Lord's Aot., vol. ii., jip. 244 7. 'Les Walla-walla habitent. snr la rivi.'Te du menie nom, I'un des tributaires de la Colondae, »'t liin* pays K'etelid aiissi le hnv^ de ce tleuve.' J>c >'//»'■/, I'c//., J). 30. Wollaw Wollidi. South side of the Snake, at j\inction with the Columbia. L< iris ninl I'lnrkv's Mdj). Wollaolla and Wollawalla, 'on both sides of Col., as low as the Mus- eleshell rafiid, and in winter jiass over to the Tajitul river.' Mursf's It'jil., pp. 3 ;!)-70. 'Country south of the Columbia and about ihe river of that name.' liUilis, in /'i/)i(/(i.s//'s Unan., p. vii. Walawaltz nation about the junc- tion of the Snake and Columbia, On Walla Walle River, tinss' Jour., )>p, 2'.H H. 'On both banks of the Columbia, from the Rlue ^lountains to the Dalles.' I'(in)liiiiii'n V'/'/i'., p. l.'tl. Wallah Wallah. Cim-'s .b/i-oi.. vol. ii.. ji. 14-'. 'About the river of that name.' .Mrulm/'s (tjn. Tir.. ]ip. 143, l.")l. AVallawallahs, 'reside alon^' the lower jiart of the Walla Walla, the low bot- tom of the Umatilla and the Cobimbiii, from the mouth of Lewis River fcir one hundred miles south.' J'ulitn'r's Jour., pp. 08, 124. 'On the borders ipf THE CAYUSES AND WASCOS. 319 til.' ^Val^lh^vl\^ah nn. ;t.">. TIk' Sciiitit^'iis ami TonHfthipHs live on x'unof Kivir (Tiiknnoii ?), nnd the EiiotiiUii (Touclict ?), tlio Akiiitrliis ' sur 1(> liit,'-riv('r.' (('(iluiiiMa). Jlnnt, in Xiiiir llvs AiiiKths ill's I'k//., IS-Jl, toni, x., pji. 71-H. Tlic Scialni^as 'jhissi dc lo ]ia\>i lionir an siiil-rst ]mv la (iniuih-l'laiiic; uu nord, jiar \v Lv\\\s-ll]vir; ii I'diirst par la ('oliiiiil)ia; uu sml par rOualamat.' Iil., \H-2\, turn, xii., ]i. ■i2. Tlie (iii/iisc.-t extend fnini John Day IJiver eastward to (Irande lionde Valli.v. 'I'lii' (ayuKe, Cailloiix, Muiilatpu, 'cunntry south of the Saliaptiii and Wallawalla. Their head-ijuarters are on the upper part of WuUawalhi i: //.(/ '.s' iUhniiij., in V. S. Kv. Kr., vol. vi.. j). "Jil, map, p i: 'Iho eiiuiitrv hilouLtiuL,' to the Cavuse is to the south of and lietweeu the Xi z V md Walla-Wallas, extending,' from the l)'■ Sunt, I'",'/-- l'> •'•*• 1'"' Kayouse dw. It: !», and map. ' JJovi' thro^iijh the re),'ions of the Tjewis hralieh.' l!rmih<»r's //i.s/. Oju., p. IJI). ' Kayouses. I'n s dii t;raiul (1 'tun- de la Coloiuliie.' Mn/rim, ExjiUir., torn, ii., ji. ■V.i't. W aiilatpu. Molele, e.dlid also WiUetpoos, Cayiise, 'western Oregon, south of the Coluinhiii livi r.' I.iiihii-i', .1''. I.'iini., ]>. 1!''.'; liiilif, in I'kc. II. I!. Ilijit., vol. i., ji. -liT. ('a:i',':ias inhahit the eountrv hoideriiif.,' on Wallawalla river and its trih t.lVli Ihr I'dl mountains and drand ronnt ;<1 ,d.' 7'. I'P cou ntrv to the soutli of Walla Walla. Tnln \' :'.. V il ii.. i)p. 2lt "). The Skynses 'dwell alioiit the w.iters of tb ■ Way- I fUay and the adjacent country.' frrini's lUnininlh 's Ailnu., y. : NS. Till' Willewah 'reside on the Willewah river, whirh falls into the Lewis M.irsi's H'jil , p. ::(;'.!. in (if.inde i;..;,d.' Vall( 1 the S.W. side, lielow the fori /.• id CUirhi's Miiii; Oihl.s, in J'lif. Ii. ]!. 1,'ij'l.. vol. i. r I'lnatillas 'live near the jiinetioTi of the Tniatilla and Coluiidiia l.'inl's .\iil-, vol. ii., ]i. '.l7. I'liiatallow Jiivei- ,;i.d enniitry ( xti iidii:^' lie lie • Westward to Dalles. Tnliiiir, ill Id., ]i. •_'!.") c'liiatiy a'oii.; the river heariii^; that name.' ]>■ i'^'ii. p. :." I. The Iiill IS oeeii py tl in Ihil. Ai}'. l.n.t. h ■ WahiiWiium live 'on the X. liraiiidi of the ('(pliimliia. in dillVn nt hill I i fiiiiii the I'ishipiitpahs: a s low as the ri". i J. li- the ditlereiit hands I'f this nation winter on tlu' waters of Taptiil and i ataraet iiver> .lA. dill,! tl /,' ■'.. p. :)7il: /.rici'.s' (()((/ Chirh'a Mnji. On .hdin Day's Kiver. /,' /;. /r/p/., vol. i., p. 417. Tiie H'(s''''.s include all the trihes between the Cascade Itaiii'e and .luhn I lav Kiver, south of tho Colunihia. 'i'hey are known hv the name of Wa^fo Indians, and they call their country around the Dallas, Wasi'(p]pam. J 11' y claim the country extending from the cascaihs up to the falls of the 320 TRIBAL BOUNDARIES. Ci»lurn1)ia, tlio distanpc of nbout fifty miles.' Jfinfn' V'ly., p. IHO. 'The WiiHwtH occupy a Hiimll triict of country iioiir to and a<1jy *'"' terri- 'ory, on ljiir'i>i mxl (larh-'K Ma/r, Mursf's IU])(., p. 370. The Tchipantcliick- tchick, Cathl.issis, Ilttekaiiiiuiiiits, and Tchelouits about the Dalles. Slmirt, in S'niirillis AiiiiiiU's des Voy., 1821, torn, xii., p. '2C; (Jihbs, in I'm: Ji. Jl. i.V/j< , vol. i., p. 417. 'The residence of the Molele is (or was"! in the broken and wooded country about Mounts Hood and Vancouver.' llulv's El.hnoij., in ('. S. ]'.\\ K.r., vol. vi., J). 211. The Mollales have their home in the ^Villanlette Val- ley. Sfliiiiilcyii/t's Airh., vol. v., p. 4'J2, 'The Tuirtla, usually called Taigli, Vielong. . . .to the environs of the l)es- Chutes llivcr.' (liUhn, in Vniulosy'a O'min., i>. vii. 'The Des Chutes. .. .formerly occupied that section of cimntry between the Dalles and the Tyich river.' Di'iinixdn, in Jwl. Aff. Jli'iil., l.s:,7, p. 37:!. 'Thi' Tyichs .. .formerly occupied the Tyich valley and the country in its vicinity, which lies abnut 30 miles south of Fort Dalles.' Jh. ' Tli(^ John Day llivers occupy the country iu tho immediate vicinity of the river bearing; that name.' Ih. 'Tlie Do:^ llivcr, or Cascade Indians reside on a small stream i ailed Dog river, which empties into the Columbia river, about half way between the Cascades and Dalles.' LI., p. 371. Tho Cascades dwell 'on the river of that name.' .Mftilny's Oijii, Tcr., p. 143. The ruLiiii'is oceujiy the valley of the Yakima Kiver and its bnnichi s. 'The upper Yakimas occujjy the country upon the M'eiiass and main bianili of the Yakima, above the forks; the Lower upon the Yakima and its tribu- taries, below the forks and alon^ the Columbia from the mouth of the Yaki- ma to a puint three miles below the Dalles.' littbh, in //('/. Aff. Ili/it., 1S.">7, ' ]i. 3.10. Three bands, Wishhams, Clickahut, and Skien, nlonj,' the Co- lumbia. /'/., ]). 3')2. 'Tho I'shwauwappim bands, usually called Yakamas, iiili:diit the Yakama River.' di'-'s, in /'(//k/o.sv/'s lirtiin., p. vii. Lewis and Clarki"s Clianwai>pan, Shaltatt. ;, Stpiamaross, Skaddals, and Chinniahjium, on the Yakima River, (lihlisi, in Pitr. II. Ji. IhpL, vol. i., p. 417. The Yakimas ' are divided into two principal bands, each made up of a nund>er of villat,'es, and very closely connectt'd; one owning the country on the Nnhchess and Low- er Yakima, the other are upon the Weuass and main branch above the forks.' ]il., p. 407. Yaekamans, niU'thern banks of the Columbia and on the Yaek- amans river. Cn^-'it Atlviu., vol. ii., p. 143. On the Yakima. Ihilv's Etlimni.. U. S. J-Jj.'. A'.r., vol. vi., p. 213. ' South of the Lonj,' Rapids, to the eontlu- ence of Lewis' river with the Colun'.iii', are the Yookoomans.' J'lirl.cf's AV- plor. Tiiiir, J). 313. I'ishwanwapun' (YakiiiuO, in Yakimaw or Eyakenia Val- ley. Tiiliiii-, in J.onl'.-^ .\iih!<, 'on the MuscU'shill rnpids, anil on the N. side of the Coliiiuliiii, to the eoninienci'iiicut of the liigh eDiuitry; this nation winter on tlif wiitiTsof til'' Tajitul and Cataract rivers.' JAi/rvc's llrfil., ji. ;{"(>. Tile Solviilk-t dwell north of the eontliiencp of the Snake and C'ohunbia. //■ir/s (»))'/ (7((/-A>',s 7V((i'., p. U")!, and niai); Mursp's Hipt., it.'MW). At I'riest Uapids. t., vol. i., p. 417. Tiie KliLcldls live in thi! mountainous country north of the Cuscadi's, on ]in\h sidisof the Cascade llanvje, and south of the Yakinias. Klikatats ' in- }ial>it, ])roi)ei'ly, the valleys lyin^{ between Mounts St. Helens and .\ilanis, but they have spread over districts belon(,'ing to other tribes, and a band of them is now located as far south as the Umpipia.' liihhs, in I'uf. II. It. li'fil., vol. i., p. lit;!. ' Itoilroilpam is the Klikatat country, situated in the Cascade mountains north of the Cobunbia and west of the Yakanias.' li>r., toni. ii., p. Hit"). ' The Khketat, a scion from the Sahaptans, who now dwell near Mount Itainier and have advanced towards the falls of the Columbia.' Sronhr, in T.innl. (it mi. Son. .h)ur., vol. xi,, p. "22"). On Aciri.s ami Clarke's Mup the Kliketat territory is occui)ied by the Chanwajipan, Shallatos, Scjnamaros, Skaddals, Shahalas. Also in Morse's llejit., p. U72. Whnlwhypum, or Kliketat, 'in the vvoodiil and prairie country between Vancouver and the Dalles.' Tolni'w, in Lartl's ynt., vol. ii., p. 215. The Wcychhoo live on the north side of the Columbia, near Chusuttet* Uiver. (.Kliketat.) Gass' Jour., p. 2b8. Vol. I. 31 !; I I CHAPTER IV. CALIFOKXIAXS. GiiouPAii Divihioxh; NonTiiEnx, Ckntrai,, and SorxnKnx Califoknians, and SH(iSII(lNKH-C'((L'NTUV OV THK ( 'aLIKoKNIANS — ThK Ki-AMATHS, MdDOCS, SiiAHT.vs, I'lTT liivKH Inoiaxs, Ecuiks, Cahiioch, HoorAHs, AVkkyots, Toi.KWAS, and IICHJUK lllVKB INDIANS AND TIIKIK Ct'BToMS — TirK TkH \- srAs, PiiMos, TTkiahs, (Jualalah, Sdnomah, I'ktalumas, X vI-as, Siscdi.s, SUISI'NKS, TaMAI.KS, IvAliyCINKS, OhLOSES, Tri.OMdS, TllAMIKSS, Ol.- ciioNKs, lUrjisKSs, Esi;klenh, and otukks t'()riiltiiif<. and the SnHllicrn. CdiifoniKins. 'V\\q S/hix/ioho^, or fourth di- vision ol' this group, who spread out over south-eastern Oregon, southern Idaho, and the whole of Ni'vada and rtah, present more distinctly marked familv character- istics, and will therefore )»e treated as a familv. The same chain of mountains, which, as the Cascade Range, divides the land of the (\jlumhians. holds it'^ course steadily southward, and entering the territoix of (32-2) ^-f^w // : Sfafftff nir/r V /« .. n ,.-. ,/, Imn r.«-^^ h4' ?«M lA'Hjv/r/.. I L jiiw**'*.!! -? I tl rPiiii »'«/«» ,!.>, * M ! I Vnchl.'taA iilalmiKa "/ X'- 'A r BU14IS, ir<» /.. -; "*i. A'">- 1 • T^i*** ;> '-"' ^y^J >"|^i^'^"^ ^^^"^ j?'-=^* fAJH-c^;, ->«'k -'iT .V^^o t\ : l!ti*i/. i -' p-^ » i A. ^''^-^ of I lie PACIFIC 8TA.TES CALIFORNIAN CROUP S 1- a 1 f I f :i o I > n «j I » Jl' Sloliitr niilrx in mi mrti g> }-^«Un.in 5' AM',' ^•::nn-OT *V ''a'I m ui 130 iU lU HOME OF THE CALIFOnNIAXS. 838 tlio Californian group forms, under the namo of the Sierra Nevada, the partition l»et\veen tlie (^aliforniaiiH proper and the Slioshone.s of Jdaho and Nevada. The iniiuenco of thi.s range upon the climate is also here manifest, oidy iiitenser in degree than farther north. The lands of the Northern Californians are well watered and w(K)ded, those of the central division have an ahundance of water for six months in the year, namely, from November to May, and the soil is fertile, yielding a))undantly inider cultivatifjn. Hvcamore, oak. cotton-wood, willow, and white aider, fringe the banks of the rivers; laurel, l)uck- eye, mtuizanita, and innumerable lx?rry-l)earing bu-hes, clothe the lesser hills; thousands of acres are annually covered with wild oats; the moist bottoms yield heavy croj)s of grass; and in summer the valleys are gorgeous with wild-flowers of every hue. Before the blighting touch of the white man was laid ujx)n the land, the rivers swarmed with salmon and trout; deer, ante- lope, and mountain sheep roamed over the f(M)t-hills, bear and other carnivora occupied the forests, and numberless wild fowl covered the lakes. Decreasing in moistiu'e toward the tropics, the climate of the Southern Californians is warm and dry, while the Shoshones, a large part of whose territory falls in the Great Basin, are cursed with a yet greater dr^ ness. Tl le ei le region known as the (Ireat Basin, lying l)etween istern base of the Sierra Nevada aud the Wahsatch tl Ah)untains, and stretching north and south froui latitude 3o to 42 , presents a very different picture froui the land of the Californians. This district is triangular in shii[)e, tlui {i\K}x pointing toward the south, or southwest; fVoui this apex, which, round the head of the (iulf of Califbi • nia, is at tide level, the grouud gradually rises until, in central Nevada, it reaches an altitude of about five thou- sand feet, and this, with the exception of a few 1(«'mI de- l)ressions, is about the level of tbe whole or trihe. altoj^'ither dittirent in speech.' I'oinrs, in Onrl md M'inllih/. vol. viii., p. U'iH. - The nativi's 'when asked to what trihe they heloiiu'. ^ive the name of tlnir chief, which is niisunderstood hy the iutpiirer to he that of the trihe it- Helf.' Jiitrtldt's Xur., vol. ii., p. 30. 826 CALIFORNIAN.S. the spelling differs, the sound expressed in these instances is about the same. Less trouble is experienced in dis- tinguishing the tril)es of the northern division, which is conii)Osed of jwople who resemble their neighl)ors more than is the case in central (California, where the mean- ingless term ' Indians,' is almost universally applied in speaking of them.^ Another fruitful source of confusion is the indefinite nickname ' Digger' which is applied indiscriminately to all the tribes of northern and middle California, and to those of Nevada, Utah, and the southern part of Oregon. These tribes are popularly known as the Californiun Diggers, Washoe Diggers, Shoshone Diggers of Utah, etc., the signification of the term pointing to thedigging of roots, and in some parts, p)ssibly, to burrowing in the ground. The name is seemingly opprobrious, and is certaiid\ no more ap|)licable to this jKiople than to many others, liy tills territorial division I ho[K' to avoid, as far as }X)ssiblc, the two causes of bi'wildermont before alluded to; neither treating the inhabitants of an inunonse country as one tribe, nor attempting to ascribe distinct names and idio- osyncrasies to hundreds of small, insignificant bands, roaming over a comparatively narrow area of country and to all of which one description will apply. The Xortiieux Californians, the first tribal grouj), or division, of which 1 shall speak, might, not iinpro- l)erly, be called tlie Klamatit family, extending as they do from Kogue River on the north, to the Kel River ssouth, and from the Pacific Ocean to the Calilbrnian iKiundary east, and including the Up[x>r and Lower Kla- math and other lakes. The principal triljes o(3Ctipying 3 ' Every fifteen or twenty miles of country seems to have been ooenpicd by a number of snmll lod^^'es or septs, s|)t'iikini^ ii diflferent liin(,'ua^e or very divt'rt,'ent diideet.' Tai/lnr. in li(iiirn)/i's llmnl-lxtitk Ahtmiuic, ISOi, ji. '21». IJeephey counted eleven ditl'erent diide(?ts in the mission of San Cnrlos. Voi/ii'iv, vol. ii., p. 7:1. ' Almost ev('ry I") or '20 lenj^^ies, you tind a distinct dialcet; so different, that in no way does one resendde the other.' liosrinin, in Itofiiiisoii's l.itV ill ('(tl.. p. '21(1. ' From tlie San JcMKiuin northward to tlie Klamath there are some hundreds of small tribes.' Iknlry, in Jml. Ajf. li'jil., l«.jl, p. 3U-i. NATIONS OF NORTHEUN CALIFORNIA. 827 this region .ire the KlamatJis* who live on the head- waters of the river and on tlie shores of the hike of that name; tiie ModocsJ^ on Lower Khunath Lai\e and along Lost River; the Shastds, to the sonth-west of the lakes, near the Shasta Monntains; the J^itt liinr IikVkiid^; the /'Jiiivs on the Klamath River hetween Weitspek and the coast; the Culwors^ on the Klamatii River from a short '. Ex. K.r., vol. vi., \>. 218. '■> 'Thirc true name is .Wo'iil. I'ttriii r, .Inne 22, lH(!i). 'Thi' word Modoc is a Shiista Indi;in word, and means all distant, stranj^er, or hostile Indians, and hecame aiijilied to these Indians l)v white men in early days, by heariny the Hhastas speak of them.' .S7.''r, in fiul. Af. lipt., W,l, j.. IJl. '• Speakin;.,' of Indians at the junction of the Salmon and Klamath rivers: 'They do not seem to haveany j,'eneric appellation for thi inselves. but apply the terms "Kahrnk."np, and " Yonruk." down, to all who live iibox r bej'iw flieiuselves, without discrimination, in the sanu- manner that the others (ul the junction of the Trinity) do " I'eh-tsik," and '• I'oh-lik." ' Hihlis, hi Si'liiiiil-ra :'!'•< Arrh.. vol. iii., p. ]~>l. ' 'The JJay (Uuniboldt) hidians call themselves, as we were informed, Wis' o:k; ir.id those of the hills Te-ok-a-wilk; but tlie tribe^ to th( north- war iiiiinate both those of the liay and Mil river, We-yot, or Walla-wal- loii.' h'hi'is, in Sriii II ilrrtit't'f^ Arrli., vol. iii., ]>. ]'M. " They are also called Lototen or Tututamy, Totntimr, Toutouni, Tootoo- tnii, Tutotell, Tototin, Tototutiia. etc. "For further particulars as to location of tribes, see ns, speaking' of the tribes seen on the Klamath and Trinity rivi'rs, says: 'In person these ])eople are far superior to any we had met below: the men beinji lar;.,'er, more niuscular, and with countenances deiiot- i'l'.,' ij;reater force and ener^,'y of character, as well as intelliu;i uce. Indied, tlvy approai'h rather to the races of the ))lains. than to the wretdied " di(.'j,'ers" of the ■.^'reater part of California.' SrlniiilrnitV.-i Arrh.. vol. iii., ]>. 1 !(l. "The Indians in the northern ]);)rtion of California and in Ore^'on, are v.istly supe- rior in stature and intellect to those found in the southern part of California.' If'i'.hn-il, m do'iliii Krn. IS'ti. The Indians on tlie Trinity 'a e of another Iriho and nature from those ulou;,' the Sacramento.' Kdly'n Exiarsiun, vol. 323 CALIFORNI.VNS. cluiniotor, in fact, approjich nearer to the Oregon nations than to the })eople of the J^aeramento and San Joacjuin valleys. This applies more particularly to the inland tribes. The race gradually deteriorates as it api)roaeheH the coast, gnm ing less in stature, darker in color, more and more degraded in (character, habits, and religion. The Rogue River Indians nnist, however, be made an exception to this rule. The tendency to impiove toward the north, which is so marked among the Califbrnians, holds good in this case; so that the natives on the ex- treme north-west coast of the region nnder consideration, are in many respects superior to the interior but more southerly tribes. The S'orthern Calilbrnians round the Klamath lakes, and the Klamath, Trinity, and Rogue rivers, are tall, nuiscular, and well made,'^ with a complexion varying from nearl}^ black to light brown, in })roportion to their proximity to, or distance, Irom the ocean or other large Itodies of water; their i'ace is large, oval, and heavily made, with slightly prominent cheek-bones; nose well set on the face and iiv([uently straight, and eyes which, when not blurred by o[)hthalmia, are keen and bright. The women are short and some of them cpiite handsome, even in the Caucasian sense of the word;'^ ii.. p. \C)C>. Sppiikinf; of the Wallics, thoy, 'in many rcsppctsditlVr from their l)r"tlir('ii in tlic middk' and lower conntics ot the Stato. TIk y arc hj^liti r colorrd and more intelUyeut.' Jiiltnaou, in Urvrhntil Mnuthhj, \H\{), vt-l. ii., I' ' I'lio nialos arc tall, avera;j;iii!4 in lici^'ht nbont ttvo feet (ii^dit inches, am well proi)ortioncd, athlitic, and possess the jiowcr of cndnrancc to a threat dcj,'ree.' Ilidilnird, in (IdUUn I'rii. ]\Iarch IH'id. ''] he people here (iloK'"^' Uiver) were larj^er and stron^'c r than tliost^ in South California, hut not liandsouier.' I'/citf'i r's iSccninl Jmirn., p ;!I7. Speaking of Indians on the Kianiiitli lliver, ' their stature is a tiille under the Anieriean: they have \v( 11- si/ed bodies, erect and stron^'-knit.' J'ninrs, in Onrlnnd Mdnllili/, vol. viii., p. !{2S. On the upper Trinity they an' ' lar^'o and iiowcrful nun, of a sw.irthier comph'xion, tierce and iniractalile.' 'ri'iZ/.s', in ,S(7«o(// /yc'/'s Anh., vol. iii., p. I'JI). Near Blount Sh ;sta, 'a tine-looking' rac<\ Ih ini,' niucli better proportioned than those more to the northward, and tin ir features more regular.' 11'///. s' .\'i, vol. ii., p. MiO. '^ In the vicinity of Klamath lake 'the K(pinvv8 are short in comparison with the men, and, for Indians ha\e tolerably rej^'ular features.' J^nrd'n Is'at., vol. i.. p. 277. lu the lloguc liivtr reyiuu 'sumo of Ihcm arc quite PHYSICAL rECULIARITIES. 329 and iiltlioiigh their beauty ra[)ully fades, yet they do not ill old age present that umuiturally wrinkled and shriveled a])i)i>arance, eharaeteristic; ol" the Central Cali- rorni-Mis. This description scarcely applies to the people inhahiting the coast aljout KedwiMxl I'reek, Jhnnholdt l)!iy. and Kel River, who are scpiat and I'at in limine, rallu'r stoutly huilt, with large heads covered with coarse thick hair, and repidsive countenances, who are of a much darker color, and altogether of a lower type than the tribes to the east and north of theni.'^ Dress depends more on the state of the climate jintty. nsuiilly wcll-fornu'il, handsdiiicly (li'VclDpcd, siiiiill fciitiirrs, nml very (Mi iiid \v. On tlic Klamath and Trinity Uivcis, iiiiiny of tln! 1(11 'were ixc<'<'dinj,'ly iircfty; having' laij^'c aliiioiid-sh.iiK d i y( s, soiik- tilllc: if a ha/.cl color, and with the nd hliowiiiji th 'h the chc(lis. Their ti^ures Were full, their chests iinijile; and tin) youiij^'er ones had W(ll-sha]i((l Imsts, and roiiiidedliiiilis.' liili'is, in S -Infjlfrtn'l'n Ar.h, vol. iii., ji. 140. Ihit as to the he, luty of women tastes never aj^ree; Mr Kelly in his Ke.nrsinn tuCiil., vol. ii.. [). lilT, sj)eakini,'uf ahandof ' nohle-looKini^ Indians ' whiih he met near Iriiiity liiver, says that they were ' accompanied hy iv few scjniiws, who, stiMii,'e to say, ill this latitmh' are u;4l.v, ill-favoured, stunted in stature, lumpy ill li^tire, 1111(1 awkward in L;ait ' and cuncerniiij,' the lio^'ue Kiver Iiuhans u 1.1 ly states that 'anion,!,' the women . . th'-re were Home extremelv cliimsv /• ' ;■ .s r^i'riiiii l,f.. ). :;17. Thel'it-Uiverlndi; in t,'ir Is ' h th //,. M,„ln st and prettiest feet and hands I have ever st'in.' MilUr's Lijc p. :J74. iijst \h 'At Crescent City, Jlr Powers saw some ' hroad-faced s'piiiws of an ist .Vfrican hlackness;' tln^ I'atawats in tlie vieiihty of Mad lliver alal It l>ay are ' hlackskiiined, ]iiidL;y in stature; well eiishioned with tissue;' at Kedwood Cn ek ' lil;e iiiest of tl le Coast till th dark colored, K(piat in stature, ratlie ■ fuller-faced than the ii't( lior Ind- r. 127. Carl ^h yi r names the Indians lie saw at Trinidad IS.iy. A^'iqi'i^^ ov ^rood-Iiahaiis ( lloi/iudianer). I do not lind the name nriywherc i Ifio, and jiidijie.,' hy his (les(ri|>:ion, tie y appear to ditl'er coiisiih vaVily fmm lliv iir.liv( n been in the ' -iiiitv hv N'aiiPouver ov Mr rowers; he, .Mever, rnvL; 'Siesiud vou rill Wuelise, stark lind heleiht, kr;ii"ti''e (iestalt( n. Hire Ilint i;.t Wenii' /.iniiiiet oder lohfarhii,', I'her weisslich. wie dio der antisisehen Inka.^? ^jeweseii siiii soil; l),i d;'V jiii,'enil und hesoiuhn's hciin weihliehen Geschhrhte S(;hini- iiK it oft (ill sanftis Roth auf den Wan^eii L(rvor. Ihr Kopf iL-t, weiii^f t,'' dnickt. die Stirn hoch, (hr (lesichtswinkel ge','en 8i) Grad, dip Xase rdiiiiscli kri lit, das .\ii;4e j^r.iss in weiiit; ipiadratisch erweiterten .Vufjenhiil i,'"n and iii!ellij,'eiit, die l.ippeu nicht auf^^etriehen, das Kiuii oval, uud jr.-iiiiU* uud l-'iisse kluiu.' yach dein iiacrainmlo, p. 215. 880 CALIFORNIANS. than on their own sense of decency. The men wear a Ik'U, sometimes a hivech-clout, and tiie women an ai)ron or skirt of deer-skin or braided grass; tl»en they sometimes throw over tlic slioulders a sort of cloak, or rolje, of marten or rahhit skins sewn together, deer-skin, or, among the coast tribes, seal or sea-otter skin. AVhen tbey iiuhdjio in this hixnry, however, the men nsually dispense witli all other covering." Occasionally we find them taking great })ride in their gala dresses and sparing no pains to render them iK^antifid. The Modocs, lor instance, UH)k hirge-sized skins, and inlaid them Avith brilliant-colored diick-scalps, sewed on in various ligures; others, again, eml)roidered their aprons with colored grasses, and attjiched beads and shells to a deep fringe falling from the lower part.''"' A lj'Atlj|.lA J.. 1.11 kill. 1.111^ 111 tl i.i'iii|nrcr\'i I'"//., vol. ii., p. '2-A7. 'The men, however, do not wear any covering, except the cold is intense, when indeed they jiut upon their slioulders the skins of sea-wolves, otters, deer, or other iinimcls.' MitnriHv'ti Jaiir., p. 1(5. 'They were clothed, for the most jiart, in skins.' liin-nhdir's JJIsl. Oiiii., p. 118. On Smith lliver they were 'in a coniph te state of naturi women, Si'i-ohil .fiiiini., p. .'tl3. Among the Weeyots at Eel Eiver the ni< n 'wore n deer-skin robe over the snoulder. and the women a short jietticoat of fringe.' (liiihy. ill .Srliniilciut/t'.'i Anil., vol. iii., Vll. On Klamath l{iver tluir only dress was the fringc^d petticoat, or at most, a deerskin ri)be thrown back ovi r the shoulders, in addition. J'l., ji. 111. 'The primitive dress of the men is sim})ly a biu'kskin girdle about tho loins; of tho TTomen, a chtniise of the same material, or of braided grass, reaching from the breast to the km ts.' J'lurvrs. in (Inrlantl Mniitltli/, vol. viii., ;(20. 'Were quite iiakfd excepting the maro." \VIU,;-s' \.1. The Klamath Lake Indians ' wear little more than the bre<'eh-eloth.' Lord'n Xnt., vol. i.. p. '277. ' They were all well dressed in blankets and buckskin.' Ahlmtl, iu I'nc. li. Ii. Itt'iit.. vol. vi., p. 70. Carl Meyer, speaking of a tribe he names Alle- (jnas. at Trinidad 15ay, says: ' dcr Mann geht im Sommer ganz nackt, iu Winter tragt er cine selbst gegerbte Hirsch- odi'r llehdecke iiber die Schnl- tern.' ' Die Alleipias-Wciber tragen im Somnier von ]5ast-schniir( ii odcr von Uehfellstreifen, iui Winter von I'elzwcrk oder (iiinsitlanm vt rferti^ti^ Schiir/en. dii- bis auf die Knie rcichen.' .V'((7( ili'iii .SdirnituHli), \). '217, '2i'.l. ' The Klamaths, during the summer go naked, in winter they use the skins of rabbits and wild fowl for a covering.' 'riioiiip.son, in Jixl. Aff. Hijit., ]8o4, p. -isil. '' ' An Indian will traj) and slaughter seventy-five rabbits for one of these robes, making' it double, with fur inside and out.' I'owira' I'onto, MS. DRESS IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. 331 rap. of basket-work, is usually worn l)y the women, in iiiiikinjx which some of them are very skillful. This hat i,« sometimes painted with various figures, and sometimes interwoven with gay feathers of the woodjK'cker or blue (luail.*" The men generally go })are-headed, their thick hair being suflieient protection from sun and wejither. in the vicinity of the lakes, where, from living constantly among the long grass and reeds, the greatest skill is uci|uired in weaving and braiding, moccasins of straw or grass are worn." At the junction of the Klamatii ami Trinity rivers their mocassins have soles of several tliick- nesscs of leather.^^ The natives seen by Maurelle at Trini- dad liay, bound their loins and legs down to the ankle with strips of hide or thread, both men and women. The maimer of dressing the hair varies; the most common way being to club it together behind in a queue, sometimes in two, worn down the back, or occasionally in the latter case drawn forward over the shoidders. The (jueue is fre(piently twisted up in a knot on the back of the head — en ntstatnid — as Maurelle calls it. Occa- sionally the hair is worn loose and flowing, and some of the wom«Mi cut it short on the forehead. It is not un- t'onnnon to .see wreaths of oak or laurel leaves, feathers, or the tails of gray squirrels twisted in the hair; indeed, IVoni the trouble which they frecpiently take to ad<^rn their coiifure, one would imagine that these people were of a somewhat aesthetic turn of mind, but a closer ac- ([uaintance quickly dispels the illusion. On Eel River some cut all the hair short, a (Uistoni practiced to .some extent by the Central Californians.'* "• Fremont's Exphir. Ex., p. 204; (i'thlis, in Schoolcraft's Arch, vol. iii., pp. ID", r27; Domi'ni'rh's D'serts, vol. ii., \>H2. 17 [himenei'h's Ikserts, vol. ii., p. '2H2; Fmiiont's ExpUir. Ex., p. 204. •^ (iihits, in Schoolcratt'.i Arrh., vol. iii., p. 142. '■' M'lurelle's Junr., p. 17; Ui'tha, in .Si'hoiilrriift's Arch., vol. iii., pj). 1-7. 142; I'oipcrs, in Orcrlaml .Unnllili/. vol. viii., p. ;i2'.t; I'/iijf'ir's Si'mtul •I'liirii.. p. ;U7. 'Die AlUxpms ( rriiiidiid IJay lmb(ni stiivkcs, zifiiilii-h k''- KiliiU'idiLjes Himr, diis dcr Manner and ilcr Kinder wird bis iinf ciiicn Zo'l J.aiii,"' regelmassit; abijchriinnt, so (lass sic das Anssclien von Tituskiipfi i I iliiilti-n. Zuwtiilcn siclit man die Miijiner audi niit eineni /ienilicli lautce i, 'I'liih cino harzif^e FliiHsi;.^keit t^esteiften, aufj^erichteten Zopf, der als SchniiK k t'l tnichtet, bei festlichen .Vnlassen, oder ini Kriej,'e niit rothen oder wciss' n IVJi'm yoziert wird, und alsdunn dem Schopf eines Wiedehopfs gleieh .' 332 CALIFORNIAXS. As usual these savages are l)ear(lless, or neai'ly so.'" Tatt(X)ing, though not carried to any great extent, is universal among the women, and nuu;ii practiced by the men, the latter coniining this ornamentation to tlie breast and arms. The women tattoo in three blue lines, ex- tending j)erpendicularly from the centre and corners of the lower lip to the chin. In some tribes tiiey tattoo the anus, and occasionally the back of the hands. As they grow older the lines on the chin, which at first are very Taint, are increased in width and color, thus gradu- ally narrowing the intervening spaces. Now, as the social imi)ortance of the female is gauged by the width and depth of color of these lines, one might imagiu(! that before long the whole chin would be what Southcy calls '• blue, darkly, deeply, beautifully l)lue;" but fashion ordains, as in the lip-ornament of tiie Thliid\eets, tliat the lines should be materially enlarged only as tlie charms of youth fade, thus therewith gauging both iiw and respectability.'^^ In some few tribes, more es[)ecially Mill r, Ndrh ih Sitrrnmcnto, p. 215. 'Both men iiiiil women i)iirt their hiiir in the miiUlh', tlie men cut it scjuiire on the n>ck iind wear it riither lniii;. th n weiir thi'irs hmi' pliiiteil in two bniids, hiin''in<' down the Imek Tlir Sliiislds (tHfl their Xruililturs, MS. ■•!" (ii'ilis, in Sriioiilrrdt't'a .l/v/i., vol ]). rJ7. ' Hiirlhiiiire hiil)<>n si- wie iiUn Inilianer Nunl-.Vmerikiis, nur wenij;; isie wenlen iiusj^'eriipft. und iiur in der Triiuer stehei. ^{eliisscn.' M ijir, Siuh ilnii SdiTniir nln, jip. -.^1.") Ki. 1" Tlio men tiiitoo so that they may 'lie reeoj,'nized if stolen by Modocs.' ' With the women it is entirely for orndiiient.' J'Ik' Shdylns dud lln'ir \ii li- hiirs, MS. At Roj-'ne lliver the women ' were tattooed on the hands and arii:s 11 the chin.' I'/'iffir's Sirf,i,ar Vi>!l., vol. ii., p. '247. Mi upyuiL; •11. till! sime, and adds that a s|)aee is left between eiveh line, 'which is niiirh larijer in the youn;^ than in the oldir worsen, whose faces are 'generally env- ered with i)nnct\n'es.' Jnnr. ji. 17. At Mad Itiver and IFiimholdt Bay, tln^ same, 'and also lines of small dots (.m the h.ieks of their haiids.' / MS. At month of Eel River 'both sexes tatto'i: the men on th arms and breasts; the women froiu inside the nndcV lij) down to and hi - Heath the ch The extent of this disfij^'ureniejit indicates to a certain extent, the! af,'e and condition of the person.' 'In the married women tin lines are extended up above the corners of the month.' h'i'ihs. in SrlnidliTdiTs Arrh., vol.iii., ]•>]<. 127, 142. 'I have never observed any particular Hu'nris or desi^Mis upon their ixrsons; but the tattooinj,' is ^'eiierally on the chin, though sometimes on the wrist and arm. Tattooing,' has mostly been on the jiersons of females, and seems to be esteemed as an ornament, not ap' urently indi- OiVtinj,' rank or condition.' .Itilinstnii, in Scli(iiilcr(i/r.-< Anh.. vol. iv., j). 22:i. The sipiawy amont; the Cahrocs on the j\lauiath ' tattoo, in blue, three narinw f j.u-le.ives, perpendicularly on tho chin.' ' i'or this purpose they are said to FACIAL OnNAlIENTATIOX. ill tlio vicinity of the lakes, the iiieii jniiiit tlu'inselves ill various colors mid ^rotescjuo imttonis. Aiiioiijr tin; Modocs the women ulso piiint. Miller says that wlieii a AI()(1, niinj,'lc(l with the jnicn of a oprtiiin ]>laiit.' I'niri !••:, ill On rliiml Mnullilji, V(j1. viii., p. It_i». Ainoii),' thi^ Shastvs tlii' woiuf ii 'lire tiittoofd ill lines fioiii tlu; iiiontli to the oliiii.' link's Ktliiiiiii., in /'. S. i'.x. /•,>., vol. vi , p. "2 18. Anionj,' the AUcciiiits iit Trinidiul buy: ' Die Madchcn wirdrii im fiinfti'ii Jiihre lit ciiu'iii schwarzcu Strt'ifi'ii von hcidcn Miuid- wiukilii bis miter diis ICiiiii tiittowirt, wfh'lieni Striidm dann all fiinf Jahro (ill ]iiii'allfllauf('iidfr l)<'i^,'(■fii^'t wird, so das man an dicscn Zi'iL'linunj,'j'n Iriclit das Alt) r jodtT Indiaiifrin iihiTschfU kanii . . . .I)i« Miinnt'r hcmakai hiili l)ci hcsoiidcrii Anliissi'ii mit ciui'iii Taiincntirniss, den sic sclbst bcivitcn, d;is (icsicht, niid zcichiu'ii allcrlci f,'i'hi'iiiinissvollt' Fi^'iircn und Vfr/it'rniij,'en auf Waiij^e, Xase und Stirii, indcni sio mit eiiicm iKilzcrncn HtJilichfU dcu iiiich wcichen Firniss anf dun einzflucu Stellen von der Hunt woghebt'U. Ml jiff, Xiifh t/cKi Sarniiiifuto, p. 21(1. '-'-•I nt-Vfr saw two alike' The ShasUts oml their Xe'nihhovs, }fS. At Klamath lako they are 'painted from their heads to their waists all colours und ](iitterns.' Lord's \iU., vol. 1., p. 277. The Modocs 'i)aint themselves with various pif,'ments formed from rotten wood, ditiereiit kinds of earth, \-i-.' I'oirrrs, in Orcrlnwl }foiithh/, vol. x., ]>. o.'tf!. Kane 'took i\ sketch of a I ii.istay ( Shasta ) female slave (amoiif^ the Chinooks ) the lower part of whoso face, from the corners of the mouth to the ears and downwards, was tattooed . 1(15, saw Indians on Smith river, who painted their faces ' in a most detestable maii- II r. Tliey lirst smeared them with tish fat and then they rubbed in tliii'-rlrrfijTs Arrh., vol. iii., p. 142; l'f<[p'r's S'-nml Jimrn., p. 317; l^oirers, iu Ocerluiul Munlhly,\ul. y., p. u37 ; .Sc/ioo/- ci-'i/l'ti Arrh., vol. iii., plate xiv. -' Maurelk's Jour., p. 18, I a-M CALirOllXIANS. of lM)tli w.»xos wore hy moiik^ pitMVs.s ^nmiid uniformly . 247. sfi ' I'hi' loili^i'SiinMloii -shap (1; liki' bcavor-lumscs. an arc-hod rodf i'dvcvh a deep pit sunk in the f^'ronnd, the cntnincf towliicli is a round hnlc' /,m/-'/'s A'//., vol. i., p. 278. ' L ir^'H round huts, jicrhaiis '20 feet in dianictrr, with rouudi'd tops, on which was thf (hior l)y wiii<-h they dcscviKh'd into thr in- terior.' /'V i/o/i/'.s /'-'.r/t'ii/'. Ks,. ]i. 204. 'Thi' Modoc excavates a circnlai' spar'^ from two to fonr feet (h'ep, tiien makes over it a conical stru<-tnre of piiii- oheons. whieli is stronLily hnieed up with tinihers, frecpn-nlly liewn aiul a foot sipiare.' I'ltirors, in Oi-rlaml Mnnllihi, vol. x.. p. •"):!(;; /viru'li y mt'C't ; I'ptii of li sorvt's >k'C»>m- »IK' Nvith [le coiu- lauy of instead K.'0-hive- >r. hat lu't- "l stolH", I it. aii- ap:ainst mc't'tinii; loll'S IH'St. innuitos Iroof <'<)Vi'i'!^ 1,1,..' //./•'/••< [iiftcv. with uto till' iii- ■•culiivsimr" \w of iiuii- iwii ami ;i vol. ix.. ]'• tivu or siiii Tlio sfjiiaro stylo of ilwcUinj; i.s afli't'tt'd mo. t» by tlie roast trilu's, altlioiigh (M'cusioiially seen in the interior. A cellar, either st|naro or ronnrl, is iln;; in the same nunnier as with the conical liousos. Tlio sides (»!' tho hole are walled with ni)rioht slahs, which projet^t sonui feet ahove the surlace of the p;round. 'I'he whole strnct- nre is covered witii a roof of sticks or planks, sloping; ocntly outward, and restin;' u|H)n u ridj;e-|H)le. The position of the door varies, heinjr sometimes in the nH)i\ siimi'times on a level with the o^roimd^ and occasionally hiizh u[) in the le. a notched [)ole «»r iiuid steps lead up to the entrance; when on llie ^.rouud, a slidino' jjanel closes tlie entrance. In some ca.xcs. the e.\cii\atit)ii is planked ui) oidy to a level with the ;;i()unil. The uppi'r part is then raised several feet from the sides, Icaviuii' a hank, or rim, on which the nmiates sleep; occa- sionally there is no excavation, the house l)ein;;' erected on the levt'l jiround, with merely a small tire-hole in the centre. The iloors are kei)t smooth and clean, and a small space in front of the door, paved with stones and swe[)t clean, serves as jiossiping and working ground l<)r the women."^ Ml- 11 to lift.' (iihl)s, in Si'-hiiolrrnt'l'x Arrh., vol. iii., p. 17"). ' H!iv<' only an o|iriiiii:,' lit tilt' summit.' hniiniicfli's /Aw /7s, vol. ii., )>. •Jiil. (Mi tlif insidi' ol the (loiii- tlifv frt'iiuciitly i>liici' a sliiliiiL; iniiicl. 'Tin' Kiiillas imild wi^- waiu-i in a conical sliajic — us all trilics oii tlii' Trinity ilo — luit llicy cxcuvato III) cillars.' I'dinr.i' J'oino, MS. Sec full iliscriptioii of dwclliii-s. hy Julni- is a ■ loiiiiil liolo J' .t la ill SrhiiiilrriuTs Arrli.. vol. iv., p. 'IS.i. The tiiti iioiiLth to crawl into, wliich is on a level with the siiil'iK f fh j^iound. Ill' is cut through the roof.' ,li)liiistii>, in Uru'lmul M M:iir Lllr A i;ii/ ;.si I Ihf Mndn V (77. til. ill. Built of plank, riiilely \vroiii,'lit.' The roofs are not 'horizontal liko at N'ootka, but rise with a small ile V iiii'-dia-i'r s I !, in SrliiiiilfnnVa Arrh, 110. The dwellin^,'s of the lloopas built of lar;,'e ])lanks, aliout I'.j inches thick, from two to four feet wiili% and from six to twch fill in leiii^'th.' Triiiiti/ •liiiiniiil, Ajiril. ]H.")7. 'The tloors of these lints art 1" ifi itlv smooth and cli vith a square hole two feet deep in the ceiitn^ in which they make their tire.' Mnnrdli'.i .Imir., p. 17. 'The huts have ucvi'r but one ajiartment. The tire is kindled in the centre, the smoke is- ciipiny throuyh thu crevices iu the roof.' lluhbunl, iu (iohku Kru, March, lh50. 33G CALIFORNIANS. 1 1', !.l' TIr' tomporarv siiniiucr liouses of tlio Xortliorn Tali- foi'iiians arc siiuaiv, conical, and iiivei'tcd-lMnvl-shaiu'tl huts; built, Avhcii s(|uarc, hy driving li<:lit i)()lcs into tlic ijround and laxini:' others horizontal) v across thcni : when coni(Nd, the poles are drawn touether at the top into a point; when howl-shaped, hoth ends of the ])oles are driven into the siround. niakinu; a semi-circular hut. Th lesc li'anies. However shaped, are covei'e d. d witl 1 ne atl' woven tule matting,"'* or with hushes or fer ns. tl The Calilornians are hut i)oor hunters; they |)i'efer le snai'c to tl le Dow and arrow Yet some ol tl le moun- tain trilies display considerable dexterity in the chase. '\o hunt the pronii-buck. the Klamath I'astens to each iieel a strip of ermine-skin, and kee[)in;4 the herd to the windward, he aj)proa(^hes craftily through the tall grii.- as near as po.'^ ^ible. then thr-nviu"; himself on his back or standing on his head, he executes a pantomime in the air with his legs. Naturally the antelope wonder, and )eing cursec h I witl I curiosi tv, th )1 le snnpie ainmals graiuially i])[)r()ach. .Vs soon as they ai'rive within easy shooting- distance, down go the hunter's legs and up (hmucs tlie body. 'i\)o late the antelope learn their mistake; swil"t as they are, the arrow is swifter; and the fattest buck ])ays the penalty of his incpiisitiveness with his life. The A'eeards, at JIuml)oldt \h\. construct a slight fence from tree to tree, into whii;h indosure elk are driven, the only exit being by a narrow opening at one end. as to force the where a }H)le is placed in such a m The himscs of the Eurocs ami Ciihrocs ' iiro unier sonictiinrs foiistmcti (1 (111 til \v ■,iith. liut oftclit r thcv txcavah; a round ctllai, t' our ir tivc ft it (li find twilvf or tiftiiu feet in diauutcr.' I'mrtrx, in Orvrtuinl Mniil/ilj/, vol. viii. 1). ."):!!; Mii/ir, Xnch d' in .Sacntincnld, p. 2\lO; TIiv ,^lut.sti(s lUnl tin ,!'■ Kit faiNiiu savs iiiai iliicli 1)( iUitifuUv and iulriraii Iv of till' broad li'avcs of the swauili tla wovrii t.>,u'"tlii'r.' I'ltirs' Li/in/ I'u, tht'in slii'ltrr in tlu> licat of snninicr, and, like tlio Cavotc, tlnv hiiirow in in //.r/. 1. -2 .:!. 'Jh ild saiic fi,riii-]i' the earth for ]irotfction from tln' inclriiiciu'ics of winter.' 'riKuiijK AjJ'. II' III., l.sr.l, |i. 2S:t. • Thdr lodges are ures. searei Jl'i't.. I.s.-,t, p Iv shelterinL' them Iroiii the ■J\2. e lieltlli),' storm. illy mere teiiq.oiarv stria t- l 'ill III ■Sii'. ".itly eonstrueted. f^elierally of jioles.' Fi in in //('/. .1'''. ScllOtilrrm't'. d. lit., |> •2 IS. Till' earth ill the centre scooped out. and thro\>n up ii lo.v, circular cmhaukmcnt.' Tai-Hi:i\ in Ocerlaiul Moidhli/, p. \i., p. -I. HUNTING AND FISHING. 0:;7 nnliiiiil to st(H)p ill jmssiiiir undor it. wlicn its licad is caiiiiht ill !i noose siisjiciuli'd iVom the pok'. This [M)k> is (h'iiggod down by the entangkHl elk, ))ut soon he is eauiiht fast in tlie thiek iinderurowth, and livmlv held until the hunter eoines up.'"' Pitfalls are also extensively used in tra[)[)inii' f these people than the nol)ler but more arduous craft of huntinti'; consi'iiuently fisli. Iieinj: abundant, are generally more ])lentil'nl in the al)()ripinal larder than venison. Several mi'thods are adopted in taking them. Sometimes a dam if interwoNen willows is constructed across a rapid at ime when salmon are aseendiim' tin- river; nicl les tlie ti foiu' or live ieet s(|uare are made at iiiter\als across the dam. in which the lish. pressed on by those behind, CitUect in ji'ivat numbers and are there sjieart'd or nettt'd Avitho'it mercy. Much ingenuity and laI)or are re(|uired to build some of the larger of these dams. Mr (libbs describes one th!»wn across the Klamath, where the •"■ P'lirrrs' T'lmo. VS. '1 ■ I'lic rocks s'lpjily fdilile slnU-tisb.' Sclitimdchfr'ri Orriion ^\iili(iiilli'S, 'llif (111 r iuid I'lk iivc iiiDNily riiiitiirfil liy driviiiL; tlniii iutci tniiis anil ' Slim II is killed witli iiiidws, and sdimtiu ifs (Ik am I d. l/N I':'- ili^liatchi'd ill till' same way.' Il'ihhiiril, in liuhlin tun, A/iril, IN (i ilk tluy usiiidly take in snaits.' I'j'ijJ luiiiintaiii Indians sulisistid lai'Lidy mi V' rv aliiiiidant. and was killi'il witli ../ ./. 1> :!I7. •Ill 'ill wliii'h tiny wi'i'i' very cxiiri ■t.' ir;/. Iiid lann- am ritttiv iiiai'lii'li Gial 'th. ■ n ir 1)1 )\ . Ill h„l. )(11 • »l i*r ass pii 1/. 1 wliirli (if (Vciv vaiictv was is and arrows, in th ■ f .1//'. U'lil., IN I.iichcr von ci 7, ji. I'.tT •l)i "( Kuliikfuss, •iciit. sodass die 'riii( re. wi nil 111' li (kill dicsc niit Zwci:,'('ii id t drivinu' stout posts into the bed of the river, at a dis- tance of some two leet apart, bavin;;' a moderate slope. and suj)[)orted from IjcIow, at intei'vals ol" ten or twehc leet. by two braces; the one cominu.' to the smface of the water, the other reaching to tlie stiing-pieces. 'i'hese last were heavy spars, about thirty leet in lengtli, and secure jrctidiis, iiiulhin^' mid short liiirhs without ju-ojcctii spiNir is i'oiii|)osi(l of 11 small bouc lictilh', which s Till' ]ioiiit of il bouc liccilh', which sjs in a sociict. iiinl it us soon as llic Iish starts. A strinj; couiu cliiiL! tlic sjh ar handle and ll. center of the bone serves, when )iullecl, to turn the needle cross wise in ll. woiiiiil.' Taylor, iu (.'«/. Fanicr, Mtinli K, INU; SrluHjIrrniTii ^inli., vol. in. I), llti. FISHING BY NIGHT ON TUE KLAMATH. down: anotlicr (lain is tlion l)uilt alKnc. so tliat tlic fish cannot cscajK.'. At niylit iiivs are hiiilt ronnd the t'djio (if the enclosed space, and the finny jzanie siieared IVoni the hank." Some triheson the Khnnath iTcct platforms over tlie stream on npright poles, on \vhieh they sleep and lish at the same time. A strini: leads iVom the net either to the fisherman himself or to some kind of alarm ; and as soon as a salmon is caiitiht. its lloiniderin,;^' im- mediately awakens the shmiherei". On the sea-shoic smelts are taken in a triant:nlar net stretclu'd on two slender poles: the fisherman wades into the water np to his waist, turns his face totlie shore, and his hack to the incominii' waves, ai^ainst whose force he Iiraces himself with a stont stick, then as the smelts are washed hack from the l)each hv the returning: waves, he receives them in his net. The net i< deep, and a narrow neck con- nects it with a lon-j: netw(»rk hai: hehind; int(» this \n\; Willi/, in lull. .yiY. Ili/il.. 1M17, p. !'.l~. 'In siiuwiiin^'-liiiif tlic lisli Kcliiinl ii[) fidiii Clear I.iikf ill t xtiacpnliuarv iiiiriil» is, so iliat (lie liuliai.H have (inly to put a ^lii^lit (ilistriK tioii in tlir nvt r, whin tiny < an lili rally shiivil till 111 out.' / Oi'iijiin AidiiiniliiK, MS. ill Or'rl'iml Mimllili/, vol, X., \K ii.'iT; SiJtniiiitrlii r's 3i0 CALIFORNIANS. with some high-llavorod licrl). A port of puddinir is also made in tlie same manner, but is boiled instead of baked. They gather a great variety- of roots, })erries, and seeds. The prinei[)al root is the camas,"'* great (|uantities of ■which are dried every summer, and stored away lor winter ])rovision. Ant>ther root, called klce, or Zv/rc''' is nuich sought after. Of seeds they have the vontu'^ and sev- eral varieties of grass-seeds. Among berries the hucklc- ))errv and the manzanita l^erry are the most })lentil"nl.'^ The Avomen do the cooking, root and berry giithering, and all the drudgery. '^riie winter stock of smoked fish hangs in the family room, sending forth an ancient and fish-like smell. Hoots and seeds are, among some of the more northerly tribes, stored in lai'ge wicker boxes, built in the lower branches of strong, wide-spreading trees. The trunk of the tree below the granary is smeared with pitch to kee[) away vermin.'" The Modocs are sometimes ()l)liged to cache their winter boai'd under I'ocks and l)ushes; the great number of their enemies and bad character of their ostensibly friendly neighbors, renderiug it unsafe for them to store it in their villages. So cunningly do they conceal theii' treasure that one winter, afti-r an un- usually heavy I'all of snow, they themselves could not lind it. and numbers starved in conse(|uence.''^ Although the ^>'orthern Californians seldom fail to 31 'Tlio niniiis is n bulbns root, shaped much like an onion.' iFillir's Life Aiiininiyl tlif .^[(kIiic.i, ji. 'J2. 3'' ' A rout iilioiit an inch lonj,', atid as lavf^c as one's little tintter, of n Mt- ter-sweetisli anil iinni;ent taste, something like ginseng.' I'mnrs. in ijri lininl Jliiiitlili/, Vdl. X., J). i>M. '^'> ' An a(iiiatic jilaiit. with a floating leaf, v(>ry much like that of a jiond- lily, in tlie eentn' of which is a ])(id reseniMing a i)ii|iiiv-licad. full nf farina- ceous seeds.' ///. See also Mij/er. .\itili ih-iii Sdrrniiii iilii. J). ■J'J'.i. ''I'liiir l)rinci|ial fnod is the kanias root, and the seed obtained from a plant glowing in tlie marshes uf liie lake, resemliling, before hulled, a bnidiii-eorn seed.' J>(tliiin: in //«/. .1.;^. /,''//'.. is.")t, p. -IM. •" The K'aniaths 'subsist upon roots and almost every living thing with- in their reach, not exeei)ting reptiles, crickets, ants, etc.' 77(o//i/isr-, yet tliey are never elean.'" The Northern Cahbrnians are not of a ver\' war- hke dis])ositioii, hence their weapons are lew, Ix'ing condned cliiellv to the bow and arrow Tl le bow or is ahout three feet in length, made of yew, cedar some otliei' tough or elastic wood, and generally painted. The hack is ilat, from an inch and a half to two inches wide, and covered with elk-sinews, which greatly iidd l)()th to its strength and elasticity; the string is also of sinew. The how is held horizontally when discharged, instead of iH'rpendicnlarly as in most countries. The arrows are I'rom two to three feet long, and are made souictinies of reed, sometimes of light wood. The ])oints, which are of Hint, obsidian, bone. iron, or c()|)pcr. are ground to a very fine point, fastened lirndy into a short piccr of wood, and fitted into a socket in the main shaft, so that on withdrawing the arrow the head will be left in the wound. The feathered part, which is from five to ei^iht inches long, is also sometimes a sc[>ai'ate piece th )oun(i on witn sinews. The ((uiver is made of the skin of a fox, wild-cat. or some other small animal, in the same shape as when the animal wore it. except at the tail end. where nnan is left ibr the featheri'd ends of arrows to [iroject. Jt is usually carried on the arm, 41 '■"' At ltnt. lil;o till' Malays. liiiii;_! i'" the . :U7. At Pitt Kivcr tiny iiii' ' ilis^'iistitit,' in tlicir lialiits.' .1'''...//, in r l> i;l; 'I'lir Sliilsln ,1 tl,' .V' ; /,/„ ■Of till' niaiiv Inmilii lis I liavi' sciii, tlnii' was nut imr who still nli- il til II' uliiiii''ina 1 niiiilr iif lifi'. that hail nut ti sweet lui ath. '11: ailith line to tile fact that, hefme tlu V lieranie eivili/ed. tiiev ate their f lenM.' /', y'l MS. Tliev iilwavs rise at the tiist ilawii aliil piiuiue iiitu the I'lver IhiblKinl. in lidili n Km. Murrh, la'A', Till I" isiiiis are nnusnally dean, as they nsi; Imlh the sweat-lnuise anil the enlil- 'iilli eiiiistalitlv. il Hi //■•« n SrlinnlcriltV rh. Vnl. Ill , )) IL lllhnir lie'^iht sieh (ler Allei[iiu i 'I'riiiiclail l!ay 1 in ji ili r -lali Mit v. ■iiseii /iir 111 II (Quelle. WD er sieh am t,'an/,en Lelhe wiiseht mill in ih n Siialih ii di r iiiif--tiiL;i iiileii Siinne tinekiieii hisst. Mr,/r Xmli ill III Silinnm 1,1: I;,,.-, '„,i;„i ill's hlhr In till' (iiitl„ii\ MS. Carl Meyer, after deseriliini,' tlielinw, n.ilils 1' !l; I'eriiere Watl'eii (ler Alh quas siiiil: lias Olisiiliaii-IJeil mler 'I'linialiawk. die Keiile, die har/.r mid di r Wiirf. taki-n with SDin A'd'/i ihiii ,'on, in a letter to the American Kthnolouical Societv. comnninicatcd throuiih Dr K, 11. Davis, describes the verv reinai-kal)le iniiemiity and skill which the\' disi)lav jioint, says, 'the iioiiittd tcclli show it to liiivo 1 )i'(^l) 11 very (laiiL;tii.ns wtajioii Vo,s('//«i/'«i'(///'n li'ltir III the (tnlliu)\ MS. On tl ittci Kl.'i 11111)111,' the skins used for ijuivcrs, 1 iioticcil tl U' ith l!iv- (1-c.it, ti>lii fiiwn. ^viy fcix anil citlicvs.' (iihhs, in Si'lidnlird/I's An-h., vol. iii., ]>. It I. Kiav Mt Shasta, 'bows and aiT( uie of vi'W n' viTV litanlil'iiUv made: the fniinir tiid intcd. 1 r. id iiliiiut tl .11 /■;, ll'fC feet loll''. hi (1 V( IV iicatlv with sim ic arrows ari' up vards of thirty •lies loll 117//,! vo carin (1 in ([iiivtrs )f Wood or 1) 1). :i;j At I'ort Tiiiiidad, ' arro iiid liaiii! from thtir wrist or ni Mi( II i-i Ill's .Iniir.. \K •10. On Pi tipiicd with (.-ojiiifr or iron.' '//v irriiws arc made in three ^larts. m l!iv< 'their arrows were in d Alihntl. in /': '.s' Jllsl. iiiiii., It. 11(1. 'Jhe Pit liivir /;. /.'. Hij.i The .Mleiinas at Trinidad I'av, deserihed by ( 'ail ^feyi cither • schussfeitiLf in der Hand on-r- luiiil Mmilli'ii, \n\. viii.. y. .":!'_'. 'Their arrows can only be (\tract(d from tlie llesh with till' knife.' Culls' Ciuiiiiiisl uf t'n'., j). 170. 'Am obeii n 'IlKile •iiier J.niio yon llirsh-si linen vcrsfailit uiid (California) ist der l!oL,'en vi clastisell Ljem.ieht. Die I'feile liestehell alls cilielii roluaitiui 11 (!ewailis( von ni.is-.ii,'cr Laiiuc, an ih r S|iitze niit Obsidia 11 . Verseliell, 1 iiire 1, ist '2 Zoll. ihre Hnite 1 Zdll d ])ick /oil, 8charfka)iti!' nnd siitz/u- laufend.' II' •1-' rmi-irs' l\ il. ( 'iiHi'iiriiii ii. p. IHt). ami Hair yvliihlivrs, MS Ms.; Srlnnmtclar'n Owjon Anllipntiis, MS.; Thn SliuMns ■WAR AND ITS JIOTIVES. 343 in this particiiliir. Tlio aiT\y.v; then holdinji' the pieee uith his tiu'-er and thiinih aiiainst the anvil, he linishi's it oil' with iH'iK'ated slight hhms, administered w ith marvelous adroitness and judiiinent. One of thi'se artists made an arrow-j)oint l()r Mr Lvon out of a pieee ol" a hroken porter-hottle. Owing to his not hein>i' ae(|uainted ^vith the urain of the j:lass. he tailed twice, hut the third time jiroduced a perleet specimen.^' 'Fhe AN'allies poison their arrows with rattlesnake-virus, hut ])oisoned Aveajtons seem to he the exception." The bow is skilfully used ; Avar- chihs are not eonnnon.^' \\ ars. thou,uh of frecpient occurrence. Avere not ])ar- ticularlv hloody. The casus belli was usuallv that which brou,uht the Sjjartan King before the walls of llion, and Titus Tatius to inci[)ii'nt Kome — woman. It is true, the Xortlu'rii Californians are less classic abductors than the spoi tl lei's of the Sabine women, but theii' wars ended in r — the ravished fair cleavinii' to her 10 same niannc w arrior-lover. Religion also, that ever-fiuitful source " //;.s7. M,(;l., vol. iii., \^. 'Jll. ■"./(>/(((>•(//), ill (h-ivlitiiil Mi.iitlili/, vol. ii., ]). .').')(). At 'rviiiidiul Biiy ' zu- wiilcu wci'ildi (lie I'lVili' iiiit dciii Safti' dcs Siiiiiiicliliiiuiiics v( rgiltc il. uiid iil-Ml:iiiii iiur ziiiu Kill l;i 11 wilder liaulitliiiit' j,'t Inanclit.' Mii/>r, Xach ilnn Sid-rniKi iilii, ]>. lilS. 'JmiiIl,'!' Stiiluiiic vcruiftiu dii' S| it/cii iliK r I'lcilc aiif t'nlijiiidc Wcisc: Sit' !'( iz( 11 iiiiiiilich cilif Klaiiinisclilaii'-'c iiiit i iia r vdi'^r- Irdtciu u lliisclilil)! r, wmiu sic bcisst, mid uailidi in nun iVn- J.iln r iiiit dila < iil'ti vnllstaiidiL; iiiiiir;ii,'uirt ist. wild sic vii';_;raliiii uiid muss vcit'aiiliii; liiciiii wild null die S]iitzi' tinuctaiKdit nnd daiin L;rlri)i'knrt.' W'iiiiiinl. I'lilijuni'ii k, \\. iNi. 'I'lir I'itt Jlivir Indians ' use the piiisciii iif thr rattli-snaki-, liv ^lind- Iul; tlir licad Iif that ii]itilc into an inipalpalilr jowdt r, which is thru ai'iilii-d \i\ nil alls of till' ]i II trill hlood and llisli of ihi' ilo;,' to tin- |)oiut of I hi' wi a|ion,' i.ims.i' Si/sl()ii v Mivir wire, 'iioili ^'iiissrvi' IJoi^cii, din iliUi'li als hrdiiitrlldi' I'l-ni'^'i'Si'liossi' dii'lli'll. Kill sali'liiT i^-t (1 l''iiss lall^', and di r Jndiaiiii' li .L;t sirli aiif dir Krdi'. Ulii dcnsillii n zii s|iaiini n. iiuli in 1 |- das iTchti' i-itiii' ill di 11 Jioj^'iii < iiisti'iiinit mid niit In iih ii .Viiin n naihhilft.' 'I'ia- Ipow and arrow, knifi', and war-i'liih. coiistitiitt' tin ir wia|ions. In oiih iif till ir lodf^is i i.i'tirid an clU-skin sliii Id, so toiistriuti d as to he ini]iii\i- uus to tliL' sliiii'prst arrows. I'uhinr, in hi'l. .\p'. Iiipl., iSol, ]i. '2i<'I. ^lilh r iiiiiitioiis n .Modoc who was ' jiaintid nd, lialf-uukL'd, iiiid held a, tuumliuwk iu lis hand.' l.i/i: .1//(m/i.';.s/ tin' Modors, p. 20. 344 CALIFORNIAXS. of war, is not witliout its conflicts in savagedom; tlius more than once the Siiastas and tlic l'nii)(|uas iiavo taken \i\) anus lu'cause of wicked sorceries, wliicli caused the death of tlie peo[)k'/'' So Avhen one i)eo))k' ohstriicted tlie river witli tlieir weir, therehy preventinji' the ascent of sahnon. tiiere was notliiii"; left for those ahove but to fmht or starve. Ak)nLi, Pitt llivcr, pits from ten to fifteen feet deen were formerly (hi.ii'. in whicii the natives caught man and Ijeast. These man-traps, for sucii was their i)rimary nse, wei'e suiall at the mouth, widening toward the hot- torn, so tiiat exit was impossil)le. even were the vi(!tim to escape iuipaleuient uiK)n sharpi'ued elk and deer horns, which were favoi-ahly placed for his rece[)tion. ^fhe o[)ening wis craftily concealed hy means of light sticks, over which earth was scattered, and the better to decei\(' the unwary traveler, footi>rints were Irecnently stamped with a moccasin in tiie loose soil. Certain landmarks and stones or branches, placed in a pecnliai' manner, warned the initiatei', but otherwise there was no siun of imi)endiMg danger.^^ Some few nations maintain the predominancy and force the weaker to pay tribute.^*^ AVheii two of these domin nit nations war with each other, the conlHct is more sanguinary. Xo scalps are taken, ])ut in some cases the head, hands, or feet of the coii(|uered slain are severed as tro[)hies. The C^dirocs sometimes fight hand to hand with ragged stones, which they use with deadly eflect. The llogue Kiver Indians kill all their male jirisoners, but spare the women and children.^'' Tlie il 4B Sill"!!! Slalrsiiimi, April. 18.")7. ■" Hciii-i'. if \vi' may cndit Millor, Life Amoufist the. Mmlnrs, p. 1)73, tln' uaiiic Pitt liiviv. '■* Tlir II iii|i;is I'xiictrd tvilnito from nil the snvi'Diniilin^' tribes. At the tiiiit' till' wliitrs arrivcil the {'hiniiihuiuiiys Wfvc jjuyinu tlitiii tlilmtr in iliii- skiiis lit till' i'a!(> of twciity-tive cents per head. I'mrirn' I'ouki, MS. Tlu' Hi(i|ialis have a law vcciniriuL; thost^ situated iin tlic 'i'iiir''y, above them to jiay tribiiti'. IIkhi'kiI'II 'I'iiii'S, \iii\ 1H")7; >'./•'. En-iiUiii linilil'iii. .V I'lk-lioni knives and liatchets jire tlie ivsiilt of nuidi liil)()r and piitionce.'"' Tl u> wonic'ii are very iii'riMiioiis in l)lait in'. On till' Klaiiiatli rivci' tln'V liaii •s|ioons li' :.'ily iiiailc oi liiiiir and horn.' iUh'is, in Si'linulcrinTs Arch., vol. iii., ji. 14(1. '' •[•'or baslict iiialun;^, tlicv nsi' the roots of |iiiii-tlf( s, the st( ni of tlii' s]iicc-li\isli. and ornauifiit with a kind of j^rass whiih looks like a |ialiii h af, and will lilcach white. They also stain it pnipic witli ildi r Ik iiii s. aiul ;;ri 111 with so.ipstoiii',' , . . 'Tin' I'ilt ItiviT Indians cxcc 1 all others in liaskt t- ui ikiiij;, liiit are not iiarticiilarly ^,'ood at head work.' 'I'lii- Slmsla^ dinl lln ir V .'•;/V/i>/-,v, MS. FriiiiJiil's A'.i'/i'oc. /■.'.iv, p, "iol; ./o/id.soo, in Ovirbiml Muntlilj/, Vol. ii., |). .-).!(;; <;i'i'i!<, in Srliodliu-at't'ti Arch., vol. iii., p. i:!4; J'nirns' I'nim,. MS, '-' ir/7, s' .V'(;'. in r. S. Eje. E.i'., vol. v., p. '2oli; h'ininons, in SrlKidlrrnft's Air!,., v,,l. iii., p. 21H. •.w> CALIFOIINIAXS. ii wevv in use on tlic same rivor, and \vitliin a fow miles of tlie spot Avlii'io tule huoys ohtsiin. Tlic liu;t is. tliis bun- dle of inslies is the best cral't tliat could be invented for salnion-speai'in.ir. Heated astride, the uei^lit of tlie lisli- ernian siidvp '(jnitc vuilc iiinl iiiisliii]i('- ly c'ouci vus, coiiiiiiiiid with tlmsi' (if the lowci' Klnliiatli. Imt snlistiiiitiiil and soliutiiiics liir^'c tiioui^li Id ciiiry ]'''(l(l ]K)iiiids of iiiiicliinidisc' /'■wi/n. in Ovvrliiitil Mdiillili/, vol. viii., ji. "nt'.', vol. x., y TilKi. ' JUuiit at lioth cuds, witli 11 small iirojiM'tioii in tlic stiiii for a scut.' (iililis, in Sflimilcrd/t's .\nli., vol. iii., p. 1-12. ''riios<' on Jtoi^'uc livd' were von!,ddv built- -some of tlicin scow fashion, with Hat lioftoni.' Kiniiinnn, in Siliouli raj't's Arch., vol. iii., ]>. "-1^. The I'itt llivcr Indians 'used boats made fi-om ] in( : tin y burn them out ...about twenty feet long, some very yood oues.' 'I'ltc t^latalua and thilr ^eiijhburti, MS, WEALTH IX NORTHERX CALIFORNIA. n-i? hol- sycii- I iMiils mu'd, nitido Imi'p- ' tree (uired ■iul oil liark wi'oiiir IVuiii .sniie- iii the lack Mr 'orty- j)iil)le ■liaii- , and them caulk \vith half inshaiii'- itial Mild ■ iri IS. in lis, with ■//., Mil. ■Ill scow ]). •-!><. llClll \ >vliite deer-skins, canoes, ami, indirectly, in women. The shell which is tiie i'e;jinlar circulating medium is white, hollow, ahout avood pecker is ecpiiv- aleiit to a))oiit live dollars, and is exteiisivelv used as curreiicN' on the Klamath. (' [inoes are \a hied iccordiny; lii to their si/e and finish. Wives, as they must lie hoii;zht, are a sij^n of wealth, and the owner of many is respected liiii-b accor( .Vinoii^' the Xorthern ralifornians. hereditary chief- tainshii) is almost unknown. If the son succcimI the latiier it is because the son has inherited the father's ■''' Clidsi'. ill Oirrliiiiil MuiiUilij, vol. ii., ]>. \X\. ' A kind of luiid iiimlc from ii slicll ]irocmi (1 on the coast. Tlicsc tlii v striiiL,' and wear aliout tlic iitck, . . . ..Viiothi r kind is a slit 11 about an inch loic4, \\hi

  • '' ' Have no tril)!il oi^'iiiii/ntion, no siicli tiling' ns i)ii1)lic dtfciu'c' Hasi'. horoiKih'ti lilt' r Id llir iiiitliiir, .MS. A I'itt Kivtr cliitf tiidl the white iiian's cotlt', Imt so uiiiiopuliir was it, that lie was obli^'cd to abamloii it. 7'Ai SIkisIu 'rimiiially derived from their a<^e, number of relatives, and wealth,' Wihij, in Iml. Aff. lltpL .liiilil. >7i(('. Cnlll., ]). 4',t7. ■i" 'Ihe Calirocs compound for nnirder by payment oi one strinf,'. .\nionj,' the I'atawats the average tin )V niunUrinL; a man is ten strinj/s, for killinj' U()Mi:\ AND BOMKSTIC AFFAIRS. 840 In viiln do \\i' look 0)1' trii('«'s of tliiit Arciidian siin|)li- I'itN and disi'ciiiird loi- Avorldlv advantages re atl y "1 )on th le prico s he 1 M'lnus; lei* value is voti'd hy society at the })rico her hushand pa\s for her, and the father Avhose daughter commands tho greatest numher of strings of allicochick, is greatly to ho honored, ^fhe j)urchase elVected. the successful suitor leads his hlushing proi)erty to his hut and she hecomes iiis Avife withoiit further ceremony. Wherever this sys- 1cm of wife-i)urcliase ohtains. the rich old men almost ahsorh the female youth and heautx' of the trihe, while the younger and i)oorer men nnist content themselves II \v()in;iii tivf strii);4s, worth iibdiit Slilfl iiiul ^'O ivsjicrtivcly. ' An av('mf,'o riit;i\\,.''s lilt' is coiisiilt red Wditli alMHit six unliiiiiry ciiuocs, ciicli of which (HTU|ii(s two Iii(hiiiis inohiihly three iiioutlis in niukinj,', or, in all, tanta- UKiuiitlo ilie hilmrof one man for a period of tliree years.' ' The Jlooims and Kaih ' di'ce; IS also |iaid for murder, or thiir life was talven l>y the relatives of th ■d.' / iirrrs t 11)111), MS. 'They seem to do as they i)lease, and to liu only ^'overned hy )irivate reven^^e. If one man kills another the trihe or laniily of the latter kill the murderer, unless he buy himself off.' The Ulatslds Und th :l,l., MS. w X»/'e(c's C(C///(H' livcoumtl MOiix, p. 17. Pi m ill it" I I sno CALIFORNIAXS. uith old and ugly wives. ITcnce thoiroagornoss for that wealth which will enaljlc them to throw awav their old wive.s and hiiy new ones. \Vl len a niarnago taKes place tak )li niong the ModcK's, a least is given at the house of the hrides father, in which, however, neither she nor the liridegrooni partake. The girl is escorted hy the women to a lodge, previously furnished hy puhlic contrihutions, where she is suhse(iuentl3' joined hy the man, who is conducted l)y his male friends. All the company hear toi'ches, which are piled up as a tire in the lodge of the wedded [)air, who are then left alone. In some trihes this wife-trallic is done on credit, or at least partially so; but the credit system is never so advantageous to the l)uver as the readv-money svstem. for until the full price is paid, the man is only ' half-mairied.' and besides he must live with his wiles family and be their .-^lave until he shall have paid in full.'" The chil- dren of a wife who has cost her husband nothing are considered no Itetter than bastards, and are treated by society with contumely; nobody associates with them, and they become essentially ostracized, in all this there is oni' I'cdeeming feature for the wife-l)nyer; should he hai)pen to make a bad bargain he can, inmost instauce>. send his wife home and get his money l)ack. Mr (Jibbs asserts tlvit tliev shoot their wives when tired of them. es but this appeal's inconsistent with custom. PolNgamy is almost universal, the lunnber of wiv depending only on the limit of a mans wealth. Tlu loss of one e\ f, or expulsion from the tribe, are c< niunon nunishnu'uts for adulterv connnitted bv a man. A stiiiu I ■/ 1 < of beads, however, makes amenils. Should the wife veil ''"Till' Calirncs, Envoi's, Hoopuhs, and TatiiMut-i, nil iicqnivc their \vi\('^ l)y ]inn'li;isi'. '/'Ac Slui.-itiis diid tln'tr Xii'ilmrs, MS.: /'o/iv/'s' I'mii". ]\1S. 'Wi'iiu ('in .Ml<'i|iiii sciiit' kiinftij,'*' Ltlirtis;^'i fMliitin iiiiti r ilcn Silniin ii Kcini'S Staniiucs i rwiililt hat mid sich virhciiathi ii will, muss I'l' driii Maii- liciiii (chiff ' cine uniishm^^'e jriischclschiim' vi)i'/(i;4i'ii.' .\/>i/ii\ Xmh ilnn Siui-(tiiictil- tails; thev are onlv allowed tt) niarrv one in their own station, and their sole hope ol" emancipa- tion lies in a slow accunmlation of allicochick. with which tlicv can hiiN' their ireedom. AVe are told h\' Mr Pow- ers that a Modi >c ma\' kill h otl us motuer-ni-iaw witii nn ith Ci'J pimity. Adultery, heinji attended with so much dangei-. is comparatively rare, hut amonji' the unmarried, who have nothinj; to tear, a ^ross licentiousness prevail; Amonii' the Muckalucs a dance is instituted in honor of the arrival of the jiirls at the a.Lie of puhcrty. On the Klamath, during the period of menstruation the women are hanished from the village, and no man may a[)[)roacli them. Althoiijih the principal lahor falls to the lot of the women, the men sometimes assist in hiiild- iug the w iuwam. or even in gathering acorns and roots.''' Kane mentions that the Sliastas. or. as he calls them, the Chastays. fre(|uently sell their childriMi as slaves to the Chinook f.i Dances and festivities, of a reliuio- Cl AlUi Ciil'i l'(ilv,i,'iiiiiy is I'oiniiKin aiiniui^ tlii' Jldilocs. Mmrh 'mill l.irlii in N. /', Ort. (I, |s7:f. Oil I'itt ltiv( rii diii f sdiiiriiincs lias fivt wives. 'I'lic llliiht jiilldUs ii((i).lc ill tin World.' 'I'll! Sliiislns timl tin .\i hjliUi MS.; Ilnsiliiiriiiiiili'.'i h III r III llir iiii'luir. MS. ' .\iiiiiiil,' tlir trilns in tlic iinith lit' 111'' Stiitc luiulttry is jimiishid hy tin- tin- diiilli ut tlic iliiM.' 'rm/lnr, lifiiriiiil i'iriiii-t\ Muni H, ISIll. 'The niiilts liav<' iis in. iiv wivts iis ii W'.iiiiin is jiiiiiislii il w ilh m ' '( il'.c to imnliiisc:' inln1l» ly coiiiiiiillfd liy ilriitli. Ilii'iliiiril. ill liiiiil-i! Kill. Munli, lN."ili. A1110114 llir CalnocN jdlyya HV is not toliiati'd: anion'; tiic ili insidciaMf |iiivii ])olyL,'aiiiy |in va dtl If woiiu n liaM xrniiit from iiuiiishini'nt. /'■ Till' llooj a adiilt( i!j- 1 osi s one eve 11 11' auiilu ii ss as many wincs as tluy jilii\s( ,\t Ti vlli .II. Il .lail I! 1' f (iHilif .MS. 'I'll,. Wci \ots at K in ,S,-//.",/. mil .1*1 /' . Mil. iii.. ji I'liiind out that tin y had a plurality of w i\( s. II' vonii'' niiina ivifil women are I'olunion liosse: /'. Iliiv, If w, (/ Mi.iiihlii. vol. viii., 1). ;t:iil. The ni'.4hts before their luaniaf,'!'. HH'li^. in Si liiwail till ir s iruiniU fei' l>< 1' ilmii't's .!)•'■/(.. \( lis, till", cannot nsnallv have irmeh to bewail. 1)1 lys are dis;;l'aee,l by Work. Tin Slnlslti.i iinil /,', 111., [I. I I :>. ■iih'ifs, Ms. Ill work, while men ^'itnible or Kleep ir /. //. Ill iiiii. .\jr. ri).i.,.iiiii.i ISCiT. p. I'..'7; J'lirLvr, in Iml. Ajf'. JlipL, !>-". i>. •2\1\ li ^jfi\ ('mil. inrnitiili'.-ilillir III llii iiiilliiir, MS. "il ii'/nt'.s W'liinl., J). [Kl, 13 I I ■ 3:2 CALIFORNIANS. playful cliarae:ei', are cominon. as \vlieii a Avlialo is .straiiiU'd, ail elk snared, or when the salmon come. There is j^onerally a kind of thankst;ivin,u-(liiy onee a year, when the people of neighljorin^' tribes meet and dance. The junuial feast of the Veeards is a ^j^ood illus- tration of the manner of these entertaimiunts. The dance, which takes place in a large wiiiwam. is j)er- formed by as many men as there is room for. and a small pro[)ortion of women. 'riiey move in a circle slowly round the fire, accompanyinjr themsi'lves with their peculiar chant. Each individual is dressed in all the fmery he can nmster; every valualile he })ossesses in the way of shells, I'urs, or w«Mjd pecker-scalps, docs duty on this occasion; so that the wealth of the dancers may he reckoned at a glance. AVhen the dance has conchul- ed, an old gray-heard of the tj'iho rises, and pronounces a thanksgiving oration, wiierein he enumerates the l)en- elits received, tiie riches accumulated, and the \ ictories won during the year; exhorting the hearers meanwhiU". hy good conduct and moral behavior, to deser\e yet greater benefits. This savage Nestor is listened to in silence and with res[)ect; his audience seeming to drink in with avidity e^ery drop of wisdom that I'ails iiom his lips; but no sooner is the harangue concluded than every one does his best to violate the moral prece[)ts so lately inculcated, by a grand deiiauch. The (\dH'()Cs have a similar festivd, which they call the Feast of the Propitiation. Its object is nnicli the same as that of the feast just described, but in place of the orator, the chief personage of the day is called the Chareya, which is also the ai»[)ellation uf thi'ir deity. No little honor attaches to the position, but much suf- fering is also coiniected with it. it is the duty of the (Miareya-man to retire ii'to the mountains, with one at- tendant only, and there to remain for ten da vs, eating only enough to keej) breath in his body. Meanwhile the Cahrocs congregate in honor of the (xx'asion. dance, sing, and make merry. AVhen the ap[H)inted jKiiod has elapsed, the Chareya-man returns to camp, or is carried SPORTS AND GAMES. 3.-.;! Iiy doputios K'lit out lor the piiri)os('. if li(> Iimvo not streiiiitli to Wiilk. Mis liourcrs are IdiiuHoldcd. lor no liiinijui hciiiji' may look upon the lace of the Chareya- maii and live, llis apjtroaeh is the siiiiial lor the ah- ru[»t hreakin,ir U[> of the festivities. The ri'Ncle;.'! dis- j)t'rse in teri'or. and eoneeal themselves as hcst the> may to avoid catching sii:ht of the dreaded face, and wiiere a moment before all Nvas riot and ))nstle. a deathly still- reimis. Then the ('hare\a-nian is conducted to the ness sue ;it-house. where he remains for a time. And i low the real l*ro[)itiation- Dance takes place, the men alone i»irtici[)atini:' in its sacred movements, which are accom- jianied hy the low. monotonous chant of singers. The dance over, all solemnity vanishes, and a lecherous satur- nalia ensues, which will not hear description. The puis a)-e conciliated, catastrophes are averted, and all is jo^^ and happiness.'^' A i)assion for h to he lost or won. They have a game played \vi;'' i;ttK' sticks, ol' which some arc hlack. hut the most \vhit<\ These thev throw ai'ound in a circle, theohject be- ing --■' ' >iv ,gly to make tiie hlack ones go lartlu'r than the white. A kind of guess-jjame is played with clay halls.'" Theiv is also an international game, jilayed hi'tween IViendlv triltes. which closeh' resembles our 'liockev.' W( o poles ai'e set up ni the grouiK (1 at some ( list; nee apart, and each side, being armed with sticks, endea\()r; to drive a wooden ball round the goal ()})[)osite to it,' 'For tlie pod ClllirfVll, see li'Diri-dfl'rt Xiil. Ildnx. vol. iii.. ])]!. 0(1. U'll, /y.-'r/' htu ih< \,hll,l„ MS. "' VIhis'-, ill <>r< rl'iitil M-mthli/, vol. ii., p, 1^3, Vol. I. 2a 111 I £ I i 351 CALIFOENIANS. Ill .'ilinost all tlioir finrncs and dancos tliov are aooonipa- iiic'd l)y a hoarse cliaiitiiig, or bv sonic kind of uiicoutli music jtrodiici'd by striking on a board with lobster-claws I'astened to sticks, or by some other e(|iially primitive method. IVl'ore the introduction of s})irituous liquors by Avhite men drunkenness was unknown. AVith tlieir tobacco for smoking, tlioy mix a leaf called kinnlk-kiii- nlk-f'' The diseases and ailments most prevalent among these people are sc 'jruhi, consumption, rheumatism, a kind of leprosy, alVeci arising fr(tm thi the lungs, and sore eyes, the last use smoke v.hich always pervades their cabins."" In a(lditi( n to this thev have imauinarv disorders caused by wiziirds, witches, and evil s])irits. who, as they believe, cause snakes and other reptiles to enter into their bodies and gnaw tlieir vitals. Some few roots and herbs used are really ellicient medicine, but they rely almost entirely upon the mummeries and iii- cantatious of their medicine men and women.'" Their whole system ol' therapeutics ha\iiig superstition for a basis, mortality is grciit among them, w hich may be one of the causes of the continent being, comparatively s[)eaking. so thinly populated at the time of its disco\ - ery. Syi)hilis. one of the cursi's for which they may thank the white man, has made fearful havoc among •'" 'They used tolinrco, which they snioalviil in sin:!!! wooden in]us. in form of 11 trnnijiit. and i>!iic(n'id from little gardi ns, where they liad jiliinted it.' .!/<"(/■'//' 's ./'!"/■., i>. '21. ''"The I'itt Kiver Indians 't,'ive no medicines," The Sluishin dm] tlnir Xr'hih- hnvfi, MS. 'The prevailing' diseases are veneri al, scrofnla and rlieuniatisni.' Juiny die of consuiniition. Farce, in Jud. At)'. Hejit., Ih7i, p. I'lT. .\t the month of l'".el river ' the jirincijial diseases noticed, were sore eyes and lilind- ness. consnni|)tion, and a s[iecies of lejirosy.' (/Hihy, in SelnuilrnitTs Anh , vol, iii,, i>. VIH. Tiny sutler from a si)ecies of hnii,' fever, (n'nji r. in lid. Aff. liejiL, 1IS,")M, ji, lisii. ' A disease Was ol)^erv((l anioi:^' thc^m ( the Shastas,' wliich had the ajijiearance of the leprosy. ' Wilkis' .\i(r., in ('. S. F,r. K.i'.. vol, v., ]1. "i"),"). "« 'I'he only niedicinf I know of is n root nsitl for iionltices, iindanotln v root or ]ilant for an emetic,' '/'//c Slaistas Kwl tin if Xiiilihnrn, MS. ' Thr> root of a parasite fern, found {^Towin^; on the tops of the lir trees (collijiie nashul), is the ]irinci]ial remedy. The plant in small doses is e\]iectoi;ii.l and dinrtetic: lieiice it is used to relieve dillicidties of the lun^s and Kid- neys; and, in larL;e doses, it hic(nnes sedative and is an emnienaL;o);ne; henci , it n-lieves fevers, and is nsefid in uterine diseases, and jiroduces aliortion«. The s(pia\vs use the root ( \tensively for this last mentioned purpose.' //'('•' hanl, iu Uvkleii Em, Manli, 185G. MEDICAL TREATilENT. J11]H-S. Ill .<1 lllilllt. ll ( tr .V< I'jl'- iiimtisni.' At tlir 11(1 Miii'l- s Arri, , in li'il. ■Shiista-,' Kx. /;.(■. . (1 iinotlii r v •Tlio I I'lillijiif [irc-tol;ilit illl.l i^ia- llt'lU' , ilioitidii*- so.' ilni.' tlioni. ^Yoiuou doctors seem to be more numerous tlian II in this I'ejiion; JUHiiiiriii"; tlieir art in the foncstvl or mv\ it-1 sweat-noiise. ^vliere i h (liii impi ■olc il essional Momeii are in )t ad- mitted, ^riieir favorite method of cure seems to consist in sucking tlie affected part of the ])atient until the blood Hows, by which means they pretend to extract the dis- ease. Sometimes the doetress vomits a froj:'. ])j'eviously swallowed for the occasion, to ]>rove that she has not SU( ked ^1 in vain. Mie is lre(iuently a.s^is itb 4ed I )V fi seconc 1 ]iliysiciaii. whose duty it is to discover the exact spot Avliere the malady l'"s. and this she elVects by barking like a dog iit the patient until the s))irit discovers to her the ])lace. Mr (jlibbs mentions a case where the ])atient was lirst attended bv four voung women, and "fterward i>v tl le same mini her o f old ones. Standinji' round the unfortunate, they went through a series of violent ges- ticulations, sittiimdown when tlie\' could stand no longer. sucking. V. ith the most laudable perseverance, and moan- ing: iiu'anwhile most dismallv. Finalh'. when Avith their lips and tongue they had raised blisters all over the patient, and had ])ounded his miseral)le body with hands and knees until they were literally exhausted, the ])er- fonners executed a swooning scene, in which they sank down a})i)areiitly insensible.'^ The ]»ogue ITiver medi- cine-men are siipj)osed to be altle to wield their mxstci'i- eus power for harm, as well as for good, so that should a patient die, his ndatives kill the doctor who attended liini: or in case deceased cou'd not alTord medical attend- juice. Iliey kill the lirst unfortunati' disciple of Jlscnla- I'ius tliey can lay hands on. IVeciuently murdering one liel()ii,^iiiL:' to another tril)e; his death, liowever. must lie pnid i'i^".''- Uut the great institution of the Xorthern Californi- ans is their temescal. or sweat-house, which consists of a ■I A I'itt nivcr (Idctov told liis pati>'iit tliat fir his fif 'lioiiinst linvo liis ll"r-<((i|- lie w.iiild lint 1ft him f,'ct\vrll.' 'I'll' Sliil.^ldS mill lliiir .Siiiililinrn. .l.'S.; /'."■■/•v, ill (In rliiinl Mmillili/, viil. viii., \K I'JS: stniics ovir tlic msIk s fnni niiiunuii'llt. ' \(> fuiicnl (•(•ri'liHillics.' 'I'hf Slmslns nn I lln'ir Si'nililini'^. Ms. On till' lie, an fi'outiii'df snutli ()ri'.L;nii ainl north Calit'urniii •Ihriliiid aie Imi'ic il \\iiiithtirfai'(sl(M)kin,i,'t(>tlif wrst.' Iliihhiinl.iw lii.lih h Krelves n[)on a lo^i, vour father. IVrtie. and J, near the fire round which the natives had ci^njirefiated to sing i'or old (iesnip. the chiefs wile. Presentlv Sootini, the doctor, apjiearcd, dressed in a low-necked, loose, white nnislin. sleeveless waist I'asteiR'd to a hreech-cloth. and red hiu'k-skin cap i"rinj''ed and ornamented with heads; the liice painted with white stri[)es down to the chin, the aims fioin wrist to shoulder, in hlack. red, and white ciicles. which by the lurid caui[)-fire looked like brai^elets. and the lej:s in white and black stripes, — presentinj;' ahoLicther a merry-Andrew ai)i)earance. (^'eeping sol'tly along, sing- ing in a low. gradually-increasing voice, Sootim a})- ])roached the invalid and poised his hands over her as in the act of l)lessing. The oue nearest hiui took up the song, singing low at first, then the next until the circle was completed; after this the pipe went I'oiuid ; then the doctor taking a sip of water, partly uncovered the jtatient and connnenccd sucking the lei"t side; last ol' all he took a pincii of dirt and blew it over her. This is their curative process, continued night after ni(). 'The chick or rciidy money, is I'laciil ill the owner's L;Vii\e. l)llt the how and (jniver lieconie the property of llic lie ircst nide relative. Chiefs only receive the honorsof a fence, snrn; nulled with feathers, roimd the j^'i'ave.' ti'n'ihs. in SrlnKilirn/l'a Arrh., vol. iii., ]i. 17"). ' I'pon the (h'.ith of one of these Indians they raised a sort of funeral cry, iind afterward liunied the bodv within thi; house of their ruler.' Mininlh's J.Hd-., p. lit. "" J/)"7,-((-(/i/((7,-, food. In the C'hinnok Jari,'<)d was taken awav. while she that is bad remains. 0( JOSH 11) tioiie. gone, uone And the iiiournl'ul procession take up the rol'raiii: "() (Josnip :oiio, iOl 10, ii'oiiel Auaiii the iinciont ciiiof >()()mut has a little boy, Soomut has a little girl, but no one is left to cook their ibod. no one to dig them roots. ( Iosni[) gvnie, gone, gonol" i'ollowi'd by the chorus. Then again f^oomiit: ''White woman knows that (iosnip was "'' In the vicinity nf Xnf)tl;ii Sonnd iind tho Cdlnniliia llivcr, the first I'liitid States tiadcis with the nativi s wtie fidin IWistun: the lirst Eiii;lisli vi sscls aiiiicaicil aliont the same tinii', which was dniin.!,' Ww rciLtn nf (ti ur^'i III. ILncc in the Oliincnik .Tari;iin wc tind ' /Aw/o/i, an Aninican; llnstun i'liilii< . the Tnited States;' and 'Kiinj ijconji', English— /v'i/i;/ ijmvijv inan, nu Eu;;lishiuau. ' 5 800 CALIFORNIAXS. ' '!": strong to work; .slio told mo licr sorrow wlicn Cosnip (lii'd. (ii'snip jioiio, {iouo, pniol ' iiiid tliis was ko[)t up (hiring' tlic entire luiircli, tlie dciid wife's virtues sini<;' and eliornsed l»y the wliok' tribe, iicconnuinied by the st'iitterinjA' of asiies and kunentations which now had be- come very noisy. The lady I'lirthei' states that the scene at tile jirave was so impressive that slie was nnal)le to restrain lier ti'ars, Xo woncU'r tlien that tiiese imi)ulsive chikh'en ol' nature (arrv tlieir iov and sori'ow to excess, even so far as in this instance, wliei'e tlie atVectionate (kuiuhter of tile okl crone had to l)e lield bylier compan- ions fi'om throwin;4 lierself into tlie jirave of lier dead mother. After alb liow slidd the sjiades of dillerence in liearts Iniman. wlietlier barbaric or cnitui'cdl As belbre mi'ntioned, tlie rnlinu' ])assion of tlie savajre seems to be love of wealth; having it. he is ri'spected. without it he is des[)ised; conse(|uently he is treacher- ous when it pi'ofits him to be so. thievisli when he can steal without dan^iicr. cnnninj:' when ,uain is at stake, brave in defense of his lares and jH-nates. Xi'xt to his excessive Ainality, abject sM[)erstition forms the the most [)rominent feature of his character, lie seems to believe that everything;' instinct with animal life — with sonu>. as with the Siahs. it extends to vegetable life also — is ])ossesse(l by evil spirits; horril)lu fancies till his imauination. The rattling of iicorns on the roof, the rustling of leaves in the dee}) stillness of the forest is suihcient to excite terror. J I is wicki'd spirit is the very incarnation of fiendishness; a monster who falls suddenly upon the unwary traveler in solitary ])laces and rends him in pieces, and whose imps are ghouls that exhume the dead to devour them.''' Wei'e it iu)t I'or the diabolic view he takes of natiu'c. his life would be a com[)aratively easy one. His wants are few. and such as they are. he has the means of sup- plying them. He in somewhat of a stoic, his motto being 'S 'They will ofton a;n tliivo or four milcH out of their ■\viiy, to nvnid juisk- inp; 11 i)l!ii't' which they think to bo Imuntfcl.' Thv Uliioitas and thir Ai (;//.- bors, MS. Till" rr.XTUAL C'ALirOUXIAXS. )G1 lU'Vi'i* do to-diiv uliiit ciiii !)(' jjiit oft' until to-iiujrrow, iiiiil lio ('(tnct'ru.s liiiiiscir little with the glories ut' |icii('i' (»l' Will" \ OW JlIU I tl It'll wo liiid I iiiii I liiiili dii-j,' liiinsi If Avitli ^rciit striju's of paint, uud lookinj^' l(.'roci(»us. I)iit ordiiiiirilv lii' i)i"i'lt'r.s tlu' cjilin of the iK'iu.vfiil tciuc.'^oul to the din of hattk'. The task of collcctiii": a winter store of I'ood lie converts into a kind of .^^iniiiiier [ucnie, and altoiietlier is ineliiied to niakc^ the host of thinj:s, in s|»ite of tlie ainiovance jiiven him in the wav ol' reserva- tions and other hencfits of cis ili/ation. 'J'akeii as ii whole, the Northern ('arifornian is not such a had sjieci- iiieii of a sava,^('. as savaues p). hut (ilthiness and ureed are not emiahle (jualities, and he has ii I'lill share of both.'*" Tin; ri;NTi!AL (\vi.if()I!Xia\s occiiin- a vet laiyer ex- tent of territory, ('oin[)risin;^' the whole of that jiortion of ('alilornia exteiidiiii:'. north and south, from a hoi it -U) oO' to '']') , and. east and west, from the Tacilic Ueean to the (Vlifurnian houndarv. Till' I'itt Itivcv Tiiiliaiis ' nrc vcvv slivcwd in tlio way nf sti ;iliiii,', mid will liiat ii <'i]y(it('. 'I'lu'v an' full nf cnniiiiiL;.' Tin' Slinsln ,1 Ih, ,/'- .!/>'. 'I'luy 'arc viry tnaihcmus and lildudy in their disju.sitic A'ih..ll, ii, l>,f. I!. /,'. Hrj,!., Vdl. vi.. ]). (11. The Indian if (lie Ninth ct 'I .In.iriK. California stand at the v< ry lnwcst jioint of cnltnrc.' I 'j'l'iij'i r' s > |i. llUi. • In 'alia!)!!' iif ti'i'aclnry, Imt riady to li^'ht tn the (Irath in avcn;.',- in in-;ult nv injury, 'i'luy arc active and eneri^'ctic in t \tr( nil K'llifs h'.o-nraiiiii Id Cdl., vol. ii., [). llWi. At Klauiath Lake they aie noted fir tr aelierv /•', Ill's Kxiili, !■:. 2(1.). The 'I'dlciwas resc till) Uimiias ill character, liiin;.^ a hold and masterly race, f( d.aM. nd. hat- a^'^ressivc and hau:-;hly lellslVl 'n 'The I'alawats are 'extremely tinnd and inof- Chillulas, lil if th MS. On Tnnitv i;i\c r ' tin v iit( s without aiiv of their virti //.;„/;. Iii'l. AiJ. Ill III. , |.s.")7, ]i. ;i;il. Ahove the forl7, p. :H'>1. At U ui'Mie liivir tin V are 'lirave, haughty, indolent, and superstitious.' Odniiukr, in Id., 1857, p. ;il)y; lyi.-iv'ioriiiijli's hill I- Id thr ilidhur, MS. 302 CALIFOllNIANS. Tilt' Xjitivo Racos <>r tills I'cjiinn iirc not divided, iis in th«' lUMtlu'iu piirt of tlie state, into c'diniiaratixtiv lai';:c ti'ild's. Iiiit arc scatteivd »»V('i' the lace ol" tlie coiiiiti'v in iununieralile little Itands. with a svstem ol' iioiiieiiclatin'e so intricati' as to ]ui/,/U' an (Mdipiis. XeNcrtldess, ms ainoiiji: tlic most iiiqiortaiit, I iiia\' mention tlie lollowin^: 'llio Tihaiinix, iVoni wliom tin* conntv takes its name; the Poinitx, wliicli ninne sijiiiides ' |)c()|)lc', and is the colU'cti\(' ap|)ellation of a imnilier ul' trihes li\inji in I'ot- tci' N'allcv. where the head-waters of Mel and l»iissian rivers interlace, and extending' west to the ocean and south to ( 'lear Lake. Mach trihe of the nation takes a, distinmiishinii' prefix to the name of I'omo. as, the ('as/el J^DinoK and A'l J*uiiios on the head-waters of Mel Kiver-, the J'oiiir, P(»n()^, Karth People, in I 'otter A'allev; the C(i/i()) Ponios, in the valley ol" that name; the C/ioniii i'lihl)or l*eo[)le. in Sherwood \'alley, and many others. On Rnssian River, the (udluioiiK rox. occnpy the Aalley helow llealdshnrii'; the Sinirh, Sorfxn^^ /jiiihis. and Saicos. live in the vicinity of the village of San('l ; the ( 'diiKic/tos dwell in Ranchcria and Andei'son valleys; the r/vV'//ff. or Yokias. near tlu' town of I'kiah. which is a corrnj)tion of their name;'*' the (lualdlns^- on the creek which takes its name from them, ahont twenty miles ahove the month of Jiussian River. On the horders of Clear Lake were the JjopUhiii'illos, the Jf!j)((C)ii(i!i, and '///",'/"•'*• the )'(i/nt<. or Yola\s. that is to sav, ' reuion thick with rushe- ' of which the present name of the connty of Yolo is a corrnption. lived on Cache Creek; the Colnxux. occnpicd the west hank of the Sacramento; in the N'allcy of the ^foon. as the Sonoinas called theii* conntry, hesides them- selves there were the Gaillicas, the JutiihiKircs, the ^Si)lllJ(l- "■ These iiro not to be confounded with the Yukus iu Kound Vulley, Teha- ma Connty. !*^ Spelled Walhalliv on some majis. If? NATIONS OF CENTRAL CALlFOllNrA. 303 likeea, t)ie /\'tiiliniiiix, and tlie \\(i/tfis; tlu' Ytir/ilc/riniiitci* iiiliiiliitcd tilt' coiiiiti'v bctwct'ii Stofktoii ami Mount hialdo. Accordin;/' to llittcl. tlu'i'c^ wvvv six ti'ilK's in Xapa Valley: tlii' MinjiifDiiiio^, the ('alajdiiniiKix. \\\v (' Si m .I(>at|iiin lived the ('osfroinrs, thi^ Pit'iurlus. Tulhirl, Its, niiiiiiiriirs. ai L ('iii)h'fli id AiiHiiins'. on Fresno River the ('hnirclnx. IIIIKI/S •lllll-l ■/,1/s, \i,n/,'r/,,i, X. and I/ninl SI rs : tl lO /■Ainifr/ies i\\u\ Coirlii/is. Wwd on l-'our Creeks; tlie M'li- r/iis. XdfiKiirtJiiis. and ('/iiiniiiiiiu'!^ on King River, and on Tulare Lake, the Tnlrhi'S and Wnnircll^. In their ahoriginal manners and ciistonis tiny differ hut little, so little, in fact, that one doscrii)tion will ajiply to the whole division within the ahove-named limits. The reader will therefore understand that, except where a trihe is specially named, 1 tun speaking of the whole people collectively. ill 3G1 CALIFORNIANS. ■,h>. The conflicting stotements of men ^^ilO had ample op- portunity for observation, and -who suv the ])eople tliey descri'oe, if not in the same place, at least in tlie same vicinity, render it difficult to give a correct description of their ph_\'si(iue. They do not ap})ear to deteriorate toward the coast, or improve toward the interior, so uniformly as their northern neighbors; ])ut this may be accounted for by the fact that several tribes that for- mei-ly lived on the coast have been driven inland by the .settlers and vice versa. Some ethnologists see in the Californians a stock different front tliat of any other American race; J)Ut the moi'c 1 dwell upon the su])ject, the more convinced 1 am, that, exce[)t in the broader distinctions, specific classilica- tions of humanity are but idle speculations. Their height rarely exceeds live feet eight i riches, and is more fre([uently five feet four or five inches, and altliough strongly t bey are seldom symmetrically built. A low re- treating forehead, black deep-set eyes, thick bushy eye- l)rows. salient cheek-bones, a nose depressed at the root and somewhat wide-spreading at the nostrils, a large mouth with thick j)r()minent lijjs, teeth large and white, l)ut not;d\vays regular, and rather large eai's. is the ])r('- vailing type. Their comi>lexion is nuich darker than tliat of the ti'ibes farther north, often being nearly black; so that with till Ir matted, bushy hair, which is frcfpieutly cut short, they present a very uncouth appearance.'^' **' 111 tile vicinity of Fort TJoss, ' Dio IiuliaiiPi- siiul von niittlcrcni Wuclise, (Idi'li trilVt man aurli Imhi' (irstaltcii nntir ilnH>:; mr sic siml /icmlich wolil ]ir( idc (hschUclitcr sind vo'i knifti';ciiL Kijijm i- l)an.' h'(isir<>iiiiifiii>>. niYSICAL PECULIAKITIES. 30; Tlio question of l)oar(l has boeii imich mooted; some tni\elei's ussei'tinji; that they are beiirded Hke Turks, At BiMl(i,':i J)iiy 'they arc nu ugly and brutish rnc. iiirniy with iicf^ro jiro- lllrS. iiumcii hi. V- lii:{. They art' iihysically an iiif( rii>r ra( 1(1 li tlat. nini; features, \iw^, foarse, straii^'ht Mack liair. liii; iiKuitlis, ami virv cl.irk skins, till' saiiic i /.' '/'("(/ 12U. Laf},'!,' and stionL,', their eoldur liein^^ that l;l iljil coarse Of id stall .Small, elcindnt,' lyes.' Juln ('ill, lliul <> Jl ., ]!]). I I'J stron'4 and nriseidar. Ilr;/'iiit's ''((/,, |i. 'irili Kath 111 low the niiildle stature, but stroiiL;, well-knit fellows (lood-lookin^', and Well liiulied.' Ivllifs E.iyjushia U> <'itl.. vol. ii., jip. SI, 111. ' They wen in L^eiieral line stout men.' A j^'reat diversity of jihysio^noniy was noticeable il'ili'l s Ukici r. S. AV. K.f.. v(d. ix., ]ii). Iii."i, l()7. On the; Sacra- iHiiito 'were line robust nun, of low stature, and badlv fori ir;//,-i X'tr.. in r. N. h'.f. K.i V V.ts. riie nioulli is verv lar^'e, and tlio ise broai and (h'pressed.' ' (liittly distini^nislied by their dark color. idfi ices, .'1 low forehead.' ll'ih'^ Kiln Till feat '!!■■ m r h'x. i:. ures are coa broail. and of ,i dark chocolate ii., )) in ('ill. Fiiriiiir, Nov. 'l. ISdii. \t Drak- li just above San Fiaiii Tertllly, above the stallilard of l''.ll;4iMimell. 'I'lieir comjileximi is much darkerihaii that of the South-si a Islanders, and lliiir features fiir inferior in btautv.' Jlmh' ■1. ii., 1 ). 7C. At Santa Clara tlii'y are 'of a blackish colour, tiny have tlat faces, thick lips. 111. nU, coarse straii'ht hair.' Knlnln r ii. '.IS. Th features are handsome, and well-jirojiortionetl: tlnir countenances ancheer- fnl and iiiterestiii!,'.' MnrnU's Te//., p. 21'2. .\t riacerville they are •most tipulsive-liiokiiii,' wnUhi ".'ly. are Verv da ll',/c/. They are nearly blacU, and an Hiirlliir'hl.'s Thrii' l'r((/'N i/i ''((/., p. I'JM. Ill the Vosiinife V: >!' )■. iliinil,' and 'the women arc peifi et!y hidei din^'ly •they f hiinl'a V The Clonus oil the east if Ih a tine looking race, Htraiyht, and of good height, anil apicar to be iietivc. < I i\ 1] 8G6 CALIFOKNIAXS. others Hint tliov are Ijeardlcss as ^vomen. Ilavinjr care- fully coiupiued the pros and cons, 1 think I am jiistilied in stating that the Central Calilbrnians have beards, I !' I 1' !■ 1 1 ' ..i T'.u SrhiiiUlt, in TriiL Af. liept., 1850, p. 2-3. At MontciTy 'ils soiit fii (^I'm'riil liii'ii fiiits, iiiiiis faibles (Vcsjji-it ct ilf cdrps.' In thf vit'iiiity (if Sun Mi^iicl. they iivu ' gi'm'ralcuit'iit il'uiic cmiliiiv foiici'c, sides tt iiiiil fiiits. . . 11 riX(t']iti<>ii tdut fois (IfS liidicns (jni liiiliitciit sur Ics liiivds dc In rivii'vc dfs ti( uihli'iiieiits do tt'iTe, ot sur la cntf voisiiic. t''iix-ci sdiit bliiiies. )li 1i'. ft Icurs fheveux tircnt snr le mux.' I-U'iis, iu .\. 3.12, l'):{; ulso (|untfd in .I/a flllV l,s Ih p. 2.%. ' Sont f^i'iii'ialfnicut petits. fiiililcs. . . .liu onI( V rst tivs-.'iiiiu'dcliiuiti' de eelle dcs ni'^rcs dont Ics diivi ux iic sunt point liiini'ux: ccux dc ci s iicuijIck '-•:)Ut lolit,'s et tn's-forts.' Ln /VVok.^c, I'i.//., tnin. ii.. )). 2fS]. 'Lit tailk' dcs h(jinincs est plus liauti- (than that (pf the Cliih- (ins>, ct Icnis nnisch's nii<'ux pi'ononci's.' '1 ln' ti'^uri' of the wdunn 'cstiilus ('•lcv('c (tliiin th;it of the Chilian women), <'t la fonnc ii[)i'i', 1 1 d'unc physii)ii(i)uic nioins repoussantc' Hollin, •- I.ii /'• I'')//., torn. iv. p. ")2. At San Jcisi- ' the men are almost all i-.iucr ahovc tlic middling' st tuvc. and Well liuilt; vcrv few indeed are -.iliat niav lie called undeisizfd. Th eir comiilexions a ire dark l)nt not ncLrro like some seemed to JiossesH f^reat muscular stren^'th; they have very coarse Mack hair.' Some of the Women were more tlian live feet six inches in hei'jht. And spe diiuL; of the Californiaii Indians, in Ljeiieral, ' thev are of a middlin;^. or ratlier of a low statiu'c, and sez marc|Ui /;. ev are small in stature: thin, sinialid, dirtv. and dcLtraded in aiiiiearancc. In their habits little b.tterthai 1 an oui.iiiu'-o utanu th vol. i., ]v. -2 I',). ct rtainly the worst tyjie of sava^'e 1 have ever seen,' /.oci/ s .\iU. y\< oieswaithy in complexion, and of less stature than those east of the liockv Mountains , . .more of the .Vsiali • cast of countenance than the stern tiib Ihh, LiO till I'liliiis. ]i. :l 4. • I)e|.asse raremellt hauteur de ciiaj ]iieds deux on trois ponces; leur memlnes sont Liicles et inediocrenielit milscli's. lis out de grosses hvns ijui se projetteiil en avalit, le lie/. lar),'e et aplati comme les F^thiopieiis; hurs cbeveiix son, ■. irs, rudo I't droits.' Aiifr. i'ni/.iit >'(il.,\}. 1(1"). '">. ' F-ow foreheads and skins as black (luiiiea ne.;roes. rh's l)is<-rls, vol. i. Kn laiit 1) faiit s s■//, rli> I'i of I'l.rhis till., \.\t. I.S(»-:;: llnrpir's M<'iilhli/, veil, xiii., \>. 'iKi. villi, tliiin;,'h l)(l()ii''iii!,' 1(1 (litl'ticiit iiiitioiiiilitics. hiid vcrv iiiiicli the sai tol liic fiiltwanl aliiiciivalU'i'; sii that wlicii Vim liavi' s(( 11 one vmi 11.- /' lavc seen tllflll a ^' On th«- Saciaiii'iiti) liivt . /•;. .1. \<. 1(1.1 'I'hfV had hcards and \vhisl'. r.s.Kx. i:. < til Uusr'la 1' I'.IN. n l;ivci- • thcv have (initc heavy nioiistachcs and hcards mi the chin hut not much on th- ■h Cli ar Lalie Indi;Mi h dso coli^ nd tliev almost all sutler it to eiow. Til isidcrahlc hcards, and hair on the jJt r- m.' .\t the hcMcl of Sc>utli Tork of Eel Itivcr, ' they jihu k their \'< '.';/./..' ■ds in .^,/(i>o/./f('7s .1)-./,., vol. iii.. jij). lOS-1 1',). At Jlontcrcv ' jilusic iir.'- out lie la harlii : d'aiitres. s\iivant lis jjcrcs niissionaires. n'cii out jaii it c'est tin ijucstion ijui n'est jias nicnic decidec dans le jiays.' l.ii J'l Chili ]>arnii // . vol. ii,, )i. -Js-J. ' Lcs Californicns out la harhc jiliis tnurnic (jiic hs les 1. rhe; les fi it les oarties (genitalis iiiieux pirnics: cciicndaiit j'ai n niari|nc lis, .-,:; ^;viind noiiihrc d'individus totalcim nt dc]iourvus di in /,'( /' cnillics out .lUss! |iiU lie 1 11 all r jii'nil ct aux aisseliis /;-.//; I'- Till V have the liahit cnliiUlon t( ill Alia ricaii Indians of ixtractiii!' the 1 icai'il an< ilv.' Furiili 11 III S /.(/' Ill (III. the hair of otlii r | arts of their 1' ;;(i4. licards ' short, thin stiH.' 1,111 1- hir. full tlowili;.,' iieard is ohserved.' Fiiflii vol. ii , p. :{|. 'In ^'ciieial very scanty, althoULh occiisioiiiilly a ' ■'//. sh, ]!]). IM-".: Ii ds tl lave theiii dose with ninssel-shclls.' /.lo/i/.M/orf/'s I'o//., vol.ii.. y. Iiil. WW. many IhV J'.iirt istsehwnch.' II' . /. I III; vol. v. At San Anionic I the olili n times, hefore ' •coniinL; christians, they jiullcd out tluir l^einds,' Vc///" '■"'. l-'iiyiiii'i\ .,|(ril 'Si. is'iii. Choris in his I'o//. I'ilt., ])latis vi.. vii.. of part iii., draws the IndiaiiH with a very sli^^ht and scattired heard I'liick out their heard.' .!' 77,- i,^ I'o//. hi ('ill., |). H'li ' ANciir whiski IS, ii's (hill, (//ii/ ('i//.. vol, ii,, p. Ill . ' les Indiciis (|ui hahiti lit dans la t d CS IIIOUS taclr direction du caji dc Xnuvcl-An (del .\\\o Nuevo) /■W./i.s:. in .Voio-i//. ,s ,|i///;!."). M iihli npfoidt iiieniioiis that at the death of a relation, "die Mi'iuucr raufeii liaiipthaiu' und IJiirt sich aus.' J/'^/'c", vol. ii., puit ii., p. 150. ' 1" P ¥ ill 3G8 CALIFORNIANS. nearly down to tlic knot's, and is open at tlic sides. »Soine tribes in the nortliern part of the Saeran^'.-nto Val- ley wear tlie round bowl-shaped hat worn by tlie natives on the Klamath. During the eold season a ball-tanned deer-.skin, or the rope pnnnent above mentioned, is added. The hair is worn in various styles. Some l)ind it up in a knot on the back of the head, others draw it back and club it behind; farther south it is worn cut short, and occasionally Ave iind it loose and liowinu'. It is not un- counnoii to see the head adorned with chapU'ts of leaves or ilowers. remindinjj: one of a badly executed bron/e of Apollo or IJacchus. J]ar-oruaments are nuich in vogue; a favorite variety being a long round piece of carved 1)0110 or wood, sometimes with IknkIs attached, which is also used as a needle-case. Strings of shells and beads also siM'vo as ear-ornaments and necklaces. The head- dress lor gala days and dances is elaborate, composed of gay feathers, skillfully arranged in various fashions.*' >*'• At Fort lidss '])i(> 5I-iiiii('r Ljclicn '^un/. iiackt, die rrimcii hiii.t,'i'!,'cii !»>- doekcii mil- dcu mittli rcii Tluil dcs Jviirpirs vo i vonic uiid vmi liini'ii iiiit (liii rillcii wilder Ziii,'(ii; dus H.iiir liiiidiii dir iMMiiiur iinf dim SclioiilV', (lie Fraiirii iiiii Xackiu in iiiischcl /iisiuunii'ii; lii>\vcil(ii lassm sic ch f n i ]i riuitcr wallcii: die ^Liiiiicr licftiu dii' JSiisclicl iiiit /.icinlicli kim^llicli, iius (iui-r mtliiii I'aliiic Ljisclmitzttii Hiilzcliiii fi st.' IvixIrniiiilniKiir, in liner, Slul, ■II. KUiiiii., |). h2. At Clear Lake •(lie woiik ii tjeiierally wear a hliiall round, liowl-sliaped liasket nu tlieir heads; and fliis is fri(|ii( iitjy iidirwoven with the red feathers of the woodpecker, and ed,i,'ed with tlie phuiie tufts of the Mue <|iiail.' '///. I(i7. Si c also p. (i.S, ]'late xiv.. for jilate of ornaments. At Kelsey IJiver, dress ' consists of a decr- nkiii ruhe thrown over the shoulders.' /(/., ]i. I'll, lu the Sacramento Valley ■ they Were perfectly naked.' IvHi/'x Exri'rsicii lo Cnl., vol ii., p. 111. ' ]>oth Bexes have the ears jiierced with lar^e holes, throiiL,di which they ]iass a piece of wood as thick as a man's tin;4er. decnrated with paintini^'s or el.iss heads.' J'l'iiifii's Sicniiil ,lniirn., p. ;t(l7. ' 'J'he men '^n entirely naked; Imt the wnnii n, vith intuitive modesty, weara small, narrow, i,'rass apron, which extends from tlie waist til the knees, leavin;4 their liodies and limbs partially exposed.' Ihhino's l.'iU' I'll riniiis, j)p. ,'((1."), ;t()7. 'They wear lillets around tluir heads of leaves.' W'ilhrs' .\iir., in I'. S. Kf. /i'r.,. vol. v., p. I't'J. ''J'he dress of the women is a cincture, com[)oseil of narrow sli]is of tihrous hark, or of string's of • Culiforniaii Hax,' or sometimes of rushes.' Men iiakul. I'trhr- iii'l's A''(c.s, ill r, S. A'.r K.w, vol. ix., p. lOS. .\t l!ode;;n they ' most liberally ]ireseiited its with liluinesof feathers, losaries of hone, i^'arnieiits of feathers, as also f^'arlands of thu same materials, wliicli iiiey wore round their head.' .)/'('((•('//. '.s .Imir., J). 47. ''J'he women wore skins of animals about th< irsh' ni- ders mill waists;' hair 'clubbel behind.' Witifnurcr's To//., vol. ii., ]i. i:)''. Around San Francisco l?ay; ' in summer many ^iocr.tirely naked. The women, liowever, wear a deer-skin, or some other coveiini^ about their loins; hut sUiii dresses aiHi not common.' To their lars the women 'attach Ioiil; w Icii ••yliliders. variously carved, which serve the double jiurpose of ear-rines and iiOL'dlc-cascs.' JJ'jcclnij'ti Foj/., vol. ii,, p. 77. 'All yo naked.' Vlntinisso, hi I'M PERSONAL ADOKNIIENT. 860 Tiittooing is uiiivoi'sal with the Avonien. tlion^li eoii- fiiied within narrow hniits. Tliey mark the chin in 7u/?;''('(c's T",'/., vol. iii., p. 48. 'The nion either go iiakoil or wcm- ii sinijile lirtM'ch-cloth. The woiiicu wear ii cloth or strii)s of Icatht r around tlitir Inin^,.' Iliirtli'll's I'lrs. Xar., vol. ii., p. lili. Three hnnilri(l viars aL;o we art! tolil Ihal the nii'u in the vieiiiity of San Francisco l>ay ' for the iiuist part goo n.ikeil: the women take a kindeof hnlrnshes, and kenihing it aftt r the man- ner of hemp, make themselnes thereof a loose garment, wliieh hiiiiL; kiiitte ahout their miildles. hangis downe alxmt their hipjxs. and so at1'ord( s to them » eoiiering of tiiat which nature teaches should lie hidden; ahdUt llnirshoul- dirs they weare also the skin of a deere, with the haire v]ion it.' The king hid npon his shoulders 'a coato of the skins of conies, reaching to his wast; his guard also had each coats of the same shajie, Imt of oth( r skin.' . . . .Aft( r tl'.ese in the ir order, ilid I'oUow the naked sort of common l)eo| le, whoso Imire 111 ing lung, w.is gathered into a hunch lnhind, in whi'h stucke iilunus (if feathers; hut in the forepart onely single feathers like homes, evi ry one pleasing hiuiselfe in his owne device.' DniLv's W'mid P'ur'.txii., pp. l:i], l:.(i. ' Asi ciiiiio .\daniilas se presentan sin el mem ir rulior iii vergi'n n/a (i sto es. los lioudircs) y para lihrarse del frio (|ue todo el ano h.-ice en esta Mision (San Francisco }, principalmente las maiianas, se endiarran con lodo. diciendo (jno lis preserva de el, y en ipianto ini)iieza a c.'dentar el Sol se l.ivan: las mu- gcres andan algo honestas, hasta las muchachas chiipiitas: >isan para hi hiiuestidad de un delantar (pie hacen de hilos de tule, t'\ jinicia, (pie no 1'' de la idill; I, y otro atras amarrados a la cinturu, (jiie amlms furmaii as, con (pie s(^ presentan con alguna honestidad, y en las "ipaldas se pollen otros seiiiejaiites para lihrarse ( n alguna niaiieia del frio.' ciinio Unas enagu rnin 'lit ill' ,l"ii jii-n) Strrii, p. "iiT. At Monterey, and on th st hi tweeii Jlonterey and Santa Barharn the (h'css ' du ]ilus riclie consiste en un liianteau de peau di* loutre (pii coiivre ses reins et descend au-dessous di s anus . . . L'haliillemeiit des feiiimes est nn mantciiu de peau de cerf mal taniK'e. . . .Les jeuiies lilies an-dessons de ncuf ans ifont (pi'uiie simple cein- ture. et les enfans de I'aiitre sexe sont tout nus.' J.it J' I'V ■,m- il/., toll). U. •lis se ))ereent aussi les oreilles, et y jiortent (h's oitieiiK lis d'un g' nre et d'un giuit tr('s-vari('s.' Ilnllin, in J.u I' torn. 1' ;{. Ihose hetweeii Monterey and the extreme northern lioundaiv of the ^lexi- eaii domain, shave their heads close.' Ilnsr'nni. in /i'i//h '.V Jj/'i' ill I'dl. p. '2;W. On the coast between San Diego and San Francisco 'pres(pie tons vont elith'l'emeiit lius; ceiix (pii out (piehpies yet nunts, n'ont autre rhiise (pi'une casiKjue faite do courroies de peau de lapiiis, de lieyrcs on do hmtres, tressi's eiisemhle, et ((ui out consery(' le poll , . L( s femnies out uiie es- jii'ce de tahlier de roseaux tress('s (pii s'attache aut(nir(le la taille jiar un cor- ' jusiju'aux geiioux; une ]ieaii de cerf mal taniK'e et mal pn'pan'p, doll, et „1 jiteesiir leiirs ('panics en guise de manteau. comph'tt! leur toilette.' Fii'iis. in Xonrillrs An unit's (Irs I' '!/■ mU, tcim.ci..)i.l. ")•"); see also Mu \nl I'-i'. in 1)11/ tint, I'll//, cu I'dl., p. '227. ' Sont trcs pen converts, et en ('ti', la ]ilnpait vont tout mis. Les fe I's font usage de jieaux de daim jiour se coiivrir. ,('es fe ]iiirtent eiiconi coniiiK! vi'teineiit des es])eces de eouvertures sans envers, fi'iti es en iilumes tissues tnseiiihh .il a I'ayaiitaue d'('tre tres-chaud . .EUes piirteiit gi'iu'raleiuent. an lieu de houcles d'nieilles, des morci mix d'os on do hnis en forme de cylindre et sculpti"'s dedirtenntes manieres. Ces orneiiK iits s int creiix et seryeiit ('galenient d't'tuis pour reiifermer leiiis aiguilles.' I'tl'il- Tliiiitnrs, I'll//., tom. ii., ji. 135. Sj>eaking generally of the Californian In- dians, Mioth sexes go nearly naked, excepting a sort of wrapper round the waist, only in the coldest jiart of the winter they throw oyer their hodii coyering of deer-skin, or tli(i skin of the sea-otter. They also make tlieiu- selves g,ir:iients of the feathers of many dittereiit kinds of water fowl, par- ticularly ducks and geese, bound together fast in a sort of ro])es, which ropes arc then united (piite clo.so so us to make soaiethiny like ii feather skin.' It VuL, 1. '21 870 CALIFORNIAX;^. ])crpon(ll('ultir liiv's drawn downward from the corners jind ot'utro of the mouth, in tlie same manlier as tiio Xoi'thei'ii (^diCornians; they also tattoo sliulitly on tlio neek and hieast. Jt is said that l)y tiiese marks women ot'dilVei'ent tril)es can ])e easily distin^iiiished. The men rarely tattoo, hut paint the hody in stripes and grotes(jr.e };attern-> to a considerahle extent. l»ed was the favorite color, e\('ei)t I'or mourning', when hlaek Avas used. The friars succeeded in aholishing this custom e.\cej)t on oc- casions of m«)urning. when ail'ection for their dead would not [HTMiit them to relin(juish it. The Xew Almaden ciunahar mine has heen i'roni time innnemorial a sourci' of contention hetween adjacent trihes. ^I'liither, fi'om a Innidred miles away, rcM ited vermilion-lovini;' savages. and often such visits were not free irom hlood-shed.-" is vovy wnvni. ' Tii the samo ninniicr flify cut tlio spii-ottcr sls. wliifli tlicv twist toL,'rtlici', iinil then join tli( m iis tlicy do llic trallii i>, so tliiit liiiih siilis luiv',' tlio fur alike' lj'iii'is(liirjj"s \'iii/.. vol. ii., )]). I(i:i 1. Si'i' also i'tiniliiiiii's Life in I'ul.. p. ;i(il, ami Fi'iii's' <'iil.,\). ls:i. ' Ini Wind r Hi'llist tra'^'cn sic wcnii,' lickii'idun!,', vi(lliiclit nnr rinc l[ii'sclih;int. wi'lrlif sic iil'fi- (lie Sclinltir wcvftn: Manner, Framn nnil Jundcr j^'( In-n sclbst iia AVintcr im Si'lmci' harfuss.' Wimnii'l, Ciilifi'rii'icn. p. J77; Ldnl's .V((/., vol. 1 , p. •ii'.l; I'nirh-I.-, dilhert. Jlinlil, uml \'fu'Srli.,ii xi JA /ic'i. v.'l. ii., part ii., j>. 4-")r>; Ih, ('■ititiiiic ^fi> hi itii/, Vi'ii , i>. 4"i7: .1' Mill,! ifiir^il. fli's llimrl.i, vol. r •j:;!t: ,vA< >■. p. '.IS; Jiilmsliiii, in SrliiKili'iuiil's Arili., vol. iv.. ji. li'J.'f; h'di 4"i7: All ;i'r, \'i>i/. in Ciil., ii. 101). Alter liavin;.; collati d tli ites I was rather taken aback bv nieetin'' the fi 111) (n'al costume of n( arlv all the C'aliforniaii Iiuiian OlIOWMl"! Th ;ives them r.itlier an int( estni;^ appcaranc i hen fully drissed, their h ihich has 1 )een loose, IS ,'s of skin, ovnanii'ii ted ticil u]), either with a coi'onet of silver, or the th' with feathers of the lai;.,'htest colours: bi'acelets made in a similar niajin. r are \v(U'e: breeches and leL;;_;in!^s of doe-skin, sewed, not unfreciui iitly v.iih lU'.iian hair: kind of kilt of varied coloured cluth or silk ( :) fastened b scarf, round their waist; Tl K' women weai Tiluc or red. doe-skin shirt, and lei'L;iiu's, ■with feathei'cd b a cloth petlicoat, dyed eitii •lets rouml their Wiiist.' Ciiiillir's Ailn-iilnns, vol. i., pp.. \~--'i. Surely Mr Coulli r shor.lil know an Indian dress from one coni])ose(l of ^[exican cloth and trinkets. '^'i At Hode.u'a the women 'were as much tatooed or punctured as ,iny ef tlio females of the Sandwich islands.' \'iiiiri>iirir'n the Sacramento N'alley 'most of the tin the breast, dispused like a ni'ckl.-i \'iii/.. vol. ii., J), j; bad some slisjht marks of tattooii:: )1. 1' ."i. I'ana. in a note to Ha!e, sav ii'iiiil's linns, in L'. >. 7:'.r. A'.r. s: • The faces of the men weri colored with black and red paint, fancifully laid on in IrianiAlesand ziuza^^lin 'iii'i'i., in /'. >'. Ki: I.'. Most of them had some slight marks of tattooini; on tl 1' ir 'J'he women were tattooed belowthe mouth.' Hull's FJli vol. vi., p. "J breast; somewhat simil.ir to that of the ( hinooks, , . .'I'he fai'e was usually inted. ihe U|iper part of the cheek in the form of a trianele. with a blia- ilack sidistance, mixed witli some shiny particles th.at looked like jiulveri/ul juica. Wilh-i Snw. in I'. S. I:'x. A'.r., vol. v., \\]>. llts, '2:1 Their faces daiil" d v.'illi a thick dark l'Iossv substai lice li!;e tar, line from the outside cona v* DWELLINGS IN CENTKAL CALIFORNIA. 371 StlVilliCS. A thick coat of mud soint'timos aflonls protection from a chiilv Aviud. It is a convenient dress, as it costs noth- iiiLi'. is easily |)ut on. and is no incuml)nince to the ^vea^•e^. The nudity ol" tlie sava;j:e more ol'ten })roceeds IVom an iiidilleieiice to clothinjjf than iVom actual want. Xo peo- [iK' iue found eutirely destitute of clothing' when th(; weathi'i' is cold, and if they can nianaue to ohtain j:;n- iiu'uts of an\- sort at one time of \ear the\' can at au- other. Their dwelliugs are al)Out as ])rimitive as tlieir dress, lu suuuuer all they i-e([uire is to he shaded froui the sini. .Old lor this a pile of hushes or a tree will suf- iice. The wiuter huts ai'e a little nK)re pretentiou.s. These are souietiuies erected on the level ground, hut more fre(iueiitly over an e.vcavation three or lour feet deep, auil varyiug I'rom ten to thirty leet in diameter. Ivoiuid the hriuk oi" this hole willow poles are siud\ up- lijiht in the jzround and the tops drawn toLiether. forui- iug a couical structure, or the upper euds are hent over iif the eves to the (luls of tho iiioiltli, iiml linr-l; from tlirm to (lie liilit,'i- of tlio jawlidiu'. . . .siiiuc iilsd had tlu-ir entire t'orel leads i-oati d over. ' AmV//'s K.»-nr- KMi/i /ii fV//., Vol. ii., ]). 1 1 1. • 'llic woint 11 lire a little tatloot d on the c-liin.' I'/' it'i'ir's !^(ri}iiit fliiiini., ]i. 'Ml. At Monterey and vieiniiv, ■ se jieiunent lo (lilps ell roU(,'e, et ell noir lors(jll"ils solit eli di nil.' /." /'■ /oi'm, Ii///., toni. ii., li.:iii."i. '^■• |'( iL;nciit la p<'an ]ioiir se jiaii r.' UnHin/wi /." I'lrnnsi. 1 o//.,toni. iv.. [I. ."i.'!. ' This one tiling' wasohsirued toliee i^eneiall anionL;st llit ni all. that iilerv one had his face ]iainted. some with white, some hla.'ke. atid some with othercoloiirs.' hrnh'sWurhl F.iniiiiip ,]i. luii. ' 'J attooiiiL;' is jiiaetisi d in tin sc tril)es liy liotli se\( s. liotli to ornament the |iirsoii and to distinguish one elan fmiu anotla r. It is remaikalile that the wonun marli their chins |reeisely ill the same way as the lisiinimanx.' Jlnrli- i/'s \'i;/., vol. ii., ]i. 77. 'Iah iihliL;eiies iiide|iendents de la Ilaute-Calil'oinii' soiit taloin's... ec s siunt s seiAiiit d'oiiK iiient it de distinitii(ii s a cross slri]ie ( xteiidintc flelu one of these stri|ies to the otln 1 : and most have sim|.le lone ami ein>s stripeM from the chin over the neck down t- ihe hif ast and iijion \\h' ^lioiilders.' J.iiiiiis(lnift"s I'll//.. v ('al., vol. ii., jij). 3-1, '2H'2; rAo/w's', Fo//. J'lV/., part iii., p. 2; Drake's Warhl Encomp., i^. 121; JUidlill's I'a-x. Nor., vol. ii., p. 30, with out; I'a ncourrr's Votj., vol. ii., pj). 13, ],">; Vnhni, Noth'ins, in l)7, 31)0; .S"^7 y Muriiinni, ]'iiiiip, p. Hi."): Lit l'':ri)»se, !'<)(/., toni. ii., p. 205; Ikhmu'H Life mi tin I'luihs, p. 3'(l(i; drrslKi-rhr'.^ .town., p' 21H; (;ilherl. in Iml. Af. Itipt., IH.'iC, ]>. 24-J; I'litnch; in /(/., ]). 240; Jemtt, in TiJ . p. 244; Biuku, in lil., IH.'.H, p. '1W-, Lonl's XoL, vol. i., ]>. 248; L(t)iii.'anie-trai)s. Deer are, however, sometimes shot with bow and arrow, Ti 10 hunter, disguised with the head and horns of a stag, ('ree[)s through the long grass to within a few yards of till' unsuspecting herd, and dro}>s the fattest buck at his pleasure. Jrniall game, such as hares, rabbits, and birds, are also shot with the arrow, lleptiles and insects of all descriptions not poisonous are greedily devoiu'ed ; in fact, any life-sustaining su!)stance which can be j)ro- oured with little trouble, is fo'r.l for tliem. But their mam reliance is on acorns. rootf" irass-seet Is, I jer- ries and the like. These are eaten both raw and pre- pared. Tiie acorns are shelled, dried in the sun. and then pounded into a powder with large stijiies. From this Hour a s[)ecies of coarse bread is made, which i.s sHuetimes ilavored with various kinds of berries or herl )S. This ))read is of a black color when cooked, t)f about the consistency of cheese, and is said, t)y those who have tasted it, to be not at all unjjalatable."'' The (lough is fre(picntly boiled into pudding instead of itei'ig baked. A sort of mush is made from clover-seed, which is also described as being rather a savory dish. (Irass- hoppers constitute another toothsome delicacy. AVhen 1 11 m sll "'J Wilkes, and tlio ninjovity of writiTs, (isscvt that tli(^ acorns ai'c swctt and liiilatalilc in tin ir natural state: Ivistmniitimow, hdwever, says: ' Naeliileni (lie Eicheln von JJaunie t^eptliiekt sind, wenlen sie on der Sonne i,'ediint, da- fauf i;ereiniL;t nnd in K(')rlien niittelst liesoiideis da/ii luliauener Steine L;e- slossi 11, dann winl ini Sande o•■ III 371 for winter Mstv CALIFOllNIANS, tl R'V iiro (IntM 1 in tl 10 .sun ; u lien I or pr cs- eiit ('()n.sunii;ti()n. tlicy iuv citlicr miisliod into ii jtiistc Avliich is oiitcn Avitli the linjii'vs. iiround into ii line jum- iler and mixed ^vitli nnisli. or they ai'e .sitmati'd with ^illt water, phieeil in a hole in tlu' <:i'oinid ])i'(.'\ioii,-ly lieuted, covered with hot stones, and eaten lil^e shriiii|is when well roasted. Dried ehrvsalides are considered a bonne lioiiche. as are all varieties of insects and worms. The boiled dishes are cooked in water-tiuht baskets, into which hot stones are droi)jied. Meat is roa>teil on sticks before the lire, or baked in a hole in the ;:roiiii The food is conveved to the mouth with the liniicrs (I. (Jrassh(i[)pers ai'e taken in pits, into which they ire driven by setting' the uras.s on fire, or by lH>atiiiii' tin ;rass in a iir. Hist. J/'.i'., sciie iv., torn. vii.. p. (iS. Anion},' llic i:i(s cnts "ivfU to l>vakc liv the Indians was 'a inotc \\iiiili tin v call Fi t.'.li if tl lev maKc a kind of nualc, and titlui- bake it into Imad < ' t ate It raw; liroylcd lislics. like a jiilchaid; the siide and downe at'oicnami d. uitli Hiich like.' J>r lis nt insectes. les serpentes, tout sans cxceiitioii leiir serf de nourritnrt tro]) maladroits et trop iiai-essenx iionr chasser.' rA. ;/■;.<, I'e//. 7'///.. part iii., p. 2, 'lintre ellas tienen una especie de semilla neei'a. y de sn harina haci n un( IS tiunales, a inodo de bolas, dt' tai de un la n^irania, line son nmv sa- Lrt part osos, (iile liareceiu le aliiieiidra tostada niiiv mantec( «1 p. 2iCi: Sii I II 1/ .M(.)'i r ";/'•, p KM; Knliili I'l .III,' I !/.. M ii., p. I Hi. ''I'lieir fastidiousness does not jirompt them to take the eiitiail out ' of fishes and birds. Ikh Lit till- J'ln V •Ml ■Li ve ll|iirn v: rious plants iu their several seasons, besides grajies, and even use the -Viti Will, I .Viir., in r. S. K.r. A'.i'., vol. IT lU-l. ■ l!s tll'UM lit lis tisau'e aiissi aiitour d'eiix nne (pianlitt' d'alocs dont ils font un fn'qnent 'utilisciit cucoru la laciuc d'uuc (.spcce dc loocuu, . , lis luauj^en' uussi une Ih lU' ACOIINS AND WILD FOWL .i, .\ for prcs- a jKistc. liiu' jxm- itcd with rc'vioiisly ' sliriiiips sidci'cd ;t I worms. Iia>l\('ts. ' r(ta>tcil c Lii'oiiiid. llu'V arc :diiii:' llic till' pit is V. u^{'A ; a. [ aiHitluT lie liaiul ; ,v('ltt. and ddcr into and [iid- tcr list'."' lin di' sriils, a liiiriua i!t> A/tccs luadi: I'Vcia ciiii su luirtas quo ,M. .• /'-/,„', IIL' till' \Vi>- l-lll l'(t/.ll, ail cr I ale it iiiiiiK i1. witli ;(!■-. ■■Iliiv li' iiicnasn Li^ lals. lis ... nssiiit ;//.. ]'ait iii., laiiiia liiii'( n II iimv sa- i;,;,M'r ,/»,.,- ir \'i II. ■ M'l. tlic 1 iitrails ivi' n|'(iii va- isr tlif Alie- ns tldllVtllt isaur. . . . ns issi uinj til ur When acorns arc scarce tlic Central ( '.ilifornian resorts to a envious ('.xjiedient to ol)taiii tlieni. Tlie woodpecker, or cfir/iliitcro as tlie Spaniards call it. stores awav acorns ior its own n.>ecoys are jilaced on the water just helbre the net. one end of which is lastened to the toj) ol" the pole on the farther hank. A line passin,ii' throuizh a hole in the toj) of the pole on the hank where the I'owler is c(^ncealed, is attached to the Mirri'f ([ui i'css('inl)lc I'l cclltMlr r(';.^la]itiir (l'F.s])iij,')ir, ('t([ui cruit dans Ics cn- (li'iiils iiiari'caL;iux.' MurinU r. Siil\<-'-. in llri/'dil. \'i'i/.tii('iil..]]>.'S.'-\l-'.i,'SM. \\,n Man(l llirir: •IS still cat luinian llcsli. M'li'i /•;.r/./. tiini. PI' Ui'iC, -!). 'I'lic .Mc< Wdcs "rat all cniituns thai swim in tlu' wativs. ill lliat tly tludiiuU Uk' air, ami all that i'iiti>. crawl, or walk ii|iiinthc caitli uitli, iHrlia|is a dnzcu cxcciitions,' I'ninrs, in On i-lnml Mmililii. vnl. x., )i I'JI. ' lis sc miiurissiiit ('Ltalcnii lit d niic csiiccc dc I'atcanx fahinnics iivcc dn L'laiid, ct <[U ils rmilcnt dans Ir salili- avaiit dc Ic livn cr a la ciiissuii; id IJ VlCllt l]l 11 est \<\ sunt, jcimis ciiciirc, lis dents usees jnsiiu'a la raciiic, ct cii uiiinic Ic (lit Malle-i! !(;;« ,', mj. (11 (id. V 111 iiiiif,' 1,'irls cainc frmii th iiriiii. jiarce (lu'ilsinit Ihaliitudc dc Ics linn While I was slaiidin;4 there a cmijile of jn'i tly lods, with tlat h, i ts full of tliiwi i-secd, cinit- tiiii,'a iiiciiliar fratjraiicc, which tin y also prciiarcil forcatiii.t,'. 'i'luy ]ml sonu live coals aiiapii'.,' the seed, and swin^'iiiL; it and throw iiiL; it to'^i tin r. to shaki liie coals and the seed well, and hrini' them in {■onlinual and clu-i inti ilhout lnirniiiL; the latter, they roasted it coiiiiiletely, and the mixture d handful of it, and I'Ucd ■autiful and refrcshiiii,' th it I tasted a found it most excellent.' (li rsUinl.' r's •liiiiiii..Y.i\\. S( e farther: Ihuiilinlill /;■ /'"/.. t om. 1. I'l ). It.; I -■); IhiUiisl'i. l.ii I 'iili/'i ). 17t; i.'ihl in .ScAoo/- I nii't's .l/'<7/., vol. iii.. \>]i. 10 ;-7. I i;i: W'iiiiiinl. I'dli/nrnii ii, ji]). IT'.t. isl; Ivlhfs Kl l)i,i-iiihi, Vol. i . ]!. -ll; ]\i(iii\ I-:. tn Cdl.. vol. ii. ll'i'K. in I'lii/hir'a FJ Ih. V ll: T A ii. li::!; I.,.nVs Xnt. l:;il u vol. 1., p ■J IX: .'/""■ V iiiirdiin r ,s' 2 Ml; Luinisilnitr il.'ii. .1. ii. K,: /•;, /•'/ 1' r-v/.. V I 'hi., V •if.-i l-:.viilnr. A'.i'., 11]). -.>[■>. •Ill; ,/.-/-/ ' ■ill. 'IJ.. tolll. 11., \\\t ,1 V. Ilili'n FAhii.„i., in /■. S. !■:.>■. /•.'. vol. III.. 1) 1I-. VI.. ) I. 'Iii; I'lilrrrriHr I lull X, l>i.V.i: llriil,;/, in liiil. Atf. H'j.i.. is.">l, ]>. iJii:!: I'nlnrl.. Mrlhriimii. (iW„d, H' nil:. .Iniiiis'iii, \'ijii Sriiiiiiill, Mr.\ilniii. Ilnirllii/, and ,/i c'l II. in linl. Jfl'. Hi jit.. \>\>. is. ll-l: /,./ /' I'll!/., torn, ii., \). "iS-J; Ihljir'.i Lunil nj Hnlil, I'l'. '211:1 70; lliitcliiiHis' ('ill. .!/'('/., vol. iii., !>]). 411-2; Mii'fi''.i \' As/., \>i ■"»ii-l; Tlninitnii.'.^ Oiin. mill ('ill.. \>]). ^•l\-i. io2, itKI; Vnli'.i ."^h hli ird he 'Idndles ■ at its base and keeps it U|i till the tree fulls, when he hellis himself to a tire at its 1); )riis.' Ililp r'.-i Luiul (if (iiihl, p. 201). 370 CALIFORNIAXS. m iirc'st end of the net. which in allowed to hiiiiy; 1( »w, When the fowl lly rapidly n\i to the (lecovH, this end i.s Huddenly raised with a jerk, mo that thi> hirds stril\e it with great Have, and, .stinnied l)y the shock, fall into a lar;:e pouch, contrived for the pur^jose in the lowei part of the net;'' I'ish are l)oth speared and netted. A lonji jiole. pro- jectinji sometimes as nnich as a hundred feet over the stream, is run out from the hank. The farther <•!'.;! '.y sunpoi'ted h\- a small raft or huov. Alonuthis hoom the 111 »/ > net is stretched, the nearer corner hcinj;' held In' a na tive. As soon as a (ish hecomes entan;^led in the meshes it can he easily felt, and the net is then hauled in.^^ On the coast a small fish resemhlin*;' the sardine is cauulit on the heach in the recedinji' waves hy means of a hand- net, in the maimer i)rai1:.e(l hy the Northern Californiaii Iieretofore described. ie Central Californians do '.njt hunt the whale, hut it is a urei:; »\iv willi them when one is strain y led.'"' In realitv then lood Avas not so had as some writers assert, liefore the arrival of niineis jiame was so plentilul that even the la/,y natives could sup])ly their necessities. The ' nohler race,' as '.isual, thrust them down upon a level with swine, dohuson thus describes the feeding' of the natives at Sutter's Fort: ''Long troughs inside the walls were filled with a kind of hoiled mush made of the wheat-hrtiii; and the In- dians, huddled in rows upon their knees before these troughs, cpiickly conveyed their contents by the hand to tl le moutn th But," writes Powers to the author, '"it is a well-established fact that (^difornia Indians. 'AA ii when reared by ^Vmericans from infancy-, if 'ie\ ja\e 93 Biei'lici/'s Vol/ , vol. ii,, p. 7'). "I 'When 11 st>ii-;,'c()U is (•1111','lit, the s))iniil niiiiTow, whi( onsid dcliciicy, is (iiiiwii out whole, tla-ouj^'li a cut luiuli' iu the hiuk, I di v raw.' liiirlkU's /'r/'s. Sar., vul. ii., p]). :!2-3. «' liroirni', in llari)' r's .IAm/.. vol. xxiii., p. lilii. 9'' ' Thi'y cook the tlcsh of this iininiiil iu lioU's dni,' iu tlic i^'voiiin cur1)cil up with stone like wells. Over this they build lavj^e tins, hi at thoi'ou^'hly, clean out the coals and ashes, till them with whale tlcNli. the opeiiini,' with sticks, leaves, j^'rass and earth, and thus bake their r- FitrnlKiiit'n Lifv in I'nL, p. ;{(i(')-7. 'lis font rotir ci'tte chair dans dcs creuKus eu tcrru.' Mannkr, \otia', iu Bryant, \'oy. cu Cni, p. 2U7. liV 1 and tluni cover ]iast.' irons CAL1I'( )UNIAN WEAPONS. ;]7" ht't'ii iH'niiltt('(l to associate lU'antinu' witli otlii^rs of tlii'ir liici', will, in the season of lush hlossoiiiiiiii clover, jio out and eat it in |)rererence t(» all other fooil.'"'" in their personal iiahits thev iire lilthy in tlie extreme. l)oth their (Iwellinjis and thi'ir persons alioinid in ver- min, which they oitch and eat in the same manner as theii' northei'n neijihhors.'"^ Their weap»ons are hows and arrows, sjH'Mrs. and somi'- times chihs. The lirst-nanied do not diil'cr in any es- sential res|)ect from those ih'scrihed as heinji' used hy llie .Xorthern ( 'alifornians. They are well made. I'rom two and a \i H' to three feet lon.ii'. and hacki'il with sinew ; the strinj;' of wild tla.v or sinew, and partially covered with hird s down or a piece of skin, to (U'aden the twan^'. The arrows are short, made of reed or liuht wood, and winiii'd with three of fonr feathers. The head is of llint, hone, ohsidian, or volcanic glass, sometimes harhed and sometimes dianiond-sluqied. it is fastened loosely to the shal't, and can he extracted only from a woinid hy cutting it out. Tiie shaft is fre(|nently painted in order that the owner may he ahle to distin- uish his own arrows from other; hears, or I'atl ler javelins, are used, seldom exceeding from four and a half to live iV'i't in U'ugth. They are made ol' some tough kind of wood and iieaded with the same materials as the arrows. Occasionallv the point of the stick is merelv sharpened and hardened in the lire.'''' The head of the ■'' .A»//■ ;•, Ms.; mill /./.. h lln- III tl,<' mtthni; MS. '■>^ ■ Jiciiilii'likcit Kriuicii sic iiicht, mul in ilinn Iliittcii siinl ilic divtrsc- strii i'aiasitcii vi'i'trcti'ii.' W'iiiniirl, ('urifiiniUn, ji. 177. "I liavr s^ tu tliiiii 1 itiii'.; till! vci'iiiiu which they jiickcd t'lDiii ciich other's heads, ami timn their Maiikcts. .\lthi)Ui,'h they liallie ficiiuciitiy, they lay for hours in the dirt, haskili',' ill the sun, covered with dust.' I)i liiim'.-i l,'if( untln /'(Vid.s, ]). III)."). 'Ju tlieir [lersoiis they are cxti'ciuely dirty.' Kat lic^ like the 'I'artars. Ilnrlti i/'.-i 1'"//., vol. ii., ])]). 7i)-7. ' V. 1 \ i'illLy, niid showed less sense of decency in i\'Y\ respeiit than any wo hud over met vith.' liUihs, in Scliiinlrrii''l's Arch., vol.'iii.. p. 11)0. "■'•Kin lioLjeii init I'feilen und cin S|iiess sind ilire Wafl'eii; alles dicst s wild iiieisteiis ans jun;4eiii Taiineiihol/ verferti'^t. Die Spit/en der I'feile und Spirsse histi hen alls seliarfell, kiilistliell liehaileliell Steilleii, Zlir lio'jelisehlii) inliiiieii sie die Sehiieii wilder Zie),'en; ausserchiii fiihren sie ill Kii.es/iiten fine .\rt von SclilcinU'r, niit wclcher sie Steiiu! anf eino t,'idsse Kntfernuiij^ Wtifeu.' KuatroiiiUuhoic, iu B<.ur, .ilat. u.. Etlmo., p. 8'J. Jiow 'from three tu n m i ■ i P.78 CALIFOKNIAXS. iisliin,ii-s[H'ar is moval)lo. Ix'iuf:' iittacliod to tlio sliul't l)y !i line, so that wlioii a lish is -truck the ])ole serves as a lloat. Some ol' the ti'ihes forinerh' poisoned their ar- i"o\vs, l)ut it is prouable that the ciistosu never prevailed fimr anil a li:ilf feet loii<,'.' F(iriihinti'n I.'ifc \ii CuL, p. .'iUS. 'Thiiv nrius !in' clubs, s|iciirs iif liiird wood, mid thr Ikiw and arrow . . Ai'rows arc iiKistly made ofict'ds." T'ii/I'ii\ ill <'.'MH'i, •']']!(' (('.liver of drcssiil dccr-skiii, holds lioth bow and arrows,' liihli.i, in ScIhk,!- rfd/t's -b'/'., vol. iii,, i>. ]2.'i. 'The ]ioint (of the arrow; its( If is a jii( cc of Hint (dii]iiied down into a flat diamond sliajie, about the size of a diamond on a iilayin'.,'-card; the cdi^'es are very sharp, and are iioteh( d to receive the tendons with which it is lirnily secure(l to the arrow,' ll'irllin-ii-L's Tlinv )'(- li'^'er et so I it ('stales en j^'rosscur ;i clia(pie cxtr.'miti'. . . .1 'autre ( xtK'miti' di la tli'che est ;,Mrnie, sur (piatre faces, de barbes en iiliimcs (pii lUit 10 c( iiti- ni"'trcs de longueur sur (),(ll~) niillini('tres de hauteur,' PilM-'riini'iifn, Vnii., tom. ii,, [1. bis. They 'maintain urniories to make their bows, and arrows, and lanc(s,' Arrows 'are tijiped with barbed obsidian heads. . . .the shaft is lU'iiameiited with rin;.,'s of the distillL!uishin^' p tint of the owner's ranclnria, 'I'hcir knives and spear-points arc made of obsidian and tlint.' .Xirowsarc of two kinds, ' one slicu't aiKl liLflit for killing; s^aliie, and the other a war-shaft nieasuriii'4 a cloth-yard in leiit;th.' Jt'irn's 'I'mi,-.. jip, 121 2. Mis iIiCIks oil'rei'.; pell de daiiLjer a uiu; ccrtaine distance, a cause de la parabole (pT (Hi s sold forc(';'s de di'crire, et (pii diuuie it cclui (pie les voit veiiir le tenuis de Ics I'viici,' .1"/'/', I'o.'/. '■'* '''('.. p. bi't. 'La cordc, faite avec dii ch.invre sylves- trc, est u'arni(^ d'nn petit movceau dc ]ieau (jui ( n ('toulle Ic sililnieiit.' Mn- j'f't.-t. /i'l'/i''!)'., torn, ii., p. I!7S; see AHiin, plate 2"). 'line Watfeii liestelicii nur in llou'eii iind I'feil,' .][,iji!i'iijii'(ir(ll, M'ji-'n, tom. ii.. jiart ii.. |i. loo. ■'I'lc y have no otleiisive arms at all, exc(>pt bows irid arrows, and these are suiall and pow« rless. , . ,,Vrrows ar(( about two feet Iohl;.' in rsliii"-hi r's ./"I'/n., p. '212, ' Soaietinics the bow is merely of wood and rudely made. I'lKindssn, in KulzchiK'^ Villi., vol, iii,, (I. IH, ' I'licir weapons consist only of bows ainl arrows; neither the tomahawk nor the sjiear is « ver seen in tin ir hands ' It i(7e// s 1'"//., vol. ii., p. 77, ' .V |iortion of the striiiL; is covered with douny fur' to deaden the Sound, Arrows are invariiibly pointed with tlint. They li.ive ' sometimes woodei barbs.' Javelins pointed with Iliiit. or soiiictiiin s simply sharpened at the end. I'lrlvr'in i'^ Itdna, in l'. >'. A.'.r. /'.'.i'., vol, i\.. p ] ,V''^, vol. i.. p. ".il'i: Litiiijsilofff'.^ I "i/., vul, ii,, p. Kiij; Li/c of 'mi', L. II. liil I IK, III/ his So:, ^tS. TATTLES AND ^WEAPONS. r^ — f-i 111 J to jinyfrroat extent, ^l. dii Petit-Tliouars avos told tliat tliey used ibr this purpo.se a si)eeies of cliniltiiiij,' plant \vliieli fzrows in shady places. Jt is said that tliev also l)ois(>ii their weapons Avith the venijui oi' s(.'r[)ents."'*^' IV'di-o laiics iiiiTitions that the natives in the '.'oiiiitry round St' II Miuuel use a kind of sal)re. made of hai'd wood, shaped like a cinieter, and ediivd with shar[) Hints. Ti)is tliey t'lnploy for huntinu' as well as in war, and with such address that they rarcl\- j'ail to hrcak the le; of the animal at which thev lrai-1 it. iiii ]>attles. thonuh lrei|iient, weiv not attended \\ith nnich loss of life. Mach side was anxious for the (iiilit to he over, and the first l)lood would often terminate tiie cou- test. Challeni^inij; hy heralds ohtained. Thus the Shu- nieias challenge the Pomos ])\- nlacinu' three little sticks, notched in the middle and at hoth ends, on a mound which marked the houndary l)etween the two trihes. If the Tomos accept, they tie a sti'inji' round the middle notch. Heralds then meet and arran^tie time and [)lace ..,..1 fi... i..,f+i,- ,.,„.., iV ;..+,..i iifj \ ,,.....„>,. anil th l)a ttl e comes o If as ani)oni W ited, Ai nonii' some trilies. children are .H'lit hy nnitual arran^ii'ment into the enemy s ranks durint:' the heat of l»attle to jiiclv up the fallen arrows and carry them hack to their owners to he UM'il aLiain."" W hen liiihtinii'. they stretch out in a lon,u' >inL:le line and endeavor h\- shouts and ue.stuivs to in- tuuida te tl le loc Ml /■./.7-77,. m /.' ' /'N, 111 A'. •//., tmii. ii., ]). Kl'.l. S'l'l'iii-. ill llri/iiiil, liiiiilv till' S.i'ii Miuiicl iif 1' '.'/• ' " '■"/. '/•s I'".'/.. 1^ 1 1, toni. fi. KU; ^r< ]' It is iiniMis s>iM.. to 1, ati' with cii- 'I'iii II' ai'i' iiiiw si'Vi ral iilaccs of the liaiiii' ill (aiiliiiiiia. iif which the .S.iii Mi-iul in S.iii Luis ( )liis]iii ('(Hiiit_\ iiii'st thi' iTuiiPii ill whii'h. to iiu'ii'i .ilh lii> liavi' hciii ,'it till' tiliii' 'J'l . II 1 ,11 i.;livi'. Fa^'cs must liiiirti r iiiriiti.iiiiil liv him. iiirst liavi' strmi'^lv ivMiiiMi'il t! Ic ///.( I'arlhi 1' south that hi ./.'.(/, i/WnftI n- alicli 11 t M I xiralis, aliil it was [mssilily liiurh saw It. '11- I'llll'lfs' iiii i;,iit. /,', /• ./, .1. ii'> • Siiiloi ciitriii' 111 MS.: S,ilU 1/ .1/. /., is'ii;. (":;<■. !> l<;;). I I lltnliallcli) calltlrns militans mczrlailns ilc ix- tlauiiH iilaiidiis; y Mi'iisliiiiihiali fniniaisc Ins (•aiiiiiiiiin s c ii ilns l.m as iiiny i|''i\lliias iiara l■lll^' /uv ilisiial'iinl iiali. ■•lii tlr.l laziis. Coiiiii iillK ill' sils [il'iliri- lisisti' 111 lutimiilar al i tuluiun. JiaiM ciiiisc'iuillo |iVorUl'a cail.'i I'.uti'i.. :i;ii' ii|;,M I 1 I'ciiitrariu li.s ini'palativ il.' la hiitalla.' ^l'^7 »/ Mi j>. I7i>. "On I'oiiiiiii,' in si'_'lit of till' ( iiiiiiy till y furiii in an r\- ti iiiliil liiir, Kiinii thiiiL; liUi' li'.,'lit infantry, ainl shmitiii','. lil.i liarchaiials liiM'i fiiijii siili' 1.1 siilc to 111! VI lit thi- fill.- fioiii taking tlililn rati' aim." Vi'i- VH'l I 380. CALIFORNIANS. Xohvithstanding the mildness of their disposition and the inlerioiity of their Avea[)oiis. the Central Californians do not Lick couratin:.4uished adversaries killed in liatlle.' Siinlr's j\iiiiiils of Sim Fiiiiiris'D. p. .">2. At .Moiii'rey, ' lors(|u'ils avaieiit vailicii et luis ;i iMort sur le champ de liataille des chefs dt( t,' Winiiiiil. CiiH/nnii'ii. p. 17«. Ill order to intimidate their enemies 'conieteii Cull (1 propio tin en lis |iriinera» vfctimus luscrueldudes umshorrorosits,' ISidil y M x'li-iiini. \"ni:i\ ]>. 17li. '*«' DraLx'n H'mid Ein.otii}!., p. 120. it ''^9 <\li I t I 382 CALIFOKNIANS. slinj'.'s, tlio most common heiiijr conical or uielo and flat. I'lair pipes are straight, the howl Ix'inji' merely a con- tinuation of the stem, only thicker and hollowed out.'" It is a sinjiular fact that these natives ahout the hay' of San Fraiiciseo and the regions adjacent, had no canoes of any (lescri[)tion. Their only means of navigation v.ere hundles of tule-rushesaljout ten feet long and thre(; cr four wide, lashed firndy togethei' in rolls, and ])()inted at hoth ends. Thev were prt)[)elled. either end loiemost. ♦villi long douhle-hladed paddles. In calm weathei', and on a river, the centre, or thickest part of tlu'se rafts might he tolerahly drv. ])ut in rough water the rower, who sat astride, was up to his waist in water.'"'' It h;is '117 '^Miilcc liaskcts of till" l)urk of trees." FurnlKtiii's JJfi III fill. Un]iv ii very ili;4eiii(iiis stiaw liox for keejiiiii,' their worm liaif alive it in tlie earth, vet not alh)\viiii,' the worms to esea ;/■■ I'"' ifnil , hnr ■i,il,' V ■ J)ie ^;e\V()hUehste Form fiir (hii Koi)]ist liallx-ouisch, ;i I'lis I IS /(ill hreit.' Wiiiiiiiil, ('iili/nriiii ,1, \i. IS-2. ' Their liaskets. luaile of nil'' un Villous, are pel fecth -ti''llt.' Jliliiiiii's l.'it'r oil till' liilii ;!(!.< Th sometimes ornament the smaller ones with lieads, jicaii-shell. tVathels, ,Ve.' Iliriy.'a Tiiiir.. \}. ll'l. ' Lenrs niortiers de jiieire tt divers unties utinsili s sont artistii[iiem( nt incnisti's de nioieeanx de iiaere de perle. . . Lrarnissi lit leiir ealebasses et leiir eniches d'oUvra''es de vaiinerie lilodes avee di s lils- lelies iin'<'lles tireli t de diviM'ses raeines. .)/-/ lilh', Chill ::t:i: l.im is'h>rj}"s \'"i/., vol. ii., ji. Km: /•', .\'e/if(', in llif/iiiil, ]'iij/.iii. •Ill's Kfjiliif. J: V in Srhniilrni/rs Afih., vol. iii.. \k 1(17: Mohns. l-yjilnr., toiii. ii., ji. liii": in h'lihi hill's Viiij., vol. iii., [i. -IS; I'.nilui-i -l/s Tlinv Wars in I'nl., 1 ). KM: ll'iiiihohll. Kssiii l;,l., t 111'* .l/.('0' llf's .In P 17 om. I., p M (lea M. Lake 'tin ir canoes or rather raft^ are iiinde of Immllesof the tuh' plant.' h"il>t,s. in Srlimilniifl's Anh.. vol. iii., ]i. 107. At San Fr.ineisco IJay and \ieinit_v 'the only eaiiots of the Indian* are made of ]ila led leeds.' hotziliitr's ,\iir I'ni/., vol. ii., p. './('. ' i hey do noi possess horses or canoes of any kind: they only know how to fasti ii to'^ether liiiiidles of rushes, which carry them o\er (he water tiy tin ir com- j.arative liL;li(iiess.' ('Iiiiniissit, in Ivitnlni' '.-< '",'/.. vol. iii., ji. 4S. 'Les Jii- (lieiis font leiir pin);^nes ii I'instunt oii ils veiih nt eiitrejinnd ])ar •II. sont en rosisiiix. Lors(jiie Ton y eiiti Al ■e nil voyai,e ■lit a OS S < lllplls niojtie il'eau: ill' sorte (lu'iissis. Ton en a jns-ipi'aii eras de la jaihln-: on \i: fail aller avee des nviroiis extrcinenieiit lon;^s, ct jioinliisaux dt u\ i xtieiiiiii r/,. \''ii/. I'ilt., jiart iii., p. (> Hii had previously usi d Imats nia down the coast froiu I)Oile,;:a Hay. where the Russians were stationed, or cross over I'roui the I'arallones in tleets of irom I'orty to lifty hoats. and enterin^ii' the (Jolden (hite creep alonj;' tliv> northern shore, beyond the rrnge of the Pi'esidio's Liin;^. securely establish tlu'mselves u})on the islands of the ba\ :uid pursue their axocation nnmolesteil. j-'or thi'cc ycai's. nauu'ly fi'om IcSOll to ISIl, these northei'n li^hcriuen held jiossession of the hay of San Francist'o. wlivj; which tiuie tluy ca[)tured over ei^tiht thousand (li otters. l'"iuall\-. it occurri'd to the u'overi lor Don 1 UlS Ar^ii'iello. that it would be well for the Spaniards to have boats of their own. Accordingly ionr were built, but tbcv were so (duuisily const rut'ted. ill e(pii]ipcd. and pO()ily maimed, that had the Iiussians and Kouiaiias felt disposed, they coidd easily have continued their incur- sious. Once within the I'utrance. these northern bar- ii.iniuis wi I'c masters ol' the ba\. and such was tl len' M'Msc of >ccui't\ tl:at they would sometimes \'euture foi' a timi' to strcti'li tln'ir liudis upon the shore. Tbe cap- ture oj' sc\cral of their number, howexei-. by tbe sol- diers iVoui the fort, made tbeui uiore war\' thei'catter. Maurelle. who t ouciiei 1 at Point Arenas in 1 < 7">. I)ut did I'lilni'ilics. . .sit ll.it ii)niii till' crafi. soakril in watir, lilyinur tin ir ]iail.lli's. . . . i:in,t (if tluui ill all kiiuls tif wcatlur. air ( itlnr luliiw, m- oil a 1> \i I w ilii the V it( r.' l-'ii,iiliiiiii's l.ii'i ill ('ill., ]\. 'M'iS. ■ My (i]iilliiiii is tliat tin- ili(iialisi.f t ilil'iiriiia. ]ircvi(pns lo tin' occupatidiL 1>y tlii' .Icsiiit Fat In is had im (itlnr 1"! 1I-. than those made fmiii the tulr, and ivcu as late as ISIH, i lu vir kiuw nr ii'Mid (if ail Indian usiii.; any otlnr' I'lnljis' Lilln', MS. '''•' I'ii-hrlii'i's 7,'(((.'.s', iu ('. ,S. L'j:. J-J.v., vol. ix., p. 1(13; C/v./i/.s. ',s .\iit. Wudtli. ji. -JJ, ' 3S4 CALIF0RNIA\8. not enter the l)ay of San Francisco, says tliat "a vast niinil)or of Indians now presented tlieinsehxs on both points, who ])assed from one to the other in small canoes made of I'ule, where they talked loudly for two hours or more, till at last two of them came alongside of the s!ii[), and most liberally presented us with plumes of leathers, rosaries of bone, jiaruients of feathers, as also •larlands of the same materials, which they wore round their head, and a canister of seeds which tasted nuich like walnuts." The only account of this voyajie in my pos- session is an Ihijilish translation, in which "canoes made of fule" mijiht easily have been mistaken for boats or iloats of tule."" Split lojrs were occasionally used to cross rivers, and fre(piently all means of transportation were dispensed with, and swimming resorted to. Captain Phelps, in a letter to the author, mentions liaving seen skin l)oats, or baidarkas, on the Sacramento lUver, but su[)poses that they were left there l)y those same Russian employes."^ Vancouver, speaking of a canoe which he saw below Monterey, says: "Instead of being C()UH)osed of sti"aw. like those we had seen on our first visit to San Francisco, it was neatly formed of wood, nnich after the Xootka fashion, and A\as navigated with much adroitness by four natives of the country. Their l)addles were about four feet long with a blade at each end; these were handled with great dexterity, either entirely on one side or alternately on each side of their canoe." "' 1 account for the presence of this canoe in the same manner that Captain Phelps accounts i'or the "" liivjHpfmirs Vol/., pp. 25-0. Tulo is nn Aztec word, from tulloi, sipni- fviiij^ rushrs, rtiii,'s, or rccilH. Molina, \'(>rah)il(iri<>. Mendozit says that vliiu till' (iiK'iciit Mt'xitMiis urrivcil at the siti' of Mexico, it wiis ii conipliti' swiiiiip, oovtrccl ' odU j,'r!iiiili's iiiiitorriilcs i. 'Sending; off n man with great ex- pedition, to vs in u canow.' J>r(tla's World Eacoiiip., yi. li'J. i CHIEFTAINSHIP AND ITS KIGHTS. 383 .skin canoos on tlio Sacramento, and think that it must have conic either from the wuth or north. The probable eautly lo- cated timber. T)oul)tless if tlie banks of the f^acramento .lud the shores of San Francisco liay had been lined with large straight pine or fir trees, their -waters would ha\e been fdlcd with canoes; yet after all, this is but a poor excuse; for not oidy on the hills and mountains, at a little distance from the water, are forests of fine trees, but (juantities of driftwood come floating down every streaui diu'ing the rainy season, out of which surely suf- ficient material could be secured for some sort of boats. Sliolls of different kinds, but especially the variety known as (Cihi/e, form the circulating medium. They are [)()lished, sometimes ground down to a certain size, and arranged on strings of different lengths."'' Chieftainship is hereditary, almost without exception. In a few instances I find it depending u})on wealth, in- fluent'c, family, or prowess in war, but this rarely. In some parts, in default of male descent, the females of the family ai'c empowered to a})})oint a successor.^'^ Al- though consi(lera1)le dignit}' attaches to a chief, and his family are treated* with consideration, yet his power is limited, his ])riucipal duties consisting in making i)eace aud war. and in appointing and presiding over feasts. Every band has its separate head, and two or even "^ Tlio sli(>lls 'theyln'oke and nil)l>iil dinvn to a circnlar sliapo, to the tiizf of a iliiiic, and strunt;tlifni on a Ihi'iad of sinews.' 'I'ni/h'r. in ' 'ul. F'Iiiik r, Miircli '1. iMiO. 'Tliifc kinds of luomy wire (Hi|ilo_vi'd . . . wliite sin 11-1 ■( ads, or vatliti- linttons, jiicrcid in tht* ccntn^ and strung tof^'cthcr, wtic latrd at ?•") a vanl; pi'riwinklfs, at SI a yard; fancy niarinc shoUs, at various iiiccs, from S:t to !:?H), or i?lj, act'ordinj,' to their lieauty.' I'mrirs, in OnvUind M'uillih/. vol. X., ]). '.il~). '" 'I'hn ottii'o iif chief is hereditary in the male line only. The willows and daughters of the chiefs are, however, treated with distinction, and .ire ii'it reijuii'i d to work, as other women, liiifltci/'s \'i>i/., vol. ii., ]). 7;!. In one case near Clear Laki, when ' the males of a family had Income i xtiiu t and a female only remained, she appointed a idiief.' d'ihlis, in N.7/i/fra seii'ira de estos pueblos, iicomxiaiiad* Je muchus Indios.' Sutil ij JUaxicana, Viiuje, p. xxxii. Vot. 1. 25 3.SG CALIFORNIANS. i \ ■ A I'll' i ■} tliroo lifivo boon known to preside ut tlie same time.""' Sometinu's when .several ])an(ls are dwellinjj; to>:etlier they are united under one head chid", who, however, cni- not act ibr thc^ whole without considtinti' the lesser duels I'ractieally, the heads of ianiilies rule in their own circle, and their internal arrangements are seldom intei- lered with. Their medicine-men also wield a very pow- erful inlhience among' them."'' F^ometiuies. when a fla- grant nuu'dcr has ))een committed, the chiefs meet in council and diH'ide upon the punishment of the offender. The matter is, however, more frequently settled hy the relatives of the victim, who either exact ))lood for hlood from the murderer or let the thing droj) for a considera- tion. Amoug the Necshenams revenge nuist he had within twelve months after the nnu'der or not at all."' According to Fletcher's narrative, there seems lohaxc been nmch more distinction of raidv at the time of Diakes visit to California than subsecpient travelers ha\ e seen ; ,i3 "■'• Tlio Kiiinainoahs hiul three hprcclitiiry chiefs. Oi'ihs, in ScIicoIrrnjT.'i Arch., vol. ill., [>. lil.'t. i"'lii Jliissiaii l.ivpv Viilloy niul thovioinity: ' Dir .Achtiinj; (h'l' niim fiir don Vati'i' ht'Lttc. ^ilit liantiL; (luf den Solm iilier; uber die (iew.ilt des (ilur- hiinptes ist ill! Allj^'tuieineii sehr nichtit,'; iiiii"ii('ii\ m llw r, Kt'il. II. Ethno.. p. Hi\. At (. lear Lake elii, fd. heivdit.aiy. Hilihs, in Srhoolcrdt't's Airli., \o\. iii., ]>. 112. Se(> also j>p. l(i:t, 110. AiuoHL,' the (iualaliis nnd (lallinonierf)s, chieftainshi]) was heiedilarv. >r ;!(> jiersons riladd to 21) Tho Saiii'ls live in laVLje lints, each containin eiieh other, each of these, families has its own I'overniiieiit. The (dniaclios paid vi>'inntary trihnte for support of chief. /'' y. ^fS. in thi' Sii raniento \'a]ley a chic f has more authority than that arisint,' merely fimii his personal rhara<'ter. /'i^/.o'Jm/'.s' Hmin, in /'. S. E.v. /-.'.i'., vol. vi,, ]i. I( n. < 'n tlie coast between San Diej^'oand San Francisco, in the vicinity of San Mit;i!rl ' cha(pie villaL;eest L;onvern('despoti(iuenient par un clu f (pii est seid aihitre do hi paix et de la L;iierre.' Fni/i'^, in Xonirlhs .l/uia/cs /.lis Vny., WW, tola. ci., ]). bi;{. See also MdniiiiT, Xdtire, in liri/'Uil, Voii.vn Cal., ji. "227; tlintl, ill IikJ. Atf. Ilvpf., IH."))!. p. 241; (ii-r.'itiifrhrr'.i ,Ji■»/(/'/ ^[v.l•il^lm't, \"iiiii'\ ]i. 171. ' Im Fall ein Indianer ein Verhrecheii in ire( lul pinem Sfannne venibt hat, nnd die lliiuptlinge sich bestimmt, haben ihu /a todten, so L,'eschieht dies dnrch l{o},'en nnd I'feil.' iri»u;ic'/, Cuiij'unikn, pp. 177-b; I'oinrs, in Unrlawl Mordhly, vol. xii., p. 24. |l|i >r.1 RULERS OF NEW ALBION. 887 Sclioiilrraft'.i liowevcr, allowniico must be made for tlie exaggerations in\arial)ly Ibuiul in the reports of early voyagers. In proof of tliis, Ave have only to take up ahnost any hook of travel in foreign lands printed at that time; wlierein dragons and other impossible animals are not Old}' /A)()logieally described, ])ut carefully drawn and en- giiived. as well as other marvels in !•' lance. Cap- tain Drake had several temptations tc o. ggei'ate. ^fhe richer and more important the country he discovered, the more would it redound to his credit to have been the discoverer; the greater the power and authority of the chief who formally made over his dominions to the ([lU'cn of England, the less likely to be disputed Mould he that sovereigns claims to the ceded territory. I'letcher never s[)eaks of the chief of the tribe that received Drake, hut as "the king,' and states that this dignitary was treated with great res[)ect and ceremony by the courtiers who surrounded him. These latter were distinti'uished I'roni the canaille by various badges of raid\. They wore as ornaments (chains "of a liony substance, euery liiikc or pai't thereof being very little, and thinne, most liiK'ly burnished, with a hole pierced through the mid- (lest. The number of linkes going to make one chaine. is in a manner infinite: but of such estimation it is amongst them, that few ])e the persons that are admitted to wcare the same; and enen they to whom its lawfull to ust' them, yet are stinted what nundier they shall vse, as some ten, some twelue, some twentie, and as the\- ex- ceed in number of chaines. so therel)y are they knowne to he tlie more honorable personages." Another mark of ilistinction was a "certain downe. which groweth vp ill the countrey vpon an herhe nnich like our lectuce, which exceeds any other downe in the world for fine- iiessc. and beeing laved vpon their cawles, by no winds ''ail he remoued. Of such estimation is this herhe amongst them, that the downe thereof is not lawfull to he worne, but of such persons as are a])out the king (to whom also it is permitted to weare a plume of feather on their heads, in signe of honour), and the seeds are ;)88 CALIFOIINIANS. : n not vsod but ondy In sacrifice to tlioir gods." The king, Avho wjis gorgeously attired in skins, with a crown ol' leather-work npon liis liead, was attended ))y a regnliii- hody-giiard, unilorinly dressed in coats of skins. His «!()ining was announced by two heralds or ambassadors, one of whom ])i-om[)ted the other, during the proclaniii- tion, in a low voice. His majesty was jjieceded in tlic }>i'ocession l)j "a man of 'arge body and goodly asi^'ct, hearing the septer or royall nia(!e;" all of which h!i[)- peued. if we may believe the worthy chaplain of the expedition, on the coast just above k^an Francisco l^ay, three hundred years ago.'"* Slavery in any form is rare, and hereditary Ixmdiigo unknown."'' rolygamy obtains in most of the tribes, although there are exceptions.'"" Jt is conuuon lor a. man to maiM'v a whole family of sisters, and some- times the mother also, if she happen to be free.'"^ Jliis- "t A>)V(/,t's Worhl Eiirowp., pp. 124-G. "'' Wiiiiiidl, ('iilifuriiii'ii, J). 17!s. ''" Niiir Sail Fiiincisco, ' ttiiiciido nindias riingfros, sin quo riitvf rlLn H(f oxjicviiiiciittt la luciior ciiiuluciDii.' I'lilnn. \"nlii ilr. JiiKijiiro Sci-ra, ji, '2l7. At Moiitcicy "111 i)oly},'iiiiiic Iciir t'tait jiciiiiisc.' J.k /'cVokw, I'i'//., toiii. ii., J). ;ii:!. In 'J'liolimiiii' ('niiiily ' jiolv^Miiiy is iiriicticcd.' lldhij. \n liiil. .If/'. It' III., 185!i. j>. '21i. .\t ( 1< ar liakc • iiolvj^aniy is iinicticcd only l.y llii' cliiffs.' Ill nri's Tmir. j). 125. ' Jjci niaiiclicii Staiiiiiu'ii winl Milwi On ii i ficstattft.' W'iiiiiiiil, I'lili/iirii'fii.i). ITS. 'A man uflcii niarrifs a whcili' family, till! niiitlu'i' and licr ilau),'htt'rs. . No jialousits ovi-r aiiin ar aiming' tlusc fuiu- iiics of wives.' h'ornli'dii's Lifii In I'nL, \). .'}il7. 'An Indian man may have as 111. my wives as he fan keeji; Vmt a woman cannot have a jilinality of liii^;- h mils, or men to whom she owes obedience.' tilth Kslnii, in >:fliifiilirii;l's Anli., V 1. iv., |). 211. In the Sacraiiii iito V.dley ' the iie n in j,'eiKral liave hut oin' wife.' Ph-hniiijA /iV/ccs, in U.S. H.v. A'.r., vol. ix., p. IdS. Mtf these lii- (liiiiis it is reported that no one has more than onay 'they liave lint, one wife at a time.' (lilihs, in Schiiiilrrii/t'n Anli.. vol. iii., p. ll'i. In tlie vicinity of Fort l{oss ' es ist nich I'liaiiht iiiehr ills eine Fran zii IimIm ii.' K'lalroinituwiir, in Huer, Slut. ii. Etlnio., ]i. S8. In the coiintiy round San Miguel ' nuii-senlenK'iit cc capitaine a lu droit d'avoir deux feiiimes, tamlis cpie les tuitres Indielis n'eii out (pi'nne, mais il pent les renvoyer (plaiul ci l.i lai plait, pour en prendre d'ailtres dans In villa;,'e.' Ftu/i.-i, in Mininlli's AKiidr.-i (l.'S Voij., IHll, toiii. ci., p. HJ:i. See ul.so Manitiir, \()liie, in Uryanl, Vi'ij. en duL, p. -I'l". '•" At Monterey, ' ils etaient memo duns rnsaj^o d'epouser toutes les sours il'uno famille.' Lu J'i'r performance If she again elude his search, the matter is decided against him.'-* The Ixmds of matrimony can be thrown asiile Sail Fi'uufisco 'no coiioceii ]iiini sns casiiinitiitos I'l puvciitt'zco do iitiiiidiid; iiiitis h\vn tstc los incitii a rccibir por sits prdjiius iiniLjii'cs a sns ciiriadas. y HUM a las suc;,'ras, y la (•ostniiilirc (juc olisi rvaii ( s, (|ii(' el ijiic l(it,'i-i iwvj; r, tu'iii' por snyas a todas sns luTiiianas I'oh'ii. Vhh- ,1:- .h iiiij)i'i-(i ,\i mi. p. 'J17. • l'ariiita.L,'c and other fi lations of coiisaiiLtiiitiity aic ii<> olistacli s til iiiati'iiiiiiiiy.' Funilniiii'x l.ifi hi dil., p. 'M'll , 'Smivcnt niic ffiiinu' iircssn Mill mai'i d'c'ponscr scs sociirs, ct iiir-iiu' sa nirrc, it cittc proposition est fi ' (lUiMiiiiriit acccpti M'li Xntii:!', in Uri/'iiit, ]'iii/. m Cnl., p. -j:!.'). •];si( in todcp di; (Miiiiprar las inn^'crcs ii'a coninn a I'litranilias nacioiics ( Kniisirii- V Iv i), 1. (pic cntrc los Itunsiciii s hacia iiiucliu i lias solciimc 1 cniitrato la intcrvoiirion dc los ]iariintis ilc los novios, contrilmycndo los del virmi con su ipiota. la i|nal sc di\ Idia ciilrc los dc la uoviti id ticiupo dc cii- trc.'ar a csta. '>'((/;/// .1/i, ■ 171. ./,/i.S'/l >n. 111 SrlitiiilcraiTs Arili.. v< V ::(. I'(iirri;^ ('iisil\- !is t1io\ Mi'c Mssiinicil. 'I'lic liiis1);iiii(iH of the women. The (xallinomei'os kill their a;:ed par- ents in a most cold-hlooded manner. The doomed creu- tui'e is led into the woods, thrown on his hatdi, and firmly fastened in that position to the ground. A stout pole is then placed across tin; throat. u[)on either cud of which a person sits nntil life is extinc^t.'"'* A husband takes revenji'e for his wife's infidelities upon the pi'rson of her seducer, whom he is iustilied in killinii'. Sonic- times the male offender is com[)elk'd to laiy the ol)ji'(t of his unholy passions. In conse(juence of their stilrtncss in this ])ai"ticular. adnlterx- is not common anions tlitiu- scdxcs, although a husband is generally willing to prosti- i-i M(triiiii)\ .\'nlU'i\ in liri/'int. Vi'ij. m ('<(!., p. "Jiil. At Clciir l.alu' 'if tlu^ parties St jjiinitc the oliildruu go with the wife.' Uihhs, in ScliuulcrujTa Airh., vol. iii., J). 1 1'J. l-'i' I'nin-rs' Poiiio, MS. 1-' 'The Yulias ure ofti'n lirntal and rvnel to their women inid chililn ii. ospeciiilly to the women.' ruinrs. in (h-'iidml Mi.iilhh/. vcjI. i\., p. :iis. in the vicinity of Ftirt Koss, ' siu lichen ihre Kinder uiit ^'rosscr Zaitlichki it.' litii-r. Slid. n. KlliUd., j). 77. '!^'* Wiimiirl. Ciilij'tiniUii, p. 17S. 'The practice oi ahortion. so conmMiii iimon.L,' tin" ChinooUs and some other trilns in Uiij^on, is unknown hue.' CUhli.'t, in Srlinnlfrii/r^ .l/v//.. Vol. iii.. pp. ll'J-1.'!. '-"■' Mr Powers, in his I'umn, J/S., makes this assertion upon what ho titates to be reliable aiitho'-ity. (•Ilir,l>-I!I11TH AND THE COUVADH. .'11)1 tutc liis flciivcst wife (o ii wliite m;iii I'oi- a cnnshlfratioii. Tlif ("ciitrjil ( 'iiHroiiiiiin woiiu'ii aw iiuliiicd to I'l-ljcl iipiiiist tlic tvraiuu ol tlicir masters, iiioiv' than is usual in oilier trilics. A rclVat'tor^) 'I'alitoo wiii' is soiucliiia's I'li-Iitriicd into siilduissiou. The woiucii liaM' a jii'cat (Ircai ol' i'\il spirits, and iiim)Ii this weakness {\\r hiis- Kaiid plavH, He paints hinisell' in hlaik and white stiiin's to jKM'sonate an ojA're, and suddenly jumping in anion::' his terrilled wives, lirin^^s them s[ieedil> to jieni- tcnif. ( "hilil-heai'in;^' {'alls h,uhtly on tlie ('alilornian inotlnr. \\ hen the time Cor »U'li\«.'rv arri\(,s sla' he takes lierscll' to a quiet plai't' ]>y the si(U' ol' a stream; some- limes aerompanied hy a female friend, hut more fre- (|uently alon(>. As soon as the child is horn the mother wa-lies herself and the infant in the stream. The child is then swaddled from heail to foot in strips of soft skin, and strajiped to a hoard, which is carried on the mother's l).ick. When the infant is suckled, it is drawn round in front and alloweil to lian^' tliere. the mother meanwhile par>uiu;:' her usual asocations. So little does child- Iieariu'^' all'ect these women, that, on a ioin'ne\'. they ^vill fre(|n''ii;ly stop l)y the way-side for half an hour to he (leliscri'd. and then overtake the jinrty, uho ha\e trav- iled on at the usual pace. I'ainl'ul parturition, though so rai'e. usually residts fatally to hoth mother and child when it does occur. This comparati\e «\\emption from the curse, '"in sorrow shalt thou hrin.ii' forth. " is donht- 'ss owin"' itiu'tlv to the \\\o.t. that tlie s( na> tl len* less ow■in^• partly to the fact that the regular si'ason for coj)ulation, just as animals have theirs, the \vomen ))rin;:'in;j,' forth each year ^\ith ,ui'eat rei:u- larity. A curious custom jirevails. Aviiich is. however, liy no means peculiar to California. ^\ ln'ii child-hirth overtakes the wife, the hnshand puts himself to hed. and there ,^runlinii' and Liroanin_ii,' he alVects to suf.'er all tlu' n;ionics of a woman in lahor. l^yinji' tliei-e. he is nursed and tended ft)r some davs hv the women as cart'fulK as though he were the actual suiferer. Uidiculou? as tl ns custom is. it is assi'rted hy Mr Tylor to ]u\\r heen ])ra(! tieed in western China, in the country of the r>asipie> Ml Jil H Si I 1 I I.: I i^l- 11 ^li. :}02 CALIFORNIA'S. by tlio Vil)areni at the south of tlio Black Pea, and in modiliod forms ])/ the Dvaks of J^onieo, the Ara\\\iks of Surinam, and the inhabitants of Kamcbatka and (Jreenland.'"' The femak's arrive early at the ai:e ol' })uberty,'''^ and grow old rapidly. ^'^ ^h)st important events, sueli as the seasons of hunt- inir. fishing, acorn-gathering, and tbe like, are eelebi'atod \vitii icasts and dances which differ in no essential i-e- spcct iVom those practiced ])y the Xorthern Calilbrnians. Tlu'v usually dance naked, having their heads adoi-ned with feather ornaments, and their bodies and faci's painted with glaring colors in grotesque piitterns. Ihoad stripes, drawn up and down, across, or sjn rally round the body, form tl:e favorite device; sometimes one half t)f the body is colored red and the other blue, or the Avhole person is painted jet black and serves as a gi'ound for the rejjresentation of a skeleh)n, done in white, which gives the wearer a most ghastlj- appearance.'''^ The no Pdv n. full iippnnnl nf this enstom of the rnnvnilp. as it rxistdl iu viri- ons ]iiirts i){ the wiirld, set' '/'///it's l!i'!<((ircliis. ]^\). 2'J'A •V''i, and Ma.e Miiii r's diijis, viil. ii.. ]ij). 271 'J. F(ir its (iliscrvaiicc in Ciililnvniii, s( e Wnnju^i, A"- iirUts ih' ('ill., toni. i., p. 'M. and Furnlimn'K Li/c in I'i'l., \i- •^''"• '■" • It was not a thin},' at all iinconiinon, iu tlic days of tlu- Indians' an- cient ])i'i)spciity, to SCI- a wi/inan Ipccomc a niothci' at twilvc or foui'tcin. An instanci' wan related to nic where a <,'irl had l>oi-ne Iu r lirst-lmrn at ten, as nearly as her years could lie aseertaint d. her hushand. a W lute ilan, heing then si\ty-odd.' I'mnrs. in On rliitnl ^Inntlili/. vol. ix.. p. •"il'O. 1'^ For further authoritie;'. oa family and donustic ali'airs, sei': Mnhkn- pt'orill, Mijirn, torn, ii., jit. ii., ji. I-Mi: liilnmi's Lijv mi iln' I'litiun, pp. lidd; h'lirhis' ('ill., p. 1!U); Fniii>!<, in yunnl'is .[nwilift ihn 'di/., 1S4-1, loni. li.. \<\\. 'AM -li'i. Also quote il in Miinn'nf, SdI'uc, in liri/niit, I'lifj. en Col., pj). 'J.Vl-'-i'i; W'umiii'}, Cfili/iinii' II. yi. I7S: .lnlinsUin, in .Sr/innlrrn/l'n Arrh., vol. iv., j p. '2'2'.i— I; CiniiiHiin' Li tiir, in ('ill. Furiinr, .\pril '>, IMlO; I'li'mi, Viihi ■U- .hni i>i nt Sirra.\i.'l\l\ I'mi-i'is, in (Jn'rlnud .\["iillili/,\i<\. ix., pp. '^x, rtl()-(). vol. x. ]i, !t'25; I'irh riini's Itucc^. in l'. >'. K.r. F.w, vol. ix.. pjv !• • S: Suli' y Mi.riniid', I'i"!/''. pp. I7i>-1; lioiiliirii-h''n 'I'/irn' I'ldrs in Cnl.. \t. \: t; bi ]'<'riiiisi',]'iii/., toni. ii., ]). '.UK\: l-tnUiii. in /i7yo'«/'C'(^'r.s' .I»v7/.. v'll. iii.. pp. II' l:!; Il'rV.'.s' .Vifc, in /'. .S. /■>. y-,'.r., vol. v., PI). "Jld, '2"i;i; h'lirliiijiiji, !'(.//..) I. "i7: ■ / nir. p. Pid; //m'./, iu Los An'jilrs Sliiv, ]IS.")2; Fiinilniin'n JJ/fl in I'nl., ).)>. ;iii7 "n; Jimr, >7'(/. u. Etiiiui., p. 77; Kiislriiiiiilioiiiif, in Uin r, ."^Uit. ii. Elliim., j)p. s:l-K. 1 •' Kv<'ry traveler who has seen them dunce enters iutu details of dri ss, etc.; htit no two of these accounts are alike, and the n .isnn of this is that they have no regular tit^ures or cnstunies ])ecidiar tn tin ir dances, hut that every man, wluu his dress is not )iaint oidy, wears all the tiiu ly he imssc sses with an utter disreiraril for miifoi niity. ' At some of t'leir dances , w.' were tiild that they avoid ]iai'liculiir ;ivlicles of fond, eviii fowl-, and cm;s.' '/.■"',■.', iu Si-hoiilcriijl's Ai\li., vol, iii., p. U;j. Uancine is t x.n.utei.1 at Santa Crtiz, CALIFORXIAX DIVERSIONS. 3'.):? Ill ;lli(l ! of (ImiciniT is ncoonnuuiicd l)y c-liantin^s. claiipiiiLi' ol" hands. ])lc)\viiig (Jii pi[>cs of twi) or tliivo ivoils and [jlavcd \\ itli the nose or nioiith. lieatinji: ol" skin dninis. and rattlin,!:' ol' tortoisc-sliclls filled with small pchhlcs. This lior- I'ihU- dist'ord is, howevci'. nioro Tor the [)nrpos(' ol' iiark- in;i' time than lor pleasini:' the ear.''* The women aiv seldom allowed to join in the dance with tlu' mm. ami when they are so tin' honoi'ed. take a \ery nnimportant part in the ])ro('eedinL:s. nieivlj" swa\i:,^' their bodies to and iVo in sik'nee. IMays. re[)resentini]!: seeiies ofwar. hnntin,!.:'. and pri\ate lil'e. sei've to while away the time, and are pertormed with eonsiderahle skill. Thonsj.h natin'ally the \eiy in- carnation of sloth, at least as far as nseful labor is con- cernctl, they have one or two j^anies which iv(piire some exertion. One of these, in vojiiie ainonjz' the Meewocs, is played with hats and an oak-knot hall. M'he former ari' made of a pliant stick, having:" the end lient roimd and lashed to the main pail so as to i'orm , looj). ^vhich is fdled with a netwoi'k oi' sti'inus. Tlicy do not strike liiit push the hall alonu,' with these hats. The players take sides, and each party endeavors to dri\e the hall l>ast the honndaries of the other. Another Lianie. which was I'ormerly innch played at the missions on the coast. i'e' Ki'. /■->., vol. v.. p. I!i2. ' Se pdudnnt les clievi u\ a dn d nvet (r(iis( (7„ d:l I'l)//. rut., part iii. 11. 4. WIj. \\'Mllie eliief ' di eii to li ill lis villa^'e. he dispatches inesseiigers to the iieii^hlioiini,' rai \,. :.viii'4 a stnnt; \vh- ii on is tied (I certnin luunber of knots. Every thereaft 'r the itivited chief unties one of the knots, ai.d when the 4 liut o.Me is reach'-d, tl; ih-i rhiml M»>lh}jl, .vfullv set forth for the da /' Ml vol. X.. ]>. .'i-"i. For (iesc ijitions of daii<';s of Ne-7. Ill 'Each one had two and sometimes three whittles, made of reeds, in th.' S'Hi Fidui'isiTi Hiilli'lbi, <><•!. 21. infiM, 'Some had whistles or nanis, sec /'. ins aioutli mlile tlai'eolets of reiil which Wel ck into their /.'. v. 1' :t:!. /.''/»')■, ill (V//. Fur The (leiitiles do not |ios-. isPid. 'Their own ori),'iiial instrnment con- sists of a very )iriinitive whisth', si>me doulile, some siii;_;le, am 1 h.h in the lilnuili hy one mill len'_;th of Ihc i a! F, 1. without the aid of the tin'_;ers; they ale almiit the i.\/.v ;l coninioti fife, and only about two uutes ciia he stiuiul 'd on nnci; (.irt. 'M, l-sCO. ?m CALIFORNIANS. ill tlii'owinn' a ^tick tliroiiiili a litntji ^\l^u•ll is rapidly rolled nlowj: the ground. 11" the pla_\or Murce'ds in this. he gains two jjoints; if the stick merely passes jiarlially throujili, so that the houp remains resting upon it, one {)oint is scoic'd. l^ut. as usual, names of ohanee are nnieh pi'efencd to gauies of skill. The ehiel" ol" these is the same as that ahvaih' des('ril)ed in the last ehaptei" as heiuu ula .nl 1»\- i\\v natives all along the coast.- of Oregon, Washington, and Ih'itish Cohimhia. and uhich hears so close a re- semhlance to the odd-and-even of our school-da\s. They {ye as inlatuated on this suliject as their neighhors, and (juite as willing to stake the whole of their pos.sessions on an issue of cliance. Thev smoke a species of strong tobacco ill the straight }iijM\s Ix-lbre mentioned;^'' hut they have no nati\e intoxicating drink.'"' The priiiripal diseases are small-p ' They nno n sppcic«t of nir?ivo tobacco of ntnisfous ami ■.>-'' iuii','0(liiur.' (i'lbh^, in ScliooifmjTs .•>"'', vui. lii., p. Id". ' Tliiy bunnil tin; lUiluin' hhill fur til'- inii' to mix Wifli lli-ir tulNiccn, wLii'h they Hwall^iwi d t-i in,\l.' tlina dniiik.' Titi/liii', in ('. j«»2. Si- j^ti^icroii a v\v\ ar y i( jiaiv iii tllip.s la iiiisma cci'i'iiinnia di- fspanir fl hunio Lai-ia arrilia dicif lulii < ii caila l)i)canail i iinas iialaliras; sol" ■ iifiiidi una ij'u- fui' ismi ,i (|iii- ijuii ri- di lif m'1; oVi.siTvi' la iiiisiiia coNtniid)!-*' df chnpar priiui ro t] Vn ,s prin ■!• a' liU';..;ti da la jiijia :i (itro, y da vuolta a otros.' J'ulou, Sutkhjii, ii. e ■ Jlisl. !. .t., serif i\., toui vii., ]'. f'l'.t; si'(! also ji 77. •3i'i On th;' subject of aiiiusiments, hoc Kniii'huif's V •!/ . vol. 1., p. 2><2. /'f- J-Jlliiii>., j)p.72. 7ft 7; Ktistroniitniii'ir. in /./.. jiji. H") '.ij; //. ', ' ;, l.n ('oUu'rio'', |). 17:J; I'liiifll'ts' [.I'tlcr, in Cul. Forthir, Oil.'}, l»ri>: M<" • '. riil!i'(„-ii!'i. \i. J7.S; llriilf's W'nlil Kurnniii.. p. PiH; Jlni.i>'» T<'»r. | ii '. :!:>: ^ ■■ //""- (•;\- w lliilhtill, ()r(. 21. lNr)>S, \nv. 29. 1H71; I'oir^r.. ill ih.yit,.' M "//, Vol. i\.. ]iii. lt07-8, 501-5. Mil. X., pji. 325-7; P means ol" cine for everv kind of eoinidaiiit.'''** The\' have another kind of siidi tory. A hole is ihig in the sand of a si/.e suiricient to contain a person l\ing at full length; over this a f;re is kept lairniii;.:' until the siiiid is thoroulick until it is rediK.vd to the re(iuired temperature. The patient is then placed in the liole and coveri'd. with the exception of his head, with sand. Here he r( uiains until in a .^tate of profuse jjerspiration, when he is un- eartlied and plunged into cold water. They are said to practice phlehotomy. using the right arm when the hody is alVeeted and the left when the complaint is in the liiuhs. A few simple decoctions are made from iier])s, hut these nre .seldom very oiricient medicines, ("^lu'cially when administered for the more complicated diseases which the whites have hrought among them. Owing to the ins'iflicieiit or erroneous treatment they receive, many di.«^oi-ders which would he easily cured by us. de- ,on tnwuiils liim t'luiu tluir tiii-;ir-' mU.' f'otn rs. in Oniiniul Mutithhi, vol. x., p. ilL'7. '^'■I iii'Mr.tidiisly (Mill nil uui; uf tiii.si' civrrns during; tlif opi rutinn atmvc (IcHcril). il. nnil was in n fi w nii(i*,'iits so nearly suttuc iiUil with the lifiit. KHinu"'. ami impure uir, that 1 fuuml it ilillii'ult to luiiiie my way out.' BiytnVs < <('., p. 2~i'2. ' ' 'Ziir U. liiuiu; 1)tilienen hiili <1ii >, • Iniil luiw it li.i.s not Ii' en ascf-rtaineil i'lat the Indians had any ifiaedy for ciiiiiig the sick or allaying their stitt'eriri- -, If tin y im et witli an acoideiit they iu- Vari.dily di .' I'tninllins' L'th r, in ' <»/. i'lirinii. A/nil .0, 1m;(). •lunt,-uorm is cured liy ]il-icini,' the milk of the ]ioison oak in a cindc round th< Nf- fectid ]>art.' //"/'Ai/if/.s* '■.(/. Mill., vol. iii., p. lid. 'Aiaon.i,' the Me( woes KtuuiiU'Liu ufti'i-tion.s aiid severe travail are treated with a planter of hut S'Jfi CALIFORNIANS. Tncromation is almost universal in this part of Cali- fornia/^ ^i^lie Ijody is decorated with feathers, flowers, and heads, and after lyin"!; in state for some time, is ])urned amid the liowls and lamentations of friends and relations. The ashes are either preserved ])\" the iamily of the deceased or are formally huried. The wea[)ons and effects of the dead are hnrned or huried with them.'" When a hody is prepared for interment the knees are douhled up airainst the chest and secm-ely hound with cords. It is placed in a sitting posture in the j:rave. whi<'h is circular. This is the most comnKjn maimer of sepulture, hut some trihes hury the hody perpendicularly in a hole just large enough to admit it. sometimes with the head down, sometimes in a standing position. The Tomos formerly burned tlieir dead, and since tliey have been inlluenced hy the whites to bury them, they ijiva- riahly place the Ixxly with its head toward the south. A scene of incremation is a weird spectacle. The ashes and moist earth spread on the stomach.' Powers, in Overland MunUih/, vol. X., 1). ;V27. S(.H' furthtr: I'tlU-Tlmiiui-s, Voij.. torn, ii., j). 110; Farn- ham's Life in Cal., p. ;)70; IfiiHiishi, La Vuli/onne, j). ITIi: liuinholiK, }■'.:- Sit. Pill., torn, i., p. \i'H; Ikn-liey's I'oi/., vol. ii., jip. 3i>, 7H; San tfoiiijiiin H'puhll'an. S pi., lHj8; La /'eVoi/.s'c, Vinj., torn. iv.. ]>. (!,'J; Uilibs, in S-lmol- v.ni/l's Arr ///,./,< JA/contlw f'lain.t, p. :!0I. At Siiiita Cru/ 'the (ieiililes hum the hodii s if their warriors and allies who fall in war; those who die of natural death tliey inter at sundown.' Connilas' hihr, in Cr'd i>, IKCO. 'J'he In- dians of the Hiiy of San Francisco hurned their . ;U',:{. in the vicinity of Clear Lake all the trilns with tlie exception of tiio Yuhas uiirv tin ir dead. Cchjcr, in Jud. Ajl'. H'pl., Js,-,s, p 28!) . 'II ' I,cis Itunsienesdi vidian ulti:iiMin(Mite entre los iiarienteslasi)ocascos:is aftiT the death of her husband; a less severe siun of grief is for tl le same time HJ to speak oidy m a low whisper Regarding a future state their ideas are vagut : some sny that the Meewocs ))elieve in utter annihilation id'ter death, but who can fathom the hopes and fears that struiiule in their dark imaiiiniu' Tl ley are not par- ticuku'ly cruel or vicious; they show nnich sorrow for the '12 ' Diu n:u'hston Anvonv;uitlt(ii si'hiicidi'U sicli das iriUir ul) niul wfrfcii fs ins Fi'iicr, wolici sin sii'h iiiit St.iin'ii an ilic Hrast scli!a;4cii, ant' iliii lln- ilru stiii/i'ii. ,ja MswfiU'U uus btsouilcriT Aiiliiiiiuliilikfit /u ilt'iii \( cstorlK'- iifU sirh hluti-iinsti^'iuliv tjar zn 'I'mli' stossi'ii; dnrli ^iIlll Sdlclic Falli' sclti'ii.' Kiistrniiiiliiiiiiir. ill liwr. Stol. k. h'tlnm,, p. SfS. ' 'I'Li.' Imdy is ciinsiunrd u])(iii ii soalViild Imilt over u liolf, into wliiidi the aslus an thrown and cDVtrtd,' (li'ili^. ill Srh»''\: Marnr's I'unr. /,s/.. j)p. -MS 50: Ln }'erii(if<( , Fn//.. lorn. ii., p.. .ti(V. I'hu^ri'Uk liidi-x, ]H'u; Marniiir. in lir;/init. I'oy. rt lliss 'sind Kio saiift iind frii'dfortii,'. ntid sclir fiiliij,', lit'soiidfi's in dcr Aurt'assim^,' siiiii- li.^h •!• (r,'i;;Mi;-it:iii.lc. \ui iii Fijli,'i' iliH'i' uiuiiassii^'fH 'rra^hcit luul Surj^'losiL;- k;!it, H(diuiueiisif> sohr dumin zuscyn' KostnimilniKiir, in /(/., jip. Hl-'2. 'Tlicy ii))^M'iir by no imiiiis so Htupid ' as those nt the iiiissioiis. Kahihiu's iV tc I'"//., vol. ii., J). '2ij. At UodL'|:;a Buy ' thfir disposition is ii;ost lilicral.' Mt'trclle's .lo)ii\, p, 41. At Clear Lake ' tlioy are docile, mild, easily man- a.i,'<'d. . .ro,L;uisli, uuLtrateful, and incorrigibly la/y. . . .cowardly aad ciin^'iiij,' towards the whites. . thoron^'li sensualists and most abandoncil f,';uul)lers . . ■wretcle'dly iurirosidcui.' Jii:ri!ri''s Tour, pp. 120-1. In the Sairamento Val- ley tiny are ' excessively jealous of their S(iua\v.s . . . stin^'y and inliospitalile.' Ki''''/'s I'J.i'i-nr.'ii to ('at., vol. ii., p. 114. 'A mirthful race, always disposed to jist and lau:-;ii.' Doiik, iu tide's EUinon., in //. >'. hh\ K.e., v(d. vi., p. 222. 'l'ossess"d of mean, treacherous, and cowardly traits uf character, and the m >st thievish propensities.' Jahiison'n ('id. nwl Oijii., p. 14:t. In the vicinity of Sin Francisco Hay ' they are certainly a race of the most nuseralile be- iu'^s 1 ever s.iw, poss( s ini,' the faculty of human reason.' Viiiiront-i.r'ti I'e.;/., vol. ii., p. 13. ' Fortho most part an idle, intenii)erate race.' TlmrnUin'ii <) in. an I L'id., vol. ii., p. 78. 'They are a people of a tractable, fre(% and louin^' nature, without ;.;uile or treivehery.' Drak-'n Wurbl Encinnp.. p. KU. ' 15as- tautes ranclieri'as di! gentiles mny mansos y apaoiV)les.' ('ri'Sjii. in Ihir. Hist. -l/x.. siu'ie iv., torn, vi., \>. I'.C. ' Son miiy mansos, afaV)les, de buenas caras y Ids m is de ellos barbados,' I'^dou, Xnlirias, in Id., torn, vii., p. 51). At ^Monte- rey they ' etaient lourds et pen intelliLjents.' Tliose liviui,' farther from the inissi )us were not without ' une certaine linesse, connmiue a tous les homines elevi'-idans I'elat di! natur\' Pilil-Tltoitiirs, • o//., toni. ii., p. i;tl. ' t'es peu]iles sont si [>iMi 'our.e.,'eiix. (pi ils n'opposent jamais aucune n'sistance anx trois on qii.itre sold it-, ([iii violent si cvideinent a leur cu;ard le droit des '^'eus.' Ln P.'- •>«(«< , I'oy., toui. ii., p. J'.lT. ' Thti Yiikas are a tigerish, truculent, sullen, thiev- ish, and cviuw way bad, Viut bnive raci^' I'tKnTs. in . 213. La/.y, trilling, drunken. Applfijido, Ih. In Tu(dunuii'; liieiully, gen- erally honest, truthful; men lazy, women industrious, .fi u-dl, Id., p. 211. Iu the Yosenute Valley, 'though low iu the scale of nniii, they are no* the abject cr(>atures generally repi'eseut(>d; they are mild, harmless, and singu- larly honest. /v/Ci/((/)(/'.s W'tiidrfs of l'(W//u/(', p. 52. At Santa Clara they havi' no ambition, are (Uitirely regardless of rci)utatiin and renown. \'iiii- c )(ti''/-'.s V'li/., vol. ii., p. 21. In stupiil apathy 'they exceed every race of men I have ever known, not excepting the (h'graded races of Terra (I ■! Fuego or Van Dieinin's Fiauil.' Ivitm'ntn'.i AVic I'oi/., vol. ii., p. 'J7. At Santa ("ruz 'ib'V are so in, dined to lying that they alaiost alw.iys will conl'iiss (»tteuces they have not committed;' veiy lustful and inhospitable. Conulkiti' L^Ucr, ia CENTRAL CALIFORNIAX CHAIIACTER. 309 Altlioii'ili iieiirl;/ iill tnivolcrs wlio liavc; scon ami do- scrihi'il this peo[)lc, place them in the lowest scale of hmiiaiiity. vet there are some who asseii that the char- acter of the Califoriiian has heeu inaliuned. It does not foilou'. they say. that he is indolent heeause he does not work wlioi the fertility of his native land enables him to live without labor; or that he is cowardly liccaiise he is not incessantly at war, or stupid and brutal because tlie mildness of his climate renders clothes and dwellings su[)criluous. But is this sound reasonin,<;? H'urely a )»eo- ple Ms^isted by nature should progress faster than another, strug-ilinii; with depressing dilliculties. From the frozen, wind-swept plains of Alaska to the malaria-haunted swamps of Darien. thci-e is not a fairer land than California; it is the neiitrrd grouud, as it were, of the elements, where hypt'rboreal cold. strip[)eil oi' its rugged aspect, and e![uatorial heat, taiucd to a genial warmth, meet as friends, inviting, all blusteriniis laid aside. Yet if we travel northward Ciil. F'lriiir, April '\ 1*^(10. At Kelsey Rivor they aro '.amia1)lo mul thievish.' ij' ►'<»', in >' 7('< j/'_'/v(i'r.-i An-h., vol. iii., \>. \li. ' In L;fii,.v;il tri'ius, thr Ciililnriii.-i lu^liaus ai'o uiorc tiiiiiil, poiieeablo, iiiul jnyDUs th.ui iuiy of their iiei;j;hlinrs.' St-iilf.Hs. in Fixers' /''<»e<, MS. 'Theii' stupidily. iiiseiisiliility, i.L;umMiice, iiii'(inHtatt«*y, slavery to apjietito, excessivo sloth and la/iiiess. heiuL; alisorlx d f:)r the tiiut! in thJ stir aiul din of ui,L,'ht-\vatehitij,' and liattli;. ^'ive tijeni n new uxLi.itv'ueo.' Eirnli'dti's Life in Cal., j>. '.M\\>. • Fan! uiid jeder Aiistreii- ^'■1111,' al)-;eni;i,J!t.' O^-.-i'-tl I, Citlu'ond'ii, p. (11). 'Slu; idity seemed to be their distiiictiv,' eliaraiiter.' I>m)i'n''rh's rh'scrh, vol. i., ]>. .'■VJ. 'Loose, lazy, eare- li'ss, i-aii.ii'ioiis, rhiidi.ih and tickle." Tui/l'ir, in ('(t!. Funnir, Marrl, 2, lS(Hi. ' They arc v"ally th' most harmless tribes on the Aniei-i<'an continent.' hi r- sliocbr':i A';/v,'[). 21J. Reven'..!eful. timid, treaeiieroiis anil iniu;rateful. AW/// s- Exrnr.-ii},i 11 1" .'/., vol. ii., p. 2HI. ' ( 'owariUy. treacherous. tilHiy and indolent.' J-)':i,i4i>n. in S.:'fiol 'fiiiTs Arrh., vol. iv., p. ■12>. ' Dull, indolent, i)lile^matic, timid and of a :_,'rnth\ submissive tem[)er.' //(('- '.s- Ellmoi., in ('. S. h'.e. /•>., vol. vi., p. 1;!'.(. ' la stature no less than in mind are certainly of a very inferior raeo • if human beiu.i:;s.' Lan ish^rfs To//., pt. ii.. p. HIS. ' J'usillaninious.' l-'m-hin' ''•«/., p. lS;f. 'lis sont I'galement 'extremes dans rex]>ression de la jnie it de l.icolere.' lltll'm, in Ln I'l'ronsf, /"//., torn. iv.. p. ."iS. 'Seeint'ii to be al- most of the lowest yrade of human beiui^'s.' Khi'i's /,',/./., in llii/nril 'I'ni/hir'.t Kl Dirihi, Apirmln', vol. ii., p. "210. 'JMe Indianer von Californien siiul physisch uud moralish den andern Indianern unter^'eordin t." Wiimntl, ry his Hon, MS. M si I! ■ I'! 400 CALIFORXIANS. fi'oiii the Tstliimis. we must pass liy rii'mod cities jiiid leiii[»les. traces ol' initin^ on roots, herJjs and insects; having no boats, no clothing, no laws, no (iod; yielding submissivelv to the first touch of the invader; held in awe by a i'vw ])riests and soldiers. ]\Ien do not civilize themselves. Had not the (i reeks and the ICgyptians been driscn on by an unseen hand, never would the city of the Violet ('rowu have graceil the [)lains of Hellas, nor Thebes nor .Mem[)his have risen in the fertile' \alK'y of the Xile. Why <«i'eec(! is civilized, while (^difornia breeds a race inferior to the lowest of their neighliors. sa\e only [)er- ha[)s the ^^hoshones on their east, no one ct can tell. When Father Junipero Serra established the Mission of J)olores in iTTO, the shores of San l*'rancisco lliiy were thickly populated by the .Vhwashtees, Ohlones, .\ltahmos. Koinanons, Tuolomos. and other tribes. The good Father found the field unoccu[)ied, for. in the ^•()cab- ulary ol" thesi> peo[)le, there is ibund no word foi- god. anuc'l. Ol" devil; the\' held no theorx" of origin or desti- ny. .\ rancheri'a was situated on the spot where now l)each street intersects Hyde street. Were it t\\v\v now. as conti'asted with the dwellings of San Francisco, it would resemble a pig-sty more than a human haliitatiou. On the Marin and Sonoma shores of the bay were the Tomales and Camimares. the latter nund)ering, in 1S21. ten thousand souls. Marin, chief of the Tomales. was for a long time the terror of the Spaniards, and his war- riors were ran ked as amon"!; the fiercest of the ( 'ali- fornians. He was l)rave, ent'rgetic, and possesst'(l ol' no ordinary intelligence. \\ hen ([uite old ho consented to be baptized into the llomish Church. Ml YOSEMITE VALLKY INDIANS. 401 It luis Ik'CH suspected tliiit the cliier Miiriii was not ii full-hred liuliuii, hut that he was relati-d to a certain S[)auish sailoi" who was cast ashore IVoiii a wrecked ^aleou y tiie natives; they minrii'd native wives, mid hved with the Toinales as ol" theiu, am 1 fi tl roMi them desceni (led niai this we have i lo l)roo ly of tl leir c hw[\ but of Vo.semite \'alley was formerly a stron<:hold to which tribes in that \icinity resorted after connnittinu their depredations upon white settlers. They ust-d to make their boast that their hiding place could ne\er be dis- covered by white men. But (hn'in,Li' the year IS'iO, the marauders \ alley, 'i'he Indians, disheartened at the discovei-y of theii- ri'treat, \iclded a reluctant obedience, hut becomintj; ivsd'ni disaf- ici ted tl ley renewed tlu'ir Ueprei dat ions. iortl\ afti'r- ward the ^'osemite Indians made a visit to the Monos. Tlay were hos[)itably entertained, but upon lea\ iiii:. could not I'csist the te!n[)tation to drive olV a few stray cattle be- lonniiii: to their friends. The Monos. I'liraLicd at this ln'cach ot':j,ood faith. [)ursued and pivethein battle, 'flu- warriors of the valle\' were ncarU' exterminateil. scarce half a (to/A II rcmaininu' to mourn tlicii' loss. tiicir woiucii and children weri' carried away into ca[)ti\ity. Tliesi! Vosemite Indians consisted of a mixture from \arions tribes, outlaws as it were from the suiroiuidiiii: tribes. Tlie\ have li'ft as their U'uac\ a name I o\' e\(i'\ ell tv UK wa terfall within the \alle\. How mar\ clous would their iiistoi'y could we sio back and trace it from the i'inniu'.:-. these millions of human bands, who tlirouLib- Oil t tb aii'cs liave Iteen comnu ai id I'oim:'. uhInuow in^i; and unknowi Vol.. I. ';' 111 402 CALIFORNIANS. \'\ I I 1 Til tlio Soi'TiiKiiX (V\i,ii'()i;\iA.\"s. whose tcrritorv iics poiitli of the tliirty-liftli piiriilli'l. there iire less tiihnl ciicouiiti'i'ed, whose (hmiain is ol" «'i|iial extent. Those Avho li\'e ill the south-eastern corner ol" the Stale ai'e thrown hy the Siei'ra Xi'Vada raniic ol" mountains into the Shoshone Tamily, to which, indeeil. ])y allinity they helonu'. The chiel" trihes of this division are the Cn- /iiil/fifs ami the liiciiiicl'Kif^. the lormei' livinji around the San i'ernardino and San Jacinto mountains, and the latter in the southern extremity of ('alilornia. Around oacli mission wt'rc; scores of small hainls, whose ranche- ri'as were recorde(l in the mission hooks, the natiscs as Ji whole heinu' known only hy the name of the mission. When (irst dis(H)vere(l ])\ (\ihrillo in 1')I2. the islands oif tlu^ coast were inhahited hy a superior people, hut these the\' were induced hv the padres to ahautlon. fol- lowinir which event the people rapidly faded away. The n [itives calleil the island of Santa Cm/, L iimtdli h. anta Kosa lliinniil, San ^liguel 7)n>c(iii, and San Nicolas (Hki- las/idt. As we ajiproach the southern hnundary of California ,1 sliiiht im[)rovement is manifest in the ahoriiiiiu's. The men are here well made, of a stature (juite up to the averaii'e. comparatively fair-com[>lexioned and pleas- ant-featured. 'I'he chiUlren of tlu islandei's ari' descrihetl hv the earlv vova<*:ers us heinir white, with liiiht hair and ruddv cheeks, aiu I tl le women as haxiui: fiiu heautiful cm's, and a modest demeanor 111 forms, The heard i.- '■•< At Siuifii Cataliniv ' las nuiji'res son inny licnnosiis y limicst.is, his ninos son lilaiicds y vubids y limy risui'i'ios.' SdlimrnK. J! Iiiri,,i,a, p. IS, in l)>ii\ ///>/. J/c,r.. srric iii., tdiii. iv. Src also FurnlitDti'n Ijfi- hi Cnl.. \\. 1 |0; 'rnri/m hkiiIiI, MinKtvij. Iinl ., t.iin. i.. !>. 712. At Santa J>iirl>ava. ' mhi iiias altus, (lis]!iU'Stiis. y luclubradiis, (jUc otr^is, (juc antes sc avian visto.' I'liniui nnuUt, Mimni'i/. //"/., loin, i., ji. 711. ( )n the cnast fiiiiii San l)i( ;,'i> tn San Fniiicisc-d tin y ai( ' iriiiic .('oulcnr I'onci'o, dc jictftf taillc, ct assc/ ni,al fails.' Fdijis, in .\ir (lc('r-sl. lo. "'riic women (of tlie l»ie- '-('■riiisi iirt; l)eillltiflllly (levelopeil, liml superbly fniiiied. their bodies as siraiLjlit as an nn'ow." Mi'Jihr. in Kumi-ii'-: C S. uml 1/r.i'.. liniiinL Surrii/, V '!. i . p. 107. The Cahiiilliis -are a lijthy and niiseralib'-lookiiiL; set, and Ltreiit beL,';.,'urs, pi'eseiitinij all nnfavoialile contrast to the Indian ii|i(in thi! ( I 'orado.' Wlii/ijilc, in /''/«■. /,'. It. /e//'., vol. iii., p. l.'ll. "' riie ordinary eloak di sceiids to the waist: ' le . .^J^ '^^'V^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A ^ >% 1.0 1.1 1-25 lU ||6 ^^= II ^^= lllll^^ ■9 6" ► i I V2 '>/ O ^-t / ^ Photographic Sdences Corporation « \ 4n^ ^\ < 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0 (716) S72-4S03 6^ o Aw \ I I I iil 1 ■' la I \ 404 CALIFORNIAN8. IIM 11'.) the sun by a plentiful up[)licati(>n of the same cosmetic Vizcaino saw natives on the southern coast painted hhie and silvered over with wnne kind of mineral substance. On his asking where they obtained the silver-like ma- terial tiiey showed him a kind of mineral ore, which tliey said they used for pur})oses of ornamentation They take nnich pride in tiieir hair, which they wear l<»njX. It is braided, and either wotuid round the head turban-like,'"" or twisted into a top-knot; some tie it in a (pieue behind. According to Father Bos(nuia the girls are tattod in infancy on the face, breast, and anus. The most usual method was to prick the tlesh with a thorn of the cactus-j)lant: charcoal proc'uced from the maguey was then rubl)ed into the wounds, and an inef- lUceable blue was the result.^'' Dwellings, in the greater part of this region, difter but little from those of the (^Mitral Californiai IS. In si lillK' they are conical or semi-globular, and usually consist of a frame, foruied by driving long poles into the ground, covered with rushes and earth. '"'^ On the coast of the Santa Barl»ara (Miannel there srems to have been some iujprovement in their style of architecture. It was piob- ably here that (\ibrill() saw houses built after the man- ner of those in Xew Spain.'"'' It is jx^ssible that the "^ Jie'iil, in Lou .1»7(7<'S Star. '•'' Siihnrnii, /i'7'(i'ii//ii'.s, in /><>c. Ifisl. }fix., scric iii., torn, iv., p. IH. ' '" This Imir tnilian or coil 'sirvc dc Imlsa parii ^'uuvilar en lit ciihr/ii Ins iilmlorios y (Icniiis cliiichi'i'iiis '\\w sc Ics «li.' I'tilim, VUhi .hwlfirri) Snrn. \>. 215. The siinit' (•ust()ni hccuis to j)n'viiil iiuion^' tlit? dibolos of N»'\v Mcx- I'o, iis Marniii'i', i)» his luMitional chaptrv in the Krrnch i'(lition of lirijiuit's C'll , p. 258, siiys: ' Ics hotiinit's ilii pcuplc tri'Kscnt k'urs <'hi'v<'nx avcc (•. Hist, .t/i'.r., serif iv., toin. vi , p. 314; linffinniin, iu Sun Fntnrisrn Mul- v''il I'riss, vol. v.. p. IIK. '^•' 'I'artii'ron tic alli cl !t, ontraron fu una rnscnaila CHpaciosa, y si^^niiii- tlo la t'osta vii'i'on en clla nn pncMo nned an enclosure of {ilM)ut four or live yards in cinaunference. not exactly round, hut inclining to an oval. This they divided hy drawing a line through the centre, and huilt another, consisting of the hranches of trees, and mats to the height of alMHit six feet, outside of which, in the other division, they formed another of small stakes of wood driven into the ground. This was called the gate, or entrance, to the vanijuech. Inside of this, and ck)se to the larger stakes, was placed a (igure of their god C'hinigchinich, elevated n^xni a kind of hurdle. This is the edifice of the vanquech."''" Almost every living thing that they can lay their hiinds on serves as food. Coyotes, skunks, wild cats, rats, mice, crows, hawks, owls, lizards, frogs, snakes, ex- ce[)tiug him of the rattle, grasshoppers and other in- sects, all are devoured hy the inland trihes. Stranded whales, animals of the seal genus, fish, and shell-fish, fuim the main sup]K)rt of those inhahiting the coast. Veni.«^on thev are of course glad to eat when thev can get it, hut as they are [M)or hunters, it is a rare luxury. W hen they did hunt the deer they re.» nUriHn, lliliirlnn, in '((/. Ihic. //<■>/. /•'/<./■/■(/; Cliiri'imi. Starin ihlln I'ul.. tmn. i.. pji, 151-5; Hmn- IkiI II, h'^-i'ti I'lil.. torn, i., p. ;12'.l; .^/.<(l^(/("^•, Xiiiirr II'm/v/,/, j)|i. 21(1 II; >'(/- III run, It'liii'iiitifs.hi Dm'. Illsl. Uc.i'., scritMii., toni. iv., ]i. IH; /*(■ f^ml, Xmiis ih-\is. p. .'lilCi, ' Nur nni dif Mccrcni^'f vim Suntu IJ.irldim fuml niaii, 17fi>rilt, Mcjico, toni. ii., jit. ii., \'\i. 4") I ."). '' litis ■una, in Ilu'iiiisiDi'.s l.iff in Citl., p. 2."i'.(; liiuirrnft'H Snl. HiifX, vol, Mi. \>i>. 10:t U. 406 CALIFORNTANS. refii.se to cat from suporstitious motives.*'"' C!rassliop])ors !ire ciiteii rojistcd. Aconis are shelled, dried, and pound- ed ill stone mortars into Hour, which is uashed and rewashed in hot and cold water until the hitterness is rem<>ved, when it is made into gruel with cold water, or l)aked into hread. Various knids of jirass-seeds, herl)s. hiMries, ;ind roots, are also eaten, hoth roasted and raw. Wild fowl are caught in nets made of tules, spread over channels cut through the rushes in places IVe- iilrnijTs Anli., vol, v., pp. '21.">-(); sei' ul-to Itii I. in fj'is Aii'ifhs Slur. '■''' ■ .Vll tlieir fooil was either eoltl or ni'arly so, . . .Rait was used very >[>m- I \ 9 ^VEArONS AND WAR. 407 In tlieii" cooking', as in otlior rL\s[K'ct!s, tlii'v are oxccsh- ively unck'an. Thoy hathe lVcM|nt'ntly, it is true, hut when not in the water they ave wallowinj; in (iUh. Their (IwellinLis are Tnll of oH'al and other impurities, and ver- min aljonnd on their |)ersons. l)i)\vs and arnnvs, and chihs, are as nsnal the weajwiis most in use. Sahres of hard W(M)d, \vitli edjies that ent like steel, are mentioned hy Father Juin'jiero Seira.''^ War is a mere pretext for plunder; the slijihtest \vron^\ real or imaginary, being sullicient eause for a strong trihe to attack a weaker one. The smaller hands form tem- porary idliances; the women and eiiildreii aceomitanying the men on a raid, carrying provisions foi- the march, and during an engagement they pick up the fallen arrows (;'." the enemy and so kee}) their own warriors supjjlied. I)0,sc:nia says that no male })risoners are taken, and no (piarter given; and lingo lieid allirms of the natives of Los Angeles County that all prisoners of war. after Ije- ing tormented in the most cruel manner, are invariably j)ut to death. The dead are deca[)itated and sealjKid. lemale prisoners are either sold or retained as slaves. Scalps, highly prized as trophies, and pid)licly exhibited at leasts, may be ransomed, but no consideiation would induce them to pai't with their living cajttives.'"'^ Among the few articles they manufacture are fish- hooks, nei'dles, and awls, made of ])one or shell; mortars and [)estles of granite, and soap-stone cooking vessels, and water-tight baskets.'"' The clay vessels which are iiis^'ly ill their fooil, fvoiii lui idcii that it liad a tfjidtncv tn turn tlnir hair 1,'iay.' h'l i I, ill //">■ Aii'iil'S Sl(ir. ' 1 have hicii iiiaiiv iustaliics of thi ir tak- iii'^' a lalilat. ainl sucking' its Idodd witli cai^'cnii ^s, jirc \i.'iis tn cnHMiiniii;,' tlic tlcsh ill a criidf stale' linxfiniii, in Jtnlihison's J.ii'e in i'hI.. ]i. 'J:!',!. • \ ivcii luuy ir^alados cuii vaiias siii.ilhis. y ciPii la ptsca (jiir hai-cii in sus l)iiUa,stin tiilc y ijuirii iiddhs dar I'usa di' ('(iiiiiila. soliau dccir. i|iii' dc ai|iii ijo no, c|Ut' ].» ((lit' (jucrian era miu; y sulo <'i)n cosa di' rstr "^'I'licio. iiaii 1.).s raiiiha- i.u Ins (jiif haiiaii (h' sii inscadu cdii Ids Soldadus y Arricrus.' I'lilmi, I'iilii ile .hiit'fiifi) Srrrii, ji. 71>. Sec also Tiin/iiiiiniiln. MuKiin/. In I,, tmii. i , j). 71'.'; F'tnihiiin'ii Uh III c. lii2:A/., IHiM, \n>. VM ->; n'llhn: in /-/., 1 v 2, p.' (17; ll'iilli'lCs /'.cs. A-ic, m,\. ii.. p. l^'r, ll'ity.iiiiiin, in >'(/( h'lHii'isci) .\[iiHnil I'lrns, vol. v., ji. ll'J; MoUlninfn n, lliimn, ill (/('' Fil.s mill)., vol. i., jij). s.'-:t. '"' I'lilnii, !'/(/'( (/)' ,hiii jitm Sirrn, pp. 83-1. '"' /) />• am. in U'lhin.i'in'n 1,1 1'r 'lit I III., pp. .'{ii(!-!t. '-''' iliL' baskets, though watur-proof, ' wcrf usuil only for dry purposi-s. 408 CALIFORNIANS. frequently found among tliem now, were not nmtle b\- tlieiii before tlie arrival of the ^paniaids. The stone implements, however, are of alwriginal manufacture, and are well made. The former are said to have Ixjen pro- cured mostl V hv the tribes of the mainland i'rom the San hi Rosa islanders."" The instruments which they used in their manufactures were flint knives and awls; the latter Faji'es describes as being nuide from the snudl bone of a deer's fore-fcM)t. The knife is double-edged, made of a flint, and has a wooden haft, inlaid with mother of pearl. ^"^ On this coast we again meet with wooden canoes, al- though the l)alsa, or tule raft, is also in use. These Jjoats are made of planks neatly fastened together and })aid with bitumen ;*"* prow and stern, both eipially sharp, are elevated nhwc the centre, which made them ai)i)ear to Vizcaino "como barquillos" when seen beside his own junk-like craft. The paddles were long and double- bladed. and their Iwats, though generally manned l)y three or i'our men, were sometimes large enough to carry twenty. Canoes dug out of a single log, scraped smooth on the outside, with both ends sha])ed alike, were some- times, though more rarely, used. l(Ki The circulating The vessels in nse for liquids were roughly made of rushes nud plustered outside luul in with bitumen or pitch, culled hy tluni snnol.' lnhl. in Loa A)iiivlrs Slur; Mulihufifurdt, Mejico, vol. ii., pt. ii., pp. 454-5; and Mullliauaen, Jieisvn in itii' Fflsinijeli., vol. i., p. 82. \w ' Leurs mortiers de i)ierre et divers autres ustensiles sont incrustes avee heauconp d"iirt do niorceaux de nacre de perle.' Fuijen, in A'i/kcc/A.s- .Id/iri/rs d'H \'<>!/., 1S44, toni. ci., p. 319. 'Mortars an '". i>cstles were nmd<' of j.;vaiiite, about hixteen inches wide at the top, ten at the bottom, ten inches hi(,'h and two thick.' Soapstone pots were ' about an inch in thickness, and procured from thi^ Indians of Santa Catalina; the cover used was of the same material.' J{i-i(l, in l.iis Atifiilis Star. On the eastern slojies of the San lierniirdino Monntiiins, blankets are made which will easily hold water. T((i/I(). iij^ At Santa Catalina Vi/caino saw ' vnas Canoguelas, que ellos vsan, de Tablasbien hechas, como BarquilloH, con lasPopas, y I'roas levantadas, y mas altas. (|ue el ("nerpii de la Harca, o t'anoa.' Tuniiifiiniilii, Mimani. IikL. (om. i., p 712; see also Sdhiteri'u, Ilelaciones, in Doc. Hid. Max., serieiii., torn, iv., p. 18. GOVERNMENT AND rUNISIIMENTS, 4(VJ some- incdium consisted of small round pioros of the white mussc'l-slu'll. Tlicso wore iXTfoiJitcd an«l iuninjicd on strings, the value of which deiKMided n|H)n their length.'"* 1 have said hefore that this money is supposed to have iK'cn manufactured for the most part on Santa Rosa Island. Hence it was distrihuted among the coast ti-ihes, who hought with it deer-skins, seeds, etc., from the jx}o- ple of the interior. Each trih(^ acknowledged one head, whose province it was to settle disputes.""" levy war. make peace. apjH)int feasts, and give g(K)d advice. Beyond this he had little power."* He was assisted in his duties hy a council of elders. The office of chief was hereditarv, and in the iihsence of a male heir devolved u|H)n the female nearest of kin. She could marry whom she i)U'ased. hut her hushand ohtained no authority through the alliance, idl the power remaining in his wife's hands until their eldest )>()y attained his majority, when the latter at once as- sumed the conunand. A nuu'ilerei's life was taken hy the relatives of his victim, unless he should gain refuge in the temple, in which case his punishment Wtas left to their god. A'en- •11 jiaj'cd On tlip coast of Los Anfjeles Fixthor Crespi saw 'canons hoclias Ac Inienns tnMas lie jiiiio. bit'ii lij^inlas y de una forma ^raciosa con dos iiroas I'san n-nios liiri,'iis (Ic (Ids pulas y vo^an con iiultrible lijcri/a y vtlociilad.' I'lis/.i, in .l>'„\ Hisl. M and n-half rniiiid tlie hand, i. e., from end of middle tiuj^'tr to wrist. ]'.i;,dit of tliest; siriiiL!s passed for the value of a silver dollar.' l', the sympathies of the people were enlisted by means of criers, who were sent I'ound to proclaim aloi: I the crime and the criminal, or to dilate njxjn the wrongs suffered at the hands of the hostile trilie; and their elocjuence seldom failed to attain the desired object.^"^ The chief could have a plin*ality of wives, but the common people were only allowed one.^"** The form of ICT Tiosrnna, in Tln}>infinn's Life in Ca\, pp. 2f>2-9. "'** Dr. Hott'iniiii stivtos that in th vicinity of Han Diogo 'tlipir laws allow tlu'in to keep us iiiuny wives an they can Hupport.' Son Fruticttifo Mvilicnl. I'irss, vol. vi., p. l'>{). Fagea, 8^jeakiu{{ of tlio Imliuns on the const from Sun Dic^o to Sim Frunciseo, sa;" s : 'Ceslndiens n'ont qn"une stulc fcninie ii la fois, niuis ilsen i'lianf,'eut aussi sonvent que cela leur coiivicnt.' .\iiiirtllis Aniiokstlis I '('_(/., lS4t, toin. ci , p. 153. Of those in the vicinity of Sun Luis Key the same author says: ' Les chefs de ce district out Ic privilc^'c ile pnnilre deux on trois ftmnus, de Its repudier ou de Its ebauger aussi Bouveut quils MARRIAGE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 411 contractiii'i: a niarriafro varied. In Los Angeles C\)unt3', uiH'onliiig to Mr Jle'ul, the matter was arranged \>y a preliiuinary interchange oi" j)reHents Ix^tween the male relatives of the hridegnnnn and the female relatives of the hride. The former proceeded in a ImmIj to the dwell- ing of the girl, and distributed small sums in shell money among her female kinsfolk, who were collected there for the occasion. These afterward returned the com[)liment by visiting the man and giving ))askets of meal to his jKJOple. A time was then fixed for the fnial ceremony. On the apiKjinted day the girl, decked in all her finery, and accompanied by her family- and relations, was carried in the arms of one of her kinsfolk toward the house of her lover; edible seeds and l)erries were scattered l>efore her on the way, which were scrambled for by the s[)ectators. The party was met half-way by ji deputation from the bridegr(X)m, one of whom now ttx)k the young woman in his arms and carried her to the house of her hus))and, who waited ex|)ectantly. She was then phiced by his side, and the guests, after scattering more seeds, left the cou[)le alone. A great feast followed, of which the most prominent feature was a character-dance. The yoiuig men took \r,irt in this dance in the roles of hunters and warriors, and were assisted by the old women, who feigned to (^arry off game, or dispatch wounded enemies, as the case might be. The s[)ectators sat in a circle and chanted an accompani- ment. According to another f*)rui of marriage the man either asked the girl's parents for })ennission to marry their daughter, or commissioned one of his friends to do so. If the i)arents approved, their future son-in-law took up iiis abode with them, on condition that he should provi«le a certain quantity of food every day. This was done to afVord him an opfwrtunity to judge of the doiuestic qual- ities of his future wife. If satisfied, he appointed a day for the marriage, and the ceremony was conducted luuch 1(> vcnlcnt; niiiis les mitros habitimts u'fii out qu'une seule et lie iHUvtiit lea iL-pudier (juVii ciis d'udultc'ie.' Id., p. 173. 412 CALIFORNIANS. in tho same mnniicr ns tluit last di'scribod, except tliat lie received tlie jiirl in a teniiMirarv Hhelter i-rected in front of his Init. and that hIic wan disrobed before beinn. and this was the cause of many of the inter-tribal (juarrels in which they were so constantly engaged. If a man ill-treated his wife, her relations t(K)k her away, after paying l)ack the value of her weddinji pres- ents, and then married her to another. Little dilliculty was experienced in obtaining a divorce on any ground ; indeed, in many of the trilx's the parties separated when- ever they grew tired of eaoh other. Adultery was se- verely punished. If a husband caught his wife in the act, he was justified in killing her. or, he could give iier np to her seducer and appropriate the six)use of the latter to himself At the time of child-birth many singular ol)ser\- ances obtained; for instance, the old women washed the child as .soon as it was lK)rn, and drank of the water; the !udiap[)y infant was forced to take a draught of nrinc medicinally, and although the husband did not affect the sufterings of lalM)r, his conduct was su})posed in some manner to .iffect the unlK)rn child, and he was conse(juently laid under certain restrictions, such as not l)eing allowed to leave the house, or to eat fish and meat. The women as usual suft'er little from child-])eaiing. One writer thus (lescril)es the accouchement of a woman in the vicinity of San Diego: " A few hours before the time arrives she gets up and quietly walks ofl' alone, as if nothing extraordinary was al)out to occur. In this manner she deceives all, even her husband, and hides herself away in some secluded ncwk, near a stream or hole of water. At the foot of a small tree, which she can easily grasp with both hands, she prepares her "lying- in-couch/ on which she lies down as soon as the labor CHILD-mUTII. 4ir( jiiiiiis coiiu' on. AVlu'ii tlic i)iiiii is on, slie p'iisjH tlu' tivo w itii lK>tli liiinds, thrown up luickward uvor li(>i- liriid. iind (iiills and stniinH >vith all lior nii<;lit, tliu.M assistin;: oacli pain, nntil Ikt awonc^licuK'nt i.s over. A.s wM)n a.s tlu' child is horn, the mother li(.'r.>. 17;J; BUI! also Murmkr, Xotii.t, iu llri/nnl, Toy. twt fa/., p. 1.30. 414 CALIF0RN1AN8. j)ain was inflicted. Tlicv wvw lorlmMon to upproucli tlir (ire to warm tlu'iuselvos, or to oat certain need-s ami J)erries wliicli were considered luxiu'ies. A yontii, to become a warrior, must first imder<:<) a severe ordeal; ids naked ImmIv was l)eaten witli stinjiini; nettles until lie was literally unable to move; tbeu lie was placed ii|Hjn tbe nest of a 8[K'cies of virulent ant, wiiile bis friends irritated tbe insects bv stirriu" tbeiii up witb sticks. Tbe infuriated ants swarmed over everv part of tbe sulferer's IkkIv, into bis eves, bis ears, bis moutb, bis nose, causinjj; indes<'ribable pain. Hoscana states tbat tbe }oun trutb. to do {food, and to venerate old aj-e.'"" At an early ajie tbey were placed under tbe ])rotection t)f a tutelar divinity, wbicb was sup|H)sed to take tiie form of some animal. To discover tbe particular K'ast wbicli was to guide bis future destinies, tbe cbild was intoxi- cated.'"' and for tbree or four days kept witbout food of any kind. During tins pericxl lie was continually lia- I'assnl and (juestioned, until, weak from want of foixi. crazed witb drink and innK)rtunity, and knowing tbat tiie persecution would not cease until be yieldi'd. 1m> confessed to seeing bis divinit and described wliat kind of brute it was. Tbe ouiline of tbe figure was tben molded in a paste made of cru.sbed lierbs, on tlie breast and arms of tbe novitiate. Tins was ignited and allowed tt) burn until entirely consumed, and tliiis tbt; figure of tbe divinity remained indelibly delineated in tbe llesli. Hunters, before starting on an exju'dition, would beat tbeir faces witb nettles to render tbem cleai- sigbted. A girl, on arriving at tbe age of pul)erty. was laid upon a bed of brandies pkiced over a bole, wiiidi 170 reiimi ' Till' perverse chilli, inviiriably. was destroveil, anil the imrtiits of siidi lied dishouorcd.' liosviiun, in linlthisnn's JA/e in Vol., p. '27(1. 'lis lie l)i'nsent pus ii (li)uner d'autre ediieation a lenrs enfants (pi'a ensei^jncr aiix tils fxactcnient ce que faisait lenr pere: quant aux tiUcs, ellcs out Ic droit do choisir roeenpation qui lenr eouvient le mieux.* Fiujes, iu Xouvclkn Annuhs (les Vitif., 1844, torn, ci., p. \Ty.\. i" The intoxieatin^; licpiur was 'made from a plant called Pihal. which was reduced to a powder, and mixed with other mtoxicatiug ingredients.' Jioseaua, iu liobiimou's Life in ('«/., p. 271. AMl'SEMEXTS. ■Ji; liiul Ix'iMi provioiisly luMtcd, wlioiv shv ^vils kept \ut\t viTv littk* I'ood lor two or tUrvv tluvs. Old women chanted soniis, and vonivj: woineu danci'd round lier at inter\uls during' Ii'T » ■ ri(i(;;ition. In the vieinity of San l>ie;io the ^im \h hurled ull hut lier head, and the ^I'ountl alM)Vt^ her is heateii until nlie is in a j)rol'usi' |iers|tiration. 'I'his is contiiuiod for twenty-lour hours, the patient heinjr at intervjils dnrin;:; this time taken out and washed, and tlieii reinihedded. A least ami (hmee lollow 17J When the missionaries first arrived in this r, ;;ion. they found men dressed as women and jMilormin^f women s (hities. who W'er<' kept for unuatu ' ])urposes. IVom their vouth up thev were treated, instrueti'i! and used as ii i.iides. and were even freipiently i)uhIi«lN iuai'- ]' I to the ehiels or Lireat men \-j (lamhlini: and (hnieing i'ormod, as usual, tiieir ]M-iiu'i- pal nu'ans of recreation. Their <:ames ofcliance dilVered httk' from those pkiyed fartlior n»)rth. 'I'hat of^ue.-^.s- inii in whicli hajid a piece of W(K)d was lieM. hefore (U'- scrihed. was ))kiyed hy eijiht, four on a sick', iusti'ad of l(»nr. Another }j;ame was pkiyed l)y two. Fifty small jiieces of W(M>d. placed uprijiht in a row in the jiroun/r/v/^V's Arc!)., vol. v., J). 21."). Forfitlu-r (liscriitioiis of ctniiioiiy ■.1 ,a (if imlii'ity. sec: ll'i/i'iii'in, in Sun I I'lhtrisf" Viil. vi., j)|>. l.'dl I; i/cA'/'/is//'//, in Sdn /•Vvnici'.si'd llirnhl, Jmn, l.S.'i.'t. Mi'uicdt VVr.v.s 171 . |. 1,1 Mi (!.■ S. .\iit oniii St' jiui nil) ak simli) i'l 1 i-i I'luh'is, (juc- en una ilc las ciisiis ilc Icih Nc 'til avcnL,'Miir. jiuis nvi- >' liaM.ui nictidii s (liiitiiis, (1 lino con el ti'ajr natural dc til il oil >1 tl (I. IIS asi I n Ml iMii'^ir, cxiinsanilolo con d iionilirc dc .loya (i|iic iliicn Uaniurl lingua nativat fiii' lucj^o el I*. Misioiicro con cl ('alio v iin Solilado a la I'Msa , vcr 1( lo i[iic i)nscalpaii. v los liallaron cji cl acto dc jncado ncfando. ( asli Kaniiilos auiii|iic no con la pciia nicrccida, y afcaroiili s cl hcclio tan cnornic; y respond! I cl (lintil. qui' aijucila .Toy a era sn niu^cr. . . .Solo en cl tramo dc la Canal d' Santa IJarliarii, sc liallan niuclios .Joyas, puis raro cs cl I'ui hi i doiulc no s<' vcan tlos o trcs.' I'uhin, Vuln ik •hm '>itni Srrni, ]>. 2J'J. ' Asi en csta ranclicn'a conio en otros dc In ciinal, henios visto id^ninos j^cntilcs con tnijc dc niiiLjcr con sns naKiiitas dc ^ainUHii, y niuy en^'nit s:i. IJj,"). See also lidsciiini. in / ' IKS' 1)1 S /.I, I' III pp. -iS-'M; Mufriis, /•>;./.>»•., torn, ii., p. :}71; 7 on] I I'lilil, Mtiimrif lull., toni. pp. -127; i-Kiys, iu Xouvdlvs Aioiales desVoy., 1814, toni. ci., p. 173. 41C CALIF011.VIANS. U m down, on the jrround, and tlic thrower counted out' for everv piece tliat remained white >r source loved to [)ire >v;is ount the Avus also !Ull])lillg, T lioscii- ook part ciu^dav r daucod uiccd to divinity 'd thcin- lics w itli ictticoats I iiaki'd. s J)rowii. ncn, hut and the ey wei'e ere well iitr. was ces wen' ith oh- of them ions and : in ntlurs Those pe()i)le never wandered far from their own ti>rri- tory, and knew little or nothing of the nations lyinp; he- \()nd their immediate noiuhhors. Mr Reid relates that Mie who tra.veled some distance beyond the limits of lii.s own domain, returned with the report that he had seen men whose ears des(!ended to their hips; then he had met with a race of Ldliputians; and finally had leached a })eople so subtly constituted that they '*wt)uld take a rabbit, or other animal, and merely with the breath, in- hale the essence; throwing the rest away, which on ex- amination proved to be excrement." They had a great number of traditions, legends, and lables. Some of these give evidence of a poweri'ul imagi- nation; a few are pointed with amoral; but the majority are pueiile, nieaningles.s, to us at least, and filled with obscenities. It is said that, in some parts, the Southern ('ulifoi'uians are great snake-channers, and that they allow the re[)tiles to wind themselves about their bodies and bite them, with impunity. Feuds lu'tween lamilies are mn'sed for generations; the war is seldom more than one of words, however, un- less a murder is to be avenged, and consists of mutual vituperations, and singing obscene^ songs about each other. IViends salute by incpiiries after each others health. On parting one sa,ys ' 1 am going,' the other answers ' go.' They are very superstitious, and believe in all sorts of omens and auguries. An eclipse irightens them beyond measure, and shooting stars cause them to ildl down in the dust and cover their heads in abject terror. Many of them believe that, should a hunter eat meat or fish which he himself had procured, his luck would leave uiiiilcasuiit to till' cur. ^^•h'il>sll•l/. in S. Frinirism Iferahl, Jnn<> l^r>:i. 'In llirir rclij^imis ciniui iilnl il.iiui's tlity dilt'i r imich. While, in sdinr trilics, :ill uniti' to (•( lihriitt' til, t;i, in ollurs, nicii alone are allowed to (lance, while the women assist in sinL^ill^'.' .s'c/c/o/cjv/ry's Aiclt., vol. v., ji. ■_'! I !•"». '"' • La (lansc est eXerillec Jiar lleUX conjlles an son d'uili' es]iici' ill' tllltc, les antics restellt simples spectatenvs ( t se eontcntent (railj^nii nil I le lirilit I u frap|i.int iles roseaux sees ' /'Vi/is, in Xdiinllis Atnidlen ihs I o,iy.. 1>'l I, tom, 'i.. [). 17(i; liiisrinm, in Utilihisnu'a l.'ifc in ('s' stir; Vn.-iiii, iu JJuc. lli^l. Mix., mnu iv,, torn, vi., i. IJ22. Vol. I. '27 418 CALIFORNIANS. liim. For this reason tlioy {rpiiorally hunt or fish in I "hen the dav's si)ort is over, eaeh takes what tiirs. and till' other lias killed. Livintj; as they do fVoni hand to tnoiith, eontent to eat. sleep, and dance away their exis- tence, we cannot e.\|»ect to find nnich glimmering ol" the ^ the future, and even control the elements. They are potent to cure as well as to kill. For all comi)laiiits. as usual, they ' [)ut forth the charm of woven paces iind of waving hands,' and in some cases add other reiiie- MEDICAL TREATMENT. 419 dii's. Im)!' internal ooinpluiiit.s tlicy prescribe cold hiiths; wounds and sojvs are treated with lotions and poultices ol' crushed herbs, such as sage and roseniarv, and of a kind of black oih' resin, extnicted from certain seeds. Other maladies they aflirm to be caused by small pieces of wood, stone, or other hard substance, which by some means have entered the ilesh,and which they pretend to extract by sucking the affected part. In a case of paraly- sis the stricken parts were whij)ped with nettles. Hlisters are raised by means of dry paste made from ni'ttle-stalks, phiced on the bare flesh of the patient, set on fu'i'. and allowed to burn out. Cold water or an emetic is used for fever and like diseases, or, sometimes, the sufVi'rer is i)laced naked upon dry sand or ashes, with a lire dose to his ll'et, and a bowl of water or gru«'l at his lii'ad. and there left for nature to take its course, while his friends and relatives sit round and howl him into life or into eternity. I^nake-I)ites are cured by an internal dose of ashes, or the dust found at the bottom of lints' nests, and an external apj)lication of herbs.''" The medicine-men fare better here than their northern hiethren. as. in the event of the non-recoverv of their l),itient. the death of the latter is attributed to the just auicr of their go.l. and conseiiuently the physician is not held res[)()nsible. 'fo avert the displeasure of the divinity, and to countenict the evil inlluence of the sor- ctTci's. regular dances of pr()i)itiation or depreciation Jire hilil. in which the whole ti'ibe join, Tiie temescal. or sweat-house, is the same here as else 177 A\ d dl lere. winch renders a descri[(ti()n unnecessar\ . 17S 'n fli-u.lii M'f> h i-jiidr. \V;is ^'IVi'ii to til tdiii. ii.. p ;iHi). 10 Wlu'U till' new viiir lici'im, no ;ist; iiml on tlii-i iU'roimt, I'vni iiiiion-'st tlic most iiit' lliL;iiit, till V coulil not tfll tin' imiiiln'r of yriivs which liiid triiiispircil, w'.i n ilisiiiiiis of j^iviii^' iiii idea of aiiv ninotf cviiit.' linxi'Unn, in llnhinsnti's J.'/ ;.i '■'//.. p. ;»ii:i. '•' ' For (loiiorrhd'ii they iisrd u stroii'^' d ii'tion of un Inrl) thiit j,'imw4 virv |ilintifiill_v hcri', ainl is callcil l>_v tlif S|ianis]i " ihiiiicrl .•M^ua." ami wild lii'4 oil iiianurc. roUid up into pills. 'I'ln' dicoction is a vii y Mtlcr astiili;,'! nt, uinl may curi' sonic sores, but that it fails in many, I have uiidcni.iMc proof. livinu' coal Ol tire aprli' il to llm 111 sv,i|l ills tlicv use the actual caulciv. I'llllllc ■r, .ind a d<'coi'lion of an licrli. said to Itc sonicthiii'^ like sarsaparill.i, r.ulcii rosia. i; iintr h'iii. 111 S'lii h\ Ml it'll III /'/'INS, vol. V. (l. I." ;t. I am iiii'chted for the only iiiforniatioii of value rcliitiic,' to llic medi- cal u.sagesof the buuthcru Culifuruiu tribes, to liijscanu'n MS., liteniU^' trails- ! i I f' M. :i It 420 CALIFORNIANS. (Iciul wore oitlior biinied or biir'uHl. FatluT Bosoaiiu .sa\s that lU) par I'tioiil ar ('t'lvinonies \voro ohserved diuiim tl)o binniiiji' of tlio corpse. TIio ImmIv Avas allowed to lie iiiitoiu'lied some davs after death, in order to be certain that no spark of life remained. It was then ])oi-ne out and laid npon the fnneral pyre, which was ignited hy a pci'soii specially ap[iointed for that })nrpose. Kvervthiiiu Ix'lon^ing to the deceased Avas hnrned with him, \\ hen all was over the mourners betook themselves to the out- skirts of the vdlajie, and there gave vent to their lauien- tation for the space of three days and nijihts. During this [)eriod songs were sung, in which the cause of the late death was related, and even the ])rogress of the disease which bi'ought him to his grave minutely de- srri])ed in all its stages. As an emblem of grief the hair was cut short in proportion to neai'uess of relatiou to «)r aiVection for the deceased, but laceration Mas not lesoi'ted to."*" Mr Taylor relates that the Santa Ine/. Imlians buried their dead in regular cemetei'ies. The body was placed in a sitting ])osture in a l)ox made of slabs of cla\stone, and interi'ed with all the eiVects of the( lead ))ei'son ISl Accoi'ding to lieid. thenativi'sol' Lo.< Antivles Countv waited until the bod v ]»ei;au to show simisof decavand then bound it tou'cthei' in theshai)e of a bidl.and buried it in apliice seta])art forthat [)urpose.with olVerings of seeds contiibuted ))y the family. At the first news of his death all the relatives of the deceased gatli- ei'ed together, and mourned his departure with groans, each having a groan ])eculiar to himself. The dirge was presently changed to a song, in whii^h all united, while an accomi)animent was whistled through a deer's leg- bone. The dancing consisted merely in a monotonous 1 itcd by Ri>1)ii»soii in his T.il'i' in Cul., jiii. Kid 14, mid iilsf) j^'ivcn in snlistiiinc in lA'/V'iN, A'.ryi/c/'.. tmii. ii., \\\t. .'ITS-',), nnd tci Kcid'sjuipt is dii tln' Indian-; of Ij'is Anu'i'lt's ('t)iuitv, in tlu' ./>. I'l'i. i.sii ''I'lif siuiif custiini is now in use, Imt not only iipplii'il to di'utlii-', I'lit to their disiippointintnts iii d advri'sitics in life, thus niakiii'' puhlic driiion itnition of tlii'iv sorrow.' /{a 1 lillllillSDll's Li/i Oil. '-''I CiiUforiiid Far M'ly -l-l, 1803. I'l' 511 K DEATH A\D BURIAL, 421 sliuniinp; of tlio firt.'"'- Pedro Fajios tliiis descnlu's a l)mial ciTciiioiu- at tlu' plaiv iiaiiu'd l»y him Sitio dc los rcdcniali's."^' iiuiiu'diatoly alter an Indian lias Invatlicd liis last, the cor[)so is horno ont and placed hel'ore the idol which stands in tiie vill{i,iie, there it is watched hy persons who pass the nij^rht ronnd a larii'e fire huilt lor the purpose; the following morning all the inhabitants of the [)laeo gather aliont the idol and the eereinoiiN' ooiiiinences. At the head of the procession marches oiu* smoking gravely from a large stone [)ipe; followed hy three others, he three times ualks round the idol and thi' cor[)se; each time the head of the deceased is passed the coverings are lifted, and he who holds thi' pipe blows three pulls of smoke n[)on the body. When the feet are reached, a kind of })rayer is chanted in chorus, and the parents and relatives of the defunct adviuice in succes- sion and olVer to the priest a string of threadt'd seeds, about a fathom long; all present then unite in loud cries and groans, while the fom-, taking the eorjjse upon their shoulders, proceed with it to the place of interment. Care is taken to place near the l)ody articles which have been maimfactnred by the deceased during his life-time. A spear or javelin, painted in vai'ious vivid colors, is planted erect over the tomb, and articles indicating the occupation of the dead are [)laced at his foot: if tlii' de- ceased be a woman, baskets or mats of her manufacture are hung on the javelin.'" Heath tluy iK-lii'ved to be a I'eal though invisil)le ]«'- iiig. ' • gratified his own anger and malice liy slowly taking a\vay the breath of his \ictim until linally life was t'xtinguished. The future al)ode of good sjjirits re- seiiililed the Scandinavian N'allialia: there, in the dwcll- ing-place of their god. tluy would live for e\'er and ever, eating, and drinking, and dancing, and ha\ing wi\t's in abundance. As their ideas of reward in the next world uere matter-of-fact and material, so wvw their fears of '■■-' /i''/i/, in Liin Ainiilis Slur. ''•' 'I'lii' liititudf of wLicli li.' )i\.s at 'M H-T. '^' /•'(,!>•, in \,nirill'.i Ainmlrs ilt.i\'i,i/.. Isll. timi. ci., ])]i. IT.'t-t. l^untid uluaist litimlly liy Muniikr, SoCirt, in Uryant, Vinj. i /( '.(//., \\. 2M). 422 CALIFOKNIAXS. ])miisliinont in tliis life; all Jiccidciits, siu'li as lirokcn lim))s or liereavi'iiu'iit by (k'atli, Avcre attrihutod to tlic direct vongoaiicc ol' their god, for crimes which they liad f'oininitte(h"*'' Though good-natured and inordinately fond of annise- nient, they are treacherous aiul unreliahle. IikKt a grave and composed exterior they conceal their thou;j!its and charaxstor so well as to dely inter[)retation. And tliis is why we find men, who have lived among thi m for years, nnahle to foretell their proljuhle action under any given circinnstances. Tin-: ?nosiio\K Family, which forms the fourth imd last division of the Californian group, may he said to consist of two great nations, the Snakes, or Shoshoncs l)roi)er, and the L' talis. The former inhabit south-east- ern Oi'egon, Idaho, western Montana, and the northciii ])ortions of Utah and Nevada, are subdivided into sevin-al sniidl tribes, and incdude the moi'O considerable nation of the l^annacks. '^^fhe I'tahs occujiy nearly the whole of rtah and Xevada, and extend into Arizona and California, on each side of the Colorado. iVmong the many tribes into which the I'tahs are divided may be mentioned the rtdJia })roper, whose territory covers a gieat pai't of I'tah and easteriv Xevada; the WiD^limx along the eastern base of the Sierra Xevada. betwet'U Honey Lake and the west fork of \Valker River; the l^ah [((X. or, as they ari' sometimes called. Piutes. in western and central Nevada, sti'etching into Arizona and south-east<'i'n California : the Pa/i \'(nif!< in the vicin- iiV of Sevier Lake, the PI lu/cs south of them, and the ^V;s/i rtc.'^, a mixed tribe of Snakes and I'tahs, dwelling in the vicinity of (iosli I'te Lake and Mountains. The Shoshones"^" are below the medium stature; the I'*'' Biisi'fina, in HoliiDson'ti L'lJ'c in ('luiii(s ]ii<)pt r. iiicliKliiiL; tlu' liuuuiicks, 1 vAl the Siiakcs; the it iiiiiiuiiiji tiiliis 1 imiiif ciillcctivcly I'tiilis. 1-' Sie li'dss' Fid- llidilirs, vol. i., j>. 211); I'ail.vr's h'.i'jilnr. 'I'liiir. pji. •JJ^ 'I; li'iiiii/ iiml liriiirlihi's tliiiinii ji. vol. i., p. {Z\\ ('lniniUi t-s' \"ihil. \>. IIS; l-'iiriilciiii's l.'ii'f ill Cat., J). ;t77; <'aniilliii's Imiil. uf 'J'rnr., ji. •.'IHl; 1,'iiiris, ill /("/. Air.'lli'iil., 1H.')4, jt. 178; Hirhii-itli, in I'iir. It /.'. /.Vy/r, vol. ii., |i. I'l: Furliif's Sini'iliiri/ Uipt., in Sun FruKcit^cn Mul'mil I'riss. \ol. iii., ji. Ill; /y"('(/',s Mill., vol. i., p. 21IS; liiiiiifiiifli'x hisciix. vol. i., \>. x^: l/isju- 1(1111 M'tiiuiliii', vol. X., ]). 2"i"); SiliiKiliidft's Anli., vol. v., p. 11*7; I'riinr, ilMntnl ill ''"/. Funiiif. (Irl. IS, ISlll; Tnn-nsi mi's .\iil\, pp. I;;"), 1: Ii; Uri/Hiil, I'll//, IK ('ill., pp. loj, I'.ll; CdI.t's ttiirhji Mniiiiliiiiis, \t. 'Alt',; l-'riiiiutirs K.f- /i'"/-. F.r.. pp. IIS, 2(17; /,! ('•/.-.• (((((/ I'liir/.r's 'I'ldr., p. 1(12; Fi'iiikr'a lliniinn Uiifi . p. ISl; Jill I'll Ill's ('ill/ uf llii' Siiiiils. p. .")«."(. Mtiitioii is liMclc liy Sal- iiiiidii of ii JK (ijilc liviii!,' south of I'tith I.iikf. who wire ' hliiiii'as. y vosiidiis lis uirjilliis coiiio los fraiici SIS.' llur. Nisi. .lA.c , sirie iii., toiii. iv., p. 101. Ksialaiiti', spciikiiiL,' of Iiuliaiis st'cii in tlic same i-r^^ioii, lat. liH .'M .'i7' , says: ■ Kraii (stos (Ic los liailioiics. ,v nariccs ii-.;!!]! iiulas. y ni sii idioiiia sc iiom- liiaii 'riraii'.,'a)ini. 'liau los cincii. ipic con su capitaii vinirroii i^iiinrro. tan iTiciJa la l>arlia. ((uc parccian jiadri's capiicliiiios I'l Ipclcinitas." I)i,r. llii^l. M'.c. SI lie ii.. toiii. i., p. I7il. Wilkts wiitcs. ■Soutliwrst of tln' Voiit.i Lake livi' a tiilic who arc known l>y thc' iiaiiic of the Moiiki y Indians; a t' nil which is not a mark of coiitciii)it, Imt is sii])])oscd to lie a ion uption of tlii'ir name. . . .'I'lny arc reported to live in fastnesses amoliL; hi:.;h iiiniintaiiis; to have j^'ooil clothilii,' and hiniscs: to iiianiifactiii'c lilankets. sho. s. and vari- ous other arti.les, which they sell to the m it,dilioriii^' trilies. Their ci lour is a^ li_;ht as that of tie' Siiaiiiariis; and the wiiiiieii in iiaiticiilar are very heaii- tifiil. witli delicate fcatiiri's, and Ioiil,' tlo villi,' hair . . . Sonic have attem])ti d I I rouui it these wiHi all account of an aiici'iit Welsh colony, which others had thmiuht they discovered aiiioiii,' the Mandaiis of the .Mi^soiiii; while others Were disposed to liilieve they nii;,'ht slid exist ill the .Monkeys of the \\'i -Ii rn Mountains. There is an liier account w hii h speaks i.f the .\ioni|yi.i Iieliins, who formerly iidiidiited l.ouer California, and were paiiially eivil- i/i d liy tic Spanish missionaries, hut who have left that country, and of wlima all traces have loiii,' since lieeli lost.' W'ilhs' Sur., in /'. S. F..r. Fx., Vol. iv.. jip. ridJ-K. '(In the southern hoiindary of Utah exists a peculiar lac. of wiioiii little is known. Tiny are said to he fair skinned, and are I ili'ii the " W liite Indians;" have Miie eyes and straight hail, and sjieak 11 kin I of Spanish lan;_;ua|4e ilirt'irini^ from other triln s.' Siiii Fniinisiu Fniiiini li'illil',11. Mill/ \T), ls(i;|. Taylor has 11 note on the huhjeit, in which he says tliat these fair Indi.llis were douhtless the Moiplis I f Westi 111 New ^Mexico. C'tl. Furiinr, .li:iii -li;, \W.i. .\ltlioUi,'h it is evident that this mysli lioiis and )inilial)ly mythic ])eople lieloii^' in no way to the Shoshone faiiiily. yet as lliey are mentioned liv several writers as dwi lliii;.; ill a rei^ioii whicli is siir- loiiiiihil on all siih s liy Shoshoiies. I have ^iveu this Hole, wheretrom tho readi r can draw his own eoiiclusioiis. if ;J 424 CALlFOriNIAXfl. tlioiiirs of the snmo. Tii warm woatlior, ov nvIiimi tlicv cannot obtain rabhit-skins. men, uonicn and cliiMicii arc, foi" the most ]>art, in a state of niiditx . The iiair is onu'er IIK) l!'" S) I hUiiil; of Wdimii: 'tlitir hicusts and stdiniiilis wcii' idvi red red luiistic. iiiadr from mii riivtli ])i('nliitr to tlioc iixlis. uliicli n iidi nd t liidoous. 'I'luir only (Mivcriiii^ was ii jiairof drawers of lian -skin, liadiv ? to|-!tllur, and in lioli s.' Iliini/ mul lln iiclih i/'s Ji'i'in., vol. ii., \\. :i>(l; ^t i vol. i.. ]). 127, and vol. ii., )i]). IW.K 4(14. 4()7. ' Thf wonnn oftin dn ss in si made of intlails, dnsscd and sewed tof,'ether in a sid)stantial wav.' I'r in (ill. l-'dnmr. Oil. IS. Ihdl. Ilareskins ' tin y cut into coids with tin iitlhevin'4: and lir.aid tlieiu toj,'etlier so as to fonii a sort of cloak witli r. in the middle . tliioULjli which they thrust llieir heads.' Fiiniliiiiii'a I. in Ailfii.. \i. -17(1. The I'euiainiiij,' authoiities desiiihe tin ni as naK(,niii„r>i Col., p. I!t4: Forun/, in lud. Af. It'jil., IK.V,!. p. ;i(i5: l>. III., jip.' .174-5: /•V/,^„^ in hi.. lH(ii», ]>. 2();t; linin.i. in /(/., is5l, p. 17S; tim's ("ill/ lit' till' .*>'((i.//.s-, p]). 217 IN, 272-:!. 5S1, 5S5; Fn intnil'.'i K.^jilnr. ])p. MS.' ll"iS-',l. 212. 21S. 225, 227. 2(17; lUillfiuvh's Onyim. ].. p.lt: >'(. (iiilihii dull', p. •-'51; Nc(/,(.s' ill till: lanky Mis., p. 11)7; linnmvU's Juil. Ji )). 5,'t!(: lliniii's Oriiiiii, \). '.\',\]. I'MI Tiiirii.iitiir.-i \iir.,\)\). 125, 131!; I)v .'^inet. 1'"//., p Diiiiti's Oriiji ;525: I'lirl.i-r'fi F.i-iilni: Tmir. ]ip. 22H-;iii. .'(DK-K: /.'-w' Fm- llnuliis. \u].i. 2l'.l 51). 257 H, vol. i'., pj). 22-L!; I'liiimlkfis' \"i.iit, p. UN; VKi-ridliv's Infi 102. wilh la in .( wn al-o kirts inn , ■ fur Inile u,;l , or mill- '■' I'- ll III- . Iliii- F.,- . Vim's lln s, 11. p. • 1 1'- (/. ".f tii- DUESS OF TIIK SNAKES. 425 Tlic dress of tlic Siiiikos soon l>v oiintii'ms T.euis iuid •' 1 n.irk liii'ko Wiis riclicr tliaii is iisiiiillv uoi'ii by tluiii now; it wiis coiiiposod of Ji roho, short clouk, shirt, kmg k'j:|:iiis, and nioci'iisiiis. Tlic roho was of laiffalo or sniaUor skins, drossod with til ' hair on; tho oolhir of tho (doak, a strip of skin IVom tlu' hack of tlio ottor. tlie lioud ]»oiiip,' at oiio i'lid and tho tail at tho other. From tliis colhir wore susjjoiuh'd Ironi one hundred to two hundred and fifty orinino-skins. "' or rather strips from tho hack of tho orinine. inchidin|i tho head and tail ; each of those stri])s was sewn round a cord of twisted silk-iirass, which tajiorod in thicknoss toward tho tail. The soanis wore ooneoalod with a frin moccasins were also of dros.^ed hide, ^vithout the hair, oxco[)t in winter, when hulfalo-hidi". ^vitli tho lair inside, answoroc I tl 10 |)iiri)ose Tl ie\' were niadi' with a siniilo seam on the outside edue. and were 7'/v/r., p. -JOI); MV-i/r's am., p. 377; Lunl's \ti(., vol. i., p. 'IW; Ilnwnu -ha Jlrsi-i'h, vdl. ii., ])p. 214, 2S1. '■" • 'I'lir ciiiiiiic is the fnr known to the uovtli-wist tvadi vs liv the nmi c of the whitf wi-usi 1, but is tho <'(/iniiiH' truiiuc.' Laxig ainl ClurL' 7/ .1' n-i. I'Ji 426 CALirOltNIANS. I'liilicllisluMl with (juills; .sonu'tinu's tlitv wnv coscivtl Avitli tlu.' skill ol'ii |)(»U'(;iit. tlu' tail oj' wliicli drjifiui'il Ih'- liiiid on till' ground. Kar-oniaiiK'iits oC lu'ads. iiirk- luccs of slu'lls. t\vist('d-|j,rass, olk-tiislios. ruiiiid lioiu's. like joints of a lisli's hack-bone, and the claws of the lirown hear, ^^c'lv all worn. Kaj:lt's' liatht rs stuck in the hair, or Ji strip of ottci'-skin tied roinid the lu'ad. seem to have hei'ii the only head-dresp-ies in use.''" This, or soniethiiiii' similar, was the dress only of the wi'althy and prosperous trihes. Like the I talis, the Snakes })aint extensively, especially wiicn intent upon war The Snakes also hiiild hetter dwellings than tlio Utahs. Lonji' poles are leaned aij^ainst each other in a circle, and are then covered with skins, thus ibrinin-^a conical tent. A hole in the toj), which can bo closed in had weather, serves as chimney, and an o[)ening at the l)ottoin thrte or four feet hi,iili, admits the occui)ants on pushing aside a piece of hide stretched on a stick, which han^s o\cr l;i;i tl 10 ap rtuH' as a door. These skin ti'iits. as is necessary to a nomadic people, are struck and pitched with vi-ry little lalioi . ^Vllen bein.i;' moved from one place to an- other, the skins are folded and packed on the ponies, and the poles aro hitched to each sitU' of the animal by one end, while tlie other drags. The lial)itations of the peonleof Xevada and the jireater part of I'tah are \ery })rimitive and consist of heaps of brush, under which they crawl, or even of a mere shelter of bushes, semi- circular in t-liape. roolless, and three or four feet hiiih, w hich serves only to break the force of the wind. Some of them build absolutely no dweHin,t:s. but live in cavi's and amonu' tho rocks, while others burrow like reptiles in the jiround. Farnham gives us a very doleful picture of their condition; ho says: "When the li/ard. and snail, and wild roots aro buriod in tho snows of winter, they m-i Lnr'is (luil ri'trhr's Trav., pp. 312-ir). '•'' ' Oil y riiicdiitiT missi dcs ttrrcs iiit'tii]lii[nt's dc dilVi'i'iiitcs coulinrs, ttlli'S (jiic vcrtfs, lilciics, jiiutu's, noiiis, liluiiulus, d iliu\ surtis iluciis, riiiii' |i.il''. r:iuti(' (run nm^'c lii'illant ('(iiiiiiic dii vciiniliinn. Lis liiditiis «'n fiiiil tl'rs-i^riiinl ciis; ils s'tu scrvciit pour sc pciiulic Ic cuips ot le vis;it;i'.' ,>laarl, in Sunn lit s Aiuuiltfi tksWii/,, ISiil, tom. xii., ji. tSJ. i>wi:llin(;s and food of the shosiioneh. 427 • \'M iiri' smuI to ictir*' to tlu> vicinit\' of timlirr. dig liolt's in tlic t'onii of oNciis in tlu' >tr('p sides of the .siiid-liills, and. liiiviiig' licati'd tlicin to ii ccrtjiiii di'jii'cc. (U-posit tluMiisclvcs in tlicni. and slci')) and last till the wi-iillici' |»i'rniits tlii'iu to their inherent improvidence, partly to the scantiness of their I'll > 'piuy remain in ii sciiii-doriiiuiit. inactive state the entire wintei', lenv- iuj,' tiieiv liiwly retreats only now ami then, ut tlie nrjient calls of nature, or to wiiiiii their liurrows . . in the s)irini; they creeii from their holes. . . jxior and e:iiaei,itiil, with barely tlesh enoii;,'h to hiile their hones, and so ener- vated from hard fare ami freiiueiit ahstinence, that they can sciircc ly move.' >'•■/( .^■ (II li'iifl,!/ .l//s., J). IT'.t. Stanslmry mentions lodges in T'tah. east of of Salt r.alce, wliich Were constrn<'ted of ' <'e(lar jpoiis and lo;,'s of a consid- er.ihie si/.e, thatched with i)ark and hranches, and were ijuite warm and coni- fortahle.' Slitiis'iiiri/'f< lliiil., \t. Ill; .^linns, in l'U; [rriii I's lliiniirrilli''s Aih'ili., p. '25."); Ilnni/ itml liirtirliliii' s •liunn .. \n\. i., lip. X'\\, li'.l, vol. ii., jip. WVl, 'M'-\: Sdliiicriin, ll'larii.nx, in lim:. //'V/. .l/'.r., serie iii.. toni. iv., p. 1(M; Fiirl(i/. in Smi Fiiiiici.- Miilhul I'riss. vol. iii., j>. l")l; l-'ttnili'iiii's l.'ih- in Cul.. ]). 'MX\ lirinriiiirs linl. Huns, ]i. TiliS; lluiji's I'l'iil. U,„ili\ pp. !),S-!»: Dp Sunt. To//., p. -JH; Diiininirh's Ihsirls, vol. i., |,. 247, Vol. ii., ]ip. J'.!)-"; ('iiht''s Ilncl.i/ .}fiiiniliiiiis, ]). 'I'u; Unss' Fur llmili i:<. vol. ii., p. !]": W'liitr's (>;ii.. ji. It7. 57ll; KnUjtd's I'iuntir Lijc, MS. 128 rALlFonXIANS. foo(l-sii[)|)ly. ncvor store suHiciciit provision for tlic \\\u- tiT. iukI coiisciiui'iitly Ik'I'oii' the iiri'ival of s[tiiii|Li tlicy are iusiii'iiihly reduced to extreme destitution. To avoid starvation tiiey will eat dead Itodies. antl e\en kill their ehildi'en lor food.''" A ratora rahhit is |)re|)ari'd H»r eat- in;i \)y sinLicinii the hair, pressin;:; the oll'al I'roni the en- ti'ails and t'ookinu hody ami intestines to;i('ther. Li/ards, .snakes, h containinji' hot endu-rs, and are tossed alnMit until roii>ted ; they are then eaten dry or used to thicken soiii». (Jrass- ho[)[>ers, seeds, and roots, are also <:'athered ajid cooked in the siune manner as hv the nations idreadv descrilied. rv riie (iosh rtes take rahhits in nets made of llax-twine, iihout three i'eet \vidi> and of considerahle length. A fence of sage-hrnsh is erected across the rahhit-palhs, and on this the net is himji'. The rid)hits in ruiminm|uickly aloni;' tlu' trail heeome entangled in the meshes and aio taken hefore thev can escam'. Li/.ards aredianLicd from their holes hy means of a hooked stick. To catch ants a piece of IVesh hide or hark is placed ujm)!! the ant-hill; this is soon covered hy vast swaiins of the insects, which are tlu'ii hrnshed olV into ahaji' and kept there until dead, when they are dried for future use. Amonji the hunt- in,!i' trihes anteloi)e are jiradually closed in upon hy a circle of horsemen and ht'aten toli th d er case a place s ciiosen wliere tlie river is crossei hy a har. the net is then lloated down the stream and on reachint;- the har hotli ends are drawn tojiether. The iish thus enclosed are taken from the circle hy hand, and the Shoshone as ho takes each one, puts its head in i^'i ('<,l.r's Unrhij Mis., ji. •J7"; Do Sm-/, Vol/., p. 29; Diunlsun, ill Iml. .1/. liept., IS", ij |). .'(7"); :ui!iit-Aiiiiiiil, I I'y/ycs, I). 325, NATIVE FisiT-wr.in. 490 Ills iMoiitli Mild kills it with liis tt'ctli. rjiptiiiii Cliirkt? ilt'scrilK'.suii iii^cnioiislv con.striu'ti'd wrii'oii SiiaUc llivcr. Avlu'ii' it \\'.\>* divided into lour I'liaiiiU'ls hy tiiiir Miiail ^liiiid? Till vv o f til •ll U's<' riiaimcis wore narrow aiK I stoiipcd l)V iiicaiis of ti'i'i's wliii'h wvw .stri'tt'lK'd across, and sii|t|)ortt'd l)_v willow stakes, sullicicutlx' near to \>\v- \('iit tlic passage of tlic lisli. Alioiit the (rntiv ol' each was placed u hasket loniu'd ol' • 'Hows, eighteen or tweiitv I'cet ill leiiiith, of Ji evliiidiical I'oiiii. and teniiinatiiiu in a conic shape at its lower extfeiiiitv; this was sittiati'd Asith its nioiith upwards. o|)posite to an aperture in the weir. The main <'haiiiiel of the water was then con- diicteil to this weir, and as the (isli enteicd it the\ were so eiitaiiLiled with each other, that tliev e<)nld not move, ami were taken t)nt hy eniptyinji the small end of the \\illow haski't. 'I'lio weir in the main channel was lormeil in a manner somewhat dillerent; there were, in fact two distinct weirs iormed of poles and willow sticks (|Mite across the river, approachinji' each other ol)li([iiely with an aperture in each side of" the aiij^le. This is made hy tyiii^' a numher of |M)les together at the top, in parcels of three, which were then set up in a triangular I'onn at the hase, two ol' the poles hi'lnj;- in the ranjiu de- sired I'or the weir, and the third down the stream. To these poles two raiiiivs (A' other |M)les are ne.xt lashed hori/oiitalh-. with willow hark and withes, and willow 4ic 101 ned in wi th tl lese crosswise, so as to I'orm 11 kind of wicker-work from the hottom of the river to the lieiiiht of three or tour feet al»ove the surface of the water. This is so thick as to prevent the fish from pass- in.u'. and even In some jiarts with the hel[) of a litth; 4one enahles them to "iive anv direc- iiravi. 1 and some tioii which they wish to the wati'r. These two weirs liciuii' plai'ed near to each other, one for tin* ])urpose of catchiii;^' the lish as tlie\ ascend, the other as they uo down the liver, are provided with two haskets made in the form already desin'ihed, and uhieh are placed at the apertures of the weir." lor present consumption the fish are hoiled in water- 430 CALIFORNIANS. tijilit ])asl\ots l)y moniis of rod-liot .stones, or arc l)n)il('(l on tilt' oimImts; soiiu'tiiiios tlie Ijoir's Jiiv iviuovod hclorc tlic (isli is cooked : '^wid (|Uiiiitities are also dried lor Avinter. l^olne lew of the I'talis oultixate a little iiiai/e. veirctaMes, and tohaeeo. and raise sto(;k. Imt eilorts at ajirieultnre are not fieneral. The Snakes sometimes ai'('omi)any the more northern trihes into the eonntrv of the IMackl'eet, for the purpose of killint;' huffalo.'" In their luMsons, ihvelhngs and hahits. the Ttahs are filthy beyond description. Their bodies swarm uitli um > "'riicv fat tlio seed (if two siiccirs of Coiiifirs. ono iil)ont the sizo of n lmzt'1-iiut, till' otln r iiincli siiiallfr. TIkv also tat a si ■itolli -fniit. wliat 11(1. or black in colour, and ratlur insiiiid; ditVcri ut lici itlr th .f lo rncs. aiiioii' '■I'liiiiiiii, V .,/; They collect tile seed of the Alriiili.f alal ( 7i< and occasionally sonic j.!rasses. Anioii^' roots, iIkv IiIliIiIv valiu that cif a Imshy, yellowish and toleialily larf,'c hvooinrajie, wliicli tiay ccirk or dry with the base, or root-stock, which is enlarL;ed. and consliluti s the most iiutritioiis jiart. They also ^'ath '■"• naiiiform root of a ' i/si"/)i ''((O'/c, liiieli thev eat rav iked; when cooked, it becoii les ipllU lilaeU. resiinr.s as pilch and rather siicciileiit: when raw, it is whitish, soft, and of a jih a^aiit liavoiir.' It' 1)11/ tiiiil Uri iiilih i/'s,/ii)iriii i/,\ft\.i..]). 120. '1 he Shosliones of L'l^di and Nevada 'eat certain roots, whicli in their native st.ite are rank jici'^dii, called Tobacco root, '.nt when put in a hole in the t,'roiind, and a lari,'e lire burned over them, becoiiit! wholesome diet.' Scliiidlrrdl't'.'i An li., vol. vi., p. (■,'.17. Of 11 ic r'.'iiis use d. .tl ic j.ap-i a, or wild iiolah iiidant.' Ill vol. iv., p.'J'iJ: see also, /(/., vol. v., J))). l'.l'.t-"2(IO. .\t Hear Wivd-, ' evi ry liviii'^' animal, thin^'. insect, or \\^^ thev eat.' /•': 'it's h'xtlln /•;. 1' 111 also jij). US. ICO, I7;M, -ill', •ilS-m, 2(i7, -JT:!. Inland jiiissionately fond of salt; those livii ir the sea detest it. StiKirl. in .Y. I'll'S Ainiiilis ilis \'i'i/.. ISJi, toiii. \ii., )). K'>. 'Ihe I'lalis eat 'the cactus leaf. )iirion-nut. and v.irious barks; the seed of the buiich-Lfiass. and of (he wheal, or viliow L;rass, somewhat resembliiii' rve, the rabbit-bush twius, which are diewi d. and i'ui(nis roots and tubers; th .ft I I bulb, the root- h't of till' cat-tail II.il;. and of the tide, ■,>liieh wh( n sun-dried and j»iwd( n d to Ih Keeps throil ii,di th^ ter and is i.;'.latal>le CV(H to white liu tna's ("ill/ 1)/ till lirilicipaliy on lizards, s\v Is, 1). .")Sl, iift^ see also ])]). :t. The ri-F.d. liv. id luu-lled toads.' J ml. Atf. /.'c/./.. l.'^C"). ]i. 11,"); sic .also /,/., lS.-,t. p. •J2!t; l.S.-)(i. p. 2;tl; 18(;i, p. 11'.'; IS.-.',), p. ItG-"); lH\'i. pp. 111. ISCII; ),p. •jn;t, 2I(;; is7(t, pp. '.•■">, 114; 1,S72, p. 5;). The Snal;es c.it a white-lleshed kind of beaver, which lives on poisonous roots, v\lio:^o Ih sh luj^h the Indians roast and eat it with inij.miily. 117, SCO also vol. i., p. '2('i'.t-72; DrnirmH ■< ii'il. itt'ccts whit(; ])eo]ili' badly, thouj^h the Indians roast and eat it with ini|.iini Jtiiss' Fxr Iftnili Iliirvs. ]>. i">;i9; Fiiniliinii's l.il'r iiinl Ailrm., pp. 1171, ,'{7(5-8; //•fi/i;/'.s IJiniiii'- villi's Ad nil., ]tp. 2-)">, 2."i7, 101-2; ir;//,<.s'' Siir., in I'. S. h'a'. Ki\. vol. v.. ]>. noi; [l/il''s Ktliun,/., in r. S. K.r. K.r.. vol. vi.. p. 210; llrj/inil's ( al.. y. '21 2; Sliiiishiiri/'H ll(iil , pp. 77, 11.8, •_;}:!; Kilti/'s K.rrvrs-iov, vol. i., ji. LiliS; >'r'.r"/''> tinlilrii dnti'. p. •'.")) ; .imilli, 'in XiniriHis Aiiiinhs ilis I'"//., 1S2S, toni. xxxvii.. ]>. 2 111; ^ ce I s hi tlio }}; /><■ .^wtl. I'o//., pp. 2S-;iO, 127; Sli-rms, ill /'"- li II ll'i>t., vol. i., 1>. :!:U; Farnliinii's 'I'r'ir.. ]>)>. "i.s, (;i; /Vomnic'rv Ihsirls, vol. i.. 1 p. 212. 270. vol. ii., ]ip. Ill, (io, (11, ()\. 211, IH 1 ; Jinlrliimis' Ciil. .1/":;., )1. 11.. !> Siiiijisiiii •^ Hiiiilf til ]', vv .1-2; I.I I ( liirli'.'i Tn pp. 27t>, 2^8 'J, 2118 'I; Jliijl'i-'ti Emlij liai/s in i'Utltaiul Xinokt, .!/>'. WE.VrONS OF THE f-HOSIIONES. 431" v(MMniu wliicb tliov oati'li and eat with ivli.-li. Sonio of tlic Snakes aiv of a more cleanly tlis|)osition. l)nt. ucne- rallv siH-akinu. the whole tSho.shone family is a remark- ably dirty one.''"' The how and arrow arc universally used hy the Sho- shoues, exceptiuiT only some of the most deiiraded I'oot- eatrrs. who ai'e said to have no weapon, olfeusive or (h*- i'ensive. save the eluh. The how is made ol' cedar, pine or other wood, hacked with sii lew after the manner ah'eady described, or. more rarely, of a piece ol' elk-horn, 'j'he strinir is of sinew. The lenjith of the how vaiies. Aecoi'dinu" to Farnham. that used hy the Pi Ttes is six li'ct lou^'. while that of the Shoshones seen hy Lewis and Clark was only two and a hall" feet in leni.:lh. 'I he ar- rows are from two to foui* feet, and are point<'d with obsidian. Hint. or. amoni:' the lower tribe i)\ nu'relv hardcninu' the tip with lire. Thirty or forty a'v usually cari'ied in a skin <[ui\('i'. and two in the hand ready for inmiediate use. Lance ^\ hid I are u.-eil ni some locali- ties, are pointc(l in the same mannei' as the ari'ows when no iro's can be procured. The Snakes ha\e a kind (d" luacc or ( lul ). wliicu tue\' ca th dl j)(ii/(/(nii(i(/(/i>ii. It con- sists of a, heavy stone, sometimes wrapped in leather, at- tached by a sinew thouu about two iui-hcs in leu,i:th. to the end of a stout leathei'-covered handle, measurini: neai'ly two feet. A loop fastened to the euti held in the haul pre\'euts the wiU'rior from losiui: the weapon in the liiiht. and allows him to hold the club in readiness while tl le uses the how and arrow, Tl ie\ also iia\(' a circulai Till' Wiii'Mri'i'i (liit\' ill tlicir ciiii ill tiiiir dress, miil in tliiir prisons. /.': //•',./. 1' • )ii. Tl 'lis (jf the J'iulis iiiori' (lis''iistin'' iliaii llmsc of tin' Ilnttintcits. 'i In ir li till' 1,'i'niis of criiwIiiiL; liltli.' Furiilnnn'ri 'I'l U'l'V fif (llilii 1' ails ail' white \\ illi A tiltliv tiitx -- thi. anil VI riniii.' FiiiiiIkiiii's l.ii'i uml A'hii allt savs, of till' I'talis In Iwn ii Salt Lat the fe I'llil email's liiintui'4 I'lr the veriimi in ilreii: the h mil Of,'ilen's Hi.le. Ills ami oil the lioilii I . i;iv- lli'llei il .f til ir II iTs fill. liiuliii'.,' whieli they ate the animals \,itli an a{ pari nt nlish.' /•'///- 1' I •) I . p. I:i7 1( le .'>iiakes • are llltliy lieyoliil ilesellptimi nirii-,1 1,11 s veniiiiie les 11 IIH ill U lesSl allti leVi lilies, les ^eI•pl llts. h s ^ olll> Sua Ives are rather ^ leanh " 1 leil their 1"1S,'1 llr 'I. r I '.17 l).> rl, \i l)isi ris I te < V l.l 'lh« .(11. tl .\ weapiiii calli'il liv the ('iiip]ie\vays. \t\- whom it lornieilv used. le (iO'4'.,'anio! 'iron.' I.iii'ls mill i'!nrki •/■/ 1' ;{lill. I'.ultineli, It l-lllllll. ]) 12(>, siiys thi' sti^ne weighs ubuui two puuuds. Siiliiu luu also nii ntions ti 432 CALIFORXIANS. Vliicld al)ont two and a lisilf feet in diameter, Avliieli is eonsidered a very iniportiint part of a wurriors eiiuij)- lueiit. not so niiieh fVoui the i'aet that it is arrow-pvool'. as iVoin the peculiar virtues supposed to he j^iAen it h\ the niedieine-nien. The nianulaeture of a shield is a season of great rejoicing. It nuist he made from the entire fresh hide of a luale two-year-old hufl'alo, and the ])i'occss is as follows. A hole is dug in the gromid an(i lilled with red-hot shnies; uj)on these water is poured until a thick steam arises. The hide is then stretched, hv as many as can take hold of it, over tlie hole, until the hair can he removed with the liands and it shrinks to the re(|uired size. It is then i)laced upon a pi'epared hide, and pounded hy the hare feet of all prisent, until the ceremony is concluded. When the shield is com- l)leted, it is supposed to render the hearer invulner- ahle. liCwis nnd Clarke also make mention of a species of defensive armor "something like a coat of mail, which is i()rmed hy a great many folds of dresM'd antelope skins, united hy means of a mixture of glue and sand. With this they cover their own bcxlies and those (>f their horses, and find it imi)ervious to the arr( ow I (ind mention in one instaiu^e only, of a shield heiug used hy the I'tahs. In that case it was small, circulai'. and worn sus[)ended from the neck. ^I'lie lishing sjiear I have already described as being a long jiok' with an elk-hoi-n ])oint. AVhen a fish is struck the shal't is loosen(>d froui its socket in the head, but remains con- nected with the latter by a cord.™ Arrows are occasion- siiiiiliir Weapon ii'^oil 1>y the proplc living south of Utnh Lake; I'oiiccriiiii^' vhoni SCI' note \h7. p. l'j;{. '''■* Till' Ut.ihs ' no nsiui mas arnias (|uc bis tlcchas y ali^nnas lanzas di- [ur- (li'i'iial, ni tirncii otii) piti), imirrion ni cspaldarcjui' <■! ipic sacaron dtl vii titii' (1 ■ siis iiiaili'i'S.' F.nritliiiili, ijuiitcil in Suliinnm, llildcidin's, in llnr. Ilisl. Mi.r., Sir. iii., part iv.. \). 12(1. ' liows made of the liorns of the lii^lioin. . . ain f.ii'nuil tiy ctniiiitin;.,' with ^'liic llat jiicccs of the horn to;;! Ilur, idvcrin,!,' the li ick witli sincwi'S anil ylilc, and loading' the whole with an unusual ipiantity of oriiaiiii'nis.' I^ririn (hhI t litrk's Tnir., ]t. 'M)',l. >t O^'dtn llivi r. in I lali. tlii'y work olisidian s|)linti'rs 'into the most hcautiful and deadly imints, with whieh they arm tlie end of their arrows.' 'I'hdndiDi's Oiin. itml int.. vol. )., p. ;U:t. ' I'our toute arme, un are, des lleehes et un haton jmintu.' /''' >Hi /, Villi . \> '.'.S. • Hows and arrowsare their i Itanatt'cs ) only wmpons of defence.' iiWi' Far Uankrs, vol, i., p, "JOl, The urrowa yf the i'u-l'tes ' aru MANNER OF MAKING WAR. 433 ally poisonod Ijy pliinginf; them into a liver which has been })reviou.sly bitten hy a rattlesnake. '•'•' 1'iie tribes that ix)ssess horses always fijiht mounted, and manajie their animals with eonsideral)le address. In war they place their reliance upon »trate;:v and sur- prise; fires ujMMi the hills give warninir of an enemy's aj)proach. Prisoners of war are killed with great tortures, especially lemale captives, who are given over to the wouien of the victorious tribe and by them done to death most cruelly; it is said, however, that male prisoners wlio have (listinguished themselves by their ])rowess in l)attle, are frequently dismissed unhurt. J^calps are taken, iuid sometimes portions of the llesli of a ))rave lalien enemy are eaten that the eater may become endued with the valor of the slain. He who takes the most scali)s iiains the most glorv. ^Vhether the warriors who fur- iiislied the trophies fell b\ the luuid of the accunndator or not, is innnaterial; he has but to show the spoils and his fame is established. The t^nakes are said to be ]k»- oidiarly skillful in eluding pursuit. When on foot, they will crouch down in the long grains and remain motionless while the pursuer passes within a few feet of them, or when caught sight of they will double and twist so that it is impossible to catch thein. The custom of ratifying a peace treaty by a grand smoke, cuunnon to so many of the North American aborigines, b;ir1)i'il with a very clear transluoont stnno, a spoi'iea of opiil, nonrly as li.ii'd iis till' (liiiiu lud; aiul, shot from tlitir l<)iij< 1) i\v, arc iiliiiost us ttl'i clive as a ^'luisliot,' Fniiiiiid's Hxpl. /',',r., j>. 2i.7. 'I'lif I'i-l'tfs ami I'iti lu!S ' hiivi' no wcaiiou of (Icfciicc cxci'iit the dill), ami in tin' use (if ili.it llic y aro vi'i'v imsldlfiil.' FnrnlKiiii's Trar.. \\. r)S. Smitliwist i>f (iifal Suit J.alsc, 'their arms arc clubs, willi small hows and arrows made of reeds.' Srmnf \n lie /i i'/,7/ .l/(,s., p. l!Sl). The I'i-l'tfS ' make some weapons of defence, as lioWH iiiid iirr.iws. The hows are ah mt six feet Iom)^'; made of the savine ^.liini| i rns saliinal.' Fiiriilniiii's I.'i/i- iniil Adr ii., p. ;t7S: sec fiiither, li' ini/ inal llnnfli- l' 1/^ Jiiiirii., vol. ii., ])]) "JIH. '2(11; Stmishioi/'n Hi ]il., ]^. •.'.i'l; Sihnnli vulVs Arih., Viil. v., p. IDS; Jliitji's Ceitt. limitr. pp. i")!'), 72. (7, St, '.•'.»; I'lthin r's Jimr. ]>. l.'U; linlliifli's (Irciinii, \>. l'2'.t; Irriifi's liniiDi rilli''!< Ailni' , ]i\i. ]\l'i. 'J.^hi, 4 HI; II ill's' Fthnn I., in r. S. A'.f. AV , vol. vi, p. '.Jill; I'lir/.n-'a hxplor. V'r. . 171. Vol. I. U 43 1 CALIFORNIANS. is <)l).sc'rvc(l l)v the Slioshones.™ The pipe, the l)ovi of wliu'li is usually of red stone, painted or carved with various tijiures and adorned with feathers, is solennily passed from mouth to mouth, each smoker ))lowing tlie smoke in certain directions and nmtterinii; vows at the same time. The only tools used before iron and steel were intro- duced hy the whites were of flint, hone, or horn. The Hint knife had no regular form, and had a sharj) edne ahout tliree or four inches lonir, which was renewi'd when it became dull. Elk-horn hatchets, or rather wcdiics, Avere used to fell trees. They made water-})roof baskets of [ilaited grass, and others of wicker-work covered with hi(l( The k^nakes and some of the Utahs were vcixmI in the art of pottery, and made very good vessels iVoiu baked clay. These were not merely open dishes, but often took the form of jars with narrow necks, having stop[)ers.'-"^ 5• (iml ('hirl^r's 'I'ritr., ]i. IJd'.l; sei' also p. ",^(15. 'J'ht,' Vtalis 'will devour the heart of a brave man to increase their conrai,'e, or clu'ii it up, lioil it in soup, en^'orf^'t^ a ladleful, and boast they have drunk the i ik- lliy's blood.' IliirliDi'rf I'ili/ iif tin' ■'^niiils, p. .")H1; see also j). 110. 'J'he I'talis never carry arrows when they intend to tii,dit on horseback. IIkiji's Cihl. ]{iiilti', p. 77; set! also p. lOK; ]!('iiii/ ami lircnchlii/'s tii'iini.. ]ip. Il7, !•'.); Stuns- lure's III jit., p. HI; l)r Snot. I'"//, ])p. 2S-',(; Jtuss' Fur lliniti-r.i, vol. i.. [>. 275, vol. ii., ii]). Hit -(!; Unljinrli's O/M/no, p. 1211; lutmlnini's Tvnv.. ]>. Dd. -"' The pipe of the chief 'was made of a dense transpan nt ^reiii stone, very hi;,'hly polisheil, about two and a half inclies lon^', ami of an oval liuure, the bowl lieiic^ in the same situation with the stem. A small jiiece of burnt day is pl.ici il in the bottom of the bowl to separate the tobiicco froiu the eml of the stein.' Li'iris iinil Clarh's 7V((c., ]i. -(17. I'ots made of • a stone found in the hills ...which, tliouijli soft and whift: in its natural state, beconns very hard and black after ( x])osure to the tire.' /»/., \^. ',U'2. ' Thi'Se vessels. althouuh ruch' and without f,doss, ari' nevertheless stroni/, and reflect mucli oredit on Fuilian ini,'enuily.' /ui.ss' Fur Hunl'i's, vol. i., j). "274. I'ipe-sti nis 'resemble a walkiiiLj-stick more than anything.,' else, and they are generally of ash. and fnuu two-and-a-half to three feet loii}.;.' /(/., vol. ii., ]'. b '.'. 'I'ookin^' Vessels very much resemblin;,' reversed bee-hives, made of basl c t work covered with butt'alo skins.' Iiniin ncrh's Ihntrls. vol. ii.. ]i. "211. Stans- liury discoverecl pieces of broken Indian pottery and obsidian about Salt Lake. Sfiiinliiiri/'s liipt., p. 182. The nniterial of tiaskets 'was mostly willi'W twii,'. with a layer of t,'um, probably from the pine tree.' Ilnrtnti's <"ili/ nf 'A-' Sniiit^. p. 5711. The Utahs 'manufacture very beautiful and serviceable blan'icts.' Si-liiinlrrdft's Arrh., vol. v., j). '2(10. 'Considering,' that they h:i\'' nothing but stoue liamuiers uad tiiut kuives it is truly wonderful to see the i; LAWo AND GOVEUNIIENT. 435 Boats, as a rule, the Sliosliones have none. Tliev usually cross rivers by fording; otherwise thev swim, or jiass over on a clumsy and dangerous rait made of bi-anches and rushes.-"^ By way of compensation they all, except the })oorest, have horses, and these constitute their wealth, ^i'hey have no regular currency, but use lor purposes of barter their stock of dried iish, their horses, or whatever skins and furs they may possess. They are very deliberate traders, and a solemn smoke nuist invariably pre(;ede a bargain.-'" Although each tiibe has an ostensible chief, his power is limited to giv- ing advice, and although his opinion may influence the tril)e, yet he cannot compel obedience to his wishes. J'Aery man does as he likes. Private revenge, of coui-se, occasionally overtakes the murderer, or. if the sympa- thies of the tribe be with the nuu'dered man, he may })()ssibly be publicly executed, but there are no fixed laws for such cases. Chieftainship is hereditary in some tribes; in others it is derived from prestige.""* Tiie Utahs do not hesitate to sell their wives and chil- fX(]uisite finish and ncutncss fif their iiiii)hnniits of war and hunting', as Well iiH tlii'ir far-rings and waist-bands, mailo of an amalgam of silver and Lad.' J'riiifc, in (' five beaver-skins wero Bold for a knife or an awl, and other articles of fur in pro|Mirlion. Hcases Were )iiirehas((l for an axe each. A ship of seventy-fo\ir giins migiit have heen loaded with provision, such as dried Imtt'ido, houglit with hnttons and rings. Articles of real value they thus disposed of eht ajily. while articles of comparatively no value, such as Indian head-ih'ess and other curiositiis, Were held high. .\ heaver-skin could thus lie had for a lirass-ring. while ix necklace of hears' claws could not he ]iurchased for a dozeu of the Siime rings. Axes, knives, iimmunitioii, heads, huttons and rings, were most in deiiiMud. Clothing w.is of no v.due: a knife sold for as much as a hlanket; and an ounce of vermilion was of more value than a yard of tine cloth, ]!t. 18. 18<)1; l.iiri.i and CliirLi's Tnii:., pj). 3U(J -7; Ikmy and BntiMci/'s Juurn,, vyl, i., p. 128. 43G CALIFORMANS. ^ I (Iron into slavery for a few trinkets. Great numbors of tiiese unfortunates are sold to the Navajos for blankets.' An act which pas.sed the legislature of Utah in 18;yJ, legalizing slavery, sets forth that from time immemorial slavery has been a customary traffic among the Indians; that it was a common practice among them to gamble; away their wives and children into slavery, to sell them into slavery to other nations, and that slaves thus ob- tained were most barbarously treated by their masteis; that they were packed from place to place on miilos; that those unfortunate humans Avere staked out to grass and roots like cattle, their limbs mutilated and swolk'u from being bound with thongs; that they were frozen, starved, and killed by their inhuman owners; .iiat fam- ilies and tribes living at peace would steal each othoi's WiVes and children, and sell them as slaves. In view of these abuses it was made lawful for a pro])ate judge, or selectmen, to bind out native captive women and chil- dren to suitable white persons for a term not to exceed twenty years.'^"^ Polygamy, though common, is not universal; a wife is generally bought of her parents;'^ girls are frequently betrothed in infancy; a husband will prostitute his wile to a stranger for a trifling present, but should she be imfaithful without his consent, her life must pay the forfeit. The women, as usual, suffer very little from the pains of child-bearing. When the time of a Shoshone woman's confinement draws near, she retires to some secluded place, brings forth unassisted, and remains there sf'' ' It is virtuous to seize and nunsh the women of tribes with whom they are at war, often iimong themselves, and to retain or sell them and their children as slaves.' Dreics' Oicj/hee llccon., p. 17. The Pi-Edes 'barter tluir children to the Utes proper, for a few trinkets or bits of clothing, by whom they are aj,'ain sold to the Mava.jos for blankets.' Simpson's lioiite to Cal., p. 45. ' Some of the minor tribes in the southern part of the Territory (Utah i. near New Mexico, can scarcely show a sinmon aro pxoooiliusly virtnmis. . . .thoy aro a kiml of nii'i'can- tilo coiiriMility in t\u' hamls of their iiiustt'fs. I'olvLjaiiiy (ircviiils iiiiii)iit( till' cliii'fs, init tilt' lUlinher of wives is not lUllililiteil.' llrnn/ uml lln-nrlili/'fi • I'lnrn., vol. i., jip. Ti l-S. 'riicy are f^iveii to siiisiial excesses, uiul other iniiunMlities. F'iriihdiii's Tnir . |>. (J-J; set^ also p. (!((. ' i'lostitiition and ille.,'iti;iia(:y are unknown. . . .they are not permitted to marry until eiuthteen or twenty ye:irs old. . . .it is a capital ott'enee to marry any of another nation without special sanction from their council and head chief. 'I'hey allow hut vne wife.' I'niicf, in ('til. Funrn'r, Oft. IS, ISfil. At the time of their con- tineinent the women ' sit apart; they never touch a cooking,' utensil, ulthonuh it is not held im[)nre to aldress them, and they return only when tlie si^niH of wrath have passeil away.' Hiirloii's Cili/ d/ Oiv Sitinix, ]>. ")7.'{. 'Intiilelily of tile wife, or prostitution of an unmarried female, is pnnishahle by death.' /''c/'S in [uil. Aff. Rijil . IS'il, p. i;!:t. 'Our I'i-l'te has a ))eeiili,'ir way of ^'etiiii,' a foretaste of I'onimliial liliss, coh ihitint,' e\|ieriniintally with his in- tended for two or three days previous to the nuptial ceremony, at the end of which time, either party can stay further proceeding's, to indul^,'e other triii.s until II c.iaiptinioi! m no conijenial is found.' Firhi/, in Sin Fruiirl.t -o Mnt'ird Pi'f.-i, vol. iii., n. IJJ; L;ms ami Ci(iiL-':'s Trai\, pp. :JI)7-S, 31."); D^ Sinct, 1''.'/ ■ p. '27. '-'"'' The Snakes 'ont line sorti.' de talwe sanv.a'.:;e (pii eroit dans les iilaiiu's coiitiyues iiux luoutiiyues du Spuuish-llivur, il a les feuilks plus otroites ipio I 438 CALIFORNIANS. ha\'e many strange observances. AVlien the pijw is passed round at the solenniization of a treaty, or this confirmation of a barj^ain, each smoker, on receivinj; it from liis neiglibor, makes dift'erent motions witli it; one turns the pipe round before placing the stem to his lips; another describes a semicircle with it; a third smokis with the bowl in the air; a fourth with the bowl on tiie ground, and so on through the whole company. All this is done with a most grave and serious countenance, which makes it the more ludicrous to the looker-on. The ^5nakes, before smoking with a stranger, always draw off their moccasins as a mark of respect. Any great feat performed by a warrior, Avliich adds to his reputa- tion and renown, such as scalping an enemy, or success- fully stealing his horses, is celebrated by ii change of name. Killing a grizzly bear also entitles him to this honor, for it is considered a gi-eat ft.it to slay one of these formidable animals, and only he who has performed it is allowed to wear their highest insignia of glory, the feet or claws of the victim. To bestow his name uijoii a friend is the highest compliment that one man can offer another. The Snakes, and some of the Utahs, are skillful riders, and possess good horses. Their horse-furnitui-e is sim- ple. A horse-hair or raw-hide lariat is fastened round the animal's neck; the bight is passed with a single half- hitch round his lower jaw, and the other end is held in the rider's hand; this serves as a bridle. When the horse is turned loose, the lariat is loosened from his jaw and allowed to trail from his neck. The old men and lo n!"ptre, il pst plus af:fr('aWe » fiimor, sps pflfots c'tniit liion moins violiMis.' Stioiii, ill Xinirelka Anniikn ilfs Vol/., 1S21, toui. xii.. pp. Hi-3. Tlie Kiiiik-liiiiik ' tlu'y obtiiiii from thrcu dirterout pliints. Out! is a I'lVimx. rcst'iiililiii;,' our CnritKs s(niiiiiin'a; after havin;,' di'tiU'luHl tlie epidermic i-ntick'. they scrape the hark and dry it. when it is re.idy for use. .\nother is a Vaecmium wiili reil berries; they feather the leaves to smoki' them when dry; tlie tliinl is a Hiiiall shrul), tlie fruit and flower of whieh I have never seen, hut resenihli s certain species of Daphuads i particularly that of Kauai), ihc leaves of wliieii are in like manner smoked.' kiini/ mul liirnrhli'i/'i .Imirii , vol. i., p. l^i'i; see also p. i;t'2; A'oss' Fur IfiDili'rs, vol. i.. ]\. i')0, f.i'iria iiiiil i'lnrh-'s Tnir.. p. 300: Fri'nin,)t'n F.rjilm-. H.v.. p. 174; fk Sunt, I'ni/., pp. 25-0. J'urkvr'ts Krplor. Tour, pp. -iM-'J, 237, 212-3. DISEASES AND BURIAL. 489 the women have saddles similar to those used for pack- ing by the whites; they aie a wooden i'rame made of two [)ieees of thin board (ittini;; close to the sides of the horse, and held together by two cross-pieces, in shape like the legs of an isosceles triangle. A piece of hide i.' placed between this and the horse's ))ack, and a robe is thrown over the seat when it is ridden on. The younger men nse no saddle, excejjt a small pad. girthed on with a leather thong. When traveling they greatly overload their horses. All the lujusehold goods and pro- visions are packed npon the })oor animal's back, and then the women and children seat themselves u\){)n the i)ile, soim 'times as many as four or five on t)ne hoise.-'"'' The poorer LT talis are very subject to various diseases, owing to exposure in winter. Ihey have few, if any, ellii'ient remedies. They dress wounds with | ine-gum, after S([uee7/mg out the blood. The Snakes are much alfected by rheumatism and consumi)tion, caused chietly by their being almost constantly in the water lisliing, and by exposure. Syphilis has, of course, been ex- tensively introduced among all the tribes. A few plants and herbs are used for medicinal puri)oses, and tlu^ medi- cine-men practice their wonted mumineries, l)ut what particular means of cure they ado[)t is not stated by the autiiorities. 1 find no mention of their having; sweat- liouses •210 Concerning the disposal of the dead usage differs. In some parts the body is burned, in others it is |)urie(l. Ju either case the })roperty of the deceased is destroyed at his burial, llis favorite horse, and. in scjiue instances, 2™ ' En (Ipux oerasions divorsrs, jc comptiu oinq ]iorsnnr.os iiinsi mon- th's, (lout ili'iix, c't'rt(.s, iniruissiiitiit luissi cipiiMcs. cliiiciim' a cUc siiilc, di' ]ioi't('r la paiivre ln'ti', Hl. ''riicrc is no lack ., p. 27:i; Dnr'ns. ii\ Iml. Aft', liij't., iM'.i. p. \;]->; I'l'ui'f, in I'nl. Fiinii'i; drt. \H, IWl; CuLt's lincl.y .ills., p. 27C; Fitrtcn's Ex^ihi-. Tour., pp. 22«-y, 240-2. i40 CALIFORXIANS. his favorite Avifo, arc killed over his grave, that he may not he alone in the spirit land. J^jiceration in token of grief is nniversal, nnd the lamentations of the dead i)ei - Kon's relatives are heard for weeks after his death, and are renewed at intervals for nianj months. Child-like in this, they rush into extremes, and when not actually engaged in shrieking and tearing their llesh, they appear perfectly indilferent to their loss.'^" The character of the hetter Shoshone trihes is not much worse than that of the surrounding nations; they are thieving, treacherous, ciuniing, moderately hrave after their I'ashion, fierce when liercencss Avill avail them anything, and exceedingly cruel. Of the miserable root and grass eatinj^' Shoshones, however, even this much cannot he said. Those who have seen them unaui- mouslv auree that they of all men are lowest. L\ing in a state of ,semi-tori)or in holes in the ground during the winter, and in spring crawling forth and eating grass on their hands and knees, until able to regain their feet; having no clothes, scarcely any cooked food, in many instances no weapons, with merely a few vague imagin- ings for religion, living in the utmost squalor and (ilth, putting ao bridle on their passions, there is surely room lor no missing liidc between them and brutes.'-^- Yet as )l\y^^ 21' ' Tlio Yntns mftkc thoir Rravos lii;;;li up tlip kanyoiis, nsu/illy in cUft^i of rock.' linrtun's ('it'/ of tin' Sd'oUn, p. 150. At the olist'(iuics (if a chief of the riiiiipeiiii;.,Michyii trihe 'two scjuinvs, two Pa Yuta children, and liftei n of liis best horses comiiosed the " eiistoius." ' /(/., p. ."iTT. 'When a deatli takes I'laco, they wrap the hoily in a skin or hide, and di'ai:; it by tlie le^' to a j,|rave, whicli is heaped )ip with stones, as a protection a','ainst wild beasts.' /;/., p. 5SJ; /,'(■)(('/ (did liritcJili'ij's Juiim., vol. i., pp. 131, ^-l"); JJe Siiitt, 1'"^., p. '2S; Ddtiit'twrli's Ih'svrlx, vol. ii., j)]i. of)!), 'M'i. "'-'The Shoshones of Carson Valley ' are very rigid in their morals. 'ZiV- inji II, rl lln Ill-Ill' i/'s Jiiiirn., vol. i., p. S5. At Haw's lianch, ' honest and trust- worthy, but lazy and dirty.' Id., \). 12:!. These Knsi-Utidis 'were vi ry iiioi- feiisive and si'enied perfectly j^'iiileless.' /. 4.")-',). The I't.dis 'lire brave, inipndent, and war- like.... of a revenyeful disposition.' Uraixs, iu Ind Aff. livjit., 1851, p. ITS. SIIO. HONE fllVRAc TER. 441 ill all men there stands out some prominent <:o()«l. so in these, the lowest of hnmanitv, tliere is one virtne: they are lovers of their eountr\ ; lo\ers, not of fair hills and fertile valleys, but of inhospitable mountains and hMrren plains; these re[)tile-lil\e men love their mis- erable biu'rowing-places better than all the eomfoi'ts of ' Industrious.' Aniistrnii'i,\n Til., IS.'iO, ji. 21:1. 'A racoof incn wIkisc cruelty is siMici ly a striilc rcinovcil fi(.m tliiit nf ciiiiiiilialisiu.' Unit, in l. Thi' Wclier-l'tes 'arc tln^ nm^t worthless and indo- lent of any in the Territory.' Il'ii'l. in II., [t. I'J.'t. The li.innocks ' seem to b" ind)Ucil with ii spirit of dash and liraveiy ((iiite unusual.' ('iiinii'.iH, in /(/., J). 120. The Itannaeks arc ' ener>,'ctic and iinlustrious.' Iiiinilsnii, iu II,, IfSdl), J). 2SS. The Washocs arc docile and tr.icfaldc. Ihni'tliia, in //., InTu. ]>. ;)i;. Tlie I'i-utes aro ' iu)t warlike, rather cowardly, Init pilfering; and tieacherous.' I'l'ii-'ll, in II., 1871, p. .">. J.'iU. The Slio- sluiiiis are 'franli ancl coiuniunicative.' /.u'/s diul (lurhi's Tnir., ji. ;i iC,. The Snakes arc 'pacific, hosi)ital)l(! and honest.' huiiu'.'i Drci'in, ji. ,'!2r(. 'The Snakes arc n very intclli^,'ent rac<'.' W'h'iU'n Vii)i.,\i. UTD. The I'i-ufes 'are as de;.,'radcd a class of humanity as can In- found iijion the earth. Thti male is jiroud, sullen, intensely insolent. . . They will not steal. Thi' women arc chaste, at least toward their white hrethn n.' Farli'i/. in San Fnim i.iri) .V'lUffil ,hiiif,, vol. iii., ]). 151. The Snakes have hcen considered ' as rather ii dull and dc|,'radct siL;ht, or when seen in sni.dl numbers; for their apparent tinddity, t,'rave, and reserved habits, t,'ivc them an air of stu])idity. An intimate knowled|;c of the Snake charac- t r will, however, ]dacc them on an i-qual footiuL; with that of other kindred nations, either cast or west of the mountains, both in resjicct tu tin ir men- tal faculties and moral attributes.' //a.ss' /•'(()• llmilvrs, vol. ii., p. b")l. ' Les S.iiupectches, les l'aL,'outs ct les Ampayouts sont. . . .im jieujile jdus nusera- hle, plus li';.^radc ct plus jiauvre. J-es Frani;ais les appeih ut comniuni'ment 1' s UiLjnes-dc-pitie, ct cc noni leur convient a inerveille.' Ik' .'^iml, Icji., p. '-H. The I'tahs 'paraissent doux ct afl'ablcs, trcs-polis ct hospitaliers ))our It h i'traii|_!ers, ct charitablcs cntrc cux.' Ii .si /'(.<, vol. ii., p. (14. The I'tahs ' ]!ossess il capacity for improvement whenever circumstances favor them.' .sci/k.s in ill'' Itnrl.i/ ,l//,s'., p. 18 1. The Snakes arc 'la plus nauivaisc des raci s ih s -l'eanx-riou;_;cs que j'ai fri'tpicntt'cs. lis sont aussi parcsseux tpu' ]it ii jm'- vnyants.' Siniit-Aiiiiud, Vdii., j). li-o. The Shoshones of Llaho are • highly in:ellij,'( nt anil lively. .. .the most virtuiuis and unsophisticateil of all the Indians of the rni'.ed States.' Tiii/lur, in Ciil, Fanmr, Aiir'il '-7. lM!l>. 'I he AV.ishocs have "superior intelli^eiict' and aptituth' for learning.' /'/., ,lii)ii' It, I'^il; see also /(/., June 2(1, 18(13. The N'eVatla Shoshones 'are the most pure and uncorruptcd aborigines upon this continent. .. they are scrupu- li'usly cle.in in their perst)ns, and chaste in their habits. . tin >u^di whole faiailies live together, t>f all iigcs and both sexes, in the same tent, im- )ii. ri'ity and crime are of rare occurrence.' J'riinr, in Jil,, Ort. 18, ]8(;i. Tie n.innacks 'are cowardly, treacherous, tiltliy anil indtdeiit." .'^rlninlrnnVs Anh., vol. iv.,p. 22;!. The Utahs are predatory, voracious and jiertidious. riumlerors umf umrderers by biibit. . . .when their ferocity is not excited. 442 CALIFOIINIANS. m * J civili/iitlon; indi'od, in niiiny iiistiuiccs. \\\\vn (Ict.iiiicd In- forco {uiioiiii tlio whitos, tlu-y liuve hocii known to \nnv away and dii'. llicir Hiispicii)iis urn so ^,'iviit ns to nnilcr what they sny uiirrliiililc, if tin y (li) licit niiiiiiii ultiiL,'( tlirr uiK'iJiiiimiiiicalivc,' I'l., vul. v,, ii|). lit? H, '11,',. I'li-Vaiits 'arc as ln-avc and iiiijiniv.ililc as tin ir ii(i>,'lili(iiirH art' iinaii icinl vil'.' li 'rlmi's ( ill/ iij'lli'' Sidiil^, p. T)??. 'Tin' Viita is less Mrvilc, and ii.n- Hi'i|ii('iitly lias a lii^licr ctliiiic status tlian tlir African ncj^'m; he will nut toil, and he turns Ml a kick or a hlow.' hi., p. r),s|. 'I'lic SlKPHhcikucs ' uru harm- less and excel (linyly timid iiiul shy ' JlrDU-iKll's Iml. JUtcia, ji. ijj.s. T 11 1 Tl A I. II () r N D A II I K S . To the XoitTiiKr.N f'Ai.ii'iUiNiANs, whose territory extends from llo^'iic Biver on the north to Eel River south, jind from the I'ucilie Ocean to tlie f'alifornian lioiindary east, inelndin;^' the Klamath, and other lakes, are as- sit,'ned, aceordin;^' to the authorities, the followiiij; trilutl l)oundari;,'iie rivei', niaily opliositc the contlucnce of ilie llliiinis. These are the most easterly liiiml within my district in the South." 1'nnif.li, in liid. A(f'. U'lil., lisVl, p].. -JM , 11, ' l)r. lliilil)aril, in his notes ( IS.'iiii mi the Indians of llogmi IJivi r and South (•ii'^'oii, on the ocean, before alluded to, nives the following; list of names of liuiicherias and clans of the hototeii or Tutatamys trilie. Masonah Hand, l.icaliiin, Coiiuille river; ('lioekrelatan liand, location, Coiiuille forks; (^iia- t'liiiali liand, location, Flore's creek; I.a|,'uaachii IJand, location, Klk river; Ciisulhi'iiten I'and locution, I'ort Orford; Ymi'iadic Hand, location, Yu^jiin creek; Chetlesscnten l?and. location, I'istol river; Yah Slmtes linncl, loca- tion, l{o(»no river; Wislitamitan IJaiul, location. Whale's head; ( In ahtiKS liand, location, t'hctko; Tototen Hand, location, six miles aliove the mouth .f H river; Sisticoosta IJaiid, locatii iibovc Hi),' lieiid, of Iioyue rive: Maiiuelnoteer Hand, location, fourteen miles above the mouth of l{o^,'un river.' I'lil. lutniiir, June IK, l.s(;i(. TJie Tutotcns were a lar^'c tribe, nuni- b' riiiL! thirteen elans, inhabiting,' the southern coast of ()ref,'on, (inlilnt. Krc, M'lrrh, ),si")t). 'Toiitiiunis on Cmjuins, sur la rivii re d>' ce nom et dars I'in- ti'iieur lies tcrres.' Mn/rna. J-yjilnr., tom. ii., p. llui. 'On the lower jiart of the Claniet Kiver are the Totutnne, known by the nnfavorable siuibriijui t of tlie l!nL!ue, or llascal Indians.' ll'di's ElhitDij., in I'.S. h'.r. A'.i',, vol, vi., \>. '21\. The bands of the T'outootoii trilie 'are scattered over a },'reat extent of ciiiiiitry --alonf» the coast and on the streams from the California line to twenty miles north of the ('o(juille, and from the ocean t<> the summit of the coast raii},'c of mountains.' I'lilmrr, in //"/, .Uf. I!' jil., bs,")l, p. 2.'i',». Taylor I'lacs the Tntiuiahs in the northwest corner of Del Norte County, MS. M these Indians by white men in early days from hearinj^ the Shastas speak of them.' Sen til rk, in /»(/. .1^". Uipt., m\A. ji. 121. The OiihxKciiulis, iu the north-western jjartof Siskiyou County. MS. }rip. Tlie hlitiiKilli.s or Liitiiitini — 'Lntuanii, or Tlamatl, or Clamet Indians. Tho first of these names is the proper desij^nation of the people in tin ir own lanj^uai,'e. Tiie seeoml is that by whieh they are known to the ( lii- iiooks. and tlirotii^'h tlu m to the whites. They live on the head wat( r.s of the river ami about the lake, whieh have both received from forei^m is tlie name of C'laniet.' Ilah's Ktlituij., in I'. S. Ef. J:\e., vol. vi., ji. uis. That portion of the eastern base of the Cascade lianj,'e, st)nth of the foity- fourth parallel, 'extj'udinj^ twenty-tive or thirty miles east, and south to the California line, is the country of the Klamath Indians.' J'dliiur. in Iml. Aff. Utjil., \Ky\. J). '.(IJ. The Tlanu'ths 'inhabit the country alonj,' the (ast- ern base of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains, and siuUh to the (ireat Klanieth Lake.' Tlioiiipsoii, in Iiul. A_t}'. li'/'t., IS,')!, ]). IK\. 'Ihn Clametti inhabit ' Ittajuas Iiiver, near the Kimth boundary' ^of (.)|-eu;iMi). Wurre unl Varttsi'iir, in Miirtin's Jlinhoii's I'linj. \i. SI. ' Lutuami. (Iannis; also Tlannitl — Indians of southwestirn Orej,'on, near the Clamet I.a\e.' LiHlvich/s Ah. Ldifj., p. 100. ' Klamaes, snr la riviere do ee nom et dans rinterieiu' des terres.' Jk' Mo/rns, K.vjildr., tom. ii., p. 3;!."). ( lamet: on the upper part of the river, and si.xty miles below the lake so naiiied. Frdiiihiii.^.c, iu l.iinil. (leoij. Stic. iliiiir., vol. xi., |). '.."(."i. ' Next east of the Shastas are |]i(> Klamath Lake Indians, known in their lan,L;uaL;e as the Okshee, who iidiiMt the country about tlie Klamath lakes, and east about half way ti) the (inoM^ Lake, to \Vri,u;ht Lake, and smith to a line running about due eas* from Shasta IJutte.' Slirl,\ in hul. Aff. h'i'i>l., bSOl, pp. 120-1. 'The nana' of Klamath or Tlamatli, bi lou^iuj,' to "lie tribt s on the lake where the rivir rises, is not known anioiiL,' those farther down ... .Thus, at the forks, the AViitspi'ks call the river below I'ohlik, sij^nifyliiL; down; aiul that above I'ehtsik, or up; giviliL;, moreover, the same name to the po(iulalion in Hpeakiuj,' of them collectively. 'Ihree distinct tribes, siieakili;.,' ilitlrn lit lanj;uai,'is, oecnjiy its banks between the sea and the mouth of the ^ li;isli', of whiclii>i>lcr(iiTs .\rrl(.. vol, iii.. p. b.M. The /•,'i'C((i.s' inhabit 'the lower Klamath from ^Vt•itsIleck l)<'t\V(><'u tli<' Eurr)cn ami th<' foot of the Klamath Mount- nius, also a short ilistanci- up Saliiiuii River. 'On the Klamath liivir thiro live tliri'c distinct trihca, called the Eurocs, ('idiroes, and Modocs; wliicii iKiiiics mean respectively, "down the river," "up the river," and ''head of (lie river."' I'oim-s. in Orirlaiid Mmitlih/, vol. viii., p. 'A'lH. Speakin;^ of Indians at the junction of Salmon ami Klamath Itivii-s, Mr. (liMis sa\s: 'they do not seem to have any f^eneric aiipellalion for themselves, hut a))ply the terms "Kahrnk," uj), an vicinity nf ('res- et nt City and Smith's River there are the. . . . Lojias, Talawas, and Laujoons.' lhiiil:iliiiaii, in hid. At}'. h'ii>l., ]S.')7, i)p. :i!ll '2. 'In l)el Norte County . . . tli(^ IIayna}»gis live alou}^ Smith liiver, the Tolowas on the Laf^oon, and tlii'rahatens around Crescent City.' I'liirirs' }'iiiiiii, MS. The Cops, Ilana^s, Yantuckels, and Tolawas, are ' Indian tribes livin<^' near the Ore^^on and Cal- ifornia coast frontiers.' Orc.-icnit ('ill/ Ifinilil, .lie/. IH.")?. The Tolowas at the nil itiiij,' point of Trinity, Ilunduildt, and Klamath counties. ^^S. Mop. 'I'lie Tcrirar.i, north-west of the Tolowas. .MS. .Map. The H'(i/.s7)f7>'.sari' the 'piineijial hand on the Klamath, at the junction of the Trinity. ' (tUilm, in Silii7iiin/c;vi/'r.s' .lci7)., viil. iii., ]i. MS. Tlie Ifdiipiihs live 'am nnten n Itio de la Trinidad, oder Trii'.ity River.' JSiisi'IniKinti, Ihts Apui'hf als lim' .\lliliiip. ''I'lie lower 'I'rinity tribe i-i, as will as th(> river itself, known to tho isluiiiallis I y the name nf II mii ah.' 'I'l'/'/.s', in Silinnlfni/I's .\rrli., vol. iii., ]). b'l'.'; SIC also p. I'J'i. In the iinvtlii rii jiart of Klain.itli Ciuinty. MS. Map. ' I'lMin the Trinity, or lloop'h, below the entrance of the south fork or Otahwi iaket, then^ art" said to be eleven ranches, the Okenoke, Ai;araits, I'l'lrk'oh, Olleppauli'lUalili htl and I'liilitsolr, and the llaslinlah, .Mn !- t ah, Siikeakeit, Tashhnaiita, and W'itspuk aonve it; .\ twilfth, the Mi'yi iii- iiia. now burnt, was situated jiist above "Niw" or ".\rkansas" liiver. 'i'.'' ~, 1 Srhoolrrafl' n .\rrli.. vol. iii., p. !:!!•. The Copahs, in the extreme north of \lamafh county, north of tho Ib'^palis. .MS. .Map. T!ie Cops are nieiitioni d as ' living.' near the Orej^on mill California coast frontiers,' in the Crrsnit ("ilti llvviUI, .\i'\i.. 'H..7. 'I'iie A'(ii//(/.v live on tlie south fork of Trinity River. Vmnra' l\',,ii>. MS. Till' I'dlnwiii/s occupy ilie banks of the Trinity, fr' ir the vicinity of Riy !!ar io South Fork.' I'onrr.s' ]\'!"", V<. iMM 416 TllIBAL BOUNDARIES. i '1 \)l Thq Chimalqvays lived on Now Kivtr, u trilmtftry of the Trinity, /'-^inrs' Porno, ^'S. The Siahn •occupied the toii^ne of land jutting down between E«.l llivcr, and Viiu Dusen's Fork.' J'oircrs' rmiu), MS. The Sians or Siiihs lived on the heivdwiiters of Smith lliver. Gihljs, in tirhoolcrajTs Arch., vol. iii., p. l;il». The EhmkK, Eenahs, or Eennf,'hs, lived aliove the Tolewas on Smith lUvcr. Gihhs, in SchoolcrnJ't'sArrh., vol. iii., p. 131).' Ehnek was the name of a hand at tlio uiouth of the Salmon or Quoratem lliver.' lil., p. 42'2; J.mlr- u'i./'.s All. Luii'i., p. (')7. WUhosk. 'is the name }»iven to the Bay (Hnnjholdt) and Mad River luili- ans by those of Eel River.' Gibbs, in Si'lmolcraj't's ArcU., vol. iii., p. I-J'J; Luileici'j'.'i Ab. Lanij., p. 201. The B'i'(7/((/,v are 'a band on the mouth of Eel River and near Humboldt Bay.' LHih'ii-iifs Ab. Iadiij.. p. 200. The ll\nid)oldt Bay Indians call Ihiiii- selvcs Wishosk; and tliose of the hills Tcokawilk; 'but the' tribis to the northward denominate both those of the Bay and Eel River, Weyot, or Walhi- walloo.' Gibbs, in .'>rhinilcv(i/t's Arrh., vol. iii., p. 1113. 'The I'almnita live on the lower waters of ^lad River, and around Iliiiu- boldt Bay, as fur south as Areata, perhaps oriyinally as far down us Eureka.' J'mcirs' J'lmid, .l/'.S. O.s.sv ;/'()! is tlie name ^'iven to the Indians of Gold Bluft', between Trinidad and the Klamiith. Gibbs, in .Srhnob'ra/t's Arch., vol. iii., p. 133. 'The Jjissics formerly dwelt in Mad River Valley, from the head wiit( is down to Low Gap, or thenabout, where they borrowed on the 'Wheeleiltlas.' J'oiccrs' I'oihi), MS. Chori was the name given to the Indians of Trinidad by the 'Wei yots. Oibbs, in School ■rajT a Arch., \o\. iii., p. lit:!. The Chilliihth. ' occupied the banks of Redwood Creek, from the co,i--t uj) about twenty miles.' I'oa-ir.s' J'oiiui, MS. The Oruk, Tchololali, or llald Hill Indians, lived on Redwood Creek. Gibhs, in SchoolcnijTs Arch., vol. iii., p. l;i',». The WiiHics occupy the sandy country north of Humboldt Bay. Onrliin'l Moidhli/, vol. ii., !>. 530. 'Till' Wlmli'iitbis had their jilace on the Upper Redwood Creek, fro ii tlic l.ind of the Chi'lulahs n\) to '''e mountains. They ranged across soutliward by the foot of the Bald Hills, which a[)pear to have marked tlie boinniary between them and the Chilluluhs in that direction; and penetrated to \:iu Hiisen's Eork, auent the Siahs and Lass-ics, with whom they occasionally came in bloody etdlision.' I'oircrs' J'oiiin. MS. The \'iKinls 'live around lower Hiuiiboldt Bay, and up Eel Rivei- to Eagle Prairie.' Poieers' I'oiiio, MS. The .S7if(,s'/r(,f live to the south-west of the T.utuami'-- or Klamaths. //"/■'■< Ethnoij., in ('. S. /-.'.i-. Ke., vol. vi., j). 2IM. • Sastes, duns I'lnteric ur !Ui Nei.l de la Californie.' Mojras, Kx}>h>r., torn, ii., y. 3:.."). 'The Shasta lii.liaii-i, known in their language as Weohow -it nuaiiiiig stone housi', from the laru" cave in their country -oct'upy the land east of Shasta river, and south of tlnj Siskiyou mountains, and west of the lower Khimath hdu'.' Skilf, in /cm'. .1', lliltl., ISOl, p. Vh). The Shastas occupy the centre of the county .'f ;b:'t THE CENTKAL CALIFOKNIAXS. 417 ,s. Il'l''^ ■in Nii'l lii.liaii-, ah i)( tliu I „'. tv.'f ;l.:: i impo. -VS". ^^(lp. ' Indiiins of south-western Oi-ef,'on, on the northern fron- tiiis of T'pper C'liliforniii.' Ludewii/s Ah. Lmui., p. KiH. AViitsiihewiih is tho ii.iiiie 'of one of tho Scott River b.iiitls of the Shiistii family.' (IViUh, in Srhiml. rriijTs Arch., vol. iii., p. 422. The niiniu is sjjelled variously as Shasty, Sliaste, Saste, &e. The Pnldihs live to the southeast of the Lutnanijs or Klamalhs. Jfith'a J-JlliitO'i., in r. S. Ex. Kx., vol. vi., \). 218. ' Indians of south-western Ore^'oii, on the northern frontiers of Upper California.' Ludeiriti's Ah. LdiKj., p. 14r». On the Klamath are the Odeiilahs; in Shasta Valley the Ikarueks, Kose- tahs, and Idakarii'ikes; and in Scott's Valley the AVatsahewas and Kehs. (rihiis, in Schdolirdft'.i Arrh., -v-ol. iii., p. 171. 'The Ifitiiihurij /»(/ia»(,s', known in their lan^unge ns th(^ Tka, inhabit ini- inediiitely at the mouth of Scott's river, known in their language as theOtte- *ie\va river.' ,Sti-di\ in Iitd. Aff. liijit., 1>m;4, p. 120. 'The SrotV.f I'alh'y liuliiin.-<, known in their language ns the Iddoa, inhabit Scott's Valley above the caiien.' /'*. The Ynht (a misnomer for Yeka— Shasta TJntte) Indians, known in their language as the Hoteday, inhabit that part of the country lying south of Klamath river, and west of Shasta river.' Ih. The Villa or I'ka tribe 'inhabited the Shasta Jlountains in the vicinity of McCloud's fork of Pitt lliver." C(d. Fanner, ,rnm' 22, IHCO. Th<' Ukas aro (linitly south of the Modocs. ^fS. Map. 'The Yukeh, or as the name is variously spelt, Yuka, Yu(|Ues, and Uca, are the original iidiabitants of thj Nwuu-t'ult, or Kound Valley, in Tehama County. . . and are not to be con- fniiiidcd with the Yidiai Indians of lUissiau Kiver.' liibbn, in lHi>t. Maij., vol. vii., p. 12;i. ' Th;; Xiiser or Xnza Indians. .. .live in the vicinity of Lassen's Butte,' l-"isl,h/i)H ('hroiiiflv, May, 1H51). TLc Vlalx-an are to the southeast of the I'kas. MS. Map. I'm Cknikai. C.\i.ifoi!NI.\ns occupy thi^ whole of that )>ortion of Cali- f uv.i.'i .iiiitling north and south, fiom about ^0 'MY to ^i") , and east and " s: .''■ iiu th(! Tacitic Ocean to the Californian boundary. They are tribally (l! . i.'i'.l as f.iHows: '1)" M I'iiiikfi hiu>' their habitat on the creek which bears tluir name, ami (-1, ;. ■ still smaller stream dignified with the appellation of 15ear liivcr. I'l'iin the coast they range across to Ed Kiver, and by immemorial Indian \\^n>j,i- and pnscriptive right, th(y hold tin- western banii of this river finni aliont I'-agle I'raiiic, where they i)order upon the Veeaids, up southward to till' month it live in ItusKian River Valley, iu Rauchcria and Anderson VftUeys. I'liicirs' I'omo, MS. The KdjdisrhimH, 3f(tkani(is, and Jiipiavis live in the Rtissinn River Valley, north of Fort Ross. Hdir, .Slitt. nnil Klhvn., p. 80. The er name of Russian rivi r in SoiKmia •liil. vnd Kllitn,., p. 80. The Kyaiiama- ras ' inhahit the section of country hctween the canon of Russian river and its nio\ith.' Ford, in hid. Aff. lU'jiL, \H')f), p. '2.")7. The Tiiiiiidilinldti live on Bodega Bay. Oihh.s, in SihonUrdfVs Arth., vol. iii., p. ll)'2. The Somas, Lnmn.i, and Scncns, live in Russian River Valley in the vicinity of the village of Sanel. /Vinr.s' I'dihh, MS. The Siiiintiids, Sononiis, or Sonoiiullos, lived at the endiarc.-uh vo i^f So- noma. Cdl. FdriiiiT, Mdirh IK), hSIiO. 'I'he Sononias lived in the soutli-(ast( rn extremity of what is now the county of Sdiionia. MS Ml,(ii/i)iis liveil in Sonoma valley. H'dhs. in Schniilrriift's .1;v7i., vol. iii., p. 421. 'J'lie (. hocuMiis lived in the ri gion now called Sonoma ruuiity, and from their chief the eciunty takis its name, ('rimisf's X'd Wni'lh, p. 22. Th(! Word Sononui means 'Valley of the Moin.' Ti'lli'ill's Hist. I'dL, [I. ;!()!. The Tcliokoyems live in Soaonri Valley. Lmh ir'ni's .\h. I.d,i<}.,\\. 184. 'The Tiiidxddkves lived on the west side of Sonoiua valley." ('nl. Funun; Mdn-h :W, 1800. The ttuillirds lived 'northwest of Souuiua,' on the old Wilson ranch of 1840, Jb.; .VS. Mdp. Vol. I. i'i 450 TIUBAL BOUNDARIES. 'ir i t-n-l The 7\lnhhis Vivo in 39 14' jv>rth Int. and 122' 12' long. U'V/.m' Xm:, in U. S. Ki\ E.V., vol. v.. p. 201. Tlic Klinkas arc a 'trilm lixt'c an ndid ilu Rio del Sacranicnto.' Mofras, ExpUir., tuni. ii., \>. 'ATyH. Sonth of tlic lid^'iio River Indians 'the jiopnlation is very scanty nntil \vc arrive at tlic valley df tho Sacramento, all the tribes of which are inclniled hy the traders undi r th" K'l'eral name of Kinkla, which is jirobahly. like 'I'laniatl, a term of Chi- nook orij^'iii.' Jink's EUdkiij., in V. S, E.r. Ex., vol. vi., j). 221. The Talatni live 'on the Kassiina River, a tribntary to the Siicranieiito, on the eastern side, about einhty miles from its month.' link's Etliho;!., in U. S. Ex. Ex.. vol. vi., p. (lltl. JAItlitri./s Ah. Jmiuj.. J). IKO. The Oki jiKs live on Feather River, twenty miles above Maiysville. IkUuta'a Life o)i //,.. ]'kihis, p. 2'J:J. 'The Ncmshons, as stated by General Sutter, roamed (prior to ]H4n") l)r- tween (he Bear and American rivers: across the Sacramento were the Ynlos and folnsiis; north of the American Fork were the Rashones. On the b.iiiks of the rivci north of Fort Helvetia, roamed the Veshanacks, the Tonscilcin- nies and Youcoolumnies; between the American (plain and hills) and the Mokalunnie I'oamed the ^VaIacumnics, Cosumnies, Solumnees, Mokeliininrcs, Suraniinis, i'osum: is, Lacomnis, Kis Ki. HOI. The following; are names of ranclurias of tame Indians or Niophytes iu the Sacriimeuto Valley; Sukisimme, Shouomnes, Tawuleuiues, Seywameues, ilukelemnes, Cosumne. Rancherias of wild Indians or (ii n- tili's, are: Sa,L;ayacumne, Socklumnes, Olonutchamne, N' watchumiie, Yu- niat^atock, Shalachmushumne, Oniatchanme, Yusumne, Y'ldeyumne, Tain- locklnck, Sajiototot, Y'alesumne, Wapoonine, Kisliey. Secumne, I'iisIiiuh'. Oioksi ciiiiine, Xemshan, I'ahinshan, I'stu, Olash, Y"uknlme, lloek, Si>liii, Minial, Ynln, Biibu, Honcut. Iwlktn Trihrs of thf Socrainento Wil'ci/. MS. 1'anie Indians or Neophites: Lakisumne, Shonomne, Fawalomnes, Muku ni- nes, Cdsininie. AVild Indians t)r (ientiles: Sagayacumne, Locklonnue. Oln- jiuti'hannir, Ynnia.Ljatock, Shalachmushumne, Omutclianine, Yusumne, Yale- yuinne, Yaiidocklock, Lapototot, Yalesumne, Wajuomne, Kisky, Secuiiiiie, I'nshnnc. Oiokseciunne, Nemsliaw, Palanshawl T'stu, Olash, Yukulme, Ilcuk, I.ishu, ilimal, I'lm, Bubu, Honcut. Sntlrr's Est'imnk af hulidii rcjuihil'i'm. 1H47, MS. The Ochecamnes, Servnshanines, Chuimnines, Omutclnuuui s, Sicumnes, AVahiiJinnnies, Cosumnes, Sololumnes, Turealemnes, Saywiiniiins, Xevichumnes, Matchemnes, Sagayayunines, Muthelemnes, and I^opstatiiii- nes, lived on the eastern bank of the Sacramentti. The Bnshumnes lor I'u- juni), (or Sekomue) Yusumnes, Nemshaw, Kisky, Yaesuumes, Iluk, and CLEAR LAKE TETr.ES. 451 Yncal, livprl on the Wf^stern liiink of the Siiemmento. IMe'a Ethnor)., in V. S. K.r. A'.i'., vol. vi., ]<\). r.3li, fi:tl. The Viilxts or i'lirds lived on Yuvn River, n trilmtury to the Sacramento. Firnmnl's Ucini. Meiiidir, p. 22, The Mihhms and ScctihumimK axo on the Ynba and Feather RiverH. 'As VdU travel south from C'hico the Indians call themselves iMiidoo until yon reach Rear River; hnt below that it is Xeeshenam, or sometimes mana or maidec, all of which denote men or Indians.' I'na-ers' in Oarlmtd Mmdhlij, vol. xii., ]). 21. The Citshnds live near the south fork of the Ynha River. SrhiKilrm/t's Arrh., vol. ii., 5()C; Ludeiriii's Ali. J.dini., p. .'ii*. Taylor also mentions the C'lislmas south of the Ynha. <'H. The Mayacmas and TyU),'as 'iidiabited the vicinity of Clear lake and the mountains of Xapa and Mendocino counties.' C'ltl. Fanmr, June 2.', IHi-.O; MS. Map. The iVi-fjichcs 'live along the western slope of the Shasta mountains from round Valley to Hay Fcn'k, between those mountains on one sidi' and l^tl and Mad Hi vers on the other, and extendiiif^ down the latter stream about to Low Gap.' I'oiriTs' Fi»n<>, MS. The Wye Lakees, Nome Ijackees, Xoi- niucks, Xoiyucans and Xoisas, lived at Clear Lake. Onijer, in Iiul. Afl'. Uipt., Ls.jll. ),. r.\H. Xaiiu'iatin, meaning; 'many houses,' was the collective name of six tiibfs livini^ at Clear Lake: their names were Hnlanapo, Habenapo or stono house, Dahnohabe, or stone mountain, Mdalkai, Shekom, and Howkuma. (i'lhl)^. in .S 7('<(iO. ' T'he Cai/mii.^ tribe occupied the tract now owned by G. C, Yount.' Ililtell, iu ]li.m. Libiin- tone. Macsiniun, Mitliiit'. Malvnitiic, Muin^,'i)(', Naij,', Naiciue, Nai)ii, Oiiipi- viiiiiii), Oiisiiit, OtmlH', Olcstura, Ohiacte, I'ltli'iiuin. or I't-talmna, I'riiristaf, I*ui<'li(>n, I'uvcone, raliii'tac, I'liictaca, I'nrntt'a, I'rdiiUfii, Qnct, Sitliuta.j, Suchiii, SubchiaiH, Siplichiciuin. Siscastai', Ssiti, Sitiiitajca, Ssnpicliuni, Sifca, Siiischmc, Saturauiiui. Satiuiiuo, Sittintac, Ssicliitca, Sa^,'iuitt', Ssalay- iiic, Smifha<|ne, Ssijiudca, Saraisi-, Siiiaiiiiiii, Samutac, Ssof^cifati', Sadaiics, Tuzsiut, Tat(iniiite, Titiiiictac, Tupiiic, Titiyi'i, Tiiiiita, Tinisini, Tnbisiistt', Tiiiii;^'t:ic, Torose, Tuimiute. Tuoa, Tainiilo, (ir Tidnalcs, Talean. Totolii, I're- Imri', Utiii'iH', Usscte, lu'hiuiu, Vt'ctaca, Va^,'t'ri)c, Yclanin, Yacnnii, Yaco- iiiiii, Yajiimni, Zomioiiii, Zuii^iu . . . Agiiasajnchiuni, Apnasto, A;,'uast(i, Cur- qiiiii, (Kaniiiiucs), C'uchiaii, Chaclan, ('liinuan, C'otcj*'!!, Chiiscan, (Inyl- pntus, Hiichun, Habasto, Junatca, .Tarciniii, Saiicliiiics, Oljuii, OIikmi, Olo- lUds, Oliiiolocoe, Qnemflciitus, (^uiroi^'lcs, Salzoii, Sichicaii, Sancoii, Suchi- f^iii, Sailan, Utiuitinat", VdIvou (or Holbon). 'The tribfs of Indians upou till' Hay of San Franciscii, and who wens aftt-r its fstablishiiicnt. undfr the sii'icrvision of the llission of Dolores, were five in niuiibcr; the Ahwaslitees, Ohlolies (called in Spanish C()stant)s, or Indians of the Coast), Altahnios, Ronianons, and Tuolonios. There were, in addition to these, a few small tribes, but all npon the land exten. ' C. i- fiirnia Indians on the Bay of San Francisco, and formerly nnder the sujjer- visions of the Mission Dolores. There were live tribes: Ashwashtes, < >1- li'iiics (called by the Si)aniards Costanos, or Indians of the coast >, .\ltalimos, Riiniouans, and Tulomos. A few other small tribes numd the bay speak the Kauie language.' Lndvic'i j, A'l. Lnuij , p. .")l!, ' I'm die Bai von San Francisco die Matal.'mes, Salses nnd (juin'iles. dereii Spraehen, eine gemeinsame (Quelle liaben.' MiildcDp/vrill, Mijko, vol. ii,, jit. ii., j). 45'1. 'Ihe OlcLoues ' inhabit 454 TRIBAL ROUNDARIES. tho soacoaat between San FmneiHoo and Monterey.' Jirechei/'s Vm/., vol. ii., p. 78. The SiilsoiiuH, 'viveu nuns ncis Ic^jmis tlistantcs rnnibo al Snist(? (of S«n FruncaHco Bay) por laH cercanias del brazo do mar.' J'ahu, \"ula de Junipero .S'prm, p. 214. The Korekhtx formerly lived at tho mouth of tho Sun Joaqnin. Kotzilmt's New Voy., vol. ii., p. 141. ' The rancherifts of Indians near this Mission, all within ei^ht or ten niilis of Santa Crnz, . . . were: Aiilintae, the raneheriu proper to the Mission; ( li.i- luniii, one mile north-west of the Mi:!si<>n; Hottroehtae, two miles nortli- west; . . . .Wallanmai; Sic Cotchnnn; Shoremee; Onbi; Choromi; Tinim i; I'ayanmin; Shin},'uermi; Hauzanrni. The Mission also had neophytes of the raiieherias of Tomoy, Osaealis (Soncinel), Yennaba, .\ehilla, Yeiumtii, Tejey, Nohioalli, Utalliam, Loeobo, Yeunator, Chanech, Hnoeom, Chicutae, Ai.'staea, Saehnen, Hnahpiilme, Sa^'in, Oehoyos, Hnaehi, Apil, Mallin, I,!i- ehasmi, Coot, and Aytism, as detailed in a letter from Friar Eamon Olbtz to (tovernor de Sola, in Novend)er, 1819, in reply to a cirenlar from him, as to the native names, etc., of the Indians of Santa Cruz, and their raiieherias.' Cal. hmner, Ajiril 5, 18(iO. The .Uiitsioies are the natives of the Mission of San Juan Baptista. Cnl. Farmer, X(>i\ 23, and Jane 22, 18C0; lUst. Maij., vol. i., p. 205. Tho AnsaynKis lived in the vicinity of San Juan Bautista. Cal. Fariiur, Jane 22, ISfJO. ' Four leafjues (twelve miles) southeast of the ^lission i Mon- terey,!, inside the hills eastward, was the rancheria of Eehilat, called San Francisipiita. Eslanaf,'an was one on the east side of the river and Ecf,'enKau was another; another was lehenta or San Jose; another Xasenni in the Sicrni, ten leagues from Carmclo; that of Pachhepes was in the vicinity of Xasenni, am()n<:; the Eseellens. That of the Sar<,'entarukas was seven leaKUcs soutli and east of the river in a Canaditta de Palo Colorado.' Cal. Farmer, April 21), 18G(». The liitnsienes live near Monterey. Cal. Farmer, April 20, IHfiO. The Ilumsen or llunsienes are 'Indians in the neif,'hbourhood of Monterey, Cal- iforiiia. The Achastliers speak a dialect of the same language.' Lialeti-iii'^ Ah. Lami,, p. IfJIl. ' Unj den Hafeu von Monterey leben die Runisen odcr Ruiisien, die Escelen oder Eslen, die Ecclemaches, und .\chast!i('s.' Miilil'ii- p/iirill, Mejiro, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 454. 'La partie septentrionale de la Nou- vellc-Californie est habitee i)ar les deux nations des Rinnsen et Esceh'u. . . . Elles forment la population du preside et du village de Jlonterey. Dans la baie de S. Francisco, on distingue les tribus des Catalans, Salsen et Quirotcs.' Ifitiii^iiihlt, Essai Pol., p. 321. 'Eslen y Runsien (pie ocupan toda la Cali- fornia septentrional.' Sutil y Me.ricaiia, liaije. p. 1(17. 'I'm Monterey woli- nen zwey Yiilker. . . .die Eunisen, nnd im Osten von diesen die Kscclin.' Vater, Milliriilates, p. 202. 'The Eslenes elan roamed over the pn s( lit raii- elios San Franciscjuito. Tallarcittos, and np and down the Carmelo Valley.' ' The rancheria per se of the Eseellens was named by the priests, ^anta Clara; Soccorondo was across the river a few miles. Their other little clans or sejils were called Coyyo, Yampas. Fyules, Neiine(pii, Jappayon. fliliiiiis, and Yu- nostas.' Cal. F'armer, April 'Ii), 18(;0. The Eskelens are 'California Indians, east of Monterey. The Ekklemaches are said to be a tribe of the Eskclen, KINd'S lUVER AND TULAKE LAKE TllinES. 455 and to siM'iik till' richest idiom of all tho C'lilifornia Tudiuns.' T.>i7, p. 31tl». 'The I'otonnr'iea olaim the Mereed river as their homes.' /'>. The Pota- nches occupy the same re^'ion on the MS. Map. 'The Xiiiilrliixis. . . live on the headwaters of Chowchilla.' Liirls. in Iml. Aff- It'pt., IH.'.T, p. 3;»'.». The Nootchoos live on the south fork of the Mercd. J'liir rs, in i)rerlitn. ' The I'ohonti'i'hen liv(' on the headwaters of Fresno. Li'ir'is, in Iml. Aff. Iti-pl., 1H.J7, p. ;i'.»!». The Pohoneechcs live on the uurth bank of the Fresno. I'mrrrs, in Ororhiiid Mmillili/, vol. x., p. 325. The rUcukhrs, the Tallcnche.i, and the Coswan, live on the San J(jaquln. Icris, in IikI AfT. ll'jil., IM.JT, p. 3!)!). ' The ir(///o/,r.s, a nation of Indians, consisting of the Wattokes, Ituchas, Chokemnies, and Wechummies, live hit?h up on Kiuf^'s river.' JAir'm, in Iml. Alt: l!k Ahiiiiiiiic, 1N()-1, p. 32. The W'lillds live in Tuolumne county. J'dlrirk, in /)((/. AjT. lUjit., IS.'fi, p. '240. There has been much discussion about the word Wallie, or Walla. Powers asserts that it is derivew them. The Wallies live on the Stanislaus and Tuolumne. J'i>in i:i, in Uctr- Ut.id Mimthhj, vol. x., p. 32."). The Mewahs live iu Tuolumne county. Jvirett, in Iml. AtT. RfpL, 18'jC>, p. '24t. The Meeicof nation ' extended from the snow-line of the Sierra to the Sau Joacjuin Kiver, and from (he Cosumnes to the Fresno. . . .North of the Stan- islaus they call themselves Meewoc (Indians); south of it, to the Mirced, Meewa; south of that to the Fresno, Meewie. On the upper Merced river is Wakulla; ou the upper Tuulumue, Wakalumy; on the Stanislaus and 4:>c, TIlinAL ROl'XnAllIES. MokcIiiTinio, Wi\kftlnniyt(il». . An t" tvilml diHtrilmtion. tlio Mimwocs iKJVtli d to all IiidiiiiiH liviii;,' on the jilaiiis, as far west as Stockton. Hut thern am sj'vcral namcK wliich arc fuijiloytd uli- Holiittly, and without any rcfcrcnct' to direction. On the south liank of tlie ('osuiiim s are the Cawnees; on Sutter Creek, the Yuli'mecs; on tlie Stanislaus and 'ruiiliiniiie the extensive trilic of Wullics; in Yosemite, the Awanet s, mi the south fork of Merced, tiic Xootchoos; on the middle Merced, theChooiii- tevas. on the uniier Chowchilhv, the Hethtovas; on the middle Chowchilla the trilie that min.ed the stream; and on the north hank of the Fresno the Pohoneechees.' /'oiro'.s', in OvirUniil Moiithh/, vol. x., jiji. ',i'22~!>', MS. Miiji. The I'diti'h trilie live one liundred and tifty miles east of the Ve(,'as of Santa Clara, his Amiili's Slur, Mny IK, ]H(iI. The Xiitiiiiiitiis lived on Kinj.;'s river. Maltli/'s MS. Letter. The A''(/nr(>r(//.s lived on Four Creeks. Jh. Tije Viiliinrliiis lived on Tule river. Ih. The Pohduino.i lived on Deer creek. Jh. The PiiliiifitiiKis lived on Pasey creek. Ih. Tlio Pi)hiks, occupy the eastern slopes of the Sierra Ncvadas.' Cal. F(trmir. Mill/ S, l,s(;:!. 'The Olanches, Monos, Sicjuirionals, Wasiikshes, Cowhuillas. Chokiamauves, Tenisichs, YocoUes, Paloushiss, Wikachumnis, Opeiioehes, Tachi'S, Nut<.netoos and Choemimnees, roamed from the Tuolumne to Kiii;,'s river and the Tejon, on the east of the San JoiKpiin, the Tulare lakes and in the Sierra Nevada, us stated by Lieut. Beule, in 185G.' Ciil. Furimr, Jitm ><, mvi. The Tulan I'oii live in the mountain wilderness of the Four Creeks, l^ir- siuncula (or Kerns or Current) river and the Tejon; and wander theiie.' towards the headwaters of the Mohave and the neiyhhcirhood of tlie Calinil- las. Their present common name belongs to the Spanish and Mexican times and is derived frjm the word Tulare (a swamp with flags). Hayes' MS. ' Tu- IT BOrTITERX TALIFOnXIANS. 467 lnrcnos, Iliiliitimt In jfrnTitlc valli't' dtloH Tulim'H dc lit rulifdrnic.' Mi'frn.i, AV/i/'"*., tdiii. ii.. J). ;i;t.'>. 'The )'(>riit iluiuiiiioii iiicludts the Kern and Tuliiii' Imsins and tln' iniil- dli' iif San J<)a(iniii, Htrt'tcliiiif,' from Fresno to Kt'i-n lUvir Falls,' I'l'icirs, in Or'riiiiiil Mniitlih), vol. xi., i>. 1(15. f'liiubatwaH on I'itt river. Iinxilioron'ili'n I tier In the mithnr, MS, Shastas, in Shasta and Scott vallcyM. Ih, The Southern CAUFoRxrANs, wIiohc t»'rritor>* lifH Honth of tho thirty-tiftli parall' 1, ari', as far as is known, triliall.v distrilmted as follows: 'I'hc Ciiliiiill'is 'inhaliit principally a tract of country about cij^'lity miles last from San Mfrnardino, and known as the Cabcson Valley, and their vil- la.,'es are on or near the road leading,' to I.a I'a/ on the Colorado Kiver. . . . Another hranch of this trihe nuiiiherin^,' alxmt four hiindnd occii) y a tract (if country lyin^; in the mountains aliout forty miles southeast from San Her- nardino, known as the Coahiiila Valley." Slanlii/. in Iml. .UJ. Hi jil., IHi '.I, jip, r.'l "). 'The Coaluiillas are scatteriil through the San Uernardiiio and San Jacinto Mountains and eastward in the Cahesan Valley.' Wliitimi, in Iml. Jj)'. Hijit., 1.S7I, p. (I'.U. The Coahuilas live in the San Jacinto Mountains. I'liil,- er, in Iml. Atf. liept., iStJi), j). 17. The Cohnillas )■ side in the iioithern half of the conntiy, commencing on the coast, and exti ndinf,' to within lifly miles of the Colorado river, foUowinj^ the eastern base of the mountains, .Sx/i /■'/(//,. cisri) llirtilil, June, ]85;j. The Cahnillos or Cawios reside ' near tlie racilic, lietween the soiu'ces of the San (laliriel and Santa .-Xnua.' l.Hili ii-iii'x A''. I.iiini., p. 2(>. 'The Cahuillas are a little to the north of tin; San Luisefios, oci'Upy- iuf^ the mountain ridf,'eH and interveninj,' valh ys to the east and southeast of Mount San liernadino, down towards the Mohava river and the desert that Imrders the river Colorado, the nation of Jlohavas lying between tlnin and these rivers. I am unable just now to give the nund)er and names of all their villagrs. San (forgonio, San Jacinto, Coyote, are among those best known, till nii^'h others even nearer the desert, are more populous.' llm/in' .l/.S'. Tl:o ('oliuillas occupy the southwestern part of San ISernardino County, and the northwestern part of San Diego county. J/.S. Mhji. 'Thi' Carvilla Jndian.s occupy the Country from San Gorgofiio I'ass to the .Vrroyo iSlanco.' ('imn'ii 7'"/iii;;, .MfiiiDir, p, 11!*. 'The ('inrilh rs and Tili inuits live on I'our Creeks.' I'l., p. -loo, 'The limits of the Kahweyah and Kahsowah trilns apiiear to have been from the Feather river in the northern part of the State, to the Tulare lakes of the south,' ''nl. Fanmr, Mm/ 'I't, IMilO. The Difji'i'iiis 'are said to occupy the coast for some fifty miles above, and about the same distance below San Diego, and to extend about a hiiii- dnil miles into the interior.' Il'/iiyiyi/c, Kiflnni/,-, (i)iil Turin r'.i Hr^il., in /''C. It- h'. II' i>t., vol. iii. The Di(gninos are in ihe southern part of San Die^ro County, and extend from thi' coast to the desert, Ihtil(i/, in lud. J.//'. //'/''., I'^'il), p. '240. The Dieguinas reside in t!.. southern part of the conntiy Watered by the Colorado, and claim the land from a point on the ra( ilic to till' eastern part of the mountains impinging on the des«'rt. .S'(/( Friud-i.-in) llinild, June, 1853. The Coineyas or Diegenos ' occtqiy the coast for sonio lifty miles above, and about the same distuuce below Sun Diego, and extend iliiiiH *,« 45.S TRIBAL BOUNDARIES. about a hniidrfil milos into the interior.' Bnrtlfil's Pirft, Xnr., vol. ii., p. 7. 'Tilt' Iiidiims roiuicl San L)ii't,'o, Dcguinos, Pie^'cuos, wero in a savMj,'e state, and tluir lani^'naRo almost unknown. IJartlett says that thoy are also called C'onieya; hut \Vhi])j>le asserts that th ^ Conieya, a tribe of the Yunias. siieak a diti'erent lanL;uaj,'r.' l.nihirhj, Ah. Lnnij., p. fi'2. On paj.,'e 2"J(i Ludewi^' says that as the name Diegenos means the Indians round San Ditgo, there is no Bueh name as De^'uinos. 'The villaf:;es of the Dieguinos, wherever they live Kiparately, are a little to the south of the Cahuillas. Indeed, undir this ai)pellation they extend a hundred n)iles into Lower California, in about an equal state of eivilization, and thence are scattered through the Tecate valley over the entire desert on the west side of New Eiver. . . .Their villages Iniowii to me are San Dieguito (about twenty souls'), San Diego Mission, San Pas- qual, C'aniajal (two villages), Santa Ysabel, San Jose, JIatahuay, Loren.-^o, ban Felipe, Cajcn, Cuyamaea, \t\\\e de las Viejas.' Hay n' .1/N. The MissDitri.^ 'are scattered over San Bernardino, San' Diego and othi r counties i'l the sontlifrn part of the State.' Parker, in I:ii. Af. liipi., iSC'J, p. 17. The Ki'chi inhabit the country abori Mi.-^sion San Luis Rey. BartletCa Fers. Xar., vol. ii., p. 1)2. The I'liuiiKi.-i, or Kmhionas live three miles from the Mission of Santa Inez. Cal. Fnniwr, Ort. 18, 18GI. Liis C(ii/(it..i was the name given by the Spaniards to the tribe which orig- inally inhal)ited San Diego county. Hoffman, in San Fruntisco Meillcal J'nxs, vol. v., p. U7. Thi! Xnr Hivfr Lalkins 'live along Kew River, sixty miles west from Fort Yuma, and near San Diego.' ,Iimps, in Ltd. Aff'. Hvjit., IHCi'J, ji. '210. 'J'he aki-ras, or Caruanas, the Laijunas, or Tataguas, and the Svrillo.'! or Cartakas are mentioned as living on the Tejou reservation. Wcniicortli, in Iml. Af. Ilept , 18(52, pp. 324-<). The Se.-ran'i.s lived in the vicinity of Snn Bernardino. Reid, in Los An- fjele.s Star, Lttttr I., in //'(//f.s Col. Mr Taylor claims to have discovered the exact positions of many of the placL'S mentioned. His statement, for the accuracy of whicli i by no nieans vouch, is as follows: ' Xucu, or Shucu, on the Ortega farm, near Kineun I'oiut; ilissisissepono on Rafel Gouzale's rancho on Saticoy river, near sen, sonu'times called Pono; Coloc, near farpentavin hi ach. Mugu, below Sati- coy some thirty miles, near the se:>.; Anaebue or Anacarck, near the islit uf La Patera, near tl;e sea shore. Partocac or Faltocac, the Indian ceimttiy on the !Mesa ot La I'atera, near sea; A;;uln at the bciK-h of Los Llagos Can- ada; Casali;-, at the Itefugio Playa and Caiuida; Tucuniu o: playa of Airnyi) Honda. Xocotoe, Cojo, or Cojotoc, near Ft. Concepcion; I't. Coucepcion, Caneae (U- Caacac, or Cacat.' <'((!. Fa ■iiifr, Awi. 21, 18G;!. The following nanus of rancherias were taken from the archives of the various missions; in the vicinity of La Purissima: Lajuchu, .'-ilimastus, Sisolop, Jlaacs, or Slacus, Iluasna. Estait, Esniisehue, .\usiun, lusiiispelc, Silisne, Sacspili, F.stait, llueiiejel, Husistaic, Silinii, Suntaho, Alacupusyui n, Espiiluiiiia, Tutachro, Sisol'p, Xaila, Tutaehro, I'axpili, or Axj itil, Siliud, Litiahuato, Guaslaicpie, Pacsiol, Sihimi, Huenepel Ninyuelgual, Loi.'ipuc, 1;:: SOUTHERN MISSION INDIANS. 439 Mrthuey, or Nahajuoy, Sipiica, Stipn, Inlanima, Hunsnn, Sacsiol, Kaphisnpal, Snlachi, Nocto, Fax, Salaclii, Sitolo, or Siaitatho, Oinaxtux. Ntnr Santa Inez, wero: Sotomoenn, Katabnac, Asiuhnil. iSituchi, Kulahua.sa, Sisucbi, Knyain, or Cuyama, lonata, Tekcp, Kiisil, Sauchu, Sikitii)Uf, Tciucsatlii, Lujiinisuissilac, Tapanissilac, lalaiune, Chuinuclii). Suiesia, (huinuchu, Ta- LiJHas, Tiiiaehi, Loiiipoo, louata, Aguanin, Sotonoeuiii, Gnaislao, TiMinojas, JIatiliha, Stucii, Akotsuni, or Kaohnnia, Ahuamhoue, Gegut]), Achillinio, Alizway, Sousl'oc, Talaxano, Nutonto, Cholimis. Near Santa liavliara wtie (tuuinuonost, Sisabanona.se, Iluelenien, Inoje, Luijta, Cajpilili, ilissopiiio (Sopon Inajalayt'hua, Iluixapa, Calaluiassa, Sniliuax, Huililof, Yxanlo, AnijiU', Sisuch, Cojats, Nuuignelgar, Lugups, Glouaxcuyu, Chiiuliiii, Iptc, Sinicon, Xalanaj, Xalou, Sisahiahut, Choloboc, Ituc, Guima, Huixapa])a, ElnuiaAciay, Taxlipu, Eliuian, Auajue, Huililie, luajalaihu, Estuc, Elnaxou. Silmic'om, Liam. Some of these were from ranebi'rias of the valleys east of the '-ange on the coast. Some of these Taylor locates as follows • ' Janaya, uliuve the Mission, Salpilil on the Patera; Aljiman, near the windmill of La I'attra; Geliee, near islet of La Patera; Tequepes, in Santa Ynez Valley; Cascili, in the Refugio p'aya; Miguihui, on the Dos Pneblos; Sisiehii, in Dos Pueblos; Masehal, on Santa Cruz Island; Gelo, the islet o. La Patera; ruyamu (»n Dos Pueblos aslo Cinihuaj on same rancho; '"'oloc, at the Piineon; Alcax in La Goleta; Allvatalama, near the La (joleta Estero; Sayokeiuk, vu the Arroyo Buito; Partocao Cemetery, near Sea Blufi's of La Goleta; Iln- nialiju. of San Fernando 'Mission; Calla AVassa and Anijue, of Santa Ynez Mission; Sajcay in Lov; Cruces; Sasaguel, in Santa Cruz Island; Lueuy- uiuu, in the same Island, dated Novemlx r, 181(',; Xanahuani and Chalosas Wire also on same Island: Eljman was on San Marcos, Xexuli'itue and Tnx- lipti, were camps of the Tulares.' ''«/. Fann.i; Awj. 21, 18(13. Xeur San Buenaventura Mission were; ' iliseanaka, name of the 3Iis- sidii site. Ojai or Aujay, abor.t t'li miles up San Buenavent river, iliigu, on tlie coast neai sea on Guadalasca rancho, not far from the point so calli d. ilatiUija r.p the S. B. river towards Santa Inez, which mission also had Ma- tiliia Indians. The Matillija Sierra separates the valleys of S. Buenaventa and S. Inez. Sesjjc was on the San Cayetano rancho of Suticoy rivir, tw(Uty iiiil.s from the sea. Mupvi and Piiru were on the amyos of those names which came into the Saticny near Sespe. Kanndas was higher uj) above I'iiru. Cayeguas (not a Spanish name as spelt on some mapsj on rancho cf that name. Somes or Somo near hills of that name. Malico. range of hills south of Somo. Chichildp, Lisichi, Liam, Sisa, Sisjulcioy, Malalnie, ( hniii- pache, Lacayamu, Y'lmc, Lojos.\ogui, Lutipscb, Miguigui, and ('liihncchilii;i Wire names of other ranchi'rias. . . Ishgua or Ishguaget, was a rancheria 111 ar the mouth of the Saticc y ri\ r and not far from the beach. . . ilai neme Was a rancheria on the ocean coast :■ few nules south of Saticoy rivt r. I'apo luid Siuii were rancherias on the pres( nt Noriega rancho (if Siiiii. Saticoy i.s the name of the existing rancheria . . on the lnwer part of tlu' Santa I'anla or Saticoy rancho, about eight miles from flic sea, near soi.ie lim- springs of water, not far from the river, and near tln' high road going up tiic valleys.' ( .(/. h'ariHi'r, Juh/ 21, l(Sii;i. 'The site of S.in Ffrnaiulo was .■ rancheria called I'ashockno. Other clans were Ukowvinjha, Kowanga and Saway „„;:: I, W'j.f 4G0 TRIBAL BOUNDAKIES. Yanga. The Ahapdiingas were a clan or ranclieria between Los Angeles and San Juan Capistrauo, and enemies of the Gubiielenos or those of ^mi Gabriel. .. .The followiir; are the names of the raneherias, or clans, li n.;,' in the vicinity of San Luis Key Mission: Enekelkawa was the name of niir near the mission-site, Mokaskel, C'enyowpreskel, Itukeniuk, Ilatawa, IIuiiii- cliuwa, Itaywiy, Milkwanen, Ehntewa, Jlootaeyuhew, anil Hejiowwoo, wtro the names of others. At the Aquas Calientes was a very populous rancher a, called Hakoopin.' LL, May 11, 1800. In Los Angeles county, the following are the principal lodj^ies or randi- erfas, with their corresponding present local -lames: Yangna, Los .Angeles, Sibag-na, San (iabricl; Isantheagna, Mision Vieja: Sisiteanogna, I'lar Orchard; Sonagna, M ^Vhile's farm; Acuragna, The I'resa; A.-^ucsagiia, Azuza; C'ucomngna, Cucamongn Farm; Pasiuogna, Eancho del ( hino: Awij,'- na, La Tuente; (Lol-i^hj^ua, The Haboneria; Nacaugna, Carpenter's Faiiii; Pinengna, Santa Catalina Island; Pimocagna, Kancho de los Ybaniis; Toybiiiet, San Jose; Hutucgna, Santa Ana (Yorbcs>; Aleupkigna, Santa Anita: .Maugna, Raneho de los Felis; Hahamog'.a, Kancho de los Verdiigas; Cabuegna, Caliuenga; Pasecgna, San Fern ado; Houtgna, Ihnichito do Lugo, ;,>uangna, Suanga; Pubugna, Alauiitos; Tibahagna, Serritos; Clio- wig-na, Palos Verdes; Kinkipar, San Clemente Island, Ilarasgna. Ikvi, iu Los Aii'ivles !ortion are called Shosliniiii s, or Snakes. . . .tlie others the Shoshoeoes . . Their claim of boundary is to the east, from the n-d Ihittes on the North fork of the Platte, to its head in the Park, Decayaque, or Butfalo Bull-pen, in the Kocky Mountains; to the THE SNAKES. 461 Boutli nnross tho monntains, over to tho Ynnpapa, till it enters Grorn, or Colorado river, and then across to the backbone or ridj^e of numntains calhtl the ]!car river mountains running nearly due west towards the Salt liake, so as to take in most of tho Salt Lake, and thence on to the sinks of Marry 's or Humboldt's river; thence north to the fisheries, on the Snake river, in Oregon; and thi'nce south (their northern boundary), to the lied Buttes, including till- sourc(! of Green lliver.' Scliookvdfl'fi Airh., vol. vi., p. (iU7. ' Under va- rious nan»es. . . .the great race of Shoshoni'S, is found scattered over the boundlfSK wilderness, from Te.\as to the Columbia. Their territory is bound- ed on tho north and west by. . . .the Blackfeet and Crows.' JiroicmU's liid. llucis, pp. 1537-8. The Siuik-cs, or Shoshones proper, although they form a part only of the great Shoshone family, are usually termed " the Shoshones' by the authorities. They are divided by Dr Hurt into ' Snakes, Banuaeks, Tosiwitehes, Go- slia I'tes, and Cumumpahs, though he afterwards classes the last two divis- ions as hybrid races between the Shoshones and the I'tahs ...The Sho- shones claim tho northeastern portion of the territory for about four hun- dred miles west, and from one hundred to one hundred and twenty-five miles south from the Oregon line.' Siiujismi's Ixnute to Cal., p. -10. ' The gTeat Snake nation may be divided into three divisions, namely, the Shirrydi- kiis. or dog-eaters; the Wararereekas, or fish->'aters; and the Ranattees, or rubbers. But, as a nation, tliey all go by the general appellation of Sho- slioues, or Snakes. . . .The Shirrydikas are the real Shoshones, and live in the plains hunting the buffalo.' The country claimed by the Snake tribes ' is bounded on the east by the Eocky Mountains, on the south by the Span- isli waters; on the Pacific, or west side, by an imaginary line, beginning at the west end, or spur, of the Blue Mountains, behind l'\)rt Nez Perces, and running parallel with the ocean to the height of land beyond the Unipcpni Kiver. in about north lat. -11" (this line never approaches within 150 miles of the I'acific) ; and on the north by another line, rp. 5.1H-7, 5(0. 'The hunters rejiort, that the jirojier country of the Snakes is to the east of the Youta Lake, and north of tht^ Snake or Lewis river; btit they arc! found in many detached places. The largest band is locat-d near Fort Boise, on the Snake river to the north of the Bo- nai'ks.' \\"<' cs' Xc Smvt, Voy., p. 24. 'Their couiitiy lies south-west of the south-east branch of the C'olnnibia, and is said to l)(i the most barren of any part of the country in these western regions.' I'lirkcr's ExpUir. Tour., p. 8;i. ' On the south part of the Oregon Tcni- tory, adjoining upper California, are located the Shoshones or Snake In- dians.' lb., p. 'MH. 'Serpents on Saaptins, Monquis, Bonacks et Youtiis, toutes les branehes du Rio Colombia ou Sud-Est et les environs du liu- Sale an Timpanogos.' Mo/ras, E.rplor., torn, ii., p. 'X\». 'The country (if the Shoshonees proper is south of Lewis or Snaki^ River, and east of the Suit Lake. There is, however on<> detached band, known as the Wihinasht, ur AVestern Snakes, near Fort Boirie, separated from the main body by the trilie of Bouuaks.' Hale's Eiloioii., in I'. >'. E.v. E.v., vol. vi., p. 21'J. 'The Sho- shones are a small tribe of the nation called Snake Indians, a vague denom- ination, which embraces at once the inhabitants of the southern part of the Rocky mountains, and of the plains on each side.' Lewis uud Vlnrl.e's Tnii\, ]). .'Uli). The Snakes or Shothoucs ' formei'ly occu})ied the whole of that vast territory lying between the Rocky and th > Blue Mountains, and exti iid- iiig northward to the lower fork of the Columbia, and to the south as far as the basin of the Great Salt Lake.' Coke's Rocky Mts., p. 275. ' They occupy southern and western Nevada. Parker, in 1ml. Aff. liijit., 18(59, p. 18. 'Tiny inhabit the southern part of the Rocky Mountains and the plains on each sidi-.' liuljiiich's 0(jn., p. 124. 'They occupy all the country between the southern branch 'S of Lewis's river, extending from the Umatnllum to theE. side of tlir Stony Mountains, on the southern parts of Wallaumut river from about in to 47 N. Lat. A branch of this tribe reside. . . .in sjiring and summer on the W. fork of Lewis river, a branch of the Columbia, and in winter and fall on tlie Jlissoiiri.' Morse's liipl , p. ',W,). 'The Shoshones dwell between the l!(i(l;y and blue mountain ranges.' Xicnloy's O'ln. Ter., p. 151. 'The aborigine ts if tho Reese River country consist of the Shoshone nation, divided into iiiany subordinate tribes, each having a distinctive name, and occupying a tract nf country varying from 20 to 50 miles s(pnire. Their country is bordered nn the west by th(\ I'i-I'tes, the Edwards Creek mouiitains some 20 miles wi st of Reese River, being the dividing line. On tin- east it extends to Ruby Val- 1 y, where it joins on the territory of the (loshoots, th" Bannocks being tlnir neighbors on the northeast.' I'al. Fanner, June 'JO, 18('i;l. 'The Snake tribe, inhabit the country bordering on Lcnvis and Bear Rivers, and their varimis tril)Utaries.' I'ahmr's ,Iitur., ti. I:). 'The Snake Indians, who emlira<-e many tribes, inhaViit a wide extent of country at the head of Snake liiver above and below Fort Hall, and the vicinity of (Jreat liear Kivi r and (Jreat Salt Lake. They are a migratory race, and generally occupy the soutli-cast- I'i I ♦, BANNACKS AND UTAIIS, 463 orn iinvtion of Oregon.' Dunn's Oiin., p. 325. The Slioslioiirs inhuMt tho great iiliiiiis to tho southward r)f tho Lowis Rivor. Cox's Ailrm., vol. ii., \>. IKJ. Tho Shoshonos occupy ' almost the whole eastern h;ilf of tho State (Nevada). Tho lino soparating them from the Pai-Utes on tho oast and south is not very clearly defined.' Parl,xr, in Ind. Aff. Jiipt., 18G6, j). 114. ' Tho western hands of Shoshonos. .. .ran<:;e from the Idaho boundary north, sontlnvard to tho tliiity-oighth parallel; their western limit is the line passinj^ throuj,'h tho Sunatoya Mountains; their eastern limit Stejitoennd Groat Salt Lake Valleys.' Liil. Af. /,''7)^, 1H70, p. 05. The Snakes inhabit ' the ])lains of tho C'olunibiii between the 4;id and 4-lth degrees of latitude.' Franrlih-e's Xar., p. l^O. 'J'he Washakeeks or Green lliver Snakes inhabit the country diaim d by Groou River and its tributaries. The Tookarikkahs, or mountain shoop-oat( rs, ' oc- cupy tho Salmon river country and the upper jiart of Snake Itivor Valley, and Coiners' Prairie, near the Koise mint's.' Those two bands are tho gen- uine Snakes; other inferior bands are tho Hokandikahs or Salt I^ako I)iggor3 wlio 'inhabit the region about the great lake.' 'J'he Aggitikkahs or Sal- mon-eaters who ' occupy the region round about Salmon fulls, on Snako river.' I^duirt's Montunn, p. 80. 'The liannarks, who are generally classed with the Snakes, inhabit the country south of hei'o, (Powder Eiver) in tho vicinity of Harney lake. . 'i'he AViniias band of Snakes inhabit the country north of Snaki^ rivor, and aro found principally on tl..e Bayette, Boise, and Siokloy rivers.' Kirkpnlrh-k, in liid. AlY. Itipt., 18(!2, i)p. 2(17-8. The Bonaeks 'inhabit tho country between Tort Boiso and Fort Hall.' Wllkvs' Nnr., in U. S. Ex. Kr., vol. iv., p. r,()2. They ' inhabit the Kouthorn bordtTs of Oregon, along the old Humboldt Biver euii^'nint road.' ShnjiNim's Ihiuk ioCal., p. 47. ' Tho Bonaks seem ' to embrace Iiuliau tribes inhabiting a large extent of country west of the Eoi'ky Moun- tains. .\s tho name imports, it was undoubtedly given to ihat ])ortion f)f In- dians who dig and live on the roots of the eartii.' •lnhnxUni. in SfkniilrrttlTs Arch., vol. iv., J). 221. The Bonaks inhabit ' the banks of that part of Saptin or Snake Biver which lies between the mouth of Boisais or Roods Rivor and tho Blue Jlountains.' Farnham's Tmv., p. 7(!. Tho Bonax inhabit tho country west of tho Lewis fork of the Columbia between the forty-second and forty-fourth jiaralhds. I'drker's Map. The Bannacks range through nortlie>n Ni'vada, and into Oregon and Idaho. J'urhcr, in Iml. AtJ. Ui^il., W.'.i, ]). IS. They 'claim tho sfiuthwostorn jiortions of Jlontana ;is tli< ir land.' >'(////, in /'/., j). 2N'.I. 'This tribo oocu|iies most of tli.at portion of Nevada north of tho forty-first degree of north latitude, with thi' soutiieust- ern cornerof Oregon and the southwestern corner of Idaho.' I'mhr, in / Snake and Green Bivers.' Vrirli- (trd's liasoarchrs, vol. v., p. 4!!0. 'The Utahs of New Mi'xico are a iiortion cif the tribe of the same name inhabiting the Territory of Utah. . .'J'hcy inhabit riid claim all that region of country, end)racing the sources of the imrili- western tributaries of the Arkansas river, above Bent's fort, n\t to the smitli- eru boundary of I'tah Territory, and all the northern tributaries of the liio UTAHS, 465 f irandi', which Up within New iroxion niid north of tho HTth paralh 1 of lati- tuilo.' Mcrriii-dlirr, in Iml. A(t'. liijil.. IH^A, p. 1(!1). The I'tts ' occupy nnil claim that section of coiiiifry riin),'inj,' from Al>i([uin. norlliwanl to Navajo Itivcr anil westward somewliat of tliis line.' Ihirix. in Ind. J//', /l^/.^, 1H('>!(, ji. 2";^, The Eiitaws ' resiilc ori lioth sides of the Eiitaw or Anahiiac mount- ains, they are continually mii^rntinL; from one side to tiie other.' i'lirnlKnu'a 'I'riir., p. -IS. 'The Youtiis inhabit the country lietween the Snalic and (ireen riv( rs.' Wilhs' Xdr., in i'. -S. H.r. E,t., vol. i , p. itWl. -'I lie I'tahs' claim (if boundaries are all south of that of the Shoshonies. end)raciii;4 tho waters of the Colorado, f^'oini,' most probably to the (iulf of ( nlifornia.' WHri'iti, in SrhodlcrajTs Avdi., vol. vi.. p. fl'.IM. The country of the I'taws 'is situated to the east and southeast of the Shoshones, about the Salt Lake, and on the head waters of the Colorado river, whicli empties into the yulf of California. .. .Their country beiny in latitude about H.' The Claws arcs decent in ai)pearunce and their country, wliicli is towards Santa Fe. is said to be tolerably j^'ood.' I'arl.cr's K.rjilar. Tniir.. pp. 70. ;t(i|(. The Autas. I'taws, or Voiilas, ' ranj,'e between lat. 35 and -i'l Xorth and the Miriilian^^ '1'.) and 'M \y Loni,'. of '\Vashin<,'ton. The f^reat Yulas trilie is divided into two fa- milies which are contradistin^^uished by tlie names of their icspi ctive liead- (piartcrs: the Tao Yntas, so called because iht ir principal camp is pitdied iu Tao mountains, seventy miles north of Santa Fe; and the Timpani;_;os Yutas, wiio hold their ^'reat camp near the Timjiani^os lake.' FarxhdDi'n l.ij'iiii ('ill., p. ;J71. ' Cm den Fluss Dcdi'.res liaben die Yntas Tabe;,'uachis I'ayi'ches und Tularciios ihre Wohnsitze.' Muhkiipfiinlt, Mcjii-o, tom. ii., \>t. ii., p. "jltS. The Ctahs live 'on the border of NewMexii'o.' J.Kihii-hi'x Ah. Lumj., p. VM. ' Lo pays dcs Ctaws est .situe Fl Test et an sud- nations of the West, bein^,' scattered from the north of New Mexico to the borders of Snake river uu.l Kio Colorado.' (r'/(';/;y".s Cum. I'ni'iries, vol. i., j). liOll. The I'lili rtin occupy the greater i)art of Nevada, und extc nd soutliwavd into .Arizona und south-eastern (California. There is reason to believe tliat the Pi Ctcs are a distinct tribi' from tlie Fall Ttes. but as the same localities arc freipiently assigned to both tribes by (lifl'erent writei's, and as many liavo eviilently tliouyht thiiu one and tlu' same, thereljy causing' L,'i'i'at confusion, J have thouj^dit it liesl to merely j^ive the nanies as spi lied by the authoiities witliiiut attemjitiliL; to dccidi' whicli ti'ilie is biini,' sjioken of in t itla r case, 'llir I'al'-Utes 'ranLje jirincipally in tlir snuthwi stern ptirtinii of Ctah and thr sdiitheastern portion of Nevada.' //"/(/, in Iml. AjL 7c/i/., l>M'.r., [). 121. 'i'ln I'ah Ctes 'arc spread over tlie v.ist tr.-ict of territory, bet ween tho Sii na Nevada and the Colorado Itiver, ;,'iiim,' .as far siaithas the tliirty-tifth jiarallel, auil extending,' to tlie northward thron-h ' ,.:! .,n'aund Nevada into South- iV)i (»i(-(m and Idaho.' Culyn; in Iml. Aj}'. i;>j,l., IHH!), ]). ',12. 'J'he Fah-Tte.s inhabit the western j)art of Nevada. Wall.-ir, in lii'l. .[tj. liijil.. Is72. p. ")l». I'he Fall Utesund Fah Ivies ranL;e over all that part of Ftah sontli nl' the ciiy of Filmore in Millard County. Il'ii'l. in Iml. .[t/. U'lit., iS(!,S, p. l.")i). -The ti rm Fah Utes is applied to a very larL;e nmuber of Indians who roam throu.nii that vast section of country lying between the Sierra Nevada and the Coio- VoL. I. 30 4CG TKIBAL BOUNDARIES. ■ ri\ I , ^ ratio, poiiif? as fur south as the tliirty-fifth pnrallfl, niul pxtonding to the iiDrthwiinl thron<,'h C'ulifomiiv, NfViidii, into Southern Ort't^'on and Idaho. Tile Indians of this trilx' lu Arizona are located in the hi>^ l!end of the ( til- orado, on hoth sides of the riv<'r, and ranj,'e as far east as Diamond l{iver, west to the Sierra Nevada, and northward into the State of Nevada.' Jmns, ill fii/ tin' Sainls, ji. f)7(). 'The Womeiiunche (also known as the Pa Uches) occupy the country on the Siiii .Tiian river.' Col'bi.i. in fiid. Ajr. Hi pi., Wd, p. 'I'.iH. 'Th(^ eust.iin of disign.'iting the ditl'eront bands of Pah Ut s is derived from the name of some article of food not connaon in other localities; '-Ocki," signifies " trout. " "toy," •• tule," A-c. TlieOcki Pah Ites. . . are located on ^Valker liiver inid Lake, and the mountains adjacent tliereto. The Cozidiy Pah I'tes. . . raiig't from Mono Lake east to Smoky Valley.' Cniiijnill. in [n'l. AjJ'. Hijil.. IsTd, J) ). llJ-lli. Till' I'ah I'tes exteial, 'over portions of Utah and .\rl/ona Ter- ritories, also the .States of Nevada and Ci'lifornia. /■'■ nloi:. in /(/., p. 1 l.'i. The Chemi'huevisareabandof Pah-Utahs. ]\'liipp'i\ Ki'-IkiiiI.-. nwd Tiirin r'.-< Hipl., in I'dc It. /'/)/.. vol. iii., p. 71). TheChimehuevalsliveabout forty milt s bi'low the Colorado River agency, on the California si(h' of the river, and are scattered over an area of fifty square miles. Tutunr, in In '. .111'. li'7'J. ji. 3'2:). The Cheniehuewas are 'located nialnlyon the west bank of the Colon- do, above La Pa/, and rangesalong the riverfroin about thirty niihs south of Fort Mohave, to a point fifty niih'S north of F(U't Yuma, to the eastward, but a short distance.' SheniKdi, in Tml. Aft'. Iii'pl., ISCi'.l, p. 21''i. Tlie Chemihuevis live on th" Colorado river, above the 15111 Williams fork, a small tribe and (piite unknown, /'o.s/oa, in hul.At}'. liipt., IHCio, p. 3.S7. Tlie Cheniehiievls are 'a bund of Pahutahs, belonging to the great Shoshonet' family.' J.iiilrii-hi's All. Ldii'i.. ]). :)5. ' The (Tilmchinves are undonliti'dly a branch of the Pah etc tribe.' Sl hundred and twenty broad, Iviiii,' parallel and east of that of the Washoes. ith of Walker lake are the Mono Pi I'tes. . . .They are closely allied to the AValkei* liiver or (Jcki Pi I'tes. . . .located in tho vicinity of Walker river and laki' and '"'arson river and Up[>er lake At the lower Carson lake are the Toy Pi I'trs.' t'nnijthvU, in ImL Aff. l!i}il., isr.li, p. ll'.t. ' I'pon the Colorado river, Ml the northern iiart of the Territorv lives a Viand, or some bands, of Pi I'tes, 1 ipyini,' both sides of the river, roamiiiLr to the limit of .\rizi ill th st, b:,t on the east, fi lie miles, how far cannot be determined.' 117///- :\b , in /(('/. AiJ. i:< (il., l^i;^, p. Mil. The Pi I'te ' ranj^c extends north to thii ivrr, siiith to port Mnj.tvr, cast to tlie Little Colorado and San Prnncisci) st throii'^h the siiiithirn jiart of Nevada as far as uiiii mis, and on tlie wis the Caliuiniiii line .the I iru;er portion liviiiL; in Nevada.' Fvnton, in I ml. r. Uf. 1! /«/., l.SO'.l, )). 2ii:!. '1 he Pi Iti s inhabit the south-west iiortion of Utah. scat- .v.st- .//■. in hnl. Atr. r,i is7(t. !'• The ]'i I'te Indians an tii'i d over a lar extent of I oiiiitrv in Southeastern n Itah.' ]'nn-. 47 H. The fJosli ViiI;in, ' II body of sixty under ii peiicefnl leader were settled j)ermaliently on tlie Indian Farm at Deep Creek, and the remainder waiuleied 40 ti> 200 inilis West of Cit. S. L. City.' niirl(»i's I'Uij of llir Sd'ml.i, ]). .177. The ToijiniiKHi live aliont the liead of Reese River Valley, and in the Country to the east of that point. T'li/lor, in Cnl. Fnnner, Jutio, 2'i, lS(i:!, The Ti'UKiktU'vs livo about thirty miles south of Jacohsville. <', p. 17. ' The Pahvents occupy the territory in the' vicinity of Corn Creek reservation, and south of the (loship Shosliones.' Toniiilnltf, in /)/'/. Ajf. Jtcpt., ISiili, p. 230. ' The Pah Vant Indians inhabit llie country south of the Goship Slin- Bhones.' ToiirtoUolle. in Iml. ,\f. h'rpt.. 1S70, p. U2. The Pi Fil(s ' are a band ranging' through Reaver and Little Salt Lake Valley, and on the Vir^'in and Santa Clara rivers, down to tin; !Miiddy, ( m- braciuf,' the whole southern jiortion of Utah Territory.' Irish, in Iml. .Uf. l{i]}t., ISCi), p. 1|,"). 'The Py Kdes live adjoiiiiiifi the Pahvants, down to the Santa Clara.' Siinjison's Itmiit; to Cdh, ji. 4.'), 'The Pi Ede Indians inhabit the country south of the Pah Vants.' Tourtdollr, in hid Ajf'. licjA., lS7(t, ]i. It2. 'The Piede Indians inhabit the extreme southern portion of the terri- tory (Utah) on the Santa Clara and ^Itiddy rivers.' ArmxtroiKj, in hid. Afl'. 11' jit.. IS.'iC), p. 2:U. The Piede Indians live on Rio Virgin and Santa Claia river. (''(ri"a//(r)',s Innd. of Tntr., j>, 2:^;t. The K'ts// '<'.-( 'inhabit the country along the base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, from Honey lake on the north to the west fork of Walker's iiv( r the south.' Dodjc, in hid. Aff. liepl., 18.")!), p. 374. Sbiipson'n Ronte to Cnl.. on p. 4."), and Ihirtona ("di/ifthc Sn'iut^, p. 578, repeat this. The Washoes 'are Bt.ited to have boundaries as high uj) as the Oregon line, along the eastein tlanks of the Sierra Nevada, as far to the east as two hun r'vfrnmn western ]virt (if Ni'vad.i. J^irhr. in lud. AjT. r,]>l., IX''''.. p. ll"i. ■ ( '(iiiimi'iK'iii'^' lit tlic wi'stcrii liiiuiiclaiy of llic State, wc hive I'unI llie \\,i-.li')e ti'il)e ()e('ii|>yiiit,' a tract of eoiiiitry one Inindi'ed iiiile-i Ihiiu;, nnitli and south, l»y Iwenty-tive in width.' ('(imiihill, in Id., \i. I I'.i. liie AWishoes ■ live ah)n^ Lake IJi^h'T and tlie li< adwatei's of Caisiin. AVallii r, ainl 'Vvni rivers, anil in F.oie.,' and Sierra Valleys.' W'lis in !,'ii-h'i-. in //e/. .1'^. /'■/./. ls.;'.i the \V( |>. I ■<. Th ' \V i-i!i'):'s ' fre'|i|i"it til ■ si'ltied p >rfion^ of the St.ite, i)nM'i;iilly the towns (»f VirL,'inia City, Carsoii City, Iteiio, Washoe CJity, and (ii noa. Til stiMiiiier Ihey li.talce themselves to the niountains in the vicinity of i,al;i> Talioe and Mope Valley.' Do, nil, i-.. in /- /. .Vf. I.'i'pl.. ISTll, p. ',)(;. The Sniniiil III :< ' nin'_!e throiiu;h the Sanpitch valley and creek en th» ■^e\iir nver. Irish, in lii'l. .UT. //i/-/., Im;."), ]>. 11." The Si inn Icln -^ are a. trilie \va inlerilli.' on the desert to til ill I, III. Aff. Hif)!., 1«('.'.», p. -JIIU. 'The Sail Pitch Indians inh.d.it th ith of Voilta l.aKe.' I'l'llmi-il' s h'l • nmrrlii's, \ol. v., p. Ilil). liiirtoii niriilions ' Saiiipichyas ' settled at San I'de. t'ih/ III' III'' .S'liiih, p. '>7H. The San I'itches ' live in the Sail Pitch valley and uloii',' the Sevier river.' I'odIci/, in Iml. AjT. Uijit., l.S(!">. p. IH. •The San I'itches occupy II territory south and east of the Tiiiipana;,'os.' /''e/c/i //.;//.', miitry iiboiit th" San P.'te reservation.' TmrHiilti-, in //* /. AjT. Il^'fl., l^Tii, p. II-'. ' r.es Sanijiectches, les Pa.eiiuts et les .\ni|iayouts solit les pins proclies voi- siiis des Serpents.' l)o Siinl, \'<'i/., p. -!H. Tlie i'iiiln i'liK 'claim I'iiita valley and the country aloiiL! (ireeii riv(>r.' I'liriu'ii, in ///(/. .!_//'. /ey;/,, lS"i',l, ]i. ;!(;i. The I'iiita Vutas live 'in the iiionnt- aiiis south of I'ort I>iid.u;er, and in the country aloiiy (ireeii Piiver.' IIhiUiu'h ('ill/ of llif Siihih, p. ■'J77. T'he )'(((// I'lili /7f',v ' inhaliit the country south of the I'inta Valley reserva- tion.' TiiiirMlnllr, in //-./. .I;;'. /,'././., ls7(», ]<. Ij-J; /■/., IMi'.t, p. ■^■'A. riie /•-'//,■ Mitiuil'un I'k.s live in the south-eastern jiortion of I'tah. 'I'mn-- ti'Hiilli', ill //((/. A^r. li'ijil., lS7ii, p. 112; Umiun'^ '"ilU".'' '/'^ Siitiil.-^, p. ."iTs. I'tinies callinl Slioslmteo-i K I'peats. The Tofiiitcpcs ov White Knives, or us they are 1' I'oiit-iiieii, on the Jiiiniliolilt and (roose Creek. Sliiiirl'.'i MiDilihui, p. Hit. , iiilialiit the re^'ion ahui^,' the llunilioldt 17. The Indians ahoiit Slonv I'oiiit iiro T'he T"os iwitches, or White Ki ■r. .^'. ^I'X. i\ed-lilooils of the \'U id Slioshonees, mid raiiL,'e in the re,i,'ioii of Salt lake, AVelier and Ou'di u valleys in northern I't, Vi'W', in Iml. A'}'. Ii'iiil , IS'.o, p. 114. ■he ir iiiiiir mil Ill's are 'a trilie of the I'te Indians, whose eoiintrv is ciiiallv from Tierra .\iiiarilla northward to Kilos de los .Vniiiias ainl theiieo also to thu iUo tirandu. Thev mix with thu Pi Utes iu Utah.' Jhn Jirl. 470 TUIBAL BOUXD.VUIE^i. Af. Hopt., ISfit), p. 25.-, Th.* Wi'iniMiuclHi Ttos 'mam and hunt wrst of tli,. Klin .Iimn llivcr, iiml tlnir l(iilj;cs arr to 1"' found iilnnt,' tlic ImnkH of the Ilin dn Ills Animus, ]tio di' In I'liitii and Itio Muni'os.' JIhii.iidi, in Iml. .1//'. /.'i///., 1X70, p, 1."),-). Till! WendniK'liii VUh live lu'ar tho Snn Juiin river. Annslniidi, iu Iwl. Atj: I!'i>t., lH-2, p. ;)(i7. Till' CiiiKilr fVcs 'roam from within ftvn to t'lfty miloH of thi' u^^'incy. l>iit tlio tjrcati'r part of tlif time livit the country about Red Livke, sontb of the She- l)eretches.' Toiirlilhlti; in Ind. A(r. J.'iiil., INTO, )). 142. 'i'hu Task rii's live nciir the Navajos. Jliirtmi's (ill/ of the Sdinl.'t, p. ."iTs. The Taherhya, or Sun-hnnters, 'live about Tete de Diche, near Spunish lands.' ' Timpena^,'uchya, or Tinijianii Yuta, corrnptiMl into Tenpeiiiiy T'tis, . . . .dwell about the kanyon of that name, and on tht east of the Swei t\vat( r Liike.' lliirton's City of the Sdints, pp. 577-8. 'The Tini|)ano},'e Indians formerly resided at and about Spanish Fort reservation, but they ure now scattered anionj,' other bands and do not now exist as a separate trilie.' Timr- i'llolh, in /)('/. ,1/. i:'pl., I87(t, p. 112; see also /,/., IHC.;), p. 2:Ji). The Tini- panoj,'s inhabit ' I'tah valley, and the ueiyhboriug mountuius.' Cuvl'ij, in hid. Ajf. JUpl., 18G5, p. i7. 'St of till' f thi'llin I/. Hiiil., Dii^lriiiiij, I'licy, I'lit fiom tivii 'unmiti, ill rs. TJ:;?^.-,.,.,,/ AC / „„;^o ,.i'l '-,•-■1 S/tf AftWf/fiJh CHAPTEn y. NEW MEXICANS. GEoflr.ArnicAi. Position of this Gnoup, and Physicai, FKATrr.Es op thk TKiauTouY — Family Divisions: Ai'achks, I'fKni.os, Lowkii {'amiokmans, AND XouTHKitN ilKxicANs- TiiK xArAfiiE Family: C'omanchks, Al'A^■Il^:^^ rRdl'Kl!, HUAI.APAIS, YUMAS, CdSMNOS, YaMPAIS, Y'aI.L'IIKDUNKS, Yama.iads, CiiCHKK?,, CiaV.ADOS, NiJOISAS, NaVAJOS, Mu.IAVKS, and 'IIIKII! crsToiis — Th!-; Pl'kblo Family: I'ckdlos, Moyuis, Pimas, .Makk opas, I'apa^os, AM) TIIKin NFKiHDOUS— TkK CocHIAIIS, ■WaKTIUS, I'l IIKTIS, AM) OTIIKU LiiwKU ('ALii'dUMAXs — TiiK Ski'.is, Sinaloas, Tai!aiii-mai;ks, Concuos, Tkpkhianes, Todjsos, AcAXi.s, and oruLi;s in NoiautUN Mkxiio. Tho Xi:\v !^^EXICA^■s. uiuU'r M'liicli iiiuno I ^voiip tlio nations of Now '\Iexioo, Ari/ona. Lower Calirornia. So- nora. Sinaloa,, Chihnalma. l)ui-an,it.> n .\..<0-"' ,,, »;■>--" '\/ 'I WAS ■.. ''''^%-..^ \ X. \\ !) l'l»lt|U!|'UIHll- Aptifft' f-J^iu ^^*f"l 'Jfi^*f^ ( /-sx*^" Vf.f- }f*tt*lH»] ---^ %, ^'*"- ^YV^ <^.// „J.«..... ~- ^ ^- iV ^« J 111' - •»»VO'* .- ' \ , f . > X ^ .. n:i:..,A t^':. -. •X'*' A cur.co^^ > "^ ^i iiuicjtn 1. T.|,U....1< ..•..MMITW'. >■ ^ .., r . A » •■"fi9»» 1 cur«coiiJ la:. - ' '^ ^ '-^* -4 /^ \ I'l Aiui X,i, ri ITATIVE RACES I. II' "^/^\u — 1 NEW MEXICAN CROUP Sriili- 1 r ;Mit» iMiii //.I M.illilr „../•• r /.. ..„ .,„■>,. 1 >^ft' Kl'l ' : NAV AJOS ' i i i \,t\» slimV Sl.i..„..^/ .,„„„.\ l\ /s ll.l-faiis.. ._ r- ■^-./ ^^ , li /S ll.l-faiis.. " , J! (l'"J>' f.^hA l'.M>"lii.- \ ! M M'" \k . '.[ W- rts, l)ands of American ikdouiii.s roar.; over innnense tracts seeking what they may devour. Here it is tliat many a luckU'ss miner and ill-protected travtder pays the pen- alty of his temerity with his liie; here it is, more thai: elsewhere within the temperate /.ones of the two Amer- icas, that the natives bid defiance to the encroachments of ci\ili/,ation. Sweeping down upon smsdl settlements and isolated parties, these American Arabs I'ob. murdfr. and destroy, then fleeing to their strongholds bid defiance to |)ursuers. In the midst of all this we find iuiothcr phenomenon in the .semi-civilized towns-people of New THE APACHES. 473 ^roxico , mider which general name 1 in- clude all the savage trihes roaming through Xew Mexico, the north-western jx)rtion of Texas, a small j)art of north- ern Mexico, and Arizona; the Ptiefi/os, or partially culti- Aatcd towns-people of Xew Mexico and Arizona, with whom I unite, though not town-builders, the non-no- niadic I'imas, Maricopas and l';i[)agos of the lower (jila River; the Loicer (J\vu Liii^'uagu Na-uni, siL;nil'_Yinj,' "lift' iicoiilc." ' I'rirlKiril's \iit. //i^^, vul. ii., p. T)!',*. 'The Coniauclifs and tlu' nuuicniiis tribis of C'liichinu'cas .. uin iMimn'i'luiiidcd by tht> Sp(i,niards nndtr tlif va^nn? nanic of Micos.' /'/('A'nv/'s I'l-ir'iri-h's, Veil, v., p. I'll. Tlif ti'ilii' cdlcd tlii'iiisclvcs Niyuiia.' Srlntnlrnit'l'.-t .l''/(., vdl. ii., pp. T)?.') (!; I'ufli'r's Xdin mi Tix., ji. '231; ,V< /;es, Felones, Pinalenos, Tejuas, Tontos and Vacjueros, roaminj;- over Xew >ioxico, Arizona, north-western Texas, Chihuahua and 8onora,* and who are alHed bv huitiuaue to the great Tinneh I'aniilyf the Karajos, or Tenuai, 'men,' an they designate themselves, having linguistic brf's, que iinnqne do dos lenfjuds iliferentes ospresan nna niisiiia iiiicinn.' Itn: litndicr 1/ Tlioi:!, J>wii<>, j). '251. ''I'lic L'oiiiiinchi'S are u l)i'iiiuli :scrls, vol. ii., p. '24; liitnilniKtnn, Spnren der Azt. Spr., j). ;;'.)1. ^ 'rrohahly because tluii winter (piarters are always located amid tlie forests whicli ^'row npon the Sierras.' Cri'iiioui/n Aimrln n, yt. 2-l'.i. •* ("ordero ^'ives tlie following' tribal names, which he says are use 1 amonj,' themselves; Vmni ettineniie. 'lontos; Sef,'atajeniie, Chiricaj^uis; Tjiiiccu- jenue, (lilefios: lecujenne, Mimbrefios; Yntajeniie, Favaones; Sejeniic. Ales- ca' vos; Cuelca.jenne, Llaneros; Lipajeiino and Yutajenne, Lipaiis and Xa- vajos. Orosrii 1/ lirrra, (icDiiniJin, pp. ;i(l!), Ii7!)-8K5. 'Los jjiinas t,'ili nosllaniMii ii los yavipais taros o nifores; los jamajabs les llamaii yavij)ais y nosotms a))aches.' 'r((/'(vs, D'utrio, in I>ni\ //).(/,, lioldin, toni. v., p. Ul-l. Apaches, ' their name is said to si'^- nify ' nu^n.' ' Mescaleros, 'the ineaninj;; of the name, probably, is (h'ink- ers of mese.il.' Cort z, in Pac. J{. li.]ti]>t., vol. iii., pp. llS-l). Froflirl's Cm- iml AiiiiT., pp. I{()!), 353, -I'Jl; Frochel, Aus Anienhft, tom.ii., pji. KJl, '2i'.). 425; Orcij I'x Cdiii. /'/v/irics', vol. i., ]i. '2(S5; WisU zonns' Voac. p. 2(1; 'I'luhiuiicl, Mi.vU.n, p. 351 ; Itiu-ton's Adivn., p. l'J4; Ealon, in ,Sclio. 3(IH. ^ ' Tlie .\paclies and their con^'eners belon;,' to the .\thai)ascMii family.' Turner, in I'd'-. II. It. lii'pt., vol. iii.. ]>. 84, and in .Vnwrllcs Annalts din Voij., 1852, turn., cxxxv., p. 311; Jhinvnuch's Un-' rh, vol. ii., yt. 10. APACHE NATIONS. affinities with tlic Apache nation, with which iiuk-ed thev arc .sometimes chissed, living in and around the Sierra de los Mim])resf the Mojaves, occupyinfi; both hanks of the Colorado in Mojave Valley; the Ilnaldpus^ near tlie hea*' 'ers of Bill Williams Fork; the Ynninx, on t!ie oasi' .ak of the Colorado, near its junction with the Rio ixWn]' the Cosuinos, who like the lluala})ais are sometimes included in the Apache nation, ranging thi'ough the Mogollon Mountains;** and the Yampals, between Bill AVilliams Fork and the Rio Ilassayampa." Of the nnd- titude of names mentioned l)y the early ?^panish autlior- ities, I only give in addition to the above the Yoh-he- dmics, located on the west bank of the Colorado in jdjout latitude 33^ 20', the Ydmajahs, on the east baidv of the siuiie river, in al)out latitude 34 -35 ; the CorJicvx. in the Chiricagui Mountains of Arizona, the Crnzdi/os^^^ in Xew Mexico, and finally the Xijoms,^^ somewhere about the lower Colorado/^ •J ' The ApncLes call the Navajors Yutnhknh. The Navajoos rail thorn- selves, iiH a tribe, Teui'i.ii (man). The aiipellation Navajo was niKinestioii- ahly ,uiven them ])j' the Siiaiiiavils.' Kittoii, in iSclnKilcnift's Ar( li., vn\. iv,, jip. 217, 21S. ' 'I'ho Navajoes and Aiiaehis are ideiitieally inie peoiiK'.' ('iriiiniii/'H Ajiwli'ii, p. .'iOO; Ilmim's Adrn)., p. 1'.)!; MdlllKiusoi, Tafi'lmrl,, p. 221); /V.s- t'ln, in Ind. Aff'. liijit., lHV>:i, p. ','>H'J. ' Navajoes and Apachi's have deseended fnau the same stoek.' Cuvlcton, in Iml. AJ}'., JlipL Sjinc. Cmn., IHI.7, p. l:,4. 'The Navajoes are a I'nehlo Indian.' Cnivr, in Id., p. ;i2'.t. ' Allied to the Crow Indians.' Fihixtlrhic, in Einori/'s Hinnitxiixadnre, ]). I'.'.'.i; Thiiiiimrl, 3f'.i-/'Ao, p. ;J18. 'Most civilizi'd of all the wild Indians of North America.' J-'arn'unii's lAfv, in (\d., p. 372. Tlu! Navajoes ' are a division of the ancit nt I^iexicans.' Sci'in's in the HdcIii Mis., p. JHd. " ' " Ynmah," sij^nilies " Son of the liiver." and is only applie In- dians born on the bajdis of the Colorado. This nation is eomposi d of tivo tribes, . . .anionj,' whieh. . . th<' Yabipais ( Yanipais or Yampaosi.' Itiniiin rh'n I )i .fiit.i, \ol ii., p. ().'). ' The Cajiienches aiul ('uehans .. belou;,' to Iwo dif- ferent divisions of one tribe, which fiirms part of the {,'reat nation of tii(! Yuiaus.' Id., p. 10. " Cosninos, ' Es ist mehrfaeh die .\usicht ansL;es))rochen worden das die ineisteu derselben /.ii dem Stamme d( r Aiiaehes ^'ehiiren, od( r vielaiehr niit ilineii v»'rwandt sind.' Mulllninsen, Tdiichitcli, pp. 330-1; Fiiniir'.t lluimin Uuvi'. p. 482. '•• 'The Yanipais form a oonmH'tin;,' link between the Oila, Colorado, and rnel>l() Indians.' n7/(/i/)/'. in I'uc. /.'. 7'. Iti'iil., vol. ill., p. IIS. Vanqiais iin^ related to the Yumas. .Mtilllniiisin, /A/'si/i, torn, i , p. 131 . Yanipais: 'I'lKible to separate them from the Tonto-Apaehes.' Mmcry, in Iml. Afi'. h'lpt-, i'S")7, '" ' Llaman aestos indios los ernzados, pnr nnas ornces que todos, ehieos y j^randes se atan del cojx'te, ipie les viene a caer en la frente; y eslo hacen cuanclo ven a los espanoles.' Salmrron. Itchtcione.'i, in /Ait'. JIi>l. Mi\f., Herio iii.. toni. iii., p. 31. " ' Uuos dicen ipie a un lado de estas naci(jnes (Yntas) para hacia al Po- 470 NEW MEXICANS. Tlio A[)iiclic country is |)r()l)al)l_v the most dosort of all, {iltonititinj^ betwcLMi sterile plains antl wooded mount- ains, interspersed with coinparati\ely i'ew rich valleys. 1'he rivers do little to t'ertili/e the soil except in s[)<)ts; the little moisture that appears is (juickly absorbed by the cloudless air and arid plains which stretch out, some- times a hundred miles in len noi'hc a las iiacioiu's mas iiiiiii'diatas y Ics (juitan sns liijos, los (jiKi cantivaii y vciiilcii a los piiuas y ('sttis a los csijanolcs; si ts asi qne hay tal liacioii, ost.i en csfa iiuiii'diacioii del rio Colorado pun el rio Salado {I rio Verde. ' Xulirins th' Id I'limrli, in Ihir. Iljst. .\f.v., serie iii., toiii. iv., ]i. Hits. ' I'od )s estos eautivos llaiiiau ]ior aea fnera Xijores, auiKine hay otni naeioii Hijeras a parte.' SahliU'iir, Itvladhi, iii hoe. Hid. Mi.v., serie iii., torn. iv., p. sr.i I- F ir further jjartienlars as to loeatiou of tribes, see notes on Tiudal BouNUAUiKs, at the end of this chapter. PHYSIQUE OF AVAC'IIES. 477 The (lispiirity in pliy.sical apix'ariince Ijetween wine of these nations, which may he attributed for the most part to diet, is curious. Wliilo those who subsist on mixed vegetal)le and animal f(M)d. present a tall, healthy, and muscular development, hardly excelled by the Caucasian race, those that live on animal food, excepting:!; ])erhaps the Comanches, are small in stature.' wrinkled, shriveled, and hideously ujily.'* All the natives of this family, Avith the exception of the Apaches proper, are tall, well- built, with muscles stronjily developed, pleasing features, although at times rather broad faces, high foreheads, large, clear, dark-colored eyes, possessing generally ex- traordinary powers of vision, l)lack coarse hair and, for a wonder, beards. Taken as a whole, thev {;re the most jxirfect specimens of physical mjinhood that we have yet encountered. While souie. and pjirticularly females, are of a light copper color, others again approach near to the dark Californian. Women are generally plumper, inclin- ing more to obesity than the men. !^^ome comely girls are six)ken of amongst them, but they grow okl earl\ .'* 13 ' Besonders fiel uns dnr TTntprsrliird zwischrn flon im GoliirRP, alinlicli dfi) Wiilfun lilii'udeii Viiiiiiiays und 'Joiitos . . uinl iltii vdii vej^ctiibilisclicn Stoffeii sich iiiilmnden lifWdlimrn dcs Colorado-'l hides iviif, iiidt'iu crstcie uur klcine hiisHliche (iestalti n iiiit widri^'fiii tiK-kisclieiii Ansdriick dtr I'hysi- oj,'iioiiiie wiireii, die aiiderfii diii^i-j^i'ii wie liinter MeisttTwerki! der Ki.-lnipfer- isi'heii Natur erschienen.' MdUhitumn, 'ritiji'lmch, p. 384. I' The Nnvjijos are 'of ^ood size, nearly six feet in height, and well pro- liortidiied; clieek-bones high and prondnent, nose straight and well sha])ed; hair long and black: even black; . . feet small; li)is of nuiderate size; heiul of niediuni size and Well shajied; forehead not small but retreating.' Lellnr- inanh, in Smithmndan Ucpi., IH")."). ji. '2S,S. 'Fine looking, physically.' 'Most symnii .acal figure, combining ease, grace and power, and activity.' And the Cciinaiiches ' abfiut live feet t( n inches in hf'ight, with well proportioned slioulders, very deep chest, and long, thin, but muscular arms.' ('irwiDii/'n Aj)(irlii!<, pp. 4!), 3()5, 1.5. The Jlojave 'men are (all, erect, and fkiely pro- portioned. Their features are inclined to Kuro])ean regularity; tluir eyes large, shaded by long la>hes.' The C'uchans are ' a noble race, well formed, active and intelligent.' Whippli-. in I'lic li. h'. Utpt., vol. iii., jiji. 110, IM. The Navajos are distinguisheil ' by the fullness and roundness of their eyes.' miijiph, Ewhank, (iiid 'I'unn'r's H-iil., p :il, in /'"c. //. It. Hipl., vol. iii., ' The t'anianehes are small of stature. . . wear moustaches and heads of long hair.' J'ojtr, in I'ltr. It. It. It'jit., vol. ii., p. b"). 'J'lie Comanches ' (ju(> da uu aspecto bieii particular A estas nnciones, es la faltrt com])li'ta de cejus, piles ellos se las arrancan; algniifis tienen una ])oca barba.' IkrUimlUr (mil 'I'lmril, hiarid, p. 'l')',]. The Vumas "if left to their natural state, would'be line look- ing.' but the Hualpais 'were squalid, wretched-looking creatures, with splay feet, large joints anres( nt a remarkable contrast to our tall and athletic JFojaves.' The Xa\a- jos are 'a liuo lookiuy race with bold features.' 'The Mojaves are perhaps 478 NEW MEXICANS. In contradistinction to all tliis the Apacli«K proper, (tr Ajjache nation, an wo may call thcni, arc slim, ill de- veloix.'d, but very agile. Their height is about five leet nH fino ft rnco of nion phvsicftUy, ns tlicrp is in rxistcnrc. Trrs' CitUii-(iih% Hiiir. i)p. U, 54, 'J7-8, 108, 7:J,' V2H, 1!», X), Wl, IX, jilate ]). (id. The Co- iimiu'lifs are 'de bneim tstiitnrii.' Ikituniiiiit, ('ru)iic(i ilv Mixhuocun, MS.. \<. ftJ7. Tlie jx'oplc bctwffU tlic Colorado and Gila rivtrs. ' lis |,'cntf Mi a ai,'<'stiida y corpnleuta, trigncfios dc color.' Scililmdir, Jlil(ir'ii»i, in I)iir, Hi.-i. .lA.r., Kcric iii., toni. iv., p. H.'il. The Cruzados arc dcscrilxd as ' Men iv^i s- tadoH \ noMfs yt'llas ht'inidsas dc lindos ojos y aniorosas.' Sdhimini. Jlilml. iini's, in l)(tr. Hist. Mix., si'ric iii., toni iV., p. Itl; kcc also ('ojvAjkc, in 'I'lrhiin.r- ('(iiiijHni.-i, i'oi/,, Kcrit' i., toni. x., ji. 4K). In New Mexico Allc^rc d<'scrili(s tlicni as ' corpulcntos V l>riosos, jicro nial a^'cstados, lasorcjas larj^'as. . tii m ii ]")ciil)arl)a Allnjre, Jli.st ('limit. (/(' t/i sKs, toni. i, p. 'Ml; and of the same pi Alccdo writes 'sonde niejor aspi-cto, color y pro|'or<'ion cpu' losdenuis.' hi'- ciiimtrio, toni. iii., p. 184. And Lieut. Milllliaiisen, who freipuiitly (,'oes iiilo «'cstasies over the s]>lendid tij^ures of the lower Colorado i (■o])l{', whom Le calls the personitication of the ancient j,'ods of tlie IJonians and (ireeks, sii\s further that they are ' (,'rosse, schcin t,'e\vachsene Leute,' and descrihes tin ir <()lor as 'dunkelknpferfarhi^',' Of the wonnii he adds '(ianz ini (Je^'ensat/e zu den lliinnern sind die Weiher dir Indianer am Colorado dur•' a, toni. i.. ]'|i, l-j;{-4, lli'J, 21.'>, •.i74, '>m, ;il8, tom. ii., pp. 4:1, ;{7, and plate froiitispii ce. J/ aliont the niediuni stature, with hrii^ht coiiper-colonred com) hxioiis, . . the wtinicn are short with crookc d lej^s. , far fiolii heiuf^ as f^'ood looking as tl.e men.' In the Colorado Valley 'are the largest and Ik st-forim d nun 1 ( ver saw, their avera},'e hei^dit heint; an iiiih over six fett.' Miin i/'.i Aniii/ l.ifi , pp. "J.'), 'iTO. 'Les Comanches olit la t.iille haute et elaiicce, et solit ]in IliiM 1)1. S( lie V. -!<•>, V anssi l)l;;v.('s one les Knropeeiis.' N/c. (iroij. And of the Coniaiiches see further, llrniiiiini Cinirp. p. l."3. 'Itohust, Herculean race.' Fimte's VV'.m.s, vol. i., p. 'I'M. ' Excct diiij^'lv haiulsoii Cn/ili' 'I'l.OI.- .Vo/..s' Ili-J ''<■ III Bitrni's IJi'e in Mi, A. 1. !i(i8; ll'irdiiithii imil Miilmi/'K p. Id'J. ' \Vonien are n;;ly, crook 1 e;.' i;i d, stoop-!-houlder( d.' I'ln/.i y-y'., pp. 18!). •J:i2, Hit; \li.fU.i I III Ziiftiiiii 2(!7; see also Frmhil. Ait.^ Atmriin, tom. ii., p. KM; Umii: Id's I'l-iil. Ai Cntn. J'ni^rii'.'i. vol. ii., \ j). ;i7'8; I/idih mrli, Jn en are ^,'enerally fat.' ' The 1 t( 111. 1., p ;i7 /', ) 1: 1 he Yuma ' wc 11 lien are Jar^e. mu /-/fs /'. .NV vol. 11., ])p. I'-il, J I N scn'.ar, and well foinied.' .Ilail- iviiio wonitn are 'niuch liaiidstam r md have lighter coniiilexions than the 1111 11.' J'kIIii's ]'i y< S'lmp.'H'ii'.^ Jintr. Mil. Iti' V V2; Ih. 11: '21S-l',i; vli's DixdIs. vol. ii., pp. 7, 111, '1\. (!."). ])late 8. 'J he Navajos have ' li^dit tlaxi 11 hair, liijlit hint' eyes... their skin is of the most delicate whitt 111 ss.' liriiinwU'^t Iml. Iliiii.'<. ]i ."i4.'): Ihiijlua' limi- ijiliini'.i /•,',!•.. p. •J.{'A. C)n the Mojavi s see further, Slnilliiii'.-< < (ijd. Oiii)iiini (iiil.-', J). IIW; iSiliiriiiren' Ziii'ii K.w. p. 18; Cnl. M< <,tik' ,li. A. i.. ]). '.'27, jilati Chini, in IhiJ. Aff. liipt., 1871. ji. 'M'.\. And linj,' hmse hair. qipears t ) beloni; to tlie Asiatic type.' Ilnirii. in SrlnKilrrajTs An'li., vol. v. ]i, "211. ' (lipsy lookini,' with an eye sinunlarly wild and jiierci llnilsl, W 1' Hi ive verv lif,dit Dii' Ijipaiiis haben blondes Hii eoni| 11 lexions.' Ward's .l/i.ricn, vo 1. i. 1' iilil s .".HO. id sind schi'me I.ente.' Mi'ililiniiniviit. .l/c- Jii'ii, toiti. i., p. '>\~>. toiu. ii., pt. ii., |). I'll. ' Sunt des beaux honimes.' Jjirln jii'/i'. ItiKinssit-lionlliiiii, p. H'2. 'Tall, niajestie in tiu'nre; niiiM'idai'.' Jlriml:- M.n/r 7V,,v(,- M>'. vol. i. .1;^ '•., etc., vol. ii. p. Tiii. ' Fine physical conformation.' Fnule's P :it,s. Their skin looked whit: r than 1 have evi r seen it in till' Indians.' U'izlhvnits' Tour. ]).'\. ' Crian jiic nieiior (pie los olros indios. •'/, I) srri]). .")"). ' Taille ordi- naire, de couleur foucu.' ' Comme ces ludieus uo fout leur uourritiue ^uo 480 NEW MEXICANS. All the natives of this rt'i^ion wear the hair much in the same manner, ent s(|nare across the Ibreliead. iiiid liowinj;' hehind.'" Th(^ ^^)jave men nsnallv twist or plait it, while with the women it is allowed to han the chin in vertical lines like the Cential Californiiins, except thiit the lines are closer to- ;;ether.'^ I'aint is freely used amonji; the Mojaves, hlark and red predominating", hut the Ai)aches, Vumas, iuid others use a jiivater variety of colors."* Jh'eech-doth imd moccasins are the ordinary dress of the men,'' while the (Ic clmir pt ])riiicipiileii>oiit do ccllt' tlo rrtnc ct du mulct, ilH cxliiiliiit iiiio (idi'ur si pt'iii'tiiiuti' (jiiii li's chcviiux tt siirtoiit Ics iiiult's rtl)ri)Ussiiit du iiiiii uiissitiit (lu'ils Ics t'vcntciit.' ,*>'(«'. 'ii'iH/. lUiUit'iii, st'rif v., No. 1' "' ' ('lit their hair sliort over thr forcliciid, mid let it Imii^,' biliiiid.' I)n„i. encrh's pi'scrla. vol. il., j). ('("i. Distiii'^'iiislicd 'diiich dfii vdllstaiidii,' j,'liiili. iiiiissini'ii Schiiitt iiircc scliwiirzcii llu in toiu, .1/.;////' i., p. '^74; Mi'illniHsvn, 7'((,'/''''<(''/', p. !("*!; /' niiirnii. Hi lai'ii in < IU> F>ls. Sitiii'iiif's' Zii'i'i. Ex., ))p. lo, IH; I'dliinr, in /A 4o('), ii'.l: ll7,;/i/,V, il, I'di-. li. /,'. 7^7-^. veil, iii., ]>]> W, 110. trji' r 'S .\l>llfllf I lllll'tfl/. 111? 'i Mitij., vol. xvii., 1 II, 1' y,\n]A 'ills, lifter tiii'V iiiiirrv, tattoo tlie <'liiii • witli vertical liliie line; J'liliiirr, ill U'lrjicr's Md'i , vol. xvii , ji. Kiit. Yunms: ' Docli ist iliiieii d.i.s Tatowii'eii nii'lit freiiid; dieses 'd indessen iiielir voii den l''iaiii ii lUe'i - vveiidet welelie sich di" Minid\viir.:el uiid ilas Kiiiii init lilaiieii l'iiiil;l( n mid liinien scliniiiekeii,' .UtVlliiKtu' ii, Hi'ixiii in lUv Filsiiifii'li., tmii. i.,p. 1-4; .'Ai'/- /(' Tliick. exceptiu",' ii red stripe from tlie top of ids foreliead, d )\vii the l)rid;,'e of liis nose to liis chin.' /res' I'nluruln ll'ir., p. 07. Tlie Apadies ' So tiucll el cllerpo v la cam C(Tli liastiintes culores." Ilnr. Hist. .V. \'i:rili/il. MS. p. ,j. ' rintuni de ^'leda v iillllllj,'re coll line se Ulitall 1 1 ' : > / , . I . • , . . . .!/.../• .. ■.ri . I, .. II earn, lirazos y pieruiis.' Cordcni, in (frnzro y liirra, Iiviiiiriij'iii,\).'.i7\; l>" J fist. .)fi:v., serie iv., toin. iii., p, 11; Vchisro, Xaliciiin ik Sinmrd, p JIfiiri/, in Scliiiiilrrd/l's Airh., vol. v., p. 211; llnnli/'s Trow, ji. ;i;i7; Snmf Sniilhsimi'in llijit.. iHVu, p. 41f~i; Wliiiijili , Kirhank, (tiiil Tiinicr's Hijil.. p irl. ill ill Par. It. It. It I't , vol. 1 jiiiite; ll7(i/>/*/'', in I'ur. It. It. Itijit., vol. iii., J). lUt; Siilrlniiiir, in J}i>r. Hist. Mi.,., serie iii., vol. iv., p. h.")S. '■' 'Naki'd with the exception of the breech-doth.' ,'>itiiri(irrs' /.n,',! I pp. 14, see also plates; .Mojave men 'simply n breech-doth.' 7' Iiid. Alf. Itipl.. 1H71. ' No dothiiii,' but ii strij) ot cotton. . . .The Yniiias dis- play 'u ludicrous variety of tiuvdry colors ami dirty finery.' 7ns' (dlnrnil" li'pl., pp. "jI, jV.I, (Ui. Hee colored plates of Yunms, Mojaves, and liiiaipais, ' .\ndaii enteraiiieiite desiindos.' Alrjir, Hist. Coinii. ilv Jr.ins, turn, iii., ]). Ill; Mollfiiinsin. Tmii'iiirh, p. ;i8:i; Domninli's Ikscrts, vol. Ji., p. (J'i; ll. I:i8; J'lilliv's J'irs. Xur., ji. ir«/Avr, in Iml. At/. Itepl., 1872, p. 102; ('„/•/«, in l'a<\ It It. Itij't., v..l. iii li:i; p. 124; 117/;;)/./ /.'. J{. It jit., vol. iii., p. 3i; Cn-iniinii s .{jiiirlns. ] 2!), 132; Sur. U<:i.ij., Uidldin, serie v., No. 'JH, p. 180; Imlian Traits, vol iu JIayes Vol, DRESS OF APACHES AND jrOJAVEr-*. 481 AvoTiicn have a short petticoat of hark.'"" Tlio drpss of llic .\rojaves and Apachi'S isolU'ii inort' prcteiitiouM, ht'ing a huckskin shirt, skull-('a[> or ht'hiiot, and moccasins of the same material; the hitte;*, hroad at tlie toes, sUjihtly tinned n[), and reachniji high np on tlie leg, serve as a |»rotection against cacti and thorns.'-^ it is a connn»)n pi'iurtice among these tribes to plaster the head and hody with nmd, which mits as a preventive against vermin and a prote(!tion from the sun's r 0' in tl leu" se led ion 2" ' A ff"\v stripes of the inner Lurk of the willow or noaciii tied Hciintily rnniitl till ir waists ' llnrdi/'s Tiiir,. ji. ;t:t,;. 'Iaiuh friu^'c of stiips <>{ wiiluw link wimiid iiniiind the wiiist.' .Si7 /('.(/res' Zin'tl A'.i'., j). IH. The iiiiii wear a Htri|) of cotton,' thci voiiien ' ii short iietticoat, inailc of strips of liark.' . (i(j. ' Niulf, with the fxci'ption of a (liiiiiiiiiti\r Im (cli /ri-.s' I 'i)liir((il(i It V SI' culircn (le la cintiua liastit ,SV'/./„ />("•. //;>/. .)/.. cloth.' I'l'i miiiii/'s .\)iilrliis. p. 2'.(. 'Las l;is picrnas con la c'lscara interior del sirie iii., toni. iv., p. M")!. ' Las nmj,'eres se enliren de la ciiitiira a la rodill:i coll la ci'iscara interior del sauce.' Ah'' ire, I list. ('(diij). de •lisiis, toiii. iii., \>. Ill; Miillliiinsiii. 'r. II!K; Siir. (Ii-ii'i., Ilidlitiii, serie v.. No. !l(i, jp. ISO; ir/i/'/i/z/c, in I'dr. II. Ii. Ilijit., \{i\. iii., p. HI; W'/iiiijili; h'lrlnnil,; (imt 7'/(/7irc'.s Uijil.. p, ;t;t, in I'dc. II. H. Itejtt., vol. iii., iilale and cuts; Timiier, ill Ind. .1/. Ilrjit., 1871, p. ;i(U; rurkvv, in linl. Aff. hii>t., 1S7(I, ]>. Ktil; MUh- hr. in I'ltiiiiry's licjit. U, S. and Mix, Jiouitdary iiurfiy, vol. i., pp. 10!), 110, with plate. '■'I ' Tartly clothed like the Spaniards, with wid<' drawers, nioeciisins and li''.,'i,'in)^s to t!'!; knee , .their nioceasins have turned-np K(|nare toes, mostly tiny hav(' no head-dress, some have hats, some fantastic helmets.' I nils' t'oiK/. oi {'ill., p. IhL ''I'hey prefer the le,!.{<,'in^' and hlaiiket to any other dress.' itmililt'.i I'crn. Xiir., vol. i., p]). Ifill, li'JH 'Mexican dress and sad- dles )ir(doiiiiiiated, showini; whore they had chielly iiiaih; np their wardrobi iiiiodan alrededor Eiiiiirji's l!'i'iiim,'oribus aniicinntur tain fieiiiiiiic (piaiii mares.' H'mir'uhs, in T)e I/iit, Xunis Orhis. p.31li; Alnvrhun, ill llnklniirs Viiy., vol. iii., pp. A'.W, 41(7; Sononi, Disrrlfi. lii'mi., in />(«•. IH.st. .l/i'.r., serie iii,, torn, iv.. p. T)!!!; />(»•. Ili.it. X. \'iiriii/ii, ,1/.'>'., p. fi; I'littii's I'l'i-s. .\'itr., )). 117; Ifii'ili's' Ihiiiiphitn's 7i.r., p. '211; I'tlirs' [.ifr n/ ('iirsi)n. p. l")!; Ilrnrif. Ill Sdiniilrriifl'.'i Arch., vol. v.. ]>\>. 210, '211; ir(//A(r,"in Iml. Aff. Ilrpl.. 1,S72, p. 171; I'lirh'r, in Iml. Af. /.'i/./., IHO!), p. '24S; llonhl, in jiid. If/'. Il'pl., 1H71, p. ;U)7; Mill, ill Tl -I'iDiijiiiiis, I'll}/., serij' i., torn. ix. p[i. 'll't'i. '2<>S; Fi'iidii'l, Ans Aiiici'iha. toiii. ii., pp. Kil, 424; see also Frnrliil'.t 'd. A I W :3(»i), 4yi); a ill I'linde, in Allnuii Me.r.. ti 1' pp. 4. 82. 2'^ The litiir of the Mohaves is occasionally ' matted on the top of the head into a conijiact mass with mud.' Silireiires' Zn/ii Kv., p. 18. 'Their | i;,'- inents are ochre, elay, and probably charcoal niinj,dt'd willi oil.' Wlili'i'le, Eir'ianhu and Tamer's Kept., jip. 'X\, in Pac. 11. Ii. Itept., vol. iii. ' llir ir;ni])tschniuelc (l:i;:;('t,'eii sind die laii^'eli, starken Ilaure, die iiiittekt iiiisser Lt'hnierde in llolieii gedreht.' Muilluinsea, lifisen in die Felsemjeb, torn, i., p. Vol. I. 31 482 NEW MEXICANS. of orn imonts the Mojavos sliow a profcronco for white. inttM'i'iixinl ^\itli l)hie; nocklacos and L'niceh'ts made IVoij' heads ai)d small shells, usually stnnii;' toii'etlicr. hut sometimes sowed on to leather hands are uuich in vogue, ^riio Apache ntiticm ado[)t a move fantastic style in paintiuu; and in their head-dress; for ornament they employ deer-hoofs, shells, fish-hones, heads, and occasionally p()rcin)ine-(pulls. with which the women eni- ])roider their short deei'-.'-Uin ])etticoats.-' 'i'he Xav- ajocs. hoth men and women, wear the hair lonj:', tied or cluhhcd \\\) hehind; they do not tattoo or dislijiurc themselves with [)aint."* The ordinary dress is a species of huntinu'-shirt, or dor.hlct. oi" deer-skin, or a hlankct conlined at the waist h\ahelt: huckskin hreeches. some- times ornamented up the seams with jjieces of silver or porcupine-(piills; long moccasins, reaching well up the 124. The Axniis ' Boplastorod their b(i(li(-s aiul hair witli nind.' Ifdrili/'^ Tnii\. ))]). ;it:i-J, li.")(!, ;U>S, ;J7(); /{nunii'.s Ajinrln' ('ninitr!/, I'l'' '''• ''■'■ '" Small white heads are liiiihlv iirized hv the Mdliav Hirer, |)[). (iS-',). Tl If yoini|j; j,' 1' lis \V( li >/o)ve/.. heads a iieeldaee with a sIiil;! scii-sliell ill front.' The men • hatlier li ■lets, triiniiird with hri'.,'ht hiit- toiis . .ea'dos' feathers, called "soriiieh." Sdiiietiliies white, soliietiliu'.; of a <'riiiis()ii tint . . . string's of wani|)uiii, made of eirenlar jiie'esnf shell.' H7i//i- plf, in /''/(■. //, /,'. Ill jit,, viil. iii.. \^\i. IN. 11;"). ' Shells of the |ieaii-iiyster, and a idiivli wooden imat,'e are th ■ favorite ornaments of hoth sexes' with the Ajiaehes. Ilinri/, in Si'lKinlcni/t's Anh.. vol. v.. |i. 2111. ' Sus adoiiios (ii do y raiees de yerhas odoriferas. Las f.imilias mas ]iu entes y aseiiilas hordan sns trajes y /apatos de la espiiia del ])ner('o-( s]iin.' ( 'iiriUvn, in Oi'mrn >/ Hcrr'i, tinhirn/in p. 1171. ' .Vdiirnaiise con LjarKantillas i\' carai hllos del mar. enlrevcr ados de otras cuent.is, de coiich.is colorada-^ redondas.' Si'ili, in l)i>r. y/;,s<. ,U., H.-)l. I. niULieres |i. p. 2iJ; iliircin CuniU', in Allunn .ilr.v., toni. i. )>p, liKl, HiT; I'dllii'x Peru. X. 1H»; Hurlhtt'a I'n-s. \iii\, vol. ii., p. IHl, Unninin. t\\ Dor. Ilixt. 4c: ,1/f,r., serio iii., t »ni. iv., ]>. HH7; I'lilimr, in Ihirprr's } ihi . vol. xvii., ] Vrliisri), X'lliridnilt' S'liKirii, ]). •2; llriiini''s Apdrliv I'l 'ulrij. ]i)i. (id-f' I; Mirli- ier, in Kmo.i/'s Hipt. ('.S.hikI Mr.r. Hiniiiiliiri/ Sum i/, \\,. 1(I!)-1H); Wli'ippl'. ill /*'/'•. /.'. ii. It'jil., vol. iii.,ii.!»S; W'liifijiU', Eir'ni,',!,. ,111,1 Turiirr'.s lii}>t.. y ;t;j. /''('•. /,'. H. I{,.,il. >\. .Ur.iilii ii'ii I I'l' as'.i, :);)l, ;!'.i:i: Mmtliiniis, .yimirc U'lnlil. p. '210; ll'inli/'s Tnir.. \i .'(il; Siniirl. in SiiiUli- Hrpt.. \S{\ '2. ^(IS. ■i7;i; Ahi I. i.p 41H l!l: 7 irui',ix-( ' i/)'0 rie i.. tom. ix.. )> Mihnh. tom. '-'1 Th. in Siii'itli- p. (it. in ll'iUiu/t's I'll)/., vol. iii.. jl. 4:17; Mr.fil.aiiisrlir /."- d li li.iir IS worn loni^ am inn li'ilif., l.S.")."i, 1). ^'.Ilt I'M Laii hell liv both l.dh' star! aar 111 eini'll < Zopi ziisamnieii^cknotet.' MOHIu. A. i. l'' :i'2'.t. FiiirldHiiii, tuui. iT., p lilliell ;1(1; Harlhlls COMAXCIIE DEESS AND ORNAMENT. i»3 lejr, and a round ludinet-sljapcd cap. also of l)uekskin, sin-nioinitcd Avitli a i)lunic of eagle or wild tnrkev leath- ers, and fastened uith a chin-strap. The women weai- a blanket and waist-belt, breeches and nio(!casins. Tlui belts, which are of buckskin, are frequently I'ichly oruii- niented with silver. They sometimes also use [)orcupine- (juills. with which they embroider their garments.'' The Comanches of both sexes tattoo the face, and body generally on the breast."'' The 'iwn do not cut tiu; hair, but gather it into tufts or [jhsits. to which they attach round pieces of siher graduated in size from toj) to bottom; those who cannot obtain or alVord siher use beads, tin, or glass.'" Much time is s[»ent by them in ' Tolcriililv well (Irosstil. niostlv in Inu'kskir Thcv (li'i'ss with ''icat- ( r cDiiif'irt til iiiv otliir trilif, and w, . r wooliii and will-fanm d Imcksk tlic oiitrf spunis ai'i' udmiud willi silver or brass liuttuns.' I>ii Kl a pp. liKi, 411, 41-2. L ,'L;nis ma dc (if v.i'cr-skin willi thick solt 11 Irath- ru rx\\ shaiK'd like a hiliiU't, dfcorattd with cdcks', <'ii},'lis' or vultnn fwith Fi'lH Ihl Ih PI 11). isi. i.sj. .\\\l dciu Kupff tn till!' iii'liiiartiL,'i: Li'drrkappr die },'cwiiliiilicli iiiit liiH'iii Unstdi kurzcr. \i\A\\- V udcr 'rrntlialiiifi'drrii uiid tinin. n (Icier odcr A.llcrfi ('4 "11 ^'cschniiickt isl.' MiMllniii^ien, 'raiiolnich, ]ip, •JlI*. 2:i(). ■ .V cliis(> handed cap i wmn hy the itieii which irt 1,'racofiilly U'n\, p. ]2,S, ami plate, Tl ic woineii ire blankets, legf^ins and liioccasoiis. lilljisoil s liiiir. Mil. Itfiiiii., jip. .")1, TiJ, HI. ' Over all is thrown u lilaukct, under and soiiictiiiies over which is worn a ludt, to which arc ut- tiched oval pieces of silver.' JaIIi 'iiriintii. in 3'^iiiillifiitiiiiui V. hi l> I., is: 1' 2!»li. h itt A 1 • woiiieiis dress is • <''-.i"rty composed of skins .. showily corded at tli fi) >f !>clt of b.ads and |Kirciipine ipiills." I'litl'i 'a l\rs. ip. U.S-",». Ihirllrifs I'rrs. X'ir.. vol. i., p.;t2'.); Mu'/'n tom. 11' i>iit in ilit ii.. ]l, in //(■/. AiJ. II pi. .'^p r. Cum., 18(!7, p. Ull; I'nr Itipi., ,.. :u, in I'dr. i;. Ii. l;,pi » i'attc ii., 1). 2HI. 'il over the body, especially on the lie t.' I>ii A. V ;tnr, r/('.s' Ihxirh Tattoo tl fa d b sts iiirri/ s .\ rill If I.i l>. .:;! p. :(J. s jiixta ut((ne foiiiiiia' facics atcpic anus limis ipiibiisdam persieiiaiit. Orhi p. ;)10; ll'((/./c/i, /,Vc/((/-'7c.s-, ji. 711; /■'- nnihuin s I rnr. Thcv never cut the hair, but 1111 it of very t,'rc'at Icnj^'t'i. and oriia- nt it upon state occasions with silver and beads." .lAovj/'.s' .\riiii/ I.ih , \ '2a. 'Their heads arc covered witli bits of tin and i^lass.' ,Si'„/»((;v/'.s I.iiiul i,f Vii' .l:^■■^•, p. ]S2. ' I)er dickc nml laiii; liber den Hiickeii hin.ibhaiif,'eiulc Zonf iiiit abwarts imnier kleiiier wci'dcndeii silberiieii Scheibeu b( lastet, die iia N'ackeii mit der (ir iissc eincr ni 'ssij^cii T'ntertass(> heninneiid. an der Spitzc dcs Zopfes met der Onisse cines lialbcn Thalers en lif^tcn.' l\-">'lifl, An-i .\iiifrlhi, torn, ii., p. IDI), and l-'nifhi'l's I'rul. .Im.. p. 211(1. Tlu'y ■never I'Mt their hair, which ilu^y wear Ion;,', iiiin;,'linL; with it on )iarticiilar occasions Hilver orn.iiiients and iie.iiis U l>i ■h's Dr.i.rts A. p. 24. r. ilo^ ov.iu 111 eabf/.a trasi^iiilada desde l.i iiiitud hustii la froutc, y ilcjau ki dt'iiiis del i \ \i an 1 ^^i- • »u > in mm 1 484 NEW MEXICANS. ])aintin,tr and udornin};' their person — red l)ein,u a fiivor- itc color: leathei's also ibriu a necessary adjnnct to their toilet."" Sonu' few wear a deer-skin shirt, hnt the more eonnnon dress is the huiValo-rohe. >vhi(;h ibrnis the sole coseriiiLi' ibr the ui)[)er part of the hody; in addition, the hi'eeeh-cloth. le;i,!i,ins. and Mioceasins are woni. Tlu' women cro^) the hair short, and a lonu; shirt made (tf deer-skin, which extends iVom the neck to helow the knees, with leiigins and moccasins, are their usual at- tire."' iM'lf) ool,c;anclo.' Beinmonl. Cri'm,(le Mirlioaran, ^fS.,\■>.'^^ll•, Ui'vista I'linl'iftm, \n\\. i., p. llii: /'(((•/. •'/•'s Sill X nil Ti'X., y. l!)l; l)r., \t. I'i'.i; Mii'l- li insi'ii. Ta iihn li, p. I I'l: Wi'iiiipli', h'lr'ntii/.-, nn I 'I'linn-r's llciil., [i. 'Si, iu P. iiiiilt, luif ilnu Kopfc iiiit Adliifiilnn i^i - Hi'liiiiiickt.' Fmihil, Alls Aimril.d, toiii. ii.. ii. 100. "It takrs tlnin a (dii- hiilcr.ibli^ tiiuf to dress, iiiiil stick f- utlurs .uid liiails in tlnii- hail-.' Umtn. lii'f.h'.t /A'.sc/7s, vol. ii., p. "iHl. 'Fmiil of dcckiiiL; tin instlvcs witii ]);iint, li.'iids iiiid fciithci's.' Marry'^t Ariiii/ Lii'f, ]>]>. 2."). 2i>, ;io. ■ Vi di rliosscln u n I't lioofd.' .]fiii'.i. The t'n- iii.inclics ' dc tout «exe portent lui niiroir attaclic an i>oii,'net, ct se tcif,'neiit 1 ' vistlLje eu rOUvJe.' Snf. lii'ii J., liafhl'm. si'l'io v.. No. IK), |i. liU: U'IhiijiIi . F.ir- l.nih', mill Turin r'lt Hjtt., j). 27, in I'lir. U. ti. Uifil.. vol. iii.; I'liliim-. ni I! irpcr'.'i .1/1(7., vol. xvii., j). -ir>(); I'lillii's J'lm, X'ir.. pp. li"). ;i(l; Sr/mnlrnnTx Arcli., vol. ii., p. l:t:i; rurhirs .Witcs on 7V,i'., pp. ISl, lOl. l'.»7, 202: ir;.-;/'i:c- »"(•«' V'o"/'., p. 71; Siiiijtsitn'.'i •liiiir. Mil. Jii-nni., p. ll'J; .\li ./••fills, toni. i., p. 3lt2; I'Din'ner, \'«> ii el cu. rjmcon unoscapotillos del niisnioeiiero.' Hhihi'iii.ii, I'rnn, ill' Mil i.,,. p. .■■)27. ' Vistcnse '^'al ■ is, . asi lionihres <• >iii'> niilj^eres c(r« niantas pintada:- y bonladas.' riiii/iiiiiiiiilK, Mmiiirii. Iml.. t liii. i., ]). tisi. ' Siis vestidos se ciKiipoii' ii de una-i hotas, un lucdiann dc- I mtal (pie cnhre sus verj,'iii ii/.as, y un c'lton, todo de pieles: ic.s imiii;iics luan una nianta euudrada dc lana uej^ra iniiy estrccha.' .l/i-,7'<. Hist. Ciiinii. aiiis iu'vuin visiiiii. utehaiitur culcew atcpie ocrei-- ipue e fi'iMruni tci'noriliiis et taiirino corio i suta eraiit. l-'niionis capillus lieiie pexus et ele^'aiituv eiat dispositus. nee ullo pra'terea velaliiiie cMpiit teucliaiil.' />'■ L\ •*» 101; Ihii . d <'.(;/(/(., p. l.")!!; l|'nv/c/(, Hrrlii rrliis, ])p. 711. SM; Uilfi'Kl I'l- ■!■. in AII'iiM .W'.i , (o'li.i., p. 2!lll; .'^■il nil' run. Uilurinnis. in llm'. Hist. U>jr , ». «*■ »i. . !««» iv., ]>p 2"t, ;n, 01; llrislii i 'i, ulinni. toni. i., ]>. 1(12; //'. 71; J'ar/. 7(i I'd. Air. It I'l , is;;), ]i. KM); l-'sm /rro, .\oliciiis do ('liiliiiiilniii, ]i. "Jlid; lirci:'/ s Coin. I'iiii,-H:i vol. ii., ])!>. :iS, :U0, :ni; Foshrs I'n-llisl. /.V.v.s, p. -i^M; llnrlniniin itiul MUliiril. 7V,iv(.s. ]). Ill); Doiiictnrli, Jour., pp. llil, llio; Maillitnl. Hist. 'I'l.r., p. 210. ff((i(iiiiill(), in 'I'enKiii.r-Coiiijiiiiis. \'oi/.. st'iit- i., toni. ix., p[p. ;!72. !i7r; I'lislni'io ill- .S'l.ijK, in I'liiliirii, Col. Doc. hiril., t'.)ni. iv., p. lilU; llmi.-^loini s 7V.I'.. p. 227, Alfido, Die iiiiKirio, toiii. iii , \). 181; i'iiriih< T, l>rlii»'lcr(ilV.-< Arrli., vol. 1- i:i;t; D< rl('.t Jksi'ris, Vol. ii., p. 21. I' ■'" rill! Ap.Hcliis ' I'ili'tly ifniain more lluui a wi'ck in any ""»' locality.' Crciiiiifii/'s .l/)(((7(c.v, |i. 24(1. ' Cfttf nation «'tant noniudr it tonjouis ;i la poiir- snitc ilu j^il)ii'r.' ( ><■. Com.. l.S(;7, p. ;L."); FoolC-i 7" I'S; • 1' ' Citiiiji rU-loii. in //"/. Aff. Rrpl.. iw;7. p. :!2."); Ifnilrifs 'IV.fas, p. l.")J; Di ; lv('iiiH
  • m adniiurd to share any annisenient, their lot being to work.' DotmmcW^ l>\-:rrl.i, vol. ii., ])p. 11)S», 211. ' De estos vinieron tiinco danzas, cada una conipuesta de treinta indias; de estas, veintiseis eonio de 15 a '20 anos, y las cuatro restantes de mas edad, que eran las (jne ouidaban y dirigian a las ji'i- V lies.' Miisvo Mi'.f., turn, i., p. 28S. 'The danee (of the Tontos) is similar t > that of the California Indians: a stamp around, with clapping of hands and slapping of thighs in time to u drawl of monotones.' limaii, in l^initli- aoidun iUpi., lM(i7, p. 41!i. Ii" SlraVita'n Cnjil. Oaltiian Girls, p. 180. The Yumaa 'sing scmie few mo- notonous snugs, and the beaux captivate tlu^ hearts of their lady-loves by I'laying on a tlute made of cane.' Ktuory's Hi'i>t. l'. .S. anil ,l/(.r. linnmUu-ij .^iirv' >/. vol. i., J), iii. ' No tieneu mas or(jiiesta que sus voces y una olla d iMsco de calabazo a que se amarra una piel tirante y se toea con un jjiilo.' t'ordvro, in (>r<>:ro i/ lierra, Gmiirafia, pp. ;173— I; AnirirUa, Cruuirn ISinijicii, ji. 41!); Ires' Colorado IVw., pp. ii-l; Uarc'ia Vondv, in Album ihx., toin. i., l.|i. ItiG, UW. 1" Slniiky's rortrnits, p. r)5; SchoolcrajTs Arch., vol. ii., p. 133. ' Y el vicio que tienen estos Indios, es jugar en las Estufas las Mantas, y otrus I'nseas con vnas Cannelas, que heclian en alto (el cpial Jiiego vsaban estos Indios Moxicanos) y al que no tiene mas (jue vna ^[anta, y la pierde, se la buelvi>n; con condicion, <, II iilhf' M>.\-iL(>, p. ;!(!'.». The hoop ami jiole j^ame of the Mojaves is thus playcil. 'The hoop is six inches in diaineter. and made of elastic cord: tlin poles are straiirht, and ahout fifteen feet in lenj,'tli. Kollin;^' the hoop from one cml of the course toward the other, two of the jilayers chase it half-way, and at the same time throw their ])oles. He wlio succeeds in jiii reinj,' the hoop wins the i,'ame.' I'ohiii'r, in //(trpvr's Mmi.. vol. xvii., p. 4(!;t; Enutn/x l.'ijif. r S, kikI .)/,!•. B'lmitlm'ji Surrii^, vol. i., p. Wliijilili', in /'(((•. Jt. /»'. lii/il. vol. iii.. ]i. IH; .l/oW/'/i/scu, II ixfii in dh' lAlsinijeh.. tom. i., jij). 'ilH, •J'.i.'); ,l/o7- luiiisni, Tiiiji'liUfh, p. ;i!C»; lidr/.Ks, in SvliiKilrriill'fi Anil., vol. iv., p. 214. ' 'I'ie- ii'ii Unas pelotas de materia ne''ra como nez, em diutichi IS en ella varnis coii- chuelas )ie(pienas del mar, eon ipie jiie^'an yapuestan arrojandola con 1 1 ) ilV'lir. .M<. I list, t'liiiij). ilf .li'siis, tom. iii., p. Ill; Svililiiiidr, lltlariun, in Dov. llisl. serii' ni vol. p. s.-.i. I •• ■ Los salvav'es re<'oj,'en sus hojas r;(>neralmente en el Otono, las ^\\}^' eii- t 'iMces est.'in rojas y mny oxidadas: ])iira hacer sn ]irovision, la secan al f n( ;,'o al sol, y para fumarlas, las me/ilan con tal> p. -"(7. The Comanches smoke toln I'i'riiiiiilh'r ji 'riiiinl. I)! lixed with tlie dried leaves of th eh. inlialin;^' the smoke into their Innf^'s, and jjivinj,' it out throiij^di their nostrils.' Miirrifn Aniij/ l.ii'v. pp. •211. :!2: Alurdion, in IfaUnyt's I'o//., vol. iii., i>. W2: [jth, p. '2S5. '/, .l/c.i'i/,'), p. :i.")2. The Comanches 'avoid the nse of ardent II' Thi spirits, which thev call "fool's watc \i iiiiiili/ V. )1. P !I7; Uraffx i'diii. I'r'iirirn, vol. ii., j). H((7. Duliidx. m Dawvnivh, ,li)ur., ]>. •Ifi'.t. ' In order to make an intoxicatin;.,' lieveraj,'e of the mescal, tlu^ roasted root is mici'rat<'d in a iiroportionahle (pnintity of water, which is allowed to st.ind S' veral days, when it ferments rapidly. The liipn)r is boiled down and jiro- duces a stron},'ly intoxieatiiiL,' fluid.' ('rrminii/'s AjiUfhis, \^. 217. 'Winn iU stem (of the maf»ney) is ta|)]ied there flows from it a juice which, on beini; f'liiiented, produces the ])ulipu'.' I'ntrtkH's I'its. Xnr.. vol. i., jk 'I'.H). '1 he .Anaches out of corn m.ake an intoxicating,' drink which they called '"tee. s'.vin," made by boilinj,' the corn iind feriiientiny it. .Murpliy, in Jnd. Ajf\ I! I'l. Sjiec. Com., IbGT, p. 317; llanly's Trar., pp. ^34, 337. 518 NKW MEXICANS. of the world. Yoimji cliililnMi, almost iiifai'ts. nrc tied bv tlii'ir iiiotluTH to liall'-wild, hari'-ltai'ktMl inu.stan^s, wliicli plai'o 1 1 u' not' fort 1 1 boiHuiu's tlii'ii* lionu'. 'Ili«'y jiiipljly tiu'TUsi'lvcs with IVc.'^h horses Iroin wild droves vauderinji over tiic prairies, or froiii Me.xican ranclien'as. A liiNorite horse is loved and cherished above ail thiiiiis on earth, not exceptinfi wives or children. The woiiicii arc scarcely l)eiiind the men in this accomplishnu lit. They sit astride, jiuide the horses with the knee like the men, and catch and break wikl colts. In fif:htin}i. the (.\iinanches throw the body on (jne side of the horse, hang on b\- the heid imd shoot with <:reat i)recision and ra})idity. It is beneath the dignity of these horsemen to tra\el on foot, and in their sometimes knij;' and rapid marches, they defy pnrsnit.'"' Jieforo horses were known they nsed to trans})ort their honsehold ell'ects on the backs of dogs, which custom even now prevails among some na- tions.'" i:ifi.r„«M, in Twl A(r. U, S III: ,•?!' >. IH7; 7'((ni('/', ill Snni'illit '!/■ IK.")'.*, toiii. lUri, 1). ;,07; lliiih IIS. in Srlinnlvriit't'sAvili., vol. iv I I'i; 'jdma i'onib\ in Alhinn Shx., 1H4'.», toiii, i., p. Kiu; Hnssil, Mix. Umil., V. 277; Slii'piiyd's Lnu'l uj' the Atlirs, \t. 182; Miillli. (11 ; Multr-ltnni, I'l'ivis ili lit '#'«'<'iic. Jlisl. J/f.>'., scrii- iii., loin, iv., ji. 5(4; J'liUii's J'ns. yiir., y. 'iHh; Min-'-j/'.t Ariiiij T.i/i\ i>. 28; /•'(';, Jlii lliiri; p. 18(»: 'A shorl Imiv liiilt. r viis piisscd iiround under the neck of llic horse, and Ixilli fiids ti^hll.v luaiili d inli) Iho niaiit', (in the witlnis, Icaviiii,' a loop to han^,' niidi'V Ihf iict'li. and ii.L;aiiisl tlio lircast which, Ixinj,' canf^ht nj in the hand, inakcs a slin;,' into Avliich till' flhow 1 Us, taking' the \\ti|;ht of thf hody on the niiddle of the nplirr arm. Into his loop the rider drops suddenly and fearlessly, haviiij,' his heel lo haiiic c r the haek of the horse, to steadv him, and also to restore uni wlieii lie \v ■Ifs Jiiil. L s to repiin his upri^'lit jiositioii on the horse's had r.4l>; Dm- is' El Hn 1 ■112. Les Coniaiiclii rej,'ar.lent coninie n deslionneur d'aller ;i pied.' Suo. (Irmj., UnUil'iu. •r^i'nv v.,n(). 'J(i, ]). 1!)2; '' ly's Ai>iwhi's, p. 282. The I'oiuanehes, for hardeiiinj,' the hoofs of horses m\ ninles, have a cnstoin of niakine; a lire of the wild rosemary -nrteinisi -and exjiosinj; their hoofs to the vapor and smoke by leadini' them slowl hrouKh it. I'livi SdIi y'p.r., p. 2():{. ill 1^7 Mav'ji's Anh,) Lifv, ]>. 18; Unniliolilt, Es.-r>ic's at fidl speed. '• When a party is discovered approachiu}^ tiius. and are near enoiijih to distin^uisji sijiiials, all tiiat is necessary to asceitain their disposition is to raise the ri^ht lumd with the j)alm in front, and gradually push it ft)rward and hack several times. They all understand this to he a connnand to halt, and if they are not hostile, it w ill at oncii he olieyed. After they have stoi)i)ed, the lijiht hand is raised ajiain as hefore, and slowl ridit and left, which sit-nilies, I do not k mo\ed to tiio now sou. Who are you ? They will then answer the inipiiry hy {j;ivin<5 their sijiiial." Then they intlict on stranjiers the huji- .iiin<;' and face-rul)hin<;' remarked amonji' the llskimos, demonstrating thereby the magnitude of their joy at meetniii The various trihes of the Yuma and Mo- jave nations hold connnunication with one another by means of couriers or runners, who «|uickly disseminate imjiortant news, and call together the various hands for consultation, hiuiting. and ^var. Hesides this, there is used everywhere on the i)rairies, a systiin of telegra|)h3', Avhich i)erhaps is oidy excelled liy the w ires themselses. Smoke during the day, and tires at night, perclied on mountain-tops, Hash intelligence (piii-kly and surely across the plains, giving the call for assistai»ce or the order to jiliipo to place. . . .liy ftistciiiiif; tlieiii on cnch side of Uicir jmck Ikivscs, Icuv- i)ii,| the loii)^ ciids tniiliii)^' iipoii the (,'r(iuiitl.' I'nil.ir's Xi'lismi 7'm'., ]i. li'A. ' Si cavifcu (It) oiil)iiljj;ii. '234; Miiiti/h Army ]. if), |)]). '.il*, lilt. IMI; MiUii/'s JU/il., p. liS7; 'i'r(';//'.s Cdin. J'rairiis, vol. ii., (p. ;js, 4(;; Arrii'iritK, ( r^' utm S'ri'ijicd, ])p. 171!, 47."i; i'lirih'ro, in Orozco >/ llfrni, (idnird/.K. ]>. '.ilH. ANlitii the Yain- pais 'wish to jiarli v they raise ii tinhraud in the air as a si^ii of friend- bhip.' Dvintiiidi's iJi-ncrls, vol. i , p. 21B. 520 NEW MEXICANS. (lisporso Avlion pursued. Tlio iidvanced posts also inform tho main hoily ol' the {i[)proa('li ol' stiaugiMs, and all this is done witli astonishing rcguhirity, hy either inereasinji or diminisiiini;' the signal column, or b\ dis[ilaying it only at certain intervals or ])\ increasing the nundter.''' In cold weather numy of the nations in the neighhor- hood of the Colorado, carry iirehrands in their hands, as they assei't for the })nrpose of warming themselves, which custom leil the early visitors to name the Colo- rado the l^io del Ti/on."" The Comanches stand in great dread of evil spirits, which they attemjjt to conciliate by lasting and absti- nence. AVhen their demons withhold rain or sunshine, siccording as they desire, they whi[) a slave, and il" their gods prove obduiate, their victim is almost Hayed alive. The Xavajos venerate the l)ear, and as before stated, nev- er kill him nor touch any "<' his ilesh.'" Although early 139 ' These niesKeiif:;ers ( of tlio 'Mohavcs') were their iiews-niniers iiiid seiiti- nols. FrnjiKiilly two I'riers were enil)h(ye(l (sollietillleh more) one from eiich trilx Til on';l have their nieetiU'' stiitioiis. At tliese stiitiolis ihi se criers would meet with \t i]itii iiul hv word of month, each would de- jio;-it his store of ui'ws with his fellow eNipressiiian. ami then each would retur;- to his o\vM trihe with the news.' >ilnill■, jip. '2-21 1, -is.; Kl II dv (hirse sus avisos j)arii reunir^e en casus Ar nr; • iicia de ser ]ierse^'uidos, >s ])or medio dv sus teh'j^rafos de hunuis (jue forman en hts cerros mas ehvados forniando hoj,'ucras df los jialos mas hiimit iitos (pn' ellos ciiiiiiicii mnv oieii <'i7s', vol. ii araihis al efecto hien secos, <|Ue frotados sc inllamau.' (iltrt-KI I 'nil Ir M'. liciHi., liiilcti:! tom. v., !>. :tl7. "" h'liliiii, ill Scliiiiilfi-iilTs itffh., vol. iv., j). 217: Sil'in arcs' /.iiTii K.i\. p. 18. ' Sii fra/.ada cii tiempo de frio es un tizon eiiceiidido ([Ui' ajilicandolo ;i hi hoca del esti'ima;.iiv. Il'isl. M I.I'.. SI rie Ml., Vo 111 'PI 1. iv., p. M.'.l. omaiiclies 'have yearly },'atlierini,'s to li^^lit the sacred this; they huild iiumenuis huts, and sit huddled idiout them, lakin^; medicine for pini lication. and fiistinu; for seven thiys. 'J'hose who can endure to liee|) the fast diroKiii 1)1 sacred iiithp''Ves()f the others.' I'nl nil r. II llii •'I" Ml '■/■ vol. xvii., ji. |.")1. If a Yiiiiui kills luie of his own trilie he keeps "a fast for oiKi moon; om such occasions lie eats no meat only wa ■lal. drink ih ter, knows no woman, and hathes freipieiitly duiiiii,' tlie day to jiurify tli llish.' I\iii'iri)\ Upl. /'. S. mill Mij". llinnnliiri/ Sum i/. vol. i., ]i. I l(t. 'It tl as tin ir i >[ojav es, ) cils tom luvi rto cut salted meat for the next le coiiiiii'' ol a I'liptivc aiiioiu th •/,' Slnilt, Ill's i'lijil. s' rts, vol. ii., J). 41)2; Dointnrli, Jnnr, [i. I.'t; MuUhiiiiti<'n, Tiaji- DISEASES AND MEDICINE. Wl writers speak of ciiniiilnilisni among these ])eoj)le, tliero is no evidence that tiiey tlo or ever tlid eat Innnan llesh.'^" In their interconrse tliev jire di^^iiilieil and re- served, and never interrnpt a peison speaking. L niess eoni|)elle(l l)y necessity, they never speak any iantinaii:!' hut their own, it heing harburous in their eyes to make use of loreijiii tonjiues.*" AhhouLih en(h)\ved uenerally witii ro])Ust and healtliv constitutions, l)il lous aiK I mahirial i'ever, )neumonia. rheumatism, dysentery, ophthahnia, measles, small-po.x, and various sy[)hihtic diseases are sometimes met amoii|ji; tiieiii; the hitter occurring most I'reiiuently among the X i\ajos, Moj. i\'es nmas, ai id C omanclies. Wl lole hands are sometimes aftectod with the hist-ntention 'd disease, an/h/o.s, also makes its ap- For these ailments thev have dif- lU })earance at time; ferent I'emedies, co»)sisting of leaves, herhs. and roots, of which decoctions or [H)ultices are made; scarification and the hunger cure are resorted to as well. Among tht; Mo- javes the universal remedy is the sweat-house, emphned hy them and the other nations not only as a remed\ for diseases. ))ut ibr pleasure, 'i'liero is no essential dill'er- ence hetween their sweat-houses and those of nortluMU nations — an air-tight hut near a stream, heated ston ii[)ou which water is thrown to generate steam, and a jilunge into the water afterward. As a cure for the hite of a, rattlesnake they em[)loy an herb called ciip/itir/ilti. Ih'oken or wounded limbs are encased in wooden splints es. "■' ' I'lid'i' ciiyns tribiis Iniy nl.Ljuiiiis qnc so ('(niun .-'i siis . 1(17. '" ruliiicr. ill lliU'ix'r'K Mkj.. vol. xvii., p. ird; Jli rlmflii r 1/ 'Hinnl, li'mno, p. 2")lt: ('n iiiiiiii/'.-i .t/»(( iii.v, p. Ill; Dmis' Ei Hi'iihjo. p 1(7. (K .*<');i;/'('//(.mi((|I(/i liijil., iNJi"), p. 'J'JU; Murcy's Army Lij'i, p. 31. 522 NEW MEXICANS. until hoalod. r)iit fiwiuontly they ubiindoii tlicir .sick and iiuiinu'd. or treat tlieiu with jireat har.shiu'.s.s,"' riio.st.-s or nu'diciiK'-nK'ii possess ahiiost exchisively the secrets of tlie art of heahiig. When herbs I'ail the\ resort tu ineantations. sonjis. and mailings. They are lirni be- lie\ers in witelieral't, and wear as anndets and cliarnis, feathers, stones. antek)i)e-toes, crane's bills, bitsot'charivd wood and the like. Their j)roi)hets claim the power of Ibretellinj;' i'liture events, and are Ireijuently consulted therefor."'' ^lost of the nations in the vicinity of the Colorado, burn their dead as wkhi as possible alter death, on which occasion the worldly effects of the deceased are likewise si)iritualized; utensils, [jroperty, sometimes Avives, are sent with their master to the s})irit land. s U7 i^i Il(ir(h/'.i Triiv.. ji. 142-3. 'Los ooninnchps In lliiman ruin; y oiaiido iiiK) (Ic ciitrc cllds istA 111 lido, niuscun hi raiz {i\ni' fs uiny lav^ai v t h|iriiiitu •'1 yiiL;c) y la saliva cii la llaj,'a.' liirliDnliir i/ Tlnml, hiario, )>. 'J.i>~\ l.'tln iiikiii. iu'Siiiilfisniihhi Hi 1,1., isr,."). J). 290; i'((»i( '.s i'w.s. Xnr., ]). 118: Slralloii'x ((\: J.illii inKOi, ill Siiiithniiiikin Jiijit., i^^)^), ji. liMt; lin ind:'^ A/i irlii itnj. )). (11!; Mi'ill)ii(\i>ien, Taijvbvih, j). W'l; hi., I, l< ISI )l III nil' /•W.s- . IIS; Jliiim mrli's Di-.svrts, vol. ii., )). 3;{r>; ]\'iii,lilt<'i-s. in I^cIkkiI- rriijl's Arch., vol. ii., ji. j;i(); I'arkir'K Ao^.s ox 'J\x., j). I'.t.'i. 'Jlic A| aclics: • Ciiaiulo s( (' ciiiciina a !^Mnio a (piit'ii no lian iiodiilo liaccr l( aplicaciou (Ir lis y< ilias. I'inico antidoto con (juc sc cnian. lo aliandonan, sin mas diliL;< iicia ultci'icir (|iif i)onci'le un nionton dv lirasas a la calu ctia y una bcisc hasta hoy que siguitica t'sto u con qui' lin la hactn.' )oi'a (Ic aijua. sm sa 1' Wlii.t .\ii/i ll'll(S III' ,'>lllllll'll. 2H(). H'i I-mIiiii, in Srlii)i)lrriift',-< Airli., vol. iv.. p. 217: T)ropitiatinL; tlie lualevoleuceof evil spirits, are jierlorming v.-uious in- j'Miitatiiins, accompanied by music on t}. W; ,'. 240-1 . ' It is the custom of the Mojaves to burn their jiidperty 1 a relation dies to whoso memory thiy wish to ]iay esjiecial Ik Ciiliiiiiilii llir.. )). f 0. 'l)ie Comanches t(idteten friiher das l.idilii when /( Weil) dcs ^'cstorbcneii llaupt]iiiL;s.' MiilU'r, Aim rihinisrlif Irriliiiiniii n, ji. h'H. ' No Navajo will ever oc( upy a lodj^'c in which a person has died. The lodj,'e is liuiii((l.' Il(irl,ii.<, in .^rliiiiilrral'l's Arrh., vol. iv., p. 213: I.illn rii.nii. in SiiiiUi.^.."), |i. '2M!). ' When a death occurs they ( Viinias ) move their villag( •^), aUhough sonietiuies only u short distance, but never occupy- KURIAL OF THE DEAD. 623 Tlioso that do not Imrii the (lead, burv tlicm in caves or ill sliidlow tinivos. \vitli tlio rohos, blankets, weapons, utensils, and oriuunents of the deceased. The Conian- clics tVeniiently hiiild a heap of stones over the |ira\e of a warrior, near which they erect a pole from which a pair ol' moccasins is .suspended.'^" After hnr\int. V. S. and Mrjc. BoMnhinj Si'r- vij. vol. i.. ](. 110. iH • When 11 Coiiiiiiiche dies. . . .he is nsniilly wm])pccl in his best Mankets or robes, and interred with most of his '■ jewflrv," and other arlidrs of esteem.' (Iri'ii't'tt <'i»)t. Pmlnia, vol. ii.. j)]). 317, '2-4I1. ' Cnando iniiin> alj^'uu ilidio, , . . juiitaii(h) sus deudos todas las alhajas dc su )ie('iilio, ht'. las jkhuii y dc csti luaiiira lo I'nviulvt'H en nna jiitl de cilmlo y lo llivan a elite rrar.' Ahiivi', llixt. I'liiiij). do Jtsiis, toni. i., p. [i'M); Knni. ;M7; JI'i.s/ii'/iK.s' Timr, ]). (i!). The Conianehes cover tluir toudis 'with ;^rass and jtlants to l:i; Id ., .Itnir., ]). U. 'i'hi' A|)a(hes: 'prohahly they bury their (h'ad in eaves; no graves are ever found that I evi'r heanl of.' JIdhi/. in Srh<.i)li-i-(ii't's Ar. '212. See also .Idiiii'ft' Ks]i<'d ., Vol. ii., ]>. IJO."). 'On the hij,'hest jioint of the hill, was a ("imianche ^'rave, marked by a pile of stones and some leiiinants of sc.nity elothin;,'.' I'lirlcr's A'c/c.s on Ti.w, jip. Ili7. ir)l. 'I'lie ciisloni of the Mesealero .\|iaehes 'heretofore has been to leave their dead iinbinied in some secluded s|iot.' Cttftia. in ///(/. .1//'. lii/'L, ]s71, ji. -1112: (inniiiii/'a Al>ii<'liin. p. ,">(); Mdllli(iiisS. 'J'hc Navajos 'all walked in solemn iirt)cessioii round it (the i^ravc^ sin!,'inf;j their funeral soii;_'s. .\s they left it, every one left a ]ircseut on the i^rave; some an arrow, others meat, nioccusins, toljacco, war- feathers, and tlie like, all articles of value to them.' I'lilti 's I'lrs. .\'"r., ]>, 111); It-rislii i "n iit'Jiri, tom. i., p. ")7. ' .\ los nifios y nifiasih' ]>(!iho les llevan en un I jicara la h'lhe ordenada (h" sus ]ieclios las misnias niadn s. y se las I'chan en la scpultura; y esto lo hai'cn jior al^'uno-- dias continuos.' Sniinnt, Ih-si'ijt h'riiii., in Itiic. JlisI, Mix., scrie iii.. tom. iv., p. 511); .V' i ,7(/;(/r.s', in >'c/ciii'''iv/''r.s ,lc(7i., vol. ii., ]). Ilt.'t; \'iliis'-iy, Xnl'ii'iits dr .somirw, p. '280; rrmlnl, vji's .iia/'i/,''/, tom, ii.. p, lint; MiiHlnlnsi n, Itdstn in dli' /•'(/.sc/i ,(''i., tola, i., p. ;!()!; Miiiri/'a Armi/ Lil'i, ]i. r>(!. ■ When a yoiiiiL; warrior dies, they moiiiii t\ hnv^ time, but when an old person dies, they mourn but little, saying that 524 NEW MEXICANS. The n.iiTio of a doceasod person is rarely mentioned, and tlio Anax'lies arc sliv oradniittinii straimers to a celelira- tion of funeral ceremonies. >vhieh mostly take place at niu'lit. In jicneral tiiey are averse to spejikinu' upon the snhject of death at all. The Xavajos. says Mr Davis. "ha,ve a superstitious dread of approaching a dend hoily. and will never go near one Avhen they can avoid it.' '^' In the character of the several nations of this divi- sion there is a marked contrast. Tlie Apaches as I ha\e said, thouuh naturally^ lazy like all savages, are in their industries extremely active, — their industries being theft and nun'der. to which they are trained )»y their mothers, and in which they disi)lay consummate cunning, treach- eiy. and cruelty.^'"'^ The Xavajos and Mojaves dis[)liiy a more docile nature; their industries, although tlu-rein they do not claim to eschew all trickery, being of a lh(^y ciiniiot livo forever, ami it was time they should go.' I'arkisr's SoUs (-/i Tex., \>\\ li»2, '2:1(1. I'll Ihiris' Kl liiiiiijo, pp. 41-1-u; ('rcmo}iy\s Aii'irhrii. jip. 250, '2!»7. ''• 'The quiihtv of iiiercv is niikuown uiiioii;4 the Apaehes.' Cirmnju/'.'i Ajxirlirs, 1 ]). ;{.!-». "ill.}, '2l')-l)!, '2'27-S. ' I'erfeetly liiwhss, s.-ivuL-e. and brave.' Miirij/'s Hi jil., p. P,(7. ' Tor tlie sake of tlie booty, also take '.'Av.' .'^flinali nij'I'.'i Arch., vol. v., p. 2n2. ' Inclined to intemperanee in strong,' drinks.' Ilair)/. in ScliiMili'vii/r.^ .\rcli., vol. v., p. 211. 'Ferocisinios de eondicion, de natnr- ale/.ii saiitirientos.' Aliiidiiid, in J)ii<\ Hist. Mcc , serie iii., toni. iv., ji. S2i. ' Sunianniite veiiLjativo.' Vilnsro, Xutir'nt.'i di' Suiiorii, ]>. 2s:i. 'Alevoso y veiinativo caracte. . rastntos ladroiies, y sannninarios.' lUisUniumU', in Covd, I'l-i's S'l'jlti-t. toni. iii., J). 78. 'I hav<> not seen ii more intellii^'cnt, elieirfiil, and j^'r.ttifid tiibe of Indians than the rovini; .\paches.' (', 17, 51; (iiircUi ('tnulv, in Svr. .l/i,r. 'r'c'f/., lUMin, torn, v., |ip. JJll-b"), :{17; l>iir. Hist. y. r/.scf (_(/(/, ^l.^<., p. l; ('i>nUn>, in (h-'^n-u 1/ Hirni. iiiiiijriit'iii, p. ;t71; lidvHiWn I'vrs. Aiir., vol. i., \>]). 'A'12, :)2('i-7; SiiKdl, in >'//u7/(,M//iii(/t ]{tiil., 1S<)7, p. -llll; A|l<|>l('|lil^llS Afanis, p. -Hid; J.kiIik- ]iclli\ Huiiii.'i.'ii l-lliiiillitiii. p. hit; Tiirmr, in .N'l nn'r/Zis AkikiIik (lis I'"//., l^■")■_', torn, c'xxxv., ]ip. 11(17, 'Ml; Ihniu'iicrh's Jtiscrls, vol. ii.. pji. ">. (1, S; Miilllniiisi n, Jil is a ill. (/)■'■ /-'i/.s! /I ,('/)., toHi. i., p. 'lUl; M(iilliiiii.-;i-ii, Tiniihin-li, jip. ;i;i(i, ;i(;i; He.iit, in .'^rliunlrvdi'l s Arrli., vol. i.. p. '2t;i; W'mil'.i .Mixim, vol. i., ji. ."iSd; Miiirri/'s Arimiiii, ]i]\. :tl-2; /'('/»', in I'ar. H. It. Hijit., vol. ii., \i. Ill; W'/ilji- jili; Kir'iiinl.', mill 'I'liniir's lUjit., \). II, in l\u\ It. It. Iti]>t.. vol. iii.; Unl- liiliii. in .\iiiirillis Aiuinlis ilfs I '"(/., IH")!, tom. exxxi., p. '.17:1; (imiii's I'mn. rntiri's, vol. i., pp. 21tl, 2'X>; JHsl. Cliivtiinne (h' lit ('. 4.1; //v,s' Co/ixv/i/d ltii\, \\. 41; Enmrii's Hi i>l. V. S. und Mi.v. Jiitidiiliirii SKrcei/, vol. i., )i. Ill; FruiM. An^- AniiriLn. (oni. ii.. ])]>. 17ri (1, and', ,'. Aiinr'., p. i")27; I'ntliv's I'lrs. .Sar., ji. 117; Wliii'i'li. in Hue. It. It. Itijif., vol. iii., p. lilt; Sidehiiiiir, Itihteiun, in Ihir. liisl. Mi.i\. si lie iii.. tom. iv., |i. s.Vi; see further. Hid. Aff. Itejits., from l8Ji to 1«72; .'ytrattun'.s ( iipl. Outiiinn iiirls, pji. 1 10, l;i2. NEW MEXICAN CHARACTER. C^S Tiioro peaceful, substiintial cliiiracter, such as stock-rais- inj:'. ajirieiilture. and luaiiul'actures. J*role.ssii)ual thiev- ing' i.s not countenanced. Tlioujili treacherous, they are not naturally cruel; and though deaf to the call of grati- tude, they are hospitable and socially in(;lined. Tliey are ever ready to redeem their pledged uord, and never shrink from the faithful performance of a contract. They ai'e brave and intelligent, and possess much nat- ural common sense.'" The Tamajabs have no inclina- tion to share in marauding excursions, ^riiough not wanting in courage, they jxjssess a mild dis[)osition. and are kind to strangers.*'' The Comanches are dignilicd in their deportment, vain in respect to their personal appearance, ambitious of martial fame, unrelenting in their i(.'uds, ahvays exacting blood for blood, yet not sanguinary. They are true to their allies, jtrizing highly their freedom, hospitable to strangers, sober yet gay, maintaining a grave stoicism in presence of strango-s, and a ►Spartan inditlerence under severe sulVering or mis- fortune. Formal, discreet, and Arab-like, they are always faithful to the guest who throws himself upon their hos[)itality. To the valiant and brave is awarded the liiuhest ])lace in their esteem. Thev are extrenielv clannish in their social relations. Quarrels among rel- atives and friends are unheard of among them.''^ '■'2 Tho Niivajds: ' Hospitality exists nmoiif.^ IIk^so Indians to u ^,'n>iit rx- tint . . .Xor live tlit'sc jH'iiplc crncl. . . .Tlu'y iii''' ti'cachcroiis.' Litlnrnmn. in .'^milli^innitiii UipL, IS.");"), j)|), "iit^, 'J'.)"). ' 1 Siuvc, Imidv, iiulustrioiis.' Culi/ir, in lii'l. Af. Ilij^l., lHi;i», j). M); l),,,iiriwrli's Ih'sivts, vol. "ii., p. (d. 'Tricky iiml unrcliulilf.' Siiiijimin's .limr. Mil. Ilvmi.. ji, .")'!. Tln^ Mojavis; •Tiny aio lazy, cruel, seltish; . . .there is one (,'(io(l quality in them, tin' exa. fitmle witli wiiii h they fiilttl an iij,'reenient.' Ins' ('iiliir. 2i!4; Knlun, in SclKitilcrnJI .i .l/c//., vol. iv., pp. "217 IS: llihili's' lliiiiiiiliiin's J:'d\, p. '-Oli; Miillli'inKm, 'J'iii,f- i>"'-li. ]>. ;ts-i. ''' I'di-lv.. in T'lir. Ii. 11. Jli'jit.. vol. iii., )i. VH. ' Kstos indios se aventa- j in in niuchas eirennstancias a Ids yiini.is y deiiias naciones del IJio ('i)liiia- do: son nienos niolestos y nada ladrones.' (iiirc'H, in J)iir. Hist. lA.r.. siiie ii.. toni. i., p. 27:!; also in .{rrii'lriln, Cn'mird Svriifii'ii, \t. 472; Itdim-nvfli's his ris. vol. ii., ]]. (!2. '■''(irave and ilif^nitied. . . iinplacahlp and nni-elenlinj,'. . . . liospit.alile, and kind. . . atlcetionate to each other. .. .jealous of llieir own fre(ilotii.' '/'OT/z's .I/')//// /.I/,', pp. 2'), :M 1, ;!l. :!(! O. il. en. 'Alta estinia ]::ic( ii d. 1 valor eatas raziis uuniadas.' Mu.svo Mi:a\, toni. ii., p. al, ' Loiu d'etre cruels, im- I 520 NEW MEXICANS. TiiK non-noiTiJiflic sonii-civilized town and agricnltiirul peoples of New Mexico {ind Arizona, the second division of this grotip, I call the l*ri:i5r,(»s, or IWns-people, (Voiii ])ti('f)/o, town, population, people, a name given l)y the S[)aniards to such iidiabitants of this rej-ion as ^vere foinid, when first discovered, i)ermanently located in corn[)uratively well-built towns. Strictly speaidnjr. the term Pueblos applies onl}' to the villagers settled aloug the baidvs of the Rio Grande del Norte and its tributa- ries, between latitudes 34^' 45' and 8G 30', and although the name is employed as a general appellation for this divisi(m, it will be used, for the most jiart. only in its narrower and popular sense. Jn this division, be- sides the before-mentioned Pwhlos pro})er, are enibraceil the Mftqiflii^ or villagers of eastern Arizonu, and the non-nomadic agricultural nations of the lower (Jila Hi\'er, — the J^imas, Marivopas^ JYtpigos, and cognate tribes. I'he country of the Towns-pco])le, if we may credit Tiieutenant Simpson, is one of "almost imiversal ])arreiuiess," yet interspersed with fertile spots; that of the agricultural nations, though dry. is more generally j)roductive. The fame of this so-CJilled civilization reached ^fexico at an early day; first through Alvar Nunez (^ibeza dc Vaca and his companions, who be- longed to the expedition under the unfortunate lVimi)hilo de Narvaez, traversiim' the continent from Florida to the shore of the gulf of (;alifornia; they brought in exagger- ated rumors of great cities to the north, which i)i't)nn)ted the expeditions of Marco de Niza in 1539. of Coronado in 1540, and of Espejo in 158('). These adventurers visited the noi'th in quest of the fabulous kingdoms of Qui\ ira. Tontonteac, Marata and others, in which great riches were said to exist. The name of (^uivira v»'as ils-sont tri'S-donx vt tivs-ftrlMes dnns lours aniitii's.' Castailedit. in T]>. Hi, 1 >7. 41')'.): S(M'. ; Slicptrd's l/ind af the Axlecs. j). Wl\ /'(r;/c.s' Tntvds, vol. i., p. 107; Uakkron (k la Barca's Life in Mcx., vol. ii., p. 308. THE PUEBLOS. r)27 nfterwiirds applied by tliom to one or inoro of tlio pueblo eities. The li.ime Ci'bolu, IVoin dbolo, Mexieiiii bull, bun hixoii. or Avild ox of New Mexico, wliere the Sptmidrds lirst eneoiintered builiilo, was given to seven of the towns Aviiieh were afterwards known as the seven eities of Ci- bola. But most of the villages known at the picsent day were mentioned in the reports of the early expedi- tions bj' their present names. Tiie statements in ii'gard to the number of their villages dift'ered i'rom the lirst. ( 'astaneda speaks of seven cities.''^' The I'ollowing list, ac(;ording to Lieutenant Whipple's statement, apjjeais to be the most complete. Connnencing noith. and follow- ing the southward course of the Rio (Jraude del Norte; Shipap. Acoti. Taos, Pi(!uris, t>an Juan. r»»iua(|ue, Santa (Mara. San lldeibnso, Xambe, TesiKpie. CcKrhite, IVcos, Santo Domingo, Cuyaman(|ue, Silla, ,leme/. San Felipe, (Jalisteo. Santa Ana, /andia, l^aguua. Acoma, Zufii, Isleta. and Chilili.''"' The Moquis who speak ti distinct language, and w ho have many customs peculiar to them- ''"' ' Ti^^iifx fst sitni' vrrs le noril, k environ qniiriinti' licues.' fnnii Cilioliv. ('(iMiUif'lii. ill '!'( riniii.i'-' ('iiiiKDix, \'iii/., si'ric i., toiu. ix., |i. M'i'k 'l.a ]ir(i- viiicf (Ic Ciholii cdiitiriit srjit villiij^i's; h^ plus j^iii'ul sc ndiiiiin' ^lu/iKiuc ' /'/., ji. Ki:!, Of two piiiviiicis iiortli of Tigiitx, ' Vwm- si' iioiiiiii.iit Hciius, . l"',l. •]! t'xistc iiiissi. tV iipr.'s le nipport un iintit' rovMiiiiu' tivs-vastc. iioiiiiiu' Acns; cai' il y 11 Aliaciis ct Aciis; Aliiicns avcc- I'aspiiatioii est uiic ilcs sept villcs, ct la caiiitali'. Acns sans asjiii'iitioii est un idvaiinic.' .Xim, in 7V/- hi(i(,\--('itiiiii'iii!<, I'"//., si'rio i., toiii. ix., p. "271. 'Tlic kiii^'iloiiii' of Totoii- tcac so iinicli extolled liy the I'atlicr proniiiciall, . . . the liiiliaiis say is a liotte lake, aliout wliich .tre tiiic or sixc houses; iind that tlietc \vi le ceftailie other, liilt that they are ininatcd by waire. The kiii^'iloiiie of Maiata is not to he t'oiuid, iiciihei' haiie the Indians any knowlid^r,. til, icof. 'I'Ik' KinLjdoii f Acus is one oiiely small citie, where tiny ^'atlnr cotton whii'li is call< il Aciicii, and I say that this is a towue. For Acus with an aspiration imr without, is no word of they countrey. Aiicl because I j^'esse that they Would diriue Acucu of Acus, 1 say that it is this towne wlnreinto the lvin,,dom of Aeus is c muerted.' Ciiniirtilo, in llnhhijil's I'ni/., vol. iii., ]>. liTS; h'sjiihi, in /'/., ) p. .'iS(i-;;!i| ; Minilii:ti, hitrc. in 'rirMtuf-'iiiiijuiiis. Vinj., si rie i, tom. ix.. ]>. li'.tl; />(' Lmt, Sin-Hs Or'iis, p. Id."); ,'>iiliii(nin, Jtil(iri,iiii s, in liar. Hint. 1/r.r., serie iii.. torn. i\., y. ind; /''xrnldnle, in /(/.. ])p. 121 .">: /'iAi'.s' K.ffih'f. Tmr.. jip. ;Ul-2; .Miililniji/onll, Mijivo, foin. ii., pt ii., jip ."r2.S-'.»; Eulun, in ^^i-IukiI- iTHj'Vs .\rrh., vol. iv., p. 220; Mussel, .l/cr. iliuiL, p. 1:'7. 'I'li n'i,i;n,IP. Kirhdiih; iiHil Tiinwr's lirpt., pp. 1(1-12. in I'nr. I!. II. lipt., vol. iii.; Simiisnii's .liiiir. Mil. /I'lcoo., pp. 12H ll{((; l,'i:iii, Sulifia ili Ins .\ii>i- Oiti's, in Mdim's Tiro 'I'/kiiisiihiI Miks. jiji. 20S-',); I'liiK-mi, in /(/.. ])p. 2:(I-II; ,1/ iirnsli-r. in /(/., p. 212; Darin' El (jfrimjo, p. 115; Cidlionn, in .sc/K/o/iwyrs Arcli., vol. iii., p. tJJJ. r.28 NEW MEXICANS. selves, inliabit spvon villnjroH, iiiuned Orai])o. Shnninth- pa, Miishaiiiia, AliU'la, (iiialpi, k^iwinna, and Tt'jiiia.'''' By tlio J^panish coiKjiicst of Now Mexico the natives Mere probably disturbed less than was usually the ca^e Avitli the van(|uished race; the Pueblos being well-domi- ciled and well-behaved, and having little to be stolen, the invaders ado[)ted the wise iMjlicy of jK'rniittinI., vol. iii. 'Los iioiiilins (Ic ii.s jmcblos ilil MiKjiii sim, scj^mi hiij,'iiii dc Ids Yii- vi|)nis, ScscpuiiliiliA, Miis.iLtiU'vc, .Jiiuogniilim, MiKjui, C'(iiiciil)t' y !Muca a (jiiicii los znfiis llainaii Oiaivc, ([iio I'S vn t'l que I'stuvc' (rKms, in J>iir. Ilisl. .l/r.i'., scric ii., toni. i., p. 332; liuxton's Adrin. Mix., p. I'.'o; Jrv^' Cul- orado llir. p. VJ.7. 'i'* AlHiMiiiitions live abnndant onongli, but they haw no foundation what- rvcr in fact, and many aif absurd on thiir fa<'t'. ' Nons atHiiiions (pic li s Indicns I'ucblos ct Ics ancicns J[cxioains sont issus d' unc sculc ct niciiic h'lU lie." Jlii,rl"((, in .\'tiitri'lli-s Aidciks dis Vny., Ih5(), toni. cxxvi.. p. It. ''I'hcsc Indians claim, and arc j^cnorally supposed, to have descended from the ancient A/tec race.' Merriinlln r, in Ind. A_{f'. itept., IS.lt, p. 174. "Tlicy arc the descendants of the ancient rulers of the country.' hai is' Kl h'riiii;i), !>. 1 II. 'Thev are the remains of a once powerful peo(ile.' M'dlhvr, in Iml. .\tr. lli'pt., \Hi-l. ]i. :,-)-. Cnli/T. in /i/., ISrid, toni. cxxvi., ji. ^.5. ' ^loipics, sujijmsi d to be v<'sti;^;es of A/tecs.' Amur. Quart. Jlcijiiskr, vol. i., p. 173; I'rkhard's ii'cst'./c/a.v, vol. v., p. 131. PIMAS AND PAPAGOS. 620 known as tlio ii})|K'r and lower Pimas, wliidi br'aiiclic'.s show but sliu'lit (lialc'C'tic diftbrencos. Whcii lirst seen 1 heir territory extended further southward into Sonora. Tlie Pa[)a,!4"os, their nei,L;'ld)ors, are elosel;; allied to them l»y lan!4UaL(e. In nowise related to them, hut veiy simi- lar in their manners and customs, are the ]\rari('o|»as, who reside in their immediate vicinity, and wlio claim to have mi_L,n"ated to that })lacc some centuries ayo, from a more westerly territory. All these people, althou<4'h not dwelling in houses laiilt, like those of the Puehlos, of solid materials, have settled villages in which they reside at all times, and are entirely distinct from the roving and nomadic trihes (lescril)ed in the Apache family. When lirst found by the Spaniards, they cultivated the soil, and knew how to weave cotton and other fabrics; in fact it was easily observable that they had made a step toward civiliza- tion. I therefore describe them together witli the Pueblos. The region occupied by them, although con- taining some good soil, is scantily provided with water, and to enable them to raise crops, they are obliged to irriixate, conducting the water of the Gila to their iields in small canals. The water obtained by digging wells is frequently brackish, and in many places they are lorced to carryall the water needed for household pui-- j)oscs quite a long distance. The climate is claimed to be one of the hottest on the American continent. The Pueblos, and ^loqui villagers, are a race of small })eople,tho men averaging about live feet in height, with small hands and feet, well-cut features, bright eyes, and a generally ])leasing expression of countenance.^'''' Their hair is dark, soft, and of fine texture, and their skin a '■''•' 'Lcs hommcs sontpctits.' Meiidozn, Lettre, in Ternaux-Comimnn, Voi/., s lie i., toin. ix., p. '2!)t. The Moipiis arc 'of medium size aiul iinliHerontly inopoitioiieil, tiioir features strongly marked and homely, with an expression >;iuenilly hriirht and good-natured.' Ices' Colorado ltii\, pp. Ii*()-'J, l"J0-7. 'J he Keres ' sind hohen Wuchses.' M ii/ilfnp/on/t, Mcjicn, torn, ii., pt. ii., p. ri'JS; Malli'-liriin, Prirh ile la <'Vo'/., torn, vi., p. 4.")3; //avar/, }[i\i\ OikU., p. VSl ; Mollliausen, Ilcixen in. du' Fcf-innjch., torn, ii., p. '240; J)fi Lai:!, A'oni.i VrhU, p. .101; Sim/'soii'n Jour. Mil. Iicron., p. JKl; ('(ustuSicila, in To kleediiig boitund uit kotoi'iio inaiitelH, Imidcii tot 1)roek(>n, geiiaeyt, sclioeiioii en laeiv.en van goed leder.' Moidnintu, Xicnirc Wiiniil, p]>. "JOit, -17-KS. Tbe women 'having the calves of their legs wrapped or stiitled in such a niaiuicr as to give them a sweUed appearance.' S^mpxiui's Jour. .Mil. J.Woii., pp. 14, II.'); /),' Lnit, \onin Orl/is, pp. 'JJIT-S, Wl, ;{();!, 3I2-I:{; Com- will), ill //(tk/ii>//\i I'o//., vol. iii. pp. .'177, •?'S(i; h''<]j Jo, in A/., pp. .SS-t-tHi; .Xi'.a, in /'/., pp. .StiS, 370; I'almcr, in //(ir/icr'n .Miuj., vol. xvii.. p. 4.")7; \\'/ii/>/)lf, L'irhaii/:, fiiiil Titrnpr\t J'e/it., pp. .SO, 1'2'2, in Par. II. It. It']it., vol. iii.; hnmi- vi'ch's JJi .11 rf.'i, vol. i., pp. I'.t7, ^O.'l, vol. ii., jip. '2i;{, '281; I'va iirnerk, mSrhdol- rralYx Air/i., vol. iv., pp. 7.'1 ScS; iViz/hf nils' Tdiiv. ]>. '2(i; Lurciiainlii ri\ .lA.c. (' (I'liiiL, p. 147- Viitnlrii, l'i>c/ii'rchi-<, p. 70; .M(ii-ci/'>i Arinij L{lr, \)[^. OO-KK), lO.V-0; I'o.slcr'n Pri'-lliif,. L'aeci, p. 304; Caxlartii/n, in '!'' niuii.r-Cninjiiiif. I'"//., mrioi., torn, ix., pp. 61-08, 70, 103, 17.'^, \"; Juraiiullo, in /(t, torn, cxxvi., p. 53; Eaton, in Srfio drmft'.t Arch., vol. iv., p. '220; Ahirt. in Kiiii>ri/\i I'rroiinnii.idiire, p. 471; Mfiijir\t .Me.v., Azter, etc., vol. ii., p. 3."»0; .)loll- haiiHoii, Tdijcbiu-ii, pp. '217, 2S3; KiiidalVa Nar., vol. i., p. 370; Itivilla-di'ji'ih, Curta, MS.; A/ado, I^lrrioimrio, torn, iv., p. .388; Arriciviin, ('riiidcuSi riijiai, p. 470; 6'/v;/(/'.s Com. Prairhs, vol. i., pp. 248, '279-80; Mvllhauaen, liti-iCii in die False nijtb., torn. ii. jip. 195, 239. 033 NEW -MEXICANS. and (•oiu<'al-sliape(l lirad-drcssos; fuatliors, slioop-skiii \vigs, and masks, aru likuwi^e oin[)l<)y(jd.^'^'' Tlio lialiili- nionts «)t' the Pinias arc a cotton scrape of their own inanufactnro, a l>rccch-clotli, with sandals of raw-liido or deer-skin. Women wear the same kind of seru])", wound round the loins and pinned, or more fre(]U(;ntlv lucked in at the waist, or fastened with a belt in wliicli different-colored wools are woven; some wear a^ short petticoat of deer-skin or bark.'"* They wear no heu«l- drcss. Like tlie J^ueblos, the men cut the hair short across the forehead, and either plait it in different coils bL'hin()th Rpxos jxo linrc'hca;k'(l. ' Tlio hair is worn hntr;, nml ii iVmo up in ft grciit (jiunii! that fulls tlown beliiml.' J)(iri,i' Kl (,'riii /n, ]);>. 117, l"il-"i, l-'l. Tilt! viiiiu'ii 'trciicari hm i;al)cllo.s, y nxloiniso lo^ ;i I.i i'al)C(,'a, ]ii)i' si)lii(! l;n oifjas, ' (ioiiHirri, Hist. I ml., fol. 'Si'X 'Llcv.'ui las vk^jai it jicId IiciIid duj trinzas y laa ww/.ixa iiu mono sobro cadii (U'cja.' (iain.-i, JJinrio, in Dur. lliJ. Mix., ssLiiu ii., tuin. i., pp. y^S-l); L'aion, in Schou!cr(()Tfi 'irrh., vol. iv., p. '2-20. ii;s 1 Yjiji vcstidos catos indioa coi: ''r.azatliisi do algotlun, fpio olios f.ilivicni, y otras do laiia. ' (tarcfx, Diaiio, in JJoc. Ills/. Mr.r., sciio ii., toiii. i., p. -;!■'>. Tlii'ir dirs.i U cotton of do>u. il.i inainifacturc. Knvirifs Ikroiiiiii'KMinri:, p. l.'iJ. ' Kuiisticic'ii da^uc'gcn &\\y\ dio buiiteii CJiirtcl gcwcbt, iiiit duiii'ii dio lladchcn ciii Stiick Zoug als Rock uin dio Hiiftoii l)iii>>•, L'luori/'.i A'f/./. (/. S. and Mcx. JlouiiilKrii i^nrvcii, vol. i., p. \'1'.\; lirnlli tl'n /V/'v. A'di:, vd. !., p. 4'>2, V(d. ii., pp. '.M(J-7, '219; C'irnw»i/\i A/Ktc/ie^, p. 104; Alc'jn', Ili-'t. ('ohijk ill' Jusii.i, torn. iii. p. 1().'J; Ires' Cvlomdn Uic, ])p. .'11, .'!■'>; Mmrrii'.i Arh'nia. p. .'{{); Afiiii'jc, in />iir. lliif. Mea-., soric iv., torn, i., pp. .3(.i4-ri; Vi /a.ico, Solivin-i lie Scnora, p. 11(5; llrivt'i' wis den \'i rchi. St'iat., toiii. ii., p. 3-2. i(,st I },l^^l^^ never cut tJicir liair.L Creinoni/'it A/iacliix, p. DO. 'ilioy plait and wind it round tlicii- licada in many ways; ono of the most general foriiiiii tiu'l)an wldcU they smear with wet cirtii. Froehel, Aii-iAiiiiriLft, toni. ii., pj). 4.14-0; Fri'iwittaud L'lDOri/'s A'o^csoy' Trar., ]i. 4/; JCinnr;/, in Pur. J,'. II. loyl., vol. ii. p. i); Pattir'.-i Pers. Nar., pp. 14.3, 145, 14!;; Broirfir'n A^arlic Voiinlnj, p. 107; SrhnolrrajVa .' -li., vol. lii., p. '2M. ^'^Sunoni, Dcscri^ ^<:oij., iu Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., torn, iv., p. Jli'. ri.M.V AND MAKICOPA DWELLINGS. 533 find l)Oii(l ncckliiccs iir(» used; also cuv-jmiiiih of u Mil 4oiu> loiip-d in the inoiintuiiis 171 Tlu' (Iwclliiius of the ii,:iri<'iiltiir:il I'imas, Miiricopiis, and PiipaLios consist of doini'-slia[H'd Inits, either i'(Mnid or oval at the hase. There are iisnally thirty oi' more to a viUauc, and they are ^i-onju'd with some reuai'd to rei:idarity. Stronji" forked stakes are fn-mly lixed in the ^ronnd at reiiiikir distances iVom i-acii other, the mnnher \aryin,u accord- inu' to tlie si/t' of the hut, eross-|)oles are laid iVom one to tile (►thei*. around these are placed ('otton-^vood |»oles, \vhich are hentover and fastened to the transserse sticks, the structure is then wattled with willows, reeds, or coarsi" straw, and the whok' eoveivd with a coat of mud. The only openings are an entranci; door ahout three feet hiiih. and a small aperture in the center of the roof that serves lor ventilation. Theii* heiuht is from li\e to se\cn I'eet. and the diameter from twenty to lift\. ()utsid(; staiiils a shed, open at all sides with a roof of l)rauches or corn-stal Their 1 rii-llelds. which not only are more airy, hut are also more coiiNcnieiit in watchinu' their jirowini:' crops. I'e- sides the dweUiniz-i)lace. each family has a ,i:ranary. similar in slia[)e and of like materials liut of stroiiLicr coiistriu'tion; hy frecpii-nt plasterinu' with mud they are mad e im[K'rvious to rain. The t owns ol tl K' IK Id OS 'All (if tliciii jiiiiiit, iisin^' no ]i;irtirnlar dcsi'^ii: fhi' imn mcistlv with diirk ciijiirM, ihc wiiiiicii. red iiiiil villow.' W'lll.'i-'.-i I'iiiius. .!/> ; .liiliiisnn's ll'i.. II. • 'I'lic wniiirn wiiiii tiny arrive at iiialnrily draw twn liiii'S witli S()iiii> liliic-ciilorcd dvc frnni radi cori'ir ui tin- iiKHitli ti> tin' diiu.' Itur// It's I'irs. A'"/'., vol. ii.. p. TIS, '" ' Ailoriiausc cdii ;_;arL;aiitillas dc caracolillns del mar, ciitrrv.'.-adiis dc (itnis f'liciilas dc (•(iiii'lia I'lilorada rrdmida.' Mniff, iti /'^c. Hist. Mi.r., scri" iv , toiii. i., |i. 'i'.l'.l. ■ Till y had many uriiamiiits of sea >!.. lis.' hjnmrj/'s .l!'ciii,:iiiissiiiici\ ]K l.'!2. 'Siimi' havi' liniu; striiit;s of sca-slu IU.' IliirH'ICfi /'i /'s. Aw;'., vol. ii.. ]). "J;!!! 1. ' Itarcly use (iriiaiiiiiils.' ]i'iiU.' I's I'limis, .!/>.; Mii.rr, Xm-lii irhl' II. jiji. '.i'lii-li; .Sk/i/i/ikic, Uilitrhm, in l>iii\ liisi. JA.r., .si iii> iii., torn, iv., Y\\. s'liul. '"■-' t'ri'iii'iiii/'x AiKiclii'n. \). !M : (idlhdin. in yinn-fUfH Ainnihs oine of them are situated in vahevs, others on mesas; sometimes they are planted on eleva- tions almost inaccessible, reached only by artificial grades or by ste[)s cut in the solid rock. Some of the towns arc of an elliptical shape, while others are square, a town being frecpiently but a block of buildings, Tims a I'ueblo consists of one or more squares, each enclosed by three or four buildings of from three to four hundred feet in length, and about one hundred and fifty feet in width at the base, and from two to seven stories of i'rtmi eight to nine feet each in height. The buildings ibrni- ing the s(iuare do not meet, but in some cases are con- nected ])y bridges or covered gangways, {ind in some instances the houses project over the streets below, which being narrow, are thus given an undergi-ound appearance. The stories are built in a series of grada- tions or retreating surfaces, decreasing in size as they rise, thus forming a succession of terraces. In some of tbe towns these terraces are on both sides of the l)uilding; in otliers they face only toward the outside; wliile again in others they are on the in- side. In IVont of the terraces is a parajjct. wliich serves as a shelter for the inhabitants when forced to dei'end themselves against an attack from the outside. Tbeso teri'aces are about six feet wide, and extend round the tliree or four sides of the square, forming a Avalk lor '()•)/ Siirri\i/, vol. i., ji. 117; Mumje, in Boc. Hist, .l/i.c, scric iv., tom. i., ;ip. 277. ltd.") (!. ' Ijcui's ( I'iqmtJios) iiiiiisoiis sout do foi'iius ciinicjiirs it cnn- Ktruitcs ell joiic rt fii l)(iis.' Si)i\ 'I'c'"/., Ilitlli'liii, Hi'riv \., So. WJ, \u l^fS; W'kII.- ir's I'liiiii^, MS.; \'illii-Siri(ir y Saiiclnz, TliKitro, tniii. ii., ]>. Itllo; Si/./- miiir, lli'lurioii, ill l>(i<\ llisl. Mce., siTic iii., toiii. iv., j). Hi)\; I VAf.sco, .V■'^'(■(^^s• (/(' .S'(»»(l/'((, ))p. 115, l(;i. ' Alull'l'C, iK'SOlulcrS (litMluilllllCU I'iI])ML,'<>S. lllilchtrll Lochcr 1111(1 scliliifiii ties Xuflits liicriniit'ii; jii im Winter iiiiichtcii sir in ihri'ii Diii'lisliichrni /uvcn' l''cncr, iiml liit/.tcii ilifsilbcn.' Miirr, Sarhr'trlii' n, \\. I't"). "TlKir siiniiinr slidtci's urc of ii nincli nioiv tcinjiorarv nature, lieiii'.,' i'(Mistriic(etl lifter llie niiiiuier of a foniiiion arhor, covered witli wiilow roiU, to olistriict till' rays of the vertical sun.' UikiIics' l>(iiiiiili. i--- In front of the I'inio house is iisiiallj' ' ii lar;,'e arbor, on top of which is jiiled the cotton ill the poll, for drviii;^'.' L'liinri/, in Fn iimiil itml Eiiinrifs .\i7'.s tif I'nir., ]). 4H. The r.ipaiios' huts were ' fcriiiecs ])ar lies jicanx ile luillh s.' ]■'■ rri/. Scriirs . IltS'J, vol, ii., pp. 21)3-5. rUEBLO HOUSES. tlie occupants of the story resting upon it, and a roof for the storv beneath ; so with the stories above. As there is no inner connnunication with one another, the only means of mounting to them is by hulders whieli stand at convenient distances along the several rows of ter- races, and they may be drawn up at pleasure, thus cut- ting off all unwelcome intrusion. The outside walls of one or more of the lower stories are entirely solid, hav- ing no openings of any kind, with the exception of. in some towns, a few loopholes. All the doors {uid win- dows arc on the inside opening on the court. The sev- eral stories of these huge structures are divided into multitudinous coui[)artments of greater or lesser si'/e, which are apportioned to the several families of the tril)e. Access is had to the different stories by fneans of the ladders, which at night and in times of diiuger are drawn up after the person entering, 'i'o enter the rooniN on the ground floor from the outside, one must mount the hulder to the first balcony or terrace, then descend through a trap door in the lloor by another ladder on the inside. The roofs or ceilings, which are nearly ilat, are formed of transverse beams which slo[)e slightly outward, tiie ends resting on the side walls; on these, to make the lloor and terrace of the story above, is laid brush wood, then a layer of bark or thin slabs, and over all a thick covering of nuid sullicieut to render them water-tight. Tlie windows in the up[)er stories are made of Hakes of selenite instead of glass. The rooms are large, the substantial j)artitions are made of wood, and neatly whitewashed, The apartments on the ground lloor are gloomy, and generally used as store-rooms; those above are sometimes furnished with a small lire- place, the chinniey leading out some feet above the ter- race. Houses are connnon prcperty. and both men and v'' .lien assist in building them; the men erect the wooden frames, and the women riake the mortar and build the walls. In pl;ic(! of lime for mortar, thev mi.x ashes with earth and chai-coal. They make adobes or sun-dried bricks by mixing ashes and earth witL water, which is 536 NEW MEXICANS. then moulded into large blocks and dried in the siui. Sonic of the towns are bnilt with stones laid in nuid. Capt-.in Simpson describes several ruined cities, which he visited, which show that the inha])itants ibrmerlv iiad a knowledge of arcliitecture and design superior to any that the PucIjIos of the present day possess. Yet tlieir Ijuildings are even now well constructed, for although several stories in height, the walls are seldom more than three or lour feet in thickness. The apai'tments are well ai'ranged and neatly kept; one rooui is used for cooking, another for grinding corn and preserving winter supplies of ibod. others for sleeping-rooms. On the bal- conies, I'ound the doors opening u[)()n theui, the vil- lauers coui:reu'ate to iiossin and smoke, while the streets below, when the ladders are drawn up, present a gloomy and forsaken a])pearance. Souietimes villages are built in the forui of an oi)en stpiare with ))uildings on three sides, and aiiiiin two or more larue terraced structures capable of accoiiiiHodating one or two thousand pe()i)le ai'e built contiguous to i}iU']\ other, or on opi)()site hauks of a stream. In souie instances the outer wall presents one unbroken line, without entrance or anything to indicate the l>iisy life within; another Ibrin is to join tiie straiuht walls, which encompass three sides of a s(piare, by a iburth circular wall; in all of which the chief object is del'euse. The I'ueblos take great pride in their picturesipie iuid. to them, mamiilici'nt structures, anirmiim' that as ibrt- resses they ha\e ever ])r()ved impregnable. To wal' out l»lack barliiM'ism was "hat the I'ueblos wanti'd, and to be let alone; undei" these conditions time was giving them ci\ iliziition.'''* '"■' ViUii-Si'i'idV }j Sonchci, Thcatro, toni. ii.. ji. Jl'i; Whijipli'. En'lanlr. nhil Tiirnii-'s 111 III.. \t\\. -il, 'S-i, \:>'>, in I'ltr. ]{. 7.', Hi/il.. vol. ii. : Ni /k.v )'(/ //,< /,'o<7,// MIfi., ]i. 177; Siihiii rmi, JU'liii-iii>ii.'<, in Jlac. Ili.-onito are cstufas one hundi'cd jind seventy-five feet iii circumference, built in alternate layers of thick and '.uii: Cnrrloiir, in f:I., toill. X., pi). 4,'5S-0; Siiiipsnii'i Jo'ir. M'L Ihrnti., pp. •*?, JK), 114; y>V//', ill Srli'Kilcfa/Yti Arch., vol. i., p. '2\\\ Tcii Jirocck, ih II., Vol. i\'., pji. V^», Sil, ami pUit(j3, pp. lit, 7-; Wunlcti, Ji'crh' irhi:-', p. 79; /.'■'.I 'om'.s AdvfH. Mii'., p. I'.ll; l'uliiiii., loin, vi., p. A'u\\ llasscl, Mix. (lual., ]>. '27^; -;//(')'.< .'.ec, A'., c, rt'\, vol. ii., p. 'A')',); tr'/v;/.'/".s ('(//;(. Pniirlc-i, vol. i., jip. -■/ ",;i; IfnijhoC ])oiiiplinii\~i K.r., ji. IIJ,"(; durre', /)if(rio, in JJur. IIl. .S2'J; /rc.^' Culont/lo llii:,Y\). lilt, I'JI, I'Jd; Mnrr;/'.',- Arm;/ J.'/c, pi_>. 07, !'!', 101, \0'>; /'ii.ffnii, in .\'iinr)/li/< Aini: i/v.i \'oi/., |S."i!l, toiii. I'Nxvi., pp. 4i', 4">, Cy2, n~; GitlhUiu, in Id., 1851, toiu. cxxxi., pji. 'JIS, 'I'u, -('7, 270, 277, 27.^, 2SS; E^yrjo, in llid'nift'.^ \'oi/., vol. iii., p]). ;js,"), .'{;)2, ,'!'.) l(i; ( '--/■- (iiin'h), in /(/., vol. iii., jip. ;i77, ''u'.); X'r.i, in //., vol. iii., pp. 'Mu, '.\~,1\ M iili- I iipj'firi/f, Mij'irn, torn, ii., pt. ii., p. .")I!S; .Mollli'iunin, lieiHiii in i/ic i\l. 2!t7. Ill I -1 I; Arric'tri'ii, i.'roiiii'n Si nijici, p. 4SI). ''i'iio houses arc well (listfihiittMl aiulxory 11' :it. Olio room \:i ilc'si;_,'ii('il for tlio kitehen, and anothei to i;rind tlii' grain. 'l'l'-i:i laat ii ii]iart, and contaiiH a i'urnaco and three sl;one.-i iiiado fast in nia- >:o!M-y.' Ihu-:^' I'd <;,iii'j.., PI). ll.S-2;), 111, ;tll, :;i;!, ;!l'-i, 420, 422; <;i.-<'int,><•. /,)■■/., to:!i. iv., pp. :{20-;]0; Jluii'iH'a J\i:<. Nar., vul. ii., p. 17S; Fostcr'a I'n-JIidi, A'licv.', p. iiOl. 538 NEW MEXICANS. til in stono slabs. In those subterranean temples the old men met in secret council, or assembled in worship of their gods. Here are held dances and festivities, social intercourse, and mourning ceremonies. Certai'i of the Pueblos have a custom similar to that practiced by some of the northern tribes, the men sleeping in the sweat-house with their feet to tlie fire, and permitting women to enter only to bring them food. I'he estufas of Tiguex were situatod in the heart of the village, built undergro! 1 1, both roand and square, and paved with large polii-. i ones.^''* From the . iicst informaiion we have of these na- tions they arc known to have been tillers of the soil; and though the implements used and their methods of cultivation were both simple and primitive, cotton, corn, wheat, beans, with many varieties of fruits, which con- stituted their principal food, were raised in abundance. The Pueblos breed poultry to a considerable extent ; fish are oaten whenever obtainable, as also a few wild ani- mals, such as deer, hares, and rabbits, though they are indifl:erent hunters."^ The Papagos, whose country docs '"*In the province of Tucay.an, 'domiciliis inter so junctia ct .affabrc con- structis, in quibus et tcpiJaria qnao vulgo Stuvas appelhiinus, sub terra coii- structa ailvcrsus hyeinis vcliementiam. ' De Laet, Xorux Orliis, p. 301 . ' In tlio centre was a small square box of stone, in which was a lu-o of guava biislies, and around this a few old men were smoking.' Man-ifs Annij Li/t\ p. 110. ' Estufas, quo mas i^ropiamente dcbcrian Uaniar sinagogas. En cstas liaceu 6U3 junta.s, forman su.s conciliiibulofj, y cnsayan sus bailca ii pucrta ccrrada.' Alcijre, I Hat. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i.,p. 'SSli; Beaumont^ Cruii.dc Mtclioacan, MS., p. -118; ilomara, lllst, Ind., fol. '273; Simpson's Jour. Mil. ricron., p]i. 13, '21; Ccuitiiiiela, in Teniaux-Compans, Voi/., surie i., tom. ix.,pp. 13!), Iii.'>, 100-70, 17t> ; Esprjo, in HaHui/l'a Toy., vol. iii., pp. 392-3; iV'ie/, in Doc. JUkI. Mvr.. sorio iii., torn, iv., pp. 90-1. ''^' Magna ipsia MayzU copia ct legumimim.' De Laet, Novus Orbis, p]i. 298, 302, .'(10-13, 31.5. ' llallaron en los pueblos y casa.s muchos mantciii- micntos, y gran infinidad do gallinas do la tierra.' Espcjo, in llalhiiil'.-i l'ii>/., vol. iii. pp. 380, 393. 'Criaban las Indias nuichas Gallinas do la Tierra.' Ton/ueniada, Monarq. Ind., torn. i. p. 078. 'Zy Icven by mair, wittc, I'rwctcii, liaesen, konynen en vovder wild-braed.' Monlnn'is, Xi(uwi> \\'e<- Id, p. 21 "i, and Dapper, Aeuc Well, p. '242. Compare Scenes in the Unci':/ Mts., p. 177; Marci/'s Army Life, pp. 97-8, 104, 108; Cortez, in Pnc. U. 7>'.7.V/)/., vol. iii., p. 122; Sifijrenrcs' Zufil Ex., \\\). b-G; jam inillo, in Tivnaux-Compun'i, \'<'!l., HI lie i., tom. ix., pp. 309-71 ; Diaz, in /(/., pp. '294-.1; Orei/i/s Vom. Prairl x, vol. i., jtp. '208, '281; Ten limcek, in Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. SO; Simpson's Jour. Mil. Jiccon., pp. 10, 82, 91, 113; Wislizenus' Tunr, p. '20; Il. 278; llwihes' Dnnijilian's /•>.. pp. IKti, 221; Enton, in Srliaolrntl't's Airh., vts., fr()in 1857 to 1N72. I'lj ' Parii su susti'iito no rt'usa iininial, por innniiulo qnt' sea.' yulit-Sei'ioi' y Siint'liijg, Thiatni, toni. ii., ]). ;i".)5. ' I.os papagos se niautiiiuii dc los fni- tos silvi'strcs.' IV/asco, ydtiriua ih Sdu^'nt, pp. 100-1. 'Ilattcli yvosscu Apjictit zii I'ft'nl- uiid Mimlt'Sflticiscli.' Murr, Xiifliri'lilr)), jip. 247 !», 2(i7, 2H2-02; SiiHord, Iksciip., (iroij., in Ihic. Hist. Mi,v., siiic iii., tuni. iv., ji)). 837-8; Soc. 6'('0»/., Jiulklin. st-rio v., No. ',)(!, p. 188; ,Sti>ne, in Hist. Mdi/., vol. v., p. IOC. '^^ Tho I'inias ' Hacen pvamlis sicnihras. . para rnyo rio^o tiencn fonna- ilas liiicnas aci'ipiias.' akken ver!,'a((l( rdeli 't wa- ter; of zy h'iden 't uit I'en rievier door f^rafteu.' Mioitdims, Xiinirf II'mciYi/, ]>. 218; he hii't, Xnrits Orliis, p. 312; Fsjujn, iu lldldiujt's l'"*/,, toni. iii., pp. 3M5-7, 3'.)2-4; Cutis' f <»,. (iT'.l. "Tin- fruit of th(! l)ctiijaya ...is dried iii the siiu.' r/()//i;////'.'j Ajiiirlns, ]\\t. 8',), ",)1, ]ll(i, ]11-1"2. ' l-'ruiu tlu; snwarniw iCcreirs (tij,'aiiti'us) and jitava tiny iiial l!ir., py). M, 45. 121, TJ;). 'l2tl; Cui-Ulm,. in i^iiiillisiiiiiitii liijil., l.So^l, ]). lidS; 'I'm liriiirl,-, in Scln'iilcriu't's Arch., vol. iv., )>|). S, 7<1; ('i>r(iiiii(lo, in JIuUiii/l's I'"//., tuni. iii., ]>. !i7S; Sitniisnu's Ji'iir. MU. 7iV('ii/i., jip. 11;!, 11"); ('((.s^(/7(i/(/, in i) niiiiji'iHS, !''■//., serie i., tdni. ix., p. 171. PUEBLO WEAPONS. Ul Tlioir Avonpons are ])ow.s ami arrows, spears, and clul)s. The Pueblos use a, crooked stick, which they throw some- ANliat ill the iiiaiiiier of the hooiuciaiiji,': they sire excecd- iimlv .skillful in the nso of the «linii'. with a stone from which they are said to l)e ahle to hit with certainty a small mark or kill a deer at the distance of a hundred yards. For defense, they use a buckler or shield made of raw hide. Their arrows are carried in skin quivers or stuck in the belt round the waist. '*^' ]?ows are made of willow, and arc about six feet in length, strung with twisted deer-sinews; arrows are made of rei'ds, into M-hich a piece of hard wood is fitted. ^'^^ The rimas wing their war arrows with three feathers and ]K)int them with flint. Avliile for hunting purposes they have only two feathers and wooden jxiiuts,"^'' It has been stated that they poison them, but there does not appear to be good foundation for this assertion.^*** Clu])s, which are used in hand-to-hand combats, are made of a hard, heavy wood, measuring from twenty to twenty-four inches in length. Jn i'ormer days they were sharpened by insertinii' Hint or obsidian alon<;' the edge. 18o '**' ' The only dcfciisivt* uvnior they use is a rude sliitld iiiiuli' of raw IniU- liiilc' I>ih i^' III lirimio, pp. ll")-(). ' J>()\vs 1111(1 iiii'ows, and the wciodcii liiKinic- raiif,'.' Cdli/'i-, in litd. At}', llijit., iHt;',), ji. ',11. Tlif I'aim^'os' ' ainics sunt In niassno, la lance it Tare; ils iiortcnt anssi \nw ciiiiasso ct un lidiiclicr • u pcau dc biitllt'.' Noc. (h'oi;., nulUlin, Hi'rio v., No. !•. "i-iS; Mii)iqi\ Itiiiiriirlo, iu Jhic. Jlist. J/i.r., siTic iv., tonii., i).2'.l'.l; Suhliiiii'ir, in /(/., sciic iii., toni. iv., p. Sol; Suhiicnm, Itiktcioias, iu Jd., j). Jt)(i; JUtrt- IHi's J'l'rs. yin:, vol. ii., iiji. '217, L';S7. '^^ Bows 'of stroiii; willow-tiouulis.' Wdll.rr's J'iiinif!, MS. 'Bows aro six ft'tt in linj^'th, and made of a very t()U}_'li and ulasfic kind of wood, wliiidi thu S|ianiards call 7'(//'/ii'<.' I'lillii's I'lrs. \((r., ]ip. '.tl. Mil. i,s;i ''I'll,. ]>iiiia ' arrows dirt'cr from tliosc of all the Ajiaclic tribes in having; only two featliers.' ('niiiiiiii/'n Aiiiif.lna, p. idli. 'War arrows have stoni^ ]ioints and three feathers: Imntin^' arrows, two feathers and ii wooden point.' W'tdhi r'.t I'limis. ,".s'.: ('nrniKKhi. in llnl.-hii/l's \'i'i/.. toni. iii. ]i. liso. '^* The I'iliias: ' Fleelias, ennervadas con el etica/ niortifero velieno (pio (?oniponen de varias jion/ofias, y el zniiio de la y( rha llaiiiada en jiiiiia I's'ip.' Mmi'ie, Him rnrio. in l)ii<;. Hist. Mv.v., serie iv., toni. i.. p. :tll7. •])!(• Spitzen ihrer I'feile . . welcher niit einer dunklen Siihstan/ iiberzoj^'eu wareii. Sie lieliaupteteii das diese aus Sclilan.i,'en^'ift bestehe, was niir indess uiiwahv- scheinlich ist.' Frmhil, Aus Aiiwrihi, toni. ii., p. tlW; t'astur',), l(l7. I'2ll. '"j ' Uuiv liiaoaua, couio eliiva o porra. . . Estim sou de uu palo uiuy duro '542 NEW MEXICANS. The Pimas wauo unceasing war against the Apaches, and the Pueblos are ever at eiuriity with their neigh- bors, the Xuvajos. The Pueblos are securely protected by the position and construction of their dwellings, IVoni the top of which they are able to watch the appearance and movements of enemies, and should any be dai'ing enough to approach their walls, they are greeted hy ji shower of stones and darts. As an additional protec- tion to tbeir towns, they dig pitfalls on the trails lead- ing to them, at the bottom of which sharp-pointed stakes are driven, the top of the hole being carefully covered."*" Expeditions are sometimes organized against the Xavajos for tlie recovery of stolen property. On such occcasions the Towus-peoi)le equip themselves with the heads, horns, and tails of wild animals, paint the body and plume the head.^**' Lieutenant Simpson mentions a curious custom observed by them, just previous to going into action. "They halted on the way to receive from their -chiefs .some medicine from the medicine bags which each of them cairied a)joiit his person. This they rubbed upon their heart, as they said, to make it big and brave.' The Pueblos fight on horseback in skirmishing order, and keep up a running fight, throwing the bod 3' into va- rious attitudes, the better to avoid the enemies' missiles, at the same time discharging their arrows with rapidity.^^'* The Piinas, who fight usually on foot, when they decide on going to war, select their best warriors, who are sent y posado.' .S())iom, Dcscrip. Gear/., in Dnc. Hist. .l/etK., serie iii., torn, iv., p. Gof). ' ^Iac;uuis, ([\Ui sou vnas palos dc media vara do liirgo, y llanos todos dc i)f'd('niidt's a,i;udos, (juo bastan a partir por medio vn hombre.' Enp'jo, in llal.lKi/t'.i Vo'i., toHi. iii., pp. 38l, toui. cxNxi., ]). '270. 'They have jdaced around all the trails leading to the town, pits, ten feet deep.' Ten linwrk, in Schoolcrd/rs Arrh., vol. iv., p. 81. See further. I'onmiulo, in IlakhajVs I'oi/., vol. iii., p. 370; Krniriii's Apiiche CoHiiIri/, p. '27'.); Sonora, A.srn'/). 'reof/., in Doc. JlL-^t. J/i.v., serie iii., toin iv., p. (SlU; Caski/ieda, iii Teniaux-Compuns, Vou., serie i., torn, ix., p. 179. ^'^ ' Painted to the eyes, their own heads and their horses covered with nil the str!iii<<(! ('(piiinueuts that the brute creation could afibrd.' Einorifs liecnnnoisadiift'. j). 37. It'* 'Sometimes a fellow would stoop almost to the earth, to shoot under \s horse's belly, at full speed.' Emory's lieconnuissance, p. 37. WAR CEREMONIES. 54.'l 1H9 to notify the surrounding villages, and a place of mcet- mix is named where a orand council is held. A fire being lighted and a circle of warriors formed, the pro- ceedings are opened by war songs and speeches, their ))rophet is consulted, and in accordance with his pro i'ossional advice, their plan of operations is arranged The attack is usually made about day-break, and con- ducted with much pluck and vigor. They content them- selves Avitli proximate success, and seldom pursue a Hying foe.^"" During the heat of battle they spare neither sex nor age, but if prisoners are taken, the males iire crucified or otherwise cruelly put to death, and the women and children sold as soon as possible. ^"^ The successful war jiarty on its return is met by the inhab- itants of the villages, scalps arc fixed on a pole, trophies dis)>layed, and feasting and dancing indulged in for sev- eral days and nights; if unsuccessful, mourning takes the place of feasting, and the death-cries of the women resound through the villages. ^^^ For farming implcme; '.s they use plows, shovels, har- rows, hatchccS, and sticks, all of wood.^"^ Baskets of willow-twigs, so closely woven as to be water-tight, and ornamented with figures; and round, baked, and glazed earthen vessels, narrow at the top, and decorated with paintings or enamel, are their household utensils."* For 'f» Wnllvr's Pima.9, MS. 190 C)-(> 1)10)1 )j\-i Aiiachfs, p. 100. '■•" ff /'fi/.'/'s Coin. I'rairicD, vol. i., pp. 274-5; Brownf'.t Apachr Country, p. 104; Patik'fi /Vr.v. Nai:, pp. 9;j, 148; VuUh' Couq. oJ'Cal., p. 223; Soc. O'ioij., Jhillctiii, suric v., No. 9(>, p. 188. ''■'- Ten. Jiroerk; in S'lioo'crajVn Arch., vol. iv., pp. 78-9; Murr, NiK-k- rii-Ii/ni, p. 2()(>; Vrernonifn AiiacliC'^, pp. 108-9. '•'■' Walkvr'n Pitiirm, J/.V.; Gallatin, in NouveUcs Annates de/t Voy., IS.ll, toni. cxxxi., pp. 292-4. '•" IJaskets anil pottery 'are ornamented with geometrical figures.' Bart- Iclf'.f pcr-i. iVftr., vol. i., p. 382, vol. ii., pp. 227-8, 236. 'Schii.sselfori-ii.'e runile Kiirbe (Coritas), iliese flechten sie aus cincm iioruforniigen, g. icli cincr Ahlespitzigeu Unkraute.' Mnrr, Nadirirht,cn,\). 193. Tiie I'uelilos liail 'tie la vaiselle de terre tres-belle, bieu vernic et avec ))eaucoiip d'ornements. On y vit aussi de grands jarres remplies dun mtJtal brillaut ijui .scrvait a fairo le vernia de cette faience.' (JaMiiiinla, in Tcrnaux-Votnjian.i, Vnif., st'n'ie i., torn, ix., pp. 138, 173, 18.1; see also Niza, in Id., p. 259. 'Tli^y (Puelilos) v.se vessels of gold and sillier.' Xiza, in llaklujit'x \'i>y., vol. iii., p. 372; Mi/ll/iuiisi'n, Tajclnich, pp. 210, 271, 273, 279; ScliodrriU't'.i Arrh., vol. iv., p. 43.">; Miirc'/'.i Army Life, pp. 97, 111; Car/etan, in Smit/monlun Rcpt., 1854, p.308; I'ulmtr, in Harper's Ma;/., vol. xvii.,pp.4J7, 459; Grey/s Vom.Pral- i : fi 514 NEW MEXICANS. masliing InillGd corn thoy used tlio iiu'tiito. ji >'"xioiin imi)k'meiit, inado of two stones, one concave and the other convex, hereafter more Inlly desciil)ed. Anioni; their household ntensils tliere mnst also he nii-ntioned liair sieves, hide ro[)es, Avater-jionrds. i)ainted I'ans. stone Itipes, and frame paimiers conne(;ted with a nettin*:; to carry loads on their hacks.''*'' In their manufacture of blankets, of cotton and woolen cloths, and stock- injis, the Pueblos excel their neijihhors, the Xavajos, although emi)loving essentially the same method, and using similar looms juid si)iiniing instruments, as ha\(! been described in the preceding })ages. Althougli the >vomen perform most of this uork, as well as taming leather, it is said that the men also are expert in knit- ting woolen stockings. According to Miihlennibrdt the IMmas and Maricopas make a basket-boat which they call coi'ti, woven so tight as to bo water-proof without the aid of pitcli or other applicati(m.^"''' All these nations, j)articularly the Pueblos, have great droves t)f horses, nndes. donkeys, cattle, shee|). and goats grazing on the extensive plains, and about their houses poultry. turke\ s, and dogs. The flocks they either leaAC entirely unpro- tected, or else the owner herds them himself, or irom vlfA, vol. i.. p. 27S; Fonlfr'n Pn-HiM. Txnreit, p. ."^OH; S!mpyin)i's .Imr. M'll. Jti'riiH.. p. 1)7; Mulihiqifi)rdl, Mijico, tdui. ii., pt ii., p. I'io; ('(iriiniiilo, in Jl'ildni/l's Viiy., vol.iii., p. iHO; liroicuv's Aimclie Couxtri/, pp. (JH, WJ, 112, 27(1. '•'■' 'All tho inhiibitants of the Citie (Cibolu) Ho vpoii hi-ddcs rayscil a f,'ood h('i.i,'ht from tin; ^jronml, with (jnilts iiiul ciiiiopifs imtT thciii, wnirh t'out'i' the siiydo Iicils.' Xiiu, ill lfnlli(i/t's I'"//., vol. iii., \>. liTU; /(/.. in To-iKtii.v-i 'iiiniKiiis, \'(ii/., si'i'if i., tiiin. ix., ji. 271. The (inirt's liiid • niiilniicnla ( vul^'o Tiruziili.'s) (piiims Siuciist's utmitur Solis, L\iiin% ct StcUarmii inia;_;i- iiilms cli'i^antoi' picta." Jl" //id, Xanin Orl/'iK, ji. ;tl2; F.s/k jn, in lliit around their loins; and an article from H to 1 inches wide, used asaband for the head, or a {,'irdle for the waist.' Jiiiiikir.s JU-r.-^. Xm:. \o\. ii., \}. 221. 'linpicapia- rum terj^ora eminebaiit (union j,' the Ynmanes) tarn industrie pra-parata ut cum lielyieis certureut.' JJe Lad, Xucus Urbis, p. 310. rUEBLO TRADE. C45 each villajT^G one is appointed by the Mar cajitain to do so. Tlie Piipagos carry on an extensive trade in salt, taken fn^ni the j^reat inland salt lakes. Besides corn, tliey nianufacture and sell a syrup extracted from the j)itahaya.^'''^ Tlie laws regulatinj^ inheritance of })rop- ertvare not well defined. Anionic some there is notli- ing to inherit, as all is destroyed when the person dies; among others the females claim the riijht of inhei'i- tance ; at other times the remaining property is divided among all the mend)ers of tlie tribe. In general they care but little for gold, and all their trade, which at times is considerable, is carried on b}'' barter; .a kind of blue stone, often called turquoise, beads, skins, and blankets, serving the purpose of currency.*'-"* The Pueblos display nmch taste in painting the walls of their estufas, where are represented difierent plants, birds, and animals symmetrically done, but without any scenic effect. Hieroglyphic groupings, both sculptured "" De LaH, Novt(» Orhis, p. ,101 ; Emorifn Hrpf. U. S. and Mi'x. Bnumlnry SniTci/, vol. i., pp. 117, l-',i; (Inllat'ni, in NoiivvUck Aniiales dcs Vnij., I8r)l, tipiu. cxxxi., p. 'IW); Siiiijixon'H Jour. Mil. /iV'o«., pp. 91, 113, 11."); Tea Uroerk, ill Scfwolcrdj'/'n Arrli., vol. iv., j)p. 81, 8(i; Katun, iu /(/., vol. iv., p. i'lX ; L'mori/, iu /'rcniont uiid Kmon/n 2\(jtcs of TruiK, p. 48; see fui'tlier //((/. ,1,//'. ],'• /mrts, from I8.")4 to 187- ; Jlniwiic'n Aiiache Coiititri/, p. -MM). 'Tlu'se I'upagos rt'giiliirly vi.sit a salt lake, wliicli lies near the coast ami just aci'o.sa tlio line of Sonora, from M-liioh tliey pack large quantities of salt, anil fiml a roady uiarki't at Tuljao anil Tucson.' Walker, in Iiid. A,[l\ lie/il,, 18.">0, p. 3.V2, and 1800, p. KiS. 'ilauy I'imas had jars of tlie molasses expresseil from the fruit of the Cereus Giganteus.' Etaorij, in Fremont and Emori/'s A'^olen of True, p. 48. '"** 'Die Verulchtung des Eigenthun^s cincsVerstorhcnen, — cincn nngliick- lii'hcn Gehrauch der jeden niateriellcu Kortscliritt nnmoglieh macht.' Froehel, Aii'i Ameririi, tom. i. , p. 437. 'The riglit of iidieritance is held by the females generally, but it is often claim.^d by the men also.' Gorman, in Ind. Af. li'e/if., 18.")8, p. *J0O. ' All tlie etlects of tlie ileceased (I'ima) become com- iiiou property: his grain is distributed; his tields shared out to those who Heed land; his ehickons and tri/,])\^Aiii, ll'i; Ins' Colorado l{ir.,\^. 1'21; 0'allalin,in A''i ■ '' h Anuales de^ I'oi/., 18.")1, tom. cxxxi., p. 'J(i2; Xir.a, in Ternau.»< !onipnn'<, I <>//., sOrie i., torn, ix., pp. 204, 2('h->, 'J(i7, "iOS ; Id., in IfaklinjCsVaii., vol. iii., p. 372. The Zunis ' will sell nothing for money, but dispose of their com- modities entirely in barter.' Siniitson'.s Jour. Mil. Ilecon., p. 91. The I'imos ' wanted white beads for what they haans, I'oi/., scrie i., torn. xi. , pp. 104, 7'2. 'lis apporterent des coijuillages, des tunjuoises et des plumes.' t'aher.a da Vara, llelalion, in Id., torn, vii., p. 274; hioz, in IiL, tiiin. xi., p. 294; Coronado, iu I/aklni/t's Vo;!., vol. iii., p. 377. Many of the Puel)lo Indians are rich, 'one family being worth over one hundred thousand dollars. They have large flocks.' Volijer, iu //((/. Aj)'. liept., 1809, li. 89; Mitllhanxen, Taijebuch, p. 144. YuL. I. U3 pI: C40 TTEW MEXICAN'S. aiwl [laiiitiMl, arc frequently seen in tlie ancient PuoUlo towns, (le|»ictin_i^, perhaps, their liistorieal events and deeds. With eolored earths tlieir ]>(>ttery is ])aint<'d in hriiL^Iit colors."'''* Many Spanish autliors mention ;i ijjj'eat many ljoM and silver vessels in use amon^^st them, and s|»eak of the knoNvledi^e they luul in I'edueimj^ and ^vorkinLf these metals; but no traces of such art aiu found at present.^"" Amonn- the Pueblos an organized system of fvovcrn- ment existed at the time of Coronado's expeditinn through tluir country; Castaneda, speaking of the province of Tigucx, says that the villages were governed by a council of old men ; and a somewhat similar system obtains with these peoi^lc at tlic present time. Each village selects its own governor, frames its own laws, and in all respects they act independently of each other. The governor and his council are elected annual) by tlie people; all atlairs of importance and matter)- t- ing to the welfare of tlic comuumity are discussed . estufa; questions in dispute are usually decided 1)V ;i, vote of the majoi'ity. All messages and laws cmanatiii'^ from the couucil-cliamber are announced to the inhal)i- tants by town criers. The morals <^f young peo})le an: carefully watchetl and guarded by a kind of secret jiolice, whose duty it is to report to the governor all irregularities which may occur; and especial attention is given that no improper.intcrcourse shall be allowiil between the young men and women, in the event of which the offending parties are brought before the go\ - crnor and council and, if guilty, ordered to many, or if they refuse they arc restricted from lu.lding in- tercourse with each other, and if they persist they iwr, ^'■>^ Orrfj;i\i Com. Pmlnex, vol. i., p. 27S; DnrW El Grh}rin,\). 147; .9'T/i. s- ill (hi' liocky Mu., p. 177 ; Palmer, in Jfarpcr'x Afdij., vol. xvii., p. 4.")S; < 'oro- iiiulo, in llakliijiCK Vcji., toin. iii., p. ."JSO; MollhitKni'ii-, Tm/fhiicfi, p. '2S4. '■"'" ' EstoH aliij.ados ticiicii innclio oroy lo benelician.' Sdlmrroii, /,'rliirloii'<, in 7>oc. ///',s7. Mcx., scrio iii., toni. i., p. "28. '-Tlu.'y vse ve.siscls of golil mul .sillier, for tlioy have no other mcttal.' Nhti, in l/cdlin/l's I'o//., vol. iii., p. '•'''- ; <'(islit)irdii, in Tiriinit.v-Compaii^, lo//., sOrio i., toni. ix., pp. 2, l.'l.'t; h''i"J", in lUtkliijit'x Vol/., vol. iii., pp. 386-8, 'AQli-o; lMoiitaini», Kicim-c WntixUl, i>. 217; JJiaz, in Ternaiu-Compann, Voij., sc-ric i., toin. ix., p. 21)4. LAWS OF THE rUEDLOS. C17 wliippi"!. Ainoiiji' tlR'ir laws lU'sorvcs to lie piirtioularly iiii'iitioiu'd oiii', acu'ordiiijj; to wliicli no oin' can sell or iiiairv out of the town nntil lie obtains ju'iinission IVoni the authorities.'-"' In the seven confederate puehlos ot' the Moquis, the odlce of chief governor is hei'editar\ ; it IS n< )t. 1 lowever, necessai'dy jiiven to tl th le nearest Deir, as the [)eo[)le have the power to elect any nieniher of the dominant family, 'i'lu; governor is assisted hy a(X)Mn('il of elders, and in other res[)e(!ts the .Motpii go\erinnent IS s imilar to that of the other town> The r nnas a nd Marico[)as have no oi'ganized system of goNernment. and aie not controlled by any code of laws; each tribe or village has a chief to whom a certain degree of resj^ct is conceded, bnt his [)ower to restrain the people is M'vy liinitc;d; his inlhience over them is maintained chielly by his oratorical powers or militar> ^Ivill. \n war the tribe is gnided bv the chief's advice, and his anthority is fnlly recognized, but in time of pi'ace his ride is nominal; nor does he attem[)t to control their fieedom or punish them for ollences. The chief s olliee is hered- itary, yet an nnpoi)ular rnler may be deposed and another chosen to lill his place.'-"' Among the I'ueblos the usual order of courtship is reversed; when a girl is dis[)osed to mai'i'\' she does not wait for a young man toi)roi)ose to her. but selects one to her own liking and consults her father, who visits the i)a- rentsof the youth and acquaints them with his daughti-r's 2111 PucMo "jtovornmont pntf'lv (IciiiDorntir: election lieM mieoa year. ' Px- siiles the otHcers elected l)y tmiveisal sutlV.iLje, tlie iiriinijial chiefs (•iiiii|iii>o il "cDiiiicil of wise men." ' />■('•■.<' F.I linii'l't; !>■ l^'ii'l, .V/CKs Orhis. p. -ills ; H';.s//:«7/'(.s' Tuiir, p. 'iCi; M'li/i-r'.-i Mex., .l;^'^ We., vdl. ii., p. ;}-)'.•: (rilliiliii in XtinrdOs AiDntlis (/(.sl'oy.. 1S.")1, toni cwxi., p. 277; StiDihi/'s I'ortrdils, p. o'l. 202 7V/( liioeck, in Schoo'ii-dit's Arch., vol. iv., tip. «•"«, 7('r, Mdmj's Arim/ life, p. 1(»H. " 21" (toliierno no tienen al^nno, ni leyes, tradiciones i') costninhres con (|nc f,'ol)ernarse.' Mdwv, Itimrdno, in Itur. lliM. M.w, serie iv., toni. i.. p. iHifi. 'Cada cnal ^'olierniido por nn anciano, y todas jior el ^'eneral de l,i nacion.' Escivlirn, yntirias ih- Soimni y Sixdiod. p. 142; Mmr, Xdrliri'lddi, ]<. 21)7. Compare: (Irossmd)', in liul. Atf. lli/it.. 1870, p. I'.'A; Moicry, in lad. Aff. lii'pt., Ibij'J, p. 350; Walka-'n I'imas, .UH. 518 NEW MEXICANS. 1 wishes. It seldom happens that any olijcotioiis to the match arc made, but it is imperative on the lather of tlic bridegroom to reimljiirsc the parents of the maiden f(n* the loss of their daughter. This is done by an offer of presents in accordance with his rank and wealth. The inhabitants of one village seldom marry with those of another, and, as a consequence, intermarriage is frequent among these families — a fertile cause of their deteriora- tion. The marriage is always cele))rated by a foast, the provisions for Avhich are furnished by the bride, and the assembled friends unite in dancing and music. Polyg- amy is never allowed, but married coui)les can separate if thev are dissatisfied with each other; in such a con- tingeiicy, if tliere are cliildren, tiiey are taken care of by the grandparents, and both parties are free to luany again; i'ortunately, divorces are not of fi-equent occur- rence, as the wives ju'c always treated with respect by their husbands.-"* To the female falls all indoor work, and also a large share of that to be done out of doors. In the treatment of their children these people are care- ful to guide them in the ways of honesty and industry, and 'o im[)ress their minds with chaste and vii'tuous ideas. Mothers bathe their infants with cold water, and boys are not permitted to enter the estufas for the pur- pose of war'uing themselves; if they are cold tliey are ordered to chop wood, or warm themselves by ruiming and exercise.""' A girl's arrival at the age of puberty among the Gila nations is a period of nnich rejoicing; when the first sym))toms appear, all her friends are duly informed of the important fact, and ])rep;irations are made to celebrate the joyful event. The girl is tiikeii by her parents to the riophet, who iKM'Ibrms certain ceremonies, which are supposed to drive the evil out of lier, and then a singing and dancing festival is held. *"* 'T''n liomnio u' ('ponse jiimnia pins d' uno nonle foniino.' Cdslarinl'i, in TfrHitii.v-Ciiiiiiiiiii-^, Vdij., .svrie i., tuui. ix., p. 1(')4: Wu Hr^i'd'. in Sclinnl' crijVs Ai-rli., vol. iv.. pp.'Hii-?; Wunl, in /»-/. .if. n ' Jls tniitont bicn ItMirs [(jninics.' VitnUiriciUi, in 'l\i-i\iiii.f-i '(hhikius. Vi>j/., Bi'rie i,, toni. ix., ]>. I'id. ' Ix'siU' nne niiunan los Xiiuis, los Inbur siis M.i- dri'S con Nifve todci el cu'i'po.' 'limjiieiiitiiln, .Mnnnni. Iml., turn '., p. 07'J; Ives' Cvlurudo liiv., p. 12U; Hanes in the liocki/ Mts., p. 178. WOMEN AMONG THE PUEBLOS. 549 4ry, tiioiis and pur- I'ini:'; duly iiro akrii •tain ut of lold. AVlien a 3'onng man sees a girl whom lie desires for a Avife, lie ih>t endeavors to gain the good will of the parents; this accomplished, he proceeds to serenade his lady-love, and will often sit for hou'-s. day ai'tei* day, near her house, jjlaying on his Hute. Should the girl not a})pear it is a sign she rejects him; hut if, on the other iiand, she comes out to meet him, he knows that his suit is acce[)tcd, and he takes her to liis house. Xo marriage ceremony is performed. Among the IMpagos the parents select a husband for their daughter to whom ^ihe is, so to say, sold. It not unfrerpiently happens that they oft'er their daughter at auction, and she is knttcked down to the highest bidder. However, among all the nations of this family, whether the bridegroom makes a love-match or not, he has to recompense tlie parei^ts with as much as his means will permit,-'"" Although polygamy is not permitted, they often separate and marry again at pleasure, ^\'omen, at the time of their confinement as well as during their monthly periods, nnist livea[)art; as they believe that if any male were to touch them, he would l)ecome sick. The children are trained to war, and but little attention given to teaching them useful pursuits. All the houseiiold labor is ]ierfoi'med b\- the women; tliev also assist larii'elv in the labors of the Held; severe laws oblige them to observe the strictest cha>tity, and yet. at their festivals, nuich debauchery and prostitution take place.*'^ ^Vith but few exceptions, they are temperate in drink- ing and smoking. Intoxicating li([Uors they javpareout of the fruits of the pitahaya, agave, aloe, corn, mezcal Sfir, ' Karly iniiiTiai,'('S nrcnr Imt tho i'ol;iti. 'J22-1: haris' F.I (.iniKjn, y. llii; irnnnnij'^ Aii'Irlii'S, |>. 10.-); Ilrnflli's AjuK'hi' Ciilliilri/, ]). 11"J. ''"' 'Si (1 iiiiii'idd y imijcr si' ilcsiivieiicii y los liijns sdii jn (|n( nos, sr nrri- iii;ni ;'i cuiiliiuii 111 il^ Ins dos y ciidii niio ^,'iiim jmh' sn lailo." Mninii , ll'in' rnrio, ill It'll', lllsl. .\/i,\\. scric iv.. tola i., )i. .'i'i'.t. 'Tuiirn los )k'iJ)m^'(is ncciil" iitiilt s, CI linn Ids citiiilos 1,'ilas (Icsi'oiux'fii l,i iMilii_;iuniit.' I'llnsi'n, \iiliiiiis. '. Snimni, ]i. Kii. 'AmiiiiL; tin- I'iiiius loiisi- woiiicii are tolcratfil." I'l-i'iivni;'', Ajunhin, I'ji. loi> I: ilnxiiDi. ill A'ii"('/'s AiDiiihn . 'J'hf riitl)liis •sdtiM tiiiiisf^'ctiiitdxicalcd.' V\'iilhi\\\\ h,il. Aff. I!i)'i.. l"li|'. 1'. It')!). Till' I'liclilds • iivc j^ciicriilly free from ilnnikt'iiiK'ss.' l)m-in' KlUnn',", ]). i |f!. Cfoiinini'K Ajiiii'lics, It. 112; Fivdnl, .[tis Ainoiiu, toni. ii., p. Il''i Murr, S'liilirlclUfii, p. 24y. PUEBLO DANCES. 551 the elbow, they wore a green band, cleekcrl with nprigs of pifion. A nt'ckhice of the .stiuie (lescrii)tion was worn around the neck. Their heads were decorated with feathers. In one hand they carried a dry gourd, con- taining some grains of corn; in the other, a st I'i ug fi-om which were Inuig several tortillas. At tlie knee were fastened small .•shells of the ground turtle and antelo[)e's feet; and dangling IVom the back, at the waist, de})ended a fox-skin. The ])arty was accompanied by three eld- ers of tlie town, whose business it was to make a short speech in front of the dilferent houses, and. at particu- lar times, join in the singing of the rest of the party. Thus they went from house to house, singing and dancing, the occupants of each awaiting their arrival in front of their res[)eir arms, ."roni the elhows down, with time to the step. At times, each aiaii dances around his sijiiaw; while she turns herself aliout, as if her heels formed n iiivot on which she niove(l.' Ti'it liri>irl,\ in Si-lnKili'mi'l's .Ice//., \ol. iv.. p. Ti. The dresses of the men were similar to those worn on other festiv'ties, 'except that they wear on their heads lari,'e pastelioard towers jiainted typically, and curiously decorated with ftathers: and t ach man hiiH ills fa<'e entirely coverecl by a vizor made of small \nllows wilh the hark ]ieeled ort". and dyed a dee[( lirown.' /(/., ]i. S,'t. 'Such horiihle masks I never s;iw before -noses six indies lon^,', mouths from ear to ear. and f^reat !40'_'j,'le eyes, as bif; as half ii hen's ej^'u;, hanj^'int,' liy a strill^ jiartly out of the socket.'' /'/., p. H.">. ' ii^ach I'ueblo generally had its particular uniform dress and its i)articular dance. The nun of one village would sometimes dis.nuise .lemsdves as elks, with Iku'Us (ui their heads, moviiii,' on idl-fours, and mil. .cliini,' the animal they were atteni]itini,' to personate. Otlurs would appear in the ^arb of a turkey, with lar.Lte heavy winus.' (hrtj'i'.'i Coin, /'/((//'i'.s', V(d. i., pp. '271, '275. ' Festejo todo ( Pimas) el dia iinestra llci,'ada con un esipiisito baile en forma circular, en euyo centro li|,'araba nn;i proloni,'ada asta donde ])endian trece cabelleras, iircos. tleehas y deiiias des- ]iojosde otrostantos enemiL,'os apaches ijue habian muerto.' Mamj' , llhurn- riii, ill Ihif llisl. .l/'.i'., scrie iv., tiun. i., p. 277. ' Este lo forma una junta d?) truhaues vestidos dc ridiculo y iiutorizadus pur los viejos dtl pueblu puni come- 552 NEW MEXICANS. have a great feast, prepared for three successive days, which time is spent in eating, drinking and dancing. Near this scene of amusement is a disnud gloomy cave, into which not a ghmpse of hght can penetrate, and where places of repose are provided for the revellers. To this cave, after dark, repair grown i)ersons of every age and sex, who pass the night in indulgences of the most gross and sensual description.' Hoed ilutes and drums are their chief instruments of music; the former they inmierse in a shallow basin of water, and thereby imitate the warbling of birds. The drum is made of a liollow log, about two and a half feet long and fifteen inches in diameter. A dried hide, from which previously the hair luis been scraped, is stretched over either end, and on this the player beats with a couple of drumsticks, similar to those used on our kettle-druuis. Gourds fdled with pebbles and other rat- tles, are also used as a nuisical accompaniment to their dances.'-'" The Cocouiaricopas and Piiias are rather fond of athletic sports, such as football, horse and foot racing, .swiunning, target-shooting, and of gambling.-^^ ]\huiy tor los niayores (li'S(')iHlenes, y gustiiii tanto do ostos licchos, quo ni los innridos rcimriUi las iiifaiiiias ijuo cuiiiftcii con sus luuycris. ni las (jiio rcsnltan lU prrjuicio dv. las liijas.' Akt/ri', Hist. C. de Jiaiin, tuin. i., pii. Jiy;)-.",. Fiir further iiarticiilars si'O KtndnWs yai\, vol. i., ji. ;J7H; Jhuri/'s Ariny J.i/c, jip. lOl-H; Mitllhniis(n, Twjehuih, p. '214; liaris' El (iriiii/a, ]ip, ini-f); L'^pijo, ill llitkh(i/l's \'<t., vol. iii., p. <17; J'ihi's K.qilor. Tnti-., \i. Hi;!. 2IU Tm Br()(•. //;.si. 3/<'.r., sorie ii., tom. i., p. ;j;3l. 'While lliey are at work, a mni\, Hcatod at tlio door, plays on a liagpi])e, so that '.hey work keejiing time: th;i sing in throe voices.' Ihivix' El drhnio, \^. WW. >"' The ("ocomaricojias, ' conijioiien unas liolas rodoiulas del tamnno do una pelota de materia negni como jiez, y onilmtidas en ellas vaiias concliitas pucpiofuib del uiur cuu que Luctu luborcs y cou quo jucgan y apucstuu, tiran- CUSTOMS OF PIMAS AND TAPAGOS. 553 curious customs obtain among tlieso people. ^\y T\"alker relates that a Pima never touches his skin with his nails, but ahvays uses a small stick for that purjjose, which he renews every fourth day, and wears in his hair. Among the same nation, when a man has killed an Apache, he must needs undergo purification. Sixteen days he nuist fast, and only after the fourth day is he allowed to drink a little pinole. During the sixteen days he may not look on a blazing fire, nor hold con- verse with mortal man; he nuist live in the woods com- panionless, save only one jK^rson appointed to take care of him. On the seventeenth da} a large space is cleared oft' near the village, in the center of which a fire is lighted. The men form a circle round this fire, outside of which those who have been purified sit, each in a small excavation. Certain of the old men then take the weapons oi' the purified and dance with them in the circle; ibr which service they receive presents, and thenceforth l)oth slayer and weapon are considered clean, but not until four days later is the man allowed to return to his family. They ascribe the origin of this custoui to a mythical personage, called S/.eukha, who, after kill- ing a monster, is said to have fasted ibr sixteen days. The IMpagos stand in gread dread of the coyote, and the Piuias never touch an ant. snake, scorpion, or spider, and are mu(!h afraid of thunderstoi'ms. Like tlie .Mo- javes and Yumas, the Maricopas in cold weather carry a firebrand to wai'm themselves witlial. In like uianuer {he Pueblos have their singularities and semi-religious ceremonies, many of which are connected with a certain (lull! ron 111 puiita del jiir oorrt'n fivs '' oiiatro U'^'iias y lii pnrtii'nliu'idud cs (jno (1 qiii' dii vmlta y lU;;!! id i>ntst(( duiidc (•(iiiirii/avdii y siiliiioii a la par »>o ^'iiua.' .^I'llcliiKiir. Jiducinii. in linr. llisl. ,l/c,i'.. S( lie iii., toiii. iv., \). ^51. 'It is a liivovitt' iiinusiiiuiit with Imth men | ^raiicninis] and Imivs to try their skill at liittin^,' the iiitahaya, which jircsentsa tine uliject on the plain. Knndiers often colhct for this purpose; and in crossing' the threat plateau, where these ]ilalits aliound, it is (Mninion to see them )iiere(il with aridws.' JlKithira I'n-s. \'ir.. vol. ii., p. -rM: Mnini/, in //'«/. .1//". Jt'i't., 1N">T, p. Iinl. ' AuMlsenientM of all Idliils are universally resorted to [amoni! the rnehlos]; snen as foot-racini;, liorse-raein;,'. eoek-ti^'htini,', j^'anililini,', daneini,', eating,', and driidciii;,'.' W'unl. in Iml. .Ul'. IlipL. IHdl, p. pj2; Mawjc, Itiinmi-in, in Due. IJlsl. Alex., serif iv,, torn, i., pp- 'I'M, 'Mo, 554 NEW MEXICANS. mytliicjil per.sonn,2;o called Montezuma. Amonp; these may be mentioned the perpetual watchnij; oi" the eternal estufa-fh-e, and also the daily waiting for the rising sun, with Avhieh, as some writers aflirm, they expectantly look for the promised return of the mucli-loved AFon- tezuma. The Mocjui, nefore commencing to suioke, rev- erently bows toward the four cardinal i)oints.'-'^ Tbeir diseases are few; and among these the most frequent are chills and fevers, and later, syphilis. The I'ut'blos nnd Moquis resort to the sweat-house remedy, but the riniiis only bathe daily in cold ruiniing Avater. Here, as elsewhere, the doctor is medicine-man, coujuror, and prophet, and at tiuics old women are consulte(h If iucanttitions fail, emetics, purgatives, or blood-letting are prescribed.^'^ The I'iuias bury their dead immediately after death. At the bottom of a shaft, about six feet deep, they ex- cavate a vault, in Avliich the corpse is placed, after 212 WdU.i'r's Phiiif!, ,V.Sf. ' The rnpaf^'o of to-diiy will on no npcouiit kill a coyiitc.' h'lriiltiDii, in Iiul. A^f'. Ui'jii., 18(15, p. i;)2. ' Ebtii so nliir- {,'l;iuljis('liiu Ci('1)iiiucli liiitteu sie bi y (liohcnilcn Kifsi^lwcltcr, dii sie den Hiij,'('l iilizuwcndcii (in Stiick von cincni I'alnitcppielic an cini'ni Stcckcn mi- hcl'toten nnd <^i:-iH'n die Wolkcn n<'htet(Mi.' Miur, yiti'hvirhkx, ])]>. '20;J, 2(i7; Aniij, in lti(l. Alf. Itipt., 1H71, pp. ltS5, 389. 'A scntiuel ascends ivciy in(irnin<,' at snnvisc to tlie roof of the liiKht'st honse, and, with eyes directed towards the east, looks ont for the nriival of the divine chicflain, who is to Kive the si;4ii of diliverunce.' Doiiiinech's J)is(r(s, vol i., p. Ki."), li)7, 3',»li, 210, and vol. ii., p. 54. ' On a dit que hi eoutnnie sinj-uliere de ronservi r ]iirp('tnillrnient un fen sacre pres dnqnel les aneiens llexieains atteii- daient le retoiir dii dif ti (Jnetzacoatl, existe aussi ehez les i'nelihjs.' Uti.vtaii, in XoHvilli X A)in(il(s disl'oi/., IH'A), toni. exxvi, p. 58; >. ',12; ,^'niijisiiii'n Janr. Mil. I-tc'im., ]\ \K]. • 1, however, one niitht, at San Felipe, t'landcstiiiely wit- nessed a )M>ition of their seeret worshi]). One of their secret ni^ht dances is called "I'ociiia, which is too horrihle to write abont.' Ann/, in hid. Afl'. ll'lit., 1871, p.;!s5; U'ltnl, in /. 278. 'lis ont (les pri'tres. . . .ils niontent snr la terrasse la pins ('lev('e (in village (t ."ont nn sermon an moment on le soleil s(^ l("'ve.' Vudunvda, in TenntH.v-i'iiiiijiiuifi, ]'. 170. CII.VKACTEU OF THE PUEBLOS. D55 having first been tied up in a blanket. TTouse, horses, unil most personal effects are destroyed; but if children are left, a little pro^jerty is reserved for them. A widow or a daughterniourns for three month.s, cutting the hair and abstaining IVom the bath during that time. Tho Maricopas burn their dead. Pueljlo and Moqui l)urials take place with many ceremonies, the women being the chief mourners.^" Industrious, honest, and peace-loving, the peojile of this division are at the same time brave and determined, when necessity compels them to repel the thieving Apache. i:^o])riety may be ranked among their virtues, as druid\eimess only forms a part of certain religious festivals, and in their gambling they are the most mod- erate of barbarians.^^^ 2'* Walhrr's Phtins, MS. The Pinias, 'iisan enten'nr sns vnronrs con fill nroo y Hi'chiis, y iilj^mn hiistiiiniitd y calabiizo (1<- ngiia, scnal (|ue ah'aii- zaii vislunibii' (1(^ la iiiiinortaliilad. auiKjUf iiii con la (listiiii'idii ile jiri'iuio ('i casti,L;().' .lAoc/c, Kim vnv'ui, in Ihic. }!>,■<(. -l/i.v., sciic iv., toni. i., ]>. 'M',), ' Tiie Mai'i('i)]ias invariably bury their dead, and mock tlu! ceremony of crema- tion.' . . . . ' sacrirtce at the j^rave of a warrior all the i)roperty ol wliieh he died jiossessed, toi.;. 11."); Fr^ichvl's Criit. Aiiirr., J), add; ///., Aiin Antiiihi. torn, ii., ]>. 437; ('usUirada, in T> rnaii.r-i'iDiijiiniH, I'ni/., serie i., tom. ix., ji. 1(15. 2lJ 'Though naturally disposed to ja'aceful jjursuits, the Pajiagoes are not delicient in courage.' Urmoti's Apiiclie CmDilnj, pp. 1}'2, 107, 11(1-11, Tilt, '277; Jdlotsnn's Hist. Ariiciin. p. Id; Shnie, in jllsl. Mikj., vol. v., p. Kid; Site, liriiij., liiilliliii, serii! v.. No. IMJ, p. IHH; Esviulirii, \"tiri(ts il(' Siiitara y SiwiliKi, p. 112; \'iliiscii, \iitici. 2!W; Siildiiinir. Jtdariim, in /(/., scrit lii,, tom. iv., p. «r)d; Uullunlu, in /. liOo-ii; Moicri/'s ArUana, ]•>. 30; Arriciritd, Cfnn'va Senifiat, jip. ;)'.(7, 41'2; .So/ioca, Disrrip. (ifd'i., in Doo. l/'int. J/i-.c, serie iii., toiii. iv., ])]). nrj;!-,"), KW. ''J'lio Pueblos were industrious and nnwarlike in their habits.' Mairi/'s Anni/ Lift, pp. 1)H, 110. The MiKpiis 'are a mild and peaceful race of jk-ojiIc, almost unucipiaiuted with the use of arms, and not ^'iven to war. The y are 8tri(;tly honest ...They are kind and hosi)itable to stran.i,'ers.' Jhiris' El GriiK/o, pp. 421, 14."). ' C'est uno race (I'ueblos) remanpiablenient sobre et industrieuse, rpii se distingue par sa min-alite.' (iulldtin, in Xmirillr-t An- nalis (hs Voij., 1S.")1, torn, cxxxi., yy. 277, 288, 2'.KI; Hii.vltin, in /(/., I8.">ii. tmii. cx.wi., i)p. 4."), 47, (iO; liiu't^m's Adren. ^flX., j). 1!)1; /fcs' (Oloniilo l!li\, ]>]i. 31, ^(i, 4."), 122, 124-7; ^^m/./'.s Com. I'rairiis, vol. i., p. 120, 2f;8, 274; J'iki'.-i Exiihn-. Tr. 84; lldijlms' DtiniiihiDi'.s Ex., pp. llXi. 221; EsihJo, in Ildhbii/t's \'. HI; VVu Bnnrh-, m Sclioolcrd/l's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 72, 87; Eoton, in /'/., ]>. 220; Iknt, in Id., vol. i., p. 244; Kindidl'a Xdr., vol. i., p. 378; ('(isld/'ndd, in T(r)tdii.\'-i 'om- pdns, Vol/., si'rii' i., toni. ix., pp. 12('), 1(!3; Miililnip/orill, .Mijiro, tom. ii., pt li., p. r)28; Mollhdiisin, Td(irliHrli, p. 114; MiilllidKKin, llfiscn in die Fihiinir'i., toni. ii., p. 240. The I'licblos 'are passionately fond of dancini,'. and j-'ivo themselves aj) to this diversion with a kind of frenzy.' Iloineincli'.-i Disn-t.-i, vol. i., i)p. IDS, 18.'), 2o3, 2ii(l, and vol. ii., jip. 10, 51-2; Cntl.s' Coii'i. of ('., p. 44(). ' Esse sono tro nclla California Cristiana, cio6 quelle cle'l'cricui, do'Ciuaicuri, c do'Cocliinu. ' Clarinero, Slorid dclla C'al., toin. i., p. 10!). A'enegas, in giving the opinion of Father Taraviil, says ; ' Tres son (dice e.sto lu'ibil Mis.sionero) las Leuguas; la Cocliimi, la I'erici'i, y l:i de Loreto. l)e csta ultima salcn dos ranios, y son : la Ouayciira, y la Ueliil. ; venlad es, que es la viu'iacion tanta, que el (pie no tuviere connociniiento de las tres Lcnguas, iuzgarii, no sol''* ';"n hay quatro Lcnguas, sino que hay cinco Estii poblada la priniera i~izia el Medioda, desde el Cabo de San Lucas, hasbi mas ae/i del Puerto de la Paz de la Xacion Pericii, 6 siguiendo la terminaeion Castellanii de lo3 Periciics : la se{,'unda dcsdc la Paz, hasta mas arriba del Presidio Real :|!i Co8 NEW MEXICANS. The Lower Californians arc well formed, robust and of good stature, with limbs supple and nuiscular ; they are not inclined to corpulence; their features are some- what heavy, the forehead low and narrow, the nose well set on, hut thick and fleshy; the inner corners of the eyes round instead of pointed ; teeth very white and regular, hair very black, coarse, straight, and glossy, with but little on the face, and none upon the body or linil)s. The color of the skin varies from light to dark brown, the former color beinsj characteristic of tiie dwellers in the interior, and the latter of those on the sea-coast.-''' Adam without the fig-leaves was not more naked than were the Cochimis before the missionaries first taught them the rudiments of shame. They ignored even the usual breech-cloth, the onlyscmblancc of clothing being a head-dress of rushes or strips of skin interwoven with mother-of-pearl shells, berries, and pieces of reed. The Guaicuris and Perici'iis indulge in a still more fantastic head-dress, white feathers entering largely into its composition. The women display more modesty, for, altliougli scantily clad, they at least essay to cover their nakedness. The Pericui women are the best dressed of all, having a petticoat reaching from the waist to tljo ankles, made from the fibre of certain palm-leaves, and rendered softand flexible by beating between twostones. tie Lorcto, es do los Monquia; la terccra desde el territorio rlo Loroto, por todo lo dc'sctiliiei-to al Norte do la nacion Cocliimi, ('> do los ( oi'liiiniua.' Vi')>ciin>i, Xoliciailf la Cul., torn, i., pp. fi.S-O. 'Auf der If.'ilbiiisol Alt-< ';ilifor- iiien woliuoii: an der Siidspitze die I'ericues, dann die MoiKjiiis (xlcr Mi'iij;uiH, zii M'ok'licu die Familieii der Guaycuras uml ("oraa goliiiivn, die ('(leliinias oder Culiiuii's, die Lainiunes, die Utsehitas odcv Vchitis, mid die leas.' Muk- h'lipfiinlf, Mcjico, toin. i., p. '212. 'AH the Indi.-iu tril)cs of the ]Vnin>ula scoiii to lie atiiliated with the Yumas of the Colorado and with tlie Coras lic- low La Paz, . . .in no case do they differ in intellect, habits, customs, dress, implements of w.ar, or hunting, traditions, or appcainnces from the well- known Digger Indians of Altji-California, and undoubtedly belong to tlio same race or family.' i>Vo«v(',''s Lower Cut., pp. 53-4. '^'' '])i buona statura, ben fatti, sani, e robusti.' Clariijero, Sfaria (tclhc Cal., tom. i., pp. 112-13. 'El color en todos cs may moieno no ticneii barba ni nada dc vello en el cnerpq.' VtUifnniias, Notkiii.'<, carta i., pp. 47, <>1, carta ii., p. 12. Compare: Kiiio, in Doc. Hint. Mcx., serie iv., tom. i. p. 407; Crcnpi. in /'/., serie iv., tom. vii., p. 13">; Ulloa, in linmuslo, Xdviijuiii'iii, torn, iii., fol. 34."), 3.'tl; I'ciieijas, Notkia oth sexes among the (iuai- curis and Pei'iciiis wear the hair long and llowing loo.sely over tlu! shoulder; 211) Ivpially Adamitic are their ha1)itations. They appear to hold a superstitious dread of sulfocation if they live 2''* 'Sifiulo do pi'ixn dcshonra en los varonos el vostido.' Sulriilli'mi, in />(»!. IlisI, Mix., scric iv., tcnn. v., ]>. 42. 'Ajimns arc alidiit. a s]ian wide, and of (liflrniit Icn^'lli.' lUniii i-l. in SntithndiiiiDi Hi pi., isd:). \i\i. ;{('>1-J. Ciinsnlt furtlicr: Wtoiins, Xnlirin ih' hi Cul., U>\n. i., ii|). HI S, 11;!; '#'/((. si id's Jlisl. Citlli. Clinirh, jjp. !»('.-;>, 107-1(1; /•'(^Wx.s' Cnl., ])p. '.(, IS; Clnriiiiro, .'^tuvia iMlit ('ill., toni. i., i>|i. 12n-;(, i;i:), 14-1; UvnnUi ('unri. in ('Inirrhill'.i Col, !'<■//- uijcs, vol. iv., p. -lii'.l. and in lliniiiiir, Col. do Vj). 279, "282; UUnn, in llitiiiush), Xnnijitlinii'i, torn. iii.. fol. ;M7-S, and in Jlaklui/t'sVoi/ , vol. iii., ^i. 412; JAhqimie, Itcwm, torn. X., p. 428. 0(50 NEW MEXICANS. or sloop in covered huts; lienoe in their rare and moafrro attein[>ts to protect themselves IVoin tlic inclemencies ot' tne weather, tlu'y never [nit any roof over their heads. Kovin^' heast-liiie in the vicinity of springs dmin;; tiie lu-at of the day, seei-li. 220 Vm<'qn!i, Xolh'in de hi Cal., torn, i., p. 88; CitrnphiU's Ilixl. Spn Amer., p. 8G; Ulloa, in lidiuiish, AV/r/;/'/(io/(i. tuin. iii., fol. ;i47, 3511; CiO'ifi. /ks, .V'/- ilcht, carta i., p. 4"); Litrkxvm'x Trar. Jisuils, vol. i., \). 4(i3. ' Lv iibitii/iniu'olle pill couinni souo certe chiiisc ciroolari ili sassi sciolti, (mI iuiinuii cliiati, lo quali lianno cinquo pieili di iliauietro, e meno di due d'altt/za.' ('hn-'Kjiro, t>toria ili'lla Cal., torn, i., p. 11!). 'I am certainly not much mistaken in say- ing that nmny of them chanu'e their iiif,dit-quarters more thuu a huudrid times iu a year.' Baeyert, iu iSinitUsouian liept., 1803, p. 301, LOWEll CALIFOUMAX FOOD. 561 ('liiviji'ci'o. BiU'p'it. iiiid other authors, mention smother rather nneonnnon leatnj-e in tlie (hnnestie econoiiiv of the Cofhinu's; it is that of suallowinj:' their meat sv'veral times, therehv nMjhi|>l\ inj;' their jihittonons jiK'asure.N. Tvin;^ to a strin;^ a piece of well-di'ied meat, one of their number masticates it ii littU'. and swallows it. leasinji the end of the strini:' han^inu' ont of the month ; after retaininii it for altont two or three mimites in his stom- ach, it is pidU'd ont. and the operation repeated several times, either hv the same individual or hy otheis. until the meat hecomes consmned. lli'j'e is i'atlier l>aei:ert"s summai'v '.f their edildes: •'They li\o no\v-a-(hiys on doiis and cats; horses, asses and imdes; item: on owls, mice and i-ats; li/.iirds and snakes; hats. ^I'assiiojjpers and crickets; a kind of i-reen caterpillar uiljiont hair, ahout a linjicr lonj:. and an ahominahle white NNorm of the leniith and thicknes.s of the thumh. ""' Their wea[)on is the how and arrow, hut tlu>y use stratagem to [trocnre the uame. The deer-hiniter ile- ceives his [)rey In placin;;' a deer's head nj)on his own; hares are trapped; the Cochimi's thi'ow a kind ol" hoom- eranl-7. ' No tit'iicii lioi.,.-. . -n !''iil!is |iiii-a saciar su apiiiid: cdnii n ciiaiito lial'iiin i»il' (Iclaiitc; liasta las eosas ma.- silcias sirvt ii a su tjula.' ('urifnyiiin^, X'll'a'hix, carta i.. iiji. tH-T, "21; sec also. Sulun'rim, U^'ariitimt, in hnr. ///>/. l/c.f.. stric iii., toiii. iv., p. KJ; Sidnd'urrn, in /(/., Kciic iv., fojn v., ji. 11(1; Cns/ii. in /(/., scric iv., toni. vii.. jip. ll'fi. i;J">, 113; Ihlnjiorli', L'lisiK, toin. X., J)]), l^l! -1; I'unUuieihi, in Ti'niu>i.v-('(iii>ji'nts, I'"//., si'iic i., toni. i\., p. l"»;i; .l/'f/cc, I[isl. I'liiiip. ih Jisus, Una. iii., \>. lOfi; l'lliiii,\n Hniiiitsi'i, X'/riiiiilvmi, toui. iii., fol. ;t.lii; Miilb-linui, I'rcc'm de la O'c'oy., torn, vi., p. lol; Alcvdv, JJiccionur'uK toni. i.. p. 'MH. Vol. I. au ^ 502 >JEW MEXICANS. (Iriiik only water."" It is said that tlicy never wasli. and it is useless to add that in their filthiness tiiey sin- ass the 1 )riite J'j:i liesides hows and arrows they use iavelins. chil)s, and sliniis ol" etjrvls, IVoni which thev throw stoi les. Tl leu' l)()ws tire six: feet long, vei'v hroad and thi(;k in tlie mid- '07 die and tapering toward the ends. Avith strings made iVoni tiie intestines of animals. The arrows are reeds aliout thirty inelies in length, into the lower end ol'whicli a piece of hai'd wood is cemented with resin ohtained from trees, and pointed with tlint shai'pen«'d to a trian- gular shape and serrated iit the edges, davidins arc shari)ened hy lirst hardening in the (ire juid then grind- ing to a point; they are sometimes indented like a, saw. Cluhs are of dilVerent forms, either mallet-head oi- axe shape; they also crook and shar[)en at the edge a piecf of wood Ml the i'orm of a scimeter."' Their wars, which spring ironi disputed boundaries, are fretpient and deadly, and generally occnr about I'ruit, and set'd time. The battle is commenced amidst yells and brandishing of Aveajjons. though without any \m'- concerted plan, and atumidtiious onsl:night is made with- out regularity or discipline. exce[)ting that a certain num- b )er aiv held m reserve to relieve those w th ,ho 1 lave exnenil ed their arrows or become exhausted. While yi't at ;i distance they discharge their arrows, but soon rush fm- Avardand (igh tat close (juarters with their clubs and s])ears: nor do they cease till many on l)oth sides have iallen.' ' ■Hi ,il pc •a si f:i (1,1 Ion Ir o m (Inc iniiiiirip, o con rcti iicllu spiuLtf^M 110 g(ir<,'lii niiiusi (irllii iii.ircii. n cd >)i f( )iii in alt" mure' (lurtiiiro, Slni'm tldln ('ill., tiiin. i., ]ij). Ill, Vl')-i\\ • I'sc luitlur nets hir Imuks, liut u liin IliK-jcrt, in Siiiilli.'iDiiiiiii ll'jil., iSiUi, p. ;!. -4(17; ' /'07/i. in fil.. srri iv., t(ini. vii., ]>, IIIJ. 'Si trovarono altrc spc/ic d'armi pir t'crir da vici ma tiittc di Ict^no. lia ji i' nn ma/./ i])iii-lii<>, siniih^ nc lia tdriiia a ini.i gircUa cdI siio nianiro tntta d'nn pc/.ZD. I^a sicomla r a fo^'Ltia dim di li't;naiui)li) tutta ancli'i ssa dun sol iiczzo. La tcrza lia la furuia d 1111 j)icci)la Si-imitara." ('liir','ii'rit, Slnrvi illla Cnl. ~ 1' 121, idi) liv.iii 2^'' ' El niodo do pultlicar la Lfuorra ora, liaocr con nnicho cstruii provision do cauus, y podcniultsj pani «ub tiucluiH, y procmar, (juo por varii IMPLEJIENTS IN LOWER CALIFOLNIA. oi'j'-i Tlic'ir iinplomcMits and lioiiseliold utonsils are lM)tli rude and low. [Sliarp ilints serve them instead oi' knives; a hone jiround to a [)oint answei\sthe i>ur[)oseoi" a needle ii'ii!,s:' iiiiiii Ui jit.. Ihlil, ]). ilS"), says: ' All tliat is saiil in it fcii m c In tiir wail'aii' (■ tli.'C aliliMlilaiis is wi'iiiiL,'. In tlnir t'dl'Micr wais llnv nicnlv attaiknl ill iilsh oin an aiiiliiisli. unit kiI.ii \\. l;il--">, and Cluri'^ war, or imv ciri- Slitriii. lit/Ill ( ■(//., toni. i. 1' l\il. 2-'' ' In lieu of kliivis and scis;ors tlicv use sharp lliiil-- for cnlliiiu' alino-t evcrvtliin^' -call"', \vood, ajor, and even tluir liair." 11 li. in 1.-t(l.l. J). ;!(')3, ' fjc loro ri'ti, tanto (jinllc da iiiscarc, ipianlo i| vh Kirvoiio a ]iortaro chcctdii'ssiM, li faiin 1 till idle t iraiio ( ilallr fouli'' d'l M ill 1 c'zcal.' Cldi-'i'ii m, Shirld (hllii CkI., tc I'iniiisio, S iri'iiil!''lii. tolll. 111. I., ]) m. iMirt I'l- notice m /■//., fed. ;r.t): I I Ill'ilUfl. .\nlirill (/l /.( (■((/. toiu. i,, p. 'JO; Multkiipj'vrdl, Mijim, turn, ii., pt ii., ]}. 117, 564 NEW MEXICANS. tlioy use wicker-work l)askcts. which arc so closely woven as to be(|uite iini)crnieable to water; these, when l()a. .'IT I. 2-'* 'Tii'ncn tiiito dc jicsc.uld con los indios dc ticvra ad( ntro.' Snlmirun, Jic/'J'i'iic s. in /)iii\ /list, l/i.r., sirii' iii., tnni. iv., \t. 17: also, I'lUnt, in llniiin- fi'io, Xiiri iiitiiiiii. tiiin. iii., fol. ;H7 .s. '^'' • Sii inodo di! contar cm nuiv diuiinnto y covto, ])ni's a])('nas llri,'aii .'i cinco, y otios a die/., y van ninlti|ili( undo si'^;iin iPiicdcn.' ('ulii'dniins. .N'n- <(('(V».s', carta i,, ]>. Kill. ' Xon dividcvano IWiiiio in M ui tsli' tiinc juiis- iliccidii illinium, ni Ic nludi'ccii, y <'ii cstMiiiln iilu'ii vicjo lo sm Ic n iiuil.ir ild iii.-iikId: solo en los litiHcs iini' li'S tiriic ciuuta sigucii siis lUil.iiiiiiics.' I'lilifuriilis, Xiiliriii.i, I'iii'tii i., pp. -11', 4"). 6G6 NEW MEXICANS. tlie purpose of liokliug indiscriminate sexual intercourse. Childbirth i s easv the r ericuis and iiuaicuris Avasii tlu til ■j:U ])ody of tlie ncwlv horn, tlien cover it uitl» aslii's; as the cliild ^urows it is placed on a lranle-^vork of sticks, and ii' a male, on its chest thev lix a hag of sand to })reveiit its hrciists growing like a Avomans, which they consider a delonnity. For a cradle the Cochinii's take a forked stick or hend one end of a long pole in the forui of a hoop, and fix thereto a net, in which tii(» in- fant is placed and covered with a second net. It cmi thus l»e (;arrieil over the shoulder, or when the mother wishes to he reliex ed. the end of the pole is stucl^ in the ground, and nourishment given the child through tiu! meshes of the net. M'hen old enough the child is car- ried astride on its mother's shoulders. As soon as chil- di'en are al)le to get food for themselves, thev are lel't to theii- own di" ices, and it sometimes happens that when food is scarce tlie child is abandoned, or killed by its parent.' Nevertheless, these miseral)les delight in feasts, and in the gross debauchery there o[)enly ))erpetrati'd. I nac- i(!iaintcd with intoxicating li(;iiors. they \v\ llnd drunls- enness in tiie fumes of a cei'tain herb smoked tiiroiiiih a stone tube, and used chielly during their festivals. Tbeir dances consist of'a series of gesticulations and junqiiugs, accompanied by inarticulate nuuMnuriugs and yells. One of their great holidays is the pitahaya season, when. with plenty to eat, they spend days and nights in auuise- 2" t'liirhjcri^, SI'irhi ildhi CaL, toin. i., ]1|). li'O-l; (ll. '2SI; lit,iiiili)si. a sii Ljustii. sc ciisaii: otfos rii tin, (|Ui' (s l.i mis oomiiii. sc (Msim sin (•fvcinoniii.' 1 ''iH/nriiiKs, .\'irr i'ls, ciivtii i.. |i]i. ."i". Hi 1 ' Kl ilillllt rill ilil lllil';lil() ciiliKi (U lito, (|llf Jior In llli'lios (lill),l justn lunlivo A l.i vcii-j.ni/.a. a cX''!) rioii dc ilos ocasiniic's: una la dr sus liistas. y liaylcs: y iitm la dc las lucli.is.' I'l /k./k.s', .Vc'/(<'i'.( (/■ la (dl.. Inui. i., ji. '.>■'<. 'l.is Liinuiics s'aii)U'(ich liiiit dcs fcniiues ('(uuinc d^s aniiuaux. it hs fciniiMS so iiii'ttaicul [)ulili(|iu lui lit a cjuativ' patics ]>(iui- l"s iccrvoii.' Cusliirn'il'i. in Ti riuiiix-Cniiiii'iii^. \'>ii/.. si'iif i., tiiiii. ix., i>. ]•":!. 'I'liis niitlidd of rii|mlM- tiidi is liy no luraiis iicculiai' to tlii' r.owcr (idifiiniians. liiit is )ii:!i licid uliiumt universally hy the wild trihcs ,f the I'aril'.o Slates. Wiitiis 1 atmally dn nut iiiiiitiiiii tills riistoin, luit travellers are iiiiauiiuuus in tin ir veili.d Mcouuiits resj^iLciiuy it. V-. L3WEH CALIFOENIAN FEAST. jC7 ments; at such times foats of streii<:tli and trials of ■ipood take' j)laco. The most noted lesti\al anion,!;' the Cod innis occurs n poll tl 1 tlie occasion o f tl leir annua 1 d is- tribution of skins. To the women esneciallv it was an important and enjovable even hU It. r )on an ai)|)oin ited day all the peojile collected at a designated i)lace. In an arhor constructed with branches, the road to which was carpeted with the skins of wild animals that had been killed tluring the year, their most skillfid hunters asseiii))led ; they alone were jirivile^^cd to enter tl 10 irhor, and m tlieir Honor was alreadx oreiiaret prep aii- (piet and pipes of wild tobacco. I'he viands went round as also the pil'e. and. in ^ood time, the partakers became ])artially intoxicati'd ))y the smoke; then one of the itriests or sorcerers, arrayed in L.s robe of ceremony, ap- ])ear" occupants of the arbor came out id made a repartition of the skins anionti' the women ai tl us lulls hed, (lancinu' and sinmiiii' conn iienceil and con- tinued throuuhoiit the niiilit. Jt sometimes haitpened thiit their festi\u!s ended in (i,i:htin[)le, who were by such trieks easily iui- ])osed upon iiad leu to believe in their deceits and jug- gleries.-''* As to ailments, Lower Californians arc sul)]ect to consuin[)tion, l)urning fevers, indigestion, and cutaneous diseases. J^nudl pox, measles, and syphilis, the last ini[)orted by troo[)s, have destroyed nuud)erless lives. A\'ounds inllicted by the bites of venomous reptiles may be added to the list of troubles. Loss of apj)etite is with them, generally, a symptom of approaching death. 1'liey submit resiguedh' to the treatment ])rescribed by their medicine-men, however severe or cruel it may be. They ueglect their aged invalids, refusiug them attend- ance if tJK'ir last sicikness proves too long, iind i'eco\erv iij)[)ears iiuprobable. In several instiuiccs they ha\e put an end to the patient by suffocation or otherwise.-''^ Diseases iire treated externally l)y the aijplication of oiutuients. })lasters. and fomentations ol" medicinal hcrl»s. particularly the wild tobacco, ►'^moke is also a, great panacea, and is adnnnistered through a stone tube ])hiced on the suifering part. The usual jugglei'ies attend tlu' j)ractice of medicine. In extreme cases they attempt to draw with their fingers the disease from the patient's mouth. \i' the sick person has a child or sister, they cut its or her little linger of the right hand, iind let tln' blood drop on the diseased part, lileeding with a sharp stone and whi[)[)ing the alfected part with nettles, or a[)pl\ ing ants to it, are among the remedies used. For the cure of tumors, the medicine-men l)urst and suck them with their lips until blood is drawn. Interuid 21:' Cnli/iirii'KtK, Xotir'ui^, cnvUx i., jiji. f)!)-!!."); Cltivvjirri, Slov'vt ihlhi Cal. toni. i. i)j) IJC), 140. ' 'I'lu'i-c (xistfd iilways aiiiDii^,' the ('iilifoniiiiiis iiidhi- (liiiils ot liotli sixi's who played the ]>arl . 1 17 is. an; |!;ii'L,'ri't says: ' It serins trdiciis to lliciii lo sjiciid iiincli time in^av an 'iles AVI th wh lom the\ wei'e at variance, The I'ericuis. before they bi'came extinct. Avere a iiei'ce and baibarous nation, unruly and brutal in their ])as- sions. cowardly, treacherous, false. ])etulant, and boast- fid, with an intensely cruel and heartless disposition, often shown in relentless ])ersecutions and nuirdeis. Jn their character and disposition the (luaicuris did not dilVer essentially IVom the IVricuis. In the midst oi' so nnicb darkness there was still one bright spot visible, inasmuch as they were of a chcerl'ul and hap])y nature, lovers of kind and lovers of country. Isolatt'd. occupy- ing an ill-la,\()red country, it was circumstances. I'atlier than any inherent incapacity for im])rovement, that held these poor j)eople in their low state: for. as we shall sec at son'c future time, in their intercoui'se with civili/cd Ibi'eigiiers. they were not lacking in cmming. diplomac\. SoKishness, and other aids to intellectual jjrogress.'-'"* NOUTHEKN MEXICANS, 571 The Xoi!TiTi:i!N ^rKxrcAX;^, the fourth and last divi .sioii of thisuroiij). spread over the torritorv Iviuj: lietwocii ])aralk'ls l]l and 2o of north latitiido. Thoir hinds have an averaiic hrcadth of ahont live Innulred niik's. with an ai-ra of sonic 250. OOO s([naro miles, com] )ri si nti' the states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Dnhnahna. Dnran^o. Xuevo Leon, and tlie northern portions of Zaciitocas. KSan Luis I'otosi an( 1 T unaiun)as P Nearly parallel \vitli the Pacific seahoard, and divid- iiiji' the states of Sonora and Sinaloa from (Miihnahna and Dni'anuo. runs the jrreat centi'al Coi'dillera; further to the eastward, passint;' throudi (\)ahuila. Xuevo Leon, and San Luis I'otosi'. and following the shoi'c line of the ^fexican Oulf. the Siei'ra, Ahid re continues in a souther- ly direction, until it unites whh the lirst-named ranuo at the Isthnnis oi' Tehuantepec, All of these mountains ahound in mineral wealth. The tahle-land lietween them is intersecti'd hy three rid.tics; one. the Sierra Mim- bi'cs. issuinu' from the inner tlank of the Western Cordil- lera north of Arispe, extendinj:' in a nortlu'rly direc- tion and following; the line of the Rio tJrande. ^fhe middle mountainous divide ci'osses from Duranpoto Coa- huila. while the third rises in the state of .lalisco and taking' an easterly and afterward northerly direction, tra\'erses the taliK'-land and mersi'es into tlie Siei'ra ^hulre in tlie state of San Luis I'ot OSl. On tl lese hro; id tal''e-lands are numerous laki's fed hy the streams which ha\e their rise in the mountains adjacent ; in hut fe w laiilail, y fl;i(|Ui zii i]v aiiiiiio; y finiilniciiti'. la falta iniscraMi' dc toilo \o (|no Imiua a los linmlin's csto cs. rai'ioiialcs, juililicos, y utiles para s'l. y para la Sdcicdad.' 1' Xdtirid ill' III I 'ill., Idiii. i. 11' l-'.», s7 I. ciiics (1(1 Ndrtc cvan mas <1( sjiicrtas, di'ciU s y I'u lis. hk'ikis vicidsas y lilacs, y pur taiitu ".iicjnr disjincstas jiara rci'ihircl iMistiaiiisino (]iic las (jnc lialiitaliaii al Siir.' ^ nl'il ij Mi xi'imn, \'iiiiii\\\.\\\\\\. ' Ei'iili los corasy p- ctlcis. y jj;cii(ralii]( iitc las raiu'lu rias del Siir dc Cdifcrr.ia. ii ladi capaccs; j'cru laiiilii( ii mas vici()S(is i' iii(|ui( tos (jiic las d( mas iiaciciics do a lull iisiila .1/. //■(■ lli laissciit iiistnni ■haiacter inny he fmiiid in ('iililvrmi il'lit Jlni'rit's J/ifc in M Villi (-.S('//()/' y Siiiirlii'z, Tlii'dtrii, fdlll. ii., ]> >1)2: rl. <\. i., p Inilln'iiiiiiin Uijil.. INdl, ])]). ;17H S.'i; {'yi'fpu ill /''"'. U'lsl. Mix., s( ric iv., tdiii. \ii., \>\i ]:i."), M;i-c.: /;;V(s, //;.-/. ,/. /„s v nmiijilii p. AA-1: (III Nil ill llu (((/., tola, i., PI). 113-11; Malk-liruii, J'i\'i.is di: la Ui'wj., toiu vi,, p. 'ir>l. 672 NEW m::xicans. spots is the Itiiul aviiilahlc for tilliip'. Liit it is admiraltly juliiptod to pastoral [)urpost's. 'riic rlimatc! eaii iiardly bo Hiir[)asso(l in its tonic and cxliiliiriitinji' pro[)c'rti(.'s; the atinos[)l»ero is ever clear, ^vith sunshine by day, and a galaxy of brilliant stars by nidit; the absence of rain, Ibjis. and dews, Avitli a delicious and even tenii)eratiire, renders liahitations almost niuu'Ci'ssary. All tliis \ast region is o(!ciii)ied by nnnieroiis tribes si)eaking different languages and claiming distinct oi-igins. L'[)on the northern seaboard of ^^onora and Tibiiron Island are the Ccfiii, T'llmroin'!^^ and Tcponix; south of them the Cah'tfds, or S1ihiIo(I><, Avhicli are genei-al names lor the YaqiiU and J/di/os, tribes so called from the rivers on whose banks they live. In the state of Sinaloa there are also the Cochlfax, Tncaves, Safidiliox, ZtiafjHcx, and A/ioincx. besides many other small tribes. ScattiM-ed thnjugli the s'ates of the interior are the O/mt'tH, Hinlr. veK, Joras, '/'nxihiniiansj Tiilxiroi, iuid Tifu'lnKdiex^ who inhabit the moiintainou,>- districts of (.'liilmahua and Durango. Mast of the Tarahumares. in the northern ])art of the first-named state, dwell the Coiichoa. h\ Dnrango, living in the hills round 'l'o[)ia, are the Acaxnts; south of whom dwell the Xlchiicx. On the table-lands of ^lanimi and on the shores of its numer- al) ous lakes, the Irrltllns and main other trila s are se ttled while south of these again, in Zacatecas and t^an Luis IN^tosi. are the (riuichlrh'dcs. llnniiKin'x. and ('iizrnni's, and further to the east, and bordering on thi' gulf shores we lind the country occupied by scatteretl tribes, distin- guished by a great variety of names, prominent among Avliich are the (^(trrivn^ or (iiiv/M^, A'>//i'iiii')r(;<.i\\u\ I^liifus.''''' ^b)st of these nations are com[)osed of men of large 2'3 Father Hibiis, tlic livst jivicst who visitcl thr Yai]iii^!, was surpristd at the lo.l I I'liu-'h t.me in which thiv spuke. Wlieii lie iiiiimistrati il with thi in La- il( tiieir reply was, 'No vi's ijue soy Miai|iii: y di/iaiil i. ii(ir(ii essa pal.ibra, 3' 110 iiln'e, sii,'uiliea, el iju hahL 'rilo- li'lh'l^. Ilisl. dr l"S Triuiiiiili I' Ml ri ii'ir name e(ini;s ticini their position, a means in ihAr own lan''iiaL'(i honmlarv, thev havini,' luen lioun led n.i siilo-ihy hostile trilies.' Staiic, in Hist. Mdii., \ 1 1 pal ihiM I'll ildiiiKtli ^ InrdhniiKiri siLjnitiea, pi ■•, y / 1(1 Si't,'un ])are(' 'mind, eori'o 7' llrl, I ■ './/■ toni. nrn ihif ih'. II iii'';'Wi' I'lln a t'li'ii, :;!i-t. ']. a }ia 1 /./"/- crueu al^:^uuos (pio es ^luxiuaua, y corrupcion de tqK'ltMini, conipustadur; I'llYSICAL rECULIAKlTIES 1\ NOUril IIEXICO. 573 stiitmv; robust, niid woll foniiod. \\\{h nu oroctrnrriajic; tlic liiK'st sjM'cinu'ns uiv to be loiiMd on tbo M'ii-coast, «'Xci'[)tious bt'iiiii tbc (.)[)iita,s and Cbicoratiis. tlic Ibniicr iucrmiiig to corpuk'iHn", the latter being short, althoiiiili active and swil't rnnners. 'I'he women ai'e well liinbcil and ha\e good figures, but soon beeonie coriiident. The leatures of tiu'se people are (jnite regular, th- hi'ad round and well sbaju'd, with bJac^k and straight hair; they haxc high eheek-bones and hand.sonie months, with a. gi'U- erally mild and ])Ieasing expression ol" countt'iianee. Tiiey have jjiereing blaek eyes, and can ' siiiuilica (hirii, lo dial (■(iiiviciic cdii il caractcr dc la iia(i( /./. tolii. ii., ]>. I'l. 'Lit ])alalirii in-a.i'ii' ])ai'ici' m r la iiiisiiia (pic la Av ficn.ii Ic, uouilirc (ie nil imclilo jk rtciuciciitc alcstado dc I'ni'liln, aiidios ciirni]iciiiii d( lapalilira Mcxicaiia 'fc'f.r/'/, cdiiiiuicstn dc (/// i a'^'iia, > y dc ((M'i'// ( ca/iicla () oscudillai, li(iy tandiicii cuirdiiiiiida, cnjili': cl tmln si^Miilica nUnrcK. lumdiro Jicrfcctailiclitc adccnado a la cosa, pucs ([Uc Alccdo, [ l>'h liiicric'l I (lice (juc cll Acil.i' tcr'a. cll (pic sc rc('(iL;( 11 la tr (lUl lay mm caja (p area dc a 411a d( c lilci baiaii dc la Si cri'a y sc ciiiiiluccii a hi>ii:cii ha d 7- /'/'. (/c c cali- 1 iioinhrc, piles, iios dice (pie si no la obia anpiitecti'niica, a lo niciios la I>\rr\ij}ini''ii> L'li't- idc III ncioii. vieiicn dcsdc losanti'mos Mcxicaiio: i'lKl'd lie II'kI. liciiil., tolii. i. HI. 21" ' Las iiiiiLtcrcs son notalilcs jior los pccluis y ])ics pc()ncnos.' I'lA/stv Notirhis ill' S 1 n(>n vivissuno. ih' los Tr'niiiililiiiS iillnril, p, ■ .IW. Id',). ' Ticncii la vista imiv a''iida K oido cs tain- IKI, Cri'm. ill' Zinttirti.f. \)\>. 174 •">. Sec also, Uilnis. Hist. vv M"), -iS.'), (i77: X ■Il ji SiiinlnK, p. 142; .Viiirr. Hint. (' 'ii'iii/.. Itnllititi. iiiii'iu, in tup. I I-:: ill Xutl i toni. ii 2!)i! ^(ii/(, ill Linvl. (irmi. S<)i\, Ji)Hr.,\o\. \\\., ]). 12; Df IjI'I, Xunis Orhis, p]p. 2(^4-5; ir.nv/V .1/. il. i., ]!]). 571, .")«:!; J'rirh'tnr.t Xut. llLit. Man, vol.ii., p. 5IJ2; Vurvnado, in Jlnhlui/l's \'oi/., vol. iii., p. 302. 571 NEW Mi;\K ANS. round tluMviiist; Hit' Tiii'iiliiiiiiarcs. Anixi'cs. and otlicr jiiitioiis (>r the interior use I'or the sjnnc puriiosc a H|n;iru j»ir('t'or tainu'd deer-skin pMinted. except in cold weatlier, >vlien tlu'v \vrii[) ii lar.iic Mue eotton mantle round tiie .slioidders. Tlie women lia\" jietticoats reaeiiini:' to tlieir ankles, made of sol't eliamois oi* ol" cotton or auave-tihi'e. and a (iIiiki or nianth' dining tlie winter. S«->nie wear a lonji' sleeveless cliemise, wliicli reaches iVoiii tiie slioidders to the leet. The ( \'ri women have petticoats made iVom the skins of the albati'oss or iielican. the leathers inside. The ( )pata men. soon after the con(|iiest. were Umiid well clad in hloiise and drawers of cotton, with wo.n cut to the shape of the f(H)t. The ('ahitas. Aca\('es and most other trilies. pierce the ears and nose, from which the\' lianii- small iirecii stoni's, attached to a piece of liliii' cord; on the head, neck, and wrists, a jiieat varietv of ornaments are nvoiii. made from motlier-()f-])earl and white snails' shells, also Irnit-stoiK's, pearls, and copper and siUcr hoojis; round tl le ankles some wear circU'ts of deers hoot's, other dccoraie their heads and nee-ks with necklaces of red ])eans and striniis of [laroipiets and small birds; ju'ails and feathers are much used to ornament the hair. The ])ractice of jiaintiiij:' the face and body is common to all. the colors most in use beini;' red !ind black, \ favorite style Avith the Ceris is to jiaint the face in alternate yw- jiendiciilar stripes of blue, red, and white. The Tintos paint the face, breast, and arms; the Tarahiimares tattun the forehead*, lips, and cheeks in various patterns: the ^'a(|uis the chin and arms; whiie other tribes tattoo the face or body in styles iiecnliar to thcmsidves. J>oth sexes are proud of their hair, which lliey wear loni; and 2" ' Xi) iilciuizaii I'ojiii (](• iil^iodon, si no cs iilt,'uii;i-i i>iUiipaiiil]iis y nlu'niKi nmiltll limy ^'nicsii: poviUli' d Vtstido dr (■lls cdiin) fiija.' (imimin, /c/. Aik'ih., in Ic'nhiili-rlii, Col. lie Dor., torn, ii., \)]). 'iilii, -/'.ili, 4S1. The Ciri women wear ' ]iicles de alcatras jior lo i^'cneral. i) n)ia tosca frazada dc lana cnvucltii I'U lii ciutiira.' Wlasco, .Wdivlaa dc Suiiura, pp. 131, 7-1, V>'-i. NoiirinniN mfaicax Dwr.LMXtis. tiikc niiicli ('lire of: tlic women pcrniit it to llow in loose tresses. whiU' the men jiMtliei' it into one or more liil'tson the crown of tii" liead, inisl when liuntiiii: jtrotect it )>v ii chamois ca[), to [trevent its heing tlisiirraniicd hv trcts oi- hiislies.-'- Their houses are of lidit constrnction. nsiinllv huilt of sticks and reeds, and are covereil with coaise nvd mattinu'. The Chinipas. Va(|niH. ( )|)atas and ("onchos hiiild somewhat mor<' snhstantiul dwellinLis of tinihei- and adobes, or oi' i)hiited twitis well [tlasteri'd ^ith mud: all ari' oul\ one storv hiph and ha\e llat roots. Altliou;:h none of these |)L'o[>le arc without their houses or huts, they siH'iid most of thi'ir time, es[)ecinlly din-iuu' siun- mer. nmU-r the trees, '{'he 'i'arahumares find .sheltei' in th(^ deep caxcrns of rocky mountains, the Teju-huaiies and Acaxi'es place tlieir haltitations on the toj) of almost inaccessible cru;:s. while the llinnes and IJatucas huild their villages in s{(uai"es, with lew and very small en- trances, the better to defend themselves aiiainst their enemic'J — detucheil buildiiiLis for kit(;hen and store-room purposes being placed contiguous.-" 2'- Tlin 'rcmm is liuil ■ l,is (irrj.is cprc idus dc los ziircillns (pn- illo-* vsaii ml ii'iia Ins (Ic ciincii,!-. clr ii:i(mi' lalir:til:is, V cliHarladas cii liiliK a/iili's, v rtt III toil I 1,1 or.) I.' I! //;>■/. \,. -Jj; 172. I'llliacaii, Nili'io ill' (lii/iiiaii nut iilirjut "i I.UIM) wanidis wliu ' Iraian al ciiclli -ai'las ill' ('111 iliiniii 'I's, pi'i'ii us iK'nui'i'ios y (itrii-i ilit'i I'l'iiti s iiaj.n iti VW/,., ill s MIS I'alicz s Icil.liillfrlii^ fill, ill /;,/('., tiiiii. li ,|). It'll. 'I'lii' lliiliirs, ' ciii'iiliad, dc iliailraias do varias |iliiiiias di' |ia|iai^uviis, ^^iiacaiiiayas cmi al'^mios |» iia li' liiij.i di' Jiiat I lialid 1.' .l/c ulu iii., p. 'Ml. ' Jvis llldins di' I'Sto llllfvo ItlVl />."'. //;.w. .)/' tdlll. df d livi'i'sas liacKiiiis ((iii' St." disliii^'iU'ii |)(ii' lii diviisidad di' rayas cii el rostrn.' I'ml'ilhi. I'luuj. .V. h'lili .1/v,].p. 17-2. .■.:!!. 'N . 1 lii'iims vi-,tii i'l iiiii'^'im carrizn pintado cini viinii' I'lll, tal ciDili) Id lliC'n iitlOi.' Iliidiili'i- >/ Tlinril, I)! di'scripti.iu sen ll'ii-ih/'s Tnir., pp. 2S'.l-'.)('». 2'.IH; llurllilfs I' p, (i:i. I'lii'ftiitiiii' .\' p. 11 j; i'liiiiiwr ' ".'/■! PI'- 1 '•''- '"• ''"i'"ii'i'l", iu ll'il.liii/l's Villi. :ti(2-l; h'^iiij'i, in /-/., pp. :is4. ;wi|-l; fnhv-.n ( '/< (//c/.'i . I! ii'riji il-llnilll,i, ])p. 71)-S 1: Oriiil I. Ifi.-il. '/(■/).. toiii. ii.. jip. .">71-(i, (id'.i; .si i-;,i, iu l.'nid. Urnii, !•» (i; .|/r> //'(', //(,s/. Ciiiiip. (/■■ ilisii.-t, tulii. i., ]ip. 'iiiir.. vol. x\x., lip in. 4 ICi. and ii.. pp. 121, 1st; .UniilKiiiia. .ViVii/rc W'.cnhl, pp, ::^)\ 22(i. 22s id 1)1/ X'ltr 11'//, p|(. 2;t.-). 2.-|t-.->; I'ltUnn ilr \'iiri(, Hilnlinii, pp. I(i7-S: Llii'rla t'liiile. in .{''imn .lA-.i'., toin. i., p. ICI; Ikuninnid, Cri'm. ilv Mivhinu'iii MS., pp. 2t;"2; lliyirl. I\iri-lii'ii-[' tliem eat rats. mice. iVoiis. snakes, worms, and Acrmin. Tlie Aliomamas aloni: the shores of Lake Parras. the Va((nis. Baiueas. ("eris. 'I'arahnmares, and the ( )patas since the con(|Uest have become aiiricul- tnrists and cattle-I)reeders. besides availinLi' thi'msehcs of lishinu' and hnntinu' as means ol" snhsislence. On the coast of Sonora. there heinu' no mai/.e. the natives Ww on nnlven/ci I rnsl I an( 1 sti itl raw. ^vllll iisn can rht at sea or in artilicial enclosnres. The dwellers on tiie coast ol" Sinaloa ','onsnme a, hwyo (piantity of salt, ^\hich they jiather on the land dnrinii' the dry season, and in the rainy I'cason from the bottom of marshes and pools. It is saitl that tl'.e Salineros sometimes eat their own excre- ment, Accordinji' to the re[)orts oCtlu' older iiistoi'ians. the l\)l)os()s. I'an/ariiiames, ( 'abt'/as, Contotores. and Aca\('es. as Avell as other trii)es of Dnraniio and Sina- loa. Tornierly ted on hnman llesh. -hnnted human l)einL;s I'or food as they hnnted (U'cr or other lianie. The llesh of their bi'a\t' I'oes the\- ati\ thinkinu' theri'b\ to iuvj:- men t tl len' own l)ra\('r\ The ("eris of Tibni'on Island dcjuMid for 'ood entirely on (ish and uamc. They catch tm'tle by a,])]iroa>'liin;: till' animal and ^ndd('nly ri/,e on to the raft av soon as its i illi[;ill I II I(11l;M;i ( Ic M liitliiii.' '. iiiiiii, /.'./. I'Ml'i) jl l.tlr ill li:i(Ji((l('ilil, I 'ill. y pov 'stii can:' i Ir ll.'iniaiiin hn I'UII. II.. |l ■J'.m; ('iiiii|iuri' ' ■isl'ii'i il'i. ill 'I'l riiiiH.i'-i'iiiiiji'ins, I'li//., s>'ri i., tom. i\.. )i|i. Ill, ITii'. C'liiihhr. \' iii.. |) 1<: I, Kll, -2 1(1; r .V n tl'iKhnif. in /'/.. |i. :ii;ti; l-Ui»j'>. ill hi., ] :iM: M.mtn '/'/. )»ii. 2w(;. -JICi, 2-^7 s; mill It'i/iim; Xmi' I .//, jip. •J;1J III jii^i.'h /„;■•/ 111). ICiT. li '!/■■ V HihilS riiiiDi hi.. i/,i 111 U'liiiilstii. lip. :i. i; •l-ll, U'.\\\ ■lliim ilr \'iifii. Ii'ildt'i il/'hi'lhiiiii tdiii. i.i., fill. il'iT: oriiili). Hi. tiiin. Ill , 111). •)( I. :i(fi, ( Hi fit. I '■'iiiii. ill' ./i .\:iiilriirlii, ill Id., tl tiilii. I., |i :)'.! )i. isi'i: !!• rhiiiilirr i/ 'I'lmni, lliurl". ]>. HH. >"' 'Coiiiiaii iiiiiiiiiKlas ciu'iirs sill r.si'rvar la liuiiiaiia.' I'niHllii, (' X. h'llliriil, MS. VV r>:!i), K(i, si. "I- i'M\. ' lis iiiaii'.;>'iit tons ill! hi chair '/'( niini.\:l 'iittljlHhS, liniiiaiiii'. ft viiiit a la cliassi' ilcs liiininus.' I'linlnrniln Villi., m'tIi' i., toiii. ix., lip. 152, r">s ',1. Si'i' also, .Wl'iini, I'lu-'m, il '/.iifitli lip.' ir.o, ISO 'J; Uihus, Ulsl. (Ii: ha Trhuinilina, pp. 3, (i, 7, 11, 11, 175, '217 :i.sri, (171. METHODS OF HUNTING. 577 j^trongtli has hoooino cxhaustod. According' to rioinarji, the iiativt's of Souora in IGoT wo)"o caught ])()iM)iiiiiu: the doer-pools, probably for the skins, or it may have been oidy a stn[)elyin>i driid< that the ])()ols were niiide to sn})[)ly. The Sinaloans are jireat hunters: iii titiies they piu'siie the uanie sindy. then apiin the wlio'c town turns out and, surrounding' the thickest ]Kut of the for- est, the pi'o[)le set lire to the nnc'erbrush iuid briui;' down the uiune as it attempts to esca; e the iliinies. ,\ least of reptik's is likv'wise thus secured. Jgu-uias are cauuht with the hands, their Iclis broken, and thus they are kept until re(piii-ed for food. For [)rocurinLi' wild lioney. a bee is (()llowed until it reaches its tree, the sweet- <■ e tli<^ I'ivers. and catch enormous (piantities of smelt and otlier fish, which have v' tmo up from the sea to spawn. The La;.iuneros of i oabuila catch ducks by placin,^' a calabash on their he;,ds with holes throuiih which to bi'ciithe and see; thus e(i;i!ppvHl. they swiui softly amonj;' the ducks; and draw them under water without llutter oi- uoi'-e. Tatema is the nauio of a dish cooked in the urouii.i by the Tarahumares. I'lie LaLiuneros make tortillas of Hour obtaini'd iVom an a(piati<'. ]ilant. T\n' /acatecs make the same kind oi" bread from the imlp of the ma- guey, which is fn'st boiled w ith lime, then washed and boiled again in pure water, al'ter which it is s(iuee/ed dry and made into cakes. .Most of the peo[)le u.^e //o.;/;/<^ or jthtohitK both bvinji' a kind of jii'uel made of pinole, of Itarched corn or seeds gromid. the one of gi'cater tliick- ness than the other; also taiiuiks, boiled beans, jind Vol. 1. a? -I 578 NEW :MEXICANS. ]mni[)kins The rVris of Tiburon oat fisli nnd mont un- cooked, or hut shiihtly hoilcil. The SaliiuM'os rrt'(|iR'ntl\ (l('\()nr uncooked hares and I'abhits, having only removed their furs.-'-' The weapons univer.;;dly used l)y these nations Averc l»o\vs and arrows and slioi't chd)s. in aihlition to whicli the cliicis iuid most important warriors cari'ied a sliort lance and a buckler. The arrows were carric(| in i (|ui\er made of lion or other skins. The '^rarahumarcs and some others wore a. U'athei'n uuard round tiie left III Avrist. to ])r()tect it irom the blow of the ' ow-strin I'dint knives wei'e employed for cutting up their sla enemies. Tiie ( 'eris. .lovas. and other tribes sm('are(l the points oi' thcii' arrows Avitli a very d<';idly poison, but iiow it was apj)lied to the jxiint. or whence ol»tained. it i- dilliciilt to determine: some ti'avelei's say that this poison was taken iVom rattlesnakes and othei" venomous reptiles, which, liy teasing, were incited to sti-ike their fangs into the li\t'r of a cow or deer which was ])rest'nted to them, alter wlii(ih it was left to putrefy, and the arrows oenig (lip|Mil m loisonous mass, were placed m the sun to d r\' to the ] but other writers, auain. assei 1> t that llic poison was produced I'rom a \egetable preparation. Th wound inllicted by the point, howeser slight, is said ! '•' P(K^',)I,itl, ' Kiiii'l ell' m:iyz cn/iil'i.' riimlatl. ■ I" nidii dc iii.iyz v ilil:t tnntmlo,' Mill, ft, !'•.•. //„i/,n'((). 'Vhr I'latiieas 'cuaiito siciiihraii rs i.\<- vt"'ail '< .sus lailpiM |NWf(!Ou toiiis liiit rtiis.' Azit'iU'.ml i, in Alcijir. Ilisl. roiii/i. ih' loiu. toiii. ii.. ^. 1*««(, lU'i I'P till lis 1st; .VcaM'i Dili' ipf tisliii •2H.i t, :!'.r,i. Kt-i;!; T ii'almiiiaii s. IL!, ftc, iilc (if li>lii hi.. liuiitiii',', and cookinL,'. Mn/f'-. S'lrhrirhh n, ji)). ;Uii, :il7, IJJ'i-Il, li'l". ;U-' 'l"i ' V.i(|iiis' 'lii'lds ••iiul f^itrdriiH id Ilit' liii,'li(st state of cultivation.' U'lnl' Mr. .1. vIiil;. ft( !>. ') I'l fiii-tti mint of their fond ami manner ef /; .S/'I u t..l. 51; /r /; lie ,Si iji'itd. m IHsl. .U,. .fii-dii I, lum. I.. HI :!/•»(; lint. Ilisl. l„il. sene IK> . (i.iii. 111. MS; V.l.i 1, mil 7(1; Hiiillrit » /'.,■... .V '//'., vol .Siiixifii, />.s(viyt. iif",!., in Por. Ilisl. M-x., iteri* iii., turn. i\ tnr). t(;:i: ), .".111 ."iM; ,1 irdiiiilli) T ni'i'i.f- I'diiiiki r hi., u r..,/. ■ri.'i.. t. "n. IX. I'P. 2»2-;!, •Jl'.l-.VI. 2ii / 1' :»•)(;: I 'ilr :n ii,ii.i:u/i\ r..//. '/.,, Ilisl. u torn, ill Imii. iii., p. ;iSt; I'lmnimhi. in /, '((!;!. .'171; ]!. Ciil'.l; Cuiiiliiir. Vkij.. j))). 1(1(I-'2, JO'.t, I'.W. 2'ii' H:* U>n>min. H' Dur., t.im. ii.. p. >!>; '/'./„,, m /•/.. [>. HVI; /> / .Vfirn.s (h-his. p]). 'JHCi, Hid; .1// •nihil I, i'r>':i,ii'ii. Sifiijiiii, p. 142; IH'); I'll'iii, in JlmiiKsi' fill. :Hl-2; (riiliilin, in Smii'i'llis Aniinh s lix \'<)ii 2")l!, 2(1:1; /m'liii'U in hi., IS 12. toin. .\ciii., p. 2:3J; v., p. 100; Miilt'-lirnn, Sonura, jip. 14— j. \'iriiiiiliiiiil, I'-iii. •I, llolll. (•XX \- V ill lli-it. M'li \- w HOW AllKOWS WERE MADE AND I'UISONED. ,')?:) !ia,vo oaiisod o(M't;iin death. The an ows were ])()i ntrd \\\\\i iHiit. or some othiT stone, or with Itone. t'astencil to ;i pii'ci' of hard wood, which is tied hy siiK'Ws to a reed or ciiiie. notched, and winti'ed with three leathers: when not re([nired loi' innnediate d use, the t \inii' was loose and the point i'e\ersed m the eane, to [iroteet it h'oiii heinu' hroken. Tlie Ceris and ('hieoratos cut a nt)t('li a, W ew inches aho\e the point, so that m strikinii' it shoidd lireak oil' and remain in the woiiiuh Their chihs were inaiU' of a, hard wood c;illed (/nin/ifi-dii. witli a knoh at the end, and when not in use were carried shinn to the ai'in hy a h-ather thoiit:'. Their lances wi're of liia/il wood. hiKiklers of alli^ator-skiu. and shields of hull s hide, sullicieiitly iar-re to protect the whole hodx. with a hole in the top to look throiiiili. Another kind of shield was made of small lathes closelv interwovi'n with cords, m sucn a manner that. when not reiinired lor use. it )uld he shut u[) like a fan. and was carried under the arm •J 11! Li\inLi' in a state of constant war. arisinu' out of family i|naiMvls or a^u^ressions made into each others territories, the\ wer(; not uu-i sc ha jioilido a- i; - ,ar I'll 'lies s 't'i's y ill' cai IK' Imiiiaiia yu iiU'ilio imiliiila . . ]iiiis iin is mas i|U'mliviiiai' In ijur nil saliriniis. Sin iliiila sn iiiinripal in;-;!'' ill' ntc smi il^iiiii r\ i.' Siiii(ir:t, Drs rip. 'r'ci/., in J) i<\ lli^l. M'.w, sriii'iii.. tnni. iv., |i|i. ")f) '1. "lo'i. ' F.l iini'^iit I'H im arbiil [it iincfin niny liisaiio y niiiy Iu'Vuh sn ;'i la vista; pirn a corta ini'ision ili' la cnrtr/a Innta una Inln' imirlal ipii Is si'i'via ru sii ;_!i'Utiliila'l para nniinu/'/i'iar sus tli ilias.' .|/'. ."i"; I'ti'n in .<■ I'll'', in 'I'l rii'iii.f-Ciiinii'iiK. Viijf . si'rii' i., timi. vii.. pp. '.•'iil-l; I'listnrmhi m /■/.. si'rii' i.. tnni. ix.. pp. 2(1!)'. I'li .J; Suf. ^•.^l./., lluihlin. srric v., Nn. 'i;, jip. Is.") (1. I'.) 1; .l/7(';/((, ( lirmi. ilr /.(icil/ffin. )). l."i:l: 7'i //". ill Ivdi'illfild, I HI. • I l>'>-.. tiini. II . p.':t.">l; ti„:iii'iii, /.'-V. ,l/r'i/(., in //., p. 2.V.I, -i'-Mi; Ihs.iui,. V'l/i"/., ill li'if. H'lst. Mi.e., -I rii' iv.. tmii. iv.. ji. Ill; IH'is. Ili^l. ih h's Til- i(//(/i/ii..s'. pp. Ill, nil, 17:i, (177 //(• /.'III, Xuriis Oi-li'i.-. pp. 2s."i. •Js7. ;{ii,-,. :i|(i; ■'^•I'iii. in l.oii'l. lini'i. >. \'l, '.■"); Ili rlnmlii r i/ '11' '••I, Oi'iri'i. p. (IS; li'iinlrri, iii .\li ;n', /li.-'l. I'l'niji. '2 r, Uijiiatra, llisl. liuL, ful. o'>. 580 NEW MEXICANS. to adinission «as a warrior, a young man liad to pass tlirougli certain ordeals; having iirst qualilied himself by soino dangerous exploit, or having laithrully per- ibrnied the duty of a scout in an enemy's country. The jjreliuiinaries being settled, a day was appointed for his initiation, when one of the braves, Jicting as his god- father, introduced hiui to the chief, who. lor the occasion, iiad fu'st [)laced himself in the midst of a large circle of warriors. The chief then addressed him, instructing hiui in the several duties required of him, and drawing IVom a j)()U(!h an eagles talon, with it proceeded to score his body on the shoulders, arms, breast, and thighs, till the blood ran Ireely; the candidate was expected to sul- ier Avithout showing the slightest signs ot' pain. The chief then handed to him a bow and a (juiver of arrows; each of the braves also ])resented him with two arrows. In the cani[)aigns that followed, the novitiate nnist take the hardest duty, be ever at the post of danger, and endure' without a murmur or complaint the severest })ri- vatious, until a new candidate apjjcared to take his place.-'" AVlien one tribe desires the assistance of another in war, they send reeds filled with tobacco, which, if accepted, is a token that the alliance is formed ; a call for hel[) is made by means of the smoke signal. When war is decided upon, a leader is chosen, at whose house all the eldei"s, niedicinc-nien, and princi[)al wairiors assemble; a fire is then lin'hted. and toljacco handed round and smoked in silence. The chief, or the most aged and distinguished warrior then arises, and in a loud tone and not unpoetic language, hai-angues his hearers, recounting to them heroic deeds hitherto per- foi-med, victories formerly giiined. and ])reseut wrougs to be avenged; alter which toJjacco is again passed round. 2'" ' El ji'ivcn qui' (loscii valcr \)nr las avniiis, antes dc scv adiuitiiln ( n tmla forma a csta iir(ifr>i(m, dcbc liaccr iiu'ritos cii al^'iiiias caniiianas, . . di spiics di' in-iihadi) almiii ticiii] ii istas t's|)('nciicias y tfiiida la ajinibacioii dr Ins aiiciaiiiis, cilaii al iintciidii'iitc para alt,'uu dia cu (Hic dri)a dar la iiltinia ]i!-iii'l)a dc su valor.' .Mii/rf, //is/. Cnniji. i/r ./rsi/s, toiii. ii., ]))i. -1^ '•'. •i'."i -^, mid toni. i,, |ii>. ;t',)()-'J. ]-",xaiiiiii(' S iiinni, />c,sc/'i/i. '''">;;., in l)uc. Illi^t. M.i:., Bcriu iii., toui. iv., pp. GW-T; Lhui)(An, iu Id., pp. (181-5, WAR CUSTOMS IX NOETII MEXICO. 581 and now speakers in turn address the asseml)ly. ^Var councils are continued for sevei'al nitened by a girdle to the aninials biU'k, loose enouuh, however, to allow the rider to put his iV'ct under them. Emerging from their barbarism, they employ, in their agricultural pursuits, plows with .shai'es of wood or stone, and wooden hoes. The Ceris have a kind of double-pointed javelin, with which they catch hsh. which, once between the prongs, are prevented j'rom slipping out by the jagged sides.''^'-' The Ahomoas, Kudebes. .lovas. "^'arpns, and Opatas weave fabrics out of cotton or agave-(il)re. such as blan- kets or scrapes, and doth with colored thrends in neat designs and ligur(\^; these nations also manufacture mat- ting from reeds and palm-leaves. Their loom consists of four short sticks driven into the gi'onnd. to which a frame is attached to hold the thread. The shuttle is an oblong jiiccc ot woo {^'ucrrciir coiiio Ins di' Sinuldii. liaciiiii la (•ciitiiiclii rada ciuiitu do licia. iidtii- (IkIdsi! cu fila t'iiicac iita iiulio^, uiio tlclaiiti' ilr otin. cnii siis arcos v llcclias y I'lm uu.i I'oiliUa i u tiorni." liniiiiuDnt, ('ron, >/' }!• ■Imdrnn^ MS., p 2H ^S(■e also /i(') (s. Hist. (}o los TciKciyi/dis, jip. !(, IS, Til, 47:i-4; i I'llilhi Ci'Ui^ jY. (iiilicin. .VS , p. ■')'2'2; HitiitKHi, Ilil. Ani'ti.. in Inulmli ihi, Ciu. (h' l)ni\, toiii. ii., [)p. :t il-'J; Ifi.trt, K'lrclfn-ilisi-h'ii-lili'. tuin. ii., p. 7hV.^\ Fin-//. .sv//rs ilf In f'lf .^(incil'i'-. p. 7l!: Arlciiii. Clirnii. ih. /■iri:lii'iifi. ]). l.'dl; Cih'ntiuthi. in Jfi/.tiii/t'^ Villi., vol. iii., p. JJfi:!; HnUidin, in X'lucclks Annuh's '/'- I'"'/., ]S.")I, torn, cxxxi . |i. 'l'>i>. ^•'' S('(! Ciiiiihii-r, Viiij., p. 1")7; Mnn\ Xiwhr'ichbii, ^ip. .^O", I!:!"). •'i^tT; D'rated with "'" ' Vsn.uin ol iirtc do liibir, y toxcr iili^'oilon, o otras yi'Viias siliiostrcs, c'ouioi'l Ciri.iiiu) <1l' C'iistilla, u I'ita.' Uilxfs, llisl ilf lufi Tr'ndn/ilins. ]i]t. 12, 2>i(l. I'lir the Yaciiiis, see IV/^siv). Sutir'nis ih- Saiitira. ]i. TIJ; tor the 0)iatas ami ■lovas, SDiifini. llrscri/i. (v'mf., in Dur. Itisl. .U'.r.. sciic iil., toiii. iv.. ]>]). ■")")()-2; and for til.' I'aialmiiiaifs, Murv, Xnihrirhlrii. ]i 'M^: ('ahfi,i,U' \'iirii, /i'/(('i"ii, pji. Kl'l, 171; /(/.. in llfnn'is'in, Xdr'iijulhni'i, toni. ill., ful. 1(27; l/i- rl('ip'll'\ ]!ii'l-llfi'r'"iii, |i|). 7'.I-H(l. '^'^ ' El imlio toni.inilo el iistii jxir medio, bofja con graii dcstri'za pornno y oti'o ladd.' .IV //•'', Hist, i 'itiii/). ih .Iisiit. torn, iii., [». ll'.i. ' \n Indian |)a(l- dlcs liinisflf . . . by means of a Ichil; <'lasti(' poll- of ahont twilvc oi' foiirtitii fret ill Iciiijtli.' //'f/r///s Trill-., (in. 2'.)7. 2'.U. S( c alsii .V(;(/. in //«/, /"///'s I'*//., vol. iii., pp. liCid; I'uhivi ill \'iii''i. Il'hiliiiii. in 'I'l rnnii.r-i'oiniiiiiis. 1 "//., s"i'ii' i., torn. \ii., p. 2."il>; nio'i. in lliiiiiii.'s de pt'i'i'o-!.' Iil rlihiilii I' // 'I'lionl, Himi), p. 7l>, 'I'ili' I'ldiiis 'MMi'ri- liaii nt nnc partie dc IcuI'h ricliesNcn, (|ui ('iili .istidi nt en ('ioII'ih i tell tlll- ipMis.'s.' I'lisl'i Hrihi. in Ti'vniiiix-i'i'iiipiinx, I'''//., Hi'iiij, tnin. i\,. p. l-Vi. ('. Klip lie fiu:hc'r, Ciim'iir, I'v/., jip. 2{M-1: /.ni'iiiii, in /*.'-' m^ ro, .Knhrins di: .■>•./,„;•/(,/>,,,//,»{, p. !. . Ilix- ill 1812, ]). (W; Fitnlnl. .jn.s Aim rihn. toui. ii., 4). iUii; hi., Ci:id. .lime, fi, ^JUU; Valeza i/i j*u<.'i<, Ktlatioii, ji. 107. 684 NEW MEXICANS. obscene ])aiiitinga. They are all great observers of the heavenly bodies and the changes in the atniosi)here; the Ya(|uis count their time by the moon. They are good miisiciiins. imitating to perfection on their own in- sti'uments ahnost any strain they luip[)en to hear. Their native melodies are low. sweet, and liarmonious. In IVtatlan they embroiilered dresses with pearls, and as they had no instrument lor piercing the jewel, they cut a small groove rcjund it, and so strung them. With ])rarls they formed on cloth iigures of animals and birds.-'' I fmd nowhere in this region any system of laws or government. There are the usual tribid chieftains, selected on account of su[)erioi' skill or bravery, but with little or no power except in war matters. Councils of war. and all meetings of importance, are lield at the chii't' s bouse.-'' The ( 'eris and Tepocas celebrate the advent of woman- liood with a least, which lasts for several days. The A home maiden wears on her neck a small car\ed shell, as a sign of her virginity, to lose which befori' mai'riage is a lasting disgrace. On the day of marriage the bride- groom I'emoves this ornament irom his ))ride"s neck. It is customai'v among most of the tribes to give presents to the girl's paivnts. The Tabus, says Castafieda, are obliged to purchase a maiden from her parents, and deliver her to the aici^^'Ki'"", chief, or possibly high priest. 2i3 'Soil ftraiidos oliservadorrs do los Astvos, porqiip 007110 sioinino ilinr- inoii ;i Ciilii (li-^ciil)icrt(). y cstiiii lurhos iiniii'iiilos, sc iiiiiraMllan do (jiialqiiior luiovii iiii|ii'ossioii, nuo i'oij;istrau on los C'iolus.' Arlcini, ( hr'iu. dr Zii'-iiti'cin;, J). 17-">. Aiuoiil; the Vac^uis, ' haj' iisiiiiisiiio im'isicos d(> violin y ai-pa, to(li) j(or jmro in-mio, sin (jno so ]i\ioda dt^oir ([nv so los hayan onsofiado las jiii- moras vot,'las.' WlKsro, yoliriti.'^ di: Sonorn, ji. 7t. Soo also IIUkis. Hist. 2; lumbier, Toy., p. 201; Murv, Xmlu-hli- (en, )i. :i7i); l'>uUVn, (''m>i. \. iints are returned hy her parents, and it is optional with the hr'uU'grooni to keep her or condemn her to the life of a public pros- titute. The P)auzariganies, Cabe/.as, C'ontotores, and Tehuecos practice polyj:aniy and inter-faniily niarriajies, l)ut these are forbidden by the (V'ris, Chinipas, Tibur- ones, and 'i'epocas. Dilferent ceremonies take place upon the birth of the first chikl. Among some, the father is intoxicated, and in that state surrounded by a dancini;' nndtitude, who score his body till the ])lood Hows freely. Among others, several days al'ter the birth of a male child, the men visit the house, feel each limb of the newly born, exhort him to be Ijrave, and linally give him a name; women })erform similar ceremonies with i'emale children. The couvade obtains in certiun ])arts; as I'or instance, the Lagunero and Ahomama husbands, after the birth of a chiUl, remain in bed for six ov seven ilays, diu'ing which time they eat neither lish nor meat. The i^isibotaris, Ahomes. and Tepehua- )ies hold chastity in high esteem, and both their maid- ens and mtitrons are remarkably chaste. The standard of moi-ality elsewhere in this vicinity is in general low, especially with the Acaxeesand Tabus, whose incestuous connections luid system of public l)rothels are notorious. According to Arlegui, Ribas, and other authors, among some of these nations male concubinage prevails to a great extent; these loathsome; semblances of humanity, whom to call be;istly were a slander upon l)easts. dicss themselves in the clothes and jierform the functiims of Avonien, the use of weapons e\"en being di'uied tbem."'" ' r;ici(inp: s(M"ior, ipfi> iilisolnto (i rev f\o nun coniiivca o F.stiulo. l".n iimslrda dins siii'lc cniiilfiirsc ista voz in iil;;iiiiiis |i(ililu(viiiius dc la I'lirtr mii ntiil lio • 'ul»a. ]iarii di'sii^uar al ri'^ndur dtcaiio dc lui a\ Ulitaiiiii iitd. A>i sr dicf: l!i"^'idiii- caciiiui'. llctafolicainciitc tiiiU' aiilicaciiui en liuistva iiiiiisula, liava disiLfiiar a Ins ([iio on los puublos pi'iiucfios llivaii la vci/ y i;iil]ii man a su ant(ij) y capriclii).' '■''' ' Juntos ^I'andcs y iK'nncnds iKiiicn a los nincotoiifs y niiiji'Vis casa- di'i'as en dos liilci'as. y duda nna si'fia cnnircndc ii a colTfr ('stas; d.ula otl'a '-i'^iicn la cain ra acjncllos, y idcanz.nidolas, lia dc coji r cada nno la snya do la tftilla i/(piiL'ida; ycincdan hii'lios y continnados los dt'S))osoiios.' SitnarK, Jksrrip. Uuiij., ill l>oc. Jlif^t. J/(.i'., bfviu iii., turn, iv., p. 5r2-3. 'Uuus so 586 NEW JIEXrCANS. Pi'uiikcnnos.s jirovuils to Ji groat oxtont iinionj;; most of the tribes; their rK|iior.s uro prepiirod IVoin the iViiit of the pitiihiiva, iii('/,(|tiitt'-hoiins, aguvo, lioiU'V. iind wheat. Ill eoiiniioii with all savages, tiiey are iiimioileratelv l"oiul of daiiciii'i', ami have luiinercMis feasts, wheic, a\ ith oh- sceiie carousals and uiiseeinly iiiasUs. the revels coiitmiie, until the dancers, from sheer exhaustion or intoxication. are forced to rest. The Opatas hold a festival called ti)i'i))ii I'diiiil, to insure rain and good croi)s. Clearing a sijuare piece of ground, they strew it with seeds, hones, houghs, horns, and shells; the actors then issue loi'th from huts built on the Ibnr corners of the s(|iiare. ami there daiu^e i'roni sunrise to sunset. On the lir>^t day of the year they plant in the ground a tall pole, to which are tied lonii' ribl)ons of manv col or; A nund)er of young maidens, iinicifidly attired, dance round the pole. holding the ends of the ril)bons. twistinu' theniselve.- nearer or away from the center in beautiful iiiiuri'; V tl pon otiu'r occasions they commemorate, ni modern U times, what is claimed to be the journey of the A/tec; and the ap[)earance of Montezuma among them. Hunt- ing and war expeditions are inaugurated by dances. Their nuisical instruments ai-e llutes and hollow trunks ])eaten with sticks or bones, an llilmn, llifl. ih ln^ 7 riiiiiijiiiiis I'P 11, 11"), 171, 'iltl, 212, 47.J; Sm-. 'r'.'. 1")"2, l.ii, li^ li 1 i7, iCii'i'li iitt; ,1/-' 7/v IHsl. (' Itirhle, torn, ii., p. .>11; I'llillll'l, ('o)iif X. Onlh M> ih Ji 'esns, toiii, i., p. 452; Arisld. in hi., p. 417 Jiniiinilifr ij Thoi'd, Dktiio, p. 70; Coinhk); Vvy., p. 201; Loicei t'l-n, Jkxi- quc, p •lO'J. CUSTOMS IN NOUTIIERN MEXK^O. r.K7 the liiind. l''ivcjiu'ntly one villn^o cliiillcn^^os nnotlier as upon the occiisioii of u iiiitioiiiil icsti\al. wliidi lasts si'vt'i'al davs, aiitl is accoiiipairu'd ^vitll daii('iiianK's Nvitli Avoodi'U lialls, in wliieli sticks are used \\\iv\\ ])lavin;i'. Tlio jjliiycrs aro always naked, and tlie ^aine ol'ten lasts IVoni Minrise to sunset, and sometimes, wlien the xictory is undeeided, the [)lay will he continned I'or several successiNe days, e freely made, and hoi'ses and other property ai r.et> staked with the greatest recklessness. Loads are cai'ried on the head, oi' in haskets at tho l)ack. hani:in;j.' from a stra[) that passes across the lore- head. jVnother mode of earryin;^' hnrdens is to dis- trihitte e(inally the weight at l)otli ends of a pole which is si unii' a(M'()ss )f tl the should ei-, (/ la Ch IllKltSC 'n len' concep- tions of the supernatui'al are extremely crude: thu tl 10 ( )[tatas, hy yells and gesticulations, endeaxor to (lis[)el eclipses of the heavenly hodies; hefore the howling of the wind they cower as hefore the voi(!e t)f tlu; (jlreat 4)irit. The Ceris suj)erstitiously eelehrate the i lew moon, and how reverentially to the rising and setting sun. Xiifio de (Ju/man states that in the }>rovince of Culiacan tamed serpents were found in the dwellings of the natives, which they feared and venerated. Others have a great veneration for the hidden '.irtues of poison- ous plants, and helievo that if they crush or destroy one, some harm will luqipen to them. It is a common -'' Lps Ynquis 'niiiiriit snvtont niio diinsci aiip(-li'(> tulnU tioDiiirli!, , . .dans l:ii|ii(ll(' ils cliiiu^'ciit tic I'luiiiics en se i-i'diiiit r('ci|ir(j(]uciii('iit Ions Iciirs driiit-, (•(itijuL;aux.' /.'ni'iija, in .\<»tfi'l/is Aiiiutlrs (lis \'i)i/.. ]Si2, Idiii. xciii., ])|). 'J-IH '.). I'lii' Sisilxitaris; 'En las dauzas.. fiii' iiiiiy de iKitar ipic ami(|iio dalizaliau juntos hoiulpit'S y inu^crcs, iii so lialilalian iii sc toialiaii iniuidia- taiiitiili- las iiiauiis.' .t/"/''. //'.•<'.''""'/>.(/(. A si's, toni. ii., ]>. 1-1, and toni. i.. liji. Ill") 7. Ill the ]iroviiicc of I'anuco. ' ciiandu estan vn sus horraclic- liis ('■ lifslas, lo ((lU' no ])ni-dtii IhImv por la lioca, si; ]o liaci n cchar [ior liajo con 111! iMulmdo.' (iii-.iiKliI, II' L Aui'm., hi [ricJi'ilr' tn, l "1. ih ll'ic., tolll. ii., p. -'•••"). Set' fui'tlicr. HUi(ir<. Ifist. ih' Ins VViio/i/iAos. i>|i. '.', \'>. U'lli, t!7'-; Miirr, Xnrliriciilin, )ip. ;i2l, HI:!, :Ur); Ik l.iiil. ,V-/ri(s Or/iis. ]> ■.s7; I'ml'illn, Comi. \, (lidlr'M, .l/,s'.. ])p. T)!'.), 51)11; ('(isldrndii, in TiTiiint.r-i '(niii'inis, I'"//., si'riif i., toui. ix., p. I'lH: ll'irtli/'s Tiar.. p. 410; .[liifinl, Clin'm. ih Znfiihi-as, pp. Ms, \lt):l)i>ii)hir(ni's Ailnn., ji]). -Ki, 4S; Lus Cusas, Jlisl. li'iiiis, MS., iii). iii., cap. ills; 'r(((v; V/ Co/k/i, in -IVxo/i .l/f.i-., t(nn. i., ]). 1'''7; •*>'"•. (i''ii'i., JJulktiii, sc'i'io v.. No. ',)(■), )). I'.IO: Frifb'l, AnsAixiriln, torn, 'i., ]>. 2111: Id., (Jail. Aiiur., p. ;i81; Scciii, in Loud. Ucoij, iiuc, J(jur., vol. xxx., p. 2o. . '*> 7. ^ > ./ y Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRKT WiBSTIR.N.Y. MS80 (716) 872-4503 i z %° t >> 688 NEW MEXICANS. custom to hang a small bag containing jwisonous htM'bs round the neck of a child, as a talisman against diseases or attacks from wiltl beasts, whicii they also believe will render them invulnerable in battle. They will not touch a person struck by lightning, and will leave him to die. or, if deail, to lie unburied."'"" Intermittent and other fevers prevail among the jk'o- ple of Northern Mexico. Small-pox, introduced l)y Europeans, has destroyed many lives; syphilis was in- troduced among the Carrizos by the S[)anish troojis. The Tarahumares sufl'er from pains in the side al)out the end of the spring. The Opatas of Ojiosura are disfig- ured by goitres, but this disease seeu s to be confined within three leagues of the town. AVounds inflicted by arrows, many of them jxjisoned, and bites of rattle- snakes are common. Friends, and e\en parents and brothers leave to their fate such as ore sull'ering from contagious diseases; they, however, place water and wild fruits within the sufferer's reach. To relieve their wearied legs and feet after long marches, they scarify the former with sharp flints. In extreme cases they rub themselves with the maguey's prickly leaf well pounded, which, acting as an emollient on their hardened bodies, affords them i)rompt relief. The Carrizos cure syphilis with certain plants, the medicinal pr()[)erties of which are known to tliem. As a purgiitive they use the grains of the mn()s y coiitrahechos, A (jnii lies tfUicii y fviiiKiUi iiii mi cftHu y c(tiiii(>//i//'((, Ifrsi'viit. (tniii., in Dor. Uinl. .l/f.i'., scrii' iii., toiii. iv,, 1^ w 1 t i;.. ..t 1...: .' 1 «: . : ; (li ]I1US ^i«>^i«v v.i>iiit«ti»> t'''f"'('i, «ri,-i'irir. irii>if,^«(A f"*i, f«f>-i>. .ff'il.^f^in iti.tti'iii. ''■) ]). ()2S. ' Aii^^iilis iitcnic adytis iiii^'ucx ('()iii|ilnrfH rt'iM rti. j t'rt)4iimuii in iiio- (liiiu conj^lobiiti. i'ii|iilil)iis siiprii ct infriicxsiTtis. tfrriliili rictii. si (jiiis )>r()- jmis acccssissft, cHtcnini iuiiocni; (jdos btirbari vil iii.ixiiiii' v 'icraliaiitMr, (luoit (liabolus ipsis liac fnriiia apparcro consucKsct : cosiliin taiiii'ii tt iiiaiii- liiis coiiti't'ctiibaiit tt iiotiiiuiKniam iis vcMccbaiitni'.' Jlr l.tnl, Mnnis (hliis. p. iJHl. Furflu'r rcfd'enco in llilvin, Ifl.sl. de lnn V'/iK/n/i/inN, ji. 472; Oriiiln, JfiHt. ^cn. , ti)iii, iii., pp. 574 5; LdihuinUe, lliimtsset-lliiiilhoii, y.in; Cdln utile !''«•'(, ]M(ttii>n, p. Iil'.t; Arlnini, ('liri>n. tk Zacakats, pp. lliO-7; Siciti, in Lo)nl. Ueuij. Hoc, Jour., vol. xxx., p. '2G. MEDICAL TREATMENT. C89 leaves of the willow in decoction, as a remedy for the same c()nii)laint. [n Sinaloa, the leaf and roots of the (jnaco are used by the natives as the most elficacioiis medicine for the hites of ix)isonous reptiles. The ( >patas employ excellent remedies for the diseases to which they are subject. They have a singular method of curing liittlesnake bites, a sort of retaliative cure; seizing the reptile's head between two sticks, they stretch out the tail and l)ite it along the Ixjdy, and if we may Ijelievc Alegre, the bitten man does not swell up. but the reptile (l(Xis, until it bursts. In some parts, if a venomous snake bites a |)ers()n, he seizes it at both ends, and breaks all its bones with his teeth until it is dead, imagining this to be an elhcacious means of saving himself from the effect of the wounds. Arrow wounds ;u*e first sucked, and then pci/ote powder is put into them; after two davs the wound is cleaned, and more of the same powder applied ; this operation is continued upon every second day, and linally ixjwdered lechugilla-root is used; by this process the wound, after thoroughly suppurat- ing, becomes healed. Out of the leaves of the maguey, lechugilla. and date-palm, as well as from the rosemary, tliey make excellent balsams for curing wounds. They have various vegetable substances for appeasing the thirst of wounded iK>rsons, as water is considered injurious. The Acaxoes employ the sucking processi's, and blowing through a hollow tube, for the cure of diseases. Vho Yaquis put a stick into the patient's mouth, and with it draw from the stomach the disease; the Cerisof Tiburon Island also emi)l()y charms in their medical [n'jictice.*™ I find nothing of cremation in these parts. The dead body is brought head and knees together, and ''' ' Qiiiindo ontro los Imlios ny alj,'nn pi>nt!it,'i<>, '• Coiiip. lie Jf.Hii.s, toiii.i., p. '>VM, tout, ii., pp. 2i:»-4, 'il'J-'iil; /.'/'.-/s, lllst. lie hs 7V(t<>/i/-/(o,s, jip. 17, .«2'J-:); LiUnhsd rn, ^f•.ri(^ue. ]). -Ill; Il'inli/'.i Tnir., )>. 2S2; .Swuora, Vescrip, Ueoij., in Doc. Hist, Max., berie iii., toiu. iv., iip. 547-8. 590 NEW MEXICANS, placed ill a cave or uiuler a rock. Several kiiidsof edibles, with the llten^sil.s and iinpleinents with which the de- ceased I'anied a support while living, are de[)osited in the grave, also a small idol, to .serve a.s a jiuide and fel- low traveler to the departed on the long journey. On the lips of dead infants is drop[)ed milk from the motliers hreast, that the.se innocents may have su,>*te- iiance to reach their place of rest. Among the Acax('es. if a woman dies in childbirth, the infant surviving is slain, as the cau.se of its mother's death. Cutting the hair is the oidy sign of mourning among them."''" The character of the Xortheni Mexicans, as portrayed by Arlegui, is gross and low; but some of the.se tribes do not deserve such sweeping condemnation. Tlie ^[ayos, Yatpiis, Acaxees, and ( )patas are generally in- telligent, honest, social, amiable, and intrepid in war; their young women modest, with a combination of .sweet- ness and pride noticed by some writers. The (.)patas especially are a hard-working jK'ople, good-hmnored, free from intiMnperance and thievishne.ss; they are also very tenacious of i)urpose, when their minds are made uji — danger often strengthening their stubbornness the more. The Sisibotaris, Ahomamas, Onavas, and Tara- humares are «|uiet and do(?ile. but brave when occa- sion recpiires; the last-mentioned are remarkably hon- est. Tlie Tepocas and Tiburones are fierce, cruel, and treacherous, more warlike and courageous than the Ceris of the main land, who are singidarly devoid of good (pialities, being sullenly stupid, la/y, inconstant, revengeful, depredating, and mucii given to intemper- ance. Thi'ir country even has become a refuge for evil- doers, in former times they were warlike and bra\e: but even this (piality they have lost, and iiave become as cowardly as they are cruel. The Tepehiianes and other mountaineers are savage and warlike, and their animosity to the whites pL'rpetual. The Laguneros and other tribes of Coahuila are intelligent, domestic, and hospital)le; the former especially are very brave. In (Miihuaiina wo See Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 51C; I'M/a, iu rrhlo, Viajcs, p. 413. CHARACTER, TRIBAL BOUNDARIES. 691 thov nro jrcnorally ficrco and imcoinmimioativo. At Kl I'iiso, tlu' woiiu'ii iuv more jovial uiid ploasiiiit than the nii'ii; the hitter speak hut little, never laii^lj. and sehhMn smile; their whole aspect seems to he wrapi)ed in mel- ancholv — evervthing ulx)ut it has a semhlanee of sad- ness and suilerin}. ■Jill !61 aiiui.s L:is nvis (Ic las niioionos roforiilaa son ♦otnlmrnto l«r1inr:is, y ilc pro- h Ziiciilii'iix, |i. ll'.i. 'I'lic s(>r()s cntiiicliiiiiciitos; ycntit Imxa.' .l/'/ci/i:!, ' l)V fat' till' most iiidiistrioiis aiul useful of all tlif ollur trihi's i Soiioni. . . .''I'lrliiatiMl for the cxiihi'i'ai •l:t'.». 142. 'L. jf their wit.' il'inh/'s Ti V\< latas sou tan hoiirailoscoiuo vulii'Uti's . . .la iia<'i()ii I'lpat a cs ])alaiu'i)s ...sicmprc fiu' incliiiada .il (inlcn y la pa/..' l'/'(S''o. A'l/i'i'i'f-i r/c .Soji/im, |>p. \'i\, 117. The Ojiatas 'sou d' LCiMiio malici')-io. disiinidados yen simio Kf^ido vcU'^ativos; y in csto sohic- lUn I; IS inu|irt's. Ih iv,, pp. {\l'.)-:\ 1. fScc .•t'.'.t, :ts.".; ll/. Mi.w, siric iii.. toni also: llUids, ll'isl. ill /((,• 7' ('(l(//l/>/|i'S, PI ). •.';t7, '-'N.". :tr)S. vol. i., PI). 4J-2-:l; Wonrs .1/., fis:!. vol. ii., p. <'.(»(',: Cunhhi; Vi.i/.. pp. 1;»S •Jill; Mn!l<--ll '", vol. i. p Siiiinril, 1)1) ii-l!iil(lhi V 1:1-1 1: Itroiriii'a Aji'irhr Ciiiiiitri/. p. ■>\S: l,iirliiii>'/lf. I;, Cil'ifm di' Viim. Itilnt'oii, ])p. lUll, 17(i; Arricirilit. I'l-nn 412; Ah:irf, Hid. I'lwiii. il Jrun^. tom. i., pp. ■2HI,4lt'2-:i, 40."., \r,2, lui'd t< 'If Sir'ijirii, pp. 40.'), 1) p. IHl; r and 117 of west lon^'itude; that is to say. the occupants of the states of New Mexico, .\ri/.ona. Lower California, Soiiora, Sinaloa. Cliihuahua, Du- rauj^o, CoaUuila, Nuevo Leon, Northeru Zacateeas, and Westeru Texas. I\ TiiK .Vpachk fvmit.v. T include all the savage tribes roaming throu'^h New M,.xii.'o. the nortli-wcstern portion of Texas, a small part of Xortliein !Mcxicc). and Vri.^ona; being the Comauehes, Apaches proi)er, Navajos, Mo- j ives, IIuala[)ais, Yumas, Cosnino-i, Yaiupais, Yalcheduiies, Yamajalis, Coi'heos, L'riizados, Nijcu'as, Cocoijas, and others. The ('•)iiiaiirlii:-< inhabit Western Texas, Eastern New ^lexico. iind Eastern Mexico, and from the .Vrkansas River north to near tho (>nlf of Mexico south. Ran^^'e 'over the plains of the .Vrkansas from the vicinity of IJeiit's f )rt, at the p.irallel of US', to the Gulf of Mexico . . .from the cistern ba>c of tho Llano I'.stacado to about the meridian of longitude '.isth' /'n/"-, in Pw. ft. n. R'p'., vol. ii., p. IG. From the western borderof theChoctaw coun- try ' uninterruptedly along the Canadian to Tueumeari creek and thence, occasionally, to Rio Pecos. Fdiu this line th«'y pursue the butralo iiortli. ward as far as tlu' Sioux country, and on the south are scarcely limited by the froutiur si;tlcmeutsof Mexico.' Wltippk, Eu-bank; and Turner's li'pt., p. G92 TRIBAL BOUNDARIES. 8, in Poc. R. IJ. IJcpt., vol. iii. 'During snmnicr. . ns far north ns fbo Arkimsas river, thoir winters they nsuiiUy jinss nlxint tlio licud briiiulifs nf the Brazos and Colorado rivors of Texas.' fimifi's Com. J'niiriis, vol. ii., ]>. 307. 'Between 102^ and 101' longitude and 33' and 37' noith latitude.' Xorton, in Ind. /{ff. Hept., IHC.U, p. 14(i. 'About thirteen thousand sriuaro iiiil. 'Originaire du Notiveau-llexique; niais. .. ils deseendent souvent dans les plaines de la Basse-Californie et de la Sonora.' Snv. Gtoij., liidhtln, serie v., No. 9(i, p. 192. 'Rangeeastof the mountains of New Jlexieo.' llnd, in School- vmft'.i Arch., vol. i., p. 2tt. 'In dein uucultivirten Theilo des Bolson da Mapiuii' (Chihuahua). Wappihi.t, Geo;), n. Stat., p. 214: Frmbel, Aii.p. 4.1-6. ' Ini Westen des ^lissisippi und des Areansas uud bis an das linke Ufer des Rio Grande.' Ludvcns, licisr, p. 104. 'Range from the Hourees of the Brazos and Ctlorado, rivers of Texas, over the great Prairies, to the waters of the Arkansas and the mountains of Rio Grande.' Liideirii/'s Ah. Lamj., p. 51. Concurrent statements in Wilson's Anivr. Hist., p. Vi'i'i; Prirh'ird's Nut. If'isl. Mur bauds, called respectively the Cuchauticas, the Tupes, the Y'ani- paxicas, ami the Eastern Conianches.' ^ommech's Iksrrls, vol. ii., p. 21. See also: Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 344, 348-9; Fook's Texas, vol. i., p. 298; Frost's Ind. Wars, p. 293. The Apaches may bo said to ' extend from the country of the Vtahs. in latitude 38 north to about the 3()th parallel.' liarllvil's Pers. \ar., \o\. 1.. ii. 325, 'Along both sides of the Rio Grande, from the southern limits of tln! Navajo country at the i>arallel of 34', to the extreme southern line of the Territory, and from thence over the States-' of Chihuahua, Sonora, and Dn- rango, of Mexico. Their range eastward is as far as the valley of the Peeos, and they are found as far to the west as the Pimos villages on the Gila.' Pope, in Pac. Ii. It. liipt., vol, ii., p. 13. Scattered 'throughout the whole of Arizona, n large part of New Mexico, and all the northern portion of Chi- Luahuaaud Sonora, and in some parts of Durango.' Cremony's Ajtaches, p. APACHE TRir.F.S. Ml. Itiiiij;o 'over Homo povtinns of Califuriiiii, most of Soiuini, the froiifitrs of Duruiii,'!!, 1111(1 . . .('liiliuiiliiiii.' 'I'cc'/i/'s (''',/''(/, in Mm-r, Xnchrirlilvii, p. 3li2. ' I'liiclit das (icliict diT Ai)iK"ln-Iiidi,iii('r vom \0',i. bis ziiiii lit. Grad. wt'stliflicr I,;iii.u'<' voii (irctn- wii'h, uiid von di'ii (iniizcii drs I'tali-deliittcs, dim .'t.S. (Irad, bis lijiiuiiti'i' /luu 30. (irad iitii'dlicln'r l>i<'iti'.' Miilllii>, Taiiilnirli. ]}.'2'1'.K hdialiit "all the coiiiitry iKU'tli and simlli of the (ilia, and liotli sides of tiic Oil Norlc, alioiit till' jianillil of till' Jornada and J)i'ad Man's lakes.' Kiiimi/'s Ilinoi- iiiiissoiiir, J). i;{'2. 'Tola lia'C iei,'io, (juani Novaiii Mexicaiiam Micant. alt i.iiiniliiis 1)1111! lateriliiis aiiiliitiir ali .\iiai'!iil>us.' 7v Ijtil, ,V>l(•l^^■ Oiliin, p. '.\\(\. • lU'CoiTeli las iiroviiu'ias del Nm-te de Mexico, lle;4ando alj^iinas veces liasta cercii de Ziicateeas.' J'iiitmhl, ('mnlni, toni. ii., p. "J-'il. ' Iierraniadas disdo la Inteiidi'iicia de San Luis I'otosi' liasta la extreniidad seteiilrional del ^nlfo de Calitoniia.' iJulb'i, in iiidintif llirm, h'ctifirdi ,'ii, \<. ItN."). 'Se i \tii ndi ii < n el vasto esimeif). . . .line eoiiiprelideu los ^'lados .'II a IW de latitiid iiorte, y 2/•(/(■/•(), in /(/., p. ,'!(;'.»: see also /(/., 11.40. 'From the entrance of the Itio (rrande to the (l,df of California.' }'iki's Kfjilitr. 7'/v/r., p. ;i:!7. ''J'he southern and south-wi'stern portions of New Jlexieo, and mainly the valley of the (iila.' Scliiiclrni/I's Airh.. vol. v., p. 'io;!; Hint, in lil., vol. i., p. 2 13. ' Seareily extends farther north than .Mlmiinenpie. . . .nor more than two hundred miles south of I'd I'aso del N'ortt'; east, tho vieinity of the Wliite Mountains; west, generally no further than the liorders of Soiiora.' Ili-nri/, in SrlmdlcritJ'I's Arvli., vol. v., p. 207. ' lis out prineipalenieiit haliiti' le trian^'Ie forme par le Kio del Norte, le (lilu et lo Colorado do I'ouest.' Tiinicr, in younllisAiDidlisili.i I'ni/., 1N.")2, tom. exxxv., pp. ;I07, ;J13. Couonrrent authorities: (iallutin, in /l, tom. exxxi., pp. 21)8, 3.11; MiiUi-linm, Z'/'i'ci.s i/c laOi'mj., torn, vi., p. A'),\; Lmh- ('•e/'.s Ah. LiD'i., \>\). 8, lISCi; I{viim'cl;/'.i Ti\i'(ts, vol. i., ji. 3I."'>; .S/ri ./■//'.•< J'ur- (r Ills, p. ."t7; rull'ic's l\rs. Xnr., p. 207; rrlchurd's yut. Hist. Mm, vol. ii., p. r>l'.»; ir,s'/('y)( Si'i'ws, p. 233; MUVa Hist. ,1A.,i-., p. 170; lhhip<,rt,', lit ism, tom. X., p. irtd; t'oHilrr's .l/i'.i". Omd., vol. ii., p. 71-5; I laiin unit's hrserix, vol. ii., i)p. 4-(i; h'niri-s, in Tnd. Aff. liept., 1854, p. 180; rustaii, in Id., 181)4, p. 155; Ckirh; in //«/. Af. Uijit. Spei'. Cinn., 1807, ]). 3:J(5. Tho Apache nation is divided into the following tribes; Chirica^iiis, CoyoteroH, Fiiraones, (Hlenos, Cop]>er Mine Apaches, Lipanes, Jdaneros, Mesealeros, Mimlireuos, Xatages, Pelones, Pinaleilos, Toiitos, Vaipieros, and Xicarillas. The Lipanos roam tlirnnj,di western Texas, Coabuila, and tho oijsti.'rn portion of Chihuahua. Their territi)ry is hounded on tho west by tho ' lauds of tho Llaueros; on the north, the Comanche country; on the i ast, the province of Coh.ij^uila; and on tho south, the left bank of the liio (Irandudel Norto.' Ciirtez, in Puc. It. Ii. Il'pt., vol. iii., p. IIJ); Whipple, Eirhunk, iind Turner's /iV/)'., p. 8, in fd.; rope, in /(/., vol, ii.. p. 14. Tho Lee Pauls 'rove from tho Rio (rrande to some distance into th'' province of Texas. Their former residence was on the Rio Grande, near the sea shore.' I'ike's Explor, Trav., p. 3Ij3. Su ' principal asieuto os en Coahuila, Nuevo Leon y Tumiiuli pas.' Piinentd, Ciuulro, torn, ii., p. '251. 'Divi'desc eu dos Vol I. M 59 1 TRIBAL BOUNDARIES. rlasf's ...la |iriiiiera lift cstiido fiiLiznila onii Ins nifsciilcros y llniirroR, r oiMipa los tcrrciios coiitij,'n(is a a(iiicllas trilms: la scj^miila vivc j-ciicral- in<'iit« en la frontpra dc la proviiu-ia dc Tcjas y millas del mar. . . .ror el I'oiiii'iitf' son sus liiiiitcH los llaiH'i'ijK; por ol Xorte los ctiuianclics; i)or rj Oriciitf los caraiica^jnac'esy Ijorrados, provincia diTnhro, in Orozro y lUrra, Odi'irafin. p. ;t82. 'From time iiiiiiiiiiiovial has roved and is yet rnviiij,' over tlic Bolson de Mai)imi.' Il'(.s7i3' (iK.s' Tiiiir, p. 70. ' Fre([nf'nti il flic hays of .Vransas and Corpus t'hristi, and the country lying between them and 111'' l!io (Irande.' Ktitiiiih/'.i Tesus, vol. i., p. 349; Ftink's Tvxas, \>. 2'M. Sec also: }[f(>rill, Mtjiro, t(jni. ii., ptii., p. n-'l. ' Occupent le Bolson de Mapinii, les iiionta^^'nes de Chanate. et cclh s do los Organos, sur la i"ive gauche du Rio (Irande del Norte.' Ilnni- lohlt, Kssdi Pol., torn, i., p. 289. Live 'east of the Rio lUl Norte.' '?)ti/(/'s' f'oni. Priiiries, vol. i., p. 290; CarkUm, in Sinilhsimiun Pi'i't., lS,">t, p. 31."); Ill .^■^ /•)» .*<'('(■))('.%', p. 233; DonK'ni'ch's ])isn'ln, vol. ii., p. fi; Iu'ii)ir(h/'s 7V,r(/.s, vol. i.. p. 313. 'On the east side of the Rio Grande, and on both sides cf the Pecos, extending up the latter ri"er . . to about the thirty-fourth parallel.' ^F,■)■lilrlth('l■, in Iml. Aff". Pept., 18.">4, p. 170-1. See also: .V.r/,-, in /(/., 18.-|S, pp. 1!).>-S, 18G3, p. 108; Colluis, in Id., 1802, p. 240; Voob i/, in hi., 180."), p. '20; .Y()?'to)i, in Id, 1800, ]). 1 1.") 'The Copper Mine .\paches occ i,>y the country on both sides of the Rio Grande, and extend west to the country of the Coyoteros and Pinalinos, near the eastern San Francisc > River.' B (rtldl'x Pcm. Xor., vol. i., p. 323. The Faraones, Pharaouos or Taraeones, ' inhabit the mountains between the river Grande del Norte and the I'ecos.' Cortez, in Pn<\ II. R. lipjtl., vol. iii., ]>. 119. The fallowing concur; MuhhnpfitnU, M'jlcn, torn, i., p. 213, toin. ii. pi ii., p. 521; VHla-.Senor y Sanchez, Tlmdro, torn, ii., p. 410; Ilninbolfll, Pf^sni Pol., tom. i., p. 289. The 'Xicarillas anciently inhabited the forests of that name in the fartd- ritories to the north of New Mexico, until they were driven out by tin- Comanches, and now live ou tb ■ limits of thi; province, some of them having gone into the chasms (caiiada-*) .\ud mountains between Pecuries and Taos, which are the last towns of the province.' fort.i, in Pac. R. R. Rpl., vd. iii., p. 119. ' Inhabiting the mountains north of Taos.' Grpipi'n Com. Proi- ri(w, vol. i., p. 28.5. ' Les Jicorillas, ai'extremite nord du Nouveaii-Mexiipie.' Tttrti'T, in Xouvelles jUviakit c/cs Voy., 18.")2, tom. cxxxv., p. 310. 'From tli" Rio Grande eastward beyond the Red river, between the thirty-fourth and thirty-seventh parallels.' Merriicelher, in Ind. Af. Pupl., 1854, p. 170. 'In APACHE TRIBES. &05 the innnntiiins which lip brtwppii Santa Fr, Tiiot, nnd Al. IlKO. See also: Corki, in J'ar. I!. 11. /?<7)r, vol. iii., p. ll'.l; Jh.nnmih's Ihsvrt.i, vol. ii., p. 0. 'In Iho wild lavines of the Sierra de Acha.' Milt'.-i Jfi.it. Mcr., p. IM"). The Chirieaf^nis adjoin on the north 'the Tontos and Moii'iiiios; on tho east the (lihuos; and on the south and west the province of Sonora.' CoHi ;, in Par. 7?. /.'. Itij)!., vol. iii., p. 110. 'Live in the mountains of that name, the Sierra Largua and Dos Cabaces.' iSkiL, in hid. A^}'. Hci'i., IS.")'.), jip. :m-c,. The Tontos ' inhabit the northern side of the Gila from Antelope Peak to the Pinio villa;j;es.' CniHony's Aimclns, p. lliO. ' llctween Rio Vi rdo and th<> Aztec ran^'e of mountains,' and ' from Pueblo creek to the junction of liio Verde with the Salinas.' Whipjilf, Kirhiaih. and Titrncr's Hrpl., p. M- 1."); in Pdc. fl. I!. Ilijit., \(,\. iii; Cartr:, in Id., p. IIH. ' Siidlii h von den Wohnsitzen der Cocomarici'ipas und dem Rio Gila.' M'ulu-niifuvdt, Mij'n-o, torn, i., p. 211. On tlu^ 'rio Pnerco.' Il'irrniiijiin, in F.l<)rdni .lA.i'., Th'innh, 'll, \^T)\. ' In the canons to the north and east of the ^lazatsal peaks.' Siinirt, in Siiiitlisniiktn H-pt., ISCT, p. -117. See I'ldimr, in Iliti-jin's .lAc;., vol. xvii., J). ICiO; Diiiiii'iifirli'fi Pisirln. vol. i., p. l.S."», vol. ii., p. 7. ' Inh.ibit the Touto basin from the ^^o^'ollon fountains on the north to Salt l;i\er on the south, nnd between th(! Sierra Ancha on the east to the Ma/ats,tl Mountains.' ('oh/cr, in Iiid. Aff. l!, p. '221. The Pinaleilos, Pinols or Piiials ran^^e ' over an extensive circuit between th Sierra Pinal and the Sierra Rlanca.' Bdriktr^ I'irs. \.ir., vol. i,, p. :i(.H. ' il-'twL'uu tlij Color.ido Chiiiuito and Rio Gila.' Whippk, Kicbunk, and Tur- 606 TllIllAL IJOUXDAIIIES. ncr's Jlijil., \). II, in /''»'•. /.'. 7t. Hijil., vol. iii. Sci' iilso: ^fo!lll. 117; Luili ir'ni's Ah. I,(iH'i., J). I'lO. ]u 'tin; coiuitry wiitiTiil liy the KulinuH 1111(1 othir tiibiitiirii's . ■I:!(). 'The (HitiioH inhabit tlu' nioniitains iniinodiutcly on the river Gila l)ound<(l on the west liy the Chirica^^iiis; on the north hy the ])rovin<'e of New Jfexieo; on the east liy the Minilireuo trilie.' Curliz, in I'ar. II. It. Hifit., vol. iii., p. ll!l. ' Oestlieh von dieseni FIushc? (Gild), zwischen ihni nnd deiu Hiidliehen Fusse der Sierra ile los Mindires, eines Theiles der Sierra Madr<'.' Mnlikiipl'iinll, Mijii-'i, toni. ii., \)t ii., ]>. 121; ('unliro, in Ormru ij Ikmi, Ueixjni/lii. |(. :tsi); M(i,rinll, in Ii«l. Af. /.''7'<., lH7;t, p. llC). The .Vpai'he Mojaves are 'a mon^'rel race of Indiaim living,' Itetween tho Verde or San I'raiieiseo and the ('olorado.' I'ontan, in [ml. A_{}'. Itrpt., IHOt, p. lofi. The Nunijiis oi'cupy 'a distriet in tho Territory of New Mexico, lyiii<,' between tho Siin .Iiian river on the north and northeast, the Pnelilo of Znfii on till' south, the Mocpii villayi s on the west, and the rid,L;e of land dividini^ the waters which llow into the Atlantii? ocean from those which tlow into tlio raeitic on the e;ist.' Ldheniiun, in Sni'dliKonhin U''pt., IH.").'), ]>. 'J.S.'J. 'Ex- tindiuj,' fi'oni near the KiTth to 111th meridian, and from the lUtli to the MTth lianillel of latitude.' (.'Idfh; in llhl. .!/. Northward from the ;i."ith iiarallel 'to Kio San Juan, valley of Tni"ie Ch.i, and ("anon da Chelle.' ir///>/)'<', Hirhiitil,; and 7V/'»(c'.s- H.pt.. p. Ill, in I'ar. ]t. I!. H'pl., vol. iii. ' Hetweenthe Del Norte and Colorado of the West,' in tlie northwest- ern portion of New Mexico. Etiton, in Schnolcraft's Artdi., \u\ iv., j). 2 Hi. 'In the m.iin ran^'u of Cordilleras, 1.10 to 2iti) miles west of Santa Fe, on the waters of Uio Colorado of Calit'ornia.' '//'"/'/'.s' t'nin. rmiriis, vol. i., p. 28.j- I'tllllS th< rth, ti> till' \|iii('lii's on till' south.' Il'irl.ufi, in Silnml. i/l's Ai-fh., vol. iv., J). 2()'.>. 'Fifty miles from tlu' Itio di 1 Norte ' ]'iillh'' A'. \K lO'J Tromtlio ;ilt to the ;H()f north latitiiile.' i.ml 'from Soceorro to the viilley of Tiios. ' llniilns' Piinijthiiii'.^i A'.r., p. 2ii2. Cotienr- rent authorities: ,S uiipson ,s Joni: .)[!!. /.', />H r'/,' Vol. i., J). IHt; Lmli-iri'i's Ah. l.iiwj., p. 132. The M'>J(U-t's dwell on the Mojuve and Colorado rivers, n , f;n iiji as lUark Canon. The word Jlojave 'ajipiars to he t'ornu-d of two Yuma words — liamook (three,) and hiiiti (mountains) and desi;,'niites the tril)e of Indiaiirt whieh oeujiies a valley of the Colorado lyinj,' between three mountains. Tho rauLfes supposed to be ref( rre(l to are: 1st, "The Needh s," whieh terminate^ th le valley upiui the sr>uth, and is e.illed Asientie-h;ilii, or first ram. :d. tho hei^,'hts that l)()iind the ri;,'ht bank of the Colorado north of tlu' .Mojavo villa^'es. termed Ilavie-liabi, orseeond ranuie; and, Itil, the ]! in' lion;,' the left bank of the ri to whi<'h has been •(iveu Ki.V the \telid- .t Ibl .k-1 iiiioou-iiaiii, or third 117, /'/ l'laek Can .l/-;//7e /e II illfi /•' 7,s('(i'/r7,., toin. i., pp. 4.'t(i I. ' Inhabit tht^ Cottonwood valley.' /''is' I'ulu ridlii H'lr., p. 7',). ' Oecupy the eonntry watered by a river of the sanu^ name which empties into the Colm-ado.' liirllrlt's }'i 'I The Mohav. II^i i'khaves, oeeupy tin- river al .1. th 1' ITS. Miiirri/, in Iml. A;}', lliiil., 1H.")7, \>. U()2. See further: l.mh n-hi's .1/,. J^nii-i. p. 12 J; ('ill. Ml iniiilUe Jii A. i. V ,J,i in IniL Atr. lliff., ISC,'.), p. 217: M'i//i.s, in /(/., Sper,, Com., l^tu, pp. 32',)-30; Straltuii'.s Vtipl. tjnlmnii Glrl.i, p. 12:!. The Ihinln are ' located chiefly in tho Cerbat and .\iiuarins Mount- ains, uid alon;^ the e.istern slope f)f the IJlaek Jlountains. They r: throUi,'h llualapai, Yampai. ami Sacramento valleys, from Uill Williams Foik on the itli to Diamond liiver on the lun-th. in liiil. AjJ. U,,,t. 18()',l, p. 217. ' In the almost iuaoccssiblo mountains on the I'ppi r Colo- rado.' /'.«/,„(, iu /'/., isr,:l, p. ;is7. ' On the north and south of th< >l fi'om ('.imj) .Mohave to rrescott.' U'liillhr, in/./., iMiS, p. 110. • In tho northwest i)art of Arizona.' \i"illi^, in fnl. AtJ. Ilipt. .s/i e. I'lmt., iSiw, p. 32'.). The )'iiiiins or Cnchans rau'^^'e 'from the New River to tlie Colorado, and throULjh the country bt. V. S. iiml .lA.,'. Il'minlnri/ .',.,•. Hist. Mi.r,, Hcrii' iii., luin. iv., p. H\'.\. 'I.r imiil Ai' Ilk Himsc-C'ilifiiniic, siir In rive tli-uito iln Kii)-t'nliiraili>.' >'r>c. //ri"/., Ilidh: till, Hrrii' v., No. !M'i, p. |!S(i. ' Fm- ten nr Itftiiii inili s ikhIIi uml smitli ' in tlii> vhIIi'V iirar till' niniiili iif till' (iilii. /rw' I'lilnridln Uir., p. IJ. Sri- M'/i/'/i- jil' , h'lrliiiiil, , Diiil 'I'linnr's ll'iit., p. 1(11, in I'm'. ^^ /i". Hijil., vnl. iii.; /.n- tliim's I'liiiijiiii'iil'iiv I'li'iliiUiijii. viil. viii., p. I'JII; l.iiiliiii>'lli\ lliiiinssil-lliiiillinii, p. 7N; Mtiirri/'fi Arhnnn, p, il.l; Mr ICinsIri/, in >»/» l'iinii'isri> llirnhl, Jiinr, |H."i:t; l.iiiliirll's All. L'liii., p. 'Jll'i; Mmrnj, in /Hl^ .1//'. /^/<^, l><"'7. pp. IHM-'J; I'm'i- !•!/, ill III., iS.'iH. p. '2(12; ./o/ics, in /./., IHr.'.l, p. aid; llomiril, in /. |.s(; Ihimi lurli's llisvrls, vnl. i., p. |M."(. Till' )'iiiiii)iir's li'i'l., p. II. in I'lir. I!. It. liijil., vnl. iii. ' .Vni hImiii Cnlniailn.' ■ NiH'illiill Vnll ilcll MnliiiM'S.' .Miillliililsiii, lliisiii III il'ii- l-'i 111 mil li.. Inlil. i., pp. I'll, 277. 'On till' wi'sl liiinii nf tin' Cnlnriuln, almiit tin' Mmtitli nf Itill Wil- liams's fork.' Mmrri/, in Iml. AjJ. Ilijil., If^'il, p. 11(12; I'lishm in /•/., isil'l, p. ;is7. Till' l'i(/i'//('i//(ms nr Tali'lirillim'S ' livi' nll tlli' ri^,'lll l>iink nf the (^nlnimln, mill tlirir trilirs lii-st iippi'iir in Int. :i:t 2(1.' ('ll('^;, in I'nr. I!. U. llijil., Mil. iii.. p. 121. Till' Viniiiiinli'i nr Tamaialis ' ari" srttli'il mi tlii' lift liiiiik nf tin' Cnlnrailn fi'nm :!l nf lilitihl.' tn :i.* t'lirli:, in /'.('•. /.'. /;. Ilriil Ji'., vnl. 111., p 121; Ihiiiii inrli'.-i Ihsirl.'i, vnl. ii., p. (i"2. Till' Ciirlii'in iu'i' ill till' ' Cliii'icahi i mniintiiins, smitlurii .\iiznim niul iinrtliirn Sminrii ' W'hiltln; in Iml. .\tj'. Hrjil., ISH.S, p. III. Till' .V/'/H/-i(.>i ilwi II in till' liasin nf llir Itin .\ziil. ' I'ltiln tiilm di's lini'ils ilii ( lilu.' Iiii.il'iii, iu .\iiiirillis .\iiiiiili.'! ili.f I'll//., IS.^Il, tnin, I'Wvi., p. 47; Hiilliiliii, in hi., |.s."il, tnni. cwxi., p. 2'.ll. Till' .s'nmii'.s' livi' 'ni'iirtlii' lii'inl watiTsnf tlm Siiliiiiis.' I'limri/'s niriDiiini.i- tiitii ■• . p. Ili:i; tiiilUii'in, in Siiiirilks .iiuinlis ihn I'"//., |s.")l, tmii. r\x\i., p. 2'.m;. Till' r.ii'nyids 'livi' alnii},' tlii' Cnlnrailn for lifty milis finiii tin' mniitli.' In.t' t'lilnrmlii llir., \>. ',\\. ' On tin' Cnlnrailn llnltnms Wrlr tlm Cn<'n)i;i]is, till' sniitlifrn j^'iilf trilii's nf wliii'h Coiisai; rails tlir r>iiu;in)ias. Ili'liniiniiiiis, (^iiitiViiiiias, Ciii'iiiitrs, ami tlic .Vli'lit'iliiimis.' /, tl'nii'ii' X l..l'l h'.nilnr. Ill' I.I I'lil., \K 'A. ' On till' rij^lit liaiik nf the river Cnlnrailn, finmlat. 112 |.S' iip- waiil." ( iii7i :, ill I'm-. II. II. li'ipl., vnl. iii., ]). I2lt. ' llali'^^i' all tlir way frniii I'nrt Isalit'l, uimn tin' I'list liaiik of tlir rivi'r (Cnlmailni, tn tin' 1>numlaiy lim> liftwi'i'ii tlif lli'piililic of Mi'xico and tin' I'nitiil Stati s.' .luliiisnii'fi llisl. ^\n:i>iiii, p. 1(). ' Hi'twi'i'ii thi'Oila ami tho (iulf, aiul mar tlir laltir.' Itiirllilt's I'lrs. .\'iir., vol. ii., p. 1711. Set' also: Kiimri/'s lljil. I'. S.uml Mi. v. liiiiinilitnj Siirvi'ij, vnl. i., p. I(i7; Miirvy,\\\ Jiiil. Aff. Iti/il., 1S."(7, p. .'(dl ; I'.istmi. in III., lS(i;i, p. 38(;; .Uitlki/, iu Jd., 18oS, p. '2(12; llowunl. in 7'/., 1S72, 1-. ir.i. IMKllLO FAMILY. I'.M) Williiiiit (Iclhiili l\ Inciiliiit; •liciii, Kiilini'ruii cntinHnitrs llic fnllnwiiiK IIUtiiitlH, hi'i'li li_v ( >Milli' tliliilij^ liin llip llil'iinL>|| New Mi'xiro; 'I'lii' < 'I'li/uiliiH, hciiiii'W lii'i'i' lii'iwi't'ii lilt' iMiM|iiiH mill llii' Kill (iiiii, miir li rivi'f wliii'ji he ciiils 'li.' Kii' SitrruiiK'iitii. ' him jiiniailiiM ili' iilli (('I'u/iiili'f,) III till' I'ri iii.o I'amii.y, ln'sirlcs (lie iiiliiiliitaiits of tlu' villaj-'i s siliuitrd in Hid valli'v (if till' Kill (Jniiidc del N'urti', 1 iiiiliidd the hi'Vcii .Mmiui villii^'H \yitiH West of III!' foriiiri', Mild also tlic I'iiiiiis, llic Maiicoiui'i, tlii' ('.i|iiij,'os, and till' Si)liai|imis willi tliiir coiii^'iiicrH of the lower (iilii rivri'. ' 'I'lu' iiiiiii- lirr of iiilialiili'd piiflilcis in the 'I't'i'i'itory [ New MrxicoJ is t\Miit,v-six ... Tlifii' iiaiiii's ai'i' Taos, ricorlK, Naiiilii', 'rrziKinc, rojiiaiiuc, San .liiaii, San Yldt'foiiso. S.iiito I)oiiiiii'_;ii, San I'"<'ii[M', Sanlii .\iia, Codiiti, l.iji la, Silla, La^^'iina, .Vconia, •huu/, /iifii, Saiidia, and Santa Clara . . hi 'I'l \as, a sliort distaiii'i' liclow till' soiitiirin liiiiindary of New RIcxiro, and in tin' vallry of llic ]>i'l Xorli', is a ]iiii'i>lo called Islita of tliii South,' and aiintliir callid Los Li'ntcs. J)(iris' Kl (iriii'io, jip. ll."i Iti. San (icri'ininio dr 'I'aos, San Loren/.(i do Picnrirs, San .liian dc los ('aliallcros, Santo 'J'oiiiiis dc .Miiiinin, Santa Clara, San IMifoiiso, San Fniiirisco do Niiiidii', Nik stni Sii'iora do (iiiadaliiiic di' I'ojiiaiini', San ldc^,'o di' 'r<'SUi|ilt', N. S. df los .Vnj^'i Ics dc Tocos, San niiriiii Ventura de Cocliiti, Santo ItoniinK". San l'eli|ii', N. S. do los I)olores de Saiidia, San I)iej;o do .leiiies, N. S. dc la .\siiiii|iiion de Zia, S.mta .\iia, San .Vn^'iislin del Isleta, N. S. do IJcleni, San Ksti xaiide .\eonm, San Josef (\t: La La;^'una, N. S. do (tiiadalniio do Zinii. Akwi^l' r, in .lA /i'ki '.-.• Tico TliDHniiiiil Mills, J). •Ji\\i. Taos, oij^lity-tlirei! niilos north north-oast of Kanta To; I'ioiiris, on Kio ricnris, sixtv miles north li.v east of Santa Fo; San Juan, on the Rio (iraiido, thirty-foi.; miles north of Santa I'V-, mi road to Taos; Santa (!lara, twenty-six i.iilos north north-west of Santa ]''('; San Ildofonso, on Kio (Irando, oij,d»teon niilos north i^f ; ".nta Fe; Namlio, on Niiinhe ('rook, three miles oast of I'djuaquo; Pojnacino, sixteen miles north of Siiutii Fe; Tesunuo, eight miles north of Siiutii Fe; Coohiti, on west 'oank 600 TRIBAL BOUNDAUIES. of Rio Gmndo, twcnty-fonr milps sonth-wost of Santa Fi'; Santo Domingo, on Rio (iriinilo, six mili's south of Cocliiti; Sun Filipc, on Rio (rniiuli!, six miles sr)utli of Siinto Douiinj,'o; Siindia, on Itio Griindc, liftctn niiks south of Siiu Ft'lipi'; Ihlcta, on Rio Gnindc, tliirty milts south of Samlia; .It'nus, on J(!ni('s llivcr, fifty miles west of Siiuta Fe; '/An, neiir Jenies, tifty-tivo miles west of Siintii Fe; S:inta Ana, near Zia, sixty-fivi' miles west of Santu Ft'; Laguna, west of Alhuiiueniue forty-five miles, on San Jose River; Aeoma, one hundred and iifteen miles west of Santa Ft', on a rock tive hundred feet hi;,'h, Iifteen miles south-west of Lacuna; Zuni, om^ hundred and ninety utiles west south-west of Santa Fe, iu tho Navajo country, on Zuni River. J/i'/Z/k's Tii-t> Tli'iKs'tml ^^ll'n, J). 222. i^co Ahtrl, in Emory's Iticohiiiiisunnre, pp. 4SS-!U; U'liiiijilc, Jurhanh; ami Ttmnr's Hfpt., \>\t. 10-12, in I'tir. U. II. ll'lit., vol. iii.; W'd-it, in Lid. Af. Hi'iit., W,l, pp. Ill], ll»;t-4; limrdro, Ojnula s'cidua pui'bla las orillas d '1 Rio-Puerco cuyo principal pneblo (^icin/.i^T.a . . . .La cuarta naciun es de los teyuas, que estan pi^' C'olorados.' The namcsof their villan't s are, aecurdini; to Mr Leroux, 'Oraibe, Sluimuthpa, Miishiii'ina, Ahlil.'i, Gualpi, Sluwinn.'i, Tc(iuii.' Whipple, Eii-lutiik, (t)(d I'linitr's Hcjil., p. l:!, in I'ar. 11. H. Ucpt,, vol. iii. 'Westward of the capital of New Jlexico. . . .Ovaibe, Ttiucos, JIus- Ziisnavi, Gtiipaidavi, Xou^'opavi, (iual[ii.' Corlii, in I'ar. Jl. /.'. L'ipt., vol, iii., p. 121. 'Desde estos paraj^es (Zuni) corriendo ]iara el Ve^t Xoruest, empiezau los Pueblos, yRaucUeruis do las Proviucias do Moqui Oraylie: lea THE riMAS OF ALIZONA. 601 Pueblos iloqninos son: Hual])i, Taiins, ^Moxdiiavi, Xonj^opuvi, (Jiiiimnu, Af^uutul)!, y Kio ^^'nindede ospfh tii.' \"illti-S( I'or 1/ Siinrln:, 'J'/ixitrn, toiii. ii., pp. -ilo-t',; Vrnc/iis, .\')lii){ii ih- III ('ill., torn, ii., J). .')27. ' 'I'lif live piitMo)* in thu Moipii luo Oray.Xit, Musaiiiiis, J()n;.,'(iapi, (Jiiiilpii, mid aiicitlit r, tlio naiuo of which is not known.' Rii.etini's Ailnn. J/i.c, p. I'.l.'i. 'Thcthno castorn villatjcs arc hicatcd on ono hliitt", and arc named as follows: Taywah, Scchomawt', .Tiialpi. . . .Five miles west of the aliove-nanicd villai^cs . . is . . . . the villai,'!! of ilisln)ni,'anawt! . . .One mile west of the last-nanifd villa),'e. . . . is. . . .Shepowl.iwe. Fivi! miles, in ft northwestern direction, from the last- named villa,L,'c is, . . .Shnn!4o[iawc. Five miles west of the latter ... is thu Orcyhe vill i'-;e.' ''nitln'rs, in Iml. Atf. JlfjiL, l.s7"2. p. li'iJ. Further authori- ties: rnliiiir, in lil., 1H70, p. l:!;}; Ilnnnn's Aiuulie Cmiiilrii. ji. 'I'M*; Ihnm- lu'ch's Di'sifl!!, vol. i., p. ls.">, vol. ii., p. 40; lliiiiihuhll, Iwni }'<:l.. toni. i., p. .1115; llnssil, Mi.r. (inut., p. \i7H; Ins' Vidnriiiln llir., p. 127; Min ij'» J.ij'i: on tliP lliirili r, ]>. 111. 'The /'(///'(.s' inhaliit the country on both hauhs if the (lila lliver, two Imndred miles aliove its month. They claim the territory l\iii,L; hi tweentho followiii'.,' lioundavies: CouimeiicinL! at a mountain about twelve miles from the bend of the (iila lliver, the line runs nj) said river to the Maiicopa (dp- perniine. 'J'he north line extends to Salt liiver and the southern one to the I'icacho.' M'/ilhr'a riiim^, MS. 'La partie la plus scptentrinnale de I'inti'ndance de la Sonora portc le nom de lu I'imeria... On distin!.,'ne lit I'imeria alta de la I'iuieriii baxa.' Jluiiiliolill, Kssai I'nl., toni. )., p. 'I'M. ' Corre, pues, esta I'inierfa alta, de Sur a Norte desde los .'10 ^rados hasta Ics 3-1 que se ci.entan desde esta luision dv. Nuestra Sefiora de los Dolores hasta el rio del Clila. . . .y de Oriente a I'oniente desde el valle de los jiimas. llama- doH sobai[)uris, hasta las eercanms y eostas del senodel mar ealifornio, habit a- das de los pinias sobas. . . .l*or el Sur tielie el resto di' las naciones ilpata, eudeves, pert( uecieutes a dicha prosincia y entre ellas y la sierra-iuadre, cle Oriente a I'oniinte, la Finieria b; 'i.' lA/ic/i', Hiinriirni, in linr. //;,^^ J/i.r., serie iv., tom. i., pp. l!l-">-l). ' Iit.rr>ii. 'ii<»/., in iJnr. //I'.s^ .)/. ,c., sc rie iii., torn, iv., pji. ."lVJ-I. ' I'lom the rivft' Yaqui in Sonora, northwanl to the (lila and ev.n beyond the 'Idmos.it/i (Colorado) eastward bexond the mountains in the province of 'i'arauinara, and westward to the sea of ( 'orte/.,' SiiiUli, (Iritiininir iif till' J'iiiui o/' .\'i ro/dc l.iuiiiiiiuii, ji. viii; hi.. //■!■. I.iui- pp. i5-7; .\rriririlii, I'luuirn Sinifuii, p. i('.(li; Alii/ii-, Jli.-^l. ( V;/;//). ih' f/c.sKs, tom. ii., 1). 'Ih'i. ' Xiirdlich vom Flnsse Yaqui, vom Dorfe S. -lose de Pimas bis /ii dem iibcr (11) Le.ruas niirdlichcr ;,'ele^en( 11 l)oilV Cucu- r'lpe, buwohneii die Pimas bajas die Mitte de* Landes,' ' NonllicU vom G02 TRIIIAL BOUNDARIES. Fhiss Aspcnsiim, von ilcr Kiistc weit ins Laud liiiuin. titft't n viv (li(> Pinms altas.' MiililxnpJ'ordt, Jf(jko, toni. ii., pt ii., pi). 4rJ-'J0. 'rinuiii' linutod biis-ic. Lft iiri'iuii're K't'toiiil ilcimis Ics Rios Cdlormlo ct (iilii jusiura In villo dc lIiTiuusilloit an Riode his UriK, it la stcoiidu dciuiisci ttc liiiiitc jus(i\riiu Rio dfl Fiierte qui la srpiire df Siualoa.' Mafnts, LVpl"!-., tuiii. i., p. 2(ih. ' Los pimas ultos ocnpan iosjiartidos de la M«i,'daloiia y del Altar: liiidan al N(jit(^ con el Gila; al Estc con los apac'hcH y con lus I'ipatas, sirviindo do L'niito fl rio San Pedro 6 de Solmipuris; nl Ocste el mar de Corti'H, y al Sur el tcn-ciio (pie ocuparou los scris.' Orozio 1/ Hvrra, (icuijnij'id, i^. 'M7. See also: Mdlti-ISriai, Sonora, pp. U-lo; Mill's llisl. Mi.v., p. I'Jl; Ldclaiptlle, Jtniiiissil-ltiiulhon, p. 81; Jliinli/'s Tmv., p. 437; VatlH Coikj. CuL, p. I'Jij; >7'(/i/('(/".s rurtntUs, p. 5S; ,'p. 40t-">. ' Voni siidlichen Ufer desGila bis zuni ilstliclien dcs Colorado.' MuhknpfnriU, Mejico, torn, ii., pt ii., p. 420; Kiimrifa UvcdiiiniissiDire, pji. i;tl-2; ^fvUh(lUfH)l, Ileis'n in div l-\lsvnii. 12.J. ' .\u siul du rio Gila, sur une etendue de prcs de 150 niilles, en remontant (b puis 1 induju- ehure.' GalUdin, iu Kouvellcs Amiuks (hs I'oy., 1)S51, toni. cxxxi., p. 2'Jl; Doiiwiiich's D(Scrts, vol. ii., p. 18; Escmhro, ynticiun (/<' ('hiliniihiiii. p. 228. The Pimas and llarieopas live 'on the Gila, one hinidrcd anp. 2N0-0O. 'On the Gila river, about one hundred miles above the conltueiice of that stream with the Colorado.' Dole, in Lid, Aff. licpt., 1804, p. 20. 'Claiuied as their own jiroperty the entire Gila valhy on both sides, from the I'inal mounfaiiis to thuTesotal.' Moirry, in hid. Ajf. llipL. IH.TJ, p. []')S. ' rroiii Maricopa AVells to a short distance beyond Sacaton.' Whittier, iu Ind. Afi'. ilvpt., 18(')8, p. 142. Limits also given in Jidi-tlclt's J'vrs. Xnr., vol. ii., ji. 2;i2; Ins' Cnltuiido l!ir., p. 45; Ilitlloy, in Ind. Aff. Jt'pt., 1858, pp. •UK); I'oslim, in /. 210. 'Junto al rio do Snu Marcos: 50 leguas uias urriba babita la uuciou de lus LOWER CALIFORNIANS. 603 rapaj^os.' Alrrdo, Dirclonario, torn, iv., p. 217. ' In the country iilwnt Snn Xaviir (1(1 Baca, a few miles from Tucson.' J'urko; in Ind, Ajf'. Jl'jit., iHK), ).. 10; .IniLs. in fit., p. '220; Dole, in /(/.. 18(14, p. '21. ' Wander over the Country lr>)in San Javier as far west as the Tiuajas Altas.' E)iii>ri/'s llijil, Mcx. uikI I'. S. lloHiidari/ Sunri/, vol. i., p. 123. Kee also: Jkii-idnou, in Ind. .1//'. Ii'i'i'l., IHCt'), p. 1;{:J; Ldchtipelli', naoHssel-IlouIhon, p. 81. The .'^olidipiiris, a nation related to the Pinias, live anions^' the lower Pinias. ' I'or una sierrezuela que hay al Oriente de este rio y .■ius rancho- r'as, se dividen I'stiis del valle de los pinias soliaipuris, que a poca distancift tieiien las ^uyas niuchas y niuy nunu'rosas, las mas al Poniente y pocas al Oiiente del rio, que naeii'ndo de las vertientes del cerro de Terreiiato, que csta conio treintii lej^uas al Norte de esta niision, eorre de Sin' a Niute liasln juntarsc con el tantas veces nondirado de (lila y juntos eorren fil Poniente.' Mamjo, Il'imrtirhi. in Thv. Ifi.4. Me.v., oerie iv., tom. i., p. M'.). Ueferenoo ulso in ,l/f((/(), Dlcdonario, tom. iv., p. 218; Muldeii]\fonlt, J/(_yio(;, tom. i., p. 210, The Lowi:n r.xi.ii-oiiMAN Family includes all the nations inhal>itin<,' the Peninsula of Lower California, northward to the mouth of the Colorado River. The r',)f//(((i/»' iiiliahit the ]ieninsula north of the twenty-sixth def,'ree of north latitude. 'I Cochimf ne presero la parte settentrionale da i^'r. 'l-i sino a 33, e alcune isole viiine del Mar Pacilico.' (lavhiirn, Slorin lUlht Cdl., tom. i., p. lO'.t. ' Dexle el territ irio de Loreto, por todo lo deseubiirto al Norte de la Nacion Cocliimf, ode los Cochimies.' 'La Nacion, y Lcnj^uia de )o3 Cochimics azia el N.irte, despues de la ultim.'i Mission de San Ij,'niicio.' ' Los Laymones sun los mismos, (jue his Cochimies (hi Norte.' 1 'i ;("/"•'>', Xnihia de la Cid., tom. i., pp. (13-7. ' Los Cochimies ocui)al)an la peninsula desde Loreto hasta poco mas alia de nuestra frontera. Los de las misiones de San Francisco >raviir y San J(is(' Comondi'i se llamahan edi'ies; k)s de San Igna- eio didi'ies.' (truzro j/ lUrrr,, . ' Pi'tween San Fernando and Mohje were the I.iiiKinii s dividid (goin-,' from north) into the CMLjnagutts. Adacs and Kadakauiaiis.' 'From Santo Tomas to San Vicente they were ternud leas.' />;'()ic/((''.s /,()((•(/• r.(/., p. ,") I; llitil. Chfi'lkiDie di- III (a/., ]>. 1(13. 'Niird- lich von Lor('to schuariiit dir /ahliciche Slaiiim der Cochimit s, audi Co- ehimas oder (dliiiics j^'i nannt. Zu ihiicii ^'cliiiren die Laimdnes und die leas,' Muldas al Norto do los ),'\iaicuras.' Orozio y Hivni, O'eoijnifid, jip. itO.VG. ' Dosdo la Paz liasta mas airiba del I'losidio Itoal di^ Lort'to, cs do lus lIoiKinis ... a s'l iiiismos so Hainan Cdii vooalilo yon(>ral M( m- qni, (') ^loiKjuis. . . .Ins Vohitics, que iintras ranias nicnorus.' Wnnids, XnlliUt ilv In Cut , toin. i., pp. fill -7. ' Los (riiaicuras so ostaliltoioron cntro cl paralolo do 2:! 30' y oldc'20 .' I'iiiintlil, Ciiadro, toni. ii., p. 207. 'Viiiigrii Uoisondon fiir pmz vorshiodoiio Stiinmio j^'chnlton wordcii.' Muhhui)j'i)nU, M'Jlco, torn, ii., pt ii.. p. 143; Jiaschiiuuui, Sjikvih ihr Aitil.. Spr., p. 173; Forhis' CuL, p. 21; Brotnie'n Lmrer Cah. ]>. 51; LmUvU/x Ah. 7v'(h;/., p. litH. ' La naoion ya nonil)rada (ruaionro, (pU! liahita tl liiniaMc la siorra f^'ij^anta, (pie vienc costoando ol pnorto do la JLo^dalona liasia ol . 443. Soo alsci; rinntilil, I'lunlrd, toni. ii., ]). 2t)7; ('itHfunudft, XoliriuK, carta i., p. HO: Jlrmna's f.mnr < nl., p. 45; Fiii-hvs' I'a}., p. 21; .llnsclimayin, ,'';u-., p. 4x0. The NoitTuKux Mkxican Family is eonijiosod of tho inhabitants of tho States of Sonora. Siiialoa, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuovo Leon, and ]icirtiiiHs of Tamaulipas, l)urani,'o, and Zacatocas, south as far as 23 north latitude, divided as follows: The Si'ris ' live towiirds the coast of Sonora, (Ui tho fanxais ( Crro Prieto. and in its iiiiniedjato neiL;hborhood.' I'nrli:, in I'ar. II. II. Ilipl., vol. iii.. p. 123. ' Reside in tho villaujo near llermosillo, ooe\ipy th<' isl.ind of 'libumn iutheOulf of California, north of (inaymas.' llarCitt's }'irs. Snr., vol. i., p. 4(51. 'Son las Isla.s nombradas S. Antonio, Tabuion, S. Estovan, Boca- CERIS AND OPATAS. C05 linns, SnlsipiiPclos, In Tortiiftn, In rnsonndn de In Conpopcion, lml)itu(lnH ilo Iiulios (1(1 111 nnciou Si-ris.' Vadilht, Conq. N. GuUcUi, MS., p. 4'.)0. ' Su liriiK'ipiil iibi'igo cscl fnmoso cerro I'ricto, nl Poiiiontf do Sun Jdsi' do Ids riiiiiis, (IfK'o loguns, y docc cnsi nl Sur dol Tific; dol iniir omno corea do outiircc lou'uiiH nl Ori(.-utc, y do In boon dol lio Iliaqui nl Norto, trointn lof,'uas. . . Otro asilo fioucn, nsi on sn isln dol Tibnron, cnsi conio ounicntn lc(,'Uiis nl rnnioiito d(^ In hn( iondn dol Pilii' y oonionna loyun do In oostn, on ol sono do C'nliffirniiis; oonio on In de Snn Juan IJuutistn, corcn do nuovo lo{,Mins dol Tiburou al Sud-suduosto yii nins do dos loynas do tierru.' S; Wiiril's Mexico, vol. i., p. 5().'>; Lialiirii/s Ah. Liivq., p. .'14; Ihinmifch's hcucrU, vol. ii., p. 57; Mn/nis. Kvjiliir., torn. 1., p. 214; Stmip, in IHst. M\. Tho Top( ions nro south of tho latter. ' Ordinnrily live on tho island of Tiburon.' ( orti-z, in /V/c. 1!. It. Hijit., vol. iii.. p. 122. ' I,os uias pri'ixinios ii la isla dol Tiburou.' Orozrn y liirni. (ivixinifio, p. 354; Multi-Ilnin, Sonora, pp. 20-1: Mti/nis, Kriilur., toni. i.. p. 214. The (tuaynias and rpanf,'iiayuias live noar tho liko-naiiied ]iort. ' Oonpn- b:in el tirreuo on (pie ahor;' so enoueutrn el puerto ('n' ese uouibro, y quo so ' ron al pueblo do Delon.' Ori'zro y Itirrn, Gioijrofio. p. ',\'>l. Tlio O/iiitiis occupy central anil eastern Souora. 'In the (astern part of tho State, on tlie banks of the Sonora nnd Oposura, and in the vicinity of tiie town ol Arispo and tho niinornl region of Nocasnri.' Miiyir'.-< .lA.i'. .l;/(<', ill'., vol. ii., p. Itl'O. ' liours vijlaj^'os oouvrent los bords dos rivif'ros do Yntpii, lie Sonora ot de Nacauu'ri, aiusi cpio In Ixdlo vall('e d'Oposiuii.' '/.ii'i'niii, in Xiinnllr^ Aniiitlis . 2tiH-',). ' Iiu Osteii dos Slants, nil don Ufern dor Fliisse Sonijrn und Oiiosi'irn luid bis ,t,'ej,'on die Stadt .\ri'si)e und don Miiioudistriot von Nnoosari hiniuif.' Miiliknji/crdl, Mijici), toni. ii., j)t ii., j). 420. ' Habitn el oontro del Kstndo do Souorn.' J'iinriilil, Citmlro, toia. i., p. 40.'J. ' Le king dos rivii-res do Snn Mi^,'uel do Iloroasitas, d'.Vrispo, do los Ures et d'Oiiosurn.' Tvrnawt-CoiiipiniK, in Xnn- vilks Aiiiiidis di.-^ \'oy.. 1H42, t(un. xov., p. 319. ' Coulinnn id Norte oun los 606 TRIBAL BOrXDARIES. piiniR y con loa apaclics; ul Esto con la Tiirahnmnra; al Sur con la rinitri.i baja, y al Oostt! con los i)imus y cou los st'ris.' ' Ocupan en ol Estailo ilo So- noru los actualcs partidos «le Saliunripa, Oposnra, Urcs, Arizpc y parte del tie May(lal(>na.' Vrozco y Ikrni, Uv. J53H, 31:1-4. Tlic (»patas, Eiiililjos, ami Jovas ' pucMan la mayor parte ile la Sonnra, dcsdi! nniy atkntro de la sicrrra, son sus terrenes liacia al Sur dcsdc csle <)iii>ra, l.iis(><\ Il'ifit. Mcx.. serie iii., toni. iv., pp. rJoJ-l!. See also: MVyi^dVos, Gioii. u. Stat., p. Hi; Mofrds, Esplor., toni. i., p. 21,'); }f(i!t(-Ilrnn, Soiioni. p. II; JiartMl'n Pers. Xar., vol. i., p. 411; Unrdi/s Tntv., p. 4:!7; J'aj'il.' i, in c'nl. Furmci; June G, 18C2; I'l-'uhinl's Xat. Hist, .l/o/i, toni. ii., p. HO:]; Wanl'.i ^fvJ:il•o, vol. i., p. oOT; Lmlnriifn Ali. I.itmj., p. lli'.t; IWc/.sto, XnUrhi:! de Somira, pp. 117, Mo. In early days 'tbey occupied tbe wbole western slope of tbe Si< rra, from tbe beadrpiarters of tlie Sonora liiver Ut Nuri, near tbe Yi. Mil towns. Tbey were tbi^n esteemed ditrcrent trilics in ditlVrent localities, and are named in tbe old n'cords as Jobas, Tecpiimas, Teyuis, and Cogiiinaebies.' Stone, in lliM. Mixj., vol. v., p. Kili. 'La nacion (ipata se subdivide en (ipatas tejiiiis, avecindados en los pueblos de Oiio(lepi\ Tir- rapa, Cncurpe, Alamos, Ilatuco. En opatas tcj^'iiimas en Sinoipiipe. liana- miclii, lliiepaca, Aconcbi, Tabiacora, ('binapa, IJacuacbi, t'uquiaratlii, Cuniiias. ()i>atas fogiiinacbis suia, (lua- saViis, ])ac:idi'guaebi, Naeori n>tro), llocbopa. Los d)t(mt, 2)p. 155-0. To tbe Jovas ' perteneccn los pueblos de San Jose Teoi)ari, Los Do- lores, Sabuarijia, donde bay tandiien ('ijjatas, l^'mida, Santo Tonias, .\rivetzi, San Mateo JIalznra.' Owzco y Ilrmi, Cicoijni/id, j). 345; J'iniiiifil. Cwidro, tom. ii., p. 24'.>. Ovas, 'csta nacion csta poblada a orillas del rio Papi- gocbi(\ variedad de algunos pueblos y corro basta cerca del paitido de Samaripa y uno de sus pueblos llamado Teojiari (que es de nacion ova su gente I y eorre como se ba dicbo poblada en este rio basta cerca de la mision de Matacbic' Zapata, in Dae. Hid. Mtx., serie iv., tom. iii., !>. 311. ' Ijos ovas, tribu (pie vive principalmcnte en S'Uiora. . . .(U C'lii- Luabua esta iiol)lada orillas del rio Papigocbi (el Yaqui), llegando liasta corca de Yepomera, de la mision de tarabumares de Matacbic; sus ran- I'beri'as se llamaron Oparrapa, Natora, liacaniyabua d Piaipoa, Orosa(pii y Xiripa.' Orozca y Iii rra, (temirdfia, p. 325. Tbe Sobas ' oeupnron a Caborca, encoutriindose tand)icn en los alrede- dores.' Orozro y Ikrra, Gcoitrafia, p. 348. Tbe I'otlajiiguas, 'nacion genlil cercu de IJabispc yde IJacerac, colocnda en la frontcra.' //). Tbe Tepabues were ' babitadorcs de una pem'nsula que formau dos rios li briizos del ilayo al Orieuto do los de estu nacion.' Id., p. o5G. SINALO.VS AND MAYOS. 607 Tlif ToPfiy.iguiH, CiicH or Mrtcoynhnis wcro ' on liis vortipnt«'« drl rio, antes ile los topahuos. . . .sus restos se t'luMieiitnui en el puchlo s, Eudolios, Ilognoa, Heqnis, Ileves, Eudevas nr l)<)hinn dwell ill till' villiii^'os ' Matajio, Naoori, Lns Alamos, ruihesco, llaoaiidra, IJiituoo, TcpuHMo, Cneiirpe, Saraoatzi, Toajie, and Ojiodepe.' Orozco ij III rni, Gttvjrat'i'i, p. !M 1. The Sil)ul)a|)as 'del jinchlo do Suaqni.' Til., p. H.j1. The Nnrcs, ' h ihitadoros del [mehlu de Xuri.' Ih. ' Iluhitn eerea do la do los Nelioinos.' .Vri''lii. U'lrvionnrio, vol. iii., p. .'!.")(). The Ilins, 'a oelio lo^'Uas al Esto doTopahm'.' Orozcny Ikrra, Gtfxjntfitt, p. ar.i. The IIiivai:n»eros and Tohuisos are nei^'hhnrs of the Ilios. Ih. Till! li.isii'oas and Ti'atas, ' iii'is al Este.' Ih. The Tnpoonyos arc four leaijues Northwest of i-'aiita JIaj,'daloiin. 'Do Santa Jla.^'daloiia en., el ruiiibo al Noroesto. . . .a 4 le^uas de distaiioiii llei,'aiiios i'l la rancliori'a ilel Tupocuyos.' Mnnijr, Ulncrnvin, in Ih'C. lli^t. Mex., Horie iv., torn, i., ]>. 'I'-Vl. ' Thi^ Indians of the stato of Cinaloa helonj^ to diflt'oriiit trili<^s: towards the south, ill the country and in the Sierra, the I'oras, Najaritcs, ami lliici- collines arc to lie found; to the north of Culiacan, the Cinaloas, ('(^chitas and Tuvarcs: and tf)wards the town of El Fiicrtc, and farther north, wc tliiil the Mayos Indians, to which hekui^' also the tribes tiuasarc, Ahoiiic, and Oeoronis.' Sina, in f.oiul. Girnj. >or.., Juur., vol. xxx., p. 1'2; Miilih iiji/anlt, 2fiJlro, tolii. ii., ]it ii., ]>. 402. The Shiii!(ui.'< ' [ieno sii assiento y pohlaeiones en el niismo rio de Toj,'neeo, y Cua' //(' .s'()))()/v/, p. H2. ' l)io ei^eiitlichcn Mayos wohlieli hanptsiiehlieh westlich uiid nordwestlieh von dor Stadt .Vlaiuos.' Milhlmitfovdl, .Mijico. tom. ii., ptii., p. 4(12. ' Eos mayos, sobro el rio Mayo. ..estaii distiibnidos in los pueblos de Santa Cruz de Alayo, Espi'ritii Santo Echojoa 6 l!(lioiiova, Nutividad Navajoa (') Navohoua, C'oncepeion Cuirimpo, San 1^,'naeio dcTcsia, Santa ratalina Cavamoa d Canioa. San IJartolonu- Butaeosa, Masiaca.' urozri) y Berra, Geoijrofia, pp. 356, !1.'J4; Malk-Jiruii, Sonora, p. 13. ' iln, Mayos ou 608 TRIBAL BOfNDARIES. Uif river ^layo in1>:i1>it tho following towns; To|)'it;np, Comc'inN f'ninc'iu. Ti'sia, Niiv.ihcHi, ('iii'iii^'lu'ia, Ecliclii'iii, lunl Sauti» Cniz tic Mayo, ii seaport. Towns of the s line nation on the Uio del Fnerte: Tc'iro. l>aea, rin'iis, Oiiii, iSim Mi^,'nel, {'harae. Sivilih(ia, nml Temii'co.' Ilurili/'s 'rmr.. jiji. 4;{H, Hl'd; ll'(('(/',s JA.rico, vol. i., p. .IMU, vol. ii., p. fiOfi; also: Staur, iu IH.4. Mnj., vol. v., |i. Ui'>; Mdi/ir's .lA'.r., Attrr, etc., vol. ii., p. 'Jill*. Tlio y'li/iiis are settled on the Kio Yatjni and between it nnd tho Rio Mayo. On the Yaiini River at n distance of twelve leaj^ms from the sea, 'esta pohlada la fanios.a Naeiim de lliai[uis.' Ililids, Wist. (/<• bin Tnitiiijilinn, p. 2St. ' Lista (!(■ los pnelilos del rio Vaipii, contados desde C'ocoii, jirinic r ]aiel)lo al otro lado del rioile IJnenavistii, al Este del I'.stado, caniino jiara la eiiidad di' .\lanios, y rio ahajo hastii Itelen; Coeori, R.ienni, Torin, liieam, I'otani, IimIhuii, Iliiirivis.' \'il(tsco, Xnlirins tin SoiKirn. p. 84. ' Zwischeii den Eliissen .Mayc nnd Yaepif . . . .Die Ortsehaften des Stanmies Yaiinf (Hia- (jiif) sind Ix'sonders: Helen, Hnndihis, Rai'in, Potan, IJiean, Torin, Raei'in nnd Coeori'm.' Miililiiijiii>ril(,.}fiJ!ci>,vii\.\i., jit ii., ji. ll'.l; .^fnlh-Hnin,.^!!- ii'iro, p. Hi. ' Les hal'itations des Y"a(piis eoniineneent, a partir de la riviern de CO noui. et s'etendent e^'alcnicnt sur le Rio do ^layo Fuerte et de Sinaloa, snr nne eteiidne de ])lns de ll(» lieni'S.' Zn/'iiia, in Xnnrcllis Aiintilfsdisl'ni/., 1S12, toni. xciii., ji. 'I'.iU; TiriKiii.r-l'diniKOis, in /(/., toni. xcv., p. lidCi. 'Tara- uniara es la resideneia de los Indios Yatpiis.' ' Ar<' still farther north (than the ^layos), and heloni,' entirely to the state of Sonora.' Si rhi, in Linul. ili'mj. Site, ,fitiir., vol. XXX., p. I'i: Slitnc, in Hist. Mnij., vol. v., pji. Kit-"); I'ltjn- ha, in ('. I'!. ' C)c- Vom(/;/c, pp. 1">, 45; U'/)-(/'s Mi.i'ii;,, vol. i., p. ,'5S2, vol. ii., ]). f'lOii; Ifanlj/'.-t Trtiw, jip. 4:17-8; ('ninhhrj'oi/., p. 200: .Wx. in 1842, pp. (;7-8; Hist. Clii-rliimf dv la Cal., p. 244. Tho Ziiiiqiiis have their villi)<,'e.s hotwoon tho Mayo nnd Yaqui rivers. ' Los zuaipu's estabau adelant<>, :'i cinco leguas do los tehuocos, y sus tierras oorrian por espacio do die/ lei,'uas.' Orozcn j/ Ikrrn, Gimirnfla, p. ;i;i2. ' Sus pueblos. .. .eran tres....el principal dellns, llamado Jlochicani.' Itilms, JIlsl. de Ins Triitiiiiilios, p. Ki;?; Miililoiii/imlt, Mijim, vol. ii., pt ii., j). 411). Tho 'I'l Imii'os ari' west of the Sinaloas. ' Si'is lef,'uas nl Oesto del ultimo de sus pueblos (Sinaloas) sei.;nian los toRuooos o tehu(>cos.' Onnnt y Ilirrn, G 'O'irit/iii, p. !132. ' Los pueblos dosta Nacion, (pio en sus principios ftieron tros, comoiKjiunin quiitro loguiis rio arriba del vltinio do los yuaqnos.' llihas, Jfist. di' Ins Triiuiijiliiis. p. 171. Tho AliDiiii's dwell on the Rio Znaqne fonr leagues from the sea. 'La Nacion Ahmno, y su ])rincipal pueblo. . . .Dista qnatro loguns do la mar do Californias.' 7.'/7(a.s-, Hist, dv /as TriHt)iphos, p. 14i); Orinro ;/ Ikmi, (iroiinifid, p. 332; Ali'i'do, JUrriitnurii), vol. i., p. 33; Srhoolcroft'.'i Arr.h,, vol. iii.,p. 522. The I 'itcoreiiui's ' vivian on lus plnyas del mar y en los nu'dnnos, . . . . uu pueblo, orillas del rio (Fuerte), no lojos de Aliome.' Orozco y Ikivn, Gimjra- fia, p. 332. Tho llidncnris ' froonentaban nn lagunazo a tros legnas de Ahomo.' 11). The Cutnoporis 'oxistian en una ponfusula, siete loguas de Ahome.' lb. TUir.EH OF SINALOA. COO ' En vna poninsula retiradu, y on los Modnnos, 6 montos do iircnn dol ninr, vinian las ranclnrius dv la gente flora dustos Comoporiu.' liibus, l/ist. de Ins Ti'hoiiiiltDS, p. 1."j3. The (riifUdcvs ' distante dioz, y doze loguas do la villa ' ifinaloaK /(/., p. 10. ' Habitadrircs do San I'oilro Gnuzave y do Taniaznla, orillas dol rio Siualoa.' Onizcn ij llvrra, iriDiivufla, p. 332. Tbe Zoes 'eran Indios sevrands, (pio tcnian sns poblacionon on lo mUo dol niisnio rio ilo los Cinalo.is, y a las lialdus do sus sorranias.' Hilm^. Ili.it. ile his TrhuiiiihiiH, Y. 2(IH. 'So ostablooioron a las faldas (io la Siorra, on las fiicntos dol rio dol Fuorte ooroanos a los sinaloas.' Orozm ij llirni. tlnnivufin, p. 333. ' Continau con los tubaros.' Ziiputa, in Doc. Jll.tt. Mex., sorio iv., torn, iii., p. 3. The //i((7''.s 'Vivian on la Sierra, k sieto leguas do los sinaloas.' Orozrn y Jkrrri, ifiiiiintfia, \^. 3:i3. The Olnwrii.i and Ciihuhndofi dwell at ' San Lorenzo do Of,'uora. . . .situado a seis lo^'uas al E. do la villa do Sinaloa y sobro ol rio.' /(/., p. 331. The Ch'f.oratos and /irf.so/xis, ' on la sion-a, y ;i sioto b^^uas al E. do (>j,'aera, se enonontr.i la Concopcion do C'bicorato ...Cinoo bj,'nas al Norto ticue a San Ignaeio do Cbienris, en que lu.i habitautes sou tanibieu basopas.' Ih. The f'lilrurrtu 'eran vocinos do los chieoratos.' 7/). The Tiiliiiri's or Tovaros live in the 'jjnoblos de Conooprion, San Tfjnnoio y San Mii^'uol.' 'habitan nno do los afluentes dol rio dol Etiorto.' /(/..pp. 323-4. ' I'oblada on varias rauoherias sobro los altos dol rio grando do Cina- loa.' li'thas, Hist, ik Um Tnumplios, p. 117. ' En el distrito do Mina.' I'hinn- til, Cttmlro, torn, ii., p. 254. The Chilli pus, tfiKoVo/xw, and Maiiniaquis \i\e 'en San .\ndres Chinipas.' Ornzro y Ikrm, GKOijrafin, p. 324; Hihna, llixi. de los TriHuijilKis, p. !)■">. The llizos are in 'Nuostra Soiiora do Guadalupe de Vorayios ws, Cntwns and Tvcanjouis are in 'Nuostra Sofiora de Loreto do Voraj,'ios »> Sinoyooa y en Santa Ana.' lb. The Tanihuinares inhabit the district of Tarahumara in the state of Chi- huahua. 'Provincia. . . .eonfina por el O con la do Sonora, por ol E con el Nuevo Mexico, sirvii'ndole do Ii'mitos el rio Grande dol Norto, por osto rnnibo no estan conocidos ann sus torniinos, por ol S O con la do Cinaloa . . .tonm ol uonibre de la Nacion do Indios asi Uamada, que confinaba con la do los Te- poguanes.' Alreiln, DiirlntmriiK toni. v., p. 4t>; J'tnienM, Cwnlri), toni. i., p. 363. ' In den tiofon und wildon Schluchton von Tararocua und Santa Sinfo- rosa, jagou verschiedono Faniilion dor Tarahuniaras.' Milldi itpfordt, Mvjivn, torn, ii., pt ii., p. 521; Miwikniisrlir ZnsViwh', toiu. i., p. 74. ' Howohuon oinen Thoil des IJerglandos iiu \V. dor llauptstadt, wo sio namontlioh indoin schdneu Hochthale des Uio rapigochic in alien Ortschafton oinon Thoil dor Bevolkerungbilden.' Wappiiiis, Geog. u. Stat., p. 213. 'Inhabit the towns in Mulatos.' Hardy's Trav., p. 438. 'Eularaya qne divide los Koynos do la Vizcaya y de la Galicia no en los terminos liniitados que hoy tiono ipie os Acaponeta, sine en los que antes tubo basta cerca de Si-ialoa.' 'ndtll'i, Conq. X. Galicia, ^fS., p. 491. ' Al Oriente tienen el rio de los Cone los y ul Vol. I. 39 i CIO TRIBAL BOUNDARIES. roiiipiito liv Siiialoft. Snnorft y Ins rogionesdcl Xnovo Mt'xioo, ril Norte y ; I Austro 111 Niicioii dc lr el Nortf Imstii ini.s iilmjd (Ic Shu BiU'n;iv<'i»turu.' ' Vivimi cii S. .IdS'' df Bocuh, oiiIu'cltu <]<■ unii (It' las iiiiHioiu'H (1e Ioh jfstiitiis, ' in Duraiit,'". Omzm y lierra, Orixinii'i'n. pj). lll!l-'2"». ' A tros IcyuaH ilf Sail .lost' Tcmaii'hic csti otro iiticMo y iimclia |,'<'nt(! en I'l llainada taraiiniar Pachcra.' Xnji'ilit, in I'nr. //;>/. ^Ifr.r., scrio iv.. toin. iii., p. H.'tH; Hh'IMnfm, Mfxiro, p. -US. ' Lch Talim s t'taicnt probalilcini'ut li's int'-incs ([tie ccux iinc I'oii (It'siitiio i)lus tai'l HouH It' iioiu (Ic TaiMliiiinaras,' ' Lcnr capitalc rtait Tt'o-Colliuacaii.' 7i/v(>- si'ur ih lif>iirli!/., vol. iii., pp. UHl, ;t!M), 'Kn en Rial del Piirrul.' Arli^ii'ii. Chri'm. ill' Ziiriilonis, p. !I7. 'So estitiido Imsta las orillas del rio grimdf di I Norto. I'or la parte del septentrion contiiia con los la;,'nneros, y al ^ledin- dia tieiie hIkuuos pueblos do los tepehuunes y vallo do Santa Bailiaia.' Akip'ft Hi'i>r. Jl'ist. Mi:r., serie iv., toni. iii., j). IW,». Tho Ti'inoris dwell in tho 'pueblo de Santa JLirfa JlaRdalena de Teniovis . , . . .\ cinoo lo'^uas di; distancia h'leia el Norte del ])uel)l() y cabeeera de Santa Teresa esta el pui-blo Uaniado Nuostra Seuora del Vallo Hunibroso. A/., |i. It'JO. Tho 7'i)'io.s"'w nro north of tho Tarahuinaros and in the Missicni of S:iii Franeisco do Coahuila, in tho state of Coahuila. ' So extondianporel Bolsen de Mapimi, y se les enouentra oonietiondo depredaeiones nsi en Chihualiu.i y en Duran^o. conio en las niisiones do Parras, en las demas do Coahuila y en el Norto de Nuevo Leon.' Orozm y lierra, Geoijrafla, ])p. 30H-0, 302, :!'J"i. In Coahuila, ' Uu parajo. . . .(juo llaman In Cuesta do los niuertos, doiidr tionen habitacion los Indios Tobosos.' I'llla-Si/ior y Sanchez, Tlnalro, toni. ii., pp. 290-7, 348-9. 'A nnparaje que hoy es la niisiou del Santo nonibiv do Jesus.' Padilla, Conq. .V. Galirin, p. r)19. The Sisimbres, Chizos, Coeoyomes, Coclamas, Toohos, Babos, nnd Nnn-i live near tho Tobosos. Orotcn y lierra, Gen(jrnfin, ji. 325. Vulle de San liai - tholomo, Presidio de la Proviueia de Tepegnana, . . .antignn residoncia de l"s Indios Infieles Coeoyomes. Alceilo, Diccionario, turn, i., pp. 222-3. The Tepaijues are ' Cinco legnns arribii del rio de Mayo, eu vu aiToyo.' Jlibas, Hist, ile los Tr'uunphos, p. 253. NORTII-EAHTERN MFAICAN TIUnES. Oil Tho Conic'tris live ' ilistiiiitc! do Cliiuipn diiz y Ktin l»miiis.' /(/., pp., '2t'„"», 2.-. I. A mnltitudo of iiiinu'S of nntiotiH or trilics nro iiu'iitioncd by dirtVritit autliorilicH, iiouo of wliicli (■(lini'idt' oiu' with tlif otluf. J!ut few imtidiis lire dcliiiilt ly lociitcd. I Ihil-i'fol'e lil'st j,'ivt' tlic dilVtliiit listnof iiiitiics, iilul iiftcrwarcls lofiitc tliciii us far iis jiossihio. ' liiibclfs, Xicdroi^cH, Ciuciiitii/.ii- Ics. (Idxiciis, Miiuos I'rictiiH, IJororas, Escalias, Cocoliiptas. I'inaimcaH, t'n- daiiifs, Cacasti's, ('oUirados, ('iicoiiiatts, .laiuiaiiians, ('niitorrs, I'ilifaiH, Ilaliialiiarcs, CatiljaiifS, Apes, ra(lm;,'ilts, li;i;^iiaiiK'S, Isipiipulaiiics, I'iiv. ili' lii'iiadi). Cliiiiicafus, I'aya^^'uas, rachalis, tliiiiiix, .Fdliamartx, liapamcira- |iilialiia<'a'<, I>aliiisaiitcr- n.irdo ...con las iiaeioncs dc Ocancs, ("annas, Catuxancs, Paxcliahs, I'dinuluniaH, Pacnaches, Pastaneoyas. PastaldCdS y i'ainasiis, a (jnc sc a,t,'rei,M- vi>n despncs los Pauiias, Papanacas, Tiiancas y otiMs." Ormrtt y Hi rrec. ///>■<. Mtx.. scrie iii., tuni. iv., \>. V'A. The I'itas and Pasalves at the Mission of ' Nnestra Seuora de Icjs Do- lores do la Pnnta.' Omzco y Ikrra, Gen'irnfia, i>. ;l();(. Tho I'anipdpas ' haliital>an en el rio de las Nueces, a 'J 2 leguasal Siir dc l;l iiiision dc San Jniin Pautista; los Tilijaes mas abajo dc Ins aiitiriorcs; al Sur dc estos los Pataeales, y los Cachopostules cerca deJos Pauipdi)as. I^os I'aja- hupies vivian on f 1 rio do San Antonio coino a 40 leguas do la misiou do Sau f.l2 TRIBAL BOUNDARIES. Bcrimrdo; Ioh Phooh y Iom PastiuicnyaH ?i !."> Ic^'iiiis en v\ jmrnjo nninlinulo 1 1 <'iirri/.ci; li>s I'liiiiij^'ncs ;"» IH Ic^'iiiis dc In iiiiHidii hoIivc t'l rio tie Imh Nih'cch; LoH I'liu/uncH Holirc t-l rio di.' Sim Antonio, y Ioh I'li^'iint'liiH u 15 K'i,'iims ilil inlHiiii) San llcrnanlo.'. . . .* Con IndioH do lit uacioncH Miihniimt'H, riiohidcs, JIcHcalis, .IiiriinicH, r>lia','iiiun('H y (^huhuaincH. . . .con cllos y con Ian trilnis di' l'ani[)o|iaH, TilofuyaH, ruchalocoM y Tusancs sitiu'i dn nucvo In inisinn do San Juan ItitntiHta, junto nl presidio del misino noinhri', cvrcix del rio IJravo.' ' A tiro d(> oHcopt'ta [from Santo Nond)r() dii Josuh I't'yotcHl hspu<'s ul^;nnos I'aiii|io- jias, Tilofayas, I'aclialocos y Tusauus.' Morfi, in Dor. Hist, .l/c.c, Kcric iii., ♦oiu. iv.,pp. llO-l. Till' Calicsas, Contfitorcs, Bazauri^'nmcs and others wore iit tln^ mission San Untiiavcntura. T'ltiliWi, Cnwj. .V. (IdUri'i, MS,, p. ^I'M). The (talnlancs and Tripas lUancas roamed over a stretch of country sit- niited ninth of the I'rcsidio of Mapiini, between th(! rivers San Pedm and (.'onchoH to their eontluenco with tho Rio Grando, \"dl((-Sirii>i' y Sniicli'i, TliKitri), toin. ii., ])p. ItlH-l). The I.iiiiHHPrdx ' pohlados a la,s margenps do la lacuna quo llaman Grande de san Pedro, y alj^unos dellos en las isletas quo ha/e la misma layima,' liViKs, llisl. (If lux Trliniiphos, p. GOO. Los misioneros franeiseanos ntrajoron do paz las tribus siijuientes, con los enales fundaron cineo misionos. San Francisco do t'oaliuila, nn euiiito de leg\ia al Norte de Mondova, con indios Poboles y Ohayas, a los enales se agregai'on algunos Tobosos y TliixciUtecas conducidas de San Esteban dil Saltillo. Santa Rosa de Nadadores, pnesta en 1(!77 a ouarenta legaas al Noroeste de Coahuila. di' indios Cotzales y 5Ianosj)rietas, trasladada junto al rio de Nadadores para huir de la guerra de los Tobosos, y coloeada al tin, en l(llt3, .'i siute legnas al Noroeste de Coaliuila: so le agregaron oclio familias Tlaxcaltecas. San Bernardo de hi Cande'a. con indios Catnjanes, Tilijais y Miiijaes, y cna o familias Tlaxcaltecas. San Ruenaventura do las cuatro Cicuegas, veinte i ,'uas al Oeste do Coahnila, con indios Cabezas, Conto- tores y IJau/.ari'' > es: la misiou repnesta en 1G'J2 eon los Tocas y los Colo- •((, (ivo'ira/la, p. 302. 'py ' la parte del jjartido do Mapimf al Estc' /(/., p. Itlll. Xitnambfvs roam ' Al Sur di'l valle do la Puri'sima y al ■ICO, coutinando ivl Oesto con los Cuivchiehiles.' Onnvo y •2'.»8. Other names which cannot be located are: Cadimas, Pelones, Nazas, Pamoranos, Quedexenos, Palmitos, Pintos, Quinienanes, Maipiiapenu s, Segnyones, Ayagna, Zinia, Canaiua, Comepescados, Aguaceros, Vocarrus, Posuamas, Zalnias, Malahuecos, Pitisfiafuiles, Cuchiuochis, Talaipiichis, Alaza|)as, Pafaltoes. LI., pp. 290-300. The nations or tribes of Tamuulipas, altLoiigb very numerous, are mostly located. rados. Oroiro y i The TrrUilas oi Tho risoHfs an Norte hasta Rio R Berra, Gvoijrdfia, • TllinES OF TAMAULIPAS. Gl:) Tho OUren livo in llnrrusitas. Ormm y Jlira. lii'oijyitfiii, \i. •JOfl, Till' l''ilitijuifiites nr« iit th(> Mission of Hun Francisco Xuvitr. /'*. Till' Aiiii''iiiiii.'<, 'u niia l('i,'iiii . Till' M'lpiih niiitx, I'liliili'itiiiifi, ('iiriiiiiliii'iis, Pinvinu'm, iiiiil Zuiioli rn-i livn nciir till' S iliims, wliidi iirc hctwccn tlm ('crro del Miii/ nml tlm kch. /'*. Tliii ' ''0'('»(//,>i, ('iinii'i'iiiiiiilr^, Aiirjishimtls, 'ruiinitlilds, iiiul I'usiliis urc iicmt Du Siitii l;i .Mai'iiiii ami Santamlir. Ih. Tho Moriki'iiiH iind I'amiaiiji'H livu i>n tbo const bt'twciii Mariiiii and Alta- niiraiio. /'>. Tlit> Miiiiliio:, 'on liv Siirnx dc Tunianlipii vicjii.' /'». Tliti Mm-hiniiiii'tt, CaritiiiitriijitiiHix, ArdintH, ' lialiitadii di'sdo el cirro li' S. Josr A I,, inai'.' Ill, Till' T'liiiiijiiiriiiiis, 'i>n el I'uniino parii Kuntunder. ' Ih. Tlio iKiip'iiKtiiiis, ' a una y nii'diii IcyiiuH do hi iirinifni villa (Snntillunu).' Till' I'iiiliin and ^K/dicKiOK's dwdl iinar San Fernando du Austria, Ih. Till' Till' jfv una, ' on las laj,'uiias di; la barra.' lit. Tlii^ I'liiiiirriiil'ia, ' dondi' d rin so vacia on sus crt'oit'iiti's.' /'*. Tl)o TiiiiiiiiiUpirca and .U'llhichnrids livo at tlio niissimi of S. I'odro Alci'in- tara. /'-. Tilt' . -I'.r.i-l. Till' Aa.'is, .yitrh'f.'i, ComvcruiloH, and Tcxones are at tho mission of Iloy- nosa. /'/., p. 2'.»1. The 'riiiKKinhijtotni'x, SduhijmjiU' mat, y\iiyiipfmca, f'si'i/yx'i/ie.s", Ciiiiii'siird- pi nil's, (iiiiiuinsiif(ii>i iiiis, t'uliiiiiuiifjHKjitis iiro 'runilio al Ksto y soliro ol rio, a sols li'^'uas do la niisiou. . . .so iutornau h las tiorras llogaiiilo on sus ouiro- n'as Miiioaiiiontt! liasta ol mar.' Ih. Tho '■((/•/•(MS, ('nlDinitnes, and C'vahitrs aro at ' CainarLro, r-ituado sohro ol rio do S. .Juan. . . .al otro liulo dol liriivo . . . . los cualos jior fuora dol rio Ctraiulo lloi,'aii hasta liovilla.' Ih. Till' h'lirnts and M'llii'imriis livo noar rio Alamo, fd., j). '2'M. No liioatiou for tho fiillowiiiji oaii 1)0 found; I'olitos, Mulatos, Pajarito-^, Vonuilns, Payzanos, f'uornos ijuoiiia(h)s. Iil., pj). •2'.).")-(i. Tho VV/"'/ KKii'.,' inhaliit tho niiiuntnins of snuthoni C'liiliualiiia and tho niu'thorn portions of Duranj,'o, a district coiiimonly oallod tho partido do Tipohuanos. 'Estioiido do.sdo la Siorra dol Mo/ciuital hasta ol Parral ... hasta adilanto do Topia. muy ooroa do C'apoiiota.' Aiii'iid, Chruii. ik Znviiti- I'lis, ]ip. IST-H. 'So oxtiond'.' osta ro,i,'ion dosdo la altura iiiisniado (iuadiaiia, a poci) nioiios do '2') i,'rados liasta los 27 do latitud soptt'iitrional. Sus pui Mns ooiuioiizan ii las vointieinco loj^uas do la capital do Nuova-Vizcaya, aiia il Niirorsto on Santiago do Papasipiiaro. Al Norto tiono a la prnvimia do Taraumara, al Sur la do Chianiotlan y costiv del sono Califoniio, al ()ri«uto Ids ^'laiidis aroiialos y iiat'iouos vocinas a la layuna do S. i'l'dro, y al Poni- oiito la Siorra Madro do Topia, tpio la divide do esta provincia y la do Sinaloa, ' 614 TRIBAL BOUNDAKIES. Aleiirc, ITisl. fnmp. (/'■ Jisus, torn, i., p. 319. ' Sns pnoWos, pnrto en llanos, y parte en sierra, n las vtrtiontos do la do Topia, y san Andres. . . .Y por essa jjurte vczinos a las Naziunes Xixime, y Acaxee, y aim a las dc la tierra mas iidentro do Cinaloa." K'lhas, H'uit. de los Trhuniihos, j). o73. I'or coneurrciit tt'HtinKjny see: Ziipnta, in Dtjc. Hist. Me.r., serie iv., toin. iii., p. 310; \'Ulit- Si I'lir 1/ Sanrlii z, 7Vy(Y(/>'c), toni. ii., i)p. 3}l-r); Phnmld, Ciuiilvo, torn, ii., )i. 43; .]furr, Xdvlirh-hlni, p. 323; Oroico y lierm, Geoiirnfiu, pp. 318-19. The Acaxevs inhabit the valleys of the mountain regions of Topia and S. Andres in Durangi) and Sinaloa. ' La principal Naeion, en cnyas tierras est.'i el Heal de Topia, es la Aeaxeo.' Rilnts, JHst. (k Ion Tfinmiihos, p. -171. ' Lo limitau al Norte y al Este el Tepehnan, al Snr el Xi.xinie y al Oeste el Sa- bailio y el Tebaca.' Onnro y Birra, (leoijraj'i'n, pp. 311), 310, 3ir»; /.a paid, ill />()(■. Hist. Mix., serio iv., torn, iii., pp. -HO -17. 'San Pedro valhi de Topia, el mineral de Topia, Asuncion Siauori, Sau Antonio TahuahiU'to y l.)s Dolores de Ayua Calionto, las cnalos jioblaeiones niarean los ternnos h.ibitados por Ids Aeaxees.' Tamavim, in Oruzro y llirra, fiKniriifia, \f. 'Mi. The Tvbacas lived among the Aeaxees in the mountain districts of To|iia and S. Andres. 7<7., p. 334. The .'^ahathns ' liabitaban .. • ci partido do Sau Iguacio Otatitlan y pueblos de Piaba, Alaya y Quejupa.' lb. The ( '(icitris dwell in Cacaria. Id., p. 310. The Pupndos and TLvnyiis were settled in the district of San Andres. A'"(in', Hi.sl. Cnwp. do Ji-^HS, tom. i., pp. 37'.)-H(). Tlio Xi.v'utii'ri inhabited ' en el cora(;oii desta sierra ' de San Andres. 7u''"'s, IHsl dr /o.s Trhtmidios, p. 531. ' Ocupau el partido de San Dinias.' y.o.-ci) y lli'vi't, GiO'ii-iifid, pp. 315-17. The U'liiita • Habitan la nuiyor parte on profnndi'sinias cpubradas del ciii- tro do la sierra, y iinndios a las margenes del rio de Hiiniaee, i\\\v t n su t ni- bocadura llanian de I'iaxtla, muy cerca do su naciniiento, eonio a ciiicoleguiis do Yanu)riba.' Alciin-, Ui.M. Cniiip. de Jesus, torn, ii., p. 11)5. ' Ilabitantes d(; la-4 ni.'irgeiu's del rio de l'ia/;tla.' Omzco y Ikrni, (riDijni/iii, p. 310. The //((f/K's are in tlie Sierr;i do San Andres. ' C'onio nuoue loguas dt 1 puelilo de Qnilitlan, y en lo mas alto do toda esta si(>rra, eaminaiido al Ori- ente.' Itibfi'i, Hist, di' los Trhimplios, p. 502. ' Xuev(> leguas mas adelaiito di'l bigar do Queibos u do Santiago.' Ali- NATIVE RACES oi t ll f PACIFIC STATES MEXICAN GROUP I 7 UOl) IMUi / /' /.> /.' MH I.i.uvitlitti' V^'l>^t c ' o "1 -^(^.'mMirt/ V»C»NDONtS \ CAKCH,<,UILS ^ i H (> >' l> 1' ■!' '^ ^ /' /'/ '/: A V,,,.,.,. /(,,./ C16 WILD TEnES OF MEXICO. rv p. w 1 lizatioii merged into that of the conquerors, and part fell ])iick into the more distant darkness. Later many of the advanced ahoriginals ])ecame more and more identified with the Spaniards; the other natives soon came to he regarded as savages, wlio, once i)acilied, s[)read over the seat of their nation's former grandeur, obliterating many of the traces or their peoples' former high advancement; — so that very shortly after the Spaniards became masters of the land, any description of its {iljorigines could but be a descrii)ti()n of its savage nations, or of retrograded, or partially obliterated peoples of higher culture. And thu.s 1 find it, and thus must treat the subject, going over the whole territory almost as if there had been no civilization at all. For variety and striking contrasts the climate and scenery of central and southern Mexico is surpassed by no region of equal extent in the world. It is here that the tierra caliente, or hot border-land of either ocean, the tierra templada, or temperate ])elt adjacent, and the tierra fria, or cool elevated table-land assume their most definite fonns. The interior tal)le-lurds have an aver- age elevation above the sea of from 5,000 to 8,000 feet. The geological formation is on a Titanic scale ; huge rocks of basalt, granite, and lava rise in fantastic shapes, inter- sected by deep barrancas or ravines presenting un- paralleled scenes of grandeur. I'rominent among the surrounding mountains tower the snow-clad crests of Orizaba and Popocatepetl, — volcanic piles whose slum- l)ering fires appear to be taking but a temponary rest. The plateau is variegated with many lakes; the soil, almost everywhere fertile, is overspread with a nudti- tudinous variety of nopal, maguey, and forests of ever- green, among which the graceful iir and um])rageous oak stand conspicuous. Seasons come and go and leave no mark behind; or it may be said that spring, satisfied with its abode, there takes up its perpetual rest; the temperature is ever mellow, Avith resi)lendent sunshine by day, while at night the stars shine with a brilliancy nowhere excelled. The limits of the tierra templada TRIBES OF CENTRAL MEXICO. cn it is impossible to tlefinc, as tiic tonn is used in a some- what arbitrary manner by the inhabitants oi' dilVerent altitudes. On the lowlands along' the coast known as the tierra caliente, the features of nature are changed ; vegetation assumes a more luxuriant aspect; palms, para- sitical plants and trees of a troi)ical character, take the place of the evergreens of a colder clime; the climate is not salubrious, and the heat is o[)prcssive. On the Atlantic side furious storms, called ' northers.' spring up with a suddenness and violence unexampled in other places, often causing much destruction to both life and property. For the purpose of description, I separate the Wild Tribes of ^lexico in two i)arts, — the Wild TrUies of Cen- tral ^fccico. and the Wild Tribes of Sji'therit Mv.vico. The first of these divisions extends from 2o ' north latitutle to the northern boundary of the siateof Oajaca, or rather to an imaginary line, taking as its base said boimdary and running from the Tacific Ocean to the Gulf of ^lexi- co. that is to say from Vera Cruz to Acapulco. To eniunerate and locate all the nations and tril)es within this territory, to separate the uncivilized from the civili/ed, the mythical from the real, is not ])os- siblo. 1 have therefore deferred to the end of this chapter such authorities as 1 have on tiie subject, where they will be iljund ranged in ])roi)er order under the head of Ti'ibal Boundaries. Of tlie tribes that are known to have possessed no civilization, such as was found among the Aztecs ami other cultivated nations, I will only mention the peo[)le denominated C/iirhiinecs, under which general name were designated a nntltitude of tribes inhabiting the mountains north of the vidley of Mexico, all of which were prominently dependent on the result of the chase for tlieir subsistence; the ancient Ofoinls who mostly occu[tied the niountMins which inclose the vallev of Mexico; and the Pmnvs in (^ueretaro. South of Mexico were munerous other nations who were more or less intermixed witii those more civilized. Finally, I shall describe those i)eoplo 818 WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO. who, since thoy camo in contact with the whites, have retrograded in such a degree, that their maimers and cus- toms can only bo given in connectiori witli those of the Wild Tiihes, and which comprise a Uirge proportion of all the present aborigines of Mexico.' Tlie natives of the valley of Mexico are represented by some authorities as tall, by others as of short stiiture; but from what I gather we may conclude that on the whole they are over rather than under the middle heightj well made and robust. In Vera Cruz they are some- what shorter, say from four feet six inches to five feet at most, and clumsily made, having their knees further apart than Europeans and walking with their toes turned in; the women are shorter than the men and become fully developed at a very early age. In Jalisco both sexes are tall ; they are also well br lit, and among the women are found many forms of such perfection that they might well serve as models for scul])ture. Through- out the table-lands, the men are nniscular and well pro- portioned. Their skin is very thick and conceals the action of the muscles; they are out-kneed, turn their toes well in, and their carriage is anything but graceful.* A'^arious opinions have been advanced by competent per- sons in regard to the features of the natives of Mexico, liaron A'on Humboldt describes them as resemljling the aborigines of Canada, Peru, Florida, and Ih'azil; hav- ' Otoini'; — ' Othn en la misma lonj?ua otliomf qniero docir nadn, y mi, qnit'to, (') scntiiilo, do munoi'ii q\w triulucida liti'nilnuiito In iialiibvii, .siynitipa iiiula-■ mirbiD u (rrantc' J'iimitM, Ciiii'lro, torn, i., p. IIH. (.'hii'liiiiK'cs; — 'Los di'inas Indios Ics llaniabaii ('hiuhinu'cos {(\\\Q hoy lo misiiio cs <'hi('lii qiit? penos altaiicrns) iHir la niii'^uua vosidcncia.' J'ndilla, ('0*17. .V. Gitliciit. MS., ]\. 44. Sptiik- inj,' of Cliichinu'cs, ' dt.'l>axo dcsto iiombie fstan iiiuchas jiacioiicH con dif- reuuias de liii^'iias poiuo son I'aniit'S, Capuzes, Saiiincs, Zan(;as, JIaiolias, (.luaiiiavt's, (TiiachicliiU's, y otros, todos difiTontus auiKpio Kciiujaiitcs en las (•<)stuii\l)ris.' Ikrnra. Hist. Utn., duo. viii., lib. vi., cap. xiv. For further etynioloji;y of tribes, see linxchiwum, OrUnumm. * ' Hanuo d'aitozza jiiii di cincpio picdi pariHini.' Chir'firro, Sluria Ant. (hi .1/o.s.sico. toiii. iv., p. 1()1. ' Dc i)('(pit'fia cstatura [cratro pit's seis pultiadas, ii cinco pirs ciiaiido mas.]' Ikrlundirr y 'I'liorcl, lihtrio, ]>, 22!). In Yalisco ' casi en todo cst(! royno, son f^raiidos, y hcrniosas.' (ioiiidrii. Hist. Iiid., fol. 271. 'Son dc cstatura alta, biun hcchos y foriiidos.' I'lhxt, Xolicvi^ Atnenm)\n>^.\\. IW8; Ti/Ujr'ti Ana}iHvith their other\Nise gloomy and severe aspect. Ro.s.si says that their eycM are oval, and that their physiognomy resembles that of tlie A.-iatics. According to I'rescott, they hear a strong resem1)lance to the Egyptians, and A'ioUet le Due asserts that the Malay type predominates. They have generally a very narrow forehead, an oval face, long Ijlack eyes set wide apart, large mouth with thick lips, teeth white and regular, the nose small and rather tlat. The general expression of the countenance is melancholy, and exhibits a strange combination of nioroseuess and gentleness. Although some very hand- some women are to I)e found among them, the mnjority of the race, botii men and women, are ugly, juid in old age, which with the Momen begins early, their laces are nuich wrinkled and their features cpiite harsh. They have acute senses, especially that of sight, \vhich ivmains lui- im[)aired to a very advanced age. Long, straight, black, thick, and glossy hair is common to all ; their l)eard is thin, and most of them, especially in the capital and its vicinity, have a small moustache; but very few, if any. have hair on their legs, thighs, or arms. It is very seldom that a gray-haired native is found. All the people referred to, are remarkable for their strength and endurance, wiiicli may be judged of by the heavy burdens they carry on their liacks. The iidiabitants of the table-lands are of various hues; some are olivi', some brown, others of a red copper color. \\i the f^ierras some ha\e a bluish tint as if dyed with indigo. The natives of the tierras calieutes are of a darker com})lexion, inclining to black. There are some caUed InOlos Pintos. whose cuticle is of a less deep color, inclining more to yellowish and marked with dark copper-colored spots.^ 3 ' In complexion, f(';itnro, hair nml ryos, I could trnco a very great rc- Boiublauce Ixtwceii thesn Iiuliaiis and the Escjniinimx.' f.i/on's .Iniininl, vol. i., ]). 2'.t'i, see also vol. ii., \^\>. I'.li), 2111). 'Son do la frente anelia. y las en- l)ezas ehatas.' i^nliii iini. Hist. O'ei)., toni. iii., pp. 133, Ti'.'. Set; further, I'liclianl'ii Xut. Jlist. Man., vol. ii., p. uU; Caldtron de In JJuicu's Lift: in 620 WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO. In tlic valley of ^[exico the natives wear the ichapllll, or a sort of shirt without sleeves, made of wiiiteand blue striped cotton, which reaches to the knees and is gathered round the waist with a belt. This is frequently the only garment worn by the aborigines of the .\lexican valley. \n lieu of the ancient feather ornaments for the head, they now use liU'ge felt or straw hats, the rim of which is about nine inclies in width ; or they bind round the head a colored handkerc^hief Most of the men and women g. 1(12: I'l'iiisi'll's Xiilvs (i)> }fi,r., pp. 107- H; Ottarhi. in yi'iirdlin AnixilfS (/c.s- I'd//., 1n;1;J. toin. lix., pp. 7;J-1; Fossvi/, Mi^rh/iie. p. ',V.)l; Mijuatux, Sour. Mi:\\. p. .120; J)'Or!,hi)ij/. I'l'//., p. 'M)'2: lliDDiyruslk's Sjmn. Am., vol. i., ]ip. •l'.t-.")0; Fiiiiiier'.s Hum. Have, \>. 4.").">; Wuppiim, (leo(j. \i SUtl., pp. 3K--10; liid- lorh-'s MexUo, vol, i., pp. 184, 192; Miya-'s Mex.' us U Was., pp. 1-12, 1G7, MEXICAN COSTUMES. C21 coarse cotton .shift with largo open sleeves, often worke*! ahout the neck in ])right colored worsted, to suit tiie wearer's fancy; a blue woolen petticoat is gathered round the waist, very full below, and a blue or brown rebozo is used as a wrai)per for the shoulders. Sometimes a mulUer is used Jbr the head and face.* They bestow great care on tlieir luxuriant hair, which they arrange in two long braids that fall from the })ack of the head, neatly j)ainted and interwoven with worsted of lively colors, and the ends tied at the waist-band or joined be- hind; others l)ind the braids tightly round the head, and occasionally add some wild ilowers." In the tierra fria, a thick dark wt)olen blanket with a hole in the centre through wiiich i)asses the head protects the weaier during the day from the cold and rain, and serves at night for a covering and often for the bed itself. This garment has in some places taken the place of the til- matli. Children are kept in a nude state until they are eight or ten years old, and infants are enveloped in a coarse cotton cloth, leaving the head and liml)s exiM),sed. The I luicholas of .Jalisco have a peculiar dress ; the men wear a short tiniic made of coarse brown or Idue wcK)len fabric, tightened at the waist with a girdle hanging down in front and l)ehind, and very short breeches of poorly dressed goat or deer skin without hair, at the lower edges of which are strung a number of leathern thonus. Mar- ried men and women wear straw hats with high pointed crowns and bi-oad turned-up rims; near the top is a nar- row and handsomely woven band of many colors, with long tassels. Tlieir long bushy hair is secured tightly * In Mexico in IfiOS the costume was (i ' short douMet nnd wide breofhc s. On their slii-ulilcrs they weiir ii clo.ik i)f s(>veriil colours, whicli thi y cull Tihim. . . . .T!ke women all wear tlie (iniii/ill, (which is Hke a suck) undi r the (Ulium, which is 11 tine wluto cotton chith; ti) which tliey add luiotlier u])', s[)eaks of s((uare elotiis made of cotton and maiiuey tied on the rijilit or left shoulder, and small pebbles or shells strunji together as necklaces. Mota I'adilla, in his hi.« and ears, and, lilinjj; their teeth to a sharp i)oint, bored holes in them and dyed them black. The slayer of a human being «ised to hanu; a pi(<'e of the skin and hair of the slain at the waist, considerini:' such things as very valuable ornaments. Their hair they dyed in various colors, and wore it in different forms. Their women adorned themselves prolusely, and braided their hair with feathers. iSahagun, si)eaking of the Matlalt- zincas, says that their api)arel was of cloth made from the maguey; referring to the Tlahuicas, ho mentions among their i'aults thaf they used to go overdressed; and of the Macoaipie.-i. he wates: that the oldest women as well as the young ono:^ i/aint themselves with a varnish called Iccdciiritl, or with some colored stulV, and wear feathers about their arms and legs. The Tlascaltecs in 1508 wore cotton-cloth mantles jiainted in various fine colors. The inhabitants of Cholula, according to CortJs, dressed better than the "JMascaltecs ; the better class wearing over their other clothes a garment re- sembling the ^foorish cloak, yet somewhat diiferent, as that of Cholula had pockets, but in the cloth, the B ' T"'Han lie una psj o de gmnpafioonadrndo, quo tieno on el rcntro uun abortuvu por iloutle put,.* la eabeza.' livrktnUkr y Tlwvel, JJkirio, p. 2'1'J. DliCSS IN MICIIOAC.VN. 02:) cut. and the friniio, tlioro was niucli rt'soinldanct' to tl»t' cloak worn in AlViea. Old Spanish writers ti'il ns that tlie natives of Michoacan made nnich use of feathers lor \vearinji-a|»i)arel and for adorning;' their hodies an;i heath At their hiter relijiious I'estivals. h pla(;od on his hreast. another on his hack, and the thii'd invana'tlv on his forehead. At his hack he cai'ries a (piiver, and in his hand a how, adorned with hiiuht col- ored artilicial flowers, or it may he the Aztecs axe. so pai nted and vai'nished as to resemble Hint. At tlu present tune, a native woniiui. however poor, still wears a necklaces of coral or rows of red heads. The unmar- ried women of Chilpanzinco used to tlaiih their faci's with a ]M)uiided yellow llowor. In Diiranuo. the na- tives were accustomed to rnb their swarthy hodies with clay of various colors, and paint reptiles and other ani- mals thereon.^ " ' Vuiin iiuiy piliinos, y pnipoimohados.' Ifnrrr'i, Ifist. (ioi.. Aoc. iv., lil>. viii., Clip. i. ' Si'iKircs ('> in'iii(i]ial. 2',); /,(/(■/, \. 21t); .-i/io.s^^/ico.s .\fituix, pp. It), ('i7; Alvvlo, Jllfriimunii, toin. iii., p. 2'K>; V"nin(o.s of Central ^Foxioo vary with climate and locality, in tiie lowlands, sheds consistinjx of a few poles stuck in the ground, the sjjaces ))etween tilled with rushes, and the roof covered with ])alni-leaves, afforded sufficient shelter. In the colder higidands they huilt somewhat more substantial houses of truid\s of trees, tied together with ci-ee})ing ])lants, the walls plastered with nuid or clay, the roof of s[)]it hoards kept in place with stones. In tiveless j)arts, houses were constructed of adobe or sun-dried l)ricksand .stones, and the interior walls covered with mats; the l)est houses v.erc only one story high, and the humbler habitations too low to allow a man to shuid erect. The entire house constituted but one room, where all the family lived, sleeping on the bare ground, A few stones l)lace(l in the middle of the floor, served as a fireplace where food was cooked. In A'era Cruz there is a sej)- arate small hut for cooking purposes. The wild nomadic (Miichimecs lived in caverns or fissures of i-ocks situated in secluded valleys, and the Tames contented themselves Avith the shade afforded by the forest-tives.^ Corn. Iteans, tomatoes, chile, and a variety of fruits and veiietables constitute the chief subsistence of the ])eo[)le, and in those districts where the banana i\v.ur- ishes, it ranks as an important article of food. The natives of Vera Cruz and Tamaulipas gather large quan- tities of the })italiayii, hy means of an osier basket attached to a long pole; round the brim are ai ranged several forks, for the purpose of detaching the fruit, which then drops into the basket. From the blossoms and buds they make a ragout, and also grind the seeds lor bread. From the sea and rivers they obtain a plen- tiful sui)ply of fish, and they have accjuired from child- hood a peculiar habit of eating earth, which is said to be injurious to their physical development. It has been '''Lcs pulmnos sont do vi'ritiiMos cagos on ImmlKnin.' V'i[in(nu,r, Sonv. Mi'x., \y. 2~i; Miii/er'>i Mi.r. ok it M (/s; p. 170; ]\'iirit's Mr.rii-o, \i)\. ii., ])]). 171), rrll; nnslamiink', in I'rh'lo, I'i-yVs, pp. l',)2. 111."). :t7;j, 437, 117: MiihUn- jtfin'ilt, M'j'k'o, toll), i., ]ip. •i'JiS-l; Hkih/hi/'s Mix. lilustr., p. 'loS; I'djiin' travels, vol. i., p. 15'J; Dillon, Hist. Mix.', p. 47. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE. G25 staled tliat in former days they used human flesh as food. The Otomi's and tribes of Jalisco cultivated but little {jjrain, and consumed that little before it ripened, trust- ing for a further supply of food to the natural produc- tions of tlie soil and to game, such as rabbits, deer, moles, and birds, and also foxes, rats, snakes and other reptiles. Corn-cobs they ground, mixed cacao with the powder, and baked the mixture on the lire. From the lakes in the valley of Mexico they giithered flies' eggs, deposited there in large quantities by a species of Hies called by the Mexicans a.vAUjacatl^ that is to say, ' water- face,' and by MM. Meneville and A'irlet d'Aoust covhu femorata and notonecta uulfascUtta. The eggs being pounded, were moulded into lumps and sold in the market-place; they were esteemed a special di-licacy, and were t;aten fried. These peoj^le are also accused by some authors of having eaten human flesh.'' Otlier tribes, inhabiting the valley of ^Texico, Puebla, Michoacan, and (^uere'taro, show a greater inclination to cultivate the soil, and live almost wholly on the products t)f their own industry. They plant corn by making a hole in the ground with a sharp-pointed stick, into which the seed is drop[)ed and co\ered up. Honey is plentiful, and when a tive is found where bees are at work, they stop the entrance with clay, cut oft' the l)ranch and hang \\. outside their Imts: after a short time they remove the clay, and the bees continue their operations in their new locality, as if they had not been disturbed.'" Oemelli Careri thus de*stas dc todas main ras.' Salni'inii. Hist. (,'iii., torn, iii., lib. x., j)ji. VH<-7, 121! ."i. In .(.disco ' f.os imlios d<' aiiui Has jiio- viucias skii caribi!-, qiKi I'Diiuii canii' Imm iiia todas lis Ncij'i.s (jtiu 1 1 piu diu aviT.' Orii'ilo, Jlisl. Hin.. toiii. iii.. Ji. 5(18. '0 Iji I'lU'bla 'l.os Iiidios sc ban iiiilicaiio mas al riiltivo dc la ticrru y plaiitfo dc fnitas y lc;j;uiidiris.' In Miclioacrn ' Cidtivau nuiclio maiz, frixolcH y ul^odciu.' Mi-'dn. hirrinniirin. iim. i,, )))i. JIM. 714. In tiucn'turo ' vivuu del ciiltivo dc liisj ijcuiuuUras. ' h!., to>u. iii., y. 320. Vol. I. 40 C2G WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO. shy ,is they arc; for when they liave nsM 'em to he fre- qiit.itly anioiiji; calahashes left tioatinj;' on the hike for that i)Mrpo.se, they make holes in tiiose calahashes, no that puttin«2; their head.s in thetn, they can .see out ot them, and then going up to the neck in the water, they go among the ducks and draw 'em down hy the feet. ' For making tortillas, the corn is pre[)ared hy placing it in water, to which a little lime is added, and allowing it to soak all night, or it is put to simmer over a slow fire; the husk is then easily separated and the corn mashed or ground on the metate. From this paste the tor- tilla is formed hy patting it hetween the hands into .; very thin cake, which is cooked on an earthern pan placed over the tire; the tortilla is eaten with boiled beans, and a mixture of chile and lard. The ground corn is also mixed with water and strained through a ►sieve; ot' this li(|nor they make a gruel, to which is added a little cacao or sugar. The sediment which re- mains in the sieve is used to make tamales. which an^ a coinl)ination of chop[)ed meat, chile, and onions, which ingredients are covered with the corn paste, and the whole en sloped in corn or plantain leaves and boiled or baked, ^i he ^Fexicans are very moderate eaters, but have an insatiable passion for strong liipiors." Laziness and filth follow us as we proce(>d southward in our observations; among the Mexicans, the poorer classes especially are filthy in their persons, and have a disgusting appearance, which increases with the infirmi- ties of age. Many of them indulge freely in the use of a steam-bath called ttuiazadll^ siinilar to the Russian " 'Tlioy l)iiil tlu> Iniliiin wlieiit vvit'i liino, and wlirii it hiis stnoil a-whiln grind it, us tlii'y, 21H-1'.I; Anniii. Diin llfidhti' .Vi,vil:0. ji. 245, with plate; M inloru, Hid. dt lasCondS, p. 31ti; MiUk-Jirun, J'lxcisdeln {/•■'«j., toni. vi., p. 443. WEAPONS AND SHIELDS. 627 ii vapor-bath, but it doos not appear to have the efiect of cleaiiisiiig their persons.'"' All the.se tribes nse bows and arrows; the hitter car- ried in a quiver shnig at the back, a lew spare one.s being stuck in the belt for immediate u.se. A heavy- club is secured to the arm hy a thong, and wielded with terrible elfect at close quarters. In battle, the princij)al warriors are armed with sizars and shields. Another weapon much in use is the sling, from which they cast Btones to a great distance and with considerable accu- racy. The natives of the valley of Mexico kill birds with small pellets blown through a hollow tube.'^ The clubs, which are from three to four feet in length, are made of a species of heavy wood, some having a round knoi) at the end similar to a mace, others broad and tiat, and armed with sharp pieces of obsidian, fas- tened on either side. Acosta states that with these wea})ons they could cut off the head of a horse at one stroke. Si)ears and arrows are i)ointed with ilint or obsidian, the latter having a reed shaft with a piece of hard wood inserted into it to hold the point. Their quivers are made of deer-skin, and sometimes of seal or shark skin. Shields are ingeniously constructed of small canes so woven together with thread that they can be fi>lded uj) and carried tied under the arm. When wanted for use they are loosed, and when opened out ihey cover the greater part of the bod} .'* 1^ WimVs ^^<.r!ro. ,(il. ii., jip. 208 0. 'One would fliiiik tli." ha\h would niukc the Iiuliiins cliiuily in tluir jifrsoiis. l)ut it liurdlv steins so, for tiny look riitlicr diitiiT iifU'i- tlii'y huve bfon in the d iitazmUi than licforc' li/ltii's Awiliitiir. |). ;t(('2. i:' I'mlillii, (■s' Spun. ('(Dii/,, vol. ii., p. "iSt!; AiricirituJ'roii'iKi SiiiijifU, \f. M\ Sulniqiiii. Ilisl. (Jill., toni. iii., lil). x., jip. l:'t. IIIU; Lj/on's Jvnnml, \ol. i., )'|p. ll'.i, '.',i;t; llivrirn, Hlsl. (icn., dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. ii.; MulihiiiifuriH. MijUn, torn, ii., pt ii., p. 378. ' Uim macana, a luuucrudi; jioiru, Ikiia dc puutus t'e <528 "WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO. Alxiriginall}', as with most northern nation.s. waifare was the normal state of these people. The so-called ( 'hichimecs attacked all who entered tlieir domain, whether for hunting, collecting fruit, or fighting. War once declared hetween two tribes, each side endeavors to secure by alliance as many of tlieir neighbors as l)ossible; to which end ambassadors are despatched to the chiefs of adjacent provinces, each bearing in his hand an iirrow of tliC make peculiar to the tribe of the straiij ; ' 'ef. Arriving at the village, the mes- senger seek,-, the chief and lays the arrow at his feet; if the pu>|X)sal of his master be accepted by the stranger chief, the rendezvous is named and the mes- stMiger departs. The ambassadors having returned with their report, preparations are at once made for the re- ception of the allies, a feast is prepared, large quanti- ties of game and intoxicating drink are made ready, and as soon as the guests arrive the viands are placed before them. Then follow eating and drinking, con- cluding with drunken orgies; this finished, a council is held, and the assault })lanued, care being taken to scLMire plaCL's suitable for an aml)uscade and stones fur the slingers. A regular organization of Ibrces is ob- served and every effort made to outflank or surround the enemv. Archers and slingers march to an attack in sintile file, always occupying the van, v>hile warriors aniud with clubs and luices are drawn up in the rear; the assault is commenced by the former, accompanied with furious shouts and yells. During the period of their wars against the li^paniards. they often ex|>ended much time and lal)or in the fortification of heights by means of tree-trunks, and large rocks, which were so iirranged, one on top of anotlier, that at a given sig- nal they might be loosened, and let fall on tlieir assail- ants. The chiefs of tlie Te})ecanos and contiguous tribes carried no weapons during the action, but had rods |ii''(lras pedpi'iinlos.' Orinln, Hist. 0\-)i., toiu. iii., jv GCiS. 'En si'liihlcii uit >itiivt' st(>kj(>ns {^fvku-litcii, van wclke sick vj^rwDnilonns-wiifnli^ tliincn iu cl'ii oorloy.' Montaiiuti, Xkuwe Wu-nid, pji. 'J"25~(i, iiud Dapper, .Veae iWU., p 251. WAK AND TREATMENT OF CAPTIVES. G20 with Avliicli tliev cliastiscd those ^vho oxliil)itc(l svmp- toiJis of couiirdico, or bocaino disordorly in the riud-is.''* The shiiii wore scal[)ed or their heads cut oft", and prisoners were treated witii the ntniost harharity. end- ing invariably in the death of the nnHn-tunates; often were they scalped while yet alive, and the bloody tro- pliy placed npon the heads of their tt)rnientors. The heads of the slain were placed on poles and paraded through tl'cir villaires in token of victorv, the inhabi- tants mean>, '>ile dancing round them. Young children were sometimes spared, and reared to fight in the raid\s of their concpierors; and in order to brutalize their youthful minds and eradicate all feeUngs of alTection toward their own kindred, the youthiul captives were given to drink the brains and blood of their murdered parents. The Chichimecs carried with them a bone, on which, when they killed an enemy, they marked a notch, as a record of the number each had slain. Mota I'adilla states that when Xuno de Guzman arrived in the vallev of Covnan, in Jalisco, the chiefs canu; out to meet him, and, as a sign of peace and obedience, drop[)ed on one knee; upon being raised up by the S[)aniards, they placed round their necks strings of rabbits and quails, in token ol* respect.^" As the wants of the people are few and simple, so is the inventory of their implements and household furni- ture. Every family is sup[)lied with the indis[)ensable metate. an oblong stone, about twelve by eighteen inches, smooth on the surface and resting u[)ou three legs in a slanting position ; with this is used a long stone rollei-, ij ' Sipinprn ]n'ornr,iii dc iicomcfer cii iiiiiIds jjiisos, tn ticrras (luliliidiis y j)('ili'(v^'i)s:is.' Il'rri'rii, lli-it. H'li., die. vii., lil'. ii., (Mp. xii. 'Tivs mil YhiHdS f inii!lli:lll ell soli> 1111:1 tibl h:ii'ic'llili» fl'cliti' ,1 limstl' tllipi).' /''(i/i//((, ('■nil/. X. (iiiliriii, MS., jt, ,U; SCO I'lirthfr, Oc/((/(^, Jlial, t/Vu., tuiii. iii., \>. 572; lii'tinimiil, t'ri'iii. !. ih' I n(/,, toiii. ii.. j>. 4iHl. ' (JnitandolfS los cascos con il ]»■]<>, su los Ih'van ;i sii I'liclilo, para haylar <■! niitotc en (•oiii[)afiia ilf siis pani'iitcscoii las (•111) z IS di' siis (•ui'!iii..,'os ell scflil (hi triilllfo.' Arl'-'ini. i'IiI'ihi. ih Zui-nliriin, ]ip. IT'.l, l.V.t (ii», I'lu'ihcr rcfircucc in SiiIiiii/hii. II'isI. i/i ii., turn, iii., lih. x., jip. 1J3-1; Ak'jre, Hist, t'oniji. de Jtsu^, tola, i., p. "iNl. I f)30 WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO. 17 omIU'iI tlio mdhiptUl, for ru])l)ing ilcmn tlic maize, iind a liirii'i' rarthen pan, (iallod tlic conkiI/I, ou ^vllich to hake tlie tortillas. Their hottlos, IkjwIs, jiiul cups aro made iVom gourds, often prettily painted, and ke[)t haniiing round the \valls; some ungla/ed earthenware vessels, orna- mented with hhu^k iiguri's ou Ji dull red ground, are used lor eooking, a bloek of wood serves i'or a stool and table, und lastly a lew i)etates (Aztec, pd/atl, ' palm-leal' mat'), ju'O laid ujxni ihe ground for beds. These eom- })rise the whole elfeets of a native's house. For agricul- tural pur[)oses. they have wooden spades, hoes, and sliarj) stakes for planting (H)rn. "^i'lieir products are carried home or to market i>i large wicker-work frames, ofti'u live feet higli by two and a half feet broad, made I'rom split palm-leavc! In the State of Jalisco, the natives are celebrated for the maiiufacturo oi' blankets and woolen mantas; in other parts of the country they continue to weave cot- ton stulfs in the same manner as before the comiuest, all on very primitive hand-looms. The conunon designs ari> in blue or red and white stripes, but they are some- times neatlv worked with fiuures. the juice from the nuu'ex or piu'ple shell su[)[)lying the vermilion color for the i)atterns. The iidiabitants of Tonala exhibit nuicli taste and excellence in the production of pottery, mak- ing a great variety of toys, masks, figures, and orna- ments, besides the vessels for household use. In the vicinity t)f Santa (^'uz, the fibres of the aloe, crushed U[)(in the iui'tate, are em[)loyed for the manufacture of ropes, nets, bags, and ilat round pelotas, used in rubbing down the body after a bath. Talm-leaf mats and dressed skins also figure largely among the articles of native industry i» 1" (Vrvsc/, ill Xiii(i'( lli'.-i Ainialci (lef> I'v/-. 18H0, tdin. xlv., p. ^'^S• Vi'DX'nn.r. Ml Miil.h 221; ami D'ljijh p. 271; I'r'nto, Vhiji.i, p. IlCt; Ti/I'i ■'It, M'Jiri, tolil. i., p]!. 221-(i, 211; MndHh AiiithiKir, ]ip. 2ill \\\ './, Wilt., 11. 2r)2. I'* ' Thi> 1 111 It. ins (if tliis Count rii'tldt' inako "veat stoioof Woollen f'jotli .iml Silkc I'lin-li' His riliir'niics. Vol. iv.. HI), vii., p. 1 lltH. 'llir Otoiii ' saliiiin Imci'i' liinl.is laliorcs en las mantas, tna!.;iias, y vipilcs ([uc tijian iiniv cuiiosanHuto; pcru tuilas I'Uas labiabaa lo iliulio il'.' Lilo do niayiK-y 4110 TRADE AND AliTS. 631 In Voni CvivA, tlicy have Ciuioe.s dug out of tlio trunk of II rnahoiian^- or cedar tree, which arc capalilc of liold- hig .several pcr,st)n.s, and are worked witht^injile jjaddles." A considerahle trade i.s carried on in potterN , niatw, dressed skins, anil manufactures of the aloe-lihre; also fruit, feathers, vejietahles, and lish. All such wares are packed in light osier baskets, whii;h, thrown upon their hacks, are carried long distances to the several markets, in the province of N'era C^'uz, vanilla, jala[), and other herbs ai'e important articles of native coumierce. and all the interior tril)es place a high \alue on salt, lor which they readily exchange their products.-" The natives display nuich jiatience and skill in orna- mental work, especially carvings in stone, and in paint- ing; although the llgures, their gods bearing witness, are all of grotes(pie shai)es and Jij)pea!ance. With noth- ing more than a rude knife, they make very ingenious iigures, of Avax, of the pith of trees, of wood, charcoal, day, and bone. They are fond of nmsic, and readily imitate an^- strain they hear. From time iunnemorial they have letained a passion for llowers, in all seasons of the year tastefidly decorating therewith their dwell- ings and sho[)s. The art of working in gold and silvir is well known to the natives of Jalisco, who execute well-shaped specimens of cups and vases, beautifully en<'ra\e( I and ornamei ited.-' sacahiii y hoiipriciabiui di' liin pi'uoiis.' Snhninm. Tl'tnt. Gen., toni. iii., lil). x. i>. in r.K); r T, ■/•'/''■ lA J). 'JDI; JtnslHiiiiin('\ ill I'r'nlit, \"i(ijis, \) y.. 11. Mr. in ISI'J, II. Ci .\[iil,l' • ion!/, M, •'), toiii. ii., Jit ii., ]>. ;{11; Lj/uu's Journal, vul, ii., p. Iii; 'riiiniiiiul, Jlixilo >. (i:t. 'Ji- n V !l. Ill tliosc ((iiiiitiiys tlii'y tiiko ncithrr RfiMo nor silvor for rxclianp;!' of luiy tliiiiL;, liut (uilcy Suit.' I'liilhin, in llalJni/t's I'"// , vol. iii,, ]i. l."!'.); (diii- jiiiri' l.i/iiit'a tlounntl, vol. i., p. 'ilKt, laul vul. ii., jt. I'.'S; ami '/'(/Inr's Ai'iiliimr, p. «5. ■ 21 llHnihol.U. K: I'til.. tiiiii. i., 11.98; Ti/liir's AiiiihiiiK-, ]t. VAf,: II' ^f|'.v!l•(\ vol. ii., )). 'I'M; Lufniiil, Vdijdiii'x, toiii. i., p. llil; Miihli u/ij'i'rdl, Mi^ CO, toiii, i., p, 'Jt:i: Mill'ti II'kiI. J/c.r., p. (i; ('uriiintfr's Tr.ir. .l/i.c, ]i. 2i:!. Lcs Mfxiciiins lint (•(iiisfv\(' uii }^ofit piiiticiiliii' pmir l,i iniiilmr tl ]nii;i" I'lirt (I 1' lli; ilptcr J, en ]ii( riM it (11 liuis,' Miilti'-lt, I' hi ( irml., tdlll. iiiiis lit' ilivcrsiis cdU inilV bilrlios (Mlltiir l)ai'ti ■iiliir (I .Mi>'l loiiciin fill Mr Hist. I' tl iirtc do jiiiit:!!' I'lin lu.s plii- "y ,U' ,/. sun. tnlll. 1.. p taikdoiVii du tudiv sut'i'tu do iustniuiLiiti W. Mrnilvm, Hint, dc l((s C'( V ;ij«. C32 WILD TRIDES OF MFAICO. The wild tribes surrounding, and in places intermixed with, the Civilized Xations of Central Mexico, as far as I can learn, do not appear to hav^ had any systematic tribal govermnent; at least, none of the old historians have given any account of such. Some of the tribes attach themselves to chiefs of their own choice, to whom they pay a certiiin tribute from the produce of their labor or hunting expeditions, while others live without any government or laws whatsoever, and only elect a chief on going to war.^^ Mari'iage takes place at an early age, and girls are seldom found single after they attain fourteen or fifteen years. Gomara, however, says that wt)men in the dis- trict of Tamaulipas are not married till they reach the tige of forty. The Otomi's marry young, and if, when arrived at the age of puberty, a young girl has not found a mate, her parents or guardians select one for her, so that none shall remain single. Among the Guachichi- les, when a young man has selected a girl, he takes her on trial for an indefinite period; if, afterwards, ])oth parties are satisfied with each other, the ceremony of marriage is performed ; should it happen, however, that the man be not pleased, he returns the girl to her parents, whicii proceeding does not place any obstacle in the way of her obtaininij another suitor. The Cliichimecs cannot marry without the consent of parents ; if a young man violates this law and takes a girl withoun;j:', and tiie niothor and child. to^t'tluM* with the un(!lo or aunt, jilact'd in the middle of the circle of relatives. V[\(m these occasions much wine is drunk, and for the Hrst time salt is [)!aci'd in the child's mouth. As soon as the child's tet'th are all cut, a similar meeting takes place, and the child is then y,iven its first meal: and again at tl le a'.:e o twelve, the ancients come together, when the youth is Hrst given wine to drink. As a ruk>, young people show reat res[)ect and aft'ection for their parents; uU their earnings I)eing at once handed over to tiiem."^ In early times, iimnorality and prostitution existed among these nations to an unparalleled extent, (louiara says that in the province of Tauiaulipas thei'e were puh- lic brothels, where men enacted the part of women, and where ever}' night were assemhled as many as ji thou- sand, more or less, of these worse than beastly beings, according to the size of the vilhige. It is certain that incest and every species of fornication was coimuonly })ractice(l, esi)ecially in the districts of ^'era Cruz, Ta- maulipas, and Quen'taro."'^ Their amusements are stam[)ed with the general mel- ancholy of their character. Dancing, ac(!om[)anied with music and singing, is their favorite }>astinu\ but it is sehlom indulged in without the acc()m[)anying vice of intoxication. When the Totonacs join in tla'ir na- tional dances, they attach a kind of I'attle ciMi-d nin. ab'ldH to a band round the head, that jic'iices a peculiar sound during th(! perli^'mance. Among some tril)es women are not permitted to join in tlu' dances. 21 }fiililc)ip/nrilt, Mi'jifn, torn. i.. pp. 240-8; Bnllnnk's .Af<.virii. vol. i., p. 1!I'J; Ai'iist 'iiicn.-i At'iiiii's, PI). '21-'2; UUlmr, uit:ikkiMi.' MtiiitdiiuK, y'uHWH Weenlil, p. 21'.l; ami Ihipjiir, Sim' W'tll., p. 241!. '-' • Lii iiiiiiiccli'a, f'l iiu'csto, y onniito ticTip dc n^as iisiiiicinsiiiiu'iitc ii-- pn'4li;llltt' el ili>s,ilTi"j;|i) ill' lil ('i)li('il])isci'U('iil, Ki> li;t {'(invil'tiiln ell lliMtu,' Pi'ictij, I'iijus, i>. 37'J; Fossil/, Mtxi'i'i':, p. 27; Liuinaia, HiM. lad., lul. 50. CM \VILD TUIUKS OF MEXICO. Tlioy make various kinds of drinks and intoxicating licjuors. One is made Ironi i\w fruit of tiie nojial or prickly jK'jir, which is (ii'st jK'cli'd and j)rt'sst'd ; the juice is then i)assed tln'ou|ih straw sieves, and ^jhiced \ty a fire or in the sun, where in ahont an hour it ferments. Another drink, called cliiclia, is nuuk' Ironi raw su^ai- cane, which is mashed with a W(H)den mallet and passed throujih a pressing-machine. Their princi})al and na- tional drink is pukpie, made from the agave aniericana, and is thus prepared: When the plant is ahout to hloom, the heart or stalk is cut out, leaving a hole in the center, which is covered witli the outer leaves. Kvery twenty- four hours, or in the hotter climates twice a day, the cavity fills with the sap from the plant, which is taken out and fermented hv the addition of .some alreadv-fer- mented pukjue, and the process is continued until i plant ceases to yield a further supply. The 11 ohtained is at first of a thick white color, and is at all times very intoxicating.'^" Father Joseph Arlegui, in his Chronica da hi Pro- rlncla /., torn, i., p. 97; Hussel, 3/l'.r. Gunt., p. IHO; Sohaijuii, Hist. Oi'it., toiu. iii., lib. x., p. i:U; Aixistoiicos A/dnes, \t. I'J; /*'(- (//'//'/, CiDi)/. X. Otilici't, i>i). l'.», 127; \\'iii)i>iius, dioij. n. Slit't., ji. «(); 'I'liiim- tiiil, .W'.viico, p. (11; Alci'ilo, Dirriomtrio, toin. ii., p. 47(1; MuhWniifnriU, Mj'if'f, tola, i., p, 219; GvmcUi Cunri, in ChurchiU'ii Vol. Voywjvs, vul. iv., p. 517. MAKIN'CI AX ALLIANCF.. f.:J7 and liis sciisos aro dojuU'iied, whvn ho is strotolird Ik'I'oiv a (ire. Iniilt in a wide o\)vn pliuv, ulii'iv all the j)e<)i)le may have access to him, llavin;: \van:ied wll his ImkIv, and ruhhed liis ears, eacli aspiiant t«> the new tViendsiiip. armed witli a .^liarj) awl-shajted in.4rii- nient, made of deer's lM)ne, proceeds t<» pierce tiie earsdi' the prostrate wretch, each in turn Ibrcinji' his sharp- ened hone throngh some new phice, wiiich causes the hUM»d to sjjurt afresh with every incision. With the hlood so drawn, the several memhers of the trihe anoint tlu'iiiselves, and the ceremony is done. On the spot where the rehitive of a Cora is killed in a fiuht. a piece of cloth is dipped in l)lood. and kept as a remem- brance, niitil his death ho avenued hv killini: the sla\er. or one of the males of his family When meetinji each other on a journey, they make use of many compli- mentary salutations, and a kind of freemasonry ajjpears to exist among them. Major Brantz Mayer mentions a trihe at Cuernavaca that, in the event of a white man arrivinij at their villaj^e, irmnediately seize and place him under guard for the night in a large hut; he ami his animals are carefully provided for until the following day, when he is despatched from the village under an escort, to wait upon him until far beyond the limits of the settlement. The custom, at the present day. of hid- ing money in the ground is nnivei'.sd: nothing would induce a native to entrust his savings with another. The inhabitants of (^nen'taro s[)end nnich of their time l)ask- ing in the sun, and if the sun (h)es not yield suilicient warmth, they scoop out a hole in the ground, burn in it branches and leaves uf the maguey, and when properly heated, lay themselves down in the place, and cover themselves with a mat or the loose earth.-^ 27 Arleqni, Cim'm. de Zacnteraa, pp. 161-2; ^^l(;/f'r's JA.c. as it Wnft. pji. 173-('.; Mi'iiiloza, Hist, de las dosas, p. all; J'riito, \'i(ijis, ]>. liTo; .1/»-n/iU linis A/itins, ih I'i. ' Los iiulios, si no tixlos t-ii sii niajni- piiitc, vivtii li^n- (los por una cspecie di- niiisoneriii.' JinskiiiKinti:, in I'viiUt, Vinjis. p. I'.t'.i. ' Wuun nifhrt'i-c in (T(>st'llst'liiift i^clicn, nic nclicn. sondtrn iinint r liinlii- < iii- andtr und sclten ruhig schn itiiid, sondnii fust iiunitr km/, tialii nd.' M'o/i- ;)'Vi(.s, (it'Dif. H. Stdt.. p. .'{!(. ' Jj'Indicn t-nttrrc son HVi,'i'nt, it an niniiHnt ilc Biv mort 11 ue dit pus a sou plus procht- pureut ou il a dt'posc sou titsor, utiu 6?58 WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO. The ^rexicans are not siil)ioct to nianv diseases. Small- pox. broiiiiht into the country at the time of the eon- quest, typlioid fever, and syphilis are those whicli cause the greatest destruction of life; the two former are aggravated b}- the filthy condition of the villages. Yellow fever, or jjlaek vomit, very rarely attacks the aboiigines. The measles is a prevalent disease. Death is likewise the result of severe wounds, fracttu'es, or bruises, most of which end in mortification, owing to neglect, or to the barbarous remedies ap[)lied to condjat theui. The Huastecs of \'^era Cruz .suffer from certain woruis that breed in their lips, and liighly esteem salt for the curative properties they believe it to jjossess against this disorder. At the village of Qjuiala. in the state of Colima, a considerable number of the children are born deaf and dumb, idiots, or deformed; besides Avhicn. when they roach a mature age, if we may believe the early chroniclers, the goitres are more or less devel- o[)ed on them, notwithstanding Humboldt's assertion that the aborigines never suffer from this disorder. There is another disease, cutaneous in its character, Avhich is quite prevalent in many parts of the country, and is supposed to be contracted under the inllueuce of a warm, humid, and uidiealthy eliuiate, and may be descri!/od «1,s follows: AV^ithout pain the skin assuuies a variety of colors, the spots produced being white, red, brownish, or blue. The Pintos, as south-western coast- dwellers are called, the chief victims to this disorder. cxi)erience no physical pain, except when they go into a cold climate; then they feel twitcliings in the places where the skin has clianf;ed color. The disease is de- clared to be contagious: and from all accounts no remedy I'or it has I)een as yet discovered. Formerly, an epidemic called the inatldkii/uKttl vmit'd the country at long inter- vals and caused terrible havoc. All the Spanish wiiters uho speak of it call it the peste, and supjiose it to be the same scourge that destroyed nearly the whole pnprdation qu"il no Ini fiissp pftH fnuto qufind il ressuscitern.' Cassil, iu Xouvdlei> Aiuntks des Viiy., lb3U, torn, xlv., p. 31)1). MEDICAL TREATMENT. 630 of tlie Toltoc empire in tlio olovoiith coiiturv, Otliors believe it to have borne Ji greater similarity to yellow fever. The disease, whatever it is. made its ai) ippe iranoe in 154o, 1570. and 1 <'trar((L' 'ri/lnr'.i Ami- luKIc, J). ItO'J, Sec flUthir: Fassi'i/, ,l/cji(/(/R, li]i. ;i:t 1, ;i',).Vli. ('nni|ial'i' llnin- holilt, H.-'scu i'oL. totii. i., p|). . HS; .}rni,tiiiiiin, '"'Unu-i' Wnnlil. ]k 'i.l ); Ihipimr, Xiiif WiU. ]). "iH'i; ('' ihe reniainrt of one nf their nnciciit kiiif^'s found in a riiv<> is tlnis ilc- spvilicd; 'ostaba cubici-to dc indrcria tcxida Kc^un su (•(istiniibrc in la Miiinl.t con (|ue sc I'liliria disdc ins lionibius liasta l(is jiics, silitadci en la niisma silla i|Uc lu linj^'iciim (1 sdlio, I'on ialiali, lirazalctts, ('(illaics, y ii])ritiiil(>ri s do plata; y en la frcntc una curona di' lurnuisas plunias. dt' varins cdlnics niiz- t'ladas, la luano i/ijuicrda jiuista vn fl bra/f) do la silla, y en la di irclia nn alt'an|_'(' Clin t;uarnicion dc (ilata.' .l/cci/i;, l)iry 00; Aj'uslvlkus Aj'an'S, p. li'J; -l/'/((ui, Z'K.s lli-iitiiif MvjclLii, I). 2111. Vol. I. 41 642 WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO. Unwilling to loarn, and indiflforont to the comforts of life. Irascihilitv is bv no means foreijin to tlieir nature, but it seems to lie dormant until awakened by intox- ication or some powerful i'ni)ulse, when tbe iimate crueltv ilames forth, and thev pass suddeidv from ii state of perfect cjdinness to one of unresti'ained fierce- ness. (\)uriiue and cowardice are so blended in their character that it is no easy m.atter to determine which is the predominant trait. A fact worthy of notice is that upon many occasions they have jiroved themselves capable of facing danger with the greatest resolution. and }et they will tremble at the angry fit)wn of a white man. La/iness, and a marked inclination to cheating and stealing are among the other bad (jualities attributed to them; but there is abundant evidence to show, that although naturally .averse to industry, they work hard from morning till night, in mining, agri- culture, and other occupations, and in tlieir inefficient way accomplish no little labor. Murder and highway ro})berv ai'c crimes not generally couunitted by the pure altoriginal. who steals rarely anxthiug but food to appease his hunger or that of his fauiily. A ^lex- ican author savs. the Indian cuts down a tree to nick its fruit, destroys an oak of ten years grt)wth for a week's fu'ewood; in other words, he produces little, con- sumes little, and destroys nmch. Another Mexican writer afhrms that the Indiai; is active, industrious, handy in agi-icultural labor, a diligent servant, a trusty postmiui, humble, hospitable to his guests, and shows a sincere uratitude to his benefactors.''- 32 7)7)c/i;.;?))/, Voy., p. Do;]; CoJihron tie In Borro's Life in Mix., vol. i.. ]>. 200; Miii/r'n .U'.r. (Ik it Wits. jip. 17(*, 201; Jlntasi'iir dtt liimvhmirij, Vnii. Ti'liiiiuiti'jii'r, ]t\i, 111, 172: LinvntntilHyi', in .\iiiirillis AidihIi.i Uis 1'"//.. 1M24, toll). x\iii.. 11.07; Oltarin, in hi.. IHICl, toin. lix.. ]>. 71: !:'lliiei\ (iim- iiiiiinin, \tp. Hi -2: Villn, in I'riilit, Vlnjis, ]>]}. 11(1-7; Arnrnrnlu, Ilispitialii II, ])p. 21, 20; Siiliiiiiini, Hist, (tin., toin. iii., lib. n., )i)i. l:il, \\\T>\ liussi, Sim- renirs, p. 2.S."): t.nfitiiil, I'ni/iniis. toin. i.. p. 211?: Wiijiiiiins, Uioij. n. Slut.. pp. 40-1; I'liilill'i. I'omi. S. (Iii'ii-ia. .lA.S., p. 10; I'niiisilt's XuIp.i .lA.i'., pp. 108, Ifll : .Miilli'-llriin, I'n-ris de I'l liiUtij.. toin. vi.. )i. 11."); Himilli Cnriri, in Cluirrliill's ('ill. Viii/iiiifs. vol. iv., p. 402; livrin'iir, ( nl. ilr I'd//., totii. ii., pp. IWIl 4; Hii)iiii/iiistli''s Sjian. Aw., vol. i., j)p. lO-")!). • L'inil'iL,'i"'nc' nicxi- cuiu est yriivo, nit'liiuculitiUf, sileucicux, iiussi louy-touips (piu lus liquoiira CHARACTER IN NORTHERN MEXICO. C43 Tlie Panics. Otomi's. Piiitos. and other nations north of tho Afoxican valley Avero. at the tiuio of the con(|uost, a harljaroiis people, lierce and warlike, covetous even of trilles and fond of display. The Michoacaciiies or Taras- cos are warlike and bnive, and for many y.'ars after the conquest showed themselves exceedinjil} hostile t) the whites, whom they attacked, plundered, and frecpiently murdered, when traveling through their countrv. in 1751 they were already fpiiet, and gave evidences of being intelligent and devoted to work. The men in the vicinity of the city of A'era (h'uz are careless, lazy, and fickle; much given to gambling and drunkenness; but the women are virtuous, frugal, cleanly, and extremi'ly industrious. The natives of .lalapa, judging by their countenance, are less intelligent, and lack the sweetness of character that distinguishes the inhid/itants of the higher i)lateau; they are, however, peaceable and inoffen- sive. The wild tribes of the north are rude, revengeful, dull, irreligious, lazy, and given to ro])bery, plunder, and murder. Such arc the characteristics attributed to them under the name of Chichimecs by old Si)anish au- thoi's and others. Indeed, the onlv creditable traits thev were allowed to possess, were, in certain parts, courage and an inde[)endent s[)irit. Of the nations of .lalisco, l)oth ancient and modern writers bear testimony to their bravi'ry. They are also sagacious and somewhat .ndus- trious, but oi)posed to hard laboi" (as what savage is not), and not easily kept under restraint. Those who dwell on Lake Cha|)ala are quiet and mild, devoted to agricid- tural pursuits, ^fhey indeed proved themselves high- spirited and efficient in defending their rights, when long oppression had exhausti'd their for))earance. Tlie Coras were hardv and warlike, averse to anv inter- course with the whites and to the Christian religion, but by the efforts of the missionaries, and the heavy cnivnuitos n'nnt pas nsisnrlni.' llnmhnhU, Esam Pol., iom. \.,\i\t. f)4. 90. ' The most violent j)!issi()iis are iu'Vit piiiiitctl in their features.' M'lWs Hist. M<',e., ]t\t. .")-(!, 1((. 'Of a shar[i(! wit, and (^'uod vnderntaudin),', for wliiit ko- euer ii lie. Sciences or other Arts, these jieople are very apt to Icarne it w.tb (jiiiall uistnictiiiy.' rurclms' His rUijrhius, vol. iv., p. 1433. r,U WILD TRIBES OF 5IKXIC0. hlow.s of the Spanish soldiiTs, they were Iji'oiiglit under sulycction, and became trsu'ttihle. ;i:i The SorTin:u\ MExrcAXS, under which name T jirouj) the people iiduihiting tlie present states of Oajaca, (Juer- rero, (Miiai)as, the southern portion of Vera (\-\\7., Tabasco, and Yucatan, constitute the second and last division of this chapter. Much of this territory is sit- uated within the tierras ('(iHciifrt^, or hot lands, wherein ^.yj»i.y variety of tro[)ical vegetation altounds in luxuriant profusion. The heat, especially along the coast, to the unacclimated is most opj)ressive. The great chain of the Cordillera in its tiansit across the Tehuantei»ec isth- nuis, appi'oaches nearer to the l^u^ific seaboard than to the Atlantic, and dropping from the elevated table-land of central M(>xico. seeks a lower altitude, and breaks iuto cross-ridges tliat traverse the country in an east and west direction. I'pon the northern side of the istlunus aj'e plains of considerable extent, of rich alluvial soil, through which several rivers, after draining the mount- ain districts, discharue into the Mexican gulf These streams, in their course through the table-lands, are bor- diM'ecl by rich lands of greater or lesser extent. On th(! southern side, natm-e puts on a boldei* as[)ect and a nar- rower belt of lowlands is traversed by several rivers, which discharge the drainage of the southern slope iuto the Pacific Ocean, and into the lagoons that border the ocean. One of the most important features of Vuc^atan is the absence of any important river. The coast, which is of great extent, has in general a bleak and ii'id aj)- [jcarance, and is little broken except on the north-west, 3^ Tb(> I'intos of Guprrcro are 'most ffroci(nissavag<\s.' Ti/l(. 721; Orh-do. U'lsl. '/I'd., toiu. iii.. p. .')(!. I; (Imii'irn, llisl. Iiid.. fol. 271; liiiiiiiiuDd, Cron. dtMv- vIuMican, MS., pp. l'J7, 235; I'ikj^'s' Tracds, vol. i., p. IM. THE NATIONS OF SOITIIERN MEXICO. f.l5 AvluMV it is iiidt'iitod l»v tlio lajiuiiii do Tcrminos, aiul on the oa.st('i'ii side by the l)iiys of Aseeiisioh. Mspi'ritii Santo, and (.'lietunu'l. Tlio central i)ai't ol" tlie Vneattni ])eninsnla is occupied by a low ridf-e of mountains, of hajTen aspect. A sliort distance IVoni the coast the 'neral ii})[)earance of the country inii)roves, being wv 11- wooded, and containing many fertile tract.> M uiy of tl le nations occn[)ying this region at the it th time of the coiKpiest may be called cultivated, or at least, progressive, and consecpieiitly belong to the ci\il- i/,ed nations described in the second volume ol' this work; others falling back into a stati> of wildness after the<'eii- tral civilization was extinguished, makes it extremely dilliciilt to draw any line separating civili/ation from savagism. Nevertheless we will examine them as best we may; and if it be found that what we learn ol'thi'iii ivfers more to the present time than has been the case with nations hitherto treated, the cause will be o])vious. The ZdpotecH, who were in former times a very \)o\\- orful nation, still occupy a great jujrtion of Oajaca, sur- rounded by the ruins of their ancient palaces and (pities. The whole western part of the state is taken ii[) by the M'rdecx. Tributary to the above before the coiKpiest, were the J/ZyVs and other smaller tribes now residing in the mountain districts in the centre of the isthmus. The JIiKircs, who are said to have come by sea from the south, and t<^ have lauded near the present city of Te- huantepec, s[)read out owv the lowlands and around the laiioons on the south-western coast ol" Oaiaca. In the l)rovince of (Joa/acoalco, and in Tal)asco. are the A/nni- liilcofi. and Choiitd/cs, who o('cu[)y a large ])ortion of tlu; latter state. South of them In ('hia[)as are the C/io/cf^, 7}i('ii,(ht/cK, ZotzU(')<, AlrDiics, and (^/iciciH.^. ;nid in the ex- treme south-eastern end of the same state, and extend- ing into Central America, some tribes of the /,iir,in(/niiif< are located, '^fhe extensive peninsula of Yucatan, the ancient name of which was Maya[)an, formed the inde- ])endeiit and powerful kingdom of the Mayas, who held imdis|)uted possession of the country until, after a heroic G4G "WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO. ivsistjUK'C, tlioy wore fiiiully coinpellcd to yield to the j4J, speaks of their l)eautiful comi)lexion and line ioruis. The Mijes are of g(K)d height, strongly built, hardy, and active; thev wear a beard, and altogether their aspect is I'epulsive. The Zotiues are very nnich like the .Mijes. their features are as prominent juid unprepossessing; l)ut they are probably more athletic. The Chontales are 3' T le llayiis, 'Sio sclbst nennen sicli lioiito nodi Mnrofivdl. d, h. Kin,i;o- borciic vom Miiya-Liindi', iiic Yuciit;iiu)s (mIct NucutfCDs. wiis sjiaiiisilK r Ausilnick fiir ilif UcwdhinT dcs Staatcs i.-oth men and wouien ha\e round Hat faces, low foreheads, siuall Q\vt^, llattish noses, thick li[)s, small but (piite full mouths, white teeth, and tawny comiuexions. The Ahualulcos are rather under the midiUe heijiht, hut of great physical streuj:th. They have a low narrow forehead, salient cheek-bones, full lips, white teeth, small beard, and coarse hair. Their features are a((uiline, aud the expression ol" their coun- tenance is melancholy, one of gentleuess bleuck'd with sternness. They stroujily resemble the dt'scendants of the Aztecs of ^lexico. The women are more delicately nuide, aud souie beautiful ones are seen auioujj,' them. They move quickly and with much natiual ,i:race.'' The descendants of the ^ia\as are of medium size, with tiood liuibs, large faces and mouth, the up[)('r lip slightly arched, and a marked tendcucy to stoutuess; the nose is somewhat Hat, eyes slee})y-lookiug aud hair black and glossy, which rarely turns gray, couiplexion of a copper color, and in some instances yellowish. Xat- urally stroug. the Maya or Yucatec can carr\' hcaxy loads loug distances, aud i)erf()rm a great (ic . ./(; " .1 ' " " ' Mil. -WMl., p i")-!;}; Cliarnoi/, Jliuias Aiiirrifiiinrs, j)p. 2S7, ildd-l; llnlrhhuis' (al. M'HJ., Vdl. ii., p IV.It. Ziipotccs 'bicn tMllii(k)s,' Mijf.s ' ^iTduaiiti s, iiltitids tic fii., toni. ii., ])t li., fol. ■j.ii-. 271. ^i'll, Jdl, timi. i., pt ii., p. 131. ' Ttjiii.iuteiifc women: .Ict-bluck hair, silky iiinl lii.\iiiiaiit. cn- Iranns li|4ht-l)i()\\ 11 fai'cs, on wliii'h, in votiili, nil lilu>li I'll till! clirck luiLilitcus tlic lustre of their iliilk eyes, with lonj,' liovi/.oiital lasln 8 1111(1 sli.iviily-iiiarked lyeliidws.' 'J'fnij>shi/'s Mltln, )>. '.(iH. 'Ihe Soijiies, 'short, with lat|4e dusts and ]ni\voifiil uniscles. . . ]>ntli men ami u^ mm have Very rejnilsivc countenaiiLxs.' HlnifdiJl's ICxplur. I'ljluiaid iiu-, p. 12tj. 648 WILD TIIIHES OF MKXKO. ■writer montioiin that tlioy were goncrally l)<)w-l(>{:<:o(1, und many of tlu'in ."^(iiiint-ovcd. TIk' sanu' author >:a\s tlioN' had "ood fiieos. wvw not vcrv dark, did not wear a hoard, and uore long-lived. The uoinen are plump, and uenerallv sneakiny; not uylv m \vr\ scanty was the dress of the dwelleis on Tehuan- tepee isthnnis. Jn Oajaea and ('hia})as, thi' men wore a ])ieee of deer or other skin fastened round the waist. and hanging down in front, and the women wore aprons of maguey-iihre. Montanus indeserihing tlie Mijes says they were quite naked, l)ut that some wore round the waist a white deer-skin dressed with human hearts, Tiie Ijacandones, when going to war, wore on their shoulders the skin of a tiger, lion, or deer. The (^uelenes wra[)ped round their head a colored cloth, in the maimer of a turhan, or garland of flowers. At present, the usual dress of the /a])otecs is a pair of wide Mexican drawers, and short jacket of cotton, with a ))road-hrinnued hat, made of felt or straw — yet the Iluaves and man\- of the })0() rer class, still wear nothinu' hut a hreech-clolh. The costume of the women is simple, and not without ele- gance. That of the Miztccs, Zapotecs, and others dwell- ing in the city of Tehuantepec is a skirt made of cotton, - — ^sometimes of wool — that reaches nearly to the ankles, ])rettily and often elahorately worked in various designs and colors. The uj)per part of the hody is covered Avith a kind of chemisette, with short sleeves called the IriilpU. of fine texture, and adorned with lace and gold or silk threads. On the head is a white cotton cover- ing, made like a narrow sack or sleeve, which is drawn on and hangs down over the hack. In Tahasco, the dress of the men difliers little from that of the people of ^rehuantepec; the 'i'ahiiscan women wear a cotton l)etticoat or a few yards of calico wrajtped round the waist, and reaching helow the knees. Over the petti- 3'' ' Es fxonU' la do Ynontan tl(> Imeiios ctiPi-iios. l)irii lioc-hos, y rczios'. . . . The wo!iii>ti 'liicii li('. Z.ri. '■>>^ ' Willi till ir liair ty'd up in u Knot licliiml. tin y think tin nisi Ivis ( x- trnain tint'.' l)iiiiii>ir's r(i(/'(',('s, vol. ii., jit ii., |i. 111. • ;Mny t in|ii nachados y liintiiili)s.' Ihrnrn, 7/(»7. 'j'tu., ik'c. ii., lib. iv., cai'. xi.; Luimirifs Tilivnuk- 2H'c, PI). 2Jl-'2, -l-H',. I ono Wir.D THIllKS OF JIKXICO. W llit «' <)!• colored s;ish; for jji'oti'ction Iroiii tlic sun, a .strau liiit is worn, or iicrliups u [nvr.o of <'(jlort'il ciilico, jind tlit'ir siiiidjils jiro luiido from deor-skiu. Iiistrad of drawers. tlie_\' used to wear a broad cotton hand jtassed I'oinid the loins, tho ends of wliich were airan;;i'd to han;j; one in front and the otlier hehind; a cloak or man- tle ol' cotton called ziit/cu was throw novel' the shoulders. Colonel (lalindo mentions tliat t\ivy usi'd the hark of the India-ruhher tive for making ;;arments, and Co- jiolludo ,sivs that when tlie Spaniards arri\ed at Ak(', in the yejii* 1527, the army of natives were in a state of nudity, with only their privy parts covered, and the whole body hesmeared with clay of dill'erent colois. The women dis[)lay considerahlo taste in the style of their garuu'nts; over a |)etticoat, which reaches to their ankles, and [)rettily bordered at the bottom, they have a dress with sleeves down to the ell)Ow; the skirt is open at the sides, and does not fall as low as the petticoat, so that the border of the latter may be seen, the bosom of the dress is o[)en, and on each side of the breast and round the neck it is embroidered with coarse silk, as in Tehnan- tepec; the hui[)il (Aztec, rlpil/l) is also worn, in country places women wear th(> jjctticoat alone, using the o\ erskirt or hui[)il only on spi'ci il occasions. When out of doors, they c;over the head and part of the face w ith a piece of (H)tton cloth.'''' All permit the liMir to attain to its full length; the men plait theirs and wind it round the head, leaving a short end to hang down behind. whiK' thitt of the women lianus in dark masses over their shouMi ■><. or is neatly bound up behind and decorated witl ilowt i> ov feathers. J[ei'rera states that it w.' iiarv to scoi'ch the faces of }oung children to pn aie growth '3 'Their iippfivf'll \v;is of Totton in mnnifold fusliii 'I eold /' rl(((s' His riliiriiiK.i, vdl. v., ]). HM.j. 'I'lii' Miijii ■wuiiiim's till ^s ' (- nducciil liiuil quo cubi'c 111 i)iii'tfsuiici-i()rili'l ciU'ri"), y al fustaii li iiiaLiiia, d luaiita di iv1j,'(k1uii.' Or !l llirni, li'-iiiini/iii, \). 158. Of the iiitii ' nn cal/inicillK :'hi) y hu\'ii hasta iii(etter class of /apotocs of the jm^scnt (hiy Imild their houses in a su))stantial manner oi' adobes; the com- mon people construct a more sim[)le dwelling with branches arranged in a double row. and the space be- tween Idled in with earth; they also make them of wattled cane-work plastered with clay. Such dwi'llings are cool and [)roof against the freipient earthiiuaUes that occur in their territory. Hoofs are thati-hi'tl with pal- metto-leaves without o[)ening, nor are there any windows in t1 le walls. ^riie interior is divided ijito si'Ncral com- })artments. according to size and necessity.^' The Mijes thatch their bouses with bundles of coarse straw. The Chinantecs. Chochos, and Chontales originallx' built no houses, but sought out the mt)st shady forests, where they dwelt, or they located themselves in raxiues and <" 'Tdus )iortaicnt Ics chovcux lonjjs, ot Irs F,s])nf;H(pls()iit t ii Ixuncunii do pi'inc ;'i Its It 111' faiic <'cin|i( i; la ulicvcliirc Ittiii^'iic est t'licm-f iiuinmil Imi 1(! Hi'^nr (listitiftif ilis Iiiiliciis iiismuMis.' W'lihlirK-, Vnj. l'ill..\\. In. ■ I„is ciinis (If l)liiii('i), Uf^'i'o, y (•(ili)niili) itiiitinl.is, tpif lliiiiiMU ciiiliijiirst', y cicrto parfccii (Ifiiiiiiiiiis piiitad'is.' I'liinlhiilii, Hisl. ih ]'iiriill,it)i, p. (;. ('iiiii|i!ini fthiivi' wiHi Ti riniii.r-Coiiiixciis, in Xiinraliii-li a\. s, and ftirni liiit oni' piicc, witlmnt wintltiw or chininiv.' lli nii' ^ilnr/. in /.miil. tiiiKi Sue, Jour., vol. xxxii., j). i'>M. ' Ciiliit iisf las casas tlf vna ciuliillii qiic Ids Intlitis liazcii df ])ajas niny osjussas y liii n assiiilatlas. t|nc Hainan ( n t'sta tifl-ra jacalfS.' D.ir'ihi r'liliilii. Jli.if. 'Fr„d. .Vci-., ]>. .">!'.». St.- idsi): Jl'isiii M',i\. toni. ii., ]i. ").")4: llnnnirirx Tihintnli inr, \ p. L'Jl, '>::■"). wiili •.•\\\\ Jl'(nsil, .l/i.r. (ji'id., p. 2'>'1: lliirtjtm, '/cur/. Jhsiriji., toni, i., pi ii., I'til. VJl. ■ C52 AVILD TRIBES OF MEXICO. rockv parts, liv'.nji; in cavcM'iis or holes under the rocks' tlie T/.en(hiles of ChiajKis had !uany t(twns and painted theii- houses; tlie Ahuahdcos iived togetlu'r in eounini- nitit's. and had connnodious, well-built houses ol' inter- uoven cane, plastered on the inside with mud, the roof thatched with palmetto." From the earliest times of which we have anv recoi-d. the natives of Oajaca and the istlnnus of Tehuantepec culti\ated corn and vegetables, and likewise Ibiiowed the chase; tliose who dwelt on the borders of the sea or lakes ai)plied themselves to fishing. The Za[)otecs now raise wheat, and build mills. It is asserted bv an old S[)anish chronicler that this nation exceeded all otliers in eatiuLi' and drinking. As early as IGDO, they gath- ered crops of maguey, mai/e, Spanish jn'as, chile, l)()tatoes. and pumpkins, and ])red swine and jioidti-y. Of late they cultivate rice, sugar-cane, and other tr<)[)- ical [inxluctions. as also do the inhabitants of 'Pehuante- ])ec. Trimitive agricidture has undergone but little alteration; deer are caught by means of tra])s and nets. The Miztecs, Mijes, and Cuicatecs have IVom the earliest tiuies been cultivators of the soil. The .Mijes make a coarsi'oi- impure sugar from sugar-cane: their eorn-lields are often many miles distant froui tiieir dwellings. The lluaves. the greater })ortion of whom are on the bonlers of the lagoons on the isthnmsof Tehuantepec. Vwv mostly on the pr(K'eeds of their llsheries. although they raise a small siip[)ly of grain and fruit. Their (Ishing is almost exclusively done with swee[)-nets in shallow waters, and during oue luonth ol' the year thty catch large schools of shrimps in ti'aps. The Zcxpies produce the small (pian- tity ot' corn that tluy need, some (k-Iio/c. many \eiy line oi'auges, aiid tobacco. Tluy are fond of iguanas and their egizs. and of jtarrots, killing the latter with stones. The ('lu)utales of Tabasco and Tehuante])ec use maize ■•■- Tile Choclios and Choiitiilcs 'no tcniaii Pu'liln fuiuliuli), si iio onbacliu- c.iis cstrci'li.'is (11 1(1 mas csciUKliilo dc Ids niuutcs.' /<'i'/';;'"(. Hkhi. Iil-m ri/i., tdtii. ii., ))t ii., fol. ;{:'(). 'Jhr ('liiiiaiifrcs lived 'en ranclidias inin' liar- raiicas, y tsjii'ssiiras dc iirbidi s.' Jlttr^jnit, I'tiU.-itra, Jlid., ['l i., lol. lUJ; '. Icii- IMJ, llniin:^ Aiitchtiliati, p. J^lS. PREPARATION OF FOOD. G53 and ODOoa asfooil. They cat llosh only u[K)n jiivat ivliji- ious li'stiviils, niiirriagos, or other (•ek'l)riit ions, hut are loud of I'ish. In olilen times they were eannil)als. and .\n- tonio do Ilerrera, the chief chronicler of ti;e Indies, ac;- cused also the natives of Chia[)as of heint;' eatei's of human tlesh. Since the conipiest the natives have lived mostly on corn and other vegetahle productions. eultivate(l hy themselves. A large iH)rtion of the Nhiyas and of tiie otht'r ahorigines of Yucatan are to-day ennaized in the cultivation of the soil, they also hreed such domestic ani- niids as tlicv need for themsi'lve; and fruual in their eatin< All tl Tl le ley are very simj)le ativ'-s of tl is sec- tion of the Mexican re[)uhlic uriiid their mai/c in the •same manner; after first soaUinu' it in lye or in lime and water, it is bruised on the metate, or rul»l>iu,i:-stone, hein;4 wet occasionally, until it becomes a soft jiaste. With this they make their tortillas and other comju)unds, both to eat and drink. To make tortillas the mai/e jKistc is shaped into thin cakes with the [)alms of the hands and cooked ui)on a Hat clay pan. The tctojioMv is a suudler cake usimI for joiu'ueys in lieu of the tortillas. Tlu' dif- ference between theui is in the m.inner of preparation; the totoiK)stes are cooked one side only and laid near the fnv which makes them crisj). and reipiire to be moistened in order to render them eatable. Tamales are a faxorite dish and are made of poi'k. i; ime. or [loultry. The meiit is cut u[) in small pitves and washed ; a small (piantity of tl »e m; li/e paste seasoned with ciun; dl unon. sanron. cloves. pimento, tomatoes, coarse pej))>er. salt, reel coloring mut- ter, and some lard added to it. is placed on the lire in a pan and as soon as it has ac(|iiiri'd the consistency of a thick i:ruel. it is removed, mixed with the meat, some <' Z ijioti'i-i; ' So iliin I'rtii ^,'r 111 vicio sns scnuntc ims." Mi/tic^. 'I.iIum- dorc:s di' iiiavz, V fiizol.' Uiir'iini, 'iVu//. hisfrip., tmii. i.. )it ii.. ful. 'M\, i |;t 111''. -17, l(i."i ('), \si, toiu. ii.. \)t ii.. fol.' i;i'.»-'JiK), -jo-j, 2-Js, 2s-J. :t'.K!, ll'.is, .((id. Zii|i(.ti>('s, '^I'liiilc iucliliaciDii, y rxiicicio ;i In ciiz:!, y luoiiti lia ilc ;iiiiiii^:lis iMlii|irsilic)< (11 t'Spi'ciiil (If vi'luidos.' />'»/•'/'«/. I'dl'sliu Hist,, |)t i., fol. 110. Sec fiirtlicr: Harwinra 'riliinnili jm'c, ]i\>. 'JiO- 2, 2-") (i; .l/i/vi, in liunii/, 1,'f- eniiiiriniifiitii, jip. 'Jil, Kit 4; lirassiiir df linHrhi»ivii, \'<'!/. 'rrlninidi /r c, j). IIKI; X'lntrn ti\ till, di' \"t, (dui. iii., I'li. .jO, 01; Otiliia!-i, iu Loifl. 'j'hj. Sui ., Jour,, vul. iii., p. 5'J. 654 WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO more lard and .salt added, and the mar^r; kneaded for a ftv: moments. It is then divided into small jwrtions, Avhich are enveloped in a thin paste of mai/e. The tamales thus prepared are covered with a banana-leaf or corn- husk and placed in a pot or pan over which large leaves are laid. They are allowed to boil from one hour and a half to two hours. The i)osole is a nourishing drink made of sour maize paste mixed with water; sometimes they add a little honey to it. They also prepare a drink by parcliing corn and grinding it to powder on the nic- tate, and mixing it with water and a little acliote. This hist drink they prefer to the posole, for long journeys." The natives of Tehuantei^c and esijecially those wIkj reside in the Goazacoalco district are neat and clean in regard to their i)ersonal habits. They observe the custom of bathing daily. In their ablutions they make use of a j)lant called cMntuk the root of which they mix with water, thereby imparting to their bodies a strong aroma- tic odor. The same plant is used when they wash their clothes, the scent from which remains on tiiem for some time. A pleading feature in the appearance of these peo[)le is the spotless whiteness of their cotton dresses and the care they bestow on their luxuriant hair. The other tribes who inhabit this isthmus as well as those of Chiapas are not so clean in their persons, and as a consequence are much infested with vermin which the women have a disgusting habit of eating when picked from the heads of their children. The Mavas make ire- (juent use of cold water, but this practice appeart^ to be more for pleasure than for cleansing purposes, as neither in their persons nor in their dwellings do they present an appearance of cleanliness.*'' **Talmsco: ' Coinon a i-r.s horns ooncertndas, oaineM do vnca, puovpo, y nnes, y bi'ui' vna bcniila iiiuy siina, hocha de cacao, mayz, y ('sj)ccia dc la tierra, la (inal llaiDiUi Zocolato.' Jfcrrem, Hist. Gen., dec. iii., lib. vii., ca]). iii. 'J'lii'tilliis, ' Whont'icy are baked brown, they aro called " totoposti," and taste like parched corn.' SliHt'ddt'a Kvplor. T'ehmmtcpet', 11.125. 'I'lieChon- tales, ' sii aliinento frecneiite es ol poHole . . .rara vez conien la carnc dc res.' Orozi'o y Herra, (rcfxinifla, ]■>. l(>l-'2; Duxipicr's \'oi/ftiii'K, vol. ii., pt ii., p[). 112-11: lltTviesdorf, in Lmul. (icofi. Sor., Joitr , vol. xxxii., pp. i'A'A-l. •' Sr Mon., Kpcakinf^ of the chintnle, says: ' I'na infusion de estas i-nices oomuuica sn fragancia ul agua quo los tehuantepecanos cniplcuu conio uu WEAPONS AND WAR. 6oij The weapons of the Southern Mexicans wore in most rcspt'ct.s snnihir to those used by the Central Mexicans, namely, bows and arrows, macanas, and lances, the latter of great length and very strong. In Tabasco they carried turtle-shell siiields highly poUshed so as to rellect the sun; thev also had Hint stones fo) * nces and arrow- points, but sometimes weapon-point.-, were made from strong thorns and iish-bones. The hanl wooden sword of the Maya was a heavy and formidable weapon, and required tlie use of both hands to wield it; the edge was grooved for the purpose of inserting the sharp Hint with which it was armed. Slings were eonnnoidy used by all these nations. In addition to shields the Mayas had for defensive armor garments of thickly (piilted cotton called esanipi/cs, which covered the body down to the lower part of the thigh, and were considered impervious to arrows. The flint knife of former days has now been replaced by the machete which serves the i)ur[)ose of both cutlass and chopping-knife, and without it no native ever goes into the woods.*" When the Spaniards first arrived at Ta])asco, they encountered a })eople well-skilled in the art of war, witli a fair knowledge of military tactics, who defended tlieir country witli nnich brjivery; their towns and villages were well fortified with intrenchments or j)ansades. and strong towel's and forts were built on such places as pre- sented the most favorable position for resisting attacks. oT»jeto do Injo KUiimmnnto npreeiado, tanto para Inlinr la rnpa do nsn, poiim jiiirii las abliicioiK's pcisdiiaUs.' Moro, in iivuzvi) // llirnt. ftiiitjrii/iii, ]>. ISd. ' Toutt's Ics jiiiitics (le Iciir vi'tciiifiit sunt t(nij(uiis iKnivillciiitiit lilaiiiri,ii'i. (liaii, Ihsfi'iii., torn, ii., ])t ii., fol. \\'M\: CoiidUwIo, llisl. (i, 11, 77; Xm-nr- rele, Col. de \"ut(jv.i, torn, iii., pp. 58-5'J; Morvkl, I'oi/uiji, tuni. i., p. 17U. C56 WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO. To tlicir forts they retired when invaded l)y a superior force, and from the wjills they hurled hn'ge rocks witli damaging effect against their foes. Cortus found erected on the hank of the Tahasco River, in front of one of their towns, a strong wooden stockade, with loo[)holes tlu'ougli which to discharge arrows; and suhsecjuently, during his march through tlicir country, tliey freiiuently set fire to their villages, with the oljject of harassing his troops. When advancing to battle they maintained a regular formation, and they are described as having met Francisco ^[ontejo in good order, dniwn up in three col- nnnis, the centre under the command of tiieir chief, accompanied ])y their chief priest. The combatants rushed forward to the attack with loud shouts, cheered on by the blowing of horns and l)eating of small drums called tmtknles. Prisoners taken in battle were sacrificed to their gods.^^ ^rhe furnitiu'e of their houses is of the plainest de- scri[)tion, and limited to their absolute wants. Their tables or benches are made of a few rough boards, and a mat called petate, spread on tlie floor, serves for a bed, while a coarse woolen blanket is used for covering; some few have small cane bedsteads. The natives of ^fabasco and Yucatan more commonly have a network hanvtc I oi hammock, sus[)ended from two posts or trees. Their cooking-utensils consist of the metate, pots made of eartluMiware, and gourds. The universal maiihete carried by man and boy serves many ])urposes. such i s chopping firewood, killing animals, eating, and building houses. Burgoa describes nets of a peculiar make i' .' by the Zapotecs lor catching game; in the knots of the net were fixed the claws of lions, tigers, bears, and other *7 ' Tipiipu cnfrnnte dosto Puclilo vn cerro nltissimo, con vna pinita quo tlcscuclla soli('rviim*'i)to. ciisi ciitrc lii Koginn do las imbcs, y coiMiia^c (•nu vii.i Jiiny diliitailii iimralla do liissas le inas di; vn t'stado dc alto, y do sTis oiii'iiii^os.' Jiitrijoa, h'toij. Dfsrrip., tmii. i., jit, ii.. fi>l. I'i7. ' t'ciuoiK^aron Inoi,'!) i tooar las liozinas, pitos, troini)otillas, y atabuh jus do f;onto do gnorra.' Ifi nrvd, Jlist. (ftn., dec. ii., lib. ii.. c»)>. xvii., and lib. iv., eap. xi. Also soo I'lt'iolhiiln. //),s7. 'M serve for patterns and sam- plers to many Schoolmistresses in England." All the cpinning aud weaving is done by the women ; the cot- ton clothes they make are often interwoven with beau- tiful patterns or figures of birds and animals, sometimes with gold and silk thread. A species of the agave americana is extensively cultivated through the country, from the fibres of which the natives spin a very strong thread that is used chietiy for making hammocks; the fibre is bleached and then dyed in dilferent rich tints. The materials they have for dyeing are so good that the colors never fade. The Zapotecs have also an in- timate knowledge of the process of tanning skins, which they use for several domestic purposes.*" 4' Danipkr's Voyaijrs, vol. ii., pt ii., ji. 115; Burfjon, Palestra Hist., pt i., fol. 110; lirassenr de liourhoimi, Co//. Tihwinh-pic, \^. 19(5; Vharnny, Itahies Amcrirdims, p. i.j-l. ' Subre viisv I'stcrii si l.i tit uc, quo son niiiy pocos loii quo (luernit'u on alto, en tiipescos do cnua. . . .ollas, (> hornillos do ticrni. . . . caBolouos, o xi(;iii'iis.' Iiur ' Liis zoipiL'S cultivan. . . .dos jilaiitiis jicrti'iu'cioiitoH a hi funiilia dc hxa /tromilht'^, do Lw eualo.s siicaii el idl'' y li iiitu ciiyas hebrassuboii blmiciurav, hilar y tcuir do varios coloros, Sus hiladus y las haiiiicas quo tcji'u cm estas ui.itiTias, coiistituyeu la jiavto principal do n\i iiidnstria y d(^ sii c(iiiii t- cio "... .'J'ho Zapotecs, ' los tejidos de soda, siivestre y de al|;odoii (pio labi-.ui las miigcros, sou vordaderamonto adinirables.' Mm-o, in Omzco y lii-rm. lim- (jrafi'd, i)p 170, 180. Of the Miztecs it is said tliiit ' las lun^'orcs se han da 'o a texer con primor panos, y hucpiles, assi do ulj^odon eonio do seda, y hilo do oro, may eostosos.' Banjun, (jeotj. Ihsonp., toin. 1., pt ii., fol 1!;), mid toni. ii.. ])t ii., fol. 100. Further reference in Jianinrd's T hiiiin'iitr, y\K 22G-7; ( liiltiin, in Hahhiyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 450; llntiUlnijs' (Ud. Miui.. vol. ii., ]i. 31)1; Wnpjfiini, (iin;i. n. Stat., p. 103; Wnkkek, \'i>y. Pitt., p. -Ill; Uuji'ii New Harcri/. p. 2 W; Muldeiqifordt, Mejico, torn, ii., pt i.'. pp. IW, 2U'J. Vol. I. ii 658 WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO. Notwithstanding their proximity to the sea-const, and although their country is in many parts intersected by rivers and higoons, they liavc a surprisingly sliglit knowledge of navigation, few having any vessels with which io venture into deep water. The inhabitants of Taliasco, the Yucatan coast, and Cozumel island possess some canoes made from the single trunk of a mahogany-tree, which they navigate with small lateen sails and paddles. The lluaves and others are in complete ignorance of the management of any descrip- tion of boats.^' The Zu([ues make from the ixtle and pita thread and superior hannnocks, in which they have quite a trade. In the neighborhood of t^anta Maria they grow excellent oranges, and sell them throughout all the neighboring towns. The Zapotecs have, many of them, a consideraljle commerce in fruits, vegetables, and seeds. In the city of Tehuantepec the business of buying and selling is contlucted exclusively by women in the mar- ket-place. The Ahualulcos are chielly employed in cutting pliinks and beams, with which they supply many })laces on this isthmus; they also trade to some extent in seeds and cotton cloths. Different kinds of earthenware \essels for domestic pur[)oses arc made by the natives of Chiapas, and by them exchanged for salt, hatchets, and glass ornaments. The Mayas have an extensive business in logwood, which, besides maize and poultry, they transport to several places along tlie coast. Mv tStei)hens describes a small community of the Maya nation, numbering about a hundred men with their families, living at a place called Schawill, who hold and work their lands in common. The 50 Jlerrern, lliM. Gen., dec. ii.,lib. iii., cap. ii., lib. iv., rap. xi., CorioUvJo, Hist, (le Ytindlidii, p. 2; MureUl, Vvyaiie, torn, i., pp. 17'J, 2H; iSlmjVill's E,tplor. 2\'ha(tiili'pec, p. 123, ' Tbeir ciinoos are foniicd out of tbo trunk (f a siuf^lo niahoj^'aiiy or ct'dar tree.' Dak'n Xotcs, p. 2-4. WLen (irijalva was nt Cozuinel 'viuo una canoa.' Navari-iie, Col. de rii/i/PH, torn, iii., p. iJO. The Huaves 'hd posoyeiido euiljareaeioiies prtipias jiaraarrioHj^'arse en ablins de algun londo, y dcsconoeiendo basta el uso de Ioh rcnios, no fveeiientaii mus que Ids puutus cpio pur su poi'a profuudidad uo ofreceu mayor pcligro.' Moro, iu Uamy, liccuaociinknlo, p. yo. ZAPOTEC GOVERNMENT. cna jiroclucts of the soil are shared equally hy all, and the food for the whole settlement is pre[)ared at one hut. ]''ach family contributes its quota of provisions, Avhich, when cooked, arc carried off smoking hot to their several dwellings. Many of the natives of Tabasco earn a livelihood by keeping bee-hives; the bees are captured wild in the woods, and domesticated. The Iluaves breed cattle and tan hides; cheese .and tasajo, or jerked meat, are prepared and exported by them and other tribes on the isthmus of Tehuantepec. At the present day cochi- neal is cultivated to a considerable extent, and forma an important article of commerce among the inhabi- tants. A rather remarkable propensity to the possession of large numbers of mules is peculiar to the Mijes; such property in no way benefits them, as they make no use of them as beasts of burden ; indeed, their owners seem to prefer carrying the loads on their own baeks.'"'^ Formerly the Zapotecs were governed by a king, under whom were cacicjues or governors who ruled over certain districts. Their rank and power descended by inheritance, but they were obliged to pay tribute to the king, from whom they held their authority in fief. At the time of the coiKjuest the most powerful among them was the Lord of Cuicatlan; for the service of his house- hold, ten servants were furnished daily, and he was treated with the greatest respect and homage. In later years a cacique was elected annually by the people, and under him officers were appointed for the different vil- lages. Once a week these sulj-officers assemljled to con- sult with and receive instructions from the caci(jue on matters relating to the laws and regulations of tlieir dis- tricts. In the towns of the Miztecs a municipal form of government was esta1)lished. Certain officials, elected anniially, appointed the work which was to be done by the people, and every morning at sunrise the town-criers 51 .l/i7/'.s Hist, ^fcx., p. l.'JS; ralachs, in Orozco y llerrn, Geoijrafi'ft, \i. infi; Jlrrmendorf, in L'md. (ri'O'j, Soc, Jour., vol. xxxii., p. 547; llnisseur de Jiimrboimj, Voy. TchmniO'in'c, \). Ui8; llutchhifis' Val. J/";/., vol. ii., p. liOl; JliiC'ire'jdr's I'ronnss of Aiiiiric(t, vol. i., p. Hli); Muru, in iianty, lleconuci- niknto, p. 03; Stephens' Yucatan, vol. it., p. 14. GGO WILD XniBES OF MEXICO. from the tops of the highest houses called the iiihahi- tjints to their allotted tasks. It was also the duty of the town-criers to inflict the punishment imposed on all who from laziness or other neglect failed to perform tlieir share of work. A somewhat similar system ap- pears to have prevailed in Ciiiapas, where the people lived under a species of republican government."^ Tlie Mayas were at one time governed hy a king who reigned supreme over the whole of Yucatan. Internal dissen- sions and wars, however, caused their country to l)e divided up into several provinces, which were ruled over by lords or petty kings, who held complete sway, each in his own territory, owing allegiance to none, and recognizing no authority outside of their own juris- diction. These lords appointed captains of towns, who had to perform their duties subject to their lord's ap- proval. Disputes arising, the captains named umpires to determine differences, whose decisions were final. These people had also a code of criminal laws, and when capital piniishment was ordered, public execution- ers carried the sentence into effect. Tlie crime of adul- tery in the man was })unishable hy death, but the injured party could claim the right to have the adulterer de- livered to him, and he could kill or pardon him at j)leasure; disgrace was the punishment of the woman. The rape of a virgin was punished by stoning the man to death. '•' ■S'^ ' Lcs sciRnenrs de Cnioatlan c'taient, an tomps df: la conqnete tres-iiolios ct tri's-pniKsants, et Icuvs desceiulaiits en ligue iliri'cto, dc'coit's oncore du titio dc> (•,u;i(iuos.' Fiissei/, Me.r'KiUf', pp. 338-9. At Etla ' Ilcrien dcs Ortes warcn fazikoii, WL'lcho iliii als eino Art von Maiiulchcn bcsassen, und deni Kiini^o fineu pewissonTribut bezahhai ninsstcn.' Mdldcnpfordt, Mejico, toni. ii., pt i., p. 188. Tho MiztofS 'tfniau senaliidos conio pivgoneros, ofticiales quo »li>i»ianporano, para que todas las mananas al dospTiutar el Sol, siibiddnen lo mas alto do la casa de su Kcpiiblica, con gi-nndes vozes, llaniasen, y exitascn a todos, dizicndo salid, salid a trabajar, ii trabajar, y con rij,'or oxecntivo castigaban al que faltaba de ku tarea.' Burqna, G&xj. Dcscrip., torn, i., pt ii., fol. l.'jl, also Jlprnra, Hist. Oen., dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xi. ''■' ' Estava snjcta ii diuersos Sefiores, que como Eej'czuelos dominaban diiiersos territorios pero antes aula sido toda sujeta ii vn Sefior, y liey Sii;>renio, y asi gonernada con goniernoMonarqnieo.' CoijoUmIo, Jlist.ilv Yu- rntlfin, \i. (10. ' En cada pueblo tenian sefialados Capitanes a quienes obede- ciin.' llnrera, IHkI. (if))., tloc. i\., lib. x., cap. ii-iv. For old ciistonis and nt'w, com I lare above with J/oct7(<, loyayc, toni. i., p. 1C8, and iiussc/, J/.i'. dual., p. 2lJ7. SLAVER\' AND MARRIAGE. 661 Slavery existed among the tribes of Ooazacoalco and Ta])asc(). Donii ^farina was one of twenty female sla\ (.s who were presented to Cortes b}' the cacique of the lat- ter place; and when her mother, who lived in the province of Goazacoalco, gave her away to some traM.!- ing merchants, she, to conceal the act, })retende(l that the corpse of one of her slaves who died at that time was that of her own daughter.'^ Among the Zapotecs and other nations who iidiabit the isthmus of Tehuantepec, mari-iages are contracte(l at a very early age; it happens not unfrecpiently that a youth of fourteen marries a girl of eknen or twehe. Polygamy is not permissiljle, and gentleness, affection, and frugality characterize the marital relations. Cer- tain superstitious ceremonies formerly attended the birth of children, which, to a modified extent, exist at the present day. When a woman was about to be con- lined, the relatives assembled in the hut, and com- menced to draw on the floor figures of difl'erent animals, rubl)ing each one out as soon as it was completed. This operation continued till the moment of birth, and the figure that then remained sketched ui)on the ground was called the child's tond or second self. AVhen the child grew old enough, he procured the animal that represented him and took care of it, as it was believed that health and existence were bound up with that of the animals, in fact, that the death of l)oth would occur simultaneouslv. ?oon after the child was born, the parents, accouipnnied l)y friends and relatives, carried it to the nearest water, where it was inunersed, while at the same time they invoked the inhabitants of the water to extend their protection to the child; in like manner they afterwards prayed for the fa^'or of the animals of the land. It is a noticeal)le trait, nnich to the credit of the parents, that their children render to them as well as to all aged people the greatest respect and obedience. That the women arc strictly moral can- ■'•' 'With otlioi' prosonts wliicli thoy brought fo the conqueror were twouty female slaves.' JJelps' l:!pan. Lonq,, vol. ii., j). 2G1. 6fi2 WILD TUIBES OF MEXICO. not 1)0 asscM'tod. Voluptuous, with mi ndn untrained, ind tlit'ir luunlMT luMug jiroiitly in cxcoss of tiio nion, it is not surprising that travelers have noted an absence of chastity ainoug these women; yet few cases of conjugal infidelity occur, and (ihastity is higidy esteemecl. Ilie- gitiuiate diildren are not couunon, partly the result, jier- haps, of early marriages/''^ Auiong the Quelenes, when a contract of marriage was made, the friends nnd rela- tives collected at the assembly-house conuu(m to everv village. The bride and bridegroom were then introduced by the parents, and in the presence of the cacique and ])riest confessed all the sins of which they were guilty. The bridegroom was obliged to state whether he had had connection with the bride or with other women, and she, on her part, made a full confession of all her short- comings; this ended, the parents produced the presents, which consisted of wearing-apparel and jewelry, in which they proceeded to avray them; they were then lifted up and placed upon the shoulders of two old men and women, who carried them to their future home, where they laid theui on a bed, locked them in. and there left them securelv married."" Auioni!; the .\ravas earlv mar- riage was a duty imposed by the K^panish Fathers, aud if a boy or girl at the age of twelve or fourteen had not chosen a mate, the priest selected one of erpial rank or ■W ' Vhi) en estii juriilieion gvnndes orroros, y ritos con Ins piiviilas. y iiiuns rci'ieii iiiicidos, lleiiiiiulolos li los rios, y sumeri^'iendolos en el aj.'ua. Iki- zi;in (IriJi'cciioiiiu ;'i t()iU)s los iiiiiiuiilus iKiiiiitik'S, y lucgo ;'i los iIl' tii iia In fiiPiMii fiiuornblcs, y no le ofiiulieran.' Bwijod, Gcoij. Desnrip , torn, ii., ]it ii., fol. 32".). ' Const'rvase entro t'llos la creenciiv de que su vid.i t?>t,i nnid.i a la dt' nn animal, y que os foiv.oso quo niuirau ellos cnanilo ('^.tc nin- vYo.' }fiisro ^fl,r., torn, ii., jip. .').>l-5. ' lictween husband and wife c.iks cf intidclity are rare . . To the credit of the Indians be it also said, that tlnir ])roL;('iiy is lef,'itiniate, and that the vows of niairiaf^'e are as faithfully cher- ished as in the most euli^'htened and favored lands. Youthful niarria^'es are nevertheless of frequent occurrence.' Jiitrndvd'a Tthaonti'iiuc, \). 2'2'1. Women of the Ja])ateco race: 'their manners in re<,'ard to morals are most blame- able.' Ili'miexiliirf, in Loinl. (feoi/, Soc, Jour., vol. xxxii., p. 543. Jlor-), referrin;,; to the women of .Jaltipan, says: 'Son do costumbres sumameiite libres: suele decirse ademas (pie los jaltipanos no sol > no lascelan. sino (|ue llevan las ideas de hosjiitalidad a un raro exceso.' (Idrai/, litcoiKXiliiiiihld, p. 11(1; Fcrri/, Cusldl L' Indiin, j)]). (S-T; Uefiistro rwateco, tom. i., p. Hl(> ■'''' ' Inntauanse en el t'apul. que es vna oasii del coninn, en eada barrio, para hazer easamientos, el I'aziqne, el Papa, los des]K)sa(los, los |iaii(ntrs: e^>tnHllo sentailos el sefior, y el I'apa, lle^'auan los contrayrntes, y el I'apa h s umonestaui q-io dixessen las cosas (pie auiau hecho hasta a(piella hora.' Jlernra, Hid. (/<.«., doc. iv., lib. \., cup. xi. WEDDINGS AND FATIIEllS-lN-LAW. CG3 foi'timo and obli^vd tliom to niiirry. Tlic usual pivsoiits Avore (livs-cs; and a haiKjurt was prepared, of wliu'li all piv.st'ut partook. During' the feast the parents of the [)arties addres.sed them in s[)eeches apjiheahle to the occasion, and afterwards the house was [u-rfunu'd by tlio priest, who then blessed the company iiiid the ceremony ended. I'j'evious tt) the wedding-day ihe i)arents fasted during three days. The young man buih a house in front of that of his father-in-law, in which he lived with his wife during the Hrst years of his servitude, for ho was obliged to work for his father-in-law four or five years. If he failed to [)erform faithful ser\ ice, his father-in-law dismissed him, and gave his (hmgliter to another. Widowers were exempt from this servitude, and could choose whom they pleased lbi- a wife without the interference of relatives. It was forbidden a man to marry a woman of the same name as his lather. They married ])iit one wife, though the lords were per- mitted to make concubines of their slaves. Mr Stephens, ill his description of the inhabitants of the village of Schawill, says: "Every member must marry within the rancho, and no such thing as a marriage out of it had ever occurred. They said it was imj)ossil)le; it could not happen. They were in the habit ol" going to the villages to attend the festivals; and wlu'u we suggested a supposalde case of a young man or woman falling in love with some village Indian, they said it might hap- pen; there was no law against it; but none could marry out of the rancho. Thin was a thing so little a})pre- hended, that the punishment for it was not delined in their penal code; but )>eing questioned, alter some con- sultations, the}' said that the oftender, whether man or woman would lie expelled. We remarked that in their small comnumity constant intermarriages nnist make them all relatives, which they said was the case since the reduction of their numbers by the cholera, ^fhey were in fact all kinsfolk, ))ut it was allowabU' for kins- folk to marry, except in the relationship of brothers and sisters." GGi WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO. In divisions of pro))crty women could not inlicrit; in defhult t)l' direct um\v. hoirs tlie estate went to tlio brothers or nearest male relatives. Wli m the heir was a minor, one of his male relatives was a})iK)inted guardian, until tiie daj.s of his minority should have passed, when the property was delivered up to him. The Southern Mexicans were particular to keep a strict chionolojiy of their lineage. Young children underwent a kind of ha[)tismal ceremony. The Mayas believed that aldution washed away all evil; and previous to the ceremony the parents fasted three days, and they were particular to select for it what they considei'ed a lucky day. The age at which the rite was ix'rformed was be- tween three and twelve years, and no one could mairy until he had been baptized. Habits of industry as well as res[)ect for parents and aged people was strongly im- pressed u[)on the minds of the children.''^ The Southern Mexicans are fond of singing and dan(!ing, thvMigh there is not nuich variety either in their melancholy music or monotonous dances. Their favorite instrument is the mtirimba, composed of pieces of hard wood of different lengthr stretclied across a hol- lov/ed-out canoe-shaped case. The pieces of wood or keys are played upon with two short sticks, one held in each hand. The sound produced is soft and pleasing, and not unlike that of a piano. Another instrument is the timhd or drum, made of a hollow log with sheep- skin stretched over the end; it is struck with the fnigers of the right hand, the performer holding it under his left arm. Their movements during their dances are slow and graceful. The men ore addicted to intoxica- tion at their feasts, the liquor in common use auiong them being mescal and aguardiente, a colorless spirit made from the sugar-cane. Many of the natives have a small still in their houses.™ " Dampier'K Voi/agen, vol, ii., pt ii., p. 114; Ilerrern, Hist. Gen., doe. iv., lib. X., cup. iv. ; Tenmax-<'o<)ip(ms, in \ouvelks Aniidleti (kri Voy., 18-4;j, torn. X(!vii., p. oO; Stephens' Yucatan, vol., ii., pp. l.j-lC; Lmt, \ovus Orbis, p. 272; Dice. Uniu., torn, iv., p. 25(5; Baeza, in Iteijistro Yucateco, torn, i., p. iLiG. 58 ' Their amusements are scarcely worthy of note their liveliest songs CUSTOMS IN OAJACA. CU5 The Ziijiotprs arc cxceediiifrly ytoWti} to one njiothor in tlu'ir coMimoii siiliitatioii.s, calling ouch otluT Itrotla-r. and to the (k'scoiulant.s of tlioir ancient cacitjucs or lords the utmost rcvoronco is paid. It is related by a Mexican writer that in a village not distant IVoni the city of Oajaca, whenever an aged man, the son of one ol" their ancient lords was seen ))y the natives out walking, with a majesty that well became his fine Ibrni, j)osition. and age. they uncovered tlieir heads, kissed his hands, which he held out to them, with much tenderness, calling him (ht(t(/e (lather), and remained uncoveretl uncil he was lost to sight. They are a theocratic people, nuich ad- dicted to their ancient religious belie!" and custoius. Those who live in the vicinity of Mitla entertain a jjcculiar superstition; they will run to the farthest vil- lages and pick up even the smallest stones that foiin>'d a part of the mosaic work of that famous ruin, believing that such stones will in their hands turn into gold. Some of them hold the belief that anyone who discovers a buried or hidden trea.sure has no right to appro[)riate to his own use any jx)rtion of it, and that if he does, death will strike him down within the year, in i»unish- ment of the sacrilege committed against the spirit of the person who hid or buried the treasure. One of the first priests that lived among the Zapotecs says that after they had entered the pale of the church, they still clung to their old religious practices, and made oll'erings of aromatic gums, and living aniuuds; and that when the occasion demanded a greater solemnity, the olliciatiug priest drew blood from the under part of his tongue, and from the back part of his ears, with which he sprinkled some thick coarse straw, held as sacred and used at the sacrifices. To warm themselves, the Cho- chos, or Chuchones, of Oajaca used, in cold weather, J nrp sad. and their mptriest music mclaneholj-.' Burnnril's T liHunlejvc, p. '222. ' Aff ctos a las l)f'l)idiis onibrinfijaiitcH, conocon dos jxirtii'iilari's. tl rln'- rnle, y td hnlclni 6 (luamjio, eonipiK'sto de iiL;ua, c'linii dc iiziicar, iniln-i^nuiMjx) y niiuz queinado.' Owzcn y Jierm, Oioijrafid, p. 1(12. See uUd: F^ssii/, Me.TiijHi', pp. 34;J, 3(U; Ddinincr'n Vayaiiis, vol. ii., jit ii., )). 115; Sttphtnii' Yuculan, vol. i., pp. 111-5; t'hanmy, lUdnes Amcriaiincs, pp. I'JG-T. I (5fi6 \\LLD TlilBES OF MEXICO. towards the evGiiiiig, to burn logs {uivl drv leaves clt)se to the eiitniuce of their caves, ami blow llie smoke into their du«'llinu;s. which being (juite full, all the laniily, old and young, males and females, lushcd in naked and closed the entrance. The natives of (Joa/acoaleo and otlier places practiced some of the Jca ish rites, inidud- ing a kind ol' circumcision, which custoui they claimed to ha\'(' derived from their fori'l'athers; hence ha\e arisen inmunci'ahle analogies to prt)ve the Jewish oiigin of these pe()[)les. The lluaves still preserve ancient customs at their feasts, it is a remarkahlc fact tlnvt ulthougli neai'ly all tlu!se peo[)le are fishermen, vi'ry lew of them can swim. The Mijes have a iiahit of s[)i'aking in very loud toiu's; this is attributed b}" souie to their Iiaughty spirit, and hy others to their niiuiner of life in the most rugged portion of the mountains, When hound upon ii journey, if they have no other load to carry, they fill their tonafcs, or nets, ^vith stones. This is gen- erally done by tluMU on the return houie froui the mar- ket-place of Tehuantepec. These loads rest u[)on their backs, and bang by a band from their foreheads. In ancient tiuies, when they were in searcrh ol' a new coun- try to settle in. they subjected the places they had deviistiited to the (ire j)roof. This was doue hy putting a Mrehiand over nigiit into a hole, and if it wa> Ibuud extinguislied iu the uiorning. they considered that the Sun desired his children (that is tbeuisi Ives) to continue their journey. They are mucl' given, oven at the present time, to idolatrous prat ices, and will make saci'ifice.s in tlu.'ir ehurcbes, if p ;rmittciil)iiiit, ii:im ct cin'umcid.liaiittir. uiuiv .'i iiiajuribus (ut IciLbiiut) ticccpto, ijuuil alibi iu hisce rc^iuuibua ub llisiiuuia DISEASES AND MEDICAL TREATMENT. GO" TllO (lisciisos most pr 0\' aliMit iinioiiiJi; th itl oiitiiorn ^[oxicaiis are levers, incasl OS, UI id sc'vure colds. All tlu'se people pusse.ss uii excellent knowledge of medicinal lierhs, and make nsr of them in ca.ses of |/aias and sick- ness. Tliex still practice some of their m\.-le\ious cere- monies, and arci inclined to attrihnte all com[)laints to the evil inlhience of bewitclnnents. Father IJae/a. in the /iCf/isfro Yiimt fCd. av.s li'cy consn Ited a cr\s tal or transparent stone called 'Jikmi, h_y which they }»reten(U'd to divine the oi'i^iin and canse of anv sickness. W hen .snlVerinii' with fever or other disorders, the disease is often nmch auiiravated and death eansed hv inindicious l)atli ini ni tl le I'l ve I n ancient times tobacco was much used as a specilic a^^ainst [)ains arising from colds, rheumatism, and asthma; the natives Ibund that it .soothed the nerves and acted as a. narcotic Tl ie\ also practiced l)leedi!ig with a sl):ir[i I'-nt or fish-bone. Tlu; Zapotecs attein[)ted cures by meaiis of a ))low-pi[)e, at tl le same tinu' mvokiii"' the assistance of tl le 'jiou ^\dleu a (U'ath occurs the body is wra.[)ped in a cotton clotli. lenA'inLi' the head and face imcoxered. and in tins condition is [daced in a jiravo. Very few of the ancient funeral usages remain at the present day. though some traces of superstitious cereinonii's m;iy still be obscrNCil among them; such as jilacing food in the grave, or at di(V rent spots in its immediate vicinity. Sometimes a funeral is conduct"d with a (^erbiiii degree (;!" pcuip. and the coi'j)se carried to its last i'esting-[ilacc foUowctl by haetrnns nmi fuit ulisirvatum.' L'kI, .Vonix Ocfi'.s', p. 2''il. Tiny i iijiiar to n^'.irl with Imrroi' aiil iivoiil with sii|Ptrstiliiim fiar all thusc ;)la(is VHpiitci to CDiitaiu ri'Uiaiiw (ir ( viilciiccs of tin ir fc.iin'r n liLiioii.' >/(" Wi//',-; Kfpl >i\ T'liiciiitiju-c, ]). MT,, Sic fnrtlii'i-: M'l^'i M x . toin. ii , jip "i', ! "; (Jlinrniii/. ltii'iiii-!i Aiih'r'K'iliiii's, pp. '2i\'>. 'JMti; Hnnimi, (/.ic/ l)isriij,._ (.im. jj . l)t ii., fol. 2S1-2, -J'.M), ;tl:t. :t;2, :!;{•") (i. :!'.»7; //., r-ii^lfi //;-',, fnl. 11(1, Muni, ill iiiiriii/, HiCdinifii, '••iitn, pp. 1)0, !(li; I)tic, I'liic.. tmii. iv., p. 2"i7. wi liitri.sc/'i/)., tiiiii. ii.. pt ii.. fi)l. :)2'.); Ilmzi. in Itriiylrn Vnni- <(■(•(). t ail. i.. 11. MIS; .][iintii, Vi.ijikii. tolll. i., ]>. Ullt; flirniisilarl', ill l.diiil. (ii'ixj. Sii\. J.mr., vnl. xxxii., p. 'il:!. ' .\y f'U <-ta tii'lT.i iiiiii'lia (linii-iiilai! cl(^ yci lias iiU'dii'iiiali'H, ('(111 cpii' sc ciiran los n itiu'ali'S.' 11 rrmi, y/i.s'. '/'■»., dee. iii., 111>. vii . cap. iii. 'I'iu' Maya 'salic las virtmli < de Iim1;in lti-< Jilantas iMtiini si hnliiist' csliidiadu lintaiiica, ciinoci' los vi'!H'ii.is, Ins mil dii- tiis, V III! S(; ki ocailtaii los ciliuiuiti's.' Oiutco y Jkrni, O'm'^ 'u/ai, pp. I'lH, IGJ, 'its. ^Mi 1; i S.I 6G8 WILD TRIBES OF MEXICO. r ! t; f III! liorn-blowcrs, and tuiikiil-dnimmcrs. As in tlio case of the central ^[exicaiis, a memorial dav is ol)served, Avhen much respect in sliown for tlie memory of the dead, at ^vhicll times fruits, hi'ead. and cakes are placed upon the graves ci The character of the inhabitants of the Teluiantepec isthnuis and Yucatan is at the present day one of docility and mildness. With a few exceptions they arc kind-hearted, confidinix. and irenerous. and some lew of them evince a high degree of intelligence, although the majorit}' are ignorant, superstitious, of loose morality as Me esteem it, yet a[>[)arently unconsci(jus of Avmng. Cayetano ^h)i'0sa_\s they are far superior to the average American Indian. The Zapotecs are a bold and inde- j)endent people, exhibit many intellectual ([ualities, and are of an impatient disposition, though cheerful, gentle, and inoifcmsive; they make good soldier^: they are fanatical and superstitious like their neighbors. The women are full of vivacity, of temperate and industri- ous h;ibits. their manners are characterized l)v sin i less I'atlu'i' than modesty, and they are full of intrigU' To this nation th*- Mijes present a complete contrast ; of all the tribes w ho inhabit the istlunus. they are the most brutal, (h'gradi'd. and idolatrous; they are grossly stu- ])i(l yet stiibJM.rn and ferocious. The Chontidc> and ( 'holes ar>' barbarous, fierce, and quarrelsome, andgivatly addicted *.» witcbcruft. The Ciijonos Mud \exit/;is. of Oajaca. arc of a c<>\ etous and malicious nature, dishon- est in their dealings, and nmch inclined tothiexing. The Zofpies are more rational in thcii- behavior; although they are ignorant and int«ifiip«ratc in their habits, they are natiu'ally kind and obligiii'.'. as mcH as pntiiiit and enduring. The lluaves are iicficii'ut in iutilli- gence, arrogant and iuho-pitab]*- ♦.. strangers, md of a reticent .and perverse dis|M»«*iti(>ii. TIh Mi/l<"s are r'' Tfnhin.i'-i'diiipiins, in XiiureUci .hmales (1e:i I'-v ]>*-i3 toiii, \cvii., p. fil: l^(.^•(•.) .lA.r., tiiiu. ii., p. T)."!. ■ Eii riiitiiltti. • ■* ii.Hios iisnn ' < • n- nii'iii IS supi'i'slicios IS eu sns .s('[iulturiis. Si K'H\' I. ..•ir iiis. liiriiliis, y lilii rahs.' Ncxitz.is 'ustutos, uiiilicinsos, iiirli iiiiilus I'l ic)l)(js, V (itsiu'iitos, {•D'.i iitros C'trniiios siiinvsiicic)S(ps, uiii>itiim))iii(li)s a iil( uiisiiis, y li' clii/A'ros.' ISdnin'i, (Inij. l)istrlfi.. tmii. i., j.t li., fill. 151, torn, ii., i)t ii., fol. 202, WVl, also f,,l. 'iiil, 211. 22.S. -71, 2h2, '2'.(4. ;f3.-), -loi), CUdlt's, 'uaeioii . .. furoz, ^'lurriTii (' iiKltpiiiiliiiiti .' I'lulhi, in Oniicii 1/ 111 yra, lii'iiirnfid. y. lf>7. ' Sifudo los Iiulins JliMsde iiatinal ftTDZ, l)ad)ai'ii, y (liiro, ntn iiniiri n scr tratadus am as|jti(za, y rii;or.' Jliirilu, Ti'iitro /-.'Vcs., ti)iii. 1., p. 224. Sti' furtliir: I'tni-'inn. /''ilcstin IHM., jt i.. fnl. ml; Oi->i:ro y Hiirn- '/""inifi'it. pji. l. 2(i'.'; Ilniiiisilui/, in Lmnl. UiDij. >iii\, ,/()i(/'., Vol. \xxii., ji. i^^'^^, ll'inntrH's 'I'climtiiU'pn-, ])p. 2i(i 7; lli'inmij, liiiini'S Aiiirririilins, pp. 2oS 'J, 2h7; Orh'hi, U'iM. 'n /'., toiii. iii., p. 43!t; MiDikniif'inll. MiJii-'>, toni. ii., pt i., p. "200; l)<(iiii>iii's \'('!/ii^tri> Ym-itlvro, tdui. i., pp. 'l\)\-',\\ liiiczd, ill Id., torn, i., pji. HlCi-K, 174; Mnr'lit, \'nijniii\ torn, i., p. 148; Ufrrfni, Hid., oint of this division touches the tifteeiitli degree of north latitude. A subdivision of this group is made and the jiarts are called the I'vnlral Mexicans, and the Southern Mixirans, i-espectively. lu the former I include the nations north of an imaginary line, drawn from the port of Acajiulco, on the Pacific coast, to Vera Cruz, on the Gulf of Mexico, and iu the latter all those south of this lino. Going to the fountain-head of Mexican history, I find mentinned certain names, of which it is now imjiossiblc to determine whether they are diti'er- ent names applied to the same people or different peoples, or whether they iire mythical and apply to no really existing nations. Still less is it possible to give these strange names any definite location; instance the Toltecs and the ('hichiiiiecs, ami indeed almost all early designations, very common names used to denote very uncommon people. Sahagun is the only one of tho oldest writers who mentions the n.'ime of Toltecs, which in later years was us( d by Ixt'ilxochitl and Boturini, and after them bandied about more freely by modern writers. After the conquest, the name Chichimecs was applied to all uncivilized and unsettled people north of the valley of Jlexico, extending to (he fiirthist discovered region. Of still other nations nothing further can be said than that they occupied the cities to which their nam<' was applied; such were the Mexicans, or Aztecs, the Tlascaltecs, the Cholul- tecs, and many others. Home general remarks respecting the locatiim of the princii)al civilized nations, will be found in vol. ii., chap, ii., of this worl;; and all obtainable details concerning the many tribes that cannot be deti- uitcly located here are given iu volume v. The ihi'iii'iiii'S or Giants are mentioned as the first iidiabitants of ^lexico, •Los (iuinauielin, gigantes que viviiin en esta rinconada, (pie se die(> ahora Nueva I'l^pafia.' [.HliLrochitl, lichiciones, in Kiniigbomutili's .I/i'.i'. Anliij., vol. ix., p. :i-'; /'/., Jlixt. Cltirliimerit, in 7'/., p. 205. ' lios (pie hasta agora se sabe, aver i.'orado estas Estendidas, y Ampliudisimas Tierras, y Regioiies, de 1,1 Xiii'va \: ')iu"ia, fueron vnas Gentes mui crecidas de Cuerpo, (pio llama- rou desMues otros (iuinaiurtin.' Ti)riiiii')ii(nla, .Mnwini. //k/., torn, i., p. 1)4. 'Les Qiiiiiaiui's, la p'.us ain-ienne des races connues de ces contri'es, ('taieiit encore en i)oss(!ssion iV' (juehpies lociditi's de pen d'importanc(^ pn'-s des villes de Huitzilapan, de tu-'tlaxcohuapau ct deTotomihuacan.' Jintasntr ilc JiDurliiiiii-'i. Hid. Xdf. (^'ir., t(im. i, p. IIKI. ' Su domination s'l'teudait sur les provinces inti'rieiires du Mexiipie et du Guatemala, et, a r('po(iue dii OLMECS AND XICALAXr.VS. 671 (1 'barquomnnt ili^s Olinr'quos ot ilf^s Xiciilancns, les liistoirrs noas la mon- trclit encore (>ii jiossissiou (In iiliiteim iizteque et lies coiitii'is ^oisines (ill fleiive Tiibivseo.' />/., in Xnure.lks Aiinaks (ks Voy., 18.')S, tdiii, dviii., ]>. 258. 'Vivian li.'tcia las liberas del rio Atoyac, eiitre la eiiulail ile Tlaxca'.a y la ile la I'uehla du los Angfk'S.' Wyt'ut, Ifist. Ant. .WJ., bnii. i., jip. 2S, IC! 1. The 0/)»ers and Xir.altiicns wvrc ' los que poseian i sti' Niuvo MuiuId. 'ii esta teiT(n'a ed.id.' LtlULroi'hltl, Hist. ('Iiirliiinccn, in I\"niiisli"riiii(jli's Mr.r. Aidii]., vol. ix., p. 'ilLj. ' Ohuecas, \ ixloti, y Mixteeas. Estos tides iisf llania- dos, I'.st.ui •■'icia el naeiliiiento del sol, y llaniaides laailiii !i titanic, jKin|ue halilan lenyua lifirhara, y dieen cpui son Tulteeas.' Sdhniiiiu. Hist, (ii'ii.. toni. iii., lil). X.. p. I'M'). ' Estos poMaron, domle uora e., 'l"i\ M niVtitit. Hist, lu'li's.. )ip. Iiri-fi: Mutilinin, llis.t. fiiilios. ill l.ii:l,iilfitil, Cdl. lie />(ii\, tdlll. i., Ji. 7. ' \'llilecal]|i ] oblo tainbien iniichos JiiLjares in mpiella parte, a do a.u'ora esta la eindad de iis Angeles. V iiii!iil)i() los Totoiiiiuacau, Vicilajiaii, Cuetlaxeoapan, y (Uros iiNsi. Xie.ilancallh aiiduiio mas tierra, llego a la mar d( 1 iioite. y en la cosm liizo muelios plleblos. Peru a los dos mas I'lillcipales llalilo de sil im ^ino nombre. El vn Xi< .ilanco esta en la piiniincia di Maxcalciuc n. que is eerea de la Vera I'm/, y el otro Xicalaiieo esta eeica de 'I'auasco.' li.nu'irn. Ciiiiq. Mi.f., fi.l. 'i'.t.l. ' Ilaeia .\tlisco y llzueau los xicalaueas; yeiieltei- ritoiio de la I'uibla, Choi olali y Tlaxcallan los ulniecas, eiiya ]ilimiliva y principal Jiolilacieii diceii liaber sido la ciudad de> ClioUolan.' }'ii/liii. Hist, .{lit. Mij., toiii. i.. J). !.'):>: Urnsstur dn Uonrhunrii, Hist. Sot. (ii ,, tnm. i.. j>p. I'.i' 11, I'.Mi; /(/., I^ojitil \'iili. iiitrod., p, xxx; Oniianj lliiid, iJi'nmirn, p. lU^; A ■•roviuciu do Aciipoueta; al Este los de I oh.tUui, G72 TllIBAL BOUNDARIES. y al Snr qniercn nlc,ninns quo se exticndii Imsta las orillaH del rin Gmiido '\ Tololotlaii . . .fl Niiyarit so fxtii'iulc fiitrc liis 21 ' liO' y 'l',\ dc liii., y fiitri' los 5' y (i ill' loii{{. occ'idi^ntal de Mi'xico.' Orozco y Ikrra, Gen 7'((((i(\s inhabit the state of Queretaro, ' treinta leguas distante de 1? <-x]ires,ida Ciudad de Queriitaro, y se estieude a cien leguas de largo, y treiuui de unolio, on cuyas breiias vivian los Indios de la Nucion runu',' J alov. THE OTOMtS. c:3 M'lit ih' Jnnip''rn Sirr((. p. 2.T. ' I'ti In iiiision do Trrro Priotn di 1 Estiulo (li- Jlc'xicn, sc fxtiiiiilc jiriiicipalinciiti' imr Ids jiiicblos (Ic Sun Luis I'dtosf, y tiinihicn sc Ic ciiciu ntni en C^iuii'tiiro _v cu ( luiuiajiuito.' Orii:iii y l.urn, iir(i/iii, jip. IS, •i^.C, ■J.^'i-2. 2(il. ' Kii Sun Luis ile lii I'liz, tc viiloiii) ilv hi Sierra Cioid.i. .. .(u lit I'iiulad (1(1 Miiiz, !>( iiartaimiitii dc Suu Luis I'otDsf ... en la run'siina Conccpeioii de Ariicdo, in la Siinu (nirda.' rbuint'l, ('undrii. ti Till' 01 V onus arc o 111' of the most widely dispersed nations of ]\rexic ' Todo 111 alti) dt' las inontanas, o la mayor jiarte, a la ridonda de .Mink estan llen.is de ( Uc una gran piovimi L I calie/.a (le sii seuorio creo que es Xiloti a, y las |irovineias de 'Idllan y Otomjja casi todas son ik ellos, hiu contav (piu en lo hneno de la Nueva Esjiana Lay nnulias jKjljla- clones du istos Oti do 1( (in; lies procei Ic n los<'Li()iii M<,h.li Jfist. IihUos, ill Irinliillrilil. i'nl.ili- J)'i\. ' Tja ;_;randisima rrovimia, 6 Iteinn de Ins Oto- lielif'ua (,)t( mies, (lUe eoye ,i 1 1 [ Tula, Xiloti Call- V- d. stc ]; Cliiaji; Xii|niliileii, .\tiic]iaii. y (^Uien taro, en etiio medio de estos TueMns nfeiidos, ai otro inuiiieralili s, jioiijue 111 eraii sus (rentes.' /(/., ji. "J'^T. " Xi'nti jiequo jirovilieia Otiuiiiis haliitata. J.'i'l. Orl\ !>• ;:il. ' La Jroviiiiia dcj^li Otoniiti eoniiiieiava Jiella ]iarte settentvioiiale della Valli^ Mi ssieaiia, c si eontiliuava per i[>i( lie niontaiilie verso tramontana sino a novalita niieljn dalla Cai'itale. Soora liitti i ,'lii aliitati. elie v' i rauo lieii niolti. s' iinial- ;ava TuntiLM o poleliro Cittii di Tollaii [o;_'yiiri Tula,] e (pirlla di Xilntip' I'liti-liirii, Stiirhi Ant. il'l .Vc 1). toin. i., p 111. I 11 HUeli nt times th ' uccuparono un tratio di terra di pii'i di trecento miglia dallo montagiio d'lzuiiiiuilpaii verso Maestro, conlinando verso Levantc, c ver.so Ponentc con altru Xa/.ioni parimentc stlvaj^gie.' Later: ' foiidarono nel ]i(i( so d'Arin- Iniiic, ed anehc nclla stessa Valle di Messico int'initi liuiglii; la mn;4i;ior parto d'essi, spi'zialminte i pifi graiidi, eonie )a. lut lour oapitale. ' /w -v-axr •in liiiarhourij, Pufi'-l Vidi, intr'J . p|i. xx^.. ex. ^^wn'taro 'fue sii mpro doniicilio do los esfoMiuloH O»(ioiiiiti"< ...llinuii Vul. I. i.i ' 071 Tmr.AL BOrNDAKIES. ])iilil .ilii tiiild lo (ilto (Ic las Moutafiiis, (jiic cirfUiKlaii ;'i Mexico, siciiilo pa1)i>- ci'iM di' inda la I'riiviiiria Otlidini Xiliit(|i(i', tiiU' la liaceii iiunii insa los J'lK l)!..-; ill' 'rcjicxic. Tula, lliiirliia|iaii, Xiqiiiliio, Atixpali, 1 1 Jlixiiuilal, S. Juan (111 Kid. y Qiici'itam.' /•.syu'/nw;, ('hrnn. AjKistMirii, jiji. 1-2. 'J'lu' Olinui l.Ui:_'tia'^'i' ' sc li' fiiruclitra dilTainadii pur i-\ Jv-itailu dc ]\Ii''Xii'<)rti\ 11' , I'lielila, Veracni/ y 'I'laxeala.' /'/ ). 117. ('diicnri'eiit authorities: //'/.>.<(/, M<.i-., 'i'"il. tdlll. X., IP. ;jj:3; M7(;-(/',s Mv. vol. ii.. p. ;J|.' Mulii' iipj'urdl. Mijiro, toni. ii., pt ii., p. 177; \\'(ij>ih'iiis, Gvinj. n. ■'^Inl., ]> mi, ISN, l'.li;-l; Kliiiiiil, CilllHr-lirsclnrhti', tolll. v., p. 1'.):!; 'i'lll'llni, ill .l//e J'jli, Ti «trt. 1> dim ir, r,ir Cliiirrlilirs Ci'l. V (iilfs. tolll. iv., p. ")!;!. ' Ilaliitait les liords dii ^'dlfi' du Mexicpie, depiiis la province I le 1 aimed juscpiall .Nueces Jh. I'll, till Ifi 'i lie M i.ahiiiis • fiiKiud teiu|id fa )iaile della Na/.idiie Otdlnita. . . . I ]i: ciptili liioi^lii da loro aliitati eraiio sulle iiioiiti I'cidelitali della A'alli SI essic.ill.l. (■ cdiiipoili V.llld la I'rdvincia di Ma/aliuacun, apjiarleiK nh Cdl-dil I (li 'L'ac'.lba.' Cl'iriicrn. ,'^lniiii Ant, ilil .lA.s.s'icd, tdlll. i.. ]i[i. 1 111 •")!); fdpied ill liriil'iit II Siiriiiiiiili), Sirimm ilc biiadnlnjiu, p. !S;J. •^la/alma, Jla/aliai, ^[.itzalir JLill yii mi. ell Mexico y on :\Iicli. i: tieiiniiis del iin|ii I'in a/teea esia tiiliu |iei-ti IK cia al reilio de 'riacdp.aii; sim imi ■bl, IS iii.anMlian Ins limites eiitre sii seAurid v Miclidacaii.' Or 1/ J'' Ik'Ofirnfiit, p. '2'>'\ V [Vi'ce ((ue Sdio ipiedaii ulyiiiid s restds di' la iiacinu lUiizaliu.a en ( i distiito Ixllal lliaca. liertelieclellt te al ]>c'piiitanu'Ut()de ^[I'xi I'iiiimilil. I'li'i'lrn, tdlll. ii., p. IICJ. -An udkI ils eteiidaii'Ut leiirs viUaj^'cs jusipi a pell de distance do I'anciei llniss' ((*• (/(,' liinvh wnV'j, U\s(. X.d. I tdlll. iii., p. 50, The lln'islirK, Hinixtecs, Guastocs, Cnextecas inhabit povtidiis of tl states of \'eni Cruz and Tiunanlipas. 'A los inismos lliiiiiabau rantec.i I'l Paiioteca, (pu! miierc decir honibi'i's del hv^M pasaduro, los cualcs fueion Hsi llaniiK lut'utc so llunian rimtliin, los, y sou los (pio viveii en la, provinciii do V iinucd. que propia- )tlau.' SaliU'iHii, Ilist.Gtti., toiii. iii.. lib. x., p. bi2. ' I'd lluaxtecapaii so cxtendio de Veracruz a Sun Luis I'dtosi, y corria a lo lar^'o de la costa del Gdlfn, hacia el Novte, iirolon;,'Miiddsi^ proVmblenicnte inuy adeiitro de Ta!ii,iiili():is. por Ingares en doiid aliura no Be cnciieiitra ni vestii^io suyo.' Orijirn ij liirrii, (iio-jrctl I' 1200, 1'). ' Cilandd lle''ardn los espauoles, el Int. ir (iiie dcnp abali era la frontera Ndi'd del reiiio de TVxcdco, y jiarte de la del niexii'ano . .11. ly se eonoce sn pais i fl nonibri; de lii Iluaxleca: conipreiide l.i p.irte N >rte del Estado de \eracni/ 3' una fr.u'cion lindante del d(^ San Luis, cdutinandd, al Orieiite, con 1 1 (ieifd de M 'xico, desde la barra di> T.ixpau liisia T'lihipico.' I'iiiivuk'l, t'wulni, toni. i., p. 5. Further inentidU in ( '/cMis, U-iyij >•"'/, in 7V)')iai!.i'-(' iinptn r 'if- H'rie ii., toiu. v., p. 'i'.ts; Mii!dinpfi»'dl, Mjirn, toni. ii., pt i., p. 40; IIiimI, ^fex. (fnnt., p \\'iipj)i'iiin, Ui'i'j. n. Si,d.^ pp. ,'.t.")-0; Sijnkr'ti ('< nl, -l'^ p. 310; \'clla-SLriij); ThuUro, tuiu. i., p. 122. TOTOXACS AND NAIIFATLACS. C75 The Tflonarf! on'upy tln' cnuiitrv ( ^rrxicd dnwu to till' s(ii-<'i>:ist, 1111(1 particularly the stat»^ (if Vcriicrn/ and a portion of I'litlila. ' Kstos Totona(|ii(S (stmi pohluilos ;'i In parte del imrli', y sc (lice scr giliistciiias.' S'lliiiiiKii, Hid. dill., toin. iii., lil). x., |i|i. i:il 1. ''rotoiiaehi. Qilcsta grauile I'rovincia, ch'era pir (piella parte rulliiiia dill' iiiipeiio, kI steiideva ])er bell cclitocilKpiaiita iiiii^lia, coiniiiciaiido dalia frolilii ni (!i Zacatlaii . , .e teriiiiiiaiido iiel ( iolfo ^Icssicaiio. (Hire alia capitale Miz- (liiiluiacau, (juiiulici iiii:;lia a l.evaiile da Zacatlaii. v' i ra la bella (ilia di t.'cmpoallali sulla costii del (ioll'o.' dnri'ii rif Vera I'm/..' [.mi I irni . .!/.. /.. r.M; ;//(/- (ill, ill .1/ Tlii.ifm, t( p. 'M2: Millili iiji/drill, Mijii-i,, tmii. i., p. 20.S; liitlln- Eih lllil, .sil, diiiidi It ell sii'le liliaji .L pni Sllchimilcos. i[UC ijuiere dezir, yente de selliellteras de llores. Est roll a la orilla de la ^'iiiii lic^'iiiia dc ^lexico h.izia el ^bdiodia, y fi fueroll III' OS iiobla Villi ciiid.idde sii iioiiibre, v otios iniirhos liiLjare Ml llCilo d. spiles los (I'l seLjiiudo Iinau!e llamados ('hajeas, (pie si^'iiiliea i,'ente de las b as. y tiiiiibien fiiiidaroli otra ciudad de Suchim'lcos. J,os terceros fueion dc la I'ueiite. V taiubiell poi)laroii La ciibeca de sii iiroviuciii la llimai iiibrc, partii ndo tenuinos con h ■I'ep Uiecas, ipie iplleri lite la orilla de la la'_;iiiia al ( )ciiilenti .Vzciiiiuziilco. las e,-,!! Ion (pie pobliiroii a rczt'i'ico, ipio son los do Cidhiia. ipc ipiiin coma. . . .V assi (picd'i la lai^'iina cercada dc iistas(pial cstos al Orieiite, y los 'I'epair' ■/J v. eillll iro 11 irlolc pobli al Norte .D He <3aH, (pic sii,'iiiliea ^'ei ite dc la siirra . . . Y CS|)UCS 111 hall m li atllll- iroii ocupa los lodos los Uauos ell coiUoruL) dc la liigixnn hii.stu las sierras, piissaruii du la otra parte dc ()7(; TUIHAL BOrN'D.VUIES, In sicnvi. . . . V 11 lariil)0(;ii(l(' sn ])ri>uiiii'iii llnmiiidii Qiialiiinahu'ii^. . . .rpic oitr- riiMi]iiil;iiiiciiti'iiurstri) viili^'o lluiiiii (^ucniiuuK'ii, y luimUii iiroiiiiiciii <'s, lu (pu' (lall, jiassiiroii lii sii'iaiiia lia/.ia «1 (.)lii lite (itliiilissaliilip 1 I sii'i'i'a lli'iiada, ilniidc cst.'i el faliiiiso Imlrati iiitrr Mixico y la ciiiilail ill' Ins .\iiL;rlis. . . .In cillici^ii dc sii iinniiiicia llaniaiim dr su imndiri' 'I'lasi'Ma. . . . La s(']itiiiiu cucua, o liimj^c, (jiif is la nacimi .Mi \ii'aiiii, la ijiial niliio las dtras, s.ilio di' L IS pniiuiii'ias di' A/tlaii, V 'riiii'ulliii.'ii'ali.' ^\c(istii, Hist. i(f Ins )'iiil.. ]i|i, I") IS, llfpcatrd ill ll'mni. Wist, tim., drf. iii., lili. ii., cap. \. Also ill ihinijn'it, Slurkt AhI. ihl Mtsslm, tniii. i., jip. 151 -J, and ill lli-ridii // Sdrmlt nlo, ,Si'riii(M de (iiiiiiliilniii', }). K'j; Oraici) y Jlirrti, (ieiiijriifiii. pp. '.'1 'J. 'I'lii' Ai-nlliiiii-i inlial)il(d the kiiij^'dniii of .Vconiiiacan. ' Su ('i»]iital cm 'l'<'f/ripi'ii, a la milla dil la^ii di' sn lunulirr. . . . La cNtriisinii dil iciiio era: dcsdi- I I dil N. di 1 Sm todii lo (( tic SC CDIIIll iciidc a la liaiuladi 1 Toniiuti h.i^ti il piicitii dc la Vcnvniz. salvi> la <'iiiil id i\f Thu'licala y H Uc- xiitziiii !•■ !!■ h (If Ti xrix'o. (pioti (1 ill (' // /;. rrn. Ill ni/fd I m^ 1'1> •J(0--J Juan I>. I'miiar tija lo^ Ifniitcs del rciiiocim liiilala('.\aj.C('iiu'i()n . lis. Tl icir tcrritniv is bouiiilcd: "All iiord-rst, le royauiiie dc Tonalan it !c ten-itoire inaviiiiiic ile Coliiiia cu sunt si'pari's par le rii) I'alltla et le llciivc Coidinay.iiia, aiupicl s'unit cctte liviiic, dix licues avant d'allcv toiiihcv dans la iin r racitii|iic. dniit \v riva'_,'c eontiiiiie eiisuite ;i hnrncr Ic ^lichoacaii, all siid-ouest, jusipi'a Za- eatoilaii. liiuitcs, : La les I'cst ct ili(>s ('.ijiricicuscs dn !Mcxcala liii cniistitucnt iTaiiti d, p mis, a Test eiicoi-c, Ii s lidus iirovinccs dc (■ ixei) et d(! Matlat/ .I'liis iiu liord, (''('taiciit Ics Ma/ahu.is, doiit li fcl-ti lies valli es. ailisl que c lies des Matlat/iucas, ■Icndciit les plus froidi 1,1 ('nrilillere; ( iilin 1 c ciiiir liiajestucux dil alls lis icLtlnns Tololotlall it les rives pittorcsipies dti lae Cli.apala forinaiciit uiie h.irricrc iiaturcllc elitro les Tanisipics et les iioiubreuscs populations othoniies ct chichiuicipics des t'tatsde (i toiu. iii., p[). "):! ixiiato et dc (^ucrctaro.' lirussritr ilr llmirlKU'rii, llisl. .Wd. I'ir. ' El tarasci) sc habla en el Estado d( ilichoaeaii, i xcc])- tuaudu la paric Sur-Oeste (pit; iiuJii cou cl I'ucilico doudc be habla cl nitxi- :iI.VTI,ALTZINCAS AND TLArANECS, G77 ofino. niia itfrincMii jvirtr al Nnr-Kstc. (Idiidf sc acostiiinlirn d otliniiif i'> il liia/ahua, y otra \i.\i\r ilmiclc sc usii tl liiatlal/inca. 'I'ai.iliit ii sc lialila rii i 1 listailii di' ( liialiajllatci, i li l.i ]iaitL' iiuc lilitlil cuii ^f iilinacall y (liladalajaia, liiiiitail.i al Oiiiiili' [iiir una li'iu a (]iit' jmrde ciiiui n/ar i u A( ainliain, st i;uii' raiiiiald V trniiinar on Sail !•"( li 111', I'S ( Iccir, ( 11 Ins l.luitrs cull Sail l.lli> I'ntiisi.' I'ilif litil, ( (Klllrn, tnlll. i., p. -71. ' Kll Miillii:, call, ( ilK IK I'll, (luil- iia jualu V -laliscii.' Onnco i/ llirvn, O'riiiirii/in, jip. "jS, 2I!n, •Jdl, ■271-2. "^M. Coiiciii n lit aiillidrillcs; lidllntln, in Aim r. F.tln •/■/ f/., veil. 1., !■ ■1 ; l.ii'l' ici'i's A'l. l.'iicj., II. \S1\ F((jii l", V(d. ii.. !>. <;7"). //'(;,.. 7.' lOil; W'anl's .lA.r- Tlii' M'itliill:iiirii!>, ririlidiw, or Tuhiciis iiiliabiti il tlic valley nf 'I'duca, Hitiialcd lirtwccii the vallcv of Mexico and Jlicli La I'luv iiicia cl, i ]M,itlat/.iuclii (•( ip: ■iidcva, olti'o 111 vulle di 'Idli in, tultii i|i 11 ■lie v'c iiiliiiii a 'riaxiiiialoyiin (o^'Lji Taxiiimvoa) fruiiticiii del I'-^i HI (il .Miclmacaii . . , Ndl. di 'I'/iiiiilialiilacali, c di liiiilit.i'_;iic ciri'om icini' v' craiio L,'li stati di Xalallauli Malilialcn; in liull liinlla I. iiitallaUiSa \crsii l,i \alili lalla vallc (jUcUo d'Oi'iiillaii, t( (In rso roncntc ijucUi di 'I'o/.aiitla. c di Znl- i-!ifr.") (1 • ( 'niiliiiava iieia eosl.i dci (.'oliiii\cln ipiella del Jopi, o con cpiesta iplella del Mixteihi, eniinseiiit i iii nnstri tempi cnl iininc di Xicavaii.' i lari'ii m, Sl^rin Anl. ild .I/cvm'/o. tnm. II. ;!l; lidliiiCiK, in Amcr. FJIn 'rraiisnrl \(\\, i. 1' I. •Ticali chilcn era sii polilaeioii principal, y se derraniulian al Snr hasta t niixtccns. l)nr:intc el si^'Ui \YI se encoufralian an n pn|io nc.ar cnii Ins TLacote- pcc y ell S.iii Salvador ( linidns eon los otoniii s '. jiiiclilo sil ji tn a (^Miiclioliie, I'nr la parte dc 'I'l Iniacaii, el liniite ile esl.i trilm se hall.d la ell ( n\e,at- m.' Or !/ Ikrrd, (I I'lrnfid. jip. 217-18. The ( Imehns dwell in sixtei n puublo.s in the department uf Iluajiiapan in the stiite of Oaj.iea. /^ A \ ^> ^ ^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716)873-4503 i » 678 TRIBAL BOUNDARIES. Thf C'nlin'.fcan ilwr^'t ill tlio prnviiifo of tlio siinip nninf, wliicli ' ronfiiinva ft Settcutriiiiic (joi Miitlutziiiclii. o coi Tliihtiiclii, ii I'diiciitc coi Cnitluti clii, ii Lfvaiitc coi J()|)i e coi Mixtcclii, cd a Mcxzonioniio si stciidivii intiiio nl Jlar I'acilii'o ]); r (jii* 11a parte, ilovc ju'csciitt im iitc vi soiio il iiortu c la Citta d'Acainilcc).' I hirhjiVd, Sluvlii Ant. ilil Mis.^'no, loin, i., ]>. .''2. 'La jtiMviiicia coiiiciizaba en Za('nal])a, li'niite con los niatlaltziucas, y (jiio, por ultimo, los ronliiics dc csa ])oi'cion antij,'na drl iinpivio ^Icxicaiio, rvaii ill Nortf los Iiiatlalt/.ilKpit's y los tlalmiiplcs, al Lslc los liiixtcfos y los tlapaliecos, al Siir los yojics, y al Ocsto los t'liitlatnplcs.' Ovuzfn ij lUrnt, Uiniirnfid, ])j), 'I'll-Wi. Their country lies 'between Tesitzlau ami Cliilapan.' Kir's Tionls, p. 'j;i;{. The Ciiilldli'rs inhabit the country between (he Cohuixcas and the I'acitic (^'oast. ' I Cuitlateehi abitavano nil paese. elie si stc iideva jiifi di i1u!,'< iito iniulia da llaestio a Seiroceo dal rei,'iio di lliehuacaii iiitiiio al mar raeitico. l.ia loro eapitale ( ni la f^raiide e popolosii citta di Jlexcalti jmc sulla costa, della (plale ap[)ena sussistoiio le roviiie.' Clnr'nuni, Slavii ^\)it. dil .1/<»/m>, toni. i., p. .'i-'. ' ]",ii Ajucliitlaii, San ( 'ristc'ibal y Poliutlaiii la muiii(ii>aiiilad di^ Aju.'hitlaii, distrito del misnio noinbre, y en Atoyac, disliilo y iimiiici- Jialiilad de T<'cpaii. La proviiicia de los cuitlate(iiies I'l euitlateeos, siiji ta en lo aiiti^'uo a los eiuperadores dt^ Mexico, (piedaba comi)r< iidida (litre las do Zacatula y de los (joluiixcpies.' Ornzco i/ lli rni, (noiirofji, pp. '233-1. rroceedin;^' soul li ward, amouf,' the Soi'THKitN Mkxicans, we first encoun- ter the M'nliiS, whose province, Miztecaiiaii, was in the i)reseiit states of Oa- jaca and (ii:. rrero. ' La Mixtecapan, o sia I'roviuciu dei llixtei hi si sti udi vii da .Vcatlaii, luo^'o loiitiiuo cento veiiti mij^liadalla corte verso Seirdcco. iutino id Mar I'acitico, e conteiieva piu Citt.'i <^ villai,"4J ben popolati, e dicoiisidera- bil I' comnu rcio. rl,n i;l''ri), Stona A)d. il'l M>. toiii. i., j>. ;!'J, 'L( Mixt( capall eoiiipreliait les I'l'j^'ions occidelitales de I'etat d'Oaxai a, di puis la f roiilii're septeiitrionale d'.Vcatlan, (jui le srparait des jiriiuipauti's des 'I'lahiii- cas et de -Mazatlaii. juscjue siir le riv.i^e de I'oci'an ra(ili(]ue. I'.lh s so divisaiiiit en haute et basse Mixtc(]Ue. I'iuk' et raiilre ej^'alfiiieiit f< rlili s. la jireiiiirre resserree cut re les moiita^'liesqiii lui doiinaient son iioiii; la seeonde, occupant les riches territoir«s des bonis de la nier, ayaiit jioiir (apilale la villc (If Tutiitcpec (a rembouchuro dii rio Verde).' Jinism nr ilf liiiid-liniirii, toiii. iii.. p. 4. ' Les Mixtr(|ues doiinaient eiix-niciiies a leur i/ (liiudzavui-(hnihu, Terre de pluie, pour le haute ^lixteipie, ft (Siiuundaa, Cnte de la nier, a la basse.' A/., pji. o-d. ' Kn la aiiti^ua juo- vincia dc (ste niuubre, situada sobre la costa del 1' lico, (pie coni- prclide actualuieiite, liacia el Norte, una fiacciou del llstado de riitbia; liacia el Ksle, una del de Oajaca, y al Oestc, parte del Estado de (liu rn ro. Div dese l.i Mixt( ca en alta y ba ja. esfando la priinera ( n la sdlaliia, y la iie,L;uiida ell las llannras coiitiguas a la costa.' J'hinnld, Viuiilni, toiii. i., p. 'Si. ' Westlicii der Zapoti'cos, bei San I'l'aiuisco lIu:zo illl Nordi 11 •ilid. bi i Banta Cruz Miztep('c ini Siideii des ^rossen 'I'liales von Oajaca Ik L;iiiiii ii dii! Misti'keii, welchc den f,'anzen westlicheii Theil des Staats einiK linu ii, und si'idlich bis an die Kiist(^ des .Austral-Oceans bei .Janiiltepec mid Tutut(]ii'c liinabreichcn.' M'ulih upjurill, Mijim, t( pt i., pp. ll'J, 1H7, l',i'J-i;, I'.IS- 9, •201-'2. Also iu Wiipitiiiis, (kaij. u. .^I'd., ji. KlU. z.vroTErs and mijes^. C.79 Tiio X'ipiihr<: nfcujiy tlic lai'j^i' Vulli V uf Oiijucn. 'I'llf lil ZiilKiticapllIl Sciiuva. _v tall ii)i(mIiimi1ii ili' liis diluas dc su Oli/miti', inif iiliiliiriii-<{is siis l{i,'Vi'S,r(iiii|iiri()ii Ins ti'iiiiiiKPS ill r su liiiill(li), V sc flitral 111 ft 1 ii/.i s. V valii liti piil'Cliniitalis, Mijcs, y til lias iiiaiitiiiias ilf aiiilms iiiaii s ili i (ll 1 Nliltl! . . . .y viiiciiiiild, hasta Si ficinai' Ins fiitilis llanos ili- 'I'l^uaiilii i ijin . y i ir- rii'iiili) liasta Xiu'iiiiiisrii.' /,'"/■(;<.((. '<'i(.i/. liisiriji.. toiii.i.,]'t ii.. fnl. r.'i;. imii. II.. fol. :)(12. ■ liasta 'I'l'iiriaf, 'richaliiaclialco, l.hiiilidl.ii- y '1 i ulniacali. (pio liiirai|ili ilii-ili ijiii' liifii'iiiii siis Jinlplac-inliis los /a]Hiti cas.' \'< i/Hn, y/i'.v/. Alit. Mij,, tiiiu. i., \t. \'i'.]. ■ \ Livaliti' di'" ^lixtirlii rlaliu i Zitjiuti ilii, ciisl a]iitalc TidtzaiMitlaii. Nil Inni ilistri ttn iia la \'allr ili cliiaiiiati dalla lo Hnaxyarac. da^li S(ia^:iniii]i di tia Oaxai'a n (iiiaxac-a.' ' Vi /', .1-./. lilliitada al Slir iior ll racticd, ixci'jitnaiido una pi cim fia fiaiiimi dc trinim im ujadii ]inr Ids I'lliiiitalis.' /' • ill I, I'mnh' liiUl. \i. ;fr.t. ' /•/•(/, (niiijriti III. pp. 177-S7: Miirijiiiii 1/ h'liliirili, in >"<•. .lA /;../,/; tnlll. vii.. ])p. "Jll-li. 'Till' Zapiitiis cnnslitnti' tllf },'lrativ ]iait Ilf ihr | iijni- latiiiii Ilf till' sinithiin divisiun uf liii' Istliniiis (uf 'I'lliuanti pr /;. «/■, itiil talili' lands 'J'l hiiiiiil' jiir. p. 'l-li',. ' Inlialtit till- raiilii' jilainsand tlir i fioui 'I'aiifa tul'i tapa.' .^Im/ilill'ti h'.rjilnr. 'J'l Imnnti jnf. ji|). li."(, ll!.! 1; 'inini/'s 'J'l liiiiliili jir<\ p, .")',»; Fiissil/, Mixhjii Jlitti' drs Sta.itis. das ^'inssr Thai dii' (itliiii'r Vim Huix.'i/.u, Iztl Jiji. \V.\H, 47(1. ' Zapoti riis. \Vi Irlif dio 111 ( )aja 1. nil 11, sirli ill! ( )sli 11 id Mr ind 'lam tzi' und dii- 'I'liali r Lns ( aii'.iius ailslii-i itrii, mid im Siidcli. iiii I'ailidu (^udidiapa (l)ipait. 'I'l huantipi'i' ) uiit di'U Mijrs, iiii raitidii von I'oiliutia 1 Dipait. Ilji'itia) alii r niit di n ( Imn- t.'ilcs. Naililiaiiii jriicr. ^,'ianzi Mil hi I iijiinnll, Mijii'i), ti pt i.. PI. Ml, 17(1, 17:i-(;, IHK-c, is'.t, r.il, l'.i'.». -JliJ-l;!; ir.(/i/i/;i(.'.-, ^■«l,(;. n. >////., p. id: ' Les Zapoti'-ijUt'S appeliiieiit li'iir pays Ijaidua.' Ilriissi nr ih lU Nat. <"u\, toiii. iii., p. IIS; Mni'iivniiir '"I'll, Uhl. 's I'liiiin tis i>f Anil n V MS. The -l/')'.''' dwiU ill the nioiiiitaiiis of snuthcrii Oajara and in a small por- tion of Ti'liuanti'i)! .Vnti'iiiui'ciui'iit h lu rniiif dc rciiipiir tolti ipu ll Jliji's ocfUiiaifirt tout lu tcrritoire df rislluPf dr 'riliiiantijii', d'lnir iiu r a r.iutre.' Jinissi'iir ill' ItDiti'lionrii, I'"//. 'I'l linnnli jur. ]>]>. l.i'^ '.'. ' Toiiti ci iii- r' gion, ciiiiipii n.iiit, a Test, les liniis do la SiiTV.'i dr Mm uilajia ipn- dominc li; villayo ai'tui'l hnaiiti'ii«'e. . . De la chuiiit' dcH inoiits MijcH (li'sceiul la riviiTt! do Sarrabia, qui travcrso la bflK' plaiuo de Boca-dtl- Monte.' l'\)si<-y, Mfxiqw, p. 4'J. 'The Mijcs, oiico a iH)\v«'rful tribe, inhab- it tlu! inouiii.'ins to tho west, in tlio eontral division of the Isthnuis, mid arc now continul to the town of San .luau Ciuichiiovi.' limimrd's Tihxtan- irpec, p. 221; Mont'iuns, Ximwe Wicnld, j). 'i'iJJ; Ikriiicsilur/, in Loud. Gioi/. iSofl., Ji.itr., vol. xxxii, p. '>4.7. ' The Mijes constitnled fornioily a jtowerful nation, and they still ocoupj- the land from tlio S^ierra, north of Tcliuaute- poc, to the district of Chiapas. In tlio Isthmus thfv only inhabit the village tif Guit'hicovi, and a small portion of tho Sierra, which is never visited.' Garai/a Tihwiiiteiier, p. (W. Also Miicijreijor's I'roijnus of Amefira, p. 849; Orozeo 1/ Ikrni, (Inniriiflu, pp. 17(>-7. The lliotns, Iluavi, Iluabi, Iluabes, Gnavi,AVubi, etc., live on the Isthmus of TehuanteiK'c. ' Les Wabi avaient etc, dans lessiccles pass('s, possesseiirs de la province de Tehuantepee. . . .lis avaient etc les maitres du riche teni- toire de Soct)inis<'o (autrefois Xoconochco. . . .esi)cce de nojial), et avaient etendu leiirs eonquetes jusqu'au sein nienie d(s niontagnes, oil ils avaient fondi' oil a<'crii la ville de Xala]>a la (irande (Xalapa-ih'l-Manpies).' Jlrassnir til- Jiottrhiiui-ii, Hist. Xtit. Cu\, tom. iii., p. H. 'The Knaves are in all little more than three thousand, and occupy the four villages of the coast called San Mateo, Santa Maria, San Dionisio, iind San Francisco." liitnii/a 'IMntaw i'lnc, p. ■'•D. 'Scattered over the sandy peninsulas formed by the lakes and thol'acitic. .\t present they occupy the four villages of San ilateo, Santa Ma- ria, San Dionisio, and San Francisco.' Ikin«irirs Tilmnut' jur. p. 'i27. ' Sau Francisco Istaltcpec is the last vil'age, inhabited by the descendants of a tribe called lluaves.' Jkniicnilort', in Lund. (Uoij. t^oc.., Jmir., vol. xxxii., p. 516. ' Ilabitent les villages du bord de la nier au sud de Giuchicovi.' Fos- sry, Mi'xiijiie, p. -1(17. SItitfeldi's Ju'j>lor. TclnKinUper, p. 120; Miihloijifurdl, Mi'j'ii'it, torn, ii., pt i., p. 141. 'Se extienden en Tehuantepee, desde laS playas d(l I'acitico hasta la Cordillera interior.' Onnm y Jkrra, Gvmjrafia, ]>p. 17;i-C. The lUul-Xonos ' composaient nne province nonibreuse, occujuuit en par- tie les routes (pii conduisaieut au Mexique et aiix montagnes des Mixi. . . . Leur ville principale, depuis la conquete, s'appelait San-Francisco, a 15 1. N. O. de l.i cite d'Oaxaca.' 'Habitant sur les coniins des Mixi et des Zapo- teques.' Hidssittr de linurhoHrij, Hist. yal. <"ii\, torn, iii., pp. 42-^ 'Les Beni-Xono sont appeh's aussi Nexicha et Cajones.' /^. The Ma:(di'cs live in the state of Oajaca, near the riiebla boundary. 'A Tramontana dei Mixtechi v'era la Provincia di Mazatlan, e a Tramontana, (^ a Lcvante dei Zaiiotechi c(juefia fraccion eu cl li'mite cou el Estado de Veracruz.' Orvzco y Lara, GcoijraJ'ia, p. 188. TRI15i:S OF OA.TACA AND CIIIArAS. C81 The r»(Vrt/w» . 'i')!*. ' In ilen I'avtiilos Tcnlitlitn nn»l Teuti'lii, Dt'partt'nu'Ht Tentitlau del ("amino.' Mulile)i)>forilt, Mijirn, toni. ii., pt i., p. 141; ri'iK'att'd in Urvzco y Jkiru, Ovoijrdj'iu, i)p. 1S8-D; Wnjijiiius, O'eoij. It. >ya<., p. It;;}. The I'lihufos live in the 'piicl)lo do Elotepcp, Departanionto dol Centre' Orozco y Jkrra, (jeogra/kt, p. 197; Muhlenpfordt, Mijico, torn, ii., pt i., j). 187. The SoUevs are in the pueblo do Sola. Omzm y Ikrrn, Gfoitin{.,' sniull iK)rtionH of GufrnTi) and Tt'- linauti'pcc. ' A Toncst, Mir Ic vcrsant dos CordilliTcs, une ^ranile partio do la coto baij,'ni'o i)ar It; Paoiflrpio, halntt'o par los Indiens Pintos.' IC'rutry, iu JiVi'ue (/c.s Diiix MiiDilis, Sept. 15, IMfKi, i>. i't\). 'On trouvo di'j.'i dans In plaino dc Tfhuiuitopco (iiultpics I'chaiitillons do citto raco touto j articulioro au Moxicpio, appi'lt'o pintu, (jui appartient prinoipahiuout a I'l'tut do GuoiToro.' Chiirmty, Hitiias Ainrrh tihun, ji. .ItVi. The Cltiapiintrs inhabit the interior of the state of Chiapas. 'Dans I'in- terionr dcs jirovinccs bonlant les rives dii Chiapan, a sa sortie 9; Ihrnra, Hist, lien., tlec. iv,, lib. x.. cap. xi.; Lait, Xitrn.i Orlii^, j). 32."). The Z(/L=ifes' inhabit a small district iu Chiapas. 'La eindad de Tzina- cantlan, tpie en niexicano sif,'iiitica "ln},'ar de murcii'lagos," fiu' la capital de Ids tjuelenes, y ilesputs tie los tzotziles ijuit lies la Uamaban Zet/ilha, tpio siguifuM lo misnio; tie zotzil, UHU'cii'lai;ii.' r'numiUl, ('mulni, lom. ii.. p. 215. Tzinacnntan (Quiche Zntzilhai ' tloit avoir t't<' It! btrceau de la iiatimi zotzil, I'line des noiubi'euses ])iipulatious du Chiapas.' Jirnsseur dv Ijimrhciirij, Jli.-^t. Ndl. I'ir., toni. ii., p. 88. The C/if(^';(o,s live in the ' Departanicntos del Centro y de Jamiltepee.' Orozm y Ikvra, Utotjiv/in, p. 189; MulikujiJ'orilt, Mijiro, tom. ii., pt i., pj). 19G-9. The Chindutecs, or Tenez, are in the ' Depnrtamento de Teotitlaii.' Oruzco y Ikrrn, (•'vniptif/a, p. 1K7; Mulilnipfurill, Mijim, turn. ii.. pt i.. ji. 211. 'In the purtidos of Quicchapa, Jahilog, uudChuapun.' jAukicitfsAb. Lamj., p. -10. 682 TRIBAL BOUNDARIES. Tho Ahuriliilron inlinltit Fnn Fmncispo do Ocnnpa whieli ' os In Cahozft de Purti(l') dc los Indios AhnalulcoK.' Alrcdn, 1 tU'rUmanit, torn, iii., p. IKlii. The QikIiiics (iccniiii'd fi district in C'hiiipuH lu'iir tho Guatoiiialii lioniidniy line. ' La nation di'H Qnoli'iu's, dout la onjiitalo I'tait Coniitan, oofiipait lit frontirre giiatrnialicuno.' JIntssvnr de HmtrliDtirii, Jli.it. Xat. dr., toni. iii.. p. 4. ' An toinpH do In con(iuott;, la villo iiriucipalo dos Quolt'nos otait C'o- pnnahua/.tlau.' Hrasscur de Jtourlionrij, Po/iol Vuh, introd., j). 157. ' Kta- Llit'S ciitro lo liant plateau do Clh()v<'l on du Ciiidad-Roal ot los nioutagnoH do Sooonusoo an luidi.' Ih.; and .^funt(lHHs, Xifitwi' Wrcrvld, p. 27L Tho XiKims aro scattered over portions of Tnlmsco, Chiapas, Oajaca, and Tehnantepec. ' So oncnontrau dorramados on Cliiapas, Tabasco y Oaxaca; tienen al Norti' el niexicnno y el ohontal, al Esto el tzendaj, ol t/otzil y el chiapanoco, al Snr ol moxicnuo, y ul Oosto el huuvo, el zapotoco y «1 niixo.* Orozco y liirrn, 'leiKjriifla, p. 170. ' Occupy tho mountain towns of Santa Maria and San Miguel, and number altogether about two thousand souls.' ShiifeldVs Explor. 7\huanle])ec, p. 1:20. 'Los Zotzilos ot les Zoqui, confinant, nu sud-cst, av(>c les Mixi montagnards, an nord avec los Nonoliualcas, et los Xicalancas. qui habitaiout les territoiros fiu'tilos de Tabasco.' Jlrii.ssntr dv Jioitrhiiunj, Jlisl. Xut. CU:, torn, iii., \). 5. ' Quorum prjociimnm Tecpat- lan.' J/tit, Xiii-us Ofb'is, p. 325. 'The Soqucs, who came originally from Chiapas, inhabit in tho Ii-thmus only tho villages of Sau Jligui'l and Santa Maria Chimalapa,' Uamy'tiTehuantcjivr, p. (JO. ' La mayor de ollas esta situada k tres leguas de Tacoialpa, aguas nrriba del no do la Sierra. Ocupa un po(iueuo valle causado por el dosconso de varios cerros y colinas (pio lacircuyou.' I'iiiH'iUii, Cuudm, toni. ii., pj). 2UG-8; Miihlmpfordt, Mejico, torn, ii., jit i., pp. 181-2; Muoirvijor' s rroijrvsfi of Auicvka, pj). 81'J- 50. ' Tho Zoquos inhabit the mountainous region to the east, from the \alley of tho Chiiipa en the south, to tho Rio del Corte on the north. Original!}' occupying a small province lying on tho confines of Tabasco, they were sub- jugated by tho oxpoditiou to Chiapas under Luis Mariu. At present thoy iiro contined to tlm villages of San Miguel and Santa Maria Chimalapa.' JiitriKird't! Ti'li Petrn, lo Honduras nn^'lais, et la partie orientale do Tabasco . . . -La seule portion de \)nrc race restant de c<'tte j,'rande nation, se reduit ii qneliiues tribiis eiiarses, habitant principalenient Ics bord.s dcs rivieres Usu- niasinta, San Pedro et Pacaitun; la totalite de lenr territoire fait, politiiine- luent parlant, partie du Peten.' Udlhiiln, in Xotivilles Anltal^s ihnl'iii/., ]h34, torn. Ixiii., pp. 148-9, and in Lontl. (ieoii. Soc, Jmir., torn, iii., i>. it'J. ' Lii todo el Estado de Y'ucatan, Isla del C.'irnien, pueblo de llontecristo en Ta- basco, y del Palencpie en Chiapas.' I'imentil, Ciuulro, toni. ii., ]). H; ('rum's Cent. Ami't'ka, pp. 4(5-7; Miille); Aincrihwdiiche Uirdiijionen, \). -i'tS; M'ulden- pj'onlt, Mijko, toni. i., ]>. 208; Waiqiiius, Geoij. u. Stat,, jip. 142-;i. The lUd.i occupy a like-named district in the centre of Yucatan. ' Los (pie poblaron a Chicheniza, so llaman los Yzaes.' llirrcra, lllM. (Im., dec. iv., lib. X., cap. ii. ' Ticnen por la jiarte del Mediodia, la I'rovimia de la Vera-. Paz, y Ileyiio d(! Guatimala; por el Norte, las Provincias de Y'ucatau; por lu parte del Oriente, el liar; por la de el Occidente, la Provincia dt; Chiapa; y al Siieste, la Tierra, y Proviucia do Honduras.' Villayuticrre, Hid. Conq. Itza, p. 489. CHAPTER YII. WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. Physical Geography and Climate — Thuek Groital Divisions; First, thb NATIONS OF Yucatan, Guatkmala, Salvaimir, Western Honduras, and Nicaragda; Second, The Mosyunos of IIoxduhas; Timu), the na- tions OF Costa Eica and the Isthmus of Panama — The I'DPoLtcAs, PiPiLEs, andChontales— The Desckndaxts op the Maya-Quichk Racks — The Natives of Nicaragua — The Mosquitos, Poyas, Ramas, Len- CAS, T«)\VKAs, WooLWAs, AND XicAQUEs, OF Honduhah — The (IfAiusos OF THE Itio Frio — The Caimanes, Bayamos, Dorachos, Goajiros. Max- piNGos, Savankrics, Sayrones, Viscitas, and OTHERS living in CusiaRicv AND ON THE LsTHMCS. Of the Wild Tribes of Central America, wiiieli tcr- ritoriiil group completcfs the line of our I'acific States wahoard, I make tliree «livi.sioii.s following modern geo- graphical boundaries, nuinely, the aliorigines of Guate- mala, Salvador, and Nicaragua, which 1 call (TiiatoiKtkms; the people of the ^Io.spiito Coast and Honduras, J/os- guitos; and the nations of Costa Rica and the isthnuis of Uarien, or Panama, hthm'uins. The territory occupied hy this group of nations lies between the eighteenth and i\i\ seventh parallels of north latitude, that is to say, bet'vecii the northern bomidary of the (V'litral American states, and the river Atrato, which stream nearly sevc'rs the Isthmus from the South American continent. This continental tract is a narrow, irregular, indented coast-country of volcanic character, in which Cuatemala and Honduras alone present any (081) tU'CHIt \ , _r^~^~- J' > -f— -I' /"> NATIVE RACKS SPACIIF2C STATES CENTRAL AMERICAN GROUP. Sialt* 7 . noo.ooo IL'i StiHutf iitifr.t tv ttti irtrh . HO nrt til n ; 1 I' B4 finm OwiCTtidi '&:: :^ ^ /' --f-- j;ti TB tl t( tl k a il a (li ill til li( (', h wi oi: ist f;a va rn uu pa. th( wl wi ho coc COl ma for in winds continue their cour.se through the ga[)s left here and there, and tend materially to refresh the atmosphere of the Pacific slojio for a part of the year; while the south-west winds. IjIow- ing from May to Octol)er, for a few hours at a time, ))iing short rains to temper what would otherwise he the hot .season on this coast. Dew falls everywhere, except in the more elevated regions, and keeps vegetsition fre.sh. l*alms, plantains, mahogany, and dye-woods ahound in the hot di.strict; maize tlouri.shes he.st in the t''mperate parts, while cedars, pines, and hardier growths find a home in the tierra fria. The animal kingdom is best 686 WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. represontod on tlie Atliiutic side, for hero tlio puma, the tiiior-ciit. 5111(1 the dccM*, >!t!irtlc'd oiilv hv the cliinltiii!'- oiMjssiim or tlie cliattoriiig inonkov. Ihid a more soeiiro ivtivat. Bird.s of hrilliaiit phiiiiajio fill the lori'.sts witli their s()ii;;s. wh'de the hiizz of insects evervwiiere is heard as thev swarm over sweUeriiiir allijiators. h/ards, and snakes. ^I'hemanil'old prothictioiis. and varied features ol' tlie eountrv liave liad, no (h)uht. a great in- iiuence in shaping the destiny of the iniiahitants. The fine ehmate. good soil, and scarcity of game on the I'acilic side must iiav(» <'ontril)uted to the allurements of a settled life and assisted in the progress of nations who had for centuries before tlie coiKiuest li\ed in the enjoyment of ;i liigh culture. It is hard to say what might have heen the present condition of a people so hai)[)ily situated, hut the advent of the white race. I)eiit only u[)on theae(|nirement of [)resent riches hy means of op[)ression. cheeked the advancement of ii civilization which struck even the in- vaders with admiration. Crossing to the Atlantic side wo find an over-ahundant vegetation, whose dark recesses serve as a litting shelter for the wild beast. Here man, imbibing the wildness of his surroundings, and o[)pressed by a feverish climate, seems content to remain in a savage state depi'iiding u[)on natural fruits, the chase, and lish- ing for his subsistence. Of a roaming disposition, he objects to the restraint i in [K)sed by government and forms. The natives of Costa Rica and the isthmus of Darieii escaped the civilizing inlhience of foreign intercourse, — thanks to their geographical isolation, — and remain on about the same level of culture as in their primitive days. Ciider the name of GrATEMALAXS, 1 include the na- tives of (iuatemala. Salvador, and Nicaragua. I have already ])oiiited out the favorable features of the region inhabited by thein. ^fhe only sultry portion of (iuate- mala is a narrow strij) along the Pacific; it is occupied by a lew planters and lishermeii, who find most of their re- (piirements supj)lied by the palms that grow here in the greatest luxuriance. The chief part of the population is CENTRAL AMERICAN NATIONS. f.87 conoontrnted roimd the various lakos iiiul rivcM's of tlio ttiljlt'-land above, where iiiai/e, iiuli^uo, eoehnieah and MiLiai-eaue are stiiple prothicts. In the altos, the banana is dis[)Ia('.ed by hardier IVnits sheltered under ihe loi'ty ei'ilar, and here we find a thrifty and less hinnlde people who pay some attention to niannlaetui-es. Sahadoi* ])i'es('nts less abrupt vaiiation in its features. Although outsidi' of the hij:her raULi'e of mountains, it still pos.^esscs a considerable elevation running- throuj:h its entire len^tli. which breaks out at fri'(|ucnt intervals into volcanic ]»eaks. and ,i:ives rise to an abundant iind well-spread water system, l^uch favorable conditi(jns have not failed to iiather a jiopulation which is not only the most numerous comparatively, but also the most inilustrious in Central America. Xorthern Xicarauua is a continuation of Sal- vador in its features and inhaliitants: but the central and southern parts aiv low and have more the character of the (iuatemalan coast, the climate beinji' hot. yet not unhealthful. Its Atlantic coast rejiion. however. [)ar- takes of the t slowh' in later times. ()p[)ressed and despised, a sullen indifVerence has set- tled upon tl le race, and causet d it t o nei:lect even its traditions. The "ireater [)ortion still endeavor to keep up tribal distinctions and certain customs; certain tribes of lesser culture, as the connate .IA//"7/(s and A"- oni(/<>ues, retii'ed before the Si)aniards to the north and north-east, where they still live in a certain isolation and independence. The name Lacandones has been api)lied to a numbei' of tribes, of which the eastern are descril)ed to be ([uite harmless a.s com[)ared with the western. The (^hnr/n's. a ju-ople livinu' in the altos. lave afso surroundec 1 th itl lemsefves witli a certani resei've, and are truer to their ancient customs than the Xiitii. yik, Cakc'liimls, and many others related by language CSS WILD TRIBES OF CTA'TRAL AMERICA. to tlio Qnich(',s surroiindiii^u" tlicin. Tlio P'ljiilcs. mean- ing diildivn. iiceoiNlinif to Molina, are tlie eliicf people in yalviulor, ,,here their villaiies are scattered over a larjre extent of territor\-. In Xirarauna we llnd several , p|i. 11-17. 'The ol, 2(ir>-7(l. 'Die (liinitidcs wird, u IVllcll Caiailu'li 1,'i'iialilit.' H'^/i/i/Vks, (i<'7i(iic's \iciir(iiiii(i, vol. ii.-, |i]). .'iiiD-l'J. Examine further: MiilliT. Ann'riLanisrhi' I'rvVi'jhiiivn, \^. IT)!; Fimlnl, Ans .l(m'ci/,((. toiii. i.. )))>. 'JS.I-'.Vi; I'll, /lit, llitpimrt. in A)ii''ri)iilo .\iiiiro. ful. 104; Mulli-llinn, in yinirillis Ainidli'fi i/is Td//., lHr).s, toiii. elviii., p. 'JdO; 11- mult, in .'. lU.'i; linisseni- ilv JSnnrliniirii, //W. .\iit. I'ir., toin. ii., pp. 7'.». 110-11; ['alois, Mf.viqiM, pp. 288, 2y'J-3UO; Eacobur, in L/Vr/, which is a kind of white hemi). or a long shirt ol' the same material, with short sleeves, partly open at the sides, the ends of which are passed between the legs, and fastened at the waist; a strip of cotton round the s C'rofrc's Cent, .tocr., ii]-). tO-1 : .''^i/iVr's y'lrnrfiqim. pp. IC^f,, 27S-f): /•>()('- bel's Ci:nl. Annr., \>\>. '.'>'■> I: Oniui's liU'ili ntala. yp. 'JTT-S; lii i'lidnll, Xirarit- ijHd, )ip. l(i(')-7; Muiilmtns, Shuicv lIVi ;■(/(/, ji. •jTi'l: LufniiiL ]'(ii///. ^'I'li^'i/if/dc. p]). 17, ■_'!. 'Kni/c Stlicii- kel. lauLjcii Obcrlcil). kiiizi' Stiriio niul laiij^cs strni'iiiL;i s llaar.' Hiilmr, Nirariiiiiiii. p. 7S. 'Tin' dispi(ij)orti(>nati' size i>( tlif In ad, tin' tiiaisc Imish hair, and the dwuriiHli stature,' of the Masuyas. Bvijk's lihk, vol. ii., pp. 8-a. Vol. I. 4t coo WILD TKIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. lioiiil, i^urmoniitod l)v .1 dark-eolorcd liut of straw or ])alni-lo5ivos, with a very wide })riin. compU'tt's tlie nttirt'. Tliis cotton cap or turban is an indisjKMisahle article of dress to the lii^lilander, who passes suddenly i'roui the cold air oi' the hilly country, to the hiu'uinii' i)laius helow. >^uui[)tuary regulations here olttain, as ahoriiiinally the lower classes were not allowed to wear anythinj;' better than pita clothing', cotton being reserved lor the nobles. The i)riu»itive dress of the noi)ility is a colored waist- cloth, and a mantle ornamented and etnbroideri'd with figures ol" birds, tigers, and other designs, and, although tliej' have ado[)ted nuu;h of the l^panish dress, the rich and fanciful stitchingson the shirt, still distinguish them from their inferiors. On feast-days, and when travel- ing, a kind of blanket, commonly known as sanijx', iikiih/h, uv jioiir/n), is added to the ordinary di'ess. The sera[M', which dilVers in style according to locality, is closer in texture than the ordinary blanket and colored, checked, fiLiured. or fringed, to suit the taste. It has an ()[)ening in the centre, through which the head is passed, and hanging in loose Iblds over the body it foi'ms a very ])ictures(iue attire. Some iasten it with a knot on one shoulder, leaving it to fall over the side from the otlu-r. The scrape also serves for rain-coat and ^^ rapper, and, at night, it is wound round the head and body, serving ibr bed as well as covering, the other portion of the dress being made into a pillow. ^I'lie cai-riers of (luatemala use a rain-proof palm-leaf called xui/drfi/. Shepherds are distinguished by a black and white checked apron, somewhat resembling the Scotch kilt. The hair, which, before the conijuest of (luatemala. was worn long, and hung in braiils down the back, is now cut short, except in the remote mountain districts, where long loose hair is still the fashion. In Salvador and Nicaragua, on tin' other hand, the Iront part of the hair used to be shaved oil', the brave often a[)i)eai'ing perfectly bald. Most natives go bare-footed, excejjt when traveling; they then })ut on sandals, which consist of a ])iece of hide fastened by thongs. The women, when at home, content them- GUATEMALAN DKESS AND Ol'.NAMENTS. GUI selves witli a uaist-cloth. jrcnorallv Ijliio-cliecki'd, socurcil by a twisted knot; hut. on jzoiiiu' abroad, they ]>iit on the huii»il. which is a })ieee <>1" white eottoii. havin,^ an o[)eniiii: in the niiihlle lor the hciid, and eovi'i'inu the breast and baek. as lar as the waist, sewed toi^ctlier at the sides and have sliort sU'ev 'onie nui|)ils art es. On tiiis part of their (bvss tlie wonuMi — who. Ibr that niattei-, attend to the nianiilaeture and dyeinji' ol'all the eiothinj:; — e\[)end their best elVoi'ts. They enibroi(U'r. or (\\<% the neck and shoukk'iv; with varions (h'siuiis. whose out- lines and eolorinii' oi'ten do ^reat credit to their taste. ]\\ (luatemahi, the colors and desii:iis are distinct for dilVerent villaui's, so that it may at once be seen to which tribe the wearer belonLis. The hair is [)laited into one or two bi-aids. intei'laced with bi'i<:ht-e'olored ribbons, and nsiiallv wi't-athed tnrban-l'ashion round the head. The (.)iiich cs, v.liose re( I tnrl )an-(li'ess is more nronouncet than others, sometimes vary it by adding' yellow bands and tassels to the braids, which are i)ermitted to hanj;' down to the heels. Thomas (iajie, who lived in (Guatemala from about lO'il to llioS. relates that on ;:ala-days the fair natives were ai-rayed in cotton vi'ils reachini:' to the jii'ound. The ancient custom of paintinj:'. and of pierc- ini:' the ears and lip. to hold pendants, is now restricted to the remote hill country, and ornaments are limited to to a lew striiiLis of beads, shells, and metal tor the arms and neck, with an occasional ])air ot" ear-riniis; the women add (lowers and liarlands to theii' head-dress, dl esneciailv on u ast- (la\i Some mountiiin tribes of a wear red feathers in their cotton turbans — (Jnat. the nobles and chiefs usinsi' uret-n ones — and paint the j)ody black: the paint bi'inj:', no doubt, inteiidetl I'oi- a jirotection aLiainst mos(|uitos. The apron worn by the women is made of bark, which, alter beinu' soaked and beate tl n, assumes ine apiiearanee < of d lamois leather, lie l^acandones also wore cotton sacks adorned with tassels, and the wonu'n had bracelets of cords with tassels. In Nicaraii'iia. tattooinix seems to have been i)racticed. for Oviedo sa\ s that the natives cut their faces and arms 692 •WILD TIIIBES OF CENTRAL AMEKICA. with Hint knives, and rubljcd a l)lack }H)\v(lor o])tain'.'(l IVoiu })ine ^inn into the .scars. Children wear no otlier dress tlian that provided by nature: here and there, how- ever, the girls are furnished with a strip of cotton lor the waist.'' The con([uerors have left numerous records of lariie cities with s[)lendid palaces and temples of stone, hut these exist now onlv in their ruins. The masses luid, doulitless. no better houses than those Ave see at present. Their liuts are madt! of wooden posts and ral'ters t<\\[)- })ortinii' a thatched roof of straw or })alm-lea\es. tlie side 1»einii' stockaded with cane, bamboo, or rush, .so as to allow a free i)as,sagc to the air. (Jcnerally they luixe but one room: two or three stones in the centre of the hut compose the iirepluce, and the only egress jui- the smoke is through the door. The room is .scantil\- fur- nishetl with a iew mats, a hanunock, and .^ome earthen- >vare. IMieir villaues are lienerally situated upon lising ground, and, owing to the hou.ses being .^o .scattered, thev often extend over a league, which gi\es some foiuulation to the .statements of the conquerors ri'porting the existence of towns of enormous si/e. 'i'he better kind of villages have regular streets, a thing not to bo seen in the ordinary handets; and the hou.ses. which arc often of (idohrs (sun-burnt bricks), or of cane })lastei'eil over, containing two or three rooms and a loft, are sur- I'ounded by neatly kept gardens, enclo.sed within hedges. 3 Anilaiini/ii, in X'lrarnk, Col, (h Mo'ics, toni. iii., pp. '107, 411. In Siilviulor, the WdiiR'ifs 'only gariiii'Ht bi'ini,' fi loiii^ striiiylit piece (if cuttnu c'ldth without a seani.' Fank's Cod. Aimr., jiji. J():i-4. 'I'lie Nieiirii^Mi.ins ' se raselit la hallie, Ics clK'UeUX, ct tout le poil illl corps, . riCC.; 7'. wjishifa Mitht, pp. ;i 'i:!-."). ;jr.S: Ihillfus ami Mi'i'i-Si'rrnt, Vnjl. (ii'iihiiiii/ni', pp. l',t-"2ii. 4il-',), .jlM'.i); JiKirnia' Hist.'Uudt., ]tp. VXi-~>; Ifntixi'l, M<.i\ dniit.. jip, ;in2-"); Vuhi'in. .Mr.nijKc. jip. •27S-',); Uh'iu's .Vi'fc .Snrrii/, pp. lUd-M; MniilijniKi ri/'s (iii'ileiiiiild, ])p, DS-l); Ik'nx'nt, ///.-/. 'V'./i., tlec. iii,, lib. iv., caii. \ii.; .Man I' I, Vdjl'iili', torn, ii., i)p, 1(12, 12(5, 14."), 171, 227, 21."), 2.")3; GaU'^ito. \n Xinirilhs Anitnlis ili'-i V'lij.. ls;t-l, toni. Ixiii., ^ , 14'J; Oruzco y Ikrra, C/voj'vf'a, p. l(jij; Uumara, Hid. Ind., fol. 203. GUATEir.VLAN DM'ELLIXGS. G03 AVlion n. rJuutcMnnlan Avislios to l)iill(l a lint, or ivjiair one, lie iiotilics tlu' cliiof. \\\\o siiinuions the triln' to ln'iiii:' straw and other iKrdfnl niatci'ials. and tlir woi'k is finislicil in a, I'cw lionrs; aftrr which tlu' owner sii[)- j)li('s the company witli chocolate. Some of the \'ei'ii l*a/- tribes an' ol" a roaminii' disj)osition. They will take great tronhle in clea'-inii' ami ])rej)arinu' a piece oI'Lii'oinid lor sowini:'. and, after one or two harvests, wdl leave for another locality. Their dwi'llin^s. ^vhich an' ol't<'n gronped in handets. are tlierefoi'c of a moiv tempoi'ary character. th(^ walls heinj;" ol' maize-stalks and sMu,ar-cane. surmoinited l)y ji sli;^lit jtalm-leaf roof. Oniini:' an e\- IH'dltion intothecounti'y ofthe Lacandones. the S[)aiiiards I'onnd a town of over one Innidred houses, hetter con- structed than the xilla^cs on the (iuatfmalan plateau. Jii the centi'e of the place stood three large huildings. one a teujpk'. and the other two assembly houses, for men and Avomen res[)cctively. All were enclosed with fences excellently varnished. Tlu? Xicai'aguan villages seem to be llu' neatest; the houses are chielly of plaitt'd cane or band)oo I'ranu'-woi'k. raisi'd a few feet i'rom the ground, and standing in tlu' midst of well-arranged t!ow- ers and shrul)beiy'. Dollfus describes a sim[)le but in- genious method used by the (Juatemalans to cross deep l'i\'ei's. A stout cable of aloe-libres is passed awv the stream, and (ixetl to the banks at a sullicient height iVom the surface of the water. To this rope l)ridge. called i/i'ni<-/i'f, is attache(l a i' uming strap, which the tra\"eler passes round his body, and is pidled aci'oss b\- men stationed on the opposite side.' ■< 'I'lif LucaiKliinns li iv^' ' tlnntiii!,' f,'!ir(li')i!< wliic-li c:in niivij,'!!!^ tlio lii'-foon-) ]ik(> balsas,' iui.l iiir dl'ii 11 inliiiliiti cl. Tiny liivu stuiic si|i()liliii s lii.'lily sriili'tiii'. (I. I''ufli'''i. in I ,il. I'iiniiir. Nov. 7, 1s(;l*. 'in these micii nf C lion- 1:il,,. iiKiiiii's ll'illiii'is, i)[i. iJi'.-7. 'I'hey live like tlieir fdrel'iithers ■ in hiiil.hnL;-! ]irecisely similai'. . , .some hilts nf a sinuh' room will mono|piili( an ;irre t.f land.' I!ni/!i's l!'<'!i, vol. ii.. Y\*. li-S; tii,:v'n \i n- Surri i/. ]i|., .•!|S-l:i; >/,.)•. ;. )', ]\'(,tilrrin,'i( II. j)|). 7">, 4;ii). -('.Ml; I'lii/ill, li'iiiijinrl, m Aiii''r'ii/iir I'mtrrh, ]ip. C'l-7ll; I'w/e/'v, Ml xi labor. Most of thcni arc couti'iit with a siiiall patch of jiroiind round thoir huts, on which tlicv culti- vatc, in till' same manner as (lid their fort'Tiithei's. the lit- tle ma.ize. heans. and the banana and jilantain ti'ees neces- sary for their subsistence. There are. however, a number of small fai'mers. who raise cochineal, cacao, indiuo. and cotton, thereby adding to their own and their country's |)i'os|H'i"ity. In the more thiidy settled districts. huutiiiL;; enables them to incri'ase the variety of their food with the tiesh of wild 1io:j,s. deer, and other ,i:ame, which are ji'enerally brouLiht d )wn with stone- headed arrows. When huntini:' the wild hoii', tiny stretch a stroni:' net, with larue meshes, in some part of tlu> woods, and drive th le animals towards it. These rush headlonn' into the meshes, and aiv entangled, enabling their pursuers to disj)!itiU them with ease. Ueans. and tortillas of mai/.e. with the inevitable chile for seasoning, and plantains or bananas are tlu'ir chief food. To these may be added meat in small (|uantities, tish. cii'/s. honev. turtle, fowl, and a ^•ariet\■ of iVuit and root." alt is obtained hv boiling thu soil gathered on tl -sh le sea-sliorc M: ir/,e IS i)rei)are(l m several wa\s. AV leu younii' an( I tender, the ears are boiled, and eate n wirii til salt and jK-pper: or a portion of them ai'c [)ressed. and the remainder boiled with the juice thus extracted. \Vhen rii)e. the fruit is soaked and then dried between the hands, prexious to l)eing crushed \o Hour bctweeu two stones. It is usually made into tortillas, which arc eaten hot. with a, strong sprinkling of pe[>[)er and occa- sioi lallv a sliubt addition of I'at. TdnKih^ is the nai n(> for balls of cooked mai/.e mixed with beef and chile, and rolU'd in lea\es. A favorite dish is a dum[)ling made of maize and frijoles. The frijoles. or beans, ol' which a stock is always kept, are boiled a short time with chile; they Ithiupir. ]i]i. 1!), 5."); Jfinrra. Jfist. Gm.. Hoc. iii.. lili. iv., cmji, vii.; I'lrnnH, in Siii'ilh>tnii'i,iii Hi fit. . I.si;7, )>. [i')-, W'isl imd (hi Ini/'oflc r Lii^t'jdil, jit ii., I'li. y.Sd, 3'JO; Wtlinzuila, in .S'7i(it'*''.v t'e/i(. Aimr., y. oiifi. FOOD or Till:: GUATKMALANS. C05 nro tlicii iniNcd >vitli mui/o, and !ij:ain put into t]i(» j«)t until tlioroiitililv cooUed, ulu-n tlii-y arc eaten ^vitll u wince made of^all. chile, and watei'. Tlicie are a nnnj- l)er of llnid and M»lid iti'c[)aratiuns made cliielly IVoni niai/e. and known as iilolc, to ulucli name \ariniis pre- fixes are added to denote the othiT inuiedients \\>i'{\. !Meat, which is usually kt'|»t jei'ki'd. is u least-day food. (iago describes the jei'kin;^' i)rocess as follows: Ti-esh meat is cut into lon^ir striiis. salted, and hunu' hetween l)0.sts to dry in the sun for a week. The strips aic then smoked for another week, rolled \\\\ in hnndles. which become c|uit(> hard, and are called fos^ajo or cisiiiii. Another mode vl' [)re[)arin^ meat is descrihi'd l)y the wnne author: When a deer has been shot, the body is left until decay and mauuots render it ap|ieti/.in;.:; it is then hi'oiiuht home and parboiled with a certain her!) until the llesh hecomes sweet and whitt'. The joint is afterwards apiin boiled, and eaten with chile. 'I'lie I^a- candones preserve meat us follows: A lariic hole is made in the <:r<)und, and lined with stones. After the hole has been heated, the meat is thrown in, and the top covered with leaves and earth, u[)on which a lire is kept burn- ing. ^J'lie meat takes ibur hours to cook, and can ))0 preserved lor eiuht or ten days. Cacao forms an im- ])ortant article of lood, both as a drink and as bread. The kernel is picked when v'\\k\ dried on a mat. and roasted ni an earthen [)an. presiou^' to 1 k'UIl;' i^rotUKl to llour. I'ormerly. cacao was i-eserved ii»r the hiiiln'r classes, and even now the ptior endea\or to economi/.e it by adding .'^'/yyi'"/^^/. the kernel of the .svy/oA'. They ob- ser\e no reiiularity in their meals, hut (.'at and drink at })leasin'e, W len travehng. some roasted mar/.e jiasti called (nfnj)/)sl(.'. crumbled in boiling water with an addi- tion of salt and jjcpper. and a cu\) of warm water, suiru^e for a re[)ast. I'ire is obtained in the usual primiti\e maimer, by rubbing two sticks toi:ether.'^ 5 Tlii'v ' vivi lit li' plus Koiivcnt do fruits ct (loraciiios.' T>ii}lfii^ii)i(l Ma >l- Serntl. \'"i/. '/■ 'i/././iiyif, ]i|). 47, "i'l-'J, (i'J. 'Tnut vn f.iismit niai'jif ch^rr, ,1s mauyuut ft buivuul c'outimicllumfUt, commo luti uuimuux.' JJuniut, lnytf/e, coo WILD TRir.ES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. ]\rost .iiitlioritioM auroo tliiit tlicy arc dean in tlicir hahits, and that lVoeared. shouting with all their nn dit. TI'T. icandones oi'casionaii\- n taliat e uiion tilt jilanters on their borders for ill-treatment received at their hands. A mmd)er of warriors set out at night with faggots of dry sticks and grass, which are lighted as they approach the plantation, and thrown into the enemy's camp; during the confusion that ensues, the proposed torn. ii.. p]i. 101, 02, 1(1-2, 1112, 131, 11.",, 210, torn. i.. i>p. 205-0. Xicnr.iu'iiiiiis .nlli; Tiii; lu^iclut iiur (in Xaililiar ciii '(.■SSCU illlrli r Mi'Msclii iiltcisch 111, (lain i sic allc lioclit 1(1 ila liii iiiulcnr.' W'l si iind Ost li tlisrliir l,iisli. It'.MI. ' IViritos iicfiiui'uis ([lie tamliicn los coiuiaii. imicl ids vciiadiis y i)isi|ii( du, I" I/" .ViM ilr. (■-;/. (/(■ I /((l/C- toiii. iii., jip. llo-ll, 11)7. lIinitiiiL! all i|^a tens; ii man dives iimlir. niid fastens a imidsc rouiiil tlir Ici; at the Hl<'C|iiii^' iiuiiistt'i'; his cfiiiiiiniiidiis tin u liaiil it on sli 1(1 MUlflii ;/,< fiivtlicr: Fiii'lliiifs hiniinrti, vol, i., p. 20;!: (iaiir't^ yi 1'1> i;i!l. l;i(l. Con pan ,Sc/(( Wdiith-niii'ini, ]ip. 412-1.'!, I'J-l; llitumii, Jli.st, Momlo Si <'//, pp. :il'.l--J fol. lib lii;i— 1; ifiKirri's' Hist, (hidl., pp. l'JG-7; lliri-'ni. Hist, f/oi., ilcc. iv, cap. vii-ix., lib. x., cap. xiv. ; Ksrnlinr, in Lniiil. (na/. .s'oc., ,hnti'., v(.)l. xi. ;M; 7,'((/, .V/r/w C(7-;s, p. 32i»: U' 'I'ln^ LaciUidoiics ' eniploitnt di'S ll.'chis do canni' ayant dcs t("'tos d(^ cail- loux.' liKliiilii. in Aiitii/. M'.w, toni. i., div. ii., j). (17. Sic also, lli'dinr, Xirii- ri'inn, \i\t. 7'.*-IS i; IlKssct. Mix. (Imit., y 3(l"i; Jiairros' Hist, tlnnl.. pp. \\)'i, 27S; Sclwrscr, ira/u/c/'K/cyoi, pp. 413, 430; FiviUl, Aus Aiiivril.a, toni. i., p. 3J8. WAR, AVEArONS, AND IlirLEJIEXTS. 697 roprisiil is iniitlc. Ono writer jiivcs a, brief dcHM-iption of tli(! ccri'iiionics prccedinii' iiiul following' their expedi- tions. 1)1 front of the temple iire hiniiiiii! hr;i/iei's lilied ■with odoiifei'oiis resiii; round tliis the warriors iis>einhlo in full (h'ess, their jirnis heinu' plaeed hi'hind them. A smaller hra/.ier of incense hhi/es in I'ront of each warrior, before whieh hi' prostrates himself, implorini: the aid of the (ireat Spii'it in his enterprise. On theii- retinii, they auain asst'mble. disi:uised in tiie heads of vai'ions animals, and ':o throimb a war danee bi-lbre the chief nid 1 lis council u-n tinel- s are aiwa\s i)acin I- tl le sum- mit of the hills, and iii\e notice to one another. i»y trum- pet blast, of the ai)[)roach of any stranpi'r. If it is an enemy, they speedily form ambuscades to entrap him." 1 ha\(' alreadv referred to the bare interior of their dweHin".is: a lew mats, a hammock, and some earthen ■ware beiii:n" the only ajjoloi^y for furniture. The mats are plaited of bark or other fibres, and serve, amon^ other purposes, as a bed for the children, the ^tirowii persons jieiicrally sleeping in hammocks attached to the rafters. Sv-attered over the lloor may Ik? seen the earthen jar which the ^vomeii ."^o izracefully balance on their head when bringing!; it full of water iVoin the >vell; the earthen pot for b()ilin'i\ Xov. 7. 1 1. lSC-2. V'Oiii:^, Mi:xi'iii>. |)|). -iTS, 2s7: S'u-rrs, .\ri>t'l'(iii' ril.-t. p. I-IH; .s'r/,i'C;i r, Waii:kranj<:n, p. IJO; Monlituu^i, XU'ui.Cfi \WenUl, p. "iT'J; S(i'iii r's .\ii:or las costillas, n en Ml cafiizd, y ]»n' fiibitii'ii vu liia- di'i'o: y.i si' ahiiiilinin fim ti'iis.' ]li rnva, Hist (li-n., ilri'. iv., lib. x., rap. xiv., ili'f. ii., lil). iii., ca]). vi. At Miisava, ' Ltur inolpiliir sc foiiipusi' tli' liatti'S par trrrt', (Ic haiiiai's siispi'iiiliis, d'nii lit di; cuir ft d'uiii' laissi' tu rrdi-i', (iu(li|in.'fuis onu'u U'liiunistutiuiis du tuivri'.' JUUij, SiiMnvjun, toiii. i., pp., rj7-S. (UAIKM.VI.AN CANor.S. fi'ty »»l)taiii ;i vcrv fiiu' tlnvuil, siiitahU' for tlu' finest Acaviiiii. |{«'('(ls iiinl Itark ^ive inatiTial Inr coarMT stiilV. Midi as ropt's ami nets. Mats ami liamiiiocks. wiiicli arc made from auN of tlic last-iiiciitioncil lilacs, are dl'tcn iiitcr- AV oven with i:ia\' colors and licli (l('sii:ii.>' M)1IU' Ull'il niiiy lu' loniH'd ol' tiie i)ati('iit iiidiistrv ol" tlir iiati\(; AvIu'M we learn that he will woi'U lor months iijton one of the hit:hlv i)iized hats made from the lihic ol" tlu? liall'-tormed nirli'ilnr'n-ii pti/iim/ti leal". Tliev drill holes in stones, lor pipes and other ohjirts, ])V twirling a stick rapidlv hetween the hands in some sand and water [ilaced npon the -toni ( 'anoes are the usnal ' duu-onts.' made IVom a sinule cedar or malioi:any lou". cedar hein^' liked lor its light- ness, niahoi^aiiv I'oi" its dnrahility. Thev are iVi'ijiient enoniih on the coast, and even the north-eastern (uiate- malans wsvA to nuistei- Meets of several hundred canoes on their lakes ;md livers, iisiiii:' them Tor trade as well as 111 >v th ar. I'im. when at (Jrevtown, partictilarlv ohser\ed le iiollowed-out hoats, some n[)\vai ■ds of liftv feet i 11 len,t:;h. ind straii^ht as an arrow. Ho says that they aro vei'v s!;illfiilly handled, and may he seen oil' the liarhor in an\- weather. le paddles, wliicn are used hoth for steeriiiLi' and jjropeUinjji:. are of liiiiit mahogany, four feet lunii'. with \('r\ hroad hlades. and across at the handle II Their wealth, which, since the coiKpiest. mostly consists of household lioods, is the product of their fariiisand in- dustry mentioned under food. imjiU'inents. and manu- iacture Tl le coas ttril)es. in SaUador. ha\e a source of wealth not \('t referred to — halsam- ai (I tl ie\ are \ery jealous of their knowledge of (jhtaining it. The process, 1" '\.f iii'iiici|"Mviliiriuit I'st lixi' nil iiinycii d'uno snlistinicc i^tussc ([iir Tcin (>l)tii'iit pMi' I'l liiillitiiiii (I'mi iiisirti' iiuiiinu' a^,'i'.' M"rilif. I ni/nii , ti'/" .iimr.. pp. 121—"); lli rnrn. Hist. . 47; ]->iiul"ji's Ci.tt, Anm IV.iS: M'liiliih II' II /' (/ Sf hi, p. 274. 's /A///i(i|/.s. ]ip. 21 1-2; T.dfouil, I'oi/'ff/i.v, tiiiii. i., p. 317; Mnnld, I'ii/aok, toiii. ii.. ]). ;il; ItiM/n.-i (unl Mm. IS' mil. I «\ pp. 47 -S. Ill tlicii" tviiilf, till' Lacaliiliiiics not kss th.iii 424 cauuis.' Jiuirru^' Jllsl. (juat., p. 271. ill to haVL' tiapkijed I 700 AVII.D TRir.ES OF CENTEAL AMEKICA. as closcril)0(l l)y DoUfns. is to iiiako smoral (loop incisions in tlio trunk of tlu; biilsani-troo, and stiill' tlii' liolos "Nvitii ootton rasis. A\'hon those liavo ahsoi'hoil sullioiont liahn. thoy aiv })laco(l in jai-s of wator, and snhmittod to a niodoiMto lioat. Tho lioat so[)avati's the suhstanco IVoiii tho raus, and tlio balsan) rises to tho sui-raco to he skinnnod aiiil phuvd in uoll-olosed jars lor shijunont. Those jx'opK' possess no written I'ocords to ostahhsli own- ership to their })roperty. l>nt liold it hy ancient riiihts transmitted from father to son. whicli are transforal)lo. The riiiht of lirst discover\', as ap[)lied to iVuit-lroes and the like, is rosj)octod, Jind ca.n ho transmittoik (Joods und lands are e(pially divided among the sons. There is a fionortd interohanLro of products on a small scale, and as soon as tho farm yield is ready, or a sullicieut ((uantity of hannnocks, mats, hats, and cups ha\e hei'u ]»iei)art'(l. tho native will sti,"^ sn a short tradin,i:-tour. Avilh tho load on his hack — lt>r tliiy usi' no other mode of transport. Tho ancient custom of holding' fre(|uent mai'kets in all towns of any importanci' has not (piito disap[)oared. for .\hisaya. amonn' other ])lacos, continues to keep a daily fhiiKjnc-i. Cacao-heans. \\hich were I'oi'- nu'rly tho chief ciu'i'ouiy. are still n.H-d i()r that puipose t(» a certain extent, and maki' uj) a lariii' item in their Avealth. The I.acandonos at ouo tiuu' droxc a I)ri>k trade on the rio (\v la Pasion. omijloyinu' so\-ei-al hun- dred oauoes. hut this has now izroatly diminished, and tliiy seem to urow loss and loss inclined to intercourse, llardcastlo relates that two shy mountain trihos of ( iiia- temala ■■e.\chau,Lie doiis and a s[)ocios of M'ry sliarj) rod poi)por. hy loaxinii' them on the top of tho niounlaiii, and izoiuii' to tho spot in turn. ' '" The nati\i' s ajititudo for art is well illustrated h\- tlio Aarious [iroducts of his industry, decorated as they aio ■' 'I'lic (^liiiilii s ' ii{iit<'iit in»ii|n'jm Ni(Mriif,'iiii (Its haiiiius en lil (r:ii,';ivc.' Mn-iht. Voiri,,'. toiii. ii., i.|.'. 11.".. ii-j. i;i(i-|, liis. toiii. i.. 1)1). M). ;il\ :t'J(i; Ihillfim itml MiDil-Si mil, I 'i//- '""/<>;/"/'"'. PI'' l'**-''". Il'i'i''i'/. 'iVk.. lUc. iii.. lil). v.. ca]). \ii.; Jiiiirms' //'>7. iliml., \\\\. (!m, "JTI. 17"); ]\'iii'iii'ii(s, thtuj. V. Sl^:l.. 1 ;. 2 IS. :t|:.; I.,iit. .\,,ni>i Orlns. p. :U',(; llnnlcn^^'h , in Hist. Mw]., viil. VI,, p, ir)3; (.iuju's Sue ^'ii/ny, ji, JJP.i. AllT AND GOVEliNMENT. 701 witli nmcifiil clcsiiriiH, Ciirvinps, juid coloriiijr. The ealii- ));isli c'U[ts aiv wiiU'ly cii'ciilatcd, ami tlio artistic carviiiii; c)t" U-aAc's. curious lines, and (iuiires of all (lescrii)tioiis, in ivliel". with Nvhidi the outside is onianienti'd. has ')een inui'h achniivd. No less esteemed are the small (iuate- malau earthen figures, j)ainte(l in natural colors, repri'- sentinjj,' the varit)us trades and occuj)ations ol" the jie()j)le, ^v hie! I ma\' i»e said to riv .urouean iircn ])ean ]) duct: on.- o r til same cliaracter. The ornaiuents on their jiotterv hear S( mie resemhlance to the iltrusc ui. Tliev ari' e(|iially advauct'd in lainting. lor manv ol' the aUar-pieces iu ('ential America are IVoiii the native brush, and their dishes are ol'teii richU' colored in Aarious dcsiLins. Ori- 1 1' !_inai i\ii( poetry seems to il( oiirish auioiiLi' tlieiu. and is not wautiiiLi' in izraci'. altliouiih the renderiiiti' t>i" it niav ni)t lie exactly ojn'ratic. Tlie suhject jjieneraily ri'lers to victorious (■ncounters \\\\\\ monsters, hut contains also sarcasms on u:(»\ernnien t and socii'ty A reveri'utial respect lorauthorit 1.1 \- is innate wi th tl lese people, and the ehiet", usually a desceiuhmt ol' the ancient eaci<(ues, who is also the head of the municipal govern- ment imroduci'd amoni;' them hy the S[)aniards. receives the honiatic \y,iu\ him with inqierturhahle gravity. 'I'hese chiefs form a ]»roud and powerful nohlcsse. who rule with an iron hand oscr their suhmissixc followers. .Vlthoiiih L;()\i'rne(l to all appearance l»y the code of the country, they lupe their own laws based on custom and common sense, which are applied to ci\il as well as criminal t'asis. Amoiii; the Lacandones. the chief is elected lt\' a council of old men. mIicii death, misconduct. or tl le suiierior a hiliti es of some oiii' else call for such a step, rontelii adds that the new chief is iiiNcsted with lion-skins and a collar of human teeth to re])resent his " AiMDii;^' till! NulmatlH ' nicclianicMl urts iivi' litllo niidrrst 1, inul, of course, the 11111' iirls still liSS pr '•red.' >(y»(ii/'s i inl, Ann r.. Ji. II'JII; /(/., Xii'itrdiim, \t\^. •J7H-:t, Tlio .Miis.i ,.ins h:\\o ' uiu' cuissc tli cMlir. ijiii l(|iii- fois uiiK'r iriuiiustatiolis lie iiiivri.' Iiir, pji, ".is", lin li; ^inrs, Miltilidin rih'i, jip. 127, T.>~)\ l-'iiiiii(ll'.i I "//., p. IIJ; X'K/i/i'i (jualLnmlu, [). 2B1; I'untdli, iu Cal. Fariiivr, Nuv. 7, 1802. . ■!: 702 ^VILD TEir.ES OF CENTEAL AMEEICA. victories; a crown of foatlicrs or a lion-skin is liis iistuil distinctive' hoad-dross. The wile of the chief is required to possess some rare (jiialities. ^Phese people are very sti'ict ill executing; the law; the oifender is hi'oii^lit l)e- lore the old men, and if the crime is serious his relatives have often to share in his ])iiuishment. 'i'lie peojile of Salvador, iteeoiding to Dollfus. have frefpient reunions in their eouncil-housc at nij:lit. '^^I'lie hall is then liiihted I'.p hy a lai\iie lire, and the peo[)le sit with uncovered heads, listcninti' respectfully to the ohservat ions and deci- .sions of tiie ulitmhs — men over forty years of aiic. who have occu[)ied [)ublic positions, or distiniiuished them- fcielves in some way. (jlajic makes a curious statement concerniiiLi' the rio Lempa that may he based ujuni some ancient law. Any man who connnitted a heinous crime on the one side of the river, and succeeded in escapinij; to the other, was allowed to go umnolesteil, provided he did not return." Mariiaiics take place at an early niie. often before ])U- berty. and usually within the tribe. When the boy. in (jiuatemala and Salvador, has attained the a^iic of nine, Ins parents begin to look around for a bride for him. the mother having a good deal to say in this matter. I'lvs- ents are made to the j)arents of the girl chosen, and she is transferred to the house of her future father-indaw, whei'c she is treated as a daunhter, and assists in the household duties, until slu )ld e IS old enoiu ,h t o marr\' It sometimes ha[)[)ens that she has by this tinu^ I'ecome dis- tasteful to the ailianced husband, and is returned to her parents. Tlu^ presents givi'U for her are then demanded back. a. refusal natur^dly follows, and feuds ivsult, last- ing ibr generations, (lage states that when the parties to tlu' betrothal are of dilferent tribes, the chiefs are notilied. and meet in solemn conclave to consult about the expediency of the alliance. The consultations often fi-: u D.illfiix mill ^^lml-S!<'t'rat, Voi/, ('l.'. llil; ll'issil. Mix. (unit., \\. !t'.'S; fr'((;,< 's .\i "i i^iin-ij/. pp. :ils '.I. 117; I'liiilrUi, \n (HI. Funinr. Ndv. 7, isii'i. ' Cliiiiiiu (I'ciix viiit ciisiiitf' l):iisi'r l.i niiiiii ilu diif, li()iuiii:it,'(' i|n'il irc^'iit avcc uuu iliy- uitu iuiptitiabablu.' Munkt, Vvymji., turn, ii., pp. 215-0, IJl. M.VIirjAGE AND CHILDBIRTH. 703 extoiid over Ji jK'riod of sovoval mouths, diiriuu' Mliicli the parents of the hov siq)[)ly tlie council with relVesh- ments. and make presents to tlie jzirls I'aniilv for lier l)ur cliase tl le council (lisaurec th 1 rt'scnls are re- tni'neair are carried upon the shoulilers of their friends to the new house, placed in a room, and shut in. The hride hrin,t:s no dowry, hut ju'i'sents are made hy the friends of the famil le H'N'cr d tril. 's m (iuatemala are 4iictl \' oil posed to marriaiics outside of the trihe. and destroy the pro^iicny lelt hy a stnni^u'er. The Lacandoncs still })rac- tice polyiiamy. each wile having a separate house and field ibr her sunnort. \n Xicarauiia. wliii niori e ^\()lnen are e independent, and lewer ol tlie ancient marria,L:e cus- toms lunc hi'cii retained than elsewlu're. the ceremony is often ([uickly disposed of. the liushand and wife ri'tiirn- iiiu' to their axocations immediatelv after. The life of the wouiiUi is one of (IrndLiery ; household duties, weav- iii'j.", and the care of children keepini.: her eonstantlv ))nsy. while the liushand is occupied in dolee farniente; yet their married life is not nnhai>py. Allhoiijih the female dresses scantily and is not over shy when hathiiiL:', she is hy no means imniodi'st or unchaste, hut kears rather a hetter character than woincn of tlu' superior race. Childhirth is not atteiuled with an\- diniciilties. for it soilietimes hanpfiis on tl le road wil lia \\a ttl H' woman, a fter 1 xiliL: dell\'ere( I di the child and heix'lf in the ; if noth- iioarest stream, and jiroceed on her journey, inji: had occurred. The (^)uicll(''s. amoni: otheis. still call ill the sorcerer to take the horoscope of the new-horn. and to appeal to tlu> pods in its hehalf. He also givis the infant the name of some animal, whieh hecomes its guardian spirit for life. ]>elly states that more boy.s 11 704 ^VILD TllIBES OF CEXTKAL AMEllR.V. are uoru to tl W 11 atives. "svliilo the -whites liuvo mo'-i girls. 'I'liL' iiiotlior iiivaritihly nurses the child herself until its third vi'Mr, and, \vhen at Avork. carries it on her back in a clt)th passed round her hody; the luove- nieiits of the mother in washing' or kneadinj:' tt'iidiiiL^' to rock the iid'ant to sleep. (Otherwise the child is little cared for, and has to lie on the l)are .<:i'ound. or. at most, ^vith a mat under it. A; lie l)o\' urows older the ftither will take hiui into the held Jind lorest, suitin,u' tln' work to his stren^uth, and instructing' hiui in the use of tools, while the mother takes cliarge of the girl, teaclnng her to cook, s})in, and wea\e. Ilespect for parents aud older j)eople is incidcate(l. and children never presume to speak l)efore a iirown i>erson unU'ss first addressed, 'i'iiey remain under the pareuts' roof until married, and fretpiently after, several generations often living together in one house under the rule of the eldest. The native is fond of home, for here he escapes iVoui the conteuipt of the other races, and I'eigns Kupreuie oxer a fauiily which is taught to res[)ect hiui: l)ati'iotisiu lias been j'eplaced by love of home among th lis oniiressed opi peoi )ie n Their amuseuieiits are less common and varied tha amonu' the whites, and are aeuerallv ivserved ior sijccial occasions, wueii tliev are iiidu th dued in to exces.- ^till. they have orderly gatherings round the hearth, at which wondrous and aiuusing stories form the chief ])art of the entertainuR'iit. onus ibllow in natural order, and are loudly ai)plauded by the listeners, who join in repeating the last words ol' the verse. The subject, as given b}- some local [)oet. or tran.^mitted irom an ancient liard. is pleasing enough, but the rendering is in a plaintive, dis- iliiiiicr-iir sns]>riuln a lonrs fluiics.' Mrtrdi, Vminqc, toiii. ii., i>]i. 198, l-JC, tdii wife's tr I. i.. I iji. •iol-."), :n«. In Sitlviiiliir, the •lilid. {I'diiiii ma las 1 lis nil liiiusclf, till' wonii'ii, stiiiiii'f io sav, 1) utinlv iL'iiiiviint of ni'i'tlkwdik.' h'liiili's t'rnt. A iiii-i'. p. IdlJ. l'"urtln'r itfiit iiL'f in IV(/" Mi\ri. 'IW; IHilmr, Xintriiiinn, ji. 80: Miiiilitiiiifi, Xiiiiii-f Wernlil, p. "iT'J; triii/e's S\ir Surni/, p. lil'.i; Junr- w' Hist. ; Tviiipsici/'s .Millfi, \i.[il)'i; J)nll/iis mul ^fll|lt-Sl■l^rllt Vol/, (ri'iiliiiiiiini . pp. '2U, 47; iSclii:rza', Wumkrunyen, p. GO; Id., Jjiv lialkiuer Vuti lnUucamn 11. GUATEMALAN MUSIC. 705 h a2:recal)l(' monotono. Tlioir instrnmcntnl music is iin iinprovt'iiieiit on tho vocal, in .some ivs[)ccts. and ])riic- tice lias onahlcd tlu; plavci" to oxecnte pieces from mcniorv ^vitll ])rocisioii and accord. Tiio nKirn.'hn, a i'avoritc instrument, consists of a series of vertical tulies of dilVerent leULith 1/ut ecjual diameter, fastened toiictliei" in a line by l)ark lihro, and held firm between two pieces of wood. The tubes liave a lateral opening' at tlie base covered with a membrane, and the np[)er end is closed by a small, movable elastic plate, upon which tlie per- former strikes with liiibt driuusticks. Tbe i)lay of tlie plates causes a compression of air in the tube, and a conseiiuent vibration ol' the membrane, wliieh i)i-o(luces a .sound diilering in character according to the lenutli of tho tube. All the parts are of wood, tlie tul)e being, however, occasionally of tei'ra-cotta. or replaced by cala- bash-shells. The marimba of usual size is over a yard in length, and consists of twenty-two tubes ranging from ibur to sixteen inches in length, forming three com[)lete octaves. The pitch is regulated by a coating of wax on the key-plates. Some drumsticks are I'orktd to strike two i)lates at once. Occasionally, several iiersons join in executing an air ui)on the instrument, or two marim- bas are })layed in pei'iect accord with some song. 'J'heir usual di'um is called te^Kiiidlxn, described by (Jage as a smooth hollow trunk with two or three clefts on the upper side and holes at the ends. It is l)eaten with two t^ticks. and produces a dull heavy sound. Other drums covered with wild goat skin, tortoise-shells, pipes, small liells. and rattles, are chielly used at dances. The Lacaii- mote nit)iintain rcLiions s till cet. m secret. )olH us IS ap[)arentiy inciine( itb p ui tl ) their o Id rit es to I )ehe\i' that the soniis he heard the natives chant every morning' and evening' may be the relic of some ancient reli,i:ioiis cere- mony. The It/as hold deer sacred, and these animals were consetpieiitly ([uite lamiliar with man, before tlu^ con(|uerors subdued the country. The Lacamloiies are said to have been the last who publicly worshiped in their \>'l!a,ys X'lr S'in;\i/, jip fl^n, I?)"''): .\„ili'ir,,/'i, ]n Xnvfirro'.o, Cr,}, ,h. \"i'('lis. tniii. iii.. |i. Il'i; i'lil.iis. M xi'jiii . pii. :i7'.i •>il. !_() il: Itnlh'us iixd .Unid-S' rrnl, \'ni/. '/.wi/o./i'iyK. . p. .|.S; /•'/•()i'//(/',s '■(■;,/..!,,/./■.. 1 1],. TM M -. Ihiii,,ii; Xiud' W'i'lt, ji]!. iJiMi, ;{1'J; \'iilii(zitflii, ill Siinli'r's I'lul. Am' r.. \\. W''<~ : .Imir- ri-i' l[iit. . Ill: Linl, Xitrns Orliis. p. I{'Jl>-'i: I'luihUi, in t'dl. Funin'r, Nov. It. lMi!2. 'Lis [ndiciis lie fiiuuMit pus.' II'lli/, yii;iniiiU'(. p. Ifil. ' llir Hcwdhiiliclu's (Ictraiikc ist Wusscr.' l/nssil, Mi.i\ limil.. p. IMI. 'Jc ii'ii elitcli In ([il'a FIdi'is. pi'lld;\lit Ic ('(iiirs di' liioii VciViii,' ■, drs clinMiis t'X('(.-Ut 'S uvec jiisttssL'.' Monk't, ^ <■•]>, 7- 1-"): lliifli- anlt, Xir-ir't'iii'i. pp. KKi, •i.'Jt; VdhmnvUi, in Sqn'vr's ('ml. ,-l);irc., i>p. B'ii;-7; .\tor>lfl, I'oi/H'f , torn, i., p. '20(), toiii. ii., ])p. ;j«, 101-2,101, rJ7; Jioyk's Uid<:, vul. i., pp, 2'JJ-l, vol ii., pi). U-12, lb, MEDICAL PRACTICE. 709 lii,!ilil:in(ls (liirin;^ tlio smnincr; and l('])i'osy. manifcstcfl l)_v wounds and orii[)tions, and eausi'il hv liltli, iiiunoral lial)its. and had food. In sonic parts of XiiMrajiua. tin; latter disi'asi' hi-caks out in liornv cxcrcsi jiiccs. similar in appearance to the tips of cow-hoi-ns. illieuniatisni and chest diseases are rare, in spite ol" their rt)iii'.li lile. Su[)erstitioiis practices and enijiii'ieal I'ecipes trniisiuitted from their ancestors are the ri'inedies resoi-ted to. Ih)t Ijatliini:' is the favorite treatment. Thev are skilU'id at hlood-lettiiiLi'. making' wvy small punctures, and apply- ing' a jiinch of salt to them after tiu^ o])eration is ended. C'auteri/,in,Li' wounds to prewnt intlanimation is not un- comii'on, and does not atfect tiie patient much. The l)rinci[)al remeilv ol' the Chorotejians consists of a decoc- tion from \arious liei'I)s injected hv means of a tiihe. Some trihes of the lii,L:hlands call in sorcei'ers U) j inhaJiitim: the islamls in the lake I'eten. are san Itol ia\e thrown theii' dead into the lake, i'or want of room. The charac^ter of the Guatemalans exhibits a nunibei- oi excel ic nt traits. They luue alwa\: 'I'U a Livntl •■^ At Mas,i\ Till' (ItMtii-r.iti Ji>,!/h-s ir>'l< r, vol. II 1). HI. .\llr ( nniouL,' cliililrni i t-.l IC (XCCSSIVC llird ■r lii r l-';iinili' li:.ll' ii (in :iiHsi r^t iiiii'fsiuiilcs .\iiss(liiii mill ii.iiiii ntlich ilir Kii nil r. iiii ( '< liiaurr. liattiii tlicki>, iiiif''isi'li\V(illi-iic l>:iu('lic, 'iii'lcrdii'ien, jip. I'.U. ll -I; Mnrihl, 1 '..//.(.;. . tl ill Ml irh lUhl 1 I'V \ilcca-riiiils. in. ii.-'lip. 10'.) 10, r'»-/. .{'!■< Aim i-'iht. tuiu. i , yyi III. ]). .'UN; l'iii/(ll. /i'i'/i/"i(/, ill .1/ ;{i.". r,; //w.sm/. .1/. '/.'.(/. Mi Kir, ill L'liiil. '/ill./, . li)-li.' n:. I ,r„ ,1.. Vol. xi. 1' 111; .S''/,i I .i.lrnk I'l' ... 4;»; :iii-j. iiris; I r, /'/' Imli'iiii r i.'iiii inifiiii, 1111 I'J Sr'r ii,, [t. UK; i'J'Ad, .Uuti'^'.'.c, i>. iuS. fslliii-'iiytn, pp. 11-12; .U'nhl, Vi'j'i'j'', toiu. 710 WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AlIEUKA. I'iico, and easily led l)v k'mdnoss. hut coiitiii'ics of oppres- sion liave thrown omt thoiu a timid, hioodin^' spirit, I'ar from warlike, they have ne\-ertheless pioved Iheni- ■;elves ellieient soldiers durinn' the late ci\ il war: Tl leir lionesty and laithlulness to a trnst or enpauenient is uni- versally admitted, and e\-ei-y traveler heai's witni'ss to their hospitality and ohliiiing disposition. Although taciturn hel'ore stranucrs. whom the\- natui'alK' distrust, thi'v are uiute voluhie and merrv amouL: thenisel\t's • 1 »/ ' ('s[)e(;ia llv tl le women: th •tl leu- nurtn, nowcNcr, wan ts th rini;' of true ha[)[)iness. Looking at the darker side, it is found that drunkeiniess stands j)re"niinent. and if the native is not oftener drunk, it is heeause the means for carousing are wanting. Surrounded hy a hountifid nature, he is naturally la/y and improvident, whole days hcing passed in dreamy inaction, without a symptom of ennui, lie is ohstinate, and clings to ani;ient customs, yet he will not dispute with you. hut tacitly l"orms his own o[)inion. Taught to he humhle. he does not possess nmch manliness, hiis a certain cunning, will v.i'cp at tritles. and is a[)t to he vindictive, especially it' h us ^lealousy is iu'oi ised. The hiuhlanders form an e\- ce[)tion to tlu'se general characteristic's in main ic.-pecrts. The purer air of the mountain has infusi-d in them a certain inde[)en(lent energy, and industrw .\or are the women to l»e classed as la/y, for theii" })osition is rather that of slaves than of wives, yet they nvv \i\acious and not devoid of coipietry. hut of undis[)utctl modest v. Afany of the remoti'r trihes are hrave. and the Manchi's, for instance, ht'hasi'd lately in so spirited a manner as to compel the governnu-nt to treat with them Tl le It/as ai'e said to ha,\e heen warlike and ryuv\. hut tlu'ir neiiihhors the Lacandones are not so lei'ociou s as siu)- .1' })osed. The (^)uich('s hear a -high character for iudus- Uy, and intelligence, while those of KaMnal excel in truthfidness. honesty, and morality. The \'era Paz trihes are less active and industrious tliiui those of the plateau; this aj»plies es[)ecially to the eastern nations who are also more stupid than the western. THE MOSCiUITOS. rii Tlio Siilviiilor ])(M)j)li' iiiv uoti'd ior tlu'ii' i)]il(';:in;itic ti'iu[)t'niim'iit. Mini the pi'ovokcnl straiiLicr \\li<» sci'ks to liiii'i'v them, is lucrclv liiii^iuMl at: otliciwisc they, us \v«'ll MS the N'u'MrMuiiMiis. Mi'i' moi'i' docile Mini imlus- ti'ioiis tliMii liic ( iiiMlciuaJMiis. Idit iilso iiioi'c Mi|ii'i'stitioiis. S'luT/cr thinks that tlicv liave all the iiicrnialiou t'or becMJiiiin,:: rohhcrs. I)iit wMiit the oiuTj^y. The A/trc reiii- iiauts ill .\i('arti,t:iiM mtc particiilai'ly patient and tlirilty. hilt exti'i'inely shy and hroodint:'. The ('hontales. on the other hand, are said to ha\e been a sa\a;;c and de- haseil race, whil *he Choliitecs were l)ra\e ami cruel l)iit suhject to petticoat I'nle. Opinions concerning:' the iiitelli.Lience ol' the nati\'es and their ])rospcct ot" ad- vancement are varied, soiiu' ailinniiii:' that they are dull and spiritless. iiica[)ahle of inakini:' any pro,L:i'ess. while others assign tlu'ni u hii:'h charactei' and intelli^Lii'iice, uhich. i)ro[)erl}- dirocteil, would gise them a [nomiiient position.-" The ^^()S(aIT'•>. the second division of the Central At iiencan jiTonj). are at tl le present day composed in part ol" an incoiii.;rnoiis mixture ol' Carih colonists and nepii'o im[)oi'tations. and in part of a piirenati\(' element. Owinii to tlu' independent si)irit of the tribes aloim' the central chain of mountains, which siicces>l"iill\- resisted 2" ' Ti:i somin(i lies ])( iiics (St (lone liiniti'o coiniiu' rtWr dcs jduissanccs; ils 111' i'rs-<(Ul( 111 iii bs mil s ni 1>'S uiitri-; avrc licaucimii dc vivaciti'.' M^rihl, \'ni/,i.i'\ t.Hu. i., pp. -J io 7, I'.ti;, tiiiii. ii., pp. in|, i:!:!. \'M, •iim, 2o:!. ' Wlicn arniiscil, liowcvi ]■. tii^'V arc liiTrc, enicl, aliil iiiiplacaliliv . . .slnvwil . . . .ci'iu'4iii'4 si-rvilit y aiiil Iav <'umiiii.L;. . . .I'Xti'cuii' traclialiliii; ss.' ( ii'ii;'>t (''■lit. Aiii' r.. pp. \l'.i. ■ .\Ii laiiclinly ...silent . . .piisillaiiiiunu-, ., timid.' I)iii>ii's lin'il- iii'ilii. p. 'JTs. • Iinp(rturl)aliility of tliv Xcjrtli Aim i ic iii Indian, li;it arc a j^iiitliT and less w.irliki,' raci'.' Fouh's I'ml. Ani'i-.. pp. |i>l --). Xifara,L;uatis • arr siiiLtiilifly dnrili'aihl industrious . .. imt waililu lull I'lMVc' S'/iilrr's Xic'ira iii'(, p. 'JUS. 1' u' I'lirllur ivfcrciicc! coiKaTiiinL! tliisc piopKi s.'i' S'j'iirr's ('flit. Aiii'i'.. \i. 'I'hi: llnlnir, Xirnrdiinn. ji]). 7'.i s|; .linifrns' nut. h'liiit., lip. l'.i7-S; /i'r '//, Xi'iirii'inn. pp. Id!), ll'ill: I'lii/ill. L'ti/i/rirt. in Aiii'iriiiiic I ' nlr'ili . pp. 7il, l:i.") il; 'I" h'iiil. in /i i-i-iil. \''ii/. !•'■■, ilii'/iijiir, pp. -17-'.), I)'.); Orii'ili), ll'ist. (nil., tola, iv., p. li-l; llrrrrn. Ilisl. 'ini ., dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii.; Sfir r:i r, W'lmli niinii'ii, m>. .') i, (11. l--)"), |iil--): l>iiiihiji'.'i Ciiil. Aimr., \t\). ■211, :!:i7 -S. The Lacaiiilums are very lacouie, sober, tciupurato and striet. I'onklH, ini'id. Fitriiitr,}\uv. 7, 1S«2. 712 WILD TUrnES OF CENTIl.VL AMKIilCA. till' atti'inpts ol" SiKiiiiiirds to ju'iictriiti' the territory, iiiul to tln' iinliciiltliy cliiiiiitc ol' tin- coast, this coiiiitry. uitli tiic ('xci'ptioii ol' tilt' iiortlii'i'ii |)!irt ol" iJoiKliiriis. lias as yvt I'scapcd siilijcctioii to the wliilc rai-c. Tlii' coiiiitiT. iisiik' Iroiii tilt.' sca-sliorc. jiosscsscs many attractivi; i'l'atiircs. The transverse ranges, radiatiiiu' fioiii the l)i'iiiei]tal <'liain, Ibriii a .series of terniees \vhicli i^raijiially lessen in elevation, until they disappear in a low eoast re,uioii. rn'tween thein inniiiiieraMe rivers, led hy the moisture-laden sea-winds, now nishiiii: hoisteroiisly from lieavilv wcxhUmI heii-hts. now shiuuishK' weiidiiii:' their ^vay tlirou;^h luxuriant prairie-land. How Ihrouj^li a rej:ion of most pU'asini;' variety, and at last empty into vast lagoons horderiiiLi' the ocean. The ahori'/ines still form the greater part ol" the po[>ulation. and are composed of a larp.e numher of trihes which, while practicini: ajiri- cultnre to a limited extent, siihsist chielly on natural fruits and on the [)rodu(,'ts of the chase. Ilxceptin,:: the small trihes of the I'astern Mosiiuito country-, Mr Scpiier, who has ,t:i\en much ])atient research to their lan- ^uatics, includes the natives of this sul)-di\ ision amon""' the Lenca i'amily, at the head of which stand the (t'lui- jlqtteros in western lloiuluras, e.-ssentially an a,^ricultural peo[)le. lO.ist of these are the Aicikjiks. and I'oijdx, names j:iven to a collection of closely related trihes, some of which have heen. hroULiht under the suhjugat- iiiu' nnluences of tl le missionarx' itl itiiers. wiuie otiier.s ^till k tl \eei) tlieir ancle nt cu-'toms intact. The .s' I'fd^ on I)lack Iviver are iiuluded )V .some writers with the J oyas. outli and we-t o'" these are the J/os''os. and in the western part of the .M()s(iuito coast, the Waithnis^ who still cherish a tradition of their emijzration from the north-west. Kast of the latter live the '/o//-/v/s and Cook !'((!<. who extend to IMewlields. and siieak dialects varyiii;^' little from the W'oolwa tonuiie. hut stand lower in the scale of humanity. I>ell states that the Towka.s are merely a hranch of the Suioox. w ho haw mau\- points in ('ommon with the I'oyas, tliou;zh dilferinji' from them in laniiuaiie. Anioim' other ahoriuines ma\' he men- MOSQUITO NATIONS. 718 tloiU'd tllO Alhiihi'iiiii!^, Tiilinii!*, I'liiiiin/i Ids, Jiii'ii.-i, T'lOft, (iiinltiK. Ilvlis, Mi)lih'tin, anil tlic liiintii.> oil tin- iUculiclds lii'ioori; (»!' soWTiil otiici's tlit> iiaiiU's ;i re itlii'i' lost oi' iiiiknowii. I'ollnwiui:' the coast soiitliwiiid we iiirct tliu Ci/rilis, ii .sti'oiin'. liardv. I)iit cnnU' i-acc at [iri'st'iit, of varied iK'.Lii'o adiiiixtiirc. chicllv descrinl('(i IVoiii the tiii'ludrut iiati\cs of Sail NiccMtc island, wlioiii the lln::- lish transporti'il in IT'."! to the island of Uoataii. wlK'nco tlicy were liroiiiiht over to Honduras. Tlio (\iiil)s. who liavt' within a lew drcadi's spri-ad from a small colony over the whole northern coast. driviiiLiother nations into th 10 inti'i'ior and southward, appear to ne siipcrsediiii;" tii(^ alM)rii:ines, now last disappeariiii;' under the anni- liilatinii' ell'ect of drink and disease. South ol' the Oarihs round caiie (iracias i'l hios are the Si/m/i Mn los. or liradually ado[itiii^ the ."^amho tonji'iie. Adiaceiit to tlu'in are the T'lnn'jIiiSy ii not very nniiierons oilshout of Smoos and Sanihu? 21 21 Tho iiiiiui' iliisquito is j,'iii( r;illy supposid to hi vo urisi ii finin tlio nuuici-oiiM iiiiim|iiit.i iiis.'cts tl) lir fipiiiiil ill tilt' CDiiuiiy; otlr rs tliiiik that tlio siliiiU isl iiid-i ort' tlif cii ists, '• wliji'li lie as tliick as iiii)si|iiiti>is." may iiavo caused till' u|iiiillatioii; while a tiiiid niiiiiidii is that the name isa e.MiMi>ti'iii of nil uhiiri^iiial term, ami to siili^tantiate this ojiiiiiiiii it is sai.l liiat liiu iiuHvi's u ill tlieiii-ielves distinctly Msskitos. .1/ is7''/',,;,n,,/. I!. IM, 1S)-2I. i'lie Caril) name is [iroiioiiiieed •• Kh iiilieis " on tie- c i.ist. .!/(.•- (/A- /o/''s /'/•'(//•.•.•>■<)/' .l,;).;,'i(vt, vol. i.. ])|). 770. 77"). '11 exi^ti' (le/ eiix di S liiiiLjiies tres dift''i'eiites, ft nous avous I'einariiui' i[u'm eeiit lieiies de distaneo ii;! ll'J S.' comprellllelit Jlliis les uus les ailtres.' Viriili'l'l-n, I'r III. I'd//, il'i yl'irc(./> IV-;/) (ee.'. (). K). See further; .s7'/i(r.s .Vf'ii-'Oi'"', p. III!; .S'/'u'' /''.s Xii'.imina, vol. ii., p. .'iOS: lil.. ('•■id. Aiii"r.. pp. -JIL-JII 7, -rflU; lialnii\ yi ■antii'iii. ]). 77; .Tun- rut' IIUI. (tiuil.. p. ;Ui>. iTJ-60, 287-8. MOSQUITO PHYSIQUE AND DRESS. ri5 ill l)ringin;;' out iiumy of the characteristics tliat have obtaiiUMl Ibr lh(! Sambo race the leadiiiii p(;sition on the coast. 'I'licy are all well-l)iiilt, raw-boned, nimble, and of a dull, ilark, co[)i)er color. The lace is o\al. with a coai'se. lustful e\[)ression. the hair rou,!:h. wa\ \ . and black. e\('s !)riLiht and remarkablv stroni: : women i)rett\', Avith lariie e\es. anack. In some parts chiefs aie distinguished by a cotton cap, 2-'T)io l),i(kMikiio{'li.'" tvcton nidit, «!■■ I'i'i aiulcrii aiiifiikimisiliin Stiiiuiiirii, aiillMliiiM licivor. . .starke ( )liiTliii)'.'.' .l/-i.s/y/i/7'././/'i/, liiiilJ. |i|i. l:U (1. .')'.l. 7(1, I'.l. ('(lusiilt itls\. '<■>': n; If'tss'i. M:.f. d'lii.. in). ;i'vS-'.l; /•'/■i,'/»/. ,l.s AiH-ril.'i, toiii. i.. \>\i. il'.iT S; \'iiriili'i'ii II, I'liiii. \'''i/. ilr Aiif riiiii I'l'.-//""), pp. lO-l. 'I'll!' ]'U\-f l.vpi' Ikih ' srli'irliti'. i^ril'.i, vi\ si'liw.ir/.i' llaiir mill I'l'iiiriv Lipprii.' Sir.r-i, Miiiiliiiin ril.u, ])]). 7!. 177. is.i. ■is7 s; y,,ii„.fs X'lrniliir, pp. •^c. 'js '.(, 72, 7"i, !'■>. s->. ,s7, rr'iil'i's IliJ. r..//.. p. 2^(1: //■//. ill /',•'/'>iriii(i^, ii|>. 'lis. :i.i.'i. |n:t: ('■>h>ii. //('.-'. Mm!- rtnt'\ in llii-'i'i. /r<.vAi/'; ( /-(/■(s, tiiMi. i,. p. |iil; ll'inl's Wo'il, mi. )i)>. IJ7.'i'.lS, ;U7; Slrnii'iiiriii/^' MiS'i'i'iln Sh'HV. p. ;!'J!». 'I'll.- iiiitivcs uf Cuiii isl.nnl .'in 'nf a (lark ('')]ip('r-cii!()iii', hhirlv ilair, full ruiuiil I'lici's, wiiiU hl.iik I'lyi's, ilnji- Eyi'-lirow-; U:iii.;iii.; ovir tiiiii' l\V(,'s, lnw Fnrihr.i Is, slimi tiiii''< N .scs. imt LiV'li. liiit tlitii^d; full Lips, mid short (.'hiiiM.' JJaiini'C'''ti rt'///iys, vol. i., pp. 31-2, 7-S. riG WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. and a long si 'ovelesH r()l)o. open in fi iit and often nicely ornamen ted in oth ler places men of ik raniv uear turl )aiis decorate(' witli plumes .and feathers, and dress in skins of eagles, tillers, and other animals: tiiese are also used by the common peoi)le on festive occasions. The Smoos" liead-dress is especially pretty, with its (.'iiihroidery and feather-work. Ordinarily the lonu' loose hair is deemed .'^ullicieiit to protect the head, and is kept sleek and shin- ing l)y ])alm-oil. which they .say furthers its growth. The women have longer hair tlian the men, and often dress it in rinulets. seldom in a knot or wreath. Tli(> l)eo[ le of rtl nortUern Hond uras wear a lock hanuiiii: over the forehead; some highland chieftains, on the contrary, ;^Iiiive the front of the head, but allow the back hair to grow long, while the Toyas part theirs in the middle. kee[)ing it in position with a band. That of the religicjus men reaches to the waist, and generally falls in braids ])ehind. In nn>urning, both sides of the liead are shaved, a bushy conii) being left along the middle. I'or- merly all hiiir except that on the head, even eyelirows and lashes, was pulled out, because it was thought fit lor animals oidy to have hair on the body. All go liare- iooted, and it is onl}' where the native has to traMl ox'er a rough roa.l that he puts on )i/jiiiri'f/(if.'<, or sandals lasteiied bv thonii's f)f bark. wood, or skin, w hicl I are round the foot. W hatevr is wanting in actual dress. however, is made up by ])aint and ornaments, of which both sexes are eipially ibnd. The face and ujiiu'r part of the 1)ody are either unifoi'nily dauix'd oxcror tattooeil with rays, i'ancirul lines, and designs representing animals and the like, chielly in red and hlark. Taste is not wanting in this ailormnent. for the tint is often delicate, and the black circles round the eyrs indicate that they nnderstand elVect. increasing as they do the lustre of tiu' orbs. Msiiueinelin states that when \isitov'^ were ex- ])ected, the men combed the hair, and smeared the face with an ointment of oil and black powder, the women using a red ailmixture. Tattooing ligures on the hody l)y cauterization, as seen I)}' Coliimhus on the Mostpiito MOSQUITO HEAD-FL.VTTEN'IXG. 717 Coast, is .still practiced in certain ]iarts of the interior. A horiuinal M()S(|uitos also iierforated eai's. lips, and cheeks, to liold pendants of fisli-))ones and ,u;reen stones; the holes in the ears being as Itirge as eggs. The natives of Corn island not only carried large pieces of wood in the ears, but gradually eidarged the hole in the lower lip; at filU'en years of aiic the wood was removed and a tor- toise-shell inserted. Women woiv a tiiiht bandaue round the ankle to increase the size of their calves. Strings of tastefully ai'ranged beads, bones, shells, and stones, and gaily colored bandages, were worn round the neck and wrist; the women adorning the legs iuid aid\les in a similar manner, and also using fi'athers and (lowers. Certain interior tribes, as the Smoos. esteem ii round forehead as a reproach, and hence the head is llattened, the elVect of which woidd be more noticeable, were it not for the thick bushy hair. This head-llattening fashion hei-e ap])ears lor the first time since we left the Columl)ian grou[); we shall see it once again lurther south, and that is all. The process here is essentially similar to that of tlie C\)lumbians. AVhen the infant is a month old. it is tied to a ])oard. and a flat ])iece of wood, kept fu'm by bands, is })laced upon the forehead. The child remains in this painful j)osition for several iiioDihs, the pressure increasing as the head grows.-' Tuvns there are none, except in certain parts; seldom •■(• b")t'e than four or five houses stand in a group; the ioi tbtv being ;'hang<'d at intervals for sanitai'y or super- ■: > ['urposes. A few upright posts pliuiteil in par- allel lines, or ni a, cncle. i uid occasionalh' iiiterwo\'en with cane or leaves, support what may l)e called the hut 2:i //i, •/'.)•((. Hist, (lid., (Ice. iv., lil). i., c;\\i. vi.. lib. viii., mi), iii., v.; l\s- (jneiiiiTui, Xii -llnimrn, jip. loH-l; Si/nir, in Iliirjiir'.-i l/'.'/-. vul. xix., ]>. fUl; Jit., ill .\iiiiri!lis .\iiiiiilis iti>i\'ni/.. lMr)S, tdiii. fix., p. l:U; M'irliii'.-< lint. Col., V(.!. ii., i>. II-.'; rhti ami Nu'/zKni/t's Duttiwi.-^, pp. -Jls-:)!!; -Jsd, liuM, Jd.'i, 415: .M'lr'iri'iinr's I'rmirrss ni' Ainrr., vol. i., p. 77'J; Itmnjiii r's \'iii/iiii)'s. vol. )., p|i. 11. :!J: /;./n/'s' n'nU.iiii. pj). 127, 2r,'.i-G, -Jim; Mnsijinlnliinil. JinU-l,!. jij). I't>-17, l:til-7; IMt. in Lunil. (iiuij. Sm-., .hmr., vol. \xxii., jii). 'jr)tU(;ii; LoHHii's ynrniltri , \)ii. IJ, 2(1, 'J'J, It-', 7'2, 77. >^.'t, 122, i:!'!. ' Alcuiii vsntii) fovtc ciuiiiciniili' <'oiii"i|iicn('. clio vsiiimo iidi, Iuiil'Iu' siiio iil lulico, (> siii/,i jimnchi'. l'(irtiiiii) li' linici'ia, c il coipo Inuoviili ili lauoii uiuitSL'Li, futti cul fuoc'o.' i'lAoinljo, Ui-it. i/i./ Aininiruijlh, pp. -lUU-fi. 718 WILD TRIBES OF CENTKAL AMERICA. proper. mIiIcIi is a sharply slopinir. wcll-tliiiteiiod palm- k'al" roof with projoctiii;^' eaws, roachiii":; to within tinve or Tour i'ec't oi" tho tiroiiiul. Thci'o is usually hut oui> apai'tuuMjt, the tloor of Avhich is often coated with clay, and niiscd a little to avoid dampness. In the center is the fireplace, surr(jnnde(l hy household wai'e and cack- lini:' hens, and all round may ))e seen luuinnocks and nets susi)ende(l from the ))!Viuboo rafters. Some sleep on a irame-work of hamhoo ;)laced upon posts. ^rhehettei-Cii>^s of houses con; iii partition? for the several families occu- pying' it. and SI . field -i enclosed hy stalk fences. A village with main le interior trii)es consists of oiu' lai'iie huildint:'. often one liundred feet lon(riii)ij(')rrtt/^' .l/osv/ioVo .^^/mrf, p. ^31 : Pi'fifhrl'sC'iiil. Ai p. IH."); Si/ii'Hr'x Ciitl. Am i\. )) (JC'ii: /,/., ill lliiriHi'fi Muti.. vol. xix.. ]>. (ii:i; /r/., ill .V- ils ilx \'<>i/.. 1S.")S, tuiii v\k.. [). l:il; r ii, V>r>: r ■ IS !■' imiiin s lloti Hll'l S vtin\ J)]!. l:t. 77, W iml:^ l)|i. 2711. -Jltrt, -tl')-*!; nil, in l."Hfl. ' .l.-2'\ llxnls W'ail.iiK. pp. 'i'.i:! I, ;Uh-',(: J/m, I'lliiiiil. llnrlit. pp. -Jii, i;t7-'J; S'n-crg, MilkluiiieriUt, pp. Hw, 17.'^; Cochhi Juuriiij, pp. 'I'i, oH-l, FOOD IN IIONDUllAS. riD The pooplo of iiortlioni Hoiidiiras, according to TTcrrorn, clcai'i'il till' groiind uitli stone axes, and turned the sod ])y main strength uitli a forked pole or with shar)) wooden si)ades, and hv this means secureil two or three \ields e\ ery year; hut tlie pi-esent occn|)ants scarcely take so nuieh trouhk'. i)n marr\ inu,', the me n ])re[)are a sides twenty to thiity plan- tain and co('();i-init trees, leaving their wives to give it such I'urthei" care as may be reipiired. Where mai/e is cultivated it is eii'>er st)wn two or three gi'ains in holes two feet ai> ut, or broadcast over freshlv cleai'e(l wood- land a little before the rainy season. The i'oyas are the only people who cultivate res[)L'ctable i'arms. Fish- ing is the fa\oi'ite occupation of the coast i ibes. and their de.Kterity Avitli the spear and harpoon is <|uite re- inai kabk Tl le proiH'i' time l()r catching tin laru' vv species of fish, such as the tar[)om and })alpa. is at night, when a ilet't of })itpans, each with a pitch-pine toicli in the bow. may be si'en on the lagoon inti'rmingling in ])ictures( pie confusion. One or two paddlers pro[)el the boivt. another holds the torch, while the hai'iuxiin'cr stands at the bow with a ii;ilsh)-(/iiK((, or stalV, having a loosidy litting, barbed harjioon at one end, and a jtieci' of light wood at the otlu'r. A. shoi't line attached to the harpoon, passes along the stall", and is rolled round this tloat for convenience. The glare of the torch attracts the fish and enables the bowuian to spy his prey, which is imme- diately transfixed by the iiar[)oon. Away it darts, but the tk)at retards its piogre aiK points out Its when" .^boiits to the lioatmeii, who again seize the line, and drag it to the sli.)re. Occasionally the tarj)om is taken ill strong: nets, the meshes of which re(piire to be six in(!hes sipiare in order to I'litaiigle it. Manatees or sea- rows are caught in the early morning, and to gi-t w ithin ^itrikinu" distance of the warv animal, it is necessar\ to deck the canoe with bushes and leaves, giving it the ap- pearance of a lloating tree. The line attachetl to the liarpoo)! is in this case payed out from the canoe, which 720 WILD TllIDES OF CENTHAL AlIEllICA. is ofton tmiled l)v i\w. nianiitoe in a lively inaniicr. Tt p'lioi'jilly takes sovei-al harpoons as well ;is liuioes to kill it. Smaller liar[)()ous. without harh. with merely ((iiad- ranji'ular points an inch and a hall" long and nearly as wide, are: used for catchinu' turtles so that the shell may not ho daniaged. As the eanoe approaches, tln^ tui'tle slides under the watej': the hownian signali/es the oars- man how to steer, and when the tiu'tle I'isi's to hreathe, it is speared, dragged into the canoes, and jjlaced on its hack. Some lishei'inen will jum[» into the water after the animal, and hring it up in their hands, hut this ieat is attended with danger, from hites and sharj) coral. T'"') hawk-hill turtle is set i'ree after the shell has ])een stri[)i)ed of its scales, hut the green species is eaten, and its eggs, which are esteemed a dainty, are sought for ui the sand hy ])oking sus[)ected places with !i stick. Smaller hsh are s[)eared with the shtiiorl,', a iong i)ole with a /i\ed point. 'fhe river peo[)le take less pleasure in fishing, and resort thereto oidy as driven hy necessity. Weirs of hi'anches and clay are constructed, with a small outlet in the middle, where men ar(> stationed to catch the ])assing fish with nets and s[)ears. The Poyas em[)l()y a still surer method. The water is heaten with sticks lor some dis- tance ahove the weir, so as to drive the (ish together; a quantity of juice extracted from a, wild vine called jtcq/diic. which has a stupelying elfect, is thrown into the water, and the men have mei'el\" to select the hest look- inu'. the smaller ones heiuii; aUowed to iloat awav and recover in the unadulterated waters helow. The preserv- ing offish is the work of women, who cut them in slices, — - sometimes ru!)l)ing them with salt. — and place the pieces on a iramework of cane over the (ire to he smoke-dried; after which they areex[)o,sed to the sun for a day or two. Part of the (ish is cooked, or haked in oil. and eaten at once. If we except the Smoos and Xica((ues. who fol- low game with true precision and patience, the usual mode of hunting is as primitive as weir-fishing. ,V numher of men assemhle and set lire to the grass, whicb MOSQUITO COOKEUY. ilrivo.s tlio torrifiod iiiiiinals into a f'ornor, wlicvo tlicy iiw sliot or sti'uclv «l()\vii. or tho gaiiu' is cutrajjiu'd in lioics jKirtly fillod with wattT. The wild lioii'. the tapii-. and dcrr supply most of tlio moat, which is cinvd in the same way as lish: some ciittinji' the meat in sti'ips. and cnirinii" it on t\w (incnnK ov grate of" sticks, while others preler the harhetnie method which is to smoke-dry the whole animal. Certain old writers state that human ilesh was eaten, hut this is discredited hy others, who think that the error arose from seein natives least on monkeys, which, skinned, liave much the apjiear- ance of humans. The statement of their eatini:- raw fish may also he wrong, lor the natives of the present da\' aie verv careful ahout thoi'oughlv cookini: their I'ooil, and even a\()id fruit not fully ri[K'n( 1. A well-known articli! of food is the Cai'ih hread. a sort of wliiti^ hard hiscuit made iVom cassava or mandioc roots, which are skinned, washeil, and grated on Ji hoard set with sharj) stones. The pulp is rinsed in water to extract the jKiisoiious juice, and when it is snlliciently whitened hy this means, the water is cari'lully pressed out. and the .suhstan.'e set to dry in the sun. The sifted Hour is made into large round thin cakes, which, after heing exposed fo the sun for a while, ai'e slowly haked over the fi;e. The Poyas make large rolls, which are wi'apped in leaves and haked in the ashes. These soon hecome sour, and are then eaten with a I'elisli. Othi'rs grind cassa\;i or maize on the nictate, and hake tortillas. A gruel is also made t)f the Hour, ami eatt'U with salt and chile, or .'^yru[). One of tln'ir dainties is A'"sA/'/r. the name given to j)lantains ke[)t in lea\es till ])uti'i'l, and eaten hoiled. Scalding hot cacao mixed with chile is the favorite stiniidant. of which lari^c (piau- tities are imhihed. until the perspiration starts iVeui e\ery ])ore. Cacao-fruit is also eaten I'oasted. Xotwithstand- ing the ri(;hness of the soil and the variety of its pro- ductions, the natives are accused of resoi'ting to inse(!ts for food, and of eating theii* own vermin. The coa.-r, people lia\e the greater selection, but trust mostly lo Vol. I. id 722 WILD TRIBES OF CENTllAL AMERICA. fisliiiiLi'. wliilo the interior trilies after imturul products (le[)eii(l u\Hm the chase. The Cook i-as subsist ehielly on th le cahhaLie-piilin Sainho '/"/';■, in Jlnrjin's .!/«;/., vol. xix.. p. (il:!; . Ydiiii I's X'lrrtitirr, i\\), 14. IS, 21, CI, 71-7. il'l, Its, W,;' llnnrs WiiiLnx. ]ip. 1110-11. V.V2 C, ±)--'iXi, ;!-J0; Sinrs. M!lt< Ixiiifiil.a, jip. 75 C, H7, l(;s-74. Tho Wodlwas had lisli 'which hud hecii shot with iirniws.' rim iintl Sn- vmnn's Dfiltih'is, pp. 403,248-50, 3i.0-l, 407, 412-lU; Duwjna-'s Wi/jmi's, \o\. i., pp. ;»-i:(, :r.-7. i!i' lldi/'i'a /,';■/(', vol. i., pi-(f., p. IS; YoHHi/s Xitmd'ive, jip. 70, 'JD, i'M; Torqiteimtda, Jlutuirq, Iml., toiii. i., p. U35. MOS(iUITO WEAPONS AND WAR. 723 death. The milkj juice of tlie ninir/nnilla-trce is used to poison arrows ami darts. IMowpiin'S, >vln)se li,i:lit arrows siuelv iiiid silonth' l)riiiacriliced to intluence the gods; Mood was drawn IVoni tongue and ears, and dreams cari'lully noted, and their import determined. Amhassadois wcie sent to challenge the enem\" to a nitchetl battle, and. if the\ weiv not re- ^pondedto. thecoiMitry was ravaged. \\ hen prisoners were taken they were usually held as slascs. after having the nose cut olf. forty thousand nu'n sometimes com|)()sed an e.\i)i'dition. opi'i'ating without chief or order, devising ambu.-hes and stratagems as it suited them, and accdu- panied by wouien to act as porters. ^hK-cpiito warriors bhu Iseu the face, and place themselves under the t( m- ])orary command of the bravest and most experienced. The coast people ari' liold and unyielding, and usually kill their ])risoni'rs. \\ hen the Saud.os confederate with their neighboi's. they expect their allies to pay lor iriend.s lost in battle.-'"* *' Of till' jn'oiilo rif Liis Pci-tiis isliUKls it is! said: 'Aeii't oii'lt viiii Imcr gewecr ceil liav-tandl, scliictcli lint nciii 1mii)l;1i.' KsfjUi iiii-Hk, Xii-l!ui,ri rn, 1)|). 71, l.-)0. Also sec: I'oldii. Hifil. Ahiiirniili'. in Jliirrin, Ili.slaridilitris, tniii. 1.. p. 10,"(; Ili'Vi-' I'll, l/isl. (Int.. (lee. iii.. lil). ix., cup. x., iiinl di c. iv., nil. viii . call, iii.; llniniiUr's \'y/i"'//i('//», '/jc-lldnnrs, p. \\\'.\\ liiniqiUr's \'nj/iiiiing is obtained from the jiqinUte plant; the yellow iroiu the (U'hUilt tree. Tottery is a very ancient art among them, as may be seen from the fine specimens discovered in the graves and ruins of Honduras. Their red cooking- pots are very light but strong, and the water-jars, which are only slightly biu'iit to permit percolation, show con- siderable taste in design.^" Nowhere do we find more daring and expert boat- men than the Moscpiitos. who will venture out \\\v.m the roughest sea in a boat barely large enough to hold a man s^ ' irmiiiiocks, iiiiulc (if 11 Sort nf Ktislics.' C/x l.tiKrH's Jouvini/, ]>j). (',4, 2'i. ' lil iilmoliiuliv vii ji:ili). () Yiiii pii'(lr:i; los cofifs son ccstillds, nfnirailns <'n cuti'os lie vt'imilds ' llirrvni, //i.s/. Ont., lU'c. iv., lil). viii., vti}}. v. C'oii- Milt n\^o: Yoiou/'s Xfirriilive, iip. 70-7; rknnjiirr's Vrnjd'jva, vol. i., ]). ^•"); S'luier'n Vent. Annr., p. tUiO; McsqidloliiiHl, Jkrirht, pp. 100, IKi, 12H, KiS, 173. ■M sii-r^. mtt'liimrnhri, p. 107; BdnVs IT'n'Av)';, pp. 127, 20.S-0. ' Aiif irj»('nil cine Ziil)i'witiiiiL,' (of skins) vcrstohcn sich die ludiiiuor iiii'lit.' Mus- ijiutclniil. Iliillit. \i\). r.lil. 14s. 'They iiiiiki' Vw'^e J.irs hin', oiin of wliiili will h )kl ti'U Gullous, iiiul not woiyli one I'onud.' Cockburii's Journii/,i). a3. BOATS AND riSIiKiaiCS. nnd a Ijov. If tlic lioiit ciiii.-i/c it is iit oiiro ri^liti'd, ))MiI(.'(l out. ami tlio vovaiii' rcMimnl. iiiid h'Moim is iiiiy part of the car^o lost. The ilanj, or oidinaiv sia-Iioat is a lioUowi'd-oiit tivc. ol'tcii t\V(nt\-li\c> to \\\'\\ t'crt loiiu, ioiir to six widr. and l()iir to lisc {Wv\k roiiiid-hotlonird. l>iio_\aiit, and wiiii ,i:()od liandlin;^' sali-. Tlic hcst an; inadt' In the u[)-ri\('r trila's, csjicciallN tlio Towkas. wiio pr(.'l)ai'e tiicni rou^iildv \s\{\\ axe and liro, and sell tluni to lilt' coast pi'ople to lie linislicd aecordinin' to lancv. AlU'r tlic dii^-ont lias ln'cn trininicd, it is olttn >( akcd in water lor u tinic. so that the sides niav he .stretched and secnred uilh knies. The y>//y.////. A\hich is \\>n\ on ri\ers and lauoons. dill'ers IVom the dorv in hein;:' tlat- liottoined. \\\{\\ hroad and "iraihialh" ronndt'd ends, and ol' k'ss deiith and ^vidth. Cedar is eiiiellv used lor ))it- l)ans on account ol' its lightness, and the stroniier nialiou- jinv for doi'ies: hut the latter are. however, soon injui'cd \)y worms if kept in the water, t^niall hoats are pro- pelled \)\ a single hroad-hladed paddle; sails also are enii)lo\e(l wi Ih th tl (1 le vi'idn or Keeleil canoe. npoon and canoi' arc the hasis of the Mos(jnito's wealth, for with tlu ni he ohtains his food and the tortoise shell, the i)rinci|)al article of traliic. 4'he season lor catching' hawk-hill turtles is iVoni April to Auiinst. when lleets of canoes, each manned hv ahout twehe men. pio- ceed to dilVerent parts of the coast, as far .M)uth as('jui'i- (pu', and hrini:' home ten thousand pounds of shell on an averaiie. (Jreen turtles, which are caujiht near reels, also lind a "iooil maiket in lUi'wIields and elsewheie. All keej) hous. the Carihs more than others; maiiv po>' sess cattle and horses, w hid I are all owei 1 t o I'un d th t)ver the prairies, the horses heinu' lassoed whenever re(piired for ridiiiLi'. Their manner of hrt'akinu them is uni(pie. One man leads the horse with the kis>o into water, to a depth of three or four I'eet, when another ■" Yiiunii's Xiirral'iri', jp. 1 1, 10, 70, ](!(•-! : MiirVin's Wist lixl'us. vol. i . i ]'>. ].').■)-(); hiiiiqihr's \'auiiist;iiiiii;f. dcnii die llaliiiiii r si
  • are most recklessly slaii}:hteri'd at leasts and lur oll'ences, and IVnit-trees, as well as other projiertN aic, as a I'ule, destroyed on the death 1)1' the owner. (^Miite a trade is carried on in these parts, the iidjind trilcs l)rin«iinj;" rongh canoes, calahashes, skins, cloth, lioiiey, and cacao to the coast people, and i'eceivin;i theidor tur- tles, salt, Knjilish I'ancy and iisel'id aiticles; while nuiny of the latter nndertake k'nj:thy coast trii)s to disjiose of the hartered ])rodiice, as well as tlu'ir own. The \\ an- kees deal heavily in hlshlrc, or (U'coniposed plantains. while sarsaparilla and honey are the staple articles of the Secos and Poyas. A mixture of shriwdness nu(' simplicity characterizes their dealiniis. A party wishii to dispose of hides, lor instance, lirst pi'oduces thi' woim ones, which are thrown aside hy the huyei- until llio.-e (»f the standard (piality are hrought out; a suui is tin n olfered for the whole, which is ofti'u unhesitatin,!ily ac- cepted hy the native who is too da/./led hy the Jipparcntly high price to consider the ainount of produce gixcu for it. ^ ery little value is placed upon lahor. lor canoes, which have taken a considerahle time ro picjiiu'e. lue often hartered for a mere trille. The people of lloialu- ras have alwavs a stock of cloth and hone\- to pa\ t;ixcs with, and set a high value on colored feathers ohtaiiud from Yucatec coast traders, who take cacao liir rt'turu cargoes.'" Although versatile enough in luandicrafts, their men- tal faculties are exceedingly crude. With tlu' aid oi" lingei's and toes the Samho is ahle to count to twcuty, hut anything Iteyond that confuses him. Time is vvvk- ^2 Tlio Mosqiiitns Imvo 'liftlo frndo r\('r]it in toHdisf-slifUs inul Mirn] ii rillii.' Sijiiii r's I'nit. \iii( r., ]>. (i"'.l. ( oiii|iiin' lUnd'a ]\'(iil,ii(i, p. IU7: //m !!!. ]•:(;: // lint I, lip .1/.. lUvluuil, J,ti} wear a lew orna- ments of this metal, they do not seem to \m/.v it \ery liijihb At the time of (V)ckhiirn's \isit to lloiidnra? dams were nsed in nnning. and instruments ol cane to hift the gold. The mode emi)loyed by the Toyas to .separate gold from sand is the one known in California as panning, and is thus descrihed h_\' Stpiier: "Scoojting np some of the sand in his bowl, and then lilling it with water, he whirled it rapidly, so that a feathi'iy stream of mingled sand and water Hew constantly over its edge. lie contimied this operation nntil the sand was nearly exhaiisti'd. and then Idled the bowl again. After repeat- ing this proci'ss se\'eral times, he grew more cain I'nl. ]>alanciiig the bowl skillfully, and stop[iing occasionally to i)ick out the pebbles. . . .after the process was loin- plete. the I'oxer showed me a little deiiosit of uold. in m ^^ Tlic ^r(is(|nit{is ' (livisiiiriit I'.inm'p on IS inois do 20 jouis, ct '\\< apiiil- luii'iit IcH iJKjis liiiihir.' Mdi'li -llriiii. 7'/vc?s liare aliitains. '^I'heir laws iwv in some respects hars'i: for instance, a woman who hax had in- tercourse with a man of another rai-e is whipped slowly to death tl amhos are less i)ai le dt Kimterer Oemu' mereiv nnnt'tc'i ni a <'ow I'ticul; let. w m this matter, ,! a' If tl decision of a chief he not s.'itisfactiM'v. the ct;ntestants resort to trial hy combat. I'he Xicaciues live in com- munities of from seventy to < ue hundred jicrsons ruleil by chiefs elected I'or life. The insignia of a judge or ruler in llondui'as are a white stall", often claliorately ornamented with a '!,()lden head and tassels. J'V)rmei'l\' :ii ll'ir'l'.i If'n'A'iiff, pp. 292-3; Ctrhhiiri'x Jmirt.di. p. "7: Hnninrn. Ilisl. Ti)il., fill (i:!. Till' ii;itiv('.-; of IIi'Mlniiis hud ']i((liu;(is dc Ticviii. Ilaiii iil.i Cdlfiilr, cnii la (pial so ftindo t-l Ml'I.iI.' Colon, Hist. Alinirui.ti:, in Jldil'i, i/i.s^l/■(l((/f//■I^•, tulil. i,, p. lUl. GOVEKXilENT, SL.VVEllY, TOLYGAMY. OMcli town or province was rnlcd hy an hereditary caciciue, Avlio adininistered jnstice with lour nohU's as connselors. 1'heft was [)unished hy conliseation of ])ro[ierty. and in graver eases the ears and hands of the enl[)rit were cut oiV; the adulterer caught in the act had his ear-rings i'orcihly tt»rn out; then he was wliipped hy the i-ei.itivi of the injured, and depi'ived of hi,-' possessions. The woman went free on the supposition that she, as the weaker jiarty, was not responsihU'.''"' One [)rinei[)al object of war among the ancient nations of liondui'as was to make sla\-es. hut tiie .\'()S(piito Coast was free from this scourge, according to all accounts;"' Polycauiy obtains, some men ha\ing >ix wi\-es each, and till' king yet moi'e. 'flu- lirst wife, nho i\y a I'ule, is betrothed iVom early inlancy. is mistress connnand- ing: her marriage is attended with festivities, ami later additions to the harem are subject to her. The custom is to marry early, (»ften bi'fore })nberty, and it is not un- usual to see a girl of thirteen with an oll'spring in her arms; but the ma.rriage tie is not very l»inding. for tla^ wife may be discarded or sold at will, on the slightest pretence. es[)ecially if children do not follow the union. The interior tribes, which aiv less gi\cn to plu- rality <'f wi\es, i)ear a [)retty good charactci' foi' ii'male chastity. The caciipie of ancient llonduiMs married among his own class. On behalf of a sui Aiouslv enuati'ed. an old man was disi)! pr 'sents to the father of the chost'n i^irl. 1 lie made a lonij; hiiranuue on the ancestr\ a ^' Unrn-a. IIi.■ I nil. Am -Sliiiil. 1). 1' 1 p. ■2- I! inl' li vol. xix., )i. till; /'/., ill \i,iirillis Aumll'S ilis I"//. 1 '^• lltl; l'iii(i(;/s Xdri'iilifi. ]i|). 71, HS; Mnsiiiiiliiliiiiil, llcriclil, Btt'licn iiiitrr 'iifii K:i/ik(ii, (lir ilii'c Ai.fiilin Wilchi'ii si'' iiiilndiiiut ui liorclitii.' 1 (|\ 'IS Jill, i; ,'U I'Ull kiatiscli.' Ilii:.- the house of his fither-in- law, where the couple remained three other nights, td'ter which they returned to their own jioiise and renewed festivities. These were the ceremonies attending the niar- riaue of nobles Old \'. An old woman acted as niesseniicr for connnon swains, and brought a present of cacao to the bride's parents, which was consumed at the pre- liminary feast, ^i'he girl was then delivered to the old woman, together with a return present of cacao to serve ibr two feasts, one taking place at the house of the bridegroom, the other at the bride's. Relationship Avas no im[)ediment to marriage, and widows were I'cceivetl among the wives of the late hus])and"s I)rothcr. Im- Morality ruled, and the most lascivious ])erf()rmau( cs 1 irevailed at their festivah On the islands in tb gtdf ol" llondui'as and on tlie lu'lize coast, the suitor had to undergo a prelinnnary examination by the ])roi)()S(Ml father-in-law as to his ability to perform the duties of husband: if satisfactory, a bow and arrow were handed him. and he at once presented himself b(>fore the ob- .lect Ol liVect ion with a uarland of lea\' am llowers. which slm j)laced u])on her head in.iead of th u le wreath alwa\s worn hv a viriiin. rieiKls tl lerc' poll met at the home of the bride to discuss the pros[)ects of the couple, and to witness the act of giving her to the bridegroom, partaking, meanwhile, of some MOSQUITO MAKKIAGE CUSTOMS. 731 cliooring liquid. The next dnv tlio l)ri(lo nppoared 1)C- fore tlie mother, and toiv oil' lior fiarltuul with nuich lameiitiition. Among the Sanil)os the l)etroth<>d siiitoi" nmst liive presents of food and other articles to the l)arents of his intended, as payment for their caie of lier nntil she attains the marriaueahle aiie. when he comes to claim lier. t^honld the i)arents then reliise to give up the girl, they are Ijound to refund the \u\uv of the presents twice or thrice told. The usual ])ri('i' paid for a wife is a cow or its eand. to whom "widow-money" must be )iaid befoi'c they ari' allowed to niai'ry again. The method of coui'tship among the W'oolwas is to place a deers "III '-'"' 732 ^VILD TRIBES OF CEN'TKAL AMEIICA. cjircjiss ,nii(l smio fMV>v(K)(l at the dooi' of the iiitciidod; il" ac('('[)li'(l. iiianiii_i:v oiiMics. liach \\\i\' has usually ii separate cstuhlislinu'iit. TIk' Towkas. Avlio arc iii(ii(! iiK'linnl to inonouaiiiy, liaxe an i lit crest iiijj; iiiarria^o cereiiiouy, of ^\lli('ll Squicr ^iscs a loii^' account. On tiio betrothal of children a, coi'respondiiig cotton hand is (jistciu'd uhovc the clhow or helow the knee of each, ^riiese hands are selected hy the old men so as to ))e distinct iVoiii others in color. Jind are re- newed when worn out. They also wear necklaces to which Ji shell or head is added every year, and when tlio hoy has ten i'.ddcd to his striiij:'. he is ctdled imtliiixiil. or ten. siiinilyinu.' liuU'ii man; when the twentieth and (iiial shell is added, he is considcreil ;i lull man. and is called (ilK nicaniiiL:' tweiitx' \^ 1 lis intciuU'd has h\" this time iittained her fifteenth year, jircparations are at once made lor the marriaLio. A uenerul lioli(la\' is taken li\ the villagers, who clear from urass a circular itiece of i^round, which is dclined liy ;i rinii of stones, and trampled smooth ; a little hilt is then erected in the 'eiitre ha\ iiiu, a ,-mall openin;.:' at the top. and another at the side faciiiLi the east. \\ ithin the hut. the entrance of which is coxcidl Avith a mat. is a liea[) of copal-twiiis. and without, at the edL><' of till' circle, a canoe filK'd with palm-wine is placed, havinii' a la,r,Lie pile of white calahashes hy its side. At no(»n the villa,L:ers proceed to the home ot" liie hrideuroom. who is addressed in turn hy the old men; they then start with the youth for the house of the hride where the youni;' man seats himself hefo re the closed en- trance on a l)iindle of presents intended for the hride. lie fatl ler raps at tl le door w liich •tl 1 is iuirri\' oiieiK( d I IV an old woman who asks his hiisiiiess. hut tlu' reply does not st'cm satisfactory, for the door is slammed in his face. The old men try their juiwerof jiersuasion with the sai thei lie result, and at last determine to call Ornh l.> U) r aid .M nsic liatii charms I tlu> door is seen to open, and a female peeps timidly out: louder swells the music and the hride.Liroom hasti'iis to unroll his Imnille contain- ing heads aiul other articles. 'J'he door opens wuler and MOSQUITO conn'siirp. 783 ) wider us each prosoiit is liiiiidi'd in hy tlio fatlior. until it is ontii'oly thrown back, i-cvcalinir the hridi: arravcd in iicr ])ivttiest. seated on a ericUerv. in the remotest corner. While all are absorbed in exaniininii' the pres- ents, the lirideiirooni dashes in, shoulders the <:ii'l like a sack, and trots oil' ibr the mystic circle. Aviiich. urucd on l)y the frantic cries of the women, he ivtiches belbre the crowd can rescue her. The females, who camiot ])ass the ring, stand outside jiivinii; vent to their despair- ing shrieks, while the men s([uat within the circle in r(jws, ficing outward. The old men alone remain stand- ing, and one of them hands a lighted stick to the couple inside the hut. with a shoi't si)eech. Soon an ai'omatic smoke curls n[) from the copal i)ile. whereat the women gi'ow silent, but when it sul)sides. a sudden gayety takes possi'ssion of them, and the uuisic is again heard. The reason for this is that the bridegroom, if he has any ob- jections to the girl, may exiud her while the gum is ))urning. but if it burns out ((iiietly, the groom is sup- ])osed to be satisfied and the nuirriage com[)lete. '^fhe women now pass fdled calabashes to the men. who soon xM'ome exi^ited and start a di mce w bid 1 nicreases in wildness with each additional cn[). and does iiot end till most of tluMU have bitten the dust. Al'tei- dark the crowd proceeds with lighted torclu^s to the hut. which is torn down, disclosing the mari'ied pair sitting ileunu'ely The husband shoulders his new baggage ted to his houu'. The followinu' da\' ever\- SKlC l)V SUU d ind IS eseoi body presents a gift of some kind, so as to ])lace the couple on an ecpial ibotlug with the rest of the villagers. '' The position of a wife is not an cnvial)!!' one. as the care of the household, the farm, and all hard and (b'grading work fall to lier share, while her liege lord spends most of his time in idliniz'. \\ lieu about to be coniined. she 7)'< ((•'/','<• 11' (//.•i Strati'ii inii/^ Mn th • I". ///^^ . 127, l-2!)-:!ii, CO-i 11, 2;i('., '2l:?. 2')'.) liiO, ;i21 Shoiv, lip. ;i:i2. JiliU; /•';■<«'"/'>■ '.,st, a short distance IVoni the viHatie. wliere she ivniains iVoiu a Aveek to two months, accordinji' to the (uistoni of the trihc, attemk'd ))y female friends who supply all her wants, since she is not allowed to handle food herself. No one nuist pass to the windward of the hut. hecause an ohstriic- tion of the air miuht cause the death of the mother jind child, and for thus oilcndinti' the guilty party nuist pay the dani!i,i:es. In such seclusic^n it is easy to dispose of natives on tlio In liz(^ cnnst aiul iuljiioeiit isLiU'ls ciirriL'd tho iiLW-boiii iufiint to the tiiii]ik', wliuiv it was jilactil MOSQriTO DIVEllSIONS. TA'} Drinking is the chief aiuusemeiit, and to heoomo hel[)lesslv diiiuk is the sum of till enjoviuent. I''ri'- qiieiit si/i/rrxns or feasts ui'e held, liistiug foi' days, jit which large immhers assist to drain the eanoefid of Tujuor [)re[)ared for the occasion. (Occasionally sur- ronndiiiiA' villauers are invited, and a drinkint:-l)ont is held, lirst in one house and then in another, until the climax is i-eached in a dehaiich hv hoth sexes of the most revolting character. (Quarrels are generally i)ut oil" for these occasions, hut. as the wives have careiully hidden all weapons, recourse is had tt) the (ist. with whii'h the eonil)atants exchange 1)1onvs in turn until one has had enoutih. These trials of endurance are alst) held in sport; the Snioo or W'oolwa. lor instance, who wishes to be held most woithy of the fair sex, en- gages in a ii)iii(i or striking-match with a rival, each one l)resenting his l)ent back to the othei' in turn, until the bravt'st stands declared. Death is not unfre(inently the result of such trials. Even l)o\s, (^arried away l)y enui- latioii. hold lighted sticks to each other's skin. In early times the jK'ople of Honduras held regular festi- vals at the beginning of each month, at the time of electing oHicers. at hai'vest time, and three other grand celebrations during the year, for whit'h much food and drink were pre[)ared. ,\s the wine took ell'ect. the \y,\v- ticipauts were seized with a desire to move to theexhil- araiing sound of drinu. Ilute. and j'attle. and a simpU; dance was organized. That of the Carib is merely a forwai'd and bacl^ward moM'inent of hands and feet, companied l)y a pt-cidiai' intonation of voice, and at tl leir XI' ■:h i/i'iorx, or festivals in connuemoration of the ( le- parted, they stalk in a circle, one following the other. nii1;c(l ill 11 hole IiHihI with aslios, (-XDoscd to tlu' \\\h\ licusts, iiiul left tlun itilll ic tv,- .f siiiiii'iuniii il was nolii'id in the :l;^ll Ihisl to ihi' i-iiilil who was taiii'ht tootlVrit iiicuusi' unci to iiiv, iri-amc I a:iill /■.-/: PI.. f!4-ll, 14'.). 'I he 1.,'cliiti A iillVciiou for a woman. J. i.. (Mp. vi., lib. viii., caj). iii.-vi.; Yiihihi's X'trrKlirc, ]i\>. 7li, To, l'j:t, \2'>: ll'U, in Lotvl. flnti). Soc., Jn vol. xxxii. ami S JIJ). ".^Ol. ■.,")!:- /' .Sc IIIHlHI S DoUiiiija, pp. 2111, ;ii(;-S: Tiir>i>tiiiiiiilii. .lA ■'/• lii'l.. toll I). 'Mo; Ddnpork, Rvisen, toni. x., ii. 4(11); Crowe's Cent. Annr., pp. 41), 245-7. i i WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL A^IERICA. and sin;j.'lng in a loud and nncoiitli tone, 1'lioir pas t^vul is li\c'Her, IiowoviT, the port'onner ski})[)iii,Li' up and down, hondinu' tlio body in dilVorent wa\s. and niakin.i; t . ft, ft. I the most ^I'otcscpio movements. 'I'licy aiv not satislicd Avith a nu'i'o driidviiiLi-lmut at tlioir ri'unions, hut s[)rt'iid a u'ood tal)k', to which jiiirsts olton hring their uwn rK[uor. Tiie Towkas and others prefer the eircle dance, walkin,::' at a slow, swiniiing pace, heatinji' their knuckles against emjjtied calabashes, and joining in a velVain. at the end ot' which thev strike their cups one against another's. At each additional potation, the walk is in- creased in speed, until it assumes a trot and ends in a uallon. tiie calabashes rattlintr in accordance. Tiie Sambi) dance is like a minuet, in which the })erl'ormers advance and reix'de. makiuii' straniic gesticulations. 'J'he women have also a dance amon g tl lemselves lor tl lev are not allowed to join with the men, — in which they I'orm a ring, holding each other round the waist with the left hand, bending, wriggling, shaking calabash rat- tles, and singing until exhausted. Dramatic rejjresenta- tions usually acc(ani)any these s *■ 1. »/ idtatorv exhibitions. wherein t\\o yarious phases of a lover's trials, comical sketches, or battles are depicted. The })eople of Hondu- ras are I'ond of disiiuisinir themselves with I'eather tufts. an( 1 sk \ins ol annnal>i. who-^e actions and cries they imi tate. The faxorite entertainment of the Sambos is to put on a head-dress of thin strips of wood })ainted in various colors to represent the beak of a swonl-iish. fasten a collar of wi)od I'ound the neck, i'rom which a number ol' ])alm-U'aves are suspended, and to daub the lac e ri't I hlacU, and M'llow wo men tlius ailoi rued advance toward one another and ])eiid the lish-head in salute. keei)iiiLi' time with a rattle and sinuini:', "•shoyel- noseil sbarlss. giandinotherl after which they slide oiV erab-like. making the most ludicrous gestures imagin- able. This fun exhaiiste(h Iresh mena[)[)ear. introducing new movements, and then the sjjectators join in a 'walk arouiK 1." I!. )urishiim' white sticks in tl leir haiKb and I repeating the abo\e-iiientioned refrain in a peculiar buz- GUAJIQUERO DANCE. 787 zm^ tone produced by placino; in the mouth a small tube covered uith the membrane of a mit.'"''' The (juaj'niueros in an interesting!; performance de- scribed by S(iuier, de})ict incidents i'rom their history. A s(juare i)iece of ground havin,n' a tree in the centre is marked olf, and two [)oles adorned with feathci's are ereiited in opposite corners, one bearing the head of a deer, the other that of a tiger. A dull, monotonous music is heard, and two [)arties of youth, fanta>tically dressed up and painted, move up to the sipiai'c in a slow, but not ungraceful dance, and station themselves round the poles that bear their respective insignia. A man, 8too[)ing as if bent with age, stai'ts out ii'om the deers, dances rounil the ground, trjing to arouse the mirtii of the spectators with his gi'otescpie movements. The ti^,ers also dispatch a man, who does his best to e.\(!el the other one in contortions and grimaces. A iter a while they meet, and connnence a discussion which ends in open rupture, the rising passions being well delineated. The two men who represent ambassadors then return to their party with an account of the mission, the result of which is a general excitement, both factious starting out, dancing backwards and ibrwards, up and down the square, until they meet under the tree, in the centre. The leader of eacli then steps out and recites the ulorie.s and prowess of his ti'ibe. amidst the ap[)lause of his own men, and the disai)[)ro\id of the others. As soon as they are worked u[) to tiie requisite pitch of ii'ritation, the dialogue ceases, the nuisic strikes u|). and a mimic combat ensues, in which the armies advance and re- treat, close and separate, using short canes Ibr weapons. At last the tigers lose their st;uidard and take to tlight, whereat the victors execute a dance of triumph; l)ut finding how dearly the victory has been b(jught. their 33 Ifrrnra, Hist. Oen., (' .Tahrcsfcsto l)tn wt'k'bcn wider ciii Fri'iiulcr nodi Wcilur luul Kinder ties eij^mi! Stiini- nics /uiii'lassen werden. Bi^i diescii Festeii fi'ihren sie niit jiinti in (ie.selirei ilire T.-iiize iiiif, " wuhei ihiuu ilir Gott Gesellseli;ift kistet." ' I'nuUd, Aas AiiKjfika, toiu. i., ]ip. 107-8. Vol. T. 47 ■ ^M i ."ills i ! 738 WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. joy is turned into sorrow, and tliey Ix-nd tlicii- licad U[)()H the knees, hreakinn out in loud lament. In a lew moiiients one of them starts up and l)egins a pane.uvric on the fallen hraAo, which is ibllowed b}' a mimie sacu'itico and oilier ceremonies. Tl le vaiK juished lire now seen to ai)l)i'oach with downcast eyes, hringinii' tribute, which tluy lay at the feet of the \ictors, who receixt' it with imperious bearin,^'. TIu.' music at these entertainments is not of a very inspiring nature; drums, consisting of a set'tiou of hollow tree covered uith skin, which are gene- rally beaten with the hand, and Mutes of bamboo with four sto[)s on which eight notes are played with dillerent degrees of s[)eed for variety, being the usual instruments. The (iiiaji(iuerosalso use the c/iirhn(f)jse occasions, ])nt as their own tohai'co has heconie too mild lor them, recourse is had to tlie vilest desci'iption of American leaf. When this is wantinu', the smoke-dried leaves of the trumpet and papah-tree are used hy men as well as women. The I'avorite di'ink is niixJila. prepared ehielly from cassava- roots; l)ut others from hananas. pine- apples, and other Iruit." are Iso use( 1. A mil uiH'r o f young women provided with good teeth, untiring jaws, and a large su[)ply of salivsi. are emi)loye(l to chew about half of the l)oiled and peeled roots re(iuisite to mal KO a canoeful of liipior. the remainder being ci'iished in a mortiU'. This delectable compound is stii'red with cold wati-r, and allowed to ferment lor a day or two, when it and tastes ^ery strong and led in warm watei-, and then assumes a creamy ai)i)earance SOUl", rianti uns are kneai allowed to stand for a few days till the mixture ferments, or the fruit is left in the water in small pieces, and the kneading [)erformed in the cup prexious to di-iid\ing. A fermented drink from jjowdered cacao and indigenous sugar-cane juice is called nhunj. and yy'.s'.so is the name given to another made from ernshed lime-rinds, niai/.e and honey; in eai'ly times meail was a iavoi'ite drink in llondm'as. The cocoa-nut ])ahn yields monthly a large cpiiuitity of Tupior known as cdvui-n. The tip of tho undevelo[)e(l shoots ai'e (Mit olV. and the brani'h bent down 80 as to idlow the iluid to drip into a calabash jilaced ])eneath. It.- th seei I water u'lve the acclnot when crushea 40 and I steeped in hot ■•I' Sipiier. in /Aac/i. c's Mnize and fowl, and they humhly knelt ))eforo them to receive their oracular answer. Preparatory to important undertakings, dogs, cocks, and even men were sacrificed to ohtain the fa\\\ 150-1. The iintivea of Hondnrns liejit sninll liinls which 'could talk iiitillit^'iUly, mid whistle iiud sing aduiirubly.' f.-cA;- harn''s Journey, pp. o:i-3, Hi, 7U-2/«s 'JJ. M()S(iLriU II SIOMS. Ul beast or Mill wliicli llu'rciipon iijipciiriMl. in dcciim or in v»'iilit\. !i con^iiu't for lilt' was iiiiulc, liv drawiiiL:' lijoixl iVom \iiiioiis parts ol" tlic lio'h. Caiilts and W oolwas assciiilili' at coi'tain [icriods cnci'v vcar. to jtroiiitiatc coii- trolliiiji' f'pii'its with rcrcmonics transmitted IVom tlu'ir iord'atlifi's. A vai'ictv ol' ghosts, as Lcwii'c. the spirit of the water, are sn[i|)osed to jilav their pranks at ni,uht, and it is dillieidt to induce anxone to lea\e the hut alter dark, unless m eompany '11 le ■lief in (ireani.s is so lirndx' rooted that their very course of life is in- iluenceil 1; it. l']\'er_v dream has a direct or indirect ineaninu': thus, a hi'oki-n calahash hetokeiis loss ol" wile; a hroken dish, the death of a mothei'. Anions otlu".' suiterstitions. it was helievcd that the li,uhtin}: of an owl niton the house-to[i windd he I'ollowi'd h_v the (U'ath of an inmate ; when thunder roared, cotton-seed was hurm d hrol \eu e '\h an( I d eer-hones wei'e carefidlv jire .served lest the chickens or the deer should die oi" disap- 1 )ear A ware o f th 10 peculiar iniliience o 111 )f tl u' moon on man and matter, they are careful not to sleei) in its <:lare. nor to lish when it i.s up, and malio,i:any-cutters ahstain from lelling trees at certain periods lor fear tho wood may spoil. They are wonderfully jiood path- finders, and will pass throudi the densest forest without puiding marks; as swimmers they are not to he sur- pas.sed. Their mode of greeting a friend is wvy v\\\\- sive. according to Danipier. One will throw himself at the feet of another, who liel[)s him up. emhraces him, and falls down in his turn to he assisted up and com- i'orted with ji pressure. Cockhurii says that tlu' Hon- duras peojtle hend one knee to tho ground and chq) their hands in token of farewell. ^^ Thoir li iti lif( d fruit and fish dii't. with 11 lioir licentious lile. and iruit and lisii diet, witli lim- itod nso of salt, havo loft thoir constitution very su>ci'[.- •" Ucrrrra. Hist. Om.. dco. iv., lili. \iii., cay), iv-vi.; ('iirl,h)irh's Jtinvmii, j)[). Itl'i, l") (i; l)iniijiii r'x ri'V'('/'S, vol. i., ji]). H-i), Sd; Mns(jii!liiliiiiil, lli r'lifit, JI]). 112-:!; M\. ii.. \>. 41.'5; ll'inl\< W'aU.ini, jip. •2.s .',:>, 'Ju't-l:!, 'J")(I S, 'J7:i I. Sivci's was tluniiiht iiusscsstil of tln'ilrvil, ,inil ciuc- f iiily sIhihiiimI, btciiusc Lo iiiiituttcl tiiu ciowiiiy of ii cock, it'ii / s, Mitti laim / i« /i,((, p, ITS, -ii'l 742 ^VILD TllIBES OF CENTRAL AMEPJCA. iil)lo to opiclomics as well as otlior diseases. The most coinniou disorder.s are aftections of the bowels, sucli as tlvseiitery and diarrhoea, but chills, rheunuitisin. coii- Mmi[)tioii, and )*ic-asles are not unfreciuent. Cliildi'eii Miller nuich from "worms, and their abdomen is some- times enormously swollen. A very i)ainful, though not daniierous e3e-disease termed unhibWan is preva- lent; and the burrowing of the tick in the skin causes Avouiuls and inllannnation if the ily be not speedily le- mo\ed; the cJuyoe, or sand-ilea, attacks the feet in the same manner. Hut small-pox and leprosy are the great- est scourges of this country, tlie ibrmer havinu' here as elsewhere in America connnitted enormous ravages among the population. Le[)rosy — that living death lelk'cting the sins of former generations, so capricious in the selection of its victims, taking the parent, yet leaving the cliild intact, or seizing upon the olVspring Avithout touching its mother — may certaiidy be less de- !-tructive, but it is nevertheless fearful in its effect: half of the natives of the Ah)s(iuito country being more or less marked by it. either in the sha[)e of Avhite or Hvid spots, or red, white, and scabbed hiilpis. All sickjiess and allliction is su[)posed to be the work of the evil spirit who has taken possession of the allected part; su- kias nmst, therefore, be called in to Uf^a their incanta- tions and herbs against the enemy. The witch appears with her face painted in hideons devices, and begins (»l)erations by })lacing some herl)s beneath the })illow of the patient, blowing smoke ovr him, rubbing the l)ody with the liiiads, .and nnittering strange words. If this is not effective, a decoction is made from the herl)s, to be used as a drink or fomentation, and the patient is ienced in with painted sticks, with strict orders to let no one approach; the witch herself bringing the i()od to the patient, whistling a plaintive strain and nnittering o\er the invalid for some time to chase awav the evil. Xo pregnant woman, or pi'i-son who has lately buried a frit-nd, nmst come near the house durii.g the illness, nor must any one pu s to the windward of it, lest the sick MOSQUITO MEDICAL TllE.VT.MENT. 74.3 bo deprived of ))reiitli; any presumed l)reach of tliese injiiiu'tioii.s leaving i\ sale lo()[)liole ior tlie sorceress, in case Ikh" remedies fail. During epidemics, the sukias consult together and note their dreams, to ascei'tain tiio natiU-e anfl disposition of the s[»irit. After muttering incantations all night, and invoking all soi-ts of terrihlo monsters, they plant small painted sticks, mounted hy grotesijue figures, to the windward of tlu; village, and announce the expulsion of the evil. Should the scoiu'go continue, it is supposed that the sjjirits areohstimite. :ind the })eople ii'Uiove to other pai'ts, burning the \illagv. The instructions of the sukia are always scrupulously followed, and the cretlulous native may be s<'<'n lying on the heacli for days, exposed to all v.eathers, smeared Avith blood and waiting for restoration from ills. Scari- fications are nnich resorted to, and fever patients throw themselves into cold water, where they remain luitil dead or until the fever leaves them, in Honduras, on the other hand, the patient is taken out of the water after a short innnersion, and r(»lled to and fro l)efoie a fire, until half dead with fatigue, when he was k'ft to be restored by sleep; l)lood is let IVom the tliighs. legs, and shoidders; vomiting is promoted by certain herbs; vermin are administered for jaundice. In sickness a rigid diet is obserxcd, the patient subsisting chielly on iguana broth. Snake-biies are cured by chewing the guaco-root, and poulticing the wound therewitii; the Caribs api)ly an oil obtained from the head of the tom- my-gofl' as an antidote for its bite. ilerrera states that the comfoi't of a sick j'erson wa- but little regarded; l)read and (h"iid< wei'e jjkiced near the patii'Ut's bead, and if strong enough t(> i)artake thereof, well and uood, but if not he might die; nobody took iuiy notice of liim after this. The Mos(piitos arc; not entirely de\()i(l of aiTection. but their grief seems to be reserved for the dend. not the dyinj. ■•- Ifevri'rn, Hist. (Icn., ilic. iv., lil Ci-'iin's ('nit. Aniir., ])jT. "21") 7; )'' ./)''//. in hnnil. ii. Sill'., Jniif.. Yc ). vr.i., ('Ill .1< lil ). I. iiitiil . 1>1). '>:i '2<) vol, XXXll Jicri:lit, pp. 132, US-51; VJun/'f W'tihim, pp. 'JIIJ 1. pji. Lrdt, 2i;u-l; 'Jx. T.t, «:i; laiinilnlintil, 7i4 WILD TRIBES OF CENXnAL AMEKICA. The corpse is wrapped in a clotli and placed in one liair of a piti)an whieli has ])een cut in two; iViends asseiiiljle i'or the funeral and di'own their grief in nuish- la, the women giving vent to their sorinw l)y dashing themselves on the ground nntil covered with hlood, and inllieting other tortures, occasional!}' even committing suicide. As it is sui)posed that the evil spirit seeks to ohtain possession of the hody, nmsicians are called in to lull it io slee[), while pre[)arations are made for its re- moval; nil at once four naked me n, w ho 1 lave (lis guised themselves with jmint. so Jis not to he recognized and [>iniished hy Wnlaslia. rush out Irom a, neighhoring hut, and, seizing the ro[)e attached to the canoe, drag it into the woods, followi'd hy the nnisic and the crowd. Here the pitjian is lowered into the gra\e witli how, arrovV. s[K'ar, paddle, and other iiuplements to serve the departed in the land heyond ; then the othei" half of tiie hoat is [ilaced over the body. A rude hut is constructed over the grave, serving as a receptacle for the I'hoice food, drink, and other articles })la{vd tliere Iroui tiuie to time hy relatives. The water that disa[)pears IVoui the [)orous jars is thought to have heen diunk hy the deceaseth and if the food is nibbled by birds it is held t<^ be a good sign. On returning from the graAe the pro[)erty of the deceased is destroyed, the cocoa-palms being cut (U)wn, and all who have taken i)art in the funeral undergo a lustration in the river. Relatives cut olV the bail', the men k-aving a I'idge along the middle from the na[)e of the iKH'k to the forehead; widows, according to some old writers, ai'ter su[)[)lying the gi'ave with Ibod for a, year, take up the bones, and carry tlieiu on the back in the daytime. sle(>i)iiig with them at night, for another year, after which they are placed at the d(u»r, or u[)oii the house-t()i». Ou the anniversary of death, fi'ieuds of the deceased hold a least called srr/ roe, at which huge ((uantities of li(pior are drained to his nuMuory. ^ipuer, who witnessed the ceremonies on nn Oi'Ciision of this kind, says that males and females wtM'e dressed in I'lc cloaks fantaslically j)a,inted Ijlack and CHARACTER OF THE MOftQUITOS. 715 wlilto, ^vhilc their faces were correspond iiiLilv streaked ■Nvitli red and yellow, and tliey peribrnied a slow walk- aronnd. the immediate relatives [yrosti'ating themselves at intervals, callinu' loudlv noon the dead, juid tearim^ the ground with their hands. At no other time is'the de[)arted rel'erred to, the very mention of his name Iteing su[)erstitiously avoided. Some trihes extend a thread from the house of death to the grave, cari'ying it in a straight line over every oljstaele. Froehel states that among the Woolwas all pro[)erty of the deceased is huried with him, and that both husband and wife cut the hair and burn the hut on the death of either, plac- ing a gruel of maize upon the grave for a certain time.^' Hospitality, a gentle and obliging disposition, faith- fulness in the i'uUilliiii:' of eniiauements, lionest\- and docility, balanced by an inaptness to make any a\ail of natural benehts, and a su[)ineness in matters of veracity and judgment, by reason of which they fall into many excesses, especially in drink, characterize both Mosipiitos and Caribs. The a[)athy and slowness of the unadid- terated aboriginal aiv. however, in striking contrast to the vivacious and Impressible natureof the Caribs, whose ver- satility evidences a I'ather higher intelligence, which is aiia in overshadowed bvan inordinate vanit\'. based cbiellv upon their greater strength and stature. l>oth j)ossess a certain industry, the one being more })lodding. the other more energetic though less ))atient; this trait is also noticeable in their pastimes, where the native is far less exuberant and noisy than his darker neighbor. With regard to the elVect of negro admixture on character, comparisons may I)e niaile among the Caribs themselves, when it will be found that the black race is nuich mt)re ■1^ Till' (li';i(l 'art' sc'\v( il np in ii mat, ainl luit laiil in tin ir L'lavi li iiutli- vays, lull iiiiii,L,'lit on tluir fi . t with tluir faces dirt dly to tin- last.' Aimr., >/)'//(. N ///., ji. 4(1. ' J'^in ai.iliii r Ki lii^iuns^i ln-aiicli (1( r iiltrii MuM[iiitin war, (lass sic hiy (1( in 'I'mlt' t iiiis Hausvatris alli' Mine litdicntin n.il ilmi lic'^^'rulieii.' D'hi'i'iirli', It'iy.Di. tiini. \,, p. -lOS. Ildnl's WuiLini, pp. C'"^ "it, iii'i-il; M'iixiiiiUnliiKil, 11' rirlit. ])\t. Kill, li:!-i; I'l»i uml Simi'mii's li"tlnr,s. \<\k U "-S; /,v//, in l.iiiiil. h'riiii. Sni\, Jiiiir., vol. xxxii.. p. 2">."; Frdnl. .Ih.s- Aiup- ril.'i. toni. i.. \^. lii?; Ihrnni. IliM. Ihh., die. iv,, l:li. viii,, i.Mp. v-vi.; EaqMiiiilin, Zii-liOoi\ri>, ii>. 152-3. 740 WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. niercuriiil and voluMiiont tlian tlio purer typo, and pos- ticsses jiivator vi)lnl)ilih-. Tlie sincre di, more ingenious tlum the Sambo women, rroceedinu' to the Toonglas and Sambos, we ol)serve a i)reponderance of ])ad (|ualities, attributable, no doubt, to their intercourse witli bucciineers and tradei's. ]\\ most writers the\ are chaiacteri/ed as a lazy, druid\en. debauched, audacious race, givi-n to thieving; capricious, quarrelsome, treacher- ous and exacting amoim' themselves, thouiih obliLiiuii' to strangei's, their oidy redeeming traits being lK)s])it;dity, 'hiellv exhibited and a certani nnpulsiveness wlncli is c in grief, and indicates somethii^g good at heart. Their want of enerp. '2IS-'.t, 'll'J, '.lUS-'.i; IIdi/Ii'.i Uhli . \ii[. ... jii'rl. ji;). i:t, IS; Mnit'.it, i'd/ii./i-, toiii. ii,, pp. 21'i, 2^('.», ;jil2; (. rum's (> nl. Atn' r. pp. VJ, 21 J. 748 WILD TRIBES OF CENTIlAL AMERICA. liowovor. sends forth iinmonso palm-trcos. in tliolimnclio.s orwliieli the natives huild their houses, thus ohtaininu; a j)urer air and greater safety from the numerous uild animals and chmgeriai-; re[)tiles that infest that region. A great [untion of the territory i,^ rioh in minerals which were once i)roduced hy the natives in great (juantities, hut which, unfortunately, were the loadstone that drew u})on them the ruthless Spani.sh [)lunderers. In the northern part of Costa Jlica along the head Avaters of the Hio Frio the (jiiat/iso.'^, or J'rdnzds, are lo- cated. Mr Scpiier is inclined to think they are of the same stock as the Xahuas. Some sti'iking physical peculiaritii's ohserved among them have given rise to various surmises and startling ccjnclusions regarding their origin. Dwelling in the western jtart of the state are the Tcrndxis and the (JIkukjkoik'S, fierce and har- harous nations, at constant enmity with theii' neigh- hors. In the south-east and extending to the hordi-rs of Chiriipu' dwell the yJ/Z'^^/^rr/^rv/.s composed of a numlier of diilerent trihes and declared hy some to Ite allied in i'a,ee with the (iuatusos. Ik'sides these are the /Inricas. Torrcstjiics, 7hr(ti^, and others.^' In the mountains of (Miiri(iui are the VnUenU's^ ko called l)y theyj)aniards from their heroic resistance to the invaders. Many of the warlike nations who occu[)ied the country at the time of the discovery derived their names from the cacitpies that governed them. The peoi)le wlio dwell along the shore of the Carihhean Sea. l)etween Tortohello and rrah;i. a)id occupy the l.imones. Sasardi, and Finos islands are supposed to he a hranch of the once powerful I'l TIk^ Ouiitnsns 'arc sail! to ho of very fair coinplcxion, a statement which lias caiisi'il the aiiiicllation of Indins hitiui'iis. or lin-ihisns — the latter 11 uiu' lieiu;^' tliatof all animal of redihsh-hrowiieolour, and iutiauhal to ilrsi;4- nate the colour of their hair.' /•'/'(» '"7'.s (V,,;. Aiiiir..]>.'2i; IiL, .l".s Aiinr.^ tiim. i., p. 'Jll. Sj'c ikiiiL; of Sir Francis ])rake's miitiiic( IS aiul their es( ajio from Esiiarsa northwaril, h(> says: 'It is b liev(d by many in Costa Kiwi that the white Indians of the Kio I'rio, called I'ranzos, or Ciuatiisos. . . are ihe descendants of these EiiLjlislimen.' /io///i's It'nio, \n\. ii., iip. '211), 27. and Vol. i.. pref., pii, XX xxii. 'Talamanca cont lins ■_•! ditl'er. lit tiilns of In- dians; besides wliicli there are si'veral nei^hblllll■ill^' nations, as the ( lian- K Idles, divided into thiiieeii tribes; the ')'c;;abas the Torresiiues, I'riiianias, an I (' ivei-aras.' .hiirnis' Hist, dnat., j). ;!7l!; Sii'ti r's I'ail. Auirr.. ]>. 113; Jlaasil, J/e.i'. Uiutt., p, -luT; Ton^iuin'ida, Mi^wirij. Ind., torn, i., pp. 331-3. Pa tpu of th Jis vie of Ya lik coi tin ISTHMIAN NATIONS. M9 Diirieii nations wlio to the present day remain uneon- ([uered. Their province is sitnated on the; western sliore of the gnlfot' l'ra))ii, and their town was oriiiinally ni'ar tlic month of tlie River Atrato. The town and the river us wi'il as the province were called hy the natives |)a- rien. This town was con(iuered in iolO l)y a little hand of shipwrecked Spaniards under the ]>a(^hiller Knciso. A'asco Xufie/, de I'lalhoa, Francisco l*i/arro. and men of like metal were there, and this was the first successful conijuest and settlement on Tierra Firnie. Whence, as the conquests of the Spaniards widened, the name Daricn VMS at k'ngth applied to the .greater part of the Istlunus. Still i'urther westward were the once powerful pi'ovince of Ciinrn, and the site of the ancient city of Panama, dis- covered in 1515 hy Tello de (luzman. This was a famous fishing-station, the word Pananiii signifyini;' in the native tonjaue a place where many fish are taken. Alonii' the western shore of the hay of l*anam;i dwelt .several inde[)en(lent and warlike nations, those of ^^'^^v^ Piivl)^, hWorld, hesidcs many others who waued con- tinual war airainst eac^h other with the ohject of in- creasiuii' their territories and adding lustre to their jiames.^" Sliiilit differences only are ohservahle in the Isthmian physi([ue. The j)eople are generally well-huilt, nuiscular, and of average height, although old authorities, such as llerrera, Andagoya. and (Honiara, descrihe a trihe, whom •"' ' Thn iiuliiins who iit iinsciit iiihiilnt tlic Tstlimus nro scattored ovt r Bocas del TdI'o, the luivtht 111 ijcji'tiiiiis uf Vfrai,'ii,is, thr iioitli-ciisti'm slmri'S of I'Hiiaiua ami ahnnst thf wIkiK' uf Darii'ii, and consist |)iiiici|>ally cif fmir triln-s, the Savaiici-ics, the San lilas Indians, the IJayaims, and the Clinlos.* »S'('7/('(ii/('.s \'i>i/. II' I'llil. \(i\. i., !'■ 'tlT. ' At till' time of till' ciiiicincst (if l)aricii, till' coiiiitry was covcrt'd with imiiifroiis and wiU-pi'Oplcd villagis. 'I'lu' iii- lialiitints l)oloii!;i'il to the ('arril)lpi(: race, dividcil into trilns, the priiici|ial l)ini;'4 till' M-iiiiliii:4hrs('. ('hiii'iinaiiiU'si', I)arii'ns, I'liiias. Anacliacunas, Ac. Oil tilc casti'Vli slioi'r of thr(Tiilf of L'l'.itia dwi'lt tin- iniiiiinsr but now iicar.y t'Xtirminatril tiiht' of thi' ( 'aimans. — only a frwnniiiaiits of tin' jicrsi'ciitioiis of till' Spaniards, liaviii'.,' taken i'i'fii;^'<' in the Chot'o .Mountains, wlnTf tiny iiri' still found . . Thu D.iriiiis, as well as the Anachaciiiias. li ive eillni' totally disai^peai'i'd or liei'U .ihsorb 'd in other tribes.' I'ni/dl, in /.(itnl. ii'H-i. Son., .four., vol. x\xviii., pp. "Jl -'2; FiL-lloi/, in Id., vol. xx., pp. l(i;{-t; Hi. {;'(•/^', in .V^)i(i"'.'/'.s .bti't/M i/i's' I'ly., IS.")!, toiu. cxlvii., p. IP; llnbinnn.xw .V. Y. I'mlari). (jtli D.'eeiu.. ISii'l; Anliiujl't. in Xm-drnt", '.'•'/. i/" I'la/'s, toiii. iii., p. 4 I'l; .U !'■ ji- i/^ir'n /'/■•/r/n'.s.-i d/ Antir.. vol. i., p. K^:t; Bnif^svur ik Bourijounj, I'opol !'«/», iiitrud., p. ccii. Set) Tribal BouudtiriLS. 750 ■WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. tlioy locate noar Esoorla and ()narooas. as l)cin*r vorv tall — V(M'ital)le giants. Women, as a rule, iuv small and of delicate proportions, but after attaining a certain aij^c, incline to obesitv. I'be momitain ti'ibes are generallv fsboi'ter in stature, Avith more pleasing features tban the coast-dweller; A notable diiVerenci; between the Isth- mians and the other aboritiines of the I'acilic States, is the short, rather ilat nosi'. in contradistinction to the almost universal aquiline cast. In color they are ol' a medium bron/.e tint, varving according U) localities, tlu* mountain tribes bein"' tlic^ darker. IMack. straight, and verv abundant coarse hair, black or dark eve; ai id excellent teeth predominate.*^ In Costa Ixica. on the ]{io Fi'io, is the IVeijuently s[)oken ofbut never accurately described nation — the (riuifusf)^ — whoih somewhat myth- ical accrounts tlescri''.' as oi' lair com[)lexions. with light hair and blue eyes. Likewise Albinos are spoken ol" by "Wafer, who relates having seen people "milk white, lighter than the colour of any Kuroiieaiis. and much like that of a white horse Furtl lermore it I s sai( I that their bodies were covered with a milk-wliite down, which added to the wliiteness of tlieir skin; hair and evebrows white, and cncs obloiiu'. with the coi'iiers iioint- iiig downwards. During daylight they Avere weak- sighti'd, restive, and lacking energy, but after sundown, their cheerfidness. activity, and eyesight returned — tlui latter being apparently as good as that of other people."* <" SiiviUiovics, ' i\ fmo athlctio rac(>.' f^rotixinh'.^ !'(///. Iht-'iUl. vol. i., ]i. D'S, 'TiflU'ii Ids cascos dr la ciilict^a ^rucssiis. ' Oiialu. IH>I, 'iiu.. tdiu. iii.. p. l^iM. ' The Cliocils aiv not tall iiov niuarkahlc in a))ii(avan(c, lint always liiiik well fi)iiilitii)nc(l.' Mii-hhr'n hitrirn. i)Ai'>. ' Son ape rsoiiailos.' l>'irUa, 'I'ritlrii I'Ji'hu., toui. ii.. fill, ■"id; Hdiiiiirn. ll'isi. hid., in]. 77, s7; >-~\ I'llir Mar- t'/r. ilfc. viii.. lib. vi; 'risVin/'/ic's Ixiihu. ]i. l.")5; i 'iifl,liiiri('s .laiirn' i/. p. •j:!."i; J>'.\i'ifi/. I.' Aiih'r'iiiKi', toni. ii.. p. '.IS; U7/i//(/vi/i'.s ('(iinf nml Smlilh. p. ;i(„"); Jl'triii'ciiiir's I'l'di/rrss iif Aiiiir.. vol, i.. p, fS2'{; /•'/■"//s/iio/i's Wnrl'l in Mininliirc, p. "J"). ' .Uirniaiia Pasipialdc .Xnilai^oya. amr visto ali,'nniis Ian LtiMndcs. ipio li)-i otros liiinihi-cs I'l'au cnaiios con I'llos. y (pic ti'nian biiinas caras, y cufr- piis.' Il'rrrrii, Hist. wliito ooiii]ilp\iriiis, fniv li:iir. anil 'jxoy oyo^i.' Tuvih's llhh u -.M. 1 JS)I1. tolii, ( nni. il.S \ I'll/., PI'. Kil-7, •li., pp. t\, J-; I; tani ■1'' ' I'll liiiciubrc) ^'I'licrativii tracii atado ]inr el caiiiillci. liiiijii'ii'ldlc i iitrar (J ad' ntlii. niic ,1 aluUMos im hil. , p:iri t il ai'iiia MHO aiL;'iuiill alli rcviicltci (Ir'iiilii, Hist. ( lir.)-'. 1. il',). S.M- a\^o: r Srh. , r/.: ii(l\ ./. ('(isl'l Itii'it. ]ip. T).")? -'•'; />n///<''s Hull , Vi '//. PI' la iilaiini iftl., tl'lll. iii.. ]ip tijiii I' ifn> lsi-;t. iss; ir< iz ilr IJall CDl'tl miii'rrc clltf (lilt hall, ■V il. i;< fi i-riii''tii \' ulaiia fii ciirrds. silio ciali sciini'i ilumnra. Hist. liuL. U>\. H2, Ci;, iviis passed loiind tlie ^vaist. AVoincii in the same loealities wore (;utt()U petticoats reacliinj; to the knees, or. if ladies of «jiiality, to tiie ankles. Near the {inH'ol' Xicoya, women wore the \ou'^ liair parted in the middle IVom the iVont to the hack of the head, and plaited into two hi-aids which hung down on eithei- side over tiie eais. The men tied the iiair up in a still' (jiieue with a cot on hand, which was at times arranged so as to rise straight over the crown of the lieail. Xecklaces of colored heads or of tigers teeth were worn as orniiments. ]iike manv nations of the Hyperborean group, the Chorotegans of Nicoya pierced the lower li[) and inserted a round [)iece of hone. Their arms they painted with a mixture of their own blood and chai'coal. In portions of Veragua and JJehetrias even the liuniel or cotton sti'ings were omitted, and the (jrugures, Mandingos. ami many others on the J'acilic seaboard, like the peojjle of Veragua. went entirely na- ked, the chiefs oidy wearing long mantles. All of tFie Isthmians were fond of ornaments; among those which (leser\e special notice is the nose-i)endant. This was a crescent-shaped piece of gold or silver, of various sizes for dillerent occasions, those used on holidays hanging down so as to cover the mouth, while those for ordinary Ufragua, Chii-iqui, and Uraba; others again wore on their heads fillets or crowns of gold or of the claws of wild beasts, or of feathers. Thus did these naked sav- ages (k'corate themselves, often to the extent of several pounds weight. Women considered it a mark of beauty to have thick Icii's. and to that end wore baiidaues round them. Another Hyperborean custom is hero ISTHMIAN liODY-PAIXTINO. 7.-3 mot with — tlio anoiiitinji' of tlit' body with oil —which ill tiii'sc tn)[>i('s is oxtnu^tcd iVoiii tlu' hl.rd or sicil of the ani()(/o, jind ovt-r whicli they spi'inkh'il down and leath- ers. Painting tlie body was everywhere practii't'd. and was ('arried to a j^ivat extent, the dilVerent colors and lignres employed each having its peculiar signilicance. On going to war, paint was nsed more fu clx' than at othci' times, and the greater the warrior the thicker the j)aint. Among the men of Ciieha painting had a donhle ohject; it served as an ornament to the person, and also as a mark of distiiu^tion of rank. 'IMie chief, when he iidierited or attaineil his title, made choice of a certain device, which became that of all his honse. Freemen wore i)ainted from the month downward, and on the ju'ins and chest, while slaves were oidy painted or tat- tooed from the mouth upward. All the lords. ser\it(ir-!, and vassals who wei'o freemen, wci'o painted in exactly the same manner. If the son of a chief adopted tlie ancestral totem, he could not afterward change it on eomiiiLi' into his inheritance, ])ut if durinn' his father's life-time he declined to use thi^ distinctive badge of his house, he could, when he became chief, choose any new device he might fancy. A son who did not adopt his father's totem was always hateful to him during his lifetime. The natives on the northern coast of ( 'liii'icpu' painted the body in wa\v lines. I'roni the shoulders to the heels; through the cai'tilage of the nose the\- stuck a ])orcn[)ine-(prdl. and in tlu' chin the tooth of a wild ))ea,st. The women had holes made in their cheeks through which they stuck little bunches of I'eatliers; they also wore tigers claws in their ears. At San IJlas, some of the men [jainted themselves in black streaks, and the women in red. At Porto Helo, the kinii' was painted l)lack and all his subjects red. The nati\('s of Ivscoria tattooed breast and arms; the women of Darien across the bridge of the nose from one cheelv to the othei'; they also blacken their teeth. Others have ligures of birds, animals, or trees ])ainted ull o\cr the body, according to fancy; their fa\orite colors being Vol. I. 48 754 WILD TIIIIIES OF CENTRAL AMr.HICV. l)lii('k. red, iiiid vi'llow, which arc hi'nl on with pencils ii)ii(h' oCwdDil, cliL'Wcd at the end till they hecoine sol't.'" All the Isthmians pull nnt the hair iVoni e\«'.\ ]>art ol" the holy e.\i'e[)t the head, and nih thenisehcs with lieilfs. which prevent its I'mtlier {irowth. Uoth sexes \mdr tJKMnsidves on thi' len;^lh of the hair, and most of tliem allow it to <:row to its fidl length i\\u\ hani;' loose over their shonlders, ))nt keep it cut on the I'oreheail as low as the eyehrows. The men of Cariai and some jtai'ts of Chiricpu'. hind it with lilletsanil wind it in rolls roinid the head, fastenin;^' it with a comh made of tiu^ heai't of the palm-tree; others wear round their head a hand made of hark or certain lihres of plants, and at festi\als they often wear hiuh caps, made from theiiaudy feathei's of parrots. At Tanela mai'i'ied women cut their hair short. It appeal's that head-ilattenin^' a,:.:ain ('ro[)s out in these ])art>. lias Casas states that infants had their heads placed Itetweeii two pads, one in iVont and another hrhind. in order to increase tiie leniith of the head and width of the forehead.'' In ( 'osta Kica man\' of the natives li\'e in small huts huiit of plaited rushes. In the year l")l"). l)i(\L:o ( Juti- orri'/,, u()\eriior of Xueva ('artai^o, iu Costa Kica, at- riis I' (iir.is iiL^uii-i (ic ri'lirvc, iiniti d,' oii: ii'ki: (|ni' por in inciius jcs-iiha (;icii- t;in't.i drstiis . . .l)ist(pscui'iic(ilt h j^'riiiiilr^ SI' liMi;i'ii uiiiis cniiti (^'iciis blaiicas dr muclias in iiicras, i' iitiiis culd- r III IS. i' (itras nc'L;ras, ('■ (iti'as nimailas, i' cafiutirus dc Id nicsnid: ('■ haCj'cu 1)1' icali'fi'S 111 i]ui' coll cstas qiiriitas liU'Zi'lau ntrai-', ('• (ilivi'tas (It- mo (|ilf si! liuiiru ell las iiiurii'cas y ciii'lma (U; los toliillos (' il"l)aXi> dc lis vmlillas jmr f4 iiiili-iM: ell rs|)r(;ial las iiin^i'iTS . . .Trai'ii assiiiiisiuo (^Mi^'illos dr oio ni las ^ iiiiii vii. \'ii . -»| 'I (^'lil I las 111 11 L^l'l'l 'S ... I iinii nHTtiiii' r^im ' .^iii v 1 1 n '.-i \i' .'i\' oiTJas. (■ lior.'iil.iiisi' lis iiari(;rs liccliii iiii a;..;il.i,'cni fiit'i' l.is vcniaiias, i f,' III d • alli solno ol labio alto citro (;ai'(jillu.' Ora'do, Hist. (Iin., torn, ii 1.(1. l:iS. Trai'ii assiiiiisiuo (^'ai^'idos dr oio en las fi' l.is vcniaiias, r cucl- ii., lip. Ji. liiS. ■'' riii'ir liiir ' Uii'.v wear usually down to tin' iniddlr of tlip l):ick, or lower, aiiL!in'4 loosr at its i:ull lin.\'ili . . .All otliii' Haiv, ■ Ii'iri' II. p. . , .. L'A}ucriiiiu, tuiu. i., p. yy DWEi.UNCis OS rrir. istiimis. 738 tempted to explore tliiit territory. Arriviivj: nt tlie province of Stieic ii[>oii ii river of tliiit luiiiie at ii point Honie twelve k'iiiiUes distant iVoni tlie Noitli Sea. Iio came to a villam', and tliei'e occupied a lionsc helonuini^ to tliecliiel'ol' the district. The old .Milanese ehroniclei', (lirolanio IJen/.oni, who accompanied the expedition, descrihin;.'' the dweUinjj; of the eaci(|iie. says it was ^Iiapt'd like an (\iig and was lorty-liM' paces in lentith and nine in breath. The sides were of reeds and the ro)!" of [)ahn-leaves all interlaced and well execnted. Thei'e were hut few other houses in the \illa,t:(' and those of infei'ior charai^tei-. I'adre Zepeda. a Jesuit, w ho in IT')!) lived amonu' the (Jnatusos lor sevei'al months, speaking' of their towns and izai'dens. says that when the rains connnenci'. they coiistiMict small huts in t'a^ trci'«;. where they live .safe from the danji'er of Hoods.'"'' I nlikt' most other nations, the Isthmia.ns do not huild their \illajies in s(piares, hut genei'ally foi'ni lonii; streets, keepin.;; the houst-s woil ajjai't iVoui each other, prohalily as a pi'ecaution a,i:ainst contlaLirations. ( )n many parts ot' the coast of Darien and on the pulf of I'rahil. thi' villa<:('s are built inthe watei'. Othersare on the banksof ri\'ers, ami many ol' them ai'e spacious and consti'ucted with fii'eat skill and attention to details. The supportini;' j)i)sts of the roof an^ liU'Lic bamboos or [)alm-trei's. Three or four of these are driven into the jiround at etpial dis- tances. proj)ortione(l accordinu- t(» the intended length of tlie house, and across the toj) is laid the ridge-pole: on each side a, numbei' of shorti'r posts are sind\, iVom whieii loiii^' rafters are laid to the ridL:'e-j)()le; the whole is then coM'i'ed with palm-leaves, both roof and sides. Oilier houses are plastered inside and outsidi' with nmd, ami these have a, lloorinii ol" open bamboo work, i-aised .si.x Ol" ei,L:lit feet IVom the jiround. The dwellings are divided into two or more rooms. haviu;j no doors to the ontiunuos, wliicli are reached \)y ladders. Sometimes the s^ U:i:'>ni, Illsf. Mtnlo Xnoro, fol.SC); Sfjiili^r. in .Vi^nv/fcs .l?i»f//rs' dru Vol/. Is'iii, toni. cli.. ]i. 1): l-'ruc'irl. Ans Aiinr., tmn. i., ji. 210; JiL, Cent. Am I , i>. .U; Wiii/Kcr iinil .'ivh r:iu\ ('usit JUki, p. '2'>'.L A 756 •WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. house 'n huilt without walls, in which case the roof (loscoj'.i.s to below the level of the tloor, and the struc- ture is k'<'t open {.t both ends, havinjji; the a[)pearan('e of an elevated nlatfonn. The ^avanerics and some othei-s on the coast of Veragua l)uild circular or i)yrauiid;d dwellings, by driving strong posts into the ground sloping toward each other, so as to unite in a ])oint Avhere they are strongly Iwund with withes or vims, across which are tied small sticks, some peeled, others with the bark on. or blackened, thereby ])roducing a j)leasiug etl'ect. The walls inside are lined with reeds ])enutifully interwoven. Tiie u])[)er jiortion of the sti'uc- ture is thatched on the outside with straw and on the ajK'X is placi>d an ornament of baked day. \n the centie of the dwelling is a spac^ious apai-tuient, and round tl)(» walls are small rooms in which dilVerent families leside.'' J'lacli village has a public, town., or council house, or ibi't, one hundred or more feet in length, constru(;ted in tlie siune maimer as the dwellings, but with no interior ])artitions; in the walls are loop-holes for tlie discharge of arrows. There is an entrance at each end, and thick doors, made of split ])ahn-tree and bamboo strongly l)ound together with withes, are kept in readiness to shut out theeneuiy. The doors are kept in position by strong posts set in tlie ground l>ehind them. In the pro\ince of V'eranua, tlie\" build stronu' wooden fences or ])alisades round some of the villages, to {)r()tect them from attac^ks of enemies and wild beasts. l)uring the expedition of (Jaspar de Kspinosa in 1517, Diego de Abite/,. wlio in- vaded the pi'ON ince of a caci(pie named T J>ra1)a. some distance south-west i'voni I'anauiii, found tl e inhabitants '^ rnijiU, in Lovd. Giori. Sor.., Jour., Vdl. xxxviii., p. S' '■; Sei'tnnnn's Vol/. Jlirnhl, vol. i., pp. lU'.'. :{2l-2; I'iiii ami S'iiuiiuk's hutthnif p. ir>l; Miililir's />(/'ic.', p. 81; Wii/ii-'k .\i'ir I''//., ])p. ir.' .V2; I'nrUni.n'n .loiiri'i t/, pp. 2;M 5. Oil the hiinks of the Rio (iiaiidc. tlir Spiiiiiiinls iiiiilcr .loli.in dc Tiivini fiiiliid ' luufhas jiohl ^'ioncs cii liiirl)iiro;is d ciisiis iiuiy altus, ffdms i' urma- (l,is sohro posti'S (Ic p;ilinas iic|,'ias foiti'ssimas i' {piiissi in(\i>iiu;iia1ilis' . . . . ' I lay otra niaiicva ilc liuh oh o (Msas cii Nata rciloiiilns. coiun iiiios cliaiiitclcs limy altos.' (h'ifdii. Hist. I iiii., tiiui. iii.. pp. .')(), IIJI.H, pi. ' |ji otfas luuclias partis hacian siis casas di' liiadi'fa y dc paja di' l.i forma di' una caiiipaiia. I'^stas (rail iiiiiy ultas y hiu\' capaci's que iiioi'ab.iii I'li cada uuii do uUu^5 dlf z ^ iiia.-i wa'iuo.'j.' Xu.s L'aMd, Uibt, ^IpoUnjclicu, M-'>., cip. -M. ISTIDIIAN EDIFICES. 757 protoctoil In- stroiijx fortiHrntioiis. Their forts nrc 1)nilt with iiuich skiU. The gnmuil is (Irst ciicIosimI h\- :i (h>i'p Irciich, u[)()ii the iiiiuT hank of which trees are |>ianieil, and the iiitei'stices lilled ii[) witli lojzs and I'ocks. In many i)arts of tlie coniitrv the iuhal)itants were lonnd li .in:i' in the tops oi' tri'es like hirds. htyin;^' sticks aci'o-^s IVoni one hranch to another, and huildinii' their hciisi's ii[)on them. In l')12, Vasco Xnfie/, de lialhoa f-ur\'eyeil scN'eral channels at the month oi' the River Atralo in ([iiest of gold and plnnder. The sin'ronndin,2' country A\ as low and marsh\-. hut the soil sent I'oi'th ininu'n se ]>alm-trees. in the hranches of which the nati\cs l)!iilt their honses. Vasco Xnfiez. enterini:' an alllnenl of the ]{io Xeiiro. discovi'red a lio'Lie tree-top villaizc. the nanu^ of whose rnler was Ahie'ha. 'fhe houses were di\ide(l into sevi'ral apartments, each ol' a size sullicieiit to accom- modate several liunilii's. Tlu'y ueiv hiiilt of uood and willows, and were so jtliahle and yei , > stron,:^'. that tlie swayinu,' to and fro of the hi-anches. to \vhich the elastic, tenement yieldeil. did not in the least interfei'e with the safety of the <)ccu[)ants. Ladders, made of a single laruf hamhoo sj)lit in two. were nsed in niaking' the ascent and descent. These were drawn np at niiilit. or in case of th invasion of an enemv. On the coa^t ol W'ranna ( 'cliiiuhus discovered similai' dwellinL;^. and he Hays that he could not account i'oi- the custom, nnless it was thro:igh i'ear ol' ^irrilfnis which ahoinid in that coini- try, or of enennes. each trihe heir..': iit war with vwry other trihe alonji; the coast. The true cause, liowcvcr, of tiieir taking' to trees for places of resideiu (\ is to place themsehes heyond the ri'ach of sudden and vio- lent lloods. which are causeil by the swelliiiji of streams jiftei' storms in the mountains. an Some of the Isthmians huilt •'"' ' II il'iiroii iiiiich'is jiiidiliis Cfroiulos. cnli puli iiqiKs di' iu:nliTa.' //•■ rcrn, IliM. . iv.. cap. ix., ili c i., lili. i\., caii Kill lo ]• ill ciiiia (Ic ''li alli.ri.' /A ///W. M'.ndn ,V' I'iO, Si'i' alno: Irrin I'x ('iiliiiiiiiis. \pt the i-emains of the king s ancestors an"air_'>'d roinid the walls." le ( osta nicans live chiell\' h\- liuutinL;' an Ih .1 fisl inu and mau\ < >f tl lein cii Itivat e mai/<\ Deans ? ni(t ananas; the Talamancas. especially, are agriculturists. Accord- ing to l''a,ther Zepeda. and others who penetrateil soin(» distance into tlie country oi' the Ouatusos, the\ had large fields under cultivation. Salt is seldom usvd hy any of these trihes. and none of them evei' < at dogs, as they keep them f«)r hunting ])urposes. Their chief game is wild hogs anil (N-er, hut they are not very jinrticular as to their animal diet for the\' I'at whatevei- thev can itcl eaten. iiK hid nil: r»'|>iiles •til< Tl itar mot le of cooking lish rendi'M them exe^it-ilinglv ]):datahle. which is hy roast- ing ihem wrapj)ed in i)lantaiii-le ives. liaiianas an* u.-ually ])ulled when green. ;ind huried in sand to ripen.'"' Maiu' of the other Isthmians are airiculturi-^ts, ami of ('(iiii:i!,'i'r's ]inliici' it is siii'l, ' Iji>n|..;itU'liii»''i> liniw-nsi |i:issnTiin tuiii ()iiiii(|iiauiiitii. liititi riiit: liujui ,iril>as ct |iaMiiiiciiti 111 wvyo ]ii liiiiu (Kti<_iiitii, 111 iiaciio (liiiuiiu r,i- rtc 1 xiiiiiii Ial» >r.iUs.' f'-^li'r Murli/r, dri ii., lib. iii. Cniiipaii' fiutlitr: Mniilinms, .Mian' W'v ichi, [>}< (11 .'i. ,s7; l>i ( 'lull \eiie ]\\ll, pi. 71 2, ilH; Ihirhii. !>:■'(• .v.e iif thv Sf4s Sijiiicr, in Aoin.v/Zc.s Anmili'^ ili-t '".'/■. l'^"'*». t"Mi ,1,1. M .1. .'/■ V V •f. 2it,22l 5; M ]))). Xll., XXltl. I hiss, I. M.J >i»,it I 11 ■ /.'...,./■ ' I. 'iirii anx'i' nil' mils / Sriirrtir. I'lislo li'i'-n, yi<.^>'t< '.i. ()ii(li'» cniiu'ii I'lS iiiiliiis (11 (stas islas iiiucli ih vciiul (jilc Ins liay III f^i'aiul ssiiua caiitiiliil. Has in iiicras. oos.i v.va lllilclins !■ hilill 'S iiialii/., (' fi's ill s Tiiii' I. •ailos. !■ ta'rtiii'ti sa- ■• dfxii )l. 111). oincr piir siii;ia unc si'ti.' Orhhi, JJist, ', (• iHT r.im, i' (il ilivrr- r iilll'^'imil , loin, in , FOOD OF THE ISriIMIANS. 7r;9 •i'l'ow coiisidonihle quantities of inai/o. plantaiiis. cacao, j)iiin('nt(). and cocoa-iuits; their means of suhsistenee are further hiruelv sup[)leinente(l 1)V pune and li>h. A staple article of iitod anionn' the coast trihes is turtle, of il)le article ot u»oH among the coast tin 'dell the\' cauture hu'u'e numbers. M ()uly the hranches. spriiiLis up and o\'ertoi)s them, and when (it t"or har\('sting tlu' ears are gatheri'd. Alter this, the luideiwooil and coiai- .stalks are set on lire, and tlu; ground c(jntiuues to hi; •''" ' llaniio la iiiMi'u'i'ir ]iiirti' ill qiustiv pustii'i'a )irr co^jtiiiiir i!i iiiaiiL;i:ir (■artic liiiiuana c ijilainl i inaiij^'lauaiin ili, v' chi' liiMisaiiaui) di ciltai-' ni', tciiii'inlo iiiicnra clu' inl im' fat'i'sscrd i[Htllo cariii i[' 'In.' daiiiio.' />. lii-l. .1/ mil ili ciiliiii) iKiii j,'li ■in, fnj. ,/., .\, 4!t. On till st 'tlii'vln' in'ili' ijially ni'iiii lisli. ])Iaiitaiiis, mnl liaiialias, \\]t\\ eiiliaii I'lii'ii ainl u Uii 'ill. (iiuiiia ri' (■„/,, il of .Vi/i /■/■;■ Ifdin i> ill /•/.. tiiiu. iii.. pp. :!<14 "i: Aridii, liirr.. ti /•(■/'•, ''i>/. lie ri'/'/rs, tmil i . |i pp. l:>. I'l' iliimbv. Hid. Aiiiiiiirit'ilh pp. 2U--J. P ui. v.. p. 412; lA Ih irii'H, U' ,\'i;/i ihin Sacra- 760 WILD TRIBES OF CEN'TIUL AMERICA. used for ajxrioultural purposes, (u huntinji" doer find wild s\\ iiR', dogs are used to drive tliein out of tlie dense forest ; at other times tliey set fire to a [)art of the woods, and as the animals try to escape, they kill tiiem with sjK'ars iind arrows. Jiirds are killed with a i)low-i)ii)e. A\'ii"n lishing they use nets made ol'mahoe-liark or silk- grass, and in phices where rocks prevent their using a net, they catch them with their hands or shoot them Avith .(vrows. Fisiiing hy toreldight with spears is Ire- le Savanerics ])oison ijools with her- nu n. At h »f 1 ds tl 1 h us meals tlio cacupie was served nv women, th h .some oi ins prnuMiial men eatnig with inni.' In their })ei'sonal hahits the Jsthmians are cleanly thev l)athe <:(Mierall\' twice a dav and sometimes ol'tener hut commonh' at sunrise and sunset. The interior of their dwellings has a neat a})i)earance, and order and cleanliness prevail in all their domestit; ai-rauLiements.'-' 1 l)Ows and arrows, long spears, javelins. Hint-edged cliih :ni( I hi ow-pipes pip are tl le weapons used in tl lese 1 )arts. Tlui hows are heautil'uUv made, those of the ^'^ ' Tdf'rn (los v trcs vozos al iino in:ii/.. v iior csto no lo cimraiiciMn.' (r'o- V. llisl. liiil., ^)1. 82, SS. '111,'in iiiii( III! 1^1 lil. ■ c.ios liui'l'CdS cm. •1 iiiiililii;() 111 (spiim/ii llr K lie viliiulos, v(, IliM. a .1. y Aiti'i;i"!/'i, ill .ViirrnTWc !■ '1- t'lirtlur details sci' .Mirlilir'n Jhirh ii, ])]>. (l"i. 'iS, 81 ,/. ./r 1 III vol. i.. i)[). ;ii w. 1' "1; ;ti:); /'././• ,1 0,(/7» IK'I'S, tlllll. rli/r, di' n. 4 .;i, -ioT; MitidiiiiKx ]). 7'.l; Si'iiiKdiii'.i I'll//. Ilmtlil, lil> (h-i i/ii, ll'isl. H tdiii. iii.. 1)1). lit--;}, I'M, IX); Ma/ic's 3'i((.' To//-, ri). 88, 101, 1(10-7, liU- IIKI, l.")J-r>, 17(1-7. MU-l,}c Dm nfit, |i. (d; ' III tniubfc, assi los iiidios como las iiidias iiir)ii'i/. ]i, 'iliC. li'UiMi lior cos- h.iliar tics o <|Uatro vii;t il dia, por cstar liiniiins i' pui'nuu dii,'eu (juc iksicausau lu lavuisi.'.' Uckilij, Hist, 'ltd., toiii. iii., [>[>. I.'t5-(i, WEAPONS OF THE ISTHMIANS. 761 Costa Ricans l)oiiig aLoiit scvi'ii ll'ct loiiir. of a daik- coloivd, wvy liard wood, with tlio string ol" wi'll-t\viste farther r-onth are niucli shortei'. and of hlaek palm-wood, as are also their laiiees and jaxclins. The arrows an; pointed with Hint or fish-hi>ne. or ai'e hardened in the fire and harhed ; tlie shaft is of reed having a ])ieee of hard wood eight or ten inelu^'^ in length insertetl in the end. The inhabitants of Coil);! iiiid some of the tribes on tiu> western shore of the gull' ol" rialni, do not nse i)ows and arrows. In this respect. ,^o far as 1 have ohsei'ved. they form an exception: as among tlic almost innnmerahle tribes sitncded between tlie gull" of rrabii and the Arctic Ocean I know of none othei's wheiv bows and arrows are not nsed. These i)eo|)le in hattle employ a long wooden sword, and wooden spears, the ends of which ari' hai'dened in the fire and tipjuMl with bone; they also make nst> of slings and darts. Their javelins ure thrown with nnu^h fore and dexterity hy means of a stic^k slightly grooved to hold the pro- jectile. It is called t'slorica and is h<'ld between tlu^ thumb and two lingers, there being a, small loop on tlie side, near the centre, in which the foi'edngi'r is placed; the dart is cast straight from the slmuldcr. while tla; projectoi- is retained in the hand. 1 ha\'e noticed a somewhat similar conVri\ance employed by the Aleutian Islanders.'" TIk' bl()w-))ipe which is used witli much efVect. is about six *>r se\en feet long, and the darts sliot from it are made of Mucaw-wood, ver\' thin willi ;iu ''" 111 f'ucvii, • iiii soil fl(s iiiacaii.is ipsi a| [n 1 ant, li;^i*. is I mil 11. (|iii.(. fcrniin ni>ii assc(Hiiiiiliii': ft luifustis siiililms aiit ' r— . is <• ^pidilMls, iiiwsjliljiis ttiiiii ail iiraliiim iituntiir.' /'•/■/• Marh/r, ilcf. ii., lili. iai., also, «l<-c. iv., lii). X.. (liT. \ ., 111). i\. ('um|iarc' fiutlur, Jlrrnni. lI'iM lint., tic', i.v lil>. i\., cM|i. vi.. 111). \.. ca;i. i.: An lii'inii'i. in S'lrnrrit', i'ul. ,le I'l (i/*-s; tmii, i-ii., ]1. in:); I'tiiT'is, in /'/.. t en. i.. n. 'iH."); I'lirl/mru's .hnirni'if, p. •,i:iV W .k'li'l. f/.\iii''rii/iii \ p. '.IS; 0/;>' I'unHmn, pp. 77-S; I'nyilt, ill L'Jiiti, Uuoji. ^^o^^, •fiiiir., vol. .\xvviii., [ip. 1)5, US. ( I ' ^ii 7(;j WILD 'LllIlSES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. oxpco.liiiiily sharp point, iiotcliod. so f1i;it whon an object is struck it breaks oil' iiiiil it is iiliuost iiii[K)ssil)k; to cxtriict the broken point; others ai'e ]U)isonc(i so that a siiiiht wound causes deatli in a sliort time. One end is wriii)pL'(l with a httlo cotton, until it lits the tube which is placed to tlu^ mouth and the (hirt blown out. It is (piite elVective I'or a distance of one hundred vai'ds. DilVerent varieties of ])()ison have been described by writers and travelers II errera sue aks of one which ho says was made with certain grey roots found alouii' the coast, which were burnt in earthen jjipkins and mixed with a species of poisonous black ant; to thiscouipositioii were added larue s[)iders, some haii'v caterpillars, the wiuLis of a bat. and the head and tail ol" sea-fith called fti'-iirliio, very venomous, besides toads, the tails of snakes, and man/.auilhis. All these injiredients weiv set over a tire in an open lieltl and well boiled in pots by a slave till they were reduced to a prop^u' consistency. Tlie unfor- tunate slave wh;) attends to the bailinij; almost invariably ille-* from thi' fum;>s. Ani)'dier [);)isouous composition is sp )ken of as having been m;i le of fourteen dilferent in- gretlients and anotlu'r of twenty-four, one that kills in three da\s. another in five, and another later, and when one w as eiuploNi'd it was stated that sometii nes the wounded lixcd as many days as the poison had been made. The nati\('s said that lire. sea. water, and contineucN' were tl le an tidot t's aii'auis t tl th le venom, others aihi'ujei dli that the duuLi' of the woimded person taken in \n\\s or other- Peter Martvr ^\ rites that tii<> poison wi,irs. Tlio pain 1)rin,i:s to the ]),ick of tlio toad a wliiti' troth, which is a deadly poison and in it the (hu'ts arc luhlu'd; below the IVoth a acUow oils' matter is I'ou nd wliK' li IS caret idly scrajx d oir. as it i." also a l)o\vi'rl'nl poison, but not so lastin<;' as the first snbstanc(\ which \vill retain its deadl\' pro[)erties for a year svhilc the yellow niatttT looses its sti'enj^lh after five oi* six months.''^ The javelins nsed by the Caribs wei'e not made pointed but scjuare at the end, they also lia\ c \ cry loni;' pikes and heavy chibs. AVhen l)artoloin(' liiu'tado in lolG visited the island of ( 'anbaco lie relates that th(> caci()ue ])resented him with a uolden ai'inoi- \ahied at one tnousand castellanos At the island of Cabo se\-eii leaiiues distant, the warriors woi'e ;i thick matted armoi- of cotton impervions to arro\vs; they were armcil with })iKes and ni tlien- marcli wei'e accompanied witli drums, conchs. and lifes.''- Wars arise chietly from the jealousies and ambition of rival chieftains. IJattles are frerpH'nt and saniiuinary. often lasting; for manv da\s. and are foutiht with tena- •"' 'Tho )iip(; was niailo of two ] i( oi s of rood, ench forniinc; n lialf circli'; tliPRf Ix'iii;,' )]la('((l t'ii,'(thcr left :i s]ii. ill hole, just lai'u'e ciiouj,'!! for tlic i.d- liiissiou of th',' ai'i'iw . .The aii'"\vs an- almiU i in'ht iiii-lns Iiuil; . tli( |HUiit very sliar[>. aiul cut lilic a curksciiw f.u- :;ii iiidi up . Tliis is inlli d in tin" jiiiisou . . .'i'lii' arrow will fly out' liuml'.itl y.inls. and is c itain diath to man oi' animal wounded liy it; no i-urc as yi t liuviuj,' been dixovnid. A tiL;ir, when l;it. funs ten or a do/rn yanls. stau';i rs. lircona's sick, nialdics in f'lur or live minntis. A li'vd is killed as with a hullit. and tlic arrow and w. undcil part of the tlcsh licint,' cut out, the rcmai'idi r is i ati n without dau'ji r.' C'lrlirdiic a Jniirn'il in ( 'itUmih'm. vol. ii., \l\^. A' 't-1 . ' 'I'h.it jvoyson kilh th hiui that is wiumdcd. but not su, 117. 'Me inquired of ail tiie Indians, both men and boys. :;t ( ,.li do- nia iiay and at San lllas for the "eurari" lU' ■■urari" [loison . liny I r. lU, lit US what thi'V Vepresented to be tile li'inii-'iili y,i\^,in It turih d I'Ut I' Ik- uothin;,' but tlu- jui. mi; //. ciT/ir, //;.«,'. (; h., dec, i,, lib. vii,, ciiii, xvi,; .l/T-/f/'/''s /Ao/.e, Ji. 77; />i/////ie /''.S I o(/i|.;..s', \o!. i.. )i. II. ••■-'. Ic' )■■<'/'(, .V. liniiiHilit, ]i. li; li'iliiiirn, lli.^l. Intl., f | K>i; I'ld'/l, ' 'r/r/(.'.s', pt i . |i. 17. 'Trai.-i' <\- o^««•J^■t s feclios de alj^'odoir (|U' h » lle.i.ibili i' uba- .\ d. Ill d> la- es;iald . .1 *», «" les He^raban a I. is |-o,lil|;i ^ i' deude ibilXo. e liW II. 1^ f.lsl I losei..li>. e t.m J-'lUCSOS eiiUlo Ul| eii| ||OU ll-l'IIIUil Hon tall tifttiii v'liU'Uuu boilfsta uo losiJitsu.' i'adnv^ Cvl, pvv, iivAiti\HH, ii.. !'■ 010, 7(it WILD TRI15ES OF CKNTKAL AMEUICA. cioiis couriini'. Tliroiiulioiit Diiricn it is custoinnrv to ])liU'o wiitiiu'l.s at ni;iht in tlii' liiiilicst lioiiscs ol' tlif towns, to keep watch and |iivo warninji' of the approiicli of an enemy. At the connnencement of a canipaiiiii, eliiels and eajjtains e\j)erieneed in war are nominated hy the head ol' the tril)e. to lead the men in hattle and conduct the operations; they wear certain insij^nia. so as to he distinunished from the rest of the men. loftv jthnnes on the head, and a (piantity of uohU-n oina- nunts and jewels, hesiih's v.hich the\' are ])ainted in a diiVei'cnt style. All. howevei'. adorn themselves when p)inL: to hattle. with a pi'ofusion of necklaces, hracelets, and golden coi'selets. The men are cheered on to hattle and enconi'am'd dm'infj; the (iLiht hy the hlowinu of large shells and the heatinir ol' drums. in the j)ro\ince of Cueha. women accomjiany the men. Ii>:iitini:' hy their side and sometimes e\en leadinji' the \!ni. '1'Ih' action is oonnneiK^ed with the slinks and estoricas. hut they soon meet Jit close quarters, when the lu'avy wooden swords and iavelins are hroiiuht into use. (.'ertain rules juid military rejiulations are ohserxed wherehy thi' hra\e are rewarded, and olfenders against nnlitary disci[)rnie ])unishe(l. Xol)ilit\' is conferrt'd on him who is wounded in war. and he is further rewarded with lands, with some distinguished woman, and with military connnand; lie is deemed more illustrious than others, and the sou of such a I'ather, I'ollowing the prol'i'ssion of arms, may iidicrit all the father's honors. He who disohiys the orders of his chief in hattle is denrived of his arms. 'P struck with them, and dri\en from the settlement. All hooty is the pro[)erty of him who captured it. The 1' •isoner is the slave of the ciintor; he is hranded on the I'ace and one of his I'roi it teeth knocked out. The Car W Her howe^■er. used to kill and e;i*" their [irisoner,- mentions that upon some occasions, he who had killed an enem\- cu t oir his own hair as a di^tin-juisluni:' mar of ti'iuniph. and ])ainted hiins(>lf hlack. continuing so painted until the (irst new moon.' ' '''•' ' Cuuiulo ibiin ;'i lii ''Ucn-iv lU'valian udi-uiius du luci cu liis culiczas v uuiis ISTinilAN DISHES AND DirLEMEXTS. TCf) Tlio Lsthmiiiiis slct'p in liainiiiocks, ol'ton bcautiriilly made, iuul siisju'iKk'd hotwta'ii two ti'ivs or upright })osts. Owiiiu; to tlio matcriiil ol' which they aiv coiiiposcMl they are exceed iiiiily cool and well ada[)ted to the climate, (loiirds, calal)ashes, and cocoa-nut shells ai'e employed i'or water-howls and drinkinji-cnps. Their othei- house- hold utensils consist of earthen jai's. Hint knives, f^tone hatchets and hoxes inu'eniously made of palm-leaves, and covered with deer or other skins. Drums ol" dilVer- ent sizes, some very larue. others small, a-e made of the liollow trunk ol'a tree coveivd at theendswith deei's hide, ^riiose of the larLiVst size are ke[)t ftt the chief's residence or at the town-house, llainmocks are made ol' finely vvo\en cloth, or more lVe(piently of plaited urass of various colors and curiously ornamented. Wooden mor- tars, made irom the knotty part of a tree, are used to pound yucca, iVom which they make their (Missava. The metate or i-uhhinu-stone is also in use ainonji: them. Tluy have nets of dilferent kinds lor hoth lishuig and huntinji;. At nidit, as a li^ht I'or their dwellinjis tluy use torches made from jvalm-wood dii)[)ed in oil and heeswax. 'J'he lords and principal men of the provinces of Parien and Traha are reputed to have drunk IVom iioldcn cups of rich and heautiful workmanship. Teter ^lartyr gives an account of golden trumpets and a great number of hells fomul hy the Spaniards in a town situ- ated on the Uivt'r l)al)aiha (.Vtrato). The hells wt're used at ceremonies and iestivals, giving forth a sweet and pleasant sound; the tongues or clappers wci'e hcau- tifulh' made, of lish-hones. In another part of the country, on the gulf of I rahii, says I'etei' Martyr, as rendered hy the ancient translator: ''Tliey Ibunde also a IKitiiias irriindcs en Ins jii'dios y liriicclctcs y otriis joyas (•u otrfis hii,'arcs il( 1 (■ilci'iii).' Jjis I'lisitu, Hist. Ajiiit'nirl'ii'd. MS, ca]). Ixv., ccxliv. ' VA luiiclo i n 1,\ LjiiiMM I'S liiilalu'n, y i^'n/.a t]o ^raiulcs fraii(|il>'/as.' (imiKini, ll'tsl. Iml.. Ui\. HS, ' A Ills ([nc j>ni'(U>ii mat ir iiialaii, i' a Ins qw iirciidcii Ids liimau ('• so sil'vii (Icllos por (Si'laviis.' Oriidit, Jlist. llr)>., ti)Ui. iii., (ip. IJl*. I'ifi. Sn furtLcr; QninJniKi, \'hl'is Esj>iiri<>Uti ( liiilhnitj, p. 8; /A, // lil ). 111. I]), v.: Aii'ht'ii'iin, in .V' r/c, (■../. ./r tiiin. iii. l',)'.i, K);!, AVI: I'l.kr Martyr, duu. iii., lib. iv.. doc. viii., lib. viii., Il'd/t/'s '.'/■- V i:i:) TOO WILD TllIBES or CKNTKAL AMElilCA. ^ivjit iniiltitiulf of slut's. iuii(U' of tilt' silko or oolton of the ^ossiitiiijiiK' tivc: likewise diueis kiudes ol' vessi'ls uiul look's made ol'wood, iind inaiiv of earth: also iiiaiiv brest plates of gold, and ouches wrought after their man- ner 'M Thev manufacture strong cords from the bark of the mahoe-tive. which is taken oil" in long strijjs, beaten with sticks, cleaned, and then twisted. A (iner description of thread is made iVom a species of pita, of which the leaves undergo a somewhat similar process in ])rej)ara- tion as llax. being .steeped in water for several davs. then dried in the sun and afterwards beaten, producing line sillvv threads, from which their hanunocks and linei" kinds of nets for catching small lish are made, l-'rom the same plant thev maki; excellent baskets and mat- ting; the materials are first dved in diilerent colors, prettily mixed and woven together .^o closely as to hold water. Thi'y are of a sol't textui'e and exceedingly du- rabk'. The Dorachos are famed for the manufacture of pottery, water-bottjes, and other hou.sehold utensils, ele- gantly shaped and prettily painte(l. ( 'otton cloths are wovi'U by women, and considei'ing tlie rude and simple im[)lements they work w ith, the lineness of texture and blending of colors present a marvel ol' skill and [)atience. 'I'lie process of Avea\ing is thus desi-iibed by Waler: '"The Wouu'ii make a KoUer of Wood, about threi' I'oot long, turning easily al)out betwi-en two Posts. About this tlu'v i)laci' Strings of (\)tton. of •) or I yards long, at most, but oftncr less, according to the use the (Moth is to be i)ut to, whether ibi- a llanmiock. or to tie about tlicii' Waists, them in their or for (lowns. or for I )!ai»ki'ts to cover lb unmo( ks. as tlie\' lie in them in their lire. 1.. lib. vii., cap. x\i.. lib. ix.. c IV 11., HI), ii,, cii]). i.; I'd r Mirli/r, drc. ii.. lili. i., dci'. vii., lib. x.; 'i r's Darkii, pp. (JG, 77; M'jj'i', X'lrU fkin Sa-nuif ntn. pp. 21-'2. i.. (l.iv ii., lib Mkhl' ISTHMIAN JIOATS AM) NAVKiATIoN'. 7G7 Hon- :os; w llid I il re ill th tli('\ liii\(> for Cloth And tlicv lu'vor wi-iivc ii ijiccc of ("ottou with a dcsiua to cut it, hut of II si/A' that .shall just scrvr Tor the i)artic- uiar use Tlu' Thrrads thus couiinL-' IVoiu the Kollcrai the Warp; and I'or the Wdi)!". {\\vy twist ( 'ottoii - varn uhout il suiall piece ol" JA/r^/zr-wodd. uotch'd at each end ; And takiuir U[) every other Thread ol" the \\ aip with the l'''iu,:j.i'rs ol" out' Hand, they put the Wool" throu,uh with the otlier Hand, luid receive it out on the otlu'r ^idc: and to make the Threads ol' the WOol" lie clo. an( I th le uu'U who nianauc tliciu are .skillfu 1 boat Mien. Tl le canoi's varv in si/.e: some are duu' out from the sin.^le trunk of a tree, othei's are constructed of hark. 'I'he lari-est are thirt\-(lve I'eet in leniith h\- three in dth reatltu.and arecapaoleol carrynii:' many persi)ns. hesides a considerable amount of carLH Tl ie\' arc so li ditb l)uilt that little dilliculty is "xpi-rienced in passiuLi' them over ohstructions, and those of smaller si/c are oflen car- rie 1 on the lieail. They draw ver_\ little watei-. and are ])roj)eJle I with paddles by two persons, one in the stern, the ()■ lier Ml the now. W len [la-isiULiONcr rapids, paianca- or poles, are Uf. 2\'-'i I ; ll'i Vi-'sscls. il I 111' nciitiv and siiiutiiiii 1111(|UI (■.-irlllrll I'l lu-s j;r ici fullv fiii'incd of cliiv ■llio .S. V- eral l)i-ar risciiihlalii't' nif'iHinucil that the natives (if the Isfh tl) Jliinian, (Irccian, and I'.trnsi-iiU j:i ijii;s now niaUe tlnir rude cji'tliiu l)r. :\I( nitt itrnsils (pf a prculiai- Mack iii: th, wliirli eivc s thciii the iiii|icaranc'f of //;,-/. .1/. ('/.. vol. IV. 17ii hi \. r.-iLfUa ■ VI II' s.,l)iinas .'randi-s i lo nl.uodon, lallr.•lda^. di' Uiuy sotiirs hdmris; otras jiiiitadas niiiy siitihiii iiti- ii Cololc'S cull piucfles.' Vuliin, in .Vwriic/'c/t, i.'uL dv \'vi turn. 1., p. o(J8. v3» ^ -0. ^^^ , '%.'^. '!)> .^r' ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) !.0 I.I 1.25 n 2.5 Ui IIIM 1^ 1110 1.8 lA III 1.6 V VI ■>, ^: ^^^V Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. MS80 (716) 872-4503 iV % ■1>^ :\ \ '^^ I &/ ^ 768 WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA, gethor witli ropes and across tlicm arc laid smaller tim- bers of the same wood, fastened down with hard wooden pegs that are easily driven through. Th^ rafts are chiell y employed for fishing or crossing large rivers. C^inoes are, however, quite as frequently used for fishing pur- m lK)ses. The native products are gold, pearls, tortoise-shell, ivory-nuts, cjicao, caoutchouc, corozo-nuts, cocoa-nuts, dried venison, lard, and deer-skins; these are olt'ered in consideralde quantities to foreigners, and in exchange they receive salt and ironware, besides various trinkets and such domestic utensils as they are in need of. The value of the pearls was lessened on account of their practice of throwing oysters into tiie fire in order to open them, which partially destroyed their lustre. The natives of the coast carry into the interior dried fish and salt, which they barter for gold dust and other i)roducts. At Pueblo Xucvo sarsaparilla forms a principal article of trade. The native traders are very shrewd, and as a rule practice fair dealing. On his march through the country. Vnsco Xunez de Balboa found the people in possession of large (piantitiesof gold, jewelry, and pearls. Ever\ where along his route he received presents ot gold ; indeed, in some places he found this metal in greater abundance than food."^ The streams of this region arc sulyect to fref[ucnt swellings, caused by heavy rains. After the subsiding 66 • En cstas islfis do Chnrfi o Pooosi no tionen canons, siuo biilsns' ... .In the Province of Cnclm ' ticncn ciiiions pccnu'fiiis, tiiiubicn lits usau grandra .'. .hay caiioa (jiii' lU'va (;in(iut'iitii o sesscuta hoiiilirt's i' mas.' Orinlo, lli.'-t. ^'(•))., tmii. iii., i)|). IIU, IT)',). Sfoalso: Mirhhr's Ihiriin, \)\k -iS, (tli-7; U'dfeiH New 1'"//.. p. itli; MoiitmiHn, Xhitirc Wicnkl, j). 07; and Daiijicr, Xme U'tit, p. 7."); riti/di, in Loud. (iwij. Sue., Jonr., vol. xxxviii., p. 'M; Awstn, X. GmiKiild, p. 4H. «7 ilDiiiitrii, Hist. Imh, fol. 74, 88; lUilhoit, in Xavarrete, f'oh ih Vidijai, torn. iii.. pp. Hii-"); I'dcv Murli/r, dt'c viii,, lib. vi.; Jfcnrra, Hist, flcn., doc. i., lib. vii., va\K xvi., lib. x., caji. iii.; lUirhrr's Vnydni', vol. i., \t. iioti; Sel/rid ii's Darkii NioTc/y.s, jjp. 10-11; J'lti/ill, in Lond. livmi. Sov.., Jaiir., vol. xxxviii., )). !t'.t; (Hs'iorif'x Jhiri'ti, j). 151; Olin' I'ltwund. p. 77: Cnlli'ii's J)a- rien, pp. (W-G. ' (Jnai.d > los indios no ticntn t?u<'iTu, todo hu exfiric^'io os tr.ietar ('• trocar qtiaiito tionen unos con otros .... tinos llevan sal, otros nialiiz, otro-i niant.is, otms li;unacas, otros alpxbm liilado ii ])or liilar, oti'os ja'sc.i- dos saladus; otros llt'Vim oi'o.' Ockdo. Hist. Uiu., tuni. iii., p. 14;), torn, ii., I). 34U. ARTS AND GOVERNMENT. 769 of tliese floods, the iiiitivcs procure gold from the river- heds; they also burn the grasH in the niountjiin.s and pick up the metal left exjjosed on the surface in large quantities. In the district of Yeragua and in Darien they have workers in gold, crucibles (or melting metals, and implements of silversmiths. They understand the allo> ing of gold, from which they make vases and many kinds of ornaments in the sha|)e of 1)1 rds and dift'erent varieties of animals. The relics which from time t) time have Ijeen e.xhumed in Chiri(|ui and other parts of the Isthnuis, prove that the natives had an excellent knowledge of the art of working and also of sculpturing in gold and stone. Painting and glazing on jars and other descriptions of pjttery was an art in which the men of Chiri(pu' were famous.*"'*^ The Isthmians ^wssessed only a very slight knowledge of the computation of time. They calculate the hour of the day by the height of the sun in the heavens, and have no division of tiuje into years, months, or weeks. Their enumeration is limited to twenty, and beyond that they count by twen- ties to one hundred; their knowledge of numbers does not go further."" In the provinces of Cueba, Comagre, and other parts of Darien the eldest son succeeded to the government upon the death of his father. As sot)n as the funeral ceremonies were over, the heir received the congratula- tions of the attendant nobles, the highest and most aged of whom conducted him to a duuniu'r and laid him in a hanuuock. His subjects then came to ofi'er their sub- mission acc()m[)anied with presents, which consisted of large stores of edibles and fruits of every kind. They •''* ' Esto cacique Davaivp ticnc griind fundicioii dc oro on su cnsn; ticiio ciont lioiiihi'cs ii 111 coiitina ([lU' liilmm ovd.' liitVimt, \a \'itfnrriti\ Col. di', r/'f'/cs, tola, iii., ]t\). ;t(>-l-5. ' ILiy {^'nindis iiiiiicvuH de colirr; liiiclms do ellii, otnis CDsas liilirndas. fiindid is. sold id is liulic, y fraL;nas con tcido s:; ap.iri'jit dc iilatcro y los crisolcs.' ''n/'O, in /•., foin. ii., fol. ")(». (!i>inj)arc further: llnzunt. Hist. Mntvlit Xnoni. fol. HH; Ifii-f' rn. Hist. Hi'n., dec. ii., lilt, ii., cap. x.; I'ini ami Sei'iiumn's Ihitlinis, pp. "i'.t-^O; J'lkr Mar- tyr, dec. iii., lib. iv.; lihlirtU'K Isthinia, p. ;J7. «'■• W'li/i'r'a .Vcm Vni/., pp. ITH-Sfl: l.nssaii. Jour, du \'<'>J., p. -10; I'uydt, ill Loud, (iio'i. Sor., Jour., Vol. xxxviii., \t. 'J'J. Vol. I. lU 770 AVILD TPJBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. greeted him with triumphal songs in which they re- counted the deeds of his ancestors, as well as those of other lords of the land, telling him who were his friends and who his enemies. Much wine was consumed and tile rejoicing ii.sted several days. Afterwards amhassa- dors were dispatched to inform all the neighboring cacicjues of the new accession, desiring their gxHwl will and IVieniisliip for the future. In the j)rovince ol' Pana- ma u[x)n the death of the lord, the eldest ))rother suc- ceeded him, and if there were no brothers the succession went to a nephew by the sister's side. The ciiiefs iield un- d!'^[)uted authority over their people and were implicitly obeyed. They received no tribute but required pergonal service for house-building, hunting, fishing, or tilling the ground; men so emi)loyed were fed and maintained by the chief. In Cueba the reigning lord was called qwhl, in other parts he was called tilxi. The highest in rank after the tllxi had the title <>f j>v?ros, who commanded certain districts of the country. Pir, '>/-; i/), l[M. 'r'vi.. toiu. iii., pp. I'ilt-M, Hi, l")i> -7; V (i'h- liwi, \"i(la.-\'.\\ Ihiji^ivr, Si'nn W'vll. j). 7i; W'al- Idcr, ill Misiilioita turinsa, vol. iii., p. 41H; I'lii/ill, in l.'nnl. Uimj. Sue, Jour., vol. xxxviii., p. 'J7; FunueirH \i>yiipcr, Xeue Wdt, p. 74. FAMILY 11ELATI0X9 OF THE ISTHMIANS. 773 the friiMuls iissistcil in cleiiriiii; a |)liintjiti()M and ])uil(l- iiij; ii liouso lor tlie coiiplo, while the woiiu'n and chil- dren planted the groiind. The seven days liaviiij^ elapsed, another ineri'Mnakinj;' took i)lace. at which much rn|Uor was drunk. The hridejii-oom took the precaution to put away all weapons whi to any i)erson that wooei 1 tl lein, wi llin-1 y, es[)ecnilly to l»rinci[)al men. This tendency to licentiousness carried with it e.Ktremes in the use of abortives whereby to avoid the consequence of illicit pleasures, as widl that they might not be de[)rived of them, as to keep their breasts from softening; for, said the\, old women should hear children, not young ones, who have to anuise them- selves. Sodomy was practiced by the nations of Cueba, '^ Piii/'ll, in Liml. d^'hi. Soc, Jmir., vol. xxxviii., ]>. '.*S; }f(ir(iriiiiir'.i Pmiriss iij' .\iiiiT., pp. H2.'! -">. S2'.<; J. is Ciisas, llisl. Aimln ift'irii, MS., cap. t'cxliv. ' Ciisaiiiiiisi' coll liij;iS(U' siis licrmiiiiiis: y Ins si ruircH iciiiiiM iiiiiilius imii^'i'i't's.* 11 1' r rem, Hisl. irin., di'c. i., lib. vii., cup. xvi..(lt('. iv., lib. i., ciip. X. 'I)i' liis muticrt's j)riiicipiil('s di' sns piulris, y hcniiiiiiuH o liij.is ^,'ii;irilai» 41K' lilt liis toiiicii jior iim;,'i'i'fs, poniHf Id tii'iu'ii piT iiialo.' .Iic/'d/",'/''. in i\iiritrrilr, f<,l. ilv VUi[ies, torn, iii , iip. 4tl-'-l>. Of wives: 'Tiny may liaiu; as many as tlii'v plcasi', ( cxcrptiii',' tlu'ii' kitulrcd, iiiiil allii'S) viilrssc tlicy Iik widilowi's. . . .ill some ])liic'f it wiiMnw mairvfth tlic liiMih'V nf Inr foriin'r Imsbiiiil, or his kinsman, fspi'cially if Lt'u left any cLiMicu.' I'dvi' Murli/r, dec. vii., lib. X , doc. viii., hb. viii. 774 WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. Carota, and other places. The caciques and soirio of the head men kept harems of youths, who, as soon as destined to tlie unclean office, were dressed as women, did women's work aljout tlie house, and were exempt iVoiu war and its fatigues. They went by the name of a(in(n/0(is, and were liated and detested by the women.'' Tlieir i)ublic anmsements were called areiton. a species of dance very nearly resembling .some in the northern ])rovinces of Spain. They took place upon occasions of a marriage or birth, or when they were about to go forth on a hunting expedition, or at the time of harvest. One led tiie singing, stepping to the measure, and the rest followed, imitating the leader. Others again en- gaged in feats of arms and sham battles, while singei's and improvisatori related the deeds of their ancestors and historical events of the nation. The men indulged iVeely in fermented liquors and wines, the drinking and dancing lasting many hoiu's and sometimes whole days, until drunk and exhausted they fell to the ground. Actors in appropriate costumes counterfeited the various pursuits of fishing, hunting, and agriculture, while oth- ers, in the guise of jesters and fools, assisted in enliven- ing the scene. Their principal musical instruments were drums and small wliistles made of reeds; tbey had also javelins with holes pierced in them near the end, so that when cast into the air a loud whistling noise was ])ro(luced."* They have va ious kinds of wines and liquors both sweet and sour. One is obtained from a 7' The women ' observe their HnshaiK^s with a profound Respect nnd Duty upon iill occasions; iiuil on tlie other side their Husliimils .ire very 1>"Mu1 and lovini^ to them. I never knew an Indian heat his Wife, or ^'ive her any hard Words. . . .They seem very fond of their ChiUh'en, both Fathers and Mothers.' M'lt'ir's .V'lP l''>//., pp- l'")l)-()(). ' Tienen nianrehias pubUeas dt^nii^'cres, y nun de hombres en muehos cabos.' Ginudrd. Ilisl. IikI., fol. H7. Sec alsd: Oriilo, Hid. (fen., torn, iii., pp. 18, 20, 13U-4; ^^uintunll, \"uliiti (/«' Kspiulotis, (/i((/'«)a), pp. !> 10. " ' Pipes, or tluites of sundry j»iopes, of tiw bones of Deere, and canes of the riuer. They make also little ])ruinmes or Taliers beantilied with diners picttu'es, they forme and frame them also of t»oin'des, and of an hoUowe jjitce of timber (.greater than a mannes anne.' /'Wee .\[irti/r, dee. viii.. lib. viii. See also: Oriilo. Hist. Uni., totn. iii., pp. 127, l.'Jil. I:t7. l."i(>; j. i.x., dip. ii. ' Tenia villi b()d<'Ha con ninuhasfnbasy tin ijiisllenasde vino, htchod jjiano, y friita, bianco, tinto, dulcc, y iij,'n'to dc datilos, y arn>i)f.' UmiKint, Hint. /»(/., fol. 73. ' Hiician dt> iiiai/. vino bianco i tinto . . Es de nini bncn sabor ann- (lue conio unos vinos l)ruscos ode (,'asciifii.' L>is Corns, Hist, hid., .MS., torn, ii., cap. xxvi. Sec also: OrUdo, Hist. (Ivii., toni. iii., i)p. lIi()-7, 14!-'2; toni. iv., i)p. U(i-7; M'lnt'inas, Xteuwt IVeirdd, pp. (il, 'IHo; IhipiH'r. S'me Welt. pj). 71, ;J21; Wiifer'n AV(o C.*//-, pp. «7, l()2-:{, l.jJ-5, IGt, l(;'J-7iJ; raijdl, iu Lond. (Jeoij. Soc, Jour., vol. xxxviii., p. 'JG. ISTHMIAN SOIICEUEUS. 777 QVH on tho coast pass niiicli of llii-ir tlino in tlio water. In salutation they tiu'ii tiicir hacks to oai-ii otluT. Xo one will a(rc'|»t u jiift from a strjuigur unk'ss with the (.'s|K'(rial jK'rniission of the chief.'" They helicvc larjicly in s[)irits ami divinations, and have sorcerers called pldces who arc held in imich r*'- s|)ect and awe. The places |)rofess to have the |)o»ver of foretelling the futin-e and raising spirits. When putting in practice their arts they retire to a solitary ])lace, or shut themselves n[) in a house, wjieic, with loud cries and unearthly soiuids they pretend to consult tjje oracle, lioys destined to he places are taken at the age often or twelve years to he instructed in the ollice; they are sele(;ted i'or the natural inclination or the ])eculiar a|)titude and intc^lligent'e which they display lor the service. Those so chosen are confined in a soli- tary i)lace where they dwell in company witii their in- structors. For two years they are suhjected to severe disci[)line, they nnist not eat llesh nor anything having life, hut live solely on vegetahles, drink oidy water, and not indulge in sexual intercourse. During the pro))ation- ary term neither parents nor friends are permitted to see them; at night only are they visited h}' professional masters, who instruct them in the mysteries of the necromantic arts. In the province of Cueha masters in these arts are called tequliids. It is asserted of the places that they could foretell an ecli[)se of the moon three months hefore the time. The people were nmch trouhled with witches, who were sni)i)ost'd to hold converse with evil si)irits, and intlicted many ills es[)ecially upon chil- dren." "C ' Qnnnilo habliin viio con otro, se ponon cIt rspnldas.' Cfhni, Ifisl. AlDiiranle, in Jktrc'iU, Jiiitorkulunti, iuin. I., p. Ill; Wafer's S' f ley., jip. 177-!). Ti (roiiKim, Hist, huh, fol. 2."); Piltr Mttrtijr, drc. vii., lib. x., ilic. viii., lil). viii.; M'afir's .V((c t'"//., jij). ;i7-!); lliirira, llixt. Hin., dec. ii., lih. iii., oai). v.; Selfridji's Ihiv'uu Sumijx. ]ij>. 10-11; !'';/'(, //(>/. liisruh. Aihk-.. ]i. 14."). ' Di'ste iioiiibrt! tt'ipiiiiii av h:\^^^' iniiclm (lifcrtii{;ia; porquc a «|iial(iiiit'i!k (jncs mas h;il)il J' cxiierto en alj,'nn arte, ...lo Uamaii tc(jniiia, tjiir (|iiici() (li'(;ir lo incsino (pic niacstrd: por iiiancra que al qncs mafstro ilc ias rcj^pcu- sii)iR's »■ iiit lij,'t'iic-ias con tl (li.ililo, llriinaiilc tc(piiiia en aiind arti'. ]i(Hqno aquestc tul ts ul que udmiuistra kus ,viloliitriiis c (,-urimuuius 6 saciili<,ius, y el 778 "NVir.n Tnmi:^ of cta'TRal amkuica. Tho Istlnniuns arc a licaltlifiil and l(m<;-livvaM iiitrodiuvd into MiirojH' IVoin Ilavti, or Mspariola, wIuti' it was i)ri'v- uli'iit as wi'll as tliroiijiliout Tii-rra Kirmi'. This is a sid)- ji'i't that has jiivcii rise to iiuirh ooiiti'iitioii amoiij; uiithurs, Imt the halaiice of testiinoiiy soi'iiis to indii-ato that till' vi'iu'ival disease in Miirope was not of Aiiieriean orijiin. althoiijih the disease prohahly existed in Angelica hefore the eoiiiinj;' of l''im'<»peans. The remedies eir- j)loyed hy the Isthmians for the complaint were (/ini- yitcfiu wood, and other medieinjd herhs known to them. They are nmeh troiihled with a minute s^u'cies of tick-liee that cover their limhs in ^i\'at umnhers, i'rom which they cndeaAor to five themselves hy Jijiply- jnji hnrninl iliiiblo.' Orkilo, Iliit. Gvn., torn. n\., it. I'll. 'Triiiim o liiil)i I I'litrt' cstiis gi'litos niios siiccnl.itcs (jut' lliiniiibali en sii klii^'iiiv ''I'liirlms" limy t'spci'fDS «,'n el iirto lu'ii^'icii, t iiiti) (inc so rc^vi'stin cii ellos el Diiilmlii y hiihliibii ))()!• hiKM lie t'lloH iiiuchiis fiilsciliiiles, couqut! lubteuiti cttutivos.' Las Cittius, Hint. ApoltKjdlat, J/iS'., cup. ccxlv. MKDICAL rUArTICE. 779 onu'lcs for llic hciicfit of all those who ivijuiro their wvviccs. The Huckinjr «'iii'(' ohtiiiiis in thi'se parts as veil as nortlnvunl. WIhmi HUimnoiU'tl to atteinl a pa- tient, if the pain >k A' se is slijiht, the niedicine-nian takes s(»ine lierhs in )iis niouth, an(l appljints a small anow from a how into various jKirts of the patient's body until a vein he acc^identaily opened; the arrow is gauged a short ih nu'dicoK, <' (•, Ml, tiiiii. i., j))). .")(; 7. ' Acim inline' to the diners imtiirc, (ir (intditic of llic discaso, flicy ctirc tliciii l.y dim rs siijiir- Htitiiiiis, mid tin y lire diiici'siy rcw.irdcd.' I'lU r .Murli/r, df. iii , ciii). viii, C(iiii]iiir(' fiiitlici'; . ccxlv.; Wiifrr's .V- in I'l///.. )>. '2S; Srlfriihir's lliiri' n ■'^nn-' i/s. \t. li ; I'm/ It, ill 1,'Hiil. ^/'(("/. >'ac,, Jifiu'., vt)l, xxxviii., J). Ui ; I'nrchns Ids rUiiriin(t;e, vol. v., p. «'j;j. 780 V.-ILD TUICErs OF CENTKAL AMEEICA. pructici' of siu'kin<:; AViis carried on to u fearful extent, Jiml uitli (lire ('onseciuenees, Tlie persons, men and Avonien. wlio indiiliied in the liahit were called 1)V tiie »r^[)aniard!s clmjiddores. Ti»e\' belonged to a class of sor- ceivrs, and the historian says they went ahout at niiilit visitin" cerhiin of the inhabitants, whoiii they sucked I'or liours, continuing;' the practice from day to day, nntll Jinally the unfortunate recipients of their attentions be- came so thin and emaciated that tliey often died froui exiijuistion.''-' Amonij; certain nations of Costa l\ica when a death occui's the l)ody is deposited in a small hut constructed of plaited pahn-leavcs; ftx)d, drink, as well as the w(>ap- ons and inijik'nients that ser\ed the del'unct during' hie are placed in the same hut. Here the body is presei'ved for three years, and niK)n each anniversary of the death it is redressed and attended to amidst certain cereuio- nies. At the end of the third year it is taken «)ut and interred. Amonj;' other tribes in the same district, the corpse after death is coveri'd with leaves and suri'ounded ■with a lariie i)ile of wood which is set on Hre, tlie friends dancin;;' and siimiu'j; I'ound the llanies until all is con- sumed, when the ashes are collected and buried in the ground. In Vei'agua the ]H»raclios liad two kinds of tombs, one for the ])rinci[)al men constructed with Hat stones laid together w ith mnch care, and in which Avere placed costly jars and urns lilled with food and wines "9 ' Qui'ilamo do (l((;ir quo en aqiiostii liiiKHii do f'urva hay nnioli los inu'don oontar los Imosos, (jno so lospansi^cn solamc nto oabioitiis con ol ouoro; y ol viontro so los rosuolvo do nianora (|uol ()nd)li^'() Iraon jio^;ado a l)s lonios y os; inac^'o, o so toinaii do aijiuUa fdiiua quo i),n- t in a la niiortc", sin imliia ni oaino. J'-sfos oliuiiad iros, do nociic, sin sir Kiiitidos, Viin a lia(^'oi' nial i)i>r las oisas aj^onas: o jxiiun la Ixioa on ol oni- b.i^i) do acjuol (jno oliiipan, y osf.ni ( n a(Hiol »'Xoi\i<;i() niia I'l dos huras ('i lo (jno los |!aros(^'o, toiiirndo « n aipiol trahaxoal |ia(^ii'nto. sin iino soa ]i(>(li_- !()•;(> do so valor ni dot'ondor, no di xando du snfiir sii dafio ooii sili nolo, li oon"S(;(' ol assi ofondido, o voo al nidlioohor, y ann los lial>!an: lo (|i;al. assi lo< ([uc lia(;in csto ni il conio los (|no lo |iados(^'i n, liaii oonl'ossado al;.!unos dollos; i' diiiii ijuo^tos olni])adoros son oriados o nalioiias ilol iiiyia, y (|iiol so los mand I assi lia(;or. y el tnyra os, oonio osta ilioho, ol diablo.' (h-'uilii, JJiat. O'i'ii., toiii, iii., I'll. lo'J-{J>l, ISTinilAN GRAVES AMD IIOURNIXO. 781 for tho (load ; tlioso for plol)ciiins wore inoroly tronelios, in Avliich were deposited with the oc(Mipiint some gourds of inaize and wine and the place filled with stones. In some parts of ranama and Darien only the chiefs and lords received funeral rites. Amonj!; the conunon peoi)!e a person feeling his end approaching either went himself or was led to the Avoods hy his wife, family, and friends, who, supplying him with some cake or ears of coi'n and a gourd of water, there left him to die alone, or to he assisted by wild beasts. Others with more res[)ect for their dead, buried them in sepulchres made with niches where they placed mai/e and wine and renewed tho same annuallv. With some, a mother d\ing while suck- ling her infant, the living child was })laced at her i)reast and buried with her in order that in her future state she miuht continue to nourish it with her milk. In some provinces when the cacicpie l)ecame sick, the priests consulted their oracles as to his condition and if they received for answer that the illness was moital, one half of his jewelry and gold was cast into the river as a sacrifice to the god they reverenced, in the belief that he would u'uide him to his fmal rest; the other half was buried in the grave. ^I'he relatives of the deceased shaved the head as a sign of .nourning and all his weap- ons and other property wei'e consumed by fire in order that nothing should remain as a remembrance of him. In Panauiii, Xata, and some other districts, Avhen a caciriue died, those of his concubines that loved him enough, those that he loved ardently and so appointed, as well as certain servants, killed themselves and were interred with him. This thev did in order that thev niidit Wi'lt npon him in the land of spirits. They held the belief that those who did not accompany him then, would, when they died a natural death, lose the })rivilege of being with him afterwards, and in fact that their souls would die with them. The privilege of attending on the caci(pie in his future state was believed to be only granted to those who were in his service during his life- time, hence such service was eagerly sought after by 782 WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. natives of both sexes, who made every exertion to be admitted as servants in liis house. At the time of the interment, tliose who planted corn for him during his lifetime had some maize and an implement of husban(h*y buried with them in order that they might commence planting innnediately on arrival in tlie other world. In Comagre and other provinces the bodies of the cacicpies were embalmed l)y placing them on a cane hurdle, hanging them up by cords, or placing them on a stoiK', or log; and round or Ijelow the body they made a slow lire of herbs at such a distance as to drv it giaduallv until only skin and bone remained. During the process of embahning. twelve of the principal men sat round the l)ody, dressed in black mantles which covered their heads, letting them hang down to their feet; at intervals one of them beat a drum and when he ceased he chiuited in monotonous tones, the others responding. Day and night the twelve kept watch and never left the body. AVhen sufliciently dried it was dressed and adorned with many ornaments of gold, jewels, and feathers, and sot up in an apartment of the j)alace where were kept ranged round the walls the remains of his ancestors, each one in his place and in regular succession, [n case a caci(pie fell in battle and his body could not be recovered, or was otherwise lost, the place he would have occupied in the row was jdways left vacant. Among other tribes the body after being dried by fue was wrapped in several folds of cloth, put in a ham- mock, and placed upon a platform in the air or in a room. The manner in which the wives, attendants, and servants put themselves to death was, with s(tuie, by poison; in such case, the nudtitude asseml»led to chant the i)raises of their dead lord, when those w ho were to Ibllow drank poison from goui'ds. and droi)i>ed dead instantly. In some cases they first killed their children. AVith others the fimeral obsecpiies of a princi[)al chief were conducted dilVerently. They prei)ared a larg(i grave twelve or fifteen feet scpiare and nine or ten leet deep; round the sides they built a stone bench and FUNERAL KITES ON THE ESTILMUS. 783 covered it with painted cloth ; in tlie middle of the gnive they [)liioed jars and gourds lillod with maize, fruit, arul Avines. and a (quantity of liowers. On the hench was laid the dead chief dressed, oinamented. and jewek-d, while around him sat his wives gaily attired with ear- rings and hracelets. All heing |)re[)ared the assemhlcd multitude raised their voices in songs declaring tlie hraveiy and prowess of the deceased; they recounted his liherality and many virtues and highly extolled the alfection of his faithful wives who desired to acconipiuiy him. The singing and dancing usually lasted two days and during its continuance wine was freely served to tlie })erf()rmers and also to the women who weic awaiting their fate. At the expiration of such time tlicy became entirely inebriated and in a senseless condition, wlu-n the final act was consunnnated by throwing dead and doDini'd into the grave, and lilling it with logs, branches, and earth. The spot was afterwards held in sacred remembrance and a grove of trees planted round it. At the end of a year funeral honors wei'e celel)i-ated in memoiy of the dead. A host of friends and relatives of e([ual rank with the deceased were invited to partici- l)ate, who upon the day a[)i)ointed brought quantities of food and wine such as he whose memory they honored delighted in, also wea|)ons with which he used to light, all of which were placed in a canoe prei)ared for the ])urpose; in it was also de[)osited an eiligy of the de- ceased. The canoe was then carried on men's shoulders round the court of the [)alace or house, in presence of the deceased, if he was euibalmed. and afterwards brought out to the centre of the town where it was burned with all it contained, — ^tlie peo[)le believing that the fumes and smoke ascended to the soul of the dead and was pleasing and acce[)table to him.'"' If the body s" 'Ay nuichns, quo ])iensan, que no ay niiis d*^ n- :'Pr, y iiidrir: y a(iii('!- los tail's no sc ciititrraii cciii pan, y vino, nicon niii^'cris, ni niocos. i,os(itii^ dccn la inniiortalidad dil alma, sc cntiirra; si son Stfiori's, con oro, arnias, pliunas, si no lo son, con may/,, vino, y niaiitas.' (innntrit, llisl. Ind., fol. '2")."!, SS. ' Huins rc^'uli iMintralt' ini^'iissi canicnim ri'iii'iiunt |ii nsiihus rcpictani cudaucribus, gossanqiinis funilms a|iiitnsis. Intciroj^ati (piid sibi 784 "WILD TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. liad been interred tlioy opened the .sepulcliro; all tlio people with hair disheveled uttering loud lamenting cries while the bones were Ijeing collected, and these they burned all except the hinder \y,ivt of the skull, which was taken home by one of the })rincipal women and preserved by her as a sacred relic. The character of tlie Costa Ricans has ever been that of a tierce and savage people, prominent in which cjual- ities are the Guatusos and Buricas, who have shown themselves strongly averse to intercourse with civiliza- tion. The Talamancas are a little less untameable, which is the best, or perhaps the worst, that can l)e said. The Terrabas, also a cruel and warlike nation, are nev- ertheless spoken of bv Fi'av Juan Dominuo Arricivita as endowed with natural docility. The natives of Boca del 'Who are barbarous and averse to change. In Chi- ricpu they are brave and intelligent, their exceeding courage havi}"ji; obtiiined for them the name of ^7(Ue)lk'S or liid'ios J>f(iros from the early discoverers; they are also noted for honesty and fair dealing. Tiie same war- like and independent spirit and fearlessness of death i)re- vails among the nations of A'eragua, ranama, and Darien. The iidiabitants of Panama and Cueba are given to lecliery, theft, and l\ing; with some these qual- ities are fasiiionable; others hold them to be crimes. The Mandingos and natives of k>an Bias are an inde- pendent and industrious people, possessing considerable intelligeiux', and are of a docile and hospitable disposi- uellet pa supcvstitio: piirontiiin osso ot nuovuni .itiiuormnqno C(inii>f,'ri ro},'nl- e:i ciiil.-iiiciM, iiKiuimit. l)v (iiiil)iis scrniiiidis iimxiiiuim fssi' iijxiil tus curimii ft ]iri) ri',it,'iiiiic t'.iiii iiictatciii h;il> supiTiiitcxta.' I'tcr ^.(t,^- ti/r, (lee. ii., lib. iii., dec. iii., lib. iv., dec. vii.. lili. x., doc. viii., lil?. ix. ' Viciidi) 1 1 (• lutid id t' naincro do los iiintu'tos, so coiiosct' , i' (in.'il fiu' liijo del otrn o lo sub(;t'dii'> en el scnorio He^und la (iidrii sulx^'csivii en ([no ostau jiuostos.' Oriiiln, lli.it. licit., toiii. iii., jip. l")") (i. ll'i. For fiii'tlior a<'i'(niiits soo Winiinr iiikI Srhi'rzcv, ('nsln liini, ji|>. r)")U. iVJit: riic/i'iKcn'.s flnnrin i/, \). ls;i; Si'ciinnm'.i Voi/. Jlivdhl, veil. i., jip.JUt, ;U('), ;tl',l; I'liii (ittiiiiis, p. lU); Ifivrira, IHt i., jip. l()r)-(i; A/ rs r /,s((s, I list. .1/1 )/.)|/i.'7i •(/, MS., cap. coxlii., ccxlvii.; I'un'ltas Ills J'U- ijrimes, v(.)l. v., p. H'Jl. ISTHMIAN CHARACTER. 785 tion. The inhabitants of Darien are kind, open-hearted, and ix'acealfle, yet have always been resohite in oppos- ing all interference from foreigners; they n,re fond of annisements and inclined to indolence; the latter trait is not, however, applicable to all, a noticeable exception being the Cunas and Chocos of the Atrato Valley, who are of a gentle natnre, kind, hospitable, and o})en- hearted when once their confidence is gained; they are likewise industrious and patient, and M. Lucien de I'uydt says of the former: '"Theft is altogether unknown amongst the Cunas. " Colonel Alcedo, speaking of their neighbors, the Idibacs, calls them treacherous, incon- stant, and false. In the interior and mountain districts the iidiabitants are more fierce than those from tlie coast; the former are shy and retiring, yet given to hospitality. On the gulf of Uraba the people are warlike, vainglori- ous, and revengcful.'^^ Thus from the icy regions of the north to the hot and humid shores of Darien 1 have followed these AV'ild Tribes of the Pacific States, with no other object in view than faithfully to picture them according to the information 1 have been able to glean. And thus I leave them, yet not Avithout regret: for notwithstanding all that has been said 1 cainiot but feel how little we know of them. Of their mighty unrecorded })ast, their interminable intermixtures, their ages of wars and con- vi'Vsions. their inner ^ife, their aspirations, hopes, and "' Tlip Torrahiis 'nacioncs. . . .las rins ln'avas i' indnniitas di^ lodas Tndios dotailis de iiatnr.d docilidad y ^\n]/.nru i\v iH'ino-'Aniririld, I ri'niai ,Siri!lii(i,\). IK, Spcakiiij^ of the native-^ of I'aiiaiiia; ' iiiny dcuotos del tra- liajii, y I'lU'inii^iis de la ociosidad.' Diiidn, 'I'ldtro Kclfs., toin. ii.. j). i>(>. Darien: 'Sou iiicliiiados ii jiii^;os y hiiitos, son iimy liara^'anes.' h'dtiuirii, Jlist. IniL, f'll. MS. San Hlas triticH: 'Tlicy are very iieaiialile in tin ir na- tures' ... .Clmeiiiias and N'avij^'undis: 'The most warlilie' .. Cea^t tiilics, 'from fontaet with foreij,'ners. are very docile and tvactahle' . . . .'llii' S.issal- dis: ' As a whole, this tribe are eowardly, hut treacherous.' Si'lfr'nliii's iJur'nn t. toin. cli., j). fi; llin/lr'n Hiilc, vol. i., ])nf., J), xii.; Wdiiiii r ami Schcrzir, ('. .Iiiti; Mi(lilir\s I)iiriiii, \i. 2i\; Alndo, I>iic., torn, ii., ji.-llil; I'vijiU. in J.tiiil Uiimj. Sor., .Iniir., vol. xxxviii., j>. '.Ml; Mur'nrijor'n rroijriKs of AiKir., p. 8.'0; Vtts' ranaiiid, j). 77; ('ullen's iJaiiin, pp. tio-O, (JH-'J. Vol. I. 50 78G TRIBAL BOUNDARIES. foara, how little do we know of all this! And now as the eye rests upon the fair domain from which they have been so ignobly hurried, (questions like these arise: How long have these baskings and battlings been going on? AVhat purpose did these ix?oples serve? Whence did they come and whither have they gone? — questions unanswera]>le until Onniiscience be fathomed and the beginning and end made one. TBIBAL BOUNDARIES. The Wild TmnKS of Centi!al America, the last Bronpal division of this work, extend from the western boundary of Guatemala, south and ciistwiird, to the Rio Atrato. I have divided the group into three subdivisions, namely: the Guutfi)iala»s, the ^f(>.1quUos, and the Isthmlmis. The Guatemalans, for the i)urposes of this delineation, embrace those nations occupying the present states of Guatemala, Salvador, and poitions of Nicaragua. The Zarandones are a wild nation inhabiting the Chammd niountnins on the boundary of Guatemala and Chiapas. ' Mountains of Chamma, inhab- ited by the wild Indians of Lacandon. . . .a distinction ought to be drawn between the Western and Eastern Lacandtjnes. All the country lying on the W., between the bishopric of Ciudad Real and the X'rovinco of Vera Paz, Avasonce occupied by the Western Lacandones. . . .The country of the Eastern Lacandones may be ccmsidered as extending from the mountains of ChiinnuH, a day and a half from Cobi'in, along the borders of the river de la Tasion to Pctt'n, or even further.' Esvohar, in Lond. Geoij. Soc, Jour., vol. xi., pj). 93- 4. Ujion tho margin of the Rio de la Passion. Juarros' Hist, (iitat., p. 271. ' Un tribu de lliiyas sauvages appeles Lacandons, qui habitent nn dis- trict immense dans le centre du continent, embrasse toute la partie oc-iden- tale du Peten; erre sur les bords superieurs de I'lTsumasinta et le pays (pii se trouve an sud de I'endroit d'oii j'i'cris.' Galindo, in Antiq. Mcx., tom. i., div. ii., p. 07. ' The vast region lying between Chiapa, Tabasco, Yucatan, and the re- public of Guatemala ... is still occupied bj' a considerable body of Indians, tho Lacandones and others.' Squier, in Ilist. M(Uj., vol. iv., p. C5. ' The vast region (>nd)racing not less than from 8000 to 10,000 square miles, surround- ing the upper waters of the river Usumasinta, in which exist the indomitable Lacandones.' Id., p. (!7. 'Mais la contree qui s't'teiidait au nord de Caha- bon, siege )irovisoire des Dominicains, et qui coniprenait le pays de Dolores ft celui des Itzas, etait encore a peupres inconnue. La vivaient les C'holes, les belliqueux et fi'roces Mopans, les Lacandons et quelques tribus plus ob- scures, dont I'histoiro a neglige les noms.' Morelel, Voyaije, tom. ii., p. 78, tom. i., p. 318. 'They are reducid to-day to a very insignificant number, living on and near Passion river and its tributaries.' Iknvdt, in .S);ii7/is(i»u'((ii Hept., 18(i7, p. i'lH. ' In the north of Vera Paz, to the west of Peten, and all along the Usumacinta, dwell numerous and warlike tribes, THE MAMES OF GUATEMALA. 787 c;\llo(l genfrilly LaciiiKloncs.' Itoi/Ic's Pt'ide, Vdl. i., pref., p. xvi.; FuSM'tj, Mvx'xiHi', p. -171; I'uneiilil, Mi'm. sulirc lit llazd Inillijenn, j). I!t7. 'I'he Munvs 'oceni)ii'(l the cxistiiit^ ili-itrict of CTiiof,'iU't('niiiif,'o, a part of Qnczali iiiinj,'(), iiiid the ))i()viiu'e of Soi oiuisco, unci in all tluso phuvs the Mam or I'oconiaii laiij,"ia^'e is vernaenlur. It is u circunistanco not ft littl(> rcniarkalili', that this iiliom is also peculiar to j)lacos very distant from the country of tlu^ Mams: viz. in Amatitan, Mixco, and IVtapa. in the provinco of Sacntcjuipics; Chalchuapa, in St. Salvador; Mita, .Talai)a, and Xihjtt'pcqne, in Chiiiuiniuhi.' Jmirnni' HIM. Giud., p. KID. 'ElManio o Poconian le iisan los nianics o poconiaues, quo parcfcn no ser mas que dos trilms de vina niisnuv nacion, la cual forniaha un estado pode- roso en Guatemala. Se extendi<5 por el distriti'i do Huehuetenan),'o, en lu pro- vincia de este nonibre, y por parte do la de Quetzaltenanf,'o, asi como por el distrito de Soconusco eu Chiapas. En todos estos hif,'aresso hahlalja niamo o pocoman, lo niisnio que en Anuititlan, Jlixco y I'etapa, do la I'rovincia do Zacatepec o Guatenmla; en Chalchuapa, perteneciente a la de San Salvador; y en Mita, Jalapa y Jilolteiiec, de la de Chiquiniula.' IMhi, in rhnchkl, Vitdilro., torn, i., p. HI. ' Leur capitale etait Guegut tenango, au nord-est do la \ille actuelle de Guatemala, et les villes de Masacatan, Cuilco, Chiantla et Istayuaeau etaient encluvees dans leur territoire.' Squiei; in KounlUs An- naks iks Voy., 1K.J7, tom. diii., p. 177. ' A I'ouest, jusqu'aux frontieres de Chiapas, sV'tendaient les il mis, proprcnient dits Mani-Yoc, dans leurs his- toires, partages eu plnsieurs families egalenient puissautes qui gouvernaient souverainenieiit cette contree, alors designee sous le nom comniun d'Otzoya (de otzoy, sortes d'ecrevisses d'or) : c'l'taient d'un cote les Chnn-Zak-Yoc, qui avaieut pour capitale Qulaha, que son opulence et son etendue avaient fait s\n-nommer Ninia-.Vmag ou la Grande-Ville, dite dejiuis Xelahun-(,»uit h, ou Xelahuh, et Quezaltenango; les Tzitzol, dont la capitale etait jieut-etro ChinabaLul ou Huohuetenango, les Ganchebi (see note below under Ganchi- bis) et les IJamaq. Ceux-ci, dont nous avons connu les descendants, etaient seigneurs d'Iztlahuacnn (San-Miguel-Izthdinacan), dont le platiau est encore aujiiurd'hui parsenie de mine's au milieu desquelles s'eleve rhumble boiu- gade de ce nom: au dessus doniine, a uue hauteur formidable, Xubiltenam (villeduS(mtHe) . . . .Ganchebi, ecrit alternativenu>iit Canclubiz, Canchevezet Ganchebirse. Kieu u'lndiijue d'uui'manirre precise oil regnait cette fannlle: mais il se pourrait (jue ce fut ."i Zipacapan ou a Chiviiin, dont les minis existent ii trois lieues au sud dc cette derniero locaiite; la I'tait rancitn Oztoncalco.' Ilrdssiurde liourlKntni, I'opol Vuh, introd., pp. 'JC)!-."). 'Ilabi- taban el Soconusco, dcsde tiempos remotos, y era un pueblo auti'icton; los olmecas (lue Uegaron de la parte de Mexico, les rednjeron a la servicbnnbre, y una fracciou de los vencidos emigrri hasta Guatemala.' Ormrn ij llrrvn, Ui'uijnit'ia, p. 1(18. The Mauu'y, Aehi, Cuaahtenialteca, Hutateca, and Cliiri- chota 'en la de los Suchitepeques y Cuaahtemala.' ralnclo, in Pnclun,. Cul. Dm-. hitUL, tom. vi., p. 7. Mame 'Parle dans les localites voisiui s dt> Hue- buetenango.' /ini.sscf/c ik liintrtiuunj, MS. Tr, Saii PkIid las lliiertas, Suu GuHpnr, Sau Luisdc las Carrctas, yotros ditz In^'ans, tixLis Iicrti'iu'cientes k las misiouus do los I'P. d(>iiiiiiicns; _v a las do ius i'l'. ub» Horvantea do sau Francisco jicrti iicccn Isapa, I'ason, Tciiim-i^niatcnialin Comalapa, San Antonio, San Juan del Obispo, y otros ipiincc liiyans a lo nicnos do la misma nacion Cakchiqiiila, cuyas pob'.acioncs cstan al rcdcdor do Guatoinaln.' Jhrvih, Cittnloiin, torn, i., p. 305. The Ztttntjlls dwelt near the lake of Atitlan. ' Tlip dominion of tlio Zutuyilcs extended over the modern district of Atitan, and tlic vi'lit,')' of Sau Antonio, SncliiUei>e(pies.' Jwivnifi' Hist. Hiinl,^ p. K',;). • I,a capital do los caclii(iueles era ratmaniit ci Tecpan^uatcuiala, citida 1 j^randc y f'uitf; y la do los zntuhiles, Atitan, ccrca do la luguna do cste nomine y (jue so teuiii por inexpugnable.' I'imcntcl, <\a(lro, toin. ii., pp. 1212. The rVtoWi.s live on tlio banks of the ^Iotai,'ini River. Tlie rhiipiiinulii •Indians belong to the Chorti nation.' (ktranrtv, in I'linittini Sluraiul llintkl, Tec. 19, 18(;7; LwJvichi's Ah. Lawj., p. 48. IJrasseur de Dourbourg describes qnito a ninnbrr of very ancient nations, of some of which ho endeavors to fix the localities, and which I insert here. Dan or Tamnb fonnded a monarchy on the ftuateniahin plateau. Their ' capitale, Aiu;ig-l) m, existait, suivant toute apparence, entre los niunts Tohil ot Miuuah, ii trois lieues a peine an nord d'lTt- latlan.' Popol Vuh, introd., pp. 148, 2G2. ' Ilocab etcndait si domina- tion :i I'onost et an Slid do Tamnb, et la cite d^Ucjuincat, siege principale de cette inaison, oecnpait un plateau etroit, situe <'ntre les niemes ravins qui ceignent un ]ieu phis lias les mines d'l'tlatlan.' ' Li vi'.le dTcpiincat (forme antique), Avec Ic tilet la mettre le niais), I'tait siir iin platiau au noi'd-o\iest do ceux dTtlatlan, d mt eile n' talt s-pare (pie jiar ses ravins; on en voit encore les raiues connues auj )ur.riuii sois le nom do P'-Ilocab, en Ilocab.' /(/., p. 2G;i. .\gaab, 'dont les i)ossessi ins s'eteinlaient Bur los deux rives du Chixoy ou Lacandon.' 'Cetait tine nation jiuissanto dont los priucipalos villes exislaient a pen de distance de 1 1 rive gauclie du fleuve Chixoy ou Lacandon (Uio Grande de Saeapr.las). L'lme d'ellcs etait Carind, dont j'ai visite lo premier, on 1S5C, les belles mines, situ es s;:r les bords du Pacalag, riviere ipii so jette dans hi Lacanilon, | res pie vis-'i-vis rembouchure do celh' de Ilabin d, dans la Vi'rapaz.' /'i. Caliiiiii, 'I. <■ ijii- tale etait a Zameueb, dans les montagnes de Xoy diali on X(4;;l> h. [I i.tro les roehers].' /iZ., p. 270. Ah-Actuliil, ' so|it tribiis de I ■ natio.i h-Vtiilid, qui sVtaient etablies sur ties territoires di'pendants de 1 i snivi r.iineto d'.\titlan.' ' Ces sept tribiis sont: AhTzmiue. Ah-i laiicni. it. Mana- zaipieijct, Vancoh, Yabacoh ot Ah- rzakol-tinet on (,)u h. Ac- lulul ent-.'tro pour Ah -TuluL' /(/., p. 274. ' Ah-Txiipiinah i, ee ix on les haliiiants do Tziquinaha (Nid d'oiseau), dont lacaiiiialo fut Atillin. sur le lac' du ni'Uio nom.' Id., p. 29(5. Acutoe. 'nom aussi d'une ancienno trilin dont on re- trouvo le souvenir dans ('huvi-.\cutec, au-dessus d'.Vcutec, sur lo te ritoiro de Chalcitau, pros de Malaoatan et de Huehueteiiangn.' /r/., pp. ;tl2-3. Cohab, 'nom d'uue tribu antique duns Torient des t^uichi's.' II. p. 353. I; 790 TRIBAL BOUNDARIES. Tho rhnntnkn dwell in the mnnntdin districts N.E. of Lnko Nicnrnpiin, bosidos hiiviii<» iniscolliinoons villiigcs in Gnirroro, Oujivcn, Tabiisro, Gimte- nmln, and Ilonduras. ' En el Dcpurtaniento dti Tliicolidii .... y ho enourntran chontftloH en Guerrero, en Tabasco y en (riiatt'inalii.' Ornivn y Ikrro, Gio- ijriifin, pp. 18') -7. In San Salvador, Choluteca, Honduras, Nicaragua. Pilndo, in Pacheco, Col. Doc. Imid., torn, vi., pp. 7, 20, 35.' Quii'chapa . . 2i) Leguis Hildiistlich von Oaj'ica nnd 10 Li'guas siidwcstlich von N» j'tpa .... .\n den Gri'inzen dos Landes der Chontalos. '....' Tlapalcatepi'c. Hiiu])t- ort im Lando dor Chont'il(!s.' M'AMmpfnvdl, M^jh'0, torn, ii., pt i,, pp. 17'2-.'l, 17."), 1!)2. 'Lcs Chontiiles s'l'taicnt vus en possession de tonte la contn'o qui s'l'tend entre la nu>r et la ehaino di; Quyecolani . . etaient en posses- sion non seulement do Nexapa, niais encore do la portion la jilns iniportanto do la montagno do Quiyecolani.' Bmxs' ., de lUwrhoimj, Hist. Xut. <"u\, torn, iii., pp. 3, 47, 'An nord-ouest du grand lac, les C'houdals occupiiitiit le district montagneux ajipele encore aujourd'hui Choutales, d'apres eux.' Holiiuiki, L'l diUfornie, p. 290. ' Inhabitants of the mountainous regions ta the north-east of the lake of Nicaragua.' FnicbiVn Cetd. .\tttir., p. 52. ' .\u nord des lacs, les Chontales barbares habitaicnt la eonlillero.' linisscur . Tlnsntlteon. ' In iiiclircrcn I'niictcn Sun SulvadniH, wio /.. 11. in Isiilro, MoxicMiios, Niihiiisiilco Icbcn noch jctzt Iniliunt;r voni Stiinmie ilur TliiKkul- tekcn.' Sriicrzi'r, W'tiiili'miniPii, \i. {'n't. Th(' I'h'iliilrrs 'occti'iiicd tlic districts north of tlif NiiKrundans, extcndiiiR nlon{,' th<^ (tulf of Fonsccii into what is now Ilondiuiis tcrritnry.' Sl CliolntecnnH, HpfakinK the rholntccnn dialci't. hit- imtcd to the northward of thi' Naf,'randans, and c.xfcndinK' alon^ the (iiilf of Foust'ca, into what is now tho territory of Ilonihu'as. A town and riv< r in tho territory here indicated, still bear the name of Choliiteca, which how- ever is a Alexionn name.' Siinh-r's Xiiutrdijiiii, (Ed. IH.Vi,') vol. ii., p. IHO. These Soconusco exiles settled 'dans les terres (pii .H'i'tendent an nord et a I'ouest du Rolfo do Concha;,'ua, uux frontieresde Hondnras et de Nicura^'iia.' Bvansfitr d- Uimrhniini, Hisl. Xnl. r/c, torn. ii. p. 79. ' IJeyond thcni (Na- gr.indiinsi on the f^nlf of Fonseca, a nation called thu Cholutt.'cans had their seats.' Frnehel's Cent. Aiiier., p. 53. Jf (ci'/ios, a tribe formerly inhabitini,' the mountain ref,'ion about Leon. ' Ihre Woliusitze bikleten die Provinz Maiibichoa.' Frochel, Aim Aim r., toni. i., p. '.m. 'Ay en Nicaragua cinco leguajes. . . .C'oribicl . . .Cliorotef,'a. . . .f'hondal Orotina. . . .Mexicano.' Guniura. Hist. Iml., fol. 2(i4. ' llablauan < n Nica- ragua, cinco lenguas difei ites, Coribizi, (pie \o hablan niiicho en Chuloteca Los de Chontal la qnarta es Orotina, ^lexicana es la (luiiita." lla- rera, Hid. Gin., dee. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii. 'In Nicaragua there wer(> tiuo linages, and difTt'rent languages: the ("oribici, f'iocotoga, Ciondale. Oretigua, and the Mexican.' rnrclirts his J'UiiniiiiKic, \o\. v., 887; Oi into, Hist. Utn., torn, iv., p. 3.'); limchmunn, Ortmimiien, j). 132. The I'lii/viitviianii 'occupied the entire country north of the Niquirans, exteiuling along the Pacific Ocean, bctwi'cu it and J^ake Managua, to the borders, and probably for a distance along the shores of the gulf of Fonstca. They also occupied the country south of the Niipiirans. and around the gulf of Nicoya, then calli'd Orotina.' Siiir's XiidrdijiKt., (Ed. iH.'iC), )vol. ii., p. 31(i. ' Welche die Gegenden zwischiii der Siidsee und deni Managua-See vou der Fonseca-l?i.i sitd warts bis zii den aztckisch sprechenden Indianern bewohncu und audi siidlich von di'U Nicpiii-iansbis zur l>ai von Nicoya sichausbreiten.' Wlfo de Nicoya, quo Ton trouve encore aujourd'hui habites par leurs descendants.' liras.sinr de Bourbounj, Popol Vuk, iutrod., pp. ce., ceil. ' Als die Spunier uuch Nicara- 702 TRTDAL nOUNDARIEH. (iwi kiiinrn, wir dipss Volk nn dir Kiistc vcrln'citft. . . wolmton liiiigM dor Kiistf dcM AiistriiloctMiim.' Ifiissil, Mix. Unat., \)\\. .'tI)7-H, The lUriiii.i ' (>c-ciii)iod the territory lyin^,' Ititwrm tlir npiicr cxtrcinity of Laki' NiciUM^'im, tliu rivi-r Tipifup.i, ainltlic Honthcrn half of Luke Maiianim niid tlic I'ai'illc, wlioMi! jiriiiripal tnwiis were Kituatcd wlirrc now Mtaiid tho citicH of (ir.iiiadu, tln'u (culled Siiltebi,) Masayii, and Man.if,Mia, and the vil- l;i','i'H of Tipitapii, Dhiomo and Diriamha ' Si/ithr's XUnrdiiiKi, (Kd. lH."(i, ) V )|. ii., ]> ItlO. '(rroiip's dans les localit's encore comiiiich dc I.iria, do Dh'ioiii '. dc Diriamha, de Monh.icho et de Ijenderi, snr les hauteurs ipii forni- eiit 1,1 hasij dii volciiu do Mazava.' Ilritntviir ih' lloitrlniiivij, Il'ist. S(d. ( U\, toin. ii., ]). 111. ' Occiipii'd Manaya, Maiiaj,'iia, Tipit.ipa, I)irionio, and l)iriaiiih:i.' SinuVn Xlcdni'inn, p. Ill; Ffocln'l, Ans Aiiiir., toiii. i., p. 'JH7. The XiKji'diKlnns. ' Enfre les Dirias et lu ('h(dnteca c'tait sitiiei' la province dcs llan^'Ui's on Niij,'arandaK (Tonpiemaila dit que Nn^'ariulo est un mot de h'ur l:in!,'iio. Oviedo les appelle Na^jraiidas'i, dont les fertiles camp.i^'neH H'''tenilaient, an nord et ?i I'oiiest du lac dc Manai,'na, jiiscpr.'i la nii r; on y ndmirait les cites florissantcs de ('hinande:-;u, de ("hichi^'MJiia, de Po/olte^'a, do Ti'Iica, di^ Suhtiaha, de Naj,'arundo, appeh'o iiussi Xolotl.n, de Matiari s et une foiilu d'aiitres, r.'diiites maintenaiit, ixmr lu pliiiart, a de misi'r.ihh^H hi)iir;^'adcs.' Ilrassrar ilf lionrhniini, Hist. \iil, (Ir., I( ni. ii., jp. 111-12. ' Thi) \aj,'raiidaiis occupied the plain of Leon hetweeu the northern extremo of Lake Mana^'Uft and the Pacific. ' Slniil's Xicuriifiiin, p. III. 'An \V( ieho Kicli weiter nordwestwiirts (the last mention was Dirians) die Ihwdmi r der Gcf^ond von Leon, welcho Squier Naj^'iauder iiennt . . aiis(hloss< ii.' Fmilnl, vli(.>: -li/KT., torn. 1., p. '287. ' ("hoviitet,'a trihe of (he plains of Leon. Nica- ra;,'ua.' Lmkiclfa Ah, Lmiij., p. I'M); S'jukr's Xicdniniui, i L,l. lh.")(i, ) vol. ii., p. 310. The Xiipiinins ' Rottled in the district of Nicaraf^'Ua, In twem the Lake of Nicaraj^'iia and iho Pacific Ocean ' J.ii(hirl. /, i)art- iin'iit ()( NiU'Vii Si'|,'()viii, ill Niciirat^tiii.' Sijuiir's (tnl. Aiiier,, ji. 2-II, 'So r<'ii('iinti'(>iit ]ii'iii('i|iiili'iii)'iit (lutiH IcMlt'piirtt'iiiciit dc Vnro. , . . (hhiiic) h rcin- lnnK'liiire (Ic la rivii'rn t'lKiloiim, ct Iv iTHtc est iliHinrHi' diiiH Ics iiiuutii^'iicrt k ToiiuHt (U) 111 pliiiiiu (1u Siilii. DaiiH lo ili'imrtoiiK'iit di' Ydi'o, iIh Hunt n'piiiw dim dans Id piiyH dc|)iiis lii rivii'-n.' SuIiicd jiisiiu'i'* la luiic ilc IIund'irMM.' /i/., ill Sunn llis Aiiiiill.is (lis \'i>i/., IM.'.S, tdiu. I'lx., Jip. lll:t-l. Voru di'|iailiiiclit ; ' Widi'lu' mil obticii Liiiif dur FIuhso mul iu dciii Uti^,'- und UiiKtllamlo zwischcii dcr Kiisto uiid dciii Thale von Oliindio woliiitii.' Wiijiju'ius, (Imij, «. Still., p. 317. The I'oijds. 'In tho tiianKlf liotwccn tho Tinto, the Hoa, and tlif llio Wanks, or Segovia.' Sqnier's Cvht. Axiir., \>. '211. ' Inlialiil the I'oycr niountains, IicvdihI tho Kiiibarradcro on the I'olvtr liiver.' Ymtitifs S'lirni- tire, p. (SI). • iJcn wcstlichfn TIk il dts I)istrikts Taj^'ii/^alpa, /wisclnn dtii Fliissun .\^,Minn niid IJarho.' Unssil, Mix. tlwit., p. ',iH. The Towkns, 'bowohnen die siidlichcn (ic^cudtii dcs l)istrikts (Ta^;uz- galpa) und diis Oebir(,'e.' Iliis.sd, Mrx. Uiud., p]). ;i',»l) 1. 'Their principal ri'sidciice is at tho head of I'atook llivir.' Ydaitifs \(ii'., .four., vol. xxxii., p. 2r)H. The ' Tiiiiiiijliin inhabit along the other branch of the same river.' /'*. The SiiiiiuH 'inhabit the heads of all tho rivers from UlewlioKls to I'atook.' Jd., p. 2rr,. Tlie VDokrdH ' reside about ono hundred and thirty miles from its mouth' (the Rio Eseondido). Stmniitinnjs' .Mosijiiito .'^Imir, p. 111). The Cnrlhs ' now occupy tho coast from the iieighbcirhood of the port of Triixillo to Caratiska Lagoon. . . .Their original seat was San Vincent, ono of \vh;it are called th(^ Leeward Islaiuls, whence they were deported ill a be (rracias fi Dios to lielize.' Fnx'hi'Vs Cent. Aiiirr., p. IS."). ' l>well on tho sea c )ast, tliei. lirst town, {,"ape Town, being a few miles t > the west- ward of Hlack River.' rouni/s Xnrrntii-o, pp. 71, 12J, 1;I4. In Roaiaii; ' Die Volksiueiige bcsteht aus Caraibeii und Sambus, dereii etwa 1,1)1111 auf der lii- Bol seyn solK'ii.' //(s.vi/, Mi\i:. UniU.,\u list). ' Unter dtii ('araibemliiifern Bind zu nonuon: Stanu Creek. .. .unfern im S. von Heli/.e, uiid voii da bis znr Siilgreu/o Settee, Lower Stanu Crec'k, Silver I'reek, Seven Hills uiul PiHiti (j.)rd.i.' \Viip[)aaii, iJuoi/. u. Stilt., [>. oW See also: Siors, Mittitainivi- ki, pp. lot, 179; Mirdet, Voynfjc, torn, ii., p. W,). Tho RftiiKis extend from Groytown to IJlewtields, a regit)n ' uninhubited except by tho scinty remnant of a tribe called Ramas.' 'Inhabit a small island utthe southern extremity of Blewlields Lagoon; they are only a uiiuer- 794 TRIBAL BOUNDARIES. al)lo remnant of a nnmoious trihe tlmt formerly lived on the St. .Tolin's and other rivers in that neighliourhood. A great nnndier of them still live at the head of tiie Bio Frio, which runs into the St. .John's Hiver at Han Carlos Fort.' Jldl, in J.nnd. (juxj. Sur., Jour., vol. xxxii., pp. 242, 2M. ' llama Cay, in BK'wfiels La^'oon. This small island is the refuge of a feeble remnant of the once powerful Bania tribe.' I'i)n (tml Sef))ia)in'» DotlhKjs, p. 278. The Mdsijiiiliis inhabit ' the whole coast from Pearl Key Lagoon to Black River, and along the banks of the Wawa and Waux, or Wanks Rivers for a great distance inland.' JjiII, in Lond. (lauj. Soc, Jour., vol. xxxii., p. 2.")(). ' L'intcrieur dn pays est occupc par la nation sauvage et indoniptable des Mos(piit(is-Sond)os. Les cotes, surtont pres le cap Gracias a Dios, soiit habitees par une autre tribu d'Indiens (pie les navigateurs anglais ont appeles Mos(init(is de la cote.' MaUc-Jiruu, i'?v'ci.s de la Gax/., toni. vi., p. 472. An dem Ende dieser Provinz (Honduras), nahe bey dem Cap, Gnitias-a- Dios, tindet man die bcriihmte Nation der Mos(puteu.' Lihiiiorte, Ji'u'.soi, torn. X., p. 4114. 'Nearly the whole coast of Honduras; and their most numi'rous tribe exists near the Cape Gracios a Dios.' Jioini/i'tistlc's S]titn, Aimr., vol. i., p. 172. ' Ocupan el terrcni de mas de sesenta h'guas, (pie correu desik- la jurisdiccion de Comaniagua, iiasta la de Costa-Rica.' Iterisln Mix., toni. i., p. 404. 'Die Sambo, oder eigentlichen Mos(piitoindi:in(r welche den gnissten Tluil der Seekiiste bis zum Black river hinauf nnd die an dersclben belegenen Savannen bewohnen.' Mixiquilolimd, Ikrivld, p. I'J. ' Inhabiting on the Main, on the N(U'th side, near Cape Gratia Dios; between Cape Honduias and Nicaragua.' Diuiijtkr's V<'y Bay of Truxillo, to the northern branch of th(> river Nicaragua, called usually St. Juan's; and comprehending within these limits nearly 100 leagues of land on the sea coiwst, from latitude 11 to Ki deg.' J[(mliv.^ipi, thence up the last-named river to the Pacific Ocean. ' Tho Indian tribes within the territory of Costarriea, distinguished by the name of Parcialidades, are tln^ Valientes, or most eastern people of the state; tho TiriVacs, who occupy the coast from Bocatoro to the Banana; the Tala- niancas and P' '.ncos, who inhabit tho interior, but frecpient tho coast between the Banana and Salt Creek; the ^Montauos and Cabecares, who are settled in the neighbourhood of the high lands bounding Veragua, and tho Guatusos, inhabiting tho mountains and forest between Esparsa and Baga- ISTHMIAN NATIONS. 795 fics, nixl towards tlio north of these jiliicos. ' Gnlhxlo, in LonJ. Orof], For., Jiinr., vol. vi., p. 134. From Hot';, del Toro towiirils the west const dwell Iho Vieeitiis, lilniicos, Valieiites, Gniitnsos, Tiribis, iind riiliiiimiiciis. Wminir and Sriii rzi r, Costit liifii, yt. ijol. Bliineos, Viilieiites, mid Tii!iuiiai>cas 'eiit- laiig der Ostlviisto zwischeu dem Kio Zeut uiid Boca del Toro, iiu Staato Costa Itica.' Id., p. 573. 'J'hi' (liitihisos ' vorii Nicarngiia - Seo nn don Eio Frio anfw;irts mid zwischeii dii'SL'Ui und deiu San Carlos bis zmn Iloehlande.' iVuppihin, (jioij. \i. Slid., p. 3o7. 'Inhabit a territory lying between the JlerivaUs mountains on the west, the lake of Nicaragua and the San Jiian river on the north, ho Atlantic shore on the oast, and the tablo land of San Jose upo!! the south.'. . . .The llio Frio 'head-waters are the favorite haunt or habitation of the Guatnsos occupy the north-east corner of Costiv Itica.' liiiijk'H Hide, \ol. i., pref., pp. xii., xix., p. 298. They inhabit ' tho basin of tho llio Frio,' t<(jukr's Cent. Anivr., p. •10.'); /(/., in Xourcllis An- ludes (/c.s !'(/(/., 18.')(), torn, di., p. 5; Id., iu Jlist. Mwj., vol. iv., \}. C5; V'ujne's Travch, \v\. i., p. 77. The Uiu'ktres ' viven ontjima do las sierras del puerto do la Herradura e 86 extiendeu per la costa deste golpho al Poniente do la banda (]. 312. The MniizniiUhi, or San Bias Indians, 'inhabit the north-eastern jwrtion of the province of Panama.' /(/., p. 320. 'The chict' settlement is about Sun Bias, th? rest of the coast being dotted over \;\\\\ small villages.' (iis!i valley of the Tuyra, eonipiisiiig the towns of Chipogana, Piiiogana, Yavisa, and Santa Maria, and a few scattering inhabitants on the Bayauio near its mouth, is uninhabited except by the San Pd.is or Darien Indians. . . They inhabit the whole Atlantic coast from San Bias to the Tarena, mouth of the Atrato, and in the interior from tlu^ Sucubti to the upper parts of the Bayamo.' SvlJ'r'ulije's Varicn Sitnrys, p. 10. NATIONS OF THE ISTHMUS. 797 The ^^nndin(^^ls ' occupy the coast as far (is the Bay of raledonia.' Pm/dl, in Lonil. Cleoij. Sor,., Jour., vol. xxxviii., p. 02; llekhnnlt, Cent. Amer., p. Kil; Lailewlifs Ab. .Lmu;, p. fil. The Bayanos, • about the Hi verChepo.' 7(7., p. 18; Seemann's Voy. Jlerahl, vol. i., p. ^-21. The (linlos, 'extending from the Giilf of San Miguel to the bay r.f rimro, and thence with a few int<'rrnptions to the northern jiarts of tin; Kepublic of Ecuador.' Sfantami's Voy. Jlemld, vol. i., p. 321. 'Inhabiting j)art of tlio Isthmus of Durien, east of tlu! river C'hu(iUiina(pm, which is watered by tlio river Paya and its brunches in and about lat. 8' b')' N., and long. 77 !iO' W.' Latluim, in Lund. Gvog. Soc, Jour., vol. xx., p. 180. ' The Vitnas have established themselves on the shores of thi> Gulf of Urabi'i, near the outlets of the Atrato.' Fuydt, in Lvnd. Ueog. .Soc, Jour., vol. xxxviii., p. 02. The CunacHims, ' on the south-easterly side of the Isthmus.' 7',i((?r iri/'.s ,l/>. Lanr/., p. 50. ''J"he remnimts of the Chncunacpiese who in 18(;i dwelt on the banks of the river w' ich bears their name. . . .have gone up towards the north.' lb. Tlu Chocoa, 'on the Leon and the diflferent tributaries of the Atrato.' Mirhkr's Ditikn, p. 20. The Cdhuftnc.'i, ' between Punta Arenas and Turbo.' Tb. The Urabds, ' en las selvas y bosques de la Trovincia de Uraba.' Alcedo, Dice, tom. v., p. 2.">8. The Idibas ' del Reyno de Tierra-Firme y Gobierno de Panama, son con- tinantes con los Chococs y los Tatabes.' /(/., tom. ii., p. 113. The I'ayas 'on the river of that uume.' Self rid je's Darkn Surveys, p. 83. i2ND OF THE FIPiST VOLUME.
  • is make tlieir lo(l;.,'e.s in a ditierent wav, hy a kno\vled^,'e of which civcinii->tance, travelers ai il.lo to di ■ oil 7'f.i ip liicrtii 'n I oc del 1' IA.I-. H'oij. IIS arlioli s, en- pick's de caliiiUos. vacas, I'l c liol (hoiro 1/ It: nil. iiiot,riij''ii. p. ;tri. ' I did expect . . to tind that tin- N ivajos had other and hitter habita- tions thai' till! conical, jiole, lirush, ami mud lodj,'e.' ^imiison'.i dour. Mil. I . ^;|■'lUlld ill a circle and tviii;,' the toos to-" thcr.' /'((/•/,■ cs .Vo/<.s'0)i Ti.i-ns. p p. 77. 'The ('alimlicl iKe Ihejr lod^'es by phu in^' puli s in th Hilt' lire only teini or.-irv, con Iti/il., IS.V), p. 2H!l. • Sie li. staiideii eiiifaih aiis j^'rossen ical. of sticks. I.illii riiniii. \n Sinillisi iiiii,i I.auli 1 Ceih ciLTcn, d crell Wnll) if rii J'fahli n riihte, mid voti .Vnsseii tin il w- isc init Erde, I.eliin, 11 /'/m/i, ■(■'), torn, ii., pp. 1 id St' n liedeckt wai .Uiillli' It r/> 'iirniiiillo. Ill /( riKiii.i .A ni'e rcc.iin'.;nlar.' Ni''// 22(1 '•'!. 'I'll ^'ranil nonibre de forme londe.' ■-Coiniiiiiis, I <■(/., si'rie i., toni. ix., p ;t7!>. 'Tlnir li dj^'i H r "/., seri' p. W2. toiii, i\., J) /"/■/ /•,.!'., p IS; Ciinlii'iiilil. in Ti rniiiLi'-Coini'iiiifi '.)l; D do Itii- r. [I. 10(1; /•'/;/' //'. ti M 48(3 NEW MEXICANS. ;( .skins, .sometimes with grass or flat stones. Tliey nre i'rom twelve to eighteen I'eet in diameter at the widest part, and vary from four to eight feet in height,'*^* which is sometimes inorea.sed hy excavation." A triangulin- opening serves as a door, which is closed with a juece of cloth or skin attached to the top.'" When on or near rocky ground they live in caves, whence .some travelers have inferred that they huild .stone houses.*^ A few of 33 ' Tbey miikp fliom of nprisht poles a few fpct in hoisht. . . .npon which rest brush and dirt.' Euion/s llipt. U. S. (Did Mtx. liduuilary Sia-ni/, \ol. i., I)p. 111-12. ' Thu very rudost huts hastily coustructtd of branehi-s (if cciliir trees, and sometimes of flat stones for small roofs.' Kdton, in Srhixilcrnfl'.-i Arrh., vol. iv., I). 217. These huts are about ei},'ht feet hi^'h, eighteen ieet in diameter at base, the whole being covered with bark or brush and iiiuil. .S'i/ii/wou'.s Jour. Mil. Heron., p. (iO. ' Exceedingly rude structures of sticks aljout four or five fi'ct high.' Backus, iu Sclioolciv/l's Arcli., vol. iv., \). 2i;i. 'The Comanches make their lodges .. in a conical shape... which they cover with butfalo hides.' Parhr's S'ote.f on 3'w., p. 213. ' lis habit<'nt S(ais des tentes.' Sue. (iiioij., Bulkthi, serie v., torn. !H5, p. 192; T)aHs' El Grhi'jo., p. 411: Uriiri/, in Sfliookra/t'.'^ Arch., vol. v., p. 212; Bent, in hi., vol. i.. p. 24:i; Urififi's Com. I'miries, vol. i., p. 290; Bnnvne'.^ Aparhe Country, p. 9(i; Fuin- Ikiiii'.i Tror., p. 32; Monije, in Doc. Ifi.st. .Vcr., serie iv., torn, i., j). 299; I'it- l(i-.'>r/ior y Sonchiz, Thentro, torn. ii. ]). 413; Dufey. licsuniti de 1'JIi.st., torn, i., J). 4; Tiiniueinadu, Mmatrq. Ind., toni. i., p. 279; Ihnnenevh, Jour., p. bil; J>'ill<>n, Uist. ^fe.e., p. 97; Ludecuf, Jlei.se, p. 104; llti.^.sel, Mex. Gimt., p. 20."); Tliiiiinnel. Me.vil,n, p. 3r)2; Enuiry'a Ixivon., p. 01; Marry's liept., p. 219; Cal- lotiii, in .Voi(C(,7/(.s AuiKile.s (lea Voy , 18.51, toui. cli., p. 274; Jaramillo, in Tn-- uaii.r-C(i)is, Voy., serie i., torn, ix., j)p. 372- 9; Beaumont, Cron. de Mechou- (■'//(, y. 417; Alarchon, in JlaUuyt's V3C. " .si/;//w(r('s' ZuTd Kv., p. IS. 'This compels the N.avajors to erect substantial huts of an oval form, the lower jiortion of the but being ( x- cavated.' Cremony's Apaches, yt. [WCi. 'They live in brush houses, in tlu> winter time, digging a hole in the ground and covering this with a brush roof.' I'm her, in Jud. .\ff'. lUpt., 1870, p. lliO; Ibuthen' llnniphan's ]:',»•., ji. 218; .'Kindlons Capt. Oatiiian Girls, p. 130; Maillard's'jilsi. T'.r., p. 241. :'■' 'Their lodges are. .. .about four or five feet high, witli a triangular opening for ingress or egress.' Had, us, in Schntilcmfrs Arch., vol. iv., p. 21i!. Tile most they do is to build small huts. . . .with thick poles for the ardii s and a small iloor through which a single j)erson can hardly pass. ]'ilasci,, .Vnlicias de Stmara, p. 2110. A raiicheri'a of the C'liabajai is described as ' i'laiiiada cumo una graude galeria en una jiieza muy larga adornada con urcos de sauz, y cubierta con isteras de tule muy delgiulas y bieii cocidas; ti nia veutanas para la luz y desahogar el liumo y dos puertas, tina al Drieiite y otr.i al ronieiite, . . . .a los dos ladns d(^ la pieza babia varios caniaras o alojamientos jiara dormir.' .\rr)cirila, Cn'ndcd .'^erdji'O, jip. 474 o. ■•i' 'Some live in cavi s in the rucks.' T.elhirman, in .^mithsnuian li'pt., 18.').5, p. 2H9. 'They do not live in bouses built of stone as has been r. jant- ecUy represented, but in cavt s, caverns, and fissures of the clifi's.' Juilmi. in S.lti'iilrra/t's .Irch., vol. iv., p. 217. ' lis babitai( nt des cavernes ct d< s lier.x soiiterrains, oh ils dcposaient burs recoltes.' (lolhdiu, m .\'iiurellis Jutmlis u'lo 1"^., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 31 9. ilust of tln' Navajos ' live in housis built ■ U " ■■ NEW MEXICAN DWELLINGS. 4P7 the ^[ojiive dwelliii<:s iire .so .siipcrioi" to tlie otlu'i',^ that thvy (iesei've .special notice. Thej may he de.M-iihed a.s a sort of .shed haviiijj; j)er[)endicuhir walls and ,sloj)ing roof, the latter .supj)orted hy a horizontal heani running along the center, the nxjf projectiiig in front h) as to I'orni a kind of })ortico. The tiniher u.sed is cottonwood, i'.nd the interstices are filled up with nnid or straw." None oi' their hoii.-^es have windows, the M The food of all is similar;*' most of them make more or less pretentions to agriculture, i»nd art hal)itiiiited to a ve. •!'.), Ill I'm. n. I!. I.'ipt.. vol. iii. • 1 in tiiic if wirlifi'-work and >ti '1 .tlirir favorite n sort set nis to be tli )f, ulitrc coll Id dlv 1m tutly at lumio.' J'liliiii r, in lliniiir'x iti d from twenty to tliiity juison.s dl Mini. j1. xvii.. i>. If -1. 'IT' if th Sec plate ill Miinji's Ariinj Lifr, p. 48. •'I'}ie tire is made in tlic 'ront idf,'e.' Jlilrh Srlinolcni/t's Airli., vol. iii., ]i. 7(1. Ill (Very villaj^e nmy l>e seen small stnietun^'. fdiisistin;,' oiil ;res-lal)orieii> ; lis on Ik (.'oloiudo, iiriu.ite their lands, and rai^e win at, (din, im Ions, Badh-H'. rs. Si \v pp, .(j;{, ISO, ISl; LnrhiiinUr, Ununstnl- 488 NEW MEXICANS. nut and tlio magiioy-plant, atjare mexjaotn, and otlicr wilil iVuit.s, which the3' collect in considci-ahle (juaiiti- ties/'^ T\wy are but indillorcnt hunters, and secure *)idy a j)recarious supply of snudl j:anie, such as ndibit:; and Hjuirrels, with ultimate recourse to rats, jirasslio])- j)ers, li/ards and other reptiles.*' A few fish are taken by those living in the neighborhood of rivers.** The i J Ptiiidho)}, p. 81; Arr'ich-Un, Crurnra Si'rtifii'ii, p. 410; Ah'(;i-e, If'isl. Conip. iff ,f]. vv Ul, i\'>, CC; >/7- (irenifs' Ziini Ex., {■. 18; liro'oie's Ajun-hi' <'/>(»;;»>/), toin. 1., p. Ill; ('liiiiniiiiiitiiir, ]'iii/i i/i iir. p. 84; hint, in fx-lmolrnift's Arcli., vol. i., ]>. 24;i; Kulmi. in SrhunU-iiijTs Arch., vul. !v., p. 217; Wliijijilc Eichnnl,-, uml Turin r's llijil., pp. Hi, 120. in II. /.* .!. TliiiiiDnil, Mi'.rihi). p. ;i4'.t; (lullitt'iii, in .V( ll}l: Aiuiuks (les Vol/., IS.'jI, toni. cxxxi.. pp. 28h-0; /'/•((■//rov/'.s AV//. Hist. Miih A. ii., p. 5()7; /•'< )iriilii.ijii'.s I.'ifi; in i'nl.\ liui El (. J). 411: Clark, Jlisi. Mdij., vol. viii., p. 280; Sahneron, JMacioni's, iu JJor. 7//>V. Mi.e., hcrie iii., toni. iv., pp. 2.")-(). ■'''!' .V stuiill Imt n!.,'rocalile nut c:illicl the Piiion, <:n"f'^^'« iilmndiintly in this I'onntrv; iind duiini,' a jk rioil of si:ircit,v, it sonictinics ('(Distitutis llic sole food of till' poorer ciasH oi niitivi s for niiinv .snccrssivc vcclis.' Hm hns, iu l^rliiiiilrrinTs Arrh., voi. iv., ]>. 212. 'Living' njion tlic fruit of the nii/tpiit and tornillii trees ' !>iti)rvarcs' Znfd E.V., jip. 10, 1',); Enmri/'s !',■ pt. I'. S. (ind Ml.,-. Ill nililnj Siirr ' !/, vol. i., p. Ih Tiunhieii tienen piira su snslou L;aine and roots for food.' I'arhr. in Iml. .\iY. Ilipl.. 1n70, p. l:i7. an. 4m4; liackus, '■.n ISvlionlcraft's ArJi., vol. iv.. p. 212; ('riiiii»ii/'s Ainiiln's, ]>. 2'.»7. ■" On tii(> Kiveis Colorado and (lila de hilo torcido Unas redes v otras de \ariiis palitos, (pie los tnercen y juntaii por las ]iinitas, tu ipie for- nian a iiiodo de un pi'|iiifio harcpiito |iara pesear del intiiito jiiscido ipie hay tn tl rio.' Sulihnair, in l)iii\ Hist, .l/'.r., seri(» iii.. loni. iv., p. 851. The (.'ajiicnelies when the produce is insullieieiit, live ontisli. Ihrnn nu-h's Ih-serls. \oI. ii.. p. 10. I lie N'uvajos 'live hy raisiiit,' tloeks and herds instead of luintinj,' ami tishiiif,'.' Doris' El .\i.aelies no ponieii pescado alLjiino, no ohstante de lo ipie ahiindan sus rios.' '' m ",■ >-rn IJ Ii ■II. a iriraj'iii. p. .'(75. ' 1^1 .Vpaehe no eonie el pescado. iiiUKpu' los hay ahnndantes en sus rios.' I'llnsm. Xntirins ilr Siinnrn. Emory's llvpt. U. .S. and Mex. Boundary Sumy, vol. i., p. 12:i: siratlun •2N5; iipt. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE. 489 N'iiviijos, ^fojiivos, and Yiimas, have loiipi; ])con ao quaintc'd with the art of agriculture and iirow coi'u, l)L';ms. puni[)l\iiis, melons, and other vegetal)les. and also some wheat; some attempt a svstem of irri|iatii)n. and others select for their crops that portion of land which has l)een overllowed hv the river. The Xavajos possess muuerous Hocks of sheep, wiiich though used lor food, thev kill only when re(piiring the wool for hlankets. Although in later years they have cows, they do not make butter or cheese, hut only a curd irom sour milk, from which they express the whey and of which they are verv fond. Tiieir method of planting is simple; with a short shai'p- ]iointed stick small holes are dug in the ground into which they drop the seeds, and no further can' is given to the crop except to keep it partially iVee iVom weeds. ^''' in water is gnjund to a paste between y\ u/,e soi d\ed two stones. Fron) this ])aste tortillas, or thin cakes, are made wlTu^h are baked on a hot stone. To cook the maguey, a hole is made in the ground, in which a (ire is kindled; after it has burned some time the maguey-bulb is buried in the hot ashes and I'oasted. Some concoct a gypsy sort of dish or ollapodrida; game, and such I'oots or bci'bs as they can collect, being put in an earthen pot with water and boiled." Odlnuti) (r'irls, \t. UD; Ifitrdi/'s Tnir., p. 373; Mij'lhamif'n, luisin in ilk Filsm- ijtb, toiii. i.. pp. 2i7-H, *' "Tlii'V wlia own ciittlc inaki! from tlir ciiiil of sdurid milk small mnsst s, which smiK- liiui- talh d clnisf.' Lillimiiiiii. in Siiiillianiiidii liiji!., is.","), p. 'Jl»2. ' Tiny never to iii\ kunuledj^'o make Imtter or cheese, nor do I believe they know what such things are.' Enlnn. ill Sclioiilrrnft's Arr/i.. vol. iv., \>. "217. The Navijoes 'make liult( r and elieese.' Sciii's in tin' /.'oc/,// Ml.i.. p. IHII. .Some of the ' nuu liliin;4ht into eaiup a (jiiaiitity of eher^e.' /ci.s' IHhintilo liiviv, jip. 12S, l:)(l. II' Hiiiiinfs Ivfit. I'. S. iiml .I/",!". Ili'iitnliiri/ Siirni/. \ol. i., p. IPJ. 'They plant corn \er\ deep with a stake and raise very eood crops.' Iml. .UJ. II' [it., A'/it'c. ((„„ , l,s'(i7, p. ;i:i7; Mn-i-'m-itln i\h\ Iml.. iff. Uipt., lh.")l. p. I7'i! ■•''The nutate is n sli;,'litly hollo.ved hanl stone, upon which soal i d maize is laid and then reduced to paste. .. .The ])aste so foriiit d is then patted hetween the hands until it assumes a flat, thin and round appi iiralice when it is laid on a hot jian and halved into a toitilla.' i fi ini'iii/'s .l/i.c/n.v, pp. 14'i->">. ' lis recoltellt aiissi ell ahoiulalice le 111. I- dolil ils font de jol'tll- las.' No.-. '/(/()/. . llnJhIiti, serii' v., No. '.Hi. p. iHfl. ' I 'leir lin at wii- hoiied willi water in » Tnsipiiii (day kettle') and this nieat-mush lU' hou|> \< us the slaplo of foiid aiiiomi theiu.' ShiiM ti'^ t'itii)us of (he imljiy Hubstiiucc which suiToiinds tlu> hfiiit of tho cilctus; luul ti) tlii'lil hud liicii added f^'iiliii' and Jilaiits u;athi led fruiii thi; banks (if the criMk. Miiis'lcd witli water, tin' whulc had hi in died l>v stiriiiiL; it u[> ,vitli ht;atcd stouts.' IIVk'/i///' , in J'lir. II. It. 11' lit., voL iii., ji. ',Mi ' lis njaii^'i'iit dis pains dc ijiai's cnits sous la findir, aiissi ^ros (juc h s ^tos ])aiiis (h' Castille.' (''i.-ihiriciln, in 'ririiii(iji--('Ul: Ciistiii ill- ma. 111 I'll'lll fill. Iliir. Iiii'il., U vv :iiui. <■* 'The A|ia(h(>s rely cliiitly ui)ou the tiesh of tlie eallie and sliiep they steal. . tliev life said, however, to h lore fond of the liK at of tin mule than thit of aiiv other animal.' Umiii's <'< dioll" I'niiriin, vol. i., ])p. "i'.MI-l. A nonproductive ral•(^ suhsistini^ wholly (Ui ])lundei and ^;anie.' Cn iiiniiifs Ajiitr.his, p. 111. The' Jicarilla Apaches: MIk- cliase is their only means of suintort.' r^/'.soji, in ///'/. .1.,^?". liii>t., IH .0. ]>. 1(11. 'They live (iitircly hy huntin;.^.' Iilia!u, in liiil.'\Uf'. Uifil.. iSIKj, p. i:iH. -jjie Nahruii^' d('r Aa|)chi's hesteht liaiiijlsiichlich in deni Fleisehe (h'r Ivinder und Schafe doch soil, wie man saL,'t, Maulthierlleisch ilu(^ I.ielilin;;si)eise sein.' Tliihii- 7/(f'/, ,l/('.i')7.(), p. It.jJ. ' Hire hesteu Lt'ckeiliissen siiid I'ferde mid Maiilesel- llv ;'h, Welches sill bratcii iiiid deiu liinilHeische voi/ii hen.' (.irA.v, in .)/" XachrirhUii. J). 'IK). 'I'lu ir daintiest food is mule and horsetlesh. Ajmsli /(n.s Ahtia':i. p. 'M'2. ' .^nteriornieiite antes ipie en la frontera abundas • d eau- iido, uno de sus aliineiitos era hi carne del caballo. v la ca/a de dit'ereiitis liiii iK I'Arvc'), .Vollniiis ili: S<. pp. '2 ;ii-7; L'lliriiril'.f I!i.-I. I'l V Eniiii'il'x llijd. r. S. (iHil ^^(■x. liovnilnrii Sun-nj, vol. i., ji. ll'J; Hiiiilitt's p. is/; >7/-((//i(i('.s /'i .\'iii' )l.i. ;}:" "'".'/•, J' lllrt III, serie v. Cititt. Oalimtii li'irh, ji. IK!; ^Vnl^lVtl M .1. '.)(i ■jSO; Arih Ihiii Ihiilii J/e.f(7,o, p. lib-; Sta nh i/' .t ]'. -15J; Tiiniiii'iiiiiilii, Mnunni. hid., torn, i., p. 1170. ■I'J 'What I would have sworn was an antelope, proved to be a yoiinj,' In- di i;i. .Wll ho 1 laviiii' en veloped himself in an antelope's si ilh liciid, liorus and all comiiletc, had ^'radually crept up to the Iniil under his dis- t;uis(^' I'miiiiiii/'s Aimrlifs, ])p. '2H, \',}i. ' Se viste de una piel de los niisiuos aniniales, jioiie solu-e su cabeza otra de la cliise de los (pie \a fi biiscar. y ar- mado de su iirco y tlechas iindiindo en cuatro pii's, jirocura nii zclarse en iiiii banda de ellos.' Cunlirii, in Ormr Hi •■', ' Ai:.iii. .1/, ii-iii,rit/i'i. ]t. ;t75; (ini'^ht Cnuiiv, HciiiDnk la \'k S'liicajf, p. '2(1 t(un. i.. p. 1{7"2; >(■/'(*(/('<•/ m_/7'.v .1»c/i., vol. v., p. -12; /'i BUFFALO HUNTING. 491 iiious cinniitity; when scarce, tlioy fast long and stoically. .Most of tlu'Hi luito hcar-iiu'ut and pork, t^o Jow-liko is the Xavajo in this particular that he will not tuiieh pork thoiiii'h starving."'" The Conian'ches do not cultivate the soil, hut su1)sist entirely hy the chase. I>uitalo, which range iu iinuien.H^ lierds throughout their country, are the I'liief food, the oaly addition to it heing a lew wild })lants and roots; hence they may ho said to he almost wholly lle.sh-eaters."'' Iu [)ursuit of the huffalo they exhibit great activity, skill, and daring. AVhen ai)i)roachiug a herd, they ad- vauce in clo.^e coluiun, graihially iucreasing their sjjeed, aud as the di.stance is les.soned, they separate into two or more grou[)s, and dashing into the herd at full gallop, discharge their arrows right and left with great ra[)iility; othei's hunt hutfalo with spears, hut the common and mure fatal weapon is the how ;uid arrow. ^I'he sl^inning aud cutting u[i of the slain animals is usually the task of the wouieu.''-' The meat and also the entrails are ''" 'Till y always uskcd if wo liml Ixsir on the t.iMo, for tlicy wislicH (o avoid it .. I foiiiul they had soiiu- siijicrstitious )iriju(liei; iij,'aiiist it.' Ilarl- I H'r< I'lrs. X'()\, vol. i., p. ;i2l. 'The .Apaches are rather fond of lion and ]i uit'.iei' meat, hut seldom ton( h that of tlu' hear.' ('roiiiiHij's AjKtclic.t, ji. '2^2^>. ■ Tamliien matin para comer usos.' Snlm ran, /i'/c'/m/ks, in />oc. Ilisl. .lA.r., s lie iii , to II. iv. ]),, 'I'). 'J'iic Xavajoes 'never l^^>'t, \t. '-',>l. ' ^ie verehren lieu li.iren, der iiie von ihncii ^'etiiiltet wird, und (lessen Fleiseh zu esseii sic sieli s 'h-'iien. S'liweinert. iseh versrhmahen sie deseh-ichen; hem iiin^steu lluii_!er kiiiinen sic es nielit iiher sieli j,'e\vinnen, davou zu kosten.' Armi/i, l>is ll'idiij" M'x'ih'i, p. 'J.ifi\ I'linh i-ii, in iirimo y llirni, Ihniini/i'ii, p. ;>7'i. ■'' 'The Northern and Middle Comanclies. suhsist almost ixeliisively uji- on the ilesh of the huffalo. and are known amon^,' the Indians as hulV.ilo-eaters.' .!/(/• v/'.s- Armi/ I.'i/i-, pp. 1'.). 'Ji'i, U>. 'They pl.mt no coin, and their only food is meat, and u few wild plants that erow upon the prairies.' Miirri/'n llijil., p. IHS. The Com.inehes are a ■ nation suhsistin^' silely hy tho chase.' /'/Av'.s- ./•.'.I'/i'o/-. Trill-., p. 211. ' Suhsist mainly upon the hiitl'alo.' (inin.t, in liiil. Aif. h'jd., 1S.")1, p. l.SO. ' .VeknowledLfe tlitir entire ienorancc of even the rudest methods of ai,'riculture.' Jlui/'nr, in fnd. .1^". Ilijit., I'^'H, p. 177; -l!-iit, in S ■lioiilrriift's .li'h., vol. i., p. "211; SrliiiolcriiiVs Ari'li-, \ol. v.. p. ."m"; hVori I, .lif.s AiinrU.d, tom. ii., p. lli.'t, and FnnluVs I'l-nl. Aimr., ]>. 2i><; Cohi- l'i''i\ I' '//.. |>. 21)2; /•'/•'/».•// '.s //;>(. ( 'till. 1.11., pt ii., p. l")"!; MiVlhiin.^vii, V'd ,■ luirl,, ]>■ ll."); liri'i/ I'n I'liiii, /'/v/i'/e.s, jip. 21I~1(J, :!llT; F/i/iiiic'.-f Jlmii. Uaci', p ISi ; J.'ili- Ks', lilsp, p. lili; Drwitttiii ( 'limp., j). ]."j:(; I'onli'.'i I'f.viis. p. 'i'.tS; ."■(((■. (ri'ur., IlillrHii, K.'rie v.. No, '.Ifi, J). I'.)2; DDinnierh'a D mrls, vol. ii., p. 21; HoDitnirli, ■ I'lnr., p. li;!J; AV/(,(/(///".s' Ti.fux. vol. i., p. 31.1; llolh i/'s I'lvhs. p. l.")!!; I>ii.l''j, Jl-sn ii;. toiu. i., p. -1; D'H' 's' 'IV.viis, ]>. 2:tl!; Frn^l'" Inl. lluKlis, p. :is."). ■'- ' Lue;,'o ((ue los ciholos echan ii huir, los ea/adores sin apresuvailos di'. liiasi.ido Icis ]iersieuen a tin <,'a]ope corto, ipu' van aeti\ando mas y mas hasta ipiu romp^u en carrcia ...tl inJiu ibiu cusar du corrcr, di.spura .su iircu eii '402 NEW JIEXrCANS. eaten both raw and roasted. A fire heinpi; made in a hole, sticks are ranjred round it. meeting at the top. on wliieli the meat is placed. The liver is a favorite morsel, and is eaten raw; they also drink the warm blood of the animal.'' Xo provision is made for a time of scarcity, hnt wlien many hntValo are killed, they cut ])oitions of them into lon^' strips, which, after heing dried in the sun. are jionnded line. This })emican they carry with them in their hunting expeditions, and when nnsuccessl'ul iii the chase, a small (piantity boiled in water or cooked M'ith grease, sei'ves ior a meal. AVlien tmal)le to prociu'c game, they sometimes kill their horses and uudes I'or food, ])ut this oidy when compelled by necessity."' In connnon with all primitive Inunanity they are tilthy — never l)athing except in sunnner^"' — witli little or no sense of decency .^"^ todas (lirnccidiies, y va somhrnndo ol canipo do itsph. . .Las indias al iiiisiiui ticiiipo van dissollaiido cada una dc a(jn(llas ivscs, ri'coxic iidn la ])i(l y la cavne.' llifi.. Dl"), ■''• ' .Vt one time their larchr is overstocked and they },'orR(> tliemseh es to re- pletion.' Mdrcj/'s Ariiii/ [.iff, \\y.;\-2. A\. 41). 'Catchand tame th and when unsueeessfnl in chase, sid)sist upi tht llolln/'s Ti ildh 1' lalt. ' When pressed hy hun^'er from scarcity of pime, they suhsist on tLeir yonnu lorses am 1 mules.' Scltoiilrrd/I'^ Arch., vol. ii., \i]) . KVJ;), ve a r.'ire ea- ]iacity for emlurinj.^ huuLter. and manifest ^'reat patiei Hi ider it.s intlirtion After loll' th ev eat vol'aclouslv. I'.iiniil. in SclKitilri'diTs Ai'i'h, vol. i.. 11. -I'M; l'dii,-ir's .V<.^ V. Kl>l., is- .l)ut noth 1' !MI 'I'hev are fond of hathiu'^ in the summer. I'an induce them to wash themsi Ives in winter. I ri iiiiiiii/ .■1/) f'7/'s, p. :U)2. They f^'i ilT v<'rv uniilias ;ant odors. .MiiiihdXf:! n, H'i.-'in in die Felneitjcb., torn, i., p. 307. 'They seem tu have a natural antipathy ■WEAPON'S. •I'J.l Tlir(»ii;zli()ut Ai'izoiiii and Xcw Mexico, tlic bow and ar- I'ow is the i)riiici|)al ui'ai)o)i, hotli in war ami in tlu'cliasc; to wliicii arc added, by those at'custonied to move ahoiit nil horseback, the sliield and hinct>;'' \vith snch also the Mexican riata may now occasionally be seen.'" In bat- tle, the Colorado Uiver tribes nse a club made of hard heavy Avood. havinj;' a lai'^^o mallet-sha[)ed head, with a. small handle, thronjih which a hole is bored, and in which a leather thonji is introdnced Ibr the |nn'|iose of securinji' it in tho hand.''' They seldom nse the toma- u,'.iiiist wiitcr, eniisidcrcd us tlic iiu'iiiis of clciiiisiii^' the Imily.. wiitir jh (Hily iiscil liy tlniu in cxtrcliii' ciisis; for iiistiiiicc, wiiiii the viiiiiiii luroino ((>■> thick on their liiiids, thiy thiii j^'o thnm^ii iiii ujir rution of covt riiiL; llin li(:i(l witli nuiil, which iiftcr sonio time is wiishcd out.' Pmll, in //"/. .[//'. /c/-'., 1S7(I, J). l;!l); Ji-cs' I'ub'fddi) liir., liN; ll'ifl.ns, in SrIini.liTdiVs An'l,., \ i\. iv., i>. 'Jil; I'ar/i'vr's Xolcn on VV.i'., p. 'in;!; Arrhiritfi, ('n'-nicn SiriifirK, 11. 170. "' • They di'fc('iit(^ proniisciinusly near their huts; they have oH'al of ( m ry ehar.icter, (had animals and dead sliins, close in the vicinity of tht ir huts.' 1,1 I. Alt', lli'pi. Sj) c. I'otn., I«ti7, p. ;t;W; SIraflifit's I'npi. UuIiikoi i.iiin, ]\. lit; Ihii-difs Tnii-., J). ;W(). ''" 'rh(> Mojavo 'arms are tin; bow and arrow, the speiii' and the clnli ri/'s yiitf.-i of Ti V 18. Armed with Imws and arrows.' Fnniont itiul ;n). Tlie liuerechos ' nse the hi <1 lancf.' and shield.' Marr/j's Arinj/ l.il<\ jij). ID, '2lt. 'Tlie .Apache will dil\ ;ild Ids bow and arrc to h lis persona rhrs, pp. 1."), 7.") (1, 10;{, IS'J. 'Xelien lio^'cn • (li'hncli, p. 2',M. I/" ■lirlanu;. ;"iO, ill rue. It. /'. Ili'l'l., vol. iii. ' Kl armamento de Jos aiiaches si; ciiiiniiinen 1 lei uiza, arco v llechas. ' ' ■'h m Ofoicj, II II rrii. ill ifjrdj III , j). 2. vLas arnias de los aiiaches son fiisil, llechas y lan/a.' liitrri't ('oiiih Sii,\ Mix. (lioij., Holilin, toni. v., p. 131"). 'lios Yunias son Indios... de lias armas, mnirhos no llevan arco, y si lo Uevan es mal dispuesto, y con tres Heclias.' !, in .\rrir!'il'i, I'rohici .^crujicii. ]t, -ll'.l; I'^iihlDinh ll'l iriiiii. in Dor. Hist. Mi, ,l:'sii!i, toni. iii., p. lU ; MdU-li, ■rie iii,, toni. iv., p. S'll; Alciire, llisl. lomj,, ilr ]' ill' It II >il., tom. VI.. p i'.l'.l; I'lhl.i S:il>:snn 7'r.r,, p. 11)0; Uirn-, in Ind. .\f. /i'-'/i/., IS ;'.», p. lO,"); (hVin. in D mill III ell 1 ji. ).'):(; /: ). 4.")0: UlslUr Toiu\ p. (I Ihin iroiriii \K 1; ll'r(/-,r.>,' Ml. //'.s' /))(/. li'iins, p. ")l:i; Dniiii VV.iv/.v, p. 2ii;i; lloUiji's Tl lOlt I 11)11 /'., P b Mo Tl p. 421; f/irlidjii'llf, lliloiissi't-Hnulholi, p. Si; vol. ii., p. 1102; Miildi iipfonK. Mijiio, vol. ii., i t. ii .1/.. ,'/' '■ M,\ Azki:, efi: il.ii. 't ('■ir: iix-'.l. l.")l; / 12;i; Tin p. -t.")2; r'(/».s' I'otiij.of (id., p. ]H.">: liiiylhlt's I'vrs. A ihiir, \'oi/., \K 2i4: Jlnnd:- il. .l/'.r(/,o.'p. Ill: I'ltirs' Jj/i'. "or., vol. i., p|i lliid I'll- llii ■II li'H .}[i.nki II. 11 Tvdi'oh. vol. i.. p. lo7; l.imdi. ('o>tiiiiii's. plate wii.; Annin, 1>- pp 271; .Mo'lliiinsr 480-2, with cut. .lA oriiioiii niinil Mil II, torn. 11. 1." ''' ' Their weapons of war are the spei llu'dics' hoidfihiin'f: K.V., p. 17!!. ''■' .\iiionf:; • their arms of offence " is ' \ like a round wooden mallet, which i> p. :i7:J. ' War dubs wore prepared in abundanc< ,ce, the bow, and the laso. died Macaiui, a short 80 (716) 872-4503 ^ v> 6^ I \^s ^ ^ %^ 491 NEW MEXICANS. hiuvk. Some carry .slings with four cords attached.'^ The bows are made of yew, lx)is dare, or willow, and strengthened by means of deer-sinews, firmly fastened to the back with a strong adhesive mixture. The length varies from four to five feet. The string is made from sinews of the deer."* A leathern arm-guard is worn round the left wrist to defend it from the blow of the string."^ The arrows measure from twenty to thirty inches, according to length of bow, and the shaft is com- posed of two pieces; the notch end, which is the longer, consisting of a reed, into which is fitted a shorter piece (iirln, p. 17(5. Die Apachon 'nur Bogen, Pf«ilp uiul Kenlon.' TJiilmmd, Mi.e- »/.i>, p. 444. ''J'heir chilis are of niezqnite we )il (a Hpocica of nciicia) tluve or four ft'tt long.' Emorif's licjit. V. S. aid .l/cr. Bimmlnry Snri-ry, vol. i., p. 1(»S. 'lis n'ont tVantre aniie qn'uii yrand eroc et nin- iniissnc' ,S(ir. iliiii)., hiilMhi, serie v., No. 00, p. lK(i. 'Anna sunt . . .oblongi li},'nti filiiilii niultis atnitis Hilicibns utrinique uiuniti.' Ik Lael, Xuvits Orhis, ji. ;tll. * Sns Annas son Flechas, y Maeanas.' Torquemmla, Moimrq. Jml.. ton), i., p. (iSl. Aiiion^ the Conianclu's: ' Leur niassue est une quene de bulHe a I'ex- tn'niiti' lU' laipielle ils iiisi'rent nne boule en ni- rre on en metal.' Sac. Uiioi/., JiitWfh,, serie v., No. "Jt!, p. I'.C; Moirry in luu. Aff. Jiept., IHoT, p. 30'J. •ii' ' Mit vierstreiligen Hfriekselilendern bewaffnet.' Me.nLaiiisrlu' 'AunHiink, toMi. i,, p. (J4. • Sie feehten niit ' Lanzen, lUiehsen, Pfeilen und Tan)aliaks.' La' luis, llvis", p. Iii4. ' Une petite hache en silex.' Soc. , J) rj3; MithleHpt'nrill, .l/eyico, torn, ii., p. 539; Tmisuri/ of 'iraw, p. Ill; Ksrmlero, Xotkius de CliUtwmut, p. 230; Domeiiech's iJeHviis, vol. ii., p. 'i72. ''' The Qnereeho 'bows are made of the tongh and elastic wood of tho '■bois d'arc," or Osage oranf;;e (Maelnra Anrantiaca), strengthened and re- enforced with the sinews of the deer wrapped finnly around th' ni, and strung with a cord made of the same nniterial.' ^far<■!/'s Army l/ifr, p. 24. Th(^ Tonto ' bow is a stont piece of tough wood. . . .about five feet long, strengtli- e!ieiches: 'the bow forms two setnicircles, with a shoulder in tho middle; the back of it is entirely covered with sinews, winch are laid on by tli(! use of some glutinous substance.' Pihe\i Explor. Tniv., p. 338. ' Los tamaaos de estas annas son diflferentes, segnn las parcialidtules que las usan.' t'onlfro, in Ormco y Hirra, Geoiirafi'a, p. 372; Mijillutnscii, Tanehnch, p. 300; Multi'-liniti, J'rdris ile la (hUvf., toni. vi., p. 453; Whipjde, in Pur. Ii. II. /?'/8; roltk's I'ers. Nar., pp. 117, 149; Palmer, in Jlarprr's May., vol. xvii.. p. 450. •>* The .\i)ache8; ' Tons portaient an poiguet gauche le bracelet de cuir. . . Ce brteelet de cuir est une esjiece de panmelle qui entoure la main gauche. . . . . Le jiremier sert a amortir le coup de fonet de la corde de Tare quand 11 se di'teiid, la seconde enipeche les pennes de la tteche de dechirer la i)eau ;{. The (^ncrecliois' 'arrows are twenty inches lout;, of ticxilde wood, with a triaiij^'ular jioiiit of iron at on«?end, and twofcatheis . . at the opposite it.' h .xticiiiity.' .Uiir< i/'s Anni/ Life, p. '24, Ihe Apache 'aiiriiws are

    . IIM. The l.i[i!Ui arrows 'have f.)nr siraii^'lit rtiitinj^'s; th.' Comanches make two strai^jht hlack HiitiiiLjs ami two red spiral ones.' Dotin nfrli's Iiixnts. v.il. ii., j). '^71 ; Silirciins' Ziii'i'i /-.'.I'., J). IS; Tiinttski/s MUlu, p.MJ; li ssfl, Mi.f. limit.. )>. 'JTti; ''k.k/'c'.s .l/i.i". Ilidit., vol. ii., p. 7(i; Mdllliinisiu, Taiiilnuli, p. ;,tJii; MoIUkiusi n, yrurldHii'i, torn, iv., p, HI; I'nllii'.'^ /Vns. .V(/»'., p. UK. '■' Tlie Apa.'he 'tpiivers ar.' usually made of d.'.'r-skin, with the h.'iir tnrn.'.l insi.l.- or outside, and sometimes of the skin of th.' wil.l-.'iit, with the t;ul Mppeii.le.l.' Ilvnnj, in Si'liuiilrrntTs Airli., v.d. v., p. 2ltl, ' (^uiv.r of Hh.'.'])-skin.' I'dlimr, in Ildvit'r's .Mai/., vol. xvii., p. Mil. '(Quiver of fresh- .'|it re.'.ls.' Fri'iHiDit iinil Kniavy's \iites cf Tnir., \i. H'.t. 'I'll carcax I'l liolsu lp, Eir'iiink, atiil Tunter's lltpl,, p. 31, in /'./c. /,'. I,'. 7i';i/., vol, iii.; Tmiiisl.jf'.'i Milln, j). 80. '■' 'The sp.'iir is ei^'ht or ten feet in len>»th, inclu.lin'r; the point, which is ulioiit t'i<.'hteen inches lonj,'. and also ma.le of ir.)n.' LiUirninni. in .'iuaii 11 j)L, 18.'»5, p. 'l\)'i. Should the ApucLt's possuHs any useless tireunm*, 490 NEW MEXICANS. of iron, their spears were ]X)inted with ohsidijin or some other rtintv substance which was liarnmered and uiround to a shai'p edge. The frame of the shield is made of lijrht hasket-work, covered with two or three thicknesses of hull'alo-hide ; between the layers of hide it is usual with tile (.'omanches to place a stuffing of hair, thus rendering them almost bullet proof. Shields are painted in various devices and decorated with featheis, pieei's of leather, and other finery, also with the scalps of enemies, and are carried on the left arm by two straps.'" Their fighting hjis more the character of assassination and murder than warfare. They attack only when they consider success a foregone conclusion, and rather than incur the risk of losing a warrior will for days lie in ambush till a fair opiKjrtunity for surprising the ibe presents itself."^ The ingenuity of the Apache in })re- paring an ambush or a surprise is described by Colonel Cremony as ibllows: '' He has as pofect a knowledge of ' KeiK^mlincntf vienon a dnrlos mievo uso, liiicioiido do rllas limziis, rncliillos, Iciis^'uctiis (li^ tlcfliiis.' Conhro, in Onnv.o y Jkrni, (ifiHiniJ'ia, p. ;{72. 'JiH laiizii hi iisiiii iiiny l!irt;ii.' (iiircin I'imik, in Noc. J/m*. >re<>;i., Ilnkliii. loin, v., ]i. .115. ' Lance of liftt'i-n foct in lenj^th.' I'lki's lu'plor. 7V(/r., p. 3118; ll.' Mari'if's Aftiij) lA/i , pp. '2A~i>\ Mollhintsiii, FliirlilHiiii, t(un. iv., ]). ;(1; Triiii>sl,-y's M'llla, p. 80. A ' Navajo shield. .. .with an iiMii!,'e of a demon ])ainted on one side ...border of red cloth, . trimmed wiili feathers.' J'liliiiir. in llnijier's Mat/., vol. xvii., p. •1,")!; Lhmti, I'o^liiiins, plate xxii.; NAc/iaci/'.s Jjtnd nf the' Aztecs, p. ]H2; /•jliriinis' ///^^ 7'»,i'. ]i. llU, •'' ' Wherever their observations can be made from nei^;liboring liii^^lits with a chaiK'e of snccessftd and)nsh, the .\pai'he never shows himself.' ''/(- niiiiiif's Ajiiti'lus, ])]). 7!t, liS!*. 'Attackiiif,' only when their numbeis, and a Well-laid and)nsh. promise a certainty of siiccess.' Smart, in iSmilliKm tin Hi jil ., lH(i7, Hit. 'Colocande antemano una emboscada.' Coriliri), in ih-incn i/ herrit, c,sr)7.s', vol. ii., p. 4; I'Jmori/'s llerotuioissaiire, \). 47, J'JiiKiri/'s Hi I'l. t'. S. anil Mex. liimiiilur^ Survey, p. 1(17; llassel, Mex. liiidt., j). '27servation, coupled Avith the rej)ortof their scouts, they are led to presume that little, if any, resistance will be olfered them, a sudden assaidt is made, men, women and children are taken captives, and animals and goods .secured, alter which their retreat is conducted in an orderly and skillful manner. ch(M)sing [)athways over l)arren and lugged mountains which are known only to themselves."*^ lleld asunder from congregating in large bodies by ameager- iiess of provisions, they have recourse to a system of signals which facilitates intercourse with each other. During the day one or more cohunns of smoke are the ••" ' Siilcn generahnonto divididos on iioquciins pni-tiiliis iwm oiMiltar mpjor Kus rustro:* . . .Es iinpoiKli'i'iible lu vi'Iocidad (miu 'rrii, O'eiiirnfid, pp. 37fi-(i; liroifiii's AniKhe Coan'.ry, p. '27',); Fi'iuivr'n Jlnin. Ilace, p, 4'SJ; Jhtssd, Mex. O'ual., p. 27G. Vol. I. Xi 408 NEW MEXICANS. signuls matlo for the scattered and roaniinji; ])ands to rendezvous, or tliey .serve as a warning against ajj^roacli- ing dangei'. To the wune end at night they used a (ire beacon; besides these, they have various other means of telegra[)hing wliicli are iniderstood only ))y them, foi- example, tlic disphieement and arrangement of a few stones on tlie trail, or a bended twig, is to them a note of warning as ellicient, as is the bugle-call to disciplined troops.''"* They treat their jmsoners cruelly; scalping them, or burning them at the .stake; 3et, ruled as they are by greediness, they are always retidy to exchange them foi- hor.ses, blankets, IkvkIs, or other property. When hotly pursued, they nun'der their male prisoners, preserving oidy the fenudes and children, and the captured cattle, though under des|)erate circumstances they do not hesi- tiite to .slaughter the latter.'" The Apaches returning to their families from a successful expedition, are received by the women with .songs and fea.sts, but if un.successful they are met with jeers and insults. On such occasions says (/olonel Ceremony, "the women turn away fiom them with assured indiiVerence and contempt. They are up- bj aided as cowards, or for want of skill and tact, and arc 69 ' La practicft. quo olisorvnn pnrn nvisnrso \oh tuios h Ins otrns . . . os lovnii- ■tiir huiuui'filiis.' \'ilii/., toni. iii., j). ;{7f»; MulllKUDten, Fiuclitliinj, torn, ii., p. 157; Siinnt, in iSniUliSDiiiitn /»'(/><., 1K(>7, p. 419. '** ' La sniiia erueldad eon (lue tratnn h los veneidos ntenaccnndolos yivos y coniieiidose los ))edazos de la ("arnc (pie la arraiiean.' Jfor. II'iKf. A'. Vi:c(i- yii. MS., p. 4. 'Their savage and' Mood-thirsty natures experience a real pleasure in torinontiii'^ their vietini.' t'remoni/'x Aiiaclii's, \). 'JW. 'Haiti,' their victims l)y the heels to a tree and put a slow tire under their head.' liroiriw's AfXivlii' <'i>iiiiiry, pp.201, 93, !)(') Amont; the Navajos, '('a])tives taken in their forays are nsnally treated kindly.' LdhcniKin, in Sinitli- Konittn Ji'i>t., IS.")"), ]). 2!)."). ' lis scalpent avec la'corde de lenr arc, en la tournant raiiidement antonr de la tcte de lenr victime.' Larhnpelk, h'noussit- Jkinllxm, ]>. 82; Mnrr, NuihricMm, p. .103; Slnillnn's Ciipl. Oalniou (llrls. ]>]^. 114-118, i;jS, 140. 218: F'trnhnm's Tvnv., v. 32; (.■rarrs. in /)('/. Aft', h'fpl; 18.')4, p. 180; lni„(ii;, in hiL Af. lirpl , 18(i2, p. 247: yhiUc-lirmt, Ptvdx ,h la (icittj., toni. vi., ji. 4.'>3; SrnHn in thf I{nrl,i/ Mis.. ]>. 180; Shmf. in llisl. Afnq., vol. v., p. 1(17: Ileiiri/, in Srhiinlrrnt't'K Arrli., vol. v., p. 21*2; Doc. Uisl. JUex., serif iv., torn, iii., p.' 10; I'uUk's I'ers, Xur., p. 118. COMANCHE WARRIORS. 4M told tliat sucli m(Mi should not liave wives, 1)ecause thoy do not know liow to provide ibr their wants. AVhcn so ivproiU'.hed, the warriors hang their heads and ofter no excuse for their faihnv. To do so would only suhjeet them to more ridicule and ohjurgation ; hut Indian-like, they hide their time in the ho[)e of finally making their l)eace hy some successfid raid." If a Mojave is taken piisoner he is forever discarded in his own nation, and should he return his mother even will not own him." The Comanches, who are hetter warriors than the Apaches, highly honor hravery on the hattle-field. From early youth, they are taught the art of war, and the skillful handling of their horses and weai)ons; and they are not allowed a seat in the council, until their name is garnished hy some heroic deed." IJefore going on the war-i)ath they ]x?rform certain ceremonies, promi- nent among which is the war-dance.''^ They invariahly tight on horsehack with the how and arrow, sjiear and shield, and in the management of these weajxjns they have no su|)eriors. Their mode of attack is sudden and im|X'tuous; they advance in column, and when near the enemy form suh- di\ isions charging on the foe simultaneously from opjKJ- site sides, and while keeping their horses in constant iuoti(m, they throw themselves over the side, leaving only a small jwrtion of the l)ody exjiosod, and in this ])osition discharge their arrows over the hack of the ani- mal or under his neck with great rapidity and precision.'* *' (^removy's Apaches, p. 210; Mlilitple, iu Par. Ji. ]{. ]{eji(., vol. iii., p. 114. "2 ' Obrim en la gncrra con mas titctica qnc los aiiachcs.' Unrc'ia Cinule. in Sfic. .\[t'x. Oeoij., Holit'iii, torn, v., ;UH. 'A yonn;.? man is nt'vcr considi'i't'il worthy to occupy a scat in council until he has encountered an enemy in hatllc' .)f(irc!f'!i Armi/ Lite, p. ;i4; 7>()/;ic)(»'(7r.s /Msfc/s, vol. ii., p. 22; Ihituf- vifh. ,/<»(»•., pp. 140-i; Footv's yVa-ds, vol. i., p. 2!(8; Kennedy'n reacts, vol. i., II. ;!4(;; Muillord's I fist. Tex., p. 24;J. "' ' When a chieftain desires to organize a war-party, he . . rides around tliroufih the camp sin<{in^' the war-sonp;.' Marry's Anny Life, p. h'.i. ' When !i I'hief wishes to ^o to war . . the preliminaries are discuss* d at a war-dance. ' ■'^'lioDlcrii/t'sAreh., vol. ii., p. 1112; Ariniii. iJus Heutiije MejciLi), p. 280; iirniU' distance fi'iiin their pvey. theytlivide into two sipiadrons.' Jfnlley's '/V.w.s, p. i.">:i. ' .\ L'uuiuuuht- will oittiii throw liiuiimlf upou tlio opposite bide of biH cUurger, m) 503 NEW MEXICANS, A fow .so:ilps are taken, for the purjKisc of being used at tlio war or scalp dance by wliich tliey celebrate a vic- tory. Prisoners belong to the cajjtors and the males are usnally killed, bnt women are reserved and become the wives or servants of their owners, while children of both sexes are .adopted into the trii)e." Peiice ceremo- nies take place at a comu^il of warriors, when the }»ipe is passed round and smoked by eju;h, pievious to which an interchange of presents is customary.™ Household utensils are made generally of wickerwork. or straw, which, to render them watertight, are coated with some resinous substance. The Mojaves and a few of the Apache tribes have also burnt-clay vessels, such a.s water-jars and dishes." For grinding maize, as Ix'lbre in to he protoc'toil from the diirts of tlir onoiny.' Gmi'l's Com. Prnirifn, vol. ii., pp. 3i2-i;i; rk'irces' Ti'.vus, p. 'IM; Slupard's Liiml <>j thv Azhrs, p. 18J; l.'i'lcrHX, H isf, p. 104. 'J ' lis tiient tons li>s prisoniiiers mlnUes, t't ne liiissent- viviv iiue los enfuiits, q'l'ils I'levi'ut nvct^ soin ])onr s'cn scrvir fomiuc (Vt'scluvi's.' ihniiUnltU, Essai !'■>!., toni. i., p. 2!t ). ' luviiriiibly kill such lucn us ottir the slij^htist iiupcdi- 111 ^'it to their oi)eriitions, and t ike women and children prisoner.' Mairi/'s A-inij L\J\\ pp. 24, 54. ' Prisoners of war helonq to the oiiptors.' liiirnct. in 4S ■h(ii)li-r I tVs Arrk, vol. i., ]i. 232; Fdnih'iin's Tnir., ji. 32; Fi'inhr's lluiii. II f<'. p. 4S0; I'dtth's I'crx. Xar., p. 41; ^'<«>(«'.s 7V.i-rts, vol. i., p.'2"J8; Jloni's ('ap*.':iul;l, p. lo; J fuss I, MlX. filUlt., p. 2lli). *'' ' Ten chiefs were seated in 11 .-ircle within our tent, when the pilie, the Indi in token of peiiee, was produced. . . .they at tlrst refused to smoke, tiii'ir excuse heinj^, that it was not their custom to smoke until they had ri.'ieived some presents.' linij I's Com. Vmlvhs, vol. ii., p. 3!t. " ' I saw no earthenware vessels nmon<; them; the utensils emidoyed in the preparation of foodheinj^ shallow basins of closely netted straw. 'I'hey cirried water in pitchers of the same material, hut they were matted all over witli a pitch.' Smart, in Smilhsoiiion llf/it., IHOT, )>. 41!*. ' Aus liinsen und Weideti i;eHochteue (iefiiss mituuter uueh einii^'e ausThon f^efornitj';'. . • by t'.iii door stood ' eiu breiter Stein . . .auf welchem mittelst eineskleineren die Mi'hlfriichte zeiTi(>ben wurden.' .Molllixuseu. Tiiiit'lnirk. j)j). 31)(1, 404. ' Panniers of wicker-work, for holding (irovisions, are generally carried on the horse by the women." Ili'iiry, in Si'lioDtrnit't's Ari:li., vol. v., p. 210; .\'i-iiilili(irs, in Svlinnl. i"-(ifls Anil., v(d. ii., p. 12'.(. 'Their onlv implements are sticks,' tlrum, in Ind. Aff. Iltfil., 1«7(», p. 140. ' They (the Axuus of Colorado River) had u beautiful fishiuf^-net made out of frrass.'. . . .'They had also burnt <'arthen j;irs, extremely well made. The size of » ach of them niiuht be about two feet in dianu'ter in the t?reatest swell; very thin, li^jht, and well formed.' Jhinli/'s Ti'dv., p. 3:)H. 'Nets wrout^ht v th the bark of the willow.' Domenerh's ItfseHs, vol. i,, p. 220: Hr(iinip\ Ap'irlic CiiiDitri/, \). 2(10. ' Tienen mnelia 1 )zii de las coloradas, y pintadi's y n^f^ras, ]ilatos, caxetes, salevos; ulmofiiis, X earns niuy f^alinas: alj,Mina I'.e la lozu est;i vidriada. Tienen mueho a|;er- eibimiento do leria, e de mn.lera, para hucer sus casus, en tal numera, a lo i(UH !ios dieron a entender, (pie eiiando uno ipieria hacker casu, tiene aquella i!i:idera allf de piiesto piira el efeeto, y hay mueha cantidud. Tiene dos ^"^lxexes a los lados del pueblo, (jue le sirven para se bafiar, jiorque de otros t>jos de ugua, it tiro de urcubuz, bebtu y se sirveu. A un cuarto de legua IMPLEMENTa. 501 stated, a kind of motjito is Jiscd, which with thorn is ii()tiiinliickin}f fruit from trees, and airain. in times of scarcity, to dig rats and i)rairie dojis fioiii their sn})terranean retreats. Their cradle is a lint hoard, pa(Med, on which the infant is fastened ; on the npjK'r part is a little IummI to protect tiie head, and it is carried )»y the mother on her Inu'k, sus|KMide«l hy a strap.™ Their saddles are sim})ly two rolls of sti'aw covered with deer or antelope skin, which are connected by a strap; a piece of raw hide serves for jrirths and stirrups. In later Nears the Nfexican saddle, or one approaching it in shajx^, has l)een adoi)ted, and the Xavajos have succeeded in making a ])retty fair imita- tion of it, of hard ash. Their bridles, which consist of a rein attached to the lower jaw, are very severe on the animal,*^ Although not essentially a lish-eating iK'ople, va (1 rio Snlado, quo dpoimoH, por dnnde fu(' nnestro camino, nnnqne fl n^mn Kiiliulii sc pierdo lie miiclms Ici^nnrt iitras.' y'nsl(u'ii> de Susa, in I'ltrlnrn, <'<,!. />.><■. Iiii'il., toiii. iv., J). ;{:ll; Tr, in ('. 14th, lH(;i; Hr 'x Afyii'lii' I'luiiitrif, ]). 2il(). ' Tlu'ir i)nlv mcimnof farniingnrc sliarpeiied sticks.* ('■ihfi: in hid. Aff. Ri'pl., 1H71. p. 50. "'*' Their utensils for the purpose of j;;rin(linj» luvadstnff, consist of two stDiii'-!: one tiiit, with ii concavity in the niiildlc; the other round, fitting,' jiartly inl > the hollow of the Hut stone.' Ifetiri/, in Srhdolrrnt't's Arrk.. vol. v., j). 'Jil'.l: SiiKiii, in Siiiidi.siinktn llvpt., 18(i7, p. 418; IV^r.sco, yotifkis ilf >o(i(<(«, p. ■2.S.'. "' ' The cradle of the Navajo Indians rpsrnibles the same article made l>y till' Western Indians. It consists of a tlat board, to su])) ort the vertebral cohrun of the infant, with a layer of lilaidvets and soft waddin;^, to j/ive ease to the position, havin;.,' the edf^'es of the fraiiie-work ornamented with h atl tr frini,'e. .\round and over the lieadof the cliild, who is strapjicil to this plane, is im ornatnented hoop, to protect the face and cranium from accident. A hiithcr strap is attached to the vertebral shell-work, to enable the mother to slin,' it on her back.' Srhniilcrfift'tf Arrh.. vol. iv , pp. ■(.'(.">-(>, and jdate p. 74. '*" ' Tin- saddle is not (leculiar but j^enerally resembles that used by the Mexicans. They ride with a very short stirruj), which is placed further to the front than on a Mexican saddle. The bit of the bridle has a rint; at- tached to it, thronuh which the lower jaw is partly thrust, and a powi rful ]i-essiire is exerted by this means when the reins are tifihtened.' I.fthfniKin, ill 't., 185."), p. 'J!(2. 'Saselle est faite de denx rouleaux de liaille relies par une courroie et niaintenus par nne Hantrle de cuir.' I.ikIik- ]illi\ n'iinis.'. 80. The Navajos have 'ans/iliem Escheidiolz gefertigtenSattelbogeu.' Molllatusin, FliirhUiwi. iom. iv., p. 3'J. 502 NEW MEXICANS. tlic Afojavt's siiid Axiias display considcralde inironiiitv in tiie inaniifactiiiv of lishinji-nctH, wliicli aiv notod H)r their Htrcngtli and boanty. I'laited r schr stiirken Biistfi'iiliii Ri'rtKchtcn, vicr Fnss lioch, niid unyefiihr dreissig Fuss liiii!,'. Von vier zu vii'T Fuss bcfiiuflt'ii sicli litu^f Stiibe an (Icnist'llifn, niittclst welchtT cs iiii Wiisst-r. zuglcicli nht'i- auch auf deni IJiiiUn unil aufifcht ^I'haltt'n wurdf.' Mii'lliiDtseii, liiiivii in dii: Fvtuuwieh, toin. i., p. 227; JJomtnefli's Dtstrts, vol. i., p. -i'iO. **■-' ' Kl apache para sacnr Ininbre, usa . . . . un pedazo de sosole y otro dc lt'chu<,'uilla hicn sfcos. Al jmniero 1«» fornian una punta, lo epic frotan con la si'^'und:i con cuanta vdocidad pueden a la niancra del cjcrclcio dt- nno- ti'os niolinillos para haccr el chucolate: luc^'o (lue anibos )ialos se caliciitan con la frotacion, se enciendeu y produceu el fuego.' I'dasvo, Svlicins de lS'()/ln)V(. p. 282. ■" The Navujos ' manufacture the celebrated, and, for warmth and dmn- l>ility, une(pialed, Navajo blanket. The Navajo blankets are a woiidir of patient workmanship, and often sell as hi},'h as ei(,'hty, a hundred, . or a hundred and tifty dollars.' M'olhi); in /)((/. Af. hep}., 1872, p. r»;j. ' N'avajt) blankets have a wide and merited reputation for beauty and excel- len<'e.' I'rciiimtD's Apni'lies, p. 3((5; /)(»/. AJf. Jlcpt., .^pec. Com., iH(i7, )>. .'Ml; THi-iicr, in \'p. .373-4. '*^ ' This art may have been accpiired from the New Mexicans, or the rmblo Indians.' Kutim. in Srlionhrn/t's Arrli.. vol. iv , ji. 217. ' This mannfaefun of lilankets ...was orit;inally learned from the Mexicans when the two Deople, lived on uuiicable terms.' Vnmoiiy's Aini^ii(illis spindle near its top, and is held in the h ft hand. Tho si)indle is h(ld between the thnnd) and the tirst lingt r of the right hand, and stands vertically in the earthen bowl. The operator now gives the s|iindle ii twirl, as a boy turns his top. und while it is revolving, she proci tds (o draw out her thread, precisely as is done by our own ojieratives, in using the eoni- nion spinning-wheel. As soon as the thread is sj nn, the sjiiiidli- is turned iu an oiii)osite direction, for the purpose of winding up the thread on tho portion of it next to tho wooden block.' Backitx, iu Sclioolvnift's Arch., vol. IV., p. 4;((!. *^ UarLiis, in SchnnJirafl's Arch., vol. iv., p. 4;!(). "Ihe colors are vvovt n in bands and diamonds. We have never observt d blanktis with ligureH of a complicated pattern.' I.illn nniDi, in !^ii'illihii)ii(ii( ],ijil., l.^."."!, p. •i'.il. '''< 'The colors, which are givtu in the yarn, are n d, black, aiul blue. The juice of ci'rtain jilants is eniployid in dyeing, but it is assi rl< d by r(c» nt nnthorities that the biiglilest led and blue are ol)t;iin( d by nia( irating strij s cliiitilfnij't's Airh., vol. iv., ji. J:!*). ' 'Ihe loh.is are r((l, bine, black, ai:d yellow; black und nd being the njost con-nion. The red strands are obtained by unravelling red cloth, lilack by using the wool of black sill ( p, blue by ilissolving indigo in feini(.jn'vork hasketH, nn«l saddles nnd bridles, no fienerid in- dustry obtains in tliis faniilv."'" Featberwork. sueb as sewinj; various patterns on skins nitli featliers. and otiier ornanu'ntal needlework, are also praetieed by tbe Navajos."' 01' tbe Tomancbes, tbe Abbe Domenecli relates tbat tbey extracted silver from some mines near San Saba, vjTHoliaffcn Hio Hifh Bolchp, tim mo in Fiidfii nnfzuliisj'ii, I'lnd <•», Jiiisii> in d'n- l-'ilxanjelt., turn, ii., i>. 'S-l'f, Vi'iui' ..'S AilriH. Mifj-.. j>. 1115. ""'Us (tli<- ApiiclK'H) truvaillciit liit-ii Ich ('\iirH, font dc lullrs brides.' J/ivhtijwlh', Ituinmsi'l-lloulhiin, \i. Hi. 'They nmiinfiK'tiirt' roii^li Iciithir.' J'ike'H H.fliliir. Trav., \k >yMi. ' Man niiicht Lcdir.' IIii>mI, .W-.r. limit., |i. V.>i>. 'It lias lifcii r<'i>rcK('iit<'d Unit thvnv (rilxs (the Xaviijcisi wcur It iitliir HhoeH. . . . IiKjiiiry from iiersoiiH who liav** visitrd or )i<'*')i Ktatioixd in New Mfxifo, diHathriiiH this olmcrvation, showiiii^ that in all cast s the Navajo hIioch arc skiiiH, drt'sstd and snioiit'd after the Indian method.' Srliaiilninl'n AitIi., vol. v.. |). '2(14; Cniiiiniif's Aimrhi's, ji. 'AUl't; hniiii's (i'Hi. J'liiiriis. vol. i., J). '2H(i. They 'knit woolen stoekin^jH.' I). 40IJ, vol. ii., j)j). '2l4-r>. 'The Navajo* s raise no cotton.' JUuhvs. in Si In 1 1- crnfVs Airh., vol. iv., p. 21'i. Sic sind ' noch inner in eini^'en ]?aiiniwoil< n- f^cwehcn ans},'ezeichnct.' Tliiiuiuiil, Mf,rih(>, p. 'M'J. ' These jitojile (the iii- haliitants of .\ii/.ona in ir)40) had cotton, Imt they were ikjI very < nii full to vsc the same; hecausc there was none among them that knew the aitt of weaning, and to make aiijiarcl thereof ' AhinlKni, in lliil.iin/t'n Vi'ii.. vol. iii., ]). 4I1H; limt, in Srlioolrni/l's Arrh., 1. i., p. '2411; Tm I! mi- el,, in .'^cAei./- (Trt/T.s Anil., vol. iv., J). W); Torqiuiiian , Movorq. huL, toni. i., p. (iKO; ..!/- ('6(/(», hirritiiiiirld, torn, iii., J). 184. '•"• The Xicarillas, ' manufacture a sort of ]>ottery wliieh resists the action of fire.' Jliiiiuiiiili's J) urn i/, vol. i., )1. Ill; liirUUii.iUifdo, Carta, A.S., p. '21. 'Figure 4. A scoop ir dipper, from the Jlohavc trtlie, and ns neat and original an article in eartlien- waro as coidd well he designed hy ii civilized potter.' Wh'iiqilv, Kirl.iinl.. ui'il Turner's Hi jit., p.4('>, in I'itc. 11. Ii. ]li]il., vol. iii. ' I'rofessor t'ox was in- formed that the New Mexican Indians colored their pottery lihu k hy using the gum of the nie/.(pute, which has much the np])Ciirance and propi rtii s of gum arahic, and then haking it. Much of the ancient jottcry from the Colo- rado C'hitiuito is colored, the jirevailing tints being white, black, and nil.' Foster's I'rv-llist. Hares, ]^. '2n(); lliLvtim's Adreii. Mi.r., p. l!'"*. The Ynnij nis had 'some adnnrably made baskets of so close a texture as to hold water; a wicker jar coated with pine tret? gum.' ISitijreaces' Zuili. /,>., p. 10; JJoit, in Sclii'i'lcriij't's Arch., vol. i., p. 243. 9' Gre'ii/'s Com. I'niirivs, p. '280. ' In regard to the manufacture of idum- age, or feather-work, they certainly display a greater fondness fcr dect ra- tions of this sort than any Indians we have seen. . , I saw no exhibilioii of it ill the wMy of embroidery.' iSiinpson's Jour. Mil. Ilecoii., p. 7t>; TUuinwd, Mexiko, p. 34'J. , PllOPEUTY. r>05 from vliich tliov mnnuructiircd oniainents for tlicnisclvi's iinil tlu'ir .sjuMU's ami hrullcs.""^ TIk'v hnve no houts. Imt iiso raftn of \\(mm1. or ])i!iullts of iii.slu's fasti'iud tij'jtlv to"i'tlu'r with o^il•r or \villo\v i\\\'^f<. and |)ro^>v-ii('(l .'oiiu'tiiiu'S witli poles; litit iiioio frt'(|iii'Htlv tlu'V |)la(v upon tlii' craft tlitir |)r«)|i('rtv an«l wives, ami, swiniiiiiii*; alo)i of it. witli the greatest easi' push it iK'forc them."" For their iiiainti'iiam'i', esjH'i'ially in latter (lavs, they are indehtetl in u ^reat iiieasme t«) their horses, and atrordinjily th consider them as their most valuahlo j)roiH'rty. Tin N'avajos are larger st(H'k owners than anv of the oth r nations, possessinji numerous ll(M!ks of sheej), and h rds of cattle iis wi'll as horses and nudes. These, with their I laiikets, tlieii" /i xploit('rs pnr Ifs rcunniicliPH, qui on lircnt iIoh oriic- iiifiils ]Miur ( nx < t iHiiir Icms clu'vunx, uiiisi (jUfilt ^s Imllt s ) our Iciuh fusils.' hdiiii iiifh, iJiiiir., p. \'.\i. '" 'I'lic MfSfiilcros had 'a vaft of tmlriish or cane, flriattd and sniiiwutid l)v smut' twiiity or thirty hollow puinpkiiiH faKtciinl toj,'t Ihir.' /.^'^Al/.l.^' 'ill. Mii'i-, vol. iii., p. .")(). 'Ihc YuinaH had 'Imttcaus ^liich could hold liCO (irlii'd |iounds wci^lit.' hi., voliv., p. 541). 'I'lic Mojavcs Imd • Ivosm ii, iliti voii l!iiisiii-r(ii;i(h'ln /.nsaiiiiufii),'tfiit,'t warcii ( dir riii/i!.'c .\rt vou Fnhr/i i:^', wcli'hi' icli Ixi (h'li Ut'Wohncrii d«H Colorado-'l Imlis In inciktti.' .MoIIIk.usi n, Tinii'idih, p. KH. • Mtrily liuudh'S of rnsln s pla<< d side liy side, aiid ki — ciinly liouud tou'fthcr with willow twif^'s , .their . '^'M, !i54: /if.s' ( nl- iinnlii l!ii\, p. (i!>. '" ' Ininiense nu"d>ers of horses and Kliei>p, attestint,' the wealth of the trihe.' Iris' Ciiliirdili) l!ii\. ))p. 12H. l.'til. 'They Jiossi ss more wealth tliall all the other wild tribes in XewMi xieo eond)iiied.' '<'/•(((■(.<. in Iml. .[(!', lUi'l,, IH.'it, p. 17!l. ' They are owners of larije tloeks and heids.' /;(/(/, in SiJui.l- cri/l's Airli., vol. i., p. '2V.i; Knton, in Srhunlvrifl's Airli., vol. iv.. p. "JIT; Hurl. 11.^. in ,^rliiiiilrr7; ""-//i .<' Iiiiniiiliiin's I'.v.. \). iT.'t; P'ti'is' Life of t 'arson, p. 121; Thiiinwil, .]i;,dl,ii, ji. lilV; Siiiiiisiiii'.-< Jinr. Mi'. liWiiii., p. 7',t; I'nlimr, in llorim'n Slmi., vol. xvii.. \). llIO; Vivinoin's A/xirJus, ]). 2'i4; Hiiiori/'s Hrroiiiiniss'iiirf, p. (i(). '''The Jiearilhi .\pa<-hes ' nianufaeture n sjiecies of eoarse <'arthenware, which they exchant,'e for corn and wheat.' luillily, in Iml. -I;/". Uijil., Itij'A. p. II.'). StruUuit'n (.'apt. Outmlu'\v of the decedent, or, in default of a ni'phew, to tlie niece. . . .but if, while liviiij.;, he distributes his ]iroiii'rty to his children, that disposition is ri>co;j;nised.' LvUi'-rinnn. in Smilli- soitlitii III jit., IS.")"), p|). '2'.»l ">. 'When the father dies. . . a fair division is not inaile; the strongest n^uallv aet the bulk of the ettect.s.' Jirixtnl, in Jnil. Af. Ilii>t. Sprc <'oiii., 1S()7, p. rt57. "■ ''I'lie blankets, thouj^'h not pnrclmsable with money. .. .were sold, in some instances, for the most trilling? article of ornanu'nt or clothinj^'.' Simii- smi's .lour. Mil. lii'fiiii., )). HI. Shell beads, which they call 'pook,' are their Kubstituto for m incy." Whipiik, in Pi/., serie i., torn, ix., p. 117. 'The oidy property of these jieoph', with the exception of a few articles belonj,'in<,' to their domestic econ- omy, consists entirely in horses and mules.' Miiir.ij's Aiini/ J.ij'r. ji. '-''J; Ihiin- ruri'li's Ihsi'rta, vol. ii., p. '2;{; KoDUily's Ti.tits, vol. i., \ts 'M~ ; Mani/'.i lUjit., p. IHH; MiilllKiK.ieii, Tanvh, pp. 110-17. 911 ' 'I'liere are no subdivisions of land acknowledged in their teiriliiry, and no exclusive ri^dit of t^ame.' Xilghhitrn, in SihiHilinift'a Anli , vol. ii., p. l.'tl. ' Tlieir code is strictly Spartan.' .l/(/)v_y',s Artni/ Lin . p. '2',i. luo ' 'I'liey are sufViciently astute in dealing,'.' Hiirncl, in S:-liiiiilrriijTs A rch., vol. i.. p. '2'i\2. ' Le chef d<'s Indiens choisit, jiarnii ces objets, ceiix qui sont m'l'css.iires a sa trilui.' Sac. Uin}j im excursion lie made to tin Sierrii Wiieo luur the ('iiiijicr .Mines in New Mexico, says, lie siiw ' iin overliaiij^iuu vock ex- t' iiiliiiL; for some distance, the \vhol<' surface of wliicli is covered wit ii rndo l)iiiiliiii!s and sculptures, representin-,' men, animals, birds, snakes, and fan- tastic fiLtines , . some of them, evidently of threat a},'(>, lial heen Jiailly defa< 1(1 to make room for more recent devices.' Jinrlklt'n /V/'s. \iir., vol. i., jip. ITt) 4, with <'uts. In .\ri/.ona, Kniory fotind 'a mound of j,'rHn't( lioid- dcrs... covered with unknown cliarai'ters ...On the f,'round near hy weni also traces of some of the ti,L;ures, showing some of the hieroj^lypliics, at least, to have I'eeu the work of modern Indians.' Kniuri/'s Hicniiiicissiiiiri^ ji|i. N'.t, '.Ml. with cut. The Comanches 'aimaieiit heancoup leH inui^'i s, (jti'iU ne sc lassaii'iit pas d'admirer.' Ihimtncrh, Jmir., \t. !.'!('). '"■-' 'The .\paclies count ten thousand with as much ref^ularity as we do. They even make use of the decinud secpu^nces.' Crininhi/'s Aintilns. p. "..'17. i"''Tliey have no computation of time heyond the seasons tln' cold and hot season .. .frecpiently count liy the Caddo mode -from one to ten, and liy tens to ono hundred. A-c. ...'Ihey are ignt)rant of the eletnents of li.,'iires.' \'i'ililiiir!<, in SchnDlrrdft's Arrli., vol. ii., jiji. I'JK-IUt. ' Ce (pTils savrni d'astrononiio 8o Ixune a la Cf)nnaissanco dt! I'ettyile polaire. . . l/ar- itliiiii'tiijue (Its i^auvaj^es est sur leurs doij^ts;. . . .11 leur fant absulumint uu oliji • p(jur uumlirer.' Ilaiiiiaum and Miltunl, 7"t.r., pp. II'J-IJ. 508 NEW MEXICANS. idea i.f perfect personal freedom, all restraint is unen- durable.'"* The nominal authority vested in the war chief, is obtained by election, and is sul)or(., IK.")"!, p. '28S. ''J'hcir form of gdvcrniin nt is so cxeci'dinirl.v jiriniitive us to l)i> hiinlly worthy the niiinc of ii iioliliciil orj,'iiiii- Ziitiiiii.' Itiiris' Kl (Intnjn, pp. 412, 413; Ivix' dilimido Itiv., p. 71. 'Us n'oiit juinais coiinn (1(> doinination.' ,'ht as a warrior.' ('rnnovi/'s AjkiiIks, p. 177. '"■> ' It is my opinion that the Navajo eliiefs have but very little inlluence with their jHoiile.' lioualt, in Iwl. Aff. li pL, IWi'.t, p. 238, and lh70, p. 152: Jirisliil, in IikI. Af. livpt. Spec. Com.', l.St;?, p. 357. '"li 'Los pailres di' familia ejereen esta autoridad en tnnto que Ids liijos no salen ile la infau'-ia, ponpie poco antes de salir de la pnhertad son eonio lihres y no reconoi'en mas supcrioridad (pie sns jiropias I'uer/iis, ('i la di 1 indio (jue los manda en la eamiaifia.' IV/o.sro, Xulirhts de Sdiiont. jij). •iH2-ll. ' I'lvcry vicli man has many dependants, and these dependants are obitliciit to his will, in ju'ace and in war.' lidi-Ln.'t, in SclionlcrdjV.s Airh., vol. iv., \>. 211; 7V/( liroi'ch-, in Sihodlrrd/I's Arch., vol. iv., p. KO. 'Every one who has a ifw horses and sheep is a "head man." ' Jjilicnuttn, in Stiiitliminhdi Itijit., l'Sr)'i, p. 2SS; Mdllli'tiisdi, liiiscii ill ilk Filseinnh., torn, ii., p. 23:!. The rult! of the Qnerechos is 'essentially i)iitriarchal.' Marci/'.i Anni/ Life. )). 2(1. "" ' Wheu one or more (of the Navajos) .u'e suceessful in hnttle or fortu- nate in their raids to the settlements on the Itio (Jraiide, he is endowed with the title of eai)tain or chief." lirixtnl, in lud. .[{T. Itipt., ]8<'>7, )>. 3.")7. 'In eual((niera de estas iucorporaeioiu's toma el mando dil todo por eoniun c,\x\ Oroicn y ISirni. Ui-n. firo/iii, ]). 373. The ("omanches have 'a rij^ht to displace a chief, and elci't his successor, at j)lcasure.' luiini'di/'s YV.ivf.s', vol. i., j). 34(!. A ertain- iiig to the eonunon weal are discussed, laws made, thefts, s('(liti(ms, nuu'ders, and other crimes punished, and the (|uanels of warrior-chiefs settled. Smaller councils are also held, in which, as well as in the larger ones, all are free to express their opinion."" Questions laid before them are taken under consideration, a long time fre- (|ueutly elapsing before a decision is made, (ireat care is taken that the decrees of the meeting shall be in ac- cordance with the opinion and wishes of the majority. Laws are promulgated by a public crier, who ranks next to the chief in dignity."' Ancestral customs and traditions govern the decisions (»f the councils; brute force, or right of the strongest, with the law of talion in its widest acceptance, direct tbe mutual relations of tribes and individuals."- Murder, '"'' The ^[(lsf'nlol•ns and Apaches ' choose a heud-niau to direct affairs for thti time Ixiu;,'.' Carliloi), in SinitlisonUin Jk/it., 1^54, j). 'A15. ' Es j^mM aiieh Si;iiiiiiie, ail (h'reii Spitze ein Krie^s- sowie ein Friedoiis-lfaui)tliii^' stelit.' Aiiiiiii, l)its ILulhje JlixiLo, p. 279; Uarcia L'ondt,va. ISoc. Mux. Ukiij., liuldiii, tout, v., J). .'{IT). 'in When Col. Lanf,'>)erfJ! visited the Comanches who inhabit the liolson (Ic Jrapinii, 'wiirde dieser Stannu von eiiU'r alten Fran aiigefiihrt." Fiinhd, Alls Aiiii'i'ikn, torn, ii., \\. 222; Id., i'mt. Auier., p. 352; Hnnh/'s 'Inir., ]>. 'MH. ' I have n(^ver known them (Comanches) to make a tri'aty that a portion of tlie tribe do not violate its stipnlations before one jear rolls aruvnid.' yi'K/U- ^./v, in /,((/. Alt: ]{ii>t., lHr,7, p. '2(57. '" The chiefs of the Comanches 'are in turn subject to tlu; control of a |irincipal chief.' h'mia'ili/'s Ti.vhk, vol. i., p. ;!t"). 'La autoridad central (h: Ml ijolpienio reside en un {^efe siipr<'iiio.' l\i ristit I'uvtifu'd, toni. i.. p. 57; Ks- rmiro, S'litirina ll as all cas(>s of adultery, theft, si'di- lioiiand iiiurder, which are iiunishi'd by ileath. The grand council al^o takes cnuiiii/.auce of all disputes between the chiefs, and other niattirs of import- iiiice." .Miiillnrils Hi.it. yV.r., p. 244. 'Their decisions are of but little iiio- iiieiit, unless tliey meet tile approbation of the mass of the j)eo|)le; and for tills reason these councils are exceecUngly careful not to run cuiinter to the wIsIk s (if tile poorer but more numerous class, bcint; aware of the dillieully. if uut iuipoiiisibility, of eufuruinjj any uct that would uut couiiuaud their 610 NEW MEXICANS. adultery, theft, unci .sedition are puni.slied with death or piibHc exposure, or settled by private agreeincut or the interposition of elderly warriors. The doctoi* I'ailing to cure his patient must be punished by death. The court of justice is the council of the triJje, presided over by the chiefs, the latter with the assistance of sub-chiels, rigidly executing judgment upon the culjjrits."' All crimes may be i)ardoned but murder, which nnist pay blood for blood if the avenger overtake his victim."^ All the natives of this family hold captives as slaves;"* some treat them kindly, employing the men as herders approval.' Collins, in TiuJ. Aff. lifpl., 1857, p. 274. ' SiiiRnlis pnp;is siii RpruH tJriiut, (jni p(;r i)riiec'oiies snos edietii ixipulo (leinintiiibiiiit.' J)i' I.iot, .Vi-ck.s Or^iin, p. :tl 1 . ' Tieiu'H otm I'ersoniv, (pie lliininn Prt- {^onero, \ f « In s('f,'nii(lii P(.'rs((iiii de lii liepilblit'ii; f>l oficio de este, en uiituifeNtur ill I'lielilo todas las fosits (jiu- sf hail de liactr.' T<)r(juetna(l. 'Ml; Id., to!ii. i., p. . • J.a loi du taliiiu est la base fondanientnle dn code p(diti(ine, eivil <'t eriiiiiiiel de CCS divei'ses peuplades, et cette loi re(,'oit mie rigonrense application , .'50. Navajocs ' regard each other's right of ju'operty, and punish with great severity any one who in- fringes uiMtii it. Ill one ease a Navajo was found stealing a horse; they held a council and i)ut him to death.' Uri.slol, in Ind. A_ff. Uiftt. Sfuv. ('inn., W,7, J), itli. X Cuchano young boy who frightened a child by foretelling its death, wliii'h accidentally took place the ne.\t day. ' was secretly accused and tried Itefnre th(! council for "being under the intinenceof evil si)irits," ' and put to deatli. Eiiioni's Jii'i't. V. .S. lual J/f.r. liouudnrj/ .Sum j/, \o\ i., ji. iii.; Fi'itl-if, in liid. .Iff. lii'itl., 1H(!8, p. i;{7. Among the Yuni'as. 'Each clii.f l)unislies delin(|Uent.s by beating them across the hiu^k with a stick. Crimi- nals brought before the general council for examination, if convicted, arc placed ill the hands of a regularly appointed executioner of the tribe, who indicts such punishment as th* council may direct.' Emory's Jiijit. I'. .S. Knd Mi.t. liiiiuiditrii Snrvry, vol. i., p. iii. "1 The .Vpache chief Ponce, speaking of the grief of a \wox woman at the loss of her sou, says: 'The mother of the dt'ad brave demands the life of his murderer. Nothing else will satisfy her. . . .Would money satisfy me for tlie death of my son? No! I would demand the blood of the nnirdi-rer. Then I would be satisfied.' Cnnnmy'.t Ajiurlirs. j). (lit. ' If one man (A]iache) kills another, the next of kin to the defunct individual may kill the niunh rer — if he can. He has the right to challenge hiui to single combat. . . Tlicre is no trial, no set council, no regular examination into the crime orits causes; but the oid.'al of battle settles the whole matter.' Id., p. 2'.K\. "' hoitivwfh's Di'Hi'iix, vol. ii., j). 7; Ldhirinun, in Sniillisiinitin llipl., IH.IS, p. '2!t4. ' lis (Comanclii's) tueiit tons les prisonnierK adultes, et lie laisseiit vivre (pie les enfaiis.' IHIlnn. Hi.sl. Mix., p. 'JH. The Navajos ' hav( in their j>ossession many prisoners, men, women, and children, .. . whom they hold ami treat as slaveH.' Jkiit, in HvhoulcrajTii Arch., vol. i., p. 244. TREATMENT OF WOMEX. 611 and marrying tlie women ; others half-.^tarve and soourfio tliein, and inllict on them the most painful hihors.'"' Xotliing short of crucifixion, roasting hy a slow fire, or some other most excruciating form of deatli, can atone the crime of attempted escape from hondage. 'J'hey not onl y steal children from other trihes and sell them, but carry on a most unnatnrjil traffic in their own ollspring.^'^ AVomankind as nsual is not respected. The female child receives little care from its mother, being oidy of collateral advantage to the tribe. Later she becomes the beast of burden and slave of her husband. Souie celebrate the entry into womanhood with feasting and dancing."** Courtship is simple and brief; the wooer i""' Oup lioy from Mexico taken by the Comanchcs, said, 'dass seiii G»- nobiift in diT (it'fanj,'('iisi-liaft dariii bcstelie die ricrde Hciius Hirni zu wci- dt'U.' h'l'Dc'icI, Ans Aint'rihi, toin. ii., J). IU'2; (ireiiij's Vmn. J'ldir'ns, vol. ii., ]i. ;ii;{. The natives of New Mexieo take the women j)iis()ners 'for wives.' Marri/'s Itijit.. j). 187. Some prisoners liberated from the Comnnehes, were eouniietely eovered with strijies and bruises. Ikinex' 'I'l.ais, j). 'SM. Jliss Olive Oatiiian detained anionj,' the Mohaves says: 'They invented modes and seemed to create necessities of labor that they might t,'ratify themselves by taxinj; ns to the utmost, and even took unwarranted delij^ht in whipjiing us on beyond our strenjj;th. .And all their recjuests and exactions were couched in the most insuitiuL,' and tauntinj,' hmj^'uage and manner, as it thiii seenied, mid as they had the frankness soon to confess, to fnm(i their hate against the race to whom we belon<,'ed. Often under the frown and lash were we c()iii|)eHe(l to lalior for whole days upon an allowance amply sufficient to stiirve a common dandy civilized idler.' titration's Cdjil. Odtiintii Liiiis, \ p. 114-lS, l;iU. "■' 'It api>eared that the poor j,'irl had lieen stolen, as the Indian (.\xua) saiil. from tlie Yuma tribe the day before, and he now ofl'ered her for sale." ll'inli/'s Trie-., j). ;(7'.l. 'The practice of })arents selling their children is auother proof of poverty ' of the Axuans. Id., p. ,'t71. ''■I ' .\ccordiii|,' to their (Tontos') physiolc>},'y the female, especially the youu^' female, should be allowed meat only when mcessary to prevent star- vation.' Slriillnii's Viiiit. 0''hii(ta divls, p. 115. The t'omanches 'enter the "iagt' state at a very early n<^c frequently before tin ai^e of jiuberty.' > ii'lmrs, in Schndlfra/t'x Anli., vol. ii., p. lli'i. Whenever a .liearilla female arnves at a uiarriageable aj;e, in honor of the 'event thi' ]iarentswill sac- rilice all the proiierty they jiossess, the ceremony beinj,' jirotracted from ti\e to ten days with every deuntnstration of hilarilj'.' Sli'c/,\ in //,(/, ,|^/'. Uipt., Wu\. p. l(l',»; Mni'iji's Aniit/ Li/c. \>. '2!S-!t. Amoiif,' the Yumas. the a]i|iliiiiiit fur womaidiood is placed in an oven or closely eovend hut. in wliieh slie is steamed for three days, alternating the treatment with plunges into the ntar river, and niiiintaining a fast all the time.' Juikdi/'s Ui/iI. l'. S. iiuil .l/r.r. Il'iiiii'luri/ Slim//, vol. i., l)p. 110-11. The Apaches celebrate a feast with singing, dancing, and mimic disjjlay when a girl arrives at the marriigeablc state during which time the girl renniins ' isolated in a hugt^ loilge ' and 'listens patiently to the resi)onsibilities of her marriageable condition,' re- c >unti'(l to her by the old men and chiefs. ' .\fter it is finished she is di- vested of hi r eyebrows A month afterward the eye lashes are pulh d out.' Vremony's Apaclics, pp. 143, '243 0. '612 NEW MEXICANS. pays for his bride and takes her home."" Everyman may liave all the wives he can buy. There is generally a favorite, or chief wife, who exercises authority over the others. As iK)lygamy causes a greater division of labor, the women do not object to it.'"" k^ome- times a feast of horse-flesh celebrates a marriage.'-^ All the labor of preparing food, tanning skins, cultivating fields, making clothes, and building houses, falls to the women, the men considering it beneath their dignity to do anything but hunt and fight. The women I'eed and saddle the horses of their lords; oftentimes they are cruelly beaten, nuitilated, and even put to death.'" The "" Thoro is* no niarringo ooromony amonp; the Nnvnjors ' a yonnp mnn M'isliini,' a woman for his wifi; ascertains who her father is; he g(jes and states the cause of liis visit and otters from one to fifteen horses for thn iiclns, jip. 44, Hit. I'n Comanche, 'pent ('pouser auliint do femmes (pi'il veut, a la soule condition de doiiner a chacune iin clieval.' Ihiiiunwh. .fiiiir,, p. i;!o. Amon({ tlie Navajoes, ' The wife last idiosin is idways mistress of her predecessors.' Wliiiiple, Mirlidnk. (tit.l Tiinnr'a Uijit., J). 4"2, in I'dc. It. It. It' 1)1., vol. iii. They seldom, if ever, marry out of llie h'ibe. U'linl. in Iml. A_tf'. Ite/il. Spec. I'mii., 18(17, p. 400. "In general, when iiu Indian wishes to have manj' wives he (diooses above all others, if lie can, sisters, because he thinks he can thus s(>cure more domestic peace.' Ihitm- iicrlt's Disvrts, vol. ii., p. UOti. '1 think that few, if any, have nioie than one wife,' of the Mojaves. Ires' Cohirailo Itir., p. 71. ''^' ' The Navajo marriaj,'e-ceren)ony consists simply of a feast n)>on horse- flesh.' I'dhiier, in Ikirjur'a Mii'j., vol. xvii., p 400. When the Navajos de- sire to marry, ' they sit down on op])osite sides of a basket, made to Mold ■water, tilled with a*(de or some other food, and partake of it. This simple proceedinfi; makes them husband and wife.' Daris' El Urmio. j). 41"). ■'f^ Th(! (.'ouMUche women 'arc drudyes. ' School crajV s Arrh., vol. v., p. ri7r>; Diifci/, ItcsititKi l., ]H.")7, p. 2tio; Excuilro, Xntic'nis de I'hihiiuhun, p. "JHO; llavtlett'.-i J'crx. .\iir,, vol. i., p. .'U)S. Labor is considered de^radinf^ by the Comanehes. luimiih/'.'^ T'Xas. vol. i., p. 347. The .Xpache men 'no cnidan de otras cosas. sino dt^ cazar y divertirse.' Sononi, Itescrip. Uen. 4'}'.), The Nuvajos 'treat tlicir Wdiiieii with f^reat i.ttentit)!), consider tlieni efjnals, and relieve them from the dnidj^'ery of nu'.iitd work.' llii'ihfx' Diniiplidn's Ex., p. 'JO;). The Xavajo wom»n 'ui« the real owners of all the sheep. . . They admit women into their councils, who sometimes control their deliberations; and they also eat with thtni.* Ihiriti' Kl (i'rin;in, p. iVl; WliippU', Eviianlc. a)i(t Tmiio-'s h'ljit.. p. Kll. in /''((;. //. II. Ili'jtt , vol. iii. ' De atpii proviene que scan arhitros de sus mn- gores. dandoles un trato servilisimo, y algnnas veces les ijnilan liasta la vidn jiorcelos.' \'('lMij,'ent lo |irisonnier hlanc, dont ils ont admire le valenr dans le combat, a s'uuir aux leurs pour jjerpetuer sa race.' Foxufi/, ^fl'xi(^lt(■. ji. 4(i2. '^3 Amonj^ the Apaches, ' niuchas veces suele disolverse el contrato ))or un'tnime consentimieiito de los despdsados, y volvit ndo la mnjer a sn paiire, entvei^a este lo (pie recibii) por ella.' ('onlero. in Oruzro y Ikria, (Iraiinifia, p. ;t7;(. When the Navajo women abandon the husband, the latter ' asks to wipe out th(! disf^race by killing some one.' /*((/. Aff. Itipt. ifptc. Ctnii., lfl of tlic sacUUe. IJoy.s are early taught the use oi' weapons, and early learn their siii»eji- ority over li liiis I'l^'O, ('lies It's siisi't'iulcnt a la scllf iivi'c dcs courioics (|u'fllis li iir {)ass<'iit ciitn' It's jaiiiln's ft st)nK U'S luas. I^t's stinlncsinits tin t-lu'Val, Its )raiii'ht's. It's luttiissaillcs lit'urti'iit »'t's painris jiflits, It's (li'fliiiiiil. Its ini'iirtiisst'iit : iifU inipoi'tc, c't'st uiif fa(;i>ii de Its af^iitriir. " JUnimnfli, Ji.tnn p. lit."); h'liiori/'.f lt't'roiiiii>!ss(nic(', \t. r)2. 'A la t'llatl ilt; sicli' afios tit- It'S aput'lit's, ti aiitt's, lo juiiiu'io tpU' liafili Ids iiadlfs, vs j cuu'l' a sus liijtis i I fart'ax fii la iiiiiiio t'lisfnAiiilitlfs a tiiar liicii, iiiva tfulifa i luiit'/iin a nintii- n lias said, ' that lit' was afraiil tti forrcct liis own Ixiy- I'^t H'*' «'liil<1 slionltl wait for a t'onvt'iiit'nt oppottnnity. anil shoot liini wiih an anow.' J.itlnriiiiin, ill SiiiillixoiiiiDi Iti'jil.. Is'i"), p, '21)4. ''•"' /)('/. .1//'. Ii'ijit. >;)(■(•. ('(»/(. . 1807, 11. :m')4; ('rr)iioiiy's A}iacliis, )>. HI"; MoHhinisii. Twirlnirh, J). :til',t; I'altk's I'lrs. .\ Navajo women ar»> very loose, and tlo not Itiok njion foriiicatieii ifls a crime.' h'ni/llnr, in liul. Aft'. I!>iil. .V/icc, <'i,)ii.. Ih(l7. i>. lilt',); Criiiiuiiif's vl/)((('/(('.s', p. '2-14. 'Prostitution is the rnle anion},' the (Vnnia) wcmicn, i;et the e.vet'ption.' Mnirrj/. in Intl. .!/. /.'m. ii., ]>. 47(1; Uroirm's Ai'drhe Cininlrt/, p. !)(!. ' I'rostitntien prevails to a i^'reat extent aniont; the Navajoes, the Maricoiias, ami the Yuma Indians; anil its attendant iliseases, as before statttl, lia\i' more or less tainted the l)lt>od of the adults; and by i'lherilanee of the fhildreii.' Citrhloii. in linl. Afi'. Ittjil. i^pcr. ('(dii., lH{i7, j). 4liit. Among the Navajoes, ' the most nnfortu'iate thiiit; whieli enn befall a captive woman is it) be claimed by two jiersiuis. In this ease, she is eillii r shut or delivered ui^^for iudist-Timiuute violeuue.' Emory's JitcuuMns- AMUSEMENTS. 515 the aiigor of an injured hnsband by presents, although lu'loro the law he Ibrleits his Ufe. Kvon sodomy and incestuous intercourse occur among tliem. Old age is dislionoral)le.'^ They are innnoderately fond of smoking, drinking, feasting, and anuisements which fill up the many hours ol' idleness. J)ancing and masquerading is the most I'iivorite })astime. They have feasts with dances to eele- hrate victories, feasts given at marriage, and when girls attain tiie age of })ul)erty; a ceremonial is observed at the burial of noted warriors, and on other various occa- sions of private family life, in which both men and women take part. The dance is performed by a single actor or by a num])er of persons of both sexes to the accompaniment of instruments or their own voices.'-* .s((/i(v, J), no. Tbo roloriulo lliver Iiuliiiis 'Imvter niul sell their women into prostitution, with liardly iiii exception,' iS'ifurd. in IikI. Aft'. Ite/it., \H~{), p. i:i'.l. ' 'I'he (.'onianclie women are, as in many otlier wild trii)i's, the slaveu of tliiir lords, and it is a eonunon practice for their liushands to lend or wll them to a visitor for one, two, or three days at a time.' .lAovv/'.s JtijiL, j». in"; Arrirlrild, Cri'Diicit Srimera ve/; pero a la se^unda el marido corta la pniita de la nariz a su inlicl es])osa, y la lUspide di^ sii lado.' JitriKlu ("utitijicii, vol.i., p. 57; >(»<;. (I •'■'>:!., Itiilliliii, serie v.. No. !M>, p. 11(2. 'Thesciuaw whohasheen mutil.iti'dfor sucli a cause, is ij>s. ' TIk se ynntj null may not ham; carnall copulation with any woman: hut all the yun;^ men (if tile countrey which are to marrie, may company with them. . . 1 .saw like- wisr certaiue wons.ai which lined dishonestly among men,' Aktrcho)t, in Huh- liiift's Viiji , vci. ill., p. 4;{(J. i-^'Tliey toldt! mey that. .. .such as remayned widowes, stayed halfe a yecre, or a wlioh^ yecre before they nuirried.' Ahnrhon, in Hdklni/t'.v '",'/•• vdj. ill., p. 431; lCniiirt)'s Jlcjit. I'. S. and J/cr. lUnnHUtry Siirni/, vol. i., p. 110; _][iiri/'s .\nnif LU'i\ p. o4; Mi'iUhnnmn, Ji' Isin in dh- FiUokiiI,., tom. ii., p. 2;! I; Hiin-'m Cinidv, in Sof. Mex. Hukj., Iluhthi, tom. v., ]>. liin. '••''' ■ En las referidas rennioms los bailes son sus diversiones favorifas. Los hacen de noche al son de una olla cu1)i<'rta la boca con una piel tiraiite, 1(111' siunan con un palo, en cuya estremidad lian wn boton de trapos. So iiiti'i'|)olan umbos secsos, saltan todos a un mismo tiempo, dando ahiridos y hiicieiido miles de ademanes, en ()- >!"/•'(, p. •2(i!l; Mnrcj^'s Anntf Life, p. 177; ('n'm<))i!f'.<> AitiirlieK, p. '!>>'). ' Lste 111 forma una junta de trnhanes vestidos de rid.culo y autorizados )or los viijos del puelilo para cometer los mayores desi'irdenes, y ^nstan t into do estos hechos. (pu! ni los nuiridos reparan las infamias (pie cometen 'oii su3 Wiiyercs, ni las ^uu resultun eii perjuiciy dc lus liijus.' Akgre, Uist. (. jinj). de ruG NEW MEXICANS. All festivities are incomi)leto witlioiit iniproin|)tii .soiij^s, tlie music being lui^thiiig but agreeable, and tlie aeeuui- ]ianiinent corn-stalk or cane tlutes, wooden drums, oi- calabaslies filled with stone and shaken to a constantly vai'ying time.*"" They also spend nuich time in gamb- ling, often staking their whole property on a throw, in- i'hiding everything njjon their backs. One of tliese games is played with a bullet, which is passed rapidly from one hand to the other, during which they sing, as- sisting the music with the motion of their arms. The giime consists in gue> -Ing in which hand the bullet is held. Another Comanche game is played with twelve sticks, each about six inches in length. These aio (Iropped on the ground and those falling across each other are counted for game, one hundred being the lim- it,'" Horse-racing is likewise a passion with them;'" as are also all other athletic sports.*'" AVhen smoking, ,/('.sv(.s, torn, i., p. 33"). 'Tlio females (of tho Apiicbcs) do tlip principal imit of the diuifiiii^.' Ikiiry, in ^choolcnij't's Arrli., vol. v.. p. '21'2. ' Anioiij,' tlu' Alicimkis, ("liin'tiis, Coiuiinclu^s, luul otluT Indiiiii tribes, the women (liince Mie Hiinie (l;iMces, but lifter the men, ami far out of their night. . . .they are sel-