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5n /Iftemoiiam. 
 
 SIR DANiEL WILSON 
 
 (Died, 6th August, iSgz) 
 
 WILLIAM KINGSFORD. LL.D. 
 
 
 <iSiM: 
 
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 yc/jji^ 
 
 
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 -V 
 
 Section II., 1893. 
 
 I S8 ] 
 
 Trans. Roy. Soo. Canada. 
 
 U.—ySiiDunitl Wihon, {Died, (jth An,jn>^f, 1892). 
 
 By William Kinuskobd, LL.D. 
 
 (Rettd 2;ird May, J893.) 
 
 IN MEMORIAM. 
 
 I must ask yoii kindly to bear in mind that I am occupyins? your attention ovvinj? 
 to the. position I have the honour to hold this year in the English section, and by the 
 desire of the president ; not from the conviction that I am the most fit and the best able 
 to do justice to the subject, which, by the rule of our society, has to-day to be brought 
 before you in this form. 
 
 In the interval betv\'eeu our meeting of last year and the present time, one of our 
 colleK^ucs, a man of eminence both by position and merit, has experienced the inevitable 
 fate of 'IS all : Sir Daniel Wilson, late president of University College, Toronto. It 
 is my dufy to attempt to pay some tribute to his memory. 
 
 With ni.ny of us thf> ordinary circumstances of life ere uneventful, and so devoid of 
 dramatic interest, that, often, there is little to record more than our birth and death, with 
 the change of scene, and field of effort and of association. Our true epitaph must be writ- 
 ten ..jcording to the work we acv^omplish, and the intluence we may exercise ; not from 
 the events in which we hav^o taken part. tSir Daniel Wilson's career can claim little atten- 
 tion from the character of the incidents in which he appeared in prominence ; nevertheless 
 it is to his public life that we must look for the eminence he obtained. The void he has 
 left in his own family, and in the circle of his near friends, is a matter too reverend to be 
 made the theme of public allusion. Nor is it decent to parade in this place his well- 
 known benevolence, his sympathy with every attempt to advance the well-being and 
 happiness of others, and his desire in his station to do all the good he was able. 
 
 Sir Daniel Wilson was born in Edinburgh on the 5th of January, 1816, so at his death 
 on the 6th of August of last year he was within five month,s of the completion of his 
 seventy-seventh year. Having arrived in Canada in 1853, he was connected with Toronto 
 University for nearly forty years. The eldest son in a large family of a merchant of good 
 standing, he was educated at the high school of his native city, and subsequently attended 
 the university. Others of his family were connected with the college, and one of his 
 brothers rose to some eminence as a chemist, being at his death, in 1859, professor of 
 technology. 
 
 Among Sir Daniel's accomplishments was that of being a skilful draughtsman and 
 engraver. He attained such excellence as to suggest that he must once have designed to 
 follow the career of an artist ; his tastes, however, eventually turned to literature. He 
 remained in his native city until his twenty-first year, contributing regularly to the 
 
 ■■* 
 
>._> 
 
 i 
 
 66 
 
 WILLIAM KINdSFOllI) 
 
 press and ponodiciil literatuio. His dexterity with the pencil wivs uevor lost, and to tho 
 last furnish jd him many an hour'8 oi;cui)ation. His preleronc*' was iinally given to a 
 literary career, and in 1887 he made his way to London with the design of ( ominoncing 
 his professional life. 
 
 The facts are not at my command for mo to state the years he remained in the imperial 
 capital, or the occupation he followed there. Undoubtedly he was more or less engaged in 
 literary work. His general attainments, the untiring industry which to the last distin- 
 guished him would have made existence possible to him where others would havti failed. 
 Moreover he was following the bent of his inclination. The life presents great fascina- 
 tion to a young man conscious of his own powers, with the energy and determination to 
 overcome obstacles. To the Philister the time so passed is looked upon as years thrown 
 away, unless fortunate circumstances warrant the acceptance of the career. Besides the 
 experience does noi. always work benelicially ; it often leaves behind the sting of wrong 
 suil'ered, the remembrance of injustice, of neglect experienced, and the embitterment of 
 life by the insolence of petty tyrants met in places of prominence. There are many 
 examples in literature of the traces of the painful ordeal of such trying times in a young 
 life, observable in after years when men have risen to distinction. I will permit myself 
 to allude to one only of modern times, to Robert Eroiigh, a man of undoubted genius. 
 His "Songs of the Governing Classes" bear the full impress of his wounded feeling, Wilson 
 brought away from this period of his career no such bitterness. He was always kindly and 
 genial, and on no occasion gave kis countenance to the extreme view which casts a chill 
 on the mirth of mankind, or to any (extravagantly enforced moral discipline. His experience 
 during these years obtained for him that knowledge of character for which he was after- 
 wards known, and led him to avoid the advocacy of ultra opinions in the social reforms, 
 always claiming attention, and often so perniciously advocated. 
 
 What proved to be of greater advantage, he learned to estimate correctly the charac- 
 ter of good scholarship, and to form the true theory of the end to be sought in university 
 training. At this time the danger appears lo be that the student is over-weighted by th(! 
 multiplicity of subjects forcednpon him, to dissipate his time and attention, not to in- 
 crease his attainments. Are we not being borncdown by what is caJled "practical" 
 education ? The word we have received from across tbe line employed in various forms. 
 We read of the practical " shoemaktu- " or " hatter." The man who possesses qualilications 
 which lead him to rise above the spirit of mere material acquisition, or, on the other 
 hand, who has somewhat failed in life is classified with those who are not "practical." 
 The true and precise meaning of the word is suiriciently deluite, viz., "adapted to 
 use," "capable of performing a duty." Too many of failing humanity may possibly be 
 included in the class of non-prai;tical. Surely all education is primarily designed to perfect 
 the character of the student, while storing his mind with information hereafter to be of 
 value to him. In my humble judgment, it follows that the advocates in the higher schools 
 and universities of special training in particular pursuits, in preference to laying a sound 
 basis for future elFort by elevating the general intelligence, fail to understand the object 
 and intent of the education of youth. It may, I consider, be asserted that it was owing 
 to Sir Daniel's knowledge of the world, and the personal experience gained during this 
 period, that he ibrmed the views of scholarship which distinguished him, so that in the 
 exercise of his university authority he strove to concentrate, rather than to dissipate, the 
 attention of the student. 
 
I 
 
 i 
 
 IN MIsMolJlAM— SIR H. WILS(3N. 
 
 87 
 
 ' 
 
 After the expiration ofsouu? timo, tho duration of whicih I am unable to state, Wilson 
 returned to his family in i']dinbiirgh. lit) continued in the same career he had followed 
 in London. We have no record of his early hihours when in England, or of a later period. 
 It i.s starcely possible any smh can be preserved. Contributions to periodical literature, 
 written under tlie pressure of an occasion, may give proof of readiness, of correct writing 
 and extensive reading. They scarcely furnish evidence of mental power. It is, however, 
 related that he wrote a play. It has been the experience of many ; among the number, it 
 is said, the late Mr. Cobden. There is, however, at this date such a divorce between liter- 
 ature and the drama, that the merit of a i)iece does not furnish ground for its acceptance. 
 
 Huch us reach thi' stage in this form, are actors and managers, or are those who owe 
 sucress to their inlluence or to some extraordinary social power. Had Wilson succeeded 
 his whole career would Lave been changed. His iailure led him to pursue the study to 
 which he had devoted much of his attention, that of archa'ological res^-arch. In the 
 meantime he continued his contributions to Uie press, but his labour was mainly concen- 
 trated upon a work which was to bring him into prominence. In 1847 he published 
 the "Memorials of Edinburgh in the Olden Time, with 12(5 illustrations" ; a second edi- 
 tion of this book was brought out iu 18!)1. 
 
 At that date Scotland api)eared to the world with the halo which the genius of Scott 
 has thrown \ipon it. His romance has created ibr its sc(;nery universal fame, which, at 
 least with that generation, led many to make a pilgrimage to the spots to whi.-h he had 
 given renown. Few can visit the noble cathedral of Saint Mungo, at Glasgow, without 
 bringing Rob Roy to his mind ; even the beauty of the architecture is lost iu the thought 
 (.f liailie Nichol .Tarvie. We wander through the wynds of the old city to people them 
 with th(^ personages of the novels. Who, wheu in Aberdeen, has failed to visit Marischal 
 College, where Captain Dugald Dalgetty studied the humanities ? Inverness is identilied 
 with Culloden. Old Edinburgh, picturesque by its natural situation, becomes more striking 
 to the imagination by the traditions and incidents of history which Scott made known, 
 and the romance connected with them. The labours of Sir Daniel, therefore, at that time 
 directly appealed to public sympatliy. The research and careful treatment of the subject, 
 both in the text and in the drawings from his pencil, deservedly obtained for the work 
 great attention, so that it rapidly rose to the favour it has since retained. 
 
 The numerous readers who turn over the pages of these volumes, even cursorily, can- 
 not fail to be struck by the admirable iharacter of the drawings. They would not be 
 exceeded in merit iu any modern illustrated work. I allude especially to the execution of 
 the buildings and landscapes. There is not a single plate which, in this respect, does not 
 show artistic treatment. Wilson, however, was not equally happy in the figures introduced 
 by him, for his drawing of them is defective. The figures themselves, however, are 
 always brought in appropriately and with judgment. Such is the ability and dexterity 
 of hand shown in this volume, that I cannot resist the impression that, at the early 
 period of his life. Sir Daniel was an art student, with the view of following the career of a 
 proiessional diaughtsman and engraver. His work is not the eflbrt of an amateur ; it is 
 that of one trained to consider the requirements he had to meet : in itself an attainment 
 distinct from manual dexterity and the icsthetic treatment of a subject. I have no grounds 
 for the expression of this opinion, further than the impression which the character cf Sir 
 Daniel's drawings has made upon myself. 
 
 Soc. II., 18'J;5. 8. 
 
 m 
 
,'^' 
 
 iw 
 
 08 
 
 WILLIAM KINtiSFOni) 
 
 If Iher-J be wurrunt lor bclicr that in tin' «Mulinr years ol his tan-i-r ho I'liti-rlained 
 thcso views, the success of this work as a literary ellbrt tuust have had ifreal iiiilueiice in 
 uiodifyini? thorn. The attention whioh the book obtained was chielly from its able treat- 
 ment of a popular subject, Hustained by much varied and reliable information, related 
 simply, without ornat*' pretension, in lan!i;uatre never to be misunderstood. The drawings 
 wore held to be entirely subordinate in merit to the carefully written letter-press, and the 
 character of Sir Daniel's mind was one to be impressed by the reputation gained in this 
 respect by the work. 
 
 In 1848 his essay on Cromwell api)eared, based on wliat had been previously published, 
 and placed in a connected form, without claim to originality of treatment, or by the 
 production of previously unknown documoi:tarv evidence'. 
 
 These two works jj^ave Ai'ilson reputation, and as by this time he had been appointed 
 secretary to the Society of Antiquaries, hi; position in the world of letters be.ame more 
 assured He was thrown amon<;f those capable of appreoiatinf? the industry and 
 judjjment, with \vhi(^h he had treated the dilleront subjects he had undertaken. It may 
 here be remarktti, that in 1858, by the death of Arago, a vacancy having occurred in the 
 honorary memb.TS of the society, limited to twi'uty, \Vils( n was elected to supply his 
 place. 
 
 "The Arha^ology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland," which appeared in 1851, 
 attrncted attention by the abundant illustrations which the volume contained, exceeding 
 200 in number; as a rule from Wilson's pencil. The book on all sides in a short time 
 obtained favourable recognition. The principal reviews gave it a cordial welcome. What 
 was of greater value, it received the unqualified praise of llallam, then in the height of his 
 reputation. It was greatly owing to the attention which this work received that Wilson 
 was subsequently nominated to the position of " Professor of Science and Literature," in 
 University College, Toronto. An enlarged edition of this work was published in 18(i8. 
 
 The amendment of the law in 1852, led to changes in the professional stalf of Toronto 
 University and eventually it took the form which generally it now presents. Dr. McCaul 
 was then president. Dr. Wilson was included in the new appointments. 
 
 The duties of his ofiice did not lead to silence ; other publications followed, to which, 
 from the limit of time at my disposal, I can do no more than allnde. In 1803, his greatest 
 work appeared, "Prehistoric Man, Researches into the Origin of Civilization in the Old 
 and New World." This work reappeared, enlarged, in 1865 and 1870. " Chattcrton," a 
 biographical study, followed in 186!', and "Caliban, or the Missing Link," a physiolo- 
 gical analysis of the character in the "Tempest," in 1873. Two volumes of poems, 
 "Spring Wilddowers," in 1875 ; " Reminiscences of Old Edinburgh," in 1878; " William 
 Nelson," a memoir, in 1890. 
 
 It remains to mi; to speak of his last work, which in its first form appeared in the 
 'Transactions ' of the Society in 1885 and 1880 in two papers, " Pala3olithic Dexterity," and 
 " The Right Hand and Left-llaudedness." 
 
 These papers furnished the basis of the larger volume published in 1891. the year before 
 his death, "The Right Hand, Left-Handedness." It is of value as throwing some light 
 on himself, for Sir Daniel was lelt-handed, as we may learn from its pages. We have in 
 the volume a philosophical inquiry into the cause why maukiiul, as a rule, is right-handed, 
 and from what iullueuce the exceptional instances ol left-handedness present themselves. 
 
IN MKMUIJIAM— SlU l>. WII.SON. 
 
 89 
 
 It is 11 monuiiiont of rare loarning, ovidcnlly finhraoiiii? the inv('Htij,nvtiotiM ol' hiilf n 
 (HMilury. He traces buck cvidfiices of the remotf iisi" of the K'ft hiuul m he exprcHHes it, 
 l)y i)uln'o)ithic dexterity in the workiiijf of Ihit arrow headK, and in the ciirvingH of deer 
 and hulfah) horns of prehistoric man; in I'ltjyptian inlaglii and /m/ii/ri ; throuj^h chinH- 
 i.al literatnre; amid the aborigines of the Fiji IshmdH, 8oulh Africa, Australia, and the 
 Indians of this continent. Sir Daniel carried out his generalization with labour as a trained 
 iiuinirer, and the work is remarkable for its rejection of theories based ni)on imi)erfect 
 observation. He is (he reverse of th(^ French traveller who, linding himself in an inn 
 where there was a young Russian girl, wrote in his diary that there were only liussian 
 servants iu the place ; " Dam ce village loiUes les domeUiques soul muscovikx" Henct! the 
 value of the opinion whi-.-h he has expreseed, tbut it is estimated there are two only in 
 every hundred who are left-handed, and tiiat experience so far shows there are no left- 
 handed races. ,So long as ,Sir Daniel is engaged on the inquiry iu this form, he is on safe 
 ground. He never acciipls a theory without examiimtion, without applying to it thc^same 
 test whiiih he would observe in counting the. roll of bank notes he had received. When 
 he enters the domain of medical science, he is at the mercy of the theorists be (juotes, and 
 they vary greatly. His experience was that of Ilegio, the advocati; in Teren<'e's " Thormio," 
 who when asked his views gave for his answer, " i^iiol homines, lot senlenlitr." !Sir Daniel 
 accordingly beiiomes sceptical of what he hears. I humbly venture the remark, as any 
 one must do, for in my i>oor judgment, it is one of the questions connected with the birth 
 of humanity, which, like much of daily occurrence in this respect, must remain unsolved. 
 
 Sir i)aniel in this workdescribi-s himself as h.iving learned to use the pen in the right 
 hand apparently with no greater elfort than other boys. He proceeds to say: " In this 
 way the right hand was thoroughly educated, but the preferential instinct remained. 
 The slate pencil, the chalk, and penknife were still invariably used in the left hand in 
 spite of much opposition on the part of teachers, and in later years when a taste for 
 drawing had been cultivated with some degree of smuess, the pencil and bru.sh arc nearly 
 always u.sed in the left hand. At a comparatively early age the awkward way of using the 
 spoon and knife at table in the left hand was perceived and overcome. Yet even now. 
 when much fatigued, or on an occasion of unusual difficulty in carving a joint, the knife 
 is instinctively transferred to the left hand. Alike in evi'ry case where unusual force is 
 required, as in driving a large nail, wielding a heavy tool, or striking a blow with the 
 fist, as well as in any operation demanding any special delicacy, the left hand is employed. 
 Thus, for example, though the pen is invariably used in the right hand in penmanship, 
 the crow quill and etching needle an? no less uniformly employed in the lelt hand." 
 He continues : " I may add that I (iiul no difliculiy in drawing at the same time with a 
 pencil in each hand prohles of men or animals facing each other. The attempt to draw 
 diH'ereut objects, as a dog's head with the one hand, and a human profile with the other, 
 is unsuccessful owing to the complex mental operation involved, and in this case the 
 co-operation is apt to be between the mind and the more facile hand." 
 
 I hav^e before remarked on the excellence of Sir Daniel's drawings to convey the idea 
 that he must have pursued his etlbrts at one time with the design of following art as a 
 calling; and there is a professional ring in these few sentences which certainly does not 
 w laken the supposition. I was much surprised to find on the authority of Sir Daniel 
 that Leonardo da Vinci was left-handed. Those who have visited the ruined Dominican 
 
60 
 
 WILMAM KIN(ISF'0!H> 
 
 Convent at Milan, of Santii Maria doUc Ora/.if, and havn looked upon thi' 'Ccnncolo,'' 
 must have dillii;ulty in bolioving thkt it ib tho pro<lu<-tion of a Icft-hnndod man. This 
 wonderful work of art, now greatly decayed, still preserves much of its wonderful beauty, 
 and it is known to those who have not visited Italy, by the engraving of Raphael 
 Morghcn, i)ul)liKhi'd in 1800. 
 
 I am unable to speak v)f his contributions to general publications. Throughout his 
 life he was a constant writer in the press and the magazines, until even within a few 
 months of his dcaih. The Canailinu Journal, of Toronto, contains some of his most valuable 
 contributions. As a rule they run in the direction he always willingly followeci : 
 antiquarianism and ethnology. Tho Journal was alco edited by him for some years. Ho 
 likewise wrote some articles for the Kucydopiedia Britannica. 
 
 His ccntributions to the 'Transactions' of this society partook of tho same character. 
 In IH83, " Pre-Aryan Americian Men " appeared ; in 1HH5. " The Artistic Faculty of Abori- 
 ginal IJaccs." In tho same year, and in 1880, tho two papers I have previously named. 
 In 1880 likewise, ''The Lost Atlantis" based on tho Platonic dialogues of tho 'Timieus' 
 and the 'Critias.' Quoting Jowett, that no one know better than Plato to invent "a 
 noble lie," Sir Daniel examines tht^ opinion of Humboldt, that the legend is a possible 
 vestige of a widely spread tradition of earlier times. His own c(mi lusion is that "the 
 legendary Atlantis must still remain a mylh." In 1880, he wrote a paper on the " Trade 
 and Commerce of tho Stone Age." " Viniand of the Northmen," the last of his contribu- 
 tions, appeared in 1800. We must also remember that in 1882 Sir Daniel gave the inau- 
 gural address on the constitution of the society at its first meeting. I will only remark 
 that, as all may suppose, he then expressed his sense of pride in the dignity and honour 
 of being a British subject, adding the hope that the Dominion will continue to remain a 
 portion of tho great empire to which we belong. 
 
 On the retirement, owing to ill-health, of Dr. McCaul from the presidency of the 
 university in 1881, Dr. Wilson was named to the post He was the one person to whom 
 public opinion pointed as Dr. 'McCaul's successor, and his nomination was on all sides 
 acceptable. In 1888, he received tho honour of knighthood. His death took place on the 
 6th of August last. Sir Daniel had been a widower since I88r>. A daughter had pre- 
 viously pnssed away ; his second daughter. Miss Sybil Wilson, survives him. 
 
 It has been stated that in no long period after his arrival in Toronto, he was ollered 
 tho presidency of McGill College, in Montreal, but that he declined the oiler, having 
 resolved to devote his energies to the advancement of University College, Toronto. 
 
 Such are tho brief facts of Sir Daniel Wilson's uneventful life, at least in tho incidents 
 which appeal to public attention. In this society we have to consider his loss from the 
 view of tho influence he exercised on the higher education of his province. With the 
 gent'ral public, his admitted status as a man of letti :s was more accepted on authority than 
 based upon tho wide popularity of his writings. It was a received fact that his books in 
 the mother country had brought him fame and distinction, and that ho had beeu selected 
 for the post to which he had been appointed owing to the reputation he had gained ; but 
 there were few who would not have boon puzzh^d to describe the character of his writings. 
 
 Indeed they are not of a nature to obtain acceptance outside of the class to which 
 they are addressed. His " Memorials of Edinburgh" could no* aspire to general popularity. 
 The book was addressed to the more intelligent of the community ; that it received praise 
 
i 
 
IN MRMOHTAM— SIR 1>. WILSON. 
 
 61 
 
 I'rom those whoso tastos it consulted is tho groatost proof of its merit. His " Researches 
 as to the Origin of Civilization," took a wider field, but it must remain the book of such 
 readers as can give the time and attention to master so dillicult a study. "When it is 
 said that Sir Daniel was not a popular writer, it is simply tc suy that he wrote above the 
 horizon of his immediate c.ntournjrr,. But his books gained him fame in the world of 
 scholarship, and they must hereafter be included in every library worthy of the name. 
 
 It was his distinction in this respect which led our founder, Lord Lome, to select 
 him as the first president of the English section in 1882. Sir William Dawson was then 
 nominated president of the sotnoty, and the late Mr. Chauveau, vice-president. Sir 
 Daniel was our fourth president, in 1885-1880. \\\ all know the interest he took in our 
 well-being, and we can each of us bear testimony to the good scmse, the courtesy and 
 the invariable ability with which he treated every question brought before us. On the 
 last day of May at our last meeting, he addressed the members from the position I now ■ 
 occupy as his humble successi r in the presidency of the English section. It was within 
 ten weeks of his death. His health was at I he time not good, for his unceasing labour 
 had told upon him. Ht was in his seventy-seventh year, and although his mind was 
 never more active, or his pouers more mature, the physical strength which we possess in 
 middle age was wanting. Sir Daniel might have i»oen well excused from attending the 
 meeting. He felt, however, that his duty enforced that ho should be present, and with 
 that devotion to principle rtrhich marked his life, he set aside all per.sonal considerations. 
 
 His address on that occasion, on the law of copyright, is given in the volumes of the 
 ' Tnvn.sai^tions ' of this year. It has, moreover, been published separately, and in this form 
 disseminated among men of letters in England and the United States. To use his own 
 words, it was his claim to place, on a just basis, the rights of authorship and the principles 
 of cojjyright. This address may be regarded as a voice from Sir Daniel's grave, for he 
 was unable to revise his manuscript or to read the proof. Those who were present will 
 remember how distinctly he apparently r.>ad his written sentences ; how continuously in 
 one unbroken, powerful appeal he brought his case before his auditory. Circumstances 
 led to my seeing the nianuscript. It consisted of brief unconnected notes. Tht^ .subject 
 was. however, so impressed upon his mind, that he never faltered for a word, or used one 
 out of f lace, or inappropriately. 
 
 He was present to plead the cau.^e of literature, not from the sentiment of the gain he 
 might derive from the working of the legislation he advocated. He had no long period to 
 look forward to in this world. He held a lucrative otfii'C ; his future was assured ; and as 
 his will shows, by his prudence he had acquired a competency. He entered the lists to 
 record hi.-, protest against the injustice of the proposed law. He was actuated solely by 
 the desire of protecting the man of letters. He held (hat it was a narrow view to regard 
 a public writer as the mere producer of a marketable article, as a bread-winner. It is th(^ 
 argument of the trader who profits by this bestowal of thought and labour, and of the 
 politician who desires to conciliate the favour of a (ilique, or to turn on his side interests 
 which may conduce to his success. It lan never be the thought of a man of a high tone 
 of mind, who recognizes the political consequences which result from the enunciation of 
 principles, and of historic^ facts, brought into prominence with truth ami ability. One of 
 the persons who advocated the claim of the "trade" and acted with the clique which 
 strove to influtnice the policy of the (rovernment, had the imput'ence to affirm that 
 
62 
 
 WIIjLIAM KIN(iSKO|{l> 
 
 " the author is but one of the factorf. that entor into the making of a successful book ; 
 the pubhsher with his wide and varied connection and ready fiioilities for handling is 
 frequently as important a factor as the author, imd proh pmlor ! occasionally more so." 
 
 We all know one phase of this " handling " lo use the expvessioi of this person. Who 
 has not been subject to the importunities of the book pedlar, often a young and pretty 
 woman, with the prtty tricks of sex, engaged to palm oft some ill-written, usi'less book, 
 with flash binding and prints of strong situations : a matter of profit to the publisher, 
 pedlar and all concenu'd, from the wretched hack writer, upwards or downwards, as you 
 place him ; his share being the smallest in the division. 
 
 What is the object of a copyrights It is twofold. In the first phue to protect the 
 writer, who gives years of concentrated, unti.ing labour to a work of recognized merit and 
 utility, also to the honourable publisher who embarks his capital iu the production of the 
 work. In such cases .su,:cess is not obtained at the beat of drum ; the attention which 
 the work receives is not immediate. The recognition of its merit is a question of time, 
 and whatever the character of the book it is generally a matter of expense and ell'urt to 
 bring it to the notice of the public. It is to assure these legitimat.^ results, aimed at by 
 author and publisher, that a proper period of protection should be granted, during which 
 special privileges are accorded, so that the author may receive the reward due tf» him 
 lor his exertions, and the publisher be remunerated for his enterpri.se and labour. 
 
 The proposed copyright act limited the period of protection to twenty-eight years. 
 
 It contained also the astounding provision that publishers in Canada should have the 
 right of reprinting any work published elsewhere, unless the work in question were 
 printed and published in the Dominion within one month of its first appearance. 
 
 Sir Daniel brought the whole force of his character and reputation against such an 
 enactment. The limit grauted me to address you will not permit me longer to dwell upon 
 the subject, but I will venture to lay down the principle which in my humble view a 
 government in framing a copyright act should observe. 
 
 No copyright act should be passed from the im/ielmt given to its provisions by " the 
 trade" only. A«i Sir Daniel recommended, the government should address itself to this 
 society, and to the universities, so that tlie public writer may be regarded as something 
 higher than the " factor " that he has been claimed to be, by the class which desires to 
 profit by his powers \\ithout fairly remunerating him. 
 
 Ilis presence before us last year was a purely chivalrous advocacy of the cause of 
 literature. If the course followed by him on that occasion had been destined to exercise 
 auy influence upon himself, it would have been to his disadvantage. Its tendency was 
 to raise up around him a small swarm of scribbling wasps, who, themselves unknown, 
 come upon men of emim-nce to inflict their sting, and fly back to obscurity. In his career 
 two strongly defined principles are discernible: his moral courage and constancy of pur- 
 pose. Not the courage of the swash-buckler ; for, free from impulse, it was sustained by a 
 sense of right, by belief in his own convictions, and by reliance on the justice of the cause 
 ht* represented; courage tempered by judgment. 
 
 As president of Toronto University he had one of the most diflicult duties in life to 
 fulfil. His position placed him in contact with some hundreds of students of different 
 temperaments in the first Hush of feeling, " youth at the prow, i)leasure at the helm," 
 when the judgment is unformed and impulse takes the place of principle. They are no 
 
fi^ 
 
 IN MKMOJMAM—SIU D. WILSON. 
 
 68 
 
 longer boys, and (ho sell-assertiou to be hc^ld as men does not alwayh take a wise ibnn. 
 There an' times when (coercion must be direct and vigorous. But ordinarily the exercise of 
 authority must be that of suasion, based upon the resjjcct and esteem obtainable by those 
 who enforce it. The discipline; mu.st be lirm, but it must be maintained with gentleness. 
 Teachers of equitation will tell you that a tight rein and a light hand form the beauty of 
 a rider. We all have heard the remark of Louis Philippe that the government of France 
 was to be conduited by an iron hand in velvet glove, "Z« wuin de Jer danx un ganl de 
 velours.'" While Sir Daniel, like us all, was subjected to his share of criticism, he obtained 
 great moral inlluence with all classes; his opinions always exacteu respect, aiul his per- 
 sonal character iu any crisis was one to make itself felt. With all his gentleness he did 
 not falter on what he h<'ld to be the onward path he should follow. He acted as if guided 
 by the advice given by the Cum;eau Sybil to iliueas, "contra (iiukntior ilo." 
 
 At the time of Sir Daniel's death it was said that the destruction of Toronto Univer- 
 sity l)y lire on the 14lli of February. ISl'O, was one of its remote causes. There is no 
 grouiul for the statement ; it is simply a rhetorical assertion coined by some writer 
 desirous of giving interest to his narrative, and it was never accepted as truth. Sir 
 Daniel undoubtedly felt the great loss experienced on that occasion ; but his was not a 
 nature to be subdued by calamity, it was essentially one to rise superior to a reverse. 
 His career showed that while he was the most gentle of men, and was never known to 
 originate an altercation, he did not hesitate when the interests he represented were assailed 
 to come lorward ])oldly iu their defence. He was not aggressive, but he never shrank 
 from what he held to be the discharge of his duty, whatever the personal claim upon 
 himself. The interests of the university on many occasions were as^uiled ; Sir Daniel was 
 always foremost in their defence, acting vigorously and unhesitatingly. He was not one 
 to succumb to grief; iu place of yielding to misfortune his strength of character led him 
 to strive energetically to overcome it, whatever form it might assume. 
 
 AVhat, however, may be said is, that in my humble Judgment his continuous unre- 
 laxed elforts to re-establish the university, and it is not a stilted phrase, as a " phoenix from 
 its ashes," did impair his health. His labours for the last three years were remaikable. 
 Their success can be read iu the achievement of his attempt. No line of his epitaph should 
 be plai'ed in greater prominence than the rei'ord of his devotion in reintegrating the insti- 
 tution with which he had been .so long and so worthily ideutiiied. of which he was then 
 the head. That he morally rose equal to the occasion is as indisputable as it is undis- 
 puted, and that he so acted at the expense of his health is equally true. 
 
 He had arrived at a time of life when he recjuired ease ; his circumstances were such 
 that he could readily have attained it. He could have retired from the university with a 
 liberal acknowledgment of his service. His tastes would have suggested an occupation 
 both congenial to him, and which could have been leisurely followed. He could have 
 wandered through the ancient cities of Italy, and in many a spot have identified the 
 loculity of the renowned events of the previous centuries. While creating for himself an 
 agreeable study he would have added to oar national literature. He had the entree into 
 a society, the intercourse with which iu his circumstances would have been a continual 
 charm, where he would have found those who possessed his tastes, to interchange opinions, 
 such as Cicero has recorded in his tract to Alliens " De Seneclvle " and to L(vUm " De Aniicitid." 
 He rejected this temptation, and I cannot doubt that in moments of weariness and depres- 
 
64 
 
 WILLIAM KINGSKORD 
 
 sion it crossed his mind. IL; remained at his post to fulfil the dutios which hv held it 
 was incumbent upon him to porlbrin, rt'f^aidless of Iho ooulinual striin upon his health 
 and physical energies. I can conceive that in this way his lile was shortened, lor there is no 
 reason why t^ir Daniel should not have lived as long as Ilallam or Tennyson. 
 
 I cannot close what I have here said without (expressing the hope that the spirit 
 which Sir Daniel Wilson endeavoured to infuse into university educaUon will not be 
 allowed to pass away. 
 
 There are grounds for belief that the purpose and intent of a university career are not 
 in all directions regarded in their true character, and that there is a tendency, both in the 
 hiuh .schools and universitie.^, to depart from their legitimate sphere. Are we not intro- 
 ducing too many subjects for study, and these not always of an elevating character ? Is 
 not the tendency to impart some superiicial acquaintance with many brai";hes of know- 
 ledge, each of which demands many years of patient research to be thoroughly known ? 
 Thoughtful men do noi regard the precincts of a college as a te ;hnical .school by which 
 professional facts can be learned. The primary duty is llie training of the individual 
 mind and character of the student, by implanting precepts of truth and honour, by I'ur- 
 nishing strength of principle to withstand temptation, by inculcating a refined love of 
 literature, by fostering self-reliance and the belief that knowledge can only be attained l)y 
 careful and patient effort. The university should implant the conviction, that concentra- 
 tion of thought and undivided attention, the opposite to that diffused vagueness with 
 which so many are satisfied, are essential to success in every walk of life You thus build 
 up the iiuUvidual character in moral vigour ; you create true views of the mental applica- 
 tion which can alone lead to success, and without which no good result is attainable. 
 You form a centre of primary knowledge, a basis for future diligence, around which you 
 can coil the technical reading, and experience, and facts which constitute the professional 
 attainments, by means of which the battle of life can be fought out, aiui a career success- 
 fully followed. You may look through the recordsof literature, of science, of art, of politi- 
 cal life; you may probe the history of those who have attained eminence, I care not what 
 the career has been, you will find that success in each case was not attributable to imperfect, 
 uncertain, feverish, dissipated exertion, but to careful and conscientious study, directed 
 within the limit of the acquirements by which reputation and fame have been gained. 
 
 I venture on these few remarks because 1 conceive they represent the principle 
 which guided the conduct pf Sir Daniel Wilson. It is to be hoped that those who direct 
 and control our universities will not lose sight of their obligations in this respect; that 
 they will recogni/e the duty of forming primarily the individual and moral elements of 
 character by sound, healthy instiuction, rather than eniourage a general and imperfei t 
 acquaintance with .several subjects, which from the limited time devoted to each pursuit, 
 can only be trifling and superficial, and only leave behind a neljulous, umiertain trace of 
 vain effort. Whereas the principle of steady disciplined industry will, with a high 
 standard of what is attainable, bring with it the contempt of charlatanism and pretension, 
 and implant that sentiment of truth, honour, devotion to duty and self reliance, which 
 will prove a support in the hour of trial and misfortune, or dignify and ennoble pros- 
 perity and high station if they be obtained. 
 
 I fear that my attempt to pay this last mark of respect to our late colleague may 
 appear to many insullicient and unsatisfactory. Those who were his personal friends and 
 
IN MRMOEIAM-SIR D. WILSON. 
 
 68 
 
 were brought into frequent contact with him, who experienced his constant kindness, cour- 
 tesy and gentleness of manner, bearing these virtues in remembvance, cannot but feel 
 great personal sorrow at their loss. The members of this society have to regard his public 
 character end to consider the light by which Sir Daniel Wilson must hereafter be viewed. 
 His truth and integrity, however strong a feature in his character, did not appertain to 
 him alone. His claim upon our memory must be foimded on his scholarship, his rare 
 knowledge, his industry as a man of letters, his independence of mind, his sense of duty 
 as the head of a university in directing and controlling to the extent he could command, 
 the higher education of the youth of his province. In this view he exacts universal 
 respect. What higher tribute can we pay to his memory than the assertion that his life 
 presents a career of unselfish usefulness and honourable effort, persevered in to the last, 
 which we will all do well to imitate. 
 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 No greater liomaKu was ever paid to the more generous and elevated system of education, at that date it mtist 
 be admitted weakened by many imiwrfections, than the renowned linofl to Eton by the Marquis of Wellesloy- 
 Tliey were written in liis 82nd year, some six montlis before his death, at tlie close of a career of almost unex- 
 ampled i)rosperity and success. He raised the dignity of his family to a British i)eerage, and in his liTth year 
 was appointed governor-general of India at a critical period. Although his policy had been vigorously ansailed, 
 it finally receivwl full recognition for its wisdom. Twice he was viceroy of Ireland ; he waa the personal friend of 
 his sovereign ; and lato in life was a member of the Melbourne administration. His family alike obtained the 
 highest consideration, his brother Vicing the great Duke of Wellington. 
 
 With all this glory and prominence he clung in thought to the training and discipline, which he hold had made 
 liim what he had been. The lines have been contiidored as written by Lord Wellesley for his epitaph. To my mind 
 they must be regarded as being equally an expression of the feeling he entertained of the early intiaences by whicli 
 his character liad been moulded : 
 
 " Fortunft rerumque vagis exercitus undis 
 
 In gremium redeo, serus, Etona tnum ; 
 Magna sequi, et SHmrare mirari culmina famre, 
 
 Et purum antiqutc lucis adire jubar. 
 Auspice te didici puer; at(iuo in limine vitre 
 
 Ingenuas vera; laudis amare vias. 
 Si qua meum vitie decursu Gloria nomen 
 
 Auxerit, aut si iiuis nobilitaret honos, 
 Miuieris, .Vlma, tui est : Altrix da terra sepulchrum 1 
 
 Supremam lacrymam da ! memorenKpie mei." 
 
 I beg leave to append the following attempted translation ; 
 
 By fortune driv'n and fate's wand'ring wave 
 
 Iiate, Eton ' to thy bosom I return : 
 As boy, beneath thy auspices I learn'd 
 
 To follow what was great, and to admire 
 The topmost heights of fame, and brilliance pu'e 
 
 Of ancient light : on life's threshold, too, 
 
 The noble path of true praise to pursue. 
 If in life's course my name has gain'd some fame 
 
 Or any honour hath ennobled it 
 Oh, foster mother, thine the gift : grant me a grave 
 
 And to my mem'ry let the last tear shed be thine. 
 
 Sec. II., 1893. y.