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 1 
 
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 6 
 
-z ^i^-^i^^twr 
 
 PAMPHLET 
 
 ON — 
 
 Reform Organization 
 
 CC>NrAI\ING 
 
 1.-HINTS ON REFORM ORGANIZATION.. 
 
 2.--F0RM OF CONSTITUTION FOR 
 
 (A) POLLING SUBDIVISION COMMITTEES; 
 
 (B). MUNICIPALITY associations; 
 
 (0 ELECTORAL DISTRICT ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 3.-INSTRUCTI0NS FOR CORRECTION OF ASSESS- 
 MENT ROLLS AND VOTERS' LISTS, WITH FORMS. 
 
 4.-C0PY OF CONSERVATIVE HINTS ON ORGANI- 
 ZATION. &C. 
 
 J. 
 
 1882. 
 
M 
 
I^RIVATI!. 
 
 EIIISrTS 
 
 A8 TO 
 
 REFORM ORGANIZATION, 
 
 In township municipalities the extended area of polling subdi\i- 
 «ions is of itself a sufficient reason for providing a complete poUtioai 
 organization for the working of each one. While for some purposea 
 these organizations may unite and form municipality and also elec 
 toral district associations, still the chief portion of their work lies in 
 their own subdivisions, and the great tost of theii success is to be 
 found in the results at their own polling places. 
 
 The law has subdivided the electors into convenient numbers for 
 organization, canvassing, and polling purposes ; and the printing and 
 distribution of the Voters' Lists have greatly facilitated such work. 
 
 In view of the fact that a change of a very few votes in each 
 polling subdivision would in most ridings turn defeat into victory, 
 it is impossible to over-estimate the vital importance of immediate 
 and thorough organization of polling subdivision committees. 
 
 In the form of Constitution that is to be found at page 6, special 
 importance has been given to subdivision committees and their work, 
 whilst their officers form the backbone of the munioij^lity and eleo- 
 toral district bodies. 
 
 Even in ridings where township and electoral district organiza- 
 tions exist, it is of the first importance that the provisions suggested 
 in the Constitution, as to the annual election of suMivision com- 
 mittees, theii officers and dutios, should be adopted and incorporated 
 into the existing systems, with such modifications of the latter as 
 may be necessary. 
 
 By reference to Article VII. of the Constitution, it will be seen 
 that provision has been made for seeing that the assessment roll 
 should be made right in the A .-ssor's hands. The first duty of 
 polling subdivision committees will be to look after the -aext asses*- 
 
4 HINTS ON OIIO.'VNIZATION. 
 
 ment, which will be commenced on 15th February, 1882, bec.\us8 
 it has been announced by the Conseratives that it ia probable thi'> 
 elections will take place on the Voters' Lists of 1882. It is a gn-al, 
 mistake to leave all corrections to be laado on the Voters' Lists l.y h, 
 J udge, when many corrections can properly be made by the Assessrjr, 
 
 If the Assftssor should refuse oi ncglott to do his duty while tiho 
 roll is in his hands, it may bo well to anpeal to the CJourt of Revision 
 in all cases whcry it is believed that surh refusal or r( gleet ^auld be 
 made right, thus often saving an appear to the Jvdge. 
 
 The last chance of completing the correction of the Voters' Lists 
 is before the Judge, and the Executiv 3 Cominittee of the munici- 
 pality should take that work in hand afti'r the subdivision committees 
 haTo prepared the particulars for complaints. 
 
 In this pamphlet, at page 10, some useful instructions and formi 
 will be found, which will furijish infonnation as to both correction 
 of Assessment Holls and Voters' Lists, 
 
 It is always important to enlist the services of the younger m^n 
 of our party, for even if they have not votes, they soon will have; 
 and they throw themselves with energy and zeal into their work. 
 
 The subdivision committees should; meet occasionally to discuss 
 the political condition of their divisio;i, with a constant view to its 
 improvement They sl'ould be on thc^ alert to ascertain the political 
 views of new arrivals, and should als(, make out a list of those elec- 
 tors who might be converted to sound; principles by being furnished 
 ■with the right kind of reading matter, 
 
 * 
 
 When an election contest arrives the conjmittee should strain 
 ever}' nerve to poll the last Reform vc-te, just as if the election were 
 depending (as it often does) upon the -esult at a single polL 
 
 During an election contest, the tubdivision committee should 
 meet often enough to go over and ov 3r their Voters' List to ascer- 
 tain that every vote ht»s been personally canvassed, and to make 
 arrangements for renewed and continual canvass of all doubtful 
 voters by parties who art most likely to have influence with them. 
 
 Some days before the polling the conmnttee should hold a meeting, 
 to which all antive friends should be Invited; and at that meeting 
 
HINTS ON ORGANIZATION. 5 
 
 *yery Reform voter should be placed upon somo list, to Tm; give i in 
 ohargo of a committee man or active friend, wI>o8<! duty will b© to 
 see that the voters on his list are polled. Two copies of each of these 
 lists should be made — one for the party in charge of the voters; the 
 otlier for the use of an agent at the poll, who will from time to time 
 iiicito those in charge to attend to their work. 
 
 At this meeting volunteer teams should bo called for, and their 
 particular duties should bo assigned to each. 
 
 In order that Reformers may be fully warned of the system upon 
 which their opponents are working, there are published at page K^ 
 certain hints and advice, which were recently distributed among tJi© 
 officers of Conservative Associations throughout Ontario for their 
 guidance. Those Tory hints siiould be carefully perused by Ro- 
 formors, with the double object of being placed on their guard by 
 knowing the tactics of the enemy, and of adopting and acting upon 
 any of the suggestions that may seem wise and proper. 
 
OOISrSTITTJTIOJS 
 
 or THS 
 
 REFORM ASSOCIATION 
 
 OP Till 
 
 MUiNIClPALITY OF 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 SUBDIVISION C0MMITTC£9. 
 
 There shall be in each Polling Suljdivision of this maniclpalitj ft 
 
 Subdivision Committee, to be chosen annually on the day of 
 
 by the Reformers of the subdivision, wlio shall fix itt 
 
 membership at such a number as they may consider best adapted to 
 
 secure the proper working of the subdivision. 
 
 [Note. — It ia rnggented that the meeiing for ehoosing the luhdivwion row- 
 mitf^en should be fixed for a iltiy either tmcanU the end of thf. calendar yar, or 
 uot later t/ian the second Wednesday in January, \f ajter the 2fetD Year.] 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 OFFICE/iS OF SUBDIVISION COMMITTEES. 
 
 The officers of each Sul>division Committee shall consist of • 
 Chairman, Vice-Chairman, and Secretary, who shall be elected from 
 among its members by the coiuiuittee, at its first meeting, to be held 
 iiumediately upon its selection. 
 
 ARTICLB MI. 
 MEMBERSHIP OF THIS ASSOCIATION. 
 
 The membership of this Association shall consist of all elector* 
 «r residents in this municipality who belong to the Liberal Party of 
 Canada, and who have expressed a desire to be placed on the list of 
 members. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 OFFICERS OF THIS ASSOCIATION. 
 
 The officers of this Association shall C(.>nsist of a President, two 
 Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, and a Treasurer, who, together with the 
 Chairmen, Vice-Chairmen, and Secretaries of each Polling Subdivisiou, 
 shall constitute the Reform Executive Coamittee of this munici- 
 j)ality, 
 
€X)NvnTUTION. 
 
 lUOTtOlf OF ASSOC! MION OFflCmt 
 
 Thn officnra of thin AH8o<nation shall ho elected at thft iinnuaf 
 general nie<;ting, to bo nold on the day of (being two 
 
 weeks after tho njeetinga for tho election of tlba Subdivision Com- 
 mitt^ees), and may be chosen from among members of the Associatioa, 
 provid«<l that members or olHcers of the Subdivision Comniittcef) 
 shall not bo disqualified to be selected oiHccra of thif Associatiou. 
 
 ARTICLB VI. 
 
 £UCTOflAL DISTRICT *SS0ClAJ10tt. 
 
 The Executive Committee of this Association and of the other 
 Reform Associations in the Electoral District of 
 shall together constitute a Riding -^r County Association, whoaa 
 annual general meeting shall be held at on tho 
 
 day of (being one v^ek after annutd general meeting of 
 
 this Association), and a Preside ,t. two Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, 
 aiid a Treasurer, shall be elected thereat 
 
 ARTICLE Vlf. 
 0UTIE3 OF SUBDIVISION COMMITTEEa AMD OFFICERS. 
 
 It shall be the duty of each Subdivision Committee 
 
 1. To have a special meeting in January of each year \a arrange 
 that all Reformers are properly assessed, and especially that farmers* 
 sons, who may have come of age since tho previous assessment, aic 
 added on the roll. The Assessor should be requested to make the 
 proper additions to the roll ; but if he neglects or refuses, appeal* 
 may be made to the Coi'rt of Revision. 
 
 2. To have another special meeting, within one week after the 
 Voters' Lists are printed and posted up, to decide what Reformers 
 are entitled to be added, and what opponents' names should be 
 struck otF. 
 
 3. To furnish to the Secretary of this Reform Association for 
 the municipality of , within one week after such special 
 meeting, a complete "'?t of the names of those to l)e added and to 
 be struck off. with the full particulars of the grounds of complaint 
 in each case. 
 
i OOKOTITUTIOW. 
 
 4. To increase the memberRhip of the mcr'.cip*! Amodation, mmI 
 to promote the circuUtion uf Liberal newsr^p^rs and Uteraturai 
 
 9. To arrange for a thorough canvMit of Uie labdivuuon, aud • 
 
 complete polling of the party vole at any election. 
 
 6. Tiie Ciiairr 'tin and Secretary shall make and sign a full report* 
 to the President of this Assooi'ition, of tho work done by the Sulv 
 division Committee, on the first day of September in each year, or 
 oftener, when called upon by tlio said President to do ao. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 Dums Of ofnc£ft8 aho iXECujive committce of this AssoctAnoM. 
 
 1. It 8hall be the Oriy of tho President of this Association to 
 exercise a constant supervision over tho organization and working of 
 tho Polling Subdivision Committees, and to soc that their duties, ■• 
 laid down in Article Vli,, are promjttly and accurately performed. 
 
 5. Tiie President and Stcretaiy shall make and sign a full report 
 to the President of the Electoral District Association, as to the state 
 of the organization and the results of the work done by each of the 
 Subdivision Committees, on the first day of October in each year,'or 
 oftener, when called upon to do so. 
 
 S. A special meeting of the Executive Committee shall be oalled 
 immediately upon receipt by the Secretary, from the Subdivision 
 Committees, of the lists of names to be added to or stiuck off from 
 the Vctei's' Lists ; and it shall be the duty of such meeting to go 
 <^',rcfully over such lists and to make snch corrections therein as may 
 }»e considered n(icessa.ry, and whenever the reports from any subdi- 
 vision are incomplete or wanting, to examine tho Voters' Lists and 
 supply such defects or omissions as far ca possible. 
 
 4. The Executive Committee shall also at such meeting make 
 complete arrangement for tho giving notice of complaints, the sum- 
 moning of witnesses, and the presenttttion of the appeals before the 
 Jttdgo. 
 
 ft. The Executive Committee shall exercise a general control over 
 politi(al matters in the municipality, and chall promptly carry out 
 any decision arrived at by the Electoral District Association, 'v.dth. a 
 ▼iew of selecting the candidate to contest the constituency in the 
 Liberal interest at any electioii. 
 
 • ' 1 
 
fa 
 
 GONSllTimOv^ 
 
 AKTICLI II. 
 
 \, Yhn Elcctom) Pistrirt AxROc-iatiovi shall cx^rcisn m control OTer 
 u>att«n oi general political imj)ortance to the oonstitufncy, and its 
 Oificvni fihaP also mountain corniuuuicatioa cud advise with the leaders 
 of the party when necessary. 
 
 3. Special meetings of the Eloctoral District Association shall 
 be held whenever it becomes ncccssarj to consider or decide upon 
 the selection of a Libera! candidate for Parliament ; and it shall be 
 tixe duty of the President to call a special meeting at any time, upon 
 the written request of any ten meml<:r3 of the Electoral District 
 As»oci(f .00. 
 
 8. The Electoral District Association »r>ay from time to time 
 watkfi nch regulations as may be by them deemed best for the proper 
 represei tuition of the Liberal electors of the "onstituency, in the cboio 
 «)f the caiididate of the party at any Parhtt -utary election. 
 
 ABTICr,', X, 
 
 BY-LA W9 AHO HOUa Cf 0/iO£». 
 
 Each Polling Subdivision Committee, eAch MunicipA! Reform 
 Asa>ciation, and each Electoral District Reform Arsociation, may 
 make wUch by-laws and rules of order as may be deemed nectessaxy 
 to carry out the objects herein set forth, and may mak« such pro- 
 visions as may be deemed best to provide the Qecew>ary funds, either 
 b/ Toluutary subscriptious or fixed ftei. 
 
xJsrsa?mJOTio3Nrs 
 
 FOR 
 
 THE CORRECTION OF THE ASSESSMENT ROLLS 
 
 REVISION OF VOTERS' LISTS 
 
 IN EACH POLLINQ SUBDIVISION, 
 
 In addition to Directions given in Articles VII. and VIII. of the 
 Constitution for Reform /issociations. 
 
 »-•-<•»-»♦- 
 
 (f>) 
 
 I__Whilo the recent iniprovements in the laws as to Voters' Lists have- 
 greatly facilitated the work of correcting them, it would be a mistake not to 
 exercise eveiy precaution, both in having the proper persons entered byltha 
 assessors upon the assessment rolls, and in having erroit in the rolls rectified 
 as far as possible by the municipal Courts of Revision. 
 
 II. _The following dates are important in this connection :— 
 
 (a)— The Assessor is to begin making hia Roll not later than the 15th 
 February, and to complete it by the 30th April, and to return it to 
 the Clerk on Ist May. 
 
 - In cities and towns the Council may provide that the assessment 
 may be made between the Ist July and 30th September fir the 
 following year. 
 
 (c)— County Councils may pass By-laws for taking the assi ssmont in 
 
 towns, townships and incDrporated villages bet« .^en the 1st February 
 
 and 1st July, 
 (rf)— Notice of appeal from Assessment Roll to the Court of Rcvi?ion 
 
 must be given to tlie Clerk within 14 days after the return of the 
 
 Roll. 
 {(•)—Th9 Court of Revision to sit only after ten days' notice has been 
 
 given, <and to be finished by tlie 1st July each year ; except in cities, 
 
 towns, or villages, when the Court shall be closed in six weeks from 
 
 the time of retur.iing the Assessment Rolls. 
 (/)— An appeal may be had to the County Judge from any decision of the 
 
 Court of Revision. 
 
 („)_-Within 30 days after the final revision of the Assessment Roll the 
 Clerk shall make up from it, and print and post up and distribute^ 
 the Votdi-a' Luita. 
 
INSTUUOTIONS. 
 
 u 
 
 (^kj—Notioe in writing of objections to Voters' Lists shall be serreii 1>}' 
 
 the Clerk within 30 day;j after the posting up of the Lists in hi* 
 
 ofBce. 
 
 III.— A committee for each Polling .SalK^iviBio^ shonld have in charge- 
 
 the looking after the Assessment Rolls as well aa the preparation for the 
 
 subsequent correction of the Voters' Lists, and should first meet in Jannnrj 
 
 of each year to consider what new names can be properly kanded in to tha 
 
 jaeessors, and to arrange for that being done. 
 
 IV._Tho qualifications n^ceasary to entitle a person to be entere<l upoi» 
 the Voters' List are briefly as follows : 
 
 (a)— To be of the full age of 21 years. 
 
 (6)— To be the bonA JUlf owner, tenant, or occupant of real property 
 assesHcd, in cities, for $4vj ; in towns, for *300 ; in viUageb and 
 townships, for $200. 
 
 (o)-A joint rating must be double these amounts to give either party a. 
 vote. 
 
 (d)- An income from trade, calling or profession, of $400 per annum. 
 
 (e) - t^armers' sons resident on their fathers' or mothers' farms where tb 
 assessDient is sufiicient to give all votes. 
 
 v.— A copy of the Assessment Roll for each Polling Subdivision shonkl 
 be procured, and the V oters' Lists should be carefully gone over, name by 
 name, by the committee, at a meeting thereof, to be held within one week 
 after the Voters' List is printed and posted up, to which as many reliable 
 workers as possible should be invited to attend by the Chairman and Secre- 
 tary for each Polling Subdivision. 
 
 VL— The Subdivision Committee should ascertain from the List the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 (o)_Wliether the Christian and surnames of friendly voters are coiTect.. 
 
 (6)_What persons on the list have ceased to be the owners or occupantsr 
 of the property in respect of which tiieir namea. are on the Voters' 
 Lists, and whether they still reside or not in the Electoral District. 
 
 (f)_V-liat persons have, before the time of revision of the Assessment 
 Roll, become owners or residents, in order that their names may be in- 
 serted, and the fonner owner or occupant's name struck off the list. 
 
 (d)— Ascertain and remove from list all persons who are under the age ot 
 21 years, or are aliens, or are disqualified by law, such as all Judges, 
 Customs and Excise Officers, Clerks of the Peace, County Attorneys, 
 Registrars, Sheriffs, Deputy Sheriffs, Deputy Clerks of the Crown 
 Crown Lands Agents, Postmasters in cities and towns. 
 
 <«) -Ascertain what friendly persons, especia'ly Farmers' Sons, entitle*! 
 to vote, have been omitted from the list, and the assessment 
 
13 
 
 DfSTEUCTIONS. 
 
 ■ conclusive as to the value of the property or income in respect of 
 which they may claim to be eutitied to vote, and the Judge o*a 
 determine tiicir value on proper evidence oiTered. 
 
 (/) — Ascertain and have struck off all doubtful persons whose names h»T» 
 beec entered on the list, and are not eutitied to vota 
 
 Immediately after due examination of the Voters' Lists by the Polling 
 Subdivision Committees, and when they have ascertained and reported to the 
 Secretary of the Reform Association for the municipality, what persons 
 hould be added or struck off, proper notices of each objection must be 
 given io the Clerk of the Municipality, or left at his office or residence before 
 the 30 days limited for this pui pose. The notices should be given in the 
 name of a person entitled to vote in the Electoral District. 
 
 Tlie forms requsi+o for each kind of objection are sent herewith, showing 
 such blanks as are required for names, etc. 
 
 T)ie Judge of the County Cjurt will appoint a day for hearing the objec> 
 tions, when the Executive Committee and a legal adviser should attend with 
 witnesses and evidence tc sustam their notices. 
 
 I> 
 
14 
 
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 HINTS FURNISHED Br the CONSERVATIYE LEADERS 
 
 roB 
 
 The Formation and WoiiKiNii of Conservative Associations. 
 
 In forming an Association, th? chief thing to gujxrd against is its remaining 
 one simply on paper. To avoid vhis, the greatest car? must be used to select 
 good officers. Oidy active and energetic men should be chosen. Filling the 
 offices with mere figureheads dest/oys the efficiency of many Anaociatious, It 
 does not by any means follow merely because a man is popular and a zealous 
 Conservative that he would make u good President or Vice-Pre» ident. While 
 such men are useful, thoy should i\ot be selected unless they are also men of 
 actire business habits, with strong wills, and who will timet upon the work 
 being done. 
 
 In canvassing persons to join the Association, every exertion should bo 
 taken to bring in all the young men and lads possible, whether of age an* I 
 having votes or not. Thoy all havt their associations and connections, and 
 when enlisted, their energy will be found inv aluable in the work of the Asso- 
 ciation. It should be their especial duty to see that Ccnservative Incomo 
 Franchise voters and farmers' sons aro on the roll and vote. 
 
 Attention is called to the necessity of having the assessors do their duty 
 when they are preparing the rolls. 
 
 1/ the Assessor is a Grit, watch firn. Their party invariably appoint tht 
 ■most ene.r<jetic and uiMcrapulous part' tarn as assessors. After Che assessment i; 
 ■compJftc.d (SOth April), the rolls should be rei'ised by t/ie Chairman and Com 
 jrnittee. 
 
 In the event of an appeal to the County Judge in respect to the Voter*' 
 Lists, it will be found the best plai. to submit the management of the appeals 
 in the whole nmnicipality to one man responsible or the work. This, how- 
 over, only refers to seeing that notice is proporly given, and managing the 
 case« before the judge. It is the duty of the Chairman of eaoh subdivision to 
 see that his Committee ascertain evjry friendly name omitted, and every vote> 
 improperly on, and give every assistance »nd instruction to the person entrusted 
 with the management of the ap2)ealij, 
 
 Special care sho M be taken by each Chairman to ascertain those persons bt 
 his division who take no newspapers, a>\d to at once endeavor to tjet them to sub- 
 scribe/or a Gomervatine paper. Every effort should be made to substUtUe a Con- 
 servative /or a Jfe/ortn paper. 
 
 Each Vice-President should boo that the Chairman of e»ch •ubdiviaiou i< 
 provii'ed with Voters' List*. 
 
« CONSERVATIVE HINTS. jg 
 
 The Chairman and their Committee should work up their respective 
 aivisious as though they were an association by themselves. 
 
 The Vice- Presidentr .honld be particular in requiring reports from the Cliair- 
 man of the div.mona, as that will be found to result in the more careful per- 
 tornmnce of the work in such divisions. 
 
 It will be found useful for each Chairman to have meetings occasionally of 
 the members of the Association resident in his section, to discuss matters of 
 mtercst, and to see what is being done. 
 
 It is a mistake to give the nomination to a person who will not accept it 
 It should always be ascertained before a man is placed in non7ination that he 
 will stand If nominated. If he declines, it frequently deters others from 
 accepting, and places tlie eventual c, .didatein a false position. 
 
 Copies of the Voters' Lists should constantly be kept on hand, revised and 
 annotated. 
 
 When a new resident comes into the division, his views should at once be 
 ascertained, and every effort made to get him to join the Association, or 
 pledged to the party. 
 
 The Association should never give the nomination to a man unless it is 
 definitely known that he v. ill accept and fight it out to the bittei end. 
 
 If the party is weak in a comtiMiency, the only way to increase its strength is 
 to dHermme to win it; to keep this object steadily in view, a.id to fight every 
 election. No Grit should ever he allowed to he returned by acclamation. The Reform 
 majority in Glengarry in 1872, and for thirty years previous, was over 1,200, but 
 by dmt of work it was turned into a Conservative majority of 6% in 1878. 
 
 It should be the duty of the Chaiman of the Convention for the nomina- 
 tion of candidates to impress upon the delegates the nature and responsibility 
 of their duties. The question before them is, "Who is the strongest and most 
 available man of the party ?" They should approach this question in a judicial 
 spirit. Personal Hkes and dislikes should be abandoned and sectional jealousies 
 should not bo entertained. A man may be strong and popular in his 
 township and vicinity, but unknown and perhaps unpopular in others. Each 
 delegate should ask himself the question, who is the strongest available man 
 to contest this constituency ? and for that man it is his bounden duty to vote 
 even if he does not know or dislikes him personally. Upon the impartial 
 decision of the delegates must, in almost every instance, depend the success of 
 the party. 
 
 The attention of the Conservative electors throughout the Province is 
 called to the following points : 
 
 It is probable that the next ger^eral election for the Home of Commons will 
 take place on the Voters' LisU of 1882, which wiU be prepared from the asse 
 
20 
 
 rONSERVATIVE HINTS. 
 
 nwnf. riilU fn hp mndfl during the course 0/ the cominij wlnfrr and farly *pr'm(f, 01 • 
 pomhiy the fkdioix /or the. L'yUlativti Autemhlij may take place on the name lixtn 
 
 Our frieiiils are thervforo eariKwtly reqncHted to attend cnrcfully to tlu 
 matttT of thoir own asscriMinont, ami *n notify tliouo voters wlion: tlit y know 
 to 1)(3 friiinilly, in ordur tliat they also may see tliat tlio asutiaaor ifkcus 011 tlu 
 roll all such names au aio entitled by law to be on. 
 
 WV' Aa/v, unfortunatehj, 00 mvrh reaaon to believe that ip to%rnxhip$ wlun 
 euseMMorn, partiaans of the Reform jto-ttj, are appointed, yrr^-s and drliberatf- 
 injunlicf it done m our Conxermitive frietidn, and enn whe, ' ' ;: amnxorH are 
 Cuniiervatii<e ourf-imda ahould ijiiv their pernunnl ri/mtion to the matta; as the 
 aaaesaora may be unmlling to attend to what the voter himself neijleita. It ia often 
 Orit poliry to me Conxerrittivf (ownahip oj/icera by tuj'porting them for. the jmr- 
 pose of prtvcntimj aijpeals, etc. 
 
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