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A • GLOBE, ^t V ■ I ll: J\ JUST PUBLISHED. ftf^ MacKinlay's Map OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES. Peautifully Colored, Moupted on Rollers, and Varnished. •:•> ♦ •^iZE, 5 FEET (J INCHEfci BY--4rP^KT"4 INCljES. if* >^ ■ :ii A '"^Pl liJii^l^Wj^'^ ^''^^ '* specific function to '"-^H v'i IF-AX /^o^t^^ucted according to tbo 1^ . ^•'i f* n i ^ • 0. %^JQ^^^'^,V^i\\^3c >iA JL^. ' iui: -i\ ,-^j / lc7-'t- 1 \ \ ff r /• immmmmtm ^J^Aj .-/^ , (T^nabinn OTfiptuighl (Pbitiott. A t^ M.^. INTRODUCTORY TEXT-BOOK OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION, BASED OX GRAMMATICAL SYNTHESIS. WITH APPENDICES TREATING OF FIGURES OF LANGUAGE AND PROSODY. A^ BY WALTER SCOTT DALGLEISH, M. A., EDIN., . ; / LATR ENGLISH MASTER IK. THE LONDON INTERNATIONAL COLLEUE. " • rHKSCIUBKU BY TIIF. CorNCrr, OK rriil.TC iNSTIUCTION FOR USE IX THE Plulic Schools ok Nova Scotia. NE^V EDITION-REVISED. \ v'» HALIFAX, X. S. : A. & W. M AC K 1 X 'on complex and compound 188G. ^^^ ^'^^ ^ specific function to wO, constructed according to tho i I W > ' \ i Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year 1883 By Oliver & Boyd, In the Office of the Miiiister of Agricultnre, Ottawa. • * , "HS NOVA SCOTIA PRINTINa CO. . W 4 PREFACE. B3 ■> This Book is intended as a eequel to the ordinary Text-Books on English Grammar and Analysis. It takes up the subject where anLlysIs leaves it; and as its method is synthetical throughout, its processes form the natural and necessary com- plement to those of analysis. The process of grammatical Synthesis which forms the funda- mental peculiarity of the work {vide § 55, et seq.), will be found to differ widely from the so-called synthesis hitherto in use. This latter process, which is little else than the conversion of a series of similar simple sentences into one complex or compound sentence, corresponds rather with what in the following pages is termed Contraction (§ 31), — an exercise which, however useful incidentally, neither requires great skill, nor conduces to much mental exertion. This work, on the contrary, aims at making the building up of sentences by Synthesis, as exact and useful a discipline as the breaking down ot sentences by Analysis is now admitted to be. Accordingly, in the following exercise?, — especially will this be noticed in those on complex and compound sentences, — each element in the data has a specific function to perform ; so that if tha sentence, constructed according to tho b b 0^6 5 4 PREFACE. given formula, wero to bo again analyzed, the relations of it3 clauses and parts would be the same as those in the formula. It is in this sense that the Synthesis here proposed forms tho exact counterpart of grammatical Analysis. Tlic process, it may be added, is simply that of nature reduced to a system ; for there is no one who, in making a sentence, does not, how- ever unconsciously, go through the same process of considering and combining the items of thought of wliich it is to be com- posed. It is hoped that, by this method, the teaching of English Composition, — hitherto the least systematic, and v ;icu professing to be systematic the least profitable, of school subjects, — may be rendered as valuable an instrument of mental training as English Grammar has of late become. A glance at the Table of Contents will show that this synthetic character has been maintained throughout the entiro work. It requires Words to be built into Sentences •, sentences into Paragraphs ; and (in the " Advanced " volume) paragraphs Into Themes. AViille this general outline has been adhered to, the usual details and applications of composition have not been omittnd, but have been systematically wrought into the plan of the work. Thus the often meaningless and loose exercise of filling up " elliptical sentences " has, under the head of En^ largemcnt (§ 33), been employed as a test both of thought and of grammatical knowledge. Transposition has been applied to the change from the Direct to the Indirect form of speech, which in classical schools may, in some measure, prepare the pupils for understanding the difilcultles of tho '* oratio ohliquaJ' Punctuation is treated of in connexion with each kind of sentence, separately. > I ^ f PREFACE. In the present Edition (tlic sixth), Part I., on the Sentence, has been remodelled, and simplified in tliosc particulars in "which it was found, from practical experience, to j)re.scnt unusual diiTicultics. Part II., on the Paragraph, has been entirely re- written. Here also the method of procedure has been very much simplified, especially in the direction of aiding the pup'l by supplying outlines of the Exercises which ho has to write under each kind of composition. In former editions of the work. Reflection w^s given after Narration and Description, as the third kind of composition. The author has seen cause to abandon this division of the sub- ject as inadequate, especially as it is diftlcult in practice to separate Reflection from the other two kinds of writing referred to. lie has therefore adopted from Professor Rain the tern Exposition as mure accurately descriptive of that kind of com- position whidi deals with abstract subjects. The author has further transferred to the chapter on Exposition the exercise known as Paraphrasing, believing that, in the case of young pupils, the Expanded Paraphrase is the best and simplest form in which the thought of a writer can be explained and amplified. The present volume closes with Summary, or Precis "Writing, an exercise which, as implying both analysis and synthesis, siands id the Theme. appropriately iph The chapter on the Selection of Words has been postponed to the "Advanced" volume, where it is incorporated with a new part treating of Style in its higher aspects. Whaiever it is important for pupils to know on this subject at the initiatory /, PREPACB. stage has been retained in the chapteni on the "Principles of Construction," applied both to the Sentence and to the Paragraph. Though the Theme or Essay is not systematically treated of in the present volume, the exercises in the later chapters, on the Paragraph, are really short Essays, such as are usually prescribed in Schools, and are fully adequate to test the powers of original composition of pupils in all but the most advanced clasiOA* Ii Ce ♦ ,f t CONTENTS. f laxBODrjcnoar, VAOt : 9 PART I.— STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES. Chapter I.— Preliminary Definitions and Processes, 1. Expansion, • • 2. Contraction, • • 8. Enlargement, • • 4. Substitution, . • 6. Transposition of Proso, „ of Verse, „ of Direct and Indirect Speech, 6. Punctuation of the Simple Sentence, . „ of the Complex Sentence, „ of the Compound Sentence, - II. — Principles of CoNSTRncrioN, • III. — Synthesis op SmpLE Sentences, • IV. — Synthesis op Complex Sentenc-es, V. — Synthesis op Compound Sentences, VI. — Original Sentekobs, . . • 10 13 14 16 18 19 2C 21 24 25 27 28 83 86 40 4^ r CONTENTS. PART II.— THE STRUCTURE OF rARAGRARIIS. fxan CnAPTEK I. — FliINCiri>KS OF CONSTKUCTION, • • • « 47 II. NAUnATIOK, • « 40 1. Ijicidcntal Narration, 51 2. Lcttcr-Writin;^, 51 3. Historical Narration, . • . • < 57 4. Biographical i.'arration, • • • < 59 in. — Di:scuirTiON, 63 1. Common Tliingf?, • • • * Go 2. Natural History, . • • • CO 8. Physical App<;aranccs, • • • C8 4. liemarkablo I'hicos, . • - • • « 70 rV. — Exposition, 72 1. Exposition of Propositions, or rarnplirnsc, 72 2. Exposition of Terms, . • . • . . V5 T.7-:S(nn:Aar, OB r^^cia, • • • • ..«. , * 79 IXTRODDCTOEY TEXT-BOOK 0» ENGLISH COMPOSITION. / 1. Tlie Art of rompo«5ition is rccriilatod l>y tlic laws of Ilho- torie, >> ' in its widest .sense, is the sciciu;e of tlic Expression of Th '^'lit. It will readily be understood that Jiheloric cpn- not si.^ 'y us with thoughts: tliesc the mind must originate for itself, f" ,.ithcr from the various sources within its reach, — as 'observation, reading, reflection. AVhtui, however, any one is possessed of information, or convinced of truths, which ho wishes to communicate to others, the science of Rhetoric points out to him the best methods of arranging, dressing, and giving out his material. 2. The most general dl /islon of the subject gives us two forms of Composition — I. Composition in PrinpR, II. CoMrosrrioN in Vi:itsii;. 9rA complete prose composition is in the following trentiso called a Tiik.mk. The divisions of a 'liieme, cac.i of which is devoted to a special jiart of the subject, arc cal' 1 Pauaohaimis. And every Paragraph is made up of 8i:ntknci;»' Hence thcro arc throe distinct steps in the art, re(piiring separate treatment :— 1. IIow to construct single Smfcncra, so as to givo tho best expression to every single tlHtught. 2. How tD combine sen ences into Parnrjraphs^ po as to give the best exjircs.^ion to a connected series of thoughts, 8. How to comi)ine paragraphs into a Theme^ 80 as to givd tho best oxpoaitiou of u whole Bubject. ill 10 COMPOSITION IN PROSE. 4. The first and second of these steps, — I. The Structure of Sentences, II. The Structure of Paragrapus, are treated of in the present work. The Structure of Themes, and Versification, are reserved for the Adrancod Toxt-iiook, which forms a sequel to the present volume. 'i PART I.— THE STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES. Chapter I.— Preliminary Definitions and Processes. 5. A Sentence is a complete thought expressed in words. 6. The essential terms of a sentence, — that is, the parts with- out which no complete thought can be expressed, — are the Subject and the Predicate. 7. The Predicate is that part of the sentence which makes a statement (verb) about so nething. 8. The Subject names (noun) the thing about which the atatcment is made. 9. The essential terms of a sentence may be thus subdividedju- SUBJECT. 11 PapPICATE. Attribute. | Noun. || Verb. | Complement. | Adverbial. 10. The Complement includes everything that completes the sense of an Incomplete Verb* 11. Tlie Complement of Transitive Verbs is called the Object^ because it names the object or receiver of the action expressed by the verb.^ {a) Some Transitive Verbs require a secondary complement, as well as the direct object ; as, The people made William (obj.) King (comp.). 12. These terms are of three degrees ; each of them may be. Isf, a Word; 2c/, a Plirase; 3^, a Clause. "^3. A Phrase, or element of tlio second degree, is a form of words containing no subject or predicate ; as, Spring returning. • 8eo " The. Progremve Eni)li$h Grammar" § 22, f For a fuller exposition of the divisious of Uiu Sentonoe, see the authot'f ** Qrammatical Analytii.** i 'i STRUCTURE OP SENTENCES. 11 14. Phrases are of three kinds, named according to the fiinO' tions they perform in gentences, viz. : — ■ Ist^ Substantive Phrase = a noun. 2c?, Attributive Plirase = an adjective, 3c?, Adverbial Phrase = an adverb. 15. A Clause, or element of the third degree, is a member >t' a sentence which contains a subject and predicate within itself; as, When spring returns. 16. A Principal clause contains a leading and independent Btatement ; that is, expresses by itself a complete thought. (a) In tabular analysis, priucipoi clauses are reprusentud by capital letters, A, B, C, D, etc. 17. A Subordinate clause explains some part of a principal clause. (a) It is reprcBented by a small letter corresponding with that of its principal clause, a, b, c, d, etc. The difTcrent dfo^rees of subordin- • ation are expressed by algebraic indices, a', a}, a^, etc. ; their order within the same degree by co-efficients, la\ 2o*, 3a*, etc. 18. Subordinate clauses, like phrases, are of three kinds, named according to the functions they perfonn in sentences, viz. ;— 1st, Substantive Clause = a noun. 2d, Attributive Clause = an adjective. dd, Adverbial Clause = an adverb. \ 19. Sentences are classified, according to the number, and the relations of their predicates, iuto Simple^ Convdex^ and Compound. 20. A Simple sentence has only one subject and predicate ; and is indicated by a single letter, A ; as, " At day-break, all fears were di spelled." 21. A Complex sentence has only one principal predicate, with one or more subordinate clauses. A, a'; as, "As soon aa morning dawned, all fears were dlspellep." 22. A Compound sentence has more than one principal clause, each of which may have any number of subordinate clauses, A, a\ B, ft\ etc. ; as, " As soon as morning dawned, all foar.s wer^ dispelled; and we saw the land, for which wo had bo eagerly watched^ within a few leagues of us." u M n 12 COMPOSITION IN PROSE. 23. In a compound sentence, a principal claui?o, with its own Bubordinates, forms a complex clause ; as A, a\ in the last example. '' 24. Co-ordinate clauses arc those which are indepenrlent of each oilier, or have a common do|)endence on a superior clause. 25. Co-ordination is of four kinds : — 1. Cr.puhitivp, . expressed by and^ signified by -{- 2. Alternative, . ... or^ ... — 3. Antithetical, , ... hut^ ... X 4. Causative, .| - fr^Me, ... .-. 28. Fundamf.nta:. Law : — Every sentence must contain at least one independent Predicate. A form of words may contain so.veral pu1ij(^cts ami prndipatns, and yot not 1)0 a Kentciiec; as, " That Ik; had frequently visited tho city in wliicli lie was horn," — which, thouQ;li containin;:^ two distinct predicates, Ih not a Rcntciice. The cvhu:>o louudation \s iu thu dust ^ •t . i 'I STRUCTURE OP SEMTEKCES. 1. Expansion. 13 27. An cliMiient of a scntenco i.s said to be erpau^Jrcl w]\on it is cli;ii:[' (jrcat pi'udonco. 23. In exjiansion, cacli icord to ije expanded must 1)C clianired into its corrcspondiiij? phrase^ or clause; a noun into a .S//;- sfan/lre phrase, or clause; an ailjective, into an Altributive ])Iirase, or clause ; au adverb into an Adcerhial phrase, or clau-:i',. 2'D. Tlic proper connecting particles to introduce phrases aro prepositions; e.*;., 1. JSuhstaut/'re Phrase. — Tliis is generally an Infinitive; as 'J\) extend human happiness is the aim of tho philau- tliropist, = tlio extension of human happiness. 2. Atlrihittive Phrase. — Ho uas a man of great learning^ zs: a verv learned man. 8. Adcerhial Phrase. — He acted with jitdginentj = judiciouslt/. I'ut many phrases havo no conr.cftinjx ivvrtielcs; as His tidiirt rin'»rri (rniii) was tlie causu of liis death; Winter njij^iruadiing ^on the appioucU of winter), he returned to town. 4 Exercise 2, Expand the words printed in italics in the following sentences ; into phrases :-:;-,^.^^^^^^:.^ .....;, ui c,^ -r -^ JL 1. Tho, girl finnsf iwetthj. 2. //.»/"','/ ts nno of tho fnonnc?t of vices, ft •>' ■ ,Tho (jnttt'fiil mind htvi'S to considiT tho hountios of I'roviih'nce. ^ t'«/^^(X*'\/!*, Wi'Jking is fiinihicive to health, 'k Very hrnve soldiers f(dl at Unnmx'k- M)Urn. ('). 'I li'.' Iiusliandman'fl trcnsnres aro renewed //"""/y. 7. ("lomwcll neted Ktcruhj and lrncfi wan tho cauaw of hi.s luiu. \J Loonidus fell |//ciriciu«(^ at rhurntopyhio. 11 M I \ 14 COMPOSITION IN PROSE. 30. The proper connectives to iitroduce clauses are t).e sub* ordinative conjunctions, and lelaiive pronouns; e.g.., 1. A Face — that, what, why, how. 2. An Alternative — wliether, or. 3. A Contingency — if. . I. Substantive stating, II. Attributive describing, Ii A Person — who, that. 2. A Thing — which, that. ; 3. A Place — where, wherein. [ 4. A Time — wbei^ w hereat. I. Place. II. Time. III. Ad-^ verbial of Where, wh'thsji, whence. , When, while, whenSVefT^ ' 1 . Likeness — as, as if. III. Manner. ■< 2. Comparison — as (much) as, than. 3. Effect-— (so) that. ' 1. Reason — because, since. 2. Purpose — (in order) that, lest (neg.). 3. Condition — if, unless (neg.). 4. Concession — though. IV. Cause. - V Exercise 3. ^v Expand the words printed in italics in the following sentences into clauses : — 1. Quarrelsome persona are despised. 2. We manure thefficlds to make them fruitful. 3. The manner of his esrape is ft profound mystery. 4. Komc persons believe the plahets to he inhabited. 5. Truly loise philosophers are even rarer than verif learned scholarfl. 6. lie answered contemptuouwly, helievinq himself to have bc-;u insulted. 7. No one doubts the roundness of the earth. S. Jlis guilt or innocence is still uncertain. 9. With patience, ho might have Bucceedod. 10. The people, seeing ao many of their towns- people fall, were exasperated beyond all sense o^ danger, il. The battle having been concluded, the general began to estimate his loss. 12. Tlie barricadt being forced, the crowd immediately r ashed out. 4^ \ 2. Contraction. ' 31. This process is the converse of expansion, and ma7 be perlormod, — 1. By converting a priacipnl mto a subordinate clanse; as, ^ / / 8TRUCTURE OP SENTENCES. u The sea spent its fury, and then bf.camk calm, (ex- tracted) When the sea had spent its fury, it became cahn. 2. By converting a subordinate chuise into a phrase ; as, The sea, having spent itsfury^ p.kcamk calm. 3. By converting a phrase into a single word; as, The exhausted sea blcame calm. \[^ Exercise 4. Contract the following Compound into Complex sentences: — 1. He descenclcd from liis throne, ascended tlie Fcafl'uld, and said, "Live, incomparable pair." 2. I took them into the garden one summer morning, and showed them tw yonng applc-tnes. ami said, " My children, I give you these trees." 3 The light infantry joined the main body, and the enemy retired precipitately into Lexington. 4. .lust give me liberty to ipeik {condition), and I will come to an explanation with you. 6. lie was a worthless man {cause), and therefore could not be respected by his snli'"ets. 6. He arrived at that very monitnt {nefiatlve cofulltion), or I should inevitably have perished. 7. Kgypt is a tortile co 'ntry, and is watered by the river Nile, and is annuaily iimndated by it. 8. It thus receives the fertilising mud which is bntiight by the stream in its course, and derives a nehness from the deposit which common culture could not produce. 9. Thomas a IJecket coni|ileted his education abroad, and returned to England; he entered the church, and rapidly rose to the grade of Archdeacon. .! Exercise 5. ^ ' Contract the following Complex into Simple sentences: — 1. As he walHed towards the bridge, he met his old friend the captain. 2. When he hjjA spoken for two hours, the member resumed his seat. 3. The ground is never frozen in Palestine, as the cold is not severe. 4. 'I'he choice of a spot which united all that could contribute either to health or to luxury, did not require the partiality of a native. 5. There are ninny injuries which almost every man feels, though he do'^s not complain. ■ 6. 8ocrates proved that virtue is its own reward. 7. Cromwell f(dIowed little events before he veiitur«;d to govern great ones. 8. When darkness broke away, and' morning began to dawn, the town wore a strange aspect indeed. 9. After he had sujipressed this ccmspiracy, he led his troojis into Italy. 10. The ostrich is unable to fly, because it has not wings in proportion to its body. . 82. Contraction may also bo pcrlormed by omitting, in a oompound gentence, elements common to different clauses; af^ 16 CO^fPOSITTON IN PROSE. "Welllngtoii was a fi-reat general, and MavlLnrongli also was a great general : (Cuutracted) Wellington and Ma'lboiough were great generals. Exercise G. V- Contract the folloK-big senif^nces.^y omitting elements common to cVJhrcnt clauses :— : ■^^f/m' 1. Plato was a frroat p1nl is a fierce animal, the hyena is a .>^olita)y animal, and the hyena is litund chielly in the desolate parts oi' the torrid zone. 5. 15aptism is a sacrament of the Christian ("hurch, and the Lord's i-^uj.iv.'r is n sacrament of the Christian Cliureh. C. The Cun sliines on the good, and the sun shines equ illy oi) the bad. 7. Of all vices, none is more criminal than lying* of all vices, none is more mean than lying; and of all vices, none is mure ridiculuus than lying. 8. Alfred was wise, and Alfred was good ; Alfred was a great sehoiar (not only), and AUrcd was one of the gicatest kings wnom the world has ever sctu. i ^._^ 3. Enlargfmknt 33. An clement of a sentence is said to Le enlarged when there is added to it a new word, plirasc, or clause, expressing an I be additional idea 1. fSim])lc) A prudent man is respected. 2. (Enlarged) A in-udent man is vioal respecTed by his fellows when he is also generous. Exercise 7. Enlai^oe the following sentences by the addition of words or phrases : — 1. Alexander was the son of Philip . 2. years have passed awav (vhrasc of t'vie). 3. Kohcrt Prnce — • — , '''id in 1329 "^ ? 5. The 4. Have y<'ai ever considered the wonderful structure - penoral resolved to give battle {dotivc coniplcmoU'), (tr.nr). fi. The master accused his clerk { {tiiuc). 8. Tlio earth — — moves round the sun 4 " — T "L-. men I STRUCTURE OF SENTENCEg. 17 il — — — . 9. The ship set s.^ilj — ■— (absolute phrase). Imprisoned vhcn). 11. The eiiLiiiy began their attack 10. Bonnpjorte was (place) - — -' (time, hoiv long), where he died -P*^!i me (itli^tilnte phrusr). 12. (purpose)', and they are built (material) Churches are erected - that they may Ljt ji_ Exercise 8. Enlarge the fmowing sentences by the ajidition 0/ Surstantive Clauses : — 1. The king conld not nnderstand . 2. I am more Tvilh'ng to give , than to ask , 3. * <■ doth appear in this. 4. Wh< n tlie trial is concluded, we sliall know (alternative). 5. We believe , and . G. It has often been observed . 7. is right. 8. After the accident, the chihlren gathered round their father, and asked (coutiii(jent). 9. He conij)Iains of our being late, but lie did not tell us . 10. I have tried every means, but I cannot tlij-.cover . 11. is a traitor. 12. Though wo have sought him everywhere we cannot tell . Exercise 9. _^_ Enlarge the following sentences by the addition o/ Attributive Clauses : — 1. I sliould not like to be the man . 2. The house has been burnt. 3. j i.ave often wished to revisit tlie place . 4. The clergy- man ^ied yesterday at the very hour . 5. lie could not have anticipated the fate . 6. The motives V — an; diHicult to understand. 7. John Wyclitfe died in 1384. 8. We bad not proc<;e(led far wlien a shower overtook us . 9. The treaty of Aix-la-('bapelle was concluded in 1748. 10. lie need not hope for that success . 11. The statenu-nt does not ajjrce with tli.it . 12. They can- not look for the protection of the government . fu^s^^M^ '^' \'^' Exercise 10. '"^ L i Enlarge the following sentences by the addition q/*ADVERDiAL Clauses:- .J^t.^ K^^*^- . 1. He had just completed his work (time). 2. It wf s not known ■^M'^^tJS* (pJacc) nwiW (time), 3. We are often so beset by tempi, ^i.m - (effi'ft). 4. The righteous shall flourish (lil-oirss). b. (ioven.- ment has offered a reward for the rebel (concesr.ivn). 6, He will Buceeed (conditinn). 7. He n.Aii-.1. have succeeded (cinnlition). 8. He will have siicceeded before .. -j '^'.av, (miulitiou). 9. He will not succeed ('oudition, ver/at,. and ajfirmntiveh/). 10. He would not have succeeded (condition, uCf/atirely arid (tllirmaticflif). 11. The evils of war are greater (comparison). 12. The king iittcd out an expedition ■— — (concession) —^ — (purpoie)^ i B * HI \ . d I '■'■ .. , 'iolcnce thou fear'st not, being such T As we (not capable of death or pain) Can either not receive, or can repel. — MUton, {(. They heard, and were abash'd, and up they Bpnmg Ujjon the wing; as when men wont to watch On duty sleeping found by whom tliey dread, "Rmso and bestir tbcmBclves ere well awake. — MtUon* „^' J \\i % ■ i si STRUCTURE OP SENTENCES. lU 6. TTiat yon do love me I ideeace, by your hatred of oppression, by your weariness of burthensomo ami useless taxation; by yet another appeal, to which those must lend an ear who have been deaf to all the rest, — I ask it for yotir families, for your itifants, il you V( uld avoid such a winte' of horrors as the last. It is coming fast upi'n \ou; already it is near at hand. Yet a few short weeks, and we may be in the midst of those unspeakable miseries, the re oUectiun of which now rcnda your very souls." Exercise 15. Tk A N'.« POSE /rom the Indikkct to the Direct ybrm.*— 1. Mr Canning said, that the end which he had alwa\ s had in view as ■!)i* le'ritiin'»tc object of pu>"suit to a Miitish statesmnn. he could dcicrlhc ill one nor I. The language of the phil(w)pher was difiurtelv biamvoleut. It profosi.'d rht! amelioration I'f the lot of all nmnkind. He IiojhmI that his he.'irt Iniat as high towards other nations of the earth as that of nny I'uu who vaunted Ids philjintliro|>v; but he was Contented to confoBH tluil the maiu ojjjjooi oi Ui« ooutuupLitiun wan tko ijiienMit of :lngUnd. 8TMUCTUKE OF SENTENCEB. 2. The temper and character, said Mr I?urke, which prevailed m onr cilonies were, he was afraid, unalterable by any human art. They could not, he feared, falsity the pedigree of that fierce peopl'^, and ixjrsnade them that they were not spriuifj from a nation in whose veins the blcnxi of freedom circulated. The language in which they (the colonists) would hear them (the House of Com inons) tell them this tale would detect the imposition; their speech would betray iliem. An Knglishman was the n»ost unfit person on earth to argue another Englishman into slavery. 8. In his speech at the trial of Warren Hastings, Mr Sheridan said, that whilst he pointed out the prisoner at the bar as a projnjr object of punishment, he begged leave to observe that he did not wish to turn the sword of justice against that man, merely because an example ouglit to be made. Such a wish was as far from his heart, as it was incompatible wit'i equity and justice. If he called for justice '.ijxm Mr Hastings, it vvas i»ecause he tliought him a great delinquent, and the greatest ol m11 those who, by their rapacity and oppression, had brought ruin on the natives of India, and disgnico upitants of viroat Hritaiu. Whilst he called for justice upon the pritioner, he wished also to do hira justice. 4. Sir Robert Peel, addressing the students of the University of nia>»sow, asked whether he said that they emild command suc( c-s without dillicultv? No; dillieulty was the condition of success. " Dillicnlty is a scvt-re instructor, set over us by the supreme ordinance of a parental guardian and legislator, who knows us better tiiau we know ocrselves, as he loves us bciter too. He that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves, and Hhar|>eus our skili. Our antagonist is our helper." Tlntse were the ineiuoi-able words of the first philosophic statesman, the illustrious r.dmund Hurke. lie (Sir Robert) urged them to enter into the amicable Conflict with dilHctilty. Whenever they encountered it, ihey w«re not io turn aside; they were n(»t to say that there was a lion in tlie path; but to res(dvo ujnm mastering it: and every successive triumph would inspire tluMn with that confidence in themselves, that habit of victt/ry, which Would make future conquests easy. 5. Sir Edward Hulw<;r l-ytti»n said ho now pi-oceeded to impresg on them tile im|)ortance of classical studies. He would endeavour to av(»id the set phraKes of declamatory panegyric which the subject t.h in the languor with which they w<'re approached. Did they think that the statue of ancient art was but a lifeless marbit;? Let them aniniate it with their own young breath, and instantly it lived and glowes,i he consi{lere<\ the vanity ol grieving for those whom we must quickly follow ; whert heXtxV kings lying by those who deposed them, when he considered rival wits laid side by side or the holy men that divided the world with their contests and disputes, h^.^ reflected with sorrow and astonishment on the little coiupetitions, factions, ftud debates of mankind. V" '' 6. Punctuation. •^^'^^9. Punctuation is ihe art of indicating, by me.'ins of point* wn:it members of a sentence are to be conjoined, p*nd whu members are to be separated, in meaning. (a) It 18 a secondary use of Punctuation to indicate where the chief pauses are to be made in readinf? aloud. These pauses are naturally made where the meaning is divided; but tliero must often be pauses where there are no points, as there are frequently points where there need be no perceptiljle jiauses. 40. The Points made use of for this purpose are :— The Period, The Comma, , The Semicolon ; The Colon, : The Dash, ~ The occasional points — tlio use of -^hich is sufficiently in- dicated by tljcir names, — ^are : — The Mark of Interrogation, P . ; The Mark of Exclamation, I ' Quotation Mark8, "...." Brackets, or Parentheses, (. . .) 41. I.TiiK SiMi'LK Sf.ntf.nce: — I. When tlio sim])le elements stand in their natural or lOgical order (§ ^iG), the only jmnetnation required is a period at the close; as, " f visited every chamber l)y turjis." II. An Adverbial phrase at the beginning of a sentence is generally followed by a tomma; as, *' JJy night, an atheist ball believes a god." III. Parenthetical Connpctivos and Vocatives are enclosed between comvim ; as, *' His master, however, has dismissed Liui ;" " This, ray Iricndj, is our only chance of escape." IV. cnclosi V. other junctio of the proud, 1. O. ft 2. On is a \v. e>>aei»ti autho) •A style it rt'sci iiip ,at Btorios this \V\ be on tlicir t Br;lilud' I. ' in cor II. clause ncctc( Bubdii his ft 111 « Thf IV to tlu CjloHi STRUCTtrftE OF SENTENCES. ^H 5 TV. Appositional plirases following their nounn aic generally enclosed between cunnnos ; as, "Thackeray, the author •f Vaif'ft/ Fair, died in 18G3," V. Co-ordinalc words and phrases are separated from each other by commas, unless they are in pairs connected by a con- junction; as, "They came on the third day, by the direction of the peasants, to the hermit's cell;" "He was reserved and proud, haughty and mnbitious." Exercise 16. Supply the proper Points: — -" 1, Our dear fiiond the General in his last letter^mortlfied menoi a little. 2. On his dcpMitiirtr I presented him with a piece of opium. 3. Man Sir, is a weed in th'ise ref^ions. 4. The nation too, was now fur the first time \J^ e^acntially diviijod in point of character nnd principle. -♦•5. Cioldsmitli. the v^ autliur of the J)c.ii'rtt'd I'lilatjevf rote with perfect elegance and ht-anty in •A style of mellow tenderness riiid elaborate simplicity. G. Much less did-^ it resemble any known herb weed or ilnwer. 7. A premonitory moisten- ing, at the saints time overfloiJvfd his nether lip. 8. Nevertheless strange stories got about. 9. Mr Spe.ilcer 1 rise to move the second reading of this Hill. 10. In a few ila\ s his Lordship's town-houso was observed to bo on fire. 11. Our ancestors were nice in their method of sacrificinf? tlicir tender victims. lH. Give niu Master Zimmerman a sympathetio 8r;lilude. / . ' 42. II. Tun CoMPLKx Sentence : — I. The rules for simple sentences apply to individual clauses in complex sentences. II. kSiibordinate clauses arc separated from their principal clauses, and fiom one another (unless when very closely con- nected in meaning) by commas ; as, " As my heart was entirely Biibduod by the captivating strainjTl had heard, 1 foil down at hi.s feet." III. When a clause is/rcstrictive,* no comma is needed; as, ** The soul that sinnrth, it slndl die." IV. A utnultcr of .sul) mlinate clauses hearing the same relation to the priiu'ii ai elan.sc, are separated from one another by semi- CjlunSj anw-sii|rDrerH,wh() was lamentinf» his own hurd i'ltJuH it not plory cn')U}r|, for you^ays lie.tliat you die with Phocion.^ j.^^ 4. If we omsider our own country in its natural aspect without any 6f the benefitKy and iwlvauUi>i;es of commerce;wliat a barren uncomfortable Hpot of earth falls to our ahare. { 5. These unhappy |>«'ople were prop *^ "- of eho Or slionl insidious hri^iik nftt their career, And in lu>>su fruginentg iling them tloating roan^ ■ ■■tfUfc^*!! "WV ' fJ ' U ' l i i i 'JM il i iiuMJ — .^ Si lon- i'lit luir my lof STRUCTURE OF SENTESCEg. 17 \ 43. TTT. Tnr, Compound Skntenok: — I. 'V\\o nilcs for simpli' ;iii(l complex sentences apply to simple aii'l i'l.iiijilcx clauses in C()inp»iiiii(l sentences I . (D-ordinate clauses are generally separated hy a semicolon ; ft<, "The Ljenius niaUin;j^ nie no answer, 1 turned about to address iiivs(dl" to him a second time; but I found that he had left me." III. When two clauses are simple, and neither of them con- t;nns a connna within itself, a corninn may he used to sei)arato them : as, " Every man desiretn to live long, but no man would be (dd." IV. When an independent clause is appended to a sentenco without a conjunction, it is preceded by a colon ; as, " To reason with him was vain: lie was infatnati'd." V. In contracted sentences, the onjissions are indicated hy commas; as, "To err is human; to forgive, diviuo." Exercise id. Supply the proper Pointa : — 1. It may seom a little tixtranrdinary that iiotwltlistaivlinf:^ his oriiclty his fxturtiori his viuKNice liis aj^ljitr.iry adiiiinismUiiip this prince not only acquired the re;:c'iid nf his sul)jt!<*t«',hut never was the rt})j(!et of their haired 111' seems oven in some degree to have possessed to tlic lust their love and alleetion. '2. The siicces': of their enterprises was suitable to the diversity of their character-; and was uuitormly inllueneed Ity it. ' 3. (til versation enriches the understanding hut solitude \f the school of eciiitH and the uniformity of a work denotes the hand of a single artist. 4. The mind of Clovis was suseeptihh' of transient fervour*, he was ex- asperated hy th(! patiietie tale of the |»assion and de ith of Christ, and in- stead of weitrliiup the salutary consequences of tliat mysterious sacrifico , he exclaiine I with iudiseretit furv^i'id I hi'en present nt the head of my valiant l-'raiikH I would lia^ reveiitred his ii juri'S. f). The .\rians uphraided the Catholics with the worship of three godn,' tlie ("atholii'.s defemled their cause hy iluoloj^ical disfinctiona ;nnd tho usual ar^ritmeiitH ohjeetions and replii s were r^ verhiiated with ohstinato cluneair till the kiiii; revealed his seeivt apjueheasions hy un ahrupt hut decisive question which he nddressinl to the orthodox hishcqi^clf you truly nrufesK the CUriblifw religion why do you not restruiii tlio king of tho rrttukf* ,^ # W '\ 28 coMrosrrroN in prose. 6. Nor only tlirough tVie lenient air this change Delicious, breathes the penetrative sun* His forc^deep-dartiiig to the d;irk retreat Of vegetatioii;8ets the steaming power At large to wander o'er the verdant earth/ Iji various hues hut chicHy thee, gay g»'cen Thou smiling Nntun-'s universal rohcj Jnited light and shade"whL're the sight dwells With growing strength and ever-new delight. 'i' f: Chapter II. — Principles of Coistruction. 44r S^ijp*hesis is the converse of Analysis. The latter is the l)re iking down of" a sentcnc<; into its |)art.s ; the tornier is the buildinj^ up of parts Into a whole. 45. In constructing a sentence, the first care must be to make it complete. Every sentence must contain at least one indepen- dent ))redicate (§ 2G) ; and every predicate must have its sub- ject distinctly expressed or clearly iniidicd. 46. In arranging tiic subordinate n)cmbers of tlie sentence, care must be taken to connect cxi)lanatorv words and phrases with the words which they ex])lain. This is the quality of clf'arni'ss. It may be destroyed, — \st, by disLica'ion, or the unnatural separation of menihers tiiat arc closely connected in meaning; or, 2upcrstition»^' ) M PRINCIPLES OP CONSTRUCTION. 29 nl H : a i > Thla may mean eitlierof two things, — (I.) that Home had at a former time ruled over the natinns " by tlie power of superstition," and now resumed that power; (2.) that liome had fnrmerly ruled over the nation:^ by some oth' r power, — that of conquest, or of imperial influence, — and now did so by a different pf>wer, that of superstition. The sentence, as it stands, most naturally be?! IS the former construction. ' > convey the latter meaning, it should stahd thus: '-Rome, by the power of superstition, once more ruled over thi prostrate nations." 47. Am])iguity frequently arises from the careless use of the pronouns, especially the relatives; e.g., — ** King John of France was led in triumph through the streets of London by the Black Prince, the son of Edward III., who had defeated him, and taken him prisoner, at the battle of Poictiers." Any one unacquainted with the historical facts would be doubtful, from the constructicm of this sentence, whether it was the Rlack I'rince or his father that had taken .John prisoner. The following arrangement would remove the ambiguity : *' King John of France, who had been defeated and taken prisoner at I'oictiers by the Black Prince, the son of Kdward III., was led in triumph through the streets of London by his conqueror." 48. Important modifications of a statement should be men- tioned before the statement itself. This applies especially to negatives, to absolute phrases, and to clauses of condition and concession; e.g., — " I have 7iever been in Vienna." " Thf king being dejd. a dispute arose as to the succcssiou." " If the secretary really wrote that teller, he is a traitor." " Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him." When the substantive notion is mentioned first, the mind is apt to conclude that it is absolutely true, it is the object of the above arrangement to prevent this en»r. For a similar reason, we prefix \ the attribute to the substantive ; as, a white rose, a black horse. \ 49. When a sentence contains a niimixfr of adverbs (words, phrases, or clauses), they should be difetributud over the sen- tence ; e.g.^ — "The Earl of Lancaster was thrown (1) into prison, ('2) shortly aftei the execution of the Karl if Keut, (8) at the instigation of Mortimer, (ly on pretence of his having consented to a conspiracy for the restoration of Edward II," m iM V 1 mmm mm 80 COMPOSITION IN PROSE, )ty Here we liave four adverhial ).li ruses, all relating to tTie Sflme verb, •' wan tln'owu ;" aiitl tliu clleci of lauffiiig tliein one after au'itlur at t'le end. is to nialce the sentence cumbrous to the sense, and iinimihicjil to the ear. The sense will be (•learcr. the sound more niclolinns, and the whulo e!!>(;t morr {rniecfnl, l)y grouping the adverlts round the princinal lu'jinlKrs ol' the sentence, thus: "■ Shoriy (tfkr the execution t>f the hurl of Kiut^ the I'arl of Lancaster was, nt the inHti^ed by the clause beginning with " while." 53. A sentence, periodx or loose, should not close abruptly, or end with an insignificant word. 1. It should not end with a postponed preposition ; e.g., — ** It (custom) is indeed able to form the man anew, and to give him inclinations and capacities altogether different from those he was born wilh.^' The last phrase should bo, ** from those with which ho was bom." 2. It should as rarely as possible close with the pronoun ^^it;" I i II.. V * /I 82 COMPOSITION IN PR08B. 1i " Let us first consider the ambitious, and these both in their progress to greatness, and after the attaining of it." Say, "after its attainment," or " after attaining i<;" for the construc- tion 18 not so objectionable when the pronoun is immediately preceded by a verb. 3. It should not close with an unemphatic adverb; e.g., — " Example appeals not to our understanding alone, but to our passions likewise." Here the adverb usurps the place which, in order to bring out the con- trast, properly kdongs to " our passions." It is stronger and naore elegant to say, " but likewise to our passions." 54. As regards expression, or the language of which a sen- ' tence is composed, the following rules will suffice at this stage of the subject : — I. Prefer simple words to those that are abstruse or unintelli- gible; e.g.,— "The inoculation of the political virtis embittered party feeling in England." Many ordinary readers would be puzzled by this sentence, who would understand the writer's meaning at once if he were to say, " The introduc- tion of the political poison." II. Avoid circumlocution, or a round-about way of expressing a simple idea; e.g., — ** Even at that period of time, the things I endured were not allowed to come to a termination." The sentence would be much stronger thus, •' Even then my sufferings were not allowed to terminate.'* III. Avoid redundancy, or the addition of words which the sense does not require ; e.g., — ** They ascended to the top of the mountain, and then returned hcTic again." A more forcible expression would be, " After ascending the mountahif thoy returned home." IV. Avoid tautology, or the repetition of a word in a different sense ; e.g., — / illt '¥ V PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION. 98 " Harrow from the accident o( position, Rugby of wealth, have risen from the humble position of charity schools, etc." The word " situation " might have been used for " position " in tlie first In.-.tance. The substance of these rules is contained in the general direc- tion, — "Aim at conveying the maximum of thought in the viinimum of words." Chapter III. — Synthesis of Simple Sentences. 65. A Simple Sentence, as already explained, is a sentence that contains only one subject and predicate. This single predicate must be independent, — it must not be preceded by any word which implies its dcoendencc upon another statement. The sentence must contain only one finite verb. All other verbs which it ib necessary to retain m'lst be turned into participles or infinitives. 56. In the following exercises in Synthesis, each element to be included in the sentence is stated as a separate proposition ; but only such words are to be introduced into the sentence as are necessary fully and clearly to express all the thoughts. 67. In working the exercises, the following directions are to be followed : — T. Write down the Subject on a line by itself. II. Write down the Verb on a line by itself. III. If the Verb is incomplete, write down each complement or object on a line by itself. IV. Write down the attributes beside the nouns to which they refer. V. Write down each adverb or adverbial phrase on a line by itself. VI. Arrange these parts according to the prhiciplcs explained ia the preceding chapter, 68. Example. (1.) The Propnsitioni. a. The king gained 8 victory. b. The king ruled Qver England (att. to svhi.), c The victory was a decisive one {att. to uoj.}, d. It was gained over the Scots [nth.). ' ' e. The battle was fought near Dunbar (arfu.). /. Dunbar is on the east coast of Scotlftnd '^oit to 0.). y. This took place in 1294 {adv,). •t>. li' 34 COMPOSITION IN PROSB, (2.) The Elements. Siihjfct, . The king {att.) of England Verb, . gained Complrm', a victory (att.) decisive Adverbs, 1. over the Scots 2. near Dunbar (a^^) ou the east coast of Scotland 3. in 1294. As there are three advarbials here, it is a case to which f 49 applies. We therefore begin v.ith tlie auTerb or time; and get, (3.) The Srvtmce. " In 1294, the Kinp: of En^'land gained a decisive victory over the Scots, near Dunbar, « n the east coast of iScotlaud." Wf ■/- 1. a. 6. c. 2. a. h. c. d. 8. a. b. c. d e. /• 4. a. b. c d. 0. 5. a. b. Exercise 19. Synthesis of Simple Sentences, %* The Subject and Predicate are printed in Italics. 3faJcoJm was king of Scotland. He was constrained to retire. lie had come too late to support his confederates {adv. phr. qfcaxue), I saw the Queen of France. It is now sixteen or seventeen ye»;fs since I saw her {adv. phr, of time). Slie was then the Dauphiness (oppositional phr.). I saw her at Versailles (adv. phr. of place). Edgar Atheling sought a retreat in Scotland. ■• - 11(1 was the Sixon lieir to the throne {appos. phr.). - • The insurrection on his behalf had failed {abs. phr.). He was accompanied by his followers [att. phr. to subj.). He had taken refuge in Scotland on a previous occasion {qnadv9fi)m He fled from the pursuit of his enemies {ado. phr. of cause). There wsm a conspiraq/. It consisted of two parts (adjective). Its object was to subvert the government (att. phr. to svij.) The conspiracy was di'^ b. c d. e. /• u. a. b. She was the king's cousin {nppoH. vhr.). This was to be accompllsji 'd with the assistance of the Sp.ni' Governmeut (adv. plir. of luaiiiier). The other pint was called the Hye {att. phr. to mibj.). It is also known as the Suki'uise, or the SuKPKibK Tkeason [ati. ph. to suhj.). This plot was led by Broke and Sir Griffin Markham {att. phr. U suhj.). Broke was brother of T^ord Cobham (nppos. phr.). This was a desi. time). He was then in the fifty-second year of his age («//w. fhr nftl. The European nations were conquered by the Itomans t^udv. f,i of maimer to h.). . "^ " ThiacHiKjuest had first cemented them info a whole(«W. tu " nations"). They had a second bond of union {adj.). It was a still firmer bond. .-^ They derincd it fmi.i ( lni-;tianity. This Christianity was ocinmou to them all {adj.\ \f'arenhe haeoilaud. lie had collected an army {adv. phr. tu a.). dS COMPOSITION IN PROSE. & It consistc(l (.f forty thousand nion {att. phr. to " army*^ d. He had levied it in tlie north of England. .,. His advance was unexpcctiid {aJv. to a.). f. He tPfis defaaUd by Wallace. g. The Enjilish army sutt'cred severely {odv. phr. of manner), h. The > attle was fought at Ciinbuskeuneth. t. Cambuskenneth is near Stirling. 12. a. Elizabeth was sister to Mary. b. The latter was anxious to involve the former in some appearanc* of guilt {iidv. phr. of purposf- to c). e. For this purpose «bo seized the opportunity of a rebellion. d. This rebellion had been headed by Wyatt [pnxs. alt.). e. Miirif ordered Elizabeth to be conunitted to tho lovveft /. When there she was to be examined. r(>r(Wr(/ thiiiiHclvefi irith thane preeiaus nntiiU which, in every coutitry, are the representatives of every commodity." 64. In the following example, the clauses are thrown into the fonn of separate propositions, the nature of each, and its relutiun to its buperior clau.^e, being indicated in the notes. Example 2. 1. Tlie ProjumtlonB, A. Tyrniniy would linvo ruled without control. Ic'. Tyianny was br« .ikin|x throuj^li all barriers on ercry favonrable moment (nit fa utihj.). 2a'. The noltility bad not In-rn free and bravo {adv. of condition), «'. The people were poor a:H Jisuniicd {adv, of tivnr). COMPOSITION IN PROSB. 2. TTw FJcmcnts. A. Snhjict : Tyranny, Verb : would have ruled Adverb: without control (laV) whi h was breik'nof thmn'iijh all birricrs on every fuvouruljla moiniiut, (2a'.) if the nobility had not been free and brave | (a^.) when the people were poor and disunited. 3. The Senfrnce. In accordance with § 48, we should be^^in with the clause o( Condi ti'in. At the same time we interweave wiih it the clause of time, wliirli tuoilifies it: and the following is the result: — " If. when the people were pof)r and disunited, the nobility had not been free and bravo, thdt t'lraninf which was breakincj throu^^h all barriers on every side, would haoe ruled without conlrul," Exercise 20. A. (With Connectives.) TT'story has frequently taup;ht me. Thi\t the head his the very next (day) been fixed upon a pole (siiht.). Which has ono day grnvn giddy with the roar of the million {att. to suhj.). The variation of the needle filled tho companions of Columbuf with terror. Which is now familiar {aft. io ftu^j.), 'I'luMigh it still roinuins one of the mysteries of nature {adv. of co)i cfftion). Into the cause of which the sapfaclty of man hatb not been able to penetrate {alt. to " mysteries "). Alexander VI. perceived the townsmen busy in tho market-place, pulling down a ligure from a gibbet. As he was entering a little town in tho neighbourhood of Rome {n 6. ''A. We may believe. la'. Thit Samuel venture-l on tho solemn step of anoiiitiin; DaviJ kiuj? {suJiH., ohj to "believe"). To'. After David had l)eeu .X' fl*. T h«^ people learned this {ii<.r. i>i lime). A. The people celebiated their triunipli by bonfirCB and public re» joicings. / ' i^c J, a*, I have an indifferent opinion of tlie vultrar {nulm. oh}.). \/H'^t''- a^. !^>fne merit rai-es the shunt of the vnlirar ((tft. to *' merit ")t i/j /fUi <'^ ' '" ''^''''' 1^5 1 to suspect that merit {ado. of ej/'tct), A. This I own. B. A. Clnrliis f^avo orders, i v'^t>t*». If/'. I'arliainent was suiiimcmi'd In ]C,2I\ {n(h\ of time). ^ (yjyt 2a^. The eustmnary writ vvas not to l)o sent to the Earl of UriHtol t (milfi. nil).). t.- . Franco. / i\.^4. \iH. Thev discussed N'ft|Kileon'8 measures with tho utmost freodoia f^ - {(itt. to "tri/.ettes"). ! (."liiA/U 2(1^. They utteri'd eurses, not loud, but Heto {att. to '* garottos"). //t^~' ^"'* ^'M"''^*'" '"^'' K"' pns-essi.Mi . A. Jcnlor.fiy and its const'quenceB naturally arise on the part of tin: sioveicicrii {Kuhx. <'l>j.). Tlic p-ovcninu'iit is cvervtliinjr {svhs. ohj.). The sulij«H;t is iiotliiiiij;' {siihfi. ohj. : coritr.). 1 lie crn.-at laiidid iiii-ii an^ in a mean nad depraved state, and stiltject to tiifiny evils (.inhs. ohj.). All this he lays down as a rule. The paranmunt cud of liheral study is the development of the sfudciit's mind {^uhs. ohj.). This development is aceoinplished through Bi'me exercise of the faculties {at/, to " exercise "). Knowledj;.! is principally iisclnl as a means of determining the ficultics to that exercise {suhs. ohj.). Thia 1 hold. \ fil b( C( Chapter V. — Synthesis of Compound Sentences. 65. A Compound .Sontoncc is a sentence which contains more than one principal Proilicatc, — each of which may have subor- dinate Predicates attaclied to it. In a compound sentence, a princij>al chuise vit'.iout subordinate clauses is called a simple clause, and corresponds, in construction, to the simplo sentence ; a priucij»al clause with subordinate clauses, is called a conijilex clause, and corresponds to tlie complex sentence. The loadin£^ divisions of the compound sentence, tlieref 're, arc dealt with in the same manner as siujple and ccunplex sentences. The only point of dilVerence that remains is the manner of connecting these principal members with one another. The relation between them i.s that of co-ordination ; nud the proper connectives are mentioned in § 'Ja. I-'or convenience, the signs which represent them may be rejeated here : — 1. Thesign-|-iiulicatescopidativo co-ordination, expressed hy and. 2. „ — „ alternative „ „ either, or. 8. „ X t. antithetical ,, „ but, therefore, for. C >» »» II II X tl n • • • II It • • • >l causativo n 66. In working the following exercises, onch leading member II ft n II of the compound sentence is to bo dealt with aa if it were iYNTllESIS OF COMPOUND SENTENCES. 41 \ simple or a complex clause. The proper connectives are then to be placed between them, and the compound sentence will be complete. (a) In the earlier Exercises (A), as in the case of the complex sentence, the connectives are supplied. 67, "^ Example 1. { With Connectives.) 1. T7ie Clauses: — A. The sentinels were wedded amongst the crowd. a\. Who endeavoured to prevent the people from trespassing on the parapet {att. to snlj.). B. And an officer was compelled raj)idly to retire. h^. ^''!io ordered the sentinels to drive the people down with their hayonets, not very prudently on such an occasion (att. to xnhj.). C. For the people would not be deharrni from pfazinp, till the last ^- moment, upon the hero, the darling hero of England. 2. The Leading Members : — A. The sentinels, who endeavoured to prevent tlie people from tres- passing on the parapet, were wedgeil amonj^st the crowd. B. And an officer, who ordered them mj drive the people down with their bayonets, — not very prudently, on such an occasion, — was compelled raj)idly to retire. C. For the people wouhl not be debarred from gazing, till the last moment, upon the hero — the darling hero of England. 8. The Compound Sentence : — " The sentinels, who endeavoured to prevent the people from tres- passing on the parapet, were wedged amongst tin; crowd ; and an officer, who ordered tlicm to drive the people down with the bayonet,— not very prudently, upon such an ociasion, — was compelled rapidly to retire; for the people would \w\ be (Ifl)arnMl trouj gazing, till the last moment, upon the hero, — the darling hero, of England." 38, Example 2. ( Without Connectives.) I. The Clauses: — a'. At times industry and the arts flourisli (att. to ••times"). A. In these times men arc kc|)t in |n'rpctnal iK-enpation. -|- 'J. They enjoy the oeeu|)ation itself as tin ir n;\vard. c^, 8<)mo pleastirtis are the fruit of tlnHr labours (iitl. to ohj.), •\-C. They also enjoy these pleasuieH as their reward (cuntr.), 8. The Leadinff .Members: — A. In times irhcn industry and the arts flourish, men are kept iu perpetual uccuputiou. f 1 I f iif COMPOSITION IN PR08B. B. And they enjoy a« tiieir reward the occupation itself. C As well a« those pleasures which are the fruit of their labours. 3. The Compouivd 'Sentence : — " In times when industry and the arts flourish, men are kept in perpetual occupation ; and enjoy as their reward the occupation itself as well as those pleasures which are the fruit of their labour." Exercise 21. A. (With Connectives.) 1. A. I may at least plead in excuse. laK If 1 accomplish the present task but imperfectly {adv. ofrovrlitinn). ^ la}. That the present task has not been previously attempted {siihx.\. Ji. And 1 therefore request. 6^ That you will view rather as the outline of a course of reasoning than as anything pretending to ''nislied arguniiiit («»/;«.). 6*. What I have to state to you on this subject {nubs, obj.j. 2. A. This might serve to teach the great. la'. If the great could be taught any lesson (ndn. of condition). 2rt'. Their glory stands upon how weak a foundation {subs, olj.), a^. VViiich is built upon popular applause {att. tu aubj.). B. For they as quickly condemn. 16'. As such praise (rtr/?\ o/"w««). 62. What seems like merit {nubs. obj.). 26*! What has only the appearance of guilt {siihs. obj.), 8. A. Johnson had seen so much of sharp misery. Ji. And Johnson had felt so much of sharp misery. ab. That Johnson was not afl'ccted by paltry vexations (adr '^ffjirct). -^ C. And Johnson seemed to think. c^. That every body ought to be hardened tf. these vexntimi-, ;is much. c^. As Johnson was hardened to these vexations {ai/i\ uj n / lime). o*. Which, however, to the disgrace of huuiuu uaiuro, uc do but seldom {(i(t. to a^). B. We are as happy for the moment. 6'. As they are happy {adu. of ile(fn'e), 'C. Our heart swells with real pK'asmo. 1). Our heart overflows with real pleasuro. E. Joy sparkles from our eyes. F. Joy animates every feature of our countennnco, and every cesturo of our Ixidy. O. (""oinplaceuoy sparkles from our eyes. JJ. Complacency animates every feature of our ponntcn.uifu and I ev'jry gesture of our body. •n* The claunca from C'. to H. to be contracted (g 32). i' • '« ■M SYNTHESIS OF COMPOUND SENTENCES; 49 ;pt in ittnn). 'iIju. ). oiling I, ret). luch. ) but "ture Htid r- A. 6. A. We prepare to meet the blow. ^ • B. And we think to ward off tiie blow. C. Or we think to break the force of the blow, ahc. When the blow is coining. ^' t/i. Wliat cannot be avoidoii {subs. obj.). J). VVe arm ourselves with patience to endure. E. We agitate (iurselves with fifty needless alarms about It, F. Hut the pang is over. O. And the struggle is no longer necessary. ffj. W'h^ii the blow is struck (ado. of time). JI. And we cease to harass ourselves more about the blow. h. Than we can help (atiw. of conip.). 6. A. A war is just against the wrong-doer. Wljen reparation for wrong cannot be otherwise obtiined (a-Jv vj time). But a war is cimformable to all the principles of morality then only. When the war is not likely to expose thw nation to the OTil? (ui/n. of time). Ry wliicli it is levied {att. to '• nation" ). Which it professes to avert (att. to "evils"). And when the war dtxjs not inflict on the nation nufTerings {ndo. of time). Which has done the wrong (att. to •' nation"). Wiiicli are altogether disproportioned to the extent of the injury (att. to "sufferings"). B. (Without Connectives.) I. a*. We do not discern many stars with our naked eyes {att. to "stars"). A. We see many stars by the help of our glasses. 6'. Our telescopes are the fiiu;r {(i(fr. of dtf/rre). (~ii. Our di.scoveries in that proportion are the more. i. A. We have great (U^ference for public opinion. b^. Jv)mething is gcKxl [att. to " that"). b^. Nothing but tliat can be permanently popular (auba. obj.), -^B. This we readily admit. A. I at first kept my nsual sihMice. 6*. Was it Mture like himsell than a Saracen? (svlm. alter.), XD. rp'iin till- kiii.'lit's ci>nii;riug me to tell him tliis, I coiu^x-sid i/i ceuiifeiiMiiee in the \h;s\ milliner I could. c'. Miicli might be »«. ubj). -f-C. I rejili d. a'. 8ir lJogi;r i- iMiidlord to ■ e whole congregation [nffv. uf TtUKo»_ A. Ho keeps the whole congregation in very good order. a\ B. h\ VA Vfl. 261. •db\ 4^. 1 . 44 COMPOSITION IN PROSE. ^"i^yi^* J h\ ti- \'B. -Vo. u +A • t, -/;. 4 W ' de. i . uy. 1a\ A. v-~ UK 2h\ » +B. iA'-^ Ici. g ' -f-2ci. '#t'Ax- 3c\ (-' xa 6 . Ia2. 2al a\ ,A. 6». P. bK «^V ■ +B. By cTiance he has been surprised -nto a good nap at sermon (adi). of condition). Upon recovering out of it he stands up. He li)oks about him. He wakes them himself. He sends his servant to them. He sees somebody else nodding {adv. of condition). A person looked on the waters only for a moment {att. to " per- son " \ /• The waters were retiring {tuhs. obj.). That person might fancy this. A person looked on tlie waters only for five minutes {att. to " person" ). The waters were rushing capriciously to and fro {subs. obj.). That person might fancy this. A person keeps his eye on the waters for a quarter of an hour {adv. of time). He sees one sea-mark disappear after another {adv. of time). The ocean is moved in some general direction {att. to "direc- tion" ). Then it is impossible for him to doubt of that general direction. Unavoidable difficulties might be expected from the nature of Columbus's undertaking {att. to "difficulties"). Other difficulties were likely to arise from the ignorance and timidity of the people under his command {att. to " such"). Columbus had to be prepared to struggle not only with the former difficulties, but also with such as the latter {subs. comp.). The early discovery of the spirit of his followers taught Columbu* this. He had discoveries in view {att. to " discoveries"). Naval skill and undaunted courage would bo requisite for ac- complishing these discoveries {ado. of comparison). The art of governing the minds of men would be no less requisite {subn. obj.). He believed. ' Chapter VI. — Original Sentences. ' 69. The preceding exercises afford sufficient practice in the mechanical construction of sentences, of which both the thought tnd the language ore supplied. The next stop in the course of instruction suggested in tiieso lessons is the writing of Original Beutencea, in which both the thought and the language shall be "\ 1 ORIGINAL SENTEN'CES. 45 <> tlic pupil's own. Tins may best be accomplisbcd by proposing questions, the answer to each of which sliiill be in the form of a complete sentence, — simple, complex, or compound, accGriiiig to the necessities of the case, the ability of the pupil, or the judgment of the teacher. 70. In performing this exercise, two things must be carefully attended to : — 1. The sentence must in ever)?' case be a direct answer to the question ; not a vague statement about the subject of inquiry. (a) Tliis will conduce to accnrncy of thinkinjr, as well as to precision of language. A loose answer should in every instance be rejected. 2. Every sentence must be grammatically complete. li must make complete sense, apart from the question. In other words, the subject of the question must be repeated in the answer. For example, if the question be: "How is an eclipse of tlie sun caused?" it is not a complete answer to reply, " By the moon intercepting its rays." It must be : " An eclipse of the suu is caused by the nioon intercepting its rays." {a) When an incomplete sentence is presented to the teaclicr, he eliould ask the pupil to analyze it. This will demonstrate its incom- pleteness. The construction of every sentence should further be tested by the principles explained in Chapter II. 71. Question : Answer : BKample. What is a volc.tno? A volcano is a motintain which from time to time throws up burning matter or lava, together with ashes and Btoncs, through an opening in its summit called tho crater. Exercise 22. Write one sentence in answer to each question. A. 1. What is coal ? 2. What is the diamond? 8. Which is tho most precious metal? And why? ^ ' ,^v«. a. )■; M m ( 1 i 46 CilJIPOSITION IN PkOSB. 4. TTiwis p?|if»r mide? 5. Wli'it iM 'c, tlim-y 6. VVht;«icrc in .'Men obtiintid; and what are its uses? 7. \V!iit irt ill; (■ irtlKju ikc? 8. Iliiw is an clipst! of tliu moon cinsed? 9. l< snow of iiny use to tliu fanner? 10. \Vli;it are the motions of the earth; and what changes dejpeud upon eaeh. 11. Whu is the cause of the tides? 12. What are gregarious animals? B. 1. What is the mariner's compass? 2. What is the mieroseope? 3. What was tlie (Junpowder Plot? y4. ^\'l^o were the Pilj^riin Fathers? 5. What were the Jacohite IJehcUions? 6. Wiio wiH Chri-itojjher 0)lunil)us? 7. For what is Wilham WaHace famous? 8. Whu was the fate of Sir Walter Raleigh. 9. \Vhat led to the in venriun of printing? ^ |0. Wliat is trial bv jury? 11. What is tin*, differenee between exogenous and endogenous plants? 12. What is the dill'urcuce between reason aud instinct ? to ICl ell til a]) pa ,.- f '- sft > 47 depend )IaDt3? PART II.— THE STRUCTURE OF PARAGRAPHS. Cliapter I. — Principles of Coiistruction. 72. A Paragraph is a connected strics of sentences relating to the same subject. As the sentence is the result of the eynthcsis, or building up, of clauses, so the piiragra[)h is the result o( the synthesis, or building up, of sentences. Indeed, the elements of the sentence and of the parjvgraph aie substantially the same. They differ oidy in form. In the ser.tence they appear as words, phrases, or clauses; in the paragraph they tippoar as complete sentences. A scntcnr-e may thus be ex- panded into a j)aragraph, by expressing each of its import. tut ni'Mnbcrs 'n the form of a separate sentence. 73. There arc three qualities to be aimed at in the construction of i);\ragr.ii)hs, — 1. Unity; 2. Continuity; 3. \'aricty. 74. I. Unity. — This qmdity requires that all the sentences In A paragiaph should bear directly upon the main sulijcot, or division of a subject, to \vhich it refers. It should not be overloa(l<^d with details whi(;h tend to destroy its clearness and force; neither should it be prolonged so as to enjbracc elements whi^.'i have not a manifest connexion with its leading topic. 75. II. Confinuity. — As all the sentences in a paragrnpb should thus relate to the same subject, thuy should be arranged so as to carry the line of thought naturally anliould be m.ide of the continuative particles and phrases; as, " liowcvcr/ "moreover," " inderd," *'thus," "consequently," "at the sam« tinio." " in like manner," etc., etc. 7G. III. Varu'ty. — The successive sentences shoidd difTci from one another, both in t!ie manner of their constrnctiim and in their length. V will be found to be of advantage to make the sentenees at tho beginning brief. The attention of the leader is thus arrested at the outaet, without being subjected to 14 4B COMPOSITION IN PROSfi. i * (2-) (3.) (4-) (5.) (6.) (7.) any unnecessary strain. A longer sentence than usual, gathering up tlie various threads of thought, Las its appropriate place at the close. 77. These qualities are illustrated in the following brief paragraph from Macaulay :— ■ " It is by his essays that Bacon is best known to the multitude. The Novum Organum and the De Aug- mentis are much talked of, but little read. They have produced, indeed, a vast effect upon the opinions of mankind; but they have produced it through the operation of intermediate agents. They have moved the intellects which have moved the w'orld. It is in the essays alone that the mind of Bacon is brought into immediate contact with the minds of ordinary readers. There he opens &n exoteric school, and talks to plain men in language which everybody understands, about things in which everybody is interested. Ilo lias thus enabled those who must otherwise have taken his merits on trust, to judge for themselves; and tho great body of readers have, during several generations, acknowledged that the man who has treated with such consummate aliility questions with which they are familiar, may well be supposed to deserve all the praise bestowed on him by those who have sat in the inner school." The nmty of this paragraph is complete. The si:hjcct to wliich it relates is announced in the opening sentence. The fact thus stated is illustrated and enforced, chiefly by comparison and contrast, in the suc- ceeding sentences ; but no new topic is started throughout the paragraph, and its oneness is thus unimj)aired. Tho contlnuiUi is also very evident. Sentences (1) and (2) are con- nected by the relation of antithesis, j^entence (3) is an amplification of (2), and is connected with it by the pronoun they, and the particle indeed. Sentence (4) repeats the closing clause of (,'J) in another form, and is joined to it, also, by the pronoun. Sentence (y) is the return from the antitlitsis, and repeats tho statement of (1), which in sentences (;'»), (d), and (7), is still further elaborated, (a) and (6) are linked together by there; (6) and ^7), by thu8. Tko variety in length is sufficiently indicated by the spaces between tho PRTNCU'LBfl OF CONSTRDCTION. 49 numbers of the Rontonces in the marrrin. It will ha nntiood that (1). (2) are hotli short sciitcncL's; (3), (f)), (ti) arr> of nit'diiim U'lifrtli, Imt tlicir equality is saved from sinkiiipf into sameness by the introductidu of anotlier short si-ntence. (4). The long sentence (7) at the close gives cli.uiiity and impnssiveness to the paragraph, Like a prolonged note at tlie conclusion of a melody, 78. Tliere are tlivoe kirci? of composition, to any one of which a paragrapli may bcU)ng : — I. Nakkatfon: detailing a course of eirnA"?. II. Dkpckiption : setting forth tlie natnro of particular ohjects III. Exr'()siTi()N : expUiining scientific principles. "NVe shall deal with each kind of composition separately. 79. The element of Reflection, whicli is rather an oi*eration of Ihe mind than a di>tinct species of writing, entei'S more or less into all the kinds of c()mpo.sition specified above. It freqnently occupies no more than a single sentence in a nan'ati(»n or a description. It may even he conveyed in a single epitlict, as when we characterize a contrivance as " wonderful," or a cour.'ic of action as ''disastrous." Ileilection may therefore be more; conveniently regarded as an elcuKMit common to all kinds of ■writing, than as itself a distinct kind of composition. The particulars whicli it usually embraces are relations of cause and effect, jndjuunts of approval or disapproval, and fcdinjs of pleasure or pain. !* >1 con- lion of luhed. ioincd htsis, Is still In tho ^C Chapter II.— Narration. 'm 80. Active scenes and courses of events form the proper sub- jects of Narration. 81. Tlie single law of narration is, that the events be narrated in the order of their occurrence. 82. A narrative paragraph may be constructed by expanding and enlarging a narrative sentence, or a sentence, in which certain events, or things done {res grstcE), are set forth. Indeed there is a remarkable correspondence between the elements of the I).aragraph and those of the sentence. The predicates in tlie } 60 COMPOSITION IN PROSE. latter represent the Beparate events in the fonner ; the mhjects and objects in tlic latter eoj respond with tlie persons engaged in these events; tlie attributes in tlie sentence become explanatory sentences in the paragraph ; the adverbials of time, place, manner, and canse in the one, are expanded in tlie other into separate sentences^ \vlii( !i contribute those details of circumstance that give life and energy to the composition. This suggests the best practical nu'thod of dealing with the exercises. 83. In expanding a sentence into a paragraph, every fact stated or implied in the former must first be written down as a separate sent^^iice. These sentences will form the skeleton or lutline of the paragraph. 'J'hey must then be enlarged by the addition of circumstances which, though out of place in the -entcnce, are necessary to the completeness of the paragraph. Sli Example. 1. The Sentence. •' After qnolHnf* the fliptiul)anccs excited in the west of Englnnd by (liflia, Kinp Harold's moilicr, and Ijuililing a lortress to overawe the city o\ Exeter, SViliiam returned to Winehebter." 2. The Erjyanvon. The Mlowln;^ facts are ptated or implied in this sentence;— 1. A .listuil;.iiice liad arisen in the west of Lnglaud. 2. It was exeited l»y (iitlia. 3. (Jlti:a Wiis the mntlier of Harold, the late king. 4. Wiihani started from Winelieslcr with an army for the Bccne of tbU di.stnrhanee. 5. He sueeecdi'd in quelling it. G. Thereafter he hiiilt a fortress to overawe the city of Exetor, the centre of the disjiU'retion. 7. William then returned to Winchester. 8. y//€ Kidargemcntn. To make the parafrrnph complete, we must introduce stich new facta RS will explain the histmiial connexion of this event, licferring to the L'story of the perittd, wc tind : — 1. That William, having spent a year in settling the nfFairs of his new kingdom, believed that he might with Bufuty vihit hia suhjectit in Normandy. S. That the mal(*o2)tents in England took advantage of hii absence W uxcitu tumuJti. tl t NAi:UA.TION. 51 8. Tint the difstnrl.ance referred tu in thi west of England arose in tliis ci»iui(i\iuii. 4. Tliat i>n hearing of it, William Imriied to Knghind and succeeded in quelling it. Int(Tvv( Mvjnj^ these now facts with those already ascertained, we ohtain, as the result of the combined processes of exi)ansiou and e.ilurgeuieat, — 4. The I'lirof/rnph. "William the Conqueror, havincr spent a year in settlinp^ the afl'iirs of his new kinLrdoni, had siiect-eded stt eonipletely in restorinbed bii nutherity in the west, be returm-d in triumph to Winchester, which was then tbe seat of his government.'' 8ii. The simplest f'onn of Niirnition is, — 1. Incidental IVcirration, wliicii (U-als with ortlln.iry oornr- rcnce.s coming witliiii tho writer's cxptMicirec, iiiid iiiclutlcs, therefore, Letters, incidents of'TriivCior Advcntuic, and accounts of Meclmnicul rioccsscs. Its lii}j;hest form is, — II. I/istnricat Narrati(n^ wlueh denl.s with roonrdod events, lying, for the nio.st part, beyond the writer's experience, and inchide.s, besides stories, — real or lielitious, — the uiuTUtivo portions of History uiul IJiograpliy. .v.. 1. l.NcintNTAL Nakhation. / 80. In Incidental Nr.rrati()n, the simplest huiffnage, and tho most direct form of stati'inent should be ( niployed. A Hi iff or formal st) lo of treatment ib especially to be avoided. 52 87. COMPOSITION IN PROSE. Example. 1. The Sentence. •' Last Wcdnosdny niplit, one of my liaros h.ivinj^ escapcfl, some of my people, accompaiiied by many of the neighbours, sot off in pursuit; and aftir uii hour's chase, secured \wr in a tanpit full of water, and brought lier home in a Back at ten o'clock." The particulars to be puccessivcly taken up in expanding this statement, ftro, — 1. The time of the occurrence. 2. The alarm rai-cd. 3. The cliase. and its incident3. 4. 'I he eaptiire. 5. Tiie rrturu. Tlie following |);uagraph, — from one of Cowper's lettcrSj-^will shovr how this may bo dune: — 2. The Paragraph. " Last Wednesday night, wliilo we were at supper, between the hours of eiglit and nine, 1 he inl an uuusu.d noise in the hack parlour, as if one of the har»!s was entangh'd. and cndfavouriiiir to diseiigigi' herself. I was just going to rise from taide, when it ceased. In altout five minutes. j» voice on the outside of the parlour-door i)M|uired if one of mv hares had got away. I immeiliafely rushed \\\U\ the next room, and found that my poor favourite Puss ha:< made her est a]te. She had gnawed i;i suutler the ««triugs of a lattice work, with which I thomrht 1 had suflieieritly seeured the window. ,.nd whi( .i I prefeiied to any other sort of blind, because it admitted plenty of air. I'rom thence I hastened to the kii^ lu!U. where I Raw the retioulitable Thor)ias I'reeman. who told nie th.it having seen her, just alter she had dropped into the street, he ;itteiiipfed to cover her with his hat. but she screamed out. and Kaped dini'tly over his head. 1 then desired him to iiursim as fast n« possible, and added iJieh.ird Coleman to the chase, as being i.imlder. and carrying less weight than Thomas; not expecting to see her again, but desirl'U^ to learn, if possible, what becaino of her. In something le*s than an hour, iJiidiard returned, almost breath* less, with the lollowing aceount. That soon after he beg.in to run. he left 'I'oiu behind him. and came in sit:ht of a numerous hunt of men, women, chililreu, nnddogn; that he did his he^t t(» keep back the ul wn ise, ff to rotn iof water; and while elie was stru?j:;linf]f out of one pif, and plunging into aiiotlier, .ind aliuo.st drowned, one of the men dicw her out liy the ears, and secured li^r. Slie was then well washed in a bucket, to pet tlie limo out of her coat, and brought homo in a sack at ten o'clock." — Cuiv^er, Exercise 23. Expand each of the following sentences into an IncidentaIi Pakagrapii : — 1. In the course of an excursion to the top of , which I mide with two companions, iu my last holidays, we had the nii>foittine to lose our way in a thick mist, and narrowly escaped spending the night upua the hill. 2. When fisliing in the yesterday, J succeeded in hooking a largo trout; but alter playing him up and down the river for twenty minutes, 1 had the mortification to seu him slip oif the hook, just as 1 was brl-^iiig him to land. 3/^r — Castlo was visited last week by a largo party, which, aft(!r wan- dering about the grounds, riiul examining the castle insido and outside, took luni'heon under a spreading oak-tree on the lawn. ■j\4. When wo were at breakfast this morning, an alarm hiving been raised that my pony had escaped, wo set <>lf in pursuit; and after an exciting iha«e by all the man and dog.4 in the noighliourhood, wo secnn J him at thj turnpike gate, which the taxman had wiscily closed when ho heard the noise of our approach. ♦- 5. Last i^'aturday, we had a delightful \valk across the fu Ids and through the woods, \n the course of which wo gathered many epecimens of beau- tiful wild-ll(-wers, mosses, and ferns. ^ G. In the great lire in street, a fireman lost his life, in making a brave attempt to save two cliildren who had been left in an ujiper storey. ' 7. The games, consisting of contests in running, leaping, putting the ball, throwing the hammer, and other manly exercises, v/ero held last week with great success. 8. In the ct ntest biitwecn tho wind and tho sun, to kco which would first compel a Iravidler to doff his cloak, the sun 8uce»'edcd liy the force of his genial inlhience, when the wind exerted his utmost violence in vain., 9. A stag, waich greatly admired his braneliini; horns when he saw them reflected in a clear pool iu wliicdi ho was drinking, found thi'iii very ineouvenient when he was pursued by hounds throiiifli a thick wood. 10. An «»ld man wliose end was near, wishing to show his sons tho Ptreiinrh of union, took a liundle of sticks, and after vaiiilv attrmpting to bn-ak them so ling as they were Ixuuul together, easily snipped them one by (Uin when th 'V were sepiiated. 11. A conntrynian finding a little snako half froz(«n, put it in his bosom to warm it to lii'o again ; but it had no sooner been revived by his kiudnot^S than it stung its benelactur, ho that hu die 1. l! !i \ § h- i / VI v^ 54 COMPOSITION IN PROSE. 12. HonscTiold gas is tlie vapour given offbycanTiel coal ^Ticn enclosed ^ In an iron or clay retort, lieateil to a white heat; but it tiuist he freed of tar, and be purified by passing through thiu layers of lime, before it is fit for use. Additional Subjects. tk* 13. A Day in a Yacht. 19. A Military Review. 14. A Visit to the liass Rock, -f- 20. A Foot-bali Match. 15. A Sail down the Thunes. 21. An Alarm of Thieves. IG. A Walk by the Sea-shore. 22. An Eclipse of the 8un or Sfonn. 17. A Snow-Ktoim. 23. The iShcphcrd Boy and the Wolf. 18. Au Inuudulion. 24. The Old Man and his Ass. X \'! 2. Letter-AVritino. 88. A Letter is not necessarily, or in nil case??, a Xarrntlve. It may embrace both Description and Exposition. Exec: ting pecnliar ca.se.s however, Narration is the clement wliich pre- dominates in corre.'^pondenee ; and it is in connexion with ihis element that the lornis and specialties of Letter-writing may be mo.st conveniently explained. 89. The lanj^uage of Letters shonld be plain and simple. The constrnction of tlie sontenees .slionld be ea.sy and natural. Stiif- ncss, formality, and the aiVeetation of jtreciseness are, in tliis kind of compo:^ition, particularly ol)ject;onal)l('. Here, a coliofjuial or convtM-ijational style is not only alhnvable, but is even desirable. Letters are for the mo.st part written to relatives or intinn\to friend.s. Their purjwse is to connnunieate facts which, in otlier ci re nm stance*, would form the suiijcct of faniili.ir conversation. \Vc should tiiereforo write t<» our friends in tlieir ab.sence very much as wc .'-hould speak to them if tliey were ])resent. 90. The mechanical nrrangement of a letter is important. A slovenly or careless habit contracted in writing familiar letters may lead to serious con.seqiUMices in more imj)ortant conespond- iMico. The foll<»wing points are therefore to bo attended to. Lvery letter should contain : — I. The Datr^ and the Place where it is written. Tho day, month, and ycnr. sliouh'. bu given in full. Never date a letter merely by the day of the week, as, " Tuesday Evening." Mid or lie. ate ler (Ml. A w\- to. NAHRATION. 55 II. TIi^ Form of Address ; as " Sir," " Dear Sir," «' My Dear Cliailos," " My Doarcst Fatlior ; " aocordingto the tenns of intimacy between tlie writer and tlic person addressed. III. Tlie Narrative^ or Letter proper. IV. The Subscription ; as " Yours truly," " Yours faillifnlly," " Your afiectioiiate brntlicr," etc. (varying as in No. If., with the relations ot" the parties), and the Name of the ■writer. V. The Name of the Recipients Example. L ' 24 Plank Ptroct, T-onflon, January loth, 18tj7. IT. My Dear riinrlcs, III. I write this sliorf note to let yon know of my Fafo r rrival hero this morning, at'tcr a long and tedious jotnncy. 'I'lio train was uii- usnally lieavy, and the d.day at several of the ntntions was very long and tiri'some. Had no aeeident happened, we should havo been an hour behind time; but to add to our misfortmies, when wo were a few miles on the otiier side of Darlington, tlio engine broke down, ond a messenger had to bo sent to that station for another engine. "\\'e ha'i to wait nearly two hours before it arrived, and two m compliments to Major Spcnce, and hegs to know whether ho can j^^ivo him tho present address of liis friend Mr Jamet ThouibOD, who obtained a situation in a mercantile house in Lirerpuul X b If U h g » ■< 1 NARRATION. 57 three or four years nj^o. Mr Bruce'g renson for wishing to "know Mr Thomson's adiross is, tliat he has a book belonging to Mr T. in his possession, wliicli he wiskea to return. The Hall. Cheshire, 1st March 18G7. Bephj. ^fajor Sponce, with compliments to ^^r nnioo, hcprs to inform him that after spend! iifr two years in Liverpool, Mr James Tiiomson removed to London, wliere he at pie.^cnf- resides. Major S. is not aware of Mr Thomson's present address; but he thinks Mr I5mco mif^lit obtain it by applyinf^ to Mr T.'s uncle in Cornhill. In the event of Mr Bruce Bueceedinc^ in obtaininp: Mr Thomson's address, Major bpcnco will fed greatly obliged by Mr Bruce's communicating it to hiuu Crook Street, ALanchestcr, 2d March 1867. It he riday tnow lines rpuui Exercise 25. >.l. Card of Invitation to an Evening Party. 2. Card of Invitation to a Soiree Musicale. 8. Acceptance of the same. 4. Declinature of the same. 6. Note to a Librarian, requestinff the loan of " ITitmo's Ilistory of Enff- land." 6. Kcply to the same, forwardincj the work. 7. Note to a tradesmafi, requesting Goods on sight. 8. Kcnly to the same. >< 9. Note to a neij^libour, complaining of annoyance from his dog. slO. Keply to tlie same. 11. Note to a Lady, inquiring as to the character of a aervaut. Ji2. Hcply to thu bamu. 3. Historical Narration. 94. In nistoriral Narration, of "wliich a complete example has been given at § 84, the same plan is to be followctl an in the last cxerci.se. In this kind of writinp^, a higher style of diction is allowable than in incidental narration. It must be remem- bered, however, that at this stage it is only a single para- graph OQ each Bubjcct that is to be produced — not a complete essa/.^ 5S COMPOSITION IN PROSE. \' PI Exercise 26 Expand each of the fullowing sentences into an HisTOHlCAL Paragkaph : — ^c t ^J. Durinf^ his reverses, King Alfred was on one occasion sotmdly scolded by a neatherd's wife for allowiiicr some cakes to burn, which she had told him to watch ; and greatly ashamed slic was when she discovered who it was that she had been abn, MIW), a bixly of mendisgujsed as Moliawk Indians boarded the ships, and scjittcred their cargocb iu tUo water, to tUo value, it i» oum*'^ puted, of JC18,0W, V > d 2. I I NARRATION. 30 * > as led. ton ded 12. The rcvoMtlon, by Louis XIV., of the Edict of Natifos. pranted by fleiiry IV. for tlie protection of liis ProtostMiit Mihjt-ets wlun lie himself became a Koman-cailiolic. deprived France of upwards of half-ainillion of its most industrious subjects, who carried into other countries not oidy vast sums of money, but also those urtji and uiauufaelurcjj which had ''.hiefly tended to enrich that kingdom. Additional Subjects. 13. The OfTcrinjr of Isaac. ^ 14. The Death of Absalom. 15. The !>hip\vreck of !^t Paul. ^ IG. The IJattle of Morj; irten. 17. The Crowning of Charlemagne. 18. The l^oy Crusade. Id, Luther at tV> Diet of Worms. 20. Tlie Battle of Ivry. 21. The Foreign Tour of Peter tho (I re at. ><22. The lu'ign of Terror. x^3. The Charge of tho Light Kri- gade. "^ 24. Tho lielief of Lucknow. 4. BioGRAniicAL Narration. 95. A Ciograpliicril p}irnjrrai)li contains n brief summary of the leadiii.i; ovcuts in a man'.s lil'e. It shoiiM o]iou with a m'Mcral description of tlie position wliieh its subject occupied. This is (ul- lowctl by the nan-ative proper. It may conclude with rcjlirtions on his c/ica^actcr, and the work wlucli he aecompli.shed in tlie world. (a) It is to be observed that the pupil is not exjiccted to produce more than a sinirle comprehensive Piirairrapii on eaeli suliject. In a Theme, a cnmpiete panign'ph would be devoted to each item in the outline; in the paragraph a sentence to each iieui, on mi average, will he suUicieut. Example.— Lord Clive. i 1. Oitlline. V Description : Tlie founder of the Pritish Empire in India. 2. Narrative: P(trn at Htyclie ^Shropshiie), 17"-'.") — iiile aiul misrhievouB at school — goes to iSladras — clerk in the K. I. Company — disgusted with the monotony of olliee life — welcomes tho call to military Bcrviee — lOnglish inlUience in India very low — great success of Clivi's exploits— Areot, 17"i| — Pbissy, 17.')7— great repntaiiou- reliiins to Kngland, 17t](i — made an Irish peer— affairs go uronir in his absence — sent out to put them right, 17t)4 — restores perli et order in eighteen months— returns t(» Fngiantl, 17(17 — his couuuct ant nilminisi ration assailed, 177;i — acquitted — eonnnits suicide. 1774 8. Chariuier: (Jre.it warrior, and able statesman — resolute and inieoni nroniising— often un.scrupulous — always successful — tho ellccta oi ois labours. IW. I I ■^ I >i Hi /I / 1 J, fiO v. <1 COUPOSITION IN PROSE. 2. raragraph. Eohcrt, LCid Hive, T5arnn of Plassy, the foundor of the Rrltish Empire in India, was h - at Styclie, in Shropshire, in 1725. At school, he showed greater aptity* lor mischief and acts of recklessness than for learninj^; and it was a relief to his parenis to get him safely shipped off to India in 1744, lie entered the civil service of the Company at Madras, at a time when its prosperity had snnk to a very low ehh; and the monotony of his sedentary life so depressed liim, that he oftener than once attempted to commit suicide. When French encroachment and intrigue rendered it necessary to take measures to save English influence from total extinction, Clive gladly welcomed tlie call to active service. His change of profession marks an epoch in the history of India. From the day when he assumed the sword, English interests began sensibly to revive. His first great exploit was the capture and defence of Arcot, with only hOO men, oUO of whom were natives. His crowning triumph was the victory of I'lassy, which laid Ikngal at tlie feet of the English. His own reputation was now firmlv established, and his name became everywhere a tower of strength. On his return to England in 17(50, he received the thanks of the Conijiany, and an Irish peerage from Government. Ihit affairs went wrong in liis al)sence, and in 17G4, the Company sent him out again to set theui right ^'liis, by his vigorous mcasun.'s, ho very soon succeeded in doing. In the course of eighteen months, perfect order was restored; and on his final return to England in 17G7, lie was received with the distinction wliieh big great services deserved. lUit his reforms had given ollcnce to many of those who had profited by the f(»rnier laxity of affairs; and it is to bo regretted that many of bis acts were of so questionable a claracter as to give his enemies a handle against him. In 177.'K bis admiiistration wa3 made the subject of a parliamentary inquiry. The decision was in his favour; but be was dissatisfied with the terms of the acquittal; and the mere fact of his having been put upon bis trial affected him so det^ply, that he sought relief in suicide, November 22(1, 1774. Clivi was one of the greatest warrior-statesmen of whom England can boast. Bold, resolute, and rajiid as a soldier, be was equally calm, judicious, and coinprehcsivo as an adniinistrator. It cannot be denied that he was often unscrupulous* in opposing cunning with cunning; but he was not cruel; he was nw selfish ; and bis fai;its have been condoned by the success of his career, anSi' by the splendid services ho rendered to his country. Exercise 27. 1. IIoKATio Nelson. 1. Pmcripfwn : TIic greatest naval hero of Englanrl. I. I\^arr<(iii'r: Horn at Ibirnbam Tliorpii (Norfolk) in 1759 — ft hoy ot great spirit and courage— I'nndiiess for the sea — joins the Haisounahle nsa midshipman, under his uncle. Captain Suckling — sails in Captain rUip^s's Arctic expedition, 1773 — assists in the reduction of Coisica, 3. 2. 8. 1. 2. NARRATION. 61 ipire )\ved in??; ia in time f his I'd to ed it stion, ssion lined njreat JO of assy, i/<;th. |iany, n \\'\s rifjlit 11 the final 'h lu9 ny of to bo as to 1 wag in his d the , that f the iluto, 'sivo niimiiighaiii, 1775 — very prosperous — discovers the elements o;' v:v,iir. i78.'^— introduces pas-l!ghts, 17i)8 — retires frum business, 18U0— die.^at lleathfield, near Birminpham, 18)9. 8> Chamctcr: Acute, persistent, and laborious — effects of his invciition on the progress of the world — upright, generous, simple-minded. 3. Caudixal ^\oLPF.r. 1. Description: The preat minister of Henry VIIT. 2. JS'arratire: Tiiomas Wolsey. born at Ipswich, 1471 — his father said to have b'.en a br.tcher there — goes to Oxford — called "the lx>y bachelor" — connexion with the Dorset family — presented to the living of Lyminpton — becomes royal chaplain, l.')U8 — service to Henry VI 1. — king's almoner to lienry V'lll. — aetpiires ascendancy over the king — l)ecomes lord treasurer, 1512 — bishop of Lincoln — archbishop of York — cardinal and jiope's legate, 1515— lord chan- cellor — intluence supreme— contemplates the reform of the l-mireh — supports the king's divorce from Catherine — the king alienated by its tailure — oi)position of the nobles — antipathy of Anne IJoleyn — deprived of his oflices, 15Ji»— retires to Lshcr- -arrested at York for high treason, 1530-— dies at Leicester on his way to London. 8. Character: And)ilious, haughty, airogant — but au impartial judge, and an able administrator. 4. John IIowaiid. 1. Dencription: "The riiilanthropist." 2. Aarratire: Rom at Hackney, near London, 172G— is appronficed to a tradesman — inherits a considerable lortuno from his father — . purchases his indentures and travels in Vrt'MCe and Italy — ae»f out tor Libbon, to relieve the BUtfyrers fiuui the Earthquake, 1750— ia • V ^ n mm '■' . I m COMPOSITION IN PIJOSR. Cflptnrorl l>y a Fiviich privntocr — is thrown into prison — suTf rs frrofit liaril>lii|)s — is nlc;ist!il — hccdiii'.'S .SiicriU' of" l;<;ill'iiril, 177;') — srrS iiiiicii (if tiie (li.strcHs of prisoners — visits most of the pMois of Kiigl!in''l — crives evidence bL-fore Coinmittci; of the Ilnnse of Com- mons — travels over Europe tlirce times visiting prisons aiui hos- pitals, 17 TS, 17H3, 17S7 — publishes the results — many of h:3 giip^Lcestioiis adopted — visits a lady siilferinrr tiom fev(U' in tlie south of Russia— takes the fever and dies there. I . !)(l— statue in .St I'aul's. 8. Characttr: Generous, sclf-saerifieing — good ellects of his labours. 5. Muxfio Park. 1. Deftrriptlon : Great African traveller. 2. Narratwe: I»orn at Fowlsliiels, near Selkirk — destined for tin cTinrcb — studies medicine— apprentice in Selkirk — goes to Edinburgh — ■ appointed assistant-surgeon to the Worcester, East Inciiaman, 1792 — oilers iiis services to the African Association — Arrives at tlio Gambia, 1795 — penetrates ^o Se-go. and returns, 170(5 — kindness of Karl'a Taura — returns to London, 1797 — publishes his travels, 1799 ■ — practises in Peebles, 1S(»1 — returns to Africa, 1805 — reaches liam- bakoo, on the Niger — approaches Sego — murdered, or drowned. 3. Character: Courage and perseverance — self-saerilico — endurance of fatigue and hardships — results of his labours. 6. George WASniXGTOx. 1. Deitcripfwn: The founder of the Republic of the United States. 2. Narrative: Born at Bridgets ("reek, in Virginia, 17 52 — educatioti, sitnple and meagre — early military predilections — nearly enters the Pritish navy — becomes public surveyor to Lord Fairfax— appointed adjutant-general of militia, 1751 — encroachments of the French — • is appointed CiOmmissioner to remonstrate wiih them — serves in the expedition to the Ohio, and in various campaigns against the I'rench — marries and settles at Mount Vernon — outbieak of the War of ludependence — appointed commander-in-chief, 1775 — defeated ut P)randywine, 1777 — capitiilntinn of Lord ("onnvallis at Yorktown, 1781 — enters New York, 178:') — resigns, and returns to private life for six years — delegate- from Virginia in the federal convention, 1787 — elected lirst President of the United States, 1789 — re-elected, 1793 — retires, 179(> — dies, 1799. 8. Cifirarter: Simj)le, truthful, sincere, patriotic — patient, persevering, conciliatory, disinterested — his inllucnce on the iulunt republic Additioxal Suiukcts. Oliver Cromwell, 13. Alfred the Great. Wellington. 14. Peter tlie Great. Vl>. Marlborough. 15. Alexander the Great It). Napoleon. IG. Charlemagne. *' Warren Hastings. 17. Julius Ca;sar. William PitU 18. William of Orange. / 7. 8. 1>. 10. n. a i i c ii d n o: fo 1. 8. DESCRIPTION. G3 Chapler III.— Description. SG. It is the purpose of the Descriptive raragrai)h to expltiin what ail object is, — to describe its imtuic, its .structure or the conibiiuition of its parts, its qualities, and the uses to which it is np])lied. 97. Description may be cither general or particular. Tlio former corresponds with logical definition. It states the .species or class to which an object belongs, coniparing and contrasting itAvith other objects of the same genus. The latter embraces an enumeration of all the jjarticulars regarding the object wliich are necessary to make our knowledge of it clear and complete. A general description may b" contained in a single .sentence. A particular description extends over several sentences, or an entire paraG;raj)h. A c()mj)h'te Descriptive Paragraph sliould include both kinds of descri[)tion, starting with the general description, and passing from this to particulars. It admits also of the introduction of occasional reflections on the qualities of objects, and the [)urposes w hich they serve. 98. The general outline of iv Descriptive Paragraph will thcrC" fore embrace these elements: — 1. A General Description: the class to which the object belongs, and the points of agreement and difference between it and other objects of the .same class. ^. A Particular Description : its appearance, form, size, colour, etc. — its locality or situation — its stnicture, with a description of its part.s — its characteristic features, or ^. points of special interest — its habits (if it bo an animal) — its kinds or varieties. 8. Rejlections : its qualities — its uses. {(i) It is not necessary to mention all ther,e particulars in connexion ■with every object. Neither is it necessary tl\at the elements should follow (iue aiioth'T *n the above order. In particular, reflections may he introdueetl at various points in the parajjraph, us they are iVequen^ly sug:gested by particular features in the description, 'i'lie mode in which the general scheme is applied to special classes of objects will appear in the outlines given under each of tho following exercibus. n i ^ i J u COMPOSITION IN PROSB. r 99. Example. The Ei.ErnANT. 1. Outline. 1. Gencrnl: Tliick-sliiniojl animuls, — the largest terfcstrial mammalia furnished with a j»r(ii)iisi.'is. 2. Parlicuhr : (ligiuitic size — chvmsy apponranco — thick, pillar-hke locr» — the pri)h()S(',is or trunk ; its uses— short m-ek — sharp si;iht— ([uiclc ear— grejjaridus animals — swim well — tlio Indian cKpliant — the African elephant. 3. Ueflcdion : Docile disposition — intdlifrfnce — revenprcful when roused — used as beasts oi burden, in hunting and iu war. 2. Pa r a (I r CI ph. The clophnnt hrloncrs to tl e order of I'iU'liyderm'', or thick-skinned animals, which ineliitles the larprst terrestrial mammalia ;it present in existence. It is called a proboscidian pachyderm, from heinir fm-nislifd with a probo'cis or trunk. The (dephaut is an animal of gigantic size, and as its parts are not widl propoitioueil, it has a (dumsy appearand!. Its legs arc thick and pillar-shaped, and are wtdl ada|)ted for supporting its massive boily. Its head is large, and its neck very short in pinportion to its size ; but this is compc!is;ited by tlu^ length and elasticity of its trmik. This truidt is an (dongation of the nostrils, consisting of a double tube, terminating in n curious appendagi! reseudding a fiugiT. \\y nicans of tliis wondrrtul contrivance, th • animal KU]»plies itscdf with food and water. With it, also, it can lift great weights, upniot trees, untie knots, and even hold a ])eu. The id pliant 1 1 ssesses sharp sight, a quick ear. and a delicate ^ense ot Biindl. 'IIk'V usually live togi-thcr in herds, comprising from (illy to a hun catch the iniiei hide of the rail — hrcak — hullers^ — iriuinls Ixx— kinds: fiist. seconi'. and third classes — saloon carriage — poht-oUiee carriage — Inggag van, etc. Jiijlictiuu: iStrength — safety— comfort. 2. 8. 1. 2. 8. 4. Paj'kii. General : The material of which books are made— f, 1. Oenetid: A hard, fusible metal —contrast with lead and Rold. 2. Particular: Found in the earth, in combination with clay, lime, and flint — in all countries — abundantly in Ihitaiii, France, Sweden, and KuHsia — livid grey colour — no deliuite form — sometimes in crystals — nig iron — wrought iron — malleable iron — steel — wire — plumbago — loadstone, etc. 8. liejlection: The most nseful of the metals — for domestic purposes — machinery aiirl implements of all kinds — a great SMurceof wealth to ft country — allbrds occupation to thousands of the inliabilanta. AUDITIO JiAL r>UI UKCT9. > 7. jo.ithcr. 10. Silver. 13. Su<;ar. 16. A Rnromoter 8. Porcelain. 11. liinie. It. Oil. 17. A liit'e- 1 {oat. 9. Wine. 12. Lead. 15. Wool. 18. A Telescope. L I •ij* Before writijig on any of those snbjeots, the pupil ebould ^ru^urc uu outline u^>on it, siuiilur tu the ubuvu. IL NATURAL IIISTOr.y. Exercise 29. 1. TnE Lio.v. 1. Genrrnl: A rarnlvnrons or flesh-eating animal; one of the cat tribe— compa-e with domestic cat. lutd wi'.li tiger. 2. Pitrtlciihtr: (treat size— grace i'ul fonn — inajentic n'r— tnwnv cnjour now found ehielly in AlViea —largo head -joni,' and slender body— BhagTV mane— powerful neek— s^arp tieth— cat-like daws- Ions tail with tassel end — terrii.li' r.-ar Ihihitt. feeds on flesh — lies in wait for itH prey— tread*" Holtlv— roams nt night, rcutf by day. * '' I. Jif'Jlidion: Trodlgioui BtrengtU— great sagacity— the king of bcastt. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1 a LESCRirnow. «7 I most 2. The Horse. 1. Gcwrnl: TTonfcci qnadrapcd : contrast with lion — non-rnminatlng: con- trast wi h c<»w. 2. Particular: Found in a wild state in Tnrtary and America — long l)ody — limg and slcndKr legs, adapted for ninning — dunible hoofs — silken mane and tail — skin covered with short hair, smooth and glossy — cutting teetlj in front — grinders behind — space between those in •wiiich the hit is placed— gregarious in a wild state — feeds on grass, oats, etc. — draught horse — riding horse — racer — hunter, etc. 3. Itejlcrthn : To man, the most uselul of the animals, in peace or in war — Icathi'r — horse- hair. etc. — qualities, easily domesticated, docile and affectionate, patient, persevering, couragijous. tejLdc 1. 2. 8. 1. 2. 8. '* 1. 2. 8. I. 2. 3. The Owl. A nocturnal bird of prey — contrast with eagle. General : Parlinilnr : I^tirge head — short ncek — projecting eyes, with border of feathers — wi^nk wings — im[ieriVct vision — pursue thf ir prey in the dark — lly without noise, and easily surprise their victims — hide XTi holes in trees, or chtfts of rocks by day — mournful hooting. lirjlctinn: More useful tli.nn injurious — destroy great numbers of vermin — used to bo thought a bird of ill-omeu, "the bird of uight" 4. The IlKunixo. General: Soft-finnod fish— with fcnl . body. rarticnlar: Inhabit the Northern heas— come sonth ns far as 40* lat. every year— bes'in to arrive on coasts of Kurope. Asia, and America in Aprd and May — iiliundant in .Tune and July — caught in the meshys of nets — travel iti vt\>t shoals — smoked — dried — fresh. licjh rtlou : A valuable article of food — great source of activity and of wealth— occupies large fleets and great numbers of the population. 5. The Sii-Kwonw. General: Sr:\ly-winged itisrcfs — nocturnal, work! ig bv night. rarticvhir: A native of North (Jliina — n<»w reared in Itjily, France, and the south of Furojuj -Three stages; caferpillir, chrysalis, but- terfly — feeds on the ni'ilberry-leal" — thirty-four d:iy» in caterpillar ■tato — three days in forming: coe.Y,Vv«; LV' T;.,,, ^ ^'"'^«-fc>^otcli, spruce, ^ TI.e Camel. 8. The ( istrich. ^"mrioNAL Si;bject8. 10. The Wlinle n Ti ^ .« 12- The (U- j^j;;:s- "' ''^^^«'^^I^ APPEARANCES. Exercise 30. l'^. ThcCecbr. j7. Th. Apple. 2. ^JX^.'i ';;t'7'-v'''- ""S^llot:',!? ■■'"""-"- «f "•« ™oo„ >"irnni(«'s ni-,. ♦i,,,„ ,. ''^'' 'H notion iniiuf <: i ■■'•i'^m aninni i:f i '"* ""''''^v valves rnll"' '!^'"'* '"»! nn oiiHtt I. 0™m.7, FW.1. of |„_ '• "'■*""'"• DESCRIPTION. 69 moon mnnntains or valleys, in the shape of a viscous or FcmJ-solid body — bt'CDnic l.nicti with debris, called nwr(n'n»(i-^\n waiiiuT rccjions, the glacier melts and deposits the moraities — these are proofs that placiers oHce were where they do not now exist; e.q.., in Scotland — traced also by th«! pcrafehes they leave; on rocks — tfie most remark- able plaeiers, in the Alps and Himalayas, in northern latitudes, they rea«h the sea without melting — break off and form icel)er{;s. 8. licjiirtlitn: Cinulual mitvement — use in carrying oil' the surplus snow iVum higiiuiouatains. 4. The Falls of Niaoara. 1. Ccneial: The most gigantic known waterfalls in the world. 2. Particular : Situated on the liiver Niagara, connecting Lakes Erie and Ontario, separating the United States fri>in Canada — twenty-two miles from Krie, fourteen from Ontario — strength of th.e rapids for a mile alMJve the tails — narrowing of the channel — great declivity, fiixty feet in the ndle — divided by (Soat Island (seventy-five acres) into the Canadian or horse-snoe fall (ISOO fi-et bn)ad, 154 feet high) and the American fall (t'>(»0 fevt broad, I()(M'«'et nigh> — on Canadian eide, water thrown out to lil'ty feet from the liasj; of the clilF. leaving a passage — finest view of the whole cataract from Tabic liock on Canadian side. 8. Jiejlcdion : Vastncss — power — grandeur — sense of danger. 5. TiiK Bass \{(x:k. 1. General: A remarkable and picturesque isolated rock — compare with Ailsa Craig. 2. Particular : In Firth of Forth, about two miles from tho coast of Jladdingtonshire — composed of fine granular greenstone — u mile in circumrerence — nearly round — 1*20 feet high — aeeessil/le only on Bouth-wist — precipices rise per])endiciilarly on other sid<'s — covered with Bolan geese — caveni perlorating tho island, accessible at low water — a spring on the island — a few sheep — partially inhabited — at one time ftutified. 8. Ecjliction: Great natural strength — pictui"e8(iucnc88 — historical asso- ciations — at one time a state prison. 6. Thk Mammoth Cave. 1. General: The largest known cave in tho world — compare with Caves of Klora. t. Particular: In Kentucky (U.S.), I'M) miles from Lexington— narrow entrance,— a scries ol chambers, coiniected by passages — has been explored for ten miles underground — the giant's coflin f^i huge, Colliu-sbaped rock) — tlie ball-roon« : of circular t irm — the bottomless pit — tin- lover's leap -stalactites bahgin;.,' from the limestone ro<»f— niti-e aluntdant - a liver erosHcd by a Ixcit -the fish in it, bliml. 8. liijhctiiiH : Vastnexs- grandeur -intense darkness, inspiring terror — c(|ual)Ie temperature and uitruus atmosphere J ruouujiuuud. 1. ffenrral PcMcriptinn: An ancient and famous sent of leaming. 2. Purticitliir Df srription : Situated on the Isis, a tributary of the Tlmmeu, 66 luilus frum I^uduu: surruuudud by fertilo and woodod mvoduwu : DESCRIPTICnf. Tl hills: vallt'v, the •;i ancJ al, and Scott iinunts lidgos, larncJl, e cHy f>f cnlloircs, of all varieties of architecture: intofspcrscd with pinions, niCiiilowR, and fine trees: the town and the university twt, (listiuct corponitions : two d'-tinot C(»!niiiuniti<'s : four main streets diverf^iup )r(i!n a centre: fine groups of buildings, and beautiful vistns at viirioua points. t. Poiiitu of Interest: Majrdalene Collcfre : Christ Church : Trinity: New Coilejje: L'tiiversity Coilejre, etc.: l?<«llei!in Library: Kudclifte Lilmiry: the Shehlouian Thctre: the Museum: Magdalene Uridge: Christ' Church Meadows: tlie liiver: tl*o High Street and its Odli'gcB: the Martyrs' Memorial. 4. Rvjhiti»n: (Jrcat picturesqueness of the fojrf emcmbia : beauty of detail: veiierahle associations: contrast in appearance with a great maiiuf\cturing city, as Liverpool or Manciiester. — chimney-stalks flud fact(«rie8 iu the one cusc ; spires, towers, domes, aaid palaces in the other. 4. Chester. 1. General Drneription: An ancient episcopal city: a river port: capital ot ( heshire. 2. Particnhir Drscription: Situated on the Dee, IG miles S. E. of Liver- . poi srriptlnu : 'I'he buililing (completed 1847) in Oi-cat Kunsell iStrect : n ludlovv s(|nHie : frontage of .OTO feet : nrchituctui'Ui Ciruciaa loaic : itnmeu«c galluneB, of iuipQbiog appoarauca ^ •i I / I :' ,; 72 COMPOSITION IN PROSR. 3. Poinh of Tntfrfnt ; The entrance portico, — dojiMe mnj^e of coTiTmni^ t'is I il>riir\M(«crtrfrt', III. — pn-scMttiii by (ieorire 'V.), tl»e Grciivilie Library, i-tc. : colUetioDs of IhxiUs. uuinuscripts (Scott's Kfiillirnrth]', i\ iiiurtc^M'/c-dccd. sitriied hv " Willi.un Shakesin-an;," etc.): prints and (irawini^s: aiiti(|uitii's. Kpyj>tia«, Assyrian ( NimnKl, Khiirsahad) ; (iretk 'the Ll;^iu M.l^ltle^. ete. ; lionuiu: ZiMt|i)<,'ieai department (tl)e bird jzallery): botanical department: geolc»;.;ical enllcetion; niiniTal(>;_'-ieal i-ollection 4. /I'ljlidii'ii: Value of so vast and rich a collection to the nation, and to the progress of science. 7. Live.rpool. 8. (Jlas'^fow. 9. Cambridge. 10. Dresden. 11. Jerusalem. ADorno.NAL Subjects. 12. Home. 17. The Crvstal Pnlace. 1:J. (iiltraltar. IS. Kdinbiii-^rh ("asde. 14. I'aris. lit. Tbi; Town you live in. 15. Westminster Abbey. '-'<>. 'Die School y(>\i afr iition, tliere- fore, is the explanatiim of abstract thoughts and tl»e hiws of science — botli jthysieal and moral. 102. The subjects for exposition may be presented in tlic form either of jyvopositiuns or of terms. We shall treat of these separately. 1. Exposition op Puopositions, or Pakapiirase. 103 The simplest method of expounding a proposition con- sists in jifiraplirasr. 'I'his exercise must not be eoni'onndcd citiier with transposition (§ H5) or the variation of the order of u sentence, or with substitution (§ 34) or the changing of par- tieular words. It consists projaMly in expressing an author's meaning in a dilTerent torni. A sentence is "a coniplete thought expres.seil in words:" a'sentence jtaraphrased is tiie same t/ii>in//it cxpre.s.sed in dijj't'vcnt words, This jtrocess requires that tlio meaning of the proposition to be explained shoidd be correctly EXPOSITION. 73 TuiflcrRtood. Tlie pupil must grasp tlie thought, make it liifj own, and tlicn express it in original language. For example, %v(' may elucidate an abstract truth l»v expressing it in a coii- ciete form, or vice versa. Tlic goner. . trutli tluit men's ill deedrt art; remembered after tlieir good deeds are forgotten, is exi»rea!sed b^ iSliakespeare in contrasted metaphors wheu he aays, — "Men's evil manners live in brass; Their virtues we write iu water." And he repeats the same truth under a different image in the lilies, — "'J'ho evil that men do lives after them; The good is oft interred witii their boiiea.** This is simple .iraphrase in its briefest form. But Exposition requires greair "aboratioii of tlie thought than tiiis simple transference if t'u thought from one form to another. To explain the truth fully aiul enforce it, we must expand the simple statement by the addition of comments, illustrations, and I'cflections, unld the paragraph bears the same relation to the original ])r'^ tosition that a brief homily bears* to its text. Tliia is Expanded Paraj^hrase, or Expositiou. 104. Example. " 'Tis hotter to h-xve loved and lost, 'I'lian never to have loved at all. ' — Tennj/fon. "AMion we lose a very dear friend, we are apt to think that we mlprht have heen spare*! the trial and sudVriiis of hcreavemeiit had we never known hirn. Jind even to wish that it had hcen so. A little nfk'etioii, however, will convince ns that we have gaiiuwl inestimable a(hantap'S hi>(h hy the friendship itself and hy its loeople — c» its dangers. 76 coirrosiTiOK in prose. 1 '! !li 2. Pnrnfirnph. Dcmocncy (from the. flrock drmi'/t, tliu pcoril") is t!pt f)rTn of porern- inent in which the sdvuTci^ii powiir is in tiie hands of thu pcuplc!. Tho foMiiH of /^ovornmcnt to whicli Democracy is opposed are Slnnarchy, ia wliieh the siipieme power is entnisted to a sincfle heredit.iiy ruler or sovereif^n ; aiui Arist'-eiiicy, in wliich it is exercised hy men of exalted birth or iiiriuencc. who are not seleeted hy the choice of tlie pco|)le, lint as>at ility of managing the com- plicated m.ichinery of a state imperativt ly reiinire ; and it gives to tlie lower and less intelligent class, who form a numerical majority in every state, a prepduderatiiig inlluence in its a!lairs, to the cxcdusion of those who, by position and education, are both better fitted and better entitled to ruio. Exercise 33. Suhjects fur Expositouy PARAGRAnia. 1. Monahchy. 1. Ocnrrnl: TTiat form of government in which the govcrcTgn pow^cr !| vested ir n single ruler — contrast with democracy and aristocracy. 2. Particvlar: Klective numarchy, — tho sovereign chosen by the pjopln or their representatives: luMeditary monarchy, — descending ^ron father to son ; more iniie|)endent than tho former: absolute mo' aixdiy, — the sovereign derives his power from himself: li^iit. mon.ircliy, — the power of tho sovereign chocki-d by other clen tjta as the people, or the. arist(H:racy, or both : elective. — tho Old iU \!\i Kmpiro : hereditarv, — the llnglish Crown: abaoluto, — Kl 'ft, lintittid, — the ilrilish I'onatitulion. *y ?• EXPOSITION. T7 1/ ft. Erjlrrfxnn: Its oripn in pntomnl povonimont : ^\vf9. rlipmity to a stntc, and compac'tiit .~s to its govi'iiiint-nt : cltclivc M. soour.'s a suocch- pinii of powcrtu! rulers: licrcditJirv M. saves a stat*' fn-ii; internal di>cor(Is : alsoltife M. seeurcB celerity of aetion, hut tends ti) dcspot'sm : limited M. cuniliities the adMttita'^es of dill'erent forniH of governmout, and aflurds the greatest ha^ndness and pro.-sperity tu a state. 2. EncoATiox. 1 Genrrol: The training (literally " the drawing out") of the fncultie* of the mind. 2. I'urtitvlar: A prolonged and lalioriona prncops: compared to the culti- vation of the Soil, — the see*! luuied for a tim(\ the tVuit distant and uncertain; the end aimed at, the deveiopineMt and elevati(»n (.f the ■whole man : distinguish between intellectual or general cduc ation, and professional or special education : the means employed, — langiujges, science, facts: diirerent faculties to he operated upon, — judgment, iinaginati(»n, t^iste: mental, moral, and physical educa- tion : contrast education with crudeness or the ahseni-e of training, on the one hand; and with instruction or the imparting of know- ledge, on the other: iiifilrvrtioii to he used as a means of edvco' tinn: education in ancient I'ersia and Greece: in mudern Prussia, France, Hritain, and America. S. Refirctioii : Its value to all men: importance of right methods Iwing adopted: difliculty of the process: delicacy of the machine to be operated upon, 3. Revenge. 1. General: The pnssion which prompts to repaying injury with injury. 2. Particular: I'eioiigs to the lower part of human nature: s«en in the lower animals as well as in man, — example of the elephant: man tries to conct-al it as a motive, even when acting under its inlluencc : contrast with generosity ; with the " golden rule," to do as we wouhl be done unto: with forbearance: the savage. 8. lie/lcdion: A des])icable passion: reduces nnin to the level of tho brutes: a proof of our fallen nature: ttnchristian : the duty of restraining it: the influence of education and of religion in checking it. 4. CoiiESioir, 1, General: That species of attraction by whicli particles are held together so as to form bodies. 2. FarticvUtr: Its strength in in proportion to the power of b^^Klies to resist separation of their particles; in gases it is nil; in liquids it is small; in solids it is greatest: particles may be reunited by cohesion, when they have been separated: it is reduced by heiit, which acting on solids converts them intr) liqnids; and acting upon liquids couveits them into gases: contrast with repulsion of par- lY T8 COMPOSITION IN PROSiB. ticloifl in neriform bodies: confrast wifh crravUitiorj : fl''jr'n1fv of 6c|>:iritincf two sin lotli pii'oos of Icml or ;;!a!js: dust iiii.li; into liles by coinprtission, aiii i!X|mIsiou of the air. 8. licJliiflttH: Power of cohesion in biililini!d to a spici;i| work- man: each workman limits bimself to bis own department: con- trast with the rudimentary Rtai,'es in K(K'ictv. in which each mm docs all the \y.\\\9. of the same work; and widi the most advauee I, in which machinery does all the par^s ecjually well: pm-makin;;: book-makinu;: (railo: education. 8. Ri'Jliction: Each nnn ac(juin!S hi<;her skill, anil preit'T r •I'lity, bv eonfininj^ himself to a special department: siviii^ of time- -ail departments proprcssinpf at once: ccononjy of labour: increase of production : increase . The AdvantacTPw of Motliod. 16. The British ConPtitution. 17. The riensuros of Imngluatbn. 18. The Influunoet of Art fiUMMARY, OR PRlSciS WRITING. Chapter V. — Summary, or Precis Writing. f^ 108. Sumtnarising is tlie process of sclcct'mji^, and exprcsslnj; In a single paragraph, the essontial fciitures of an cxtonded com- position, or series of papers, — ^.7., a (lei)ate, a correspondence, .in historical narrative, an otheial letter or despatch. (n) The prcedin;^ oxcrcisc? on tlic I'arjX'^iMph hnvedcPfMitlcd mainly on Kxp.insion anil Knlarjri'iiu'ut. 'ri»o pnj-^ciit Ch»;ir', r rcciuircs th« converse process, — that ot' Contraction and Abriilfj;i!icnt. 109. The writing of a Summary (or Memorandum, as it ia officially called) recpnres that the do<'ument or passage to be Bummarised be in tho first place carefully read over, and that a brief abstract or analysis \u- made of tlu* most importatit parts; and then that thesi' parts be written out in the form of a short narrative, which will be the summary re(|iiir('d. The following extract from the *M{ep<»rt of II. M. Civil Service rommissioners " fully explains the nature and recpiirements both of the abslracl and oi' tUii stonnmn/ : — *M. The ohjt'ct of th« Ansrn^rT (sohodnle or docket) is to servo ns nn Index. It uliKulil contain tlu'did^ ot'c.U'li letter ; the names of the persons by whom and to wlioni it is wiitreu ; iinil, iti nji /> ir jrnjv/.v r^y;w.v.'«<7(^', tlio unlijt'ct of it The rnerifH of sneli im ul)strnct are, — (1) to pive the really bnportiint point or points of each 1< tter. omitting > vcr^ thinj; else ; (2; to do tills bi'iedy ; {3) distinctly ; und (4; in itnch u foini uh leaaily to catch the eye. " 2. I'hfi ohjerf nf the MKMOitANDJ'M for prf'CiR\ which shnuJtl br, vot letter ty h'ttfr, tint 111 Ihi' liirm nf' d it^in-ntiv, in that anv one who had not time to ritid the oritrinal letter". miRlit. hv rei»din!» the pn'cis. he p;>t in posse-isioii of all the leaiinj; tiatmes of wh^t passed. The merits of hocIi u pn<'i8 are, — (1) to ^hl'W brit'tiy hnt clearly the Ktnte <»f atV.iirs. and the positions oceupio'l hy the principal lu-rsun-*, at tlie time when the eorrespomh-nco opens; (J) to contain nil that is important in the correspondence, and nothiiif; that is innnu)ortant; {l\) to present this in n cunxecntlv.- and readable shape, exp: :'ed as distinctly as possible, and att brielly U4 it conipAtibte with uouiplutenusH and distmctnuM." 110. T1h» best method of performing this e.xcrciso may bo gathered from the following rules: — L Head over the whole passage or correspondence, «mm1 underliiit) with pcucil| or utliurwiee murk, thu iuipoifit^ HI* 80 COMPOSITION IN PR0S2. ^ II. Select tliesc i^arts, and write tlxnn in the fewest possi1)le wcH'ds, as an Abstract or Imix^ {tlaciiiji: i" dilVt'iciit columns (1) the nnniher of tiie letters; (2) the date; (IJ) tlie corrcsjumdetits; and (4) the subject-matter. (.See exain}de, § 111. II.) III. Extend the notes of the subject-matter in the form of filidrt sentences. This forms the Memorandum or Sunwumf, IV. Nnnd)er the letters or the parn,2:ra{)hs (1,2, 3, etc.) in the ori^-inal, and place corresponding ntunbors betbre the notes .n the heads in the Abstract, and uppobite the Bentences in the Summary. 111. Example. [The essential passages in tho followiuj;; Correspontlenco are here printed in italics.] I. ThK ConKESrONPENCK, No. I. — The Secretary, Civil Srrrirfi Commission, to the Secretary, Office of Works* Kir, 3lRtMnvl««0, VVitli rofprcncc to tho ox.iminntinnR fiir the Civil Scrvieo of iiiii( f./ir lijtjirr tjalirry nm\ niuking noiscM or n'l^iiala of (lilT.re.it kiiul!» to Ht'r.iet tlie a»!ontiou i»f the c.nnlidates in the are* n. It i»of e,o;u>e innHt iin|iortJii)l that perfect quiet nhotild he preserved in A room wln'pj an examinatinn \t^ tnW\u^ place, and tho Coinniissiouerit nlwiiyc n*'ike a point of iseeurincr this in the examination rnoriiR under their eh«r);;c, hut rtt tho iloyal Allxrt Hall Jiuir auth(Mitv is limited to tlie arena its»df, and tlicy j.re unahle direetly to oonfiol tfio proeoedinjjn of |X'VBons in any otle-r part of tin; hull. ling. I am therefore directed to t'^jn'st that sHih rejo'i'sfntatioits may be made to the vuniaijera of (he. " ' ' ' reedimia tn distrad the attrudon of the edtuiidatct and no to iiUer/iri with Ihi ^ro^ cvndual (l<>tiiict ; That c-'uididitps who hid finished their work went into the gallery and aii)iiHi:d theiiihclvi'S by whisiliiip; and shoiitin;:^ ; That copviii*; and anUing quchtiuns tcuk phico amongst the candidates to a coiiMiiicrahle extent; That although pr»tne attempts appear to have been made to preserve order, they were quite inatl':qiiate lor tiio p niini>hioners to acknowledge thd rep.;ipt of your U'tfi-r of the .'nd inst.'UJt on the subject of tiio reniaikfl nn le ill the House of ('omnions on the 2Mth ultimo in regard to tho uu-.nti»ifact<»ry cnnditinns undrr whirh, it in allfged, the preliuiinary ex iiiiiiiaiionH of candiiiates fur .»d';iis>ion to tlie IJuvai .N'ilifary Cnllege, Sa ii!li'ir*f. are co'iducted. and nn re particularly refeiring t(» the c\aniina> tinti Ihdd at the Itnyal Albert Hall in the Ttli and Sth of April jat't. In reply I am in tin- hi,>t j)I let? to rcfinest that y(tu wil'i (onvey to Mr 8iTretary ('hilder!« the thank'* uf the ( Vinniissiimers for the c«tntmunication wliieli he Iimh cauned to he made t»» tlieni, and will assure him that tho CninniiH.'x Ms* jire at all tioios most ready to iii(|iiirt! intt* the troth of ■nv «»«?! ')r« whl»li niav reach (hom respecting iricgnlarilics in the coH'liu't <>' ' ir cxaminafiouH, ^Nith the view of providing such reinedici a»» ue within their jMtwur. A<« n:g»rd>« Jio iiifin Huhject of your Utter, I nm to ^tat<^ thit tho cirpunistinccB ref« rrfd t».d»is only a very imperfect contnd tiver the hnildings which Eire fruQi tiioo \^ liintt providud fur thuiu by th« OUluo of Wurks for Uie I .1^; fi^MMARY, Olt PPVCJt' wnTTINO, 83 f purpose of linMinpf cximinntions. It is to bo nu'vii .hni l?ie r/^i^ms tliiis provideil, hcini; iiiteiidiMl tor ciitir«.'ly dillcrint i-'Uposc^, nw vol iu g>uri.U well suifc'/ for cxaiiiiiuitiniUi, aiid have n '•'( biicu v.q>;'iilv ot «»ioiii- nv«{.Uiiijj all the caiiiliiiatos. iiiiinbcritic' x-Ij: v.jrjoii Si].), wliti have pro- Bented thctiiselve.H at the ciiii-r exatiiiii iu,>ii> 'i {'.vr. army; and Inrilier, that even these rooms, not beiii^ eoiujiletely . i-e euinin.md of the ( Mlie'j of Works, aie liahie to be, and have iu inanyca-Ls been, diverted to oilier uses alter haviiit; been forinall v assigned lor iho usn of the Cornmi«*sionerH. Ketdin'* Work*. &c., to acknowledge the receipt ol Mv Heullam's letit-r ai' liia 2 hit instant, forwarding copy .»f a I'Mlcr fitvic! the W.ir < >ni(e, and of tho Civil {Service Coinmissior.ers' j^ijMly Uici''.'. rtslativo to the anti'>ynncu OTperien^-ed by enndidnres at rece;il' "Xuiuiiiations at the K'oyiil Albert Hall, and I am lo aciinainf you, for tho juformat'oii oi' tho I'ouimis* sioners, that the lioard have fortnirdrd a coj"f of the corrrypitmli ncfi whie.n has taken til-ice vpon the vuttlcr to tki Lords Cuinmn^ioiurs of IIcv JJujcsty't Tiiiiuurg, I fttn, &-C. (.Signed) B. C. CAiXAM>En. r'. n 84 COMPOSITION IN PROSE. II. Thk AnsTnACT ok Tnpkx No. of etc ho. 1. Date. ColJRKSrONDKNTS. May ai, IbbU. Ko. 2. No. 3. No, 4. No. 5. June 9, 1H8U. Civil SiTvicu (Joiinnissioucrs to < )llico of Woika. OOicc of WoilxS to C'i\ il Scrvii'f. Cotiuiiis^iiiiiurs. Suhject-matter. iiitiin\tiiip coinplaiiits of dia- tin l);im:iuif ( ')iii(liil!iteH(iuriii{j Kx:tiiiiii;ition>iii UovHlAllieit Hall: ri'inifstiiijT that ifpre- Kciitatioiis [,ii made to Alau> a<;ors of Hall. Juuu22, IbSU. Juno 2, IHbO. JuuelS, 18SU. Civil S-rvicu Coniuiissioiars to ( Klico of WorliH. lutiiiiatiiif^ that the M.uiMpcr of Hall has prouiist-d that the niattor hhall have his bcbt uUi^iition. War Uilii-c tt. Civil Servico CoiiiinishioiicrH. Civil SiTvii'c Cfmniiissioiicrs to Wur Ullico. No. d. June 24, 1880. OOlce of WuikH to I ivil .*'fr>iv'^' ConuniKAioncrff. Forwanlinj; copy of Letter (No. A) on 8aim; suiijict from War ( '"ici!, with reply thereto (.>o. ;>). CalliiiR attention to remarks in JlouHe of Commons in rej^anl to ilisturhaneo of Kxamiua- tion.s in Albert Hull. i^tntiiif? that the Huhject had alre.iily been incjuircii into by CommissioiierH, nnd en- closiiif; I.t.'tter.s No. 1 and No. 2; lejirescntingthatthtrooma provided were generally un- hiiitiible : stating that thi Ollieeid WoikH had repeuteiU ly been preHhcil to pmvidc per- manent a<-eoitini■?,■ ■ffr,i; ' ' »: fV^' SUMMAHY, OR r::i:cis writtn'o. III. TiiK Mi:Mon\xni;.M on Si'mmabt. Accommnilation for Exammations. 65 No. 1. (May 31, 1830). No, No. No. ISi). 2. (June 9, IBSO). 4. (June 2, 1830). T>. (J.mft IS, lo^a). 1. (May 31. LSSU). 'I'll*' Oivil S»'rvic»^ ('(>rnnii«! CMmnhjiiits that Ii.ii bi'cii ITiii It^ to tlu'iii of til'- (lisiinl) iiKM! to wliifli ("mm- di.laft'S li;iil hfftn sulti'i-rt'd (luiiiij; (ixaminrUion in til'! K'nyal Allifit II ill. Iintli from workincii mill from |icr>?ons in tlm ii|»|)('r pjillery. Tlioy nski'd till' Ollice of Works to cill tin; !\tt«Mitioii of till' Mimiirfis of tilt! H;ill to tilt' sul»jt'i't, with ft vit!\v to II nunftlv. 'I'lif ( Hiicc of VVori.s rfplicd tint tliev had at oiici! iloiu- so. nud that this Maiiairfr Ind proiiN>'cd to irivt; tlu; tnatter hit) hi'sr atti'iitioii. In the 'lu'aniiir.c tlu; W.ir (Mlioo ciIIimI tin; nttiMitioM of tin' Civil Si-rvicc Comiiiis- sioiii-rs to statfiiiuiits on the same suhjrct niadu in file lloUM; of Comtnons, and io(|nc'stfd tiicin to inquire into tlio mntti-r. atul to providt* a ri'Tiiody. In reply, t'.fi Civil .*'^t'rvi''>' Coniini'^. No. 2. (Juue 9, 1830). No. No. ftiuners stated that tliev hati alri-'Klv ha-l liio niatttif under tludr ron'|liea of Works the iiec es-sity li* per:.:..iie'it nnd siiitalilo iiccoM'iio liitini bein^ provided for h.ildhi: Hnd tluiv nMpu'Stt'd the War niHco 3. (June 22, 1880). to support them in this appuitl. '1 hey I'orwanlod to the « Mi;, ,; ,ii' Works their cor cpondtjnc*' with 6. (June 24, 1830). tin! War ( dlioe ; und rnmllv. tlu! Olli< c «if Wwn pul-nitied »Uc wholfc rjuuKtion to tho L«jrtU of the Treasury. 'or> '^ Exercise S-i. MaW an AnsTRArx or Ini>;a', and c MtMORANDUM or SuMMAiiv, of each of the following series of ietten ;— L (So. t.)~The [I, Cttntomt. t.n the Secretary, dml Sfrmm Sir, S4tfc M<«7 um. In mplv to yonr letter of the 7th in«tnnt, \T%^mMm% « wrtiHrstt of quaidicutioa tor Mr A lU- — , M iruu clurk of the Loirer Divithuu i^ne Tf-n.-** ■.i> 'n. ■'■\th' '%^m'' I'll '^l^ ir "iX-'^X-'g-l 66 CO\!P0SItI&.'« IN pncsB. (inploytnent in this Dep.trtmont, T am doRircf'. bv t^.e Pnartl to oVprre tlmt. with rt;l'crcnci3 to tlic extnicf fram 'rri!nsnry letter ol" '2Hrd Xoveiiibcr 1M77 sulr the intorin.ktion of ti.o iJoird of Cn'iioiMs. thfit the qui'sti /n tlienin put. iis to the d.-sle froni l\'hit!h tritniMril incnintnts of salnry kIuiiiM Ik; Hlln-.vini to olerks of the Lowrr Uivif*ion who have iiad >ervi(;e in niore tl;an one 'h'pJirtinent, is not oni; xvhiel. they Inivo uiUhmity to determine lor xhu ^evvico gtiieraily. 1 am to «tatp, liowever, that in der'Kn;? with snch s\ case, if it were to arise in tlu-ir own liepartni'-nt, the (.'ii!!iii\is>ioners wonid consid'.T that oul' aetnal service of thvee yt-arH in the capaeily of a Lower Divij-iurj ciei'k wonid entitle u perf^on to neeive a tiiennia) inereuicnt under Clause l;; itf the Order in Conneii of i'jth I'ehruiry lH7tJ. NSonuvi-r, in vi(;w of the i'ondi;i*sioiieirt would con^it'ler thenisilves hound to awrtrtain ii. the cast- <)( anv clerk who hai'I pn'vion>|y ^erved in Hnotlic*' Uep.irtnient whi'tiier hU conduct iu that lJe})artnient bud bee u in uil t^ispecu batis> fm-.iory» I liavc, &a, ':>■■. 1. II. (No. 1.) — The rn'neiprtl Li'n-nrian, British KxLHumy to the Sfcretary.^ dill Hcrvice tummiasiua. Sir, nth April IWf. ^ I Imvc Ven dirr rtJ-d to lnq;iirft whefhrr, in the opinion <( the Civil Frrvicf ( oitiniissiancrs. it "nild he. practieahle to rranf et if ificati-s of qiiaiifreatmn for eniplo' nifnt in thn i'fvii >er\ ict, either nndt-r t hifj* I. or CUmi II.. to c.in«1i«hiteH for pitnati'm» in the Mritinh Mu-»!t:ni wSo 11' <. I cert'^iu vuudaal, but do nut obtaiu au appoiuttf::u( at the i^riiibh I bavo, &a. ,• ^ ■., not ohtain an appointment Ht the Hritish Museum. Ill ii'p.y i im to ueqiiaiiit you, lor tiie information of the trustees of tiiC Hritisli Museum, thit as appointments to situations belonginf^ to Class 1. or til') Lower Division ot' the ( ivil Service can only be in.iile on the ivsiiits of open competitive exaiiiiiiations, tlie ConunissionorH do not sec how unsuccessful caiidiil&tes for situations in the British Museum Could be ccj tifieati'd for either of those classes. In ihese <;iiciiinstaiices it ma', ptirliaps be worth consideration by the trustees vvl.-ether tlu* apprt-hended dilliculty of (djtainiiif^ an adeipiato 8Mp|)'\ of eoin[>.'t(-nt cindidates woiiltl not be ohvi ited if the situatimis in the liritisli Museum were oirered, tor^ether with others of similar rank in other I>ep;iitmunis, for competition under Kegulation 1. (copy enclosed herewith). In the competitions htdd under these Itcpnlations, owinp probably to tlie number of prizes ollered at one time, there has never been any lack of qii:dilied candidates, nolwiihstjindiug that fees amounting to I'C art3 e.\.'i"teii. It is to lie oliS'TVcd that under pai-n^raph 5 of the " (I(mernl Itepnla- tif! umiie tu enablo candidatun, who aro natives of Mult* and 88 COMPOSITION IN PROaC, 14 in resident In tlio Colony, to bt; exfunincul tliero simultaneously with those tukinjr part in jompv-litiojis in this country tor apiKtiutni; ji:s in the army and n:ivy or tht; Civil St-rvicc ot' Kntrland and India, I utn din cted i)y tiie Iviri of l\iniborluy to transmit to you, to bu laid btd'orc the 1,'ivii >ervico Coinuushionurs, a copy <»l a despatch from Major-(iencral the Honourable P. Keiidin^r, at present administerinj^ the (iovemment ot" Malta, urging lurtlier reasons in favour (»f 8ir (.'. Van Straubenzt;e'8 propos:il. On the receipt of your letter referred to above, the (Jovernor was iiiformcil that this re(|ut;st could not l)e Hcced( .1 to. liOid KimlH-'iiey would, however, now HtronjHj "rge that this decision bIiouIiI be reccniKidered. He attaches considraLlu impc.rtance to thi» measure both as a means of facilitating the efforts of the Colonial (Jovein- inent to pntmcne the htudy of the hnglish language in Malta, ami of Attaching the Maltese to this country by enabling them to enter Her Majesty's service. 'i'he necessity of coming to this country for the purpose of being examintnl «>perute8 as a practical bar to cundidatcH from Malta oilcring themselves. I am to add that Lord Kimberley tinderstands that certain examina- tions ure now Conducted by the Civil J^ervice Coinnnssion in Malta, and he tru.sts that the (ominissiomrs will be able to extend the tjytitcm to other examiuutiuuti iu the manner proposed. 1 am, &u. (No. 2.) — Enclosiike. Major-Gcneral Ieildino to the Eahl of Kiuderlkt. My I^ord, Palace, Valetta, :U)tli Septemher 1880. 1 deem it to be my duty to state for yonr licrdship's consideration tlint, nolwithstaiiding the great efforts which are being made by this (ioverinnent in order to encourage and promote the study of the ICnglish language in these Islands, a large portion of the community have hitlierto failed to form an adetpnite appreciation of the nndtil'arions adva'ttages •which would most nniioubteiily be derived from a n)ore extensive know- ledge of the English language, and I am sorry to say that an impression yet prevails that a thorough Ktudy of the EngUsh language wimld be prolit- alde to only very few, considering the large amount of expense whieh u Maltese youth nnist inevitably incur should he be permitted to ctmipete in l''.ngland for situations iu the army and navy and the Civil tJervico of Great Ihitiin and India. With a view, therefore, to remove one of the greatest iliscouragcmcnts thai locally »'xist lor a more general and prot'uuml study of the Eii(.'lisli laiiguan*' in Malta, 1 woulil venture to repiat tin; sug^:lhtion contained iu (Sir C. Van Stranbenzec's dcbjiateh of the 4ili May 187!:i. and to re«jiuKl that your LonUhii) may be i»lcuscJ to myvy tho Civii fciurvicw Commia. SUXfMARY, OR PRl5ciS WRITINCk CO nloners to rcponsi l«r tln'ir -i(>n of thv Hn', Aiiiust 1S7S, In nrder tlint a privil»'<;.f innv he ctinccilcfl t'> Maltese stiideiits'tn iit)iliiir<> in t\i\^ IsI-iikI niiy cMinpefifive exMrniiiitinii i\>v sifnatinas in Her \i.«ji>ty'rt strviec in a Biiiiilar niaiiiier, an I mi tlio Kaiiio I'tKitinj;. as pr leti-^ed iti tlie caxe of candidates for I'omtnijsinns in tli»; Kovnl Malta I't-neilde Artillrrv. Slimild this coiH'e^sion l»e in ade ! cai\iii>r lnit tliink that it wmild p> far to set asiile an ntr ii-ed arfjutiient in Malta by tliose wlio are Mpfxixd to tin; ev tho change proposed; iu case of con<'ession tJie reply would be irresistible. I have, K'e., CSiirn«'d) IV I'K.ii.inNn. Major fJenoral. Tho night If on. fhe Karl of Kimberley, Admi.iistering tho Uuvernuicnt, &.L., &C., &C. P.S. — T \>vi to add tliat poeiiliar faeilltio'. . xi'st in Malfft which prrrlnrfo the possibility of any unfair dealing with On; papers, as the txamiiiationg take plaots in thu Council Koom of the I'ulace, and arc under the iinuiU'* diatu Hurveilluncu of tliu Ciuvernor. (No. 3.) — The Sccrffan/, Civil S'rrrice Com7t)i''.'iinn, to the Director' General of Military Edurtititm. Sir, T.Uh Nnvemlwr \^9,0. I nm r?Tected hv f lie Cfvil S.rvicd romniissioners to transmit. t'.>r the information of His Hoyal Highness the l-ieid Marshal rominandin'_'-iri- Chief, the enclosed copv of a letter from the Colonial Oflice, dated llie 2r»th OctolH-'r. with t;nclosurp, recommending that arrangemints Khonhl btj made for holding at Malta certain examinations eonducteii by this lionrd, and, among others, those for admissi<»n to the armv. I'efore replying to this communication, the. Commissioners wnuM I)o glad to be informed whether His Koyal Highness would see aiiv objection to allowing cmdidates to undergo tho preliminary examinaliou for admission to Sandhurst at Malta. The question whether or not it would bo posslblo or desirable to hoM the further examination in that colony is one the considorutiuu of which tho Commisaionerrt desiru tu pospoiie lor the present. 1 have, &c. (No. 4.) — The Dircdor-Ornrrnl of Mifitnrjf Etfueaiion, to the Secretary^ Civil i»crvice Coiiiinission. Sir, iBt Deccmhor lP«n, With rcforonco to your letter of tho 10th nltiino, transmitting a copy of a letter from the Colonial Oflice, dated tho 'i/ith Octcd)er. with encIo«Jur« recoinmend^ig that arrangeiuoutit bhuuld be mudo fur holding at Malt« IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 1.0 It I I.I 1.25 28 IIM S2.2 ■^ 20 1.8 nil U 111.6 % Photogniphic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WIBSTCR. NY I4S80 (716) I73-4S03 w. C/a 90 COMPOSITION IN PR08E. certain examinations con'hicted by the Civil Service Comnii««inTi«»r«i, I have the honour, by (nrecti(»ii oi tbo Field M irshr\l ComnniKiirifr-ii.. Chief, to acquaint yon th:it lli-< Koy.;l nir;iii,;ss h.is no objix-ii in to \\nt pro- posal that preliminary exaiuiuations tor udiuissluu to «SauaUurst may ba btild at Malta. I am, &c (No. 5.) — T?ie Secretary, Civil Service Commission, to (Tie Srcretc^y, Treasury. Sir, 15th Decrmbor IMSO. Tn tran«?mittin(^ for the information of the T.onis Coinmi-^sioivrs of Ilcr Majesty's Tieiisury the enclosed copy of a letter, with enclosure, which has been received from the Colonial Office on the suojcct of the desirability, in the interests of tho colony, of kulding Army and Civii Service examinations at Malta ; I am directed by the Civil Porvice Commissioners to acquaint ynu, for their Lordships' information, tint, in view of tlio stroncr representa- tions contained in the Karl of Kiinberlcy's letter and in Mnjor-f Jencral the Honourable 1*. Feihling's despatch, tho Connnissioners arc encajred in considerinpf whether they Cfiii hold in that island prelimin irv exnmina- tiouH (and possibly from time to time a competitive examination) for clerkships in the Lower Division. They have asccrtairjcd that His Hoyal Hifrhness the Field Murshul Coniniandinir in-Cliief sees no objec- tion to preliminary examinations for Sandhurst bein;T held at Malta. A difficulty, however, arises as to the manner in which the prescribed fees fchould be collected. Hy y(mr letter, 2Gth Septembrr 1870, it was laid down that all Civil Service examination fees should be levied by means of stamps, but as in the present case it nppt?ars doubtful whether arrangements could bo made for the supply of these stamps in Malta, I am to request that tho Commissioners may bo informed whether their l^>rdHhips would sue any objection to the cuUuctiuu iu these cases of tho feus in money. I have, &0, IV. (No. 1.)— 77i« Cliirf Clnl\ Frchrqiur and Audit Deparii,xerU, to the Secretary, Civil Service Comviission. Sir, 6th October 18R0. I am directed by tho Comptroller and Auditor Cieneral to nqnest tliat he may Ihj favoured with tho views of tho Civil Service Commis- sioners as to tho fullowincr arrangement in relation to tho terms of the Order in Council of the 4th .luiio ]87(», viz. : — 'I'he apjKiintment in October IST'J of Mr A. H to bo Vice-Consul at Port an Prince, subject to his jvissiiKj the rrqnired examination on the first occasiua uf his viaiting this country, and the payuient of his salary \ crMiiAnY, OR PRiScrs wRirrfJo* Dl \ \ Com ihe c'nfe of this appointment, notwithstanding that the reqttircc} exciiuuiatiuu had nut takcu piucu nearly a year alter that date. 1 have, &c. (No, 2.)— 'The Secretary, Civil Service Commission, to the Under Secretary of Slate, Foreign Oj/ice, Sir, 9th November 1880. r nm directed by the Civil Scrvico Commissioners to acqxiaint you, for Kail (iranvillc's int'orniation, that they have received a letter from the Comptroller and Auditor Cleneral, raisinp^ the question whether the an;M)j:jtincut referred to in Mr Hammond's letter to this Hoard of 2Uth 1 'cfcmlier IHiti"), according to which gentlemen appointed as Vicc-Consuls frequently do not obtain certificates of qualification until a considerable time aftrr they have entered upon their duties, is consistent with tlio pro- visions of the Onler in Council of 4th June 1870. Hefoic rei)lyinp to this letter, the Commissioner? won 1 be glad to bo made acquainted with Earl Cranville's views on the subject 'I'he Commissioners are themselves awaro of no reason for doubting that while Consuls are not bound by the Order, L^ing appointed directly by the Ciown, Vice-Consuls are subject to its provisions, which require, as a general rule, that a certificate should bo obtained before employment is commenced. On the other hand they can readily understand that grave iucoiivenience to the ptiblic service might be caused by insisting on this rule ii: the caso of persons selected for appointment while resident in the country in which they are intended to serve. 'I'hey direct me, however, to ohscrve that an exception might be made in these cases if his Lordship should think fit to deal with them in the manner indicated by the (wizetto notice of llith ,Ian\jarv 1872, according to which the person selected might, under conditions there stated, bo employed with- out certificate, until either the Conmiissioners were able to arrange for his cxan)iiiati