^ > IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ltt|2i 125 Ui UA |2.2 12.0 •" 140 lU ■■■■ U v. '/] '^^ ^ > >^ ^ J> •> y '/ /^ Photograpiiic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 \ <^ \\ 6^ *• :^ ,. ,'"S, ,-'. 1.^"^;^^ *'^:', At ARITHMmAL TABLE BOOK, FOR THE USB OF ".i-*^- ^:^ SCHOOLS AND COUNTING HOUSES. BT W. B. MUIiHOLIiAND, Principal Normal School, Truro, N. S. Prescribed for nse in Public Schools of Nova Scotia, by the Council of Public Instruction. THIRD EDITION. HALIFAX, N. S. : ^1882. L.. DOS -,.- .:s7i r-r ;'«r" 'lit^ *tt*, -?; H^n lyfa. eac] rive :f*"^:,-';-.«T:«: y* .< w%^.;'-1 *» *•.. "-^ ^^t %nil$mtim\ Cable g00h.' Notation and Numeration. RK HP INOTATION is the writing or cxpresiiing of numbers bj charac- ters ; and NuMRRATiOM is th^reading of numbers expressed by chnractera Two systems of Notation are in general use — the Roman and tlie Arabic. THE ROMAN NOTATION £mpk)ys seven capital letters tu express numbers. Thus, Letters— I V X L C D M one ,/ivt omt Values— On*, Jive, ten, Jlftjf, hundred hundred thouiund. By combitiing these letters the ancient liomans formed the following TAULE. I... II.. III. V. V ■-■m& LX 60 LXX 70 LXXX 8» XC «J0 '^ 100 oc aoo coc aoo CD 400 D 500 DC 600 DCC 700 DCOC 800 CM 900 M 1000 MM 2000 MMM 3U00 MMMD 3600 MDCOCLX 1860 KOTB.— Th« systera of Roman Notation it not well adapted to the pur- posea of numerical caloulationa . it is prinoipaUy used fcr nuaberiag o£i^- iere and seotioiis of bookti, pubUc documenta, xc. THE ABABIC NOTATION Employs ten characters or figures to express numbers. Thus, Figures— 1 234567890 Names ) nough$ and S ontf two, thret fo9r, five, six, $€ven eighl, nine, or Values. ) «>A«r. The first nine characters are called signUicant figures, because each has a value of its own. They are called r>lgiU, a word de- rived from the Latin word digitus, whioh signifies ^nj^. The aeught or cipher is also called ^mhing or xtro. The VI... VII.. VIII.. IX..., X. .. XI... XII.. XIII.. XIV.. XX .. XXX. XL... L . 1 . 2 . a . 4 . & . . 7 . 8 . 9 .10 .11 .12 .13 .14 .20 .80 .40 .50 cipher has of itself no volue, hut is used to indicate the oni.^r of the significant tiffurcs which pretrcdc it. To facilitate tno readinj? of wimlc nuoihcra they arc «livifled into periods of tliruc fijLjures each, iK'ginniti^ at units, according; to the following; NUMLRATION TABLE. tn .2 d . S 2 2 r. rt :2 d s « CI S v> (A o S 5-2 '■" o 2 " ^ o ^ . «« ?. u- v.- 2: s o 5 KHDWHPKH 4 3 2,6 1 3,8 2 5,9 8 7,6 ft 4,3 2 1 NoTE.-^Thin iM called the French method of nutnn.-ation, and is the one in general use. In tlte old form, which watt called the English method, Ui* pttnods contained six figures each. S u c -S u, a 12 346678962 Multiplication Table. J 4 & 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 T'vice are 2 " 4 " •' 8 " 10 •' la " 14 " ifi " 18 ** 20 •' 22 *' 24 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 U 12 times are 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 4 1 2 3 i (> 7 8 9 10 11 12 tinie8 are 4 (I 8 ti 12 t< 16 t( 20 t( 24 (« 28 (( 32 a 36 (t 40 It 44 (t 48 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 iiTi AM 1 are 5 10 15 20 25 .30 3o 40 45 to 55 60 6 times 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 are it t( »4 it 7 times 6 1 are 7 12 2 tt 14 18 3 " 21 24 , 4 "- 28 80 5 " 35 36 C '» 42 42 7 " 49 4P 8 " 56 54 9 " 63 60 10 " 70 f>6 11 t; 77 72 12 ** 84 I 3 4 5 *» o 7 8 9 10 11 12 8 times 1 are 8 2 " ti 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 " 72 ". 80 ♦• 88 " 96 t( tt 41 tt tt 9 times 1 are 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 '• 18 ♦' 27 ♦' 36 " 45 " 54 " 63 " 72 " 81 " 90 " 99 " 108 10 times 1 are 10 2 " 3 " 4 " 5 " 6 " 7 " 8 " 9 10 11 12 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 " 100 " 110 ♦' 120 tt 11 1 Si s 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 times are 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 121 132 12 times 1 are 12 " 24 tt 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 36 48 m 72 84 96 " 108 " 120 " 132 tt 144 tt Cttrr curies. MoMKY is tlic ('omnuxHty juloptod to serve m r uiiiver>pei\ and Nickel. A Mint is a plaro in wliieh the coin of a country or govern- ment is manufnetui-ed. N()TK. — III all civiiizi'tl roiiiitiic^ mints ntid cohia^e are under the exclu- sive (lircction iiinl c ntml of ^ovfiimifiit. JJllmon is iincoiiu'd gold or silver. Bank Bills or Bank Nctkh are hil's or notes issued bv ft banking Company, and are |iayal)le 'o the hearer in gold or sil- ver, at the hank, on denumd. The/ an' substitutes for eain. Treasijrv Notes are notes issued by the (Jeneral jovein- ment, and arc payable to the hearer m gold or silver, at the gen- eral treasury, at a specified time. Currency is I'oin, bank hills, treasury notes, and other substi- tutes for money. eni])loyed in trade and commerce. A Decimal Currency is a currency \vho.se denominations increase and decrease according to the decimal scale. • CANADA MONEY. 10 Mills (m) make 1 Cent, marked Ct, or C. 100 Cents " 1 Dollar ' $. NoTR.— Hterliiij; Exchange at 9* per cent, premium is equal to par ;*"«.£, £lst{!;.=$4.8ti2-3. UNITED STATES MONEY. 10 Mills (m) make 1 Cent, marked Ct. or C. 10 Cents " 1 Dime, " D. 10 Dimes " 1 Dollar, " S. 10 Dollars " 1 Eagle, " E. Note 1. — Sterlinf; Exchange at 94 per cent, premium is equal \jopar\* e.g.^ £1 stg.;=$4.86 2-;i. NoTK 2. — The currf)ncy of Cuba, Demerara, and the Windward Isles is Dollars and Cents: $4.80 -=£1. Rti| in called weiifkinii ; aii'l conniittii incuiiipariiiij the tiling tu lji) wpl;{lii'd ^^ith some conveiitiuiiul nlaiidnrd. The orij;in of nil weiyhts in England was derived from n f/rain of wheat. f'Vf/e' Statute of 51 Henry III; 31 P'dward 1.,' and Henry VII., which etiacted, that 32 of tliem ^^athcrcd from the midillo of the ear, and well dried, were to make 1 pennyweight ; 20 pennyweights 1 ounce; and 12 ounces I pound. It was 8nl>se(iuently thought better to divide the jyeiitiytveifjht into 24 equal parts, called i/rains. The Imperial Pounds Avoirdupois^ which is the standard unit by means of which all heavy goods or large masses is weighed, is df fined to be the weight ot one-tenth part of an imjHjrial gallon^ or of 27.7274 cubic inclies of distilled water, ascertained at a time when the barometer stands at 30 ins., and the height of Fahrenheit's thermometer is 62° ; and thi« standard may conse- quently be verified or recovered at any time, when it may bo ne- •ccssary to appeal to experiment. If the >veight of a cubic inch of distilled water be divided into T)05 equal parts, and each of such parts be defined to be a half- grain, it follows that 27.7274 cubic inches contain very nearly ,7000 such grains ; and it is hence declared by Act of Parliament that 7060 grains exactly, shall hereafter be considered u pound, avoirdupois ; and that \0 ^aina shall be equivalent to I scruple; and 3 .scruples to 1 dram. But these latter denominations are seldom necessary, unless great nicety is required. This weight receives its name from avoirs, the ancient name of aoods and chattels, and poids, signifying weight, in the ordinary language of the oountry in the time of the Normant. Three scales of weight are in general use in this country and in England ; namely, Troy, Avoirdupois, and Apothecaries. TBOY WEIGHT. TsiOT Wxioar it mai is weigUng gold, silyer, and jewels ; \ t 'i d u a I 1 2 \ in philosophical cx[)crinici i, and (;cncrull}- wh^ro great nrrmncjr Is rc<{uircd. The unit i abbteviation, dwt.. fur p<>iuiywelv'lit, d. In from the Latin word dtnanua, n |>«innv ; wt. the Itrxt nnil la»t It'ttfrn ol the Knglish Murd w«l)(ht. Ox. U Ironi the U|)anUli wuid ohzu, an uiini-«. NoTK 2.~L)ianion«Uand utlfr pretlonii »>tone», are \vcl;;htrd by "Caratt,** each woicliln^S^ypor nearly 3^ KrMhiK. Troy. The term carat, applied tngold ha^ a irUiivo meaniiiK «)nly : Miy <|nAiitity of pure );uKI, or of gold alloyed «vitli any oiImt nii*tal, lifhit: Hn|i'|HiMM| <<• l*r «livldfd into 'J4 equal Krt* (carata), . il tlif ^^v\^^ )•« ptire, ii in »»id tn W 1.'4 cnrntit tine; it 'Jt^ part* pure tsold. and 2 partJi alluN, it U ^aid lu l>f 2'J ciiialM line. NoTK 3.— •vrim/urj {;utd \ or ;^nld wntclu'n. ThU In- dicate» that the.v are " Ih carat* Hne," the l«*Wf»t ilt-^ree of purity which ia uiarkkd ; but uiaiiy articlea are luaufoctnrcd a» low ait U carutit tinu. AVOIBDUFOIS WEIGHT. AvoiRDuroig Wkioiit is used for all ordinary purposes of weighing. Tho unit is the pound, and the table is made up of its divisors and multiples. TABLK. Grutm, Tn^y. make 1 Ounce, 1 oz. = 437.50 1 Pound, 1 lb. = 7000 1 Quarter, 1 qr. = 175000 1 Hundredweight, I cwt = 700000 I Ton, 1 ton =140iliciikcft tux* Uoiiullt «r I sold liy iivoinliipoii wci^lir. riio unit iH tlH> |)'>iiiiil, of wliicli all the othui* (lunomiimtioiifl ia the tublo are divisors. TAllM-:. 20 Giains (;jr) m.iko I StnipJe, m or ►) ;» Scruploj* " I nniin, ilr. nr t, 8 Drnnirt " I Ounro, or. or " )'i()uiK'0!i •' 1 Pound, /6.orlh Measure8, Mejwtiros (and weights) were invented 800 B. C. ; fixed to a standard in England, A 1). 1257; re;;ultitud, 1492; enciti/, iSpx'ijic (inicili), Sjtace, Thhc and Muti'on. The several denominations of tlieso measures have reference to certain Slandards or l/nits of' McdHnrc, which are entirely arbitrary, and consequently vary amonj^ dilVerent nations. In England and her Colonies the unit of Length is a YdiU Surface is a St/ntire yard, foot or inch. Solidity is a ('n hie yard. Capacity is a (ial/on. Weij;ht is a Pound. Tho rtnndardsiMf Awjniar Measure and of Time arc the same in all European Imd niObt other nations. IiINEAB OB liONG MEASURE. Long Measure is used in measuring lines or distances. TABLK. 12 Inches M Feet 5i Yards AO l^ods or Perches 8 Furlongs a Miles 69 i Miles (nearly) make I Foot •* I Yard 1 Kod, Pole or Perch 1 Furlong 1 Mile I Ix'ague 1 Degree marked ft. (I « «< « rd. or p. fur. in. lea. dty. or * NrtTK 1.— In Irclanil 7 YanliusI riTcli. An lii»h iniUi U i)ii*r(>ri)r«^ longer thkii Nil Knt^UHli inllt*. N()TK 2.— An inrli U th« iimAll«*At linrnr mraHin*. to wlil« h n hmmh* in giVMii ; but mi) .lIvlKioiiK Art* iiM«>c>ii«iiioA, thtt Inch i* rnminonlv ot1t<>«>rii of tlic rovnniii', uinl ny m ienlitlc imtmdiim, it i^diviili'il into t^rttln, kvnilrnltk%, &('.— ! \u\ inch, tliii><«-ritMitli<« inch, hftlt inch uinl i|iinrtrr itidi, (liviih'U Into tWflJth.1, UP) llnfd liy iVrcllltiM'ta. NtrrR 3.— Tho roliowiiij{ nD^a^iircmi'titH may !•«• n^hh'tl n'* nxciiil in i-f rtftin €»»«•:— 4 InrlioH nmku I Hand (used in iiu'tMurin^ hursfal. I Palm. I riil.it. ik ('oilllllO)l 1*A(*C. u lidtiniii I'ucu. u FHthoin. a Cahle's length. 60 Gcu^rupliical Milcd iitaku a dc(;rcc. SURVEYORS* LINEAR MEASURE. A CjUNteh'h Chain, usoil l»y land surveyors*, i.i 4 rods or 66 feet lun^, and cuniiiiitM ot KM) links. The unit is the chain, and the taiilo is made up o( divisors aud multiples of this unit. TABLK. 7.92 inches (in) make 1 link, marked /. 2!) links " I rod, " rd. 4 rod», or 66 feet " 1 chain, " ch. 80 chains " 1 mile, " mi. .') Inches 18 Inches a Fwt ft Feet 6 Feet 120 Fathoms" CLOTH MEASURE. This measure, which is a specie.*! of Long Measure, is used for all kinds of cloth, muslin, rihhon, Ice. The yard in Cloth Measure, is the same as ia Long Measure, but diflors in its divisions and sulxlivisions. 24 Inches nuikc 1 Nail. 4 Nails " 1 Quarter, 1 qr. 4 Quarters " 5 Quarters " 6 Quarters " 3 Quarters _^ V„»4 H 1 C^...„.r. Vr.wA << C'V «f// 9 Square Feet 30i Square Yards 40 S({uare Poles 4 Hoods 640 Acres «< Square Yard Square Pole Square Kood 1 Aero 1 Square Mile sij. po, ro. ac. sq. mi. NOTKR 1.— Ai-tlficern estiinnte their m rk M follows:— By tlie squai'o foot : glazim: and stone cutting. By tlie squarn yard : painting, plastering, paving, ceiling, and paper- hanging. B.v tlie gquare of 100 square feet : /looting, roofing, slating, shtngltng ana tiling. Brick-laying in estimated by tlio tt.ausand bricks, by the square yard, and by tlie square of KM) nqup.re feet. . Mason work is estimated by the rood of 3C square yards. '^.— In estimating the painting of mouldings, cornices, &c., the measuring- line is carried into all mouldings and cornices. 3.— In estimating brick-laying by either the square y«^d or thf square of 100 sqr.Tfe feet, the woi-k is underntood to bo 12 inches or 1^ bricks thick. MaRon work i.s allowed to be 22 inches thick. 4.— A thousand of shingles are estimated to cover 1 square, being laid 5 inches to the weather. 5. — Joiners, bricklayers, masons and plasterers, make an allowance for windows, doors, &c., of one half the openings or vacant spaces. Brick-lay- ers and masons, in estimating their work by cubic measure, make no allow- ance for the corners of the walls of houses*, cellars, &c., but estimate the work by tlie girt, that is, the entire length of the wall on the outside. SUBVBYORS' SQUABE MEA8UBE. This measure is used by surveyors in computing the area or contents of land. TABLE. * 625 square links (sq. 1.) make 1 pole, P 16 poles " 1 square chain, 57. cA. 10 square chains " 1 acre, ac. 640 acres " 1 square mile, sq.mi.- DUODECIMAIiS. Duodecimals are the parts of a unit resulting from continu- ally dividing by 12; as ^, y^7, TTfVf' etc. In practice, duo- decimals are applied to tne measurement of extension, the foot being taken as the unit. ; ' In the duodecimal dtvittions of a foot tho diflferent orders of unitH are related as follows : 1' (inch or prime) is ^^ of a ft. or 1 in. linear measure. 1" (second) or t*j of A istJj of a ft or 1 in. square " 1'" (third) or ^ o(^ ot ^'5 is , Jjj of .» ft.or 1 in. cubic TABLE. n 12 Fourths (""), make 1 third, 1'" 12 Thirds " 1 second, I '' 12 Seconds " I prime, l' 12 rrimcs " 1 foot, ft. Cubic Measure. ¥ A CuRH is a solid, or body, havinfi^ six equal square sides. Solidity is the matter or space contained within the bound- ary surfaces of a solid. Clinic Measukk, also called Solid Mcasnre, is used in com- puting the contents of solids, or bodies ; as timber, wood, stone, &c. The unit is the solidity of a cube whose side is tho unit of length. Thus the unit of cubic feet is a cube which measures 1 toot on each side ; the unit of cubic yards is 1 f.ubic yard, &c. TABLE. 1728 Cubic Inches (cu. in.) make 1 Cubic Foot cu. ft* 27 Cubic Feet " 1 Cubic Yard, cm. yd. 40 Cubic Feet of round timber or \ , «,^_ ^. -r ^„ , . 50 Cubic Feet of hewn do., make T ^^^^^ ^®*^' '* IG Cubic Feet " 1 Cord Foot, cd.Jl, la'sSu'St"'! " 1 cord of Wood. «». h Cubic Feet " 1 Barrel Bulk. 42 Cubic Feet of timber " 1 Shipping Ton. KoTBfi. — 1. A cubic yard of earth is called a load. 2. Railroad and trariBportion companies estimate light freight by the apace it occupies, and heary freight by weight. 3. In scaling or measuring timber for shipping or freighting, 1>5 of the solid contents of round tim))er is deducted for wncte in hewing or sawing. Thus, a log that will make 40 feet of hewn or sawed timber, actually con- tains 60 cubic feet by measurement ; but its market value is only equal to 40 cubic feet of hewn or sawed timber. Hence, the ciibic contents of 40 fpct of round and oO feet of hewn timber, as estimated for market, ar« identical. MEASURE OP CAPACITY. ( Capacitv si'_'nifics extent of room or space. Meusuros of capacity arc all cuhic measures, solidity and ca- pacity bein;,' relerred to diirerciit units, as may 1)C seen by coni- parinj; tlic tables. Measures of capacity may be properly subdivided into two classes, Measures of Liquids and jMeasures of Dry Substances. 4 2 4 2 4 36 Liquid Measure, OP THK DOMINION Ol^" C.VNAD.V, P. E. ISLAND, NEWFOUND- LAND, UNITED STATES AM) TIIK IIRITISH WEST INDIA ISLANDS. Liquid Mp:asuhb, also called Wine Measure, is used in measuring liquids ; ai molasses, water, liquors, &e. The unit is the gallon, and the table is made up of its divisors find multiples. TABLE. 4 Gills (g) make 1 Pint, marked pt. 2 Pints " 1 Quart " 7/. 4 Quarts " 1 Gallon ** gal. 3U Gallons " 1 Barrel. 2 Barrels " 1 Hogshead. Cn. In. Imp. Gull. 28.875 = .10414 .')7. lb = .20828 231. = .83311 NoTE.«». — 1. To convert the above into imperial maUiply by .83311. To convert iinperinl into the above nuiltiply by 1.20013. 2. The Btainlaid unit of liquul measure adopted by the above named ¥ laces, is the oM Wine Gallon of Kn;^lan'% containing 231 cubic hidies, or ery nearly 8..338 lbs. avoirdupois of pure distilled water. 3. The denominations, barrel and ho^^shead, are used in estimating the capacity of cisterns, reservoirs, vats, &c'. 4. The tierce, ho.<,'shead, pipe, butt, and tnn^ which we often find in in- voices, are niertl y the names of cai'ks, and do not express any lixed or de- finite measiire. They are usually guaued, and have their capacities in gal- lons marked on them. 6. In the United states beer and milk is often measured by the old ale and. beer measure, the gallon containing 2S2 cubic iuches. DRY MEASURE OP THE DOMINION OF CANADA, P. E. ISLAND, NEWFOUND- LAND, UNITED STATES, AND THE BRITISH WEST INDIA ISLANDS. Dry Measure is used in measuring articles not liqnid ; as grain, fruit, salt, roots, ashes, &c. The unit is the hushel, of whieh all the other denominations in the table are divisors. 11 TAllLi:. 4 Gills (p;.) mnkc 1 Pinf, nmrkcil i>t. 2 I'ints " 1 Quart, " (fii. 4 Quarts " 1 (iailon, " k: 4 Pecks " 1 Rusliol, " l»,sh. 36 Bushels " 1 CImldron " r/idt. (Jab. III. I tup. Gall. ,TJ.6 = .1:2118 67.L> =^ .24'23ii 26S.8 = .'.HUMS .V}7.6 = l.y.'lHDl 2150.4 = 7.75567 NoTRS. — 1. To convort th« above into Imperial multiply by .9G945. To convert Imperial into the above multiply by l.O.'Jir)!. 2. The stnnilnrd unit of dry tiiensnre ntlopteU by the above imm''vas Ibr- luerly kept at WinohcsttM-. KuL;laii.t)!)17 e\ibii; inches more than ."> pecks strirken meai-ine. \n this is about 1 bn. 1 pk. 1' jits., it is snfHciently ac- curate in practi''.e to call 5 pecks stricken measure 1 l.>eap bushel. G. As yrain, potatoes, turnips, &c., are ;;e)ierally sold by standard bushe of a certain weiglit, the foUowiiii^ table will be (bund useful: A'. Srotia. Cnnntia. P. E. 1. U. S. A bushel of Oats, 38 Ihs. 34 lbs. 36 lbs. 32 lbs. (( Wheat, 60 " 60 " 58 " 60 " it IJarley, 48 " 43 " 48 " 48 " u Rye, 56 " .58 •• 56 " 56 " <4 Indian Corn, 58 " .56 " 57 " 56 " M Beans, 58 " 50 " 60 " 56 '* II Peas, 58 " 60 " 60 " 66 " it Buckwheat, 48 " 40 " U T*r\trtfnoa oni 'Piivnirio P,l\ }ha nil nf\ -m«* A/I in roots 40 lbs. per bushel. LIQUID AND DRY MEASURE OP ENGIiAND, OR IMPERIAL MEASURE. TABLK. Gills make 1 Pints 1 Pint, Quart, marked 1 I Cubic Inches. pt. 34.6502 t/t. 09.3185 4 Qtmrts make 2 Gallons " 4 Pecks " 8 Bushels " 3C Bushels " 12 Cubic Tnchcs. I Gallon, marked 1 gal. 277.274 Peck, Bushel, Quarter, Chaldron, « 1 pk. 5r»4.M8 1 bus. 2218.192 1 (jTMar.l 7745.536 1 ch. HEAPED MEASURE. Potatoes, Turaips, Fruit, Lime, Coals, and a few other arti- cles, are sometimes bought and sold by heaped measure. TABLE. Cubic Inches. 1 Peck, = 703.87148 4 Pecks = 1 Bushel, = 2815.4871 3 Bushels = I Sack or Tub, = 8446.45776 12 Tubs = 1 Chaldron, = 101357.49309. NoTKR. — 1. The standnril unit of both liquid and dry measure in Britain U the imperial (;atloii, and Ih defined to Ije a tneaimre tliat will contain 277. 274 ciil>ir; incliea, tlie linear incli beinj; that above mentioned, or 10 nonndii avoirdiipoiH of pure difttilied water, weijjlied at a temperature or02 Fahr. and nndor a barometric i>res8ure of 30 iuclus. 2. Tlic ;;alloii and \U multiples and parti are uned to measure both liquids, as water, npirito, kc. ; and dry goods, an malt, corn, &c., and the ■jHteni ia tliereFore called tliu Imperial Liquid and Dry Measure. 3. Til* btiHliel licap measure, is the Imperial bushel liuaped in the form of A cono, which cone is to be 19^ inclies in diameter and at leant 6 inches biKh. The content of tlie heap is therefore S97.29518 cubic inches, which, added tu 2218.1!)2. tlie content of the busliel, ;;ives 2815.4871 cubic inchen for the content of tlie heaped buuhel, and the contents of tlie otlier mea- sures are in proporti'in. COMPARATIVE TABLE OF MEASURES OF CAPACITY. Cub. in. Cub. in. Ciih. in. Cub. in. in gall. in qt. in pt. in gill. Wine Measure, 231 57J 28J 7A Dry Measure (i pk.) 268^ 67* 33f 8? Imperial, 277^^ 69^Tf 34fJ 8f the AFOTHECABIES' FLUID MEASUBE. 60 Minims (m.) make 1 Fluidrachm, f. 3 8 Fluidrachms " 1 Fluidounce, f. ? 16 Fluidounccs 9 Pints 1 Pint. 1 Gallon, O Cong. NoprB.— -In some places a pint equals 20 ounces. A minim may bQ reck- Ane;;itiR and cndA at 12 o'clock, iiiidniulit. The nstrono- mirnl liny, ined l>y aHtronoinei-H in daring; evnnts, bc^^ius and endti at 12 o'cl«M.k, noon. The civil year is compuited of civil days. 3. The niiinhci' o('d.iy» in each month is easily remembered by means of the fvllowiii); lines : Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November; All the rest have thirty-one: Except leap-year, and theti's the time, February's days are twenty and nine. 4. The number of days in each month may also be recollected by count- ing the months n the four An;;ers and three intervening spaces. Thus, January on the first Rns«»r , Februnry in space between flist and second Angers ; Slarch on second finger ; April in second space ; May on third finger; June in third space; July on Ibiirth finger; August on first finger (since there are no more spacw) ; Sejitt'inber in first space, he. Now, when counted thus, all months having 3-1 days come on the fingers, and all having 30 only Ml into the spaces. reck- bl*- Measure of Angles. Circular Measure, or Circular Motion, is used principally in surveying, navigation, astronomy, and geography, for reckon- ing latitude and longitude, determining locations of places and Tessels, and computing diflfcrence of time. The circumference of every circle is considered to be divided into 360 equal parts, each of which is often called a degree, as it aubtends an angle of 1° at the centre of the circle. The unit is the degree, which is ^-k part of the 7pace about a f>oiot in any place. The table is made up of divisors and mul- tiples of this unit. 14 ( lAULE. I Second is written 1 sec, or V fA) ioronds make 1 Minute, 1 vnn. or 1' 60 Minutes *' 1 Dcgi-ce, 1 (htj. or 1° 90 Degrees " 1 l{i;;lu Anplc, 1 rt, anf). or 90° I Note.— Minutes of the earth's circumfereiici» ure called geographic Of I nautical miles. nii French Weights and Measures. The tnhlcs of Standard Wcij^lits and Measures adopted by the Froncli Govcrnn)cnt, arc all formed upon a decimal scalcj an^ constitute what is called the Fmnch Metrical System. FRENCH MONEY. The Franc is the unit o' .aoney of the now system of French currency. 10 Centimes make 1 Dccimc. lODecimcs " 1 Franc. 20 Francs " I Louis. FRENCH LINEAL MEASURE. The Standard unit of French lineal measure is the Metrf. Its leng^th according: to the mean of several comparisons, is equal to 39.3809171 imperial inchc:. 10 Metres make 1 Decametre, = 32.817431 feet 10 Decametres " 1 Hectometre, = 328.17431 " 10 Hectometres " 1 Kilometre, =3281.7431** ' 10 Kilometres " 1 My riametre, = 32817.431 " Tlic standard by which the new French measure of length is determined, is the quadrant of a meridian of the earth, or the terrestrial arc from the equator to the pole, in the Meridian of Paris. The ten-millionth part of this is called a metre, which is equal to 39.381 imperial inches nearly. The metre is subdivided into 10 decimetres ; the decimetre into 10 centimetres ; the centimetre into 10 millimeires. FRENCH SQUARE MEASURE. The unit of French Superjicial Measure is the Arc, whose sides are each a decametre in length. Co-^acquently it contains 100 square metres, or 119.6648496 imperial square yards. IS in th( «q tq of G in 15 It lO Arcs make I l)c«.»nro, — I l90.C4840fi sq. yds. 10 Decarej " I lleotarc, =ll%r..4S4% " 10 Hectares " 1 Kila:?, --= n9r)04.8:59r> 10 Kilares " 1 Mvaiarc, = 1 19r.0.|8.4'.)'J The arc is subdividcil in tlio same manner as tlic vietre. FRENCH CUBIC MEASURE. The unit of French Cnhic Measure is the Sfcre, which is a cubic metre, and is equal lo O1074.l5r)4445 iniperiui cubic inches. 10 Dcv'isteres make I Sterc, 3r).24.')84 cubic feet. 10 Stercs " 1 Dccasterc. 35.3.4384 " FRENCH LIQUID AND DRY MEASURE. The unit of French Liquid and Dri/ Mcdsiirc is tiio Litre, which i« a cubic decimetre, and is equal to 01.074154445 impe cqua inches, or .88100 imperial quarts. iperial cubic 10 Litres make 1 Decalitre, = 2.20200 gull. 10 Decalitres " ! Hectolitre, •-= 22.0200 " 10 Hectolitres " 1 Kilolitre, = 220.202 " The litre is subdivided iu the same manner as the slere. FRENCH :iRCUIiAR MEASURE. The French divide the circle into 400 parts called (jradcs, and the (/nadrant into lOOf/rades. The grades are tjivided into 100 e({ual parts, and each of these parts is divided into 100 other equal parts, according to the centesimal scale. Hence — The Second = .00009 English Degree. The Minute = .009 The Grade = .9 " " FRENCH WEIGHT. The unit of French Weights is the weight of a c abic centimetre of distilled water, at the maximum density, and is called a Gramme. It is equal to 16.433159 Troy grains. 10 Grammes make 1 Decagramme, = 1.54331.59 grs 10 Decagrammes " 1 Hectogramme, =■ 1543.3159 •'* 10 Hectogrammes " 1 Kilogramme, = 15433.159 " 10 Kilogrammes " 1 Myriagramme, =« 154331.59 " The 7?*amm€ is divided into 10 decigrammes; the decigramme into 10 centigrammes; the centigramme into 10 miligrummes. I' L*' \.h. ■5a^ f ^» S > 'h. '*.. 1; :tn< # .P'^* sVqi- ■ -( Js" A. W. & ICACKINUY, P ' ".hers, Booksellers and Stationers^ ♦»» EDUCATIONAL WORKS PUBLISHED AND FOU HALK BY ▲. ft Vr. MACSZNLA7. Prescribed for use in the Public Schools of Nova Scotia, by the Council of Public Instruction — THE ROYAL READERS. Bojral Prlnier, Part 1, - 14 Illuii. Boysl Primer, Part 2, • 19 Royal Prluiar, • 16 Boyal Keadar Ro. 1, • 80 Bojral Reader No. 0, *t Royal Reader No. 8, • 38 IIIun. Royal Reader No. a, • 42 '' Royal Reader No. 4, • 40 '* Royal Reader No. A, • 44 » 62 IlhiiitratlonH and Mapi. Calkin's History and Geography of Nova Scotia, lie vised. Calkin's General Geography of the World, Calkin's Introductory Geography, Calkin's History of British America, Calkin's History of Nova Scotia, Kirkland & Scott's Elementary Arithmetic. Mackinlay's Map of Nova Scotia, Betts' School Maps, Betts* School Globes. Dr. Collier's Histories, Todhunter's Algebra, Royal Copy Books, \ Wormell's Philosophy, Phillip's Wall Maps. USE '' ESTERBROOK'S STEEL PENS." §^ -^ J