^
>
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
1.25
ltt|2i 125
Ui UA |2.2
12.0
•" 140
lU ■■■■
U
v.
'/]
'^^
^
>
>^
^ J> •>
y
'/
/^
Photograpiiic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716)872-4503
\
<^
\\
6^
<if^
4^.4^^
4
CIHM/ICMH
Microfiche
Series.
CiHIVI/iCMH
Collection de
microfiches.
Canadian Institute for Historical MIcroreproductions / Instltut Canadian de microreproductlons historiques
\
N
Technical and Bibliographic Notet/Notaa tachniquot at bibliographiquas
Tha Institute has attempted to obtain the best
original copy available for filming. Features of this
copy which may be bibliographically unique,
which may altar any of the Images in the
reproduction, or which may significantly change
the usual method of filming, are checked below.
D
D
D
D
Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur
I I Covers damaged/
Couverture endommagAe
Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restaurAe et/ou pellicul6e
|~~| Cover title missing/
Le titre de couverture manque
Coloured maps/
Cartes g^ographiques en couleur
Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)
Coloured plates and/or illustrations/
Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur
D
Bound with other material/
Rail* avec d'autres documents
Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion
along interior margin/
La re iiure serrde peut causer de I'ombre ou de la
distortion le long de la marge IntArieure
Blank leaves added during restoration may
appear within the text. Whenever possible, these
have been omitted from filming/
11 se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouttes
lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte,
mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont
pas 6t6 fiim^es.
Additional comments:/
Commentaires suppiimentaires;
L'Institut a microfilm* le meilleur exemplaire
qu'il I jI a At* possible de se procurer. Les details
de CAt exemplaire qui sont pout-*tre uniques du
point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier
une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dans la mtthode normale de filmage
sont indiquAs ci-dessous.
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Coloured pages/
Pages de couleur
Pages damaged/
Pages endommagies
Pages restored and/or laminated/
Pages restaurAes et/ou peiiiculAes
Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/
Pages dAcplortes, tachettes ou piquAes
Pages detached/
Pages ditachtes
Showthrough/
Transparence
Quality of print varies/
Quality inigale de I'lmpression
Includes supplementary material/
Comprend du materiel suppKmentairo
Only edition available/
Seule Mition disponible
Pagee wholly or partially obscured by errata
slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmud to
':;^sure the best possible image/
If.t pages totalement ou partiellement
obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure,
etc., ont M filmtes A nouveuu de fapon A
obtenir la meilleure image possible.
This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/
Ce document est film* au taux de rMuction indiquA ci-dessous.
1CX 14X 18X 22X
26X
30X
J
12X
16X
20X
24X
28X
32X
iir«
details
u«s du
: modifier
ger una
I filmaga
The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanlts
to the generosity of:
Nova Scotia Public Archivw
The images appearing here are the best quality
possible considering the condition and legibility
of the original copy and in keeping with the
filming contract specifications.
L'exemplaire filmA fut reproduit grice h la
g^nirositi de;
Nova Scotia Public Archival
Les images suivantes ont 6ti reproduites avec le
plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et
de la netteti de i'exemplaire film^, et en
conformity avec les conditions du contrat de
filmage.
i6as
Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the iast page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the bacit cover when appropriate. All
other original copies are filmed beginning on the
first page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impre»sion.
The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain the symbol — ^ (meaning "CON-
TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.
Les exemptaires originaux dont la couverture en
papier est imprimis sont filmis en commen^ant
par le premier plat et en terminant soit par In
derniire page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second
plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires
originaux sont filmis en commen^ant par la
premiere page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par
la derniire page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.
Un des symboles suivsnts apparaltra sur la
dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symboie — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le
symbole V signifie "FIN".
ire
Maps, plates, chart), etc., may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:
Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre
filmis A des taux de reduction diffirents.
Lcrsque le document est trop grand pour dtre
reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmi A partir
de I'angle supArieur gauche, de ;'<auche d droite,
et de haut en bas, er prenant le tiombre
d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants
illustrent la m6thode.
)y errata
ud to
mt
me pelure,
a9on d
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
32X
vie^ l^-^ oh^
■' ,/.
NOVA aCOTIA SCHOOL SERIES.
THE
..;>*• :^ ,.
,'"S, ,-'.
1.^"^;^^
*'^:',
At
ARITHMmAL TABLE BOOK,
FOR THE USB OF
".i-*^-
^:^
SCHOOLS AND COUNTING HOUSES.
BT W. B. MUIiHOLIiAND,
Principal Normal School, Truro, N. S.
Prescribed for nse in Public Schools of Nova Scotia, by the
Council of Public Instruction.
THIRD EDITION.
HALIFAX, N. S. :
^1882.
L..
DOS
-,.- .:s7i
r-r ;'«r"
'lit^
*tt*, -?;
H^n
lyfa.
eac]
rive
:f*"^:,-';-.«T:«: y*
.< w%^.;'-1
*» *•..
"-^
^^t %nil$mtim\ Cable g00h.'
Notation and Numeration.
RK
HP
INOTATION is the writing or cxpresiiing of numbers bj charac-
ters ; and
NuMRRATiOM is th^reading of numbers expressed by chnractera
Two systems of Notation are in general use — the Roman and
tlie Arabic.
THE ROMAN NOTATION
£mpk)ys seven capital letters tu express numbers. Thus,
Letters— I V X L C D M
one ,/ivt omt
Values— On*, Jive, ten, Jlftjf, hundred hundred thouiund.
By combitiing these letters the ancient liomans formed the
following TAULE.
I...
II..
III.
V.
V
■-■m&
LX 60
LXX 70
LXXX 8»
XC «J0
'^ 100
oc aoo
coc aoo
CD 400
D 500
DC 600
DCC 700
DCOC 800
CM 900
M 1000
MM 2000
MMM 3U00
MMMD 3600
MDCOCLX 1860
KOTB.— Th« systera of Roman Notation it not well adapted to the pur-
posea of numerical caloulationa . it is prinoipaUy used fcr nuaberiag o£i^-
iere and seotioiis of bookti, pubUc documenta, xc.
THE ABABIC NOTATION
Employs ten characters or figures to express numbers. Thus,
Figures— 1 234567890
Names ) nough$
and S ontf two, thret fo9r, five, six, $€ven eighl, nine, or
Values. ) «>A«r.
The first nine characters are called signUicant figures, because
each has a value of its own. They are called r>lgiU, a word de-
rived from the Latin word digitus, whioh signifies ^nj^.
The aeught or cipher is also called ^mhing or xtro. The
VI...
VII..
VIII..
IX...,
X. ..
XI...
XII..
XIII..
XIV..
XX ..
XXX.
XL...
L
. 1
. 2
. a
. 4
. &
.
. 7
. 8
. 9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.20
.80
.40
.50
cipher has of itself no volue, hut is used to indicate the oni.^r of
the significant tiffurcs which pretrcdc it.
To facilitate tno readinj? of wimlc nuoihcra they arc «livifled
into periods of tliruc fijLjures each, iK'ginniti^ at units, according;
to the following;
NUMLRATION TABLE.
tn
.2 d .
S 2 2 r.
rt :2 d s « CI S
v>
(A
o
S 5-2
'■" o 2 "
^
o ^
. «« ?. u- v.- 2:
s o
5
KHDWHPKH
4 3 2,6 1 3,8 2 5,9 8 7,6 ft 4,3 2 1
NoTE.-^Thin iM called the French method of nutnn.-ation, and is the one
in general use. In tlte old form, which watt called the English method, Ui*
pttnods contained six figures each.
S u c -S u,
a
12 346678962
Multiplication Table.
J
4
&
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
T'vice
are 2
" 4
"
•' 8
" 10
•' la
" 14
" ifi
" 18
** 20
•' 22
*' 24
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
U
12
times
are 3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
4
1
2
3
i
(>
7
8
9
10
11
12
tinie8
are 4
(I
8
ti
12
t<
16
t(
20
t(
24
(«
28
((
32
a
36
(t
40
It
44
(t
48
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
iiTi
AM 1
are 5
10
15
20
25
.30
3o
40
45
to
55
60
6 times
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
are
it
t(
»4
it
7 times
6
1
are 7
12
2
tt 14
18
3
" 21
24
, 4
"- 28
80
5
" 35
36
C
'» 42
42
7
" 49
4P
8
" 56
54
9
" 63
60
10
" 70
f>6
11
t; 77
72
12
** 84
I
3
4
5
*»
o
7
8
9
10
11
12
8 times
1 are 8
2 "
ti
16
24
32
40
48
56
64
" 72
". 80
♦• 88
" 96
t(
tt
41
tt
tt
9 times
1 are 9
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
'• 18
♦' 27
♦' 36
" 45
" 54
" 63
" 72
" 81
" 90
" 99
" 108
10 times
1 are 10
2 "
3 "
4 "
5 "
6 "
7 "
8 "
9
10
11
12
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
" 100
" 110
♦' 120
tt
11
1
Si
s
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
times
are 11
22
33
44
55
66
77
88
99
110
121
132
12 times
1 are 12
" 24
tt
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
36
48
m
72
84
96
" 108
" 120
" 132
tt 144
tt
Cttrr curies.
MoMKY is tlic ('omnuxHty juloptod to serve m r uiiiver><iil
C(inivalciit or luonsurc orviijuc of nil otlur ntiiimotlitifs, ami for
Avhii'li iiulividiuils readily cxcliauge llicir burplus in-odiieta or
their services.
(ioiN is metal struck, sfam|)ed or pressed with a die, topivc it
A h';;al, fixed value, fi)r the purpose of circulatintr as money..
The coiiw of civilized nation!* consist of (jolJ, Kiilt'ei-, Coi>pei\
and Nickel.
A Mint is a plaro in wliieh the coin of a country or govern-
ment is manufnetui-ed.
N()TK. — III all civiiizi'tl roiiiitiic^ mints ntid cohia^e are under the exclu-
sive (lircction iiinl c ntml of ^ovfiimifiit.
JJllmon is iincoiiu'd gold or silver.
Bank Bills or Bank Nctkh are hil's or notes issued bv ft
banking Company, and are |iayal)le 'o the hearer in gold or sil-
ver, at the hank, on denumd. The/ an' substitutes for eain.
Treasijrv Notes are notes issued by the (Jeneral jovein-
ment, and arc payable to the hearer m gold or silver, at the gen-
eral treasury, at a specified time.
Currency is I'oin, bank hills, treasury notes, and other substi-
tutes for money. eni])loyed in trade and commerce.
A Decimal Currency is a currency \vho.se denominations
increase and decrease according to the decimal scale.
• CANADA MONEY.
10 Mills (m) make 1 Cent, marked Ct, or C.
100 Cents " 1 Dollar ' $.
NoTR.— Hterliiij; Exchange at 9* per cent, premium is equal to par ;*"«.£,
£lst{!;.=$4.8ti2-3.
UNITED STATES MONEY.
10 Mills (m) make 1 Cent, marked Ct. or C.
10 Cents " 1 Dime, " D.
10 Dimes " 1 Dollar, " S.
10 Dollars " 1 Eagle, " E.
Note 1. — Sterlinf; Exchange at 94 per cent, premium is equal \jopar\*
e.g.^ £1 stg.;=$4.86 2-;i.
NoTK 2. — The currf)ncy of Cuba, Demerara, and the Windward Isles is
Dollars and Cents: $4.80 -=£1. Rt<x.
♦At a meetinR of the leading merchants of Halifax, held July 20th, 1811
the value of the Spanish Dollar wa« fixed at 48. Gd. stg., or Ss. currency j«
188. stjr. were tlierefore equal to £1. dn-rency. This premium of l-9th be-
ing added to the sterling, couatitnted what is now called the •W par^ valut
In the Dommion of Canada and the United States.
STERIiING MONEY.
Sterling or English Monst is the currency of Great
Britain.
The unit is the pound sterlin;,', ami all the other UcnuminA-
tioni tiro divUurv uf tlii^ unit.
TAULE.
4 Farthings make 1 Pennv, marked d.
"i IVMice •• 1 Shiilinjr, " *.
20 SlniliMRS " I Toiind or Sovoroi^jn, " £ or Sor.
No'(K 1— rii«) nirrt'iiry of KerinudK, jHiuaicA, Autigtia, Aiutrali* Hiid
Now Zenkiui, i« Hterliiig.
Weiffhta.
Wkioht is the mcn«uro of the quantity of matter a l)ody
coMtuiuH, determined by t!ic force of ^jravity.
N''rrK.— Th« process by wjiloh the quniitity of lUAtter or the fbrce of
grnvity U ol»t»iii«>i| in called weiifkinii ; aii'l conniittii incuiiipariiiij the tiling
tu lji) wpl;{lii'd ^^ith some conveiitiuiiul nlaiidnrd.
The orij;in of nil weiyhts in England was derived from n f/rain
of wheat. f'Vf/e' Statute of 51 Henry III; 31 P'dward 1.,' and
Henry VII., which etiacted, that 32 of tliem ^^athcrcd from the
midillo of the ear, and well dried, were to make 1 pennyweight ;
20 pennyweights 1 ounce; and 12 ounces I pound.
It was 8nl>se(iuently thought better to divide the jyeiitiytveifjht
into 24 equal parts, called i/rains.
The Imperial Pounds Avoirdupois^ which is the standard unit
by means of which all heavy goods or large masses is weighed,
is df fined to be the weight ot one-tenth part of an imjHjrial gallon^
or of 27.7274 cubic inclies of distilled water, ascertained at a
time when the barometer stands at 30 ins., and the height of
Fahrenheit's thermometer is 62° ; and thi« standard may conse-
quently be verified or recovered at any time, when it may bo ne-
•ccssary to appeal to experiment.
If the >veight of a cubic inch of distilled water be divided into
T)05 equal parts, and each of such parts be defined to be a half-
grain, it follows that 27.7274 cubic inches contain very nearly
,7000 such grains ; and it is hence declared by Act of Parliament
that 7060 grains exactly, shall hereafter be considered u pound,
avoirdupois ; and that \0 ^aina shall be equivalent to I scruple;
and 3 .scruples to 1 dram. But these latter denominations are
seldom necessary, unless great nicety is required.
This weight receives its name from avoirs, the ancient name of
aoods and chattels, and poids, signifying weight, in the ordinary
language of the oountry in the time of the Normant.
Three scales of weight are in general use in this country and
in England ; namely, Troy, Avoirdupois, and Apothecaries.
TBOY WEIGHT.
TsiOT Wxioar it mai is weigUng gold, silyer, and jewels ;
\
t
'i
d
u
a
I
1
2
\
in philosophical cx[)crinici i, and (;cncrull}- wh^ro great nrrmncjr
Is rc<{uircd.
The unit i<t t)ip pound, and oftliii all tiic otiicr denominations
in tho tublu aro Uiviiiork.
TABLF.
21 Grains make I Pennyweight, 1 (twt.
20 Pennyweights " I Ounce, 1 oz.
12 Ounces " 1 Pound, I lb
Not* 1.— It w«« culled a ptnnyu'tight fkoui its WInk tli« weight of th«
•liver penny tlieii In circulation.
The term ounce coineN iVuni tliu Latin word tmcia, which •ixniflc* A
tweirtii part
In t\\*> abbteviation, dwt.. fur p<>iuiywelv'lit, d. In from the Latin word
dtnanua, n |>«innv ; wt. the Itrxt nnil la»t It'ttfrn ol the Knglish Murd w«l)(ht.
Ox. U Ironi the U|)anUli wuid ohzu, an uiini-«.
NoTK 2.~L)ianion«Uand utlfr pretlonii »>tone», are \vcl;;htrd by "Caratt,**
each woicliln^S^ypor nearly 3^ KrMhiK. Troy. The term carat, applied
tngold ha^ a irUiivo meaniiiK «)nly : Miy <|nAiitity of pure );uKI, or of gold
alloyed «vitli any oiImt nii*tal, lifhit: Hn|i'|HiMM| <<• l*r «livldfd into 'J4 equal
Krt* (carata), . il tlif ^^v\^^ )•« ptire, ii in »»id tn W 1.'4 cnrntit tine; it 'Jt^ part*
pure tsold. and 2 partJi alluN, it U ^aid lu l>f 2'J ciiialM line.
NoTK 3.— •vrim/urj {;utd \<t '/.'carali' Htii'iji'vwIleiH* j^uld in 18cnrnte Hne.
Thnt we ^fliriiilly iMTCi'i^e " IH" Oh llie i'U»er> or ;^nld wntclu'n. ThU In-
dicate» that the.v are " Ih carat* Hne," the l«*Wf»t ilt-^ree of purity which ia
uiarkkd ; but uiaiiy articlea are luaufoctnrcd a» low ait U carutit tinu.
AVOIBDUFOIS WEIGHT.
AvoiRDuroig Wkioiit is used for all ordinary purposes of
weighing.
Tho unit is the pound, and the table is made up of its divisors
and multiples.
TABLK. Grutm, Tn^y.
make 1 Ounce, 1 oz. = 437.50
1 Pound, 1 lb. = 7000
1 Quarter, 1 qr. = 175000
1 Hundredweight, I cwt = 700000
I Ton, 1 ton =140<XX)00
NoTB 1. — In the old «yhteni of weight 28 lbs. = 1 Quarter. The hun-
dredwuii^ht was, coniteciiiently, 112 lbs., and the ton 2240 Ibn.
i. The followhig denoniinations are altio in usu: —
190 lbs. make 1 barrel of flour or corn meal.
200 " 1 " beef, pork or fish.
112 " 1 quintal of dried salt fish.
14 " 1 stone.
100 " 1 cask of raisins.
iOO " 1 quintal dry tish in U. States.
16 Drams
ma
16 Ounces
i(
2.5 Pounds
«
4 Quarters
«
20 llundredwci''ht
{<
(i
APOTIIKCAKIKb' WIIIOUT.
Ai'«»riir.(?.\KiKH' Wr.nHvr in imi'«| |»y ii|»Mt!iv(',jrt''S rind
ptiynii inns in nmi/untntlin'/ tii(<iU« inon ; Ixil iiu>iliciikcft tux* Uoiiullt
«r I sold liy iivoinliipoii wci^lir.
riio unit iH tlH> |)'>iiiiil, of wliicli all the othui* (lunomiimtioiifl
ia the tublo are divisors.
TAllM-:.
20 Giains (;jr) m.iko I StnipJe, m or ►)
;» Scruploj* " I nniin, ilr. nr t,
8 Drnnirt " I Ounro, or. or "
)'i()uiK'0!i •' 1 Pound, /6.orlh
Measure8,
Mejwtiros (and weights) were invented 800 B. C. ; fixed to a
standard in England, A 1). 1257; re;;ultitud, 1492; e<iuali/.ed,
182t).
Aijreeahly to the Act of Unifnnnltti trlurh took etiV'Ct iKt iJuniuiry
1820, the term nieauure may he divided into soven kinds,
TJ/. : — fjfitujth, Surface, Voltimc, Caj.>nciti/, iSpx'ijic (inicili),
Sjtace, Thhc and Muti'on.
The several denominations of tlieso measures have reference
to certain Slandards or l/nits of' McdHnrc, which are entirely
arbitrary, and consequently vary amonj^ dilVerent nations. In
England and her Colonies the unit of
Length is a YdiU
Surface is a St/ntire yard, foot or inch.
Solidity is a ('n hie yard.
Capacity is a (ial/on.
Weij;ht is a Pound.
Tho rtnndardsiMf Awjniar Measure and of Time arc the same
in all European Imd niObt other nations.
IiINEAB OB liONG MEASURE.
Long Measure is used in measuring lines or distances.
TABLK.
12 Inches
M Feet
5i Yards
AO l^ods or Perches
8 Furlongs
a Miles
69 i Miles (nearly)
make I Foot
•* I Yard
1 Kod, Pole or Perch
1 Furlong
1 Mile
I Ix'ague
1 Degree
marked ft.
(I
«
«<
«
rd. or p.
fur.
in.
lea.
dty. or *
NrtTK 1.— In Irclanil 7 YanliusI riTcli. An lii»h iniUi U i)ii*r(>ri)r«^ longer
thkii Nil Knt^UHli inllt*.
N()TK 2.— An inrli U th« iimAll«*At linrnr mraHin*. to wlil« h n hmmh* in
giVMii ; but mi) .lIvlKioiiK Art* iiM«><l fur mii'iy |iiir|M)ii«<».--Ainon^ nif>c>ii«iiioA,
thtt Inch i* rnminonlv <ll\i)|«-<1 into fightltt mxl mri^fnth*. My tlii> ot1t<>«>rii
of tlic rovnniii', uinl ny m ienlitlc imtmdiim, it i^diviili'il into t^rttln, kvnilrnltk%,
&('.— ! \u\ inch, tliii><«-ritMitli<« inch, hftlt inch uinl i|iinrtrr itidi, (liviih'U Into
tWflJth.1, UP) llnfd liy iVrcllltiM'ta.
NtrrR 3.— Tho roliowiiij{ nD^a^iircmi'titH may !•«• n^hh'tl n'* nxciiil in i-f rtftin
€»»«•:—
4 InrlioH nmku I Hand (used in iiu'tMurin^ hursfal.
I Palm.
I riil.it.
ik ('oilllllO)l 1*A(*C.
u lidtiniii I'ucu.
u FHthoin.
a Cahle's length.
60 Gcu^rupliical Milcd iitaku a dc(;rcc.
SURVEYORS* LINEAR MEASURE.
A CjUNteh'h Chain, usoil l»y land surveyors*, i.i 4 rods or 66
feet lun^, and cuniiiiitM ot KM) links.
The unit is the chain, and the taiilo is made up o( divisors aud
multiples of this unit.
TABLK.
7.92 inches (in) make 1 link, marked /.
2!) links " I rod, " rd.
4 rod», or 66 feet " 1 chain, " ch.
80 chains " 1 mile, " mi.
.') Inches
18 Inches
a Fwt
ft Feet
6 Feet
120 Fathoms"
CLOTH MEASURE.
This measure, which is a specie.*! of Long Measure, is used for
all kinds of cloth, muslin, rihhon, Ice.
The yard in Cloth Measure, is the same as ia Long Measure,
but diflors in its divisions and sulxlivisions.
24 Inches nuikc 1 Nail.
4 Nails " 1 Quarter, 1 qr.
4 Quarters "
5 Quarters "
6 Quarters "
3 Quarters
<f
1 Yard. 1 vd.
1 English 'KU.
1 French Ell.
1 Flemish Ell.
Square Measure.
Square Measure is used in computing areas or surfaces ;
of land, painting, plastering, &c
8
Thf! unit is the nrea of a square whose side is tM unit of
lenjrth. Thus, the unit of square feet is 1 foot square ; o^ square
yards. 1 yard snunre.
The table of i^quare measure is formed from that of long
measure, by multiplying each lineal dimension by itself.
TADLE.
144 Square Tnchee make 1 Square Foot marked sq./l.
n C^..>_^ V„»4 H 1 C^...„.r. Vr.wA << C'V «f//
9 Square Feet
30i Square Yards
40 S({uare Poles
4 Hoods
640 Acres
«<
Square Yard
Square Pole
Square Kood
1 Aero
1 Square Mile
sij. po,
ro.
ac.
sq. mi.
NOTKR 1.— Ai-tlficern estiinnte their m rk M follows:—
By tlie squai'o foot : glazim: and stone cutting.
By tlie squarn yard : painting, plastering, paving, ceiling, and paper-
hanging.
B.v tlie gquare of 100 square feet : /looting, roofing, slating, shtngltng ana
tiling.
Brick-laying in estimated by tlio tt.ausand bricks, by the square yard,
and by tlie square of KM) nqup.re feet.
. Mason work is estimated by the rood of 3C square yards.
'^.— In estimating the painting of mouldings, cornices, &c., the measuring-
line is carried into all mouldings and cornices.
3.— In estimating brick-laying by either the square y«^d or thf square of
100 sqr.Tfe feet, the woi-k is underntood to bo 12 inches or 1^ bricks thick.
MaRon work i.s allowed to be 22 inches thick.
4.— A thousand of shingles are estimated to cover 1 square, being laid 5
inches to the weather.
5. — Joiners, bricklayers, masons and plasterers, make an allowance for
windows, doors, &c., of one half the openings or vacant spaces. Brick-lay-
ers and masons, in estimating their work by cubic measure, make no allow-
ance for the corners of the walls of houses*, cellars, &c., but estimate the
work by tlie girt, that is, the entire length of the wall on the outside.
SUBVBYORS' SQUABE MEA8UBE.
This measure is used by surveyors in computing the area or
contents of land.
TABLE. *
625 square links (sq. 1.) make 1 pole, P
16 poles " 1 square chain, 57. cA.
10 square chains " 1 acre, ac.
640 acres " 1 square mile, sq.mi.-
DUODECIMAIiS.
Duodecimals are the parts of a unit resulting from continu-
ally dividing by 12; as ^, y^7, TTfVf' etc. In practice, duo-
decimals are applied to tne measurement of extension, the foot
being taken as the unit.
;
'
In the duodecimal dtvittions of a foot tho diflferent orders of
unitH are related as follows :
1' (inch or prime) is ^^ of a ft. or 1 in. linear measure.
1" (second) or t*j of A istJj of a ft or 1 in. square "
1'" (third) or ^ o(^ ot ^'5 is , Jjj of .» ft.or 1 in. cubic
TABLE.
n
12 Fourths (""), make 1 third, 1'"
12 Thirds " 1 second, I ''
12 Seconds " I prime, l'
12 rrimcs " 1 foot, ft.
Cubic Measure.
¥
A CuRH is a solid, or body, havinfi^ six equal square sides.
Solidity is the matter or space contained within the bound-
ary surfaces of a solid.
Clinic Measukk, also called Solid Mcasnre, is used in com-
puting the contents of solids, or bodies ; as timber, wood, stone,
&c.
The unit is the solidity of a cube whose side is tho unit of
length. Thus the unit of cubic feet is a cube which measures 1
toot on each side ; the unit of cubic yards is 1 f.ubic yard, &c.
TABLE.
1728 Cubic Inches (cu. in.) make 1 Cubic Foot cu. ft*
27 Cubic Feet " 1 Cubic Yard, cm. yd.
40 Cubic Feet of round timber or \ , «,^_ ^. -r ^„ , .
50 Cubic Feet of hewn do., make T ^^^^^ ^®*^' '*
IG Cubic Feet " 1 Cord Foot, cd.Jl,
la'sSu'St"'! " 1 cord of Wood. «».
h Cubic Feet " 1 Barrel Bulk.
42 Cubic Feet of timber " 1 Shipping Ton.
KoTBfi. — 1. A cubic yard of earth is called a load.
2. Railroad and trariBportion companies estimate light freight by the
apace it occupies, and heary freight by weight.
3. In scaling or measuring timber for shipping or freighting, 1>5 of the
solid contents of round tim))er is deducted for wncte in hewing or sawing.
Thus, a log that will make 40 feet of hewn or sawed timber, actually con-
tains 60 cubic feet by measurement ; but its market value is only equal to
40 cubic feet of hewn or sawed timber. Hence, the ciibic contents of 40
fpct of round and oO feet of hewn timber, as estimated for market, ar«
identical.
MEASURE OP CAPACITY.
( Capacitv si'_'nifics extent of room or space.
Meusuros of capacity arc all cuhic measures, solidity and ca-
pacity bein;,' relerred to diirerciit units, as may 1)C seen by coni-
parinj; tlic tables.
Measures of capacity may be properly subdivided into two
classes, Measures of Liquids and jMeasures of Dry Substances.
4
2
4
2
4
36
Liquid Measure,
OP THK DOMINION Ol^" C.VNAD.V, P. E. ISLAND, NEWFOUND-
LAND, UNITED STATES AM) TIIK IIRITISH WEST INDIA
ISLANDS.
Liquid Mp:asuhb, also called Wine Measure, is used in
measuring liquids ; ai molasses, water, liquors, &e.
The unit is the gallon, and the table is made up of its divisors
find multiples.
TABLE.
4 Gills (g) make 1 Pint, marked pt.
2 Pints " 1 Quart " 7/.
4 Quarts " 1 Gallon ** gal.
3U Gallons " 1 Barrel.
2 Barrels " 1 Hogshead.
Cn.
In.
Imp. Gull.
28.875
= .10414
.')7.
lb
= .20828
231.
= .83311
NoTE.«». — 1. To convert the above into imperial maUiply by .83311.
To convert iinperinl into the above nuiltiply by 1.20013.
2. The Btainlaid unit of liquul measure adopted by the above named
¥ laces, is the oM Wine Gallon of Kn;^lan'% containing 231 cubic hidies, or
ery nearly 8..338 lbs. avoirdupois of pure distilled water.
3. The denominations, barrel and ho^^shead, are used in estimating the
capacity of cisterns, reservoirs, vats, &c'.
4. The tierce, ho.<,'shead, pipe, butt, and tnn^ which we often find in in-
voices, are niertl y the names of cai'ks, and do not express any lixed or de-
finite measiire. They are usually guaued, and have their capacities in gal-
lons marked on them.
6. In the United states beer and milk is often measured by the old ale
and. beer measure, the gallon containing 2S2 cubic iuches.
DRY MEASURE
OP THE DOMINION OF CANADA, P. E. ISLAND, NEWFOUND-
LAND, UNITED STATES, AND THE BRITISH WEST INDIA
ISLANDS.
Dry Measure is used in measuring articles not liqnid ; as
grain, fruit, salt, roots, ashes, &c.
The unit is the hushel, of whieh all the other denominations
in the table are divisors.
11
TAllLi:.
4 Gills (p;.) mnkc 1 Pinf, nmrkcil i>t.
2 I'ints " 1 Quart, " (fii.
4 Quarts " 1 (iailon, " </all.
2 (Jnllons " 1 IVck, " )>k:
4 Pecks " 1 Rusliol, " l»,sh.
36 Bushels " 1 CImldron " r/idt.
(Jab. III. I tup. Gall.
,TJ.6 = .1:2118
67.L> =^ .24'23ii
26S.8 = .'.HUMS
.V}7.6 = l.y.'lHDl
2150.4 = 7.75567
NoTRS. — 1. To convort th« above into Imperial multiply by .9G945.
To convert Imperial into the above multiply by l.O.'Jir)!.
2. The stnnilnrd unit of dry tiiensnre ntlopteU by the above imm''<l places
Is the Winckestfr bushel, so ealleil tiecaust? tlu! ntaixlanl uiea«ure >vas Ibr-
luerly kept at WinohcsttM-. KuL;laii<l. This is an upiijjht oylitMler, which is
IK^ inehen in ilinmeter and H iiiclies deep, and cont'iiiis lil/jO.J'J cubic inches
or 77.<V_'7 lbs. avoirdupois of distilled water, at <!J° Falir. and 30 inches ba-
rometer.
'A. Grain and some otlier oommodities are often sold by stricktn mea-
sure, and i:i such eases the " measure is to be sirieken with a round stick or
roller, straight and ot tlie same diameter from end to end."
4. Wlien coal. Iruit, roots, and a few other articles are sold by meanure^
the bushel and other measures are to be heaped. The bushel heajied mea-
sure is the Winchester bushel heaped in tlie form of a cone, which cone
must Ite 10^ inches in diameter {-~= the outhide diameter of the ntandard
bushel measure,) and inches hi<;h.
(j. A bushel heaped nieas\ire contains 2717.71G7 cubic inches or 597.2967
cubic inches innre than a biisJud stricken measure.
A '•ushel heaped uu'Usure contains r)!>.t)!)17 e\ibii; inches more than ."> pecks
strirken meai-ine. \n this is about 1 bn. 1 pk. 1' jits., it is snfHciently ac-
curate in practi''.e to call 5 pecks stricken measure 1 l.>eap bushel.
G. As yrain, potatoes, turnips, &c., are ;;e)ierally sold by standard bushe
of a certain weiglit, the foUowiiii^ table will be (bund useful:
A'. Srotia.
Cnnntia.
P. E. 1.
U. S.
A bushel of Oats,
38 Ihs.
34 lbs.
36 lbs.
32 lbs.
((
Wheat,
60 "
60 "
58 "
60 "
it
IJarley,
48 "
43 "
48 "
48 "
u
Rye,
56 "
.58 ••
56 "
56 "
<4
Indian Corn,
58 "
.56 "
57 "
56 "
M
Beans,
58 "
50 "
60 "
56 '*
II
Peas,
58 "
60 "
60 "
66 "
it
Buckwheat,
48 "
40 "
U
T*r\trtfnoa oni
'Piivnirio
P,l\ }ha
nil nf\
-m«* A/I in
roots 40 lbs. per bushel.
LIQUID AND DRY MEASURE OP ENGIiAND, OR
IMPERIAL MEASURE.
TABLK.
Gills make 1
Pints
1
Pint,
Quart,
marked 1
I
Cubic Inches.
pt. 34.6502
t/t. 09.3185
4 Qtmrts make
2 Gallons "
4 Pecks "
8 Bushels "
3C Bushels "
12
Cubic Tnchcs.
I Gallon, marked 1 gal. 277.274
Peck,
Bushel,
Quarter,
Chaldron,
«
1 pk. 5r»4.M8
1 bus. 2218.192
1 (jTMar.l 7745.536
1 ch.
HEAPED MEASURE.
Potatoes, Turaips, Fruit, Lime, Coals, and a few other arti-
cles, are sometimes bought and sold by heaped measure.
TABLE.
Cubic Inches.
1 Peck, = 703.87148
4 Pecks = 1 Bushel, = 2815.4871
3 Bushels = I Sack or Tub, = 8446.45776
12 Tubs = 1 Chaldron, = 101357.49309.
NoTKR. — 1. The standnril unit of both liquid and dry measure in Britain
U the imperial (;atloii, and Ih defined to Ije a tneaimre tliat will contain 277.
274 ciil>ir; incliea, tlie linear incli beinj; that above mentioned, or 10 nonndii
avoirdiipoiH of pure difttilied water, weijjlied at a temperature or02 Fahr.
and nndor a barometric i>res8ure of 30 iuclus.
2. Tlic ;;alloii and \U multiples and parti are uned to measure both
liquids, as water, npirito, kc. ; and dry goods, an malt, corn, &c., and the
■jHteni ia tliereFore called tliu Imperial Liquid and Dry Measure.
3. Til* btiHliel licap measure, is the Imperial bushel liuaped in the form
of A cono, which cone is to be 19^ inclies in diameter and at leant 6 inches
biKh. The content of tlie heap is therefore S97.29518 cubic inches, which,
added tu 2218.1!)2. tlie content of the busliel, ;;ives 2815.4871 cubic inchen
for the content of tlie heaped buuhel, and the contents of tlie otlier mea-
sures are in proporti'in.
COMPARATIVE TABLE OF MEASURES OF CAPACITY.
Cub. in.
Cub. in.
Ciih. in.
Cub. in.
in gall.
in qt.
in pt.
in gill.
Wine Measure, 231
57J
28J
7A
Dry Measure (i pk.) 268^
67*
33f
8?
Imperial, 277^^
69^Tf
34fJ
8f
the
AFOTHECABIES' FLUID MEASUBE.
60 Minims (m.) make 1 Fluidrachm, f. 3
8 Fluidrachms " 1 Fluidounce, f. ?
16 Fluidounccs
9 Pints
1 Pint.
1 Gallon,
O
Cong.
NoprB.— -In some places a pint equals 20 ounces. A minim may bQ reck-
Ane<f2 drops, a drachm abuui a tea-spoouftil, and 1 ounce about 2 tabl*-
•poonftils.
'heg.
\S
)2
)6
ir arti-
Rrltain
uu 277.
poundii
^ Fahr.
e both
knd the
form
inches
which,
lichen
inea-
T.
in.
4
13
Measure of Time.
Ti«iE \% the mcnsnrc of durntlon. The unit is the day, and
the tablo is ntade up of its divisors and mnltiplcs.
TABLE.
60 Seconds (sw;
make I Minute. 1 min.
60 Minutes
((
1 Hour, 1 hr.
24 Hours •
f f
1 Dny, 1 dm/.
7 Days
n
1 Week, 1 wL
28 Drtvs
n
1 Lunar Month.
28, 29*30, or. -Jl Days
It
1 Calendar Month.
12 Calendar Monthii
<(
1 Year.
3f)5 Dnys
l<
1 Common year.
.300 Davs
l«
1 Leap Year.
100 Years
l<
1 Century.
u.
NoTKR. — 1. Ill nioHt buHiiieM tranMictions 30 days arc called a month.
2. The civil day b«>;;itiR and cndA at 12 o'clock, iiiidniulit. The nstrono-
mirnl liny, ined l>y aHtronoinei-H in daring; evnnts, bc^^ius and endti at 12
o'cl«M.k, noon. The civil year is compuited of civil days.
3. The niiinhci' o('d.iy» in each month is easily remembered by means of
the fvllowiii); lines :
Thirty days hath September,
April, June, and November;
All the rest have thirty-one:
Except leap-year, and theti's the time,
February's days are twenty and nine.
4. The number of days in each month may also be recollected by count-
ing the months n the four An;;ers and three intervening spaces. Thus,
January on the first Rns«»r , Februnry in space between flist and second
Angers ; Slarch on second finger ; April in second space ; May on third
finger; June in third space; July on Ibiirth finger; August on first finger
(since there are no more spacw) ; Sejitt'inber in first space, he. Now,
when counted thus, all months having 3-1 days come on the fingers, and all
having 30 only Ml into the spaces.
reck-
bl*-
Measure of Angles.
Circular Measure, or Circular Motion, is used principally
in surveying, navigation, astronomy, and geography, for reckon-
ing latitude and longitude, determining locations of places and
Tessels, and computing diflfcrence of time.
The circumference of every circle is considered to be divided
into 360 equal parts, each of which is often called a degree, as it
aubtends an angle of 1° at the centre of the circle.
The unit is the degree, which is ^-k part of the 7pace about a
f>oiot in any place. The table is made up of divisors and mul-
tiples of this unit.
14
(
lAULE.
I Second is written 1 sec, or V
fA) ioronds make 1 Minute, 1 vnn. or 1'
60 Minutes *' 1 Dcgi-ce, 1 (htj. or 1°
90 Degrees " 1 l{i;;lu Anplc, 1 rt, anf). or 90°
I Note.— Minutes of the earth's circumfereiici» ure called geographic Of
I nautical miles.
nii
French Weights and Measures.
The tnhlcs of Standard Wcij^lits and Measures adopted by the
Froncli Govcrnn)cnt, arc all formed upon a decimal scalcj an^
constitute what is called the Fmnch Metrical System.
FRENCH MONEY.
The Franc is the unit o' .aoney of the now system of French
currency.
10 Centimes make 1 Dccimc.
lODecimcs " 1 Franc.
20 Francs " I Louis.
FRENCH LINEAL MEASURE.
The Standard unit of French lineal measure is the Metrf. Its
leng^th according: to the mean of several comparisons, is equal to
39.3809171 imperial inchc:.
10 Metres make 1 Decametre, = 32.817431 feet
10 Decametres " 1 Hectometre, = 328.17431 "
10 Hectometres " 1 Kilometre, =3281.7431** '
10 Kilometres " 1 My riametre, = 32817.431 "
Tlic standard by which the new French measure of length is
determined, is the quadrant of a meridian of the earth, or the
terrestrial arc from the equator to the pole, in the Meridian of
Paris. The ten-millionth part of this is called a metre, which is
equal to 39.381 imperial inches nearly.
The metre is subdivided into 10 decimetres ; the decimetre into
10 centimetres ; the centimetre into 10 millimeires.
FRENCH SQUARE MEASURE.
The unit of French Superjicial Measure is the Arc, whose sides
are each a decametre in length. Co-^acquently it contains 100
square metres, or 119.6648496 imperial square yards.
IS
in
th(
«q
tq
of
G
in
15
It
lO Arcs make I l)c«.»nro, — I l90.C4840fi sq. yds.
10 Decarej " I lleotarc, =ll%r..4S4% "
10 Hectares " 1 Kila:?, --= n9r)04.8:59r>
10 Kilares " 1 Mvaiarc, = 1 19r.0.|8.4'.)'J
The arc is subdividcil in tlio same manner as tlic vietre.
FRENCH CUBIC MEASURE.
The unit of French Cnhic Measure is the Sfcre, which is a cubic
metre, and is equal lo O1074.l5r)4445 iniperiui cubic inches.
10 Dcv'isteres make I Sterc, 3r).24.')84 cubic feet.
10 Stercs " 1 Dccasterc. 35.3.4384 "
FRENCH LIQUID AND DRY MEASURE.
The unit of French Liquid and Dri/ Mcdsiirc is tiio Litre, which
i« a cubic decimetre, and is equal to 01.074154445 impe
cqua
inches, or .88100 imperial quarts.
iperial cubic
10 Litres make 1 Decalitre, = 2.20200 gull.
10 Decalitres " ! Hectolitre, •-= 22.0200 "
10 Hectolitres " 1 Kilolitre, = 220.202 "
The litre is subdivided iu the same manner as the slere.
FRENCH :iRCUIiAR MEASURE.
The French divide the circle into 400 parts called (jradcs, and
the (/nadrant into lOOf/rades. The grades are tjivided into 100
e({ual parts, and each of these parts is divided into 100 other
equal parts, according to the centesimal scale. Hence —
The Second = .00009 English Degree.
The Minute = .009
The Grade = .9 " "
FRENCH WEIGHT.
The unit of French Weights is the weight of a c abic centimetre
of distilled water, at the maximum density, and is called a
Gramme. It is equal to 16.433159 Troy grains.
10 Grammes make 1 Decagramme, = 1.54331.59 grs
10 Decagrammes " 1 Hectogramme, =■ 1543.3159 •'*
10 Hectogrammes " 1 Kilogramme, = 15433.159 "
10 Kilogrammes " 1 Myriagramme, =« 154331.59 "
The 7?*amm€ is divided into 10 decigrammes; the decigramme
into 10 centigrammes; the centigramme into 10 miligrummes.
I'
L*'
\.h.
■5a^
f
^»
S > 'h.
'*.. 1;
:tn<
#
.P'^*
sVqi- ■
-( Js"
A. W. & ICACKINUY,
P ' ".hers, Booksellers and Stationers^
♦»»
EDUCATIONAL WORKS
PUBLISHED AND FOU HALK BY
▲. ft Vr. MACSZNLA7.
Prescribed for use in the Public Schools of Nova Scotia,
by the Council of Public Instruction —
THE ROYAL READERS.
Bojral Prlnier, Part 1, - 14 Illuii.
Boysl Primer, Part 2, • 19
Royal Prluiar, • 16
Boyal Keadar Ro. 1, • 80
Bojral Reader No. 0,
*t
Royal Reader No. 8, • 38 IIIun.
Royal Reader No. a, • 42 ''
Royal Reader No. 4, • 40 '*
Royal Reader No. A, • 44 »
62 IlhiiitratlonH and Mapi.
Calkin's History and Geography of Nova Scotia, lie vised.
Calkin's General Geography of the World,
Calkin's Introductory Geography,
Calkin's History of British America,
Calkin's History of Nova Scotia,
Kirkland & Scott's Elementary Arithmetic.
Mackinlay's Map of Nova Scotia,
Betts' School Maps,
Betts* School Globes.
Dr. Collier's Histories,
Todhunter's Algebra,
Royal Copy Books,
\ Wormell's Philosophy,
Phillip's Wall Maps.
USE '' ESTERBROOK'S STEEL PENS."
§^
-^
J