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Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole ▼ signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included In one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de rAductlon dIffArents. Lorsque ie document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul cllchA, 11 est fiimA A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droita, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nomhre d'Images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. rata elure, A J 2X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 4 I OL LINE OF A PLAN OF EMIGRATION, »^ to I UPPER CANADA. ^ W ' ♦'S f: -f 'l^fl It . , f S >i '. 5, i| 4 ..ft t ' , PLAN. Supposing it were deemed expedient for Government to advance money to parishes, upon the security of the Poor Rates, for the express and sole purpose of facilitating- emigra- tion, the Government undertaking all the de- tails of the experiment ; the money to be lent at 4 per cent., and to be repaid by annual instal- ments, or, in other wor.ls, by a terminable annuity, calculated at 4 per cent. Would it be worth while for the parishes to accept such a proposition, supposing that a sufficient period were allowed for the re- payment of such terminable annuity? For example. — A parish is desirous of send- ing off one hundred labourers; those labourers finding no adequate employment, are anxious to emigrate, feeling that their present existence is a burtlien to the parish, and adivscomfort to themselves: — the Government agrees to con- vey them to Tpper Canada* for 3,500/ , being * It will at once be perceived, that this system of emigration may be equally applied to any other Colony. Upper Canada has been selected, as being the one, in the opinion of the proposer of. this mea. sure, by far the most eligible, whether with reference to the economy of the public expence, or to the probable advantage to the Emigrant, and, conseq'iently, that Colony in which the experiment may be the most advantageously tried. PLAN'. at llie rate of 'id/, per man, iin(iertakiii■> 6 PLAN. That a torrespondiiiy «ie«>ree of" success wilf attend the present one, if an opportunity be afforded for it, there ci^n be no reasonable doubts entertained. It will only require judi- cious measures on the part of the Government, for the jjeneral arrangement of the transfer and location of the emigrants ; and as far as the principle of estimate can be applied to any public undertaking of this nature, a reference to Appendix A. will demonstrate, that the expense of the necessary measures will be covered by the money proposed to be advanced, and with every consideration for the comfort aiid interests of the emigrant, which is fairly compatible with his situation as a pauper in his own country, and which country, by the terms of the proposition, he himself must be desirous of leaving. * ' The financial part of this proposed measure is of the most simple nature ; the issuing of terminable annuities, to be purchased at the market price, according to their respective periods, and the rate per cent. j The Commissioners for the Reduction of the National Debt may be authorised, for example, (if no more eligible mode can be suggested • It is not considered necessary to incumber the present state- ment with remarks upon the means of supplying any deficiency, or the manner of disposinafof any surplus of the money calculated to accomplish the object. PLAN. similar in ettecl but more udvantageous in principle), under an Act of Parliament, to l)e passed for this specific measure, to purchase these annuilies from the parishes. Ihe pa- rishes, therefore, in theory, at least, may be considered as receiving- the money so advanced to them for an annuity, and then paying it over to Government, in consideration of the removal of the paupers on the terms, and subject to the qualifications proposed. — I hus, for example : the parish of A. agrees to pay an annuity of 2/. 5.V. for twenty-five years, in consideration of receiving' the sum of 35/., which sum the parish immediately pays into the hands of the Government, who undertake to remove B., a pauper, in the manner proposed. It is proposed, for the simplification of this measure, that the annuity for which each parish is responsible, should be made payable to the County Treasurer, and recoverable in the same manner as the county rate, consequently the annuity due from all the parishes in each county, would be paid in one collective sum by the County Treasurer into the Exchequer. This plan, of course, would not be in any degree compulsory : the arrangement must be made between the parochial authorities and the paupers, before the parish could be in a situa- tion to avail itself of this assistance. That im- a PLAN. pefliment once removed, nothing would oppose its immediate execution. IMie removal of the paupers to the port appointed for embarkation would necessarily be, as already observed, with- out the range of an estimate, anr a male adult, and no allowance is made for the expense of re moving the individual from Kingston to the place of settlement ; which, with respect to those new townships around Lake Ontario, may be stated at \l. 10s, ; and with respect to those back from the shores of Lake Erie, at 3/. The follo\^ing statement as to the expenses of the voyage, is made by a person of much experience in the Quebec trade : — " The average charge for the con- " veyance o^' one person from London to Quebec, *' including victualling for the voyage, at the usual " allowance for troops, is about bl. per head. The " rate for passage only, has varied from 1/. 10*. to 3/. " for each person ; the ships being fitted at the " Government expense, and the passengers victualled " at an extra charge of is. per day. By the act of "Parliament of 37 Geo. 3. chap. 10. the owners of ^^ ships are required to lay in provisions and water <' for twelve weeks passage. The cost of the ca^^ks is " very considerable; they are of no value at Quebec, *' and cannot be brought home without great expense, " so that they are almost an entire loss. If the voy- " age be short, the surplus provisions sell for barely " their first cost, and there is great loss by wast^. — " Upon the average, however, of these calculations, " the expense of victualling is about 3/. pi r head, I 1^! "% APPENDIX A. 's III '' and the passage about 31. per head also ; thoueh " probably, at the most favourable season of tne " year, taking, in each ship, the number allowed by '^ Act of Parliament (two adults for three tons, and ^' three children under fourteen years of age to an " adult) they mi^ht be conveyed, and victualled at *' 51. each, including all expenses whatsoever." From these various data, it may be safely concluded, that the charges specified in the first estimate for transporting the settler and his family from the port in England, to his lands in Upper Canada, for the purchase of a cow, farming utensils, and provisions for a year would be covered by an advance of 301. for each man, 251. for each woman, and M/. for each child. But besides the^e enumerated charges, there are other inevitable expenwes, — taking it for granted, that the persons to be removed, will be literally paupers, having no means of their own, and that the emigration is to proceed on a very large scale. In the first place, they ouglit to have some thing beyond their ordinary clothing fo meet the first winter, — this they could not procure ibr them- selves ; but it could be purchased in this country for a very small sum. Then they must have some bedding, of however coarse a kind, for their voyage. There must be an agent to receive them at Quebec, supply them with provisions, and make arrangements for their immediate transport up the country; another must be resident at Lachine, near Montreal ; another at Kingston ; and another must be at hand, to receive Ihem at their place of settlement, to shew them their lands, and to supply them with'provisions and utensils. Temporary buildings must also be erected in cen- tral situations in the new settlements for the re- ception of the emigrants on their arrival, and to shelter their families and their baggage until they have erected habitations on their respective lots. The superintendence of these arrangements might, per- haps, be conveniently intrusted to the Commissaries already stationed at the several military posts in both Provinces, who might form depots of provisions for the settlers in the same manner as tor the troops APPENDIX A. M t! under their charge, and hire waggons and boats ibr conveying them, by which means a saving would bo made of the pay of Superiiitendants, except at the new settlements where no Commissaries are stationed. If it is thought that this duty could not properly be thrown upon the Commissariat Department. Super- intendants must be appointed, whose pay certainly could not be less than ten shillina;s sterling per day. It must also be considered that it would not be safe, and certainly not humane, to send a ship full of emi- grants upon an Atlantic voyage without any medical attendant. Accidents would happen, and sickness might very probably occur among so many women and children ; and in the absence of proper assistance, many cases of great hardship might arise. To provide a sur- geon, or physician for each ship would cost about fiffy or sixty pounds. After the arrival of these poor peo- ple in Upper Canada, about two thousand of them will be settled together in each new township, with- out any means, for the first year, to pay for such medical assistance as they might require. Accidents frequently occur among the emigrants in felling tim- ber, from their inexperience ; and their houses being at first mere temporary sheds, they are exposed to the risque of contracting diseases from the change of climate, during the first season, while they can offer no inducement to any medical man to take up his residence among them. It seems therefore to be almost necessary to provide a physician to each town- ship, (which is a tract of ten miles square) for one year at least ; perhaps for two. It must also be taken into consideration, that detentions will fre- quently occur. The father or mother of a family may be taken ill at Quebec, or elsewhere, on their journey, and the whole family may be delayed some days, perhaps weeks, in their progress, during which time they must be fed at the public expense, and this will be in addition to the charge in the estimate, as the intention is to give them provisions for a year after they are actualli/ located in their lands, which will indeed be necessary. It is believed, that, with strict economy in the management, these additional i APPENDIX A. expenses would be covered in a manner that would nisuie the comfort of the settler, by an addition of five pounds to the sum to be advanced tor each man, leaving the charge for women and children as before — the estimate would then stand thus : For exery men - - - £35 Every woman - - - 25 Every child, under fourteen years of age 14 The apparent disproportion between the charge for a man, and those for women and children, arises from the necessity of placing to the account of the former, as the head of the family, all expenses for the family collectively, such as superintendance, medical assis- tance, purchase of provisions, a cow, farming uten- sils, Sec. With respect to children, it is necessary to be con- sidered, that those above fourteen are reckoned as adults in the act of parliament, 57 Geo. III. ch. 10, which regulates the number of passengers, in propor- tion to a ship's tonnage. The expense, therefore, rf transporting such children to Quebec, and the sub- sequent charge for conveying them to their lands, and feeding them, will probably be nothing less than for adults ; and, to prevent a deficiency of funds, children of both sexes, above fourteen, and under eighteen years of age, must be estimated for at twentv-five pounds, that being the charge for women, which includes no- thing but the supposed expense of transport and pro- visions for the individual ; and boys above eighteen, as they may be considered as men, with respect to the articles to be furnished for them, must be charged as male adults. •«' *t» -trfv vij :W' '■)ii>. ' «*- IJ: 'k-'W^I it* Vf "I* -^fl'M.. '{' ^'f W II I '*.. :>.:.-»! iU iH. .,<- vi-Hin *r. :iv I* ■•:?' .-''"{tt^"?'^ t ,.'< ?l' •'•'*> i'? 'r>.r 'vr f '.W ■E i iJ t '- J- U.!I* .>? I »J 1 -J il' .tJliii'; ■!'• m .# v» ,,1.. Appendix B. •t REMARKS !' f. •'■*'' ON THE ' PJKOVINCE OF UPPER CANADA, J.''*'' ''■■ By the Founder of the "Talbot Settlement." ' J ' ' « ( I Position and Extent of Upper Canada. Tmk Province of Upper Canada cnmmences at be- tween 73 and 74 degrees of west longitude; its western extremity being at about 84**. Its sotrthern boundary extends from 45** SO" to 41<* 40™ of north latitude. To the north, it may be said to advance as iar as the pole. That portion of its territory, which is now in course of settlement, is computed to be not less than seven hundred miles in length, from east to west, having a mean breadth of one hundred and fifty miles, or thereabouts. The whole of this extensive tract of land possesses peculiar advantages, in point of situation ; the river of St. Lawrence, and lakes Ontario, Erie, and St. Clair, furnishing a continued p.nd easy water commu- nication along its entire southern line. Ther«. are several other navigable lakes and rivers, which inter- sect it in a northern direction, all of which are con- nected with the St. Lawrence. Climate, Soi7, and Productions. Climate: — The climate of Upper Canada is consi- derably milder than that of the lower province, and the winters shorter in the same proportion. In both these respects it improves as you proceed to the west- ward :, so much so, that although the frost generally sets in in November, at the Point au Bodet, on lake St. Francis, its eastern extremity, and continues in that neighbourhood till the middle of April, it rarely vii APPENDIX B. commences on the shores of lake Erie before Christ- mas, when it usually disappears hettveen the 25th of March and Is* of April. The greatest deptli of snow around lake St. Francis is about three feet ; which gradually diminishes to 18 inches on the borders of Jake Erie. From York, on lake Ontario upwards, neither black cattle nor sheep require housing during the winter, and the new settler, with the addition of a small quantity of straw, can keep his stock on the tender branches of the trees, felled by him in clearing his land, until the return of spring. On a comparison with the climate of Great Britain, the heat in the summer months is somewhat greater, but never op- ?ressive, as it is always accompanied by light breezes, 'here is less rain than in England ; but it falls at more regular periods ; generally in the spring and autumn. The winter cold, though it exceeds that of tho British isles, is the less sensibly felt in conse- nuence of its c)ryne>les, pears, plumbs and cherries, of the finest quality, which are unknown to European orchards. The stone fruit is all raised on standards. Agriculture : — Course of crops. The soil being of such a nature, as not to need manure, the same atten- tion is not there paid to the regular succession of crops, as in Great Britain. After wheat, which is generally harvested in the month of July and be- ginning of August, rye can be souii on the same ground in the autumn to advantage. The rye crop is frequently laid down with clover or grass seed, which, unless the farmer is pressed for ground, will continus to furnish good meadow and pasture for four or five years ; otherwise it is ploughed up before winter, and in the spring, put into pease, spring wheat, Indian corn, barley, oats, or buck wheat ; all of which answer very well,the two first rather benefitting than impoverishing the land. The leaves and tops of the Indian corn like- wise afibrd excellent winter food for cattle, particularly milch cows ; after any of these latter crops, wheat may be sown again. Potatoes and turnips succeed well upon newly-cleared land, as a first crop ; potatoes I I? ft' XI AFPfe^DlX B. being put into the ground with a hand hoe, from the bcgiimiiig of May till' the middle of June Turning are sown about the first week in August, after tlie greatest heat has Rubflidod, and »t which time the fly has disappeared, simply requiring the harrow. It in to be understood, that the new land is never ploughed for the first and second crops. Timothy is the grass most cultivated, as it aiToids a large burthen of the host hay, besides good after-grnss ; however, it is best mixed with clover, to which it serves as a support and prevents matting. ' Duties of a New Settler. — On application made to the superintendant of the land-grantir.g department of the district in which he proposes to settle, lie will obtaiti a ticket of location, for a certain quantity of land. Furnished with this, his first care ought to be, to select a proper situation for his house. rhis should be placed as near as may be to the public road on which his lot abuts, and contiguous, if possible, to a s^ing or run of water. H iving chosen his spot, he then sets about clearing a siitficient space to erect his house nn, tuking care to cut down all the large trees within the distance of at leai>t one hundred fett. The 'dimensions of the house are generally 20 feet by 18 ; and the timber used in constructing the walls, consist- ing of the rough stsms of trees cut into those lengths, is not to exceed two feet in diameter. Tha height of the roof is commonly about 13 feet, which affords a ground room, and one over head. The house is roof- ed fn with shingles, (a sort of wooden tiles) ^plit out of the oak, chesnut, or pine timber. A door, windows, and an aperture for the chimney at one end, are next cut out of the walls, the spaces between the logs being filled up with split wood, and afterwards plastereo, both inside and out, with clay or mortar, which renders it perfectly warm. When once the necessary apace for the house is cleared, and the logs for the walls collected on the spot, the expense and labour of the settler in erecting his habitation, is a mere trifle, it being an established custom, among the neigh- bouring settlers, to give their assistance in the raising of it; and the wbol6 is performed in a few hours. -. '^■- AI>l*BlfD1X l}. m The settler, linving now a house over his head, com- mences the clearing of a sufficient quantity of Innd, to raise the annual supply of provi«iotiH required for his tkmily. The following is the method in which land is cleared: — The brushwood is first cut down close to the ground, and piled in heaps, as it is cut ; next come the sap- lins, or young trees, to the size of six inches in dia-^ meter ; the-ie are cut into nhort lengths, and laid on the brushwood. Such timber as may have fallen, by age or accident, on the space to be cleared, is then sought out ; the stems of which are chopped into lengths of 1 1 feet, and the lops and tops piled with the bru!>hwood, 8cc. These operations performed, he may set about cutting down the large trees. They are chopped at about two feet and a half from the root; and the stem of each tree is cut up into lengths of eleven feet The limbs and tons are cut iuto short lengths, and packed on the brushwood heaps. When the whole of the large trees, on the ground to be cleared, are disposed of in the manner just described, the brushwood heapn, hs soon as sufficiently dry for the purpose of burning (which, in the summer months, is the c»se in a fortnight,) are set fire to During the process of burning, the heaps must be attended to, and the ends occasionally pushed in, in order that the whole may be consumed. After this has taken place, the ground is ready for what is called Logging. This is performed by a yokp of oxen, with chains to fasten round the ends of the stems, (reserving such as will split into rails), which are drawn together, and piled up in different heaps. Three or four men are gener- ally required to attend this work. These last heaps may be immediately set fire tO) if the weather be dry, and likewise require to be watched by a man, who is to push in the logs, as the centre becomes hollow. Af\er rII is consumed, excepting the lengths intended for rails, the ashes are either spread out on the land, or collected for the makers of potash, who give about four-pence per bushel for them. If the cleared ground is sufficiently near to a potash work for transport, the price given for them there, nearly cover the expense \i 4 • ♦ • XIU APPENDIX B. of clearing. The land is now prepared for fencing and sowing. For the latter object, the ground is merely gone over in cross directions, with a triangu- lar harrov This form is adopted, that it may pass through the stumps wiiich still remain in the ground, potatoes and Indian corn are put in with a hand hoe ; amongst the latter, pumpkin seed may he sown, with- . out injury to the corn. The nroperest season for sowing wheat, is generally from tho end of August to the middle of September ; but on these newiy ' cleared lands, that do not require ploughing, it can be sown at any time before the frost sets in, although it cannot reasonably be expected th»t Inte sown wheat • should produce so abundant a crop, as that which is put into the ground early. The quantity of seed used IS one bushel only per acre, and the usual retdrn is from 25 to 40 bushels; whereas, in Englifnt-f, the farmer sows three bushels to the acre, and the yield does not exeeed 30 bushels. The other grains are sown in the following proportions : A peck of Indian corn will plant one acre, yielding from 40 to 100 bushels ; pease require 3| bushels to the acre ; oats -,. two bushels, barley three, rye one, and buck-wheaf half a bushel. A settler arriving in June, if industri- ous, can, with ease prepare five acres for wheat, to be sown the same autumn ; after which he may em- ploy himself in clearing fresh ground for hid spring crops; and at the end of the first 14 months, he will find himself amply supplied with bread and vegetables. These, with the addition of a cow and a pig or two, will be all that is necessary for his sustenance. His cow arid hogs will find iheir living in the wobds during the greatest part of the year, and only need i\ trifling support in winter. There are distilleries generally established throughout the country, where the settler can obtain spirits in exchange for his grain, on very moderate terms. Brewing also might be car- ried on, at little or no expense, as the soil and climate produce hops of the best quality. Grist and saw mills are also sufficiently numerous in all parts of the pro- vince. Whenever the settler can afford to lay down in grass, a sufficient quantity of land for the keep of APPENDIX B. XIV a tiew sheep, he can from the wool, with the aid of a small patch of flax, manufacture whatever clothing his family may want. It may be as well to remark in this place, thet the uc^e of the axe generally appears at first somewhat awkward to the emigrant from Europe, but practice wilt soon reconcile him to it. Such persons, however, as prefer hiring American clioppers, and possess the means of so doing, can easily find contractors for the work. The usual charge for chopping, burning, fencing and bringing the land into a proper state to receive the seed, is at the rate of about £4'. 10s. per acre, the workmen find- ing their own provisions. An expert chopper will clear, ready for burning, an acre of heavy timbered land, in eight or ten days. From the foregoing short observations, a tolerable idea may be formed of the advantages to be derived by a poor family emigrating to Upper Canada, the veryfirst year assuring its members abuiidant meanu of living well, and each succeeding one enlarging its scale of comforts. The settler, in the first place, obtains from the Crown a grant, in. perpetuity, of from fifty to acres, according to the size of his family, and his means of improvement. His labour, therefore, is wholly expended upon his own property. A large family of children, instead of proving a bur< then upon him, contribute greatly to his assistance, as useful employment is constantly to be found, even for small children, in a new settlement. Public schools are universally established throughout the province, upon a liberal foundation. To afibrd some idea of the rapidity with which a new settlement wil! advance, under proper manage- ment, it is only necessary to state, that tne writer of this Tract, having been entrusted by His Majesty's go- vernment with the location and general saperintend- ance of those extensive districts, on the shores of lake Erie, which at present bear the name of The Talbot Set- tlementy has, by his exertions, in opening roads at con- venient distances, aided by the peculiar advantages to the soil and climate, collected around him a population f^r: XV APPENDIX B. §1 of twelve thousand souls at the least, in the short space of ten years. The generality of these settlers, on their arrival in the province, were persor.£> of the very poorest description ; whereas they n^ay be no'^ said to form as independent, as contented, and as happy a body of yeomanry, as any in the world. This, too, has been accomplished in a situation, which little more than ten years ago, appeared an im» penetrable wilderness, ana was above one hundred miles removed from all human intercourse. U: . b->-i- vi ti I '^H o> t.. Hh ' i m^ '■ ;. Ai -hU 'A: ,^b; ''■ ;..''''n^i'.(. n **'•' '■,;;., '"'N . Yi* . -j:.^.) ':VJ «'■» ;v • '' r' ^■■VU' r, ^A ''.i> . ' «'iKt-' Uii Uv^' . T i^It;i'*t"^=^ •_•; .:_-'! t'i.j-.i* f*)"'- *,' '. ! f. ■;';■*/ .!.••,<. ■• /'- ■ ' > '■ t ( . ... i,' '^'i,- f- f . V. n - - ^i-']' LONDON: PRINTED KY F. VI AAV ^ R*D ^^^^ PASSAtiE, HOLBOHlf. =3^ m ip 1 ^ ,v;,l.,: g i -j u er j -gg fi ^ "j- i . - , ' j -g ^-T ' . - ■A ■ m m ir — j wm i i ii 1 1 .« w j h wi, ' .i iii Mi . ;^^. %'i OBSERVATIONS M iMUi UPON TBE OUTLINE OF A PLAN OF EMIGRATION * ^H.M -f Wj»»ji H* .-^Slfri i':tii UPPER CAJ^ADA i •i v:*t*M 1 ! ;. iU- n '-i-iv -> .< I'*'. ; r ■ ^ /^::^z. i/ !|il OBSERVATIONS. These Observations are only intended for those persons u lio have read " The OutHiie of a Plan of Emigration to Upper Canada," toge- ther with the Appendix, marked A. and B. where the most minute circumstances are de- tailed, in which the Agricultural £migrant will find himself placed upon his arrival, and the natural facilities, or rather securities, are fully explained, which Upper Canada offers for the perfect success of the experiment. It is considered as unquestionable, although this measure is not in the slightest degree com' pulsory, that the poor man who offers his strength and energy as a labourer, but who finding no demand, or at least no adequate demand for his services, is compelled 'o receive " Parish Kelief* for the preservation of his own existence and of that of his family, will accept this opportunity of bettering his condition, by laying the foundation for future independence, with eagerness and gratitude, when sufficient time has elapsed, and proper pains been taken to make him understand the true nature and \ character of the change that is proposed for him. .vjiiu-fu vstj.ui O'^f* ■i'^:>i(it «i; '" .'iUiUmi >t *i"i!*/ --^JlJ /i! ."1^51:; It is equally considered as certain, that Pa- rishes will anxiously accept this facility (as far as their own co^icurrence is required), of reliev- ing themselves at a very slight annual expense, of any present, and pressing redundancy of po- pulation, and also of securinjr for the future, the effectual prevention supplied by this measure, for any accumulation of labourers whose ser- vices they may be incapaole of remunerating. It is at once evident, that this system of emigration could be made immediately ap- plicable to Ireland and Scotland, provided that money was raised there, for the purpose, by local asstasmeiit, or that a specific tax was pledged for money lent for that purpose by the Government. ...r. *. . « ' ii'.r >'-H Although the periods of twenty-five and forty-two years, have been taken for the dura- tion of the annuities in England and Scotland respectively, of course, the only effect of curtail- ing the period, will be to increase the quantum of the annuity, but as the object was to relieve present distress, it was considered that the longer periods would be the most desirable. .- •, fi--^', ' It has not been considered necessary in the •' Outline," to enter into many details, which, however, have been duly considered, and are all prepared for exposition. It is proposed that one hundred acres should be allotted to each father of a family, and perhaps smaller proportions to single men — that certain restric- tions should be imposed with respect both to cultivation and alienation; that after the ter- mination of a definitive period, perhaps five years, the proprietor should pay a certain an- nual Quit-Rent, of very small amount, out of which should, in the first instance, be defrayed the expense of the patent, which would not ex- ceed £2. upon a grant of one hundred acres ; the remaining Quit-Rent might be appropriated to the purpose of local improvements, such as roads, &c. and A provision be added, for an op- tional redemption of the Quit-Rent on the pay- ment of a moderate sum. Although the agricultural population will be more immediately benefited by this measure, yet in the case of a redundancy of manufactur- ing population, it will be found perfectly appli- cable ; for it must be remembered, that the casual emigration to Upper Canada, which as far as it has gone, has succeeded so mcII, has been principally supplied by the manufacturing TFI t' :i li'i « population, which class, upon general reason- ing, must be deemed the least suited for the experiment. • ^ i«' •< r'i> « /'>3«j.(".< ri^ Although it may be argued that there can be no actual redundancy of population as long as the waste lands in the mother country remain uncultivated, yet no person conver- sant with such subjects, can contend that such redundancy does not now, virtually at least, exist — in other words, that there are not many strong labouring men for whose services there is no adequate demand, and who cannot be employed upon any productive labou. that will pay the expenses of production ; and as in all civilized countries population must be depen- dent upon property, it is absurd to theorize upon erroneous "data," which do not admit that unquestionable proposition. And if any per- sons should feei alarm, that under the operation of such a measure, too great a proportion of the agricultural population might be abstracted, they may be assured that at this moment, many economical processes in husbandry which would save human labour, and much agricultural ma- chinery which is kept in abeyance, would be immediately applied to the manifest improve- ment of the condition of the agriculturist and of the wealth of the country ; provided that a II clanger no longer existed, which nous exists with full preventive force, viz. that of throwing- out of employ a still greater pumber of the agricul- tural population. ' ik * ! ■ - - ...vJil,* It is scarcely necessary to observe, that this measure can be suspended or limited at any time, but in point of fact? it has that suspensive power within itself, for whenever there should exist at home an adequate demand for the ser- vices of able.bodied men out of employ, wiie- ther from the increase of productive industry, or from the demands of war, or from any other cause, there would be no longer a temptation to emigrate. ^Uy^ ■■'X n .»,,;- ■'■ i i .1. ■f li- lt is also to be observed, that with such a system in regular and effective operation, no inconvenience could ever again result to this country from a temporary stimulus being given at any time to the population, which could not permanently be sustained. To use the metaphor so commonly employed, it would be a safety- valve, by which the inconvenient excess of po- pulation could always be carried off impercep- tibly ; and it must not be forgotten in a com- prehensive view of such a system, that the pauper, for whose labour no remuneration can be afforded at home, will be transmuted by this process liUo an independent proprietor, and at no distant period will become a consu- mer of the manufactured articles of his native country. Nor on the other hand, can any cal- culable period be assigned for the termination of such a system, until all the colonies of the British Empire are saturated, and hundreds of millions added to those who speak the English language, and carry with them the liberty and the laws, and the sympathies of their native country. r » i^^ v) ;m- * For example, it is calculated that three hun- dred thousand heads of families, which ave- raging three to each family, might be estimated at nine hundred thousand individuals, could be absorbed by Upper Canada alone — to this must be added. Lower Canada, who, from her local position, will naturally intercept and share this stream of emigration with her sister province : also the Cape, Ceylon, and the unexplored and and inappreciable extent of land in New South Wales; and such considerations will justify the position already advanced, that no calculable period can be assigned to the experiment. Such a system, would direct the tide of emi- gration towards parts of the British Empire, which must be considered as integral, though fj. IB ■ipan>>>d by geographical position. The de- km^ of tl^fM colonial poMessions would he PHNW 6Mily. auppMed wiibio themselves, and iMr loevoasing prosperity would not only i«lB9f<9 Ui« mother coMHtry. from pecuniary de. Mtt^AJthalare now indifpensable, but thatprot- perlt^FiiAita reau;tioii, would augment the wealth Wt4jk9 resources of the mother country itself. . Tfaese obtervations are, therefore, respect- fully pressed upon the attention of those who haye the means to give effect to this measure, which it Hoi one of compulsion in any part of its ariwifement ; but which is considered to be fouQ^kd upon sound and incontrovertible prin- ciple and to combine the advantages of some alkviation of present evils with the permanent beoefit of the Empire at large. ,| I d'-*! e^ r tj t £i\. ban \ .rU ov^.; j4 ■»••'»»>• • ■ ■■; •!.lm yljti '...it li. ;,,; ..; iu MMftti •:, no .,j,i^*{>mi{ '■ raiNtSD IT F. LONDON WAmR, KID UOn PAMA0B, LMRir. 1 f i