IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I tii 111^ 125 I 20 18 1.25 1.4 L6 ^ 6" ► Photoj^rapliic Sciences Corporation Z3 WBT MAIN STREET taasra NY usso (in* I 171-4S03 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. L'Institut a miciofilmd le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6x6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m6thode normale de filmage sont indiqu6s ci-dessous. n Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ D D D D D □ □ Couverti e endommagee Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou pelliculde □ Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps/ Cartes g^ographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relid avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int6rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmdes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl^mentaires; □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaur^es et/ou pelliculdes Q n Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d6color6es, tachetdes ou piqu^es I I Pages detached/ Pages d6tach6es Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of prir Quality in6gale de I'impression Includes supplementary materia Comprend du materiel supplementaire I 1/ Showthrough/ I I Quality of print varies/ □ Includes supplementary material/ Comi Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 film^es A nouveau de fapon A obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce liocument est film6 au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: National Library of Canada L'exemplaire filmi fut reproduit grdce d la g6n6ro8it6 de: Bibliothdque nationale du Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la netteti de J'exemplaire filmd, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covors are filmed beginning with the front cov«>r and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim^e sont film6s en commengant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmis en commandant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^> (meaning "CON- TINUED "), or the symbol V (meaning "END "), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole ^^- sign:fie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the nethod: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmte d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd d partir de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 'b V \ \o [5741 PROTOTYPOGRAPHY. Read by Rev. Dr. Scaddivg, at the Caxtnn Crh:hration o/ the Canadian Institute, Toronto, June JS, 1877. Wo contemplate with some astonishment the facility with which little chiklrcn accjuire a language, the quickness with which they catch the right use of words, of peculiar exi)rpssions and idioms. And when at a later stage, the processes of reading, writing and ciphering are proposed to them, we are equally struck with the readi- ness with wdiich, in most instances, these jirocesses are mastered ; a readiness such that after the lapse of a few months or years, skill in these arts seems to the possessor and to others the result almost of intuition. The reason of all this is ; the certainty, now proved by long experi- ence, that there is in the human mind, naturally, a predisposition and preparedness to form language, first simple, then complex ; and to make it, when thus formed, visible and permanent in some way. And similarly in regard to numbers ; there is, without doubt, a like predisposition and preparedness, first to iise them, and then to reduce the/n, for convenience, to visible shape. Printing, it is manifest, is an ultimate development of these innate human tendencies. The germ of the discovery was in the Race ; but its evolution was deliberate, and regulated by conditions; and so, in natural order, tirst came the blade, then the ear, then the full corn in the ear. In short, the history of printing is a rej)etition of that of language itself, of writing, of numbers, of painting, of music; each of which took centuries to attain to the degree of excellence in which we now are so fortunate as to receive them. Signet rings and stamps of all kinds were a species of printing apparatus. The scaraba;i, made of hard stone, found in the tombs of Egypt, bear on their under side elaborate inscriptions, evidently intended to be trans- ferred — and that, too, probably through the medium of a pigment — •Jtq'thq suKfecQ of fitting .^ubstancos. The dies of coins and medals in • t • • PROTOTYPOORAPHY. i.»<;» all countries involve the same idea — tbe transfer of inscriptions and devices by pressure. The Chinese, from un early period, liave actually printed, laboriously carving in relief on separate tablets of wood the contents of each page about to be reproduced. And if sucli was a practice of the Chinese, we may be sure it was the practice also of other Asiatic peoples, equally, if not more civilized, but who have undergone greater vicissitudes. In Europe, whether learned from Asia or devised independently, Islock-printing, just before the invention of the movable types, wa.s well-known, though not practised as extensively as in China, nor with the same skill and elegance. The manufacture of playing cards was one common ap[)lication of the process, but a more noble use of it was in the production of books, especiidly illustrated books, the picture and the description or monilization being all carved on the same wooden plate. The best known European exami)lo of an illus- trated volume printed from carved blocks, prior to the invention of movable types, is the Bihlia Pauperum Frifdicatonan, a series of Hcrij)ture scenes rudely but boldly drawn, three on a page ; the one in the middle from the New Testament, the other two from the Old ; above and below ai'e a pair of heads representing the prophets from whom respectively texts germane to the New Testament scene are quoted ; all in Latin, with leonine descriptive verses subjoined ; e.g., under a picture of the Adoration of the Magi : Chrlstm adorafur ; nurum, thus, myrrJta d^tiatur ; and under the Buniing Bush, Lvcet et ignescit, scd non rubvs igne calescit. Other remai-kable early block- books are the Specidum I/umaiue Sidvatioiiis, the Ai's Moriendi, the Ars Memorandi, the I/istoruv Sancti Johannis EvangelistcE, and various editions of Donatus, an elementary Latin grammar. But up to 1440, or a little earlier, no one, as it would seem, while contemplating a carved block prei)ared for an impression, had as vet chanced to carry forward his thoughts just the one step which would have led him to the hapjw reflection : Seein;^; that all the words in a ])age are made up of lettere again and agiiin repeated, would it not be practicable, insteaet two or three times over in each page, to make separate letters, which might be fastened together so as to form the words contained in one page ; and then, after having done duty in the [n-oduction of that page, be released, and combined togetlier afresh for the produc- tion of another page ; and so on repeatedly? At length, in 1440, or 576 PROTOTYPOORAPny, V a little earlier, the thought did start up in one miiul at least, as will be narrated presently. The exi^eriment was first made with wood. Sejiarate letters were carefully cjirved, each at the end of a small block or stem, so shajKnl and trinuned as to fit in well with any of its fellows. The small IjIocIcs were strun{» together, we are told, by m«ius of a sti-ong thread passing through an eye or a hole deftly made in each of them. Tlie result was encoui*aging ; although the impressions produced were rude and uneven, and moreover, \iso .s|)e<>dily told upon the sui-fiice of the letter. Metal was thought of as a substitute for wood. Lead, as .l>eing most easy to manipulate, would of course be the first tiied. Here again the effect of use Avns almost instantly to be seen. Then copper and tin were employed with i"esf)ectable results. But the shaping and finishing of each letter by hand was tedious and costly. To save time and labour, small sepai-ate blocks were now cast with the view of having a letter cut in relief on the end of etich ; to cast the stem and the letter together in one piece was not yet proposed. Tlien came the idea of converting the jterf'ectly cai-ved letter, with its stem or shank, into a model, which, by being foi-ced into sand or clay, or other fitting material, miglit foi*m a mould, whence letters might be turned out at once in a finis hetl stiite. Tlius far the scale on which the exi^riment had been made was a limitetl one. A few sets of the alphal)et suffice*! for the tiifles as yet attempted. By the use of the knife and file enough of accuracy in the shape and height of the small number of types Inquired, was secured. But when now larger designs began to be entertainetl, it was seen that the process of trimming eivch letter by hand was altogether too slow, as well as too costly. If the gi'eat folios which the ^vriting-l•ooms of the monasteries had hitherto sup- plied, were in future to be furnished to the public by means of the new process, it was evident that the siipply of type must be plentiful and readily sustained, and that the method of finishing must accordingly be improved and expedited. Here was the crux of the first stage of the art of piinting. The diflBculty was at length most ingeniously surmounted. When now, a metiUlic com^wund was de\ist!d, combining a sufficiency of hardness wath easy fusibility, and a suitable and satisfactory ink, the gieat invention, which had been taxing the wit of exj^rimeuters so long, was in effect complete. It is singular that in the course of their long pmctice of block - printing the use of movable types should never have been thought of l>y PROTOTY POGRAPH Y. 577 the Chinese, who, with thvjir skill in minute carvinj*, could so readily have fjishionod them. Perhaps the immense number of characters used in the written language, and certain special mcthoils observed in combinations, may have stood in the way ; while in the West the invention was facilitated by the comparative fewness of the letters in the alphabets, and a consequent sim[>licity in the necessary combina- tions. A famous passage in a work of Cicero's on The Nature of the Oodn, contained clearly the idea of words and sentences foi-med by selection from a mass of loose separate letters. In opposition to the philosophei-s who thought that the world and all that is therein hail come from a fortuitous concourse of atoms, he says it woidd be just as easy to believe that "if a great quantity of the one-and- twenty letters, composed either of gold or any other material, were thrown upon the ground, they would fall into such order as legibly to form the 'Annals of Ennius.'" "I doubi," Cicero adds, "whether fortune could make a single verse of them." It is evident, had Cicero's mind hap})ened for some reason to have been turned to the subject, one step further would have taken him to the thought of movable types to be employed in the reproduction of books. But with him the necessity of such an invention was not urgent. His numerous clever slaves, trained and highly accomplished as tran- scribers, were always at hand to supply him quickly with the volumes which he coveted so much and loved so well, whenever access for a .short time could be obtained to a copy by loan from })rivate or public collections. Some years ago verbose disputes were rife as to the inventor of movable types. The distinctive })re-eminence of one out of two oi- more continental cities was involved in the issue of the strife. Haarlem, at the northei-n extremity of the Sea of Haarlem, a great sheet of shallow water so cidled, not far from the mouth of the Rhine, and Mayence, situated on the Rhine itself but far in the interior, each claimed the honour of having sheltered within its walls the man who struck out the happy thought. The question is now held to be settled by a kind of couqiromise. Great honour to him who conceived the idea of movable ty})es and first employed them, how- ever rudely ; but as great, if not greater, to him who carried forward the idea, experimenting in metals and moulds, until the complex matrix and perfect type as we now see them were achieved. The invention, it is now generally believed, obscurely germinated at ot 8 PROTOTYPOGRAPIIV. v_J Hiiarlom ; but it developed itself very nearly to j)erfectioii at Miiy ence, the latter city really deriving the discovery in a crude state from the former. The story as told by the typographical anthorities of Holland, but disputed, and sui>posed to be refuted by circum- stantial evidence elsewhere, is as follows : Lourens or Lawrence Janssuen was a well-to-do citizen of Haarlem ; according to some, a licensed victualler ; according to otiiers, a xylographer or block-book printer, who ])repared with his own hands the wooden tablets from which, after duly tinting them with pigments, he took his one-side co})ies, pressing down the j)aper or velhnn on the charactors, or the engraving, with the tips of his tingei-s. One day, idling away a leisure hour in one of the gardens or public walks of Haarlem, in company with his grandchildren, as he strolled along he fashioned with his pocket-knife, for their amusement, out of a piece of fresh bark casuallv picked up, a number of small letters, and then fastening them re- versed on the surface of a piece of stiff paper, so as to form certain words, and turning tlu; whole over on another piece of paj)er, he exhibited to his young friends a copy of these words produced by the stain of the fi'eijh bark. At this moment of time, we are told, the notion of a wide ai)plication of the process just employed was begotten in La wi ence Janssoen's mind. The query then and there su<' cast never yet 8uri)as.se(l in heuuty and accuracy of form, altliou^'li, as we shall see, his, to some extent, wjis another caso of tho sic cos vim robis of old. It is recorded that the name of Lawrence Janssocn's unfaithful employ^ was John. No other de.si<^nation is given him in the story, which is not so e.vtraonlinary, as surnames, in our sense of the term, were at the tinif not common. It was once conjectured that Gensfleisch was this man. But iu)w the authorities show liy a comparison of dates tliat tJiis is iui[>rol)ahle. They show at the same time that there were two persons of tlie same name, John Gensfleisch. senior, and John Gensfleisch, jmiior, uncle and nej)hew ; and th<' runaway workman, they say, may have been John Gensfleisch, senior. The theft of material tiioy think an angry Haarlem fabri- cation ; it was simply the secret of the mode of maimfacturc antl ai)plication that was carried oft' fi-om Janssoen. On reachijig ^lay- ence, John Gensfleisch, senior, began in an obscure way the practice of the new ai"t. Later he was joined in the same occupation by his nephew, John Gensfleisch, junior, who had now droj)ped the sur- name Gensfleisch (Gooseflesh), and assumed that of Gutenberg, from a property in or near Maycnce once jjossessed by his family, which was noble by descent. We flrst hear of Gutenl)erg, or John Gensfleisch, junior, at Strasburg, further up the Rhine. Of an ingenious turn of mind, we find him employed there in working a new apparatus, an invention of his own, for polishing gems. With him in this undertaking are associated as })artnei-s, Hans Rifle, Andrew Drytzehen, and Andrew Heilmann, wlio have each juppli(,'d him with money. When the j)articulars of the recent discovery sir Haarlem reached him, probably through his uncle at Mayence, he at once set about making the experiment himself. He resolved to attempt the cutting and casting of a set of types for the reproduction of the Speculum Ilumance Salvat'iouia, a book in considerable demand. His partners in the gem-polishing scheme again opened their purses to him, but strict secrecy in regard to the new undertaking was enjoined. Certain prying questions put by wives and others as to what was now engaging the attention of the partners so closely, were met by the reply that they were busy making looking-glasses for the approaching fair at Aix-la-Chapelle — an allusion to the meaning of Sjyeculum, i.e, mirror or looking-glass. The letters were still fitted for use by individual manipulation. The slowness and general un- satisfactoriness of this process led Gutenberg to turn his attention r)80 I'ROTOTYrOORAl'IIY. V'^ to the construction of Itctter moulds ; a study which resulted in the invention of tlx; matrix hy nieims of which type, cast pcirfect in face at once, and mathematically accurate in dimensions, has continued to he manufactured to tlu; present time. On the death of one of the partners, Andrew Di vtzchen, and a consequent lawsuit, the company which Gutenl)erg had formed was broken up. He now removt^l to Mayence, and took up his al>ode with his uncle there. Inspirited by his typographical experiments at Strashurg, he conceived the hold idea of easting type, by his new process, for an edition of the whole liible in folio, to be in every respect a fac-simile of the handsome manuscripts of the sacnnl volume to be seen, and, on occasion^ purchased, at the monasteries. Much money was required for such an undertaking. The inimber of letters wanted for the 1282 folio pages of the proposed Bible was about 12,000 exclusive of orna- mental capitals, double letters and abbreviations. John Fust, a rich banker of Mayence, was struck with Gutenberg's j)roject, and advanced considt;i-able sums in order that the work might be duly prosecuted. Not, however, without the proper legal security against loss on his part ; as appeared after a time ; for, just as everything was almost reatly for the final issue of the great volume, we find Fust suddenly foreclosing on the typefounder and printer for non- fulfilment of the conditions of his bond. The courts of Mayence sustained the claim ; the whole of the plant and contents of Guten- berg's office was taken legal possession of by Fust in 1455. We now form the acquaintance of Peter Schoeffer, of Gernsheim. This is a young man who had been in the employment of Gutenberg, and was found to })ossess pre-eminent skill in cutting the punches for the types, plain and ornamental, required for the forthcoming Bible. Peter Schoeffer, in fact, had an educated taste as well as high skill. Like so many others who became fascinated with the new art at the outset, he was a scholar ; only a few yeni-s previously he had been a student in the University of Paris. Fust perceived that he was a most eligible person to be put in charge of the printing establishment which had come into his possession. Such confidence had the shrewd banker now acquired in the prospective profits of printing and publishing, and in the superior competency of Schoeffer, that he proposed to him at once a copartnership on a suitable basis, and more ; Schoeffer was to receive in marriage his daughter and sole heiress, Christina. Subsequent incidents need not be narrated. It PROTOTYPnr.RAPIIY. 581 will bo sufficient to say, that tiie i,'rpat Bililc soon saw tlio lii;lit. A sense of wliat was duo to (ruttnilter^ seems to liavr leires, at Ulm, at Esslingon, at Frankfort, at Ba.sle, and other im]»()rtant towns. In France, at Paris, a pn^ss was set up in a room of the HorWonne. in 1478, the services of three Germans, Uliich trering, Michael Friburger, and Martin Crantz, having been secured by Dr. Guiiiaum" Fichet of the Sorbonne. Peter Key.ser and John Stol, w of Fools at Paris. In 1473, Guillaume Le Roy and Antoine Vincent were engaged in printing at Lyons ; also Klein ami Treschel in 1 488 at the same place; and at Caen, Robert Mace in 14*Jl. From Germany especially, the adepts in the new art scattei'ed themselves like so many apostles, far and wide, caiiying with them 584 PttOTOTTPOGRAPHY. V^ their practical skili, isni sometimes even the imi^lements of their business. In R<»Qe. m Veoice, in Milan, in Florence, in Naples, in Sicily the earliest pantos bear German names. At Rome, Conrad Sweynheim and Aradd Paonartz, in 1405 (settled first for a short time Subiaco. near hj i : ia4 Ulric Hahn, who Latinized his name into its equivalent G'aJlttJL a -cock ; Silber in 1490, who did the same with kis name, making h Ar^nteus ; and Andreas Fritag in 1492. At Venice, John of Spii'esw H^'y'J. and his brother Vendelin; John Emeric of XJdenheim and Erkjur L Radolt. At Milan, Waltdorfer of Ratisbon, l)etter known as Tiul^iirfer. printer of the Decameron of Boccaccio, a copy of which, viti; hJj imprint, sold at the Roxburghe sale in London in 1811' i'ifT ;£i.'l>^*'K At Florence, John Petersen of May- ence and Nichc»las cf Bre>I.iu in 1477. At Naples, Sixtus Riesinger of Strasburg in 1471. Berthold Rying and others. In Sicily (at Messina), Heinrich Aiiiiiuiin 1478. In 1479, a Bible in Spanish was issued at VaJ-ei-iik in Spain by a German named Lambert Palmaei't. (The lirsi press in America was set up through the instrumentality of * Gterman printer at Seville, John Cromberger. It is thouglit, how^^rf. dukt he never himself crossed the ocean, but committed the ma.na!j5eBieiit of an establishment known by his name in the city of Mf xic©. m 1540, to an agent, a foreman of his, named Pablos.) As in other depju!iM«?ats of human activity, the practice of the new art soon begjua i*> «ietioead from father to son through successive generations. On-e at irwo remarkable instances of su'^h descent in the families of om»3»HBG printers will now be given ; but I shall have to pass down occa!dc»ijAuy into the sixteenth century. And first, the Itstiaui AldL These were Aldo Manuccio of Venice and his descendants. Ai< lo Latinized his name i?ito Aldus Manutius, to which he soiiieiajia>e& addeil Romanus, as being a native of the Roman States. Hr ^a5 an accomplished scholar. He invented and largely used the li4iiai(r fetter, which is said to be a careful repi'oduc- tion of the handvriiiEnig of Petrarch, whose Canzoni and sonnets he printed in this tyj*r. He was the fii-st to bring out books in octavo and duodecimo, a f'-ni. , lickly recognized to be an improvement on the cumljersome ftlin He and successors of the same name issue^l editions of all tL^ ^pi-M works of classic antiquity, and of all the l)est Italian autiic»ri •c-t' their own time. Aldo Manuccio married the daughter of AaiiKA Torresani, a distinguished typographer, the PROTOTYPOGRAPHT. 585 their es, in jurad short c into ; with i. At Imeric isbon, caccio, ale in May- ?siris;er ;ily (at Spanish ambert gh the iberger. an, V)ut IS name named of the 3cessive cent in 11 have Venice mutins, of the ted and produc- mets he 1 octavo ment on e issiie^l all the married her, the STiccessor of Nicolas Jenson at Venice. The well-known badire of the Akline press, the Dolphin and Anchor, Wiis adopted from a medal of Titus Vespa^ianus, and is intropreted by Erasmus in his Adagia to den te the Latin Festlna lente — ''Be steady; take j-oiir time j" advice of use in literary work. At Florence the Juntas or Giuntas were a typographical fiimily flourishing for several generations. Bernard and Philip were eminent printers of this name. The device on the title pages of their books was the Lily or Fleur-de-lis. At Basle, the Fi'obens, father and son, have a special interest as the friends of Erasmus, and the printers of his works. The house of John Froben was the home of Ei-asmus, when he took up his abode in Basle. John Froben's wife was the daughter of the learned Wolfgang Lachner, who like Marcus Heiland, Wolfgang Museulus. (Ecolampadius, and Erasmus himself, was a connector and reviser in Froben's office. Frol>en's son-in-law, Nicholas BischoflT (Ei)isenpius), was also a notable printer. Tiie Utopia of our own Sir Thomas Mor^ was printed at Ba^le by John Frol>en in 1519, and the Encomium Morice in L522, the work in the title of which Erasmus amusin<;lv plays on More's name. Holbein drew the illustrations which forirj so essential a part of this book. Many other works printed by Froben were also enriched by the genius of Holbein, who designed and executed elaborate and most beatitiful bordoi's and other orna- mental woodcnts for them. The ready graver of Holbein has not only made his own countenance familiar to us, and those of Erasmus and More and other historic personages, but also that of John Froben, the great printer. Copies of Holbein's portrait of the latter may U- seen well engraved in Knight's Life of Erasmus, and also in Wolt- mann's Holbein and his Time. At Lyons, the printers Gryphii were famous for several generations: Sebastian, Antony, John, the last at Venice. The device on their title pages is a griffin and winged ball or glol)e. At Paris, the illustrious typogiaphic dynasty of the Stephani took its rise. In England the Stephani would be spoken of as the Stephenses. In their own vernacular they wei'e Les Estiennes. The first of the name, eminent as a printer and scholar, was Henry, born at Paris, 1470. This Henry is styled Heniy I. to distinguish him from Henry II., a successor a few years later. Francis, Charles, and Robert Stephens, also printei-s, were his sons. Robert was a M :)SQ PROTOTYPOORAPHY. v> ])rofonn(lly learned man. He publicly oflfered a reward to every one who would report to liiui an erratum in his publications. In 1531, he was appointed by Francis J. Kinjj's ' printer in the Greek and Hebrew languages. Henry II. was iiis eldest son and worthy successor. To an edition of Andrew Gellius issued by him he pre- fixes a Latin letter addressed to his own son Paul, in which he speaks of the household of his father, Robert : " All in it were learned," he says ; " even the domestics understood Latin, and in some sort coiild speak it." His mother, Paul's grandmother, could understand persons si)eaking Latin, as readily as if they spoke French ; his sister could speak the language, having learnt it not from grammars, but from use, just as French is learnt in France, Italian in Italy, and any other language in the country where it is spoken. Notable wr rks ]>ubliH]ied by Koljert Stephens were Bibles in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and French, and a Latin Thesaurus in three volumes folio. He dismissed from his edition of the classics all the contractions inherited fjt-om the MSS. A marvellous perfection marks all the productions of his press which were supervised wholly by himself. De Thou said the labours of Robert Stephens had done more for the honour and glory of France than all the high deeds of her warriors. Robert married the daughter of Josse Bade of Asch, near Brussels, another eminent printer usually spoken of by his Latin designation, Jodocus Badius Ascensius. Michel Vascosan and Jehan de Roigny, two other great French printoi-s, also married daughters of Josse Bade. Henry II. 's Crreek Thesaurus in four volumes folio (1572), is like his father's Latin Themurus, a wonderful monument of human labour and perseverance. The story of the shameful way in which John Scapula, an employe of his, filched the substance of this Thesaurus and constructed out of it the one-volume Lexicon (1579), formerly so familiar to English scholars, and so often reprinted, can only here be glanced at. The learned Isaac Casaubon married a daughter of Henry Stej)hens. In the line of the Kobiu'gers (properly Wolgemuths), at Nurem- berg, there was an Anthony I. and an Anthony II., with a John, a IVIelchior, and others. At Antwerp, Christopher Plantin founded a long-lived printing- hotise. His offxina was one of the wonders of Europe and the chief lion of the city. More fortunate than some of the great printers, Plantin accumulated wealth, and lived in princely style, indulging his tine tastes, and bequeathing at his death, in 1538, a magnificent PROTOTYPOGRAPHY. 5s; - one 1531, : and orthy ; pre- peaks d," lie could ersons • could . t from id any wrrks [ebrew, o. He iherited luctions ►e Thou honour Robert another Jodocus y, two e Bade. like his labour ch John hesaurus merly so here be ghter of Nurem- John, a printinp;- the chief printers, ilging his lagnificent private libmry to his gi-andson Balthasar Moret, his heir and suc- cessor. Among tlie products of Christoj)lier Plautin's press was a polyglot bible in eight volumes folio, published under the aii.-Dicos of Philip II. of Spain. Finally, I name the Dutch Elzevir faniily, members of whicli, between 1583 and 1683, obtained great celebrity as printers. The first Elzevir (or Elsevier), Louis, began to print at Leyden ii.> 1583. His brothers, connexions and descendants, were established as printers in various places in Holland, but chiefly at Amsterdam and Utrecht. In this dynasty Louis I., Louis II., Louis III., are to be chstinguished ; other Elzevir names are Matthew, (Egidius, Jodocus, Bouavcntuiv. Daniel, Abraham, and Peter. The list of the Elzevii- puMif^ntions. embracing the whole range of literature ancient and contempo- raneous, including works in Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic, fills seven octavo volumes. The Elzevir print is quickly to be recognized on account of a certain pleasant openness and clearness in the fashion of the type. The foolish story about the use of silver type seems to have arisen out of the sound of the name Elzevir or Elsevier. It is said that some of the Elzevirs employed female comj>ositors. (The ilevice of a printer in the officina Elzeviriana at Leyden in 1G17 was an open music-book, with notes: his name was Godefridus Basson.) Although in the course of the preceding narrative I was brought more than once into the neighbourhood of Bruges, I resei-ved my mention of that city until now, in order that in association with its name I might introduce our own William Caxton. The city of Bruges, situated not many miles inland from the port of Ostend, and connected with that port by a canal, Wiis, during the era in which we are interesting oureelves, the capital of the Dukes of Burgundy, who held there a splendid court. These dukes, in addition to their own proper domain, Upper Burgundy (Franche (Jomt6), had by degrees become lords also of other vast territories. They were nominal vassals of the German Emperors and of the French Kings, but for surpassed V»oth these [X)tentates in resources and real power. Under the German Empire they held Burgundy proper, East Flanders, Luxembourg, Alsace, the duchies of Braltant and Limberg, the marquisate of Antwerp, the counties of Hainault, Holland, and Zealand ; to the French King they did homage for the counties of Ponthier, Amiens, Vermandois, Nevers, and Namur. From 1419 to 1467 Philip the Good was the reigning duke, a munificent patron of art and promoter of commerce and industry. 588 PROTOTYPOGRAPHY. V^ To commemorate the perfection to which woollen manufactures had attained among his i»eople, he instituted an order of knighthood — that of the Golden Fleece. A great lover of learning and literature, he maintained within the walls of his palace a staff of skilled copy- ists and illuminators. William Caxton was brought into intimate relations with this Phili]) the Good, being at Bruges after 1463 what we should now call British Consul — a public agent stationed there, charged with the care of English inttjrests, chiefly commercial, in the dominions of the Duke of Burgundy ; technically, " Governor of the English Nation." As a man of literary tastes, Caxton was held in especial esteem by the dvike. In 1 to 7, Philip the Good died. His successor, Charles the Bold, whose reign proved disastrous to himself and his dominions, was no ]irof(^ssed patron of letters. It happened, nevertheless, that Caxton's relations with the Burgundian court became now even moi'e intimate than they had been under Duke Philip. The new duke, soon after his accession, brought home as his bride the Princess Margaret, Edward the Fourth's sister, who forthwith evinced a great regard for her countryman Caxton, now a polished courtier as well as an exjx^rienced man of business. She attached him to the court as one of the genth*- men of her household. It would seem that about this time Caxton resigned the post of " Governor of the English " at Bruges, wearie«l perhaps with the anxieties of the post, growing more and more serious during a troubled period, and glad to withdraw into a posi- tion likely to afibrd him more leisure for the litei*ary pureuits which had become so fascinating to him. In 1470, revo-ses sustained by the Yorkist party in England obliged the King, Edward IV., to fly the country, accompanied by several of his adherents among the nobles; and the court at Bruges was tlie temporary resort of the fugitives. After the lapse of five or six months, Edward regained his throne. During this short sojourn of Edward abroad, Caxton became personally known to him and his friends through the Princess Margaret; and it is believed that this circumstance, together with public changes in progress at Bruges and elsewhere, ultimately led to the removal from Flanders to England, which took place a few years later. Caxton may have deemed the time opportune for the intioiluction of Printing into England. Ay a PROTOTYPOORAPHT. 580 commercial venture he must have seen the probability of its success. The capabilities of the nov^el invention for the rapid multiplication of books in request among the learned were self-evident, and he would feel sure of the royal countenance and the j)atronage of intiiiential friends in the enterprise. But lii-st it was expedient that he should make himself in some degi-ee practically acquainted with the art, and with the economy of a piinting establishment. Many intelligent men had, to his knowledge, passed over with comparative ease from other avocations to that of the printer Why should not he? While yet acting as British agent, he had Ijeen in the habit of utilizing his intervals of leisure by translating into English a French work, entitled Le Becueil des Histoires le Troi/es, a paraj>lirase of tli<' leading passages of the Iliad, written by Eaoul le Fevre, formerly chaplain and secretary to Philip the Good, and probably a personal friend of the translator. After various interruptions he at length completed his English version of the work, encouraged in his under- taking by the Princess Margaret, ''his redoubted ladye," who deigned to suggest some improvements in the phraseology. It was begun at Bruges, he tells the reader, continued in Ghent, and finished in Cologne. And farther he more specifically states: "It was finished in the time of the troublous world, and of the great divisions being and reigning as well in the realms of England and France, as in other places universally throughout the world, that is to wit : in the year of our Lord one thousand four hundred and seventy-one." Of the translation thus continued and ended in the midst of inauspicious surroundings, Caxton proceeded to supply copies in manuscript to his mistress the princess, and his other English-speaking friends. And it was while personally engaged in this rather wearisome employment that his plans for the future took definite shape, and the resolution was formed to master for himself the new art of printing, and to issue by means of it an edition of the English version of the Recueil for the English market. At this juncture we become acquainted with Colard Mansion, a Frenchman settled, at Bruges. Colard Mansion was a clever engraver, caligrapher and illuminator, who hiid been in the pay of Duke Philip the Good, but who had betaken, himself to the practice of the new art, and had set up a press in a small room over the porch of the church of St. Donatus at Bruo^es. Here also he manufactuced with 590 PROTOTYPOflKAPIir. V^ KkiU the pvinclies and matrices required in type foirrAling, smcT ptft thein sucoessfuDy to their proixir uses. It is conjectured that the fine founts of his office were in the fii-st instance cut and cast at the com- mand and cost of the late munificent literary duke. C^ton pwt him- self under the tuition of Colard Mansion, handsomel}? recomi>ensing liim for his i)ain», learning the new art and mystery by setting u]> mth liis own hands the tyjie of the English Hecueil, and partaking in the manual labour of its actual imprinting at Colard Maaision's press. "I have practised and learned," he says, *' at my great chaa'g^ and dispense, to ordain the said book in piint, after the manner and form as you may here see." A further memorandum informs us thart the printing was completed "on the last day of March, 1474." A nionogmm or cipher is seen in several of the books afterwards printed, by (Jaxton in England, consistmg of the Arabic numerals 7 and 4 reversed and interlaced, placed between the initials of his name. On either side, in some instances, certain marks are to' be seen which have been thought to be respectively an s and a c ; but they are more probably only flouriahes in the ornamentation of the border. If, -however, the s and the c be insisted on, their interpretation may more plausibly be siiie calamo than Sancta Colonia. The whole device will then be a cryptic commemoration of the time when Caxton first embarked in the novel avocation of issuing books to his friends and tlie public, sine calamo, " without the aid of the pen." Thus the first olil printers were wont to boast in their colophons ; and Caxton also himself thought good to remark at the close of the liecueil, that the work in the reader's hands was " not written with pen and ink as Dtlier books be :" an observation not altogether needless for the super- ficial observer, as the types used in the impression are the closest ]K>si;ible imitation of a load style of hand-writing. The bulk of the printed edition of the English Recueil would no doubt be shipped off to an agent in London. Perauaded that he had struck a profitable vein, Caxton now completes another ti"anslation from the Fi'ench, The Game and Playe of the C/besse, a work chiefly compiled by one Jehan de Vigny from the Latin work of J. Je Cessoiis, Liber de ludo ScacJiorwn. This translation was committed to tyjie as speedily as possible in the office of Colard Mansion, Caxton himself taki^ g some part as before in the manual work. The book was dedicated to the King of England's brother, the Duke of PROTOTYPOGRAPHY. 591 Clarence, and sent off at once to London. (About the same time Colard Mansion put forth an edition of the French work, on his own account, using — whether his own or ducal property — the identical founts employed in the English version.) The work next taken up for translation, with a view to })ublication, seems to have been, The History of Jason, another of Raoul le Fevre's productions. But this was not printed until after the removal to Westminster, as is said to be proved by the type. An edition of the original Frencli was, in this case also, subsequently printed by Colard Mansion. (The idea that Caxton learned and practised printing at Cologne, arose from a casual expression in the Recueil, taken wrongly by Wynkyn de Worde to mean that the book was printed there, whereas Caxton simply says that the translation into English was finished there.) It is entitled The Book of tlie Whole Life of Jason. It Avas from the pen of the same Raoul le Fevre, who wrote the K^xueil, and in some sort it celebrates the institution of the Order of the Golden Fleece by his first i)atron, Duke Philip. The translation had probably been some years in hand. With his usual policy, Caxton dedicates the book to the eldest son of the King of England, the Prince of Wales, " our to-coming sovereign lord," as he speaks, then only four yeai's old. He does not presume, he says, to dedicate the volume to the king, inasmuch as he doubts not that he who had permitted himself to be enrolled in the said Order of the Golden Fleece, was already in possession of the work in French; but he presents it to the prince that he may "begin therein to learn to read English." In Halliwell's Letters of the Kings of Ungland are preserved the instructions given by Edward IV. to Earl Rivers, as tutor of his son, the Prince of Wales, in 1475; and amongst them it is directed that there should be "read unto him such noble stories as behoveth to a prince to understand and know." The £ook of Jason may have been one of the noble storitvs used in this way in the education of the prince. In the pre- faces to several of his publications, Caxton indulges in some personal gossip. In the prologue to the Ja^on he falls, consciously or uncon. sciously, into the vein of Froissart, and describes some an-as hangings which he remembers seeuig in the hall of Hesdin Castle in Artois, executed and placed there by order of Philip the Good, on which were depicted the exploits of Jason when in quest of the Golden Fleece. 592 PROTOTTPOORAPHT. \} No room is left for doubt as to the place of issue of the next volume of Oaxton's wiiich I have to notice, The Dictes (aid Sayings of Philosophers. He had now for certain severed the ties which bound him to Flanders and the Rhineland, after a residence there of over thirty years ; and had transferred himself to the neighbourhood of the great city where his youth had been spent. Undeterred by the approaches of age, he resolved on a new career, and brought with him from abroad a full equipment as printer, his founts of type being cut and cast for him, as theii* appearance sufficiently proves, by Colard Mansion at Bruges. With him also came a staflF of experi- enced assistants. On the title page of the Dictes and Sayings we read : " Imprinted by me, "William Caxton, at Westminster, in the ymr of our Lord mcccclxxvii." Here at last we have the three desiderated elements of certainty, and the tangible date is supplied, by means of which the present year, 1877, has been distinguished as the four hundredth anniversary of the introduction of printing into England. The author or translator of the volume now issued was no less a personage than the Queen's brother, Lord Antony Woodville, Earl Rivers, governor, as we have already seen, of the Prince of Wales. The astute printer contrives to keep in the sphere to which he had become habituated at Bruges. By cultivating the good graces of the higher powers he secures their patronage, and anti- cipates, doubtless, the solid advantages likely to accrue therefrom to his several ventures. In 1484 we have him dedicating a work to Richard III., who had then obtained possession of the throne — The Book of the Order of Chivalry. In the preceding year he had put forth the Legeiula A urea, or Golden Legend, a work probably known to be acceptable to Richard. In the life of St. G«orge of England in this book, he says that in the Chapel of St. George, at Windsor, the heart of St. George is preserved, a precious uelic presented to Henry V. by the Emperor Sigismund. In 1485, Henry VII. assumed the crown, and Caxton takes an early opportunity of presenting to him in person a copy of the latest product of his press, the History of Charlemagne. In this year he prints Sii' Thomas Malory's Morte d' Arthur, a compliment, we may be sure, to the Tudors, who prided themselves on their descent from Arthur through the Welsh princes. In 1489,, hje translates and prints at Henry's express desire, the Feats of Arnw ami Chivalry, a work PROTOT Y POOR A PHY. 593 by Vegetius, and in 1490, he dedicates a translation of the ^Eneid of Virgil to Henry's eldest son, Artliui-, Prince of Wales. Henry VII. had derived from his mother, " the saintly Margaret of Lancaster," a love of books and learning. This royal lady, of whom I shall speak again, patronized Caxton, and at her command, as he himself informs us, conjointly with that of the Queen, he printed, also in 1490, the Fifteen Oes, a volume of prayers. He had previously printed two more translations by the hand of Lord Rivers, for whom he printed the Dictes and Sayimjs. More than sixty books, besides those named, from the press of Caxton, including the editio j)rinceps of Chaucer, are to be seen in the libraries of England or thr Conti- nent. For an account of these, recourse must be had to the usual writers on bibliographical subjects. The particular spot in West- minster where Caxton first set up his press is known from an extant advertisement of his. It reads as follows : — " If it please any man, spiritual or temporal, to buy any Pies [pica prayer-books] of two and three Commemorations of Salisbury Use, imprinted after the form of this present letter, which be well and truly corrected, let him come to Westminster, into the Almonry, at the Bed Pale, and he sJiall have them good-cheap." He appends a brief request to the reader or binder in Latin, Supplico stet cedula (schedula), " Don't destroy this slip ;" and then we have his cabalistic W. C, etc. The Pies were Calendar-tables (also called Picas), with rubrical directions, relating to church-services on saints' days; and the "Two or Three Com- memorations " spoken of were an accumulation, so to speak, of two or three observances in one day, in which case certain combinations and omissions of proper collects were, for brevity's sake, permissible. The Red Pale was an escutcheon or shield bearing a conspicuous red stripe drawn vertically down its middle, set up over the door as a sign. The Almonry or Aumbry was a portion of the Abbey buildings now destroyed, forming part of the precinct towards the western entrance. It was the place where the doles of the monastery were wont to be distributed to the poor. Some disused apartments here, together with the dismantled chapel of St. Anne near by, were, it is supposed, leased by the Abbey authorities to Caxton. The Abbot of Westminster at the time was John Esteney. Caxton insciibes none of the productions of his press to him ; but in his prologue to the JEneid he mentions a reference made by the Abbot to himself 594 PROTOTYPOGRAPHT. VJ I on one occasion for assistance in deciphering an antiquated English document.* In 1485, the presses were removed from the Monastery buildings to premises of Caxton's own in King Street, "Westminster. In 1491, Caxton died. He was buried in the churchyard of St. Margaret's Church, close to the Abbey. Caxton's career was a prosperous one, and probably accompanied with much personal happiness, actively and usefully employed as he * At the present day, Caxton's English requires, for its ready comprehension, some of the same kind of assistance from a friendly hand which Abbot Esteney sought to obtain from Cuxtnii himself. In regard to English held to be "old" in the reign of Henry VII. I give, as a specimen, the preface to a translation of a French work, entitled " Cato," a paraphrase of the so-(!alh'd Distiehs of Cato, much used in the mediiEval schools. We gather from this "prologue or jinilieyme " what were Caxton's impressions of the rising generation of the elty where his own youth had l)een passed some forty years previously. The translation was published in 1483. Thus the work is Introduced : " Unto the noble, auncyent, and renommed cyte, the cyte of London in England, I, William Caxton, cytezeyn and conjiirye ot the same, and of the fraternyte and felauship of the mercerye, owe of ryght my servysc and good wyll, and of every dute am bounden naturelly to asslste, ayde, and counceille, as ferforth as I can to my power, as to my moder, of whom I have receyved my nourcture and lyuynge, and shall praye for the good prosperite and polecye of the same duryng my lyf, for as me semeth it is of grete nede, bycause I have knowen it in my yong age moche more welthy, prosperous, and rycher thai it is at this day, and the cause is, that there is almost none that entendeth to the comyn wele, but only every man for his singuler prouff^'te. whan I remember the noble Romayns, that for the comyn wele of the cyte of Rome, they spente not only theyr moevablc goods, but they put theyr bodyes and lyves in jeopardy, and to the deth, as by many a noble ensample we may see in the actes of Romans, as of the two noble Scipious, AfTrican and Asyan, Actilius, and many other ; and amonge al other the noble Catlio, auctor and maker of this book, whiche he hath lefte for to remayne ever to all the peple for to lerne hit, and to knowe how every man ought to rewle and governe hym in this lyf, as well for the lyf temporall, as for the lyf spyrytuel. And, as in my judgment, it is the beste book for to be taught to yonge children in scole, and also to peple of every age, it is fUU convenient yf it be wel vndeistanden. And byoause I see that the children that ben borne >vithin the sayd cyte encrease, and prouffyte not like theyr fadors and olders, but for the mooste parte, after that they ben comeyn to theyr parflght yeres of discrecion, and rypenes of age, how well that theyre faders have lefte to them grete quantite of goodes, yet scarcely amonge ten two thryue. I have seen and knowen in other londes, dyuers cytees, that of one name and lyiiage successyvely have endureil prosperously many heyres, yea v. or vi. hundred yere, and some a thousand ; and in this noble cyte of London, it can vnnethe contynue unto the thyrde heyr, or scarcely to the second. O blessyd Lord, whan I remembre thys I am al abasshed ; I can not juge the cause, but fayrer, ne wyser, ne bot bespoken children in theyre youghte ben nowher than ther ben in London ; but at their ful rypng there is no camel ne good corn founden, but chaff for the moost parte. I wote wel there be many noble and wyse, and prove wel, and ben better and richer than ever were theyr faders ; and to thende, that many myght come to honoure and worshyppe, I entende to translate this sayd book of Cathon, in whiche I doubte not, and yf they wylle rede it, and understande, they moche be the better conne rewl themself therby ; for among all other bookes this is a singular book, and may well be callyd the regjraent, or governaunce of the body and sowle. There was a noble clerk named Poglus, of Florence, and was secretaiy to pope Eugenye, and also to pope Nychcolas, which had, in the cyte of Florence, a noble and well stuffed librarye, which all noble straungyers comynge desyred to see, and therln they fonde many noble and rare bookes, and whan they had axyd of hym which was the best booke of them alle, and that he reputed for the best, he sayd, that he held Cathon glosed for the best book of his lyberary," &c. PROTOTYPOGKAPHY. 595 constantly was in mind and body. But his times, as we havo seen, were full of perturbations. What with j»opular risings, war with France, contests for the throne between the houses of York and Lancaster ; and, on the Continent, the French determination to expel the English, the struggles of the Kings of France against their nobles, the rivalries and feuds between Louis XL and Charles the Bold, and the German Emperor, no one of any class wjus sure of dying )>eace fully in his bed. Caxton, in the case of many of those with wlioru he was brought into close relations, must have Ijeen impressed A-itli the miseries and perils attendant on high position, and the mutability of human affairs generally. It is sad to recall the fates of several of the personages whose names are associated with the books which he printed. The Duke of Clarence, to whom the iirst edition of The Game and Playe of the Chesse was dedicated, was secretly put to death in the Tower, })lunged, it was currently re])oi-ted, into a butt of Malmesey wine. The Prince of Wales, addressed in the Book of Jason, was suffocated along with his young brother, also in the Tower ; and the Earl of Rivers was ruthlessly beheaded at Poinfret. For Richard III., slain on the field of Bosworth, we feel less com- passion. The other young Prince of Wales, Arthur, son of Henry VII., to whom the uEneid was presented, never ascended the throne. Caxton is one of the few characters in the history of England who have moulded themselves into shape with some distinctness in thi^ imagination of most Englishmen, He lives and moves, a real person m their minds, individually recognisable, like Alfred, like Chaucer, like Shakespeare himself. And tliis in spite of meagre data. A few autobiographical facts casually supplied to us in addresses to the reader, scattered about in certain of his publications, a few allusions in contemporary annals, an occasional mention in legal and other documents of the time accidentally preserved, these are the only materials out of which to construct a biography of Caxton. And then we have the portrait which has come down to us as his, which, when once we have seen, we do not forget : a peaceful unmilitary face ; large inquiiing eyes looking out from under a slightly per- plexed brow, a well-formed nose, plentiful hair and beard, grey dnd curling ; lips making inquiry along with the eyes ; the whole sur- mounted by quaint, almost oriental head-gear, the incipient modern hat nevertheless, with narrrw brim turned up all round, retaining, however, still a portion of the hood d la Henry IV., with lirii>ipe 59G PUOTOTYPOORAPIIY. \} dangling on one side. (For the instructive story of Ciixton's child- hood in the Weiild of Kent, and his youth and early manhood in the city of London, I must refer you to the books which are in every one's hands.) It is hardly necessary to add that the Caxtoniami of Lord Lytton are only remotely connected with our Caxton. They are a series of pleasant essays, whose subjects werr- suggested to the writer from time to time during the composition of The Caxtons and My Novel. The supposed author of these tine fictions. Pisistratus Caxton, nar- rates, we shall rememljer, the very serious differences between his father Austin and his uncle Roland, on tlie unsettled point as to whether they came from the branch of the ancient Caxtons whence the great printer sprung, or from that to which Sir William de Caxton belonged, slain in the battle of Bosworth field, fighting for Richard III. Considering the wide range of the Imaginary Conversations of Walter Savage Landor, it is singular that among the interlocutors none of the p' )totypographers are to be met with. With his gi-eat dramatic insight, and perfect mastery of precise, accurate English, Landoi', had he chosen, might have constructed much admirable discourse between Gutenberg and Adolphus of Nassau, for example, or between Colard Mansion and the Seigneur de la Gruthnyse, or between Caxton and Earl Rivers, or Caxton and Abbot E.steney. Charles Knight, at the close of his Memoir of Caxton, presents us with a scene, not badly conceived, in which Wynkyn de Worde, Richard Pynson, William Machlinia and Lettou are the dramatis personai. Caxton's foreman, Wynkyn de Worde, succeeded to the establish- ment in King Street, Westminster, and carried on printing operations there until 1497, when he removed to Fleet Street, at the sign of the Golden Sun. He was a native of Holland, and had accompanied Caxton from Bruges. He improved on his master's style and adopted the Roman type. The issues of his press were numerous and multifarious, including even the Koran " of the false necromancer Mahomet," as the phrase is on the title page. The first edition of Sir John Maundeville's I'ravels was also issued by him. Four hundred and ten works or editions are enumerated as coming from Wynkyn de Worde's press. He put forth repeated editions of the Scala Perfectionis, or Ladder of Perfection, a religious book printed at ** the command of Margaret Beaufort of Lancaster, the King's PROTOTYPOGRAFHY. 59( mother," who also, as we have Keen, was a iiatronoss of Cnxton ; and on the occasion of the death of this princ»>sH the funeral sermon pro- nounced over her remains by Fisher, Bishop oT Rochester, was printed at the press of Wynkyn de Worde. This interestim; printr>3TYP0GRAPHT. v^ partner named Hunt, ▼fc> probably was the person who put forth a volume without a j^rmiior"* najne two years previously. The date of this book reads *' moociixTi ;' out of which an *' x " has dropped, a mishap which has "h^efalkii printed dates in other instances. In 1671 hooks printed under life iispices of the University began to be dated ■' E Theatro SheldomnL-x* a practice which continued more or less until the establishmeiii it zhe Clarendon. In 1480, also, books were being printed at St. Altitns by the "Schoolmaster" of the Monastery there. At Cambridije- J-An Siberch, a German, was printing in 1521, Ei-asmus Limaelf heing a resident in the University at the same time. It was Join Legate, a distinguished printer here in 1.589, who first made mae >.^f the device still to be seen in the Cam- bridge books — a liirare oc Alma Mater Caniabrigia standing behind an altar with streamiiii: breasts, and holding in one hand a sun, in the other a chalice, -sritii iui encircling legend of Hie lucem et pocida sacra. At York, a Ho-Iinder. Hugo Goes, was printing in 1506 ; at Canterbury. John Myi.^iiell was similarly engaged in 1550. A press was established in Ediritoxgh in 1507, under the auspices of James IV. In Dublin, j>riifT7iT..^ was introduced in 1551. After the manner li/rn jost narrated sprang up the pre-eminently human art of type-] rL. . -i.^ : after the manner just narrated did it begin to spread. Tlr r-..!*^ wooden letters of the Haarlem block- printer, slowly carvfii witii the hand, were quickly transformed into the magnificent me^fil :i.iri':ters of Gutenburg and Schoefier, cut and oast with a finish, ani i^ioressed on paper and vellum with an effect which have never l»t*ii surpassed. The adaptation of the invention to the intellectual wiii.'K of men was instantly, universally recognized. The appliances indrieJ iy means of which these nimble mirristers of man's wit are made t.o> i> cheir office, have undergone mighty changes. The primitive wood-ea wine-press of the Rhineland, with its screw and movable bar. gsTie iie tirst idea of the apparatus required ; nay. perhaps, in some caae»§ wua extemporized into the apparatus required. And grievous for & Tra# was the wear even on the hardest type by the brute power <^ m.th. a machine. Bleaw, of Amsterdam, an ingenious and sciexjiafc man. in 1601, civilized some of the tirst contrivances; but it wj^ aot until the beginning of the 19th century that the Stanho]>e j^jpess was constructed, made wholly of iron, and doing its work to |.«irfiection by means of delicate adjustments of prassure through BjMial springs and the nicely calculated action of PEOTOTYPOQEAPHT. 599 a bent lever handle. Then followed the Ruthven, an Edinburgh machine, and the Columbian, a Philadelphia production, both based on the Stanhope principle, but accomplishing their tasks with greater economy of labour and greater speed. But the demands of the age were insatiable. The successful appli- cation of steam power to machinery in other directions, quickly of course suggested itself as an auxiliary in printing, especially in the printing of newspapers, the circulation of which had now become exceedingly great. In 1814, the cylinder press of the London Times was the marvel of the day. Then, each in succession claiming and proved in practice to be really an advance in excellence, ;ame the American Rotary, the Walter Web-feeder, the Prestoniai. Automa- ton — the last throwing off by a series of actions, looking like the result of self-consoiousness and reason, huge sheets ])rinted on both sides, disengaged from each other, and folded in incalcu- lable numbers and with lightning rapidity. Caxton boasted in the Colophon of his Recueil, that the whole book was begiin in one day and finished in one day : that is, that the first folio of the whole edition was worked off in one day, and the last folio in the same space of time. This for an edition of five hundred, and probably Oaxton's would not be larger, would, when the sheet was printed on both sides, involve one thousand inkings, one thousand pulls of the press handle, one thousand placings and replacings, with a variety of other careful manipulations. Under the cir- cumstances the old printer might legitimately claim some credit for the capabilities of his art. Perhaps not much more could have V>een accomplished with the machines at which Franklin v/orked in London and Philadelphia. The Stanhope furnished forth completed >heets of letter-press at l,he rate of 250 per hour. The first Times oylindor printed perfect copies of that great daily publication at the rate of 1,100 per hour, and now we hear of 10,000 perfected sheets per hour as the rate of production attained by the Automaton Web- feeder. What the intellectual exigencies of future generations may he, who can say 1 Education is spreading every day, and in every country. The love of knowledge, of science, of literature, is penetrating all communitiec* deeper and deeper, and will, in the onward march of civilization, be universal. And accompanying this great movement, another phenomtnon is apparent— a tendency to a unity of alphabet, iltt ■S" 600 PROTOTYPOGRAPHY. a unity of typography, a unity of language. The demand for reading- matter— perhaps English reading-matter— great as it is, must in the future be vastly greater. But we must believe that man in the future, as in the past, will continue to develop, contrivances answerable to his needs. Photography and electricity may be enlisted yet further than they already have been in the service of letters ; and appliances for satisfying the mental hunger of the human race, having photo- gi-aphy and electricity as co-efficients, may possibly be thought of, which to us now would seem to involve the incredible, but which, to our descendants, will be things of course, and classed by them among the ordinary conveniences of every-day life. [601] CATALOGUE OF BOOKS, AND OTHER OBJECTS, illostrative or the art of typography, exhibited at the rnoms of the canadian Institute, Toronto, June 13-16, 1877, on the occasion of the Fol-r Hundredth Anni VERSARY or the INTRODUCTION OF PRINTING INTO ENGLAND BY Wll-LIAM CaXTON.* 1. Works on the General SeBJECx : TrpooRAPHY. Joseph Ames. Typographical Antiquities. It has a good poitrait of Caxton. Gerard Meerman. Ongines Tj'pographicae of Lawrence Coster. Henri Gockinga. De I'lnvention de I'lmprimerie, Paul La Croix. Histoire de I'linprimerie. Paris. London. W. Faden, for J. Robinson, 1749. 4to. Tlie Hague. 1765. -Ito. It has a fine p^>rt^ait Paris. F. Schoell. Plon freres. 18.52. 1809. 12mo. Royal Svo. Plates. Noel Humphreys. Hi-story of Printing. London. Bernard Quaiitch. 1868. Folio. Numerous reproductions and/oc similes. Gulielmus Nicol. De Literis Inventis : Libri Sex. London : for H. Clement. 1714. 12mo. The frontispiece shews the Earl of Pembroke in his Library. John Johnson. Typographia. London. John Johnson. 2 vok. Large paper copy. It shews in a medallion the heads of Gutenberg, Sclioeffer and Fust. J. Ph. Berjeau. Le Bibliophile Illustre. Londres. W. Jeffs. 1862. Octavo. Cuts. Le Bibliophile Frangais. Paris. Jules Bonaventure. 1S6S. Svo. Richard Heber. Catalogue of the Bibliotheca Heberiana. London. W. Nicol. 12 vols. Svo. A. A. Renouard. Bibliotheque d'un Amateur. Paris. Crajielet. 1819. 2 vols. Svo Catalogue of the Kloss Library. London. Sotheby. 1835. Svo. 2. Illustrations of the Prr-Tytographic Period: Alphabets, Inscriptions, Manuscripts, etc. The Four Gospels. A Greek MS. on vellum. Twelfth Century. Small 4to. From the Levant. With miniatures and illuminations at the lK;ginning of each Gospel ; and in tlic original cedar or cypress-wood covers. The Four Gospels. A I -"tin Manuscript on vellum. Fourteenth Century. Svo. Western monastic work. The capitals rubricated. The original cover replaced bj olive-moroceo antique binding. The Book of E.sther. A Hebrew manuscript on five .sheets of prepared skin. Length of roll or megillah, ten feet ; height, twelve inches. Lined at one end with green silk. Jac. de EiTordia. Tractatus. Cologne. John V'elJener. 1470. Xylographio or block-book. Illuminated letters. The Biblia Pauperam Predicatorum. Xylographic or block-book. J. Russell Smith's far simik reproduction. Forty plates. 4to. A Chinese xylographic block or wooden tablet, with a page of matter carved thereon, ready for printing from. A Chinese volume, "The Book of Heroes." The paper printed on one side only, and folded with the unprinted sides back to back. .Many illustrations ; and examples of the transition from formal to cursive writing on every page. Chinese binding. Chinese Bible. Gutzlaff. Printed and bound in the Chinese style. Japanese Alphabets and Object Lessons. Boldly drawn on sheets for school purposes. Arabic Manuscript. Preces et Capitula AlcoranL On Bombyciue paper. Miniature 4to. • The works exhibited were kindly lent by the authorities In charge of the Public LlbrariM of Toronto, nnd by several private amateurs of books in the city anl nei^jhbmirhooj. The Institute is indebted to the followlnn for loans on the occasion —The ParUamentary Lihrarv oj thf 'rnvinee of Ontartmmt of Publif Education, the Library of the Upper Canada Bible Society, A'. 0. Bigelou; Esq., Dr. Canniff, A.. Elvins, Kfq.. .U^an HnlUim^ Dr. & B. Halt, Arthur Harvey, Esq., S. Hart, Kiq., F. Kraufs, Esq.. K A Knapv. Esq, C. L*n. Ch. Plantin. 1578. 12mo. Prudentius. Poemata. Basle. Henri 3- Petri. 1.562. 12mo. Novum Testamentum. Fr. Gryphius. 1521. 12nio (with figures). Aratus. Phaenomena. Paris. And. Weiliel 1561. Horus ApoU. Niliacus. Hieroglyphica. Bgna. Jer. Platonides. 1517. 4ta. Marlianus. Romse Topographia. Rome. Ant. Bladus de Asula. 1534. 8vo. Hegesippus. De Bello Judaico, etc. Jod. Badius Ascensius. 1524. 4to. Peter Comestor. Historia Scholastica. H.ijeuau. Henry Han. 1519. folio. Trithemius. Annals. Paris. Christian. Wechel. 1539. folio. Tressin.o. Rime. Venice. Tolomeo Janiculo. 1529. 8vo. Tressino type. Langham. Garden of Health. London. 1579. 4to. Wood-cuts. Suetonius. Imperatores. Lyons. Seb. Gryphius. 15S1. 32mo. Fine Gryphius device. Itilic type. Fine vellum binding. Joh. Magnus. Goth. Sueonumque Hist. Rome : cum pnv. Jul. III. P.M. 1554. 4to Curious wood-cuts. Lacan. De Bello Civili. Lyons. Seb. Gryi'hius. 1542. 12mo. Zsiinglius. In Isaiam, etc. Zurich. Ch. Frwchour. 1529. folio, vellum. Calvin. In Jobuni. Geneva. Eust. Vignon. 15S>3. folio. Polybius. Antwerp. Ch. Plantin. 1532. 4to. St. Matthew. In Hebrew. Basle. Henric-Petri 1567. 12mo. Cicevo. De Oratore. Paris. Charles Stephen.". 1553. 4to. Fine Greek type. Cornelius Schultingius Stcinwickius. De Ecclesiastiea Di.sciplina. Cologne. 1598. Lutzeiikirchen. 12riio. Clasps. Isocrates. Opera. Greek and Latin. Jer. Wolfius interpreter. Basle. Joh. Oporiiius. (Heibst.) 1567. 12mo. 2 vols. Beautiful minute Greek characters. Nicol Burne. Disputation betwsen the Def..rmed Kirk of Scotland and Kicol Buriu- ; " brocht up from his tender eoge in the perversjl sect of the Calviutetes." Paris. 1581. >vi.. Dedicated to James VI. Peter Lombard. Sententise. Libri IV dlrgne. Sine nom. 1576. 12mo. Edited l>y Ant. Monchiatin. Demochares. Dedicated to Gn-gory XIII. Calvin. Sermons on Epistle to Galatians. Loudon. Lucas Harison and George Bislio''. 1574. 4to. Fine woodcut title page. Arthur Golding's translation. IttscriV.-ed to l.or. Plantin's device on title and after colophon. Joh. Florio. Worlde of Wordcs. London. Arnold Hatfield. 1598, folio. Fine title. .Shak.speare's Holofernes. Jolm Florio. Transl. of Montaigne. London, M. Flesher. 1632. folio. The transl. used by Shakspeare. Bede. Extracts from Augustine on St. Paul. Jod. Badius Ascensius. 1522. folio. Fine wood-cut title, with device of " Jehan Petit." Sophocles. Antwerp. Plantin. 1579. 32mo. Speculum Intellectualc I elicitatis Humanse. Nuremberg. (Jdalric Pinder. 1500. 4to. Dionysius Halicarnasseus. F. Sylburgius. Frankfort. And. Wechel, 1586. folio. Jewel. Apology. London. J. Beale. 1559. 24nio. 5. Books Printed A,D. 1600— A. D. 1700. Irenaeus. Contra Haereses. Cologne. Birchmann. 162.5. folio. Ramnusio. Navigatione et Viaggi. Venice. Giunta. 1054. folio. 3 vols. Maps of Nova Francia. Wilibaldomair. Life of St. Augustine. Ingoldstad. Wilh. Eder. 1631. folio. Latinus Latinius. Bihliotheea Sacra et Profana. Rome. Angelo Bernabo. 1677. folia Octavius Boldoniiis. Theatrum, etc, Milan. Paciflcus Pontius, 1636. folio. Augustine. City < >{ God : in English. London. Geo. Eld. 1610. folio. Index Expurgatorius. For Spain. Madrid". Didacus Diaz. 1667. folio. Corpus Juris. Gotofredus. Geneva, John Vignon. 4to. Decretals of Gregory IX. Lyons. J. Pillehotte, 1613. folio. Cla-sps, Japanese Missions. Latin. Munich. Triguntias. 1623. 4io. Engravings, Chinese History. Martmius. Latin. Munich. L. Straubius. 1058. 4to. Turquet. History of Spain. London. A, Islip and G. Eld. 1612. folio. Fine title, Ghisler, On the Song of Solomon. Antwerp. Joh. Keerburgius. 1616. folio. Device. Histdire de I'Eglise. French Trans, of the Earliest Historians. Paris. Damien Foucault. 1675. 4to. 3 vols. From the Bibliotheca Colbertina. De Strada. Lives of the Roman Emperors. Frankfort. Eberhard Kiefer. folio. Engravings. Camden. Britannia. London. G. Bishop. J. Norton. 1607. folio, . Maps, ''..atin Text. Camden. Britannia. London. G, Bishop. J. Norton. 1610. folio. Maps. Phil. Hol- land's translation. Alex. Scot. Apparatus Latinro Locutionis. Geneva. P. and J. Choueti 1627. 4to. Pliny. Tlie Natural History. Phil. Holland's translation. London. J. Islip. 1601. folio. Bacon. The Advancement of Learning. Oxford. J. Lichfield. 1640. folio. W. Penn's •opy : with hid book-plate. Bird. Magazine of Honour. London. For W. Shearer. 1642. 12mo, Calvin, Institutio Christiana. Geneva. Jac. Stoer. 1618. 8vo, Fine device, Gomez Texada de los Reyes. Leon Prodigioso. Madrid. Bern ardo-de- Villa Diego. 1670. 4to. Washington Irving's copy, with his autograph, at Seville, 1828. Don Quixote. In Spanish. The two Parts, Madrid. Mateo Fernandez, 1068. 4to, KKHntura CATALOGUE OF BOOKS, ETC. (jOf) folio. C. Flfislier. London. 16t)l>. 12ino. J. H.idL'ett. Portrait of Maeariiis. 1610. 1-Jmo. Dedicated Amsterdam. J. Jans.sou ii Wacsbcr- Sleidan's translation. Amsterdam. JdIiu 32ino. 1(572. 12mo. 1077. .'Kmo. Arnold Leers. 1629. 10(37. a2n! 32mo, 48mo. .Saint Macarius. Opera. Leip.sin. Lewis Bayly. Practice of Pietie, Prim-e Charles (Charles 1.) Phoedrus. Fabulre: anni>tated by John Lawrence 1067. 8vo. Copperplates. Froissart and Philip de Comines. In Latin- Blaeu. 1056. 12nio. Baeon. Sermones Fideles. Leyden. Fr. Hack. 1044, Stahl. Regulee PhilosoptiicoR. London. J. Redmayne Geo. Buchanan. Poemata. Edinburgh. John Cairns. Schola Salernitana. De Bon.l Valetudine. Rotterdam. N'io. Caussin. Sacred Tragedies, ui Latin. Paris. Seb. Chapelet. Tacitus. Opera. Amsterdam. Jno. Jans.son. 1637. 32iuo. Thomas a Kempis. De Imitatinne. Antwerji. Jac. k Meurs. 1604, Novum Testameiitum. Gra?ce. Sedan. J. Jannoni. 1028. 48mo. •Silius Italicus. Bella Punica. Amsterdam. Gul. Blaeuw. 1031. 32mo. Manetho. Gronovius : editio princep-. Leyden. Fred. Haaring. 1608. 4to. Duns Scotus on Peter Lombard. Coimbra, Portugal. Guinea Lourevro. 1001* tniit of Duns. Marcus Aurelius Gataker's Commentary. London: for Ed. Millin^ton 1007 4fi Portrait. Sidonius Apollinaris. Opera. Paris. Seb Cramoisj'. 1652 Treatises relating to Government: temp. Charles II. London Edward Brown. Travels. London. Benj. Tooke. 1685. folio. Sir W. Raleigh. History of the World. 1st edition. London : for V. Burre. 1014. fnH,, James Howell. Epistolre Ho-Eliana;. London : for Humphrey Moseley. 1050. 12mi). Plautus. Comcedia3. Amsterdam. John Janssonius. 1630. 24mo. Mercurius Rusticus. On Sacrilege. Oxford. 1046. 24mo. Hasolle. Fasciculus Chemicus. London. J. Flcsher. 1050. 18mo. Caiuoens. Lusiad. Fanshawe's translation. L(mdon. Humphrey Museley. Coke upon Littleton. London. 1070. folio. Portraits. W. Prj'nne. On Courts. London. Thos. Ratcliffe. 1069. folio. SirGeo. Cary. Reports. London. A.Maxwell. 1005. 12nio. fo P 4to. Device. 1089. folio. 1654. folio. Wni. Tothill. Reiwrts. London: for R. Best and F. Plac Cicero. Offices. Sir R. L'Estrange's translation. Walter Cliarleton. Inquiries into Human Nature. Sir Sinionds D'Ewes. Journals. London. Sir J. Lh-y. HistoruB. Amsterdam. W. Blaeu. 1633. Livy. Historic. Cambridge. Joh. Hayes. 1679. London : London. Starkey. 24mo. 8vo. 1671. 12mo. for H. Brome. 16S1. 8vo. M. White. 1680. 4to. 16S2. folio. Pacata Uibernia. Loudon. Aug. Mathewcs. 1633. folio. Maps, plans Jos. Sylvester's translation. London. 1011. Svo. Dedicated to Tliomas Stafford. and portraits. Saluste du Bartas. James I. Guieciardini. History of Italy. Venice. Ni(;olo Polo and Fr. Rampazetto. 1000. 4to. J. H. ou the Late Long Parliament. London: for Ric. Lownds. 1050. 12mo. Dedicated to O. Cromwell. Buchler. Thesaurus. Cologne : for Bernard Walter. 1023. 24mo. Gesangen. Amsterdam. F. Houttuyn. 1002. 24mo. Luther. Catechesis minor.. Witenberg. L. Seuberlich. 1605. 24mo. In German, Latin Givek and Hebrew. C. Juncker. M. Lutheri vita, medals. Earl of Essex. Proofs of his Treason. London. Robert Barker. 1001 Prynne. Trial of Col. Piennes. London : for M. Sparks. 1044. 4to. Thomas Crenius. Museum Philologicum. Leyden. Abraham vander Mijn Harvey. De Motu Sanguinis. Rotterdam. Arnold Leers. 1648. 24mo. Aristophanes. Comcedifle. Amsterdam. Joh. Ravestein. 1670. 24mo. Boethius. Lord Preston's Translation. London : for Awnsham and Jolin Churcliill. 8vo. Portrait. 4 Frankfort : apud G. A. Endterum. 1099. 12mo. Plates of 4to. 1690. 12mo. 1695. 006 CAXTON CELEBRATION'. V The Vanity of Arts and Sciences. London : for C. Blount. 1084. De Inecrtitudine et Vanitato Scientiaruin. Sine anno et loco. 12m(>. II. Cornelius Ajci'ipP'i' 8vo. Portrait H. Cornelius Agrippa. Portrait. .Tolin Kirchnian. De Funeribus Ronmnis. Plutarch. Opera Omnia. Frankfort. D. f>eviee. Athenian Society. Young Studf '" Library. London. J. Dunton. 1092. folio. Beaucaire do Pe<.'nillon. De Ilel. allicis. Lyons. C. Lan. 12ino. Device. S. de Petra Sanot.a. Syiiibola lleroiea. Amsterdam : apud J. Waesbergios et H. Wetsteniiim. 16S2. 4to. Numerous emblematic cuts on copper. Engraved title, designed by P. P. Rul)ens. iK'creta Synodalia Dioc. Augsburg. Dilingie ; apud Joh. Maier. 1610. 4to. Akx. Koss. Viruilius Evangelisans. London. J. Legato. 1638. 12mo. Caus.sin. Holy Court. London. J. Williams. 1078. folio, ttareilasso de la Vega. Madrid. Luis Sanchez. 1621, Malleus MalcfieoTum. Ltydeu. C. Lundry. 1620. vSieur Theophile. CEuvres. Lyons. Claude la Riviere. 1658. .\rndiu8. Lexicon Antiq. Eccles. Gripswaldire. M. Doischer. 1669. 4to. Isaac Ca.saubou. In Card. Baronium. Geneva : apud A. et S. de Tournoes. M. A. Mnretiis. Opera. Leii>.sic. C. Michaelis. 1072. 12mo. Portrait. .1. G. Vossins. De Studiis. Utrecht. T. Ackcrsdyk ad G. Zyllius. 1658. 12mo. J. L. Gottfriedt. Newe Welt. Frankfort. M. Merian. 1654. folio. Maps. Herodotus. Gr. and LaL in double columns. Frankfort. C. Mamius. 1608. folio. Portrait. 1654. 4to 6. Books Printed after A,D. 1700. CJudworth. Systeraa Intellcctuale. Mosheim's translation. Jena. Meyer. 1733. loho. !'1>. 12((6 : exclusive of copious appendices. Portrait of Cudworth. Terence. Bcutley. Cambridge. Corn. Crovcnlield. 1726. 4to. Portrait of father of George III. Ec!;hi,l. Ci.ius and Medals. Vienna, Jos, Kurzbeck. 1775. 4to. Plates of medals. Hi'^eigli. History of the World. London. Ralph Smith. 1700. 8vo. Portrait. EvL'lyn. Silva. Loudon : for John Scott and others. 1706. folio. Portrait of Evelyn 1 >>• Nanteuil. Virgil. Binningham, Baskerville. 1757. 4to. yiii^il. Branck. Stnisburg. P. J. Dannbach. 1789. 4to. Geiinan reproduction of tin Baskvvville Virgil. T. Lucretius Canjs. De Renim Natura. London : for Daniel Browne. 1743. 8vo. 2 vols, Gutrnifcv's copjierplates. Ovid's Fasti : in English Verse, by William Massey. London, it. Woodfall. 1757. 8vo. Ca-stiglione. 11 Cortegiano, in English. London. W. Bowyer. 1727. 4to. Portrait. Enuius, Hier. Colunina, Amsterdam. Wetstein, 1707. 4to. Engraved title. Ci-lsus. De Mediciua Amsterdam. Joh Welters. 1713. Portrait, Newton. The Pi-incipia, London: for Beiy. Motte. 1729. 8vo. 2 vols. Ami Motte^' translation. Front ispioce. EarroAv, Mathematical Lectures. Ijondon : for Stephen Austen. 1734. 8vo. Portrait, Xtiioiihon. Cyixipa-«lia. Oxford : e Theatro Sheldoniano. 1747. Svo. Fine bold Greek. Bitillet. Jugemens des Savans. Paris. Jacques Chardon. 1722. 9 vols. 4to. Jao. Facciolati. Orationes, etc. Padua, Typis Seminarii. 1729. Svo. Vaillant. Numismatic History of the Ptolomai. Amsterdam, G. flallet. 1701. folio. Boerliaave. Institutes. London. Hivington, etc. 1767. 4 vols. 8vo. M, M. ver. Luther's Oernian Bible, folio. Nuremberg. 1003. ion8. Kngraved title, and full length figure of Luthe Job. And. Endier.s. Wood-cut illustra Folio Bible Testaiiitiit. La Sainte Bible, folio. Beza's New Testament. ' Alma Mater Cantabrigiu, Quarto Bible. Loudon. Quarto Bible Quarto Bible Biblia Sacra. Biblia Sacra. Biblia Sacra. in Dutch. Dordrecht. 1741. Hendrik Keur. Ili.s device on title to Ne Ostervald. Amsterdam. J. F. Bernard and Herman Uitwerf. folio. Cambridge, Roger Daniel. 1042. Fine device on title London. Lon Ji in. etc. Robert Barker. 1015. Black-letter. Wood-cut titles. Robert Barker. 1003. Roman letter, from Beza's version. Jno. Daye and Christopher Barker. 1583. Brescia. Printers, the brothers Angelus and Jacobus Britannicus. 1496. 12rao. Lyons. Jac. de Millls. 1588. 8vo. Woodcuts. Device and legend, poco fcipoco. Venice. Bernardinus Stagninus. 1538. 12mo. Diodati's Bible. J n Italian, without printer's name or place. 1607. 4to. Device : a sower. Pere Simon's New Testament, in English. 4to. New Testament in Spanish. En casa de Ricardo del Canipo. Antwerp. 1596. Device. Four Gospels. 4io. Black-letter : temp. Elizabeth. Welsh Bible and Prayer Book. Cambridge. Joseph Bentham. 1746. 8vo. Biblia Sacra. Lyons. John Pullon, 0^0* de Trin. 1588. 8vo. Wood-cuts. Biblia Sacra. Hebraice. Antwerp. Ch. Plantin. 1566. A.M. 5326. 4to. New Testament. Wesley's Notes. London. " Printed for the Author, and sold at the New Ciiapel, City Road, and by all the Booksellers in town and country." 1788. 4to. Novum Testamentum. Gia;c6. Leyden. Off. Plantin. 1591. Novum Testamentum. Grsece. Sedan. Joh. Jannoni. 1628. Novum Testamentum. Arias Montanus. Hebraic^ : Chaldaicfe Graecfe : Latinfe. Antwerp. Cli. Plantin. 1569. folio. Mai's Edition of the Vatican MS. of the New Testament. Reprint. London. 1859. St. Matthew and Ep. to the Hebrews : in Hebrew. Basle. Henric-Petri. 1557. Biblia Sacra. Lyons. De Toumes. 1554. 8vo. Wood-cuts. R. B. Blackader. The English Bible, etc. London. Jlitchell & Son. 1859. 4to. 2 vols. H\). Thirlwall's copy. Biblia Sacra : De Lyra. Douay. Balthazar Bellerus. 1017. folio. 6 vols. Title-page designed by P. P. Rubens, engraved by CoUaert. J.H.Heidegger. Enchiridion Biblicum. Zurich. David Gessner. 1703. 12mo. Le Nourry. Apparatus. Paris. J. Anisson. 1703. folio. Dedicated to Card. Noailles. Camcrarius. Comment, on New Testament. Cambridge. Roger Daniel. 1642. folio. Fine device of "Alma Mater" on title page. Is. Vossius. De LXX. Interpretibus. Hagoe-Comitum. Adrian Vlacq. 1661. 4to, Musculus. Comment. Psalmorum. Basle. Seb. Henric-Petri. 1618. folio. Henry Moller. Proelections on the Psalms. Geneva. P. and J. Chouet. 1639. folio. Cliinese Bible. Gutzlaf. Mandchou Testament. Creole New Testament. Copenhagen. 1818. Pali New Testament. Colombo. 1835. Cree Bible. In the Cree character. London. 1861. Book of Proverbs, in embossed type for the Blind. Bagster's Bible in Everj' Land, John Jackson. Index Biblicus. Cambridge. John Field. 1668. 4to. The Zend-Avesta of Zoroaster. Anquetil du Perron's translation. Paris. 1771. 4to. 3 vols. Confucius. His Scientia. Paris. Daniel Horthemels. 1687. folio. Portrait of Confucius standing in his Library. Facsimiles. Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs. London. M. Clark. 1684. 12ma CATALOGUE OF BOOKS, ETC. 609 10. Books from the Presses of the Elzevirs. Cluverius. Geofjrapliia. AmatenJatn. Ex nfl". Elzevir. 1679. 32im.). Horace Walpole'H copy. Virgil. Opera. Amsterdam. Ex oil". Elzuvir. 1664. aJiiio. Sleidan. Do Quatuor Suimni.s Iinpurii.s. AinstcTdam. Ex off. Elzevir. 1078. 32mo. Cuna;U8. De Rep. nebrii'oriiin. Leydcu. Ex off. Elzfvlr. lti:J2. '^2mo. Pliny. Ilistoria Naturalis. Leyden. Ex otflrina Elzevinan.i. 163.i. :32m(i. 3 vols. Terence. Comnediiu. Leyden. Ex offlcina Elzcviriana. 1630. 32mo. Ovid. Metamorphosea. Amsterdam. Uatiiil Elzevir. 1664. 32mo. McJancthon. Epistola;. Leyden. Bonaventuro ind Abraham Elzevir. 1647. 12mo. Jonston. Enchiridion Ethicum. Leydun. Ex ofBeina Elzeviriaiia. 1034. 12mo. Meursius. Glossary. Leydi'n. Louis Elzevir. 1614. 4to. EusebiuH. Polyehronins. Pscllns. In Cant. Canticorum. Leyden. 4to. Ex off. Elzevir 1617. 4to. (Joh. Meursius' cditio iirinoeiis.) Busbequius. Legationis Turcica; Epistolui quatuor. Amsterdaui. Ex otflcina Elzevirianc 1060. 32mo. Belgii Confederati Respublica. De Laet. Lej'den. Elzevir. 1630. 32mo. Ues Marets. Ariana. Amsterdam. Louis and Daniel Elzevir. 1650. 24mo. Tacitus. Annales, etc. Leyden. Ex off. Elzevir. 1640. ;i2ino. 2 vols. 11. Books from the Prejsses of the Aldt. Abduensis de Jure Civili. Venice. Alili Filii. 1546. Anclior and Dolphin. Libri de Re Rustica. Venice. In a;dibus Aldi et Andreie Soceri; i.e., A. Torresani, tli. uccessor of Nic. Jenson. 1514 8vo. Faletu.s. De Bello Sicambrico. Venice. Aldu.s. 1557. 4to. Chrysostom. De Virginitate. Rome. Paulu.s Manutius. AUli filiu.s. 1582. 4to Robert Langlande. Vision and Creed of Piers Plowman. Loudon. W. Pickering 1S4:; Rebus and device, Aldi Discip. AngUis. 24 mo. Engraved title. Vauder Aa. 1713. 12mo. 12. Works of Eua.smus (Early Edition.s). The Adagia. Hanan Wechel. 1617. folio, pp. 774, exclusive of copious indices, and H. tephens' Animadveraiones. Wechel's device on title page. The Paraphrases of Erasmus. In Latin. Basle. John Froben. 1541. folio. Fine example Froben's device on title page. The Paraphrases. In English. Udal's transl. Lond. E. Whytchurch. 1548. Black-letter olio. Epistles of Erasmus. Antwerp. Loei. 1551. Colloquia. Amsterdam Gul. J. Caesius. 1029. Varia. (Treatises.) Leyden. J. Mayre. 1041. 2 vols. Moriae Encomium. Oxford. W. Hall. 1033. Moriffi Encomium. Amsterdam. Hen. Wetstein. 1585. Eloge de la Folic. Guendeville's Translation. Leyden. Holbein's illustrations. Colloquies translated by Sir R. L'Estrange. London : for Daniel Brown. 1725. 8vo. Pilgrimages to Canterbury and Walsingham (reprint). Westmiu.ster. J. B. Nichols. 12mo. Wood-cuts. Jortin's Life of Erasmus. London. Ric. Taylor. 1818. Svo. 3 vols. Fine portrait. Knight's Life of Erasmus. Cambridge. C. Crownfleld. 1726. 8vo. Engravings. 13. Curiosities, Special Editions, Etc. Bunyan. Pilgrim's Progress. 27th Edition. London. A. W., for W. Johnson. 1748. Wood-cuts. Bunyan. Pilgrim's Progress. 31st Edition. London. 1760, 1764, 1765. The three parts, with the cuts. Milton. Paradise Lost. 3rd Edition. 1078. Portrait. Pope. The Dunciad. Notes an(' Prolegomena of Scriblerus. London : for Lawton Gilliver. 1729. Svo. The EulenspiegeL Without pri iter's name or place. 1799 Plates. Horace Walpole. Poems, and Jastle of Otranto. Strawberiy Hill Press. 1758. With 1849. 610 CAXTON CELEBRATION. \ Ferrarins. Tliu IIcsiHTidos, Rome. II. Si'.heus. 1040. Folin. Ilnracc Walpolo's copy. FciTariu.s, De Flnniiu CulturA. Rome. 8 PnullmiH. 1033. 4to. Plates. Di»i. Dp. Tliirlwall's copy. .Sydney Hmith. Hketclie« of Moral l'liiIoso)>liy. London. Loii<,'iii.ii:. ISJO. Svo. Valerian Krasinski. HeliKioun lILstory of the Silavoniu Xation.s. Edinliurgli, Johnston.' Mild IIuntiT. 1850. Svo. I'ortraiti*. Mrs. Henry Ht:.-,t(!il. Uye-ways of Italy. London. John Murray, AllKmarle Street. ISiri. Svo. Plates l.y Col. Stisted Ijoui.s XIV. Medaillu.s. Paris. Fleuriniont. Contemporary. 4to. (Jco. Woodley. Cornuliia: a i)oetn. London; for Lon^'inin, hy Mit-liell, Truro. 1S19. Virtuoso's Companion. London. 17'.i4. 4 vols Brevianum Metenso. L. J. de Montmoreiipy Laval anctorit'ite. Metz. J. B. Collisnoti. 1778. 4 vols. 12mo. Trial of tlio Rejiicides. London. 1G79. Boiircliier. StTinon, etc. MS. with ornamental borders : jiresented to Chief Justice Littleton and Ml. Ann Littleton. U):!9. Antony h Wood. Historia et Anticjuitates Unlversitatis Oxoniensin. Oxford. 6 Thjat. Sheld. Iil74. folio. Portraits. TheophiliLs Galo. Court of the Gentiles. Oxford. H. Hall for T Gilbert. 1072. 4to, Kpi.stolon Obscurorum Virorum. Leipsic. Truobner. 1869. Aiciati Enibleinata. Antwerp. Ch. Plantin. 1581. Cuts. Kara Mathematica. J. O. Halh.vell. CaJiibrid-e. Metcalfe and Palmer. 18.39. Vegetius RenatUH. Muloniedicina. Mannheim. 8oc. Lit. 1781. lOmo. Bracy Clark's MS. notes. Bruno Hiiidelius. De Morbis Incurabililms. Leydeu. P. Ilacke. 10ti2. 12mo. H. D. Gaubiua. Pathologia Medicinalis. Leyden : ajaid y. and J. LuchtmaiLs. 1781. Svo. Dr. Widmer's copy. Hippocrates. Coacso Prmnotiones. L. Duret l?-.'vcrp Paris: apudGasj.arMaturas. 1658. folio. John Hunter. On the Blood, etc. London. J. Richardson. 1794. 4to. Re>-nold.s' Portrait. N. Bailey. Etymological English Dictionary. London : for J. Darby, etc. 1720. Svo. 2 vols. G. S. Faber. The Mysteries of the Cabiri. Oxford. Univ. Press. lSO:i Svo. 2 vols. Young. Night Thoughts. Loudon. C. Whittingham, for T. Hcptinstall. 1798. Portrait. Hoyal Svo. .Ballantyne Press, HLstory of : in connection with Sir W. Scott. Edinburgli. Ballantyne & Co. 1871. 4to, Herman Moll. Geographica Classica. London. Bowler and Carver. No date. 32 maps. 4to. Abraham Ortellius. Atlas. London. J. Norton and J. Bell. loOO. folio. Dedicated In James I. Portrait of Ortellius. Previously publislied at Antwerp, and d-dicat<;d to Philip II. Vincenzo Maria Coronelli. Atlas. Venice. Donienico Paduani. 1090. folio. Mattha'us Seutt'jr. Atlas. Amsterdam. 1750. lolio. .T. Janssonius. Ancient Atlas. Descrljitions in black-letter, folio, Roma Vetus : hoc est : jEdifieia ejus prieciinia, suis (iiiie(pie locis. Heriot. Travels in C inada. London. T. Gillet. 1807. 4to. Plates. Chappell. Newfoundland and Lalirador. London. 11. Watts. 181?. Svo. European Settlements in America. londou. D.idslcy. 1777. Svo. 2 vols. Rochefoucauld-Lianeourt. Travels. London. J. Phillips. 1799. 4to. Kalm. Travels. Warrington. W. Eyres. 1770. Svo. 3 vols. Carver. Travels. Dublin. S. Price. 1779. Svo. Nicholson. British Empire in America. Loudon. J. Nicholson. 1708. Svo. 2 vols. Hugh Gray. Letters from Canada. London. Longman. IS09. Svo. Boulton. Description of Upper Canada. London. 1809. 4to. Gabriel Sagard Deodat. Histoire du Canada. Paris. Chez Claude Sonnius. 1630. Marc Lescarbot. Histoire de la Nouvello France. Paris. Cliez .Vdrian Perier. 1618. Maps. I.,ahontan. Nouveaux Voyages en Amerique. La Haye. Cliez les Freres Honore. 17o:; 12mo. 2 vols. Louis Hennepin. Nouvf aiix Voyages. Amsterdam. Chez Adrian Braakmaii. 1704. 12mo Charlevoix. Voyage to '.Vorth America. Dublin: for John Exshawaud James Potts. 1700. Svo. 2 vols. (.12 C:AnnOX CELEBRATION. \ 14. MEPAiii, PcitTajLTT?, Photographs, Views, Etc. Medal struck at Mayeiice in ISirr. n. ajODar of Gutenberg. On the obverse, Tlio'rwaldseii's Statue. On the reverse, GuteulnKf li utmr ap a separate metal type to one bearing an engraved wooden block. Artist : H. Loreii!: 5.,au;. Medal m honour of Pierre I>iclia 2 iiae. Typot ".icuninii, Uueange, George Canning, Peter Paul Rubens, Jiirassiz. Wittemberg medal. Lu*,her (Hi lutrai m. a frame. P.'aque of Calvin. Portraits, etc. W. Caxton, in Ames. Laureii'i* Cfflar.. ta Meerman. Gutenberg, from the Statue ai St-ut.'^itrg: Froben, in Knight's Life of Er;isn.iif.. Paul M.anutius. Aldus Maiiirju*. B6)hert Stephens. Brunet, in Bibliophile rraii(;r!u.'le. 179S. William Waters and Titus G. Simons pii liters. Peter Russell's Proelaiiiatiou. Be;.. Lk 1798. Same printers. Upper Canada Gazette, or Amtiri::ia 'Oruile. I303-1S07 J. Bennett, printer. .Vlmanao. 1804. J. Benueu. jiririrtsr. Aliuajiac, 1SI5. John Cameron, printer. English Acts of Parliament rtQjtnmr is) Cpper Canaila and Provincial Statutes of Uppe Canada from 1792. 2 vols. 4to. £. iC'Mjme, printer. 1813. Upper Canada Gazette and VttftkDT Erftdater. 1324. Charles Fothergill, printer. Upper Canada Gazette and r. L. l/i^-uist. Jan. 5, 1826 June 30, 1827. R. Stanton, printer Gospel of St. Matthew in < n,;:h:'¥-fcT. York. Priatod at the Colonial Advocate Office, by limes Baxtf r, printer. ISMI. .Silibald's Canadian Ma.dzint .lui-uL,"rr, L>?:j:). Todd's -Manual of Orthoejiy. 4hL HLL-^oo. Printed at the Office of the Guardian. York. iSS:-:. Walton's York Commercial I>i7-e.s;irx lail Street Guide. Thomas Daltoa, printer. 1834. Patrick Swift's Almanac. IH'.-i Warren's Selection of Church Vmn:. Bi>bert Stanton, printer. 1885 "oronto Almanac and Foyal Cia;4 '^o. Pericins Bull, printer. ('ommercial Herald. Feb. 1!1. 3r;i;r. ELu'k-itaflTand Rogers, printers. Tlie Advocate. Ko. 539. Cxn.. 1{\. :-f:i4. Biincroft and Baxter, printers. Correspondent and Advocate.. _'• iF^rim.'is CoUin.s, printer. Mackenzie's Gazette. June f. :-;■.* Euichester, N.Y. The Maple Leaf. 4to. Hejirr t.v ..tiL li4^. CATALOGUE OF BOOKS, ETC. (5 1 .S 16. Specimens of the Early Quebec Press, Quebec Gazette. June 21, 1704. Printui-.s, Browu ami Gilinore {fac-aimil';). May 22, 1770. John Neilson, printer. Auy. 14, 1794, to April 21, LsOIi. Quebeo Gazette. Tlie same. From tlie same press. The Laws of Lower Canada. On the title-page is a copy of the seal of the first Province of Quebec. The central device is the King pointing to a ma)) of Canada • below in the exergue, " Extentie gaudent agnoscere met.T." The whole surrouudod by the legend, "Sigillum Provincite Nostiai Quebecensis in America." The Times : Cours du Terns. 11 Mai, V, 95. Q-iebec, i la Nouvelle Imprimerie. Nouvel Alphabet. Quebec, i la Nouvelle Imprimerie, Rue du Palais. 1797. Le Canadien. Nov. , 1806. March, 1810. Printer, Charles Roi. Copy of Dilworth's English Spelling Book, with the inscription, " Ce livre appartien h Loiii> Chiniquy. Quebec, 1803." Smith's History of Canada. 2 vols. Svo. John Neilson. 1815. Quebec Almanac for 1819 : pp. 2B7. J. Neilson, S Mountain Slreet. Hawkins' Picture of Quebec, with Historical Recollections. Neilson and Cowan. 1834. 17. Specimens of the Early Montreal Press. Proclamation of Lieut. Gov. Simcoe, dated at Kingston, July 9, 1792 ; but printed at Mon- treal by Fleury Mesplet. From the Press of Nahum Mower: A Conci.se Introduction to Practical Arithmetic, by th- Rev. John Strachan, Rector of Cornwall, Ui>per Canada. Smart's Sermon on the Death of GeniTal Urock, preached at Brock -ille, Nm'. 15th, 1812. Montreal Herald : 1811-1814. William (rray, printer. Report. Loyal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada. Wm. Gray, 181 /. Letters of Verita.s. Montreal. TV. Gray. 1815. 8vo. Letters of Nerva. Montreal. W. Gray. 1815. Svo. ^r Strachan's Sermon on the Death of the Hon. R. Cartwright. W. Gray. 1810. Canadian Courant. Montreal, Wednesday, Dec. 29, 1819. Vol. xhi. No. 35. Nahum Mowet printer. Canadian Review, 1824-1826. E. V. Mpaniawk, printer. Montreal. Canadian Magazine and Literary Repository. Montreal, 1824. Hawley's Quebec, The Harp, etc. Montreal. A. Ferguson. 1829. 12mo. Hawley's The Unknown, etc. Montreal. J. II. Hoisington & Co. 1831. 12nio. Kidd's Huron Chief, etc. Montreal. Otflce of Herald and New Ge.zetto. 1830. 12mo. 18. Specimens of the Early Niagara Press. The Imposing Stone of the First Printing Press of Upper Canada. Presented by Mr. R. C Gvratkin. The following inscription has been cut upon it: "Imposing Stone of tlie first Printing Press in Upper Canada, at Newark (Niagara), 1793. Teste W. Kerby, Niagara, 1873." No. 1, V>l.i., of tlio Upper Canada Gazette, or American Oracle. April 13, 1793. Louis Roy. l>rinter : .it Ntwark Oi Niagara. Vol. ii. of tiis sarae periodical is printed by G. Tifl'any. In Vol. iii. the name of Titus G. Sinnpus aitjiears ir. John Stuart. Printed by Charles Kendaii. KiiiK- Kton, 1811. Kingston Chronicle. 18)'). V,.!?!. 1. and ii. Printed for the Editors. Kingston Gazette. Nov. 17, ..■!?. Printer, Stephen Miles. (Obituary of Gen. Brock.) Other numbers. The Upper Canada Herald. KinK'ton, April 4, 1832. No. 083. Vol. xiv. T. H. Bentley, pr /iter. Port Hope Gazette. Nov. 26, 1^4:.. W. Furby, printer. 614 CAXTON CELEBRAnON. 20. Specimens op the Early Halifax Press. Halifax Gazette, July 28, 1763. Perpetual Acts of Nova Scotia. Printer, Antony Henry. Printer, Robert Fletcher. 1767. folio. 21. Specimens of the Early Boston Press. Tlie New England Courant : No. 80. Feb. 11, 1723. Printed and sold by Berijcjiiin Franklin in Queen Street, Boston. Boston Gazette. May 12, 1770. (Account of th--' E';aw)r. '' Massacre") Jonathan Edwards' Disserlations. Printer, S. Kneeland. 1765. Hubbard's Indian Wars. Printer, John Boyle. 1775. New England Weekly Journal. April 8, 1728. Boston. S. Kneeland and T Grets. Charter of William and Mary to Province of Massachusetts Bay, and Laws of said Province. Boston. S. Kneeland. 1759. folio, pp. C24. Increase Mather. Sermon on an Execution for Murder. Boston. Richard Pierie. 1687. 12mo. Cotton Mather. Sermon on a Man about to be Executed for Murder. Boston. Riohanl Pierie. 1687. 12mo. Samuel Willard. Mourner's Cordial. Boston. B. Harris and J. Allen. 1691. 12mo. Samuel Mather. Life of Cotton Mather, with sermons on his death. Boston : for 8. Gerrick. 1729. 8vo. 22. Specimens of the Early Philadelphia Press. A German work in 4to. Fragen, etc. , von einen Knecht Jesu Christi. 1742. PhilfuielphiR. Gedruckt und zu liaben bey B. Franklin. Mackenzie's Travels. Arctic Regions. 8vo. Philadelphia : for John Morgan. Printer, R. Can-. 1S02. Philadelphia : Claypoole's Daily Advertiser. Feb. 25, 17C3. Philadelphia Gazette and Daily Advertiser. July 12, 1800. Geographical View of Upper Canada. M. Smith. Philadelphia. J. Bioren for T. and R. Desilver. 1813. 12mo. New York Moniing Post. Nov. 7, 1783. Morton and Homer, printers. New York Time Piece. Nov. 24, 1797. New York Herald. April 25, 1807. M. diJStael. Gennany. New York. Eastburn Clark & Co. 1814. 12rao. 2 vols. Printed at Albany by E. and E. Hosford. 0^?ier Papers. The North Georgia Gazette and Winter Chronicle, complete ; put forth in MS. in the Arctic Regions during Capt. Parry's First Voyage towards the North Pole. Wilkes' North Briton, complete. The Kentish Post and Canterbury News Letter. Aug. 26-29, 1761. Evening Mail. London. Monday, Jan. 28, 1793. Printed logographically by J, Walker. Printing House Square. London Times. Jan. 1, 1788. (facsimile.) London Times. Jan. 5, 1795. London Times. Oct. 3, 1798. Mercurius Domesticus. London. Dec. 19, 1679. (facsimile.) Edinburgh Advertiser: No, 1174. Year 1774. (Contains Letter of Am. Congress to the People of England.) Glasgow Advertiser. Vol. for 1789. J. Meniion, printer. English Mercuric : No. 50. July 23, 1588. London, facsimile. Weekly Newes : No. 19. Jan. 31, 1606. London, facsimile. The Gazette : No. 432. Sep. 5, 1658. London, facsimile. London Courier. Mar.-Dec, 1815. The Age of Science. Jan. 1, 1977. A Newspaper of the xxtli Century, by Merlin Nostradamus. Wreck of Westminster Abbey. London. C. Stalker. 2001. English Revolution of 1867. By Lord Macaulay's New Zoalander. Lor.don. Wame. 3867. anklin barter ost "jn. 12mo. iehanl jrrick. jlphiK. ter, R. indR. "Tinted Arctic ralker, to the lamns. 3867.