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 ■j^-L. ^'Ct^--*-! «>/, C--'*3<^<'-»^'"».- V-«^^ ' 
 
 > II i 
 
 CANADIAN IMMIGRATION IN 1875, 
 
 ( Q 
 
 f^.^ 
 
 REPORT 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWAED JENKINS, Esq., M. P., 
 Agent General of Canada, 
 
 TO THE 
 
 Honorable the JvIinister of Jygricultdre, 
 
 s^^ 
 
 UPON THB 
 
 Position and prospects of Immigration, and ^A/ith 
 
 comparative Statements of Emigration from 
 
 Great Britain during the past four years. 
 
 t 
 
 
 ,,\j^-^ 
 
 
 
 a-*3 
 
 CUH 
 
 MONTREAL : 
 DAWSON BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS. 
 
 1876 
 
Si 
 
 ft 
 
 *& 
 
 
CANADIAN IMMIGRATION IN 1875. 
 
 REPORT 
 
 % 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWAED JENKIIS^S, Esq., M. P., 
 Agent General of Canada, 
 
 TO THE 
 
 ^o- 
 
 ^yONOR.ABLE THE .jVIlN'lSTER OF A'gRI CU LTl] RE, 
 
 CPOJf THE 
 
 Position and prospects of Immigration, and with 
 
 comprrcttlve Statements of 'Emigration from 
 
 Gr<iat Britain during the past four years. 
 
 i»H»**!! 
 
 
 -»9*9(- 
 
 ii ^■LlRRAniES,VV 
 
 MONTREAL 
 
 DAWSON BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS. 
 
 1876 
 
REPORT. 
 
 To the Hon. the Ministfr of Agriadtnre. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 I have the honour to present a Report for the year 1875 of that 
 part of the business of this Agency which consists in the superin- 
 tendence of emigration under your authority. 
 
 In my Eeport for the year ending 31st December, 1874, I 
 detailed the arrangements that had been made for improving the 
 organization, increasing the accommodation, and enlarging the scope 
 of the Agency General in accordance with the policy of the Govern- 
 nieni. That policy was not only to increase the general efficiency 
 of the emigration service, but to utilise the -Agency for the transac- 
 tion of other and general business of various departments of the 
 State, to look diligently after the interests of Canada in Great 
 Britain and on the Continent, and to afford accommodation which 
 was very much needed by Canadians visiting London for purposes 
 of reference, for correspondence, and in some cases for assistance in 
 matters of business or otherwise. 
 
 Without trenching upon 'he ground occupied by my Report to the 
 Secretary of State, I should \h this Eeport convey to you the infor- 
 mation that these objecis have been satisfactorily accomplished, and 
 that, so far as the above aims are concerned, the policy of the 
 Government has proved to be a success. 
 
 It is somewhat difficult to distinguish in the work and in the 
 accounts of a General Agency like this, precisely those items which 
 belong to one department from the other. The demands which are 
 made upon the officials and clerks by the different departments of 
 State present a great variety, and it is impossible to assign them 
 specifically to any particular persons. Therefore, in considering the 
 amount of work which is done on behalf of the Immigration Depart- 
 ment — which pays nearly the whole of the expenses connected with 
 the Agency — it is needful to bear in mind the fact that a consider- 
 able amount of labour falls upon the clerks which does not belong 
 to that department During the past season, for instance, it has 
 been my duty to superintend the carrying out of the contracts 
 
entered into by the Department of Public Work--, with various 
 Companies, for tlie purchase of {-tcel rails ; to examine the certi- 
 ficates, accounts, bills of lading and insurances, and, in some cases, 
 to enter into shipping contracts, and to etfect original insurances. 
 This lias involved a large amount of labour and heavy correspon- 
 dence, which took up a large portion of the services of Mr. Brodie, 
 who has most cfliciently discharged the duties in connection with 
 that department, he also undertaking as well the charge of the 
 department of Emigration, when Mr. Jourdain's illness made it 
 necessary to find a substitute. This alone has saved the Government 
 in commissions more than $3,000. 
 
 As regards the library, I am happy to report that its establishment 
 has proved to bo in every way a success. During the year 435 
 Canadians have inscribed their names on the books. A lartre 
 number have used it, not only as a reading-room, but for their 
 correspondence, and have found the convenience of having their 
 letters directed there. Mr. Jourdain, finding himself, through 
 ill health, incapable of continuing to discharge the onerous duties of 
 the Emigration Ofiice, has been placed in charge of the library, with 
 a reduced salary, and fills the office of librarian with intelligence and 
 efficiency. The number of volumes already received is 737, and I 
 append a list of the newspapers and periodicals which are kept on 
 file. English Government Departments, officials, authors, lawyers, 
 &c., frequently send to the library for information ; and I can bear 
 satisfactory testimony to its utility. It will be seen by the accounts 
 that its cost amounts to £500 per annum (12,500.) 
 
 During the year the sub-agents for Quebec, Ontario, and the 
 Maritime Provinces, have entered upon their duties, and now occupy 
 the whole of the second floor of the Government building. A clerk 
 •was appointed specially to assist them ; but when not engaged on 
 Provincial work, was employed upon the business of the Agency. 
 The rooms occupied by these gentlemen have been properly furnished, 
 and they have testified their satisfaction with the arrangements that 
 have been made for them. I have been informed officially that Mr. 
 Sydney Robjohns is to be replaced on the 1st January by Mr. 
 Byrne, lately the Ontario Agent in Scotland. It is my duty to ac- 
 knowledge the courtesy and attention with which Messrs. Annand, 
 O'Neill, and Robjohns have carried out the work belonging to their 
 several provincial departments. All matters relating to their 
 several Provinces have been invariably le'erred to them ; and I have 
 
reason to hope tliat by their able and active assistance the {j^encral 
 cnngration work of the Dominion will be matorially developed. 
 
 During the year an effort has been made, for the first time, to put 
 the advertising of the Agency upon a proper footing, and to icJuco 
 it to a minimum. Enquiries liave been made with regard to the 
 circulation cf tho newspapers of the United Kingdom, and to the 
 classes amongst whom tlicy particularly circulate; and without 
 reference to any considerations but these, arrangements were made 
 on the same special terms as those which are afforded to regular 
 business advertisers. In this way greater results have been 
 obtained with less money. Advertisements have been issued ad- 
 dressed especially to tenant farmers, and the number of enquiries 
 which these have evoked, not only at the General Agency, but of 
 the various local agents, indicate an increasing interest upon the part 
 of that class in the advantages of Canada for agricultural purposes. -•* 
 
 I regret that the suggestion thrown out in my Ileport of last year 
 for the preparation of a little look specially devoted to affording 
 information to farmers, has been disregarded. But I earnestly trust 
 that you will be able before long, to ...\usc such a book to be pre- 
 pared and to be supplied in sufficient numbers. The economic 
 causes, which I pointed out last year as operating to induce an 
 emigration of small farmers, coatinue to develope them.selves, and I 
 cannot doubt that by freely imparting information, and by regular 
 advertising, the Governm ;nt will be able at no great expense to 
 secure for Canada a very large portion of this most valuable 
 emigration. 
 
 At the date of rny last Report, tlic Report of Mr. Andrew Doyle, 
 the special Commissioner appointed by the President of the Local 
 Government Eoard in London to inquire into the emigration and 
 condition of children placed in Canada by Philanthropic agencies 
 and by Boards of Guardians, had not appeared. The Ivcport was 
 presented to Parliament soon after the opening of the Session, and 
 attracted considerable public attention and discussion in tlie Press. 
 It '.vas clear that Mr. Doyle liad visited Canada wearing tho 
 spectacles of a Poor-law Commissioner, and that he had expected to 
 find children who had been snatched from Englisli gutters, living in 
 the comparative luxury of poor-houses, organized and modelled in 
 accordance with the latest ideas of philanthropic government. Mr. 
 
 * A list of the Papers advertised in is appended, with Specimen Adver- 
 tisements. — Schedule A. 
 
6 
 
 Doylo appears to liavc expected to Und the cliildrcn at Mis.s Rye's, 
 Miss Macpherson's, nnd other Homes, or put out in the country, 
 provided with lavatories equipped with the hitest conveniences of 
 modern sanitary reform, and pocket-handkerchiefs which would wipe 
 their eyes and noses with-^ul unnecessary abrasion. It is satisfactory, 
 however, to state that his Report was immediately discounted by the 
 British Press ; and tlic general i'ecling of the comnmnity was that, 
 upon the face of it, to say the least, it exhibited upon Mr, Doyle's 
 part great extravaj^anco of expectation. 
 
 Mr. Doyle having written to the 7'itncs an improper letter, which 
 appeared to commit the Local Government Board to a support of his 
 statements, I deemed it to be my duty to use my position in the 
 House of Commons to put a question to the President of the Board, 
 which led to an immediate disclaimer. The Committee in the 
 Canadian House of Parliament, and Miss Rye's letters, together with 
 communications from other persons, have reassured public opinion, 
 and 1 believe that, although the emigration through Boards of 
 Guardians may receive a check, the voluntary societies will siill 
 continue to carry out a successful deportation of children. 
 
 The number of children from charitable institutions who liave 
 gone out this year is as follows : — 
 
 Mr. Middlemoic, 79; Mrs. Birt, 119; Miss Macpherson, 92; 
 Feltham Reformatory, 16 ; Red Hill Reformatory, 8 ; Archbishop 
 of Westminister Schools, 24 ; Rev. T. B. Stephenson, 40 ; making 
 a total of 378 
 
 In June the Steamship Conference was reconstituted upon a basis 
 of £5 5s. fares, which is likely to rule for some time. The Gov- 
 ernment rates were then arranged at £4 5s. for general emigrants 
 and £2 5s. lor a certain proportion of agricultural labourers. As, 
 however, the understanding of the Government with Mr. Joseph 
 Arch and Mr. Taylor had been, that to all Unionists some assis- 
 tance would bo rendered, I was obliged for some time to grant au 
 aid of £1 to all such persons coming forward. 
 
 In the month of July, however, it became evident to me, from the 
 reports in the newspapers, and from private and official letters which 
 reached the Agency, that a condition of things was arising in Canada 
 which would render it extremely perilous to encourage any further 
 emigration of general labourers under Government auspices. It 
 must be borae in mind, in considering the faction which I then took, 
 that although under the arrangements which have been entered into 
 
between the Government and the Steamship Ccnpanios the £4 5«. 
 rate becomes practically a general rate of emigrants inteuding to 
 settle in Canada ; yet, nevertheless, it is looked upon, and wil' 
 ftlways be regarded by the emigrating public in England, as a Gov- 
 ernment assisted passage rate, which in a certain sense commits the 
 Government to tht assumption that there is a reasonable expectation 
 that the persons going at that rate will find somewhere in Canada a 
 fair prospect of earning a living. The rate is open to all who are 
 billing to sign a document attesting that they intend to reside in 
 Canada, the only reservation being that the persons are not sick, 
 blind, criminal, or otherwise undesirable. The Steamship Com- 
 panies are permitted freely to book passengers who will subscribe 
 this statement at this rate, and it is impossible by any 'irivate means 
 to put any check upon this emigration. With the emigration of 
 agricultural labourers at the £2 5s. rate it is otherwise ; because 
 in this case a special application and an attestation by union officials 
 ■or by some other trustworthy person, that the applicant is a ho7ia 
 fide agricultural labourer, is necessary ; and by a simple circular to 
 the Government Agents and to the Steamship Companies the Agent- 
 General might stop the emigration. The apprehension which was 
 •expressed that this letter would seriously or permanently injure the 
 diances of future emigration was unnecessary. The action was 
 taken by me on full consideration, based upon a large experience in 
 dealing with the classes particularly aflfected ; and while, on the one 
 hand, it operated, as it was intended to operate, as a temporary 
 check, on the other hand, it indicated on the part of the Agent of 
 the Government in this country, a desire to deal fairly with the 
 working classes, which I have since received assurances that they 
 appreciate ; and I am certain that in future they will be the better 
 inclined to accept any statements of the prosperity of Caiiada and of 
 inducements to emigrate, emanating from me personally. There is 
 no doubt that this letter also had an effect in stopping the formation 
 of a number of large parties of agricultural labourers which it was 
 intended to send out after the harvest. Their arrival in Canada 
 would have been attended with grievous discomfort to themselves 
 and would have placed the Government in an extremely responsible 
 position. I am glad to say that I believe the postponement will not 
 "lose us any considerable number of good emigrants, and that several 
 large parties may be expected to leave by the earliest spring steamers, 
 provided that the Government continues the same aid which it 
 afforded this season. 
 
8 
 
 The business transacted in the Agency during the year hag- beeo 
 very considerable. The number of letters received was 7,642 ; the 
 number of letters sent out was 6,908; apart from circulars, &c. 
 
 Enquiries for pamphlets and other information were very numer- 
 ous, giving the most satisfactory evidence of the fact that information 
 about Canada is spreading amongst the people, and that the interest 
 in the Dominion as a field for emigi*atiou and the investment of 
 money is steadily growing. 
 
 Early in the season 1 projected a series of large meetings^in some 
 of the principal towns of the kingdom, at which I iatended chiefly to 
 utilize the valuable services of Dr. Taylor. Three were arranged 
 for ; one at Manchester, one at Biraiingham, and one at Bristol. I 
 personally attended the meetings at Bristol and Manchester, and at 
 each place immense numbers assembled, and were addressed by Dr. 
 Taylor and myself. At Manchester, Mr. Joseph Arch also attended,, 
 '"•nd was very cordial in his advocacy of Canada. I had previouslj^, 
 at the invitatic a of the Reform Club at Manchester, read before an 
 assembly consisting of some of its leading merchants, an essay ou 
 ''The Creat Dominion," which was afterwards published— though 
 not at the expense of the Government — and it is now in continual 
 demand. A meeting was arranged at Birmingham ; but, unfor- 
 tunately, I was confined to my bed, and as it was deemed essential 
 by the local agents that I should be present at such a meeting, it 
 was necessary to abandon it. 
 
 In connection with this subject, I ought to allude to another cir- 
 cumstance, which brought the resources and condition of Canada 
 prominently into discussion. The arrival of Sir Hugh Allan la 
 London for the purpose of making financial arrangements for the 
 Isorthern Colonization llailway, was made the opportunity of a very 
 virulent attack upon Canada, her Government, and her finances. 
 This attack having been repeated, I deemed it to bo my duty tO' 
 enter into the discussion, and wrote two letters, which were published 
 in the Times, and for which favourable acknowledgement was ren- 
 dered by the precs of Canada .vithout regard to party. 
 
 The Continental emigration of the year was most unsatisfactory, 
 and you will observe that there is very little of consequence in the 
 Ecports of the Continental Agents. Mr. de Gazes, in Paris, has 
 done all that he could do to keep Canada before the French by- 
 writing articles in newspapers ; and this is about the extent of the 
 business which it is possible for any Canadian Agent to perform in. 
 
France. Mr. Bossange has sent a consiclerable number of 
 emig'-ants; but he complains of the effects of the Reports from the- 
 United States, and of the difficulty of getting the proper class to 
 move. Mr. Klotz has superintended the embarkation of the 
 Mennonites, and looked after their interests at Hamburg, as is fully 
 set forth in his Report. In Switzerland and Germany, Madame 
 von Koerber has been energetically endeavouring to produce a good 
 impression, i^.nd has been instrumental, I hope, in opening the way 
 to some very important projects. The dismissal of Colonel Mattson 
 from the Scandinavian Kingdoms has relieved the Governmeut from 
 a great expense, amounting to $4,500 a year, and was necessitated 
 by the fact that scarcely any emigrants were being obtained. This, 
 I believe, was chiefly due to the prosperous condition of the country,, 
 and the bad accounts from the United States. 
 
 I had not been able since I took office to turn my personal at- 
 tention to emigration from the Continent. The labour involved In 
 systematizing the business in Great Britain had rendered it impos- 
 sible. On the 4th September, however, I left for the Continent, 
 and was absent for six weeks, visiting Paris, Strasburg, Basel, Berne, 
 Geneva, Zurich, Stuttgart, Munich, Berlin, and Hamburgh, at each 
 of which places I had interviews with various persons, and examined 
 very fully into the prospects and method of Continental emigration. 
 At Berne, in addition to the work done on behalf of emigration 
 for yonr department, I also was engaged in enquiries on behalf 
 of the Post Office department, into the best mode of introducing 
 Canada to the Postal Convention, the headquarters of which are in 
 that city. The following details of the Report, which 1 presented 
 to you on my return, I lere inseirt: — 
 
 King Street, "Westminster, 
 October, 1875. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 I now have the honour to present a Report containing the results 
 of a visit which I have at length been able to pay to the Continent 
 for the purpose of examining, Firstly — generally into the conditions 
 of, and obstructions to, emigration there. Secondly — of seeing Dr. 
 Joos, a member of the Bundcsrath of Switzerland, on an important 
 proposition which he wished to submit to the Canadian Governments 
 Thirdly — to exunice into the work of Madame von Koerber with 
 regard to female and other emigration^ and to ascertain what pros- 
 
10 
 
 "pect Ihcsrc was of obtainiog from her efforts any practical result ; 
 and Fourthly-^to ascertain whether it was possible to improve the 
 agencies for emigration in Germany, and to obtain some relaxation 
 ^f the restrictions which the laws and administration of that country 
 place upon our operations. 
 
 I left London for Paris upon Saturday, September 4th, arriving" 
 there in the evening. 
 
 On Monday I had an interview with M. Bossange, and with his 
 very able chief clerk Mr. Alexander Hunter, a Scotchman domiciled 
 in Paris. 
 
 I found M. Bossange was much discouraged with regard to the 
 •prospects of future emigration. The opposition of the French 
 Government to the exodus of its people, in view of the probability of 
 European war is greater thjin ever. The emigiation to Brazil and 
 'to South American Republics, which has been from every part of 
 the Continent enormous, and especially so of the Latin races, has 
 been attended with so many disastrous failures and disappointments 
 that the very name of emigration is abhorred, and an emigration 
 agent is an object of suspicion if not of contempt. 
 
 I may say at once that I found this to be quite true in Switzer- 
 'land and Germany, as I understand it is in Northern Italy, 
 * * ^ * * 
 
 With regard to the actual state of things, M. Bossange repre- 
 sented that there was at this time no emigration of the agricultural 
 classes, nor could there be any on the present terms ofifered by the 
 Government. They are poor, and will not move unless some sub- 
 stantial aid is given to them. But he is of opinion, and his opinion 
 in the matter is of great weight, that were aid to be given, say to 
 the extent now given to these classes in England, he feels certain 
 that he could procure, not large numbers, but a fair exodus of ad- 
 mirable agricultural labourers. 
 
 Without doubt M. Bogsange's representation is correct, not only 
 with regard to France, but to the whole Continent. To obtain any 
 number of good emigrants, there must be aid, and substantial aid, 
 •offered in any case. It is to be observed that the emigrant from the 
 Continent to Cnnada is handicapped by the greater distance and ex- 
 'pense. He can go direct from Hamburgh, Antwerp or Havre to 
 New York; and thence to the interior, will generally get bis railway 
 'fares free. 
 
11 
 
 It is clear that soroe method must be devised to place the Canadian 
 emigrant at least upon an equal footing with the emigrant to the 
 United States. 
 
 I was glad, however, to learn from M. Bossange that lie thinks 
 there is a gradual awakening in France to a better knowledge of 
 'Canada as a place of business, and he gave mo some instances of 
 emigrants who have done exceedingly well in Canada, and are open- 
 ing business communication with their mother country. M Bossange 
 was of opinion that the main difl&culty at present is that there is no 
 direct liie of steamers or sailing vessels to Canada. To this point 1 
 shall return hereafter as one that was impressed upon me elsewhere. 
 
 With regard to his personal position, M. Bossange also, in the 
 •course of the conversation which took place at succeeding times ex- 
 pressed his view that he should have a fixed recompense from the 
 Government for all his trouble ; that liC occupies a difficult position, 
 and that while there may be no immediate return for the expense 
 incurred by the Government, there is, on the other hand, an object 
 in ordering a movement to Canada, and in keeping its resources fairly 
 ■before the French public. It Uiight, perhaps, be possible for you to 
 •consider this arrangement, were you disposed to entertain favourably 
 the recommendation which I shall hereafter make with reference to 
 to the Government Agent at Paris, M. Paul de Gazes. 
 
 I had several conversations also with M. Paul de Cazes, who, as 
 you are aware, takes an intelligent interest in his work, which is, 
 however, of necessity of a somewhat restricted character. You arc 
 nware that it i^s impossible for M. do Cazes to act as an ordinary 
 Agent for emigration, or in any part of France to endeavour to can- 
 vass persons to emigrate. In that country our Agents aie precluded 
 from adopting the plan pursued by the English Agents. M. de 
 Cazes, therefore, can only watch, and, to the best of his powers, 
 assist the efforts of IM. Bossange, and Mr. Brown ; and, by inter- 
 course with literary men and publications in the French press en- 
 deavour continually to drop the seeds which may develope into a 
 mature harvest. 
 
 I remained in I'aris until over Friday, the 10th, to be present, as 
 a member of the London Commitiec, at an official visit to the Eng- 
 'Jish Department of the Maritime Exhibition; so that I had ample 
 time for considering the position of affairs. 
 • On the whole, I regret to say, it appears to me that there is littlo 
 
12 
 
 to hope for from French emigration, and certainly nothing during- 
 the approaching year. 
 
 With regard to France, it is perhaps wortli while tryiug the 
 course suggested by M. Bossange, of offering reduced passages to 
 picked agricultural emigrants; and if the Government of Quebec 
 could be persuaded to adopt a policy similar to that of the Govern- 
 ment of Ontario, and to meet the Dominion Government half-way in 
 offering additional inducements to such classes of emigrants to settle 
 in (Quebec, I have no douht that in a year or two a healthy movement 
 might be commenced. 
 
 But the French naturally look to warmer countries as the best 
 emigi'ation fields ; and perhaps not the least efficient way of drawing 
 their attention to Canada, is to lose no opportunity of bringing 
 vividly betore the French people, and especially French men of 
 business, the advantages of a direct trade with Canada. In what 
 way the Government can legitimately do this I am not at this 
 moment prepared to suggest; but it is a problem well worthy the 
 consideration of a Minister to whom in so large a degree are devoted 
 the interests of Canadian development. 
 
 I confess I was rather struck to find M. Bos.sange issuing bills of 
 500 francs or more to men who had gone out to Canada quite poor, 
 and who had made their money in Canada almost wholly by a small 
 trade in French goods. It might at least be worth while to ascertain 
 the course of trade between Canada and France, the nature of the 
 products which might with the greatest advantage be reciprocally 
 exchanged, and the extent of the trade, both which is now and might 
 probably be done. 
 
 I was advised, with a view to the inquiries which I wished to make 
 regarding the countries lying east and south-east of France, to visit 
 Strasbourg on my way to Switzerland, and have an interview with a 
 gentleman, whose name I need not mention, who was represented to 
 mo to have a most intimate acquaintance with the details of inland 
 Continental emigration. 
 
 I arrived in Strasbourg on the evening of Saturday, September 
 11th, and on Monday the 13th, I had a long interview with the 
 gentleman above referred to, who received me cordially, and frankly 
 gave me all the information in his power. 
 
 With regard to emigration from Alsace-Lorraine he said it was 
 absolutely dead, and that no more was to be expected. The people 
 who had determined to leave upon the change of their nationality, 
 
13 
 
 had all gone, and there was no further disposition to ur.Mgrato. In 
 a(1dition to this was the hostility of the German Government to emi- 
 gration, which in this spot may be said to reaeh its climax. Ho 
 himself had abandonea the business because of its diflicultics. 
 
 But having an intimate acquaintance with Swiss emigration, he 
 was of opinion that it could and would be made considerable, and 
 that the Austrian Tyrol, Bavai-ia, Styria, and Northern Italy, were 
 all good and promising fields if the proper Agents to work them were 
 secured. 
 
 This gentleman entered into a very intelligent discussion of the 
 difficulties connectad with emigration to Canada, which I may sum 
 up thus — * ■' 
 
 First, Canada is little, if at all, known. It is neither advertised 
 nor discussed in newspapers; scarcely at all known in maps. The 
 United Spates is thoroughly notorious. All the cry is " Thither ! or 
 to South America." As to the former, the bad accounts have un- 
 doubtedly produced a reaction, which, however, this gentleman re- 
 gards to be only temporary. The inquiries I made further on, 
 showed me there was also a reaction against South America, in con- 
 sequence of the bad accounts from the Brazils and the Argentine 
 Republic, and the return from there of emigrants with discouraging 
 accounts. 
 
 Second. The absence of a direct lino of steamers from Havre and 
 Antwerp, and at better rates to inland agents. 
 
 It is necessary to explain the system pursued in Continental emi- 
 gration. The Hamburgh, Antwerp, or Havre Agent quotes to the 
 inland Agent a certain gross rate. There are no commissions. The 
 inland Agent is therefore obliged to offer the passage entire, whether 
 to New York or Quebec. For example, from Basel or Stuttgart or 
 Poscn he offers at so much tout compris, and'this means railway fare, 
 maintenance tlKj whok) distance, and especially kit. The charge for 
 this at present to Havre or Antwerp from Basel is 50 francs, or 
 about £2 sterling. This system not only makes high rates, but also 
 gives the inland Agent many opportunities of fleecing the emigrant. 
 When the Agent has found out the minimum cost of transit to the 
 Continental port of embarkation, he puts on as much as he can get 
 trom the emigrant ; in fact it might be shown that the very regula- 
 tions and restrictions of the Continental Governments tends to create 
 a class of people of indifferent character, and to place the emigrant, 
 
14 
 
 yrho is looked askance at by the law, althoTigh the law professes tO' 
 be anxious to protect him, pretty much at his mercy. 
 
 My informant was of opinion that direct lines have an enormous^ 
 advantage over indirect — that is to say, that the route from Conti- 
 nental ports must for Continental emigrants be superior to that via 
 Liverpool. In fact, this is too obvious to demand explanation. The 
 direct route must alwajs bo cheaper, as a matter of fact, whatever 
 the rates are. There is less trouble to the emigrants who have but 
 one embarkation instead of two; and he addei' one cause of which I 
 was not aware, but which he says has an effect upon the minds^ 
 cspeciAlly of Swiss and Italian emigrants, viz., they not only dislike 
 the Liverpool journey, but the English nourriture, that is to say, 
 food and genoi'al treatment ou board. lie says that this is an 
 objection constantly raised by persons receiving letters from their 
 iriends who have gone by the Liverpool route, and that it produces 
 an effect upon their ultimate movements. 
 
 Fmally, his opinion was clear and decided that two things would 
 tend to give an impetus to Continental emigration, viz., first, the 
 offer of a cheaper through rate to Canada by direct aid from the 
 Government; and when asked to say how much, he said, "£2 
 cheaper at least." And, secondly, direct steamers to Quebec ; if 
 these sailed only occasionally. I shall have occasion to refer to this 
 matter again with regard to another method of meeting the difficulty 
 which was not then submitted to me. 
 
 I was occupied the whole of xMonday, the 13th, iu my interview 
 with this gentleman and attending to correspondence forwurded from. 
 London. 
 
 On the morning of the 14th I left for Basel, reaching it in the 
 evening. On Wednesday, 15th, Madame von Koerber arrived from 
 Berne to meet me. 
 
 I had written to Dr. Joos, from Strasbourg, to his home at 
 Schaff'hauscn to ask him to meet me at Basel. Hut it appeared 
 that the Swiss Federal Parliament was meeting in Berne and that 
 he was detained there. 
 
 I had an interview in the morning with the house of Andreas 
 Zwilchenbart, the name of an old firm of great respectability, the 
 former members of which are dead, and just now conducted by Mr. 
 Im. Oberstcg, whose mother is interested in tho business of which ho 
 is the manager. lie is a young man, and had recently returned from 
 a visit to Canada, where, not having taken with him proper introduc- 
 
15 
 
 tioD?, he did not appear to have met with so good a reception as he- 
 thought he was entitled to. I should say that I was much struck 
 by his bearing, intelligence, and tone. He informed me that he had; 
 jnst visited Canada entirely at his own expense, and partly with the 
 object of satisfying himself whether the emigrants sent out by his. 
 tirm had been properly attended to. 
 
 In the conversation with this gentleman and his clerk, M, 
 lIofFacker, who, I believe, was under the old firm, Swiss emigration 
 was fully discussed. One or two small points witli regard to claims 
 for commissions and Ontario bonus were considered and arranged. 
 
 I shall refer directly to my interview with Eomniel and Co., the 
 other Dominion Agents at Basel ; but may say at once that the- 
 jealousy between Zwilchenbart and this firm is irreconcileable, and. 
 it will be necessary for the Government to decide which of the two 
 is to be appointed its Agent in Switzerland ; as my opinion is that, 
 they cannot work together without a rivalry injurious to Canada and 
 productive of increased expense. For instance, if as I suggest, we 
 assist in advertising Canada in Switzerland, we should have to ad- 
 vertise two houses instead of one. 
 
 M. Im Obersteg distinctly laid claim to his being the leading house 
 for Switzerland and conterminous districts. They had already 
 spent independently 3,000 francs in promoting Canadian emigration.. 
 They were therefore interested on their own account in making it a 
 a success. 
 
 ^1* "^ 3[C »|5 3|C 
 
 M. Im Obersteg stated that- he had been satisfied with what he 
 had seen in Canada, and had convinced himself iko^t it would be a. 
 good field to which he could conscientiously advise Swiss people to 
 go. He had written a letter to that efiect which had recently ap- 
 peared in a leading paper, and in which, he showed me he spoke in- 
 high terms of the prosperous condition in which he found the Swi^s- 
 emigres in Berlin, Ontario. But at the same tim(? he said they had 
 complained to him of having at the outset been badly treated. They 
 state that Madame von Koerber had promised them certain things 
 which they did not get — particularly that they should be settled near 
 Lake Nipissing, in a locality which it appears she had selected when 
 in Canada, as she thought with the concurrence of the Ontario Gov- 
 ernment. I was somewhat surprised to hear M. Im Obersteg 
 animadvert upon the arrangements made at Quebec for the reception 
 of emigrants, and dcfcuts uf attention on the part of the Agents there.. 
 
16 
 
 I told him that 1 had taken puins to examine into this wlien in 
 •Canada, and could not understand this criticism. lie explained 
 that the Swiss emigrants arc accustomed to certain comforts — more 
 comforts than ordinary Entrlish labourers — and were rather nice 
 about the manner of their reception. 
 
 On the wliole, however, M. Im Obersteg's report of the emigrants 
 was highly favourable. 
 
 'l< 'f: >fi 'i"- ^ 
 
 M. Im Obersteg thinks that a considerable emigration could be 
 •obtained from Switzerland of agriculturalists, both labourers and 
 farmers ; first, by cleapening the rate, as recommended by the 
 Strasbourg Agent; by direct steamer and Continental food; by iin- 
 iproving and increasing the propaganda in the press and otherwise; 
 and, fourthly, by better organisation and better ti'eutmeut in Canada. 
 I simply report in terms his opinion. 
 
 He assures me that he can also actively carry their work into 
 Austria, the Tyrol, kc, with success. 
 
 Asked as to whether he wis willing to continue to work side by 
 side with Rommell, replied, Yes, though they could not work to- 
 gether ; that he would prefer to be sole Agent, and that it was 
 almost necessary that there should be but one Agent, because of 
 doubling advertisements in the same newspapers, and to avoid cut- 
 
 'ting one another's throats. 
 
 si< ^ >i< ;iJ 5i< 
 
 The year has been very bad for emigration, it has been principally 
 to the Uuited States and to South America, and large numbers are 
 returning from the former with bad accounts of North America. 
 The important thing is to fix distinctly in the Continental mind the 
 distinction between Canada and the United States. 
 
 The fares at present, and their relative adjustment, are as 
 follows : — 
 
 Francs. 
 Fare paid either to Berns at Antwerp, or to Brown 
 
 atHavre, from seaport to Quebec - - 140 
 From Switzerland to the seaport - . . - . 50 
 
 Average Commission to Agents say 
 
 190 
 15 
 
 Francs. 205 
 
17 
 
 as 
 
 Charge for their passage 230 francs. 
 Profitper passenger 25 francs, equal to £1 sterling. 
 It must be remembereil that much a? this profit appears — and it 
 is about the average profit of most inland Agents — there have to 
 come out of it the expenses of business, advertising, &c., &e., which 
 in (Ire it Britain are paid by the principals. Still it leaves a con- 
 siderable margin. 
 
 On Thursday, the 16th I had an interview with Messrs. llommel 
 & Co.. viz., M. Philip Rommel and M. Bollinger. 
 
 These gentlemen also expressed considerable disappointment and 
 discontent. They affirmed that they had spent a large sum for 
 Canada, complained of the treatment they had met with, &o. 
 
 ^ 5j> •'j» 'j^ 5|C 
 
 I should mention that neither of these gentlemen had been in 
 Canada; but they stated that their representative had. If I was 
 not misinformed, this representative has since left their employment. 
 They told me, however, that he reported himself extremely disatis- 
 fied with the arrangements in Canada ; that there was no Agent to 
 receive emigrants at Quebec ; no attention paid to them theic, and 
 that if the emigration was to go on a radical change was required. 
 
 I reminded them that there were both Dominion and Provincial 
 Agents at Quebec ; that from my own observation I could say they 
 were attentive to the emigrants, and that therefore I was unable to 
 understand their statements. 
 
 *j* »i* "J* *^ »'^ 
 
 •^ *y* *f» *j% *(* 
 
 They considered the following points essential to Swiss 
 
 emigration . — 
 
 First. Government aid. 
 
 Second. Greater attention to emigrants, and better organization in 
 Canada. 
 
 Third. Large advertising in their name ; and 
 
 Fourth. They thought that it would be an immense aid to have 
 a direct line to Quebec from some Continental port, provisioned in 
 the Continental way. 
 
 I asked them how it would do to send out emigrants in parties, 
 with some man acquainted with Car ada, to act as their leader. 
 They considered that a good idea, and that such companies could be 
 got up for the early months in the year, e.g., April, May, June. 
 They strongly insisted on the necessity — as did many other Agents 
 
18 
 
 with whom I conversed — of knowing as early in October of each year 
 as possible what were to bo the terms for the next season. 
 
 This is essential, as the people will not break up their homea on 
 short notice, since they have to sell their farms, and prepare for 
 moving, which takes some time. This seems to be the universal 
 rule on the Continent; and from the fact that some of the Agents 
 (Jeneral who are now most actively prosecuting emigration for 
 Australia occupied the summer months, July August and September, 
 upon the Continent in making their preparations I judge they also 
 have come to this conclusion. 
 
 Pamphlets are greatly wanted in French and German, printed in 
 large type. The llommels mentioned that they had submitted such 
 a pamphlet as they thought advisable, written by their dcleyue to 
 the department at Ottawa. - 
 
 In their view Colonisation was the proper method of working, that 
 is, settlements in certain localities or townships. I asked them 
 whether they did not think it would be better to place the people out 
 for a year to farming, in order that they might become accustomed 
 to the ways of the country. They seemed doubtful about it for 
 men with families, though they thought it might succeed with single 
 men. Nevertheless they apprehended great difficulties, were this 
 system adopted, in the difference of language, and besides that the 
 people much prefer emigrating in companies. 
 
 I may interrupt the Eeport to say that I believe this is general 
 on the Continent, and the experience of American Colonisation is iu 
 its favour. It will be well known to you that throughout the United 
 States are to be found what one might term national settlements, of 
 which the Mennonite and Icelandic settlements in Manitoba are 
 examples. I shall recur to this subject at the close of this Keport. 
 
 >li ii< >i< >]i ;i« 
 
 On the afternoon of Thursday I left Basel at 2.25, arriving in 
 Berne at 6.5 p.m., Madame von Koerber accompanying me. 
 
 On the morning of Friday, 17th, I went to the Federal Parliament 
 and saw Dr. Joes. He was much engaged and I finally arranged 
 with him to dine at the hotel in the evening to discuss his propositions. 
 
 I called at the British Legation and presented Lord Derby's letter. 
 Mr. Corbett was at the time absent, and I could not therefore avail 
 myself of his assistance. 
 
 In the evening I had a long conversation with Dr. Joos on the 
 subject of his letter, of which a copy was forwarded to the department. 
 
w 
 
 
 I first explained to him fully the conditions of Canadian emigra- 
 tion, the dilFerenccs between tlic Federal and Provincial (Jovernments 
 and other matters of a like nature, lie then at great length ex- 
 pounded his views, taking as his text a series of propositions which 
 he had drawn up for the purpose, and of which I enclose herewith a 
 copy. In effect his views are as follows, and I should say, before 
 detailing them, that I was informed in Switzerland that he has been 
 hitherto opposed to emigration and has only adopted his present 
 opinion as the result of gradual conviction. lie says, I see emigra- 
 tion is inevitable. It must become a necessity. As at present con- 
 ducted it leads to innumerable difficulties and injuries. Take, as an 
 example, tho case of La Plata and Brazil, to which so many Swiss 
 liave gone and so many are returning. Therefore he has come to the 
 conclusion that from the Swiss point of view, emigration should be 
 universally regarded as a " moral and political " necessity, and treated 
 on moral and political grounds. In other words that the Govern- 
 ment of each country instead of holding aloof from it, should interest 
 itself in it, provided it can do so in a legitimate way. 
 
 In thinking how this could be done. Dr. Joos arrived at the 
 scheme of which the following seven propositions are a skeleton. 
 
 " Quelques preHminaires quant au projet de diriger une partie de 
 IV'migration Suisse vers le Canada : — 
 
 1. Traiter I'afFairo de Gouvernement a Gouvernement. 
 
 2. Offrir a la Confederation Suisse une cession de terre de 300,000 
 acres sans conditions aucunes. 
 
 3. Lui laisser douze niois pour reflechir avant qu'elle doive se 
 decider. 
 
 4. Engager Ic Conseil P\'deral Suisse de se faire donncr un rapport 
 sur I'oflFre par des experts nomm6s par lui et envoy6s au Canada. 
 
 5. Permettre au Conseil Federal Suisse de prendre sur soi les frais 
 occasionnes par cctte expertise. 
 
 G. Libdrer la Confederation Suisse des impots fonciers, quant au 
 terrains qui resteraient en sa propriete, pendant les dix premieres 
 annees. 
 
 7. Permettre a la Confederation de ceder le tout ou partie de la 
 cession a uu ou plusieurs Cantons Suisses avec la mcme libera- 
 tion quant aux impots." 
 
 He proposes that emigration should be treated as an affair between 
 the Governments of the emigrants and of the immigrants, tho one 
 
20 
 
 providing assurance of what it will do for the immigrant, the other 
 giving to the emigrant that confirmation of bona Jides oi which he is, 
 under the existing want of system, deprived. 
 
 The initiative must be taken by the Government which looks for 
 population, and it is its duty to state to the other Government the 
 terms on which it is willing to accept its emigrants. The Govern- 
 ment of Canada and its Provinces already offer rather lavifhly land 
 free to individual emigrants : let the Dominion, or cither of tlic 
 Provincial Governments, extend this principle for the benefit of 
 obtaining the assistance of the Government of the emigres. 
 
 For instance, let the Government of Canada, or of Ontario, or of 
 Quebec, as the case may be, offer to place at the disposal of the 
 Swiss Federal Council 300,000 to 500,000 acres of land, cither in 
 one or in different places, say in lots of 50,000 or 100,000 acres, or 
 otherwise. " Place at disposal," is tl'^ proper term to express what 
 Dr. Joos means, ior hedistinetly understands that no rights whatever, 
 inconsistent with the sovereignty of the Canadian Government are 
 in any case to be granted or assumed. It would be for the Govern- 
 ment of Canada to decide upon the manner in which the offer should 
 be made and its terms. They might agree to grant the land to local 
 trustees in Canada, on trust to carry out the terms of the Conven- 
 tion ; but subjecting them and the land to the general and local laws 
 of the country. It will be observed in Dr. Joos's second proposition, 
 •that he says ^^ cette cession de teri'es^' should be '' sans conditions 
 aucunes.^' The sense in which these words are used he explained to 
 me simply that the gift was to be free, and that the mode of settling 
 the land was to be left to the colonising State, and subject to its 
 carrying out the terms of the grant by providing a constant flow of 
 population of the kind prescribed by the conditions. It — the colo- 
 nising Government alone — is to organise the system, is to assume 
 whatever profits it can make ; but to devote these profits exclusively 
 to the expenses connc^ed witn the colonisation. 
 
 At this point I challenged Dr. Joos to explain more fully what he 
 meant. Did ho mean any one to make any profit ? He replied No ; 
 but eventually he wished an emigration fund to be created out of the 
 immigration, which should enable it to pay for itself. The offer of 
 the Canadian or Provincial Government might be made either to the 
 State as a whole, or to any Canton in the State of Switzerland. The 
 ■State or Canton would then, to commence operations, have to under- 
 
ft 
 
 Ihc 
 
 |o; 
 
 Ihe 
 
 of 
 
 Ihc 
 
 take certain liabilities and incur certain expenses. Tlicso it would 
 expect to recoup itself out of any profits made on manaj^inp; the land. 
 
 QiKStion. — How would it manage the land and how make profits? 
 The Canadian Government were already offering from 100 to 200 
 acres of land free to all settlers. 
 
 li<phf. — Yes ; but it does not get them, and the reason it does 
 not get them is that many emigrants never he»ar of the offer : if they 
 do, they do not credit it when heard of, or think other offers to bo 
 more eligible or more trustworthy. In the mnjority of cases, says 
 Dr. Joos, what the emigrant wants is, First — assurance of an estate ; 
 Second — assurance of good faith ; Third — association with his com- 
 patriots ; the latter being, as he affirmed, an especially strong point 
 with Continental emigres. 
 
 Well, supposing the colonising Government to have received an 
 offer from the Colonial Government, to have investigated it, to have 
 satisfied itself of the advantages of the territory and of the hona fides 
 of tlie Colonial Government, it turns round to its own public and 
 says " Here is land in Canada which we can offer to you cheap, the 
 conditions on which we get it are such as to assure you, First — pos- 
 session ; Second — good faith ; Third — associates of the same race 
 and language as yours." 
 
 Then he says, if such off'ers are made hy the Government of the 
 emigrants, it will be able to sell at reasonable rates the very same 
 land whieh, offered by the immigrating Government free, the people 
 icoidd not even look at. 
 
 The propositian underlined is the key-stone of Dr. Joos' system. 
 As he puts it, it brings moral and political forces to bear upou emi- 
 gration ; for it excludes fraud at home and abroad ; the fraud of the 
 emigration Agent and the fraud of the speculative coloniser, who is 
 a man peculiarly dreaded by thoughtful men on the Continent as 
 distinct from a Government. If the speculative coloniser should 
 make a similar offer to the Swiss Government, it can scarcely be 
 expected to be successful, for the reason that he can scarcely give 
 the necessary assurance. 
 
 As an example. Dr. Joos instanced the case of a Florida land 
 speculator who some time since made such an offer to the Swiss 
 Council. As it had been publicly made it was necessary to enter- 
 tain it, and public opinion obliged them so far to entertain it as to ask 
 their Consul General at Washington to send two or three gentlemen 
 experts to examine the land. But no sooner was the instruction 
 
22 
 
 m\ 
 
 given than the speculator withdrew his offer, thus cxposiag the true 
 nature of the proposal. 
 
 Dr. Jool's third proposition is that after the supposed offer had 
 been made by the Canadian Government twelve months should bo 
 allowed the Swiss Government lor reflection before eventually de- 
 ciding. The object of this would be to enable that Govcrument to 
 make such enquiries as it might deem necessary in the circumstances 
 and to carry out the fourth proposal — namely, to enable it to procure 
 an oflacial report upon the offer by experts to be named by itself and 
 sent to Canada. 
 
 By the fifth proposition it i.s supposed that the expenses of this 
 delegation should be discharged by the Canadian Government. The 
 sixth proposition was one that I pointed out to Dr. Joos, as likely 
 to create a difficulty, even supposing the others were granted. It is 
 in these words — " Liberer la Confederation Suisse dcs impots 
 fonciers quant au terrains qui rcsteraient en sa propriete pendant les 
 dix premieres aLnoes." 
 
 I understand that all Dr. Joos means by this is that supposing 
 the land which was being admirlstered by or on behalf of the Swiss 
 Government (as for a private individual) remained for a certain 
 period unclaimsd and unsettled, thtit the Swiss Government should 
 not be held to be liah^e as perhaps a private individual might be, 
 supposing it possible for him to have bought so much territory on 
 speculation, to pay local or general taxes. 
 
 With this explanation the proposition does not appear so unrea- 
 sonable, since it amounts to no more than this, the only right which 
 the Swiss Government would have in the laud would be to nominate 
 the persons who would settle on it. The land would lie there pre- 
 cisely as it would have lain had the Swiss Government no connection 
 with it, and as long as it laid unoccupied, it would be treated pre- 
 cisely as it would be treated, supposing it were the Canadian 
 Government land, and had neither been occupied nor sold. In other 
 words, that no due? should be created upon it, simply because it 
 happened to have been set aside for uses to be designated by the 
 Swiss Government. 
 
 The seventh proposition was as follows : — " Permettre a la Con 
 federation de coder Ic tout ou partie de la cession a un ou plusieurs 
 Cantons Suisscs avcc la memo liberation quant aux impots " is 
 simply in fact to provide for the case that some of the Cantons of 
 Switzerland might not feel thenif elves to be equally interested in this 
 
23 
 
 Con 
 irs 
 is 
 
 18 of 
 
 this 
 
 undertaking, and that some would rather desire to be excluded from 
 it ; in which case Dr. Joos only asks that they might be allowed to 
 place separate Cantons in the position occupied by the Federal 
 Council in relation to the lands and upon the same terms. 
 
 I trust that I have been able in this brief epitome of several con- 
 ferences to explain clearly the nature of the scheme which Dr. Joos 
 suggests for the consideration of the Government. It is undoubtedly 
 one of a novel, and in some respects, perhaps, startling character ; 
 and the first question that occurs upon its presentation is whether, 
 supposing it were adopted, it would be likely to be accepted by the 
 Federal or Cantonal Governments of Switzerland, With reference to 
 this I had to make enquiries with regard to Dr. Joos's standing 
 amongst his fellows and in the country, and am bound to say that all 
 these enquiries were of a satisfactory character. 
 
 Through the kind instrumentality of Mr. Corbett, Her Majesty's 
 Charge d'Afifuires at Berne, whose courtesy and attention to all the 
 subjects connected with the interests of Canada which I brought 
 before him, I cannot sufficiently acknowledge, I learned that Dr. 
 Joos was a gentleman of considerable influence, especially in the 
 locality near which he resides, namely, Schaffhausen. 
 
 I saw some leading politicians and statesmen of Switzerland, some 
 of whom appeared to take an interest in the opinions of Dr. Joos, 
 though they had not yet made up their minds as to the course which 
 they would pursue in regard to them. But I believe Dr. Joos has 
 sufficient influence at least to carry any proposals he might seriously 
 make, in some of the Cantons ; if indeed he might not excite discus- 
 sions which would lead to the practical consideration of the question 
 by the Federal Council. 
 
 I have already acknowledged the attention and aid afl"orded to me 
 by Mr. Corbett, the diplomatic representative of the British Gov- 
 ernment at Borne, and should add that he expressed to me in the 
 kindest manner his anxiety to render every assistance in his power in 
 any matter which the Government of Canada might desire to have 
 brought to the attention of the Federal Government. 
 
 It is now my duty to make a few remarks in the light of the 
 general information which I possess of emigration matters in Europe, 
 upon Dr. Joos's propositions, and I submit for your consideration 
 the opinions I have formed upon them. 
 
 As regards Switzerland, it differs from adjacent Continental coun- 
 tries, with the exception of Italy, in perifiittinga perfect freedom in 
 
24 
 
 HI 
 
 carrying on a propaganda of emigration — the only restraint being 
 placed on the emigration Agents proper of the country, who are 
 bound to give security for the honest pursuit of their calling. 
 Apart from this, advertising, canvassing, lecturing, &c., &c., ou 
 emigration are as free in Switzerland as in England. This is a fac* 
 important not only as regards Switzerland itself, but with reference 
 to the countries which surround it, since Italian, German, and 
 French are all languages used in Switzerland. 
 
 The freedom to publish information opens the doors to Italy, 
 Austria, Germany, and France. From Switzerland the local emi- 
 gration Agents carry their agencies into all these countries except 
 France — though less to Italy than the others. The feelings of the 
 upper classes in Switzerland — that is to say, now, of the monied and 
 mercantile classes is contrary to emigration, because they desire to 
 keep down the rate of wages. In many respects the state of things 
 resembles that in England. The country occupies an advantageous 
 position for commerce, and as they say in England, "The rich are 
 getting richer, and the poor are getting poorer every day." Land 
 near the cities is increasing in value, land beyond the cities is alsQ 
 more and more being absorbed for the purpose of luxury rather than 
 of cultivation, and the tendency therefore is to the breaking up of the 
 small farms and homesteads, and a departure either to the cities or 
 to other countries. I do not doubt that this process will go on in an 
 increasing ratio, and that now is the time for the Canadian Govern- 
 ment to take advantage of this state of things, and to prepare to 
 secure what would be to it, as a practical measure, one most consider, 
 able element ot development. "What are the objections and advan- 
 tages of the scheme ? 
 
 Upon a careful survey of these, 1 have come to the conclusion that 
 the advantages overbalance the objections. The first objection that 
 will be made will be granting to any foreign Government rights which 
 might seem to be inconsiste >t with the absolv^e dominion of the 
 Canadian Government, or which might at some future time leud to 
 diplomatic difficulties with that Government. 
 
 This first branch of the objection is well met by Dr. Joos's explan- 
 ation that no such rights are to be conferred, and can of course be 
 fully met by carefully defining the terms upon which any convention 
 of the kind is established. If this is satisfactorily arranged, it is 
 improbable the atcond branch of the difficulty should occur, because 
 the terms being defined, and the rights or benefits granted being of 
 
25 
 
 an ordinary or limited character, there can scarcely be an opening 
 for any diplomatic collision. 
 
 The second difficulty that occurs to me is auggested by the ex- 
 perience in Canada of the effect of locking up large pieces of territory 
 in the hands of private individuals for any considerable length of 
 time. It has been found that land Companies have reserved their 
 lands for so long a period as sometimes to interfere with the proper 
 development of the district, and it might be said, how long is the 
 Swiss Government to be allowed to hold this land to the exclusion of 
 other settlers '(. This objection also can be met by the conditions 
 upon which the arrangement is made. The Government have 
 already in the case of the Icelanders shut off a piece of territory to 
 be devoted exclusively to Icelandic settlements. There is therefore 
 a precedent for creating a small Swiss settlement. They can pre- 
 scribe the time within which the experiment is to be tried, and if it 
 were to be found that the Swiss Government was not carrying out 
 with sufficient energy the settlement of the land, the arrangement 
 should terminate at some period to be fixed by the conditions. I 
 presume there is no reason why, supposing the period to extend over 
 ten years, it should not be laid down that within that time the Swiss^ 
 Government must have parted with the whole '^f the lands, or that 
 whatever remained should fall into the- hands of the Canadian 
 Government, with all the advantages of its enhanced value. It will 
 be seen that the Swiss Government would have every reason, sup- 
 posing that a portion of the Concession had been filled up, to go on 
 filling up the rest, which would be made more valuable by the 
 existing settlers. 
 
 The advantages of the scheme have already been partly indicated. 
 There is the benefit of the imprimatur of the Swiss Government, of 
 its guarantee of the correctness of the title aud of the nature of the 
 soil. There would be the eclat of a national colony. Were it to 
 succeed, there would be the gradual introduction of Swiss capital 
 and manufactures, aud of exciting such a discussion in Switzerland 
 
 aboutCanada, her resources, her Government, &c , &c., as could in 
 uo other way be secured. The effect of all these things upon ad- 
 jacent States could not be over-estimated. Other peoples would 
 begin to desire to make similar arrangements, or, at all events, to fol- 
 low in the wake of the colony established under snch cirsumstances. 
 The discussion would take place over the whole of Europe. The 
 question would be a question of more than merely national interest ; 
 
26 
 
 and 1 have come to the conclusion that if you should see your way to 
 recommend to the Government this great undertaking, that its in- 
 fluence upon the objects which you have so deeply at heart would bo 
 incalculable. 
 
 On Saturday, the 18th, the Swiss Federal Council broke up, and 
 Dr. Joos returned to SchafFhausen after another long interview. For 
 himself he declared the matter to be simply a public and philanthro- 
 pic suggestion, on which he is prepared to stake his political 
 reputation. 
 
 I asked him at this interview, supposing the Government of 
 Canada were disposed to make such an offer, what reasonable ground 
 is there to hope that it would be accepted by the Swiss Government ? 
 To which he replied — 
 
 First. The Florida case is a precedent to show that if the oifer is 
 made, it will be entertained — thtvt it is, at all events, discussed — in 
 the Swiss Parliament. 
 
 Second. I, and other influential politicians, will take care that it 
 shall have a fair discussion, and I pledge myself for one to support 
 it. 
 
 I find I have a note of another suggestion thrown out by Dr. 
 Joos: that probably if Switzerland formed such a colony, not a few 
 of the citizens of the adjacent States would be attracted by the 
 "warranty thus oflcred, to apply for land in the area granted ; and 
 thus there would be an indirect inducement to other Governments to 
 -offer to undertake similar responsibilities. I simply recite the sug- 
 gestion as he put it. 
 
 Mr. Corbett, who had been absent from Berne up to this time ; 
 although I find I have already reported the aid he afterwards ren- 
 •dercd, agreed to make the necessary enquiries for me on Monday ; 
 «nd on Saturday afternoon I went with Madame von Koorbcr to 
 A^isit the ^rJoys' Establishment atGruneau, which is a sort of reforma- 
 tory school, conducted on what is termed the " family system." 
 
 Madame von Koerber had requested me to make this visit because 
 a Dr. Guillaume a noted philanthropist at Ncuchatel, who was 
 interested in this and other establishments, had evinced some 
 sympathy in the idea of starting a system of emigration from 
 Switzerland to Canada similar to that of Miss Eye and Miss 
 3Iacpherson. But I was desirous of seeing what sort of material 
 it was proposed to off'er. 
 
 The boys are well educated ; the system is good, and I doubt not 
 
27 
 
 that a fair selection of them would be quite as valuable in Canadian 
 homes as are boys from this country, 
 
 Dr. Guillaume also takes an interc^^t in female emigration, and 
 Madame von Ivoerber hopes to induce him to give some practical 
 attention to it. 
 
 I regret tiiat my time was too limited to pay him a visit at 
 Neuchatel and discuss the matter with him. 
 
 On Monday, having accompanied Mr. Corbett to the, Inter- 
 national Postal Bureau for the purpose of obtaining information for 
 the Hon. the Postmaster General, we found that M. Borel, the head 
 of the Bureau was absent till Wednesday, and the Minister of the 
 Interior, whom I desired to see respecting Dr. Joos's propositions, 
 was in Council. The interviews were therefore postponed. The 
 afternoon was occupied with Madame von Koerber, who had severa. 
 times given mc general ideas of the work she was doing, but I fixed 
 the afternoon for a prolonged interview, in which I went carefully 
 into her suggestions. She had sent me on Saturday a bundle of 
 papers, which I have the honour to enclose, in which she had detailed 
 her efforts and views. 
 
 These, it will be seen, are hardly practicable, at least not as they 
 stand. They are based on hypothetical action of the Continental 
 governments, which is extremely doubtfnl, and the probability of 
 which ^vou]d at all events, need to be first ascertained. 
 
 Nevertheless she appears to have been very active. She is in 
 communication with influential people who take an interest in her 
 proposals, and one or two of the latter seem to me to be at least 
 worth enquiry. 
 
 She has two schemes. One for a universal womans' emigration 
 society which, for the reason that it is to be universal, I told her I 
 did not see how the Government of Canada could employ her to 
 organise. 
 
 The second, to secure from Switzerland some of the boys collected 
 in the establishments like that of Gruneau, which I had visited on 
 Saturday. With regard to this latter proposition I was obliged to 
 leave it entirely uninvestigated, and I have already given all the 
 information I possess on the subject. On the former proposition I 
 afterwards obtained an abundance of information, which will be 
 presently given. 
 
 On all hands, I had been informed from Paris to Berne that the 
 proper point from which to arrive at the emigration from the North 
 
28 
 
 of Italy was Geneva, and as I had nothing to do at Berne I resolved 
 to visit that place and make some enquiries. 
 
 I should mention that my information goes to show that the North 
 of Italy is at this moment one of the best fields to which to look for 
 emigrants in Europe. The people are hale and sturdy. 
 
 They emigrate in large numbers to various parts of Europe, where 
 they are employed chiefly as out-door labourers and navvies. Those 
 that I saw working in the streets at Berne were large and powerful 
 men. " They are not debilitated by a hot climate, and I believe 
 would be well adapted to some parts of Canada. The Australian 
 colonies are trying hard to^et some of these valuable emigrants, and 
 I strongly advise that an effort should be made to reach them. It 
 was impossible for me in the time which I had at my disposal to visit 
 Turin or Genoa, where the best information with regard to this sub- 
 ject can be obtained ; but if you are of opinion, from the experience 
 had of Italian navvies who have been working on some of the Canadian 
 railways, that these people would be valuable emigrants, either fcir 
 Ontario or Manitoba, there is no difficulty in reaching them, and 
 it may be possible that, in consequence of the hardships which the 
 immense number of emigrants from that country to South American 
 Republics have endured, that arrangements might be made with the^ 
 Italian Government which would considerably facilitate the emigra- 
 tion. I should be glad to receive your specific instructions upon this, 
 point, when I would make it my business to give immediate 
 attention to that part of Europe. 
 
 I ascertained at Geneva that the statements which had been made 
 to me by Agents elsewhere, that that was a point from which Italy 
 might be reached, were incorrect. The emigrants pass through 
 from Susa to Paris and Havre, or else they take their departure 
 directly from Genoa for South America. 
 
 I, however, saw an Agent at Geneva who does a considerable busi- 
 ness for the United States. He agrees with all the rest that the 
 emigration has been from the south of Italy and north of 
 Italy to La Plata, the Argentine Republic, the Brazils,^ &c., 
 cS:c. Large numbers are returning dissatisfied. Queensland has 
 secured a few. The ULi'.;d States, until lately, was popular, but 
 the return tlience of many dissatisfied ones has discouraged the 
 people. If Canada were known, rates reduced below those of the 
 United States, land offered &c., he thought that many could be got. 
 The places for Italian Agencies were Susa and Turin. Little could 
 
29 
 
 be done from Switzerland, it must be done in Piedmont itself. There 
 was always from Piedmont a large emigration, and of good people. 
 
 This gentleman, M. llufly, expresses himself ready to act as an 
 Agent, and referred to M. Eossangc, with whom I have communi- 
 cated about him. 1 ft Geneva on the afternoon of Wednesday, 
 arriving at Berne at eleven at night. 
 
 On Thursday the 28rd, in the morning, after attending to cor- 
 respondence, I accompanied Her Majesty's Minister to visit M. 
 Borel, the Secretary of the International Postal Convention, with 
 whom I had a long conference, the results of which were communi- 
 cated to the Postmaster-General in my letter of the same date. 
 
 Madame von Ivoerber occupied most of the afternoon with the 
 discussion of some disputed accounts which have received attention. 
 
 On Friday, the 24th, I went to Zurich; leaving Berne in the 
 morning, arriving in Zurich at 10.40 p.m. Here M. HofiFacker from 
 Zwilchenbart's had appointed to assist me with reference to a Tyro- 
 lese Agent whom I also expected to meet. Neither of them, however, 
 had arrived, but on Saturday evening, M. Hoffacker came and ex- 
 plained that in his absence from home my telegram had not reached 
 him in time to make arrangements. As I had not time to go to 
 Bregenz to see this person I directed M. Hoffacker to see him and 
 report to me the result. With reference to this I have addressed to 
 the Department a confidential communication. On the morning of 
 Monday, the 27th, I left Zurich for Stuttgart. 
 
 And here, in leaving Switzerland, I desire to introduce some ob- 
 servations and suggestions with regard to the method of procedure in 
 that country. 
 
 I would suggest that it should be made the centre of operations 
 for middle Europe and beyond, and that from this point operations 
 should be carried into the adjacent countries. It is favourably situ- 
 ated for commanding part of France, Baden, Wurtembcrg, Bavaria, 
 Tyrol, the Provinces of Austria as far south as Trieste, and of 
 aiding, if not controlling, the north of Italy. 
 
 <|C ^j* 'r» *j* »f* »|C *j€ 
 
 In addition to a local agent who would devote himself to the 
 practical details of emigration, and of necessity would chiefly work 
 in the north of Switzerland, it would be well to have in constant 
 intercourse with Berne and Geneva an Agent of the Government, 
 familiar either with French or German, thoroughly po'sted with 
 regard to Canadian affairs, and able not only to follow the Press of 
 
30 
 
 the country, but also from time to time to take his part in instruct- 
 ini; that Press upon Canadian affairs. 
 
 Fortunately, in looking for such a gentleman, one has not to go 
 far to find him ready at hand, and at the present moment in a situ- 
 ution in which his energy and abilities can scarcely be said to bo 
 adequately called forth. I would suggest that M. Paul de Cazes 
 .should be transferred from Pai'is to Geneva, and be directed to 
 devote his attention to the above objects. 
 
 As respects Madame von Koerber, it will be seen that the result 
 of my inquiries in Germany is, that there is some prospect, provided 
 Canada is prepared to offer reasonable inducements, of being able to 
 secure the co-operation of a very influential Society, extending over 
 the whole of Germany, called the " Frauenverein," an association for 
 the assistance of women. In Switzerland, provided that a local 
 agent and M. Paul de Cazes were appointed as I suggest, Madame 
 von Koerber's services mi<j;ht be retained with advantage, but there 
 would not be sufficient to occupy the whole of her time. 
 
 With regard to her, everything depends upon the result of the in- 
 quiries which T have made, through Lord Odo Russell, of the 
 German Government as to the objections which they bring against 
 her. She has been ordered to leave the territory of Baden without 
 being informed of the reason ; but she states that she learned that it 
 was in consequence of letters which had been sent to Berlin from 
 Toronto by the German Consul there. I hope in a few days to learn 
 from Her Majesty's Ambassador at Berlin the cause of this severity- 
 From information given me by the diplomatic representatives in 
 Germany, I think that unless the objection to Madame von Koerber 
 is removed, it will be impossible for her to enter any part of German 
 territory, and thus she will bo cut off from what she proposes to be 
 the principal field of her labours. 
 
 At Stuttgart I received the kindest attention and assistance from 
 Her Majesty's Chargd d' Affaires, who gave me all the information in 
 his power. The emigration from Wurtomburg during the past year 
 scarcely exceeded a thousand persons, and no doubt a check has been 
 given to it by the operations of the Government, but chiefly by the 
 bad accounts received from the United States. I learned, however, 
 one significant fact, viz., that from the last conscription-list GOO men 
 were missing, showing how powerfully the conscription is working in 
 driving Germans from German territory. At the same time it is to 
 be observed, both with regard to Wurtemburg and the whole of 
 
81 
 
 Germany, that the operation of this cause cannot be very long con- 
 tinued, and that it must be expected that in the next two or three 
 years the country will have got rid of those who are willing to forfeit 
 their nationality through indisposition to enter military service. 
 
 I should here remind you that one of the dissuasions used so far 
 back as 1872-3 by the Prussian Government newspapers against 
 Canada was that while an emigrating German lost his right of claim- 
 ing the advantages of his nationality, that he did not acquire British 
 citizenship by residence in Canada. This question is far more im- 
 portant than it would at first seem, and 1 would submit it as a subject 
 well worthy attention whether some arrangements might not be made 
 both with and through the British Government, which would remove 
 this difficulty. 
 
 But the principa] object of my visit to Stuttgart was to see a 
 gentleman of high position, lately a Minister of the Crown, to whom 
 Madame von Koerber had referred me as taking an interest in her 
 scheme. It is not necessary here to mention the name of this gentle- 
 man, which I convey to you in a confidential letter. 
 
 During a long conversation he fully expressed his sympathy with 
 the object Madame von Koerber had in view, that, namely, of getting 
 the Fraucnverein, with which he is connected, to organise an emi- 
 gration of German women to Canada. It is stated that there is an 
 excess of females in Germany, said to amount to more than a million^ 
 and this Association has been formed in consequence of the evils re- 
 sulting from this state of things, for the purpose of procuring em- 
 ployment for women of all classes, and thus of preventing the 
 degradation into which unemployed females are likely to fall. 
 
 I explained to this gentleman .vhat the Canadian and Ontario 
 Governments were doing to procure domestic servants from England,, 
 and asked him whether he thought that the Frauenverein would be 
 willing to undertake to procure and send out respectable women for 
 domestic service. I explained that for the better class of women 
 there was no great demand, though it might perhaps be possible to 
 obtain applications from shops in Canada for educated women ; that 
 the main thing was to procure women fit for service, and that it 
 would be essential that the Frauenverein should find some portion of 
 the passage-money, and should assure the Government of Canada 
 that every pains would be taken to secure a proper class of women, 
 and that no persons of doubtful character should be sent forward. 
 
 This he told me he was sure would be done. He has promised to 
 
82 
 
 call the attention of ladies of very high rank in Grcrmany to thist 
 subject ; and from the information I procured here and elsewhere in 
 Germany I am satisfied that if you sec your way to recommend that 
 arrangements should be made with this Association, and that assisted 
 passages should be offered to a proper class of women, that both from 
 Germany and Austria a considerable number could be obtained. The 
 subject however demands greit consideration, for the reason that in 
 dealing with this Association, the Government will bo dealing with 
 ladies and gentlemen of the highest ranlc, and with patrons from 
 among the principal royal families of Germany. It would therefore 
 be advisable that the subject should be carefully considered, and the 
 arrangements carefully matured before any offer was made to the 
 Association. 
 
 I understood my informant to say that provided assistance were 
 given, and a satisfactory arrangement was made for the reception of 
 the girls at proper " Homes" in Montreal and Toronto, the Associa- 
 tion might probably be induced on its own part not only to undertake 
 their collection, but the members to pay part of the expenses. Lastly, 
 he urged upon me very strongly the necessity of endeavouring to 
 interest influential people in Berlin in the matter, since without the 
 countenance of the Federal authorities, there might be obstructions 
 tlirown in our way. 
 
 At two o^clock in the morning of Thursday, the 30th Septeniber, 
 I left Stuttgart for Munich, arriving there at 8 o'clock a.m. 
 
 Here, again, unfortunately, Her Majesty's Charge d' Affaires, Mr. 
 Petre, to whom Lord Derby had given me an official introduction, 
 was absent — ill; but Mr. Hildyard, the Secretary of the Legation, 
 gave me all the information and assistance in his power. He agreed 
 to lay before Mr. Petre the information which I gave him upon the 
 subject of Canada, and stated that he had no doubt that whatever 
 assistance could be rendered by that gentleman would be given. 
 
 The emigration Agencies in Bavaria are not numerous, and there 
 is no doubt great difficulty in working them. The point which I 
 have endeavoured to impress upon Her Majesty's representatives 
 abroad was that an emigration conducted through the responsible 
 Agents of a Government like that of Canada was far less likely to be 
 injurious to the country than the present system which, while appear- 
 ing to be so strict, really, as I have before said, affords opportunities 
 "to designing speculators and fraudulent Agents. 
 
 Further, I desired enquiry to be made as to the extent to which 
 
33 
 
 JAgcuts of the (Jovornmcnt, or others, might logitiniatcly go in dis- 
 •tributing information, and in advertising. With regard to this latter, 
 I saw two firms. These gentlemen told mo they were willing to 
 undertake a contract for advertising in influential papers in South 
 'vJermany, and I have the honour to enclose their estimate. 
 
 The other firm was that of Hassenstcin & Voglcr, who have Agents 
 •over a good part of Europe, and who have already been employed by 
 Madame von Kocrbcr in Switzerland ; but I found that these gentlo- 
 imen seemed rather timorous of undertaking business. 
 
 I asked Messrs. to make enquiries in the proper quarter 
 
 before they made their estimate, as to whether any legal objectionB 
 would be made to an advertisement on behalf of the Canadian Gov- 
 ernment, of a brief description of the country, with the terms of 
 settlement ; and you will perceive by the letter which accompanied 
 their estimate that they state that no difficulties will be thrown in 
 their way. I shall, however, instruct them to s-ubmit a copy of am 
 advertisement, which 1 am having drawn up, to the proper authoritiea 
 before placing it in the papers. 
 
 Since my return I am gratified to state that I have received I'rom the 
 Kditor of the Adicrhau Zeitung^ the agricultural journal of Bavaria, 
 a letter asking for full information about Canada, for the purpose of 
 publishing some articles upon the subject, and I have forwarded him 
 a, number of pamphlets and a short advertisement, which has beco 
 drawn up with some care. * 
 
 It was impossible for me, without spending a longer time ia 
 Bavaria, than I could spare — even had it been safe to visit tho 
 country districts — to ascertain anything specific about probable 
 colonies. It would require a special visit to do that, and I think I 
 could ensure its being done with safety. 
 
 I left Munich on October 2ad, arriving in Berlin at mid-day on 
 the 3rd. 
 
 On Monday the 4th I went to the Embassy to present a letter of 
 introduction from Lord Derby, and found that Lord Odo llussell 
 was absent, but was expected to return on Wednesday. As any ar- 
 rangements, cither for the protection of our Agents in Germany, or 
 lor any relaxation of the restrictions now existing upon emigration, 
 to a large extent depend upon his assistance, I decided to await his 
 return. 
 
 * Since published. 
 
84 
 
 Lord Odo Jiushcll wjih unexpectedly detained until Thursday 
 afternoon, and on Friday inorninjr, I had a lon<^ interview with him. 
 The points which I presented to his attention wore — first, the ques- 
 tion of the position of M. Klotz; secondly, that he would inquire into 
 the reasons for the extradition of Madame von Koerberfrom Badcr, 
 and whether in the future, on her devoting herself exciu;:i.Jy to 
 fomalo emigration, it would be possible to remove the order ; thirdly, 
 to ask him to call the attention of the German Government to the 
 fact that United States Consuls freely acted in Germany as Agents 
 for emigration, thus giving that country an advantage over us. I 
 pointed out to him that English Consuls were generally either 
 ignorant or indifferent to the subject, and begged him to consider 
 whether, at all events, they might be enjoined to render information 
 to emigrants inquiring about British Colonies, or whether, supposing 
 the Canadian Government were to arrange to appoint in certain 
 places in Germany quasi-Consular Agents, these Agents would not 
 be at least as free to disseminate information as the United States 
 Consuls. 
 
 His Excellency seemed 'to think that this last idea was worth 
 entertaining, and that, supposing the arrangement could be entered 
 into between the Canadian and Imperial Government to admit of the 
 appointment of two or three such Consular Agents for Canada, who 
 migbt be Germans or otherwise, as the Canadian Government might 
 deem best; that the German Government might be induced to 
 recognise them. There are no doubt many interests aifecting 
 Canada which these Agents might look after, and they would always 
 be oflBcial authoritative exponents of the Government policy on every 
 subject. 
 
 It was understood that this was only a suggestion thrown out, 
 and to be unofficially referred to German statesmen. 
 
 Fourthly. I requested Lord Odo Eussell to ascertain definitely 
 to wb"*. extent the Canadian Government might go, in directly dis- 
 tribuLug information about Canada, and in advertising throughout 
 Germany. 
 
 I asked his Excellency to endeavour to impress upon the German 
 authorities how futile was the present system in preventing emigra- 
 tion, whilst it gave, as I have before explained, so much facility for 
 deception. And explaining to him the system which had been 
 suggested by Pr. Joos, asked him to ascertain whether it was likely 
 
that some drrangemont might not be iDaJe upon a similar basis for* 
 a (icrman colony in the north-west. 
 
 I carefully explained to Lord Odo Russell that these were only 
 thrown out as suggestions, unauthorised by the (Tovernment, and 
 sinjply to be a matter of private enquiry. 
 
 Tiord Odo Uusscll has promised to give his attention to the subject, 
 and I have furnished him with maps and books ; and he has assured 
 nic ih the kindest manner that whatever he can personally do to assist 
 the objects of the Canadian Government will be to him a matter of 
 gratification. He has invited me at any tim3 to apply to him for 
 information ; and he has offered, if I will go to Berlin at a later 
 period, to introduce me to the leading Ministers, in order, if you 
 should deem it to be advisable, that a fair discussion might be had 
 (ti the difficulties which are thrown in our way, and an attempt bo 
 rmu'ie at least to get some of these difficulties relaxed, 
 
 told Lord Odo Russell that the Canadian Government was 
 desirous to carry out its emigrp.tion policy in a manner befitting the 
 dignity of a Government, and not to be obliged to rely, as some other 
 emigration Agencies do, upon secret transactions and unworthy 
 Agents. 
 
 He did not seem to think it impossible that if the German Govern- 
 ment were approached in this spirit, and the assurances of the 
 Canadian Government were satisfactory, we might at least obtain 
 some good results with regard to certain portions of the German 
 Empire. 
 
 On Saturday morning I left for Hamburgh, arriving late on 
 Saturday evening, and remained thore until Tuesday evening, leaving 
 by the night train en route for London. 
 
 At Hamburgh, with M. Klotz, I had interviews with 3Iessrs. 
 Falck& Co., M. Behrens, M. Mollcr, the Agent of the White Star 
 and Dominion lines, and with M. Bolton, the very able Manager of 
 the direct line to the United States, which I should mention has 
 absorbed its rival the Adler line. Messrs. Falck & Co., as I have 
 before reported, are identical with the firm of Spiro & Co,, though 
 they carry on business iu different houses ; the one representing 
 New York lines, and the other the Allan line. 
 
 ^ 
 
 * 
 
 1 may briefly sum up all the information which I obtained here as 
 follows : — 
 
 First. It was confirmed that the direct lines of steamships have 
 
30 
 
 ttn aJvantag'C over the ludirect, as to populai^ity, rici to irei^dom of 
 operations, and as to the exceptional privileges of the Agencies which 
 they can safely establish in the interior. The reason, as before men- 
 tioned, being that so large a share of their capital is held in 
 Germany, and by such inftucntial persons. In Prussia general con- 
 cessions arc granted only to Agents of direct lines. 
 
 I have the honour to enclose extracts from the laws in force at the 
 port of Hamburgh. These contain all that is essential to be con- 
 sidered in connection with the question. 
 
 From tliesc you will see that in minor details also the direct lines 
 'n\ro in a better position. 
 
 Second. That we could deal with greater advantage directly with 
 tlic Hamburg Agents of Canadian lines than we can vvitli their 
 principals at Liverpool. I have already given reasons for this 
 opinion, but it was confirmed by the opinion of the Agents above- 
 mentioned. 
 
 T have here for a moment to endeavour to distinguish in regard to 
 this point, between two possible expedients. 
 
 1. The first is the expedient of dealing indiscriminately with the 
 direct and indirect lines for the delivery of emigrants in Montreal, 
 Toronto, or Manitoba, as the case might be. In this case what 
 V'ould occur would be this. I should receive from you an authorisa* 
 tion to proceed to Hamburgh, and call together the Agents of the 
 various lines and to ask them to unite in quoting to me some rate 
 which they would adopt for the season. (It should be observed 
 that in the present state of the law that rate could only be quoted to 
 New York or to Quebec, and not inland ; but I shall refer to this 
 matter directly. The rate having been agreed upon, the whole of 
 the lines indiscriminately — that is to say, the Allan, Dominion, 
 Anchor, and direct lines would all agree to book to Canada at a cer- 
 tain rate, and that rate would be advertised throughout Germany. 
 In addition to the Agencies already at work in our favour, n-e should 
 then have the ichole of the Agency of ihe direct lines, and the value 
 of that assistance can hardly be overestirated. But t have grounds 
 to state in addition that, we have good reason to hope that through 
 the influence of the direct lines, which would then be interested in 
 the matter, we might obtain a relaxation of the law which forbids the 
 issuing at German ports, of tickets good for inland transit beyond 
 the port of debarkation. 
 
 You will remember that I originally intended to send yon from 
 
8? 
 
 time to time durlilg Iny journey the various portions of this repofi^ 
 but I am glad I did not do so^ because it has enabled me to mature 
 my judgment upon various questions^ and particularly upon the one 
 just mentioned, which I deem to be of the utmost importance to the 
 future policy of emigration. It is my donviction that its adoptiori 
 tvould aid us considerably, and 1 respectfully submit it for your con- 
 sideration; Among other things which have oCicurred to me as 
 likely to be not the le&st important of the results from adopting my 
 suggestion, is that it cannot but be an effective and valuable fact to' 
 be able to point to a current of emigration proceeding directly 
 through the United States to Canada. 
 
 2. The other alternative is that of continuing to work only witl^ 
 the indirect Canadian lines. With regard to this I was informed 
 that I might hope to make favourable conditions directly with the 
 Agents upon promise of assisting them in advertising, &c., &c., which 
 would secure to the emigrant the benefit of any bonus the Government 
 might determine to give. The wide margin which these Agenta 
 take over and above the net price paid to their principals at Liver- 
 pool, leaves them, something to come and go upon in the contract with 
 the Government. But here I may point out two diflSculties. The 
 first is that the direct lines are dictators of the Hamburgh rates, and 
 that if we did not secure the direct lines, our market is liable to go 
 up and down. This is, of course, but all the more reason why a dis- 
 cretion should be given to the principal Agent on this side to make 
 the best arrangement for the Government. But it would be infinitely 
 better to get all the Agencies to establish a rate for the season. The 
 second difiiculty would be that supposing Messrs, Falck & Co. and 
 M. Moller had agreed to quote a rate based upon the existing quota- 
 tion of the Allan or Dominion Lines, these latter, if they found that 
 Government as.sistancc was being given might endeavour to raise the 
 i-ate upon the Hamburgh Agents. While they remain in conference, 
 however, I understand that it would not be possible for them to do 
 this unless the whole of the New York Companies went with them, 
 \vhich is almost an impossibility. 
 
 The last point which was forced upon me was in confirmation of 
 the information I have above detailed, that some honns in aid is 
 tssentinl to anything like a successful emigration. The general 
 opinion seemed to be that, considering the higher rates from the 
 Continent, v^ compared with those from Great Britain, the longer 
 distance, and the greater ignoran3C about the country, the bonus 
 
38 
 
 should amount to j£l 10s., or £2 sterling. When I Inform you that 
 a vessel for South Australia is shortly about to leave Hamburgh 
 which will carry 500 persons the whole of whose passage money is 
 paid — although many of them are well off — and who nevertheless 
 were not secured without difficulty, you will perhaps excuse my re- 
 commendation that even this should be granted. I think it is pos- 
 sible that were that done, an arrangement could be made with the 
 Agents to pay a lesser commission than is now offered. 
 
 I may say, before I conclude, that I learned from one Agent, of 
 two parties — one consisting of 1,000 Tyrolese, and the other of a 
 large village of Bavarians — who he said had written to him upon the 
 subject of emigrating. I am informed that a number of these Tyro- 
 lese some time since were induced to go to Michigan, and have been 
 severely disappointed. I will obtain the address of this colony, and 
 forward it to you with the suggestion that a special Agent should be 
 sent there to visit those persons, and ascertain whether they, like the 
 Icelanders in the United States, would be willing to emigrate to 
 Manitoba. 
 
 I may say that several Agents on the Continent told me they had 
 reason to think that there were many disappointed parties in some of 
 the Western States, and it has struck me that possibly a Canadian 
 Agent visiting these States might be able to induce at least a few to 
 try Manitoba, and thus to open the way to parties of their country- 
 men at home. 
 
 I have thus endeavoured to lay before you all the information 
 which I obtained which appears to be of immediate practical impor- 
 tance. I had originally intended to visit Vienna and Prague, in 
 which latter place I had arranged to be introduced to the leader of 
 the Czech party ; but my time would not admit cf it. Nor could I 
 visit Scandinavia, which I much regret. 
 
 I have, in conclusion, to express a hearty acknowledgment of the 
 courtesy of the diplomatic corps, and of the interest which they 
 evinced in the objects of my mission. 1 am sure that in any steps, 
 which may be taken for the promotion of the objects of the Canadian 
 Government upon the Continent, you will have from them sympa- 
 thetic and cordial co-operation. 
 
 I have the honour to be, 
 Sir, 
 Your obedient Servant, 
 (Signed) EDWARD JENKINS, Agent General. 
 
39 
 
 Since the above Report was sent in, I opened conimunieations with 
 a gentleman connected with the German press, who takes a deep in- 
 terest in Canada, and who has published a long and important article 
 descriptive ef the resources of the various provinces. I have also, by 
 your directions, forwarded him an invitation to visit Canada, and to 
 judge for himself of its capacities as an agricultural country. As this 
 gentleman is a scientific agriculturalist of some position in Germany, 
 this visit can hardly fail to be productive of good. The large number 
 of Germans, who are still in Ontario and other parts of Canada, will, 
 no doubt, take an interest in this movement, and the fact of their 
 success, and of the information which thoy^ are constantly sending to 
 their native country, cannot fail to produce a deep impression in 
 Germany, where, however, the attitude of the Government is still as 
 hostile to emigration as ever. 
 
 In Bohemia and the Tyrol, and even in Styria and in the north of 
 Italy, the prospects of obtaining good emigrants are favourable, anu 
 it onl}^ requires that good Agents should bo placed in Switzerland, 
 and that toe Government should be a little generous in its expendi- 
 ture, to excite a steady flow of emigration from these quarters. 
 
 The reports of the various Agents are herewith sent. They have 
 all laboured with diligence, and their relations to me have been of 
 the kindliest character. 
 
 The general emigration of the year has fallen oif, particularly to 
 North America. Canada naturally shared with the United States 
 in the eifects of the reaction caused by the financial crisis in that 
 country. The Australian Colonies have been exhibiting during the 
 year, and are still exhibiting, the utmost vigour in maintaining their 
 emigration policy, and their lavish expenditure upon Agencies, and 
 liberal assistance for passages, has made it diflicult for the Canadian 
 Agents to hold their own. Considering, however, the small aid 
 aiforded, and the cloud which during the summer overshadowed the 
 Western horizon, it is gratifying to observe that we have been able 
 to do more than maintain our position, and I may say that, in com- 
 parison with other Agencies, we have done it with unparalleled 
 economy. 
 
 I am happy to state that, notwithstanding the great falling oif in 
 the general emigration from Great Britain and the Continent during 
 the year, the number of those who have passed through this Agency 
 has increased ; incontestibly proving the great adv.antage of the inj- 
 
40 
 
 proved orgunization. The numbers that have passed through the 
 booky in successive years arc as follows : — 
 
 Number of emigrants who sailed from ports of the Uuite4 
 Kingdom under Government warrant system — 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 1875 
 
 11,0-12 
 
 12,086 
 
 3,850 
 9,612 
 
 Of these the following numbers were agricultural labourers and 
 
 their families — 
 
 Adults. Children. Infants. 
 
 Agricultural Labourers' Union. 1,191 5l3 143 
 
 Labour League 385 156 47 
 
 Kent and Susses 12 2 
 
 1,588 669 192 
 Souls total 2,440 
 
 These 12,086 preceded by the following lines — 
 
 Anchor .... 15 
 
 Allan . . . . 11,151 
 
 Dominion .... 918 
 
 Tcmporley .... 2 
 
 12,086 
 
 The Jbllowing are the returns of Emigration from Great Britain 
 for the years 187-2, 1873, 1874, 1875:— 
 
 FiiOM January 1st. 
 
 1872. 
 
 1873. 
 
 1874. 
 
 29,305 
 92,716 
 70,262 
 36,632 
 
 1875. 
 
 Oiiartcr cndincr March 3l8t 
 
 35,655 
 
 124,127 
 
 75,835 
 
 53,038 
 
 36,565 
 
 137,61] 
 
 78,348 
 
 44,507 
 
 22 978 
 
 Quarter cndinir J unc 30th 
 
 65,473 
 
 Quarter ending September 30th 
 
 Quarter ending December Slst 
 
 45,978 
 26,526 
 
 Totals 
 
 288,655 
 
 297,031 
 
 228,915 
 
 160 05 "> 
 
 
 
 It will thus be seen that there has been a steady decline in the 
 numbers, amounting this year to nearly 68,000. This renders all 
 the more marked the increase in the business of the Agency during 
 the year, when as regards the Continent, the bonus system had been 
 withdrawn, and no increase of aid has been afforded in Great 
 Britain. 
 
 The number of cases of emigration literature received from Canada 
 
41 
 
 this year amounted to 173. In addition 43 cases of the 1874 im- 
 portation, which Messrs. Allan Brothers & Co. declined to distribute 
 unless the Government would pay for printing their advertisements 
 upon them, were received into the Agency, making 216 cases, nearly 
 the whole of which have been sorted and distributed with care. 
 
 In addition, the following publications were issued from the 
 Agency : — Emigrants' Almanac, a very valuable advertising sheet 
 got up by Mr. Dyke with great care and judgment, 40,000; Welsh 
 pamphlets, 10,000 ; reprint account of a Sale of Stock and Agricul- 
 tural Statistics, 100,000 ; Icelandic pamphlets, 20,000 ; various 
 reprints of articles, 52,000 : total, 222,000. In addition, contribu- 
 tions were made to 20, 000 reports upon Canada, issued by Mr. J. 
 W. Down one of the most energetic of the Allan Agents, for local 
 distribution. A Bohemian pamphlet has, as directed by you, been 
 prepared for translation. 
 
 I have regretted to observe, from time to time, in various news- 
 papers in Canada — which cannot desire to do other than to tell the 
 truth — a series of mis-statements with regard to this Agency ; some 
 of them going so far as almost to libel the oflBcer in charge of it, and 
 others reflecting unfairly upon the expenditure. Being conscious, 
 so tar as I was personally concerned, that these attacks could have 
 no eflFect on my private character, I considered it my duty to remain 
 silent, presuming that the Government — having it in its power to 
 correct the mis- statements — would do so when it deemed it to be 
 politic or necessary. In one instance, moreover, a severe personal 
 attack was made upon me under a clear misapprehension by the leader 
 of the Opposition in the House of Commons. It would not have been 
 a dignified or a proper thing for me to have answered that attack 
 (made in Parliament by so distinguished a Member) in the Press ; 
 and I hoped that the speech of the Hon. the Premier would have 
 suflficiently vindicated me from the most personal of the charges then 
 made. 
 
 I think it is proper, however, that I should state, with regard to 
 the allegation that while I was absent in Canada, the Agency was 
 left in charge of a mere boy, who had gone oif to Egypt, leaving it 
 jn insufficient hands; that Mr. Adams — of whose efficiency moie 
 than one Minister has had an opportunity of judging fiom personal 
 observation — and Mr. Jourdain continued in charge of the office 
 through the whole period of my absence. 
 
 I am almost ashamed to notice other statements that have been 
 
42 
 
 made ; but as they have been reiterated with vindictive pertinacity 
 up to within the past few weeks, it is not impossible that the people 
 of Canada may begin to believe them, unless they are specifically 
 denied. I should therefore simply state that it is totally untrue 
 that any sons of Dundee constituents, or relatives of any Dundee 
 constituents have been employed in this office, and that the only 
 gentleman employed here who has ever had any connection, however 
 remote, with Dundee, is the son of a widow resident in London, and 
 without any relatives ia that constituency. 
 
 Charges that the money of the (toverumeut has been spent in my 
 personal or political travelling expenses or in my private entertain- 
 ments are equally untrue. Every item of expenditure has been sent 
 out monthly with vouchers, either to the Department of Agriculture 
 or of Finance ; and the Government has in its own hands the means 
 of refuting these libels, and I may venture to express the hope will 
 no longer allow them to pass unchallenged. 
 
 A great misconception has no doubt arisen from the manner in 
 which the expenses of the Agency are charged in the public accounts, 
 A lump sum, including the whole of the expenses, and covering not 
 only the costs of furnishing the Agency, the whole of the payments 
 to Steamship Companies for commissions, the whole of the assistance 
 granted by way of bonus to emigrants, advertising and publishing 
 expenses, and the whole of the expenses and salary of British and 
 Continental Agencies, are charged in one lump sum under general 
 description, to the Agent General. Some of these items used to be 
 paid in Ottawa. Part of the commissions to the steamship Agents 
 the expenses of the Belfast Agency, and many other items, have 
 been thrown into the accounts of this office since it came under my 
 hands. J would respectfully suggest that it would be much fairer to 
 the Agent, and convey a much more accurate idea to the public of 
 Canada, were there a brief analysis of the accounts under the item 
 of the "London Agency," published in the public aacounts. 
 
 I have the honour herewith to transmit a schedule, marked B. 
 analysing the expenditure for the financial year 1874-75. From 
 this it appears that, excluding the expenses of advertising, of 
 pamphlets, and other publications, of furnishing (which is chargeable 
 to capital account), the salaries and contingencies of the London 
 office did not exceed SI H, 306. 
 
 I also enclose a statement (Schedule C.)of the general accounts of 
 the Agency during the year 1875, from January to December, show- 
 
48 
 
 itig the nmounts paid out for the various departments, and giving the 
 general account with the Minister of Finance ; from which it appears 
 that the sum of £84,155 19s. 5d has passed through the books of the 
 Agency. Of this sum £30,084 17«. 4c/. or $146,212-50) has been 
 on account of the Department of Agriculture, of which the salaries 
 and managerial contingencies and rent belonging properly to the 
 Department of Agriculture, amounts to only £3,456 8s. Qd., whilst 
 payments to Steamship Companies' Agents, salaries, advertising and 
 publications, commissions to Agents, bonus to emigrants, and furnish- 
 ing offices, amount to£26,628 8s. lid. 
 
 Tliis statement alone will show how great an injustice may be done 
 in public opinion by charging the expenses in a lump sum to the 
 Agent-General. In the financial year 1874-'75, while there is 
 charged to the Agent-General a sum of $160,254-57. say £33.004- 
 7s. 5^., the salaries, office rent, fuel, cleaning, &c., printing and 
 office expenses, and Agent-General's salary, were, for the Department 
 of Agriculture, only £3,060. 
 
 I am enabled to state, positively, that the Agency expenditure has 
 been more economical in proportion to the labour thrown upon it, 
 than that of any other Colonial Agency in London. By the courtesy 
 ■of the Agents-General for Victoria, South Australia, and. New 
 Zealand, I am enabled to transmit herewith a schedule, marked D, 
 which gives a comparative statement of the expenses of thr^ e Colonial 
 Agencies in London — that is, for Immigration set'vices in the year 
 1875. 
 
 From this it appears that the cost to Victoria, with a population 
 of 800,000, of salaries, emigration clerks, ofl&ce rent, &c., sundries, 
 and Agent-General (the latter for all services) is £4,140 per annum , 
 for South Australia, with a population of 200,000, £3,045 per 
 per annum ; for New Zealand with a population of 350,000, £5,240 
 per annum ; for Canada, with a population of 4,000,000, £3,060. 
 I also append three Schedules, marked respectively E, F, and G., 
 embracing the full items of the returns from the three Colonial 
 Agencies. 
 
 I feel that, without any further remarks from me, an inspection 
 and analysis of these accounts and returns, will sufficiently vindicate 
 the Government and the Agency from the charges of extravagance 
 which have been brought against them. That the cost has been 
 greater than that of the late Agency there can be no doubt. It 
 could not be otherwise. In assuming a higher position, enlarging 
 
44 
 
 the scope of business, and placing the oflSce upon a footing somewhat 
 akin to that of a public department in Canada, there would be, of 
 necessity, some increase of expenditure ; but I may say, without 
 hesitation, that this could not have been less, consistently with 
 efficiency. 
 
 These accounts clearly show that an enormous proportion of the 
 expenditure has gone to outside agents, and in other matters which 
 are matters of policy directed by the Department. 
 
 With these explanations, which I have felt it due to myself to oflFer, 
 I close this report of the year 1875. 
 
 Canada Government Buildings, 
 December 31s/, 1875. 
 
 ^