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> II i

CANADIAN IMMIGRATION IN 1875,

( Q

f^.^

REPORT

EDWAED JENKINS, Esq., M. P.,
Agent General of Canada,

TO THE

Honorable the JvIinister of Jygricultdre,

s^^

UPON THB

Position and prospects of Immigration, and ^A/ith

comparative Statements of Emigration from

Great Britain during the past four years.

,,\j^-^

a-*3

CUH

MONTREAL :
DAWSON BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS.

1876

CANADIAN IMMIGRATION IN 1875.

REPORT

EDWAED JENKIIS^S, Esq., M. P.,
Agent General of Canada,

TO THE

^o-

^yONOR.ABLE THE .jVIlN'lSTER OF A'gRI CU LTl] RE,

CPOJf THE

Position and prospects of Immigration, and with

comprrcttlve Statements of 'Emigration from

Gr<iat Britain during the past four years.

i»H»**!!

-»9*9(-

ii ^■LlRRAniES,VV

MONTREAL

DAWSON BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS.

1876

REPORT.

To the Hon. the Ministfr of Agriadtnre.

Sir,

I have the honour to present a Report for the year 1875 of that
part of the business of this Agency which consists in the superin-
tendence of emigration under your authority.

In my Eeport for the year ending 31st December, 1874, I
detailed the arrangements that had been made for improving the
organization, increasing the accommodation, and enlarging the scope
of the Agency General in accordance with the policy of the Govern-
nieni. That policy was not only to increase the general efficiency
of the emigration service, but to utilise the -Agency for the transac-
tion of other and general business of various departments of the
State, to look diligently after the interests of Canada in Great
Britain and on the Continent, and to afford accommodation which
was very much needed by Canadians visiting London for purposes
of reference, for correspondence, and in some cases for assistance in
matters of business or otherwise.

Without trenching upon 'he ground occupied by my Report to the
Secretary of State, I should \h this Eeport convey to you the infor-
mation that these objecis have been satisfactorily accomplished, and
that, so far as the above aims are concerned, the policy of the
Government has proved to be a success.

It is somewhat difficult to distinguish in the work and in the
accounts of a General Agency like this, precisely those items which
belong to one department from the other. The demands which are
made upon the officials and clerks by the different departments of
State present a great variety, and it is impossible to assign them
specifically to any particular persons. Therefore, in considering the
amount of work which is done on behalf of the Immigration Depart-
ment — which pays nearly the whole of the expenses connected with
the Agency — it is needful to bear in mind the fact that a consider-
able amount of labour falls upon the clerks which does not belong
to that department During the past season, for instance, it has
been my duty to superintend the carrying out of the contracts

entered into by the Department of Public Work--, with various
Companies, for tlie purchase of {-tcel rails ; to examine the certi-
ficates, accounts, bills of lading and insurances, and, in some cases,
to enter into shipping contracts, and to etfect original insurances.
This lias involved a large amount of labour and heavy correspon-
dence, which took up a large portion of the services of Mr. Brodie,
who has most cfliciently discharged the duties in connection with
that department, he also undertaking as well the charge of the
department of Emigration, when Mr. Jourdain's illness made it
necessary to find a substitute. This alone has saved the Government
in commissions more than $3,000.

As regards the library, I am happy to report that its establishment
has proved to bo in every way a success. During the year 435
Canadians have inscribed their names on the books. A lartre
number have used it, not only as a reading-room, but for their
correspondence, and have found the convenience of having their
letters directed there. Mr. Jourdain, finding himself, through
ill health, incapable of continuing to discharge the onerous duties of
the Emigration Ofiice, has been placed in charge of the library, with
a reduced salary, and fills the office of librarian with intelligence and
efficiency. The number of volumes already received is 737, and I
append a list of the newspapers and periodicals which are kept on
file. English Government Departments, officials, authors, lawyers,
&c., frequently send to the library for information ; and I can bear
satisfactory testimony to its utility. It will be seen by the accounts
that its cost amounts to £500 per annum (12,500.)

During the year the sub-agents for Quebec, Ontario, and the
Maritime Provinces, have entered upon their duties, and now occupy
the whole of the second floor of the Government building. A clerk
•was appointed specially to assist them ; but when not engaged on
Provincial work, was employed upon the business of the Agency.
The rooms occupied by these gentlemen have been properly furnished,
and they have testified their satisfaction with the arrangements that
have been made for them. I have been informed officially that Mr.
Sydney Robjohns is to be replaced on the 1st January by Mr.
Byrne, lately the Ontario Agent in Scotland. It is my duty to ac-
knowledge the courtesy and attention with which Messrs. Annand,
O'Neill, and Robjohns have carried out the work belonging to their
several provincial departments. All matters relating to their
several Provinces have been invariably le'erred to them ; and I have

reason to hope tliat by their able and active assistance the {j^encral
cnngration work of the Dominion will be matorially developed.

During the year an effort has been made, for the first time, to put
the advertising of the Agency upon a proper footing, and to icJuco
it to a minimum. Enquiries liave been made with regard to the
circulation cf tho newspapers of the United Kingdom, and to the
classes amongst whom tlicy particularly circulate; and without
reference to any considerations but these, arrangements were made
on the same special terms as those which are afforded to regular
business advertisers. In this way greater results have been
obtained with less money. Advertisements have been issued ad-
dressed especially to tenant farmers, and the number of enquiries
which these have evoked, not only at the General Agency, but of
the various local agents, indicate an increasing interest upon the part
of that class in the advantages of Canada for agricultural purposes. -•*

I regret that the suggestion thrown out in my Ileport of last year
for the preparation of a little look specially devoted to affording
information to farmers, has been disregarded. But I earnestly trust
that you will be able before long, to ...\usc such a book to be pre-
pared and to be supplied in sufficient numbers. The economic
causes, which I pointed out last year as operating to induce an
emigration of small farmers, coatinue to develope them.selves, and I
cannot doubt that by freely imparting information, and by regular
advertising, the Governm ;nt will be able at no great expense to
secure for Canada a very large portion of this most valuable
emigration.

At the date of rny last Report, tlic Report of Mr. Andrew Doyle,
the special Commissioner appointed by the President of the Local
Government Eoard in London to inquire into the emigration and
condition of children placed in Canada by Philanthropic agencies
and by Boards of Guardians, had not appeared. The Ivcport was
presented to Parliament soon after the opening of the Session, and
attracted considerable public attention and discussion in tlie Press.
It '.vas clear that Mr. Doyle liad visited Canada wearing tho
spectacles of a Poor-law Commissioner, and that he had expected to
find children who had been snatched from Englisli gutters, living in
the comparative luxury of poor-houses, organized and modelled in
accordance with the latest ideas of philanthropic government. Mr.

* A list of the Papers advertised in is appended, with Specimen Adver-
tisements. — Schedule A.

Doylo appears to liavc expected to Und the cliildrcn at Mis.s Rye's,
Miss Macpherson's, nnd other Homes, or put out in the country,
provided with lavatories equipped with the hitest conveniences of
modern sanitary reform, and pocket-handkerchiefs which would wipe
their eyes and noses with-^ul unnecessary abrasion. It is satisfactory,
however, to state that his Report was immediately discounted by the
British Press ; and tlic general i'ecling of the comnmnity was that,
upon the face of it, to say the least, it exhibited upon Mr, Doyle's
part great extravaj^anco of expectation.

Mr. Doyle having written to the 7'itncs an improper letter, which
appeared to commit the Local Government Board to a support of his
statements, I deemed it to be my duty to use my position in the
House of Commons to put a question to the President of the Board,
which led to an immediate disclaimer. The Committee in the
Canadian House of Parliament, and Miss Rye's letters, together with
communications from other persons, have reassured public opinion,
and 1 believe that, although the emigration through Boards of
Guardians may receive a check, the voluntary societies will siill
continue to carry out a successful deportation of children.

The number of children from charitable institutions who liave
gone out this year is as follows : —

Mr. Middlemoic, 79; Mrs. Birt, 119; Miss Macpherson, 92;
Feltham Reformatory, 16 ; Red Hill Reformatory, 8 ; Archbishop
of Westminister Schools, 24 ; Rev. T. B. Stephenson, 40 ; making
a total of 378

In June the Steamship Conference was reconstituted upon a basis
of £5 5s. fares, which is likely to rule for some time. The Gov-
ernment rates were then arranged at £4 5s. for general emigrants
and £2 5s. lor a certain proportion of agricultural labourers. As,
however, the understanding of the Government with Mr. Joseph
Arch and Mr. Taylor had been, that to all Unionists some assis-
tance would bo rendered, I was obliged for some time to grant au
aid of £1 to all such persons coming forward.

In the month of July, however, it became evident to me, from the
reports in the newspapers, and from private and official letters which
reached the Agency, that a condition of things was arising in Canada
which would render it extremely perilous to encourage any further
emigration of general labourers under Government auspices. It
must be borae in mind, in considering the faction which I then took,
that although under the arrangements which have been entered into

between the Government and the Steamship Ccnpanios the £4 5«.
rate becomes practically a general rate of emigrants inteuding to
settle in Canada ; yet, nevertheless, it is looked upon, and wil'
ftlways be regarded by the emigrating public in England, as a Gov-
ernment assisted passage rate, which in a certain sense commits the
Government to tht assumption that there is a reasonable expectation
that the persons going at that rate will find somewhere in Canada a
fair prospect of earning a living. The rate is open to all who are
billing to sign a document attesting that they intend to reside in
Canada, the only reservation being that the persons are not sick,
blind, criminal, or otherwise undesirable. The Steamship Com-
panies are permitted freely to book passengers who will subscribe
this statement at this rate, and it is impossible by any 'irivate means
to put any check upon this emigration. With the emigration of
agricultural labourers at the £2 5s. rate it is otherwise ; because
in this case a special application and an attestation by union officials
■or by some other trustworthy person, that the applicant is a ho7ia
fide agricultural labourer, is necessary ; and by a simple circular to
the Government Agents and to the Steamship Companies the Agent-
General might stop the emigration. The apprehension which was
•expressed that this letter would seriously or permanently injure the
diances of future emigration was unnecessary. The action was
taken by me on full consideration, based upon a large experience in
dealing with the classes particularly aflfected ; and while, on the one
hand, it operated, as it was intended to operate, as a temporary
check, on the other hand, it indicated on the part of the Agent of
the Government in this country, a desire to deal fairly with the
working classes, which I have since received assurances that they
appreciate ; and I am certain that in future they will be the better
inclined to accept any statements of the prosperity of Caiiada and of
inducements to emigrate, emanating from me personally. There is
no doubt that this letter also had an effect in stopping the formation
of a number of large parties of agricultural labourers which it was
intended to send out after the harvest. Their arrival in Canada
would have been attended with grievous discomfort to themselves
and would have placed the Government in an extremely responsible
position. I am glad to say that I believe the postponement will not
"lose us any considerable number of good emigrants, and that several
large parties may be expected to leave by the earliest spring steamers,
provided that the Government continues the same aid which it
afforded this season.

The business transacted in the Agency during the year hag- beeo
very considerable. The number of letters received was 7,642 ; the
number of letters sent out was 6,908; apart from circulars, &c.

Enquiries for pamphlets and other information were very numer-
ous, giving the most satisfactory evidence of the fact that information
about Canada is spreading amongst the people, and that the interest
in the Dominion as a field for emigi*atiou and the investment of
money is steadily growing.

Early in the season 1 projected a series of large meetings^in some
of the principal towns of the kingdom, at which I iatended chiefly to
utilize the valuable services of Dr. Taylor. Three were arranged
for ; one at Manchester, one at Biraiingham, and one at Bristol. I
personally attended the meetings at Bristol and Manchester, and at
each place immense numbers assembled, and were addressed by Dr.
Taylor and myself. At Manchester, Mr. Joseph Arch also attended,,
'"•nd was very cordial in his advocacy of Canada. I had previouslj^,
at the invitatic a of the Reform Club at Manchester, read before an
assembly consisting of some of its leading merchants, an essay ou
''The Creat Dominion," which was afterwards published— though
not at the expense of the Government — and it is now in continual
demand. A meeting was arranged at Birmingham ; but, unfor-
tunately, I was confined to my bed, and as it was deemed essential
by the local agents that I should be present at such a meeting, it
was necessary to abandon it.

In connection with this subject, I ought to allude to another cir-
cumstance, which brought the resources and condition of Canada
prominently into discussion. The arrival of Sir Hugh Allan la
London for the purpose of making financial arrangements for the
Isorthern Colonization llailway, was made the opportunity of a very
virulent attack upon Canada, her Government, and her finances.
This attack having been repeated, I deemed it to bo my duty tO'
enter into the discussion, and wrote two letters, which were published
in the Times, and for which favourable acknowledgement was ren-
dered by the precs of Canada .vithout regard to party.

The Continental emigration of the year was most unsatisfactory,
and you will observe that there is very little of consequence in the
Ecports of the Continental Agents. Mr. de Gazes, in Paris, has
done all that he could do to keep Canada before the French by-
writing articles in newspapers ; and this is about the extent of the
business which it is possible for any Canadian Agent to perform in.

France. Mr. Bossange has sent a consiclerable number of
emig'-ants; but he complains of the effects of the Reports from the-
United States, and of the difficulty of getting the proper class to
move. Mr. Klotz has superintended the embarkation of the
Mennonites, and looked after their interests at Hamburg, as is fully
set forth in his Report. In Switzerland and Germany, Madame
von Koerber has been energetically endeavouring to produce a good
impression, i^.nd has been instrumental, I hope, in opening the way
to some very important projects. The dismissal of Colonel Mattson
from the Scandinavian Kingdoms has relieved the Governmeut from
a great expense, amounting to $4,500 a year, and was necessitated
by the fact that scarcely any emigrants were being obtained. This,
I believe, was chiefly due to the prosperous condition of the country,,
and the bad accounts from the United States.

I had not been able since I took office to turn my personal at-
tention to emigration from the Continent. The labour involved In
systematizing the business in Great Britain had rendered it impos-
sible. On the 4th September, however, I left for the Continent,
and was absent for six weeks, visiting Paris, Strasburg, Basel, Berne,
Geneva, Zurich, Stuttgart, Munich, Berlin, and Hamburgh, at each
of which places I had interviews with various persons, and examined
very fully into the prospects and method of Continental emigration.
At Berne, in addition to the work done on behalf of emigration
for yonr department, I also was engaged in enquiries on behalf
of the Post Office department, into the best mode of introducing
Canada to the Postal Convention, the headquarters of which are in
that city. The following details of the Report, which 1 presented
to you on my return, I lere inseirt: —

King Street, "Westminster,
October, 1875.

Sir,

I now have the honour to present a Report containing the results
of a visit which I have at length been able to pay to the Continent
for the purpose of examining, Firstly — generally into the conditions
of, and obstructions to, emigration there. Secondly — of seeing Dr.
Joos, a member of the Bundcsrath of Switzerland, on an important
proposition which he wished to submit to the Canadian Governments
Thirdly — to exunice into the work of Madame von Koerber with
regard to female and other emigration^ and to ascertain what pros-

"pect Ihcsrc was of obtainiog from her efforts any practical result ;
and Fourthly-^to ascertain whether it was possible to improve the
agencies for emigration in Germany, and to obtain some relaxation
^f the restrictions which the laws and administration of that country
place upon our operations.

I left London for Paris upon Saturday, September 4th, arriving"
there in the evening.

On Monday I had an interview with M. Bossange, and with his
very able chief clerk Mr. Alexander Hunter, a Scotchman domiciled
in Paris.

I found M. Bossange was much discouraged with regard to the
•prospects of future emigration. The opposition of the French
Government to the exodus of its people, in view of the probability of
European war is greater thjin ever. The emigiation to Brazil and
'to South American Republics, which has been from every part of
the Continent enormous, and especially so of the Latin races, has
been attended with so many disastrous failures and disappointments
that the very name of emigration is abhorred, and an emigration
agent is an object of suspicion if not of contempt.

I may say at once that I found this to be quite true in Switzer-
'land and Germany, as I understand it is in Northern Italy,
* * ^ * *

With regard to the actual state of things, M. Bossange repre-
sented that there was at this time no emigration of the agricultural
classes, nor could there be any on the present terms ofifered by the
Government. They are poor, and will not move unless some sub-
stantial aid is given to them. But he is of opinion, and his opinion
in the matter is of great weight, that were aid to be given, say to
the extent now given to these classes in England, he feels certain
that he could procure, not large numbers, but a fair exodus of ad-
mirable agricultural labourers.

Without doubt M. Bogsange's representation is correct, not only
with regard to France, but to the whole Continent. To obtain any
number of good emigrants, there must be aid, and substantial aid,
•offered in any case. It is to be observed that the emigrant from the
Continent to Cnnada is handicapped by the greater distance and ex-
'pense. He can go direct from Hamburgh, Antwerp or Havre to
New York; and thence to the interior, will generally get bis railway
'fares free.

It is clear that soroe method must be devised to place the Canadian
emigrant at least upon an equal footing with the emigrant to the
United States.

I was glad, however, to learn from M. Bossange that lie thinks
there is a gradual awakening in France to a better knowledge of
'Canada as a place of business, and he gave mo some instances of
emigrants who have done exceedingly well in Canada, and are open-
ing business communication with their mother country. M Bossange
was of opinion that the main difl&culty at present is that there is no
direct liie of steamers or sailing vessels to Canada. To this point 1
shall return hereafter as one that was impressed upon me elsewhere.

With regard to his personal position, M. Bossange also, in the
•course of the conversation which took place at succeeding times ex-
pressed his view that he should have a fixed recompense from the
Government for all his trouble ; that liC occupies a difficult position,
and that while there may be no immediate return for the expense
incurred by the Government, there is, on the other hand, an object
in ordering a movement to Canada, and in keeping its resources fairly
■before the French public. It Uiight, perhaps, be possible for you to
•consider this arrangement, were you disposed to entertain favourably
the recommendation which I shall hereafter make with reference to
to the Government Agent at Paris, M. Paul de Gazes.

I had several conversations also with M. Paul de Cazes, who, as
you are aware, takes an intelligent interest in his work, which is,
however, of necessity of a somewhat restricted character. You arc
nware that it i^s impossible for M. do Cazes to act as an ordinary
Agent for emigration, or in any part of France to endeavour to can-
vass persons to emigrate. In that country our Agents aie precluded
from adopting the plan pursued by the English Agents. M. de
Cazes, therefore, can only watch, and, to the best of his powers,
assist the efforts of IM. Bossange, and Mr. Brown ; and, by inter-
course with literary men and publications in the French press en-
deavour continually to drop the seeds which may develope into a
mature harvest.

I remained in I'aris until over Friday, the 10th, to be present, as
a member of the London Commitiec, at an official visit to the Eng-
'Jish Department of the Maritime Exhibition; so that I had ample
time for considering the position of affairs.
• On the whole, I regret to say, it appears to me that there is littlo

to hope for from French emigration, and certainly nothing during-
the approaching year.

With regard to France, it is perhaps wortli while tryiug the
course suggested by M. Bossange, of offering reduced passages to
picked agricultural emigrants; and if the Government of Quebec
could be persuaded to adopt a policy similar to that of the Govern-
ment of Ontario, and to meet the Dominion Government half-way in
offering additional inducements to such classes of emigrants to settle
in (Quebec, I have no douht that in a year or two a healthy movement
might be commenced.

But the French naturally look to warmer countries as the best
emigi'ation fields ; and perhaps not the least efficient way of drawing
their attention to Canada, is to lose no opportunity of bringing
vividly betore the French people, and especially French men of
business, the advantages of a direct trade with Canada. In what
way the Government can legitimately do this I am not at this
moment prepared to suggest; but it is a problem well worthy the
consideration of a Minister to whom in so large a degree are devoted
the interests of Canadian development.

I confess I was rather struck to find M. Bos.sange issuing bills of
500 francs or more to men who had gone out to Canada quite poor,
and who had made their money in Canada almost wholly by a small
trade in French goods. It might at least be worth while to ascertain
the course of trade between Canada and France, the nature of the
products which might with the greatest advantage be reciprocally
exchanged, and the extent of the trade, both which is now and might
probably be done.

I was advised, with a view to the inquiries which I wished to make
regarding the countries lying east and south-east of France, to visit
Strasbourg on my way to Switzerland, and have an interview with a
gentleman, whose name I need not mention, who was represented to
mo to have a most intimate acquaintance with the details of inland
Continental emigration.

I arrived in Strasbourg on the evening of Saturday, September
11th, and on Monday the 13th, I had a long interview with the
gentleman above referred to, who received me cordially, and frankly
gave me all the information in his power.

With regard to emigration from Alsace-Lorraine he said it was
absolutely dead, and that no more was to be expected. The people
who had determined to leave upon the change of their nationality,

had all gone, and there was no further disposition to ur.Mgrato. In
a(1dition to this was the hostility of the German Government to emi-
gration, which in this spot may be said to reaeh its climax. Ho
himself had abandonea the business because of its diflicultics.

But having an intimate acquaintance with Swiss emigration, he
was of opinion that it could and would be made considerable, and
that the Austrian Tyrol, Bavai-ia, Styria, and Northern Italy, were
all good and promising fields if the proper Agents to work them were
secured.

This gentleman entered into a very intelligent discussion of the
difficulties connectad with emigration to Canada, which I may sum
up thus — * ■'

First, Canada is little, if at all, known. It is neither advertised
nor discussed in newspapers; scarcely at all known in maps. The
United Spates is thoroughly notorious. All the cry is " Thither ! or
to South America." As to the former, the bad accounts have un-
doubtedly produced a reaction, which, however, this gentleman re-
gards to be only temporary. The inquiries I made further on,
showed me there was also a reaction against South America, in con-
sequence of the bad accounts from the Brazils and the Argentine
Republic, and the return from there of emigrants with discouraging
accounts.

Second. The absence of a direct lino of steamers from Havre and
Antwerp, and at better rates to inland agents.

It is necessary to explain the system pursued in Continental emi-
gration. The Hamburgh, Antwerp, or Havre Agent quotes to the
inland Agent a certain gross rate. There are no commissions. The
inland Agent is therefore obliged to offer the passage entire, whether
to New York or Quebec. For example, from Basel or Stuttgart or
Poscn he offers at so much tout compris, and'this means railway fare,
maintenance tlKj whok) distance, and especially kit. The charge for
this at present to Havre or Antwerp from Basel is 50 francs, or
about £2 sterling. This system not only makes high rates, but also
gives the inland Agent many opportunities of fleecing the emigrant.
When the Agent has found out the minimum cost of transit to the
Continental port of embarkation, he puts on as much as he can get
trom the emigrant ; in fact it might be shown that the very regula-
tions and restrictions of the Continental Governments tends to create
a class of people of indifferent character, and to place the emigrant,

yrho is looked askance at by the law, althoTigh the law professes tO'
be anxious to protect him, pretty much at his mercy.

My informant was of opinion that direct lines have an enormous^
advantage over indirect — that is to say, that the route from Conti-
nental ports must for Continental emigrants be superior to that via
Liverpool. In fact, this is too obvious to demand explanation. The
direct route must alwajs bo cheaper, as a matter of fact, whatever
the rates are. There is less trouble to the emigrants who have but
one embarkation instead of two; and he addei' one cause of which I
was not aware, but which he says has an effect upon the minds^
cspeciAlly of Swiss and Italian emigrants, viz., they not only dislike
the Liverpool journey, but the English nourriture, that is to say,
food and genoi'al treatment ou board. lie says that this is an
objection constantly raised by persons receiving letters from their
iriends who have gone by the Liverpool route, and that it produces
an effect upon their ultimate movements.

Fmally, his opinion was clear and decided that two things would
tend to give an impetus to Continental emigration, viz., first, the
offer of a cheaper through rate to Canada by direct aid from the
Government; and when asked to say how much, he said, "£2
cheaper at least." And, secondly, direct steamers to Quebec ; if
these sailed only occasionally. I shall have occasion to refer to this
matter again with regard to another method of meeting the difficulty
which was not then submitted to me.

I was occupied the whole of xMonday, the 13th, iu my interview
with this gentleman and attending to correspondence forwurded from.
London.

On the morning of the 14th I left for Basel, reaching it in the
evening. On Wednesday, 15th, Madame von Koerber arrived from
Berne to meet me.

I had written to Dr. Joos, from Strasbourg, to his home at
Schaff'hauscn to ask him to meet me at Basel. Hut it appeared
that the Swiss Federal Parliament was meeting in Berne and that
he was detained there.

I had an interview in the morning with the house of Andreas
Zwilchenbart, the name of an old firm of great respectability, the
former members of which are dead, and just now conducted by Mr.
Im. Oberstcg, whose mother is interested in tho business of which ho
is the manager. lie is a young man, and had recently returned from
a visit to Canada, where, not having taken with him proper introduc-

tioD?, he did not appear to have met with so good a reception as he-
thought he was entitled to. I should say that I was much struck
by his bearing, intelligence, and tone. He informed me that he had;
jnst visited Canada entirely at his own expense, and partly with the
object of satisfying himself whether the emigrants sent out by his.
tirm had been properly attended to.

In the conversation with this gentleman and his clerk, M,
lIofFacker, who, I believe, was under the old firm, Swiss emigration
was fully discussed. One or two small points witli regard to claims
for commissions and Ontario bonus were considered and arranged.

I shall refer directly to my interview with Eomniel and Co., the
other Dominion Agents at Basel ; but may say at once that the-
jealousy between Zwilchenbart and this firm is irreconcileable, and.
it will be necessary for the Government to decide which of the two
is to be appointed its Agent in Switzerland ; as my opinion is that,
they cannot work together without a rivalry injurious to Canada and
productive of increased expense. For instance, if as I suggest, we
assist in advertising Canada in Switzerland, we should have to ad-
vertise two houses instead of one.

M. Im Obersteg distinctly laid claim to his being the leading house
for Switzerland and conterminous districts. They had already
spent independently 3,000 francs in promoting Canadian emigration..
They were therefore interested on their own account in making it a
a success.

^1* "^ 3[C »|5 3|C

M. Im Obersteg stated that- he had been satisfied with what he
had seen in Canada, and had convinced himself iko^t it would be a.
good field to which he could conscientiously advise Swiss people to
go. He had written a letter to that efiect which had recently ap-
peared in a leading paper, and in which, he showed me he spoke in-
high terms of the prosperous condition in which he found the Swi^s-
emigres in Berlin, Ontario. But at the same tim(? he said they had
complained to him of having at the outset been badly treated. They
state that Madame von Koerber had promised them certain things
which they did not get — particularly that they should be settled near
Lake Nipissing, in a locality which it appears she had selected when
in Canada, as she thought with the concurrence of the Ontario Gov-
ernment. I was somewhat surprised to hear M. Im Obersteg
animadvert upon the arrangements made at Quebec for the reception
of emigrants, and dcfcuts uf attention on the part of the Agents there..

I told him that 1 had taken puins to examine into this wlien in
•Canada, and could not understand this criticism. lie explained
that the Swiss emigrants arc accustomed to certain comforts — more
comforts than ordinary Entrlish labourers — and were rather nice
about the manner of their reception.

On the wliole, however, M. Im Obersteg's report of the emigrants
was highly favourable.

'l< 'f: >fi 'i"- ^

M. Im Obersteg thinks that a considerable emigration could be
•obtained from Switzerland of agriculturalists, both labourers and
farmers ; first, by cleapening the rate, as recommended by the
Strasbourg Agent; by direct steamer and Continental food; by iin-
iproving and increasing the propaganda in the press and otherwise;
and, fourthly, by better organisation and better ti'eutmeut in Canada.
I simply report in terms his opinion.

He assures me that he can also actively carry their work into
Austria, the Tyrol, kc, with success.

Asked as to whether he wis willing to continue to work side by
side with Rommell, replied, Yes, though they could not work to-
gether ; that he would prefer to be sole Agent, and that it was
almost necessary that there should be but one Agent, because of
doubling advertisements in the same newspapers, and to avoid cut-

'ting one another's throats.

si< ^ >i< ;iJ 5i<

The year has been very bad for emigration, it has been principally
to the Uuited States and to South America, and large numbers are
returning from the former with bad accounts of North America.
The important thing is to fix distinctly in the Continental mind the
distinction between Canada and the United States.

The fares at present, and their relative adjustment, are as
follows : —

Francs.
Fare paid either to Berns at Antwerp, or to Brown

atHavre, from seaport to Quebec - - 140
From Switzerland to the seaport - . . - . 50

Average Commission to Agents say

190
15

Francs. 205

Charge for their passage 230 francs.
Profitper passenger 25 francs, equal to £1 sterling.
It must be remembereil that much a? this profit appears — and it
is about the average profit of most inland Agents — there have to
come out of it the expenses of business, advertising, &c., &e., which
in (Ire it Britain are paid by the principals. Still it leaves a con-
siderable margin.

On Thursday, the 16th I had an interview with Messrs. llommel
& Co.. viz., M. Philip Rommel and M. Bollinger.

These gentlemen also expressed considerable disappointment and
discontent. They affirmed that they had spent a large sum for
Canada, complained of the treatment they had met with, &o.

^ 5j> •'j» 'j^ 5|C

I should mention that neither of these gentlemen had been in
Canada; but they stated that their representative had. If I was
not misinformed, this representative has since left their employment.
They told me, however, that he reported himself extremely disatis-
fied with the arrangements in Canada ; that there was no Agent to
receive emigrants at Quebec ; no attention paid to them theic, and
that if the emigration was to go on a radical change was required.

I reminded them that there were both Dominion and Provincial
Agents at Quebec ; that from my own observation I could say they
were attentive to the emigrants, and that therefore I was unable to
understand their statements.

*j* »i* "J* *^ »'^

•^ *y* *f» *j% *(*

They considered the following points essential to Swiss

emigration . —

First. Government aid.

Second. Greater attention to emigrants, and better organization in
Canada.

Third. Large advertising in their name ; and

Fourth. They thought that it would be an immense aid to have
a direct line to Quebec from some Continental port, provisioned in
the Continental way.

I asked them how it would do to send out emigrants in parties,
with some man acquainted with Car ada, to act as their leader.
They considered that a good idea, and that such companies could be
got up for the early months in the year, e.g., April, May, June.
They strongly insisted on the necessity — as did many other Agents

with whom I conversed — of knowing as early in October of each year
as possible what were to bo the terms for the next season.

This is essential, as the people will not break up their homea on
short notice, since they have to sell their farms, and prepare for
moving, which takes some time. This seems to be the universal
rule on the Continent; and from the fact that some of the Agents
(Jeneral who are now most actively prosecuting emigration for
Australia occupied the summer months, July August and September,
upon the Continent in making their preparations I judge they also
have come to this conclusion.

Pamphlets are greatly wanted in French and German, printed in
large type. The llommels mentioned that they had submitted such
a pamphlet as they thought advisable, written by their dcleyue to
the department at Ottawa. -

In their view Colonisation was the proper method of working, that
is, settlements in certain localities or townships. I asked them
whether they did not think it would be better to place the people out
for a year to farming, in order that they might become accustomed
to the ways of the country. They seemed doubtful about it for
men with families, though they thought it might succeed with single
men. Nevertheless they apprehended great difficulties, were this
system adopted, in the difference of language, and besides that the
people much prefer emigrating in companies.

I may interrupt the Eeport to say that I believe this is general
on the Continent, and the experience of American Colonisation is iu
its favour. It will be well known to you that throughout the United
States are to be found what one might term national settlements, of
which the Mennonite and Icelandic settlements in Manitoba are
examples. I shall recur to this subject at the close of this Keport.

>li ii< >i< >]i ;i«

On the afternoon of Thursday I left Basel at 2.25, arriving in
Berne at 6.5 p.m., Madame von Koerber accompanying me.

On the morning of Friday, 17th, I went to the Federal Parliament
and saw Dr. Joes. He was much engaged and I finally arranged
with him to dine at the hotel in the evening to discuss his propositions.

I called at the British Legation and presented Lord Derby's letter.
Mr. Corbett was at the time absent, and I could not therefore avail
myself of his assistance.

In the evening I had a long conversation with Dr. Joos on the
subject of his letter, of which a copy was forwarded to the department.

I first explained to him fully the conditions of Canadian emigra-
tion, the dilFerenccs between tlic Federal and Provincial (Jovernments
and other matters of a like nature, lie then at great length ex-
pounded his views, taking as his text a series of propositions which
he had drawn up for the purpose, and of which I enclose herewith a
copy. In effect his views are as follows, and I should say, before
detailing them, that I was informed in Switzerland that he has been
hitherto opposed to emigration and has only adopted his present
opinion as the result of gradual conviction. lie says, I see emigra-
tion is inevitable. It must become a necessity. As at present con-
ducted it leads to innumerable difficulties and injuries. Take, as an
example, tho case of La Plata and Brazil, to which so many Swiss
liave gone and so many are returning. Therefore he has come to the
conclusion that from the Swiss point of view, emigration should be
universally regarded as a " moral and political " necessity, and treated
on moral and political grounds. In other words that the Govern-
ment of each country instead of holding aloof from it, should interest
itself in it, provided it can do so in a legitimate way.

In thinking how this could be done. Dr. Joos arrived at the
scheme of which the following seven propositions are a skeleton.

" Quelques preHminaires quant au projet de diriger une partie de
IV'migration Suisse vers le Canada : —

1. Traiter I'afFairo de Gouvernement a Gouvernement.

2. Offrir a la Confederation Suisse une cession de terre de 300,000
acres sans conditions aucunes.

3. Lui laisser douze niois pour reflechir avant qu'elle doive se
decider.

4. Engager Ic Conseil P\'deral Suisse de se faire donncr un rapport
sur I'oflFre par des experts nomm6s par lui et envoy6s au Canada.

5. Permettre au Conseil Federal Suisse de prendre sur soi les frais
occasionnes par cctte expertise.

G. Libdrer la Confederation Suisse des impots fonciers, quant au
terrains qui resteraient en sa propriete, pendant les dix premieres
annees.

7. Permettre a la Confederation de ceder le tout ou partie de la
cession a uu ou plusieurs Cantons Suisses avec la mcme libera-
tion quant aux impots."

He proposes that emigration should be treated as an affair between
the Governments of the emigrants and of the immigrants, tho one

providing assurance of what it will do for the immigrant, the other
giving to the emigrant that confirmation of bona Jides oi which he is,
under the existing want of system, deprived.

The initiative must be taken by the Government which looks for
population, and it is its duty to state to the other Government the
terms on which it is willing to accept its emigrants. The Govern-
ment of Canada and its Provinces already offer rather lavifhly land
free to individual emigrants : let the Dominion, or cither of tlic
Provincial Governments, extend this principle for the benefit of
obtaining the assistance of the Government of the emigres.

For instance, let the Government of Canada, or of Ontario, or of
Quebec, as the case may be, offer to place at the disposal of the
Swiss Federal Council 300,000 to 500,000 acres of land, cither in
one or in different places, say in lots of 50,000 or 100,000 acres, or
otherwise. " Place at disposal," is tl'^ proper term to express what
Dr. Joos means, ior hedistinetly understands that no rights whatever,
inconsistent with the sovereignty of the Canadian Government are
in any case to be granted or assumed. It would be for the Govern-
ment of Canada to decide upon the manner in which the offer should
be made and its terms. They might agree to grant the land to local
trustees in Canada, on trust to carry out the terms of the Conven-
tion ; but subjecting them and the land to the general and local laws
of the country. It will be observed in Dr. Joos's second proposition,
•that he says ^^ cette cession de teri'es^' should be '' sans conditions
aucunes.^' The sense in which these words are used he explained to
me simply that the gift was to be free, and that the mode of settling
the land was to be left to the colonising State, and subject to its
carrying out the terms of the grant by providing a constant flow of
population of the kind prescribed by the conditions. It — the colo-
nising Government alone — is to organise the system, is to assume
whatever profits it can make ; but to devote these profits exclusively
to the expenses connc^ed witn the colonisation.

At this point I challenged Dr. Joos to explain more fully what he
meant. Did ho mean any one to make any profit ? He replied No ;
but eventually he wished an emigration fund to be created out of the
immigration, which should enable it to pay for itself. The offer of
the Canadian or Provincial Government might be made either to the
State as a whole, or to any Canton in the State of Switzerland. The
■State or Canton would then, to commence operations, have to under-

Ihc

|o;

Ihe

Ihc

take certain liabilities and incur certain expenses. Tlicso it would
expect to recoup itself out of any profits made on manaj^inp; the land.

QiKStion. — How would it manage the land and how make profits?
The Canadian Government were already offering from 100 to 200
acres of land free to all settlers.

li<phf. — Yes ; but it does not get them, and the reason it does
not get them is that many emigrants never he»ar of the offer : if they
do, they do not credit it when heard of, or think other offers to bo
more eligible or more trustworthy. In the mnjority of cases, says
Dr. Joos, what the emigrant wants is, First — assurance of an estate ;
Second — assurance of good faith ; Third — association with his com-
patriots ; the latter being, as he affirmed, an especially strong point
with Continental emigres.

Well, supposing the colonising Government to have received an
offer from the Colonial Government, to have investigated it, to have
satisfied itself of the advantages of the territory and of the hona fides
of tlie Colonial Government, it turns round to its own public and
says " Here is land in Canada which we can offer to you cheap, the
conditions on which we get it are such as to assure you, First — pos-
session ; Second — good faith ; Third — associates of the same race
and language as yours."

Then he says, if such off'ers are made hy the Government of the
emigrants, it will be able to sell at reasonable rates the very same
land whieh, offered by the immigrating Government free, the people
icoidd not even look at.

The propositian underlined is the key-stone of Dr. Joos' system.
As he puts it, it brings moral and political forces to bear upou emi-
gration ; for it excludes fraud at home and abroad ; the fraud of the
emigration Agent and the fraud of the speculative coloniser, who is
a man peculiarly dreaded by thoughtful men on the Continent as
distinct from a Government. If the speculative coloniser should
make a similar offer to the Swiss Government, it can scarcely be
expected to be successful, for the reason that he can scarcely give
the necessary assurance.

As an example. Dr. Joos instanced the case of a Florida land
speculator who some time since made such an offer to the Swiss
Council. As it had been publicly made it was necessary to enter-
tain it, and public opinion obliged them so far to entertain it as to ask
their Consul General at Washington to send two or three gentlemen
experts to examine the land. But no sooner was the instruction

given than the speculator withdrew his offer, thus cxposiag the true
nature of the proposal.

Dr. Jool's third proposition is that after the supposed offer had
been made by the Canadian Government twelve months should bo
allowed the Swiss Government lor reflection before eventually de-
ciding. The object of this would be to enable that Govcrument to
make such enquiries as it might deem necessary in the circumstances
and to carry out the fourth proposal — namely, to enable it to procure
an oflacial report upon the offer by experts to be named by itself and
sent to Canada.

By the fifth proposition it i.s supposed that the expenses of this
delegation should be discharged by the Canadian Government. The
sixth proposition was one that I pointed out to Dr. Joos, as likely
to create a difficulty, even supposing the others were granted. It is
in these words — " Liberer la Confederation Suisse dcs impots
fonciers quant au terrains qui rcsteraient en sa propriete pendant les
dix premieres aLnoes."

I understand that all Dr. Joos means by this is that supposing
the land which was being admirlstered by or on behalf of the Swiss
Government (as for a private individual) remained for a certain
period unclaimsd and unsettled, thtit the Swiss Government should
not be held to be liah^e as perhaps a private individual might be,
supposing it possible for him to have bought so much territory on
speculation, to pay local or general taxes.

With this explanation the proposition does not appear so unrea-
sonable, since it amounts to no more than this, the only right which
the Swiss Government would have in the laud would be to nominate
the persons who would settle on it. The land would lie there pre-
cisely as it would have lain had the Swiss Government no connection
with it, and as long as it laid unoccupied, it would be treated pre-
cisely as it would be treated, supposing it were the Canadian
Government land, and had neither been occupied nor sold. In other
words, that no due? should be created upon it, simply because it
happened to have been set aside for uses to be designated by the
Swiss Government.

The seventh proposition was as follows : — " Permettre a la Con
federation de coder Ic tout ou partie de la cession a un ou plusieurs
Cantons Suisscs avcc la memo liberation quant aux impots " is
simply in fact to provide for the case that some of the Cantons of
Switzerland might not feel thenif elves to be equally interested in this

Con
irs
is

18 of

this

undertaking, and that some would rather desire to be excluded from
it ; in which case Dr. Joos only asks that they might be allowed to
place separate Cantons in the position occupied by the Federal
Council in relation to the lands and upon the same terms.

I trust that I have been able in this brief epitome of several con-
ferences to explain clearly the nature of the scheme which Dr. Joos
suggests for the consideration of the Government. It is undoubtedly
one of a novel, and in some respects, perhaps, startling character ;
and the first question that occurs upon its presentation is whether,
supposing it were adopted, it would be likely to be accepted by the
Federal or Cantonal Governments of Switzerland, With reference to
this I had to make enquiries with regard to Dr. Joos's standing
amongst his fellows and in the country, and am bound to say that all
these enquiries were of a satisfactory character.

Through the kind instrumentality of Mr. Corbett, Her Majesty's
Charge d'Afifuires at Berne, whose courtesy and attention to all the
subjects connected with the interests of Canada which I brought
before him, I cannot sufficiently acknowledge, I learned that Dr.
Joos was a gentleman of considerable influence, especially in the
locality near which he resides, namely, Schaffhausen.

I saw some leading politicians and statesmen of Switzerland, some
of whom appeared to take an interest in the opinions of Dr. Joos,
though they had not yet made up their minds as to the course which
they would pursue in regard to them. But I believe Dr. Joos has
sufficient influence at least to carry any proposals he might seriously
make, in some of the Cantons ; if indeed he might not excite discus-
sions which would lead to the practical consideration of the question
by the Federal Council.

I have already acknowledged the attention and aid afl"orded to me
by Mr. Corbett, the diplomatic representative of the British Gov-
ernment at Borne, and should add that he expressed to me in the
kindest manner his anxiety to render every assistance in his power in
any matter which the Government of Canada might desire to have
brought to the attention of the Federal Government.

It is now my duty to make a few remarks in the light of the
general information which I possess of emigration matters in Europe,
upon Dr. Joos's propositions, and I submit for your consideration
the opinions I have formed upon them.

As regards Switzerland, it differs from adjacent Continental coun-
tries, with the exception of Italy, in perifiittinga perfect freedom in

carrying on a propaganda of emigration — the only restraint being
placed on the emigration Agents proper of the country, who are
bound to give security for the honest pursuit of their calling.
Apart from this, advertising, canvassing, lecturing, &c., &c., ou
emigration are as free in Switzerland as in England. This is a fac*
important not only as regards Switzerland itself, but with reference
to the countries which surround it, since Italian, German, and
French are all languages used in Switzerland.

The freedom to publish information opens the doors to Italy,
Austria, Germany, and France. From Switzerland the local emi-
gration Agents carry their agencies into all these countries except
France — though less to Italy than the others. The feelings of the
upper classes in Switzerland — that is to say, now, of the monied and
mercantile classes is contrary to emigration, because they desire to
keep down the rate of wages. In many respects the state of things
resembles that in England. The country occupies an advantageous
position for commerce, and as they say in England, "The rich are
getting richer, and the poor are getting poorer every day." Land
near the cities is increasing in value, land beyond the cities is alsQ
more and more being absorbed for the purpose of luxury rather than
of cultivation, and the tendency therefore is to the breaking up of the
small farms and homesteads, and a departure either to the cities or
to other countries. I do not doubt that this process will go on in an
increasing ratio, and that now is the time for the Canadian Govern-
ment to take advantage of this state of things, and to prepare to
secure what would be to it, as a practical measure, one most consider,
able element ot development. "What are the objections and advan-
tages of the scheme ?

Upon a careful survey of these, 1 have come to the conclusion that
the advantages overbalance the objections. The first objection that
will be made will be granting to any foreign Government rights which
might seem to be inconsiste >t with the absolv^e dominion of the
Canadian Government, or which might at some future time leud to
diplomatic difficulties with that Government.

This first branch of the objection is well met by Dr. Joos's explan-
ation that no such rights are to be conferred, and can of course be
fully met by carefully defining the terms upon which any convention
of the kind is established. If this is satisfactorily arranged, it is
improbable the atcond branch of the difficulty should occur, because
the terms being defined, and the rights or benefits granted being of

an ordinary or limited character, there can scarcely be an opening
for any diplomatic collision.

The second difficulty that occurs to me is auggested by the ex-
perience in Canada of the effect of locking up large pieces of territory
in the hands of private individuals for any considerable length of
time. It has been found that land Companies have reserved their
lands for so long a period as sometimes to interfere with the proper
development of the district, and it might be said, how long is the
Swiss Government to be allowed to hold this land to the exclusion of
other settlers '(. This objection also can be met by the conditions
upon which the arrangement is made. The Government have
already in the case of the Icelanders shut off a piece of territory to
be devoted exclusively to Icelandic settlements. There is therefore
a precedent for creating a small Swiss settlement. They can pre-
scribe the time within which the experiment is to be tried, and if it
were to be found that the Swiss Government was not carrying out
with sufficient energy the settlement of the land, the arrangement
should terminate at some period to be fixed by the conditions. I
presume there is no reason why, supposing the period to extend over
ten years, it should not be laid down that within that time the Swiss^
Government must have parted with the whole '^f the lands, or that
whatever remained should fall into the- hands of the Canadian
Government, with all the advantages of its enhanced value. It will
be seen that the Swiss Government would have every reason, sup-
posing that a portion of the Concession had been filled up, to go on
filling up the rest, which would be made more valuable by the
existing settlers.

The advantages of the scheme have already been partly indicated.
There is the benefit of the imprimatur of the Swiss Government, of
its guarantee of the correctness of the title aud of the nature of the
soil. There would be the eclat of a national colony. Were it to
succeed, there would be the gradual introduction of Swiss capital
and manufactures, aud of exciting such a discussion in Switzerland

aboutCanada, her resources, her Government, &c , &c., as could in
uo other way be secured. The effect of all these things upon ad-
jacent States could not be over-estimated. Other peoples would
begin to desire to make similar arrangements, or, at all events, to fol-
low in the wake of the colony established under snch cirsumstances.
The discussion would take place over the whole of Europe. The
question would be a question of more than merely national interest ;

and 1 have come to the conclusion that if you should see your way to
recommend to the Government this great undertaking, that its in-
fluence upon the objects which you have so deeply at heart would bo
incalculable.

On Saturday, the 18th, the Swiss Federal Council broke up, and
Dr. Joos returned to SchafFhausen after another long interview. For
himself he declared the matter to be simply a public and philanthro-
pic suggestion, on which he is prepared to stake his political
reputation.

I asked him at this interview, supposing the Government of
Canada were disposed to make such an offer, what reasonable ground
is there to hope that it would be accepted by the Swiss Government ?
To which he replied —

First. The Florida case is a precedent to show that if the oifer is
made, it will be entertained — thtvt it is, at all events, discussed — in
the Swiss Parliament.

Second. I, and other influential politicians, will take care that it
shall have a fair discussion, and I pledge myself for one to support
it.

I find I have a note of another suggestion thrown out by Dr.
Joos: that probably if Switzerland formed such a colony, not a few
of the citizens of the adjacent States would be attracted by the
"warranty thus oflcred, to apply for land in the area granted ; and
thus there would be an indirect inducement to other Governments to
-offer to undertake similar responsibilities. I simply recite the sug-
gestion as he put it.

Mr. Corbett, who had been absent from Berne up to this time ;
although I find I have already reported the aid he afterwards ren-
•dercd, agreed to make the necessary enquiries for me on Monday ;
«nd on Saturday afternoon I went with Madame von Koorbcr to
A^isit the ^rJoys' Establishment atGruneau, which is a sort of reforma-
tory school, conducted on what is termed the " family system."

Madame von Koerber had requested me to make this visit because
a Dr. Guillaume a noted philanthropist at Ncuchatel, who was
interested in this and other establishments, had evinced some
sympathy in the idea of starting a system of emigration from
Switzerland to Canada similar to that of Miss Eye and Miss
3Iacpherson. But I was desirous of seeing what sort of material
it was proposed to off'er.

The boys are well educated ; the system is good, and I doubt not

that a fair selection of them would be quite as valuable in Canadian
homes as are boys from this country,

Dr. Guillaume also takes an interc^^t in female emigration, and
Madame von Ivoerber hopes to induce him to give some practical
attention to it.

I regret tiiat my time was too limited to pay him a visit at
Neuchatel and discuss the matter with him.

On Monday, having accompanied Mr. Corbett to the, Inter-
national Postal Bureau for the purpose of obtaining information for
the Hon. the Postmaster General, we found that M. Borel, the head
of the Bureau was absent till Wednesday, and the Minister of the
Interior, whom I desired to see respecting Dr. Joos's propositions,
was in Council. The interviews were therefore postponed. The
afternoon was occupied with Madame von Koerber, who had severa.
times given mc general ideas of the work she was doing, but I fixed
the afternoon for a prolonged interview, in which I went carefully
into her suggestions. She had sent me on Saturday a bundle of
papers, which I have the honour to enclose, in which she had detailed
her efforts and views.

These, it will be seen, are hardly practicable, at least not as they
stand. They are based on hypothetical action of the Continental
governments, which is extremely doubtfnl, and the probability of
which ^vou]d at all events, need to be first ascertained.

Nevertheless she appears to have been very active. She is in
communication with influential people who take an interest in her
proposals, and one or two of the latter seem to me to be at least
worth enquiry.

She has two schemes. One for a universal womans' emigration
society which, for the reason that it is to be universal, I told her I
did not see how the Government of Canada could employ her to
organise.

The second, to secure from Switzerland some of the boys collected
in the establishments like that of Gruneau, which I had visited on
Saturday. With regard to this latter proposition I was obliged to
leave it entirely uninvestigated, and I have already given all the
information I possess on the subject. On the former proposition I
afterwards obtained an abundance of information, which will be
presently given.

On all hands, I had been informed from Paris to Berne that the
proper point from which to arrive at the emigration from the North

of Italy was Geneva, and as I had nothing to do at Berne I resolved
to visit that place and make some enquiries.

I should mention that my information goes to show that the North
of Italy is at this moment one of the best fields to which to look for
emigrants in Europe. The people are hale and sturdy.

They emigrate in large numbers to various parts of Europe, where
they are employed chiefly as out-door labourers and navvies. Those
that I saw working in the streets at Berne were large and powerful
men. " They are not debilitated by a hot climate, and I believe
would be well adapted to some parts of Canada. The Australian
colonies are trying hard to^et some of these valuable emigrants, and
I strongly advise that an effort should be made to reach them. It
was impossible for me in the time which I had at my disposal to visit
Turin or Genoa, where the best information with regard to this sub-
ject can be obtained ; but if you are of opinion, from the experience
had of Italian navvies who have been working on some of the Canadian
railways, that these people would be valuable emigrants, either fcir
Ontario or Manitoba, there is no difficulty in reaching them, and
it may be possible that, in consequence of the hardships which the
immense number of emigrants from that country to South American
Republics have endured, that arrangements might be made with the^
Italian Government which would considerably facilitate the emigra-
tion. I should be glad to receive your specific instructions upon this,
point, when I would make it my business to give immediate
attention to that part of Europe.

I ascertained at Geneva that the statements which had been made
to me by Agents elsewhere, that that was a point from which Italy
might be reached, were incorrect. The emigrants pass through
from Susa to Paris and Havre, or else they take their departure
directly from Genoa for South America.

I, however, saw an Agent at Geneva who does a considerable busi-
ness for the United States. He agrees with all the rest that the
emigration has been from the south of Italy and north of
Italy to La Plata, the Argentine Republic, the Brazils,^ &c.,
cS:c. Large numbers are returning dissatisfied. Queensland has
secured a few. The ULi'.;d States, until lately, was popular, but
the return tlience of many dissatisfied ones has discouraged the
people. If Canada were known, rates reduced below those of the
United States, land offered &c., he thought that many could be got.
The places for Italian Agencies were Susa and Turin. Little could

be done from Switzerland, it must be done in Piedmont itself. There
was always from Piedmont a large emigration, and of good people.

This gentleman, M. llufly, expresses himself ready to act as an
Agent, and referred to M. Eossangc, with whom I have communi-
cated about him. 1 ft Geneva on the afternoon of Wednesday,
arriving at Berne at eleven at night.

On Thursday the 28rd, in the morning, after attending to cor-
respondence, I accompanied Her Majesty's Minister to visit M.
Borel, the Secretary of the International Postal Convention, with
whom I had a long conference, the results of which were communi-
cated to the Postmaster-General in my letter of the same date.

Madame von Ivoerber occupied most of the afternoon with the
discussion of some disputed accounts which have received attention.

On Friday, the 24th, I went to Zurich; leaving Berne in the
morning, arriving in Zurich at 10.40 p.m. Here M. HofiFacker from
Zwilchenbart's had appointed to assist me with reference to a Tyro-
lese Agent whom I also expected to meet. Neither of them, however,
had arrived, but on Saturday evening, M. Hoffacker came and ex-
plained that in his absence from home my telegram had not reached
him in time to make arrangements. As I had not time to go to
Bregenz to see this person I directed M. Hoffacker to see him and
report to me the result. With reference to this I have addressed to
the Department a confidential communication. On the morning of
Monday, the 27th, I left Zurich for Stuttgart.

And here, in leaving Switzerland, I desire to introduce some ob-
servations and suggestions with regard to the method of procedure in
that country.

I would suggest that it should be made the centre of operations
for middle Europe and beyond, and that from this point operations
should be carried into the adjacent countries. It is favourably situ-
ated for commanding part of France, Baden, Wurtembcrg, Bavaria,
Tyrol, the Provinces of Austria as far south as Trieste, and of
aiding, if not controlling, the north of Italy.

<|C ^j* 'r» *j* »f* »|C *j€

In addition to a local agent who would devote himself to the
practical details of emigration, and of necessity would chiefly work
in the north of Switzerland, it would be well to have in constant
intercourse with Berne and Geneva an Agent of the Government,
familiar either with French or German, thoroughly po'sted with
regard to Canadian affairs, and able not only to follow the Press of

the country, but also from time to time to take his part in instruct-
ini; that Press upon Canadian affairs.

Fortunately, in looking for such a gentleman, one has not to go
far to find him ready at hand, and at the present moment in a situ-
ution in which his energy and abilities can scarcely be said to bo
adequately called forth. I would suggest that M. Paul de Cazes
.should be transferred from Pai'is to Geneva, and be directed to
devote his attention to the above objects.

As respects Madame von Koerber, it will be seen that the result
of my inquiries in Germany is, that there is some prospect, provided
Canada is prepared to offer reasonable inducements, of being able to
secure the co-operation of a very influential Society, extending over
the whole of Germany, called the " Frauenverein," an association for
the assistance of women. In Switzerland, provided that a local
agent and M. Paul de Cazes were appointed as I suggest, Madame
von Koerber's services mi<j;ht be retained with advantage, but there
would not be sufficient to occupy the whole of her time.

With regard to her, everything depends upon the result of the in-
quiries which T have made, through Lord Odo Russell, of the
German Government as to the objections which they bring against
her. She has been ordered to leave the territory of Baden without
being informed of the reason ; but she states that she learned that it
was in consequence of letters which had been sent to Berlin from
Toronto by the German Consul there. I hope in a few days to learn
from Her Majesty's Ambassador at Berlin the cause of this severity-
From information given me by the diplomatic representatives in
Germany, I think that unless the objection to Madame von Koerber
is removed, it will be impossible for her to enter any part of German
territory, and thus she will bo cut off from what she proposes to be
the principal field of her labours.

At Stuttgart I received the kindest attention and assistance from
Her Majesty's Chargd d' Affaires, who gave me all the information in
his power. The emigration from Wurtomburg during the past year
scarcely exceeded a thousand persons, and no doubt a check has been
given to it by the operations of the Government, but chiefly by the
bad accounts received from the United States. I learned, however,
one significant fact, viz., that from the last conscription-list GOO men
were missing, showing how powerfully the conscription is working in
driving Germans from German territory. At the same time it is to
be observed, both with regard to Wurtemburg and the whole of

Germany, that the operation of this cause cannot be very long con-
tinued, and that it must be expected that in the next two or three
years the country will have got rid of those who are willing to forfeit
their nationality through indisposition to enter military service.

I should here remind you that one of the dissuasions used so far
back as 1872-3 by the Prussian Government newspapers against
Canada was that while an emigrating German lost his right of claim-
ing the advantages of his nationality, that he did not acquire British
citizenship by residence in Canada. This question is far more im-
portant than it would at first seem, and 1 would submit it as a subject
well worthy attention whether some arrangements might not be made
both with and through the British Government, which would remove
this difficulty.

But the principa] object of my visit to Stuttgart was to see a
gentleman of high position, lately a Minister of the Crown, to whom
Madame von Koerber had referred me as taking an interest in her
scheme. It is not necessary here to mention the name of this gentle-
man, which I convey to you in a confidential letter.

During a long conversation he fully expressed his sympathy with
the object Madame von Koerber had in view, that, namely, of getting
the Fraucnverein, with which he is connected, to organise an emi-
gration of German women to Canada. It is stated that there is an
excess of females in Germany, said to amount to more than a million^
and this Association has been formed in consequence of the evils re-
sulting from this state of things, for the purpose of procuring em-
ployment for women of all classes, and thus of preventing the
degradation into which unemployed females are likely to fall.

I explained to this gentleman .vhat the Canadian and Ontario
Governments were doing to procure domestic servants from England,,
and asked him whether he thought that the Frauenverein would be
willing to undertake to procure and send out respectable women for
domestic service. I explained that for the better class of women
there was no great demand, though it might perhaps be possible to
obtain applications from shops in Canada for educated women ; that
the main thing was to procure women fit for service, and that it
would be essential that the Frauenverein should find some portion of
the passage-money, and should assure the Government of Canada
that every pains would be taken to secure a proper class of women,
and that no persons of doubtful character should be sent forward.

This he told me he was sure would be done. He has promised to

call the attention of ladies of very high rank in Grcrmany to thist
subject ; and from the information I procured here and elsewhere in
Germany I am satisfied that if you sec your way to recommend that
arrangements should be made with this Association, and that assisted
passages should be offered to a proper class of women, that both from
Germany and Austria a considerable number could be obtained. The
subject however demands greit consideration, for the reason that in
dealing with this Association, the Government will bo dealing with
ladies and gentlemen of the highest ranlc, and with patrons from
among the principal royal families of Germany. It would therefore
be advisable that the subject should be carefully considered, and the
arrangements carefully matured before any offer was made to the
Association.

I understood my informant to say that provided assistance were
given, and a satisfactory arrangement was made for the reception of
the girls at proper " Homes" in Montreal and Toronto, the Associa-
tion might probably be induced on its own part not only to undertake
their collection, but the members to pay part of the expenses. Lastly,
he urged upon me very strongly the necessity of endeavouring to
interest influential people in Berlin in the matter, since without the
countenance of the Federal authorities, there might be obstructions
tlirown in our way.

At two o^clock in the morning of Thursday, the 30th Septeniber,
I left Stuttgart for Munich, arriving there at 8 o'clock a.m.

Here, again, unfortunately, Her Majesty's Charge d' Affaires, Mr.
Petre, to whom Lord Derby had given me an official introduction,
was absent — ill; but Mr. Hildyard, the Secretary of the Legation,
gave me all the information and assistance in his power. He agreed
to lay before Mr. Petre the information which I gave him upon the
subject of Canada, and stated that he had no doubt that whatever
assistance could be rendered by that gentleman would be given.

The emigration Agencies in Bavaria are not numerous, and there
is no doubt great difficulty in working them. The point which I
have endeavoured to impress upon Her Majesty's representatives
abroad was that an emigration conducted through the responsible
Agents of a Government like that of Canada was far less likely to be
injurious to the country than the present system which, while appear-
ing to be so strict, really, as I have before said, affords opportunities
"to designing speculators and fraudulent Agents.

Further, I desired enquiry to be made as to the extent to which

JAgcuts of the (Jovornmcnt, or others, might logitiniatcly go in dis-
•tributing information, and in advertising. With regard to this latter,
I saw two firms. These gentlemen told mo they were willing to
undertake a contract for advertising in influential papers in South
'vJermany, and I have the honour to enclose their estimate.

The other firm was that of Hassenstcin & Voglcr, who have Agents
•over a good part of Europe, and who have already been employed by
Madame von Kocrbcr in Switzerland ; but I found that these gentlo-
imen seemed rather timorous of undertaking business.

I asked Messrs. to make enquiries in the proper quarter

before they made their estimate, as to whether any legal objectionB
would be made to an advertisement on behalf of the Canadian Gov-
ernment, of a brief description of the country, with the terms of
settlement ; and you will perceive by the letter which accompanied
their estimate that they state that no difficulties will be thrown in
their way. I shall, however, instruct them to s-ubmit a copy of am
advertisement, which 1 am having drawn up, to the proper authoritiea
before placing it in the papers.

Since my return I am gratified to state that I have received I'rom the
Kditor of the Adicrhau Zeitung^ the agricultural journal of Bavaria,
a letter asking for full information about Canada, for the purpose of
publishing some articles upon the subject, and I have forwarded him
a, number of pamphlets and a short advertisement, which has beco
drawn up with some care. *

It was impossible for me, without spending a longer time ia
Bavaria, than I could spare — even had it been safe to visit tho
country districts — to ascertain anything specific about probable
colonies. It would require a special visit to do that, and I think I
could ensure its being done with safety.

I left Munich on October 2ad, arriving in Berlin at mid-day on
the 3rd.

On Monday the 4th I went to the Embassy to present a letter of
introduction from Lord Derby, and found that Lord Odo llussell
was absent, but was expected to return on Wednesday. As any ar-
rangements, cither for the protection of our Agents in Germany, or
lor any relaxation of the restrictions now existing upon emigration,
to a large extent depend upon his assistance, I decided to await his
return.

* Since published.

Lord Odo Jiushcll wjih unexpectedly detained until Thursday
afternoon, and on Friday inorninjr, I had a lon<^ interview with him.
The points which I presented to his attention wore — first, the ques-
tion of the position of M. Klotz; secondly, that he would inquire into
the reasons for the extradition of Madame von Koerberfrom Badcr,
and whether in the future, on her devoting herself exciu;:i.Jy to
fomalo emigration, it would be possible to remove the order ; thirdly,
to ask him to call the attention of the German Government to the
fact that United States Consuls freely acted in Germany as Agents
for emigration, thus giving that country an advantage over us. I
pointed out to him that English Consuls were generally either
ignorant or indifferent to the subject, and begged him to consider
whether, at all events, they might be enjoined to render information
to emigrants inquiring about British Colonies, or whether, supposing
the Canadian Government were to arrange to appoint in certain
places in Germany quasi-Consular Agents, these Agents would not
be at least as free to disseminate information as the United States
Consuls.

His Excellency seemed 'to think that this last idea was worth
entertaining, and that, supposing the arrangement could be entered
into between the Canadian and Imperial Government to admit of the
appointment of two or three such Consular Agents for Canada, who
migbt be Germans or otherwise, as the Canadian Government might
deem best; that the German Government might be induced to
recognise them. There are no doubt many interests aifecting
Canada which these Agents might look after, and they would always
be oflBcial authoritative exponents of the Government policy on every
subject.

It was understood that this was only a suggestion thrown out,
and to be unofficially referred to German statesmen.

Fourthly. I requested Lord Odo Eussell to ascertain definitely
to wb"*. extent the Canadian Government might go, in directly dis-
tribuLug information about Canada, and in advertising throughout
Germany.

I asked his Excellency to endeavour to impress upon the German
authorities how futile was the present system in preventing emigra-
tion, whilst it gave, as I have before explained, so much facility for
deception. And explaining to him the system which had been
suggested by Pr. Joos, asked him to ascertain whether it was likely

that some drrangemont might not be iDaJe upon a similar basis for*
a (icrman colony in the north-west.

I carefully explained to Lord Odo Russell that these were only
thrown out as suggestions, unauthorised by the (Tovernment, and
sinjply to be a matter of private enquiry.

Tiord Odo Uusscll has promised to give his attention to the subject,
and I have furnished him with maps and books ; and he has assured
nic ih the kindest manner that whatever he can personally do to assist
the objects of the Canadian Government will be to him a matter of
gratification. He has invited me at any tim3 to apply to him for
information ; and he has offered, if I will go to Berlin at a later
period, to introduce me to the leading Ministers, in order, if you
should deem it to be advisable, that a fair discussion might be had
(ti the difficulties which are thrown in our way, and an attempt bo
rmu'ie at least to get some of these difficulties relaxed,

told Lord Odo Russell that the Canadian Government was
desirous to carry out its emigrp.tion policy in a manner befitting the
dignity of a Government, and not to be obliged to rely, as some other
emigration Agencies do, upon secret transactions and unworthy
Agents.

He did not seem to think it impossible that if the German Govern-
ment were approached in this spirit, and the assurances of the
Canadian Government were satisfactory, we might at least obtain
some good results with regard to certain portions of the German
Empire.

On Saturday morning I left for Hamburgh, arriving late on
Saturday evening, and remained thore until Tuesday evening, leaving
by the night train en route for London.

At Hamburgh, with M. Klotz, I had interviews with 3Iessrs.
Falck& Co., M. Behrens, M. Mollcr, the Agent of the White Star
and Dominion lines, and with M. Bolton, the very able Manager of
the direct line to the United States, which I should mention has
absorbed its rival the Adler line. Messrs. Falck & Co., as I have
before reported, are identical with the firm of Spiro & Co,, though
they carry on business iu different houses ; the one representing
New York lines, and the other the Allan line.

1 may briefly sum up all the information which I obtained here as
follows : —

First. It was confirmed that the direct lines of steamships have

ttn aJvantag'C over the ludirect, as to populai^ity, rici to irei^dom of
operations, and as to the exceptional privileges of the Agencies which
they can safely establish in the interior. The reason, as before men-
tioned, being that so large a share of their capital is held in
Germany, and by such inftucntial persons. In Prussia general con-
cessions arc granted only to Agents of direct lines.

I have the honour to enclose extracts from the laws in force at the
port of Hamburgh. These contain all that is essential to be con-
sidered in connection with the question.

From tliesc you will see that in minor details also the direct lines
'n\ro in a better position.

Second. That we could deal with greater advantage directly with
tlic Hamburg Agents of Canadian lines than we can vvitli their
principals at Liverpool. I have already given reasons for this
opinion, but it was confirmed by the opinion of the Agents above-
mentioned.

T have here for a moment to endeavour to distinguish in regard to
this point, between two possible expedients.

1. The first is the expedient of dealing indiscriminately with the
direct and indirect lines for the delivery of emigrants in Montreal,
Toronto, or Manitoba, as the case might be. In this case what
V'ould occur would be this. I should receive from you an authorisa*
tion to proceed to Hamburgh, and call together the Agents of the
various lines and to ask them to unite in quoting to me some rate
which they would adopt for the season. (It should be observed
that in the present state of the law that rate could only be quoted to
New York or to Quebec, and not inland ; but I shall refer to this
matter directly. The rate having been agreed upon, the whole of
the lines indiscriminately — that is to say, the Allan, Dominion,
Anchor, and direct lines would all agree to book to Canada at a cer-
tain rate, and that rate would be advertised throughout Germany.
In addition to the Agencies already at work in our favour, n-e should
then have the ichole of the Agency of ihe direct lines, and the value
of that assistance can hardly be overestirated. But t have grounds
to state in addition that, we have good reason to hope that through
the influence of the direct lines, which would then be interested in
the matter, we might obtain a relaxation of the law which forbids the
issuing at German ports, of tickets good for inland transit beyond
the port of debarkation.

You will remember that I originally intended to send yon from

time to time durlilg Iny journey the various portions of this repofi^
but I am glad I did not do so^ because it has enabled me to mature
my judgment upon various questions^ and particularly upon the one
just mentioned, which I deem to be of the utmost importance to the
future policy of emigration. It is my donviction that its adoptiori
tvould aid us considerably, and 1 respectfully submit it for your con-
sideration; Among other things which have oCicurred to me as
likely to be not the le&st important of the results from adopting my
suggestion, is that it cannot but be an effective and valuable fact to'
be able to point to a current of emigration proceeding directly
through the United States to Canada.

2. The other alternative is that of continuing to work only witl^
the indirect Canadian lines. With regard to this I was informed
that I might hope to make favourable conditions directly with the
Agents upon promise of assisting them in advertising, &c., &c., which
would secure to the emigrant the benefit of any bonus the Government
might determine to give. The wide margin which these Agenta
take over and above the net price paid to their principals at Liver-
pool, leaves them, something to come and go upon in the contract with
the Government. But here I may point out two diflSculties. The
first is that the direct lines are dictators of the Hamburgh rates, and
that if we did not secure the direct lines, our market is liable to go
up and down. This is, of course, but all the more reason why a dis-
cretion should be given to the principal Agent on this side to make
the best arrangement for the Government. But it would be infinitely
better to get all the Agencies to establish a rate for the season. The
second difiiculty would be that supposing Messrs, Falck & Co. and
M. Moller had agreed to quote a rate based upon the existing quota-
tion of the Allan or Dominion Lines, these latter, if they found that
Government as.sistancc was being given might endeavour to raise the
i-ate upon the Hamburgh Agents. While they remain in conference,
however, I understand that it would not be possible for them to do
this unless the whole of the New York Companies went with them,
\vhich is almost an impossibility.

The last point which was forced upon me was in confirmation of
the information I have above detailed, that some honns in aid is
tssentinl to anything like a successful emigration. The general
opinion seemed to be that, considering the higher rates from the
Continent, v^ compared with those from Great Britain, the longer
distance, and the greater ignoran3C about the country, the bonus

should amount to j£l 10s., or £2 sterling. When I Inform you that
a vessel for South Australia is shortly about to leave Hamburgh
which will carry 500 persons the whole of whose passage money is
paid — although many of them are well off — and who nevertheless
were not secured without difficulty, you will perhaps excuse my re-
commendation that even this should be granted. I think it is pos-
sible that were that done, an arrangement could be made with the
Agents to pay a lesser commission than is now offered.

I may say, before I conclude, that I learned from one Agent, of
two parties — one consisting of 1,000 Tyrolese, and the other of a
large village of Bavarians — who he said had written to him upon the
subject of emigrating. I am informed that a number of these Tyro-
lese some time since were induced to go to Michigan, and have been
severely disappointed. I will obtain the address of this colony, and
forward it to you with the suggestion that a special Agent should be
sent there to visit those persons, and ascertain whether they, like the
Icelanders in the United States, would be willing to emigrate to
Manitoba.

I may say that several Agents on the Continent told me they had
reason to think that there were many disappointed parties in some of
the Western States, and it has struck me that possibly a Canadian
Agent visiting these States might be able to induce at least a few to
try Manitoba, and thus to open the way to parties of their country-
men at home.

I have thus endeavoured to lay before you all the information
which I obtained which appears to be of immediate practical impor-
tance. I had originally intended to visit Vienna and Prague, in
which latter place I had arranged to be introduced to the leader of
the Czech party ; but my time would not admit cf it. Nor could I
visit Scandinavia, which I much regret.

I have, in conclusion, to express a hearty acknowledgment of the
courtesy of the diplomatic corps, and of the interest which they
evinced in the objects of my mission. 1 am sure that in any steps,
which may be taken for the promotion of the objects of the Canadian
Government upon the Continent, you will have from them sympa-
thetic and cordial co-operation.

I have the honour to be,
Sir,
Your obedient Servant,
(Signed) EDWARD JENKINS, Agent General.

Since the above Report was sent in, I opened conimunieations with
a gentleman connected with the German press, who takes a deep in-
terest in Canada, and who has published a long and important article
descriptive ef the resources of the various provinces. I have also, by
your directions, forwarded him an invitation to visit Canada, and to
judge for himself of its capacities as an agricultural country. As this
gentleman is a scientific agriculturalist of some position in Germany,
this visit can hardly fail to be productive of good. The large number
of Germans, who are still in Ontario and other parts of Canada, will,
no doubt, take an interest in this movement, and the fact of their
success, and of the information which thoy^ are constantly sending to
their native country, cannot fail to produce a deep impression in
Germany, where, however, the attitude of the Government is still as
hostile to emigration as ever.

In Bohemia and the Tyrol, and even in Styria and in the north of
Italy, the prospects of obtaining good emigrants are favourable, anu
it onl}^ requires that good Agents should bo placed in Switzerland,
and that toe Government should be a little generous in its expendi-
ture, to excite a steady flow of emigration from these quarters.

The reports of the various Agents are herewith sent. They have
all laboured with diligence, and their relations to me have been of
the kindliest character.

The general emigration of the year has fallen oif, particularly to
North America. Canada naturally shared with the United States
in the eifects of the reaction caused by the financial crisis in that
country. The Australian Colonies have been exhibiting during the
year, and are still exhibiting, the utmost vigour in maintaining their
emigration policy, and their lavish expenditure upon Agencies, and
liberal assistance for passages, has made it diflicult for the Canadian
Agents to hold their own. Considering, however, the small aid
aiforded, and the cloud which during the summer overshadowed the
Western horizon, it is gratifying to observe that we have been able
to do more than maintain our position, and I may say that, in com-
parison with other Agencies, we have done it with unparalleled
economy.

I am happy to state that, notwithstanding the great falling oif in
the general emigration from Great Britain and the Continent during
the year, the number of those who have passed through this Agency
has increased ; incontestibly proving the great adv.antage of the inj-

proved orgunization. The numbers that have passed through the
booky in successive years arc as follows : —

Number of emigrants who sailed from ports of the Uuite4
Kingdom under Government warrant system —

1872

1873

1874
1875

11,0-12

12,086

3,850
9,612

Of these the following numbers were agricultural labourers and

their families —

Adults. Children. Infants.

Agricultural Labourers' Union. 1,191 5l3 143

Labour League 385 156 47

Kent and Susses 12 2

1,588 669 192
Souls total 2,440

These 12,086 preceded by the following lines —

Anchor .... 15

Allan . . . . 11,151

Dominion .... 918

Tcmporley .... 2

12,086

The Jbllowing are the returns of Emigration from Great Britain
for the years 187-2, 1873, 1874, 1875:—

FiiOM January 1st.

1872.

1873.

1874.

29,305
92,716
70,262
36,632

1875.

Oiiartcr cndincr March 3l8t

35,655

124,127

75,835

53,038

36,565

137,61]

78,348

44,507

22 978

Quarter cndinir J unc 30th

65,473

Quarter ending September 30th

Quarter ending December Slst

45,978
26,526

Totals

288,655

297,031

228,915

160 05 ">

It will thus be seen that there has been a steady decline in the
numbers, amounting this year to nearly 68,000. This renders all
the more marked the increase in the business of the Agency during
the year, when as regards the Continent, the bonus system had been
withdrawn, and no increase of aid has been afforded in Great
Britain.

The number of cases of emigration literature received from Canada

this year amounted to 173. In addition 43 cases of the 1874 im-
portation, which Messrs. Allan Brothers & Co. declined to distribute
unless the Government would pay for printing their advertisements
upon them, were received into the Agency, making 216 cases, nearly
the whole of which have been sorted and distributed with care.

In addition, the following publications were issued from the
Agency : — Emigrants' Almanac, a very valuable advertising sheet
got up by Mr. Dyke with great care and judgment, 40,000; Welsh
pamphlets, 10,000 ; reprint account of a Sale of Stock and Agricul-
tural Statistics, 100,000 ; Icelandic pamphlets, 20,000 ; various
reprints of articles, 52,000 : total, 222,000. In addition, contribu-
tions were made to 20, 000 reports upon Canada, issued by Mr. J.
W. Down one of the most energetic of the Allan Agents, for local
distribution. A Bohemian pamphlet has, as directed by you, been
prepared for translation.

I have regretted to observe, from time to time, in various news-
papers in Canada — which cannot desire to do other than to tell the
truth — a series of mis-statements with regard to this Agency ; some
of them going so far as almost to libel the oflBcer in charge of it, and
others reflecting unfairly upon the expenditure. Being conscious,
so tar as I was personally concerned, that these attacks could have
no eflFect on my private character, I considered it my duty to remain
silent, presuming that the Government — having it in its power to
correct the mis- statements — would do so when it deemed it to be
politic or necessary. In one instance, moreover, a severe personal
attack was made upon me under a clear misapprehension by the leader
of the Opposition in the House of Commons. It would not have been
a dignified or a proper thing for me to have answered that attack
(made in Parliament by so distinguished a Member) in the Press ;
and I hoped that the speech of the Hon. the Premier would have
suflficiently vindicated me from the most personal of the charges then
made.

I think it is proper, however, that I should state, with regard to
the allegation that while I was absent in Canada, the Agency was
left in charge of a mere boy, who had gone oif to Egypt, leaving it
jn insufficient hands; that Mr. Adams — of whose efficiency moie
than one Minister has had an opportunity of judging fiom personal
observation — and Mr. Jourdain continued in charge of the office
through the whole period of my absence.

I am almost ashamed to notice other statements that have been

made ; but as they have been reiterated with vindictive pertinacity
up to within the past few weeks, it is not impossible that the people
of Canada may begin to believe them, unless they are specifically
denied. I should therefore simply state that it is totally untrue
that any sons of Dundee constituents, or relatives of any Dundee
constituents have been employed in this office, and that the only
gentleman employed here who has ever had any connection, however
remote, with Dundee, is the son of a widow resident in London, and
without any relatives ia that constituency.

Charges that the money of the (toverumeut has been spent in my
personal or political travelling expenses or in my private entertain-
ments are equally untrue. Every item of expenditure has been sent
out monthly with vouchers, either to the Department of Agriculture
or of Finance ; and the Government has in its own hands the means
of refuting these libels, and I may venture to express the hope will
no longer allow them to pass unchallenged.

A great misconception has no doubt arisen from the manner in
which the expenses of the Agency are charged in the public accounts,
A lump sum, including the whole of the expenses, and covering not
only the costs of furnishing the Agency, the whole of the payments
to Steamship Companies for commissions, the whole of the assistance
granted by way of bonus to emigrants, advertising and publishing
expenses, and the whole of the expenses and salary of British and
Continental Agencies, are charged in one lump sum under general
description, to the Agent General. Some of these items used to be
paid in Ottawa. Part of the commissions to the steamship Agents
the expenses of the Belfast Agency, and many other items, have
been thrown into the accounts of this office since it came under my
hands. J would respectfully suggest that it would be much fairer to
the Agent, and convey a much more accurate idea to the public of
Canada, were there a brief analysis of the accounts under the item
of the "London Agency," published in the public aacounts.

I have the honour herewith to transmit a schedule, marked B.
analysing the expenditure for the financial year 1874-75. From
this it appears that, excluding the expenses of advertising, of
pamphlets, and other publications, of furnishing (which is chargeable
to capital account), the salaries and contingencies of the London
office did not exceed SI H, 306.

I also enclose a statement (Schedule C.)of the general accounts of
the Agency during the year 1875, from January to December, show-

itig the nmounts paid out for the various departments, and giving the
general account with the Minister of Finance ; from which it appears
that the sum of £84,155 19s. 5d has passed through the books of the
Agency. Of this sum £30,084 17«. 4c/. or $146,212-50) has been
on account of the Department of Agriculture, of which the salaries
and managerial contingencies and rent belonging properly to the
Department of Agriculture, amounts to only £3,456 8s. Qd., whilst
payments to Steamship Companies' Agents, salaries, advertising and
publications, commissions to Agents, bonus to emigrants, and furnish-
ing offices, amount to£26,628 8s. lid.

Tliis statement alone will show how great an injustice may be done
in public opinion by charging the expenses in a lump sum to the
Agent-General. In the financial year 1874-'75, while there is
charged to the Agent-General a sum of $160,254-57. say £33.004-
7s. 5^., the salaries, office rent, fuel, cleaning, &c., printing and
office expenses, and Agent-General's salary, were, for the Department
of Agriculture, only £3,060.

I am enabled to state, positively, that the Agency expenditure has
been more economical in proportion to the labour thrown upon it,
than that of any other Colonial Agency in London. By the courtesy
■of the Agents-General for Victoria, South Australia, and. New
Zealand, I am enabled to transmit herewith a schedule, marked D,
which gives a comparative statement of the expenses of thr^ e Colonial
Agencies in London — that is, for Immigration set'vices in the year
1875.

From this it appears that the cost to Victoria, with a population
of 800,000, of salaries, emigration clerks, ofl&ce rent, &c., sundries,
and Agent-General (the latter for all services) is £4,140 per annum ,
for South Australia, with a population of 200,000, £3,045 per
per annum ; for New Zealand with a population of 350,000, £5,240
per annum ; for Canada, with a population of 4,000,000, £3,060.
I also append three Schedules, marked respectively E, F, and G.,
embracing the full items of the returns from the three Colonial
Agencies.

I feel that, without any further remarks from me, an inspection
and analysis of these accounts and returns, will sufficiently vindicate
the Government and the Agency from the charges of extravagance
which have been brought against them. That the cost has been
greater than that of the late Agency there can be no doubt. It
could not be otherwise. In assuming a higher position, enlarging

the scope of business, and placing the oflSce upon a footing somewhat
akin to that of a public department in Canada, there would be, of
necessity, some increase of expenditure ; but I may say, without
hesitation, that this could not have been less, consistently with
efficiency.

These accounts clearly show that an enormous proportion of the
expenditure has gone to outside agents, and in other matters which
are matters of policy directed by the Department.

With these explanations, which I have felt it due to myself to oflFer,
I close this report of the year 1875.

Canada Government Buildings,
December 31s/, 1875.