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Htm rofh '4609 J^ '^aS (716) *82 - 0100 - P'-one asa (716) 288 ■ ^98'J - fa. HiiiiMmiiiiiiiHHiiin>in!iiwifliiii«MMiwin^ M THE WAR: A Survey of the Struggle and a Prophesy. I AN ADDRESS BY M I Venerable archdeacon Cody i BEFORE A GATHERING OF I CANADA LIFE MEN I THURSDAY. JANUARY 11th. 1917. I ill!iillillililllll!llllll!lllll!l!!!!lll!IIISIIIIIilll'!lll!l!lllllllllllill!lll!IIIIISi>!!!!!W^ THE WAR: A SURVEY OF THE STRUGGLE. AND A PROPHESY. An AddfMS by V•• b«en written on thia tubject, Major Corbett-Smitht book called The Retreat from Mona." It ia a brilliant piece of writing and ttin the heart. Ho telli the tale of how that expeditionary force of 80.000 men waa auddenly thrown into the atruggle at Mont. They imagined that fronting them there were only two Ger- man Army Corpa and a Cavalry Divtaton That waa what General IVanch Uarnad Irom the Intelligence I>aparlmenl ol the rVemh H*«d Quarler* ()n that awlul .Sunday, the 2»rd of Augual. I9M a* the Utile began tudevalop. ihe Senior Offirer* realized that tome hidaoua mialaka had liean made Two CUrman Army corpa couW not have maaaed tuch an •ivet- whelming artillery hre I"he Rritiah. in t|Hle ol «ll their grim dele'minatum, could not hold out againtt it. Slowly but ■leadily the linea moved l»ik About hv« o'clock in the afiernoun .Sir John f renrh received a telegram from Oneral Jolfre telling him the appalling newa ol the enemy's strength Aa a matter ol fact, in front of the Hritwh there were 250.000 German* with 920 gun* 2W.- 000 more with 920 guna had compelled the F rench on their right to retire, and there- fore the Briliah right flank wa* in the air. expoard to attack: another 62.i00 with 2)0 gun* were trying to turn the left flank. In addition, 2SO.0O0 with 920 guna were on the ea*l of the retreating f-'rench force. Here then were theae 80.000 English aol- diera with }00 gun*, faced by 562.500 German* with an overwhelming ma»* ol artillery. You know the grim de.aila They fought by day and they moved back by night: they baniahed sleep: they bimoet alept aa they walked, until they came to de Cateau. There Sir Horace Smith-Oorrien felt that the only possible thing to do was to aland and make a counter attack. A bloody battle waa fought which broke for the time the •treaa 01 the German oncoming and gave them a chance, to do what> To retreat atill farther. Back and back they fell until at laat they were linked again with the French on their right On the retreat, they had lost .til touch with them. Then came that great day in early September, when the word went out from General Joffre. "You mu»t not yield ground, weak- net* will nowhere be tolerated." and Irom Sir John French. "Advance." By the aid ADDRKSS BY VKNERABUl ARCHDEACON CODY ol Ik* Mw rtwmh Army. Wy ik« (land iImI wm iIim niMia kau*l*d." Ffar* waa eaemplifUd ik* ckaraclarisiic fsaiura of Britiak courage. Long ago a ContuMnial general waa boaat- ing to tke firal Duke of Wellmgton tkat tke troopa in kia lin* war* tk* bravaat troopa all FUirope Wailmgton aaid. "I cannot tay a* muck for our Britiak aol- diara: but tkia I can aay. ikal oura are braver for five minulaa longer." It ia ikat fiv* minulaa aatra tkat counU. It waa Ik* fiv* minul*a mira ikal counted at Ypraa. and tk* day wm aavwj. W* never knew at ik* tim* kow n*ar w* w*r* lo d*atruciion. kow n«ar w* w*r* to tk* peril of tk* Germa.i troop* breaking tkrougk to Calaia: but tk* Britiak lin* keld Tken came tkat awful agony of tk* firal winter wk*n Fjigland waa not y*t arouaed. wken munition* war* not y*t being supplied in sufficient quantitiea: wken skrapnel waa sill believed to be tke only kind of akell required. Tk* German* resolved to make anotker attempt in April, 1915. at Yprea. to break tkiougk to Calais. To win Calais waa to gain tk* atrategetical advanUge of controlling tke ADDRESS BY VENERABI E ARCHDEACON CODY 7 -,. 1 CIimhmI rUd C«Um Imwi won lUamh fianluiii ot UaiMfwrlalMMi acna* ik* chan Ml wotiU lwiv« bam MfiotMly tm|Miir«t| T)m Cmmmnm hy tkmt IniciiifWM:* t>t IMrinMni dMcovwwJ than wt • wcah •imt HI ik* luM Tkia «rM wk«r« I ranch Coloitial ittwfM lotnad Briiiali C^okmial trooiia TKa CanMiMiM r«prr.>-nlail iHa tIrilMrfi CokNiwI iroopa TH« ap|Mittn« iKing wa« iKal ihara «v«r« faw. if any. ramfercamatiia immadiaialy bahiiui, ami thara war* no adaquala (orliftcalion> or Iranckaa lo bar tha way to ika tkannal porta fha (trobabla raaaon y 8acr.iicing infantry in rear- guard artiona. Their second great victory in the East was our enforced abandon- ment of the Peninsula of Grllipoli. There were three adages in the attempt to force the Dardanelles. Before the Turk was ,!nizelo8, the greatest Statesman the B-'kans had ever produced, and destined in due time I trust to control once more the destinies of Greece. (Hear, hear.) That was the third great reverse we ex- ADDRESS BY VENERABLE ARCHDEACON CODY i periencad in the Ea«t. Thut when the year 1915 came to a doae. we had failed in our offenaive on the Weat and we had met VI th three great rebuffs, if not defeata. in the Eaat. But we had gained time to prepare in the Weat. A NEW PHASE OF THE STRUGGLE. In 1916 we entered upon a new phaae of the atruggle. Everybody expected that Germany, having as she thought put Russia out of business until at least the year 1917, would try to deal a blow at France. The Allies in the West were preparing if possible to forestall that. But in the month of February, before the Allies could take any r teps, the Germans quietly gathered a huge army of some 750,000, and an overwhelming mass of artillery, at (least 2,000 guns, many of them the big 17 inch Howitzers that had pounded to pieces the fortifications in Belgium) north and east of that pictur- esque old French town of Verdun. It is a tragedy that these quaint old towns should be laid in ruins; but all the north- easterly part of France is tl c scene of countless tragedies of this kind. The enemy has had mercy neither on the present nor on the past. He has laid waste those shrines that the faith of the past centuries had built, and he has been ruthless and ravenous to the living shrines of the Soul, the men, women and children of the present. He made his great thrust from the borders of Lorraine at the heart of France. The attack on Verdun began. You know the issue. In spite of his over- overwhelming artillery he found he was beaten by the French artillery. His artillery preparations never seemed to be thorough enough, for when the massed artillery attacks followed, the French artil- lery was ready to meet them. It was a costly catastrophe for the Germans. In all probability, the experts say, the Germans must have lost in the Verdun offensive 650,000 men. The French lost possibly 450,000 men; but there was a balance at any rate of 200.000 in their favor. The moral and the political as well as the mili- tary reaulu of the failure disheartened Germany and gave new confidence to the Allies. The next independent cam- paign in 1916 was the Austrian offen- sive against Italy. It was part of the general German plan. Austria made a drive down through the Trentino, that wedge-shaped district that comes in south of Tyrol and breaks into what would be a relatively straight northern boundary of Italy. It was a dangerous moment. At times it seemed as though the Austrian hosts would debouch^ on the plains of Venetia and once again northern Italy b« ctushed undi.. the heel of the ruthless and brutal Austrian. Italy remembers the agony she endured from the white-coated Austrian soldier in the pajt. Gladstone truly declared that no one could put his finger anywhere and say "Where Austria has done well." Everywhere Austria has meant repression of national aspirations, and tyranny and cruelty At last Italy recovered and not only regained the Trentino but herself waged a counter- offensive in the great Carso plateau, capturing the city of Goritz and threaten- ing that great prize, the seaport of Trieste. That was the secord great campaign in 1916. and possibly 300,000 men vere lost on each side. The third campaign in this year took place at the very height of the Italian offensive. It was carried on to relieve the pressure on Italy and Verdun. Suddenly and unexpectedly the Russians recovered. Probably Japan is largely responsible for this recovery, for Japan poured in munitions and great guns along the Trans-Siberian railway and enabled Russia to be re- munitioned and re-armed. Under Brusiloff. a skilled military theorist who now put his military theory into practice, the Russians came back and made a sudden great offensive in Volhynia. The Austrian army of some three-quarters of a million was practically destroyed. Four hundred and eighty thousand lo ADDRESS BY VENERABLE ARCHDEACON CODY priaonan were taken in the couree of • few weeks. Volhynia waa re-conquered, Bukowina waa overrun and the Eattern part of Galicia came back into Ruuian handa. It was not until well on in the year that the tide turned against Russia when she suffered a re<, erse near l^mberg. But she had served the purpose: she had eased the pressure on the Italians and on Verdun. Then came the fourth great campaign. Before the (ate of Verdun was settled the British and the French to- gether on the banks of the River Somme on Dominion Day, the 1st of July, began the battle of the Somme, the greatest battle in human history, beyond all question. The objects were to relieve Verdun, hold German troopa in the West, and try out thei I linen At first our losses were terrible, naturally greater than the loaaea of the enemy, but steadily as the struggle proceeded our staff work improved rapidly: the infantry and artillery were still better co-ordinated: munitions were piled up, and the artillery fire was un- precedented. It was observed that more and more prisoners were taken and that the morale of the enemy was steadily deteriorating. The disparity in losses decreased and then German losses became greater than ours. At the end of the battle of the Somme (and that came only when weather conditions permitted no further offensive), the morale of the Ger- man force on the West was seriously shaken. Verdun had been so effectively relieved that in November the French were able to take the offensive there and recover in a short time all the ground that the Germans had won so painfully and at so great cost. The German soldier realized that his defences were not impregnable. He realized that though he was confronted with a new arm^ and new officers and new generals this new army was equal to the best of his own. Then came the last of the campaigns, the Rumanian campaign This hai been unfortunate in the highest degree. Yet let us not exaggerate its importance. Probably not more than 200,000 Germans have been involved. They have used Bulgarians and Turks and Austrians: and you cannot expect to have the ultimate decision effected by a German army of 200,000. We need not go into the question of the military or political mistakes that were made. The Rumanians are paying bitterly for what- ever mistakes they did make. I think it was a question fundamentally of munitions. Be that as it may, the Germans have over- run the greater part of Rumania and have widened the corridor from Berlin to Con- stantinople. Now, from many points of view the real prizes that Germany seeks are the prizes in the Balkans. Certain watchwords that have been sounded out for years wonderfully express deep national aspirations. We Britons have been speak- ing of an all red route from "Cairo to the Cape." We are going to realize it, and that bit of German territory in Elast Africa that seemed to block the way will soon be all red. (Hear, hear.) Tlie Russians have had their phrase "from Petrograd to Pekin." The Germans have had their political cry "from Berlin to Bagdad." Towards the Elast through the Balkans was their outlet. This expresses the policy they persistently tried to carry out. Austria and Germany together were to dominate the smaller Balkan States, and to be allied with the Turk. In this way, they were to have free running rights into Asia Minor, down the Meso- potamia Valley and on to the Persian Gulf. At the present time Rumania is in the hands of the Teutonic forces, and yet the booty has not been as great as supposed. They have not got the expected oil and grain in full measure. Remember the Teutonic for- ces are still in a state of siege. They still have not been able to break that cordon of kieel that is about them. They still have not been able to break out into the open sea. Beyond a doubt the Rumanian tragedy ADDRES BY VENERABLE ARCHDEACON CODY 1 1 ha« complicated nmtter* and made the ■ituation more difficult. No one can venture to predict what will be Von Hindcnburs'a next stroke. It may be againat Saloniki. He may try to aeal up the force* that are at Saloniki, and we may have to withdraw, Laving our Serb and Greek allies alone. I trust not, but it may be that the Germans will make this attempt in league with the King of Greece If they succeed in sealing up the forces in Saloniki, they may then, employing Bulgarians and Turkish troops under German officers, go on through Asia Minor, use the Bagdad railway and the railway down through Syria, south of Jerusalem, and try another stroke at Egypt. They will not succeed; they may be forestalled by a British thrust; but it is not an im- possible stroke to attempt. The other alternative is that they may attempt a drive at Kiev or Odessa in Russia. No one knows what will be the immediate outcome of this unfortunate Rumanian disaster. There have been some other minor campaigns but of these I need not speak. WORK OF THE BRITISH FLEET. There is one thing that happened in I9!6 which is of supreme importance. Some people were asking. What is the Fleet doing? Why doesn't Elngland do more? These questions were being asked in some of the newspapers in neutral lands. The criticism was made that "England was ready to fight the Germans to the. death of the last Frenchman." It was an unfair and ignorant criticism. Britain was doing her utmost. But here is something that Britain did do in the year 1916 in addition to her work on the Somme. What could the British Heet do? Nobody absolutely knew. Nobody knew whether or not the Germans had not some surprises to spring upon us. We read in reports and rumors that the Ger- mans were installing on their ships great guns of heavier calibre than any guns we had, even than our big 13-inch guns. Nobody knew. Nobody knew what new tricks they might have devised. On the second day of June, a day when the rain felt in torrents and the sky was overcast here in Toronto, we read in the evening papers that the great battle cruiser Queen Mary had been sunk in an engagement between the German and the British Fleets off the Coast of Denmark; on May 31st, that the Invincible and the Inflexible had also gone down. It seemed as though the very foundations of the earth were out of their course. Could it be that the British fleet had been beaten? And if the British fleet were beaten, what defence remained? In this announcement, the Admiralty had told part of the truth, all the truth that was known apparently at that time. They certainly told us the worst first. But soon we began to per- ceive that the essential element in the despatch was this, that the German High Seas fleet had returned to harbor. We began then to understand that this fight could not be a victory for the German high seas fleet. At last we heard the whole story, how gallant David Beatty with his battle cruisers fleet engaged the whole German high seas fleet and held them in fight until the British main body of Dreadnoughts came up. Then the Germans turned tail and went to Wil- helmbhaven harbour. Punch, as he always does, summed up the situation very aptly. In Germany the bells were rung and hymns of thanksgiving for victory were sung in their churches. But the public were not allowed to visit the arsenal, and nobody was permitted to get past the cordon of sentinels and see this ever vic- torious fleet. Punch's cartoon represents a sentinel outside the arsenal wall, speak- ing to a German father of a family with his wife and children who have come down on an excursion. The German Herr says: "I want to see our victorious fleet," and the guard's emswer was, "You cannot see it, nobody can see it." Punch headed >2 ADDRESS BY VENERABLE ARCHDEACON CODY the pictura. "Unwonted Candor." (Laugh- ter.) But the result of the engagement was that even though we lost slightly more in tonnage than the Germans did. the German high seas fleet went to cover and has not emerged since. We discovered then- '.ere no new tricks in their trade, thrit- were no guns that out-ranged our own, and in seamanahip the traditions o( the Navy were more timn maintained. (Applause.) A letter that came tea friend of mine in Toronto from the Commander of one of those battle ships contained this incident. I do not know whether it has appeared in print or not. The Invincible had gone down and two officers and three seamen were clinging to a raft, the only survivors. These men were hanging on for grim death when they saw Jellicoe's flagship, the Iron Duke, come rushing by at full speed, sending the waves from her like broadsides. The poor fellows, at the risk of being swept overboard by the wash of the waves. ^ ^red the Iron Duke as she came int %< ' n — "game to the last." (Applause.) tJut the actual issue was that Britain remained mistress of the seas. (Applause.) That her trans- portation lines to France were safe, that no commerce raiders were allowed to escape into the ocean, and that the block- ade was drawn tighter than ever. GERMANYS lEACE OFFER. A year ago there was a possibility of a German victory in the European sphere. To-day Germany knows she cannot achieve victory. At beat she aims only to avoid cn-shing defeat. At the end of 1916. be- fore the battle of the Somme wa? really completed, the German Emperor in his magnanimity offered peace, on his own terms presumably, because he did not specify. What does this mean? I can- not believe that Germany wou ' ever offer peace if she were really victorious. I think that Germany's offer of peace, couched in whatever terms, and intended though it may have been primarily for home consumption, is an indication that things are not all well with her. that her power is not so great and her actual achievements are not so decisive she would desire. Does it mean that al, ady she is feeling the pressure on her man power? Does it mean that she is feeling the pressure on her stock of cotton? 0>ee it mean she is feeling the food pressure? Does it mean that she is beginning to realize that economically and financially she may be faced with ruin? Is she trying to avert a crushing defeat rather than to win victory of any kind? I am inclined to believe that for Germany this means that no longer does she think she can win. (Hear, hear.) The best she hopes for is to escape destruction. But, gentlemen, we gave an answer, and the answer was that which instinctively came to the lipe of Britons and all civilized human beings the world over. The answer was no. no. to an unrepentant, ruthless, uncivilized monster. Could you expect a native vil- lage in India to make peace with a man- eating tiger? Could you expect the civ- ilized nations of the world to make peace with a national tiger that had disregarded all the laws and rules of man and God? There could not be peace without repent- ance. So the answer came from the first citizen in the Empire: "No, not without restitution and reparation for the past, and security for the days to come." Lloyd George's advent to the chief place in the counsels of the Empire was rightly interpreted by the enemy to mean on the part of the Allies a fight to the finish. (Applause.) Now, just a word or two and I have (Voices: Go on, take as long as you «. ..t). CANADA S DUTY. I wish to link all that has happened . our duty in Canada. Do we realize wha; is the resultant obligation, now that we have refused those blind prop.2sals of peace ? You remember that Sir William Robertson said not long ago, "Wc may look forward to the future with complete ADDRESS BY VENERABLE ARCHDEACON CODY M confidcnca lubject to th« condition that w« do th« right thing and doit in time" He added: "There ia no doubt whatever your abihty to win the war, if only we really put our back* into it." Weare pledged by our refuaal of the German term* of peace to put our back* into thii struggle. It was right that there should come a call to us in this Dominion, a call to national service. It was right that we should be asked to do, to give, to sacrifice more than ever, be- cause now is the critical hour. The powers of retrogression and progress are locked in a deadly struggle. To-day the climax draws near. Our enemy has mobilized his whole civilian population, men and boys alike, that he may put every available man into the field. We for our part have pledged ourselves to fight to the 'inish for the sake of God and man. What does all this involve> It involves effort to the last ounce of power. It demands a new consecration to this crusade. We in Canada are called on to make answer in five ways, in mMi, in materials and foodstuffs, in munitions, in money and in morale. God helping us, we are going to do it. We must give an answer in men. By all the achievements of our gallant lads, bone of our bone and flesh of our flesh, who have forever con- secrated the fields of France and Flanders by their sacrifice, by all that they have done and by all that they have suffered. We are pledged to support them; we are pledged to do all we can to add available man power to their effort. We must give an answer in material. Tliis broad Dominion will be called on and is called on to produce material and foodstuffs as never before. Old Ejigland is doing the same. We read that the Royal Parks are to be used for the growth of cereals. Old England will grow everything she can. Elngland's effort is magnificent to-day. She is mobilizing to the last man and woman. We have to give the answer in munitions. We are doing it, all too slowly, but we have a master commander of industries in charge of munitions; and rapidly is the cry being answered, "speed up, speed up, speed up." It was my priv- ilege the other day to go through one of our large munition factories in Toronto. I wanted to see what the women and the girls were doing. It was an inspiration to see them. Most of them have sons or brothers or husbands or sweethearts at the front. They are keen as razors, steady as rocks, and regular as the factory whistle itself. They are not simply earn- ing high wages. 1 think that with the women, money wages does not count for very much. They feel that they are back- ing up their loved ones at the front; they are trying to race the German shops to win the prize of victory; they are trying to sa/e the lives of their own; they are going to ^(sar their part in the winning of the war. (Applause.) I heard a story as I went around that makes the heart very tender. In one of these munition factories there was a widow who had an only son at the front. To the matron of the factory a telegram in yellow envelope came one day. It was addressed to this widow. The matron conjectured that it bore bad news and opened it. Yes, che son was killed in action — "I regret to report, etc." In the goodness of her heart she went into the factory to break the news gently. "Mrs. , I \yould .'ike to see you in the office for a little while." With a mother's prescience, the widow knew, and said, "Have you any news? Is he wounded? Was he captured? Was he killed?" The Matron said, "Come, let me tell you in the office." "No," said th» woman, "I won't stir from here, you might as well tell me here." "Well," said the Matron, "he is killed; you had better take the day off." "No," the mother replied, "I won't take the day off," and pointing to the lathe she said, "that lathe will turn out more shells this day than it ever did before, and more shells the next day and the next «4 ADDRESS BY VENERABLE ARCHDEACON CODY day. I won't loMa minute." Aa«nMitt«r of fact, ahaapaadad up40 par cant, in prodtic- tion. Thia ia tha apirit of tha woman who ara at work in tha old land and in thia country. Wa must answer in munitions, and vat wa haven't begun to ana%ver ■ufficiently. llien %ve must answer with money. The Minister of Finance haa told us that, lite whole matter may be summed up in these three propositions: (I) "The Govern- ment needs the money to buy shells: (2). We must give the money to the Govern- ment either in the form of taxes or loans; and (3). in order to have the money to give we must save. Our personal expenditure may to-d<.y determine the duration of the war. Gentlemen, do we realize the critical position financially? I heaitate to say anything in the preeence of thoee who are past ntasters of finance, but even I may be pardoned for trying to enforce the serious- ness of the situation. Finance may be the determining feature. We and our allies are compelled to buy enorm tut quantities of r«w material and manufactured supplies outside the Empire in neutral countries. We have to pay for theee in cash. The Mother land is carrying her own financial burden and part of the financial burden for the Overseas Dominiona and of her allies. She is the great financier of the whole Entente. She owes. I dare not say how much, to neutral nations. [Don't you see what a lever that puta in the hands of neutral nations. If for any reason that we cannot explain or conceive, the head of a great neutral nation determined to put financial pressure on us, we might be forced to conclude a peace before it \ -as safe for our own future and for humanity's sake to do so. How is that to be avoided? Only by every part of the Empire carrying a larger share of the big financial load. We in Canada have to bear a larger share. I would like che Government to tell us distinctly, boldly and definitely, how much they want and why they want it. I believe the country is prepared to-day for any sacrifice in the great cauaa. Surely tha •aaiast sacrifica (indeed it ia not worthy of the nam* of sacrifica) ia to aave monmy. to inveat it in Government bonda at a good rate of interest. We at home dare scarcely speak of sacrifice. We cannot even speak of self denial in thia connection. (Hear, hear.) But we can really serve by saving. Linked together are the facts of saving, Government securities, sheik and ultimate safety. They are bound inextricably together. It is the duty of every Canadian, whether he is rich or poor, to do his very utmost on the financial side, to answer the appeal of the hour. (A Voice — Is ther