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MKIOCOrv nSOlUTION TBT CHART 
 
 (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2) 
 
 A /APPLIED IM^^GE Inc 
 
 ^— -_ '65 J East Mam Slreet 
 
 g'-S Roch#st«r. New Yorh 1*609 USA 
 
 'mSS (716) *a2 - 0300 - Phone 
 
 ^S (716) 288 - 5989 fo« 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 HEALTH OF ANIMALS BRANCH 
 
 SPECIAL REPORT 
 
 ON 
 
 SAKCOSPOEIDIAE 
 
 AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH 
 
 "LOCO" DISEASE AND DOURINE 
 
 BY 
 
 
 E. A. AVA.TSON, V.S., 
 
 In charge Experimental Station, Lethbridge, Alberta. 
 
 Published by order of the Hoi. SYDNEY A. FISHER, Minister of /griculture, Ottawa, Ont. 
 11882—1 
 
 Ootober, lUOH 
 
Ottawa. O.'tdl.cr IC. liMis. 
 To the Honourable 
 
 The JlinisUT of Agriculturo. 
 
 Sm.-I lK>p to trauMnit herewith a 1., ,in, L..i„. a stu.ly of ' Sar.-,.,,nri,lia,. ' an.l 
 
 their a.sso.iation with 'Loco' disease a.xl Dourino. Tl>,. inv.^fiKati,.,. .„ ,l,i. .„bjeet 
 ha. been oonduete.l by E. A. Wat«o„. V.S.. .s.i.,a„t „n.hnl.„n^t i„ ..har^e of the 
 exper.mental station at I^thbridge. Alh.Tta. I nc,nunu:\ that this be printed for 
 distribution. 
 
 I have the honour to b<'. >[r. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 -T. G. RrTIIERFOltD, 
 
 Veti'riiinrji Direrfor General. 
 
 nS.S;,'--2 
 
SAIiCOSPORIDIOSIS. 
 
 A contribution on. with especial reference to it. associations with ' Loco ' disease 
 and Dounne, and the possibility of mistaking the spores of Sarcocystis for 
 certain so-called developmental forms oi trypanosomata. 
 
 AlthnuKh .Surr.,>,„.ri,i:u,. aiv „f ,.„■,.,„„„ urn,,,... i„ ,1,,. ,.u..,.ulMl„r.. of .In.m.sii- 
 
 '■"?! "'T''-^- v.r.v ht.l,. i. lu,.,w„ „.,„!„., ,1k. |,l'..-l.i,t,-r,v of ,ho ,„.n,Mn... „„,] 
 
 iMirtlivr. n nmrl<..,| ,.„<vrt<,iu,.v or .-.ntrMi.-li..,, . xi-,. „, t,. ,1„. ,,„w,.r tl,.-.. ,,.raMt..s 
 IK..s...,.Ms iM pr.MliiciiiK a <vn..n- iiii,| n .■..-), i/., I, K. ,li-.,.a-c. 
 
 _ It wonM api.n.- that in tl„. ni.ijorit.v nf ,.,;- ,.< iufrrUnu. i„ oti.rnvi.,. licnltliv 
 
 an.mals th. mvas.on .s „ y~ry lin | .,„| l.,,,,.!, - i„volvi,„^ to a .nnr. or Ws 
 
 -I.Kht ..xtont th,. m„^,.I..s of ,!,.. ,..,|,|,„«,„ .,,,1 .,,„uo. . lui that in ... r,ai„ ..o„.|itio„< 
 K.ii.Tall.v ot obs,.ur<> oriKiii. nwi hri ilv .1. i-,uitr.| u.i.hr th.. t.riu • ..ii.-ii.ti,. th.. 
 pnrasit.'s .nay .arrrun th,. .ntir.. n,u>rMh,,- -^.^..;M an.l h....om,. a ,rrav.. nana,., t'o th.- 
 lite ot tli..ir host-. 
 
 A hri.f r..>nna. ..f th.. nmr,. in, p.. riant nl,.:,.rvatl.,iH on th.> suhio.n l.v vario,,.. 
 nutliors IS h.'ru given : — 
 
 n.>mi:m i.Aii UK. 
 
 ('i) Mnscnlar IVorosp(.nno-is. 
 
 I'') Th.. .~an-oy-is. inlK's sa..~ .u- nti-i.-I.- ..f Alr.-rhcr. 
 
 ('■) IJaini'y's .■or|iMM.|..s ( th.. >| .ir,.< of tli, .yst-). 
 
 ('/) .'^arc.ispori.Iio^i-i. 
 
 _ •' i-' -iMt...! in X.'iiniann'- l'ar:i-.ii,-, il^it !.l,..i:i |.l p.T <•, nt of plu-. may ho 
 inl..<'t..(l. M.inh'. (]ii,.tr,I h'.- Ih.' sanio a:itliorily, f..iin,l th.' para-if.'s in !l> prr ..(>'nt of 
 .•a.-h..|i,. si„.,.p, n^nally nnnircMi- in pn.p„-li.,M a- lii,. .-aohi.xia is umrr a,-c..nliuU,.,j 
 In 100 shi...p in «-...„l ..on.lition h,. m.i v iti, i;,,.., i,, IJ. an.l th,.n alwavs in Mnall" 
 luimbers. Of 100 oxen .•..n.K.|nn,',l fov hoiim in .xlr.niolv ha.l ..on.jition ho fonn.l 
 ;!. infoi'to.! with Sarv.,.pnri.lia... In .-aulo in - ,o,| .-on.lition h.' f..;in,l th..ni only 
 111 throe instances. 
 
 S.-luil/.. not..,l th..ir pn.<,.n(.:. in llie iini-,.|,.. of the f.m.lian.l of a hor^e. ,I,.stroye,I 
 "II ne..ount ,,f paralysis of tl.(> nnti^rior liinl.s. Soni.. similar . xainnl..s" ar<. al-o 
 '•-■■•onl..,l l.y .\..uniann. The following •,x!iaet> ;,re ,,n.it..,l from .Min..liin'.- ae..ount 
 .1. the SareosiMiri.liac:— 
 
 'In a.nte .-as..^ all ih.. sk..l..lal mns.-l,., may h.. iiifi'.-t..,!. i-v.^n llios,. of th.. h.'a.l 
 • • . . til., parasit.. grows until il .list.n.i's \\v til. re to tiv.. or .vi n t.'n times its 
 
 ii'Tmal hrea.ltli ahs.irhin- th. .•..ntr..elii!. -uh-.; , a> it do,., ,o. . . . Xlie c.vsts 
 
 ar.. ohservcil to .l..g(.n..rat.. in >om.. ea-e-. ih.ir a.!vt.i,tii ioiw wall- h.coniing ealeiii,..!, 
 in otlr.-r .-ases th.. ..y,t, hur-t an.! spr. a.l ih.ir ..•nt.nts in tlw Mirroun.ling tissu,.s' 
 .l.-stroyint.- th.. mu^ ■!(•> ami pn.ilueiiur tiini .r- an.! ah-.'e -.■<. 
 
 _ 'The s.vinptoms of Sar.-i>pnri.lio~is in ij.e pi-- an. i^avnly-is of th.> hiufliT .-xtiv- 
 iiiifi.^s. a skin eruptieii. an.i g..n..;al -ym!,;..m- ..f -i.^kn.— . mi.-Ii as thirst, iia'D'as,^,! 
 h.«ly-ti.mift"ratiire. an.j .!ini. ;-tn ainin.u- e;.. s. 
 
 "The .lisoasi. is soniitinu.- th- ..aus.- of fatal .■|..;v...,,iii-s amon^r .lomestie animals. 
 csi)o<'ia]]y slieop. In the m..iis,. als:, Sar..oey-.tis ^u-ivl- is a v.'rv il,-allv parasite. 
 Lavoran aiul ^Ivsnil havi. iso!ati..l the toxin., of the Sareo-porhlian parasite .>f the 
 ■«hpop. and named it Sar..oeystini., a snhstanc^ foun.I to ho extremely toxie for the 
 experimental rabbit.' 
 
Fr,.,n «.tn.. fcr,linK ..x|«-rin.. nt. l.y Smith u.i.l ntl«.r«. quoteU by Minohiii it 
 .«.|||H ,.xtr..n...lv prulmblu that inf..ti.m ....turally .H-.-urn tbrouRh th.. ,l,K.-.tivo trurt. 
 :^;i.4,ri.li«..h;v.. r«r..ly »««•.. fou.ul i.. man; a f.-w .-a.... -f fatal u.f.-t.nn aro 
 imntioiK'd hv Ncuiiiaiin, nii.l i>i1i<t» h> IJiillnh.' . . , • .. 
 
 ().,..rt«K^ .l.K. t.ot .■..n.i.l.r th. ....linK "f tlonh of mf.-M..! nmn.al. .lan^rr....* to 
 num. SrSuu aKuin think, th.t inf......! ....... .houl.l l. pr.h.h.t.Hl f..r human u^ 
 
 •lHva.,«. of it. ha.l npiHttra. .n.l .li.Mini4....1 nutr.t.vo valuo Acor.i.nR t- tlw^ 
 
 ,amo author ' n.us.M.lar lNoro.,...nnoMs i, no, l^.trav-.l .lur.n« l.f.- by any appr-.-table 
 siKns an.l thi- imrasit.-s .an »«■ 'lrt.-.t-.l only at autopsy. „.,:„„. 
 
 The followiiiK .a-cH hnv.. -o,,,,. un.l.r tla- wntrr « ,K>r-.«nal nb«rrv«tion .- 
 
 J 
 
 (t) In Cattle Suipectfd of toco-poiMning. 
 
 (Vs. I -(Animal No. -.'T) l.-if.r. :» y.ars ,.1.1; .ai-l to have .1. v..1o,h-.1 .ymptom* 
 i.A.sh.j. uMiiiim ' |i;it„„ > 1^ iv(<l at .luarantiiu' station 
 
 of h.,.o-p..isoninK a- a yrnrlmff.-( Dr. IMton.) '^",'*.'" ", I,. ,.„,,, ^,nrinlr 
 
 OctolMT 27. UK)-; stMUt.Ml. un.lorsi/..! a-MH-uraiK--. an.l '" •'^*' ''^"''•, ' f.,, '? '\^^. 
 :; rou«h. o„ passin. h«u,I ov.-r tl,.; bo.ly ">---'V"''''i,;;::;:':vr iJ; P- 
 
 f,.lt. knots of hair .uatlv.l with inois,. hran-hk.- sraU-s. Ih.-n- w.r, »'"1"' '"• 
 ,nU oxfusions of .1,.. h.n.l an.l k. a.-ompanu-.l hy a '""-->'; 'J^^ 
 
 t„>,nblin. and n.ita.ion of tho u,u..h.s of tl.so pn.s. 'jj'-; J^^^ o ^I I." n. 
 
 n.ark.Hl .Inrinjf att.-nipt^ "» (..Hlnuf, ,ho ,H.w..r of ,).. '"^^ V -^'"p ^ o.rurrod 
 
 prm-ti..ally lost, an.l nu.Mi,a,i,.n wry .litti.M.lt an.l in-.unpl-t.-. U. nth 
 
 Novtmbor 14. 1»07. 
 
 colour, of th,. .■onno.-tiv.. ti-s„os. hinRs nn.l kuliuy-. Tlu "" [ " ' ';f .,-,,,. i,.,,^ 
 tlu. pia. v.rv .lark, almost hla.k in pla.rs. an.l o, a ""'"''• '":Jr,' J,;;,,r.U..n. 
 ..u'aU.I. ap,H.arin« soft nn.l Hahhy. y.t proviujr t.,n^rh .... s.-H...... The on.lo.«r.l...n. 
 
 sprinkled with ininut.- whiti-h (rra.inl.'s. v.Ty .lum.Tous. 
 
 3/.-,r<«ro„/r.,/.-H..»r. an.l it. ....l rdiu... v-ry ..xt.^..Mv..ly i"^''''»'^^'\^^';;' '"j"" 
 
 ...ri.liao. T^ufort..nat..lv. l.y th- ti.u- th.- pr..pnrat ous ha.lWon ..xam..H^. and th 
 
 par«sit..s r. ...iod. th.. .-ar-..^ ha-l b.-. .lis.x-1 "f- ';"''-- ^^ ^ ^^ 
 
 nniselo. pn-M-rml. Then- wa- an i.niu..ns.. .l..p..s.,>..u ..t frroon.sh brown p.»n.u-n 
 granules i.. tlu- f.n-.>ri,,p of ,h.' b.ai.. n.id the .•.•lis ..f th.' .-ortex. 
 
 CwK II -ll.if.r (imi.nnl No. --)• Tlu- syn.plous and .•...i.liti.m U-mn so similar 
 
 „. el, I ,1... o - I..- f-.h..- >l.-n 1. ^.X-' ..l.li..K .l;at then, was a th.n 
 
 •at.rv .liM^harp^ f.-on, ,!,.■ n..-trils. .li,nn,.,l ,y.>. ^..d ...•.•M>...nal la.^hry.ua..o.. .\fter 
 ixi,;; uililer ..Lrv.r.,io., for thr.^.. ........h-. i.. uhi.'h .l"-/i-a,e mn.le steady pr..«re... 
 
 .nitil the nni.nal l....'.i n.' .luit.' Iwlpl.--. sh.' was .l.'stroy.^.l. 
 
 Principal Usioiu nf au^.;.^//.-Fibrinous inflan.mnti.m ..f epieardium. Minute 
 whitish sp.M.ks .howiu. thronu'h ..nd...ar.rnMn. Th.' h.art as a whole t..o v.dnm....,us. 
 
 L ,..-Chr,.ni,., suppnn.tive intlanuo.tinn. Sn.all sn.^Us .,r eysts. aho.jt the si/e 
 
 La.Uy .l.v.L.ixd. an.l the bones of jaw. .,n.l fa.-e th.n an.l br.ttle. th..>,^d, rather 
 .•nlarfie.l. 
 
 Mlrroscoi.ir.,! -TUr C.ljowi,.- nu.M-1.-. or,aM. ..r fis.u.s were ..xami.ied f..r Sar- 
 
 ^r^;.i^rt=^;rfle2i :lz::i-^.l. ^^ ... heart, 02) ^j^ 
 
 (13) sjec-n, (U) kidney.. (15) lun.'s. In every s.K^eau.n ol every inu.ek e^nmm. d. 
 
thi- |(«r«ititc!. were i-x'ti-iliiitrly iiiiiiiit"ii-.; I'liiti' I., tijfx. 1 uikI .'. r<ti-i<<iitiiiu the 
 il<'Knf nf iiivii»i"ii. Ill ihf luiiifH llic MMii-piiriilii.t ry-l- cun i i. 1 ,il l.u,,,cyt.M uml 
 tlinilitfKnitilijr r.lhiliir ti--.iii--; n fi w Sjiri-i,.|M,rr^ in prociwM ,,f ,lc>,-uy vv.rM r*«-i'ii. It 
 18 i-xtn'mcly iirnliiihlc. hut ii.>t pr..v..l. fhiit th.s,. intliimiimt.Ty niviit in th<; luiijf-i 
 rt«iiltitl from thi' |iri-fiiic ami i|i-iMt<itrui i..ii ..i Siir<n ■v^Ij. In the Hpli^cii, liv.-r ami 
 kiiliH'ys, II viry i,w d. (.'cm iii'iiii.' -puii « w ir -ci ii uml much Knuiiiliir |ii(i:iiii-iit 
 iiiattor. 
 
 Till- iiiyucuriliiiiii i(.iil:iiiii ,| viT.\ innii tmii. piini it.-. Whilf. at iilnn.iy htnti'rl, 
 III) nf the »ki'lftnl iiMi I'lfs wi r<- .xl. h-iv.l,v iii\ul. .!. th'-c' -li thi' hrail. |i.ill iiml cxtri- 
 iiiitii's were, if iiiiythiiijf, the m..r.' liciivily infi-li.l. 
 
 Cahk III. — (Ahiiiiiil N'm ^:;) Sii, r. ■". \. :ir- ^M. Slniil.ir inii'liti'ii t.i ppiciMJiiiK 
 cosf-. hut the <li»fii<i' not xn fnr ailvMm-i ■!. DiiriiiLr thr |iif<t fliriM. montlii. in whirh 
 the uriiiniil hii<l hun hiin.jt'iij an 1 will ran. I I'.ir. tli.' -vriiiitoins Imvi' inir<a-i.| in 
 severity. Dciin-'inii in dri i^Miiii!'. iiiii-iul:ir actlciM iitf aticl •*!,,«•. .Ia\v-< swollen. 
 TIm' aiiinuil wii* cil-t ami a -ninll t'ra'.'iiK nt .f nm-.Milar ! i-^iic i\ri-i d f rian the toiijriic, 
 Fh'xor Mctacartii ExtiTinn, ih,. ma--(tcr, and lan- thi' rcrviral musi-lcs. Snrcrispon-s 
 Wfti- fniind ill jin par'tiiiiK n'' ,':ii'li. not .'i~ nun i i'..ik a- in • i-. -i I. ami II., hut "till 
 furily plentiful. The pre-.enl e.ii; llii.in ,,( \],r animal !■ ;i\r.: litil.' ehaiiee fir recovery. 
 
 ('auks IV., V. and VI. > .Vnimal- -I. >.". ;,nd *r, i.Sleer and t-o h.'ifers, two, 
 
 thn-e iiml two .veai'> old re-pc c-ii,. I\ . Th n lilio., i- apiiroxinialely ihr san'i' in I'neh. 
 
 namely, slow, '^hitrKi-h inii-eiilar aitioii. depre--i..ii, an. a deji'i-tid, unthrifty appear- 
 ance. The>e animal- were ca-i and op, ratnl oi; a-, in Ci-. III. 'Ihi- mnsele^ c.xamiiUMl, 
 mid the rcMilt- as follow*: - 
 
 OusC IV. — .Masseter — Sarcosporidiae mimcrou-. 
 
 I'pix'r i'«'rvical — Sareo-ijioridiae fairly inimoroiis, 
 Tiiu^'iK. — Sarcosporidiae fairly immeroiis. 
 
 l'a>f V. — Flexor im taeiiipi e\t rini-i S.ircos|ioriiliae not found. 
 Middle eervii-al- Sarco>poridiae fairly iMinu'rous. 
 '.''ip|iKUe--Sarro-poridiae very numerou-. 
 
 Case VI. — I/iwiT eeiviea! -Saren^pc.ridiiie iniineious. 
 Toiiirue — Sarci'-poridiae niinierous. 
 
 'rhu> in all iiiii-cle- exainitied. with the •-ini.'le eN"i'pti.in of a very small frnjt- 
 menf <if the flexor nietacarpi. Sarcosporidiae were presiMit. 
 
 (b) In the Equines Suspected of Loco-poisoning. 
 
 r.\sK VII.— (Animal N'o. !tl.) Cieldinp, ri^in^ '^ years old slunvin;; syinptoms of 
 looK-poisoninjr a- a yarlin;.'-.' - ( |)r. Hilton.) 
 
 The eoiiditioji. I.rietly, on admittam'c to th" .|'.inniiitiii.. station. Oetoher I'T. 1007, 
 depression, nstles-n.-s; .-|ov.l> ua'uieriiiLr ahont without aim or ohji I't. Slow, hit'h. 
 hesitafiiiH: jiait, a- if walUliii;' '.-,,1' ,'l,.tael.-. Wh.'u u'lin-turhed the head is carrie I 
 very low. down to the le\,l oi the kjae-. ih. neck often l\vi-l,'il. Wli.u suddenly 
 startlol. there i- a hrief period of ( xi'lrMuriil and the a!:iin:'l mav staL'Ki r and fall. 
 .\t i)resent dafi', aftir a P'tIo,] of I'.w n.^o'li-. the I'oulition has hecine (jrt'atly 
 apfrravated. and it doi s not look ],o--ili|,. f,,r tlu animal to live irineh haiccr. Flexion 
 and extension of fh" liiiih- an' e\;i'me. and ln'onnht ah'Hit very slowly, and it is 
 cpiite iiiiiiossil)le for the animal to run. ti;,t or in,,v.' out of a slow walk. The hones 
 of the face aiiivar much -woMin. anil lli" I'vpi'i' -ion truly inelaneholie ami piti.ihle. 
 Small section* of the ton^ruo and nia—eti r niu-el,. moic .'"moved and Sarcoevsfs woro 
 found ill micro-sections of i ach. iiie );ii'a-;iis were feu- in imniher, and small, 
 though coiitairiiiif sjiorcs. 
 
Case VTII.— (Animal No. 03.) Goldinp. risins 3 yoars old. also sliowinp symp- 
 toms of l(,oo-poisoninK as ,i y. :.rli.,p. On O.'tot.or 27, 1907. tho condition was very 
 fair symptoms only slichtlv notic( n!i!.' : l.ut dnrin>r tho past fivo months tho disease 
 has'croatlv adyanml until l!u- pv. s, nt rorditi.m is quite as had as the procodinR 
 pnsp. A fragment of the flcxi.r mrtnoarpi extcrnus muscle only has been examinwi. 
 Sarcocvsts were pn^sciit. few in nu.nh.r. and in n younir stasre of growth. Treyious 
 to the finding of Sarcosporidiac in any of the foregoing eases, fiye loo-diseasedequines 
 had '^ueenmhed. The pnrnsiles not heing susp.rtr.l none of the skeletal muscles were 
 miser s-opically exnmin-d. A porti..n cf the myncnrdium wa> pn s<^ryed in ea.-h_ease. 
 in which no p;ira-it. s were d.-tct,.,!, A ••cllon of the ton-.'ue of one of these animals 
 l;;i<l htvn prcsoryed. and in this Sarcosix.ridian cysts were found. 
 
 (c) In Dourine-aifected Eqnines, 
 
 Ca^i: IX.— (Fillv. !) month- old.) K.Nperimentally infected with Trypanosoma 
 Equipcrduni. In tlie fluid of n entancons .welling that followed tho inoculations free 
 spores of Sarcoysti tr.gcth.-r with trypaiiM-<Mnata were found, each species of para- 
 site Icing present in about ^^cpial nunilnTs. 
 
 C\sK X.— (Filly. -2 yciir^ oM.) Inoculated with the hlood of a Dourined stallion. 
 Seyen months later.' in the fluid of a cutaneous swelling, fre,^ Sarcn>p-ires were present, 
 mostly crcsceuti.- f.Mins i,nd iiulistinguislii.hic from the ere^.'ents descrihed by cvrfain 
 authors (see Plate II.) as .l.'yelopnuMital forms of Trypanosomata. Trypanosomes 
 were not seen in this animal al this tinu>. 
 
 fvsi; XI.— (Marc. 3 years old), in final -tagvs of naturally a<'quired Dourinc. 
 Sarco-pores were found free in lli(> fluid .>f a swelling on two occasions, the swellings 
 resulting fr.'ni some serum-injection exiieriments. 
 
 (d) In a Cachetic Tilly, the Cause of the Cachexia Not Known. 
 
 fAsK XIT.— (Filly. •-• y.ai's .i!.n, (Uic t.f six supposedly healthy fillies shipped to 
 quarantiiK- siation for .■xperiincntal work. It was noted on arriyal. that this animal 
 (Xo. t;>) l,a<l an nnlhrifty api)iiiniu.-e. stiit'.ned gait, rougii hide and was in poor 
 flesh, Thv mu<-ous nidiihran. s w^tc pale. Slie was several times carefully cxaniine.1 
 for signs of llourine, but none were detected. The ca<-liexia became more evid.nt 
 during the autumn and winter, with incren-ing stifTiivss of the muscle and gait.esix.-ci- 
 ally of the hinder extremities. The animal was found dead in the pasture on Jfarch 
 ■1th last, tlie body frozen. 
 
 The mns.'les of the lesophagus. tongue and ext nsors of the f.)re-arm were 
 infested with Saiensporidia'-. They were not seen in the myo<-ardium or the muscle of 
 the eye; none othvr were examined. 
 
 In c.nses T. to VIIT. of Sare.xporidiosis in 'locoed' animals certain symptoms 
 and eonditinns are deserihed. These are more or h'-^s characteristic of 'loco-disease.' 
 This diseiis>' itself is now uinlcr ime-tgatiou nt tliis station and will be thi' subject 
 of a separate aiiil later reixot. and is only tnentionnl here in those respects in which 
 it may bear a possible relation to Sarcosporiiliosis. or where the writer is uiiablv- to 
 differentiate between the symptoms of the one and the other. fVrtainly, a great 
 yariety of conditions an.l symptoms occur in the course of the mal.ady or maladies 
 iittribiited to loc.i-pois.iiiing. Tiiere aiijiear various forms of mental derangement, 
 from m.'inia in the first stages t.i a dense stupor or <'omatosi> condition in tlu- latter : 
 disorders of the muscular systeni from incrrascd reflexi's to spnsins, atrophy and 
 naraly-is; osseons enl:irc\<inent or degeneration, especially of the jaws and parts of 
 the skull: impaired vision: depravity, emaciation. Sec Th.> history in most cases 
 shows that the disease is very chronic, and often of a (luetuating or intermittent 
 character. The mnscli>s of tlu' lieiul and neck, rspeclally of the jaws, the lips, and the 
 tongue exhibit tremor-, spn=R5odic cnutracti.ms or prolonared aftcr-eontr-ietions, Tho 
 
jaws sometimes remain rigid, the head ami ueok extended. In equines eramps are 
 lift infrequent, a limb is slowly exti;nded as liir as possible, remaining in thai position 
 for a short time, then slowly and extremvly llcxed, hold high above the ground for a 
 minute or more, the animal moving oil' at a limp. The eontraetility of the mase-les 
 is delayed, slow, and hesitating, not arresUd at the proper moment, resulting in over- 
 tlexion and extension. This might be explained by absorption of, pressure on, or 
 breaks in the eontinuity oi thv protoplusi. of the musele fibres by the Sareoeysts, and 
 consequently, a greatly reduced ennduetivity. It is c<pially true, that the origin of 
 this muscular disturhiiiice may be seated in the nervi; cells of tl.v; brain, a^ a result 
 of loco-poisoning. If the latter hyi)othesis is correct, it is a strange coincidence.' that 
 in the few cases vxamincd the mu>clc,s most atfeeted were those in which the parasites 
 were m.>st numerous. It is difficult to trace any relationship between the disease of 
 the osseous structures of the jaws and face and the disease of the muscles; and yet, 
 as mentioned beforv, Laveran and .Mesnil isolated an extremely active poison from the 
 Sarcocystis-tenellu of the sheep (unfortunat<ly, the original publication by these 
 savants is not a hand) and it is lA-ruiis-able to as-ume that a sinular toxiue is 
 olaborpled by the parasites infesting the ox an.l horse. San-osporidiao apix^r more 
 numerous in ' locoeil ' o.xen than in horse<, in the latter intestinal parasites are 
 exceedingly plentiful, and very forniidablc-loiking verminous anciirisins have Uen 
 found at each autopsy. The condition favourable to the-e parasitic insasious may 
 very likely orifjinatc from iufjvstion of the loco-weed, and possibly to some other 
 dietetic eojiditions peculiar to thi' rauges where l,ic i-iliscase prevails. It might be 
 mentioned in passing that the writer ha- on sevt.Tal oeca-^ious exiimin^^l s)ie<'imens of 
 meat, purchased from a lo<-al buteiier, f.ir Sar<osporidiae. In all, thre,. ox-luarts, tin 
 ox-tongue, and several joints of beet' have been examined, each s[K'eimen being from 
 a diffennt animal. Of these only one wlis found infect. I v.ith Sareosporidiae, a heart, 
 the parasites Icing wry numen^us. Thi- heart looked decidedly unhealthy. There 
 were a few iibrino\is grcjwths on tlu' (>pieardiuiu. ci,n-idei'al)le gelatinous inli nin. and 
 the little fat remaining, \T'ry soft an<l yellow. 
 
 Concerning the Parasite, Sarcocystis. 
 
 Class — Sporozoa; sub-class — Neosporidiae; Order — Sareosiwridiae; Genus— Sar- 
 cocystis, Itay Lankester. (After Alinehiu.) Infecting domestic aiunnds there are 
 probably several distinct species of Sarcocystis, but these have not Lk^'cu clearly differ- 
 entiated. 
 
 In those infections of the horse and ox, already described, and even in the most 
 iK'avily infested cases, very young forms of parasites could never be found; only the 
 troi)hie phase v.as met with, accoinpanied by spore-production, as in all of the suli- 
 class of Neosporidiae. In cattle the youngest trophozoites observed were hedged in the 
 muscle fibre, and, though microscopically invisible, had altaine'il a considerable si/e 
 and formed several hiiiidrid siKjres. The larger parasites, distending the musi-li' tibre-i, 
 are just visible to the naked eye as minute whitish rods or siieeks. In the i-iiuines, 
 Cases Vir. and VIII.. the i)arasites averaged a nnu'li smaller size ilian in the bovim-^, 
 the smaller trophozoites containing only tli- spore UK.ilier-eeils ,,r jianspuroblasls, 
 preliminary to siKirulatinn. In thesi. yc.ung forms tiu' radially striated enveloping 
 membrane is well marked (Plate 1.. tig. ■'>); as the p;ir:i-it<' matures the nuinbrane 
 becomes thinner and the strlatious disnpi>ear. until, in t!ie largest forms as seen in 
 cattle, the parasite appears to be held only by the sarcolemma of the muscle fibre. 
 Evidently the i)arasites are able to multiply within the bedy of tli<'ir iiost until every 
 part of the muscular system is invaded; this endogenous mode of inl'.'ction 
 is hypothetically brought about by rupture ni' tin cysts and dissennnation of the 
 spores, and yet, if this is actually the case it is strange that even in snedi severely 
 infected eases as I. and II., no intermediate forms between tiie ndatively minute 
 spore and largo young trophozoite could be found. 
 
 The spores themselves, the elamydosiiores, \ary considerably in shape, size, and 
 
10 • 
 
 in tie arrangement of their chromatin and polar caii-mlc. In form they appear in all 
 gradations from a perfect sphere to an oval, hcan-.^liapcd or crescent form, though 
 each type is symmetrical and doubtless represents different stages in the development 
 of the spore-cell. The spherical forms would appear to be the younger and the cres- 
 centic the older, as in each trophozoite containing many spores, some are found dis- 
 integrating and these are almost invariably of a crescentic variety. 
 
 The chromatin granules of the nucleus of the spherical spore are relatively small 
 and scattered, and the polar capsule is granular and only partially develop<"d; in 
 the next stages, the chromatin collects into small bodies, and one end of the cell 
 becomes pointed, and at this end is always found the polar capsule. This capsule 
 stains with difficulty with most dyes, and not at all with the ordinary basic 
 stains; even with some of the Romanowsky preparations only a faint pink ectoplast 
 at one end of the spore, and where the protoplasm has receded, denotes tlie position 
 of the capsule (see Plate II., fig. 3, Xo. 6). The Romanowsky stains, however, are 
 preferable to any other, and, properly prepared, differentiate verj- clearly and beauti- 
 fully the structures of the cell. A single granule, staining black, and, more rarely a 
 double granule, may occasionally be seen, situated about half-way between the nucleus 
 and the pointed extremity; this is doubtless the centrosome. (Plate II., fig. 7— the 
 end spore, fig. 3, Nos. 1 and (i).In the older spores the nuclear chromatin collects 
 into round or irregular bodies, eight to sixteen in number. The frequent finding of 
 a large spherical spore and a crescent lying intimately, and in some cases apparently 
 fused, together, is suggestive that the former is the female cell and the hitter the 
 male gamete (Plate II., fig. 3, Xo. 5). A large spherical form, probably resulting 
 from the fusion of these two elements, may be seen dividing directly into two, three 
 or four. (Plate II., figs. 2 and 3). 
 
 The posubility of mistaking the spores of Sarcocystis for developmental forms of 
 
 Trypanosomata. 
 
 From time to time mention is made by various workers, of large 'crescentic 
 bodies ' or ' vermicule-like forms ' occurring in the blood of animals affected with 
 trypanosomiasis, and are generally described as developmental stages in the life- 
 history of a species of trypanosomata. 
 
 Holmes, in an article entitled ' Tjrypanosomiasis among cattle in India,' states, 
 ' In the blood taken from two infected bulls I found peculiar developing forms bear- 
 ing a striking resemblance to the crescents of human tertian fever. These are large 
 crescent-shaped bodies staining blue and containing numerous chromatin granules.' 
 Some of these forms of trypanosomata ( are illustrated by autimr. 
 
 Lingard* in ' Species of trypanosomata observed in Bovines in India ' mentions 
 the above observations of Holmes, and further describes similar forms met with by 
 him (Lingard), also illustrating them in coloured plates (Plate II., fig. W, and Plate 
 III., fig. 7, Journal Tropical i ct. Scienrc, Vol. II., Xo. 7, 1907), stating ' These cres- 
 cent forms, above described, luv frequently co-existent with the piroplasma bigeminum, 
 or the smaller forms in the blood of Indian cattle. 1 ossibly the presence of the cres- 
 cents in Queensland bovines may pt)int to the fact that these animals in some instances 
 are also the host of a large form of trypanosoina, which up to the present has not been 
 demonstrated in their blood.' Hunt, quoted by Minchin (page 269) and also by 
 Lingard, 'found crescents in the blood of cattle, and observed their change into a 
 spheriodical shape, but while comparing these bodies to the crescents of malarial 
 parasites, he at the same time regards them as a form of sporiilating body, producing 
 spores endogenously.' Martin in criticizing the observations of Holmes states 
 ' Raymond also afterwards found them (i.e., the crescents) in the cattle of Bengal,' 
 and he is inclined to the opinion that they have nothing to do either with trypanoso- 
 miasis or piroplasmosis, but that they are really Sarcosporidia.' The writer ventures 
 to express a similar opinion. At first, in finding them in the cutaneous swellings of 
 Dourine-affected equines, side by side with mature and unmistakable trypanosomes, 
 
SARCOSrORIDIOSIS 
 
 i:. A Wats 
 
 Kin. I. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 ^ 
 
 • • • 
 
 i'i«. -' 
 
 ..*i-t' 
 
 ^»'" 
 
 t^ 
 
 cd. s. II. i:.A w. 
 
 Kig. ;t. 
 
 
 
 
SARCOSPOKIDIOSIS 
 
 K. A. Watson 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 Fin 1. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 c::« 
 
 
 
 
 < ^^ 
 
 
 '4 ^ 
 
 tl!^ 
 
 %^ '^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .i 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 ^ y 
 
 •>. 
 
 '5» 
 
 - if 
 
 1 
 
 f'l 
 
 Ca. S. H. E.A.W. 
 
11 
 
 and after a carfful coinpHrisua with the illustrations uikI drscriptions furnishe.l by 
 Homes and Lingard already referred to. and to which th.y apix-ared identical, he wa^ 
 inclined to consider the.n as developni-^ntal foruis of tr.vpanoso,„ntu. But subse- 
 quently, when ,)ositiv,.ly no difference could be drt.otcl between ihene foru.s and 
 certain of the si^res of Sareocystis isolated from eascM I. to VIII. and case XII li.^ 
 (the wrueO became eonvinerd that they belouK to the latter ^.^u. of a parasite.'and 
 excludes any relationship iHitweon these ereseent. and trypanosoniata. C<.rtainlv M„eh 
 terms of the sp,)res of Saicocystis as are hero depicted, Plate II.. tifr. 5 Xos •''' an.l ti 
 and sonie others, m^y very easily be mistaken for trypaiioson.,.. in whi'eli the IIbr, 11a 
 and undulatitiK membrane have been east otf, for • stumjiv.' swnll.n forms It is 
 of great importance, therefore, in disKuosing such a serious infection as Trvoano-o- 
 miasis from Mood specimens to remember the possibility of the pn-.-nee of Sarcuspori- 
 (lia and their likeness to questionable forms of trypanosomata. 
 
 Conclusions. 
 
 1. The parasite Sareocystis under certain conditions beeonies a verv important 
 factor in disease, invading the entiirj musculature of their host-, uitli serious or fatal 
 consequences. 
 
 2. Sarcosix.ridiosis may be closely associated willi. and is proi,al.lv a verv fre.iuent 
 sequel to. the disease of horses and cattle known as • J.oco-<lis,.as,..- It may eoniplieate 
 the diagnosis of this disea.so. and also of Dourinc. an.l probal.lv of some others and 
 retard or prevent recovery from those and ^imilar caclrccti.^ conditions 
 
 3. The crescentie spores of Sareocy.-ti, bear a striking i-.-cmblancc to •Crescntic- 
 bodies that havB been described as .levc-lopnicntal forms of trvimn,.M,K,ata, nnd it 
 would be unsafe, or quite erroneous to di.it,^noM. an infe..tion by the latter from the 
 presence alone of those crescentie bodies. 
 
 I, t.J^'' Sarcosporidiae are deserving of more ,letail study and inv.vsfigation than 
 has hitherto been accorded them, both from a zoological and a pathological standpoint. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATES 
 
 Pr.ATE I. 
 
 Fig. l.-Cross-scction <,f bundle of mus,-jc fibres infected with Sarcocvsts (from 
 splemus muscle of heifer, Ca^e II.. luematoxylin and picric acid. Leit^ objective 
 iNo. 3 Ocular No. 3. 
 
 Fig. 2. — Longitudinal section of the same. 
 
 Fig. 3.— Young parasites showing radially striated envelo]H', and pansporoblasts 
 from flexor metacarpi externus muscle of a horse. Ca-c- III. Objective No. (], Ocular 
 
 -^ 0. o. 
 
 Plate II. 
 
 Showing the spores of Sareocystis, A oil immersion, ocular No. 3. 
 
 Fig. 1.— Variations in size, shape nuclear arrangement, and formation of polar 
 capsule. 
 
 Fig. 2.— Nos. 1-4. and fig. 3, Nos. 1-3. Dividing form.s. Note the centrosomcs in 
 fig. 3, No. 1. 
 
 Fig. 3. No. 5.— Gametes or Zygote formation (?). 
 
 Fig. 3. No. 6.— An example of spores more lightly stained, and showing only the 
 position of the polar capsule. 
 
12 
 
 Fig. 4. No8. 1-6.— Constriction of the protoplaBm, and extended bodies (f), No. 4, 
 »uKfix*8ting that the pointed extremity of the civtient spore bad penetrat«d one of 
 these bodiofl. 
 
 Fig. 1-4. — Are taken from Sarcosporidiae of the ox. 
 
 Fig. 6. — Reprownt* types of sp>:)rps found free in the fluid of cutaneous swellinga 
 in dourine-aifected equines. 
 
 All figures in Plate II. are stnincd by the writer'.s modification of the Roman- 
 owsky method, prepared as follows: — A polychrome blue is made by one per cent 
 solution of medicinal mothylono blue in u one-half per cent aqueous solution of 
 sodium bicarbonate, heating and evaporating to dryness over a water bath. The 
 residue is powdere<l and two solutions then prepared — 
 
 A. — 35 ccm. B. 4 ccm. in 16 c<'m. of methyl alcohol. 
 
 B. 0-5 jier cent eosin in meth.vl nlcoliol and mixed in the following propor- 
 tions: — 
 
 A. — .').") ccui. B. 4 ccm. in Iti ccm. of methyl alcohol. 
 
 This MiliitioM is Slightly alkaline (wry useful for some purposes) for the study 
 of Ha>nintozoa and Saroapnruliao. A drop or two of an ex<'eedingly dilute solution 
 of acetic acid in alcohol should be added, care being taken not to over neutralize, and 
 tlip stain applied as in Leishniann's and other alcoholic Homanowsky stains. 
 
 The proportions of A and B may be varied slightly increasing the amount of 
 Eosin according to the reaction desired, and the stain may also be further diluted 
 with methyl alcohol to advantage. 
 
 Beferences. 
 
 1. Numann, L. G. Parasites and parasitic diseases of domesticated animals. 
 
 Second edition, Maequeen p. 555-501 — 1905. 
 
 2. Minchin, E. A.— Sporozoa.— Treatise on zoologj-. Edited by Ray Lankester. 
 
 Part 1—1903. 
 .'!. Bulloch, W.— Psorospermosis. System of Medicine. Edited by Allbutt and 
 Rolleston, Vol. II., Part II, p. 82»— 1907. 
 
 4. Ostertag, R.— Handbook of Meat Inspection, translated by E. V. Wilcox. 
 
 Second edition — 1905. 
 
 5. Holmes, J. D. E.— Trypanosomiasis among cattle in India. Jour. Comp. Path. 
 
 and Therap. Vol. XVII., p. 323—1904. 
 
 6. Lingard, A. — Trypanosomata observed in Bovines in India. Jour. Tropical 
 
 Vet. Science, Vol. II., No. 1. p. 43—1907. 
 
 7. Martin, E. E.— Trypanosomiasis in cattle of India. Jour. Comp. Path, and 
 
 Therap. Vol. XVIII., p. 145—1905.