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New York 14609 USA jS (716) 482-0300- Phone ^= (716) 288- 5989 -Fox rl! y /l/^ FROM THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA SECOND SERIES— i8gg-igoo VOLUME V SECTION II ENGLISH HISTORY, LITERATURE, ARCHiEOLOQY, ETC. of late in tl,o „„h„„tod "S, " 5 ' '\ "°™"' ''"' '"'" "="'«1 o.ao. si.o^n,.„ ,,„, „:;—»«; ;r,. ™ :_™, P.ae= « to ti.o certain ground. ^P"'* °^ ^^' pretensions in favour of TJie origin of tlie controversy nnv l.« f«, i . the part of th. owners of the p o, 'tv fl u '" "^""'^""" °" that they were ahout to div p T T ^ '" ''" ^''''' "^^^^^ bourse," '•as associated this In U t fb Ul ^.n '"f "^' ''''■ ^''^'^'^^^ 'relieved was once bedewed wthtl if. '.'"'^ ^''""^^ ^^^''^^ ^^ ^« ally regarded as sacred '^^'"'^ °^ ^""^'^^°"^ ^^'^d, is natur- <.IreaS';Sr -l/rr^ -^,:;:« ^— ^« of progres, have appealed so eloquent!, I ti.^:::d t^ Cl^ -^?i; ^^^ ^f ^ 'P"te natural that numerous voices should hi •'''' *''"''^°'° eration of such an historic spot '''' '^'''"^^ ^''^ ^^''^- not ^ZXm^Sr^j:^^' ''' r-'^ ^^ ^-^- there is to Wolfe and Montcl^Titn ^e^t .C '^ .f ^"^ ""'' "^°— ^'^ foe are linked to-eth.r ! '''''™'"t « hereon the name of friend and -l"al .lory :; hX —r^T' ^^''"'^*'^■ ^°"^--^^ ^^are' ----:^ ^^l^q^^^^;ol^J^o^l^^ set apart any of the o its elncidation, the Editor de'iiJext'rtSTn '"'"' "''"'^ '^"^ *"''-'• ^ringl oon as possible. The i!!„.fratio s Vnd ' T"'"* '^ '" f"" ^" ^^e puhli. «, i>ouglUy,givetothepaperasScirva,ue a*^'' '^ '''''" '^''^ «''^'^t ^^^-^ by m" a corre. conclusion. The notL ^ ^^ ;:£^:i ^^rpZ" ^" ^-''^ ^° Sec. ir., 1899. 24. 860 EOYAL 60CIKTY OF CANADA remaining portion of the actual battle-field in memory of such an im- portant event in Canadian history, would be a commendable action, and indeed in this age of activity, wherein the past is npt to be for- gotten, or absorbed in the present, the isolation of such a spot would bo a greater tribute to the heroic dead than even a costly monument of bronze or stone. In order that the situation may be understood by those who are unfamiliar with the city, it may be advisable to state that the Plains of Abraham derived their name from Abraham Martin, who owned a tract of land at a short distance from the walls of the city, on the border of Cote Ste. Genevieve (see plan No. 1). In the course of time tlie whole of tlio ground between the fcrtificationa and Marchmont, bounded on the north by Cote Ste. Genevieve, and on the south by the River St. Lawrence, was generally termed the "Plains." A distinction, however, appears to have been drawn between the "Heights'' and the "Plains" of Abraham, by the English officers after the conquest. General Murray, the first English Governor, refers to "the Heights of Abraham, which entirely command the ramparts of the place at a dis- tance of 800 yards," and again, " the enemy drew their first parallel across the heights at a distance of six hundred yards." The English seem to have named the whole of the ground between the walls of the city and Claire Fontaine street, the " Heights," and the ground on the west of Claire Fontaine street was called by them " The Plains." The site of the decisive battle is claimed by one party to be a tract of land bounded on the west by the Marchmont property, and on the east by the Martello Towers. This ground includes the race course. On the other side it is contended that the battle was confined to the limits bounded on the east by the walls of the city, and on the west by de Salaberry street. This territory does not include the race course. (See plan No. 1 and appendix). With a desire to contribute a few facts towards the solution of this vexed question, I have made certain investigations which are now placed at the disposal of those who are interested in the subject. At the commencement of my study I decided to base my investi- gations solely upon the testimony of those who were present at the siege, and, if I were able from their testimony to discover any indication of the location of the field, satisfactory to myself, I intended to seek for confirmation of the position, or for proof to the contrary, in the writings of later historians, or by any other means at my disposal. This plan I have carried out. An uxplanaiioii oi the plans accompanying this piaper is here given. [mil i.irivl sei •1 fiowtl/tiiilioniiliikdi atyiut J ; MAFO /^^ ■' '-."♦» I- J ' '~ . ,, ^ mmi.i«OT-,. J,,,/, , ^'^*<**^£!^^iNi»»^'^ ^^.. o 1 1 , * c ,^'0 X — D iMAHCmCiNT <7 : •,-*>^^ ■■r^i^ >.^,„„,, »»•"-*» , ■■'■ '^" " ;L.' Mmjjh.l "l'f"Unfaliotv',^ i S U R L N MATTLK OK TIIK PLAINS OF AI:|;aii,\m set \ 1) : vt '"Tlir--:r L/IURCNCE R I y E R ■ «, fli'>omofHffr(rfVnt».i,rom„t„ti,|,,,„ t"7 [doughty] BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM 363 S X a W o O o H -e morning „f the 18th „1 Sep- The principal indication, on this pk„ arc :_ "Po„t\s^thiten'.i"r;r:;';:„'::r """^ ^™*"" ^'-^ «as ILl' *"' °' «■= -"' -Pon Which a portion of the Eng.i* ,inc ■ '■■«httaX~/::i^i: it "•^°",' "^ ''-^='" --'ch the » The posit on T » °'"« °' ""= ""' °f Sept. Charles. "™'"™ °' """'-"»'» camp, hejond .he River St. to.aS «fc^r''to fflS? '"'" "^ «>« E"«"* a™y in its 'Wch =«er'l^ttt1f "^Lfhll^f * --" '- 'he »,ls „f the cit,, "coording to Colonel rraser * ' """"'^ *' •"""» ™ WH &) The distance from thi. "Pij„ >. i ,, arm3, when "™o«t of the so dLs ofll fi 'r '™°* ''^ *^^ ^^^^^ " or wounded/' accordinc. toZTZ *^'' ^'^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ either killed W Profile of th^ . """"^ "^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^I^^tic- ^vas made by Hr. Louis A. Vallee C E f '^' '°^*^- ^^^^ P^^AIe Engineers, from a lar^e ordn nn ' '' '^ *^' ^''^'^y ^^ Civil The elevations on the^lantre taken T^'f ' *^ Major Holland, during the years 1785-86. Th profile T f ' ^'''' '*■ ^^^^^^^ Pearance of this portion of the JnndV "j ''^''''''^' *^« «P- (^•) The position of the "Bakl "'"' ''' '''"" «'-t two hundred 0.na^ fo^^ht^^ W *'^' ^^"^^^^ °^ ^^'^' iougnt and most were cut to pieces." ^o-'S-day; fpon'S t:;:^:^ -' ''- -''^ ^' q-^- m as found on plan B. This plan larh.I ''"'^'' ^'^'' ^^^" P^^^^^-^ are only familiar with modern Que '1^""' '^ ^^^«* *^°«' ^^^ Portunity of consulting old plans tI v ' "^'^ °^* ^^^« '^ «P- detennined from careful J^Ll," ^-^"^ ^' *^« --- were Ekear Charest, architect, and" di^X of pV'""' ^^"^ ^ ^^ ^r. v^nce of Quebec. In the corner of th nf '^' ^°'^^ °^ '^' ^^o- of the plan a reduction is given of a sea ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA plan made of the environs of Quebec, by Noel Levasseur, in 176G, seven years after tlio battle. This sliows the Borgia property. Plan B. Is a copy of the plan drawn by a captain in His Majesty's navy, with a view of tlie action gained by the English, brought from Quebec by an officer of distinction. This plan was published by Thos. Jeffreys, geographer to the King, and was inscribed to The Eight Honourable Wm. Pitt, Secre- tary of State. The book to which this plan belongs, was dedicated to General Townshend, who commanded the field on the 13th of September, 1759, after Wolfe had received his fatal wound. General Murray probably contributed to certain portions of Jeffreys' book, or allowed the editor to make use of his letters and joi, -lal, as many events are described in exactly the same words as those found in the letters and journal, especially those referring to General Murray's actions while Governor of Quebec. Plate C. This plate is «iade from an old engraving, now very scarce, which was kindly lent to mo by Mr. Phileas Gagnon. The engraving was executed from a drawing by Capt. Hy. Smythe, Aide-de- Camp to General Wolfe. The perspective is not very good, but the details of the four-gun battery on the left of the landing place, are valuable. It will be ob- served that the line uf the army is towards the left, and that the view on the right is broken by some obstruction, possibly the "rising ground" or "hill," so often referred to in the text. This plate is about one-fourth of the size of the engraving. Plates D and E are sufficiently explained by their titles. Several quotations are given at length in this paper from the writings of those who were present ai; the engagement on the 13th of September, 1759, and some of them are perhaps longer than may be considered absolutely necessary; but to those who are unfamiliar with the locality they may be serviceable. The first authority quoted is Captain John Knox, wuo served under Wolfe during the campaigns in North America, and who took part in the action of the 13th of September, 1759. The journals were published in London in 17G9, and were dedicated to Lieut.-General Sir Jeffery Amherst. Minute details appear to have been recorded almost daily during the years 1758, 1759, and until the close of the war in 1760. September 12th (1759).— "A soldier of the Eoyal Americans de- '•serted this day from the south shore, and one came ovet to us from " the enemy, who told the General that he belonged to a detachment [doughty] BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF ABKAHAM 337 *' composed of two officers and fifty men who had been sent across the 2 river to take a prisoner; that ;he French generals suspect that we are "going higher up, to lay waste the country, and to destroy such ships " and craft as they have got above; and that Monsieur Montcalm will *' not be persuaded on to quit his situation, insisting that the flower ^"of our army are still below the town." "In consequence of this "ngreeable intelligence, the following orders were this day issued to " the army. Orders. " The enemy's force is now divided ; great scarcity of provisions "now in their camp and universal discontent among the Canadians. " Our troops below are in readiness to join us ; all the light artillery ^'^ and tools are embarked at Point Levis, and the troops will land where ^^ the French seem least to expect it. The first body that gets on shore " is to march directly to the enemy and drive them from any little post ^'^'they may occupy; the officers must be careful that the succeeding "^^ bodies do not, by any mistake, fire upon those who go on before thetn" "^^ The battalions must form on the upper ground with expedition, and " be ready to charge whatever presents itself. When the artillery and " trooijs are landed, a corps will be left to secure the landing place, "while the rest march on and endeavour to bring the French and " Canadians to battle." This portion of the Journal is quoted for the purpose of showing : 1. That General Wolfe did not expect to meet with much opposi- tion on the ground immediately above his landing place; that is, in the vicinity of the race course, or the Marehmont property. ^ 2. That he was aware that Montcalm still held his position beyond the River St. Charles, the location of which is shown on plan No. 1. . 3. That he expected to have to march towards Montcalm's camp to bring the enemy to battle. It will be seen from these orders that Wolfe was in possession of valuable information as to the enemy's position, and that it was his intention to fight the battle near the city, otherwise it would have been unnecessary to have left troops on the Marehmont property to preserve communication with the landing place. How these orders were observed may be ascertained from the descriptions given of the movements of the army on the 13th of Sep- tember, by the various writers hereinafter cited. The next authority is Brigadier-General Townshend, upon whom devolved the command of the forces after Wolfe received his fatal 868 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA wound, early in the engagement. The extract is taken from an official account of the action addressed to the Right Honourable William Pitt, Secretary of State, on the 20th of September, 1759, seven days after the event. "The boats fell down with the tide, and landed on the north " shore, within a league of Cape Diamond, an hour before day-break ; "the rapidity of the tide of ebb carried them a little below the in- " tended place of attack, which obliged the light infantry to scramble "up a woody precipice in order to secure the landing of the troops by " dislodging la Captain's post, which defended the small entrenched '' path the troops were to ascend. After a little firing the light in- "fantry gained the top of the precipice, and dispersed the Captain's " post, by which means the troops, with a very little loss from a few " Canadians and Indians in the wood, got up and were immediately "formed. The boats as they emptied, werd sent back for the second " embarkation, which I immediately made. Brigadier Murray, who had "been detached with Anstruther's battalion to attack the four-gun "battery upon tlie left, was recalled by the General, who now saw the " French army crossing the River St. Charles.- " General Wolfe thereupon began to form his line, having his "right covered by the Louisbourg Grenadiers; on the right of these "again he afterwards brought Otway's; to the left of the Grenadiers "were Bragg's, Kennedy's, Lascelle's, Highlanders and Anstruthei-'s ; "the right of this body Avas commanded by Brigadier -Monckton, and " on the left by Brigadier Murray; the rear and the left were protected "by Colonel Howe's light infantry, who was returned from the four- "gun battery, before mentioned, which was soon abandoned to him, "General Montcalm having collected the whole of his force from the ". Beauport side, and a(ivancing, showed his intention to flank our left, "where I was immediately ordered with General AmheTst's battalion, " which I formed en potence. My numbers were soon increased by the "arrival of the two battalions of Royal Americans, and Webb's was "drawn up by the General, as a reserve, in eight sub-divisions, with " large intervals. The enemy lined the bushes in their front with "fifteen hundred Indians and Canadians, and I dare say, had placed " most of their best marksmen there, who kept up a very galling, though " irregular fire upon our whole line, who bore it with the greatest pati- " ence and good order, reserving their fire for the main body, now \v\- "vancing. This fire of the enemy was, however, checked by our pc^^ts " in front, which protected the forming of our own line. The right of "the enemy was composed of half of the troops of the colony, the [doughty] BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM 869 1^' battalions of Beam and Guienne. Their left was composed of the 1^' remainder of the troops of the colony, and the battalion of Royal 1^ Roussillon. This was, as near as I can guess, their line of battle. 1^' They brought up two pieces of small artillery against us, and we had II been able to bring up but one gun, which, being admirably served, ^^ galled their column exceedingly. My attention to tl.o left will not ^^ permit me! to be very exact, with regard to every circumstance which ^^ passed m the centre, much less to the right; but it is most certain II that the enemy formed in good order, and that their attack was very 1^ brisk and animated on that side. Our troops reserved their fire tfU II within forty yards, which was so well continued, that the enemy II everywhere gave way. It was then that our General fell at the he'.ul ||of Bragg's and the Louisbourg Grenadiers, advancing with their " oayonets ; about the same time General Monckton received his wound " at the head of Lascelle's, " In front of the opposite battalions fell also M. Montcalm, and Ills II second in command is since dead of his wounds on board our fleet. || l\Tt of the enemy made a second faint attack; part took to some 1^ thick coppice wood and seemed to ma'.ro a stand. It was at this '^ moment that each corps seemed in a manner to exert itself with a 1^ view to its own character. The Grenadiers, Bragg's, Kennedy's and ^^ Lascelle's pressed on with bayonets, Brigadier Murray advancing ^ briskly with the troops under his command, completed the route on ll this side, when the Highlanders, supported by Anstruther's, took to II their broad swords, and drove part into the town, and part to their works at the bridge on the River St. Charles. " The action on our left was not so severe. The 'louses into which II the light infantry were thrown, were so well def nded, being sup- II ported by Colonel Howe, who taking post with two companies behind ^^ a small coppice, and frequently sallying upon the flanks of the enemy II during their attack drove them often into heaps; against the front of ^^ which I advanced platoons of Amherst's regiment, which totally pre- II vented the right wing from executing their first intention. Before II this, one of the Royal American battalions had been detached to pre- ^^ serve our communication with our boats; and the other being sent to " occupy the ground which Brigadier Murray's movement had left open. "I remained with Amherst's to support this disposition, and to keep II back the enemy's right, and a body of savages, which waited still J more towards our rear, opposite to the posts of our light infantry, " waiting for an opportunity to fall upon our rear." 870 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Tho despatch of Townshend is of special vialue for the following reasons : — 1. It is the official account of the action forwarded to England a few days after the event. 3. Because it gives precise details of the disposition of the army made by "Wolfe, and agrees exactly with the order of the regiments as described on plan B. 3. It defines the position of the houses occupied by the light in- fantry as being opposite to a band of Indians, who waited for an op- portunity to fall upon the rear of tho English line on the left, and the houses are described in this position on the plan. 4. It mentions the position of the four-gun battery which "Wolfe desired to capture on gaining the high ground, near the Marchmont property, as being on the left of the landing place ; and on the plan tlie battery is shown to be on the left. It is necessary to note particularly the position of this battery, because it is claimed by Mr. Hawkins that the field was commanded bv a four-gun battery, the "ruins of which were seen near the race course" in (1834). By referring to plan No. 1 or plan B, it will be seen that the guns command the river, and not the field, and, moreover, on the drawing made by the aide-de-camp of General Wolfe, some houses are shown to intervene between the battery and the field. If the battery had been in the position indicated by Mr. Hawkins, it would have been on the right of the landing place. The ruins of a battery, or redoubt, are described on a plan dated 1785, attributed to Major Holland, but I have been unable to find ciny evidence proving that a battery existed there in 1759." The Chevalier de Montreuil, in a letter addressed to the Minister, nine days after the battle, mentions that a post was situated between L'Anse des Meres and Foulon, about three-eighths of a mile north. "L'echec que nous "avons eu le malheur d'essuyet le 13 de ce mois, sur les hauteurs de " Quebec, a ete occasionne par la surprise d'un poste entre L'Anse des " Meres et celle du Foulon, a la distance d'ua demi quart de lieue au "Nord audessus de Quebec." This would be near the position men- tioned on the plan. On a plan published by Mr. Hawkins in 1841, seven years after the publication of his book "Picture of Quebec," the location of this battery is described as "a redoubt to preserve com- munication ^\ith the boats," and no mention is made of a four-gun battery in this direction. It would appear, therefore, that at the time of the engagement this ground was occupied as a French post, and that > •« [|)01-(I11TY] BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM 371 the redoubt was constructed by the Engbsh after the battle. Further testimony on this point will be oiFored, all of which confirms the state- iiicnt made l)y Townshend, that the battery was on the left of the land- iug place, as indicated on the plan and on the drawinr St. Charles. Our i^giments were then ordered by Brisa- " uier Murray to draw their swords and pursue tiiem; which I "d re say "increased their panic but saved many of their lives, whereas, f the « 376 nOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA mi I'ii a lillcry had been allowed to play and the army advanced regularly ^^ here would Imve been many more of the enemy killed and wounded, ^^ as we never came up with the main body. In advancing we passed ^^ over a great many dead and wounded, (French regulars mostly) lying ^^ in front of our regiment,, who-I mean the Highlanders-to do them ^^ justice, behaved extremely well all day, as did the whole army. After ^^ pursuing the French to the very grates of the town, our regiment was ordered to form fronting the town, on the ground whereon the French formed first." The French army, according to the Chevalier Johnstone, who served under (Jenoral Montcalm, was drawn up in line of battle at a distance of four hundred yards from the city walls, and this distance may be roughly estimated as about midway between the walls of the city and Claire Fontaine Street. « 'Ilis town,'" as he called it—vras ^" defended by our army which covered it, being drawn up in battle "about two hundred fathoms from 'it." (Johnstone, page 42.) Fraser, therefore, agrees with Johnstone on this point. We continue the quotation from the jounral of Fraser. "At this 'Mime, the rest of the army came up in good order. General Murray I' having then put himself at the head of our regiment, ordered them ^'^' to face to the left and march through the bush of wood towards the II General Hospital, when they got a great gun to play upon us from the I' town, wliich, however, did no damage, but we had a few men killed I' and officers wounded by some skulking fellows witli small arms, from " the bushes and behind the houses in the suburbs of St. Louis and St. ''John. After marching a short way through the brush, Brigadier 'I Murray thought proper to order us to return again to the high road " leading from Porte St. Louis to the Heights of Abraham, where the " battle was fought, and after marching till we got clear of the bushes, " we were ordered to turn to the right and go along the edge of them I' towards tho bank, at the descent between us and tlie General IIos- " pital, under which we understood there was a body of the enemy who, I' no sooner saw us, than they began firing on us from the buslies I' and from the bank ; we soon dispossessed them from the bushes, and " from thence kept firing for about a quarter of an hour on those under " cover of the bank, but as they exceeded us greatly in numbers, they ' " killed and wounded a great many of our men, and killed two officers, "■ which obliged us to retire a little, and form again, when the 58th "L'egiment with the 3nd battalion of Koyal Americans having come " up to our assistance, all three making about five I'.iindred me- ad- "vanced against the enemy and drove them first down to the great BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM 377 [doiohty] on .L™:e";-or'":'Li'''T "."™"^ ''"°'"^' »^ ""° «- ?-»' occurred. kZ' .nfl F I. , ""' °' ""■ P'""' "'>™ ""o taUle Knox this p»ss»; is fo „T °B™ •''""", ™ °' "■" '""""l "* "th„t stood on ;,„■ 'r'rd tl,,-. ^ °°'''"°''' ■""*' "' °"'" "»"'. ""nd applied toX ^ "t'o LT™!'. T, "" '°™ '1"" "«"• "nnd scvcrni redoubts thmZ , ' °'"°' "''"'= "" 'o''«flc<'. "".o„,.„d yZ:"ZnT;2::T\z^7' 'r'^'* " "'■°"' °"' nnder tlio date of the ] Kh S s . , , " *''" '"""'»' of Prnser, " "Shore o„r tents ,,d ™i September, these words occur: "We go "tattle .V«,X" C bSe'the^f™' "''",' *"" '°"''" «- oflice,^ ,vl>o ,vcrc present ^11 i ,? T' """""''"S *- "«'^° *»-o thousund yards frnnrtllir/'", " '""'"™ °' '"'°"' «"« «.e -alls i .h„:,:;;.i;i:.tti '«,:"!;„.;?: .trrLrr "°" inclicated on Tlan A. -'-"o^'sn aHcl I'rench lines, as about 140 yards ;;:sttLi:br;"s^:t''\r° "°,"r= "° *°™ "lift Fraser. ,vho estimates tl, i di*„e at .bo'i": iT, ""''f "«™" Ivnox gives more rloflnifn ,-„f. /'^''Jico at about u niilo from the c ty. sequel to his own. " ' Tlie BriL 7' ^^""-^ ''^^ ^«™« « -then,outhon;on.ing meim S^^^ "^^"^'"^ ^« «PP- "'eulty, and soon gained the great Cd t^ T T "'"-"* ^'ffi' "' marched in reguhu- order Om l. f ^^' ^^'"° ^'^"^^^ ^^ey ;;;«ied to ti. .ght, ::!L^ ^ZI^T^^'^f \' 'f ^™' "'detachment of fifteen hundred men onlv n o - " I ' ^''''"° ' "'we took post on the heights T.^ ?"'^' ^"' ^'^ '^^^'^'^^''^'' "'arrival of the enemy. Wraf 4lf ''"' "^^ "^"'^ "^^^'^^^ the "'ordered a p.uty of 1 ght hint ' ! 1"''" '"'* ^^"""^^ "?' ^^^ -J^orgie from which ^e a te .^Ted to 1 ,T'''^'" '' '''' ^"^"^^ ^<^ "'spirited and obstinatratL k w^ f f ^^^' '^^'^" ' ^"^' «^^^'^ ^ "'to little purpose.'" ' ^" ^'""'^ "^"^ ^^^^^^^ ^-^hout cannon, On a plan made by Noel Le-mssour Jn i-rr event, Borgia's property is shown r??n> , ' '®'''" y'^'' "^^er the "« - St. .0. Vad. ^TLr^rrnC r .12: «^-:' « 378 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA house. On page 43, I jBnd these words: "In effect, a movement your "army made in that moment towards the windmill and Borgia's house, " upon the edge of the height, seemed to favour this conjecture. But " an instant afterwards, the Canadians having set fire to that house and " chased you from it, you retook your former position." I am inclined to think that Johnstone did not refer to the property near Maple Avenue, because on another plan made in 1790, I find that a Borgia owned a property near Claire Fontaine, and close to this property, on the edge of the bank, there is a windmill clearly marked. The Eng- lish, according to Johnstone, did not occupy this property near Claire Fontaine or capture the windmill. Before they could do so the Cana- dians had set firo to it. Knox, however, states that the houses were towards the rear of the left of the English line, and therefore, it seems clear that the Borgia property he refers to was the one near Maple Avenue, which agrees exactly with {he position of the army as described on the plan. From a careful search among deeds relating to property in this direction, about the time of the battle, I find that there were several properties between Claire Fontaine Street and Maple Avemre, but so far, I have been unable to discover any consecutive row or "chain of houses" west of Maple Avenue. Colonel Fraser's evidence affords another means of ascertaining the distance of the English line from the city. He states that when the line was first formed, Quebec was about a mile distant. A mile from the city walls is quite near tlie present toll gate. (See tcU gate on Grande Allee, plan A.) Colonel Eraser does not give this as the place where the battle was fought. He adds, that for the space of half an hour after the line was formed, the army marched on slowly and halted several times. " The army was ordered to march on slowly in " line of battle, and halt several times, till about half an hour after ten, "when the French began to appear in great numbers on the rising " ground between us and the town." By referring to Plan A, it will be seen that » very short march would be necessary to bring the army to the line indicated on the plan. Captain Knox also gives some de- finite information on this point. At ten o'clock, when the final dis- position of the army was made, the Thirty-fifth regiment on the right of the English, was disposed in a circular form on the slope of the hill, and from that time " our situation with that of the enemy, and scene " of action, could not vary." It will be seen from the profile on plan No. 1, that the only elevations of any importance on the right of the English, between the city walls and Marchmont, are the points marked A and B. The right of the English line was not formed on the highest Traxs. R. S. C, 1899, Plan A. Con Of PAK7 Of PLAH nno£ ay 381 r under- slQpe of (1, when : ground )nly ris- highest 3 A and ith plan ■ day of advance , t'VO of rds our (1 a dis- yards." /■ards. Dntaine, nth the al, j)ub- of the is in iciently I many )s were day we id from xuienne h there 3 taken )etween be sent il men. Briga- oruCi's 3red of IS to be [doughty] BATTLE OF THE PLAINS I — QU£ B£C PL/ N — M*ffe It/ jv„r jcff ro^ A e tcucHry I BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM roouoiirv] point of t stood by I the hill" , according between t ing groun The ( point of t B on the' It ma A, and als the battle. Knox " briskly h "them inc "right, fir: "tanee of Here i How f at this tim( The ai regiment oi lished at I French am French, bu accurate. On the boats passi] ordered to i heard the ci the adjoinii was ordered in full forc( position at ] Intellig Le Foulon ; there, one p He (Monteal dier-Lieutenf for the men the Quebec r sent to him, i ri^ouourv] BATTLK OF TEIE PLAIN'S OP ABRAII UI ggi corl, to Kn 1 i '^''' ""■' ""''''' *^" ^'-'"'•'^ commenced, when accoruing toKnoxand Fraser, thriFrenrli u-Ar« o+;ii n ■■ '""''" It may be advisable to ascertain how this position agrees with plan 4 aml^also w.h the further testimony of those present'on tl^ly of "brisWv i.'^^"' ? "^'* "'' *'" ^'^^^^ '^' ^^«"^y began to adva-^ ^e -.ht, .ing jnj^::i:\:::z^,r^:jt^ t::t r tance of one hundred and thirty-till they came w tirfortTyai » Here we have a distance given of one hundred and Jh rty yard' at th Le"^ W^ French advanced from the ridge, ClaLeVonta ne, th^time A^e can ascertain this better from another source li^«c., ,ut I M,e.e the ^^.L^ ^ iTr.JX'CZkj^.S^ On the 13th the water patrol sent word that they heard manv boats passing towards the town. At two o'clock H 7 ^ ordered to make for the etitrenchments It th f^ t h JT. '""'" heard the cannon from Samos, andTol ft mustt d" cta^ e Tro^ the adjoining parts of L'Anse des Meres The re^\m.TJ a ^^JTiJZZ^' '°'"- ^'™"™' '- *"'-'- -« taken Le jt'lt^a^ pf '".'"'^l'?"' ""^ '"™^ "-^^ disembarked between fhl , w" '''' *■■"■ T''" 0"«™1 »'teed to be sent He (Montcalm) followed them closely, leaving M. de Senesemio Brim "'" ' '' "^ ^"c b-uvcTument of Three Eivpra nnri ,^r,„ u j t ,. the OupbP(- mpn +„ ^^ 11 I,- \ -Kivers, and one hundred of tne yuebec men to follow him; and the regiment of LaSarre was to be sent to him, as soon as 400 of M. Leborgne'f men would arr^e Sfc. II., 1809. 23 382 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA From the bridge he sent an order to LaSarre, Languedoc, and the 400 men of M. Leborgne, to march with all diligence. Two minutes L,.er another order commanded Beam to march, who on the way met the Major-General, and was informed by him that the English were already in battle opposite the city — that he (the Major- Geiieral) was going for Royal Ronssillon and other troops, and that they Avere to follow the same road and gain the heights nearest the town. (Les plus pr^s de la ville). He (Montcalm) arrived at nine o'clock and placed himself between Languedoc and Guienne. The Royal Roussillo joined them half an hour later and took the left. Some platoons of soldiert, of the colony, and some Canadians were exchanging shots with the English from be- hind some brushwood and stones, which were between the two armies (en avant des deux armees). The English, who had their field guns, annoyed us very much with their grape phot. Two guns were sent to us from the town at half past nine, and were placed on the ~'^^t, from where a few discharges -were made. The rest of the Government men arrived at the same hour. M. de Montcalm passed along the front of the army composed of 2,500 men, and inquired if tlioy were fatigued, and observed the move- ments of the enemy. Having seen that they were reinforcing, and fearing that they would turn the right of our army, he commanded a march towards them. The regiments pushed forward with good grace, but they had Iiardly advanced one liundred paces, when tlie Canadians forming the first line, and the soldiers of the third, fired in an irregular manner, and according to their custom, threw themselves flat upon the ground to reload. This false movement had the effect of breaking up all the battalions. Most of the soldiers of the first line wore either killed or wounded by the discharges of the English who were situated on an elevated ground. Those who had thrown themselves upon the ground, after rising made a half turn to the right, took to the city road and went into the suburbs, without it being possible to rally them. M. de Montcalm, wounded in the abdomen, had to be carried into the city. The Major-General ordered that the borders of the' suburbs should be lined with troops; a quarter of an hour later, each battalion was ordered to send a picket into the city, and the rest of the army to make for the bridges. M. le Marquis de Vaudreuil, who before the route had come up to the heights, persuaded the Canadians to come up again, but after a few moments firing with the English, they were forced to retire. From this evidence we learn, that at some time after half past nine, when the French were still close to the town, on the high ground, the [oo™,„VJ B.ITTLE OF THE PLAf.VS OF Ai.HAUAM 833 western exlremilj of which is Buttes 4 N™, or Clairo Fontaine the lance of 100 paces, when a false movement on the part of the Cnna- ofT e n7fr "'°.r' °' ""= '"""'"''"'• »"" -»' of the oHie , EngHsh ' ''"" ™ "'"" """" "' ™W % the discharge, of the Of .htiTo ;ri::,;ir.irrtj:r '""""" ""«^ -' - --- the h»»l """■■"/"' "f""' "'"' "^"°''' "l'» -""« «>»' tlie cramp after Z «::" : ™e'fX 11 ;/;L:"r i/r" ^'* "r '"^ «'"^°" « '''™ "' " ''-'"-e of ' fire ,f er IZ ^° ^"^, ' ""■' *""""° ^"f" *'"" «'= F'oioh beg»n to M,l.?° '"? ^'"■? *''" '^ '^°°''' «'<'''<' '0 «'e 100 paces <^ven by Malartic, make a total of about 230 yards. Tlic distance separating tlie two armies on plan A, presomablv he ■Z X'"""/'? '"""^ '""" " J"'' "0'°- *e baltleT Z ™rl 70 vardsT. % ^"'f' "" ""' """''^ '=''''' •" "==<='-=Panoy of about .^0 ad , = - p^^ttf tTh^itr-': .If ;:'rdrx:t 884 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA been formed on the ^rarclimoiit [jropcrty near the race course, and the French were on the ridge, then the distance between the two armies would have been over three-quarters of a mile. The Chevalier Jolinstono, to whoso writings we have referred be- fore, gives furllier proof of the distance between the armies. On page 41 he refers to the proximity of the English line in these words: "I "was no sooner upon the heights than I perceived our horrible posi- "tion — pressed against the town walls, without provisions for four and " twenty hours, and a moral impossibility for us to retire, being drawn " up in battle within a musket shot of your aimy," and again, " ' His " town,' as he called it — \vas defended by our army which covered it, "being drawn up in battle about 200 fathoms from it." Here we have proof of the distance of the French from the 'valls of the city, and of the distance of the French line from the Englisi, line. Pressed against the city walls at a distance of 200 fathoms (-400 yai-ds) and within a nuisket shot of the English. What was the distance of a musket shot ? Lieutenant-Colonel Crawford Lindsay has kindly furnished me with an extract from Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1882, wherein the range of the musket is thus described : — Accurate fire 100 yards. Effective against detached parties 150 Effective against troops in column 200 " And from another source I learn that the maximum range was not more than 250 yeards. We have seen that the distance from Claire Fontaine, where the French were drawn up, according to several authorities, to Marchmont, is over three-quarters of a mile, and we can hardly believe that a soldier would refer to a distance of 1,320 yards as a musket shot, when the maximum range of the weapon was not more than 250 yards. Proof that the French and English each had the advantage of an ■elevated ground is afforded by a journal of the French army, under date of September 13th. " L'eminence sur laquelle la notre etait rangee! en bataille dominait, "dans quelques points celle qu'occupait les Anglais qui y 6taient "couverts, soit par des ravins pen profonds, soit par des clotures de " champ en palissades; nos troupes presque toutes composees de Caua- "diens fondirent sur I'ennemi avec impetuosite, mais leurs rangs mal " formes se rompirent bientot, soit par la precipitation avec laquelle on "les fit marcher, soit par I'inegalite du terrain; les Anglais en bon [o^ai.T^] BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM 388 . ^''ordro cssiiy5rent sans sV-hranler nos premieres (16charges. lis ripos- ^ terent ensuite avcc heauconp de vivacitYs et le inouvemont qu'un de- ^^ tachement de leur ccTitrc d'environ aoo liommcs fit en avant, la bayon- notte «u bout du fusil, suffit pour faire prendre la fuite i presnue ^^ toute notre armeo; la derouto ncr fut totale que parmi les troupes ^^ro^'iees ; hs Cv.nadienH aceontuinos ,\ reculer .\ la n.aniere doH Sauvages, ^^(et des anciens Parthcs) ct .\ retourner ensuite ,\ I'ennemi avec plus ^^ de confianoe qu'auparavant se rallicrent en quelques endroits, et k la ^ aveur de. prfif, hois dont lis otaiont etivironnes. ijs forct^rent diftereng • corps « phor, niais enfin 11 fallut ceder /\ hi superiorito du nombre." By this evidcneo it is seen that the eminence on which the French army was drawn up, was greater than the elevated ground occupied by the Enjrl.sh. This agrees exactly with the profile, on which the two elevations are denoted by the letters A and B. It may be interesting to those who are unfamiliar with the city of Quc-bcc, to obtain a few par- ticulars regarding the different levels and the appearance of the crround between the ridge, ('hire Fontaine, and the hill; and also between the hill and the centre of the race course, in 1785. The profile, on plan Mo. 1, gives the elevation of the ground at the particular place desig- nated, but It is not a correct representation of the whole of the ground ljet«een the River St. Lawrence and Cote Ste. Getievi^-ve. Many pro- files would be necessary for this purpose. The appearance of the ground between the fortifications of the city and the toll gate on the Grande Allee is deceptive, on account of the number of houses which have been erected. Even a close inspection from available points does not enable one to form a very clear idea of what its aspect could have been at the time of the battle. Fortunately, a large ordnance map on which tlie elevations of all this portion of Quebec are marked, has been preserved. This map is attri- buted to Major Holland, and the elevations on it were taken from the River St. Lawrence during the years 1785-86. It is true that this map was made 2G years after the battle, but it is not probable that there ^^as much alteration during the interval. In order to understand certain passages of the text, it is necessary to have a knowledge of the surface of the ground upon which the battle was fought. A few explanations will be given concerning the levels of the race course, and also of the ground on the south of Grande Allee between the Quebec gaol and Claire Fontainq, at a period 26 years afteT the event. We wil! draw an imaginary line from about Ihe centre of the race course to the summit of the hill upon which the Quebec gaol now stands. The line is nearly parallel with the River St. Lawrence, about 880 KOYAL SOCIKTY OF CANADA 400 yards north; and it is about 500 yards in length. At its com- mefncement, near the centre of the race course, the elevation ia 271 feet above the Kiver St. Lawrence. From this point there is almost a gradual rise for a distnnce of 400 yards, at which point the elevation is 303 feet; showing a rise of 32 feet in a distance of 400 yards. From this point to the end of the line, the dillerence is between the elevations 303 and 321, showing a rise of 18 feet in 400 yards, and a total rise of 50 feet in 500 yards. We will now examine the levels of the ground to the south o£ the Grande A116e, between de Salnbcrry street and a point west of Claire Fontaine. We will draw an imaginary line nearly parallel with the River St. Lawrence, about 3r)0 yards north. The length of the line is about 400 yards. Commencing at the Quebec gaol, the elevation is 321 feet, and proceeding nloiig tlie line at intervals of 200 feet the figures are 303, 313, 301, 296, 307, 315. On another line parallel with this, 125 yards from the Grande AUee, the figures are 301, 301, 311, 310, 310, 311. The ground in this direction, nearer to the river, is still more uneven. Here we find levels at a distance of 200 feet, varying between 225 and 285 feet ; a difference of 60 feet, in 200 feet. The ground to-day between Claire Fontaine and the gaol is very uneven, especially at a distance of about 150 yards from the river. At one place, probably 150 yards from the gaol, there is a hillock, and this is no doubt the "petite colline" referred to in the journal of the French army.' "Lcs deux aniiees separees par une petite colline se canonnaient " depuis environ une heure." This "petite colline" which separated the two armies could not have been the hill upon which the gaol is situated, because the context explains, . that the English occupied an eminence. "L'eminence sur laquelle la notre etait rangee en bataille dominait, dans quelques points celle qu'occupait Us Anglais" Mention is also made in the journal of the French army, which has already been quoted, of the inequality of the ground between the two armies, and this appears to agree with the descriptions of the ground here given. Captain Knox speaks of the ground upon which the army halted after its march towards the town in files, as being an " even piece of '• ground which Mr. Wolfe had made choice of." The most oven piece of ground that I find described on Major Holland's plan, is between the Grande Allee and the St. Foye or St. John's Koad. Drawing a line I'arallel with this road 100 yards south, from a point at right angles [Douortry] BATTLE OF TIIK Pf.AfX.S OF ABHAIIAM MT With tho boundary of the race course property, «nd proceeding from i^ ilmurfl"at ° ^'^^^ '''* ^''""■'^' ^'"''■' ^'°"*"'"''' *^° ^"""'i ,nal^.\'^'"f"''.V^' '"''^'''' ''^''''''^y '^ ^'''« !'"« i« 3(19 foot, and the elevation at the eastern extremity of the line h 371 feet, show- ing a vTir.Mtron of two feet in n distance of 2,800 feet. Another lino parallel wUh this, 2.000 foot south. (100 ^.ds'sou.h of otande II i gives a variation of 2-1 feet in tliis dislanoo of 2,H00 feet wna ^T '!**'. P^"" " '' "P''"''''' *''"^ ^'^« "^'^^t even piece of ground west ly the race conrso, and on t.io onst l.y Claire Fontnii.o While considering the ap|>earanoo of the surface of the ground, it may be interesting to note that a coppice of several hundred feet in ar a ,s shown en this plan, no^irly midway between de Salabcrry Street and Claire Hntaino, on the St. .f.hn's Road. This position, it will be observed, ,s in the vicinity of the Canadians on tho right of the French r/; Z ^r^' ""'^ ,^'*"'''" ^^' ^"^''^h and French lines. Refer- ring o the tostimony of Towushend, we find that "the enemy lined tho buhes in their front with fifteen hundred Indians and Canadians, «nd I daresay, had placed most of thoir best marksmen there, who kept up a very galling, thougli irregular fire, upon our whole line." Knox also refers to this coppice. "But what galled us most .op a body of Indians and other marksmen they had concealed in v^e 'pico "and some brush they kept up a continual fire. Jirigadier Murray, "who with ]''rasei-'s battalion of IlighhuidoTs. the 78th. had pursued " the enemy within musket shot of St. Ursula's bastion, being informed "that all our generals wore wounded and the enemy having totally LDovanTvJ BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM I.. »,o l» *!:,", s,f :,"':""'''' '\"*°' '">" °" "■« S'-o-J close killed still „o„,,„ , , ,„ ; '"";•""■"; -^ »""'l""- <>t t'an«cli,,„s w™ ^^^^_^^^ ne«K, t„ ,i,c cty, an.l „„ the l,a„k ,U.,„„„ling to the horn- Lis iott::'tIt:i,fr;',rp' r;r"" ■"■ "■•■ ■"■"' ''='»" *■*«■ - of state. on';l:::;,; 's ,tS/m;''d ''" -r'"'"" -"/' ^'°"«'"^ uiijoiitth, Dy \\Jiieii, in a very 1 Hli> fl.no fi, , i.' i ""™i»;;;::::;,:::::r,-£:Hr pi i,otJi It'll, It JS WOltll (llinfinir " T.i ; I'l i " cue l-i , „if fin iV . f ■ JH.niieur de vous reiulre compte que la nmt du 13 au 13 dc^ cc mois, le General Wolfe ayunt fait le icrnore ( ,.ebeo. M. le Marquis de Monlcahn. qui en fut le premier n^onne, jugea sans doute, que ce n'etoit qu'ui d.taehemen' Ce C.6neral emporte par son zele et sa grande vivaeite, fit marcher le 390 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ■ i "piqneta de8 differens corps, partie des batalions, des Camidiens, et '■ avan^a lui-memo sans mo faire part do sos dispositions M. le Mar- " quis de Montcalm attaqua malheureusement avant que je I'eusse '• joint ; il vit s'a dofaite dans le nieme moment, et le dcsordre si grand "dans les troupes que force de se retirer, lui-meme y fut blesse mor- " tenement. Lorsque j'arriv:iii, Monseignenr, au champ de bataille, la " fuite etait si generale que je ne pus arreter le soldat. Je ralliai en- "viron 1,000 Canadicns, qui par leur bonne contenance, arretSrent "Tennemi dans sa poursuite." The Mayor of Quebec, M. Eaine, writing to the minister on the 9th of October, 1759, speaks of the battle as having taken place quite dose to the walls of the city. " J'ay aussi eu I'honneur de vous informer par ma precedente, que •' le 13 du mome mois, nous avions ppdu une bataille, presque sous les " murs de la ville." The Intendant Bigot, who played such an important part in the affairs of the colony, previous to the capitulation, furnishes some inter- esting particulars concerning the battle, in a letter addressed to the minister, on tlie 25th of October, 1759. Among other things we learn that a lively engagement occurred near St. John's Gate. "Enfin la nuit du 13 au 13, les ennemis s'embarquerent dans des "berges qui etaient a bord de leurs vaisseaux, et passerent devant les " postes quS nous avions depuis celuy de M. de Bougainville, k la ville; "■quatre differentes sentinelles se contenterent de leur crier 'qui vive?' "ils repondirent: 'France/ on les laissa passer sans reconnaitre. " Nous fumes instruits, au jour, au camp, que quelques uns de "nos postes audessus de Quebec, avaient ete attaques. M. le Marquis " de Montcalm qui ne comptait pas la chose si serieuse, n'envoya d'abord " k leur secours que quelques piquets, en se fesant suivre par une grande "partie de notre armee; elle avait diminuee en bonte et en nombre "par 3,000 hommes ou environ qui etaient aux ordres de M. de " Bougainville ; ils etaient tons d'elite puisqu'ils etaient composes de "grenadiers et de volontaires de I'armee tant en troupes qu'en Cana- " diens. M. le Mis. de Montcalm fut bien surpris lorsqu'il fut mont4 " sur la hauteur derriere la ville, de voir I'armee Anglaise qui se formait "dans la plaine. II donna ordre de hater la marche des corps qui " venaient le joindre, et k peine furent-ils arrives k lui, qu'il marcha " a I'ennemi et I'attaqua. Ces differens corps, dont les bataillons de "la Sarre, Royal Roussillon, Languedoc, Guienne et Beam etaient, ne '' formaient que 3,500 hommes ou environ. II y en avaieut qui veua- "ient d'une lieue et demie, ils n'avaient pas eu le terns de prendre " haleine. Cette petite arm^e fit deux decharges sur celle des Anglaise, [«,™„V] MTILK OF THE PLAINS OF ABUAIUM 38, "sent iettcs dans i.n ,„h, i ' " "'"' Oanadions ne se fns- "ponr ,ni ,rp„ndrc °°>"-" ™' ■ ™nem qn'il f„t „i,,.g, j, 3.;„,,^^ "ville par la Zif^l w " "'"■' °°"""° " °"»' P^'' '''-"- ™ .an. a„;,' n^pi-r ^ 7^ sl.t L^^^Vln p.ta N„„s v,mes de nos fenotres ce massacre," «nd again 'Tenncmi n.a,trc de la campnsne et i deux pas de Notre Maison" ' ^hat'prTon™': ;'::„S™' .«7f ■ '- ">« ^-P- -^ -"-ing Vanrlinn ' 1 1 ^ Canadians scattered among the bushes" Vaiidreuils lodgings were beyond the iliver St Ch..^. t .^ ," r^sle^tSr- -" --- ---e^at posit- L' "TSal,:: t"ltnT"°' °' ''' ^'"' - '" " ">» ..sttXp^^^^^^^^ It may be advisable to give an extract fmm fi, , f ^''^^^^™' American, Professor Silimnn nf v T n T ' ^""""'^ ''^ ^ '^"^t"^'^'! ^ ,, , ' ,-^^"^tssor oiliman, of Yale Colleo-e. who- visited th^ K,Hi« nela e.rl, ,n t„e present een.ury. Professor S.liman cte fo Que ej n the company of some officers, and he annears tn 1,,.. 7 , I ■nterest in everythin, that he 'saw. H?ES l^Lm 1° bof S 392 KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA longed to stand upon the spot where Wolfe died. The journal is dated 1819. " The Plains of Abraham lie south and west of Quebec, and com- " nience the moment you leave the walls of the city. The battle was " particularly severe on the French left, and the English right. This " ground is very near the St. Lawrence, and but a little distance in " front of the Citadel, and all the events that passed there, must have " been distinctly seen by those on the walls of (Quebec." It must have " been a most interesting spectacle, and we can easily enter into the " feelings of the American French, who viewed their country and their "city, and their firesides and homes, as involved in the issue of this "battle. With what emotions then must they have seen their de- " fenders, not only falling in the ranks, but driven by the furious on- " set of the enemy to the walls of ths city, where they were slaughtered "by the b-ayonet and the broad sword, on the very glacis and in the " ditches, immediately under their eyes." A brief examination will now be made of the works of more modern autliors. The first book we will take is " Montcalm and Wolfe," by Francis Parkman. The extract is from the second volume, page 283. "Pie went to reconnoitre the groimd, and soon came to the Plains of Abraham, so called from Abraham Martin, a pilot known as Maitre ' Abraliam, who had owned a piece of lund here in the early days of ' the colony. The plains were a tract of grass tolerably level in most 'parts, patched here and there with cornfields, studded with clumps 'of buslies and forming a part of the high plateau at the eastern end 'of which Quebec stood. On the south it was bounded by the de- ' clivities along the St. Lawrence, on the north by those along the St. Charles, or rather along the meadows through which that lazy stream crawled like ft writhing snake. At the place Wolfe chose for his ' battle-field, the plateau is less than a mile wide. "Thither the troo])s advanced, marched along by files till they 'reached the ground, and then wheeled to form their line of battle, ' which stretched across the plateau and faced the city. It consisted ' of six battalions and the detached grenadiers of Louisbourg, all drawn ' up in rank.s, three deep. Its right wing was near the brink of the 'heights along the St. Lawrence, but the left could not reach those 'along the St. Charles. On this side a space was perforce left open, ' and there was a danger of being outflanked. To prevent this, Briga- ' dier Townshend was stationed here with two battalions drawn up at 'rio-ht ann'les with the rc^t and frnnting tlie St. Charles. The battalion 'of Webb's regiment, under Colonel Burton, former^ the reserve, the 'third battalion of Koyal Americans was left to guard the landing, i [Dorcurv] BATTLE OF THE PLAINS «F ABRAHAM ' 393 ;;and Howe's liglU infantry occupied a wood far in the rear. Wolfe ^ h Monckton and Murray, commanded the front line on whic t heavy fi.,t,ng ,vas to fall, and which, when all the troops had ar ved ''numhered less than thirty-five hundred men ' "JhZ \ r ■ ; . ^''^ '^'^'"^" «f ^™«P« liad scarcely come up "hourTom i?: rmpt ^^011^"- ^"^^^ '^ ^'^ ^^-- "a de'XenT'oJ'Bo ''"^ ^n" '^' '^'"° '^ '''' ^^-- ^^ --« f-- "^;j:^^pi:^^^^^^^^ it was towards ten o'clock when frnm f),„ i • 1 "riffht Wolfp «niv +i.n+ ^u ' *"^ '^'S'l ground on the n,and ,„g out and a orash „{ mi.skelry a„8wi,-ed all ,lon.> ll,c li„e 1.0118 m tl,o cent,., .l.icl, suffered loa,t from the enemy's tile "of +L I-t^r ,v ^ ''^''' '""'"^ *^^''^ "liles away, the red ranks of tJie British soldiers on the heights beyond "ston7at"fun !!ir^^"^'°'''^' ^'"^'^''^"^ ^^^^' ^^d he sent off John- "of the can^ '^"'^ '^ '"°^ "P ^^^ *^«°P^ ^-- the centre and left \l ill 304 UOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA " The army followed in such order as it might, crossed the bridge "in hot haste, passed the northern rampart of Quebec, entered the " Palace Gate, and pressed on in headlong march along the quaint nar- " row streets of the war-like town; troops of Indians in scalplocks and " war paint, a savage glitter in their deep set eyes, bands of Canadians " whose all was at stake — faith, country and home; the colony regulars, "the Irattalions of Old France, a torrent of white uniforms and gleam- " ing Ijayonots, LaSarro, Languedoc, Roussillon, Beam — victors of Os- " wego, William Henry and Ticonderoga. So they swept on, poured " out upon the plains, some by the Gate of St. Louis and some by that ' of St. John, and hurried breathless to where the banners of Guienne " still fluttered on the ridge. "Montcahn was amazed at what he saw. He expected a detach- " mcnt, and found an army." ' According to Mr. Parkman, at the time the English line was formed, Qucliec was not a mile distant. Therefore, the army was on the east side of the Toll Gate. The writer seems to wish to be precise in his estimate! of the dis- tance of tlie army from the city, for he adds that the city could not be seen because a ridge, Butte a Neveu, intervened, about 600 paces oif. Six hundred paces from the ridge would place the front of the English army on the line occupied by Webb's reserve, on plan A. Mr. Parkman marks an advance from this position, however. " The " British advanced a few rods, then halted, and stood still. When the "French were within forty paces, the wojd of command rang out and •'■' a crash of inuskotry answered all along the line." There is evidently a close agreement between tlie testimony of Mr. Parkman and the evidence furnislied by plan A on this point. "It was towards ten o'clock, when from the high ground on the " right, Wolfe saw that the crisis was near. The French on the ridge( " had formed themselves into three bodies." By this passage it is proved, that while the English were in the position claimed by Mr. Parkman, that is, a " few rods" less than 600 paces from Butte a Neveu, the French were still on this ridge. Unless the English receded from their position, of which there is no evidence, it is difficult to imagine how any engagement could have taken place either on the race course or on the Marchmont property. There is not a single passage in Parkman, at least, I have not found one, which would imply that the battle occurred further west than the spot already described. The next book to consider is " Picture of Quebec," published by Mr. Hawkins in 1834, seventy-five years after the battle. " Picture of Trans. R. S. C, 1800, Vi.xs B. VS-i ""If K B K C . /fvm tftrniY (afnilUnctiaii .. [douohty] BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF AB ( tl,- i>/ ' ///.I '///rf/f.iAr,' /J ,>.i/'i //f/nv/.'-if/'/i ( //■//'// f < I'KINi'ir.VL SlUUKIWRY OK S lATi: Ac 4 ' I <)y 4/^ ^//v/ ( '/■'/./■>/ .fit./ V^.Mty-xn'r. \*mt iium Moll .'.itf.'t: /.rtf » />, »>,-;,"' V ../.»,-. A'/^r. • . ,1. /^ :«-.. /.v, ./ 'S I' k.A X it...,'..- flnf,'o *■ u »t.'ttAfat f f.trt .'f'/hfM*f^ tf^tJ J l.Wft itaftrrv .tt l^i- i,mY*- ^ ^ (."*■* ^■■^.''•r til •ri.o ui .tint* '■: flit.irt ■ .TfM A«ar/'V Utcrr VS- TTLK OF THE PLAINS OF AHHAHAM [ooraH- Quebo( atcepti assertpi h.'fl bo( hntth present " rich. " was 11 " the h " Wolfe " thoiig ■■c'aj>liii Wo son, whi fore be ; Bef is advisa infoniiat "is'TlK "and Su "l^y the " This w " rendere "with in " battle, i " work or " lliereat. " both Sid " Wolfe's " these an " both ex£ "is Jefl're; in this boi from the j: A were est The £ Quebec." " scarcely ; " ceived. "long and "was that " tained no [dotoiityJ BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF MiUMlAM 897 ^'■•^ book by M^/j : ;,: ,r '^' "^«'«*-^ "> the pro,„,ration of battle on I ISiKTLpZTrTmrT "' "^^ ^^''^ °^ present, or not, seoins to' bo doub Ai fo " ^^ ''''"'"'^■^^" ^^'«« "J'icture of Quebec" Mr IW ^ [ ' ""^'' '^'^ P'^^^ '^^^ °^ "-as not, we mu ;tanl aet ,V ^'^''r"'" ,"'''•• "^""^^^ '^'^--P««n "the battie of the it i e 1^^!"^ f ° V^^^ ^"°«^^^ ^ "AVolfe's companion in aLI 7 detached on duty, ire was, however, "though not a^uly on t r,n^ "t "^ "" '' ^^^«"tn,orenci, and is advisable io q:;:;:^^;: h:;;:,:.^ tn i 7 ;:-;: °^ ^-^<; ^^ information. "Another scnroo wnri i . ^'^ ^°"''^°^ ^^ bis "is 'The Katurai'd C.vT • t ;; ofte kr.t ^^"^ *^ ""' "and Soutb America, with an torill det 1 of H """'^'. '" ""^^"^ "by ti.e British nnns in tlioso wt nth f '' ^^1"'sitions made "This woric contains an ofHcti n l^f I ^ • / "'"^'^ ''''^ P^«"^-' "rendered in 1759 ^ "n" tl e for^^^ '^^ '^ ^'''^''' '' ^' «"^- "with nnlitary ac Lrl y ^Ve h" 'T " "" '^- ^'^^'^"-^^^ -- " battle, and the po ition of tho • • '" "''""""^ ''^ ^he field of " work 'on a cltiSetbrs 1 m rS'roffi^^^^^ ' ^'''' ^ ^^'^ " thereat. We have nsed al.«o another phnff f ''''^°"' ^^^^^^^ "both sides of the river fTom T. ^ Vr. ' ''^'°^' operations on "AVolfe's Cove, div'by cl i^Tfhf °''""t/° "^^ ^^"^^^ ^^ "these and other document«Tr n ''^^ ^^'' examination of " both exact ancraulhrt c !' T e^:::^^'w;::ch\r n 'I ''''''''''^' "is Jetirey's, and the plans whic Ih men^t^^^^^^^^ "^^^^ ''' in this book. Mr Hawkin. fh/T ™f , °' ^^° <^be plans contained from the plan narked B^ 'hi? ^ '""^ '^' P'^'"""^^ «^ the army A were estabhs'^d ''^"' '''^^ "^'^^^ ^^^^ P'^-^^-b on plan Queb^:^ '!' Thf :^iS^:: rrr ^^ r^ ^^^ ^^ -^^^^^ °^ "scarcely any iL ^n t e 4 l^f Ib^r ""'"^^ '^"^^^^^^' ^^"^' ;Wd. After more than tw^l^ ^^lld^^^^^et ^J^ long and anxious wishes was before him i.; i '' «w°= fhaf \r-,( 1 .1 nim— his only remainincr hn^o ^u.„ that Montcalm would give him battle-of the result hp^n/ " tamed no doubt. The hour of triumph so long sot^irf:^! ^:^; 098 HOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA "expicteil, was nt hnnd — ho was detorniined thnt day (o docido the "siiproinnoy of Fiiffhind or Fmnoo, in America, heforo the walls of her '• most iiiiportant fortresis ; " f'oDspicit ill ))lan<)s hoHtom descondori' oampos, Olilatiiinquo videt votis sihi mille petitum rcmpus, in extrcmos (\\\r> miitoret omnia casus." « " The first cart' of (Jeneral Wolfe was to capture a four-gun Iwit- " tery on the left of the British, which was accomplished by Colonel "Howe — the next, to draw up his little army to the best advantage, as " the regiments landed, in order to meet General ^lontcnlm, who was " observed to ])o on the march from Beauport. Montcalm could "scarcely give credit to the first messenger who brought him the news " of thcf successful landing of the English. ' Wolfe's extraordinary " achievement had indeed baffled all bis plans, and astonished to the "ntmost by this unexpected event, he yet prepared for the crisis with *' promptness and courage. Ho immediately adopted the resolution of " meeting Wolfe in the iield and of deciding the fate of Canada in a '*' pitched battle. In his determination he is said to have acted against "tho opinion of the Governor-General, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, who " had come down from Montreal. " About nine o'clock the enemy advniiced in three columns, having " crossed the bridge of boats on the St. Charles. Their force consisted '* of two thousand regular troops, five thousand disciplined militia, and " five hundred savages. At ten, Montcalm's line of battle was formed, " at least six deep, having their flanks covered by a thick wood on each " side — along the bushes in front he had thrown about fifteen hundred " Canadians and Indians, whose firing was as galling as it was incessant, " until the battle became general. The official despatches of General "Townshend give full details of tbi- memo.able conflict, and of the " subsequent surrender of Quebec." Mr. Hawkins then gives the letters of General Monckton, Gen. Townshend, Admiral Saunders, and the articles of capitulation. As we have quoted from the despatches of Townshend and Saunders, it is not necessary to repeat them here. It should bo observed that Mr. Haw- kins speaks of the four-gun battery " on the left of the British." Ijater on Mr. Hawkins seems to place this battery on the right of the English. On page 354, Mr. Hawkins proceeds: "Any one who visits the " celebrated Plains of Abraham, the scene of this glorious fight — equally " rich in natural beauty and historic recollections— will admit that no "site could be found better adapted for displaying the evolutions of w~ [dovoiitvJ liATTI.K OF THK I'I.aix military skill and ■J OF AIMi.MlA.M (liscii)] 800 il'liiio, or tho oxertio,. of physical force "flcferminod v.ilour"' T, hi ',, ""''"''' "^ I"'ysical force na.l "from the bri ko thesV !"'"""^ """"^^ ' ^-'^'^ -"•'•^'- " Allcx, <.r ro d to C ,,0 ]Jo :r"'° '" "'" '"' '''' """'^- ^^'^^ Brando "l'<-ed thro^;/ i . , ,^":? ;;"'';''^' I-'"'^'^ to that of St. Foy, "doubtJnallT^robabi V inf ". "'"' ^■-"">'""''"1 l^J a field n,- "hond's letter T r f v "' '"^^'""'"''^ '" General Towns- • "raeostand The. weoT' ^ '\f ""'''' ^'^^ "^" *« "'« P^-nt "groundin the ^r of Mr S 7u7 "'^"'''^^ ^"^ "P™ "^° --"? "-and ano itr va d thtr F p"'r~l'"' '"^"^'^ "^"'^ "^ ^^'"1^' "command. On tZ" ti; I"' ^ ' ''"'^' '^ ^^^^ "^^^"'^"^ ^^ "property of the ono rablo ^l'\T^7 «^f ^«"«^ Marehmont, the "of Mr. Daly, Secretarif Ho P ^^'''''''^' ^^^ ^^ P^^^^"t the residence "commanding tie trneh" nTT' r'"'^" "" "'" '^ '"'''' -'^-'W, " taken posselsion of bv t ,. fl ^ .^'"^ ^' *'^^ ^•^^*^- '^''^i« ^^as "-diat^ly oraseelX" e tr/ !u " h^' "" 1'^'^ j"^^"^^^' ^'"■ "i^i^z;;:r^£:7* "the relative posUionot the?'' ™ "?• '" "'^^^^ *" "-^-^^-^^ "Lawrence f^te C^^af.^1 1 "tTrV wiV'"' "^ 'T] '^ ''' '' "tho French armv nf +.n 1 7^ ' " ^''^^ "'^'''"^^^ the front of "who had ae of the testimony uli T^'"'' *' ^^ ^° ^^^^''dance with the m.i. loned by Townshei^d in his del L VT'"' '^ ^^' ^'^''^ "^en- tery would have been on the St. " ""t ^^'^ ^^' «^^° the bat- «« asserted by Townshend ICnofLi " f ^"^^'^^ and not on the left ;^'e plans and on the dra^i ^^^^jraVt rt-"?"""" ^^--vi on General Wolfe, this battery is placed on L 7 ^l ^^'' aidesle-camp of -r. ^-^::t^^^:^^^^ Po-ions of t. arm. "^•"us «./ ^„,;„, i3 „^^,^^ ^he terminus a quo, without the ter- ^ne might be drawn from either of th^n"T -^^ ' ^^'^' '''''' ^^^ "^ C«pe Diamond to Sillery, orT any oul"^"' ! '''''' ^^ ^^- «^^^i"« to are, therefore, unable to gain much 1^^ ^""l' '^ '^'' "^^^ ^t will. We The next passage of ZZ,t '''^''T'''' ^''"^ ^^is source, statement that the sZlZ^T '^ '^'^ ^"°^«*-°' i« the direct race stand and the MartelTo S f Tnf 5?^^ *^« "^^t of t „ The English were ordered to rel".ve fhefffif '' ^!'' ^^^^^^^ writes: within forty yards. They observlu? . ' ''''^'^ *^^ ^^^nch were -re therefore within forty'y:!^^' ^^^^^^^^ ^^"^"^•" '^^^e French kms makes it quite clear that the.?^ f the race stand. Mr. Haw- have died, was occupied by the Enlrf?^" ^^^^^ ^^^^^ i« «aid lo As this redoubt is at' east I artt^a JlT ?^ ^ ^ -^~' ^t"r ^-^"t^ ^^^^^^ to'gain'tiSlir:;:.^:!^,;^ *^-^^ht of - - - honour to detach me :i^ ar Sie^' l^aL^ 402 EOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA " ground and maintain it to thof last extremity, which I did until the " two armies were engaged." Further passages relating to this redoubt become still more involved. Mr. Hawkins refers to this redoubt as the place "against which the attack was directed, which Wolfe so gallantly "urged on by his personal example." We have seen from the same author that the French Avere near the right of the race stand at the commencement of the attack, and that at the time the redoubt was occupied by the English, nevertheless, Mr. Hawkins states, that Wolfe gallantly led his men on to attack this redoubt. Wolfe was therefore, leading an attack against his own army. Mr. Hawkins seetns to have had some doubt himself as to this position, for he adds "as he had been " conveyed a short distance to the rear after being struck with thef fatal " ball, it must be presumed that this redoubt had been captured, and that "the Grenadiers were pressing on when he received his fatal wound. " This is corroborated by a letter." The letter, however, makes it clear that it was not captured after the engagement, but that the English oc- cupied it before without any action. "He took notice of a small rising " ground between our right and the enemy's "left, which concealed their " motions from us in that quarter, upon which the General did me the " honour to detach mo with a few Grenadiers to take that ground and " maintain it to the last extremity, which I did, until the two armies "were engaged." There is no mention of any action in connection with the taking of this ground. The General, before the battle, while reviewing the position of the armies, saw that it was an advantageous position, and sent a few men to occupy it. It has been shown by other testimony that Wolfe viewed the position of the armies from this rising ground before he formed his line, and it was after so doing that he disposed his troops in a circular form on its slope, and after this, again, according to Knox, that the armies moved a little nearer to each other. It may be mentioned, that in 1841, seven years after the publication of his book, Mr. Hawkins published a plan of the battle inscribed to the Members of the United Service, and on this map, the four-gun battery does not appear. Two views of the army are given, one with the English line exactly at right angles with the gaol, and the other with the line exactly in the position placed by Jeffreys. These posi- tions are probably correct. The first, no doubt, indicates the position of the English "before the arrival of all the troops, as mentioned by Knox, and the second shows the final disposition of the troops made bv Wolfe, immediately before the decisive action. I think it is possible that Mr. Hawkins was not aware of the direc- tion of the road leading from Wolfe's Cove, in 1759, at the time he wrote his book. [»oro,„v] BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM 403 af ft'l * , ' " '''°'™ '" *'"' P'^i'i™ ™ five different macs the tv,-o roads, might have concluded, quite natiirallv iLV n I severe ,,art of the battle occurred here Wehnl ," """"^ fliQ ^^, j-j . "^"-"iieu jiere. vve liave shown. However ihat the ro'a, did not meet at the race stand in 1759 "^^^ever, tJiat On the map dedicated to the members of the armv in 18+1 Mr Hawkins does not place this road from the Cove as me tin. the s' ■ Luu. as given on other maps to tb!'?'' '°"'^^^TS the writings of other historians, we refer aguin "tLcT^'\T^ " '''''''''■ ^^- TI^^^-P-'^ thu speaks of ^ The General at firs moved about everywhere, but after the beginning " L rUf ^ntl:^ Z '^^ r^^"°^ '^ ' ™^°° ^--^ near to :S "field tL ? ^°^' ^'""^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^'^ ^ ^i«^ of the whole TheL J'o menJfon "' ''/^"^' "^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^- -- ' done^r rerrp'„;;s ^: ^x "T^'-" 't" '-- attention. ^ ""^ ^"''^''' ^°^^ ^^^^^s our In 1876, Sir James published a valuable book entitlpd "0„^l,c« Past and Present," in which he d.oted a chapter t the tttle'fthe ?3sa« 404 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA !| Plains. I do not, ho\rever, find anything contrary to the position estab- lished by the plans, except in that portion where the author quotes from " Hcture of Quebec," by Mr. Hawkins. As the pages referring to the battle have been quoted in this paper, it is unnecessary to repeat them, In 1883, Sir James published a sequel to thef former book, under the title of " Picturesque Quebec," and in this volume many valuable notes are given concerning the location of thef armies. A very good plan is also published, and from measurements taken, I find that the armies are placed in almost the same position as on plan A. On page 309, Sir James writes: " Montcalm, conspicuous in front " of the left wing of his line, and Wolfe at the head of the 38th regi- " ment, and the Louisbourg Grenadiers, towards the right of the British " line, must have been nearly opposite to each other at the commence- " ment of the battle, which was the most severe in that part of the field, " and by a singular coincidence each of these heroic leaders had been "twice wounded during the brief conflict before he received his fatal "wound." And on page 310, "In thd September engagement, Mont- " calm's right wing rested on the St. Foye Eoad, his left on the St. Louis " Road, near the Buttes a Nepvefu (Perrault's Hill)." A foot note to one of the publications of the Quebec Literary and Historical Society, edited by Sir James, gives the distance of the British line from the walla of the city. The quotation is from a book by Col. Beatson, published in 1854. " He (Montcalm) was at that moment be- " tween Les Buttes a Neveu and St. Louis Gate. From the city on the " one side and the battle-field on the other, the ground rises until the " two slopes meet and form a ridge, the summit of which was formerly " occupied by a windmill belonging to a man named Neveu or Nepveu. :" About midway between this ridge and St. Louis Gate, and to the "southward of St. Louis Road, are some slight eminences, still known " to the older French residents as Les Buttes a Nepveu or Neveu's hil- " locks, and about three-quarters of a mile distant from the spot where "the British line charged." Three-quarters of a mile from a point midway between the ridge and St. Louis Gate would place the line of the British at Maple Avenue. With the exception of these two quotations, I do not find anything in the writings of Sir James LeMoine, which disagrees with the posi- tions of plan. A. It is perhaps well to state that at the time many of the books were written from which we have quoted, the site of the battle had not become a question of dispute. I have not found any passage either in the writings of the Abb6 GssPTain or of the Abbe Ferland which tends to weaken the testimony of the authorities quoted in this paper. In Gameau, there is a para- [DOUGHTy] BATTLE OP THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM direolto. "Wolfe a«H fa „„tt! "^^, '^'"'"*°'' '' "'^" i° 'W, ;joye. .„. ,i^e de itit e Zbteen W "^'" *™"' ^'"'» "demi-cercle en arri^re" ^' *!"* ^^ prolongeait en cnbed in a few words. As soonr^J.? '° *^'' P"?''"' "^^^ be des- a" -as quiet, and a line w. ZellluTl'''' ^"^"^^ ^^^ ^^--i*^ facing the north. The amy Zn .^ ",'^7'*^ ^^' "^" «*• ^^^^ence, along which it n^arched t"wa 1 t?e t: ' 'Z'''' *'^ «*• ^^^^ K-<=' before givin. °,ot aftp/,, . " '''''°° ""'' o' ^™''''» monument, spot ti,aT wflfl™ d If'r'™ ™"°'' '"'""^^ " ™ "™ ""■ Theaceo„n.s»;;::;ra.. 't, ::°r z '"*™'°^ *° *^" "■'^• witliin forty yards and flrrf T ! Tv u . """"^ "PPTOched until .hoy were L'.oadi;, ttt ^i^r:.:^^^!^:^^^'"' i:r ;si^,: f:t irxir vr ----"-:■? facing tieir opponents °t«„ld iT," "°°° °' ^^^ " "^'=' "'Wl^t -i.h.n t,.o .i.'ii„,ici:,\;.",;^ J^rs'^tS:':;:^ "-^ ^°™ =° " >-y me plan. Ihe Enghsli received the 408 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA fire of the French nt the place marked on tho plan. Wolfe was at the head of Bragg's regiment, advancing the moment after the firing, but he fell instantly. " Our troops, says Townshend, reserved their fire till " within forty yards, which was so well continued that the enemy gave "way everywhere. It was then our General fell." The General ap- parently fell at a short distance in advance of the place where the de- cisive firing took place, and on the plan it will be seen that the monu- ment is almost in a direct line in the rear of Bragg's regiment, from the front of which he was carried to the place where he died. Reviewing the whole of the testimony, the principal points in favour of the position set forth, appear to be these : 1. The passages cited were probably recorded by their authors near the time of the battle, when the events were fresh to their minds. 2. The plan,, upon which several of the calculations are based, has been proved by tests to be accurate in its general outlines, and to bear evidence of having been drawn by a competent officer. It bears the mark of being oiRcial by its inscription to the secretary of state, and the book with which it is published, is dedicated to Townshend. 3. The localization of houses on the left of the English line having been found to agree with the positions of houses indicated on the plan, and to accord with the evidence furnished by the journals of Fraser, Knox, Johnstone and Townshend. 4. The statement by Knox, that one of the houses, mentioned by name, was occupied by the English early in the morning, when they were practically in possession of the field, would seem to furnish proof that the French did not pass this point on the left. 5. The repeated statement by French and English authorities, that ■ the British occupied an eminence on the right, the position of which is established, while the French were still on the ridge, affords grounds for the belief that the French did not pass this point on the right. 6. The distance between the houses occupied on the left, and the eminence on the right being about 1000 yards, renders it improbable that the French assed this line in the centre. 7. The sta'oment by Knox, that the camp was situated at a dis- tance of about "GO yards from the garrison, and the evidence of Fraser, that the battle was fought on the ground where the camp was formed. 8. The repeated statements that immediately before the battle a de- tachment was sent to the ground on which the army formed after gain- ing the heights, to preserve communication with the landing place, which would apparently have been unnecessary if the English were drawn up in battle either on the race course or the Marchmont property, [docoiity] BATTLE OP THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM ""i'i 409 house, „„ ,h. ,e,t ,„ helte he r V""""''' ''"™ " """"led commanding a lar,-e portion „. '"' f "" ^'-^'e on tte right Conaidering t^t a I , , ^T"^ *"'" ">>■ *» IVoaoh, ' '0 many ^feem v "by vaZ, .!, ™ "'T' '" "= "'PI'"'"' - ■"ony agree, „ith the' portion fh'.""! """ ""■ ""'"° '^»«- only oo„o,„,io„ I am TZfr^^^ ^1!^ h,™'' ■'°' ™-^' "» the line, indieated on plan A-ZZ'J V l^'"" °'=™"'"' hetween Satoberry street. The prineh^ , ^ "■" '^"""""'^ "^00' "--i de the right and left of the Gr nde A T "T "" "''•' '»'«'" ?'"- O" *" 1"°?"'/ «- «.sogit: ft :sit':ifrL''rtt'':h°7 z *= -- -~ ■- Abraham Martin, although hi 1 ' ^'""^ ^^' ^^^^^ °^°ed by in the neighbourhood ^ "^^ "^' ^^^^" *« "^'>«t «f the property drawn up, «„d it will berbstvedhtlf^^^^^^^^^^ ''"°'' """ ""^ vacant. ^'^^"^ *^'<^ ^ ^«'r Po^ion of land still remains ^oc^^^ts^l^^^^^^^ ' ^--^ that two important not yet received copies I Z, 1^ f'' ""''' *^ E^^^«P«' «nd I have pare a supplementaf;" per 't, T ""'Z* ""^' '"^"'"'^ ^^^^ ^^ P^- i« placed at the dispo^fof thol I "' "'^ ^'"'^ "P *« ^^e present -d^ I trust that at C H'^^ ^ ^ !f ^^^^ i" the question, students who desire to form an fZo^H^, , ' ""'' ^' «/ ^^'^^^<^^ to tion, or to those who may wish tn ,^"^^^"^^"^ "^ ^iie whole que.- selves. '^ ""''^ *° investigate the subject for them- 410 UOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA The list of authorities consulted and the plans examined in the pre- paration of this paper, are published for the purpose of facilitating further study. To some it may be a cause of regret that the whole of the battle- field was not preserved. The names of the two heroes, Wolfe and Mont- calm, are, however, inipcrishably enshrined in the pages of history, and their deeds have become their monument. Much of thef ground once dyed by the blood of one-time friend and foe, is undoubtedly nbscured from view, and will for ever remain unmarked, still in the words of the poet, George Murray, " All earth becomes the monument of men who nobly die." NOTE. Towards the close of my paper I mentioned that two important documents relating to the battle were in Europe, and that at the time of writing I had not received copies. Since this paper has been in the press I have received the two plans referred to, and they confirm in every respect the accuracy of the positions established on Plan A. The first is a copy of an exceedingly fine manuscript plan in colours, five feet by two feet, which was at one time in the possession of the Royal Engineers. This plan is the work of the Engineer-inOrdinary and two Assistant Engineers of Wolfe's army. Minute details are given of every movement made by the army, and even the colours of the facings of the diirerent corps are indicated. All the earth, works and redoubts, whether French or British, are distinguished, and, with the copious notes on the plan, it forms a complete history of the battle. The late Mr. Faribault, in his valuable catalogue of works reiating to North America, published in 1837, writes concerning this plan : "No description of Wolfe's " campaign at Quebec could give so accurate an idea aa is derived from this plan " and without it the best description would be very imperfect." The plan is a complete refutation of the passages in Mr. Hawkins' book relating to the redoubt against which Wolfe led the attack, for it is stated on the plan that the redoubt was not erected until after the battle. The battery on the right of the Race course, referred to by Mr. Hawkins, was also constructed after the battle. According to this plan, the army was not at any time drawn up upon the ground rormiiig the present liacc coarse. The other plan refers more particularly to the battle of 17(50, and I hope at a future date to prepare a paper on this event. APPENDIX, LA CABIilEBE hU OENIE. Now Colled the Haco Course. »u.h"y ttTS SlT'"' °° "'°r* ''^ *■= """""> '^"»=' <- the «oa on ^he ir^^i^s:;;;' ;^:;rt"' ° "- "-- '"^ '°" «-' of the b,a.l of Septs SlITrsS ''" '"■' '™"'™'' " '"« ■"" know^JsLrcrrfio'teV' rr "" "''"■ *» « ™ no attention see^s toll keen direefS'olh"'," '?""°f '"'=' '""""S" of the road, or to the f J (h!f i " '"°'' ™ "'° »PP«site side on. If « battle °h:do"ntrp™"oVrr '°'-.? '-"' '"- . that it must have extended in iL !u ■. *^^ *'"^' '^ s^^"" char of the battle dirinf the 1 In ' ''^' '^ *^° ^^'^^^ ^^^ «°«^« ^J^" have seen, has been offel??' Hv ""' ^^P^^"""«"- ^ ^^ - ^ bo considered mo saereTfhan Li '' '''' '' '''' ^^^"^'^ ^^-^'^^ suming for the moment thn ^ "^^'' ^''''''^ '^ ^he field, even pre- Plaee fere. l^oonT^L^^lZ !r'"'"V"^ ^^^^^^ *^ ^^^ *«'- Montcalm, and the p roVthe dt^^^^^^^^^^^^ '"^' f '''''''' ^ ^' The place where Wolfe Js\voLtf . """■ ^' '^''"^^ '^''^'^■ even by Mr. Hawl.:; I W STattlar '/ ff' '' ''''''' ^^^^'^ this ground is already Covered bv thehnfu f.^" "^on^^ment, and proved by eye-witnes'esThat X b-f ^^^^^^^^^ '"'^ '^ '" '"" borders of Cote Ste. Genev. J Vh;iouTn 7. J'" '^"'' °" ^^" served ? It has also been shown by eyVwlls 2" ''"'' '? ^"■ under the walls of the city. Why shouTd .T+v r^""'"' ^'"^^ There is not one writer of fhp 1 ft *^'' ^^^'^ ^<^ ^^^rked ? o.fher.eeeonrC:r:S^-r^^^ .ene„,, when praetioaii, in PosseiioZ'thrSe': ^ h^^t ^^ d^ ■412 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA would have coiilined his army within the smiill area of the race course. Uy floing 80 he wouhl have been entirely at the mercy of his foea, for the declivity on Cote Ste. Genevieve, would have permitted any number of troops to ascend, unperceived, and attack him in the rear. Even the despatch of Townshcnd, which dooa not give many minute details, men- ti' us that extra precautinuM were taken on this side, and that the army Wiii subsequently strengthened, to prevent any attack in this direction. If this spot is not the site of the decisive contest, and not the place of the dc'ith of either of the lciul<*rs, it is difficult to understand why it is any more sacred than other portions of the ground between Marchmont and the city. In 1824, the property simply divided by a fence from the race course, was offered for sale, and so far as I have been able to ascertain, no o})ji"ction was raised, although the third brigade ^^( the Uoyal Americans was stationed on the Manliniont property. The advertisement speaks of it being situated "Upoi the Plains of Abraham." "To persons inclined to purchase this estate upon speculation, it offers obvious advantages, as several valuable portions of "it might be laid off ia small lots of from one to three acres." Strong feeling, however, was exhibited by some o'' the inhabitants when the ground upon which the battle was actually fought, was about to be parcelled off in 1790. One indignant writer when referring to the farming out of " All Abraham's plains for a term of 40 years, at ten "shillings per annum for every superficial acre, in different parcels to "be picketed or fenced in by the lessees," is scarcely able to restrain his wrath, because it was "on this spot that the bleeding patriot who "sacrificed his life for his country, expired." The writer adds, "nor "have the nuns of the General Hospital or the Hotel Dieu, the pro- " prietors, ever been abridged in the enjoyment of the emoluments " accruing from the heads of cattle fed there." The quotations which we have given seem to indicate that neither in 1790 or in 1834, the ground of the race course, or the Marchmont property, from which it is divided by a fence, was regarded as the field of battle. The nuns of the General Hospital, or of the Hotel Dieu, were never the owners of the race course property, as may be seen by the particulars hereafter given. It would appear quite probable that the first author to place the field in this direction, was Mr. Hawkins, who admits that he based his positions on Jeffrey's plan. His statements have been repeated over and over again until the spot is pointed out to-day as the scene of the conflict. The ground has graduallv been built unon v/f^stwni-d "n"'- "" this is the only large piece of vacant ground near the monument, it is "f 'hU docd i, ,„.,l,, ' ; ™''' ™ f" ^»* Marol,. ,649. A c„ wo.t of Jh. p„.™, inel„,,,ro r^a ,„Jl ,,''"'',;™t,»i'"»''f March, Kin. ■ ""'' "" ""111 lo Iho L'rsulincs on llio 12th he hoi,.. B„.„.,, 0, i";,, .„ ■ "/ ~,''°'ie' ''^,'"« """line, ,ro,„ of land „, „,„d„ t„ J, „d7„ ' ' ^''° *'■'"' =<">0083i„n '", 1678. Tho fourth JJJZZtJ., '"'' ™ "■" ^"'h Novom- "«' 8'h of .M,,v, i,,„. „,,„ ;„;; „ °' 7 ;-■ '» ""illa..«o Oa„,hior„n P'-oportj .as afterwards ino oas d „ th^ V":'""" '" ""'"■ «■» °' '" ■" """'■■" -' »' '^« cttUot-'t™;:!: :;ti ^x„,t -'- Concession de trpnfo «-,. i , France le 29 ^ara 1649. ^ ^ Compagnie de la NcaveJle La Compagnie de ]a Nouvelle France A To,, .a Monin.gn,, O:::^:'^^!^^^'' '- ^^--r de et dans lestendue du fleuv. HulZTrt ''"' ^^ ^"^ ^ ^^I'^^q le Pouvoir d luy donne par nosl^e Comn! ' ^""'^"^ ^^^^^^^ ^uivanj d'Icene, de Trente arpan' de Te'e^rS':' 1 T' '' ^^ P^ai- ong du fleuve Saint Laurens, nrocTe K6W " ^""'^"^ ^^^^^^ ^e Habitant de la Nouvelle iCe f^X? ^'f * '^ ^^^^ ^»q"^ Concession de nostra d. Compa^nie led ^^ T ^''''^'' P« ' 1^7 JourdeSeptembrenii' .ix cent'qt Lte cin; V'\'' '"^ ^"^^^-^ ^^ous avons donne concede et octroyret T' 2' '^^"'^^^ ^"^ ^°"*^«««?I> i^ostre Conipagnie par Le Eoy Sre So " ^".^'"^''^^ ^^^^^^^e L conc4donsetoctroyonsand.DeLD ;:etLeIdT ?^°^"^' ^^°°-«' ou environ ainsy qu'ils sont desi.n.ir^L'^^i'r^^ ^^'^^ ^^ ^s l^uquet, ses successeurs ou ayans cause' '7^^^'^""^ ^"^ J""*'' Par Jed. PO... par Zee„,. . ontro I , cC^ I l^'^^l^^ -n^t^s 414 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA I! I pour arpant par chacun an. Led. Cens portant lots et ventes saisinne el- iiinanclc et co an cas et aiusy qu'il y 6chet en la Coutume de la prc- VoSt6 et Vicomte de Paris. Mandons an Sieur Dailleboust, Gouverneur et I.iputonant general poui" le Roy dans I'estendue du fleuve St-Laurens, (Ju'il mettc en bonne et deube possession led. Duquet desd. Trente arpans de terres ey dessus, luy assignant les bornes, et que de la prise de possession il fasse Proces Verbal pour estre envoyo en France; an premier rctour des vaisseaux Le Tout i la charge que lesd. terres n'ayent point encor esto concedces. Cc fnt fait, donnc, concede et octroyc en Las- seniblee des Intendnnt et Directeurs do la Conipagnie de la Noiivelle Frnnce, en leur Bureau a I'aris, L'an de grace mil six cent quarante neuf, le vingt-neuviesme jour de mars. En foy de quoy nous avons fait expedier les presentes sur la minutte signee de nous demeuree on nostre Bureau, et a Icelles fait apposer le sceau de nostre Compagnie. Par la Compagnie de lu Nouvelle France. (signe) Lamy, (avec paraphe) (L. S.) 4c decembre 1635, Proems verbal de bornage et arpentage de douze arpens de terre h Abraham Martin, par Jean Bourdon, arpenteur. Je soubs signc, Frangois Derro Sieur de Gan," Comniis General et I'un des officies do la Compagnie de la Nouvelle France que en vertu du pouvoir h. moy donne jTar Mr de Champlain, Lieutenant gfe6ral pour Le Roy, et de Monseigneur Lo Cardinal Due de Richelieu k Quebec et en toute I'estendue du fleuvo St-Laurens en lad. Nouvelle France, et terres circonvoisines comme aussy faisant pour Messicur les associ^s nu peuplement et defrichement des terres de lad. Nouvelle France et tout ce qu'il jiigera estre necessaire suivant die pouvoir et commission de Messieurs Les Intendant et Directeurs de lad. Compagnie et dautnnt que led. Sieur de Champlain seroit atteint d'une griesve maladie pour no pouvoir agir en vertu dud. r ^uvoir. Jay pris avec moy Mr Olivier Le Tardif Commis general au Magazin pour Messieurs de La Compagnie particuUicre et le Sieur Bouidon Ing6nieur et Arpenteur, me serois transporte ce quatriesme jour de d6eembre Mil Six Centz Trente Cinq*" Hux terres donnees t\ Abraham Martin" au nombre de douze arpens Los- quels Jay faict mesurer, arpenter et borner par led. Sieur Bourdon pour y mettre led. Martin en pleine possession pour en jouir luy et ses hoirs et ayans cause A I'advenir, k la charge qu'il prendra ratification du don dcsd. — Messiei :; les Intendant et Directeurs, Lesqueis se sont Reserve de donner les titres honnenirs et Redevances et d'autant qu'il est n6ces- e n d d ai ai A d" M m.' de Re BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM 418 [nouciiTy] porclies pour arpent u o Z^V^T ^'"^'^ ^''''' ^''''^'' '^ ^^'^^ osgallom nt, los bone 2 ? 1 ^^Ivon.r toutes Chosos soient Roglccs "on d sortos, d'nn bout (;„i,lau,„o HuS \r ^^'^^^ '? ^^^'"^ non d6sortes tirant vers ]?npnllnf, i ' ''°"^ '^'^^- ^^''^^ nordost de ouest q.^t^"^ *^^^^^^ ^ ^-^ quart do siKlost ct nord quart do nnr,. ? ° ^'°"' "" ''"^^ ^"art do arpe«s. ^ ^' "'"""'^^^ -"^'^l''^^ ^^ ''^ fourniture dosd. dou^o i^aict le? an ot Jour que dossus. (siguo) Dkrbe, (avec paraphe) Letardif, (avec paraph o) JeiIAX JiOL'JfDO.V,'" Do 1(1 vjlJe (avco iiaraplio) Gref- ficr Comniis a la Juridic- tion de Quobccq. "ri,o„s do tc,-re-CI,cfr,u,lt. ' "' l«-"-l'""» w.r« °r:?t,;::.'° ''°"-°"° "■""■'« * ■'••'- -^'^ '.-i cos p^.™.. en auroit faites Loouol «im„. i n, '"'7/"^'"<^f ^es Concessions qu'il an licit; affin que h d to V ,' ' ! ''''"'' ^'''^" ^' '^''''''' clc disti>uer ; r^ra an Sn'^nlbita:;"?' ^'"^"^ '^^ ^'^ ^^"'"^^^-^^ Arpens de terre ruxaueltri ! T ^'^''"''' ^"^^^^^^'"'^ ^'"-^^'^l- I>'>»^e Mil six Cens Trente Cinn To ' fl/'T^''''' ^' ^inatviesme d^cembre do telle rede;ant%;>er I-:::^^'^i^ t S"^^^'^?' ^^ '^ ''''''' ' --t.d.it Martin, nos^di;^^ 416 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Concession faite audit Martin, A la charge de Douze deniers de Cena l)oiir chacim arpent par an, qui seront payez entre les mains des Officiera qui seront commis par la Compagnie, Ledit Cans port?aut Lots, Ventes, Saisines, et Amandes quand le cas eschet, selon la Coustume de Paris. En foy de quoy Nous avons fait signer les presente? par le Secretaire de nostre? Compagnie le Seiziesme May Mil Six Cens Cinquante, en I'As- semblee de ladite Compagnie. Par la Compagnie de la Nouvelle France. (signe) A. Cheffault (avec paraphe) ii 5 avril 1639. — Concession par la Compagnie de la Nouvellet France k Adrian Duchesne. Ratification de la concession faite par C. H. de Montmagny le 9 juillet 1636. La Compagnie de la Nouvelle France a Tous ceux qui les pr^sentes veiront, salut: Sgavoir faisons que veu I'acte de distribution et departe- ment des terres en la Nouvelle' France dont la teneur en suict. Nous, Charles Huault de Montmagny, Lieutenant pour Sa Majeste en toute I'estendue du fleuve St-Laurens, en la Nouvelle France, en vertu du pouvoir a Nous donn6 par Messieurs de la Compagnie de la Nouvelle France, avons distribue et departy, soubs le bon plaisir de Messieurs de lad. Compagnio au Sieur Adrien DuChesne, la Consistance de vingt arpens de bois, ou environ, mesure de Paris, en Eotture, scituez dans )a banlieuo de Quebec et compris dans les bornes et limittes qui en suiveni, seavoir: du coste du sudest quart au sud Abraham Martin, du coste du nordouest le cotteau de Ste. Genevieve, du coste du sud ouest quart au ouesfc Mr Darpentigny, et du coste du nordouest quart k Test le Sr Hubou, ainsy qu'il est descript et exprime en la Charte qui est demeuree au Greffe signe de Nous, pour jouir, luy, ses Heritiers et ayans cause, pl'ainement et paisiblement, en pure rotture, aux charges et censives qn ■ Messieurs de la Compagnie de la Nouvelle France ordonneront, et cc a la charge que led. Sieur Adrien Duchesne fera travailler au d^friche- ment des diets bois et soufrira que les chemins qui se pourront establir par les officiers de M' eurs de lad. Compagnie passent par ses terres 6y ainsy les diets officiers le jugent expediaut, Et prendront Conces- sion de Messieurs de lad. Compagnie, des diets bois a luy par nous distri- buez le Neufiesme Jour de Juillet mil six cent trente sept, sign6 C. H. de Montmagny. La Compagnie a confirme et confirme lad. distribution do terres, et, en tant que besoing eat, en a de nouveau fait don et concession aud Sr Adrien du Chesne. Pour en jouir, par luy, ses successeurs ou ayans cause, aux dictes charges et conditions ci dessus exprim^es et outre [.O.OHXV] BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM direeteurs d?iad Col ^'f ?bution. En Tesmoing de Quoy les foictes et con des enTw'l ," f"* "^''"^ ^" P^^^^^'^ " Jloreover, I was assured by your deserters you had no troops on the Heights " of Abraham."— Johnstone, page 33. ^ The River St. Cliarles is not visible from the Marchmoiit property. General Wolfe was probably upon the St. Foye road at the time. 3 Since this paper was submitted to the Honorary Secretary of the Royal Society, I have received several plans from Europe wliich sliovv that tlie battery referred to by Mr. Hnvvliins was erected after the 13th of September. * Mr. Noble, in his "Journal of the Siege," says that this battery was captured without the loss of a man, and that tlic powder was destroyed. ■^ It is shown on the large manuscript plans wlilch I have received since this paper has been in the press, that the condition of the ground now forming the race- course would have prevented oi)erations there on the day of the battle. » This is a very good estimate of the distance, and it is important in view of ihe other estimates made by Fraser. * " On a manuscript plan obtained from pjUgland this small eminence is shown to be in this position. ' " This balcehoiise appears to have been somewhere at the foot of Abraham's " Hill."— Sir James LeMoino, " Picturesque Quebec," p. 133. " It would liftve been impossilile for any action on the south side of the Grande Allee to have been seen from the walls of the city, if it had occurred v> est of de Sala- Ijerry street, on account of the height of the hill, and also on account of the distance (nearly one mile). '" At the time of the battle the racecourse was not a clear piece of ground as it is to-day, " A part of the ground was inclosed. 12 According to the three manuscript plans I have lately received, the 3rd bat- talion of Royal Americans was placed near the site of the Marchmont buildings. '" For many interesting particulars relating to the death of Wolfe, the reader's attention is directed to an excellent article in "Canadiana," vol. i, by Mr. George Murray, F.R.S.C. " Franpois Derre, Sieur de Gand, was buried beside Champlain as amaikof honour. i" Le Tardifi" was one of the first inhabitants of Cote Beaupre. ^", Twentj--one days before the death of Champlain, which occurred on Christmas day the same year (1635). " Abraham Martin, styled I'Ecossais, was of Scotch descent. He wasaking's pilot. He left only one son, who became a priest. His daughters are the ances- tresses of most of the French Canadian families. ' ' Guillaume Hubou was one of the first settlers. His house occupied the present site of Mr. Darlington's establishment, corner of Buade and Du Fort streets. The said Hubou was collector of revenues of the parish church of Quebec. " Jean Bourdon's name Is perpetuated in that of M. John street. [i>ocon..v] BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM 419 LIST OF WORKS CONSULTED D.HING THE PREPARATION OF THIS PAPER. English. Knox, Capt. .John An m=f • , t ^" H.stoneal Journal of the Campaigns in North in Aortli and South America. London 17(31 Ti,« Fraser.Col. Malcolm.. Extn cT^''^^''^^ '^ ""^^"^ ^■««- ^^tr^ict from a Manuscript relating to the Siece of "°"*-*- ^^^pp'^^~^^'^>^..^.....s:: """— 4rF--°'«-^»-»-: Manthe. Thos „• ,^"'''"'' ^'*- & «i«t- Soc. ^"^ished by L^mb^rt, John '.■.::; tI^ZI °^ ?"'■*']"• ^ ^'"^- Q»«bee, 1815. Bouchette, Jos.. . Th! n " ?V"*^"- ^''"''°°' l^U. m "'"''"" '" ^^^°'th America. London. Grant, Moses.. t 7 . Silliman, B 1°"""" °^ 1^^' P«Wished 1824. ^""'"f^ "t^^ ."» '^ Short Tour between Hartford Anderson, Dr.. p ""'^ ^"t''"*' '" ^^^'^- ^'^'^^ H^vcn, 1820 "^ToSy • uiV'^ ^"^'^'' ^^^^'•''^^ -^ "-^O'^cal Johnstone, Chevalier ni.i • ,. ^'tnTllT .""''r= ''""•^'^^•^ •'y «- Quebec Literary Hawkins, A. and Historical Society. '^"''^ Parkman, Francis Z T\ ^''^^'"'- ^"^''«''' »««• LeMoine,'sir James! Ouet. T".' ''^°"'^- ^°«'°"' 1«84. Quebec : Past and Present. 1876. Picturesque Quebec. 1882 Noble, J f *P'^ ^''^'es. 1894. Journal of the Particular Transactions of the Siege of Anon ^. «"«l'*^'=;^ ^^ «" Officer of Fraser's Highlandefs Anon Stadacona Depicta. 1857. 'Rnianaers. Murray Gpo Picture of Quebec. 1824. Quebec Lit. & Hist Soc ?««th of Wolfe. Canadiana, vol. i. «'8fc. Soc Journal of the Expedition up the River St r.wr«n (Fi-om the .' New Yor.': Mercury," mo )''""'• Royal Magazine for 1759. Gentleman's Magazine for 1759. Annual Register for 1759. C^.ar%aritaw*t% ''"tartil.'th/p'""^.*" "'^ P'°P*''-^'- 0* Abraham Martin, the Race Course property, and pronertv 420 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA In French. Dussieux, L Le Camida sous la domination f ranf aise. I'arls, IP'li;'. Casgrain, H.-I{ Guerre ('a Canada, 1756-17ef). Quebec, 1891. Garneau, F.-X Hlstoire du Canada. Montreal, 1852. Ferland, J.B.-A , Oours d'ldstoire du Canadr, Quebec, 1865. Panet, Claude Journal du ai6ge, Quebec, en 1759. Malartic (C""' Mauris de) Journal Aaa campagnes an Canada de 1755 ,* 1760, Dijon, 1890. Elogo histori'fue de Mcnsk-.ur le Marqui^ de Mont- calm. oroHTv] BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM 421 '60, nt- 50.) cc. ai en tit ec, ep- i'e8 du ire le de IX- au un M. 13 re, MAPS AND PLANS. Copy of Plan of Quebec and Battk of the Plains bv Canf H«i i , i>r Plan of the River St. Lawrence r.„d ^ Anl 1 .u f °"*"''- Manuscript. 1760. September 13th HSaPubl shtcfbT Th ^^l ^'""^ "^"'^'^^ ''^ '^^ English. Manuscript Plan of tL Fortilat "n f fhlcTtv of O^^^^^ ''^• Ground two miles west of th- Oitr iSrih?!^;!'^^*"'' """ Elevations of the Plan of the City of Quebec. PublishVa'^y nl'^Sfn ^8^''^°' """""''• Plan Of th^ City of Quebec and the Operations X^sZ. Published by Haw.ins Plan Of a Portion of the l^:'^'^ ^^^^^ ^^««- Pla" of *the ^'""r^ °' '""^ '^"^^^ ofQuebeCmad in noo i'lan of the Operations of the Slece .if OmLk^ '='"^"^- Admiral Saunders "'^ '''*'«" "^ Q^^bec, made from a survey ordered by Ran ll n ' ^^'"•"«':*''°»« °f Quebec, made in 1751). ?£ :; tllZ: SlIS"^ ''' " ^-"--'^ Magazine," 1750. '''''"\1irr;t'c"'"^'^' ^-^ ''' --^^ "^ ^-^-". Malartic, Murphy. Casgrain Copy of large Ms. Plan made by three olBcers of WnU..- Engraving of the Scene of Battle ma Irfro^ Ti "•"{• General Wolfe. ^^ * '^^^^''K ^y the aide-de-camp of klnd1?X:eVt: r/dLZf b;^^SLr^^^^^^^ 7 ^— "«-'ons were indebted for .any valuable suggestion^ X^Zmi^mT.r^^^^^^^^^ "'''' ' «"" LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Plan No. l.-Showing the ground between the City of Quebec and Wolf«'«^^''''- Janding.place, Montcalm's camp etc ^^ 425 [l)Ol [doughty] BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM 423 [Doiomv] BATTLE OF THK I'LAINS OK ABRAHAM 42B L