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 TRANSACTIONS. 
 
 I'hU Sm'irtf, ■• II ImnIv, <ii>M lint liiiM liM-lt nwiioiiiillili' fur the fiiclii ami iiiilnlo 
 iil«t«<l In mix ot It* iiuklii'Hlioiir, 
 
 f VANCOnVKH WATKItWonKS. 
 
 Kv IIknrv Uahki.ev- .Smith. M.rAN.Sor.C.K.. 
 KX<ilNKK!l IV (llAIKiK. 
 
 -J INrlllllll I'TilllV KKH.kllKH iiN \ tM'ni'VKU AMI VIl'IMIV. 
 
 J'ri'vioiK to tlii? yinr IHSO, tli(<i<.'av <>l' VmiwiiiviT, ltriti>li CViliimbia. 
 Iinil, no cxiMU-iicf. WIut«' tliiM/vity iinw<Htniii|«, \vii< then n ilvnxoi 
 taii^'ltnl liiri'.st or llu^l>^^lr. fciUr, h|iriifc ami Ix'iiiliK'k ; tlio only wh 
 dwiii- of tliu p'rwciicc of iiiiiii Wtttfi a rli-nriiiv' a low siiTfi' in oAtiMit. on 
 wliicli low IVauii- buildin^K, not niorv tliati a iloxon in iitinilM.T, hatl Imh-ii 
 civctiil, mill which wa« vajtm-ly known to tlii- oiit«iili' world a^ Coal 
 lliirhtmr, (lus Town, ami thu lirinvilK-'Town I'lot. 
 
 At thix ilat<- tho (.'iinailinn I'ncilic Itailway li-ruiinatuJ at I'urt 
 
 MiKxly, u Niuall town at tin- cxtreniu hvud of liurrnrd Inlet, 18 niiloH 
 
 froui till- Oulf of (iuoi^ia. The ('onipany^ tti^iriii); 11 ivriiiinui* nearer 
 
 ' the ojivii mia, ncj^ittuRcd with the lc|;iM)atiir»v of Hriti!<h (^iluiuhin fur a 
 
 prtinl of laud in the ncijthbourhood of the liranville Town I'lot. '°^ 
 
 The (iovcrniuent, forcMeelnf; that a lar);i> city would itpetMlily lie built 
 n|t at the terniinuti of this ftnvtt tniiiK-eontincntal railway, wore it. 
 ~' noated on the bt>*l attainabk; Rite near the Hea, voted the k'*"^ '>y * 
 larite majority. MtipulatinK only tliut tlw* evtemioii from I'ort Moody 
 woMtward to the Inndn ^rfnted nhouM be eoiMtruotiHl and in operation 
 ■ by a KtatctI lime. When it became kunwi^ tli.-il the t4>rininuH of tho 
 railway would undoubtedly be at the (franviilu Town I'lot, population 
 bcgaa to pour, in m> rapidly that, on April titli, 18811, the Le^tinlature 
 paH!H!d an act incorporatiiij; tliu-laeuliiy ax the city of Vanbouver. 
 
 Thj) population at that dale did not eseecd two thnuitand. 80 great, " 
 however, has been tlic inflas of all claaaeit, that at the time of writing, 
 it id CHiiniatcd on reliable data no leaa thnn ten tllouHand 8ou1h aiv 
 oontained within the limilo of the city. 
 
 The City of Vancouver iit situated on tho soutlt aboro of Burrard 
 Inlet, in liSt. 49", 16', 31' N, lioog. 123", 0»'i 52 ' W, ft« weateni 
 "boui^dary being .'i^ milea east- of the Uulf of CbiKta., It is distant 
 from Liverpool on' the east Gllti htatut^ iK^Bknd fmiff Yoko- 
 hama on the west 4991 alatulo miUis. From Ji^lK^to VaneoaTer 
 is 290& miles, and from New York, via I'anadajnothe same point ia 
 31G2mi|e!<. • / 
 
 Burrsnl Inlet ia th* first harbour of. nagnitade «>n the Pacific 
 . mainland north of the United States. It is'oMjr of soceM to veaieb of 
 the deepest draught, and safe anchorage ean be found in sny |»rt 
 English ^ay, the eotnuiec to the Inlet, is 4} milis long and 4 miles 
 wide. At iu head it divides into two branches, — False Creek on the 
 south, sod the First Narrow* 00 the north. FWIae Greek ia a narrow 
 sna 4^ milea hajt, eitcadisg doe east fVosi Bngliah Qsy, midwaj 
 betirsM the North Braseh (Burrard Inlet proper) sod tiw south 
 boundary of ibe Oity of Vaaoonver. Being almoatjiiKovered at Mi 
 water, it is unrailsUe fbr savigstios. 
 
 The north bransh, wUeh lesvss Knglish Bay for tho First Nafrowt, 
 •tleadi dae east s distanee of 14 Bilas. Tlie width of tho Narrows 
 at eiUmae few water does not txoeod 1080 fiwt, whoreaa s aiib and a 
 talf hdaad It iwmIms 18^10 fbet. Sosadinga of 120 fts>'eaa b< 
 
 \. 
 
 
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^. 
 
 I. -• ■■ 
 
 TIm Una IwtwMii Barrard Inlet and f'«lip||Craek. on whieli.Uie 
 pKMnt Vueovver ia built, w for th« Moat part lat, the hiffhaat efeva- 
 tiuaabovoaea lavel not exooeding 145 (bet. South of Falae (^niclc, 
 * however, a rapid riae takea pkm, fC'IrtaiiiMting in a ubfe-bnd 200 feet 
 aboroaea level. A few Kmall vtroama run down froai thia table-land 
 into Falno Creek ; bntlhew are inaigniflennt, and cannot bo utiliiedTor 
 manuraeturing or other purpmnti. The UMrcat river on the aanic nide 
 of iho Inlet on- which Vancouver ia b{iilt pnaaea 15 milca to thn weet- 
 ward. < 
 
 omoiN or THE ciTt'a watb» NorvLr. 
 
 The aubjeet of a good and anfieient water aupply for the City otl 
 Vancouver, or to write more accurately, for the place now known nt ty ^ 
 City of Vancouver,, waa firxt Ukcn into eameat conaideration by Mr/ * 
 O. A. Keefer, Mem. Can. Soe. C.E., in June, 1885, nearly a yea^ 
 previoua to the incorporation Mif the city. Mr. Keofcr, forcaeeing at . 
 thai early date that ihu ultimate dcatinyy the Canadian Paoiao Rail- 
 way waa to reach n point nearer the ooaat than Port Moody, and 
 knowing that the Granville toWnvite poaaeraed all the K(|ui»it(<« for the 
 foundation of a lartte city, iiitercRted himaelf in obtaining inlorwation 
 a» to the beat aouroe of a Water »up|Jy for that locality, ahouW th^ 
 Itotlway Conpaiiy decide upon it aa the terminua of their ayatem. He 
 apeedily awerUined that no aupply couM be advamagcoualy and eoono- 
 ■ieally obtained on tlie roulh aide of the Inlet, where the city muat 
 nooeMarily be located, no atreaaiaor lakcuofany magnitude^exi^ting in 
 the vicinity. \ 
 
 II« tlierefore directed hia attention to the north aide of the Inlet, 
 although confronted at the very outact by the tnet that, never bofora in 
 the hiatory of hydraulis engineering had a ayHem of water miina been 
 laid acruNi aueh a ahect of water aa Burrard Inlet, and under such 
 oonditiona aa pertained thereto. 
 
 Acting under inatructiona iVom Mr. Keefer, the writer pke^ a fully 
 
 .Quipped party in the field, in the winter of 1885-8tf, aqd thoroughly 
 
 examined all the atrcama lowing into the Inlet immediately oppUfite 
 
 the Oranvilh) townaite, fW>m the Itdly chain of mouofeiina on the north 
 
 The reaulte obtained from thia aurvey ahowad that of all the utieama 
 availsbk, the River Capihino, falling into tlie Inlet at the Pirat Narroma 
 Aicnrlv oppoaito the weatorn boundary of the prexent City of Vancouver, 
 /waa the moat auitabk, the diwhatge being much greater than that of 
 ' W •*»' *^ othera, and tlie average fall of the river ao great that an 
 iiitial point for a gm«fty ayatem of water aupply could be obtained 
 within a Naaonable diatance uMtratm. 
 
 paving decided on utiliiiii^ the watera of the CapiUno for the 
 aupply of the future city, Mr. Keefer oiperieneed nodiSeulty in obtain- 
 ing the eo-operalion ofK-veral prominent and entorpriaing eapitaliata of 
 Viokori^, who were quite in accord with him in the belief that at a very 
 early di^ a large ftoiMilMiAi would bokmted at the Granville townaite, 
 and that an immediate outlay for an eflcient ayatem of waterworka 
 would be a remunerative inveatmcnt. 
 
 Aeeordingty, the cxtenaion of the railway to the Oraaville townaite 
 being an aaanred fiwt, and the fatnre name of that loeality beiiig define 
 itoly daeidM on aa the City of Vancouver, theae gentlemen applied t» 
 the Pravineial Legialatnre for an i^ of incorporation of a «ompany, to 
 be known U tha Vaneouver Waterworka Company, and prapoaiu}^ u> 
 ooBMrnet a gravity ayatem of waterworka, for the purpoae Af conveying 
 water from a point on tha River Capilano, on the north aide of Burrard 
 Inlet, to pertain apMiled Iota in the New Weatminater diatriet on the 
 aonth aide of Burrard Inlet. About the aanra time, application waa 
 ■ada by thk iahaUunla of thaaa lota for an aat of incorporation under 
 tha nsM of the City of Vanoouver. Both nqnaata wen gnMad by 
 tha hgialniura on the aanm day, the 6th of AptiL ItSli. ^ ^^ 
 
 Dnriuft tha anmaaer of 1888. the writer, acting nndar inatraetioM 
 Urani Mr. Kaafor, ando detaUad aurveya. deinilely hienti^ tha point of 
 anpp^ M tha Bim Capilano. awl the onaaing of Burmd Inlal In 
 
 / 
 
 ^S^ 
 
 aniMMd kto for ola«rin(. eloaa enttlnf and grabhiog. 
 
 In Oaatabar, 
 
. ■ ; 
 
 ■/- 
 
 % 
 
 1887, • pornmnent Board of DirMton w.. fai»oJ/^«prbinx the 
 foUowiiVfreiitlemen: PrwiJcot, C.pt. John IrWiiit; bireetow, The 
 H..,K (now 9\r) Jo*,ph W. Truli*;. Mc-ssw. R: F. ftiehct, 0. 
 A. Keefer, ThouM E.rlo, ul D. M. Kborta ; Mr. J. W. 3IcK.rUnd 
 WM .ppoimed Ajcreury; Mr. Ih M. Kbertu, ».4ioitor; Mr. (J. A. 
 Kecfor, M. C«n< See. C.B., chief eiipincor; and the wrlfer, Mr. H. B. 
 wnitl;, M. C«n. Soe. O.K., ciiKincor in ehsrgv. 
 
 Till aiVBB CAPIbAMO. i 
 
 _ The River CipiUno in • mounUin «tn)«ni of oonsidcrablu magnitude 
 Pro»poct«r» who h.vo penetrated its Caflrtn., and cinloi to have reached' 
 it? iouroe, c«tiniato im length at no \em than Sfly mikA Ik rises in - 
 the rinow-eovercd mountain, of the U.Mre .Sound dirtribt, and flown 
 almeet due soutJi. emptying into Burrard Ifl-t at tlie Firnt Narruw* 
 
 Althougl, nothing ddinile i» known M to it. source. ..|| a,ieonnta 
 agree that its origin i» not a mountain lake, but the .aceuniuUted 
 water* derived fn.m melted snow and ieo falling from th» mountain 
 summit*. For .1 distance of «!ven mile. Ifroni ita mouth, tlio river has 
 be..n surveyed. Throughout this distane^ it fl„ws>at the average rate 
 of Bve feet per stK,ond over a bed of granite, b»«lt. and conglomerate 
 boulders. Sand and gravel can be found only in a few sheltered bayii " 
 It pMses through N>veral eailons of granilf< and ahinstone rock, one of 
 which IS only \h feet wide at it. baw, 94 feet wide at its top, 600 feet 
 long and 218 feet deeji Prevfous to thd creation of this caHon, the 
 whole valley t» the north must have been one laig^ Uko. The wall of 
 rock through wlifcl, the .tream penetrated ages ago, by some ^udden 
 effort of the crt|i's hidden forces, stand. like « huge gatcTat the wuth 
 end of the vaHey, the valley itoelf being but a otrip of tat land from 
 1,000 to 1,600 feet wide, lying at ilie bate of two parallel mnge. of 
 mountaini^ which tower upward., to a height of 8,«K)0 feet The fall 
 that took pUoe when the river flowed over the .ummit of tliu rocly 
 wall must h»ve equalled the Ni»gara of to-day for depth, if not for 
 Tolumc. Should the City of Vincouver increase to Uie magnitude pre- 
 dicted, It may be that ito people at some future day will cauM a dam 
 to^be oonstructed aoroea the narrow goige, and once again convert thi. 
 valley into a lake. Vnnoouver wUI then po«M«i . rewsrvoir fiom 
 whence to draw ita water rappljr; which will not bo nrpuMed by any 
 watorwork. system 00 the oontinent. The* caHons ai« inolated, stand- 
 ing about a mile apart. Between them the river flow. thr.mgh low 
 lying flata; forming m»ny idandik The immedtate bank, are but a few 
 feet above the level of the river, and fVom 100 to 200 feet in width! 
 the ground on each aide rising in terrAe. unUl it i. merged in tlM\ 
 uaifbrm alope of the mountains. Both side, of the river are heavily 
 timbered with tlw hujje tree, poeuliar to the British Columbia ooaat 
 . I)ougla. fir, cedar, hemhiek, apniee, balnin and white fir being in 
 abundanec. The l>ou«la. fir and oi^ar grow to an enormou. iiae. 
 Oms cedar in particular was meaiurad t^ the writer, and Ibund to be 
 64 feet in ciroumference, 4 feet from tin ground. 
 
 A. a wuroe of a city water supply, the River Capilano ia an ideal 
 on«. No purer water can be obtained from any aonroe than that fW>B ' 
 thU mountain atream, flowing awifUy over a bouldd^ bed, through deep 
 rocky eaHon^, and along .horea a» yet uaoontaminated by the imparl- 
 tie. whieh follow in the wake of wttkment. The .apply aflbrded, being 
 by gravitation, i. tuperior to all other motlioda, whether by rea^rvoir, 
 direct praaare, or stand pipe, and it« permaneooe U beyond gaeation 
 oareflil ganging of the river at the initUl point of the ayate^ having 
 demooatratad the faot, that at tlie bweat stage of wat^ the river die- 
 ebargea 440 milliona of galhma in 24 hoar.. 
 
 • - 
 
 OLKJOINa, CLOU OUTTIMa AND aRUaBIMO. 
 
 The flrrt ebntraet entered into by the Company waa for elearing, eJoaa 
 outtiag and grabbing. ThU work waa doo« by a kieal Arm at the 
 followbgprieea: elearing, «59.00 peraen; eloaa eatting, #95.00 per 
 aore; grabbing 1X00.00 per am, «Hhr tha eowlitiou of the fbllowiag 
 ■peeiieatioB :— " 
 
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 The plpa traek U to be olearad a width of do( lew than 88 IbM, and 
 •II timber awl brodi, oot rai|aiml lbi> the pupoMa of tU work, alM 
 ■p awl baraad, a« !■ eleariag land for euliiTatiott. ^ 14, 
 
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V-'-r" 
 
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 th« <lam Hite in to Ik- ckan-d in llic MUie ni»iHK'r,*iia to «upli Jimiw 
 a» may bo dircftol by tiM! tn^in«or. 
 
 Whenever embank nMnt< .^ourriuK '« ^be line' of pipcirack or tran.- 
 w.y, an! lo*. ib.n two fAa in h«i.iht; all the tn>«, Mum,« « i bru.h 
 immediately und-r tft« embank nwnt an- to Ik- cut elo« to tla- «round 
 ■ .nd whenever th«-e».bm.k«..nt* an.- fr..m two to Jour feet ^i>i^-^y 
 hUH be eut witjiin «x inch.* of the ground ; but whon the embank- 
 mcnl. ..xc.-t-d>ur feet in height, chopping a. foi'onJinary clean..:.' will 
 
 bo allowed*.- _ . i_ l .« 
 
 OAibbing .h«U be perfornH^d under the miato of the embankwenw 
 occurring on the line of pipe track, or tramway, thatdo not eioeed one 
 foot Hi«incW« in'heigbt, an4 a'-Hi all ex«vati..nH for pipo tr«;k, tram- 
 way a..;i dam emUukmct, le« than thr.* ftrta deep. The «tump» «.. J 
 r«,t* from the grubbing nhall be K-move.l .o xucli place, a. directed 
 ' No Chinem.. arc to be employed, directly or in.lirccily, on tlic above 
 workH. 
 
 TUB D;UI. . 
 
 The point on the river «i-lecU-d a. the «.urec of nupply i» "t a dis- 
 UBCO of 6i mrlcH upstream fn.m it* M.outh. where the river i» confined 
 to one channel, and the bankn on either nide are «ul«ciently high to . 
 admit of the conrtruction of u dam. 
 
 The locality Mslectcd is thft only point ftom the river',, mouth upwaMn 
 where • d»m could be .afely and repnomically conBlrticfnl, and give at 
 the iame time a aulBcicnt head to overcome the elevation of the high 
 (lata :U milea below il. , 
 
 By wferenoe to Fhite which shown the dam site aiid Ita 
 
 'vicinity, it will be ..-en that immediately 8ouihx.f the ait« the river w 
 divided into two wide channeU. .,...«• 
 
 Still further HO..lh, all the way U. the caHon bcl-.w, ilH^ divided into 
 
 thrw and even four channels. Simib.rjy. north of the dam site, the 
 
 river has two brmicfces scp.ra.e.1 by a large. I6w, flat island. This 
 
 visUnd is completely covered at high water, nuking the tiver at that 
 
 BtriKc no less than 830 feet wide. / 
 
 The c«« section of the river at the dam /sito at h.w water gave a 
 cur«ntof 4J feet per second, a width of /lOO fee.. ^n extreme 
 depth of 3 feet, the dilTenjnce of level between tow and hgi|ator being- 
 6 feet. Uha. been .ubse.,tte«tly aseerto^ed. »"»*«*'''^"»/''""K 
 oeoasiooal flood, the water ro«! much higWer, and covered tl^lcvel flat 
 on the north side .0 a depth of 2 feeU Tbis flat stonds at » average 
 level of 12 feetubove low water. The \U of the stream consulted of 
 large granite boulders, closely packed together, small stones add coarse 
 gravel filling up the interstices. The 
 floods was 210 feet wide. * 
 
 On the north shore tlie immediate '^ _ , 
 
 at Uie same level a diitoncc of Uo/f«et inland. A sudden rise tl.ea 
 Ukes place, terminating in another kt 40 feet above low water, and 
 which stretches to the bwe of the i^ouniains. , .,., r .. 
 
 On the soJth shore, the bank rises abruptly to a height of j^ te^i 
 above low water, and continues a^thal elcvaticn for 200 feet, ft then 
 Hms rapidly it. terr.ee»«ill it reihcs the i.iou..U.n side hill. The high 
 land on the north shore twnds /to the northward immediately wes o 
 L dam, and tbat on tlK> south to the southward, immediately cast of 
 
 The dam site lies directly litweeu the*! two high points. The con. 
 tr«t »br the construction Jt a stone-filled .imb« d«« at the point 
 .elected was let on the 24(h of January, 1888, to M"-'- " . ' 
 Kceferand D. MoGillivrayof Vancouver, and w« moat ^t.sf«torily 
 «;^leted by them on til 18th of April following. Tb. d.iic«^ties 
 cnoJuntenHl by the contn^tor. in c.rryiqj. out tl... *«* «" "^ »" 
 ordinary character. In Jmueh a. it wM the '"•^•» J»««J <»f ^« '^^T 
 and Jted in a wikleroL in which no road, existed .11 •-W'-'^^. 
 and machinery were of^'ty packed to tl. work. «a^^ 
 
 jbbanni'l of the river in ordinary 
 nk is 12 feet high, and extends 
 
 X. 
 
 •H 
 
 wind, and heavy raio/itorB., molting the mow on »»« "TlT^r: 
 ■iu. otiWHl fieqaon/ fnO^^ m *»»ioh M>. river would r»o from 6 to 
 10 feet in a few \mln tiiiM. 
 
 I 
 
 \'* 
 
 ^- 
 
 ■■^««**te 
 

 y 
 
 •\ 
 
 'y 
 
 The formUio.1 of the Uaks in the Ticinity did not •dwit of the ri«r 
 being tempowrily diferted. etcept at .•oormoun co.t. The foandationa 
 of the .iructuw hud therefore to be c«c«v»ted, and th« ftrrt ooutie* 
 bid in from 3 to 4 foet of swift running ioc cold w»t«r. 
 
 Plate..*...... i» a [reduced copy of the worlcinir plan of tho dam. 
 
 It will be ncennhat the struoturo ia of continuoun cribbing, stone filled, 
 pUnkcd and ghovt piM. It conaiaU of three prinoipil. |>artH, via., tho 
 north abutment, the Tumbling Way, and the south abutniont. 
 
 The north abutment i» l.«aU-d wll inlandv owing to the fudcncy 
 of tHe river in high floods lo overrun ita chaniiel, ..nd spread over tlie • 
 low iyipg land in the vicinity. For the purpose of dc«ription it may 
 ■ beittbrfividedinto the following hokd*: The abutment proper, the 
 " well ohambem, the aetUing pond, the pipe outlnt, and the north wing. 
 The abutment proper ia a right recUngular prism 41', 2" < 20' * 
 18', 9', constructed of round timbera, laid in alternate courses of cross 
 ties' an4 longitudinals, doveUUed at the angles, and forming 28 cribs, .« 
 which arc filled up with heavy atone fiUing and coarse gravel, the latter 
 being rammed into all interatioea beftreeo the stones and under the tim- 
 bera. A ap«» equivalent to 4 oriba in the eiact centre of the abut- 
 ment is floored and walled/ from the foundation upwards, with double 
 a" planking orrcr-lapping. A perfectly watertight ehamber 10', 6" x 
 T 10" ia formed. Tkia chamber is subdivided into- two smaller and 
 ecjual ones by parallel walla, 4" apart, of double 2' pUnking overlapping, 
 and plaoed at right angles to tho kmgth of the main chamber. These 
 eoostitnto the well ohambera. by meana of whieh the water from tho 
 . reaerroir formed by |ho dam ia ooBveyed into the mains. An influent 
 oottduit of double 2* pUnWng overlapping IS", »i/ long, and of area 
 auSoient to admit a Urger volume of water than can be discharged by 
 (be waina, connects the first li^tbese chambers with the settling pond, 
 and conaoquently with the resc^'oir in front of the dam. In the 4" 
 spaoc between the double central walU, close to the floor of tlie cham- 
 bers,' are placed double fish ncreen^pf the same area as the influent con- 
 duit, and so arranged that they caii be cai-ily removed, one at a time, 
 for the purpose of cleaning. -The fl^t or outer screen is coarse, beinj; 
 of No. 12 copper wire, woven into meshes 1 inch square, tlie second 
 or inner screen is finer, being of No. 1^ copper wire, 6 mei*hes to the 
 inch. The rear of thgi^ond chamber |s pierced caactly opjwslta the 
 fiah screens to admi JKvo bcvclkd 22 inch rtvetted steel pipe.«, the 
 mouths of which aro^lM or closed at Will by moans of timber gatoa 
 eliding in vertical uprighU atUohod to the V*l>« <>* t^*" chamber. 
 
 Two trap doors cover the top of the chambers, and over all, resting 
 on the top courses of the abutment, is built a ^mpaot watar-proof shed 
 12, K 1.3' « 13'. This shed servos for a toal h>ilie, as well a.s effiCtu- 
 mlly preventing tho acaass of «tran;ijrs to thoVates which control the 
 
 mains. \ \ 
 
 In front of tho influent conduit is a trianiuUr\ sliaW settling pond, 
 measuring 15J feet at the ba-e, IG feet from b*se\to *pex, and 14'. 2" 
 deep. It is constructed of longitudinal timbers atid crd^s ties, laid one 
 above the other, the whole being firmly bolted to the fi 
 men*. At the ape« the ends of the longitudinals *re 
 fit closely, and bolted together. The triangular spa<^o 
 and the apex cross tips is filled witli large bouldera, for the 
 giving weight to the structure, and roUining it in position. 
 
 At the base of the pond, the entrance of water inti the influent con- 
 duit i» controlled by mean* of a timber gate, sliding in vorticalxunnera 
 bolted to^e sheet piling on the face of the abutment Immtfiately 
 . behind tbia gate covering the tnouth of the conduit is p[aoed a ca!^t iron 
 grating with 4 inch opening*. The water from tho riveV has free^cesa 
 to the settling pond through tho spaces between thul'Wgitudinal tinlbars 
 of the wfclls. The main object of iu construction is to prevent toga i^nd 
 floating debria from accumulating in front of the influent conduit. \ It 
 will thus be aeen, that, in order to reach the mains, the water muit flwt 
 enter the aetUing pond, then pass through the iron grating at the moutfa 
 of the influent conduit,, then, by moans of that conduit, enter tba flrst 
 " ■ ■ ■ " ' TMllfc 
 
 ibetwi 
 
 the abut- 
 so as to 
 en tho apex 
 purpose of 
 
 - well ehtabwrthaw^thwHtgh^ tba double. flAaa»c e naJiL.tlM a e tttr»liH i L!l l 
 
 into the second chamber, and flniaHy into the mains in the pipe outlet. 
 The pipe outlet at the rear of the nor^h abutmiit is a crib oontinaa- 
 -^, -ft 
 
\ 
 
 r. 
 
 of thiit •batonnt, wrring a« • proteetioa fbr Um omIm wpiMt the 
 oTUm water lowing ^r the twabUng mj, mtil • m^ point 
 
 rMohad OB tho tat below' Itia 138 feM long, 15 ftat 3 iaebeR wide, 
 10 ftei high on the aide faeing the riwr, and 6 feet on the knd nide. 
 jit has three panlle! rowa of loagitadinala aupported on erota tiea, the 
 [two ontiide row*, nr the rows neareat the river forming eriba 4', •" » 
 I 3', 5'' X 10', which are heavily loaded with bouldera. Between the orifaa 
 ' and the third row of loiigitndinala on the land side, ia a spaeo 8 fact 
 wide, in whieh the maina leading fr.^m the well ehambem are laid. 
 
 Proviaion ia made for two maini, but onlj one ia in nae at preaent,' 
 the otheis4ieing eapped at itn lower end, and clnfed at it* month bj 
 mcana of ita gate in the Mcond well chanibrr. The »paee containing 
 the two maina i* filled with eoarae gravel, welt packed. Above the 
 filling ia a covering of 15 inch logM cloac laid. 
 
 In the immediate reair of the abalmcnt the timbcra of the' pipe out- 
 let are continued upwards in itcpa to the top of the abutment, forming 
 a "lean to, " which prevcnta the water flowing over the tumbling way 
 fVom flooding the top of the pipe oatlet. The " lean to, " aa well aa 
 the entire face of the pipe outlet, la pknked with 3 inch pla^in?, rank 
 3 feet below foundation level. .^ • 
 
 The low lying poroux nature of the ground on the north lidu of the 
 river rendered necoiiHar)- the con»truciinn of an cztcnxive land irtag. 
 with derp fonndationi. This wing is 155 feet long, and 10 feet yid^^.^ 
 The first 20 feet out from the abutnifut is 16 fi«t 11 inchoi higb, and 
 is in reality part (STthu abutment proper, its longitndinais bcir.g a con- 
 tinuation of the longitudinals of that Ktructuror^^hu remaining 135 
 feet, being built on -higher ground, lias^ttniform huigli^ of 7' 9", 
 Both portions ai-c built in rowa of partlllel longitudinals, 3^ in number, 
 and in Icngthsof 31 feet, Kupportcd on cross tie^ 10 feet Inn;.', and 5 . 
 feet apart These form 62 cribs, which arc filled with stone and gravel 
 aa previously dencribed. ' 
 
 The eonneotion be.twccn the wing and the high land at its extremity 
 is protected by a gratel enbnnkment, extending &7 fciTliilong the face 
 of the wing.' This embankment is made of picked mnterinl, and cfflgo 
 tnally prevents all seepage round the rnd of the wing, -^e face of 
 both abutment and wing is protected fro^ Icakagb by a douMo row of 
 aht-et piling, the k>wer ends of which itre embedded in acopcrete trench 
 sunk 3 feet below foundation level. The inner sheet piling is 2 inohea 
 thick, while the outer and bvcrlappiag piliui; in 1 inch. 
 
 The main bo<ly of the dam, technically named the Tumbling Way, 
 is 165 feet in clear length, M' 2" broad, anil 13' 9* high in the deep, 
 eat part^nf the original channel of the river.. Great difliculty was 
 experienced in excavating foundations for this' portion iiftbe dam. At 
 firHt an ifiiirt was made to paAinlly divert the river hy excavating a 
 new channel, between high and low water mark on the south Hhore, 
 the- intention being, if this succeeded, to excavate the foundations and 
 build the substructure up to tbe toe of the front sinpc : then to return 
 the river back to its original channel, allowing it to flow through tlie 
 row of horixontal openings provided in the design of the structure for 
 that purpose. It was found however that the bed of the proposed 
 diversioD, being entirely eftniposed. of loose boulders, was too porous to 
 admit of the water being confined within the excavation ; and as, at 
 that time, no clay fit for puddling was known to4>xist'in the near ^ 
 neighWhond, this project had to be abandoned. The method then 
 adopted and which proved successful, though carried out under great, 
 dificulties, was as followa : — V 
 
 Both abutments having been partially constructed; tbe foundati9ns 
 for the end divisions of the tumbling way were excavattd as fair' aa 
 poaaible fVom the abutmenta towards mid-ehannel. As much of the 
 structure as the cxcavationa oonid contain was rapidly built up, and 
 loaded with st^mo filling. An embankment of gravel and sand was 
 then run oiit' from each extremity, meeting about 20 feet up stream and 
 ifbrming a Y, the apex of whieh divided the current of the river, and 
 forced it through the horixontal openings in the sectibns already built. 
 Thia had the efbet of leaving atHl water 3 feet deep behind the embank- 
 ment, and aa this could not be removed, nor leseened in dg£|Jh^ the 
 
 \. 
 
 fbnnTitioiia were excavated and the middle aeetion built under thaa^ 
 exceptionally dificultoinuBWtanoea. .■ 
 
'^'' 
 
 \. 
 
 The tilb of the north and touth Meiiont^kr^ on ihe mate level, 
 «hUe thow of the middle toetion in the deppext part of the rivef bed 
 ^ 2' 2" lower. Th«,ero«i leollons of the three portions are simiUr. • 
 
 Plate ahown that of the middle wetion. . . . ' 
 
 The ground «ilU/lO in num\icr,,in lengtbn of 3!2 fcot, arc ploo'd at 
 right M^lea to the *tream, at diiUncea varying from 5' &" to ti' apart, ' 
 Ihe dialanoes Tarying in order to icoure a row of InngiiudinaU under 
 eaoh vertical anglo of Ihe nurfaco of the tuuUing way. Above the 
 ■ilia and at right angle* to them are placed a row of cdmh tick pkrdlleU 
 with the dtrcam. each 53 feet long, ainl from 5' 8" to tt' apari. Theae 
 prnjoot ir 10" lo the rear of the main body of the dam, renting on two 
 of the ailU of the ground course. The apacea between theac pmjcctiona 
 are filled in with round timbora laid eloee. . A aolid cloae laid platform 
 to the roar of the main body of the tumbling way i« thua fornted, which 
 aervea to diaaipate the' foree of the water (lowing over the tumbling way 
 before It reaohea the bed of the river. The ncit o» third courae 
 oonaiat* of H longiludinala, above which on the fourth courae arc the 
 horitontal openinga prcvioualy mentioned. Thvae arc 28 in number, 
 5 feet wide, 12" deep, and extend entirely through ihe atruoture from 
 ita npatrca^ face to the open river in the rear. 
 
 They are formed by flooring t)ie xpacea between the oroaa ties of the 
 4th eourae with double 1 inch planking, and cloae laying the InngitudinnU 
 of the 5th couritc to serve as a covering. AEqvu the 5th courae the 
 longitudinals and cross tics are so arranged that the front face nlopca 
 upward* lotheridiSfat the ratcof-.>'3J" l(j 1'. Thp longitudinal which 
 constitutes the ridge is placed at a horimnul distance of 17' 2 J" from 
 the front faec, and is at an elevation of 415 feet (sarface pbiiikiili; not 
 included) abbve high water mark" of Bnrrard Inlet. Tho^rearMopo 
 extcuda downwards from the ridac at the same rate as the front slope, 
 and terminulcs in a level bench 12 fiK-t wide. > 
 
 In the lunibliu^ wuy ihcro are 196 cribs, formcil by the intersections 
 of cross tics and longitudinals. Kspecial care was exercised in IHing 
 these cribs. As each course was completed, the largc-t boulders 
 attainable were placed iu the cribs by hoists. The spaces between 
 were filled up with fmallcr stones and coarse gravel, the lattc? being ram- 
 med into cveiy crevice. In excavating the fniindationa, certain huge 
 boulders, which were found to be -firmly anehorcd> in the river bed, were 
 blasted intoAcolumnar shape, so that the bed sills and oross ties when 
 laid would enclose them. Those not only sened as stone filling, but al^^o 
 securely locked th^ whole structure toj the bed of the river in "a much 
 more subetantial manner thin any artificial means. 
 
 The whole suriaoe of the tumbling way is covered with 3 inch 
 planking, jointed and laid close. ,The upper half of the front slope, 
 being expowd to floating logs, is laid dojuble. The vertical part of the 
 fVontfnoe is protected by 1" and 2" sheet piling, embedded inaoonoreto 
 - trench 3 feet deep, and extebding over the whole length of the structure. 
 Inasmueh as it was neeeaaary to keep the horitontal openings open 
 until the whole dam was completed, the placing of this sheet piling wa« 
 done in two operations. j 
 
 • The lower portion of the piling below the level of the floor oflho 
 openings was placed in portion in the ulual manner, the tops being 
 drossed to a uniform level. A longitudiilal 12" by 3''plank, extending 
 over the whole length of the tumbling wiy, wu spiked to the tops of 
 this sheet piling, projecting 1 ineh abov$i^ and forming a groove into 
 which the upper sheet piling would fit when plaoed in position. When 
 the proper lime arrived to close the opejtings, a suflicient number of 
 men were ranged along the toe of the fti»nt slope, provided ■.wiAi tht 
 proper lengths of sheet piling, spikes and hammers. On a given signal 
 eaoh plank was pushed home into the grlmve below the openings, and 
 the necessary spikes driven into the lop ehds. It required only five 
 minutes to oompleto the whftle operation, ^nd by that time, the water in 
 firont had not risen above the toe of the flrt^nt slope. 
 
 Immediately in front of the tumbling) way is an apron of brush, 
 gravel and boulders. This apron extend^ from tlie settling pond in 
 front of Ihe north abutment el'ar aeros^^h^ faeo of the tumbling way 
 
 =« 
 
 Ifce gfte irf'thrimiftwiriy.- iTciSss ^l^i;Tt Begifff if rr^^^^ haifr 
 way up the front slope, and extends horiio|itally a distance of 9 feet. 
 It then slopes down to the bed of the river iat the rite of 3 to 1. 
 
 /: 
 
^■^ 
 
 »«., the .bdim«,t proper, e.H.ncctinK with ihe .uuiblinir W..V ih^ 
 .n. .b.,nm.„,. eo«m.,i„^wi,htlK>.hon.; .„.! ,ho .luicrL). which 
 e, i«B»d..u.l, between the two. The foun-l.ti/H., of .11 .hr.. .a „„ 
 
 U.e ««e loveU. tU.. of ,h<. north .b.MUK.nt, .„,! b..i„g .b«f, |.,; 
 
 water mark weiw .-lifcaviited without- |,„,SM„ * . ^ 
 
 The «bu.u...nt proper i, . m...„gul..r pri»m 41' 2" . 15' . 18' 
 
 « eon,tru.lcd „f lo„Ki,„di,.„|, ,„.J cr,., th. i„ .lunut. ,l,.„. bolt.^. 
 
 t«Kcth.r .,..1 doveuri..! „, »|| ,;,„, cor... r,. A. in ,b.. .,„rth .bu^ 
 
 into the »bu.u..„,. ..„d .r...^,..m.|> 1„1,.J ,„ j,, „.„, fij; \„ 
 -solute and .mu,«v.bk.e..n«....tio„b..,w«.n.h« thn* .tructur... I„ 
 lb.« »bu.,„on.. .here .«. in .11 21 eril^. 5'««,4'7" 18' -."'...ch 
 ailed .nd.r.,Mu.i.d .* ,*vi..u.ljr dcMsribed In the n»r ..f the .bu,! 
 
 ri r ", ' -■'" ■"• ■•" '"■• '""- •"•"•>-'"« f'"- •» f«t «, ,iK...bu.. 
 
 ».eu. o 1 1 . a. „. ex.,t.„.i.,.. Tl.i. „I.o i, „ «<„..„ niM crib .tr«c- 
 tu.re,theobj,rt«fwhiehi» to prov.n. „..y ^ouriuK H-t M.iuht take 
 plac- by KflKlmg .he w,..er flowing. ov.r .be tumbling »„y b-'vond the 
 renrof,l.eab...fn..„,,„„di„,„U,eoriuMnal eh«„„e| of .be rfver ! 
 ms W here mentioned that one your afW tl» foo,p|..,io„ .,f ,b„d„n, ~ 
 a Urge .».,„,. .l,d ..ke pla,. in the an^k- .o™,ch1 bj the foundation' 
 
 f«^het the Mof.he nverat.bi. point Hooured o«t ... u depth of 4 
 feet below foundation level. The c..d crib, of the " lean to " «,,„ 
 eo...pletc.|y undermincl. the rtone^llin^ e.rrit,l .way', and .he ,i„.bera 
 lef. un«up,w,rt..d. A somewhat aiwilar occurrence bad taken plnce a 
 few month, previously a. the angle fbrnKy between the rear platform 
 and the p.pe ou.le. on the north .ide. Thek.ler wa. readily repaired 
 by fill.ng..n and con.iructinK a triauKuiar exton.iouof the reai-plaiiorm 
 a. 5hown in drawing. In thi» caae the ext, n.ion could U- easily bolted 
 U> the exiHtmg pl.tform and tk- pipe outlet. Hut in the ci» of the 
 Br»t mentioned »^ur it waH quite diffew-nt. VThe "lean to" beinir 
 an addition to .be rear of .he abu.ment and"(f.t a part of it, timben 
 cx.end.n« from its .xtreme end to the rear platform. «, .*,o cover the 
 largo «eour made, andprevent further inju^r, would have been in«*4re. 
 Instead, therefore, ihe damage done mm repaired by rtfillidB the 
 pcour w,th a mix.ure of |,fgc bouldern and concrete, t|,cl.tter beiL in 
 the proportion of 1 part of pure cement to 7 ofct»n^ gravel and land 
 •Over .h.» filK«g, and extending 3 feet beyond ihe rear of the "lean to '"• 
 waH placed a cQveri«aof almost pure ct-ment, 1 foot thfck. Twenty-onc 
 barrels ol .1 ortland cement, each weighing 4.»0 lb«., were used ia making 
 these. r..p.,r.. The touXkngth of the abutment a,.d '• lean to" combined 
 li .1 II .It .herelore pr..jfc.« beyond the rear of thetumblinir wav 
 a distance of 31 feet. IJoth Hde.an4r..ar,^a. Wellasthc.opof.he"le.{ 
 <o, are phiriked wi.h 3" planking laid clo.«e. . 
 
 Tbtf dnJcewpy is 73 feit long and 14 f.H.-. in clear width. From wail 
 
 to waUii 1. 15 fea. wide, and at the upstream end is the full heigh, of 
 
 ,^he [.lutments. Jfo.h walls and face are planked with 3" planking laid 
 
 ■ close lt^i« op^^ned and shut by means of a stop l.« gate, conaistit'.g of 
 
 17 stop logs 17 4" X |2" X 12", placed hori.ontally one above the 
 
 other, each ea^ible of being moved vertically in a groove formed b« 
 
 > TertK,,]!-" > 12" uprights, let i,:to tl,e wall, of .he abutments on each 
 
 y U.V'" ^}^T":T ^"* '"* «^P"g»'t««re siltgle, connected at the 
 ..bajelfy a J x 12 .ill. Behind the stop logs the upright* are double 
 while midway between is a triangular (rues of frifaied 12" x 1"" 
 limbers, planked with 3' plunks, the .-ill of which extends back from the 
 roar of (be .top logs a distance of 1 7 J fee., and is securely Wted to the 
 ^und flooring. 'n,e floor silk beneath the truss are close laid on a 
 .ncrete bed. (brming a (olid apron, on which the force of the w.tcr 
 falling over the gate when partially opm is s^Knt previ/.u. to discharge 
 into the eknnnel of .he river. From the ^aS of the trusk to the outlet 
 of the .hiiceway. si'lU are laid 4 feet apart, extending underneath and ■ 
 bolted to the sills of the wall., or in other words to the silb of the abut- 
 ments on each side. The two aills immediately behind the r6ar uprights 
 of the gates, and .he three ailla at the end of the close laid floorinc are 
 xquaretl 12" x <2" timbem. 43^ feet ijnaand 
 
 r 
 
 !ng..am LiMm under thBwl.«| ^ 
 
 8 
 
 M 
 
 -tL.„ 
 
 / ; 
 
rv I 
 
 r 
 
 M 
 
 wMU. ot both tbatmMt*. Si«,1k,|y two c.p, I-JJ firt lon^ .r.. I.ij 
 ^ •!.•«»« tho u>|> »f the ulnmwa^, b.>hintf the n.r upright, of th/- ff,it« 
 The* ull« ••..i <>.|M .re MuHj bolus* to e^cry innr«otinu limlHT of 
 . tho •butucnt. oit i-Mh .ide of tho .luict.w.y. thu. making a ...li.l .ui.i.Hi 
 . bulwi'di the tbn"e ptrtM. , » 
 
 Above tho i.t..|> lo;r« i» . powirful wii„IU.,, wiifi HU|.,HKf. ..ii .a.h 
 •butiii.>nt. tho rolItT bi'lnK .lircctly .»ki«.. tho M-.,. |o«h. Th.'- ui.|«r 
 Mirfiic«ort.«fi,«„p lojt w p,ovi,ri^ with a WMUisht in... rii.j{ at' o.ch ' 
 end, the Ht..p \i^ iiuu,..diau.|y abovo it b.-inu uroov,.! ■„, it. .....l^.r f„v 
 
 «o a» to H.iu.ii tho ri.,^.. whci, tl,c «op |..^, ,r- ii. ,-mli.,„. a,,.! tho 
 Kab> 1.1 closed. Tho oxrreiuiti... of th., ..hai..* oouneot .i with tlic wind- 
 a«. are providod with elutcli«» whic). cau bo readily Kuidod m «« lo 
 IhkA ou to tho riogiij wbou it i> ii^|uired to ope., or el.,Ko thf khio . 
 
 The iluiceway abuCiaent, or that poAion of the i«>.uh abutuont 
 . which countTU dii*otly with the iaod, baviuR to with..(and lauch lo« 
 p««uro thai) other portioua of the dam, i* n-n of UDiforiu height, but ii , 
 built ta stepa. At the uprtreamcDd \i ii. of equal Ucighu \V "-J- with 
 the main portion of the abutment on tho other aide of the »ltti«eway, 
 and 13 rt-«t wide, while at ibe etirrme rear, the height » only 5 f«et, 
 •nd the width 8 feet, It consist, of 1« wparato criba, lolled ifith 
 atone and gnrcl, M previonaly deM>ribe|^ . i 
 
 , "^t "S" •»'"»'»«•». '»«'»««»B tl-W^eway, i» proteetod in ^font 
 . tojr 1 « - •heet piKng oTorlapping^ artd imbedded in co«oreU>, a» in 
 the caM of tbe tumbling wajr and oordi abutoont. Thia concrete i, 
 lu the proportion of I part oT cemWit to ft of gravel and aand Tho 
 manner of lU preparation was ailbllow. : moiM gravel of auiuMa natur« 
 obttincd rr..m the river Unk, wa. ^lepoHited on a pUnk platform 10 " 
 feet «qu^re. Tbu wa.. ihoronghir worked with alwvek. and ..II .^tooea 
 laiier than 1 J mob diameter eliminated, having the ma« Spread over 
 the platform about 9 inche. deep. The prop* proportion of c.ment 
 . waa then spread over the gravel, in a dry atate. Very li«k WaUr was 
 used, the moiHure inUie gra^xJ being aulBcient for tho purpo*;. Six 
 men with .hoveh then energetically worked the wholo maa^ shoveJling^ 
 from the ^t»,A„ edges twarda the centre. When evident that the 
 maas bad been completely turned over ouce. it wa- Hattenod out on the 
 platform, and again turMxi over in the aauie manner. This operation 
 ^ *»« repeated three times, the mixture being then considered fit" for u*j. 
 The concrete tnench menii.med above extehdH along tbe whole f«!o 
 of the dam below the level of tho silla, forming a perfectly watertight 
 connMtion between tbe foundatics •„<r the be,! of the river," through 
 whiah no aeep;.ge can toke place. 8ec|«ge round the extremities of the 
 abutments, where they penetrate the bank., U prevented on the JMrth 
 ' side, a. previously sUled. by a. gravel embankment. On the south 
 side the sauHs purp««, i. aerved by., hand-laid stone wall, built in the 
 angle formed \j thi; eptprfmity of the abutment and the natural bank 
 of the nver, fine gravel and earth beioj filled in behind and well 
 rammed. 
 
 tl^^m^t'JT'^, ^ "'" '*'"" "•> "'« •>«'' *"«' «•*«. 380 
 feetwide by 700 feet long, a.Kl oontain. approximatc-ly U million, of 
 . galuna. 
 
 At low water tl« olevati'on of tbe water fiowing over the crest of the 
 tumbling way «^483 f«et above the low^-st depn«ion in the pi^ line, 
 
 ^\ "tr. '""'** '""* •" Vanoouver. 317 feet above thVaver- 
 age, and 201 feet above the higbeat. The.« elevation, correspond to a 
 vU maximum pr««,nre of 210 lb... an average presence of 138 lb,., and a 
 minimum preasnre of 87 lb*, per square inch ' 
 
 The wrought iron drift bolt. »»d were of J" a.id }' round iron, and 
 oflength, varyingft^n 12" to 32J". Spike, for 3" pUnking were 6" 
 long, weighing 11 per poond, and nail, for 1" planking are 4J" loo« 
 weighing 19 per pound. ^^ •«r«"K. 
 
 Fro. the above d«ripti«i it wiU be «H,n that tlio extreme length 
 of the dam »h>m l.ad connection to land connection is 384 feet, ^e 
 
 ' !!"',^'""'^"!» ''^ '^' !''*'' "'PP'emented by'an additional 14 fe^itof 
 -— ju^««aj^w^ ,h, h^^,tt ^^^-.^^-^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 
 #^ 
 
 ■ -i 
 
 -* 
 
 platform 41'. 2" 
 
 The toUl oo«t amoonted to 115,039.26. 
 
 

 r^- 
 
 
 t. 
 
 V 
 
 loon or THi maims. 
 'J^'JT*^ *~'"^ ^ ^ »^"- ft'" the dam to the «nt»l 
 
 t»«ed of lZl»!l J . * **' " ■-»•"■»* »f ip of land, com 
 
 , iKMedofhardpaA Md granite boolders, lyins between tiL Ki 7^ 
 
 moanUiD. on the ooe^ide and the riv« on the '^tT a '^^^ 
 
 the river in former he-v, Booisl^JZ^Ztet^^^^Z'""''' 
 side hill aiw.n.:-~ « '• ."'"*■"*" »''«™»«n<l the adioimnji 
 
 ■^ bS'S,"'. CZZtl '? '^' "J (»""»■ »"• 
 
 I3«»~i -. ^ ' ""'* *"•' '*»* *»*«'■ le'e of the river 
 
 theil.t,tr.ght.ngle.. Two of these •« „f considerable .ireTe 
 
 ^ J;x:tirr"^ '-' '- un.toL '^^::'Z ^ 
 
 ,!vi'i!'^*'r".''"!'''" "'*'"' "'*'■" "'^'"H'kw.U through which the 
 , mer h«, eat tl.e d*p ctton previously described. Owfng Tt ^1 
 
 ««ln.tn„ofthew.,|softhec.fio„. it w«, not deon-ed^adviTabS 
 «n7the».,„,.j„„git,f.ee, ,„di,, Vt height prevented the r 
 
 of If , ' "*.^""«' * '^^ ''•'^''' "dCfcetfrom floor to cent^ 
 of roof. I» cross secuon, .bewails rise vcnic^lJy4fuotr,«m the flooT 
 .nd are surmounted by. sen.ici«.„I.r roof of 2 fe.t 3ius Z' 
 ioor elevation is 27| feet below the e«=st of the dam 
 
 ■' Wrt?. ''.?'"'"'■''"' »•"•-'. it was ncccssaiythafre ml 
 ftomthedam to the tunnel should be of lai^r diameter thanTZ 
 
 cWofa'r-r''^'''^- ^^'--S'-n'^ecidedtrat het 
 ohalgeofal6 inch mam was ncccs.sary for the citv's sunnlv . 9» 
 
 md. main is laid between the dam and t'u„„el.co„„2: 1^^ h'^^^^S 
 
 of U.e tunnel with the 16 inch main. The total length of the '"S 
 
 At the termination or the side hill, a scries of flfee, eomnosed 6f 
 
 These arc followed by the 16 inch main ,o ordinary high wa.er m-rS- - 
 fSf :'•;'': "•"' •^-^--ftom the ce„tre'oflhe ^neTtin, ■ 
 19 320 feet and the toUl fall from the floor of the inm^t^t '^ 
 
 .b^n laid across- the Inlet; and X^r^^^^ ^.^VZ :^^'' 
 mgof the «,eo„d, which will uke plice at an'early d..L P, 1 
 
 In et, at the point sdectod for eroding. Jt will be sc-n that Z^Z 
 «.enarn,we.tp.rt of the Inlet, wHer. the tidal current run. wih the 
 grea^t veloe. y. It would nalunilly be supposed that .he l^Z 
 depth of water would beobuined he«. but ttiTis not the aTlt 
 bed of .he Inlet at this point being soft sandstone roek ^r.ia J 
 
 .«mm.t of th.. ridge at extreme low tide is 56 feet, gradually iucreas n^ 
 on each ..dc ti 1 «.unding.of 120feet and overeanl obuined ^ 
 
 • tide!; t"*"* *"''" *'" *'"'*^ "'■ ^« "«-•''« «• »»8« «>«t. The«» 
 2J!^tI TL'"'7'''""'*~'''"'"8'»M-y"«>J»»«- lo ordinal 
 Jd«, the width at ow water i. 1287 feet, and ,t high watoV'uJ 
 ftet. At exu.mehigh water, which oceu» in i),ecmb.?,nd 
 
 ; 
 
 -ih c -aidth ia 8680 fwt. 
 
 I J>Pm>ry. 
 
 The north shore is ojtremely low and flat. Prom lu 
 
 » 10 
 
 w water mark 
 
 -asi- .'■ 
 
 i. 
 
# 
 
 for a distance of 6760 feet inl.nd, the total rise does not escced 63 
 ■ ftct. Between high and low water mark, the surface coverinj* conaiHU 
 of cobblestones small boulders, and coame gravel, underneath which 
 is a stratum of hard ptn overljini: sandstone rock. The south shore 
 rises abruptly at high water mark .to a height of 12 feet, terminating 
 in a level flat, which extends Kome distance iqland. Iminodiately ' 
 west of thi' crossing on this side of the Inlet, is a steep rocky hcadlaiiB, 
 which rises to an elevation of 216 feet jabovo sea level. 
 ^ This is the highest elevation within the limits of the city of 
 A^ncouver, and may at some future day be utilixed as the site of a level 
 rcsvrVoir, of sufficient capacity to suppiy the city for 20 or 30 days. 
 Between high and low water marks on the south shore, and for nearly 
 three-quarters of the distance across the Inlet, the surface formatiiin is 
 soft yellow sandstone rock, which, when blasted aiid ixp...sed to the air, 
 rapidly dit^inte^rates. The contour of the bottom is an ainio-t perfect 
 curve, the value 6f which railway engineers would express as I'J 
 d^rces., 
 
 Skilled divers made three different examinations of the bottom, and 
 reported fully thereon, agreeing with each other in every particular. 
 
 The substance of their reports was to the effect that no crevices exist- 
 ed in the rook ledge on the pipe liiii!, or in its neighborhood, and that 
 p the bottoiii from shore to shore was perfectly smooth and free from 
 boulders of any magnitude. 
 
 The«e reports \mK verified to a certain extent by soundings taken 
 by the writer, at intervals of five feet apart, the lead, which Weighed 
 15 lbs., never being allowed to leave the bottom all the way*ncross, 
 
 • The greatest depth recorded is, as before stated, KB feet at low water, 
 increasing to 70 J feet at hijjh water. The "Bore" or. tidal current 
 varies from 4J to 9 miles per hour, the greatest Telocity occurring in 
 the out-going tide. 2J hours after low w;ttcr. || a volume of water 
 like that flowing from the broad basin of B)0||Mrd Inlet through the 
 restricted channel of the First ]jr9rrows ifitb English Bay, this velocity 
 of 9 miles per hbur i» terrific in its effecta on any body opposing it. 
 Some idea may be gathered from the fact that a' new 9 in.ch manilla 
 hawser of %0 tons ultHhate tensile strain, which, in the preliminary 
 operations of laying the submerged mains, was stretched across the 
 inlet, was snapped like pack thread by being suddenly lifted to the 
 sarfuoe, and allowed to float on it. 
 
 ^5outh of Barrard Inlet, at high water mark, the single 12 inch main 
 connecta with a Y breeoh similar to that on the north side. A 16" 
 main leads out from this breeoh, passing over a uniform bouilder and 
 
 • gravel flat, known wjtanley Park, the greatest elevation of which 
 above sea level w 73^t. Sou'Ui tdE Stanley Park at a distance of 
 5041 feet fronirBurrmrd Inlet, is a iftig, narrow, shallow bay of Bur- 
 rard Inlet, knowti as Coal Harbour. This bay lies directly south of, 
 
 , and parallel to, the First Narrows. The extreme length Irom east to 
 west is 6720 feet. The entrance to the bay is 3,730 feet wide. This 
 width gradually decreases till the head ii reached at a distance of only 
 1,500 feet from English Bay, and separated ftom it by a low lying 
 'atrip of land, the highest elevation of which above sea level is not moi« 
 than 17 feet. The bottom ia of soft mud, thickly studded with boul- 
 ders. Half a mile from the head of the bay. the shore on each aide 
 juta out in long narrow promontories, leaving a waterway 870 feet 
 wide at high water, and 250 feet at extreme low water. This 
 ia the point seleeted for the orossing of the 16 inch main. The bottom 
 ia of uniform oontour, and oonsiata of tenaotons mod and small bool- 
 den. The greAtaat depth «t low water whioh ooours in Mid ohaanel 
 ia 6 foet. 
 
 Immediately wmth of Goftl Harbour the City of Vanoonrer ii 
 NMhed. The 16 inoh main ia eoDtinned along the graded atreeta to 
 the oentreof the Oity, a dialanoe of 89,211 foat from (he eentr* of the 
 tun n el , or a l a w rt 9 t a M\j 10 mitn^ftom the well ehamh e CT of the— 
 dan. 
 
 The total Ml fWmi the lersl of water in the rtMrroirat the dam (o 
 the tennination of the 16 indi main ia 384 feet, and ftom the floor 
 of the tunnel to the anme point 365 feet. The toUl aTailable die- 
 d>U|e ii 6,108,000 U. S.|nk. in 24 honn. 
 
 . . ,■ ■ n ■ ,. ., , • . .„ 
 
 'u. 
 
 . j^. 
 
•ww«ninrt» vmnnuiira, no: 
 • Sooth of Bamrd Inlet, all works of aMBvatioi^ nfflling, enWert 
 building, etc., wen dpoe by the ooiniMiiy by day labor. North of 
 Burrard Inlet, between the First Narrows and the dan, sneh works 
 were done by Uemn. H. P. Keeferand D. MeGilliTray, of^anoouTor ' 
 -todcr a lump sam oontraot. Used on a Uble of quantities l^Imixfaed by 
 the Coinpiiny. The trenches were excavated to regukr grades the 
 avors^^ depth for 12" pipes being 3', 6", for 16" pipes, 3', 10", 'and 
 for 22" pipes 4', 4", this ^ave a coreriog over all pipes of not les^ than 
 2' 6", an amply sufficient depth in tlie climate of Yanoouver, frost 
 never being kitown to penetrate the soil deeper than 14 inches. 
 When the nature pf the ground was uneven, and the grade line 
 laid down gave excavations less in places than these depths, the 
 difference was made up by embankments, 3 feet wido on top, with 
 slope* of 1 J to 1. In _ceruio suiall gullies, embankments 6 feet wide 
 on top were built undir the mains, instead of timber trestlin;:, there 
 being danger ol bush fires during the summer months. The mains on 
 top of these cmbankmento, and also under all streams, arc protected 
 from injury by being enclosed in timber culverts. 
 
 ADVANTAOE8 OK 8T1BEL OVM WROUOHT AND CAST IRON MAINS. 
 
 Previous to describing the rivettcd mild steil mains used by the Van- 
 couver Waterworks Co. : it may be of interest to traee the origin of 
 steel pipes, and exemplify the many advantages possessed by them over 
 cast iron pipes. 
 
 Up to the year, .1846, cast iron was in universal use for the inanu. 
 facturc of water pipes ; but in that year, Mr. Jonathim Ball invented and 
 laid in Saratoga, N. Y., a wrought iron pipe, coated inside and out with 
 hydraulic cement. Tlii» i:* the first insUmoe on record in which wrought 
 Iron water pipes were laid on this continent. Owing to the great saving 
 effected by this invention, it rapidly rose in favor, .md was adopted by 
 many cities in the union. It was soon, however, discovore.l that these 
 pipes required to be laid on a perfectly solid and unyielding foundation. If 
 laid on i"«dc ground the slightest Settlement caused the cement linings to 
 crack and leakage took place. The method of lining and laying in the 
 trench was cuuibcrsome, and could only be employed to advantngo near 
 the centres o! civilisation, where transport was cheap and labor abundant. 
 Wh( n it was required to carry long lines of water pipes over mountain- 
 ous country in wilderncsseij entirely unsettled, and without roads or means 
 of convey anct', engineers were confronted with thctask of devising another 
 and still more economic:.! piiMj. In California and the Pacific States of the 
 Union, this problem was successfully solved by the invention of asphal- 
 turn coated rivetted jjrrouglit iron pijMjs. The cheapness of construction 
 of these pipes, and the facility with which they could bo han<llcd and more 
 especially in the mining districts, brought them at once into gjeneral use. 
 In design and construction they are exactly similar to the rivettcd mild 
 steel mains describc'd farther on in this paper, Between 1870 and 
 1885, the Risdonlron Works Company, of San Franciso, furnished 
 various water and mining oonipanics with over 160 miles of these pipes 
 varying in diameter from 12 to 62 inches. Among the more notable 
 examples may be nteutioncd the following : 
 
 Spbino Aalley Watekvvokks Co.— 36 miles of pipe from 18 to 
 62 inches diameter, a^d from ,»,, to f inches thick. 
 
 The Viroinia and Gold Hili, Waterworks Co.— 3 miles of 
 pipe 11 J inches diameter, and from J to f inches throk. This main 
 crosses a deep valley lying between its joint of supply at Lake Mar- 
 lette and Virginia city. The hottem of the valley is 1760 feet below ' 
 the level of the lake. ThcreloriB this main is subject to a constant static 
 pressure of 750 lbs. per square inch at its lowest point. * 
 
 Tub Wuitk Pin* Waterworks Co.— 2 miles of pipe, 12 inches 
 diameter, i',». *« '• inches thick. 
 
 The Portland Waterworks Co.— 1} miles of pipe, 30J inches 
 diameter, and ,Vtf inches thick. 
 
 The Cherokee Flat Mininq Co.— 3 miles of pipe, 30 inches dia- 
 meter, and from t8s to f inohes thick. 
 
 12 
 
 / 
 
 t. 
 
 ■•V^'- 
 
 _i_,- 
 
/ 
 
 Thewmer, io «eekiflg mform.tion on thU wbjeot. received froo. 
 M ^». Duocn Bros., of I*„don. Eagl.nd, . puiphfet o« mild IZ 
 : n-.as of whieh oo^ . few oopio« we«, pablUhed b/tl..t firm fi.r pri 
 
 »ir.3T- J"" '"''""?^ ''•'^''' «'""«•' --P-"- ^^^^^^^ 
 ^Dtere.1 ' '^ """• "'' "*'' '"" '■"""••' ""'-«• -y »* »»• 
 
 " Scientific i..vertig,tion proved that in Wdition to being more ductile 
 
 •nd 2.7. M,ld .te«! .. refined wrought i.on, being nearly pure ...eul- 
 
 A . J /■ l" """^M-nce of iu strenrth .nd ductility, i( U eminently 
 
 .djp.^ f„r..!i purpo«« to which c.h iron h« been for'meJly .ppH^J '' 
 
 W th regard to rtr^nath the ultimate ten-ile strength u'ualW men- 
 
 mr!.:!lT """ ""■"' '"" "■'^^ '• 18.000 Ibs'^r H,„.re ill" 
 • jflST ■ ''"''*^''' "• -'»»""'•'« »"•' »" ultimate tenSelength „f 
 7i000 Iba. per «,„.re .nch. It follow,, therefore, that if pi,^ .re' 
 -ude of ««>, p,.te, of the .amc .hiekne^. .. would be employe'd'T e^t 
 ron, they a^ approximately ibur time. a. strong. The actual Hirength 
 M not exactly four times, because it is not customary ,o calcul.JS 
 
 The factor of safety usually employed for cast in,„ is 10, that is tp 
 «y. the workmg st«„gth „f the material is taken a, only one-tenth If 
 
 . uternal working pressure .s to be 100 lbs. per square inch, the Hre„«th 
 of .he pipes IS calculated to resist lOOU lbs. per squ«r; inch For 
 wrought iron the factor ist>. aiid'for mild steel T ThercZ „r t^e 
 difference, n. the fuct-.r of safety is bocau-eiron and mild steel are mo« 
 homogeneous, ..nd thus u.«ie reliable than cast iron 
 
 'I he impurities which are pr-sent in ca.t.irun are of less specific gra- 
 vity than metallic iron, and consequently the ^p.*ifie graL of the 
 
 srll M K T "'•'•'"'"'' •" '"" '"'"^^' ''"»' *'•'«»' eommerceand 
 
 . irrcxr: Sir "' - --^'- --- -«• 
 
 Ib^ per cubic foot; the average weight of water is 62i lb,, r^r cubic 
 foot; therefore the specific gravitie. average 
 
 '•^O 7.68 7.83 
 
 TABtE OP RELATIV. THICKNESS TOR EQUAL 8TRBNGTH. 
 
 Weight of plate in lb,., per so. ft. ^''" *"'"• '*'""^*' *«"•• ^"'^ "«' 
 
 linohthick 075 .^ 
 
 TenMityperM)uareinoh ..,....' Igooo ASMUt »o1S:? 
 
 Relative .l«Mgth for equaVthii. ' *®'*"" ^2'"«» 
 
 „»«" 1 07 
 
 Factor of aafetj ,0 « 
 
 ifelative of atrength duo to factor * 
 
 ofMtety 1 AR 
 
 Reduction in ttrw^ doe "toriV- ^ 
 
 etted joints „. 
 
 Relative strength after rediiition •*■"■ ^^^ P"' 
 
 tor rivettedjointe..; 1 »,. 
 
 KeUtive thickness for plates of ** 
 
 *^'^**~"8th ..........;.... , „.3„, o.,78«-~ -; 
 
 TABU OP an^TIVl WEIGHT roB EQUAL STRENGTH. 
 
 Thicknew of plate in inches, 401bs.^"" '""'• '*''*''^*' '""'■ ^^ "««'• 
 
 safety I 
 
 RekUve stiwrth "iftwiiduoiiM *^ "'" 
 
 fernrett^i^nl................... I - ^m 6^« 
 
 V 
 
■ > 
 
 . ■ ■ ■ - ^ ■ . - . , 
 
 Ca»l iron. Wrought iron. Mild MM. 
 Weijilit of plain ejiimleri* of pfnial 
 
 gtnn),'th ........"..^v..;.. 1 0.:W84 0.19^2 
 
 Incrt!;iS4i in Wfijrlit of pipe-i due Ui ^ ' 'I 
 
 jninti < 5.S p.c. 15 p. c. 15;p.u.. 
 
 •Ileiiilivf weijjlit i»f pipos i*r i'i|Ual " j 
 
 strt-u-jlh 1 0..V.7H .O.SJll 
 
 The rrliilivc tliii'kiifss liir pl!i*t'soi'<'i|ii:il .•itron<;th for Diulorialft oftfife 
 
 ■ nltininte tonacity under t'luixiilcriition are ^iven on tiie last lints of the 
 
 tir!«t table. In the he.vt table, tlic rcsultn obtained show the /rclati'.v 
 
 weifihts of pipes ofe<|ual i<tri'n<;tli, li:iviii<; socket and spigot joiiita made 
 
 from uiiiterials of tbe ullitual<- Iciisile strens^lli >p<'cified. 
 
 Apf'lyini; tlie>e re!*iill!< to an ideal <-um>. we find that.ii it i| s|H-eified 
 that eiiM iron^ii|H-s, to stand :i<IH feet workini; bead of pressun*, and 24 
 inches internal diameter, ari' t<i 1k' J ineh (-- .*?"5) tliiek. ih^n wrun^ht 
 iron pi|K;s of tfie^samc diaBM-'ttr Hould b<^W75 ■■ .3174 = .'i77S inchex , 
 tbiek. and niil<l steel pi|H!s wou'd b.> HTii^.nfifi = .15ti.l|ncliestbiek 
 or HNj- J inches. :\ inelies, :ind '■. iiicbesViiuk resiH-etive)[y, filT etjual 
 internal wiirkin<; pressures. ■? y j! 
 
 Tiien it;j;!tiii. il'one mdu of .'t4 ineli e:ist iron pipes, | ineli' tliick, made 
 up ol pi|H'« in 12 feet lengths, weiubing 24.S cwt. eaeli |l-iiKth, wei^h.s" 
 545.(i tons, the cori'et-|K)ndin<: weijibt of one mile of, wrod^dit iron pi|ie» 
 will bo 545.0 > 0.3(>"8 — 2<»0.r. tons. f 
 
 and one mile of mild steel 545.t> > 0.21 14 — 1 15. U tons. 
 
 These results show that for e<]ual diiuneter, 24 inclie^, e(|Ual wi>i;kini; 
 pressures of 300 feet and eipial leniitbs of out; mile,|tbe weights lire^ 
 rcs|ieelively : / 
 
 Clint //VIM. _ WmiKjht Iron. / Alllil »terl. 
 
 545.0 ^ 200.0 . 115.2 tons. V 
 
 The price |)er ton of mild sI<h)I pi|H-s averages alH)u/ 4}. times the cur- 
 rem price of east iion pi|H's ; as tlie relalive weigh|f|< tor etpiul strength 
 are as I : .2111, it is thereTiire appjirint tliat lliere,lativecost<t()ra given • 
 length are as 1 : O.HC, or in other words, li'nglh tfir length at a cost of 
 10 per euit. less than cast iron pipes. With rei,'ard t<k carriage, tbe 
 rate piT ton by rail is the same for either cast ii^n or uiild steel pi|H-s, 
 and as the saving is~in the direct ratio of dead Weightfor agiven length, 
 the cost juf railway carriage is 7.'< jht cent. |ess''than on cast iron pi|>es, 
 and a like saving can be eliN'led in handling the pi|Hts a( the site of the 
 track in which tbey are to be laid. 
 
 The next |M>ini to which atteiiiinn is iliru'eted is tbe jointing. As 
 mild steel pi|H's are so nincb lighter than east iron pi|tes, it is eli'ar that 
 they may In- conveniently handled in longer lengths. The system of 
 construction also liivors this, ami in faef/ the pi|H-s maybe made in 
 one continuous length, built Ji|H)n|ibe site if it is ilesired. Tbe custom- 
 ary methods are to make them in- lengths of 24 feet, this being twice 
 tbe usual length of east iron pipe, aiid/eonsequently having onlv half 
 the number of joints. Taking the 24 ijftch pipiw before meiitioned, the 
 lengths and weights would/be 
 
 / Catt iron. Mild ttctl. 
 
 Diameter ^ /....••.• 24 inchcH 24 inches 
 
 Lcilglh of each pipe ...... i jj. 12 feet 24 feet 
 
 Weight do ..; !:. .-.." 24.8 cwt. 10.47 cwt. 
 
 Itelativo weights per pipe (. 1 0.42 
 
 " lengths " : i 1 2 
 
 «Af(Rin, taking tl^o case of <mfc mile in length, 440 pipes would bo 
 required in cast iron, ami only 2ii0 in mild steel, cogsequently, there is 
 a saving of 50 per Cent, in the labor and cost of jointing a giveli 
 length. Then with regard to each joint, tlie mean circumfeivnco of the 
 space, litr lead it)' ait onlinary east iron socket joint is greater than in ft 
 mihl steel pipe, in consequence of th«! greater thickness of oast iroti. 
 The reduction in the circuu|fereDce ol' u'mild steel socket is equal to a 
 saving of 9^ per cent. u|ioii' the weight <d' k'ad re<|uireil for a 24 inch 
 oast iron pipe socket ; assuming that the depth of lead is the samo in 
 each case, the total saving in lead is therefore 50 j^ piV ccut. 
 
 ■Jfl Bhog the flnal coonouiicttl ru a ult iu thecaac of oua mili; af 84 iiwlK r 
 pipes previously mentioned, the several relative costs arc : ! 
 
 / C'l'l iron. Mild Hied. Saving, 
 
 tnUmal diameter, iDaues 24 24 
 
 Length, mile7....t...|i.........MM4.... 1 ' 1 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^.:V 
 
 v 
 
, H 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I • 
 
 I 
 
 I ■■'" 
 
 V / 
 
 V 
 
 mr . . . JRutiro*. MiU ttee i. SaviM 
 
 Nnmberofpipe^^. „/ 440, 220 ■■., 
 
 Weight of raoh p^, cwbi. 24.8 10.47 
 
 " one jiifle, tons ,. 545.6 115.2 
 
 Relative co»r per ton ...,..;..., 1 425 
 
 'V ♦ ■ of carriiigfr, perton >1 l 
 
 " ' " on'toUl 1 ,0.2111 78 P.O. 
 
 " of laying per yard 1 0.7 30 p.o. 
 
 Belative numlicr of* joints 1 5 50 p.c. 
 
 "wcifilit of lead, each joint.... 1 0.905 9 J p.c. , 
 
 . ". " " '•«c'> milo • — 1 0.405 69* plo. 
 
 " conof making; each joint ...^ 1 0.8 . 20 ^.c. 
 
 " jointing one mile 1 .0.40 CO p.o; 
 
 " co.tt of total for one uille.... 1 . 0.9 10 p.o. 
 
 " " of pipes and carriage... 1 0.84 16 p.c. 
 
 . " " of carriage and laying, ^~"^k 0.834 16.(5 p.o. 
 
 " . " of pipes, carriage, lay- ^\^ 
 
 . ' ing and jointing one \^^ 
 
 "'•'o 1 0.78^ 21.2 p.o 
 
 The saving actually effected in the total outlay fo^ onisyinile of 24 
 
 inch pipes is therefore : \ 
 
 Co$l of pij,e». Cott of carriage. Cpit of laying. Cost of jointing. 
 10p.c. 6 p.c. 0.6 p.o. 4.6 p.c. ^ 
 
 or a grand total of 21.2" p. c. 
 
 It will be seen that the above extracts treat of» comparison botweon 
 east iron mains, and mild steel muins fitted with- faucete and spigots. 
 Tliis is a cumbersome arnngcment, and has been entirely discarded on 
 the Pacific coast, the Moore and Smith joint, a description of which 
 will be given further on, taking its place. This joint is s|)ecially a.lap-^ 
 ted to all pipes between tlio diameter of 12" and 24". When of larger " 
 sizes the pipes are miide in ^lain lengtlis of 24 %t, fi inches, und ri\^t- 
 ted together in the trench. . 
 
 ' »HE MAINS. 
 
 The rivetted mild steel mains in use by the Vancouver VVaterworks 
 Coihpany are of three diameters, 22 inches, 16 inches, and 12 inches. 
 The 22 inch is laid from the dam to the tunnel, a distance of 13,530 
 feet, the 16 inch from the tuitnel to ordinary high water mark of fl|ur- 
 rard Inlet on the north shore, nnd from ordinary high ifcater luurkVtn 
 the south shore to the centre of the city, a total distancJof 39,2 1 1 feet, ' 
 The 12 inch are laid on both chores of Burrard Inlet, bJtWeen'ordinary 
 high water marks, and^he submerged 1/2 inch flexible ^ain across the 
 Inlet, a total disfcrnce of 747 feet. 
 
 'I'he 22 inch and 16 inch pifws are ,'„'„ inches in tlickness, and the 
 12 inch A- inches The latter, bomg laid below h4h water mark, 
 require greater thickness of metal to withstand the cArosive influence 
 of salt water. The.«e pipes were manufacture* froiJ plates imported 
 froto England by the Company, and rolled, riveLd, coated with 
 asphaltum, and laid in trench by the Albion Iron Works Company of . 
 
 Victoria, B.C. Plate shows at longitudinal section oftho W 
 
 inch pipe. The 22 inch and 12 inch pipes niJ constructed in an 
 exactly similar liianner. It will bo secii that thrf pipe is made in 7 
 courses, 4 large or, outside courses, and 3 ,>^maller it in.iide courses, riv- 
 etted together, and having a projecting .nipple At ope en^. At the 
 foundry the plates wore trimmed to the exact slies required, and the ' 
 rivet holes punched wi'th multiple punches Lt one and the same 
 time. Ab>olute uniformity in site and spaoiii| of rivet holes was thus 
 secured. Each plate was thcA rolled in the ufual manner, by means of 
 three parallel revolvipg cylinders, which j^av^ it the circular form of • 
 tlie rc(|uired diameter.' It was then made to/cn«ircle the vertical cylin 
 der of a hydraulic l-ivetting machine, wliioli/(;pld rivetted the straight 
 ' or loni^itudinal seams. ^ When 7 plates liad/iecn treated in this manner 
 and converted into cylinders 3 ft. 6 in. lon^, and of diameters differing 
 sufficiently to allow tlie ends of the smalle/- cylinders to be passed into 
 the ends of the larger, they were rivettei^ together, so as to form one 
 length. On the lap, between two thicknesses of steel at tlie end of each ' 
 course, the plate wns scraped dbwn to » fine edge, and » rivet driveg 
 ^ t h r o Hgh. ' W here t ti ree Tlrt B l n iP M6» Bf Bewl tvsi togeChor, as wEen Hie ~ 
 longitudinal scams of tlie laigo course overlap tlie smaller course, extra 
 heavy lap rivet* were used. The edg^ of each sheet for 3 inches from 
 
 U ' 
 
 X 
 
thejaps were chipped anil cnulked. Straight and round seams i{ere 
 aplit oaulked. The whole lenirth wag then heated in an aycn,,&nd 
 imiDcrged in a bnthof hot aaphaltuni. This bath mm an iron trough, 
 26 feet long and 3 fi-et wide, supportedsmbrickwork, and so arranged 
 that a firu could bo kept constantly burninf^iindurneath. In preparing 
 the mixturu, the trouith was ftUuil to within a few inches of the top 
 with iisphaltum broken up into small cubes of alxmt an inih t<> the side. 
 
 Coal .tar, devoid of all oily matter,'\wa8 then poured in till the 
 asphaltiim cubes were completely covered. The mixture was then 
 allowed to buii for three hours, being constantly ptirrcd durin:; the pro- 
 cess. As many pipes as the mixture would cover were then dipped and 
 allowed to dry. The coatin:; obtained was smooth, tough,, j'ree from 
 britticneFs, and of uniform thickness. 
 
 The form of joint used in connectin,!; these pipes is, as before stated, 
 that invented by Joseph Moore and Francis 8mi^h, employees of the 
 
 Ristlon Iron \Vor|(,s Co., San Francisco. Plate shows a lon<;itu- 
 
 dinal section of this joint. In making the joint in the rrenches, the 
 nipple end of one length of pipe was.forced into the jargcr end of >the 
 adjoining length, by means of liamiuering on wooden blocks placed 
 against the end opposite tl:e ffipple. The abutting en^s of the two 
 lengths were not driven up tight, a space of from'^ to ^ an iuclf being 
 left, for the pur[io8e of allowing for any expansion or contraction that 
 might take place. The outside surface of the pipes was then scraped 
 clean for about 'J^ inched back from the junction of the two ends. A 
 band or ring of diameter sutUciently great to allow of ,'„- inch play be- 
 tween its insiile surface and the outside surface of the pipe, wns ihen 
 InadcLto encircle the junction. The space between was filled up with 
 lekd in the usual manner, and carefully cauUced. Joints made after this 
 pattern have been in use ibr 15 years, and have given entire satisfac- 
 tion. Care musV be taken ,in making this jointi that no angle 
 greater than one degree is made at the -junction of the tuo lengths of 
 pipe, otherwise the lead packing will be of unequal tliicknea«, and thS 
 i<esult, in all probability, a leaky joint. Caulkera acpustonied to jointing 
 cast iron pipes must be cautioned, when making tor tho first time a 
 Moore and Smith joint, that the steel pipe wiU only admit of the lead 
 being packed to a certain firmness, th'e degree of which can only be 
 ascertained by actual trial. If the lead is beaten in between the ring 
 apd the pipe too tightly, the shell of the latter will bend inward, and ' 
 render- good wprk impossible. 
 
 ' As before stated, steel mains of more than 24 inches diameter, when 
 subject to heavy pressure, are usually made in specified lengths at the 
 foundry, and rivettcd together in the trench. To accomplish this, it is 
 necessary that ieach length shall have a large course at one end, and a 
 small one at the other. ' The large course has its extreme end punched 
 for rivets at the foundry, while the small course at the other end of the 
 length is unpunched. 
 
 The pipes being placed in the trench, the small course of one length 
 is fbrced by hammering, or other power, into the pnnohed lai]^ course 
 of the adjoining length. The position of the rivet holes on tl^e small 
 couralo to correspopd with those on the large course are then marked 
 and screw punched after separation. This being done, the two lengths 
 are again united, their rarfiuses pressed firmly against each other by 
 means of a set stool, and cold rivetted from the outside. The seam is 
 split caulked in the nsoal manner. This makes the most desirable con- 
 nection for pipes of large diameter. 
 
 However, it may be mentioned that a, pipe of 41 inches diameter, and 
 subject to a pressure of 300 feet, was laid, ten years ago, in the Sandwich 
 laUnds. The lengths were connected by Moore A Smith joints, and 
 an in active service to this day. 
 
 The Vancouver pipes were laid in the trench with the straight stams 
 upwards, so that any leakage might readily be detected, and repaiiad 
 Vy farther split canlking. In most ^fwtmia, however, the straight ssuns 
 "^sre"laid^tRywnwaids^~Nic advantage of whieB'is'Muit ~ifi'COiiiae"w"tuBC| 
 
 . ■ ■/ 
 ./ 
 
 ■„ / ■■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 , 
 
 .-A 
 
 ■ ■■ h~' 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 /-■ 
 
 
 
 
 sediment gathers on the bottom oS the |npe akmg the edges of the i 
 and tends to pr^rent kakage. 
 
 16 
 
'\ 
 
 ^. 
 
 ,\ - 
 
 'V 
 
 ,. 
 
 .•-v-, 
 
 % \ BBHDB AND CAgTINOB. 
 
 loMmuoh « the .ted maioi daoribed in Ui« foregoing pw. w,r« 
 •Ototrncted ».th m view lo N«aring absolutely tixht jointoL thToutoide 
 TdlSr "'/•" »WI« 'lU^l tightly .gainst fho |„.J, ^W^loS: 
 m^.n ng fcngtb. QH«q«endj. «. demUon f.»n. . *«lght line 
 
 eilK.« ri i*". ^ T*!! "^ '^^^y '•'•'"«? -^»"-W. .tee! 
 
 ribow. .ndbend. .re m.de by certain u«nuf.otu«,.; but th«[e Iwk 
 
 «.b.l..y when the .ngle of cumturelS large. All band*, in the V.n 
 
 oonvergysteu. .,« of owt iron, one inch thick. They .re «egment« of. 
 
 c^le theax., of the bend being the cireu.ferenJo. .ndTe r.dl 
 
 five foet Previous to le.ving the foundry, ,hey wonf individ«.||y 
 
 .ubjocted to . prewuie of 300 Ibe. |)er«,u.re inch. ' 
 
 JL'^'^^'^ 't "" ^^ ""*' ""'"" "*■ ^•"'"•' '»'«». *« g«""d 
 tr.yer.cd being contiguous to the r?frer is. ir«guUr horisontelly .„d 
 
 rVr "^^ ' T."^"'"' **■"" ""«'"« fron; 6 to 70 degrees .ngk of 
 defl,C^ion. That portion of >hc pipe line C„edi.tei; south o^he 
 
 So'f / "V !"*«"'•"♦*«» »f ihl^^hillfor .distance 
 of 8000 fe t, r..qu.rcd no lees th.n 80 bends of «gles of deflection 
 being .n .vcragc of o.« bet.d to ewry 100 fett of length. The U.t.,i 
 Bumber rcjuired Jor the system from the point of supply u.the centre 
 . of the city w.8 179. "^"^ ■' ™ 
 
 The other citings connected with the mins, not including the con- 
 necfons with the city distribution system, are ^ follows : two miles and 
 a hall below the d.uwt the lowest depression between the d.SI and the 
 tunnel is phced a %ow off, 8" off 22". This is controlled by an 
 eight inch ^ve, leading into a 12" x 12" box drain, which in turn 
 leads to the i^^er To the midaie pipe length in the tunnel is affixed 
 a8clf^ct.ngChabotairv.lve,the air passage of which is 2i inches 
 diameter and is controlled by a brass valve, so that ihe up,H,rirt con- 
 taining the rubber ball miybfe taken off for examination at anytime 
 without the necessity of shutting off the main at the d.im 
 
 At Burrard Inlet, on the north side is placed a bidw off 8" off 16" 
 and on the south side 12" off 16" educing to 8". both controlled by 
 valves^and emptying into Burrard Inlet. The ends of the 16 inch 
 main, on both sides of the inlet, are provided with "Y" breeches, two 12 
 inch branches off 16 inch. These branches connect with tl.; d-uble 
 line of 12 inch mams, that will ultimately cross BurrarJ Inktand are 
 mdividnally controlled by 12 inch valves, so tli.t eacli m.in can be 
 shut off independently if required. Between the i„l«t and Uoal 
 Harbour on the highest elevation between the two waters, is placed 
 another Chabot air valve. .rr.Oged in a manner .imilar to the one, 
 . already described. • . . ,. I 
 
 On both sides of Coal Harbour 'are gaced blow offs 8" off 16" diA . 
 charging into Co.d Harbour, and finaUf. IQ inch valve is located at ' 
 the point where the mains enter the inhabited part of the city It 
 W.1I thus be seen thatjn case of pecessity the supply to the city can 
 U> shut off at five different places, vi.., at the entlnce and outlet of 
 well chamben|at the dam, on both sides of Burrari Inlet, and at the 
 entrance to the city. 
 
 LAYING THE SUBMERGED VAIN AT FIRST NARROWS. 
 
 Having in view the difficulty of effecting repair, in pipes laid under 
 water, and the disastrous consequences that might result from . tem 
 porary stoppage of the city's water supply should p b«J«k take pl««, 
 through unavoidable causes, the design for crossing the first n.iows 
 instead of being one,16 inch m.ib, compri«>d ifs cquivalennw<; 
 
 separate lines of 12 mch mains, 60 feet apart, and capable of independent 
 action by me.„of/top valves placed at high, water mrk on Zh ride 
 
 of the Inlet. Up^to the present only one of these lines h«, been kid in 
 
 post , on on the b<^ of the Inlet, made up of 746 feet of pUin rivetted 
 
 «tee pipes ; 261 feet of rivetted steel pipe, feted with cast iron flexible 
 
 jointe, «d 1236 feet ofcastiit)n flexible joint pipe. 
 
 -ifcet on tlieiswlKTKore .„d IM feet~"on^e iiouth ,^ The 
 nvetl^ steel pipe with flexible joint, is pUoed on the north show be- 
 tween the plain pipe, and the cast iron flexible pipes, and thektter are 
 ^aced ^the bed of the Inlet. „.ebiog from JJ^water Ttow WtlJ 
 

 The eoBstroction and deuUs of the plaip pi|)e have been already 
 .dcacribcd. The flexible steel pipe is in lengtha of 22'.2" over all, and ia 
 exactly similar to the plaia pipe, but provided with ea.nt iron "pi^otinMlSs^ 
 faucets, bored and tucncd in the i>anie manner as the east iron ^cxibte 
 pipes. The latter are of the pattern known as the Ward patent flexible 
 joint pipe. They were manufactured in Scotland, ond are ofhard close 
 grained white cast iron, throughly coated with Or. Smith's coal pitch 
 varnish, fiinh longth is 12' 4" over all, }i inches thick, itTcij^iiH 
 1280 lbs., and is w;irrantcd by the manufacturer^ to sfond with 
 safely the pressure due to a colunm of water 000 feet hijrii. Each 
 joint required 7(( lbs. of ilie Ust .^pimish pig lead. Drawing No. fi shows 
 » longitudinal s.ction of this joint. The larmier portion of the inside 
 surface of the bell or faucet forms a spherical zone, the centre of which 
 is a point on the axis of the faucets at such a di.slance from its month, 
 that the inside diam' ter of the latter is greater by half.an inch than 
 the inside diameter of the .shoulder. Tiie extreme end of the spigot is 
 turned truly, and exactly fits flie inside surface of the faucet. The 
 outer end, or the end CDt-ircled by the mouth of the faucet, is of smaller 
 diameter, so as to allow half an inch of space between the twosurfaoea 
 for lead packing. At the middle of t|ie spigot is a circular groove; •■ 
 quarter of an inch deep and an inch and a half wide, which serves the 
 purpo^of retaining the lead packing, f nd prevents the joint from pall- 
 ing asunder, when exposed tp tensile strain. This ibint is capable of 
 motion through an angle of 12 degrees, and a coftapletc circle can be 
 made with 30 lengths. . I ■ 
 
 The contract for furnishing and laying the single line of cast iron 
 flexible joint pipe was let on the Istof jiTovemtKir, 1337, to the inventor 
 and patentee of the joint, Mr. John; F. VVard, late chief engineer of the • 
 ■Jersey City Waterworks.' The price agre«d on, which covered all riak^y 
 and oontingoncies, was nine dollars pcr.lu||,%al foot. 
 
 Mr. Ward has devoted njafcy y«afs of his life to laying subli)'.'r^ 
 pipes of all diameters, and has, hitlierto, met wick unfailing success . 
 Among some of the more prominent woiks standing to his credit, may 
 Im! mentioned the sixiin'h pipecro.ssin;; the l>j|aware River at Kaston, 
 Pa., tlie 1 2 ineli pipj, 9t!3 feet lon^ above the dam, at Lawrence, Mass., 
 and the two lines of 8 inch pipe crossing Shirley Gut, Boston Harbour, 
 a channel 400 feet wide, and 37 feet deep, tikfough wKich a tidal cur- 
 rent fiows. at the rate of 7^ miles per hour. 
 
 Mr. Ward, op his arrival, ma(K a thorough inspection of the crossing, 
 and expressed himself as confident of being ubie tocom^ete his contract 
 with case and rapidity. Accordingly on the 21st of April, 1888,.ho 
 began operations, his plan being to joint tlio pipes on a suitable pl-it- 
 fbrm stationed at low water mark on the north shore, and by means 
 of a stationary engine on the south shore, haul them across, Icnjjth by 
 length. Inasmuch as Mr. Wacd failed to carry out this plan to com- 
 pletion, the writcr,without expressing any opinion as to its practicability, 
 will merely describe his mode of procedure. 
 
 The structure erected on the north shore of the Inlet, on which the 
 pipes were jointed, was a frame work staging of suflScient height to 
 reiich nbovc extreme high water, and strong enough to resist the force of 
 the incoming and outgoing tides. In the middle of this stage was oon- 
 etrncted a sloping platform, extending from the front face, 4 fcjt below 
 the top, down to the ground at the rear face, or the face floating the 
 Inlet. The object of the platform was to admit of the pipes being 
 jointed jn an inclined position, and therefore .sliding easily to the ground, 
 when the hauling power w^ applied. The 1041engtfat)ofpipe required 
 to reaeb'from shore to'shore were piled within easy reach of the plat- 
 form. The engine on the south side of the river, opposite the platform 
 and at a distance of 1400 feet from it, was of 30 H. P., and reovlved 
 an«rdintry drum, to which was attached a hiindrcd feet of wrought 
 . iron chain, connecting with a continuous wrought iron rod of l^-inohcs 
 diiMeti!t..^JEhiajMd nuchcd.clcftr s (!roai.the Inl e t, andjtaaaUached 
 
 > 
 
 
 to the i-ear.^nd of the first length of pipe lying on the sloping platform 
 of the staging. -Tlie rod was made from round iron in lengths of 15 
 feet, jointed together by eoipmoasf^rew unions, its whole tensile strength 
 beiag that due to the resistancisAlii^rifd.,^ stripping by the threads of 
 4he unions. , \ 
 
 . 18 ■ ■ .,; \. 
 
 v'figii"-' 
 
 / 
 
7 
 
 \' 
 
 :\ 
 
 \ 
 
 • / 
 
 ' When Mr. Ward liad completed these arrangoments, ho began with- 
 ^ out delay to joint the lengths together. To the length lying on the 
 platform, tlje spigot end of which faced the Inlet, a second length wa» 
 joint«d in the usual manner. 
 
 The engine on the south side was then put in motion, and the fin<t 
 length hau;ed forward a distance ec|ual to its own length, leaving the 
 »- #.f 'P4 '«"8A to fill the plan priviously occupiqd by the first. A 
 third lenafh was thtn jointed to the second, the engine aiiain pulled 
 forward; un<il the third length occupied the [lace vacated by thCsecond. 
 It was -intended to repekt this operation until the vhole l(f4 lengths 
 had been dragged across the bottom of the Inlet. However, after 18 
 lengths, covering a distance of2H5feet, had been submerged, Mr. 
 WHrd.concludcd to «ub«titiitc a .-teel wire cable for the wrought iron 
 rod. In stretching this cable acrot^s the Inlet, it unfortunately fouled 
 on a small boulder, about 200 feet above the pipe line, and such efforts 
 »» were made to dislodge it proved unavailing. .Mr. Ward then noti- 
 fied the company tliat urgent private business compelled him to lc$ve 
 the works for St. Paul, Minn. He did not return, but shortly after- 
 warj^s officially abandoned the contract. ^ ' 
 
 On July 9ih, more than a month after Mr. Wanl's failure, the 
 
 company contracted wiih .Messrs. H. F. Keefer and D. McGillivray, 
 
 the gentlemen who already held the contract for trenching refilling, tj 
 
 / complete the work according to certain specifications, from which th^ 
 
 following clauses arc extracted^ 
 
 " The total length of the crossibg to be made is 1248 &et, extendin^' 
 from low water mark on the south shore to low water mark on tho 
 north shore. These points will be defined by stakes placed by the 
 company's engineer, and the whole main when finaHy laid shall be in a 
 perfectly straight line between them. 
 
 Each pipe length, prcviou^to being placed iff position, shall be well 
 and carefully tested for flaW^ in manufacture, cracks, air-holes, and 
 other defects, by the usual process of suspending in slings and tapping 
 with hammer. Should any be found defective, they ishall bo discarded"^ 
 •nd the engineer notified of the same. 
 
 The lead to be used in jointing shatf^bo that known as " Best Spanish 
 
 The whole number of pipe lengths, previous to beipg placed io final 
 position on the bed of the first narrows, shall be jobted, leaded, and 
 made perfectly water-tight <^ dry lan4j>*nd o< such a structure a» will 
 admit of the whole length/Of 1248 foct'being of easy access for 'the pur- 
 pose of inspection. 
 
 A test pressure of not less than 300 lbs. per square inch shall then 
 be applied by the c<Mitractors, in the presence of the Company's Engineer, 
 the leakage under which, throughout the whole length of 1248 
 ■feet, shall not fexceed one cubic foot per minute. Such joints as may 
 prove defective under this pressure shall be made good by the con- 
 tractors at their own expense, and such pipe lengths aa may leak or give 
 evidence of flaws shall be removed by the contractors, and replaced by 
 sound lengths, the cost of which shall be defrayed by the company. 
 
 The Engineers approval of the main, after the application of the 
 
 above test being given, the contractors shaU be at liberty to place it in 
 
 / position on the bed of the first narrows, which being done, a similar 
 
 ^ test pressure of 300 lbs. per square inch, subject to the same conditions 
 
 shall be applied. ' 
 
 A diver will be appointed by the company to inspect the main when 
 finally laid in position^ and on his report such alterations in its position 
 as may be rendered necessary by reason of its resting on boulders or 
 sharp irregulM|i^ of the bed of the Inlet, shall be made by the con- 
 tractors, and aPfleir expense, provided the total cost does not exceed 
 five hundred dolliirs. AU costs over this amount shall be defrayed by 
 the company." - . ' 
 
 Messrs. Keafetr and McGillivray entered into the ^(ilfilment of their 
 couti^c t with etiergy. A 30 H. P. engine was Hfa.Hn,,H 
 
 i ot> the north- 
 
 "Ihore of the Inlet, between higli and low water marks. With this the 
 18 lengths submerged by Mr. Ward were hauled back to dry Und. A 
 trench, 4 feet wide, 4 feet deep, and 1300 feet long, wasezcarated oa 
 
 19 
 
 •K 
 
 / 
 
 f 
 
 f 
 
 / 
 
I ' 
 
 the line of the croMiog on the north shore. Paralleleontinuous rnnsert 
 of Ijkrked fir, three in namber, were placed in the bottom of the treneh, 
 in nioh a manner that the bell end of each pipe when joiuted would 
 rest 00 the central mnner, and be supported on each aide by the 
 other two runners. A frame work sUging, similar to that employed 
 by Mr. Ward, waa built oyer the trench and supported on rollerK, on 
 which it oould readily be moved, OTcr the wh^ejengthofthejroaoh._^ 
 On thU^gtagi«g^^»kW-itr^lDping^ plaifomTlHe^iHiio^^ 
 \ pipe lengths were jointed, the operation being very similar to that of 
 paying off a cable from a moving ship. As sooq as the first joint was 
 made, the sUging was moved forward lill the first pipe length rested on 
 the runners in the treneh, leaving the i^cond in the place vacated by 
 the first. A third pipe was then hoisted up by winches, it» spigot end 
 inserted into the bell of the second, and carefully adjusted in exact line. 
 Molten load warf then poured in and caulked in the usual manner. 
 This done, the KUging was again moved forward and another pipe 
 adjusted, the operation being repeated d:iy by day, till one hundred 
 lengths had J[>ecn connected. Ah before stated 104 lengths were pro- 
 vided, but difring the process of jointing, four, showing evident signs 
 of fracture, were discarded. • 
 
 Immediately on the completion of the work of jointing, both ends- 
 of the chain of pipes were securely cipped, and the stipulated test 
 pressure of 300 lbs. per square inch applied. 
 
 A first attempt was made to apply the pressure by means of a hand' 
 pump, worked by six men, forc^ing a stream of w.iter into a circular 
 opening, one inch in fliamcter, provided for that purpose in'the capon 
 the north end. It was speedily found, however, that owini; to the 
 leakage at the joints, slight as it was, this method was , not powerful 
 enough to keep the chain of pipes lull and attain the rcquiroc) pressure. 
 The sUtiionary engine, sjkuated midway between hi^h and low water 
 mark, was then brought into recjuisition; The middle length of the 
 chain of pipes was tappe<l, and by mentis, «f the engine, water was 
 ''pumped in until the first detectiv? pipe manififsted itself, which occurred 
 when the miiim! r»!!>isti-rtd :{0 lbs. per squ.ire' inch. I'hi.s length was 
 iinmediati'l> broken up by sMgo hammers, the bell cut by a cold 
 chisel, split opi-n, and the lead removed. , nf 
 
 The two portions of the chain of pipes were then hauled to;;cther by 
 niean^ of the engine, and re-jointed; Pressure was again applied until 
 the second injured pipe gave way. ^ 
 
 This operation was.«apeated until no less than eight defective pipeT^ 
 had been removed. The remaining 92 sustained the required pressure 
 of 300 lbs. |5er square inch for a period of five minutes, during which 
 each length was subjected to heavy blows from a 12 lb. hammer. As 
 the joints sustained this severe pressurijf without expeeding the speoified 
 amount of leakage, and as every lenaOi seemed to be absolately free 
 from defects, the test was eonsidyted eminently satisfactory. The 
 following toble shows the pressures at which the different pipe lengths 
 gave evidence of thepMcturcs they had sustained during tl^ff repeated 
 handlings, and which were not detected by the process of " ring- 
 
 
 ing." 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 - 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Number of Lengib, 
 ' reckonio|( m>m 
 north end of 
 pipe chain. 
 
 Pressure per square 
 Jach under which 
 pipe gave way. 
 
 
 Nature of fracture. 
 
 ..'■•'■ 
 
 
 5th 
 9th 
 
 30 
 70 
 
 Longitudinal crack 12" long 
 " " 3ti" << 
 
 
 . V 10th 
 
 60 
 
 « 
 
 (4 
 
 36" « 
 
 
 31st 
 
 50 
 
 ' (( 
 
 (1 
 
 12" " 
 
 
 37th 
 
 70 
 
 li 
 
 U 
 
 18" " 
 
 
 38th 
 
 70 
 
 It 
 
 l( 
 
 18" « 
 
 ' 
 
 ' 51st 
 
 40 
 
 " 
 
 (1 
 
 24" " 
 
 r 
 
 64th ' 
 
 40 
 
 •f 
 
 « 
 
 12" 'i 
 
 Notwithstanding the additional Ices of these 8 pipes, it wai deemed 
 advisable to proceed with the submersion of the remaining , 92, the 
 shelving nature of the north shore being such that the north end of the 
 
 i\ 
 
 -rtrain of pipes, Tfhgrlild IB pSeWdS, woifld ndr be cover^^ mora 
 than 2 feet uf water at low tide, and, therefore, it would be no difficult 
 
 ' matter to nise that end at any future convenient time, and add the 
 whole 12 lengths necessary to complete the crossing as planned. 
 
 .V, 
 
■isry-i-''- 
 
 i\ 
 
 ■I' 
 
 The plan adopted for placing this long Hm of heavy flexible pipes 
 ia pciitioo on the bed of the Inlet waa 4iree( haaling flron ihore to ihore, 
 during the half tidea whieh oeeor ia the Inlet dnriag themontheof Jal/ 
 and Aogoat . For the pnrpoae of leaaening the Weight m much as poati* 
 Ue, eaeh length waa encircled bj a wrought ii;oD ring, to each' of whieh 
 floats of 5M lbs. buoyaaejr were attaehed. To prevent as much as 
 poasiUe the forward end of the chain of pipes flrom ploughing a deep 
 furrow in the bed of the Inlet' during the prooess of hauling^it was 
 buojod up by a number of oedar logs laid lengthways. The muling 
 gear was aa follows— (See DrawiuK No. 4) To the rear end, that is 
 the end farthest from the water, was attached a 9 inch manilla cable 
 of 44,800 lbs. ultiuiatetensile sireogtli, and 600 feet long, which was 
 ooDiiected with the 30 H. P. Engine, autionod on the same shore, 
 midway between high and low water mtrka. To the middle length 
 wasatt^bed a 4 inch steel cable of 52,000 Ibsi. ultimate strength, and 
 lS80..feet long, which connceted with a 30 H. P. eomioe stationed on 
 the south or oppoeite shore. Midway between the middle IcD^jth aud 
 the forward end of the chain of pipes, ^ similar steel cable 1,600 feet 
 Ipng was attached, which ailM oonneoteJ with a 30 II. P. engine on the 
 opfwsite shore. A third steel cable of the same strength, and 1,325 
 feet long, was attached to the forward end of thj chuiu of pipes. This 
 latter connected with tifo 30 II. P. engines on the oppo^iitj shore.' It 
 win thus be seen that there were no less than throe 4 inch steel wire 
 cables, and one 9 inch manilla sable attached to the chain of pipes, the 
 total ultimate strength of which was very netrly 90 tons. The total 
 effeetive strength of the engines pulling tlm^ tackle connected with these 
 cables aggregated 150 horse power. Z<' 
 
 The four engines on the teuth siw lirere stationed on the beach at 
 high water mark. The blocks and tackle were arrang(.-d in three par- 
 allel rows 10 feet apart on the flat immediately to the rear of the engines. 
 This flat being jlensely timbered with the huge trees peculiar to the 
 Pacific coast, the spaoe cleared in which to operate the tackle was 
 necessarily limited. The blocks were securely anchored to huge 
 stumps in the vicinity by heavy wrought iron chains. The pulleys, one 
 of which was four sheuved and two three sheaved, had a clear distance 
 of 56 feet in whieh to operate. The manilla cables passing through 
 the sheaves were connected to the wire cables by wrought iron grips 
 invented for the occasion by the contractors . 
 
 All arrangmcnts having bacu satisfk^tofily oorapletea^thr engines- 
 were s^t in motion on the 23th of August last at 10 a. m. The steel 
 cables straightened out and remained tant and stntionary, but only for 
 a minute. A sudden sUckcning took place, and the whole chain of 
 pipes topk a forward motion of several feet, and from that instant the 
 success of the undertaking was an assured fact. There bad been a 
 question as to whether the joints would withstand the enormous tensile 
 strain brought to bear on them, bift it now became certain that the 
 lead packing would remain intact as long as the ca^^t iron 
 together. 
 
 Owing to the extreme distance between the blacks and pulleys being 
 no more than 56 feet, the tackle colinecting them had to be overhauled 
 every advance of 56 feet made by the chain of pipes. The process of 
 hauling was therefore necessarily 8lo,w ; but being kept up wfthout inter 
 mission, at 7 p. m. the forward end of the chain of pipes arrived at its 
 destination ou the south shore. 
 
 On the day following, at slack tide, a skillful marine diver walked 
 across the bed of the Inlet, following the chain of pipes, entering on the 
 south shore and emerging on the north. His report was to the effect 
 that the^ whols line of pipes was lying on the bed of the Inlet in a per 
 feotly straight line, without sag or bend, that the heavy projeeUng bells 
 .oftj^e pipes had scooped, as they were being drawn over, a deep groove 
 in the sofi sandstone rock, and that the whole ehab of pipes was resting 
 in a rock treneb of its own excavating ; that above this tranoh silt wa*^ 
 rapidly gathering, and that in his unqualified opinion the pipes would 
 
 beU held ^ 
 
 
 '*'■.* ^°T *"*" tw entirely covered pver, rendering their permaneacy and,^ 
 ' tit t y 'bey ontf quiBtttOM . , ); - ^ * , ^ 
 
 '21 *. \ 
 
 .'.* 
 
 / .'. 
 
 
( 
 
 < 
 
 I 
 
 Th« lay Mbving (hia MamiDation, the contraoton applied thej 
 flnalteit jiTMAm of 300 Ibe. per square ineh aa called for by the 
 ■|M«ifieation8. Ao npM,ing waa made in the cap on the end length, the 
 pipen filled with water bj team pumpH, and the required prei^ura 
 etea^il; mainuined for five* wiiHiteaof time, without pcrooptiblelcak%geVi 
 The enormous train on the jointo apparently had no other than a btMi^i 
 fieial effect, having compacted the lead, and rendered the whole m^ 
 perfectly water-tight Eleveif of the 12 pipes which had been dieeardcd 
 were iubeoquently repl«*««.-d by pipes cast by the Albion Iron Works Co. 
 of Victoria, tested to a presHurc of 300 lbs. per square inch befofo 
 leaving the foundry. No diflScfbhy waa eiper/enccd in attaching these 
 to the main already submerged. The end of that main having 4xcn 
 liaed up was buoyed on the deck *f a small kmw. The additioaaT 
 lengths were added gne by one, the scow being moved forward as 'each 
 length was jointed, ,until the whole eleven resUd in position on the bed 
 of the Inlet. It was found, however, at ^ later date that owing to thrf 
 shelving natun^Jof. the north' shore, and the fluQtuationa of the tides, » 
 satiafaetory connection between the end of thq cast iron flexible pipe and 
 the plain rivetted steel pipes could not be made. Twelve of the latter 
 were aooordiagly fitted with flexible cast iron spigots and faucota, ainulwi. 
 , to thoM shown on drawing No. 6, and conncoled wieh the cast iron pipe* 
 making a total length of 1496^ feet flexible pipe, covering a horiiopial 
 diaUDoe of 1483| feet. ' « ' ' > 
 
 When theprbj^ for supplying the oi;:y of Vancouver with water 
 from the River Ctft>ilano, by means 9f a submeii^ed main across 
 Borrard Inlet, was 'fii-»t made public, considerable interest waa evinced 
 by both engineers and civilians. Printers' ink was called into requisition, 
 and many articles piiblishetl demonstrating the utter impracticability 
 of the project.' . > 
 
 The complete success^f^ undertaking is an irrefutable answer to all 
 the adverse jtheories t^fKRcd. However, it may be of interest, even 
 at this late day, to mention some of the objections urged and believed 
 ill up 10 tlm.!«ii<oe.ssful cpniplciion t)f the work, and the published answers 
 ti.eret^i. /' " ^' . • ; 
 
 Objection 1. ^s '■ . 
 
 That the known force of the current in the first narrows would 
 cause the chain ofpipes to sway up, and down thi^bed of the Inlet with 
 eooh change of tide, and eventually result in reparation of the joints. 
 
 Answer — That it co uld.b e mathematically demonstrated (calculation 
 shown), that the force of the current waffiltogether insuffieigiirto pro- 
 duce the results, stated, and that the proposed method of Ja>ing the 
 'pipes by " direct hauling " from shore to shore W<^d resi^lt in the 
 tharp-edged bells of the^ pipes cutting a grrtnve, jwjtia^ljj dem to • 
 embed the whole chaini^d thus effectually destroy^Nn|H|^ of 
 
 That the current would ercate a friction that would slsur off any 
 coating that might be put on to protect the'p'ipes from c$rr(^ion. 
 
 • Answer. — That the pipes being embedded in the bottom of the inlet, 
 and covbrcd |)y silt, would be absolutely free from friclitSbul action. 
 , ,. Objection 3. ' ,' • -• 
 
 p^Ihat vessels might aocidentally drop anchor on the pipes, or that vcsr 
 "j^findiug TheniK'lves in danger of drifting ashore, through stress of 
 
 cather ototi|er causes, might be obliged to drop their anchors on the 
 bottom, aotnjlptiftsult hook on to the^ chain ofpipes and break it osun- ' 
 der. ^'^• 
 
 Answer.-rThat the thickness of the pipe shells if exposed to the 
 shock of a falling anchor would be su£Beient to keep them intact, and 
 that if the anchor fluke of a drifting .vessel were to bury ifaelf under 
 the chain of pipes, thi vesi^el would be securely nnchbied, and would be 
 obliged to wait f6r the turn of. the tide to free hi<rself, such oaaea 
 ocourring daily in Boston Harbour and elsewhere. ' 
 
 Objection 4. ' 
 
 That salt water wou^d cause galvanic action of a destructive nature 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 >':' 
 
 
 
 
 . ,/'' 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 ' 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 ::' 
 
 "■■.- 
 
 k 
 
 
 
 %'• 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 *•.<!. 
 
 .pf' 
 
>« # 
 
 v 
 
 =1 
 
 ^ Answer. — That there if no inftBnoe on rcdbrd oi* dndiuctivc {^Ivauit' 
 
 Mtion hsyiog'^dcourred in the cam oC load and oul mu in\eonta«;t undur 
 ||- ,. nli water. ' ^ 
 
 Objection S. 
 
 ^^ ThatUie chain of pipes, beioK of cart iron, would, uWiogiu Uie- 
 
 :||b Mtioa of Mit water, speedily beoouic mti like Plumbago, aii^ in u few 
 
 nonthi become utterly^worthlc8!<. ' \ 
 
 tt Answer. — ^That softening oF cast iron vxpaaod to the actidii of milt 
 ^ator lakes pla<jb only in castings of inferior metal, and thatVit is on 
 record that caatings ofolooe graiaed, hard, white metal had RsaJM IIm 
 ^ corroding aetloa of salt water for 40 years and upwards. ^^ 
 
 Objection 6. . , ' ' \ ' " 
 
 That in the case of a Narrows', connecting a large inland basin wiUi 
 the sea, wheW the tide has a rise and fall of 12 feet, the (hunter cur- 
 rents in such a restricted passage defied calculation, and wvrv more, 
 likely to be greater at the bottom than at the surface. 
 
 Answer. — Tliat the laws of naturc'arc unehangcabli% and tba< 
 future experiments of the Cfonipauy's Liigiiiet'ni would amply denionsi 
 , that it was impossible for a current exp(>8e<l to the infliieipc nf . 
 
 friction bed, like the bottom of Burrard Inlet, to be greater lluin tlic I'rae 
 and unrestricted current of the surface. 
 Objection 7. 
 
 That the great forc« of Uie«arrent,rendei<cd it imperative that the 
 whole chain of pipes should bo bid in the short interval of slack water 
 between two tides, which did not exceed twenty minutes duration, an<^ 
 thpt no means could be deviiied to perform such an arduous undcrtak 
 ing in such a short period of> time. 
 
 Answer. — That the method proposed by the company, of joinfing the 
 
 V pipes jind hauling them in a contiMUous chain across the imlct, would, 
 
 as before sUted, entrench the pipes, and* cause a resistance to motW 
 
 which would render it^immaterial wietlier thuplpes wore laid in twenty 
 
 minutes or twenty hours. ,, " M* ^ 
 
 Objection 8. . " - ' , 
 
 That the method of laying the pipes proposed by the company, vii. 
 
 •_ jointing and hauling in one coiainuoas chain, was iiiipos(>ible, ^s no 
 
 pipe joint could be made stroj« enough to withstand the enormous ten- 
 sile strain this method wouldi ei)tail. 
 
 Answer— That the construction of the Ward fleiible joint was of suuh 
 a nature that the lead packing could wot be putlod out, and before a 
 joint could break asunder, it would bc.BMessary for the cast iron bell 
 t» give way, anil that in consequence 1t» strength of the joint was " 
 limited only by the sectional area of cast iron exposed to the tensile 
 strain. ' . _ ..^ , 
 
 Objection 9. ^ ^ ' ' 
 
 That thor« were no instances on record' of pipes laid in salt water 
 ^ subject to a tidal onrrentof 9 miles per bow, where ' the depth of dSf 
 
 channel was 6Q feet, and the width 1240 feet. ' J , 
 
 Answer— That this was most certainly trgo, and that when the- 
 Vancouver Conapany's submerged main was laid, it would serve as a 
 precedent for siniikr works on a more giganliB ynlei 
 
 The above objections and answers, and many more of a like nature, 
 
 ' were publicly discussed and argued upon by piofessioual mea, Ekbor- 
 
 ate and specious mathematical oalcuUtions were produced in support 
 
 of each theory. How^ver, as the work is now an accomplished faet» 
 
 all opposing theories are thereby proved worthless. a 
 
 In regard to tho ninth objection, the writer is well aware that no 
 similar work of alike magnitude has ever been attemped. Greater 
 lengths of flexible pipes h^ve been laid in lakes, rivew, and ocean 
 
 bays ; but previous to the laying of the submerged main across Burrard 
 
 ~~ Wet^ no pipe of 12 inches diameter and 1100 feet in length had beeft^ 
 
 laid in salt water 60 feet depp, on a smooth rock bottom, and exposed 
 
 tft a tidal current of 9 miles per hour. The nearest approach to it is 
 
 J^ s t^o Shirky Gut pipe, 8 inches' diameter, laid ly Mr. Ward many 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 
 wide, 37 fe«t deep, and subject to a tidal onrront of 7J milea per hour. 
 The double line gf 16 indi flexible pipe laid acroas San Franoiaoo Bay 
 
 - :-- --^-.- -^^_..-- - - -.^ 2a-A---.^:-..._^^ -.-^ 
 
 ^~x 
 
.>- 
 
 5« a^^ 
 
 % 
 
 M 
 
 ■%■ 
 
 ff th^. FwriciFco \V'iiet'work8 Co. is the longest chain of submeiged 
 pipc»^t m. The pip<» arc seamless wrought iron tubes, 5-16" thick 
 fitted wiih cast-iron faaoiis dn^ spigots after ihc W<.rd pattern. The 
 bay. "»rhcr« tljo; pines -cross, is 6300 feet wide, and entirely free 
 frop cumnt* A d.ous,nd feet out from, the AlameJn shore it is 60 
 Aet deep, bvfral two' thousand feet it is only 15 feet, and this latter 
 «dpth gradusny decrcoi-cstill the San Francisco shore is resichcd The 
 pilM* were jointed on a large scow, fitted with a'derrick and slopin- 
 platform, and paid out from the rear as each successive length wal 
 lidded. The whole time occupied injointing and paying out the double 
 Imc was 40 days. 
 
 _ The following table shows the more prominent instancesx)fsubmer-cd 
 pipes, known to the writer as being laid previous to the laying of the 
 Burrard Inlet pipes. 
 
 Main. 
 
 Single 3G inclios. 
 
 " 3C " 
 
 '« ac '• 
 
 " .30 " 
 
 ",12 " 
 
 Double IG " 
 
 . " 8 '< 
 
 f^ingle 8 " 
 
 • •' « •• 
 
 length, 
 
 4000 
 
 3044 
 
 2A00 
 
 •J6(l 
 
 3G3 
 
 6.300 
 
 ■ 400 
 
 3100 
 
 800 
 
 Waterworlis Co. 
 
 Where laid. 
 
 Toionto Watenvorks. 
 
 MilH;aukee " 
 
 Jc^ey City " 
 
 Philadelphia « 
 
 Lawrence " 
 
 ISan Francisco ■< 
 
 Deer island '< 
 
 San Diegor • . " 
 
 lEastqp <• 
 
 Lake Ontario. 
 Lake Michigan. 
 Hudson liiver. 
 Delaware llirer 
 i 
 
 San Francisco Bay. 
 Shirley Gut. 
 San Diego Hay. 
 Delaware River. 
 
 LAVINO SLBMEROKD MAIN ACROSS ^rt.\L HARBOUR. 
 
 Coal Harbour, bci,;: shallow and its bed easy of access at all stages 
 of the tide, IS crossed by a 16 inch ri vetted steel main, 3-16" thick 
 fitted with cast iron flexible joints, and costing $3.50 per lineal foot at 
 the foundry. Drawing No. 6 shows the form of joint used. Three 
 hundred lineal feet of flexible pipe were provided, but at the time it was 
 necessary to effect the crossing, it was found that unusally high tides 
 prevailed, «nd that this amount was insufficient. This difficulty was 
 overcome by rivctting two plain lengths to two flexible lengths tho 
 compound len.'ths. each 48 feet lonjr, being placed at the ends of 
 crossing, the whole covering, when jointed, a distance of 348 feet 
 The stibmerging of tho pipes was iffected without difficulty in the 
 following simple manner : 
 
 The total number of lengths were jointed in ono continuojjs^gtnrigBf 
 iHie.on the south shore, between high and low waUjr,«affi^Sorward 
 end resting on and firmly secured to a spialhscow. 
 
 The whole line was buoyedojM«'ch''8ide by cedar floats, capable of 
 eusUming tho entireweishT. On the rising of the tide, the scow and 
 the chain of pij,ffl-rgiie with it, and when well afloat, a doien men 
 8t4tionedj3n1hc opposite iliore hauled on a small rope attached US the 
 iwgw, pulling it forward, till the line of pipes was directly above its' 
 ' ^festined position on the.bed of Ihe Bay. Tho floats were then cut off 
 and the pipes allowed to sink to the bottom. At low waterthe ends 
 ct the chain were exposed, and connection with the 16 inch mains on 
 each shore was effected without difficulty. The whole operation 
 occupied three days from start to finish. 
 
 THK DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. 
 
 * 
 
 The general plan of the distribution systeiiLwas designed by Mr T 
 C. Keefer, C.^E., C.M.G., I'a^^President oAho Canadian Society of 
 Civil Engineers. Its excellence is therefore beyond question. Sub- 
 joined are a few of the more important details. 
 
 The city of Vancouver is laid out on the rectangular system, the 
 rtreets being 99 and 66 feet wide, foiming blocks 260 feet wid»by 500 
 feet long. The 16 inch steel main is carried linder the principal streets 
 into the centre of the city. Branching from il, at suiuble intervkhu 
 bj means of special castings, the larger sub-mains, 8" and 6" diamoto 
 form rectangles, flvm Iho sides of which the smaller sub-mains, 4", 2J'' 
 •nd 2" diameter, branch out in any required direction^ The mtem is 
 
 d^- 
 
 ^.,..4 
 
 J i bgrilly snpp li od Kitfi stop-Talws^ - E ac h pips Awdiag diwet fiwm tlw 
 
 .« 
 
 mam, and each small sub-main feeding from the lai^r sub-mains, can 
 be closed independently, when required. In the cm* of bnikks and 
 
€¥'■ 
 
 »i## 
 
 ^-4 
 
 ■SK- 
 
 necessary repairs, a single street or part of a street ran be shut off with- 
 out interfering wiUi the suppiy to other parts of the city. ShouM it 
 ever be«»me ncecssary to shut off the whole system, a 16 inch v«lvc is 
 provided on the main for this purpose, outside the limits of the distri- 
 bution system. In all case* the valves have been placed at a distance 
 of lour feet from the initial point of the sub-main, or from the inter- 
 secting centre of the two sub-m:.i„s. The .sub-mains are laid at^a dis- 
 tanee of 20 feet from a„d parallel to the street linos, so that thee«ct 
 locality of the valves can be found without difficulty, even in winter 
 When the ground may be covered with snow and ice. In most cities 
 the practice followed has been to locate the valves uniformly on the 
 lines of the street boundaries, the disadvantajre of which is that a break 
 in a sub mam may occur between the valve and the feeding -pip -. in 
 which case the valve is rendered usel&«s. 
 
 To resist thestver* water hammer, due to the great prcssurein the 
 system, the valves arc made unusually heavy. 
 
 The bodies, caps, and nuts are of east iron ; the spindles, .stuffinK ^ 
 boxcsj glands and followers arc of composition-metal. 
 
 Theplugsareofcast iron with composition faces, and sp^mlle bush- 
 ings. The following table gives their dimensions, weight and cost in 
 Victoria. ' 
 
 STOl" VALVKS. 
 
 Shoulder to kIiouI- 
 der of Bells....... 
 
 Diameter of Bell in 
 inclicH...; 
 
 Aver, wrifht in lbs. 
 
 ■Cost at Victoria.... 
 
 Diameter in inches. 
 
 2" 
 
 4'. 
 
 3f 
 
 51" 
 
 34* 
 
 U 
 
 112.00 
 
 ♦17.60 
 
 6" 
 
 F 
 
 )»0 
 $H0.00 
 
 8- ■ 
 fi-f 
 
 12* 
 
 16' 
 
 8" 
 
 ar 
 
 10" 
 
 14i- 
 
 184" 
 
 298- 
 
 650 
 
 1100 
 
 $44.00 
 
 185.00 
 
 $1^0.00 
 
 
 The body of each valve is enclosed in a square brick chamber built 
 to such a height that the top of the valve chamber (a small square 
 cast iron box, weighing llllbs., and protecting thenut of the s'pindle) 
 when placed upon it, is flush with the street. . -" 
 
 The system is provided with 75 double valves, two hose Matthew's 
 fire hydrants, with 4 inch valve openings. This hydrant is in 
 general use throughout the United States. The manufacturers claim 
 and the claim is conceded by all cities using them, the following 
 superiorities over all other^^ 
 
 There being turft mains valves, possible leakage is reduced to a 
 minimbm. The lower valve, working independently of the upper 
 valve, the hydrant can be disconnected for repairs, without the 
 necessity of excavation, and without shutting off the feeding sub-main 
 The rod and automatic waste valve, attached to the upper induction 
 valve, work in suoh a manner that the opening of the lower induction 
 valve Involves the closing of the waste vulve, and vice-versa. Waste of 
 water cannot therefore take place, aqd no water can remain in the 
 slock of the hydrant, when the upper valve is closed. 
 
 The lower valve being capable of independent action, the temporary 
 removal of the upper valve dSf repairs does not interfere with tha 
 utility of the hydrant. 
 
 As previously stated, the works of excavation and pipe laying mains 
 included south of Burrard Inlet were carried out by the company 
 by day labour. The average depth of trench for the maina waa 3' 10 " 
 and for the sub-mains 3 feet. The cost, including tools, laying pip^ 
 placing apeciab, erecting hydrants, rcfiUing and Umpiiig trenohw' 
 tekingup and replaoing crossings, and works of a like nature, did not 
 exceed 17 oenta per lineal foot. 
 
 LITTINO THIS WATI INTO THE MAIMI. 
 
 On Wcdnwdw. the 20th<>f Maroh. 1889, the gate in th« wi>ll "i— •■ 
 
 of tiMdun waif /partially raised, and water allowed to flow for the «wt ~ 
 time into the t2" main. The 8" blow off near the rock tunnel wm 
 kept open, and the water was not alkiwed for several daya to flll ap to 
 the leTol rf the timiiel, mmI ftnr into t)w 16" main. On Afaroh 26th 
 
 ;■■*♦.• 
 
 W 
 
; ■ 
 
 at 4 ]i. III., the gate in the well cliambers was opened wide, and a full 
 hca.l of water turned on. At 6 p. m. the 22" main was filled, and 
 be<{an flowing through the tunnel into the 16" main. At 9.45 p. in. 
 the Wiiter reached the closed 12" valves, on the north shore of Buriard 
 Inlet. At 10 p. in. the valve controlling the 12" submerged main 
 was opened tlirce-<(uarters full. At 10 minutes past 10 the water 
 rcftched the south shore. At 3 a. m. it had reached the tonnination 
 of the IC" main in the centre of the city, and at 4 a. m. it was 
 dischivigiiig fully info False Creek, by means of an 8 inclM»sub-main 
 opened wide. <* ' 
 
 If is worthy of note that in the whole length of thp mains, not a 
 single joint was found to leak . Such leaks as were discovered occurred 
 at the seams, whtro the rivetting and split caulking had been imperfectly 
 done. These w^specdily repaired by encircling the mains by' stCeU. 
 rings, 4 inches widfc, made in two halves, and provided with " Lugs. " 
 
 The lugs were bolted together, above and below the main, and the 
 space between the ring and the pipe filled up with lead, and carefully 
 caulked in the usual manner. , 
 
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•na rtiiuaiDca tant aoJ stutioaary, but only for 
 kckeniDg took place, and the whole chain of 
 lotion of several feet, and from thsit instant iho 
 iiag was an a&surod fact. There bad been a 
 he joints would withstand the cnormoas ten.^ile 
 pD them, bift it now became certain that the 
 Dain intact as long as the cast iron bell held 
 
 le distance between the blacks and pulleys being 
 
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 Bt made by the chain of pipes. The process of 
 
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 1 forward end of the chain of pipes arrived at its 
 
 1 shore. 
 
 at slack tide, a skillful marine diver walked 
 blet, following the chain of pipes, entering on the 
 tng on the north. His report was to the eftot 
 pipes was lying on the bed of the Inlet in a per^ 
 |oat sag or bend, that the heavy projecUng bells 
 i, as they were being drawn over, a deep groove 
 bk, and that the whole cfaab of pipes was resting 
 bwn exeavatbg ; that aboTe this tieoob silt wa»7> 
 I that in his unqualified opinion the pipes would | 
 l ij covered pver, renjering their permaneney and 
 
 21 
 
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