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IMaps, platas. charts, ate, may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratioa. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly includad in ona axpoaura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand corner, laft to right and top to bottom, as many framas as raquirad. Tha following diagrama illustrata tha mathod: Laa cartas, planchas, tablaaux, ate, pauvant Atra filmAs A das tMux da rAduction diff Arants. Loraqua la document aat trap grand pour Atra raproduit an un saul clichA, 11 aat filmA A partir da i'angia supAriaur gaucha, da gaucha A droita, at da haut an bas, an pranant la nombra d'imagas nAcassaira. Las diagrammas suivants iilustrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 S 6 • 1 * * 1 t ^ ' . \ ^.V > I , * v! ♦ t -.1 ' ■ ■, ' ■'.•■ '■■■■■" I B^ ^ ri^ • ■ M. ■ - ■ * • -,*-.,-■ ■- ^ . .' - • r-'-v .' - -pu.'-. /• ■ ■ .:.!! X ^ii ■■ ' *>■■■* i > 1^ ■■■»■■.,' - ' ■'- - '.'■■ •■ . V ..; \r - ' '" • ■ >/ ■ , ■ -. / ^'..■/ c .■■'., t .■'.'■■v'^ \ - V ^ '■ \ -'■--■■. -.^■- . l -■:^- ■■ ' " . ■■■ , . - ^ ^ ^~ > ' " .-'.■, i ■ ' "■'}'• ' . ' "/ ■- • ' '- " ■■/:- *'"■ - , XI'^^S , .if-- -^ ■.,/■ •■ / . ."- • -■■'■■ :. * - ;• ■ ,,'.,. S -i. . .-, ) . ■ ■ ... _ ■ <) [ r' '-m(. , . : •■■ '.'■ ., .; . ' •■ ■ y'Z ^ ,- .,!' , . - ■ r . • - , f _ - - . ^ ^ "-V-^.-V ':v •' '• ■. ■ ^ "'■ ■ -/ •; ; ■ . ;, :-:■<-.-..-- -^ , .v ^- .- -,• ' . •- *; ■ ^ » 1 . ■ ■ ■ ■ \ ■•■./; ' . ., ^ •*■'-, ■ ^,-.' . - 1 ■ ' (.- ■■.-- --■'••,•.■' -^ " ' ■ .- ■ .: 'Z^' ■-: .^ ^ ^' .^/V-- \' •- .^':- A"'* ' ^ ■. ■ ■ ' I ^ p -5 i 8 ' I • II w T R ANSLATION .o,E r H E Memorial of the Sovereigns of Europe INTO Common Senie and intelligible English. A Pamphlet has been publiflied in England, under the Title of " A Memorial to the Sove- reigns of Europe, on the prefcnc State of Affairs, between the old and the new World." It is faid to have been written by Governor P 1: and there are fo many quaint words,, and dark ex- prcflions, intermixed with fo many good thoughts B . and X ( a ) and fo much knowledge of Amecica, that it feems worth tranflailng, ^_^^ The Mtmorialift fcts out, with obfcrvin^, very juUly, that at the end of the lad war, a new lydem was begun, both political and commercial, which is now completely formed : that the fpiric of commerce has become a leading power : tliat at that time, the centre of this fyftem was Great Britain, whole government, had it been wife, might have preferved the advantage of continuing the centre both of the commerce and politics of the world : but being unwife, they difturbed the courfe of things. Not only have they loft, for ever, that dominion, which they had and might have holden, but the eternal parts of the empire are, one after another, falling off ; and it will be again reduced to its infular exigence. On the other hand, this new fyftem of power, moving round its own proper centre, which is America, has dilfolved all the forces fcnt againil it by the Englifh, and has formed natural connec- tions, with France and Spain, and other countries. Founded in nature, it is growing, by accelerated motions, into a great and powerful empire. It has taken its equal llation among the nations of the earth. Video film orientem in occUente. The Congrefs of the United States of North America is a new primary planet, which, taking its courfe in its own orbit, muft have an tStdc upon the orbit of every other planet, and fliifc the conMnon r> II U-^J^ x\ centre \ \ \ \> ( 3 ) centre of gravity df the whole fyftcm of the £«- topetm world. Th?y are, de fa^o^ an independent power, and muft be fo, dejurt, Thi: politicians of Europe may reafon, and the powers of Europe may either negocUteorfight^ but fuch reafonings, negotiation^, and wars^ wilt have no confequcnce either on the Right or on the Fad. Ix would be juft as wife to fight or hrgoti'ate for the don>inion of the Moon, which iscomnoon to them all •, and all may profit of htr reflrfttd light. The independence of America is as fixed as fare. She is miftrcfs of her own fortune ; knows that (he is foj and will manage that power which (he feels herfelf poffefTed of, td eltablifh her own fyftem, and change that of Europe. If the powers ^f Europe will fee the ftate of things, and aft accordingly, the lives of thoufands may be fpared, the happinefs of millions fccured, and the peace of the world prefervcd • if not, they will be plunged into a fea of blood. The war, which is almoft gorged, between Britain and America, will extend itfelf to all the maritime powers, and moft probably afterwards to all the inland powers, and fikc the thirty years war of the fixtcenth and leventeenih centuries, wilt not end, but by a general re lettlement of interclh, ac- cording to the fpirit of the new fyfttm, tvhich has taken place. Why may not all this be done, by a Cortgrcfs, of all nations, befort, i4 well as '*aft^ the war ? .; ^\ .^^ „ , '^ •, - ' X The •J -K- f ^ '( 4 ) The final fettlertient ofpower, at a'P^tctt is never in proportion to the fuccdi of irms. Ic depends upon the iRterpofition of parties, who have not meddled in the war, but who oome to the ti'eaty ofi peace, brought forward by intrigue, by the aid of jealou fy, and couniera^ by nn gotia- tion the envied efFc^s of arms. The Britons have forced the prefent fyArm in- to eftablilhment, before its natural ieal'un^ >Thfy might have fecured the attachment of the Planta- tions for years to come : but it; was a. principal part of the plan of the confidential counfcUors, in a general reformation of the, king*S; govern- ment, to reform the conditutions O^f ^ Aniterica. They were informed it; woukl ^lead tO'»^ar, but they thought it would be i good measure to i force the Americans to arms. 'Conqueft of i which thvy were fure, would give them the. right of giving what cQnlHtutions they thought fir^.fucb a^ that of Quebec, little forefeeirtg what a ,war it would, prove, and Hill lefs f^fpffling, that FUnce and. Spain, and all the reft ot* the world, would inter- pofc. ■■ "' . . I <. ■ '^i^d--' None of the powers of E urope« and few of the. '^^moft knowing polipci^n* have confidercd, what *'cfFea this revolution willr h^vc Jn the j general ., lyftera.of-pufQpc5?.j .,. .;.ta^i; .. ^^ifm^^ -^ -- r- ::.:rr.^- mv-7r / -'- rUi , Wne ; • Here it Ihould fcpm Governor .P .1 ls^ millaken, *^^ kvery power in Europe, and every great Politician, i.i Europe^ except thofe in Great Britain, have thoroughly digcllcdtlxi? J ms. Ic cs, who ocrhe CO ntriguc^ lugocia- ftrm ih- v.bThty Planca- »rincipal inlcllors, govern- \tmrica. i^ar, but lOi force lich th]cy £ giving a^ thac would. ICC and d intcr- w of the< d, what general n'.yH) t ^ One xniilaken. Europe^ rcftcd tlxif '( .;i ,) pne ihing' is certain, that, on >yhatevcr ground .,the war between Great Mritain and Bourbon be- •^gan, whatever^ourie iti may take, during wbat- ever length of time they may continue ic, to. their mutual deftrudion, the Americans will. never be- long to either fadire inequalu The powers , of .'Europe who wil\ become parties, before, th^fe ^affairs Ihall have been brought to the iffu^ will ■ '^.concur, , in . no other lettlenienr, thstn that tbefQ :ftate&arean independent fovereign power, hoId> , ipg a free commerce equally, )viih all. I; ;ln order to, (hew {low thi^fc matters, will fiivall/ x,,be iettlecj, jie, .propo&rs to , Ifiy. befpre the Sove- i,:reigns a vie,^,of Europe and^ America, and point 0^ut, what, will, be the a»t'ii|ral effects of the fepa- j^jkliof) of^lbem,* anijl of ih^cipdcpcndenjce of Anic- ,;>iiC9„ tupon the comipe^'cial, and > politit^al (late of ,, Europe i .a^d Jwally^,tQ„ihew, hgw the prclpnt ^cCirifis ,,may i^r,. by wit'doin and benevolence, ;j;,wppughtr^nto che greatelt blefllng of peace, li - 2,: bertyrr^nd. happ^ii^^^ ^^ich the world, hatn yet 9j*:^bHc) then- proceeds to compare the old an^,,np>v ^^ -world,: in point of Spiri^, Magaitude, and Power, fi In mealur^ng the magnitude of States coo much .jjis coi^iinpplyafcribcd to extent of ,<;ountry, and 3) fertility.ofrfQil. ,, That extent of dominipn which lb is 4Tioft capable of a fyftemaijcal connection and Iff ^ommii^nication ,^as the .jppit. natural greatnefs. -3WUJ ::-..', . ^ ^paratcd (r^fi I A .( 6 ) fcpariltfd Trom each otiier, and although, 6nce under the dominion of the Romans, as this was an unnatural exertion, beyond the refources of human nature, it foon diflblved, and they fepa- ratcd. Europe, Afia and Africa arc not only fcparated by their local pofitions, but are inhabited by diftinfl fpecies of the human Being, North and South America are, rn like manner, naturally divided. North America is poflcfftd by Ehglifh- men,' and this natural circumftance forms this di- vifion of America into one great Society, the bafis of a great Dominidri. There is no where in Eu- rope fo great and combined an inrereit, commu- nicating through fo large a territory, as that in North America. The northern and fouthern parts of Europe are pofleflcd by different nations, aftuated by different fovereignties and fyftems. Their intercourfe is interrupted : they art at per- petual variance. Intercourfe is difficult over hind and by fea. They are cot off by intervening na- tions. On the contrary, when North America is examined, we find every thing united in it, which forms greatnefs. The nature of the coaft and the winds render communication by, navigation per- petual. The rivers open an inland navigation which carries on a circulation through the whole. The country, thus united, and one part of it communicating with another, by its extent of territory, and variety of climates, produces all XhsLt nature requires, that luxury loveS, or that ' :-^t;-^-ii .A - power \ . fi, 6nce his was rccs of y fepa- )t onty habited North acu rally 'hglifh- this di- he bafts in Eu- ;ommu- thac in buthern nations, fyfttfms. at pcr- er hind ing na- erica is 1, which nd the n pcr- igation whole, of it ent of es all r that I power ( 7 ) power can employ. All thefe things, which the nations of Euro}^, under every difficulty that a defeat of natural communication, under every ob« llru^ion that a perverfe artificial fydem throw in their way, barter for, are in. North America pof- feffrd, with an uninterrupted natural communica- tion, an unobftruflcd navigation and an univerfal freedom of commerce, by one nation. The naval ftores. Timber, Hemp, Fifheries, and Salt PrQ- vifions of the North ( the Tobac^co, Rice, Cot- ton, Silk, Indigo, Fruits, and perhaps Wines, Refin and Tar of the South form a reciproca- tion of wants and fupplies. The Corn, Flour» Manufactures, &c. of the middle dates, fill up the communication and complete its fyltem. They unite thpfe parts, which were before conneAed, and organize the Several paits into one whole. ^; Q Civilization, next to union of fyftcm and com* munication of parts con(iitute (what Lord BactH calls) the amplitude and growth of State. The civilization of America may be compared to that of Europe, k is fuperior to that of Europe. Architecture, Painting, Statuary, Poetry, Orato- ry, and the mechanic Arts arc not fo well under- ftood and pradtiled ; nor are the Science* (thofe of Government and Policy particularly) fo learn- edly maftcred by any individual in America, as they are by fome in Europe. But, Arts, Sciences* Agriculture, Manufactures, Government, Policy, .War and Commerce arc better underftood by / ' t /■.. tfte cOllciftivtf body of the people in Amenca than they afe in Europe, or any nation inr it. And this i» the only way of (Vatlng the comparifon of Civili2atibn, atki in this refped America* is infi- nitely farther removed from barbarity than Eu- rope. When the fptrit of Civilization began firft in EtirOpe, after the barbarous ages of the northern invaders, the Clergy were the blind leaders to Light, and the feudal Lords the Patrons of Libe.ty. What Knowledge f what Liberty ! the inftrudtion of the Brft was more pernicious than ignorance. The patronage of the laft was the benevolence of the Grazier who fattens his cattle : Ibr ^he profit df their hides and tallow. The people held their knowledge, as they did their lands, by a fervile tenure, which did not permit ' them to ufe it as their own. Such was the fource of CivtUzation in Europe! > ^eo*. The firft movement of Civilization is the ap- plication of labour to the culture of the earth, in Drder to raife that fupply of food which is ne- celTary for men in fociety. . The application of labour to Architecture, Cloathihg, Tools and In- (truments is concomitant with this. Markets, in vfhxch a reciprocation of wants and furplulTes is accomplifhed, fucceed. Hence arifc by a farther improvement Artificers and Manufadurers : and, in fucceflTion, a furplus is created beyond what is wanted either by the individuals or by the commu- nity, «,••> / / ( 9 ) •nity, which produces commerce, by exchanging this furplus either for articles of convcniency, or for enjoyment which tb<^ country does not produce. By the violence of the militaiy fpirit, under which £ufqpe was a fecond time peopled, the inhabi- tants were . ijivided into two clafles. Warriors and , Slaves. Agriculture was conduded by the latter ; wretches annexed to, not owners of the foil ; de- graded animals I cattle ! property ! not proprietors ! They had no intcreft cither in their own reafon, their Jabopr, or their time. T'i&^j' had neither knowledge^ nor motiye to make an effort of improvement. Imprpvement in Agriculture was, therefore, during fnany hundred yej^rs, 9t;a (land. Although in fome countries of £urope it may fc^^^;1 at prefent pro- grcflive, it is fo flow, that, for age;s, it can have no grqat cffed, except perhaps in England, yet cv^n here the farmer is abfurdly and cijuelly op- prciffed. Manuf^dures, or the labour of men> in wood, iron, iloije or leather were cpnfidcred as the fervile offices of fociety, and fit only for Haves. Thefe artificers were mere machines of therpoft arrogant and ignorant mailers. They wou)d never make experiments -, fo that mecha- nics and arts went on for ages without improve- Upon the diflblution of the Hanfeatic l-eague, the Sovereigns, who had fecn the power which arole from manufactures and trade, brgan to en- courage their fubjefts and inviie llrangers, to :^.i;:,'' --;'---'^ *i;^''C. -■;■■- ■ cftablifli (10) eftablilh them. Civilization took a momentary Itarc. But the Policy of the Sovereigns held the manufa6lurers In a wretched condition, by many obftructing regulations. The fame policy, affed- ing to encourage manufaflurers, gave them a falfe help, by fttting AfTizes on the produce of land, which oppreflTcd agriculture. This fame fyftcm of policy confined ingenuity, by making impofing regulations on every motion of manufa^ures, on their coming from the hand of the workman ; on the carriage \ on the fale ; and on the return, whether in goods or in money. This policy was diredled to draw into the treafury of the ftate all the profit, beyond the labourers fubfiltence. Commercial legiQation was directed wholly to make the fub- jeft fell, but not buy : export articles, but import money, of which the Hate mud have the greated ihare. Hence, exclufive property of certain ma- terials of manufaflure, which they called Staple Commodities •, hence, mbnopolies ; exclufive pri- vileges of trade to perfons, articles and places; exclufive Filheries •, hence, the notions of the Ba- lance of Trade : and hence, the whole train of re- taliations, reftraints on exportation •, prohibitions of importation •, alien duties, Impofts. Having thus rendered communication among themfelves almoft impradticable, they were forced to lock out for foreign fettlements. Hence, colonies, which might be worked like out farms for the exclufive benefit of the metropolis. Hence, that -"' - - .'., -^n wildeft \,\- ( ' ) wildeil of all the wild vtlions of avarice and am- bition, the attempt to render the ocean an obje^ of property ; the claim ot polTeinon in it, and dominion over it. 7 hus civilization was obiUud- ed, the Ipirit of improvement checked, and the light of genius extinguilhed. Events may arife, which may induce, the Rulers of Europe, to re- vile and reform the hard conditions of its impri- fonment, and give it Liberty. In America, all the inhabitants are free, and* allow univerial naturalization to all that widi to be fo, and a perfect liberty of ufing any mode of life they choofe, or any means of getting a liveli- hood that their talents lead them to. 1 heir fouls are their own. Their reafon is their own. Their time is their own. 1 hey are their own maders. Their labour is employed on their own property, and what they produce is their own. Where every man has the free and full exertion of his powers, and may acquire any (hare either of profit or of power that his fpirit can work him up to, there is an unabated application; and a perpetual drug- gie of fpirits Iharpens the wit and trains the miud. The acquifition of knowledge in bufineis, ntceffary to this mode of life, gives the mind a turn of invedigation which forms a chara^cr pe- culiar to thefe people. This is called inquifitive- neis, which goes often to ridicule, but is in mat- ters of bufmcis and commerce an ufeful talent. They are animated with the fpirit of the New C 2 - Phi- 9Hi ( 12 ) Phiiofophy. Their life is a couffe of expcriv mencs; and (landing on as high a ground uf im^' provemcnt as the moll enlightened parts of Eu- rope, ihcy ha^e advanced Ifke Eaglets, they com- mencing the firft efforts of their pinions from a' towering advantage. In Europe the poor nvan's wifdom is dcfpifcd^ The poor man's wifdorrt is not Learning biit Knowledge of his own picking up from faifls and nature, by 5mpie experience. In America, the Wifdom and not the Man is attended to. Ame- rica is the poor m.m*s country. The Planters there reafon not from what mf y hear, but from what they fee ahd feel. They follow what mode they like. They feel that thty can venture to make experiments, and the advantages of their difcoveries are their own. They therefore try what the foil claims, what the climate permits^ and what both will produce to th^ greatert ad- vantage. In this way, they have brouglit inta cultivation an abundance of what no nation of the old World ever did, or could mtroduce. They raife not only plenty and luxury for' thtir internal Jup- ply, but the iftands^ in the Weft-Indies have been fupplicd from their fuperabundance •, and Europe,, in many articles, has profited by ir. I't has had its Fifh from their feas : its wheat and flour from one part : its rice from another part : its Tobacco and indigo from another : its Timber and naval -. ^ ^ ■■■ ' ;. . .V --y^'fu J. .ftores >cpen> if im- f Eii- com- ^^ Toma! ; fpifed^ g but fls and :a, the Amc- 'lanters It from. : mode iture to f their )re try trmicsy H\ ad- it \mo ot the ey raife ai lup- e been iirope,. as had r from bacco naval itores ( »3 > ftofcs from another. Olives, Oranges sind -Wineii are introducing by experiments*. 1 his fpirit of Civilisation 6rft attaches ttfelf to ^ mother Earth, and tiie inhabitants become Ijaid* workers. We feethem latouring at the^plough and the Ipade, as if they had' not an idea aibovethe earth -, yti their minds are, during the whole tim^; enl'^ging all their powers, and their fpirit rife^ ai their improvements advande. Many a real phtlo* fopher, politician and warrior emergens out of this wildernels, as the feed fifes out of the grounds They have alio made many improVecitents in handicrafts, tools and machines. Want- of tOol& and the urtBtnefs of fuch as they had Have put thcfe letfters to their fliifts •, and thefe (hifts are experiments. Particular iifes, calling for fome aF« teration, have opened many new inventions. More Htiv tobis; more ;r^ machines, anrd rtiore new forms of old machines have been invicnted in America than were ever invented in Europe vti the fanie fpace of time. They have noti tinned their laboUi^ into arts aind manufa^ures, becaulb their labour employed in its own natural way can produce thofc things which purchaie arttcleis of arts and manufaflures, chtaper, than Jthey cbuld make them. But although they do not manu- fa^ure for fale, they find fragments of tinie which they cannot otherwifc employ, in which they make moll of the articles of perfonal ware and houfehold ufe, for home confumption. "When the ( H ) the Held fh^U be filled with hufhandmen and the claflcs of handicraft fully (tocked, as there are no laws which impofe conditions on which a man is to become intituled to exercife this or that trade, or by which he is excluded, from exer- cifing either the one or the other, in this or that place : none that prelcribe the manner in which or the prices at which he is to work, or chat con- fine him even to the trade he was bred to ; the moment that civilization, carried on in its natural courfe, is ripe for it, the branch of manufac- tures will take root and grow with an aftonilhing rapidity. Although they do not attempt to force the cftabliflimeni of manufactures, yet, following the natural progrcfs of improvement, they every year produce a furplus of proBt. With thefe fur- plufTes, and not with manufa^ures, they carry on their commerce. Their Fifh, Wheat, Flour, Rice, Tobacco, Indigo, Live Stock, Barrel Pork and Betf^ iome of thcfe being peculiar to the country and Staple Commodities, form their ex- / ports. This has grven them a dired trade to Europe and a circuitous trade to Africa and the "Weft- Indies. The fame ingenuity, in mechanics, which accompanies their Agriculture, enters into their commerce, and is exerted in iliip building. It is carried on, not only for their own freight, and that of the Weft- Indies, but for fale, and to fupply a great part of the (hipping of Britain •, and fhould it continue to advance will fupply a great / ^ [iding. 'ight, md to •, and great part ( 'S ) pait X)f the trade of Europe with (hips, at cheaper rates, than they can either any wherr, or by an/ means fupply themfelves. Thus, their commerce^ altho* under varioui leftridtions, while they were fubordinate provinces, by its advancing progrefs in (hip-building hath Hricken deep roots,' and is now (hot forth into an active trade, into antpli- tude of (late and great power. It will be objedted, that the balance of trade has been at every period againft America, fo as to draw all the gold and filver from it, and for this reafon it cannot advance m commerce and opu- lence. It will be anfwered that, America, even while ill deprefled and retrained provinces, has advanced its cultivation to great opulence, con- (tantly extending the channels of its trade, and increa(ing its (hipping. It is a fallacious maxim to judge of the general balance of profit in com- merce, by the motions of one article of com- merce, the precious metals. Thcfe metals will always be conveyed to that country that pays the mod for them. That country which on any fudden emergency wants money, and knows not how to circulate any other than filver and gold, muft pay the molt for them. The influx of them, therefore, into a country, inftead of being a con- fequencc of the balance of trade cxifting in its favour, or of the efflux (landing as a mark of the balance oppofed againft it, may be a proof to the contrary. The balance of trade, reckoned by the . / import ( i6 ) un\iQiit or export of gold and filver, fVHiy, in n>my ctiirs, be fai^ to be agaiod Englancl, ^^d in favoui- of t-hc countries to which its iTvoiKy goes. If this import or export were tht: cffeft of {i Bnally fettled account, inftead of being only the xran&fer of this article to or from an account current (as it com^ monly is) yet it would not be a mark of the ba- lance of trade. England, from the nature of its government, and the extent of its. commerce, has eftablilhed a credit on which, during any pmerr gency, it can give circulation tp paper money^ almoft to any amount. If it could not, it muft at any rate, purchafe gold and filver, ^nd there would be a great influx of the precious metals. Will ai^y one fay, that this is a fymptom of the (balance of trade being in its favour? bur, on the contrary, having credit, from a progrelTive balance of proBt, it can, even in fuch an^ emer- gency, fpare its gold and fvlver, and even make a proBt of them, as articles of commerce exported* Hence, we fee the balance of profit creating a credit which circulates as money, even while its gojd^and filver are exported. If any event like the re«coinage ^of the gold in^ England, which called in the old coin at a better price than that at which it was circulating abro^^l, Ihould raile the price of this article, in England, it will, for the fame reafon, as it went out, be again imported into England, not as a balance of accounts, but as an article of trade, of which, the beft profit - • . could, ^ J ( >7 ) '^ fOMt this ttkd this com- e ba- )f its >, ,has DmCT- oncy, muft jind rcious tptom ' but, reflivc Icmcr- make orted* iting a lile its t like which in that ile the "or the orted |s, but proBt Icould, If . could, flit that moment, be made. The h6k was, that, at that period, quanticiei of Englilh gold coin, to a great amount, were actually imported into England in bulk i and yet this was no mark of any fudden change of a balance of trade in favour of that country. The balance of trade, reckoned by this falfe rule, has been always faid to be againll North America : but thefaft is, that their government, profiting by a credit arifing from the progFeflive improvements and advanc- ing commerce of the country, hath, by a refined policy, -eftablifhed a circulation of paper money, to an amount that is aftonifhing. That from the immenfe quantity it (bould depreciate is nothing to this argument | for it has had its effect. The Americans, therefore, can fpare their gold and filver as well as England, and information fays^ there 4S now locked up in America^ more tkan ibree miliiom of Englijh money ^ in gold and Jilver^ wbicb^ wben their paper is annihilated^ will come forth. The efilux, therefore, of gold and filver, is no proof againft them : on the contrary, being able to go without gold or filver, but wanting other articles without which they could not proceed in their improvements, in Agriculture, Commerce, or War, the gold and filver are, in part, hoarded, and part exported for thefe articles. In fad, this objrdion, which is always given as an inftance of wcaknefs in America, under which Hie nmft fink, turns out, in the true (late of it, an inllance of •;:,. ■—.•'- • -.;■, ■ D ■-- -^ -■■•'■-. ■' the ( «8 ) the mod extcnfivc amplitode and growth of ,ftate. Ic would be well tor England, if, while fhe triumphs over this nx>te in her fiiler's eye, (he wouid auend to die beam in her own, and pre- pare for (he confequenccs of her own paper money. From this comparifon of the ftate of Civiliza- tion, applied to Agriculture, Mechanics and Com- merce, extended through a lavgc territory, having a free communication through the whole^ ic ap- pears, that North* America has adva^iced, and is every day advancing, to a growth of (late, with ti, conftant and accelerating motion, of which there has never been any example in Europe. ^ The two countries may be compared^ in the progrefs of population. In North America, chil- dren are a bkfTing. They are riches and ftrengch to the parents. In Europe, children are « bur- den. The caufes of which have beet) explained ill the obfcrvations concerning the increafc of mankind, the peopling of countries, &c. ; Take a few ixaniplts. The MaflTachufct's Bay fiad, of inhabitants in the year 1722, 94,000. In 1742, ib4,ooo. In 1751, when there was a great depopulation, both by war and the fmall- pox, 164,484. In 1 76 1, 216,000. In 1765, 255,500. In i77i| 292,000. In 1773, 300,000. In Connefticutt, in 1756, 129,994. In 17749 257,356. Thefe numbers are not increafed by Grangers, but decreafed by wars and emigrations ' '-' to late. (he , , (he pre- )aper iliza- aving ic ap- ind is , with which >c. in the , ehil- • rcngth « bur- lained afc of c. :*s Bay 4,000. was a fmall- 0,000. i774» id by atlons to w ( 19 ) to the Wfftwardt and to other (\ate$, y^( they have nearly doubled in eighteen yo^rs. I() New York, in 1756, 96,776i m 1771. ]68«Q07( in 1774, 182,251. '" Vifglnia, m 1756. i73.»3»6i in 1764, 2oo,oqo> i« 1774, ( 300,000. In South Carolina, in 1759, 64,000*, in 1770, 115,000. In Khode Idand, in 1738, 15,000 ( in 1748, a8,4^9. , .\uvJOi.. fj As thcrp never was a militia in Penfylvani.!, with authentic lids of the population, ic has been varioufly eftimated on fpeculaiton. Ther^ was a coni^ant importation Cor many years of! Irilh and foreign emigrants, yet. many, of thefe fettled in other provinces,: hut the progrefs of population, in the ordinary; courfe advanced in a Ratio, be- tweefithAti of Virginia and that of Mairacbuf^t's Bay<., The city of Philodelphia advanced more rapidly. It had in 1749, 2,076 hpufes. In 1753, „ia,300i in 1760, 2^969 j in 1769, 4^7^ i. from. 1749 to 1753, from 16 to 1 8,000 inha|;»ican(s I from 1760 to 1769, from 3 1,3 » 8 to 3j5,ooo« There were in 1754 various icak'uiiiiionsiind'elli- mates made of the numbers on the continent. The fanguine made the numbers one million and an.half. Thofe who admitted lefs fpfecuUtion into the calculation, but adhered clofer to h&s and lifts, ftaced them at one million, t^yQ hui^dred and fifty thoufand. The .ef^i^nate faid,t9>e, taken in Congrefs, in i774« mak^s them 3,o;26)678. But there. muft have have been great fcopc of fpecu- D 2 lation ti ( 20 ) Ittion in that eftimate. Another, after two years war» is two millions, eight hundred and ten thou- fand. Two millions, one hundred and forty-one thoufand, three hundred and fcven, would turn out nearcft the real amount in 1774. What an amazing progrefs! which in eighteen years has added a million to a million, two hundred and fifty thoufand, although a war was maintained m that country for feven years of the term. In point of view we perceive a community unfolding itfelf beyond any example in Europe. '-r < But the model of thefe communities^ which has always taken place, from the beginning, has enrolled every fubje^t as a foldier, and trained a greater part, or 5351326 of thefe people to arms, which number the community has, nos feparace from the civil, and formed into a diftinft body of regular loldiers, but remaining united in the in- ternal power of the fociety, a national Piquet Guard, always prepared for defence. Thia will be thought ridiculous by the regular Generals of Europe: but experience hath evinced, thdt for the very reafon, that they are nor a feparate body» but members of the community, ifecy are a real- and effedual defence. The true grcatoefs of a Hate confifts in population, where there is valouF in individuals, and a military difpofition in the frame of the community : where all, and not par- ticular conditions and degrees only, make pro- ( at ) has la rtal of a UIOUF in th$ |t par- pro- ;ilioA feflion of arms, and bear them in defence of thetr country. " ^ This country ii now an independent (late, and has been avowedly and confefi^dly fo, for more than four years. It is, indeed, fix years, fince tt was fo in eflfeA. It hath taken its -equal (Nation among the nations. It is an empii^ the fpirit of ' whofe government extends from the centre to the extreme parts. Univerfal participation of council '^ creates reciprocation of univerfaf obedience. The Seat of Government will be well informed of the ftate and condition of the remote and extreme pans, which, by participation in the legiflature, i^will be informed and fatisfied in the reafoos and neceifity of the meafures of government. Thefe < will confider themfelves as acting in every grant that is made, and in every tax impofed. This ^ confideration will give efficacy to government, that confenfiu obtdientium, on which the permanent power of empire is founded. This is the fpirit of the new empire in America. It is liable to many diforders, but youthful and ftrong, like the infant Hercules, it will ftrangle thefe ferpents in the cradle. Its ftrength will grow with years. It will eftablilh its conftitution and perfect growth to maturity. To this greatnefs of empire it will certa'mly arife. That it is removed three thoufand miles from its enemy ; that it lies on another fide of the globe, where it has no enemy : that it is earth born and like a giaot ready to run its courfe, ,,-.;... arc ;...!i^^ i i2« ) -iKt nQt4ii^.|>rtIy grwiftidi, pn whiph ihc KpecuUnft may pronounce this. The foftering eve wiih whkk the rivJil fKJfW^r^ oif ,Eufpp« will nwrfc it cnfures its f {^4bliiftm(tj=»t, b^ypnci ajl^ang^, ?nd even bfycmd, all. |[^fHjb5^ , .n*::^/ ;:■ . ' WhPn ft iUtc i^ f9^fw;^ed on . fiifffj amplitude i^f territory i wl^ofc intercourse is lb4H^fy ; whofexiyi- li^at^i) 1^ |o.ady4nce,di whcr«^ll is enterprise and flfptriment,: wfe^r^ agriculture ha^ made Co fniny -dilcoverie^-Of ^fW and p^rculiar articles of ciulciyatton : whcre-tbe ordinary prodjuce qf jptrejid covEi lias been carried to a degreie» that hfts fmade jcnifiaf^e export for the fuppiy.df the M worl({ : li^hoi^- Filheries are mines, producing more Md richfs than all tbe^filver of \Petofi : iwkfcreitxpcri- mettt hcKh invented fo many new iand ingenious improvements tn mechanics: whene ithe Arts, Sciences, LegiQition, and Politics are; foaring y^h a ftrong and extended pinion :ij|rtere. pfiji)!(|- iation has multiplied like the feeds, of thfth»ryeg licrn : whlsre Trade of extenfive orBitt, circulatiilg in irs own. (hipping, has wrought thefe eflfwis of the communiry to an «(^ive commerce : wh«re all thtib powers have united and taken the fbrm of Empire j I may fuppofe I cannot err, cr give of- fence to the greateft power in Europe, when upon a compartfon of the ilate of mankind and of the powers of Europe with that of America, 1 venture ■ X. ( *i y wiih irfc it :u4c i^t' fexiyi- oade.ip klcs of f lptr€Jld worlc) *• ye falid cjcperi- Arts, ibftfing >g ItQf) *• g in its $)f (he Ihere all farm ©f , when ind and nerica, venture I Tenture t6 fugged t6 ttitir contemplation^ (tHi^ America is growing toa h^tf, 'for ^ny gow^crh*- mmt in Europe to manage as rubordinate: That the gd^^nment of Congnefs and the States is tb^ ftfTily fi^ed in the hands of iheir own cbmmt)- m^ / ' to bfc txthar direfled by other hands, or taken ocit of thofe in which \t is: and that tUfi power Hi Hitti and arms b too much to be forc^ - .,....-^-. , . "" ' the I tftefad^t fo that the confequenccs maybe feet). The prdent combination of events, whether at- tended to or disregarded, whether wrought by ^ifdoni. into the fyftem of Europe, or foolilhly negle^edk will force its way there by the, vigour of natural taufes Europe, in the cOMffc of its commerce, and ev^n in the internal order and cecoaomy of iu communities, wiU be a(fi?4ted by it. The Statefman cannot prevent iff fyiftence, nor refift its operation. He may embroil his own affairs, but it will become his be(t wifdom, and his duty to his Sovereign and the people, that his meafures coincide and co-operate with it. « The firft confequence of this empire, is, the effcA it will have as a Naval Power on the Com- merce and political fyftem of Europe. "Whoever underftands the Hanfeatic League and its progrefs, in naval power, by poflefling the commanding articles of the commerce of the woild ( the command of the great Rivers i its being the carrier of Europe } that it could attradt, refift, and even command the landed powers; that it was made up of feparate and unconnected towns, included within the dominions of other ftates ; that they had no natural communication, and only an artificial union : whoever confiders not only the commercial but naval and political power which this League eftabliftied throughout Europe, will fee on how much more folid a bafts the power of North America ftands -, how much fafter ai- : by iflily gouc rf Us and id by :enccy s own I, and lat his is, the Com* -caguc ingthe of the si its attract, owers i nedted If other ication, nfiders olitical ughouc a bafis much, faftcr ( 25 ) faftcr it muft grow, and to what an sfcendancy of intereft, carrying on . the greateft part of the commerce, and commanding the greateft pare of the (hipping of the world, this great commercial and naval power muft loon arrive. If the League, i without the natural foundation of a political body, in land, could grow by commerce and navigation to luch power : if, of parts feparated by nature, and only joined by art and force, they could be- come a great political body, adting eternally with an intereft «nd power that took a lead and even an afqendancy, in wars and treaties, to what ele* vated poiat muft not North America, removed at the diftance of half the globe, from all. the ob- ftrudtjons of rival powers, fuundeU in a landed dominion, peculiarh* adapted for the communi- cation of, commerce, and the union of power, raife the velocity and vigour of its progrefs ? As the Hanfeatic league grew up to power, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, and France, fought its alliance, under the common veil of pride, by offt;rs of be- coming its protestors. England alfo growing faft into a commercial power, had commercial ar- rangements, by treaty, with it. Juft fo now will the fovereigns of Europe •, juft fo have the Bour- bon compadt, the greater power in Europe, court- ed the friendftiip of America. Standing on fuch a bafis, and growing up, under fuch aufpices, we may pronounce concerning America, as it was £ ob- ( a6 ) obferved ot' Rome ; civitas incredihik efi memeratu, adeptaiiberiaiej quantum brevi creverit. In the courfe of thia i^merican war all the ma- ricime powers of Europe will, one after another, follow (he example of fome of the leading powers, and apply to the States of America for a (hare in theti! trade, and for a'fettlement of the terms, on which they may carry it on with them. America will then become the arbicrefs of comftiertial; and, perhaps, as the Seven united Bel|g4c Pro- ' vinces were in t-he year 1 647t the Mediatri^r of Peace, and o£ the polite buiinefsof the world; If North America follows the principles on which nature has efi!abli(hed her \ and if the Eu- ropean alliances yrhich (he has made do not involve her in, and feduce her to a fcries of condu^, de- (hufkive of th?.t fyftem, to which thofe principles lead, (he mu(t obferve, that (as nature hath fepa- rated her from Europe, and eftabli(hed her alone on a great continent, far removed from the old worldi and all its embroiled interefts, and wrang- ling politics, without either an enemy or a rival, or the entanglement of alliances)- — i. It is con- trary to her intereft, and the nature of her exift^ enqe, that (he (hould have any exigence of politics with Europe, other than merely ccTmmercial ; and even, on that ground, to obferve inviolably the caution of not being involved in either the quar- rels or the wars of the Europeans. 2. That the reaPftatc of America is, that of being the com- mon r ■7 »..••. na- ler, ers, e in on rica cial; Pro- ' IX of 'd; t on I Eu- /olve , de- ciplcs fcpa- alone c old |rang- rival, con- Icxift*- )Iitics |i and |ly the quar-* lac the com- mon I! ( «7 ) mon fource of. fupply to Europe in general } and that her true intereft is, therefore, that of being a free port to all Europe at large : and that all Eu- rope, at large^ Hiould be the common market for ' American exports. The true intereft, therefore, of America, is, not to form any partial connec. tions with any part, to the exclufion of the reft. If England had attended to her true imereft, as connected with that of America, from which (he could derive advantages : and if (he would even yet,, with temper litten to her true intereft, Hk wouid ilill Bpd, that fuch a commerce would in ri great meafure continue, with the liime benefit, were the two countries as independent of each other as France and Spain, becaufe in many ar- ticles neither of them can go to a better market. This is meant as under their prefent habits and cuftoms of life. Alienation may change all this. The firft great leading principle muft be that North America will become a free port to all the nations of the world, indilcrimtnately '^ and will , exped, infift on, and demand, in fair reciprocity, a free market in all thofe nations, with whom ftie trades. This, if flie neither forgets, nor forfakes her real nature, will prove the bafis of all her commercial treaties. If (he adheres to this prin- ciple, (he muft be in the courfc of time, the chief carrier of the commerce of the whole world : be- caufe, unlefs the fcveral j)0wers of Europe become to each other likcwife fite ports and free markets, E a , America (28) Amfrica alone will come to and nGt there,, with an^afcendanc intertft, that mud command every benefit that can refult from them. The comnierce of North America, being no longer the property of one coi\ntry only, her ar- ticles of fupply will come freely, and be found now in all the markets of Europe : not only mo- derajied by, but moderating the prices of the lifce articles of Europe. I'he Furs and Peltry wilj. 'meet thofe of the north eafl. parts of Euro^)e i and neither the one nor the other can any longt^r be eHimated by the advantages to be taken of an exclufive vent. Advantages of chi» kind, on iron, and naval (lores, ihave frequently been aimed at by Sweden : and the monopoly in them was more than once uied as an inltrumeht of hoftility againft England, which occafioned the bounties on thefe articles, the growth of America, which gave rilb to the export of them from America. When; they come freely to the European market, co- operating with the effedt which thofe of Ruflia have, they will break that monopoly. For Ruflia,, by the conqueft of Livonia, andnhe advancement of htr civilization, has become a fource of fupply in thefe articles, to a great extent. All Eiirope»> by the intervention of tlus American commerce, will find the good effedls of a fair competition, both in abundance of fupply, and in moderation of price. Even England, who hath loft the m(v nopoly, will be no great loofer. She will find this \. )ply opc> 'rcc, tion find this ( 29 ) - this natural competition as advantageous to her» as the monopoly, which, in bounties and other cods of protection, (he paid Co dear for. Ship- building and navigation having m&de fuch progrefs in America, that the natives are able to build and navigate cheaper than any country in Europe, even than Holland, with all their csco- . nomy, there will arife a competition m this branch of commerce. There will alfo be a competition in the markets of Europe, in the branch of the Fifheries. The Rice and corn, which the Ameri- cans have been able to export, to an amount that ' fupplied in the markets the i defeat ariOnfr from England's withholding her exports will, when that export ihall again take place, keep dqwn de- prefled the agriculture of Portugal and/ Spain, and, in fome meafure, of France^ if the policy of thofe countries docs not change the regulations and order of their internd oeconomy. The par- ticular articles .to be had as yet from America only, which Europe feeks fo much after will give the Americans the command of the market in thofe markets, and enable them, by annexing a^ fortments of other articles, to produce thofe alio with advantage in thefe markets. The refufe Fifh, Flour, Maize, Live Stock, Lumber, &c. all car- ried in American (hipping to the Weft-India idands : the African (laves, carried by a circuitous trade, in American (hipping alfo to the Weft-India niarHcts : taking from thence the mola(res : aiding thofe M ( 3" ) thofe idands with American (hipping in the car- riage of their produce, muft ever command and have the afcendency in the commerce of that part of the world* if this aicendency even ftops here. The cheap manner in which the Americans pro- duce their articles of fupply : the low rates at which they carry them to Europe, felling alio their (hipping there: the fmall proBtsat which their merchants are ufed to trade, muft lower the price of the like articles in Europe : oblige the European merchants to be content with a lefs profit : occafion fome reform in the oeconomy of Europe, in raifrng and police in bringing to mar- ket the aflive, articles of fupply. But farther, the Americans, by their principle of being a free port in America and having a free market in Eu- rope } by their policy in holding themfelves, as they are remote from all the wrangling politics, lb neutral in qU the wars of Europe: by their fpirit of enterprize, in all the quarters of the globe, will oblige the nations of Europe to call forth within themrdves fuch a fpirit as muft en- tirely change its commercial fyftem alfo. But will a people whoi'e empire ftands fingly predominant on a great continent, who, before they lived under their own government^ had pufhed their fpirit of adventure in fcarch of a North-Weft palTage to Afia, fuffer in their border* the eftablifhment of fuch a monopoly as the Eu- ropean Hudfon's Bay company ? will that fpirit - which vC e tii^-'Q V ■ ( 3' ) which hat forced an exctfnfive commerce in the two Bays of Homluras and Camrprachy, and on .the Spaniih Main, and which has gone to Fatk* land's Ilhnds in fearch only of whales, be flopped at Cape Horn, or not pafs the Cape of Good Hope t It will not be bng, after their rftablifhmtnt as an Empire, before they will be found trading to the South Sea and in China. The Dutch wiU Hear of them in the Spice llTaiids, to which the Dutch can have hO claim, and which thefe enterprrfing^ people will conteft on the l^ery ground and by the very arguments which the Dutch ufed to conteft the fanie liberty againft Portugal. By the inter- courfc and corrtffpondcnce, which there will ht between Europe and Americsi, it will be as well known as Europe. By attention to the witld's, currents, the Gulph ftream and its Lee currents, the palTage wilt be better undeifftbod and become Iborcer. Amiirrica will fcbm every day to ap- proach nearer and nearer to Europe. When the alarm, whidH tht^ idea of going to a (Irang^ and diltaiit country gives to a nvanufaflurer or pea- faht. Or even a country gentleman, (hail thus be worn out, a thbufand attractive motives, refpeft- ing a fetdement in America, will' raife a fplrit of adventurie and become the irrefirtible caufc of a general emigration to that: world. Nothing but fome future wife and benevoltnt policy in Europe, Or fomc fpirit of the Evit One, which may mix itielf in the policy of America, can prevent ir. ; ' Many ( 30 Many of the moft ufeful enterpriHng Ipiriti «nd much of the adlive property will go there. £x^ change hath taught the ftat^fmen of the world long ago that they cannot confine money : and the government of Europe muft fall back to the Feudal Tyranny in which its own people are locked up, and from which all others are exclud- ed, or commerce will open a door to emigration. Tbefe relations of things, thefe Leges et Ftedera Rerum are forming the new fyftem. The fublime politician, who ranges in regions of predcter-. mined fyftems •, the man of the world, narrowed by a ielBfti experience, v/orfe than ignorance, will not believe ; and it is but flowly that nations re- linquifh any fyftem which hath derived authority from time and 'habit. Thole fovereigns of Eu- rope, who have defpifed the aukward youth of America, and neglected to form connexions, »,nd interweave their interefts with thefe rifing ftates, will find the fyftem of this new empire obftrufting and fuperfeding the old fyftem of Europe, and crofting all their maxims and meafures. They will call vpon their minifters. Come! curfe me this people^ for they are too mighty for. me. The fpirit of truth will anfwer, How JbaU I curfe^ whom GOD bath iot curfed? Howfhall IJefy^ whom the LORD bath not defied? From tbe top of tbe rock I fee tbemy and from tbe bills I heboid tbem. Lot the people Jhall dwell alone, andfhall'mt be reckoned among tbe nations. On the contrary, thofc fove- reigns. hgns. (33 ) reigns, who (hall fee things as ihcy are, and form, if not the earlieft, yet the moft fure and natural connexions with America, as an independent llate-i as the market of, and a free port to Eu- rope : and as being that which muft have a free uiarket in Europe, will become the principal lead- ing powers in Europe, in regulating the courfes of the red, and in fettling the common centre of all. England is the ftate in thefe circumllances, and in that fuuation. Similar modes of living and i linking, manners and falhions, language and iiabics all coQfpire naturally to a rejun^ion by aiMance. If England would treat America as wb it file is, file might (till have the afcendency in Trade and Navigation ; might dill have a more folid and kfs invidious power than that Af^^vi Nominis Umbra^ with which Ibe braves the whole world. She might yet have an active leading in- tered among the powers of Europe. But Hie will not ! — Js though ihe Hand of Divine Vengeance ^ere upon her, England will not fee the things which make for her peace ! France, who will be followed by other nations, acknowledging thefe dates to be whai they are, has formed alliances, with terms of perfe^ Equality and Reciprocity, And behold the afcendant to which die diredly arofe, from that politic humiliation. There never was a wifer or a firmer dcp taken by any cdablidied power, than that which the new dates took for their fird foot- ! I X ( 34 ) ing in this aHiincc. There never was more ad« drefs, arc, or policy (hewn by any (late than France has given proof -of in the fame, when both agreed and became allied on terms, which ixclude no ether power from enjoying the fame be- nefits by a like treaty. Can it be fuppofed that other dates, conceiving that the exclufive trade of England to America is laid open, will n6t de- fire and have their (hare ! They certainly will. Here then are the beginnings of changes in the EurO' peanfyfiem. There are two courfes in which this general in- tercourfe of commerce between Europe and North America may come into operation : one, by par- ticular treaties of^ commerce, the other by all the maritime dates of Europe, previous to their en- gaging in a war, or upon the general fettlement of a peace, meeting in fome Congrefs, to regulate among themfelves, as ^ell as with North' Ame- rica, the Free Port, on one hand, and the Free Marker, on the other, as alfo general regulations of commerce and navigation, fuch as mud fuic this free Trader, now common ta them all, in- . differently, and without preferehce. Such regu- lations muft exclude all monopoly. of this fcurce of fupply and courfe of Trade, and (b far make an eflential change in the commercial fyftem. Such regulations not having reference only to America, but reciprocal references between all the contracting parties trading now, under diffe- rent ( 35 ) rent circumftances, and (landing towards each other in different predicaments, muft n^cefliirily change the whole of that fyftem in Europe. The American Will come to markt^t in his own fblp, and will claim the ocean ii common : will claim a navigation reArained by no laws, but the laws of nations, reformed as the riling criHs tt- quires : will claim a free market, not only for his goods, but hit (hip, which will make a part of his commerce. America being a free poFt to all Europe, the American will bring to Europe not only his own peculiar (laple produce, but every fpccies of his produce, which the mar- ket of Europe can take off: he will expedl to be free to oflTer to fale in the European market every fpecies of wrought materials, which he can make to anfwer in that market : and further as his com- merce fubfiAs, by a circuitous interchange with other countries, whence he brings articles hot fingly for his own confumption, but as exchange- able articles, with which he trades in foreign mar- kets, he will claim as one of the conditions of the free market, that thefe foreign articles, as well as his own produce, (hall be confidered as free for him to import in his own (hipping to fuch mar* ket. Thofe ftates who refufe this at firft, feeing others acquiefce in it, and feeing alfo how they profit by having articles of fupply and trade brought fo much cheaper to them, will be ob- liged, in thtrir own defence, and to maintain their F % balance . ( 36 ) balance in the commercial world, to accede to the fame liberty. Hence again, even if the Ame- rican (hould ^ot, by thefe means, become the afcendant intereft in the carrying trade and in, ihipping and fcamen, a moft effential change mufl: arife in the European fyfcem. The American raifes his produce and navigation, cheaper than any other can : his ftaples are articles which he alone can lupply. Thefe will come to market afforted with others, which he thus can. moft conveniently fupply ; and unlefs the fame freedom of trade which he enjoys be reciprocally given and taken by the European powers among each other, he wiij[ come to the European mar- ket on terms which no other can : but Europe wilt be affefted, benefited and improved by his man- ner of trading. The peculiar adlivity of the Americans will raife a fpirit and aftivity in thofe who come to the fame market. That peculiar turn of charadler, that inquifitivenefs which in bufinefs animates a fpirit of inveftigation to every extent, and the minuteft detail, enables them to conduft their dealings in a manner more advan- ta^reous than is ufually pradifed by the European merchant. They acquire a knowledge not only of the markets of Europe, that is of the wants and fupplies, how they correfpond, and of their relative values •, but they never reft till they are pofliefiVd of a knowledge of every article of pro- duce and manufadure whi^h comes to thofe markets •, until they know the eftablilhments, the operations ■> ,.. ( 37 ) ■ :■/ ran ,ly nts leir are ro- ofe the operations and the prices of labour, and tlie pro* 5ts made on each, as well, and even better than the merchants of the country themfelves. Not long before the war fevefal of the American mer- chants, efpecially thofe of Penfylvania, fending fome of their own houfes to England* became their own fadlors, went immediately to the ma- nufacturers in Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Sheffield j to the woollen manufafturers in York- fhire and Lancafhire: to thofe of Liverpool and thofe of the Weft; and opened a traffic with them at the firft hand. This fame fpirit of in* vefligation and activity will a^uate their dealings in every other Country of Europe. The efFeft of this, inftead of being difadvantageous to thofe countries, will become a general bleifing, by railing a more general competition, and diffu- fing a more proportional (hare of profit be- tween all ranks of the indullrious. While trade is folely in the hands of the merchant he bears hard on the purchafcr, by his'^ high profit, and opprefles the manufa^urer by the little (hare he allows him. The merchant grows rich and magnificent, makes a great buftle and figure. It can never be well where merchants are princes. The more the merchant can make by high profit, the lefs quantity will he carry to mar- ket. Whereas when commerce (hall be free, and by the mixture of this American fpirit, trade run with fair competition in a broad channel, the merchant muft make his way by being content with ( 38 ) w)th fmall profit, and by doing a deal of bufinefs on thofe Tmall profits. The confumer and manu- ' fadlurer will come nearer together. The one will iave an unreafonable advance, and the other ob- tain a more equal (hare of profit. More work will be done : the profits of induftry more eqvtally ' . diftributed : the circulation will fpread through the leflerveiTels, and life, health and growth bc( promoted. ^ if thefe operations take this courfe, it will be needlefs to point out to the (hrewd fpeculations of the merchants what their conduct muft necefiarily be : but it will behove ilatefmen to be aware thai they do not fufiifr the merchant to perfuade them, that the commerce is langui(hing merely becaufe there is not the fame parade of wealth in fuch dazzling indances. Let them look to the markets of fupply, and obferve if there be not plenty. Let them next attend to the rude produce, which IS the bafis of manufadures, and enquire, whe- ther, while more and more induftry is called forth, it is not employed, and niore adequately paid, by a free and extended vent? whether, while the numbers and ingenujty of manufactures increafe, they do not live more comfortably^ fo as to have and maintain increafing families ? whether popu^ lation does not increafe ? Let them in future guard againft the exclufive temper of trade. The poli- tical founders of the old fyftem were totally igno- rant of this principle of commerce. It was wif- V V i y ( 39 ) dom with them to render their neighbour and cuftomers poor. By a wretched fyftem of taxa«> tion they efftfdtually prevented the (lock of labbtif and profit from accumulating. But if the ftatef- men of the prefent enlightened age wt)f foflbw where experience leads to truth and right, they will throw the aflivity of mankind iiitb its proper courfe of produftive labour. N/Vhen man has the Jiberty of exerting his induftry and ingenuity, (6 as to make them the moft prbduftive; when ht finds a free market and his ibare of profit, then is the ground duly prepared for population, opu- lence and ftrength. Then will the fovereigny df Europe find* their intercft and their power in their peoples happinefs. •^'• If the fovercigns of ifeurope fliould find that the fyftem of colonies in diftant regions, for the purpofe of monopolies is at an end, nnd turn their attention to give exeriion to their own in- tcrnal powers, like the police of China, cultivate their wafte lands, improve agriculture, encourage :^manuFa6tures, and abolifli corporations : as all the "^remnants of Barbarifm (hall be removed, the powers of the community will create thofe fur- plufies which will become the fuurce and open the channels of commerce. If they Ihould fee the difappintments of attempts to eilablifh a mo- nopoly of navigation by the force of laws, inftcad of creating or maintaining it, by the fpirit of an aifljve commerce •, that all the prohibitions by *""■ -.' "' '-'>' ',/''■. which t-. ,'V ( 40 ) which they labour to opprefs their neighbours do but deprefs themfelves> they may come to think that giving freedom and adlivity to commerce, is the true fyftem of every commercial country. Suppofe them checked in their career of war, hefitating on the maxims of their old iyftems, perceiving that the ceconomical aftivity of Eu- rope is on the turn to take a new courfe, feeling the ftrcngth of an aftivc commerce, finding ihem- fcivcs under the neceflTity of making fome reform and beginning to fpeculate, how, amidft a num- ber of powers of trade, fhifcing their fcale, an even balance may be introduced and fecured ; how, amidft a number of interefts, floating on the turn of this ^reat tide in the affairs of men, an equal level may be obtained : if, on a review of their old fyftem, they (hould perceive how it is^ prepared for change, they may find that com- merce, which might have rifen by competition, induftry, frugality, and ingenuity, hath long been an exclufive fcrambling rivalfhip, inftead of an equal communication, concentring the enjoyments of all regions and climates, and a confociation of all nations, in one communion of the bleflings of Providence -, that when actuated (as it has been) by a felfifh principle, it hath proved to the na- tions an occafion of jealoufies, of alternate de- prelTions of each others interefts, and a never- ceafing Iburce of wars, perhaps, they may alfo fee that treaties of peace have been but as truces and V ( 4' ) tind guarantees ', but as entangling preparations - for future wars. On the other hand, they ftjould obferve with pleafure that the manners of man- kind, foftenin^ by degrees, have become more humanized i their police more civilized \ and a1- tliough many of the old opprelTive inftitutions of government^ as they refpe£t hufbandmen, manu- fa^urers, merchants, markets and commerce, have not yet been formally aboli(hed; yet that praAice, by various accommodations, has abro- gated their mod mifchievous operations ; that the aftivity of man finds every day a free courfe ; that there are a thoufand ways at which (although pride will not open them) prudence will connive; through which the intercourfe of markets finds, every year, a freer vent; and that the aftivc fpirit of commerce is, like the fpirit of life, diffu- fmg 'n(e\( through the whole mafs of Europe. They will find there is an end of all their mono- polizing fyfiems : they will fee that any one of the powers of Europe, who ihould aim to deal with the reft of mankind with unequal balance will only excite amongft its neighbours a jealoufy that muft confpire to wreft that fall'e balance out of its hands, and to deprefs it down again to a level with the reft of the world. The Cities of Italy, the Low Countries, Portugal, Holland, England, have all, for their period, as commercial powers, arifen above the common level •, but prefling, wUh a weight which was felt as unequal by thofc G belo\\r w i^'* V ( 42 ) ) below them, thry have each in irs turn found) even the moment of its highefl elevation, a general ridng all around them^ and themfelves (inking to the common level. Statefn^en mull fee how much it \% the intereijt of all to liberate each other from the reftraints, prohibitions t^nd excluPions by which they have aimed to deprefs each other. They will fee that the hibft advan- tageous way, which a landed nation can take to encourage and multiply artiBcers, manufacturers and merchants of their own, is to grant themoft perfect freedom to the artificers, manufacturers nnd merchants of every other nation. That a contrary pradlice lowers the value of theif internal produAions, by raifm^ the prices, o^ all, things which muH be oought with them ; and gives to th^ artificers, manufaiClurers and merchants a mo- nopoly againfl; their own farmers. Seing this they will encourage population and an univerfal naturalization and liberty of confcience. If na- ture has To formed man apd j Olic'y Tocicty, that each labouring in his line, produces a furplus of fupply, it is both perfeft juftice and policy that men and nations (hould be free reciprocally to in- terchange it. This communion qf nations is a right which piay be enjoyed in its geniiihe fpirit and lumoft ejctcnt, except in time of war,; and- cven.then to a great degree, without interfering in the political and civil power of the world. The fpirit of thofe exclufive laws of navigation will i^y • (.ij r !■ VT »> w i ■; aPl^, ar n unci* elves niuft crate iprcfs dvan- * ke to : fcurcrs imoft I lurcrs rhat a itcrnai things ves to a mo- |g this livcrfal If na- r, that lus of :y that to in- is is a |e fpirit ir,; and- Irfering I. The \n will |api%ar ( 43 ) appear as the fpirit of piracy. The common ocean, incapable of being define J, or of a fpecial occupancy, or of receiving exclufively the labour of any individual pcrfon, or (late, is incapable of becoming in objeft of property and can never prove an objeft of dominion : and therefore the ocean fhoukl, in policy, as it is in fad, remain common and free. Pcrvium lunSiis Iter. If it Ihoutd be lecn, that the commercial fyftem of Europe is changing, and that in wifdom and po. Hey it ought to be changed : that the ^reac com* mer^e of North Ahierica, emancipated ffbm its provincial (late, not only coincides with, but is a concurring caufe of this change : that tiie prefent cottibfhation of events form a cri(is which Provi. dence with a more than ordinary interpoHtlon hath preparetl : and that lieaven itfelf ftems to call up- on Sai^eteigns to cooperate with its gracious pro- vidence : if they fhould be convinced that there is nothing fo abfurd as warring againft each other about an objedt, which, as it is feparated from Europe, will have nothing to do with its broils, ^nd will not belong exclufively to any one of them : if liftening to this voice, which, as that of an angel, announcing Peace and Good will to Mankind, fummons them to terminate the endlefs and the ufclefs operations of war; to coiifuler the prefent crifis as an objeft of council and not of battle, and therefore to meet in the communica- tion and Inicrcourfe of their reafoning powers. (.( \ ' ( 44 ) ^'be maritime powers mufiy previoui to the fettle- ment oj Peace refpeSting America^ and of the mixed interefts of Europe and America^ convene^ by their winiJierSf in order to conftder the points on which they may fafely fujpend hoftilitiesy and thofe alfo that mufiform the bafts of treaty .^ and which will enter into the future fyfiem^ and on which Peace may not only be made^ but ejlablifhed among the nations of the Atlantic ocean» Will not rcafon and benevolence then, in which true policy and their right and beft intercA are included, fugged: to their hearts and ai£tuate their councils to convene a Congrefs before they arc engaged in further hoililities *, before the devafta,- tion of war extends ruin and mifery yet farther^ Some fuch meafure as led the great trading bodies of Europe to convene in a Congrefs, which gave rife to the Hanfeatic league, is not out of the courfe of public bufinefs, but is what th^ nature of the prefent ^rifis in a more than ordinary oe-i ceflity requires. Whether forae general council, on the model of that concerted between the great Henry of France and Elizabeth of England, two as noble fpirits and as wife politicians as the world hath fince feen,. (hould not now be propofcd ; not; indeed a council of adminiftration, for regulating and conducing a general political iyllem of all Europe, but a council of commerce for Europe and North America,, cxclufivc of every point of politics. Such )>* f. ettle>' ^ nixed their '- vbich ) that ^^ enter ' ay not of tha which eft are c their ley arc :vafta- arthcr, bodies h gave of the nature iry DC-i ouncil» great d, tWQ world d; not; ulating of all iucope oinc o^ Such ( 45 ) Such a council might prevent future occafions of war from commercial quarrel The prefent vague (late of the marine law of nations is fo ap- parent as to create a neceflity for fuch a meafure. At prefent, all principle, rule, and law, feem to be as much loft as if the nations were fallen- back to the old ftate of piracy amidft their ancient barbarifm. Europe cannot, even in war, proceed under the prefent abrogation of all treaties, and of all the laws of nations. The cardinal points which will come under de- liberation will be, I. How far, in right and po- licy, it may be beft for all to eftablifh the MARE LIBERUM : and how far each nation, providing for the property and dominion, which they hold in Bays and Harbours, may accede to this efta- blifhment, as a law of nations. 2. How far the JUS NAVIGANDI may be cftablilhcd. 3. This will lead to deliberation on the LIBERT AS UNIVERSALIS COMMERCIORUM-, free Ports, and free Markets. It will be beft, by de- grees, to abolifh Port Duties, and raife their re- venues by Excife, Tailles, &c. and other internal fources of finance, immediately hid on the con- fumer. This meafure would make that country which adopted it a free port, a circumftance very defirable to every well wilher to his country. Voita tout ce qu*on peut raifonablement exiger. II n*eft au pouvoir de i*bumamte, que de preparer^ et d*agir, Le fucces efi Vouvrage d*ufte main plui pliijfante. Sully, liv. 30. THE END. ,