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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MKaOCOfY IESOlUTK>N TfST CHART (ANSI and ISO lEST CHART No, 2) ^ /APPLIED IM>TGE I :^^ 1653 Eo5l U'jir Streel ^— Rochester, ■•*■■ ro'h 1*609 uSA -^ (:';&) *82 '500 -Phone ^S i^'6) ^88 - 5989 - fai SMCZ 83 6 DEPAHTMEiNT OF AGRICULTURK CENTIJAL EXPEIUMENTAL FARM OTTAWA, CANADA BACON PIGS IN CANADA NOTES ON BEir xNO, FEEDING AND MANAOINO SWINE WITH REPORTS OP SOME EXPERIMENTS BV .1. H. GULSDALK. B. A(ii,. Agriculturist, Ventral Experiiuenta/ Farm B IT L 1. E T I >s X o . 5 1 iPublished by direct;on of the Hon. SYDNEY A. FISHER, Mirister of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont. JUNE, 1005 To the Honourable The Minister of Agriculture. SiR,-I herewith gubmit for your approval Bulletin 51 of the Experimental Fami 8or.«. on the ' Breeding. Feeding. Managing and llou.ing of Bacon Pigs in Canada ' prepr-red under my direction by Mr. J. H. Orisdale. Agriculturist of the Central Experi- innidil Farm. The swine industry has developed very rapidly in Canada during the past f-w years and the facilities which the country affords for the extension of this profitable iTanch of ...-ming are practically unlimited. In this b.ll-tin much information is given regarding the selection of the best types of an.mals for carrying on this work and different methods of management as to housmg, pasturing. &c. Muiy facts arc also presented in reference to the car« and treatment of the aninu.Is of dilTorent ag.^. and the results of many experiments are eiven. winch have l,een planned to gK. information as to the most profitable methods of feeding swine in the differoi.t stages of their growth. A summary is also presented of the experiments which have been conducted in reference to pork production since the beginning of this work at the experimental farm. It is hoped that the information given in th. bulletin will prove useful to the farmers of Canada, and aid in still further advancing this important industry througliout the Dominion. I have the honour to be. Your obedient servant, Wm. SAUNDERS, Director of Experimental Parmt. Ottawa, June 28. 1905. 61— li j I PABTI.-SOME HOTES ON BHEEBIKG. FEEDIKO, MANAOINO AHD HOUSING BACON PIGS IN CANADA. Ccojrraphical i.n,ition, cliinati,. conditions and foreign nmrki.t requirements unite to k.n.l uii ev.'rKro>vi„K importauct, to tiie Canadian bacon produoiriK imliistry Tlie " various problernH confronting the farmers wi.„ engage in this industry have received .t the different Donunion ExperinK-ntuI Farnm elo«,. utt-ntion during the last tifte.-!, ^ veara Som,' of the information gained is given below and thereU is added a compila- f non of the results of a number of experiments conducted at Ottawa a. well as the ^ results of some work at >rs nmonfr Large Ia>provcd sire and from a pure breil dam, the dam being, however, of a different breed frota *lie sire. Some of the more striking pt-ciilarities of these different breeds of pigs suitable for bacon production are given b«low. I hese statements are made after several years ex- IwrirMici' of II varied clianictrr with eiicl sort. Lakoi Improved Yobksuihes, white pigs, have been found to be a prolific and fairly rarly maturing breed. In shatie tuey come very nearly beinp ideal bacon pigs. I hey hirnish a very large proportion oi corcoiises answering tlie requirements of the best bacon trade. The hams are well developed and the proportion of fat to lean is usually about • ifht. Tl.e sows are docile, goonded as a help to the h'g.nr-^T rntlier than a guide to the initiated. TIIK BOAR. Only pure bred boars of one of the above mentioned breede should be used where It IS .lesired to produce good bacon pigs. Pure bre.l sires are more impressive than ('rared bimr it uwxi ou couu.a... orgrad* wwi iu! ia really of atill grwaUir iiujiortaiifo than uil liiu mjw» oiiubined *o far as oon- lormatioii is coiia.rnwJ. It is evident therelore that very grtut care should be ols*. ved lu Uie selection of a boar to head t\,n it .oiiiiuoniilHce lierd. All pure bred ai;raaL Hre not ncciiiaarilv j,o..d aiumaU. Maiij pc-di; ittj pi^. now in orvi.e hlioulu 'luve been castrated ilieir early days. The very ict that they are pure bred, all .riugh inferior specuiitus, makes them even more daiigi-rou* than a common gradr jcrub, because buiiiK pure bre.i th.y are much more likely to leave tlieir mark r- I' I'leir get. Have nothiUK to da therefore with the pure bred scrub. Ihe bour to be a go-jd one should in tlie tirst place come from K"od stock. B( of go-Mi ooiitormation are sometimes found among the get of inferior oriHMling stck. huch hoiir* an- not likely to p.ove satisfactory no matu-r how nearly they mny them- eelveF approiioh the ideiil mi conformation and characteristics. Tho ideal bour for » • .dinjt for baeon production will ol cour>w vary somewhat in conformation according . the breed in which he is sought. Genially speaking. hoTv- ever, lie should be stro v masculine in appearance hut n.it "ourse. Mu=ciilinity in dicntes prepotency or prossivenes.^. It shows itself i more particuliirly in the head, neck and legs. The strong featuref -e-production .should \>o normal and well developed. No ruptured pnimals shr,.." --er > used for reproductive i)urposes. In s . . the s,re si, ,;! . be well balance,), or symmetrical, show lots of vitality and be mascu in his buiio and appearance. I THE SOW. will ^7"" 1°"" '" ;he herd should be as good as can be procured. Having a good hoar will not make up for inferior sows. Where it is „ ,t desired to sell stock for breerling cucT^'*' '"' "''^ '''■"' '■*'*' '"'" '' ""^ absolutely necessary to ins.ure It is generally supposed that the pood brood sow should be somiwhat more rangv rather more loosely put together and a bit more open in conformation than the goo.l bear of the same breed. Many compactly built sows, have, however, proven ery ex- cellent breeders, hearinp and raising large, uniform and thrifty litters. It is ry easy too to select sows so loose and ungainly as to be quite useless as mothers. •■ appear- ance the sow should 1 essentially feminine. She should have a strong but neat mur- 8 zle, broad forohoi'd and large eyes set well apart, ears of medium thickness, fiiiii, fpringy and covered with tine hair. Tiie neek should be of medium length, fairly fine iind should show no tendeney to arch. The shoulders should be nicely rounded from side to side but a alight tendency to openness here is not so objectionable as in the case of the boar. The che.st should be broad and deep and the heflrt girth very large. The back should be long, broad and arching toward and at the loin rather than str.TJghl. Good ciiest and hind flank are particularly important m the brood sow. They indicniR strength and fertility or pioliticacy. A good spring of rib and a deep body are al»o important as indicating fecundity and the likelihood of there being milk for the young when iicedeil. tllEKniNU tli.VTE FOH USE WHERE PIOS TO BE MATED ARE UNEQUAL I.N SIZE OB WHERE SOWS ARK DIKFICUI.T TO SERVE. The hams or hind quarters should \yt broad and well fleshed d.wn to the hocks. The hooks should be wide apart but squarely set. This peculiarity together with a broad rump indicates ease in farrowing, which is a quite important consideration. The sow should stand on good, strong, clean boned, upright pasterned legs. Coarseness -.3 not desirwl in bone or conformation, but any tendency toward what might be cor- rectly described as fineness of bone cannot be too strongly condemned. It means steri- lity or small litters, weak pigs, and unprofitable operations. No sow possessimr less th.in twelve te:it.« should pver be ret.iined n? a breeding animal. If she show fourteen or fifteen good teats starting well forward near the fore legs so much the better. THe teafB should bo evenly distributed and each should have a well defined udder for itself. A careful examination of tents .should be made to see that nil are milk f.'iving and not blind, nor small secondary teats situated close to large useful ones. Rliud teats or teats having no opening will yield no milk, small or secondary teals situated close to good ones are very little better than blind teats. In looking for animals confurniiiig as nearly as possible to the above require- ments no attention should oe paid to individuals from small, uneven or badly nourished litters. Prolificacy or fecundity is her«?ditary, likewise the throwing of even litters iind the power to yield a plenteous supply of milk for the nourishment of the yo\ing. Not infrequently good litters are spoiled because of the poor milking qualities of the mother. This quality of a good sow should receive much more attention than is usually given to it, and attention thereto in making the selection of the sow would most certainly be rewarded by the peculiar thrift and vigor of the litters from the good milking sows. In conclusion let the sows selected be docile. An irritable nervous animal is sure to prove unsatisfactory for breeding purposes. Young pi^'s do not always betray thi? l>oeulinrity even though they possrss it in a high degree hence the character of the mother should he noted in this resprct. Of course very much may be done by care and training or laek thereof to make or mar both sexes in this respect. Kindness in deal- ing with live stock of all kinds is necessary; in dealing with no clns.< will it prove more profitable than when bestowed upon brood sows and boars. STAUTl-NG A HERD. To the wouid-be begiiuier not learned in hog lore nor wise by experience, one or two additional suggestions might be olfered. 'I he first selection of sows should be made from a herd showing uniformity of lype, provided, of course, such type fairly closely approaches the ideal. It is much less difficult to judge of tiic probable value of a pig for breeding purposes at nino months old or older than it is at any earlier age. Hence the safer and quite probably tlie more economical plan for the beginner would be to purchase younc sows safe in young. In addition to the points already discussed on preceding pages the buyer should see that the sows were well grown for their age and closely resembled each other -n characteristics and conformation. If establishing a pure bred herd is aimed at it will be found that no other distinguishing peculiarity will be of so great vi-.lue and such a valuable advertisement as uniformity of type in the whole herd. The stock boar or boars need not, and in fact, had better not be purchased at the same time as the sows. A study of the sows and their litters for a few months having in mind the sire or sire^ of the various litters will prove a wonderful help toward the selection of a good animil to head the herd. He should be cl;osen in conformity \7ith the type dosoribod above but any weakness of the sows should be kept in mind, and a hoar particularly good where the sows are weak will be found of value in correcting those faults otherwise likely to bo transmitted to the oiTspring. 0<-casionally where no serinus faults are in evidence and where it is particularly desired to fix more firmly some good quaiity or establish a type, piirs fairly near akin may be mated. It is unsafe, however, to make more than one cross with closely related sires and generally spe?iking animals le=s than three generations apart should not be mated. CARE AND MANAGEMENT. BREEDINO. The sow should give her first litter when about a year old. If bred to farrow at hn earlier age, she is not likely to raise such a good litter; if allowed to go much over that age she is adout 8 inches wide p1 -ed flat horizontally about S inches from the floor a'ong the wall tn which it ?hould ! firmly attached will be found of considerable value, affording a space where the litli. ones can nm or be shoved when the mother lies down. Generally speaking, the less interference at parturition the bettrr. Tf the wpather be cold, d good plan is tn have some clean dry straw in n box or hnrrel into which the little ones may be placed as they are bom being first dried with a cloth. If parturition IS slow in cold weather it is sometimes wise to put some warm bricks or flat stones in the box with the youngsters. They should be allowed to siick as soon as pos.sililo after birth. 11 Shortly after birth any sharp teeth in the mouths of the young ones should be broken out by meuus of a pair of small piuchers. Ihia will usually be iound to help materially lu smoothing out little family Uitticulties. The sow will not likely show any desire for food within 24 hours after farrowing; but should she show any disposition to eat, a warm thin madh or gruel of bran, shorts or oatmeal may be given. No cold drinks should be allowed within the 24 hours, but frequently small amounts of warm water may be given. Iler ration as soon as she is ill good shape to utilize the food should consist of bran, shorts, ground oat." and barley, pease, oil meal, skim milk, &c., and some roots or green feed. She will require a very heavy and very nutritious ration after the second week, but the closest attention must 1)0 paid to the younnir niirrnw pknk= the side= -f n flat b--^ttomi-d trou^'h. Two of the 6 inch wide boards should be nailed between the end pieces near the top in such a way as to make n V-shaped tr.)ugh, save tliat they should not come together at the bottom by about 3 inehrs. The other 1 inch board should be nailed one edge up in a vertical josition bet- ween th^' twr ends. The upper edge should be about 1 inch below the open bottom of the false V-shaped trough and the lower edge about 4 inches from the bottom of the % 14 trL-igh. The purpoie of the false upper trough ig to allow the feeder to pour the feed iuto the trough even though the piga are itruggliiig to get at the food. Such a trough ia easily kept cleau, eaaily filled in apite of crowding pigs, strong and durable. -i I ASTLUE CKOl's. Hape.—A» a green feed for soiling that ia cutting and Icediug green, or for pas- ture, rape stands unequulled, among crops suitable for jviae. It sliould be sown in rows two feet apart on s ubble, fallow or well n od sod at the rate of three pounds per acre. It may be sowr nny time as long as thert remains six weeks of growing weatlwr before severe frosU are to be expected. If intended to be pastured Uie pigs should be turned in before the rape comes up to the top of their shoulders. So greater area .■should be given than tiicy are likely to keep down to 'Jiat height or lower, ^f not pas- tured or cut too close ;o the ground it will keep on growin;; as long as the growing ftason last'. Greatei returns may be expected from soiling than from pasturing a given are.i. Jecding pigs will generally make more rap. ' gains when it is being fed t'- them it inn.lerate quantities in pens than when at pasture on it. Breeding stock are likely to do better when tiny are aliowef to use it as pasture. Feening pigs re- ceiving all the rape they will eat or on rape pasture should receive somewhat less meal than they would if in their pens. From one-third to five-sixths of the regular menl atioii siiould be fed, the more rapid the gains desired of course the heavier the meil ration. .Mature sows not in young retiuirc very little other food whei. on rape pastim>. Young sows and sows in young need to receive at least half the normal meal ratior. Vetch's.— A crop remarkably palatable lo pigs and one that gives a fairly good return per acre is the common black -.etch. It is very little if any superior to poasr, however, and the seed is usually more expensive. llniry Vetches make a very good green feed for swine but the seed is exceedinply expen.*ivo and a large amount is required per aero. It has, however, not infrequently stood through the winter here and so might be utilized for an early spring pasturo. Like rape it will grow up again if not too closely pastured or clipped. Oats and Pease.— These two sorts of grain mixed in equal parts by weight and sown at the rate of three bushels per acre furnish a pasture or soiling crop that gives very good returns pei acre. Either sown alone \a fairly satisfactory hpt not nearly c-o valuable as the combination. Soja Beans.— A fairly palatable soiling crop high in fefo'ing value has been pro- duced by sowing Soja beans at the -ate of 40 pounds per acre in rows about 20 inches apart. They have never been pastured here and would most likely not prove very satis- factory fo. feoiliug in that way. The green varieties are the best ar,d should be sown in tlie latter part of llfy. Red Clover.— Hown with grain and allowed to get a good start in the fall, red clover may be expected to yield a palatable and abundant supply of forage or pasture for pigs in May and .Tniio. If pastured off it will be found necessary to ring the pi?^. Sows on clover require but very little other food. Alfalfa.— On well drained soil in good heart and tilth in almost all parts of Can- ada, alfalfa may be expected to grow we'l and to furnish n most nxcellent and abund- ant supply of pasturage. It seems peculiarly well fitted for swine but should not be pastured too severely for fear of damaging the roots. The superiority of this crop over most other forase crops for swine or other stock is such as to much more than make up for the slightly greater cost of seeding down. If cut early and well 'ured pigB eat it freely in the form of hay. uaaiiiiiaiiiill u Ailickokes.—ThlB crop has been trie\ie crop is not usually rea.ly lor use till .il.out the end of beptcmber. The beat method of uaing them is to turn the pi^ right into the lot lind let them root. Frost does not injure the artichokes and any roots left in the rrouiid may be pastured off the next spring or left as seed for another crop. The most "econo- mical and rapid gains ever recorded at this farm were made with pigs pastured on artrcnokcs and receiving a fairly liberal meal ration. They are somewhat superior to potatoes. J he chief objections to the crop are the .litficulty in securing feed and the rnlbcr short period dunnj? which they may be fed. They mav be harvested and fed in winter but the harvesting is an expensive operation. 7Jooensive to fwl to sx ine but occaoionally they are available and seem to be quite Palatable. Some feeders report them to be rather constipating than laxative in effect r',„-,„/.,.-These roots have been fed here to a limited extent for pork production. Ihey are not quite so palatable as are mangels and sugar beet?. Thev do not keen so well in winter as do most other roots, hence are not to be vcy highlj recommended. Clover Leaves.-Chxor leaves and small stems gathered from the unloading floor in haying time, stored in sacks and steamed in winter or at any time, make a most excellent drink and feed for -wine of any age. Such a drink seems as valuable and quite as palatable as skim milk. Especiilly is this the case if a be fed warm. £n,5.7affe.-Corn. clover, alfalfa, corn and clover, and alfalfa and corn ensilage have all been fed here to a greater or less extent. Ensilage containing clover or alfalfa lairly ^Ml. The addition of some dry meal to the ensilage causes it to be eaten quite 16 Kohl Rabi. — This plant has been fed here to a limited extent only, but has proven a fairly welcome feed to swine of all classes. Mangels. — For sows and general feeding Long Red or Gate Post mangels are diffi- cult to improve upon. They are exceeringly palatable, may be fed in large quantities, do not need to be pulped, and are bettc. Suited for the requirements of sows carrying young, and for growing pigs than are sugar beets or any other sort of green feed we have tried. They should not be cooked. Other varieties of mangels are also useful, but apparently not so welcome to the pigs as are the Long Reds. We have fed as high as 25 pounds a day of these roots to dry sows or to sows not for advanced in pregnancy. As the period of pregnancy advances, however, it will be found advisable to decrease the roots and slightly increase the meal ration. Polators.—The»e tubers fed alone raw scarcely suflice to sustain life in pigs, but cooked and a moderate amount of meal, 20 pounds of meal to 100 pounds of potatoes, mixed with them, they mcke a most excellent feed for fatting pigs, and produce a very fair quality of bacon. Potatoes in small qur^rtities fed raw, help to keep pigs in health where other succulent feed is lacking. Pumpkins. — To get the greatest returns from this fruit it must be cooked. Boiled in double its weight of water and half as great a weight of meal as of pumpkin added it will be found to furnish a most appetizing and fatting feed. The quality of meat so produced here has been very good. Rapid gains may be anticipated with a slight tendency to over development of fat. Sugar Beets. — Sugar beets are easily the most palatable of the different sorts of Toots that have been fed here. They may be fed to g.eutcst advantage by pulping them. From 3 to 6 pounds a day per 100 pounds live weight according to rate of gain desired has been found to give best results. The meat produced on this feed has always proven of a superior quality. They do not need to be cooked. They are not so suitable for young pigs, brood sows and breeding stock generally as are some of the other roots, mangels and turnips for instance. The Sugar Mangel, a root half way between the sugar beet and the mangel, has l)een fed extensively here with very good results. It has, however, not proven quite so good as mangels for breeding pigs. It only one kind of root can be grown it is possibly the best that could be chosen. Thousand Headed Kale. — This plant, which resembles rape, has, like the latter, proven valuable as a feed for swine, but is not likely to be found quite so useful. It should not be sown quite so thickly as rape, as it makes a somewhat stronger growth. Turnips. — Where other roots have not been fed, turnips will prove quite palatable f,nd give very satisfactory returns. They do not seeiu at all to tlie liking of pigs that have been getting sugar beets or mangels. They may be fed cooked, when they seem to give somewhat better returns and are much more welcome to the pigs. If for sews, they may be pulped and mixed with the dry meal in the proportion of about 10 of ineal to 100 of roots. Fed in this way they are a very valuable food. II PREPARATION OF FEED. Much will he siid incidentally in discussing ihi; various feeds as to the best method ;.i preparing each. A few general rema^'ks re our findings in this matter will, how- tver, probably be of some value. Into the preparation of grains for feeding to swine, various considerations enter. Briefly expressed they are: — cooked versus raw; v rm versus cold; ground versus whole; wet versus dry; soaked versus dry; thin vers thick slop. '^J^ Ifl am /. 3 u - ■J J, 1 V: 17 In the prppnrntion of roots, the coiMiderntion* are whole i'er«u« pulped; raw vtr- ttu oook«^; ami alone re.-««.« mixin^t with nienl. CoiW versus Raw.— Many experiments tro to prove that raw grain* are just at valuable if not even more valti.iblo than cooked groin for swine. H a,«OT versus CoW.— There is no doubt that feeding warm feed oniw or twice a uay in cold weather is a decidfi.1 hol|) to tlie thrift and iiealth of pigs. Particularly IS this trup if the pijfs arc young and in ratlier cold quarters. Warming must not '-e tcken to mean cooking. Ground versus Wfco/c— Almost all grains should Ui ground for swine. This is more imperative in the case of oats, j^ase and barley thau for most other grain feels. Soaking for 36 to -JM hours before feeding makes up for lack of grin.ling to a certain extent. G'-i-iding is particularly iniiK-rative whtr*' very young pigst are being fed. Wet versus Dry.— Meal fed or sottness are concerned are as follows : — 1. The Kind of Feed. -Certain kinds of fied seem to affect the firmness of the meat by supplying elements of a character likely to render the fat soft. Of such feeds, corn i.= probaiily the most largely feil and lias probably a greater quantity of ' Soft Pork ' to its credit than any other feed. Rye is another feed that has not proven satisfactorj* ■n this respect. An excess of arreen crop or pasture is likely to prove injurious. Beans also have proven to be proiiio the injuriou* cticctii of ot)it»' feed* nixt a flrst claH« qihility of iiimt i.-i produot-d in spito of the- tairly lurge u*)! of the otherwise injuri.iiiM freiU. In thi^ claxit rnnk ••kiin milk, whey uiid roots of soino kiiuU. 3. Thf. Thrift of the Animal durinn the Feeding Pcriiid. — Pijrs that have eoiiie •lonjc stoailily at tho rate of »ay 1 poilnil per day from ' 'rth are not so likely to Rive ioft pork an are others on tiif «inne feed thnt have gnffcrod from indifre«tioM or that have been got back in any way. TTnthrifty pig* are alnioHt certain to yield -toft pork. 4. Rate of Growth or Length of Time Required to Reach a Given Weight. — Pi(r* fed too rapidly are likely to proiliice "n inferior class of pork, both soft and too thiik, while pii^a fed too slowly not infrequently proihtee soft meat, particularly is this true if they ar« broiiffht to tho block a little on the thin or unfinished side. Unfinished piRs, ol(i or young, quite frequcnt'y yield soft or tender sides. 6. Health and Method of Feeding Immediatehj Before Slaughtering. — Pins un- healthy, in heat, or suffering from any cheek in (rrowth at time of slauRhterins are likely to leave soft carcasses. NOTES ON GRAINS \ND MEALS. BARLEY. In Europe barley is looked upon as the ideal feed for fatting and finishing oil baoon hogs. In Canada most experimental work goes to support this view. So favour- ably is it known in fact that it has practically become a standard by which other foods are judged so far na their value for baco^ -iro Miction is concerr. d. It should be fed ground. Soaking for 2i hours or long«!r .ore feedin" will in part make up for lack of grinding. It is not a very good feed r sows sucKiing their young, nor for very young pigs. It may be fed alone to ndvanlaKe, but will give somewhat better result."! if ground pease, shorts or oil menl ii\ small quantities or well srrouim ont.^ be added. It makes a prime quality of bacon wherever otlier conditions i>crmit. Beans may lie fed whole, ground, raw or steamed, but are moat commonly fed steamed or cooked. They produce a very inferior quality of bacon when innkinjr up the larger part of the ration. BJ.0OD MEAL. Prepared by drying and powdering the blood in slaughter houses, blood meal is very rich in fl«Bh-forming material, and has generally given good res-iU^* so far as economy of gains, quality and firmness of bacon are concerned. It must be fed in very small quantities and as part of a ration otherwise low in flesh-foriiiing raaierial. such as corn. It has been used to some extent as a substitute for skini milk, in which capacity it has proven fairly valuable. BRAN. Save for fairly large pigs and breeding stock, bran is not a very valuable feed. It is too coarso and too difScuit tn digest. It produces a good iiuallly of meat, however, and is a useful food for sows carrying their litters, or suckling their young. BUCKWHEAT. Buckwheat has been fed quite extensively to swine in some parts of Canada, and has given good results. It may be fed alone, but does better if mixed with barley, oatn 1» un.kr which*M"* ^'"'" " ""'* ''°*" '" ^""^ ''""''"' °^ '*"'"" '"=<'°'"'"''« «> condition. CITT REFUME. The refu8c fr..,n hofol kitcliei... &r.. han Uvii f«l extciuivolv by many feodcrs It ha. bc.e„ f.,un.l valuol .. f„r .,.,okrrH a„.l .Ir,- br 1 sow., but i. not to 1« Lom.„"n.te. Ihe^rt/'L'f 'It""""*^ °" •-"°"- ^' '' ^'-'-' ^' ""- - '"-''-^ <'«-t upon CLOVER HAY. Clover hay. ct>t a littl,. on the early side, or the leave, which fall off while «n- loa.i.nK, make« « lapita lee,l lor yoiin^ pigs an.l br^*ding «toek. The tea n.ado by SZ;1^7i^: ""'''' '''''' '""""'-- '-'^- '" '-'^-'>- ..s valuablltki'^ CORN. Packer, genoraily condemn the use ol corn for pork production. Extensive ox- per.ments here have .hown it to be a fruitful cau-e of «,£t ^Hc where fed h^ a, y con- nilrhi /T:'"""*- -i' t, ''"""*"' * ""y -o"omical feed for pork produc-t^on and may be fed to a considerable extent if mixed with other feeds uu^-uon ana It should be ground and mixed with oats, pease, ba.ley. shorts or bran to insure a r , , n^fv ^r^'""^u*°f"*' '?'^ '=*"^"'' ""^ ^•"*- "'P''^ ^"i'"' ""'1 to produce a vJrv n .r1^« V t °"- ,1^"^"' «'<""-"'i>k or whey it is practically rert^in to have :n .njunous effect upon the firmness of the bacon as well as to seriously n.odify the l™.mi proport,on of lea^ to fat meat. The moak the n.o^t suitable ,o n.ix fth ! .re pea. oat and kirley. shorts and bran also may be used to advantage Pumpkins or ro..u steamed fed along with it -ivo very rapid gains CORN AND COB MEAI,. m.,^!"* ^7l ""^ ""^"^ '"*' R*nerally proven too -ofn. wheat. It is rendered somewhat more paht hk .md slightly n.orc useful by the admixture of crushed oats, ground barley, bran r r weaning if fed in moderation. Tt should never exceed twenty per cent or one fifth of tne whole n.tion. It may to M larg^ extent, be usorl as a substitute for skim-milk. It is not to be recommended .s a fini.diing of! feed for bai'on hogs. PEASE. Canadian Pea Fed Bacon,' so extensively advertised in Great Britain would appear to indicate the superior value of this much sought after farm product for bacon pro- du tio. . an 1 it is undoubtedly of very high value as a feed for the production of good fin ba;on. It also stands high as a feed for young pig« and breeding Btock o a 11 classes at practicallv all times. It should, however, never bo fed alone, and further ttrTvease should always be ground. The most suitable fee, s for mixing "long with the pea moal are ground oats, barley, corn, bran or shorts. Pigs fets'app.'ar to indicate a value ..somewhat similar to, though not quite so high, as for wheat It should be fed in conjunction with some other somewhat more bulky too.U as groun.l oats and barley. It produces a fair to gotid quality of bacon, when judi- ciou.'ly fed. SHORTS. Shorts although as a rule iiiiich superior to bran for iiigs. is not infrennmtly so coarse or contains so much fibre as to be very little better than bran for young pigs. Good aborts, however, that is shorts containing a fairly liberal admixture of white material is cortainlv a mast ex:fllent fe-.l for piirs of all classes. It is, under such conditions, one of the very test single feeds for young ones juat weaned. A slight ad- mixture of oil meal improves it. """~ "SM a^ 21 SKIM kXK. According to findings in Europe and America about 600 pounds of skim milk equal 100 pounds of mixed meal for pork production. The value of skim milk in terms of the amount of meal it equals is a very variable quantity. The kind of meal, the ^ relative weights of meal and skim milk, and the condition of the milk fed all influence ^^ results very markedly. Probably the best proportions between the two would be 3 of - pjilk to 1 of meal. The meal along with which it is likely to give tie best results is corn. It should be fed warm and sweet. If impossible to feed sweet Rnd warm at all tipim it should always be fed sour and cold. Uniformity in quality, quantity and temper- ature at all times adds very materially to the net value of a given amount fed in a ^iven period of time. SLAUGHTER HOUSE REFUSE. This class of feed, like city refuse, may be used to advantajre for breeding stock and stockers, but has, it is claimed, an injurious effect upon the qwality of the meat produced when fed to fatting pigs. SPELTZ. This cereal has been fed to only a limited extent in Canada, but has proven fairly satisfactory so far as economy of pork production is concerned. It seems to be nearly ;■ as valuable as mixed grains pound for pound. SPIRIT GRAINS. Spirit grains fed here to a limited extent have, so far as economy of gain is con- cerned, proven very valuable for bacon production. They should be fed along with corn or barley, when they will be found particularly useful. ^1 STOCK FOODS. Various stock foods have been tried here to a limited extent, but have proven neither profitable nor satisfactory. Similar experiments conducted in England and in different state experiment stations in the United States have given similar results. TANKAGE. This bye-product of the meat packing houses has not been fed to any considerable extent here, but seemed fairly satisfactory when ever used. It must be fed in sm.-ill quantities, and will take the place of skim milk to a certain extent as a factor in the quick and economical production of pork. WEED SEEDS. The weed seeds and the small wheat from elevators have Wen fed quite exten- sively, with irood results from an economical stnndpoint. Of the various weed seeds commonly found in grain that of the pig weed (Chenopodium Album) is the most common, ami has Ijeen fed to advantage by many fanners as well as l)v experimental feeders. Not much is known as to the quality of the meat produced by these seeds. WHEAT. As a sinfelc feed for pork production wheat stands near the top of the list. It IS a most excellent feed fo- young and old, comparing very favourably with pease in ifes value for pork production. It may, however, as is not the case with m 28 pensc, constitute the exclusive incal ration of swine at almost any age, and may be expected to produce a fair to excellent quality of bacon at a rather small outlay in pounds of grain for pounds of gain live weight. It should be fed ground or well soaked. The addition of crushed oats, barley or corn to the wheat will materially decrease the amount of food required for one hundred pounds gain. WIIEY. Whey is supposed to be worth about half as much pound for pound as skim milk. It has a very good effect upon the quality of the bacon produced. The portion fed daily should be uniform in quantity, quality and temperature. Sour whey is quite as good as sweet whey, provided it has not been soured more th.^n 24 hours, and has been kept in a clean vat. Whole milk. Whole milk is too expensive a food to use in large quantities. It is, however, about the best food known for pork production. If for very young pigs, a small i-.nioiint .v.d '-arm may be used to advantiiK'e. Very young pigs entirely dependent on fresh whole cow's milk should get very rich milk (containing from G to 8 per cent of fat), to which a small amount of sugar should be added. A wiNTF.n Pic-rr.N' ix Manitoba. iiorsixr.. METHODS. In siinimor, as alroaily indicated, iiortiilk' cabins are likely to prove the most satisfactory sort of pig house. Experiments ooiiductod here with various s^rts of pips lit' ilitferciit iipcs go to sliow that umlor avt'ra:jc Canadian winter enndifions wintering in ^uch cabins is an uiiiirofitablo plan. CHEA!' WINTER QIARTEI'.S. Sows may be wintered in much colder quarters than feeding jiifrs. A large well lighted room, as shown in tlie floor plan, has lie<^n fotind ver\- satisfactory. A glance at the photn of the piggery at the Ocniral Experimental Farm, Ottawa, on page will show such a building at the far end. Uta«i « 23 In Manitoba, Mr. S. A. Bedford, Superinton.knt of the Experimental Farm reports very good results from wintering sows nn.i l,n.>di„g stock penerallv in a pen mnde by eonstnicting a low framework of poles on posts, with a similarly conatructed passasf" lead.nff out of it on the south side, and rhen eovorin.? the whole structure with a large amount of straw (see cut. page 22). The writer saw pigs come out of ..uch a pen in .TO degrees below zero weather, ent their dinners and retire apparently hannv and evidently in perfect health. . ^ i fj RKyUIBEMENTS OK A GOOD PIGGERY. L,!7l,l.—EyeTy perfectly satisfactory piggery for wiater use must be well lighteerIy .nd maintain a «„tfioientl high tem^n.tu e with the natural heat of animals, it migl>t be found advnntagcous .,. us^ artifida heat In any case, pure .ur is more to be sought than a high temperature in winter quarters. Freedom from 3/o/.<,„r.-Freedom from moisture on tlie walls and ceilings i, another important requirement. This may le insured by proper construction of wals and ce.lmg and by perfect ventilation. The walU and ceilTng si uld b "buil T Its r:.,r uT ? "■'^ :r'' ^'i'-''',''-" ''-''""^ -'- on'^ooth sis %' lli..t IS. 1 « ,11. .starting from the outside, should consist of matched inch lumber tar S^tXS^lS:^^- '-*^"^" '-' '"■""-• ^ ^'"'■'" -.ructioJ'^^I;,^: J/a/erw/ -Another factor affecting th,. freedom of a piggery from moisture is the materia used ,„ construction of walls and ll ■. Wood. altttSi not ver lurab e ' l'entU.,lion.-^\ sufficient and ..fTective system of ventilation is another very im- ro t nt re,„ „ent ot a g 1 piggery. The air should be admiltod in .uch a way Ts lot to allow the eo d air to come in dircc-t contact with tiie pigs, and the foul a r had be er be removed trom near the .loor. If the wall plan or roo' plan i lot " ch a to o le si.„ "■ '.""•"'^"^•tV'";^^^V"^'f""' ''^^^^'''^-J ""•' illustrated on page 2-t. IZ i:™:t.S-;. ^u- 1^;^-;:. :;;e;;:::':;s^:r™^^ ■■"-' no^i^ neglected. A SVSTIiil OF VENTILATION. i be system outliiu.d is one of several that have been tried in the stables at the Con ral Lxperimental Farm, during the last eight or t.n years. an >tar aboat on,, foot or eighteen iuche. from the lioor and -xt.nd vertical" un i.„.il .n,_..., and tr..xer»e the wall. I hey are also open to the air. that is. inside or out- 24 aide air, that shall flow through these shafts is controlled by means of dampers at the top and bottom as described below. \ o e u Tlio lUiinbi-T aiui size of tliusi; vciuilaiin}^ shalis will of course ilcm'iiil upon tlie size of the pi^jgcry ami tlip niimlier of swine therein. I'iiere slionld, if possible, be o!i..' or more on each outside wall. The total area of the openinsrs throutfh the walls at tl e ivottom sliould siiow abi>ut o : (puire inelics i)er animal houseij in tile pi!n. To illus- trate, a piptrery lioMin^ .00 head of swine should have 4 ventilators each iJ .x 10 or ii ventilators l' x Oi or h each -J x ti inches in.side niea;5urement. The larsrt' area requiroi! ic on account of half or more of the ventilators having to serve as outlets, as will he seen later, because wbili' those ventilators on the side or .sides which the wind strikes tirve as inlets the ventilators mi the opposite side serve as outlets. In above diaf?ram ventilators are shown on opposite walls and the swinpim/ part.- ir doors >■ to allow air to enter by way nf D .nil (! from the left and le \v\\ M oy wi,y of K and ii through the shaft on the right entering it at the bottom K and iioing up und out at E, us indicated oy arrows. On tiie left, the trap or door H is set so as to prevent any air entering the stable or going out at that point, while G is set to prevent any ..ir enterin<; or leaving the i( oni at opening C. The same may be said of doors L and K. The doors are placed in these positions when the wind is coming from the left side, but when the wind happens to strike the right hard side of the stable then the liosition of all the ventilators should be reversed and thr air should enter by way jf F and L and leave by way of II and C. The enda of the ventilators should not project irom the walla on the outside. The trap doors may be eonstrueted of vood or sheet zinc and may be controlled by means of a projeetirg handle or by means cf cords. By lettiiigthe jipper doors hang vertically re the best for every feeder. It includes several ideas, howi ,er, which could be incorporated into almrst any plan of a piggery, and these ideas can lie best e.\pressed by giving the diagram included. ^^ The building may. of course, be of any necessary length to accommodate from '-0 to 100 pi^ or more. Two rows of pens flank the passage, one on either side. Do(ir.s two feet wide open oil the passage into each pen. The fe(>ding is done from the pnssage, and for u discussion and exemplification of methods see iim-c- l(i and IT I i<> pens iire lu feet ' ont and 12 fwt deep, being large enougii lor from 4 to S !!iiiiiia!s Mceordmg to size. In the pl:i FL, FL, FL are feedinfe- floors 6 .x 10. L. I., L.- .- partitions separating the bd up ss d-^erihed i.ii page 10. In thr feed ru,,;ji the eool-er or heater C occupies a somewhat central position. B. B. B.. &e.— Pins for feed. P.— Pulper. T. — Tr:ip-door tn root cellar. The feed room floor should be of cement, supported by railr.>;)d iron. Hi ^- 1 i 1 i PASTURE pAsTuni:, i Z tt o 2 O H 5 05 '^^ > 3 S DOOR 1 oai VI ajLnHo SNiaYOi § « ' V y f \^ ;d 3 2 L^L 2 S n/ > ^ \o > ^; (3D PI ;=>' « m ?1 r w U 9 - L 75 L r o J\ -< ■< \ - i > \ ' 1 ;« o pi r 9 ►ti F V B B B B Tl rt B S r c • r o B 3 FLOCK PLAN (—1 DOOH 1 .P T MHHiiiliii 27 KXOORS. A glunce at tho floor lines In cross sections A., B., C, D. and E.. will prov.; more instructive tlinn any wnrd picture. In cross section A. the floors slope towar.l tue pawoge P. B. is the bed, 3 inches above the feed floor F. F., feed floor, with slight slope towards passage P. T., cement trough. G. O., guttevs along passage. CROSS SECTION In cross section B., B. is the bed. S. is a 4 x 4 inch scantling or cement strn .v (juard around the bed. F. i* the feed floor with slope toward the passage P. Alons P. run two gutters for carrying off liquid manure. r* CROSS ShXTUlN D. In cross section C P. is the p&ssage T. L., the trougii part of which i? in tlie cement passage, permitting the placing of the fp.'d in the trough without any moving n*' the front partition, as shown in eut on page 29. I M ; I, 28 F. L. is the feed floor sloping awny from the trough, B. is the elevated hod 2 to 3 fiTt liiprh. n-iiohed by means of approach indicated by dotted line A. i ^-''' >y- CROSS SECTION C. Tn prn«s section T). the floor falls away from the troiieh and from one side to n liolc down through the floor in one corner of each pen. B. B. nre elevated beds. y\ CROSS SECTION D. In cross section E the floor plan is the same as in B. CROSS SECTION E. 29 '^•'V^A DIAGRAM SIlOttl.NG METHODS OF FEEDING TIGS ANU DRAINING PE\>^ Note.— In the fipurc the details of the placing of the fecdinj? '.roiisrh. the hinged foot board in front of the trough and the swing door fur .•.>nvenienA" in feeding are all shown. The oonstniction of the pen floor with .slope to gutter in passage tli"ir may be seen < n right. The fall in the flmir towards the feeding-trough permits the swine to lie on a drj- bed at the h:\c\s ef caeh pen. The absence of air .space under pea-* makes for greater warmth. Therein lies- one (if the great advantages of the cement floor. 80 llRAINAdK. I»^ Driiiii.'){f is oiii of the priiut' neccssitit's of 4 suod pifjfery. The pen floors shouiti be built to nlopc- I'ltlit-r to or from 'he pnsnage, 2 inches in the 12 ft. will be found to be ample pitch. If it sloped to the pa:iflu);i' a sriiall drain will be nccc^ury down em-'i aide of the pnssatce. If it slo()eH from the paswajfe a drain all alonR the back of th.' pons and undor the bed>« will .)p noccn^ary. The Udter plan in usually whore it slopos to the passage, and rung along it to tome underground drain. PABTITIONS. The qucstiou of partitions is of considerable importance. For .he dividing pur- litluns in pens there seems to be no doubt that wood is the most satisfactory material. For (he partitions next the passage it is just possible that wire may have 9i>mo advan- tages. Very strong wire well stayed by numerous strong uprights must be used. Wire partitions are of value in making a pen light anM. I 1 The feed room should be provided with a heater if much winter feeding is io be carried on. Around the walls should be feed bins and a small root pulper should fi'id a )ilace on the floor. Under the feed room should be a root cellar, and over it a loft for : toring straw with a chute leading therefrom into .he passage. THE ROOF. Many and various are the styles of wall and roof that are advocated. Some of the best may be \1nder3tood by again referring to diagrams A. B, C, D and E. The roof plan, lighting and ventilation are so closely related thnt they should be considereil at one and the same time. In .-eetion B, the roof is a common half pitch, and the wiuJuws are piactd us high as the eaves will allow on both sides and as low as safe fmm pigs. Such a building should run north ond south. V.O. is the foul air outlet at the ijp, and V.I. on either side the fresh air inlets. These latter openings may be closed by a species of trap door controlled by a string reaching to the passage. V.O. also may bo opened by means of a swinging trap. The style of roof shown in section A is one that has met with considerable favour in many parts of America. The two parts of the roof snould have the same pitch and be of the snmo length. The wall on one side should be three or four reet higher than on the other side, so that there may be a drop of throe or four feet between the higher and the lower parts of the roof at the centre of the building. Such a building should be built to have the upper window face the south. Windows are indicated by W.W.W. on eiich siile and in the centre of the building in the drop between the parts of iheroof. The centre window may be on hinges and could then be manipulated by means of a tope nr other appliance to let foul air out. Fresh air may be admitted as per plan out- lined under B, or as per plan in diagram, page 24. A line drawing of such a piggery as the above is shown in illustration, page 31. Cross-section C is that of a flat roofed building with the light admitted from the top only. The window should have a slight slope toward the south. The best method to ventilate such a Imilding will lie the sj-stem outlined on page 24. In diagram D, a plan for a building with a loft is given. Thi.s roof and ceilinp: plan admits of a great deal of light entering the piggery without having the whole ceil- ing so high ,ns to render the building cold. The upper part of the window being hinged permits of it being worked to act as a ventilator for both inlet and outlet. Windows are indicated by triple lines. -WrMNJMHtMlM n In plan E a giujjle sloiw roof is thown. Piggwrie* built on thin plan «hoiild have pens with n proportionately Iiirver frontage on pn«Raiii> so as to docreafie width of piggery. The south or Inrge window should he lit leiist six fret hifrh. A SMALL riOOGRV. PAET n.— A COMPILATION OF A NUMBER OF EXPEBIMENTS IN PIG FEED- INO CONDUCTED AT THE CENTEAl EXPEKIMENTAL FAEM INCLUD- ING A FEW CAERIED ON AT NAPPAN, N.S., BIUUDON, MAN., AND INDIAN HEAD, ASSA. COMPAIUSON OF BREEDS AS TO ECONOMY OF (rAlN. because pigs of some breeds show a tendency to lay on fat rather than produco musclo or lean meat, many farmers suppose that they fatten or mature rapidly and lay on flesh more cheaply. Such is not the case. Many experiments conducted he-e and elsewhere show very little difference in economy of gains with animals of the dif- ferent breeds. The followin- tables show the quantities of feed consumed per pound of increa-so .-a hve weirht. hy swine of different broods or breeding durinp different feeding tests. Table I. shows the quantities of frosted wheat, ground and soaked in eold water for an average period of eighteen hours, odnsumed by swine of different breeding per pound of increase in live weight. They were fed for a period of twelve weeks. If '■ I i 1= S Table I. \". <.f .Swin.'. Brpiilinif. Date of Hinh. .Vvprnpe nf live wcijiht i»t head. 18tt2. X Crtwslirwis .. Berkuliire sire and I'oliind-f'hins dam May U 4GradpH I'l'lT'ivid Lar^e Y(irk»hirc»iieaiid Beik.shiie (irade ' dam lime i;t. 2 rr..«slired». Impnived I.nrije YcrksliireKireaml Herkshire dam.. .May 1. a I ureliredH. . Iiii|iriived Larife Yorkshire A„j. 4. 10!» '.14 12s 91 t)ct. :t. Dec. 2(i. 210 IWi 213 1.5- Feed ton- Humerl I>er lb. of iiicreane. .") TO 5 0.3 5 <7 Talk' II stliowi the quantity of u inixtiirp of «iual parts by wcijrht of bnrloy an! fruatcd wheat l>oth ground anil loakiKi iii cold water for an avoragn period of thirty houn, plus piil;)ed carrota, coii«uine«l by iwiiie of ditlerent bretMlinsf per pound of in- crease in live wcinht. They were fe rn«.«lirMli. . . TiiiiToviil iMrff Yiirk»hiri' »iri' iiiirt K.«»»x Ham Hrfit. SX ;\ l'iiri-l.r.il-. ll.Tk«hir>' ■ '•i*- < ('r.i«slire. 7 or U. May 3 orU. Orain. Cnrnrtii "(1 117 Dm. l.sr. Some of thorn were fed for n period of fifteen weeks, and some of them for i\ period of twelve weeks. Table III. No. of Swine. Ilri'i^liiiK. I Date of Kirth. 1893. .-Vvi'vaK'' I'f live WfiKht iM-r hiiwl. Ki'|.*l eon- ituniiHi |ier lb. of increHf**'. Aug. 23. llw. Ih-cU. llw. llw. .'. CrowbreilB . Iiii|irovpl lj«r(re Yorkntiirf xire ami llerknliire rlani.. .lune !l. 5 „ lWk.»liire »ire and Improved I.arifi' York»liireilaui.; " U .^ „ . Ksnes "ire and Improved l«'\rtte \ork»l.irf dam . .May 31 •> „ . . ilerknhire »ire und Tamworth ilam ■■ 7 5 .. .. ll..rk»hire aire and I'lilaiiil Cliiiia dam [Ap!. 27 6 .. .. Jiwex sire and Impnjved Laiye Vork»tiir^ dam .. j.\lay31 I I i 4(;riult>'. . . Taiiiwiirth »ire and Berk»liiie tfiade dam ..,|Ju.y 3 .') I'ureliredH. . Impnivi^l Ijirge Vi)rk»liir«> Juiielj. .S..I 42 .Sli 3 r.2 4!i itw 3 72 4.'-. !m •J A '.14 173 1 ill «3 11)1 1 11 41 t. li. Nov. 211. 4 27 ,V2 113 3 24 4** «2 3 mi Table IV. shows the quantity of a mixture of equal parts by measure of barley, rye, frosted wheat (all ground) and wheat bran, soaked in cold water for an average jieriod of eighteen hours, plus .3 pounds of skim milk per head per day, consumed per poiiiirth aire, and llerkahire irradi- da i. July S S l.ruaabieda . Herkahire airr, and Impruved Larfff York- lb*. lU. Iba. ahiredani Jun« « . tMK-x aire, and Iini>nived Ijirgp Yurkahire dam JH,y ;,i . Berkthire aire, and Tamwortli dam i ,, 7. MH (i3 Jan. 31. IM) Keb. a», ltd 262 •i M 2 :!i m 117 Jan. :<1. UK) .. M, mi 2 IW 3 10 2 32 lOH Kel>.28. 223 3 09 2 17 83 173 i .. 28, 11»2 1 M •M.XBi 1 3 23 3 57 283 3 46 Conclusi --F'om these four series nf tesU it appears that:— 1. The b ,8 than purebreds. I' WORK AT OTHER STATIONS. Some work done along this line at Guelph is well summarized by Prof. 0. E. Day. in bulletin 129, from which the following extract is copied:— ' The table given below shows the average amount of meal required for 100 pounds gain, live weight, in the five expe-i-n iks. In the making up of this table only the meal has been considered. Fuch f-..' as dairy by-products and green feed, which were fed sometimes, were the 3:xme lor all breeds, and have been omitted to simplify llit comparison. • The following shows the aveiage amount of meal consumed fo- 100 pounds gain, live weight, in five experiments: ' Berkshire 3(54 .41; Yorkshire 3(59 .r,^ Tamworth 380-47 .•51—3 Vkmi « Hi ll il 34 Duroc Jersey 384-23 Chcstor Whicc. 387-89 Poland China ^^^ ",^" ui ■„ Hoforo liny conclusions i>re drawn from the tabic given above, a second table will be presented for consiriment :— Table V. IWKi. 1807. 18!t8. IH'Jft. liWO. Hcrkshire PtTkshirr . . jTamwiirtli Yorkshirf . I Yorkshire . .. IJuroc Jerxev . . . Chester White Chester White. . . I )uriio .lerwy . . Tainworth I'lihmd China . . I'olaiid China . Berkshire ilJerkshire Yorkshire Taniworth ITaniworth Berkshire Polami China Hohinil China Uiinx; Jersey i)unx: .lersey (Chester White I Taiiiwortl. Chester White Yorkshire , t Chester White. Yorkshire I luroc Jersey I'olaml China. . Ill considering these tables we must bear in mind that averages are frequently mis- leading. For example, in a certain experiment one bri-ed may suffer from some unfiivoiirable circumstance which is in no way related to or influenced by the breeding of the animals; yet this cii-cum.stance may seriously affect the average standing of the breed in question. A study of the last table reveals the fact that there is little or no constancy in the standing of any one breed, ext-ept the BerkViires, which certainly make a remarkably good showing. It may be i>os8ible that the Berkshire^ were able to digest and assimi- late a larg«T iiercentape of their food than were the other breeds, hut we believe that at least a large share of their success was due to another cause. All the pigs used in these experiments were purcha.scd at ages varying from six to ten weeks, and it was noted that the Berkshires se<'med, therefore, to attribute their high standing to their ability to adapt themselves to changed conditions ratiier than to their power to digest and assimilate a larger percentage of their food. In ISOfi. ^Ir. A. ^luckily, at Indian Ilcad. exixri men ting with diff<'rent breeds- of swine, says : — To test the difference in growth iK'tweeii large Yorkshires, Tamworths and cross- bred iiigs, two animals from each of tlut*c lire<>(l.v were put into nue pen on An,gust 4. ans. 2R0 ■MT, 304 36 METHODS OF WIXTP^RIXG. WLSTEBI.NG SOWS, OfTSIDE Vs. INStDE. Where mu, .1 pasturinj; of pijrs is carritd on the wintering of the sows and the full litters is always a prolilem of considerable difficulty, since the full utilization of pastures rei(fs ill lot ... Niiinlx'r uf Hays oti ft'wl 1 lays I )e8ori|iti()n *tf ration fed . , Lbs I'dunds of mixtiirt' required for HKI Uw. Kiii" 417! .W.'V 280 Amount fwl in (xriiHl Ll)s. WX \ 1.07l'l 4(HI Value * 10 (i7 ' 11 ."il ' 4 (Ml tiain made liy lot Lis. 238 | 1!)2 14:* .Vverajfi'gain [KT jiitr .. ; 48 j 4H X>'i AveniKerateof gam |»'rilieni. .. i l<2 ! rM (i Cfwt of 100 lbs. increase in live ' i V'ight . . ■• 4 4« • <■• 0" 2 80 Health and a|i|>earaniT . . (ksid. (Jowl ! G77 7.') 1,0.W 117* Outside. II (iO Mi.\ed niea aA inside. 52(1 2,:«ui 24 1(1 444 4(1.1, (18" "i 12 107 51—31 i - i I 36 INSIDK DEEDING. When similar feeds were fed inside much better results were noted, both the rate of gain per day being sli^rhtly increased and the cost of production lowered. The mix- ture of shortB 4 parts and oil 1 part cominK to the fore, as gains were made at a cost of $2.80 per 100 lbs. gain, and at the rate of 6-lOths pound per pig per day. Table VIII. RATIONS FOR YOUNG PIUS INSIDI Lot I. Lot 2. Lot 3. Number of pigs in lots 5 ] ■• Location j InKide. I°»"''';- Number of day* on fwd ** ''*' '/Oil meal 200h Shorts 20 i „ , ■ ,. ilcintenaiO I IShort«. Description of ration ffd j-, o,it» 200 ; |"Skim-milk. SUim-milk \ \i^ lbs. a day; Pininds of iiiixtiue rwiuired for 100 | lK>und« gain Llw. 190 mi-al. HGiKi iiipal, ofi4 skim-milk, i skiin-iiical. Amount ffd in |ieriiid 252 meal. 750 204 meal, 7.">fi milk. milk. Value * I 3 94 ! 2 '.W (Jain made l.y let Llw. 133 \ 134 Average (tain \Kr pijf •< 2t)J .*H A veraKe rate of gain [ler day " ' 08 ; 04 Ca-tt of lIM) lbs. increase in live weight « ^. 2!M 221 Health and apijearance Very good. Rxcellent. Weight of lot to start Lbs. 183 I 122 Average weight to stiirt •• 36^ j 30i Weight of l.it at tuA 316 25b Average weight ill tiniah ■• . 63 I o4 Inside. 60 Shorts 100 Gluten 100 417 993 10-67 2.38 48 ■82 ^4-48 vlood. 4!t6 99 734 147 Lot 4. Lot r>. 4 Inside. 60 5 Inside. 60 Shorts 400 Oats 100 Oil meal 100 Oil ineallOO 280 400 4 00 143 6 2 80 Goofl. 181 45i 324 81 322 699 8 04 217 «i •74 3-70 Good. 379 76 .595 119 OUTSIDE FEEDINQ. An examination of the reports of the experiments carried on outside, submitted below, shows that a mixture of shorts 4 parts and oil meal 1 part produced Pork for $5.02 per 100 pounds at the rate of 6-lOths of a pound per day. Shorts and gluten meal, equal parts, produced pork at a more rapid rate, viz., S-lOths pounds per day. but at a slightly higher cost, viz., $6 per 100 pounds. Tie difference may have been due to the difference in the age of the pigs. A mixture of shorts and oil meal, equal parts, gave very poor results, since it cost $7.93 to produce 100 pounds, live weight, at the rate of 47-lOOth pounds per pig per day. ii i -ii 37 Table IX. RATIONS KOK YOUNc; PKJS OUTSIPE. U>i 3. Lot 4. NunibtT of |ii«H in lnt lx)oation No. of duVK on feed . . . 4 < lutside. (>0 4 Outside. m ! I I.Kit ti. lx)t 7. Lot 8. lyOt 9. t; Outside. Outside. 60 4 ide. liO Description of ration fed / Shorts IWt .Short- loo Oats 20ip .ShortMOO Oats 100 t.luten lOo Oilnieal Kn- Shorts 100 Oil meallOO Shorts 200 Pounds of meal mixture re- quired for 100 lbs. gum Amount fed in period Llis. Value « (lain made by lot . . . Llis. .\nrage (tain iier pig Daily rate of ^ain Cost of 100 lbs. increase in live weight ^ Health and ap[iearance ( Weight of lot to start jjis. .\verage weight to start Weight of lot at finish Average weight at finish 5S2i 721 1.071 O^M 11 .51 8N« 1!»2 112 IS 28 S 47 G (K) 7 03 >:- 83 GOO 1,176 U 76 l!ie 28 ■47 5 70 Fair. 'M 81 7G2 100 Outside. 60 j Shorts 4uO OihneallOO tiluten 100 Skim-milk. MAlbs. perd I.Menl28U ( M.Ik 766 ( Milk 1.134 I Meal 417 5 49 148 62 3 82 .ll.nt. 2.-Xi «4 40!) 101 Kx, FEEDING IN PASTURE AS COMPARED WITH FEEDING IN PENS. Mr. R. Robertson, at Nappan, experimenting with pigs, wriU's:— An experiment carried on in tlie summer <.f 1902-03 was repeated this year with pigs of one month old, in two lots of ten each, of various breeds and crosses", each lot consisting of an equal number from each litter and termed lot I. and lot II.— lot I. in pnstun^ and lot II. in pens. Lot I. were fed an average daily ration of 2 pounds meal, largelv shorts and • pounds skim-milk, from July 1 to Novemlnr 1, and pasture which consisted of >vcr, rape, hairy or sand vetch, and spring vetcli and peas mixed sown on diiferent rts of a field of one acre in extent. Lot II. were fed the same daily ration in pens. A portable house was used for shelter. On November 1 tne pigs were taken into pens, and fed a r.ition of .T pounds meal until December 1. The results are as follows: — Table X. Lot I. fed on pasture, July 1 to Xovemhcr 1 ; fed in pens, November 1 to December 1. 1%'lilKi. ■'uly 1 to November 1 N'o\eniber 1 to Decenilier 1 . Tot.ll gain, 10 pigs, 153 days . . Weight at , Weight at Start. Finish. Lbs. 170 1.129 Lbs. 1,129 i.fimt Oain. Lbs. 959 48i> 1,439 Average daily gain on pasture, July 1 to November 1 78 Cost per pound gain, entire period cts. 3.15 Average daily giin in pens, November 1 to Dscember 1. . . . 1-60 S8 Table XI. Lul II. fed in pens, July 1 to Dixemher 1. 190^. Period. WVight at ; WViKht at (.^j^ Start. Kinisli. July 1 to Man.li 1 Ni>v«'mlifr 1 to I h't-eniUr 1 Total itain, 10 iii^'si, Ui3 day" Dm. 185 1,1U9 Llw. I,lfi» 1,472 Llm. Lb(. Average daily fc'ain In i«'iis, July 1 to November 1 'SO Average daily S?"iu iu pens, ^idveiuber 1 to December 1.... 1 -01 t'o.st per pound gain, entire period cts. 3 -94 iW4 •Jim 1,2H7 FEEDIXO riC"-' ON I'lJASE IN THE FIEU). In l!H>i :Mr. S. A. I5edford. at Brandon, wr'tes as follows:— Field i>ease give large returns in tliis province, but tiie one great obstacle to their general cultivation is the '' l" Weight when sold lbs. 1 670 Value when sold *><3 50 Profit on one aero peas f e ' to pigs $1" 34 experimp:.\'ts i\ fekding skim-milk. The value of ikim-milk as a feed for pork production has always bwn well known, and *he following e.xiierinients were aevised for the purpose of giving some exact data which might be used as a guide to the feeder rather than for the purpose of settling some disputed question of establishing some doubtful feed on better grounds. Some of the experiments suininarizfd in tlie following table were conducted with the sole purpose of determining the value of this by-produ''t. while otiiers have been in- troduced as illustrating to a greater or less extent the value of this feed. The very great value of this substance must not be measured by its chemical composi 'in solely; but its peculiar, apparently stimulating action upon the growth of animals must be considered. The following data are accordingly submitted:— 89 Table XII. F»^d How Prrpaicd. s ! » I » 1 i'fi'l Soakrd 30 lim 2 MhbI (half quantity M Soaked ;«) ho-— ( ill i'\|MTiiiieiit I). Skim milk Urn. SI 117 -I '■ 41 103 s S >> tc B « s^- t; tc •o cS k £ g« •- c J 2 JS igi §^ ia _l •* X < Llw. L1.S. Llw. 1 ^11 Ll>8, Llis. 2:«) 11.1 112 1 txr 4H3 4 2 24« -r 3 W'hrjit shortM. •Skim milk. . . . Sonkid ;tO tioiim. 17!» \ >\v&\ : in'OHB, wheat (iriiiiml and mjiiked 18 lirn.i and rvf. i 123 2l 1 ^amount). ! i'Skliii milk ! . ";f''">"n (iroiind andwiaked .so hrs. 4 .. . .; Whole, soaked 54 hours .. 3 8!C'orn Skim milk W; Pease. '.Skim milk 10 Ii,irle> Whole. Moaked Ttj • iiviund, iuiitketi 1 .54 12.5^ 1 45 1,.\32; 15 49 !I8 112 87 4as 4 Hi IIH 91 1 30 34:! 2 !«l 27:< 2 31 107 84 1 27 •>v> VXA I 35 11 liarley >Vhole, soaked 54 hmrs . Skim milk. 7:< :i9 12 Pease, liarley an^* ••ve. 13 I'eatie, barley and rye. Skim milk . Whole, Koakeil 48 hours . Whole, soaker; 48 hours . (ill 5 (ill i,s4 lliil l.-iO 204 111 112 1 (i«l 100 84' 1 19 4K". 4-35 3-eceding paragraph. It will be observed that while of barley fed alone 4-35 pounds were required to produce one pound of pork, only 3 "64 pounds were requiretl for the same effect when fed with 2 -52 pounds of milk. Here also the feeding value of skim-milk seems very much greater than most work along this line would indicate. 5. In Experiments 12 and 13 the use of milk with a mixture of pease, barley and rye fed whole, as compared with the same mixture fed alone, is illustrated. The mix- ture seems to bear the relation of 1 to 6 :99 pounds of milk. 6. In Experiments 14 and 15 a meal composed of equal parts of j -ound pease, bar- ley and rye was fed in the one case without milk when 4-36 pounds were required to produce one pound of pork, and in the other case with all the skim-milk the pigs would consume in addition to the grain ration when 3 "46 pounds meal and 4 -81 pounds skim- milk produced one pound pork. Skim-milk, according to this experiment, would be worth about one-fifth (100-534) as much as nn equal weight of the meal. 7. In addition to the above work, a summary of some other work is submitted below. From teats made in 1892, 1893 and 1894 with 48 swine, it appears that when a small quantity (about three pounds per head per day) of skim-milk was fed, a less quantity of it was equal to one pound of the grain in the feed consumed per pound of increase in live weight, than when a large quantity (about 15 pounds per head per day) was fed. The results are shown in the following table: — Tabi.k XIII. ii WumbfT of Swine :n Te*t. 4 31 4 4 5 2 Skim-milk conKiimed iier head j*r day. Ibi-. 2 3 .5 4 13 6 1,5 7 17 1 '2:t 7 ,1 pound corn equal to 1'83 |wundb skim-milk. 1 iwund mixed grain equa to 3 23 pounds akim-milk. !i ., ,. ., 5-;« 1 M frosted wheat -- 7 91 .. ■, 1 II mixed grain .i 7 34 •• „ 1 .. „ „ 8-82 1 .. ., „ 7-76 |,h ■i I General Conchtsiong. — From these tests and from our experience in feeding young pigB, it appears that: — (1.) For the fattening of swine weighing on the average over 100 pounds each, live weight, it is economical to give an allowance of skim-milk not exceeding five pounrs x)er iiead per day. (2.) Skim-milk gives the best returns for the amount fed when it constitutes a comparatively small part of the total food fed. (3.) Skim-milk may, generally speaking, be considered to i : worth from one- sixth to one-fifth as much as mixed grain. ^iHljig- 41 FEEDING SKIU-MILK AT NAPPAK. With a view to determine the value obtainable for skim-milk when fed to pigs under existing markets for feed and products, three lots of pigs were fed during the year 1902. Lot 1 were fed an average of 20 pounds skim-milk per pig per day, and lots 2 and 3 an average of 25 pounds skim-milk per pig per day. A daily average of two pounds wheat shorts were i.'.so fed to each pig. Lots 1 and 3 were valued at $2 each pig, and lot 2 at $3 each at the beginning of the test. The results were as follows:— Table XIV. SKIM-MILK TEST. I. •». Bretniinj?. Berkiiliire. York»tiire ■"^wine Age. Weight at Start. inonths Lbs. 3 1 77 3 I 2 216 3 I 1 132 Na i of Days Krd. Ill) 125 165 Weight at Finixh. Lb». 435 360 900 ( DreMcd Weight. Llw. 720 Vahif First i Cost Cost. Meal Feed Vahie [)er 100 lbs. Milk. 9 ct". ; S ctf. I j i 22 14 6 00 ! ; i :» liil 9 IJO : 43 20 8 00 * cts. Ct». 6 6<) I 1» 45 7 50 I 15 13 13 20 1 17 77 WHOLE VS. GROUND GRAIN. EXPERIMENTS CONTRASTING THE VALUE OF WHOLE GRAIN WITH SIMILAR GRAIN WHEN GROUND, AS A PORK PRODUCER. It is generally conceded that there is more or less waste when grain is fed whole to swine. Many feeders maintain, however, that the gains are practically the same from equal weights of grain whether fed whole or ground. To get some data on this point, a number of experiments have been carried on here. The following gives a summary of the results with ten groups of pigs fed at 'lifforent times and with different feeds: — Table XV. Feed. How Prepared. \U - I » X i>« IPeaae, barley and rye. . . Croimd, soak«l 12 lioiirs' 4 "(' 210 l."l ll!l Wh tc :■£ il& lbs. 87 1191 1(M 119 135 11!) 67 17.') 6»i V.a 66 171 66 18.. ■73, 3,S6 87' 4.^5 1 13 XV> 1869 1 12 4M ... : 645 ilOi 441 1 06: V:0 881 409 1 04 1 (»8 1 IT 467 307 307 llw. 4 45 4 ,•« 2 46 13 92 3 411 4 81 4 08 :« ."jo 3 88 3 76 3 60 8 43 I » i ■ 1 I ! { :l I* 42 A stuily of the nbov«^ table would gccm to show that: — 1. Wlion, priis*', hurley niul r.vc were fed wholt', •01) poumls more of the mixture wns ri'tiuircd to produce a ixnind of pork than whuu fed Kf""'"!. Thin is a (?ain of iwi) per cent. :;. I.<)l.s .'« iind 4 wore (jivpu in ouch case all the skini-niilk tht.y would drink. While no exiiet feedinjj vuhie can Ix- attached to the skini-milk. ,v<-i ii eon.. In lots .1 iind (■>. wiiere a ration of oats, barley and straw wu.s fed, first with the (irain part miftroiind and second with the grain part (rround a hirge piin is indi- cated, viz.. 20 per t'ent. ■I. In lots 7 iinil S, where a similar ration to that in lots !i and (> was fed with the difTcrence that in lots .'> and fi it was fed dry, and in lots 7 v\nd H it was fed soaked, r, siiiiiller train of about .'I per cent us shown in favour of the (irr.ond feed. ti. In lots and 10 a nu.\turc of oats, pease and barley is jtd whole, and con- trasted with a similar mixturi> when fed ground'. A (fain of alm-ist 4 per cent is ~lv.\vn in f'.ivour of the ({round feed. 0. While the results vary considerably, it will be obwrved that in every case a nain js iKiticealile where tjroiind feed is used rather than whole feed. It is quite safe to say that a (tain of from 'i to 10 |M'r cent may l>e looked for when ffround ijrain rather than untjnniiul is fed. In siune experiments conducted here with whole prain an effort vas made to ascer- tain the |H'r cent of (jrain that escaped digcwtion when it was fed whole. The excrement was collected for 24 hours after thi' animals had been on a tixed rat'^... ol one variety of (Train for some weeks. aner cent of thv whole amount was found in the exen'ment. Xom of this would (Ter- minate. ((0 In the ease of whole <"orn. where 11 pounds wns fed, 8 oz., or nearly ,5 per cent of the whole amount, was founil in the excrement. About one twelfth of this (jer- minateil. (f) In the case of un(rrouM(l mixed (rrain (oats, pease and barley), where 11 pounds of (jrain was fed 10 oz.. or .I '7 per cent of the v.hole amount, wa- found in the excre- jnent. About onc-tiftieth ( oat.s) of this (jcrminated. COOKED vs. RAW. KXI'FItlMKNTS TO nfrrEKMIXE THE VALUE OF STEAMEP OR COOKED FEF.n, FED WARM. AS CON- TltASTEl) WITH RAW FEED. FED COI.D, IN'CLl'DISG AN EXPERIMENT WITH PEA ENSILAGE. The followin'jT report is taken with slipht changes from the report for 1891 : — The object of this exjierimenf was twofold: (1) to discover the difTcrence, if any, in the quantity of irrnin reipiired to pro llw. grain. In this e.xperiin<'nt the object was to diseover the value, if any. of pea ensilage for the feeding aiui fattening of .swine. Records were also liept to usccrtain tiie comparative quaiititie?) of feed required to produce every pound of increase in the live weigiit of tiie swine during the dltlcrerit stages of the feeding jKjriod. The pea ensilage was prepared liy harvesting the crop win ii the earliest pods were filled and l)efore the peas IxK'aine hard. The vines were green and succulent. The ensilage was well preserved. The pigs in lot ?> were fed an allowance of grain, m mixture of equal parts of ground pea.s, barley and rye, but not as much as they would have eaten readily. They were fed also a quantity of pea ensilage. The pigs in lot 4 wer(> fed upon pea ensilage only. In both eases the jiigs refused to eat more ilian a .small portion of whatever quantity of pea ensilage was ofFereii a iiiixtnn' t>f ffniimd Hiut ll« |Ha»f, liarlt-y hiiiI ryi' tUftmrtl ami wiiniuii, IHW cllHillklfC — lAvf w<'i|;ht 2.M tiftin in Weight I . F.-enNiiiiiitl (mt Hi. (if>;i>',n ill live weight ToUU Wm. 237 •J-J3 aft lit 14 1H :m HOI 2127 IM !I38 HIM ■>4 ! lo:t, KaiM ill wpi)(ht. 243 l.lKiJ. (fraiii ciinxiinit^l. J4 12. |0°ain. ZAft 4— Four :iir'nr, Vt*i\ on i>fa fDMilngf only tin- til 2n'l Marth Live \v>'iirlit . •>M\ lAn'f in wt'ijfht F.-a tmHilaf;!' fv.l IVu .'iimliiKf left unt>at4-i|{lit , j. of (fain in . j I live weijfht j 2'32 Lttt:' S II lift -i . Av»*rH(f«* fe»'d cnii'*uined ikt lb. of 1 train in liv. w.-i){ht . | 4 84 3 22 4 .'.2 2 «« 3 s;< 5 (Xi .IMS in wi' iglit. r>12* 571 117 i>S\ 'M'lti, (jain in weijfht. 38* 327 l.lfiM, Krain iimKiiiiied. 3 31 r> 59 Hi, grain. Lots 5 and (i were fed similarly to lots 3 and 4, save that sugar beets were sub- stituted for pea ensilage. Hi 1^ ^gim wm-ammmfimm u T«i,K XVIII. Shown thn weiffhu of tho swine, the gains in weight, and the quantiti.-. of fe..! I'onsumcd. I t t K S J a. J •s 5 -c S T..t»U /."(.I four Sirinr. S 2 lb«. 11)11. »*. |J«. Um. 11,1, lb«. Il,«. Fill "II n inixtiirf of (rniuiiil ]n-ww, Iwrlny ami ryr, /.y/ tlninieil , nd iniriind, anil minar liectH Ijivi' wi( (froiinil iifaiw, hurley anil ryi', tol rnicanil rnlil, :uid linear b«*.i! Livf wt'if(ht . of gain in live wi'ight ■■^a1, -.11 iJf? *~-''^'''^ 2M2 •-'.411, grain lonnumed. 444 •»»> .".13 ;t2n308 224 l.f^. Migar l»et, co- i «unie. Hugar Itti-u. 201272 41.-) 547 iW-'V-ll 772 •■• 71 Ua 1.32, 1 4.') 39 41 571, gain in w. ight. Lotn .') and *>. Average teed eonBDUied i>er lb. ) Crain of gain in live weight I Sugar beets, . Percentage of increaao in feed conxunied per Ih. (if gain in live weight i 1 M). grain equal to T> lb«. »iigar beetn I , •.>2r> am rm 4r)8 :«71 27n 2,223, grain tonnuuiHii. <)0 321) ;K)7 .'>10 32i' 244 1,.^J.% -ugar Wtx ci.n- 1,1 I suined. ....i....i .t 3 XH, grain. ; I 2 73, sugar l)e.-t«. 3 93 2 , four NM lilt' ill •B = 2 wttrtn. III Xllll Kif.iiiiK P.riiKl«. §5 J5 5 ii Mil 1 ■iiKiir Ihh la. -c * * c • .=■ * , C fiiK'fcr t »-l-tr«, "^ 3"^ »f;2 -'■53 - •S&3 rfe3 •iS.i •^^'i . •^nt(ui (iraiii. Siiu«r J J IIm. 11.1a,.. IIm. IW.-U. • ItM. tu. 1.-. Kir»t 3 31 3 :«i im t Kl U «l a 17 Hi Stxtimt am 3 07 3 22 ■2 4C. •.•III) 1! "li 2 Zi Thinl 3 7W 4'4:< 4 62 :< 4ti L* (Kl 3 HI •J :u h'oiirlli 5(10 7 07 4 ro 2 :w f) 4" 3 ii:i 3 1:. •-• 13 Fifili 7 <»i ft tw ft :io :* M 4 M« 4 m !l ill N -Jf. Sixtli H U 5 71 4 :*> :. 5U 4 1- ' 3 mi :< 31 L' tti c. an 3 h;i li Ull A\engv 4 It! 4 2r> 4 l-i 3 Iti ■z ;:i d'Hc'iKitV/ns.— riio teaohiiitr of those «■!> of I'xpi'riiiii iits is to tin- «'tr«'ft that: - (1.) ThiTf is no apprffialile differcni-*- in tiin iuimiUt of pounds of j^riiiii n- iiuirt'd to prodiico t'Very pound of inoreaso in tho live wiijrht of swiiif, wlii;n fed sli-aini'd and warm, as against raw and cold. (l'.) On tlir avo-ap' tiicn' is ,1 jir.Kiual imrcis*' in tli.- aanliti' of focd ronsiinicl, lor t'vtry pound of gain in live weight of s\\ini>, aftor the s'oond month of thrir ftid- I'ljr piriiKl and after the nvera^ro Hvi' weight fxcrod- PMl •/oiinds. (•'!.) It is most vi'onomioal to iiiarkot swiiio for shiuphtiring wlion they woiirli from 1>0 to "JOO pounds alivt-. (4.) The larpost consumpti' 11 of fetd I I'r day by -wine is at or iioar tlie period of their fiH'dili^ wlien the nuiul>er of pounds of feed eoiisuuied. per pound of increase in weitrht, is lowest:— l,.'i.) For tile iiiereasc of weiyht by :!,2.'Ui liouiuK in -'4 swiii'. 4:14 pounds of a mixture of jrrouiid pease. i)arley and rye wen' required for every pound of increase '.n live weight. SO.MvKD VS. DRV. EXl'KKI.MKNTS ii OKI' RMINK THE \ AI,t K OK soMU:|) I K.Kll AS Kl;|i IlItY. CONIIIASTKU wrill SIMILAR KKEDS It Will !'■■ seen by referring' to pai;e I'll that experiments with cooked feed (f;rains) would indiiMte that the increased returns from cooked feed were not sufficient to pay for the extra work and e.'penditure. The nearest approach to cookinp at praetieally no exi>ens«> is snaking the fooil. and the following experimenf.s were earrieil on along this line. A number of other experiments include some data on this point, but they are so complex a.s to render their consideration under this head inadvisable. ■i 4T Table XX. K«-.l. H"w I'ri'i'ariil. IV MM«, Utrlf iuiil Whnlf ami i«iak«il »> Imur-*. \yh,.l.-. ,lrv. (•nmiui, ilrv.- ■ i 3 2 - 1 • :i 1. : ' at K ^ ^ ** » 4<;t : :•, It wiil U- ohs.rvo,l thai in lot-; 1 una J wher., wimk. i,raiii wu- ft.j. -i.^i a <-..ii»,.JM h;>U> siviiig was apimn-ntly wri.iij:lu in U-v,\ l.y s<.akiiyf tiw ^raiii. 'J i,i> umovriiH to about «i por .vut of tlio foo,l Uh\ l,,t -. In l..t* :; an^J 4 it will U- .,U^r%>r'i tha- jfr.-ji,: jrrain wa..» f.nl .Irv an.l .■uiniiarc! with Kn.un.i pram '.mki-d. Tii.- dau. !.■ r. «■ .jid to point to a lo..- from -..iikaiK' niral. While th;, „,aj. not I-.- th* a'.-tjai <;a .rol.ald.- tliat th.> rc.-iill from s^akitij: mt-al m;ty not be ^ luarked a- U „'rain. A .-tmlv ..f s,,mc oihiT extx-rim-ntal work not s-ubmint-d jii'jer thi.- h'tsd w...'j.'j alsi> ind;oatt' tliis. y«r' it it BoII.r.|i AUK.4T IS. -...AKKIi \VII^..^T. In 1>!'4 Mr. A. Mafk.iy. at Indian Head. says. :— Ihirinir lust w.nt.-r a te-t waj made l«two< n fcwiii,-.' pij^s on -oak>- • •"■ileii wht-at. rr.-iiltinp in favour of >^.,ikfd wii.-.it. 1 «•,• J.. !;« , i f, ;ir pipe fuvh (a mix.-d lot) wi-rt put up on D<.-f.-«ni«fr April I'.. On. pm \Vii> ftd on wlieat soaked for :.'4 hour- Foil.. \vii;i.' i* tlif ri-ult in detail: I',n .\o. l—S..ihJ.—\\ ipht: IXo.. 317 IL^.; Mi ]U. Ajiril. 7>.4 !!.<. C.un. 4C.7 1!.-. /'tn -Vo. ,'— /)',,i7/,r -Weight: 1>. .-.. i'7:.: It-.: ")1' ;l.;i. : April tliT lU. (lain. ."351} It-. Tlu' piifji ill i>,.n N... 1 .-on-uni'-.l I'.lf.it i,..iin 1- «uim..l -J.Vxi p..'jiJ.s wheat. TL. rtforc. in thi< experiment it t.....k 4: p..:ind- -oak'-d whea- t oi ;. .rk. and C p-^uiid-i of boiled wlifut to niak»- the same quaLtity. Pork at 6 oents per p.:iund w.juld make th*- wheat e-.!;-urjiod it. p '•••ir-. au.l in pen No. i' w.irth t!" cen:^ pi r bu?htl. ] «;.( jit ulid vn ^ut up on l>.-<.-erni«fr •;. aieable character ..f i...;ii<- of x'u,- whr-iit which ha^ }^-:. .'-f-a-i-Mlly n, r le?- atfecteii hv frost in some parts of Manitoba and rU- Terrlt'.rier led \.j - . n the appr'.xima;e value of thl- 'r.j-..re:! fn r ju'i. -."hkeij :.•: e "j.-r cab^- i:>r w:T!; >ki!Ti rr.i'k. exiiernuent? t:)einp carried on to ascer •- ,i fvr-i fvr >«•:;<.•. It wa- f.:.i a'.-.n.-. gr-yauu air] ui was also fed in conjunction with other fy-real- !.i!:d a 1 • 1 1 ; i i i! I y. 48 The following table grives in condensed fonn a summary of this series of experi- ments: — Table XXI. £ Feed. How pre|«red. 1 1^ i'i a •i < 1 It ■0 is §i || < is < 1 Wheat . . . Ground and soaked 12 hrs 4 4 lbs. 185 186 187 lbs. 276 278 Iba. 90 77 lbs. 1 17 11«. Ihs. 479j 830 f Wh^at Whole a 3 Whtat, barle Whpat. ~~ y and peaHe.iWhoIe, snaked 42 hm 4 J 4 12 21 278 92 77 1 lit 657 6 07 4 61 165 104) 199 104 12U0 87 88' 56 < t? 441 4 23 r. Wheat 233 1011 2 66 12-51 Kkim-milk . . ■■ 103 a Wheat .... .. .... Ground and soaked IK hrH 187 84 84100 442 5-2fi ^ Wheat anil liarley . . Carrotr. . . Gnmnd and soaked 30 hr« 117 179' 62 1 84 73 326 4 45 53 0'85 Barley, rye, bran Barley, rye. wheat 36 31 54 108 108 191 64 83 8 and . . (iround and soaked 12 hni 105061 I 207 3 85 9 wheat and Gmund and t««>aked 12 hrH .." 100 268 260 3 23 3 00 Skim-milk, , — ^— - In 1892, Mr. A. Mackay, at Indian Head, experimenting with frozen wheat as a feed for p'gs, says: — Two large sows, the only pigs available, were shut up on August 22, in an open pen, after being weighed, and fed for two months on frozen wheat soaked in water for twenty-four hours before beinj, fed. The wheat was fed whole. The pigs were weighed on Octol)er 22, and found to have gained 172 pounds ; the weights being on August 22, 900 pounds, and October 22, 1,072 pounds. The price of pork at Indian Head on October 22 was 7 cents per pound. The value of gain in weight would therefore be $12.04. Nine hundred and sixty pounds, or 16 bushels of wheat were fed in the two months; therefore the- value of frozen wheat in pork would in this western country, on the basis of this experiment, be about 75 cents per bushel. On October 22 the feed was changed, and ground instead of whole wheat was fed, the wheat being wet at times of feeding. On December 2 the pigs were weighed, and found to have gained .''.0 pounds, having eaten 510 pounds of ground wheat; mak- ing price of pork $3.50 and value of grain 4U cents per bushel. The difference in gain of pork for amount of wheat eaten may be accounted for partly by the cold weather and partly by the weight and age of the animals. In above e.xperiments the animals were not in a comfortable house, but exposed to the weather, as the majority of Nnrth-west pigs are when fattening, and the ex- periment may show fdrmers what may be gained by feeding frozer >hcat instead of selling it. Summary.— \X. took on an average 6 pounds 1 ounce of wheat during the font months to make 1 pound of pork. Average return per bushel of wheat consumed, 49 cents. i^ 49 fee/toT^T ^^' ^■—' ^^^"'■*^' "* B^ndon, experimenting with frozen wheat as a The Berkshire grade pigrs were selected for this experiment. They were pur- chased at five cents per pound, live weight, and sold at the same rate; their combined hve weight when the test began. December 7. was 180 pounds. The; were fod^thr^ times a day all the chopped No. 3 or badly frozen wheat they would eat. cTean mfx^ Tni the foLf ^^*'r/V^'°?' ^ '"■''^"'« '^'"^ *°o -' TEST OF WHEAT VS. BARLEY AND WHEAT. In 1894, Mr. A. Mackny, at Indian Head, says :— o„nh^"o ***'' *t'' ^° improved large Yorkshires were divided into two pens of five pig, each, as nearly equal m we.ght as it was possible to get them, there being only five pounds difference between the two lots. ^ 61— t 00 One pen was fod on soaked wheat and the other on soaked wheat and barley mixed. The test commenced on September 1, and on November 1 the pigs in pen No. 1, fed on wheat alone, had made one pound of pork for every 8J pounds wheat used; while pen No. 2, fed on wheat and barley, made one pound of pork for each six pounds grain eaten. The ten pigs used were Iwrn on December 28, 1893, and January 3, 1894, and on account, no doubt, of the extreme cold experienced early in their existence, were small for their age when the test commenced. This may account for the large quantity of grain consumed in comparison with amount of pork made. Following is test in detail : — Pen No. 1—Fed on Soaked W/i «rt^— Weight : Sept. 1, 618 lbs.; Oct. 1, 751 lbs.; Nov. 1, S20 lbs. Gain, 202 IKs. Pen No. 2— Fed on Soaked Wheat and BaWe,!/— Weight : Sept. 1, 623 lbs.; Oct. 1, 778 lbs. ; Nov. 1, 898 lbs. Gain. 275 lbs. Pen No. 1 consumed 1,757 pounds wheat; made 202 pounds pork, or 8J pounds feed to one pound of pork. Pen No. 2 consumed 1,668 pounds wheat and barley; made 275 pounds of pork, or six pounds feed to one pound of pork FEEDING BARLEY TO SWLN'E. f ;■ In 1893, Mr. S. A. Bedford, at Brandon, says:— The two pigs selected for this test were grade Berkshires, their combined weight at the commencement of the test, December 28, was 117 pounds. These were also pur- chased at 5c. per pound live weight, and sold at the same rate. .The barley was fed three times a day, chopped and mixed with water at tlie tim«! of feeding. No more was fed than would be eaten up clean at each meal. The following results show that the barley fed in this experiment realized in pork 5f • ^nts per bushel ; farmers at that time were selling same grade of barley on the mar- ';et at an average of 25 cents per bu=hel, a difference of 100 per cent in favour of i.'>d- ing it. Table XXIII. I 111 ! Ill First month . Second -« Third " Fourth .. Amount of l)«rley oonsumfH] eacli month by the two Kwine. L1.8. (Iain Return in ixiunds of per Imshel |M>rk each of barley month. fed. 3X> 370 Lbx. 71 6-J CtH. .V) 42 43 I'oundH ^v,^i|^,„ 11** ,' of 8win** at barley con8un»Ki ^^ ^^^ „, for one ,«.und ,„„„j,, uf iM)rK. I,b». oz. Ll«. 3 t 20() 4 n 271 5 11 33<1 & s :«I8 Summary.- -It took an average of 4 jwunds 11 ounces of barley during the four months to make 1 pound of pork. Average return per bushel of barley fed. 50 cents. SI'KLTZ (eMMEH) COMPARKP WITH MIXED GRAIN. In 190.1. Mr. S, A. Bedford, at Brandon, fed three lots of four piirs ciich. York- shire and Berkshire, one lot on speltz and the other lot on a ration compascd if one- fifth oats, two-fifths wheat screenings and two-fifths barley; all feed ground. ■Ln 51 Both kinds of feed were valued at 75 cents per hundred pounds. Reports have heen received of injury to younpr pigs from feeding speltz, but no diflioulfy was ex- perienced from tnis enuse here. wei ht* ""' *''°** "^ **'" "*' ^^^ ^'^ ^"'' ''"''' "' '^^■^•^ ^" ''""'^'•''•l l'""n Table XXIV. Gr.iin f«l. Valiif of HfU I, fed »|wltz . . IVii :J, fed iiijxeil grain Pen 1, fedsiieltz Ven 2, fed mixed grain Summary. Weight Value Weight wlien when when 'Hjiiglit. Uiiight. »uld. Llw. 432 41/2 ■? ft«. 22 IW 21 10 Ll». Lbs. 1,525 1.550 9 Ct8. 11 43 11 62 KX1-KRIME.NT WITH LAMB's (JUARTKH .SEKI. AS ITC. FEED AT BRANDON. c^'^)'.';' ^'^^ 7' '"'"?f '° ''**°'^rtain whether a rati.,,, composed partly of lamb-.s quarter seod.Chonopodium album, had any advantage over a pu^e grain ration. ' Ihe lambs quarter sec-d was boiled, and then after being well mixed with the chopped gram wa« led wet. The grain was a mixture composed of one-hal oa aild quarter eaen of barley and wheat screenings. The four pigs used for this test were Tu,„worth crosses. Thev were fed 7(! days aner hun.lred pounds, live weight. ^ * From the result of this experiment it would appear that lamb's quarter .seed has a hunted value as food for pigs. The annual report of the Experimental Farms for 1»!W, iiage 14i, contains an analysis of this seed. 51— ti I t f- n M Ration fed. Amount and value of food conaumed by each pen during the 76 days of the test. The grain is valued at 75 cents per hundred pounds: — Tablk XXV. Pen 1, ffd Lamb's Quarter Seed. P»n 2, with'mC u .. Lantb^H Quarter Seed. Lbo. 216 Gain. aso 1,125 Value of feed. t cU 7 12 8 43 Summary. Pen 1, fed Lamb's C^iarter Seed. Pen 2, without i. .. Weight Value when I when bought, i bought. Weight Value ; Value when Mild.iwhen wild, of food. Lb8. 558 .W7 30 CO 31 18 Profit per pair. S eta. $ ctH. t cU. 7 12 8 43 5 04 4 n FUBTflER EXPEHIMEN'TS WITH DIFFERENT KINDS OF GIIUN FED IS DIFFEBENT WAYS. A large number of experiments have been conducted with the view of determin- ing the relative and act\ial values of some of the feeding stuffs available to the average feeder. No positive values may be assigned to any food as a pork producer, but the average of a large number of experiments, some of them involving a good many animals of different weights and breeding, may be taken as a fairly good indi- f.'ition of the values of the grains or fcads tested. To economize space, as many results as possible have been placed in the sub- joined table. The numbers are prefixed for reference merely. All wheat fed was more or less injured by frost. It will be observe-! that the wheat when fed whole and soaked gave rather poorer results than when fed ground and soaked. The comparatively large amount of wheat required for a pound of in- crease in experiments 1, 2 and 3 exemplifies very clearly the disadvantage of feeding ewine after a weight of 175 to 200 pounds has been attained. This is seen very clearly when we compare lote 2 and 3 with lots 4 and 8. In lot 2 where swine weigh- ing 186 pounds to begin with wore fed, an average of 6-59 pounds was required to produce 1 pound oi pork, while in lot 4, where the pigs weighed 61 pounds to begin with, only 4 '23 pounds feed was required for the same increase. Of oourso it will be observed that in lot 2 the wheat was fed whole while it was ground in lot 4, the differ- (iii-e in the amounts of grain required, however (2-36 pounds), is much too great to be accounted for in this way. A comparison of experiments 4 and 5 shows the value of skim-milk to be about one-seventh of the frozen wheat, pound for pound. In comparing experiments 8 and 0, however, it will be seen thiit skim milk is apparently worth one-fifth as much as the mixture of barley, rye, wheat and bran. This is explained by the smaller proportion of skim-milk in the ration. (See page Experiments 8 and 9 exemplify the importance of feeding a mixed ration as a means of economizi''„ feed. 63 Table XXVI. 'i Fee,!. How Prepared. 1.' » d 'A 4 . . . 1 i 4 ! < < a < . *• e 1 "S u £ . IS >5 Average daily gain. It \p . I 111 Jl 1 J Oat< Siciin-milk. 1 Whole, uonkeU 54 hm. . Ibe. 97 lbs. 170 Ibe. 73 84 lbs. •87 lbs. lbs. p.c. 307 4 21 7407 262 3 45 . . 2 3 4 5 < 6 ( Oats SIciin-niilk. . . (Jroiind, soaked M hn. 54 73 iiit 74 184 130 126 IWi . 424 7.56 3 26 I 74 87 "' 81 ' .... Barley IJroimd, Koakeil 54 hrs. KM 111 ll-J 84 100 1 483 4-36 74 5r,2 3B4 74 l!l 2-52 .... 3om (irutind, BoakMl 30 hrs. 172 98 118; 112 87 408 4 10 70 89 Jom ^kim-niilk Whole, soaked 54 hrs. . 3 72 190 91 130 273 2 90 81-74 2 31 7 P>ase SSkiiiiniilk. Whole, soaked 54 hrs. . 4 iflO 207 107 i 84 127 j 3,56 ' 3 .SS Ll^lL-li;' : •• ' ] !■••■ I 252 : 2-35 8 Pease iSkiiii-niilk. j(Jroiind, »aked ;iO Iirs .56 I 1.53 1 y7 140 i 15 Poti *,M»S , . M.al .Skliii-inilk.. Vi PotaC4ies . . . Cooked. . . .Soakeked. 192 I 142 140 : 1 01 l,o;t4 7 2!) 78 30 19 Oats, pease and Ground, soaked 30 hrs. 4 'V, : iiji. ' y>i Iwrley. | ' 20 J oats, [»«se and (iround and soaked barley. i ulover.. 68 137 09 140 IW 420 2 !«( 119 1 04 467 3 70 119 ■f"** 247 i 3liO I .... ■ ■. 82|r2oi... . L i 4) i 1 1 s S4 Meal in each case in the above tables means a mixture, equal parte by weight, of barley, rye. frozen wheat and bran, the first three being ground, of barley, rye, froson wheat and bran, tlu' first three being gronud. (JRKKN FEEDS AND PASTUKE8. EXPKHIMKNTS WITH RAI'K. A great ninny pigs are fed annually o" '■ni>e "" 'I'e Exporiinontal Farm nt Ottawa. The following record i.s submittal to illustrate tin- p.irt taken by rap<^ in pork production. In one instance six pigs were pastured from Aiigiist 14 till snow in 1000 on three-sixteenths of an acre of rape. LOT OK SIX PIOS ox RAI'K PASTIIRK. Table XXVII. \Vku:iit«. Xo. ..f Pig. Aug. H. AuR. 'M. Sei>t. 11. Sept. 25. Oct. ». Oct. 16. Oct. 30. Dec. (!. Lbs. 279. 280 ' fil Ul) 2«1. 282 283.. 284. 64 60 liO M Tiital . . 1 35S Tiital (mill LliB. XAm. LbB. Mm. LIm. LIlM. LIm. Daily rate uf gain in llw Daily grain ration 76 80 K5 1 9t; 108 129 175 73 80 9."i 105 121 147 I'.ir. ";< 91 KK* 111 127 LW 201 73 !)•) 99 109 120 143 171 72 82 !•)» , 114 13.") l->- 2o;j tS8 76 SK) , lOfi 118 141 182 4:« 49!» .■>71 640 729 8d four inches deep, in rows 24 inches 55 Himrt, iiiiii in hillij about 20 inches npart in tlu' rows. They requirt-il hut lith: cultiva- tion, as they »oon grow so dense u« to kill all otliiT or leas vigorous forms of plant life. Tlio growth of the plant for about three montliH was confined to the stem, leaves and root* iilonc, no appreciable development of tubers being observable. In September young tuliers made their aiipeurance and slowly developed. On October ;} only small tubers about the size of a hen's egifs were found on dig- ging, although the plants had made a most luxuriant growth, stnnding 1(» to 13 feet high, and about 50 per cent of them being in flower. Although the tubers were immature, it was decided, in view of the lateness of the date, to turn the pigs in at once. Accordingly on the above-mentioned date six cross- bred pigs were turmnl free in the lot. They were allowed IJ pounds of meal each per dieui in addition to the artichokes, which they rooted out most industriously and ate most greedily. 1 have never seen pigs eat anything with more gusto. The following table will give an idea of the progress made by this lot of pigs while on ar;ichiikes as a supplementary food for i)ig8;— Table XXVIII. Dailv Daily "•""'»■ Oct 3. Oct. LM. """"■ "'"."f N8. imi IMi 111 Um. L1». h\». Lt*. LI... I.\'«. I.lw. 141 i:w 141 ."It 3 02fi 145 127 S2.1 »i 171 ;« i r,2 197 157 Avrragp The daily average of 1 -.57 pounds is remarkable in pigs of such live weights, but -ecomes still more worthy of consideration when we remember the small amount of grain fed per diem. During the twen y one days the fi pigs consumed 189 poun 's of meal (one-half corn, one-half oats, pease and barley equal parts), at !)0 t-ents per cwt.. .l!l.70, while the mea: produced, valued at current prices ($6.25 i>er cwt.), was worth $V2.^\. leaving a balance of $10.01 for the sixte<>nth of an acre of artichokes. Putting thi have 107 pounds of pork produced at a cost as follows :— 1S9 pounds meal at 90 cents One-sixteenth acre artichokes, cost for seed Jfn ."lO For planting, &e ] 00 Rent, 15 per acre ?6 1 f^r. in .nno ^er way, vg $1 70 Xe; cost $l' 25 That i.s. one pound of pork produced at a coBt of 1 -S cents. This tuber may be sown in the autumn, and will then start tcp j^row e;ir].v the next year, or the crop may he left unhar\-ested till the ensuing spring, and pigs allowed to root them out .iS soon as the frost comes out. EXPERIMEMs WITH Hours. In each ease the meal mixture fed consisted of one-half com, the other half oats, pease and barley, equal parts. In addition, each pig was given three pounds of milk daily, and all the roots they would consume, as follows:— Lot 1. — Turnips fed pulped. lot 2. — Mangels fod pulped. Lot 3. — Sugar bwts grown for forage fed pulped. Lot 4. — Sugar boetfi grown for sugar production fed pulped. Mr l.iiT 1- MEAL, MILK, TL'HMI>8. NuiuIkt of pigs in tt>st 4 Aggregate weight, Juuuury 7 400 lbs. Average weight, January 7 101 " Aggregate weight April 'J3 76S " Average weight April 23 192 " Angrigate gain 3t}3 " Average gain 01 " Daily rate of gain per pig for 106 days 'SO '* PigB ate 780 lbs. meal at 90 cents per cwt $ 7 02 " ate 3,808 lbs. mangles at 10 cents i)er cwt 3 SI " ate 1,284 Iba. skim milk at 20 cents per cwt 3 57 Total $13 40 Cost to produce pork was: — 405 lbs. feeders at $7 per cwt $28 35 Food consumed, value 13 40 Total cost $41 76 Sold 768 lbs. pork at $0 per cwt $40 OS Profit on lot of 4 pisrs 4.33 Cost to produce 100 lbs. increase live weight 3 69 Buyer's report: — 4 p'gs — n\] ' select.' Packer's report on care. No. 312, weighed alive, 197 los. ; drcsseiJ, 13.'? lbs.; graded : Rooil ; firm. No. 313, weighed nlive, 197 lbs.; dressed. 135 llw. ; Rraded; hanl; firm. No. 314. woightvl alive, 189 His.; dressed. 126 lbs.; j?raded; hard; firm. No. 315. woighe I alive, IS.') lirs. ; dressed. 121 lbs.; prnded; arood; firm. •I ml 1 1 J. r f: if LOT 2 — M«AL. ^tILK, MVNi;!.K<. Number of pigs in te.st i Aggregate weight January 7 377 ll'S. Average weight January 7 94 " Aggregate weight April 23 766 " Average weight April 23 191 " Aggregate gain 3i<9 " Average gain 97 " Daily rate of gain per pig -90 " Pigs ate 7S0 II s. meal at 90 cents per cwt $7 07 " ate .''(,930 lbs. mangels at 10 cents per cwt 5 93 " ate 1.284 lbs. skim milk at 20 cents per cwt 2 07 Total $15 57 S7 Cost to produce pork wog; — 377 1L«. fc-eders at $7 per cwt j.,, .,„ 15 57 Total cost r #41 »6 Sold 700 lbs. pork at $0 per cwt JTZ Profit on lot of 4 pigs. . . 'H-^ m 0(«t to produc-e 100 lbs. increa«. live ' weight .' '.'.'.' '. J ,IJ Buyer's '^'port : — 4 piRs— .ill ' select.' Packer's report: — No. 31!). weighed .live. 195 ibs.; d«>s»ed, 135; ^ad...!; g.^J; fi„„. No' ? S ""•*K^'^ • '"*',^-»-'= '^"^'^'^' 138 lbs.; ^a,l..d; good; fir„.. No. 318. weighed a hve. Is2; dre.sed. 125 lbs.; grade i; ^^J; fi„„. No. 319. weighed nl.ve. 194 lb..; dressed, 131; gra.ier .. Daily rate of gain per pig, ;:oe days. 1 -18 " Pip ate 793 lbs. meal at 90 cents a cwt j - '3- " ate 4.298 lbs. sugar beet* at I,-; centa per cwt. . ' r, 44 ate 1.2.«>4 lbs. skim milk at 7 eenU per cwt 9 .'.T '^°''^ mu Cost to produce pork was. — 307 lbs. feeders at $7 per cwt »=>1 49 Fo 'd eonsuTiied " . '1 '^"♦«'<"'^=* rT^ «nld 807 !bs. p..rk ,-.t $« pPT .wt 'ts^'.u Profit on lot of 4 pics V, -I Cost to produce 100 lbs. increase live weight. . . ... . , . .-; 2=' Buyer's report : — 3 pisrs, ' select," 1 • fat." Paeker'ri report:— No. 320. weiirhed jHv<- 17'; iKsl • fir- J -"-^ " ■ ■ too thin. " " '"-'■ ""''■'■ ""-'^ "'■'■ " ""•- No. .'?21, weighH alive. 2^< lbs.: dressel i.-;.- Us.: graded.- verv L-.od • a 'ittV too fat. No. 322. weighed alive. 1^7 lbs.: drr..«s.d, l.W Il,v. ; ^.ra led : verv f-y-r No. 323. weighed alive. 2^7 lbs.; dressed. 1.^7 Ih..; traded: ve„- firm: rie'-.t tnicKness of fat. Ml t '■'•' ii*^ 68 I.IJT 1 — MEAL, MII.K, siiiVR BKKTS — (>';>(( i»/ I'liltiin). Muiiilier i>f piK» tt'dted ■* AKxrt'Kutc weight January i ;.';ii''^ll ■<. Avrragi' wfigiit January 7 •" At(Ki^'K>>ti' wiKl't May -•> '^* AvcruKc vviitflit l;i.v 25 1S8 " Aitgi egatf f{u II 628 AviTiig ■ Kuiu '"^"^ Daily rate of gain per pig for 13» day* •!)'>" Pigs Hte l,():W llis. meal at 90 lents per cwt $ 9 27 " ate 4.266 llis. »u;iar l)cets at 15 ciuts per cwt 6 39 " ati- l.«S(l lbs. skim milli at 20 cents per cwt 3 ;16 Total «»<>2 Cos' to produce pork was. — 228 llis. fi'eders ate $7 per ewt *1.% 96 Food I onsumed 1" "2 Total cost «.T4 08 Sol,] 754 \h». i)ork at $« per ewt IM5 24 Pri.fiton 'ot of 4 pigs • 1<^ 26 Co-it tn produMK GRASS IMSTIRK FOH PICS. In I'.OO, Mr. S. A. Ikdford, at Brandon, fed Chester Tam\v,)rths cross pigs on broine grass pasture. Tiie pasture field was seeded to brome g- --s in August. 1898. Tne area was one f.cre, and it not only ive abundance of pas ; , for the four piiis, but about two tons of hay was saved in adilition. The pips ; evidently very fond of the gras.s. and were found feeding on it at all times of ' day. For the first thre<' months iKith lots we. fed on a mi.xture of soaked prouml grain, composed of half oats, quarter barley and quarter wheat screenings, and during the last three months on ground peas alone. The P' nned ;m:mals were fed all the sirain thi y weald eat up clean, hut the pastured pigs only received sufficient to keep them steadily gainin'g in flesh without rnakina them indeiiendent of the pasture. Cos/ of Grain, Fed ft Pijn in Pa'^litn'. 156 pounds of barley at J cent per pound $ 78 15t) pound.s of wheat screenings at J cent per pound. ... 78 312 pounds of oats at 3 cents per pound 2 34 325 pounds of peas at 1 cent per pound 3 25 $ 7 15 III M Cost of Grain Fed to Pigi without Failure. ■S-n \mn\,U of barley at J cent per pouud $ I 15 i'ai iK.un.Js of wJii-at 8cr«.iiiiiK>, at 1 ivnt p«-r pound. . . 1 15 MVl pounds ot oats ut i cint» ptr pound 3 4^ 4i'j p.iund* of |Hiis ul 1 «ut iHT pound ...... 4 25 $10 Ul M.M.M MIV. I'uslured /liyg — . First rost of pips. HT pomiiU at 4} cents. . .. $ .1 of; Tost of fcen> *ith ^mall floored yards attached. Lots 7 and 8, however, were outside, lot 7 having a small unfloored yard and a cabin wherein to sleep, while lot 8 had a clover pa!"ure of about one-eightli of an acre and a cabin wherein to sleep. Tho results speak for then; elves, but it will be noticed bat all -upplementary foods f(Nl other than skim-milk and pasture, had the effect of aising the cost of pro- duction. Skim-milk, on the e-ntr.iry, lowered tho f. ' very materially, and pasture jial a similar iTeet in a 'esser ncj^'n e. The meal used was a mixture of half .shorts and half nii.xed srains, onts, pease and barley. In estimating the cost of producticu, the meal rat .<