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MlCtOCOWr RESOIUTION TKT CHART 
 
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<^.?. 
 
 Water Powers of Canada 
 
 The 
 
 Maritime Provinces 
 
 Prince Edward Island 
 
 New Brunswick 
 
 Nova Scotia 
 
 By K. H. Smith 
 
PopnrtTTlOTlt of fh{^ Tii^-M-'or, rMDM'lA. 
 
 HONOurj ABL'': v. J. "t: ■-. •■•nTiHR. 
 
 w. w co:;y. c m a. ^j-,''<ry nt.-.TER. 
 
 W..;5r Povv^r "^ ranch 
 
 J, B. CHA.LIlS, SoP:iii„iu.JUf 
 
r"^ 
 
"An examination of any good map of our hioad 
 Dominion, revealf.ai iti mo*t itriking feature, an 
 extraordinary wealthy and remarkably uninter- 
 rupted luccewion of iakei and rivers, lUKgettive 
 of ample t ' udii, the firit great requisite in the 
 occupy I : -* any country. Over a length of 
 (evert ' :?' .<ind miles, between Labrador and 
 Alaska, ..i.d over a width of several hundred 
 miles, there is an almost continuous distribution 
 of lakes: lakelets and rivers: the lakes of v^iried 
 outlines, dimensions and elevations above sea 
 level, and many possessing facilities for the 
 storage of their flood waters. In many places 
 the outlet from the lake or the connection 
 between a chain of lakes is a narrow cleft in rock 
 where an inexpensive dam will hold back the 
 water supplied by the winter's accumulation of 
 snow." 
 
 Fiom a Pmidrnlial addren on ihc Walci 
 Powrri of Canada beloie the Royal Society 
 ol Canada, m 1898-99. by the lale T. C. 
 Keelef, C.E. C.M.C., Honorary Membri ol 
 the Indllute, American Society and Cana- 
 dian Society, of Civil Engineer!: Pait 
 President of the American and Canadian 
 Socictiei of Civil Engineers. 
 
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CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 Note 7 
 
 Introluction 9 
 
 General Features of the Water Power Situation II 
 
 Sources of Information and Water Power Legislation 19 
 
 Water Powers Already Developed 21 
 
 Undeveloped Water Powers 27 
 
THIS monograph on the Water Powers of the Maritime 
 Provinces, published by direction of the Honourable 
 W. J. Roche, Minister of the Interior, Canada, was 
 written by K. H. Smith, B.A.. A.M. Can. Soc. C.E., Engineer 
 of the Nova Scotia Water Powers Commission, at the request 
 of the Superintendent of the Dominion Water Power Branch, 
 for distribution in connection with the water power exhibit 
 of the Dominion Government in the Canadian Pavilion at 
 the Panama-Pacific Exposition. 
 
 This water power exhibit was prepared by the Dominion 
 Water Power Branch, under the direction of the Commissioner 
 General of Canadian Exhibitions, with the object of showing 
 visitors to the Exposition the tremendous wa'er power 
 resources of Canada, and especially the great progress already 
 made in the art of power development and use throughout 
 the Dominion. 
 
 The outstanding feature of the water power situation in 
 Canada is the fact that practically all industrial and com- 
 mercial centres in the Dominion, from coast to coast, have 
 sufficient potential water power within easy transmission 
 radius and of sufficient capacity and assured economic feasi- 
 bility of development to meet all anticipated requirements 
 for the future. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 THE Canadian Province! by the sea are Full of romantic interests. In New Brunswick, 
 the beautiful St. John River valley, with it* green meadows and rolling uplands, has 
 witnessed many a clash of arms, and is replete with Indian lore. Among such is tht 
 legend of the Indian maid of the Maliceet tribe who. captured by the Mohawks, guided 
 her captors safely over the portage by the Madawaska Falls and into the St. John River, 
 only to lure them to death over the brink of Grand Falls. It is said her own body is still 
 concealed by the river, and doubtless should the water from this mighty cataract be diverted 
 for the white man's purposes, lonely remnants of this old tribe will be found searching for 
 some evidence of their lost heroine. 
 
 Across the Bay of Fundy, well sheltered in an ample basin, lies the old Nova Scotia town 
 of Annapolis Royal. Here was established the earliest European settlement in the Dominion 
 of Canada. Rusting cannon, tumble down magazines and grass grown bastions, are eloquent 
 of many bloody encounters in which French. English and New England Colonials took part 
 while Canada was in the making. The name itself is suggestive of early French days when 
 the settlement was known as Port Royale. Far to the other extremity of Nova Scotia, 
 at Louisbourg, are remains of fortifications representing the best efforts of famous French 
 military engineers, and years of toil. Before these works, powerful fleets battled for the 
 New World supremacy. 
 
 Between these two grim reminders of bloody battles lies the peaceful "Land of 
 Evangeline," with its broad nieadows. so patiently reclaimed from the waters of Minas Basin 
 by the simple Acadian farmers. The old City of Halifax itself is like a bit of 
 England transplanted. 
 
 The whole country abounds in little ocean coves, with inviting cottages nestling here and 
 there on theii shores, sparkling streams leaping from boulder to boulder where lively trout 
 disport themselves, and vast areas where big game, to delight the heart of any hunter, may 
 be found. 
 
 There is, however, another and more practical side to this country so full of memories and 
 so well adapted for pleasure and recreation. Vast quantities of coal and iron ore are 
 available in certain areas, and large industries have been founded on these. Enormous 
 quantities of valuable timber still exist, while the fisheries are of great value. Gold 
 mining is carried on ">rofltably in several places, while in large sections of the country 
 agriculture has the ;most place. Water powers are numeious and valuable, and while 
 perhaps secondary ii uportance to the great mineral and agriculture wealth of the province, 
 will be an extremely valuable ally to these other natural resources in the ultimate 
 development of the whole country. 
 
\i 
 
 WATER POWERS OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES 
 
 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE WATER POWER 
 SITUATION 
 
 THE Maritime Provinces, including New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince F.<lward 
 Island, have a total area of 51,512 square miles and a total population of .ii)out 
 975,000. Their area is relatively small and they are so much cut up by bays and 
 arms of the sea that, with one or two exceptions, no large river systems exist. Prince 
 Edward Island besides, is for the most part not far above sea level, and such rivers as do exist 
 are tidal for a considerable distance from their mouths and have little fall in their upper 
 reaches. This tidal effect is found in all the larger rivers of the whole district, so it is not 
 to be expected that large water powers would be available. 
 
 However, possible sites are well distributed, and the handicap of comparatively small 
 drainage areas is largely overcome by heavy rainfall and excellent storage facilities in many 
 cases, particularly in Nova Scotia. The annual rainfall in New Brunswick ranges from 35 
 to 47 inches, while in Halifax the average precipitation for 35 years is over 37 inches. 
 
 1 here are several large jx)wer sites, comparable in size to other water powers throughout 
 Canada, notably at Grand Falls, on the St. John River, as also on the Mersey, Gasperaux 
 and East Rivers, in Nova Scotia. An added feature in connection with these sites is that 
 
 Dam on Nash, aak Piver. New Brunsv ick. 
 
 II 
 
Monumtnt to thi- F-arlitst Kuropcan Sfttlrmcnt in (iinada. Annapolis. N,5., ami 
 OJH ( dniinn. Annapolis N S. 
 
 i 
 
 Iron Ore Separator. Operated Electrically -vith Power from Nictaux Fails, Nova Scotia. 
 
St 
 
 E 
 
Wattt Powtn of CanaJa 
 
 they »tt at or n««r navigable water. Grand Falli it at the head of navi|ation on the St. 
 John River, while the other iitei mentioned are cloie to excellent ocean harbourt, luch ai at 
 Liverpool, Sheet Harbour and Minai Batiii. 
 
 The Maritime Provincet are particularly rich in timber and mineralt, tuch ai iron, gold 
 and coal, and it would »eem that iome of the larger iite» could be very profitably developed 
 in connection with large induitriei founded on the*e natural product!. It it probable that 
 in the near future, electrical energy will play a large part in the reduction of various iron 
 orei and the manufacture of certain kinds of steel. 
 
 A number of smaller sites in Nova Scotia are so situated as to be of great service 
 in connection with gold mining. Already some development along this line h.s been done 
 
 Fi»h Udder. Lowtr Pulp Mill D»m. Mfncy Rlvrr. Nov* Scotia. 
 
 14 
 
Marlllmt Protlnctt 
 
 •t Itatc Harbour, but examplci of much greater magnitude are to be found in the Yukon 
 Territory, Canada, where two planli, one of 10,000 horie-power capacity, are utilized for 
 thi« purpose. 
 
 A large coal company, on Vancouver ttland. British Columbia, hat found it profitable 
 to develop a water power tite adjacent to iti minr« in order to utilize the energy thereby 
 lecured for mine operation purpoiei. Thii co-operation, lo to ipeak. of water power and 
 coal, two rival lourcri of power givei a new aipect to iuch a question, and no dout^t similar 
 advantageous arrangements could be made at some place* in Nova Scotia 
 
 Agriculture, the basic indu»try of all civilization and the chief asset of this maritime 
 country merits the best study and attention that can be given to it. With special reference 
 to Nova Scotia, it is well to speculate on the transformation that might be worked in such 
 already far-famed districts as the Annapolis and Cornwallis valleys, by flooding them with 
 cheap light and power. Some idea of the results obtainable is given by the appearance 
 of certain sections of the Niagara Penninsula. in the Province of Ontario, where the combina- 
 tion of excellent soil and climate, with an abundant supply of electricity for transportation, 
 domestic and field use, has turned whole blocks of country into veritable gardens. It would 
 seem that certain sections of the Maritime provinces have like possibilities, where small 
 site* are available close at hand, thereby eliminating expensive transforming apparatus and 
 long transmission lines. 
 
 Existing developments are mainly of two types: first, those based on the timber resources 
 of the country, such as sawmills, pulp and paper mills; second, those developed and used by 
 small municipalities for local lighting and small motor loads. In a few cases too, small water 
 powers are used to drive woollen mills and grist mills. The largest water power plants are 
 used for the manufacturing of pulp and paper. In this field particularly, many excellent 
 opport ities for the use of water power are available. The interior of New Brunswick 
 is one vast forest, with timber especially adapted for pulp and paper making purposes. 
 Large areas could, no doubt, be made to produce pulp wood perpetually by the application 
 of approved forestry methods. The development of small powers for local municipalities 
 is also a promising field, while in some cases, larger powers near the sea coast offer exceptional 
 opportunities for industrial activity. 
 
 On the whole, it appears, .!.. . the available water power in the Maritime Provinces is 
 ample for all present and future needs. Present developments for pulp and paper purposes 
 and for local domestic or municipal use point the way to future expansion along those liner, 
 while in the foregoing three, as yet only slightly exploited fields, more or less peculiar to the 
 country are suggested : first, in connection with the application of electrical energy to 
 agricultural pursuits; second, in connection with mining industries: third, in connection wi'.h 
 industrial activity at sea ports. 
 
 15 
 

 
 
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 (.1)1.1 .Stamp Mills. Isaac Harbour. Nova StoUa. Opiratiil FJ.ntrically. 
 
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Pulp Mill. Magaguadavic River, N.B. 
 
 
 Log Driving on a Niw Bruii»v>ii.k River 
 
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 The Maritime Provinces 
 
 Dam. Old Mill on the Loft and Electric Light Plant on the Right. Biar River. N.S. 
 
 SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND WATER POWER 
 LEGISLATION 
 
 CONSIDERABLE information is available with respect to certain water powers in 
 these provinces. At Grand Falls, on the St. John River, the largest water power 
 in the Maritime provinces and o;ie of the largest sites in Canada, a large amount 
 of work has been done by the International Commission pertaining to the St. John River, 
 which latter Commission has collected much valuable hydraulic data in connection with 
 the whole drainage basin of the St. John River. The United States Government, 
 through its Geological Survey, and also the State of Maine for a number of years, have 
 conducted investigations relating to the inland waters of the State of Maine. The St. John 
 River, with a number of its tributaries, has its sources in the State of Maine, while the 
 St. John itself with the St. Croix, forms part of the International boundary between the 
 province of New Brunswick and the State of Maine. .Accordingly, the work done by the 
 
 19 
 
Water Powers of Car.aJa 
 
 United States, referred to above, is of great service in connection with the study of water 
 power possibilities in New Brunswick and elsewhere, both directly and by analogy. 
 
 In another respect too, the Maritime Provinces are better off for water power data than 
 other parts of Canada. Quite a number of meteorological stations are maintained by the 
 Meteorological Service, Department of Marine and Fisheries, Canada, and at most of 
 these, rainfall records extending over a large number of years are available. Evaporation 
 stations are also maintained in the adjoining State of Maine by the United States Geological 
 Survey, the results of which are useful in considering New Brunswick waters. 
 
 While few adequate records have been kept at existing developments, still the history 
 of most of these indicites in a rough way the amount of water available and the regimen of 
 flow for the various sti ams on which they exist, as also for similar streams in the 
 same district. 
 
 The Province of New Brunswick has regulations governing the granting and development 
 of water powers within its borders, while Nova Scotia has appointed a Water Powers 
 Commission to investigate the water power resources of the province and outline a 
 progressive policy in connection with their development. 
 
 Reversible Falls, St. John River, N.B. 
 
 20 
 
 I ^ IT - i*y 
 
The Marlllme Provinces 
 
 WATER POWERS ALREADY DEVELOPED 
 
 IT is estimated that in New Brunswick there has been developed to date about 1 3.000 
 horse-f>ower. Of this amount 56 per cent, consists of small saw mills, grist mills and 
 pulp mills, while the balance is made up of small electric plants from 100 to 500 horse- 
 power capacity, and one plant with 3.800 horse-power installed. This plant, one of the 
 largest single electrical developments in the province, is located on the Aroostook River at 
 Aroostook Falls, but the greater part of the output is used across the border in the State 
 
 Power Plant on the Aroostook River. N.B. 
 
 of Maine. Small plants exist at Bathurst. Centreveille, Edmunston. St. Stephen. Shediac 
 and Woodstock, all of which are privately owned, except the Edmunston development, 
 which is a municipal enterprise. 
 
 In Nova Scotia about 21.000 horse-power has been developed. Of this amount. 12.650 
 horse-power is used in the manufacture of pulp and paper. 2.700 horse-power consists of small 
 electric light developments, 350 horse-power is used for gold mining purposes at Isaac 
 Harbour, and the balance is made up of numerous saw mills and gri.st mills. Small electric 
 light plants exist at the following places: Annapolis Royal, Bear River, Bridgetown, 
 Bridgewater, Dartmouth, Liverpyool, Lunenburg, Yarmouth and Shelbourne. The plants at 
 Annapolis. Bridgewater and Liverpool, are owned and operated by the Municipalities, and 
 
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IValtr Powtrt o/ CanaJm 
 
 one of the lariett linglc electrical developments ii that lupplying the town of Liverpool. 
 This plant it on the Mertey River and hai 750 horic-power installed. Two comparatively 
 large pulp and paper mill* are alio situated on the Mertey River, the upper one having 
 a capacity of ),000 horse-power, and the lower one 1,500 horse-power. On the Sistibou 
 River, at Weymouth, there it a pulp mill with 2,000 horte-power inttalled, while other 
 timilar developmentt exitt on the Lahave, Medway, Clyde and St. Croix Rivers. 
 
 So far at Prince Edward Island goes, nearly every stream has one or more small water 
 power developments ranging from 5 to 50 horse-power. Such developments are used in 
 connection with small mills of various kinds, principally grist mills and woollen mills, and 
 rarely operate throughout the whole year. There is one hydro-electric development on 
 the Montague River, supplying the village of the same name, where 44 horse-power it 
 installed. It is estimated that 500 hn>w-power is developed on the Island. 
 
 Ea>t Branch. Beir River. N.S., at Had of Tide-witer. Granite Works on Right. 
 
 26 
 
Tht Marlllmt Pro^flncta 
 
 Dam and Old Mill on the Lequille River above Annapolis Royal. 
 
 UNDEVELOPED WATER TOWERS 
 
 ONE of the chief assets of the Maritime Provinces in undeveloped watei powers 
 lies in the large number of small sites available for domestic use or for small 
 municipalities. One or more such sites exist on practically every stream 
 throughout the district, and a number of municipalities, as outlined above, have already 
 taken advantage of some of these opportunities. 
 
 There are, however, a number of places where large amounts of power may be developed, 
 some of which have been given considerable attention, and it is only a few of these larger sites 
 that can be mentioned here. 
 
 ITiere are two outstanding power sites in New Brunswick, Grand Falls on the St. John 
 River, and Grand Falls on the Nepisguit River. 
 
 The St. John River drains by far the largest basin of any river in the Maritime Provinces. 
 The total area of this basin is 26,000 square miles, of which about 5,000 square miles is 
 within the State of Maine. The largest water power in the Eastern part of Canada exists 
 
 27 
 
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 ££/.;,•:;> 
 
 Grand Falls. Ncpisguit River. N.B. 
 
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Water Powers of Canada 
 
 at Grand Falls, on this river, about 200 miles from the City of St. John. A scheme of 
 development has already been outlined, whereby it is proposed to ins! II 80,000 horse-power 
 under a head of 140 feet. There is another place on the river, known as the Pokiok site, 
 much nearer St. John, where there is said to be about 30,000 horse-power available. 
 
 The Nepisguit, or "River of Foaming Waters," is ». very rugged stream in the northern 
 part of New Brunswick, much freqi = nted by hunters and fishermen. Its headwaters adjoin 
 those of the Tobique, a tributary of the St. John, so that these streams offer a water route 
 for sportsmen through the heart of some of the best hunting and fishing grounds in North 
 America. There are a number of rapids and falls on the Nepisguit, the most spectacular 
 of which is Grand Falls. This is located about 20 miles from the town of Bathurst, and 
 upwards of 10,000 horse-power is available with a head of 125 feet. 
 
 Such rivers as the Miramichi, Tobique and Aroostook, are also known to have a number 
 of large power sites. 
 
 In Nova Scotia, three possible sources of comparatively large amounts of power have been 
 considered, and construction on a fourth has been started. The Mersey River, commercially 
 
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 Dam on Mersey River. N.S.. at High Water. 
 
 30 
 
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Water Power) of Cutada 
 
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 Head of Big Falls, East Branch of Bear River. Nova Scotia. 
 
 the most important river in the Provinc>. has exceptional storage facilities in lakes at its 
 head-quarters. There is said to exist on it the possibility of developing upwards of 30,000 
 horse-fKJwer at several sites. As yet only 4,250 horse-power has been developed at three 
 different places. East River, Sheet Harbour, is also said to be capable of producing 1 6,000 
 horse-power, and has excellent storage facilities on numerous lakes scattered throughout 
 the drainage basin. Data is not at hand to verify the above figure. The Gaspereaux river 
 is also well supplied with storage basins, and according to a scheme outlined by a reputable 
 firm of Engineers, it is possible to obtain 8,000 horse-power from this river under a head of 
 450 feet. Such a development in the heart of the best farming district in the province ought 
 to be very valuable, and besides is within transmission distance of the City of Halifax. Work 
 has been started on an unique scheme within twenty miles of Halifax, the output of whicn 
 is intended to supply that city. This scheme, besides storage, in a number of lakes, involves 
 the entire diversion of one stream into another, id the installation of turbines acting under 
 different heads in the same power house. The combined flow of the two rivers is again 
 to be used in a second power house, situated at tide water, on St. Margaret's Bay. It is 
 
 32 
 
Scenes in the Maritime Provinces. 
 
Water Powers of Canada 
 
 estimated that 2,160 continuous horse-power may be obtained from this plant as well as 
 3,210 horse-power extra for 12 hours daily. 
 
 Owing to the nature of the information already at hand, and in view of the fact that 
 further investigations are under way, it is not considered advisable at the present time to 
 make any estimate of the total power available in the Maritime Provinces. In several 
 cases already, a little careful study has revealed very attractive power sites hitherto 
 unsuspected by the casual observer, where ingenious but inexpensive storage schemes, 
 diversion of one stream to another, or combinations of several sites are invol"^. Suffice it 
 to say that many water powers admirably suited to the various needs of the country do 
 exist, and iny efforts put forth by those interested to Rnd such will be amply rewarded. 
 
 
 Charlo Falls, Chkflo River, N.B. 
 
 34 
 
For further information regarding water powers 
 
 in Canada, application should be made direct to 
 
 the following administrative officers of the 
 
 Dominion and the various Provincial 
 
 Governments: 
 
 Province of British Columbia: The Comptroller 
 of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. 
 
 Provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewa and 
 Alberta: The Superintendent of the imin- 
 ion Water Power Branch, Ottawa, Ont. 
 
 Province of Ontario: The Deputy Minister of 
 Lands, Forests and Mines, Toronto, Ont; 
 also, to the Secretary of the Hydro-Electric 
 Power Commission of Ontario, Toronto, Ont. 
 
 Province of Quebec: The Chief Engineer, 
 Hydraulic Service, Department of Lands and 
 Forests, Quebec, Que. 
 
 Province of New Brunswick: Surveyor-General 
 of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 
 
 Province of Nova Scotia: 
 Nova Scotia Water 
 Halifax, N.S. 
 
 The Secretary of the 
 Power Commission, 
 



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