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Lorsquo la document ast trop grand pour atra raproduit an un soul ctichO, il ast films t partir da I'angla supiriaur gaueha, da gaucha a droits. at da haut an bas. on pronant la nombra d'imagaa nOcassairo. Laa diagrammas suivanis illuatroni la mothoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MCKOCOPY RISOIUTION TEST CHART lANSIond ISO TEST CHABT No 2l 1.0 irl^ i^ ■^ y£ 12.2 I.I 1- ^ 1.8 .'•^5 i 1.4 i i^ m ^ /.APPLIED IIVHBE 1653 East Ua,n Str« !7'6) 482 - 0300 - (716) 2aa-^^B9 -c THE COMMENCEMENT ORATION, SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY. JUNE Mth. leti. \fi ^anam^hU Mr. itiatirr SUidrll. KINO'S BENCH DIVISION, H.C.J. ONTARIO With the Compliments of William Renv^hk KiijDull. (SiwMin, The Commcnetmcnt Oration, Syiicu^e Univtriily, Jun« Hth, 1911. THE HONOURABLE WILLIAM RENTICK RIDDELL, L.H.D., ETC. Mr. Chancellor, Fathers and Brethren, Ladies and Gentlemen: When I .say that I ain glad to be here — uow — I am not simply using the langiiafjo of mere convention. I am eome to you from the adjoining nation and from a University which her sons delight to honour, calling her, as she indeed is, the largest University imder the British flag ; they do not in their devotion go so far as to say that she is the greatest University under the British flag— as yet— but with the opti- mism which characterizes the Canadian, thej consider even that to be but a matter of years — few, it is hoped. I bring you greetings from that land and that Uni- versity, and wish you every possible blessing. We are told across the Lake, that there are million- aires at the back of this University ; and if that is so, we rejoice. But it may be but an invention of the enemy. " Are millionaires common in America?" asked a stranger. " They are," answered the American, " most of them." If millionaires are responsible for the buildiuKS of this Universiity, it is a matter of ro- xrct tliat tli( y uiv not more cvimmim — in tlic ouc scuso. No person common in tlie otlir r sonso could have con- eeivpd tlioir erection or hroii it iiljoiit in beauty and hnrmony as tliey exist. Ai. i we might well pray that more of such benefai'tors should be found ' ) aid in the cause of higher education by furnishing tiiaste and lovely temples for its pursuit. But whatever and whucvcr may be at tlie back of Syracuse Univ(>rsity, I can bear personal testimony that at its head there stands a man — "A man with l^-nd, he.irt, hand Like some of the great siiuple onus gone, Who can rule and dare not lie." — a man who lives by old George Herbert's precept, "Do all things like a man. not uneakinirly," and who "girt by friend or foe," says "the thing he will." Was it not Garfield who said, " Dr. Mark Hopkins at one end of a log and a student at the other — that is a University "? How much more may wc say, " Dr. Day at one end of this institute of learning and these four thousand students at the other — that is a great University "t And I most heartily and sincerely congratulate him and you on the progress made by this University, be- lieving and appreciating as I do that advance in true culture and true learning in this University and in this State cannot be without its influence, not only upon this great Union, but also upon the world at large, and not least of all upon my own beloved Canada. I an to speak to you of the United States and Canada. On the northern shore of Lake Erie, our magnifi- cent inland sea, are many projections of the land to- ward the Soutli, ii« it si-n-r strcl.liiii^ imt Oanadiiin hnnds to the .-istcr I'liiiiitrv. And mi diii' i>{ tlic Ki'.-t kiuiwu of these stiiiid twn'tall shafts ,.f i.iiie. tiipiicd witli vei-diii iievei' failirii;. These u'lnw ficiii the sniiie soil mid spring; fidni the same iHut; tilmve, they aic distinct ami whcdly self-eiuitained. Tlio pillars stand near t.i«etlier', i-et never e'ash— the lighter, more eonspieuniis portions of the tre( s do in- deed intenninKle:and ever and anon, when stiricd liy gale or tempest, their hraiiehes chafi' and fret in noi>y commotion. But with the iiassiii;; of the storm passes also the fury of eontendini; hraneli: with the ealin comes njiain the peaeeful and harmonious interlaeiiis of limb and twi;; and needh — and the oseillatin;; shaft nodding ti' its sister is jjladdened by the peaee above. Long years have thes(' sisters st I on the shore of our Lake, and lonj,' have .hey symbolized the t.vo peoples living on its ojiposite sliores. For the United States and Canada are from tlie same soil, have urown cm the same pontinent ; they are sprung from tlie same root and glory in the same an- cestry — and while the lighter part rif eneh has, when stirred by the tempest of passicjn, .iarred and fretted and ehafed, the solid portion has, in the main, .stood firm; and when the stor.n was over and quiet reigned, those who had wrangled an i lashed i esiimed friendly communion and intermingled one «'ith tiie i tlier in peace and harmony. " Behold how' good and how ple.jsant brethren to dwell together in unity." The histories are full of war and battii bloodshed and sufleriug are told to child an but who has told the .story of the long ai peace on each side of the longest intcrnatioi ary in tiie world ? Four thousand miles stretches the line hetwi United States and Cauada: and never a i'u-titi. or a stronghold — the so-called forts are ir.erc gli farmhouses, the earthworks like deserted potato is f. r I des of HlH— .ul- n the tion — tilt' potty KBi'rijoiiis kfpt at u few pDiiits do uo iriore than |iluy nt Hi>ld to take Quebec. The colonic.^ were called upou to furnish 20,- 000 men, and tliev .lid furnisli 17,.300: Massachusetts, 7,000; Connecticut, 5.000: Rhode Island and \ew Jersey each 1,000; New Ilampsliire, 800, and \ew York, 2,680. The relative importance of the colonies is shown by the number of men rai.sed, Connecticut supplying many more than Xew York, and Massa- chusetts nearly three times Xew York's quota (but of course Massachusetts included what is now Maine). The belief which bad become finnly established throughout Canada that Quebec was vmassailable by water, proved not quite fallacious. Quebec fell, but it fell assailed by way of the Plains of Abraham. Ticou- deroga was avenged. The colonies had their wish and the toast was fulfilled, " British colours on every French fort, post and garrison in America." It is a satisfaction to know that the three American grenadiers captured by the French at Quebec were not burnt alive as their friends feared they would be. The 2nd and .3rd battalions of Royal Americans were with the besieging army and did their duty man- fully; and no difference was made between them and the other English taken prisoner. And now took place what the more acute observers had foreseen, and some had openly prophesied. When the fear of starvation or privation is removed, the young man may safely, if he is so inclined, treat the old folks lightly — while they in tiirn cannot think of him as anything but a mere boy wholly unfit to gov- ern himself or his household. The Euglish (which by this time had become British) Colonies, relieved from the ever-pressing fear of invasion from the alien North, had time to consider their relations with the mother country. So long as the next day might bring a hostile raid by Frenchman or Indian, the assistance of British troops was very desirable, and greatly desired. Xor was there much complaint even if these troops had to be supported by the colonists whose homes they protected — and that though these colonists had notthe full control of the money raised for that purpose. But when there was no longer any fear of French soldier, civilized or savage, as all to the North was now become also British, tlic case was changed. It is a part of the very life of English-speaking people that they must govern themselves — for well or ill. Swarms leave the mother hive: these set up a new hive for themselves, governed after the ancestral model, iudcod, but sclf-govei'ned. There is no such phenomenon in English-speaking colonization as in the aricicut Greek — nor were these colonists chosen by lot or sent from an inferior grade of the people ; they came of their o\n\ elioice, and many of England's best and bravest found their place in the ranks of the ven- turesome settlers of the American wilds. I do not know whether you consider it a matter of pride or not — probably not — but it must be said that New York was not the leader in opposition to flie claims of the government of King George — perluips Massachusetts was the most determined and self- assorting. Whoever tl'.e leader, arbitrary acts were met bv stubborn resistance; and at length a deplor- able, though perhaps inevitable, war broke out. be- tween mother and daughter; and America claimed independence. 8 Canada was never lonj; nbsout from the iniuds of the leaders of the re\olted colonies. It was always a desideratum that Canada should join the Union and so round off the federation of States. Canada, Brit- ^h, might be dangerous to the oolonies now anti- British, as she was when anti-British to them still British. The Continental Congress meeting at Phila- delphia issued an address to the Canadians, filled with turgid rhetoric, and more tittcd as an argument to philosophers than an appeal to simple people like the mhabitants of Canada. The address wholly failed m its object. Not that the French-Canadians had become enthusiastic British subjects— thev had re- fused to furuLsh the Governor. Sir Ouv Carletou, with provisions for his troops. The addVess printed in Philadelphia reached very few Canadians : fewer still could read: and those who could read knew of an ad- dress to the peo]ile of England bv that same Congress complaining bitterly of favour' shown to the Cana- dians as a gross betrayal of Protestant pi'inciplcs and inveighing against the toleration of Poperv, " that blood thirsty, idolatrous and hypocritical" creed." Catholics who had been repeatedly and in the most solemn manner assured of the free exercise of their religion under the British Hag were not likely to choose rather the fellowship iu allegiance of those whose representatives so thought and so spoke of their beloved Church and most cherished beliefs. Montgomery and Arnold were sent North against Montreal and Quebec— the erratic Ethan Allen had made a di.sma! failure. Montreal was taken, and ^Mont- gomery hastened to assist Arnold at Quebec. Mont- gomery died and Arnold failed. To Montreal during its (jceupaney by the Ameri- cans came three Commissioners, Benjamin Franklin being one, taking with them a French printer from Philadelphia; and they issued apjjeals to the people — in vain. The priests, who could read, were immovable — they had been treated with at least re- spect by the British, they were treated with contume- ly and even with physical harshness by the Colonials —the British had paid in gold for all the stores taken and labour exacted by them, the Colonials, if they paid at all, paid in paper— and the paper was repu- diated bv Congress. It is said that the cheating and trickery" of the "Bastonuais" is still a tradition in parts of Quebec after a century and a half, as tlie Angevin Kings of England are still remembered and execrated by the peasants in parts of France after a lapse of six hundred years. But while all parties recognized that it would be for the advantage of the United Cfilonies that Canada should join them and so cease to be British, George Washington was sufficiently clear-sighted to recog- nize tluit it was bett'r for his country that Canada should ))c British than that she should become once more French. For, he said, France with a foothold on the left iu Canada, on tlie right in Louisiana and holding all the West of the Continent in the rear of the new nation, would l)c a greater mc-.ice than a British Canada. It is not too nuich to say that, even then, it was, at least bv Washiugtou. appreciated that "blood is thicker than water": he frowned down Lafayette's plan to invade Canada with the aid of troops obtained from France. The revolted colonies wholly failed to carry Can- ada with them; but they achieved independence for themselves — the wretchedly-conducted war came to an end. The ' w-abiding and law-seeking genius of the race asserted itself— for I maintain that the Anglo-Saxon is essentially a lover of law, and of law as a means of deciding disputes. There was, of course, no room in the preliminarv articles of 1782, or even in the defi- nitive Treaty of Peace of 1783 for anything but a statement of the rights of the contracting parties: but when time showed that they were not exactly agreed as to the meaning and import of the words they had employed iu common, the case was different. A legislature may declare the rights of parties by a Statute, or imities may make a written agreement; but if they disagree as to the meaning of the words employed by the legislature or bv themselves, that meaning must be found, lixed and determined by some tribunal— unless, indeed, the parties fight it out physically. War is tlie international ormivaleut of trial In- combat — and war even yet is not whollv obsolete: " 'Tis true 'tis pity, and pity 'tis "tis true'." But these two English peojiles, the insular and the continental, had more sense than to rush to war to determine their respective rights under their agree- ment. And, accordingly, the celebrated John Jay, when sent to have the rights of the .American people better defined, as well as to arrange matters which had already led to some trouble, and might lead to more, willingly agreed that the rights as declared by the former treaty should be submitted to a tribunal for decision — while he secured a further agreement as to other matters of international irritation. His treaty, that of 1794, has .Justly been called the start- ing point of international arbitration. (Not that arbitration had previously been unknown among the nations, for, as all students of history know, among the states of European Greece and "of Asia Minor. arliitr,iti(in was nut at all unronunon. A most interesting article — or, indeed, volume — might be written upon this topic; and I venture to hope that some of the Peace Societies or the Carnegie Trust will have the history of international arbitration, ancient and modern, w. '-■n at no distant date.) But the Jay Treaty is first in modern times of an in- ternational arbitiutiou between great nations, and, consequently, it deserves all the fame which it actually enjoys. The negotiation of this Treaty, while it forms, per- haps. Jay's best claim to immortality, was fatal to n his honourable and natural ambition to become Presi- dent of the United States. Politics were then as bit- ter and as unjust as at the preSeut day : and charges against J.iy of selling his country wore made and be- lieved in a generation which listened witli patience and almost with credulity to the charge of defrauding the nation made against (h-orge Washington — for evrn he was charged with dishonestly taking public mniicy. Posterity has beer kinder and more just. By the Treat}' of 1 (94, it was arranged that matters in (lispute should be referred to arlutratiou — and (with one exception) since that time to this, more than 100 years after, there has been no armed conHict between the mother couutiy and her loyal colonies on the one hand, and the separated ccdonies on the other — a splendid i:)roof of the sense of justice and right on either side. By day's Ti'caty, it was referred to a Board of Arbitrators selected by the two governments .fith another selected by these, to determine what river was meant by the "Ste. Croix" in the Treaty of Peace. Three arbitrators were sufficient for that. But there were claims for money by British subjects and American citizens : and with that keen sense of the importance of money which has never failed the Anglo-Saxon since the times in which he assess^ed, at a fixed money I'ate. the value of the life of all from king to villeiii, five arbitrators were to pass upon the money claims. The boiuulary arbitrators failed, and si), too, did the arbitrators on the British claims. The latter claims were in 1802 eonii)voraised at £600,000— while the former dispute continued to trouble the nations for forty years longer. The boundary was a matter directly affecting Canada, as have been most of the matters leading to international dispute, negotiation and arbitration. Then, as for many years thereafter — and indeed in some remote parts even at this day — Americans were 12 under the impression— nay, tlio profouiil eonvii-ti.in. that moiinrcliy is of necessity tyranny and that Canada was fjnmnd down nailer' tlie iron heel of ojijiression— and some Americans liad sufficient cour- age and spirit of self-sacrifice to help her to be free. Canada has an awkward wav of taking such efforts seriously, and of dealinf; sterulv with those who interfere with her; accordinnlv when, shortly be- fore the end of the 18tli century, agitators fron'i the south of the boundary line caiiie into Canada, they were looked aftei' with car( — anIc- Lane, was in 1797 drawn, hansed and quartered at Quebec for endeavouring to stir up a rebellion against the King. McLane's scheme involved an invasion by a large force from Vermont, well equipped with artillery, ai-ms and ammunition. There can be no doubt that the government of the United States was quite inno^ cent of any ))articii)ation in the plan (it is indeed sug- gested that McLane was partially insane) ; but there is equally no doubt that the Vcrmonters wished to have the use of the St. Lawreiice and had become dis- couraged by the attitude of the British Government in regard to the navigation laws. From almost the very inauguration of the United States there was a party of considerable, though varying, strength which aimed at the absorption of Canada; and from the end of the 18th centurv. the administrati i in Canada lived in fear of an attack from the so^ ,\. These fears were openly expressed in correspon..eiice with the Home authoi-ities ; and at length, in 1812, the long anticipated war broke out. I do not intend to discuss the real origin and occasion of that war. Jlr. Forster has done so recentlv at the Washington meeting of the American Society for the Judicial Settlement of International Disputes. Washington was captured and in part burnt; but so were Newark, the previous, and York (Toronto), the then capital of Upper Canada. 13 I say nothing further as to the military opera- tions and the suecess and eonduct of tlie troops on cither side — the Adjutant-General of the State of New York, Oincral Verhei.'k of this city, lias said something alx)ut tliat very recently. The war was wliolly unnecessary, and the avowed were not the real objects. But that war came soon to an end — it never should have l)ep;un. "Inter arma .silent leges," but, "Armibus silenti- bus, lex proprium vigorem habet." And, according- lj% when the two branches of the lace had satiated their taste for gore— for they would— and will— any time sooner fight than eat — law liad its way. The Treaty of Ghent was entered into, which provided for a deterniiuatiou by arbitration of the matters still in dispute (Dec. 24tli. 181-t). The ostensible causes of the war were not so mucli as mentioned in the Treaty. Tliere is a bay on the Atlantic coast called the Bay of Passamaquocldy, in wliicli arc a tew islands — of no great intrinsic value indeed. l)Ut then since Saucho Panza's time an "Island" has had a sentimental value. (I find that in a solenm law report of a very famous case, in 181(5, Upper Canada is called an "Lsland" — I presume, by way of compliment.) These islands in Passamaquoddy Bay were claimed as form- ing part of the United States, and by the other party as forming part of Nova Scotia. They v.ere not large, but large enough to be a pretext for war, if either country really desired it. The Treaty of Ghent provided that a Commissioner should be appointed by the King, another l)y the President, and that these should determine upon the claims. It was provided that if the Commissioners could not agree, the mutter was to be referred to L^ome friendly Sovereign or State. Fortunately, the Com- missioners, Messrs. Holmes and Barclay, were able to agree: they gave Moose, Dudley and Frederick Islands to the Unitcrt States, and the remainder to Britain — and thus that little trouble was settled. Commissioners -were also a])pointed to determine the northern houndaiy of Maine; they did not a^rcc; it was arrang-'d in lf527 to refer this to a friendly Sovereign; and the King of the Netherlands was seleeted. He made an award in 1S31 satisfac- tory to neither party. Both repudiated it, and the boundary was at length settled in 1842 by the Web- ster-Ashb'irton Tr<'aty, or the Ashburton "Capitula- tion." as the sarcastic Palmeiston called it. We Canadians have not quite got over the "Capitulation" yet, and we tliank Lord Palmerston for that word. But Messrs. Porter and Barclay, the Commission- ers appointed under another clause of the Treaty of Ghent to determine the boundary at the Lakes On- tario, Erie and Huriiu. were entirely successful in arriving at a satisfactory award: and this award given at Utici, June 18tli, 1822, was received with universal api Hist I'riinc Minister .'if the Dominion, found >;uilty nnd cxiiMiti'd witli otlicrs; i:i(i were s^nti iiccil to death, liiit tlie bcr of 10 wns fonsidered suffieicnt iii Irrroirm. Tlion, nt tlie other end of \.'\)\wv Canada, n nmn- ber of ••SyiiipathiziTs,"' after tlii'V iiad liiiied a few Caundinns, were caught liy Colonel Prinee. Some of them were simminrily sliot, «nd seven afterwards tried hy the eivil courts, found guilty of murder and e.xeeuted. There never were anv "nioie "Svnipa- thizers" in Canada, I<:ast or West. Placards were posted in Detroit, offeiing $H(K) reward for the Colonel dead, nnd *1,0()0 for liini alive; Imt he kept safe on Canadian soil, and lived for long venrs there- after. A very sntir^fnetoiy arhitration took place in 18.')4- 55 imder a tref.ty of 185?, in reference to claims made again.rt either country by citizens of th. other. Joshua Bate.». nn Aniericnn who lived in London, was appointed Umpire by the two Commissioners, nrd he conducted the arbitrntion to the coimivm .satisfaction of all — except those who lost. Ever .since the organization of the Republic there had been trouble about trade matters, and in 1854 a treaty was entered into, the well-known " Reciprocity Treaty." I cannot do much more than simply refer to this Treaty, so far as its commercial aspect is concerned. After it had been in force for some twelve years it was denounced by the United States. While it had defects and was not wholly satisfactory to either party, it was not these defect's which cau.sed its denun- ciation. The people of the United States tiiought— rightly or wixmgly, I do not enquire — that Biitain had been unfair in her dealings with the North during the Civil War; and the dislike engendered by this fcolinK had its oiitoomo in tlio inti'i'iintlonol relations witli < 'aiind that two Commis- sioners should be appointed with power to select, if neccssarv, a third by lot. Vhese were to examine the coasts of British A.-.erica and the United States, and deteiininc the places reserved by the Convention of 1818, etc., for the British fishei-men. I cannot say that the relations of the two nations in respect of the ri);ht to tish have ever been all that could be wished. Perhaps the award of 1910 may clear the air and make these relation? more satisfactory and cordial in the future. While all this was Roins on in the East, there was a little dispute in the far West. The Hudson's Bay Company and the Puget Sound Agri(;ultural Com- pany hail, before 1846. become i.ossessert of property, farms, etc.. In the new territory at what was subse- quently the North- Western part of the United States, but then a kind of No Man's Land, claimed indeed by Britain as well as the United States. When the na- tions in 1846 settled that the 4 destitute of spirit that they would not take a fly. Everyone must know of the trouble the seal fishing in the Pacific Ocean is .still causins— the trouble was more acute twenty years ago. The United States claimed a sovereignty over the waters ot.th'^ i^a'-'hc and the seal fisheries in that ocean, which Biitam (and Canada) refused to a.-kuowledge. Arme(l ves- sels were sent bv the ruited States to patrol these waters, and sonic seizures were made of Canadian yessels. This is the stuff that wars are made of— and it must be reeo^uized that had Britani >eeu looking for war she had pretexts at hand which were more weighty than many upon which lou- and sanguinary wars have been wa^-ed. But the America .immand- ers far from theirgovernment, acted wit., prudence ; and neither jx-ople was anxious for an armed struggle. A modus Vivendi was arrived at: and subsequently a Board of Arbitrators was agreed upon to detei-mme the matters in controversy. By this Treaty of 1892 each power was to name two Commissioners and the Kin" of Sweden and Xorway, the King of Italy and the President of France one each, making a Board ot 53 seven in all. One of these was a Canadian Minister of the Crown, and Canadians took miwh of the burden of the reference. This was the Paris Commission, which awarded $42.5,000 to be paid bv the United States to the subjects of Britain. The only part of the international boundarv not settled was on the Alaska side. Canada claimed most of the lonfT toujjue to the .*outh of the main part of Alaska and running' along liv the sea. Americans said, "What we have wi> will hold"— and uesotiation.s came to an imjiasse. In 1!)03 it was agreed to I'efcr the matter to a tril)uniil of si.\ juvi.>e Treaty of 1908, as will be seen bv reference to its provisions. "The Rush-Bagot arrangement arose in this way. durrngX war of 1812 some damage had been done and more annovauce .'aused by armed vessels upon ?he Great L..k-o^. The Treaty of Ghen did not pro^"de that such armed forces f u,u d not be kent urv but it became apiiarent to both sides thTt it wo Id be well strictly to limit the number Tnd quaUtv of armed vessels upon the fresh waters between the two countries. After some "^f otiation notis wre interchanged. April 28th and 29th, 1817, containing the '-Rush-Bagot convention, which noh'S contained an agreement by one and the other party iSg the naval force to be kept on the lakes ?o aVen ft'^v: on Lake Ontario, one vessel; on the Unnei Lakes, two vessels: on Lake Champlam. one XT; n 'ne of the vessels to exceed one ''""dred ton« burden and each to have but one cannon ot 18 pounds It was 'agreed to dismantle forthwith all other armed vesTek on the lakes, and that no other vessels of war should be there built or armed; six months notice to be given by either party of desire of annulling the ''Selrrangement was, after some delay, submi^tted bv t e President to the Senate, and that body in 1818 anOTOved of and consented to it. I understand that constUutional lawvers in the United States-and all lawers in the United States are constitutional law- ve^-are not agrjeed as to the necessity for the Presi- Ln? to lav this agreement before the Senate or for the 'rLrblCrilv observed, except where the consent of Canada has been obtained to trifling varia- tions from its teims, variations more in the letter than in the spirit. The understanding was, however, in great danger in 1864. The Minister of the United States in Lon- don was instructed in October of that year to give the six months' notice required to tenninate the agree- ment; and Mr. Adams did so, with tlie subsequent approval of Congress. Before the lapse of the time specified, however, matters on the lakes had taken a different turn, and the United States expressed a de- sire that the arrangement should continue and be ob- served by both jjartics. Tliis was acceded to, and ever since the convention has been considered in full force. But there remains one thing more in mention. At a recent meeting of the American Society for the Judicial Settlement of International Disputes, the President of the United States gave utterance to an epoch-making statement— T have always thought that the President of the United States of America has the greatest power for good or ill of any man upon the face of the earth — and in this instance the President rose to the height even of liis great opportunity. Mr. Taft said in substance: "There is no reason why every international question sliould not be submitted to judicial arbitrament, whether it be a question of money or of territory or of national honour." Mr. Taft has since that time, amid the har;issiug cares and multitudinous laljours uf liis great office, continued to press on the adojrtion of arbitration methods. His efforts have been recognized and seconded by statesmen and ehmclmieu in the mother country, and in Canada. But few discordant notes are to be heard. Of course, the "fire-eater" is not dead, nor the pessi- mist, nor he who can walk only per vins antiquas, while the fool we have always with us. We hear that ■wars are necessary to keep down population, although the same argiunent is not advanced for famine. . . . . . — that war is needed to awaken and keep alive vnlouv ami masoulino virtuos ReneraUy, al- thouch those who know most ahout war know best the absunlitv of tlie arnmnent: there is more valour in one (lav of attendanee upon the sick in an epidemic than in a month of active warfare. I undertake to find ten men to face bullet or bayonet for e^veiy one who will face smallpox or malignant fever.* \\ e aie told that questions of national honour cannot be ar- bitrated, and that if any nation were to fire a shot at a peaceful ship of another, war must ensue, a though Britain did uot suffer in the eyes of the world or m her own, because slu- submitted to international arbi- tration when her pea.^eful ttshermen were shot down on the Dogger Bank; that a man does not go to law when somec^e assaults his wife as though ha jusU- fied hhn iu stealing the other's fish-or as though the drcumstance that some outrage might be so gross tha ?aw would 1)0 forgotten, furnished an argument ^^^rlh';\r.rbfeXni-will,inthelong^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^?!e:=!l!;^t^itw^-a^v^^3 the rut.' within; AVhcther man was evolving up from the lower animal or devolving down from a state \lm any lower than the angels when he first made his appearance as man, I shall not discuss in the p^senL of learned theologians and accomplished ^eientists-we in Ontario a>'' , '"^"'Si J'"' ''"'^. troubles over questions of tW^ kind and I do not T)roT)ose to get into hot water in New lork State if J ?an^avoid!t. One way or the other he was but IMe muoved from tlu^ brute. He l^a'l the weai>ons of the brute the tooth and claw-and he had adopted mproved weapons, the club wielded by brawny am, and the missile stone projected by strong and deft I ei'/.o'u iiv ftaf.7. *.0V U TtKilV 'i"lf. — Burip. Mtdta 11. 250, 251. hand. He was judge of what he would have, and of what he would not liavo : and wife and child and neighbour were kept in order by the tooth and claw, the club and stone. And then prevailed "thn (pK)d ohl riilf, the sinipip plan, Thnt they shouiil take who have thi' power Anil tliey should keep who can." Tlmt Is anarcliy, the state that is spoken of ii, the good old book, "In tliosc dav.s there was no KiiiK in Israel, but every man did that wliich was rijjlit in his own eyes." In affairs relatiug to the sept \ old wood p>d^ lanifh Who »nw th.' llr»t priim-va oalf ! M.1IIV thinp this tall' miuht toach,_ But'l am not ordainril to preach. So it is-aud the wav of umn with his f e""'^-™*" .'' dren of God." '150:; .«v' m.