^r r ^^ "vvb '^^.^.. ^... %.% ^. IMAGE EVALUATrON TEST TARGET (MT.3) A //A {./ :a C/j (/^ "m 1.0 1.1 1.25 1^ |50 1^ 2.5 2.2 AS. 12.0 1.8 iA 111.6 P5 riiuiugidpiuu Sciences Corporation \ :>- J?c3nfuli6 inucntfe epiilola Criflofcrt iColom(cui eras nodm multd Debet : oe JtiTulid in meri ^ndico m^ inuftid.^ quad perquirendad octauo anteil menfetaufpicua et ere 'JnuimfTimi f emandi ibirpamarumifte^famifrud fuerat]ad4^a^ nificam onm iRapbaeles eanjrfatemfd^ fer^^ ruirtmt musie Xbefaumna mtfTa* quam nobt UouUucni^ Vir aiianderS Ccfcotab toif^ pano i^deomateittlatinu. conuerrit:rercto Mb ^ibaij. ^l>*cccc.jccuj«iipontifi[cam0^jeandri Sejtti anno K>rimo ♦ 'Slontam fufceptepioutntte remj)^ fectam me pfecumm fuiffe:jfrata ti bi foie fciotbaa pftitni cjcararetque te vnittfcuiurq^ ret in boc noftro itU nere gelleinuenreq^ admone^t.Xrtcefimoter tio t>iepoft$ i6adibii0t)ifcefli:in mare Undi^ ctt perueni:vb( plurima0 ^nfulaa innumeria babitatas bomimb^ regjeritqua^ oim p fcli* ciflimo'iftegenoflrotpzecoruo celeb»to tve* jCiUi0ejctenri9:cotradicentenemine poffeflriOJ!» n^.accepi«pttmecp earumtDiui iBaluatozle no menimpofui (cuiU0fret<»aujcilio) tamadbac ^adcetenr^aliaB penimMEam vero 9ndi I nouo nomine nunaipauuiOuffpealtam Jniu Urn Sancte 4bdne Cdceptt6i9.aliam "ftm^ binam4ilia5 Ibi^abelUm^alui 9ob»tam«f fie oe reliqaCeaipelUiri itt(n.|f21u$)^:iitt$ i eljni^ Adam qui tyixdH'iobsimm vocariti)ci apili mu9ntt)rta ei^ littue occideml verfu9 aliqul^ tulum mccefTitumi^ earn magnl nullo r^per tc '^.ne mttcnitvt non mfulr w:fed c5tin entrw flCbatafptottindi eifeaejidmmmuUatamS videe ofl)(da mimtdpmue in maHn'mi0 flta c8 ^nibimpttttr aliquot^ vices'^ media rufticat aim qttcaul incolt^looui nequibamtquareil^ mul ac no^ ^^idebant mrripieba t fitgam « |Sto grediebar vltra:e)c((hman0 aliqitam me vzbi viiurueinuentumm* 9eni(0viden0

ebat«c6ilimiaUo0u9openri fuccefliidtetflc retroeeden0ad pcntum quenda5 quern ftgna^ tteramfttmreuerru0:vnde tDUoabolcaer no* flritfin terram mi(T *qui inueaioarentteitetife me): ineapzoumcit/v^tberue auque«lb(t per %'^ H '?"S3S^*".t:3««31!!i trea tie^^mbxiUr^u inuenerut^innumerod po|:)ulo9 tbabitato^e: pamas tn et abfc^ tllo re0imine:quapzopf redierut^^ntereacgo ia intelltx^eraa^bufdam 9itd^d:qtio9 ibidtfu^ fceperi: qu5bmoip2oumda:iiifula quidetn erat-t (ic pentjii onentc Yerftt0:ci^femfi f!rin j^endlitto^a i^qs ad miUaria «cccjr)cij« vbiipfi^ iitfule fiutt ex:trema.bmc alia infula ad oziem tern paofpejci toiflantem ab bac^obana milia* ribue.liiij^quf p2Otiini0lbtrpa(tam t>ixUin ea^ eg; coceffi: t birexJi iter quad p Bcptcntrione5 queadmodu in^pbaita ad 02{entetntmiliaria t)l;tiiij.que t)icta ^obana taUe ibidem (ufule $femlif!ime ex:imint*lbec multidatq^ mtifTt^ mi0 *£ latiamcc aWj^ quos vii$ t>idcrim copa^ randis poztib^^: eft circudata-multi majrimi t faLttbze^banc interfluut fluuij .inulti quoc^ et emme ttlTtmi in ea fimt montee* (@med be infu le fiutt puUerrime ^ vavijaDiftinae Sgurts: p^ uie:zma)nmaarbo^vanetate(!dem lamben titiplene:q0nu$folij9puuan credo tquip^ pevidieaaita vtreteaacc^Dccozaa: ceumae zif^alo tbifpania follte6:qv^afiefl02^te6:aUe fiticnicrfeuilie t alio ftatu:^ m vniufcuiufcp 2)li tat^vi£;ebat:0arriebat pbilomenat^ral^' paiTe re0 varij ac InumeritmefeTBouebzia ^i ipe per eaa oeambulaba«0unt pterea in oictautfuU ,f. I nficupari : majcimt flint mjffiffiS Sri «rj?*^y^ • *^ ^^) flttoojiiA genere «Sr*««;..i- L^"*** liflneaffccO tin tmicro "W.i i ':j>i ' . ii ni ii i i ■ i i,_ reoBB iperlt mma/ uferro tifc0t l>acm afalu fhictf terea quae evtri ^dum ifo^ nde» uiCa were xid Ififtt b'ne« uai^ itcro '« I '49 ©ccamca I Claffia I fepcmMftcaimferfmBuo«veltriehrtm...w; mibi facta 3raTolij<:pfragmeitft:bombice«attro ti $beftie capambat.q^ quia tmquu fane erot: veti\litfedi($ei9mvAu pulcra i: grata 4 meca tulera nuUo ittmeniitt pmiom eoa mibi fa^ cill^ pci!iare:fter^t(B jCpicole:c vt fint pzoni in amo^e erga laegeiftcgina pancipefq^ noflroa et vniucrfos^eted Ibifpaniciac ftudeat pqre* re ^ coaceruarereaqjnobietradere ijb^ipi af^ fluut ^nofmasnopc idigemMHuMbu nonit ydolatriatlmo firmiflimc credit 0^5 vim: oQ? potatia:oia oehiqjbona cffc i cclox mecpmde cu bie nmibH nautif Dcfcedifre:at3 B aio vb( fiiifufceptuapoft^meta repulerar*TBccfunt fcgnc^aut rudcarqum fiimmi ac pfpicaciein* • gen^t^boiee qui tranflFretIt mare ill&.no fine admiratC^e vniufcuiufcprei ratione redduntt fed nu& videmut gentc0vcftita«:rieq5 naue» bmoi K0O ftatim atcy ad mare ilW pueni:c pn ma infula quofda 5ndo0 violentei'arripui: 4 ediCcerft a nobi0 n no0giter uocerent ca:4;t ipfi in bifce partibud cognitione babebaitt . et ejcvoto fucceffitma breui no© ipo6 :^ bij nosn mm geflu acfigi|i6!tum verbie intellejcerunt * magnoip uobiaifuere emolumfto.veniunt md meciltftquifemp putant mctjeflluifleecelo $ut0 t>itt fjoWfcfl verfati fuerint bodiecK ver* fenf .« W eraitt ptanb & id qaocaaumtUaba »ica».®«nite vcfifte t videWtwgftes etbe «M>. ipiWoteJtifemU « vtn:t«inwub««5 w^«fhint,T^lure»t»ml biremi Que reittiaft ui«0mrul«0:quemniunerefunt:tretfctif.cfia« tto flaitt.mqua« ego b«ra Wpemiiim feu fa* «S'f^*" onmib'bwinfiaismilla eft wi* qtte re» Rutilw eftad iAqefcremflimfi 1U?? •teiUserepottK faabmi funt tyni.^^ qu^ pellaba ut voce 'tsttbt afcnnij ilijepo niiioli^ multae imdme rfuaut •l^atli iimt^ in o& U6qf :omer* iiagiit eaoi^ wbtt» dfait mum admodfi fum ji^grefliit oittea infitU Tfcbui^ C recttt tramttes occafusm oUtnxtm miliaria aocjt;$.#mqitlvii tinfualldtttncria poflUtn t>icf re bSc ^obanl elTe maioz^ ^0lta xSca tia flC*:iiati(|j vltra Dtcta^cccrril* paflUfi mtlta: in ea istte d ad ocdderit^ 4>fpectai : Doe :oitad nonpet^:rttefuitt^uittcietqua;^dlreri Indt !Hnan voc0t :cui^ accole caudaH nafcunf.Zf t>un! in lon^^mdtnem ad miliana^dm. vt ab bi'a49vebomecu.9ndi0scep<:qu{ omi^baa caller tftruUa.|^ifpane vero ambit^ maiot'eft totalbifpania a col<^na Trq5adfontl rabtdA Ibtticqsfacilear^uifarquarm ei^Ut^q^i^e P recti Unci occidemlam otientftraieatmili aria pnner.O)cl«ll>ecinfttla ^affectada ^affe^ ctataftdfpemldatftquatffaliaito&hvtmici ;p inuicttfrimo :^^€et tif o Tolenntter poiTeflio^ Item accepi:earuq5 imperifi t)icto l^eeiptni^ tnacdmitttfU opditunioii tfilocctatqioifiilu cro t c5mertio pdc€cntii(m(ii mmmXlct mtUimx9ti0r>iiinomittdm^Vf0tCetKcni pe(ulfariteraccepi»ibiq5arcemqiianda5 eri^ sere ejttemplotufRuiitc mode tarn bebet eiTe mcti:iii qua botea qui neceflai^ rtint rtil: cit oM armm geitere:t vbraannil vtctu opoam norelt<}.9t€ qtad$carattelll:i;^ a^apftmf btati i bdcarte ^ tn ceteil perttoe: ac eittfdf ■,'■3 m rimi utcrediWlf *9at em gft^eiUe aihaWlea ftdmoda tbenigne: eo f iftejr ^dicniemefhfi trmfuum dci^ottobaf* (gtfianimu reaoca nentitbi* cf larcemanfemtnocereTelmtnte que(st:qui« iirmis cammudi icedCbti: mmfu t^miduideo x>icximtm tettftea: oatajratofit tot$ ca rnfuU nullo (ibi itaminenle oifcrimiite (odmodo le«e« qmetedim^acre^imind ex cedit)facile oetinere*3iit otnib* bi0mfult0 vt mteIU;ci: quifc^vni ttfi piusi acquiefcit :|>ter pjirtcipcs aut rege^tctbue visinti habere lic^ •f eminc magie^ viri Uboaare videnfmec be ite pocut intelltgere an babe^t b(ma>pda: vi dieiR qdTit^'babebatal^erpiimruJftimoa pea/ obfoma/ibmouTiBuUa ap« eoamonft? reperij vt pUrii^ ejciftimabant: fed bofeama^ gfie reuerltie atqjbenignoa^-Becfunt hignVc lut etbiopea.babft crines planoaac oemiflToa nd t)egmit vbi rad<02u folaria cm tot calo^ g magna itaq^ bic eft folia vebementia:ppterea q» abe4noctiaU Unea oiftat ♦ vbi videtur/grat? Duafcrtvigmti (^jtmontw cacuminib^'ma^ rimq * viget frir :f5 id (jdem modetant ^n*^ m: ttt loci pfitetudle:tft re^ calidiiTima;? db^ f reoucter -t iuxmok vefcuaf pzefidto- Jtam moftraaliQ no viditiieqjeo:|^aIicubibabttU0 gttitionnnitxctfUi qiuuUs mfuU fCbuigtid* apatft : que feoinda ejc l^ifpana in Tindim trnnffrftitttm* e)nftit.qu«m«en»Qtted«m« ffnitimw baWta fcrodot incolif. W came bui mana vefaMir.ft>8bentp«diaibiremia aent mplunnwujoibiwui oiime»3(ndia0mfaUi0 -fitbiUbal^ec'fftmittmflffgeranr mouefe* .<»ti ^ fcroctdXQtM-v recrtcri.5ndime)cbaufto mem plectimmnf? bo0 C0O nibiU' facte pine q^ alioe.fbi fmt qui foeunt cum quibufdamfr miniatqucfole infu traljcienub^ babitanMje autc femme nulht) fui ftpt0 opu0 ejcercenttrmitt ciii arciib^' t fpi mrficuti S ea? pmgib^ tnxi munifit: fefe lami ni0cricwjjjjrmajriaap«ea0copid €)cflht •«« am riD! mml^ affirmant fupsadtcra toifpana mzmiici^ mcole caretpiltd.duro<8 inf aKaa pctifltma qniberacibtti^ infule % aliaitr a vi DC boie0 meca pottotcf boy 4 t)

irceffu0etceleri0 reuer ffoi0 cdp6difi--ac emolumettt bzenib^ aftring« I5poUiceamenftoift<0ib*uimctiflimi0 puo eo? mm^njAlioxtMtvL aitri oatu? quantum ^9nduiin <)ttedania camebu^ Jmiiigene a9utfula0 r mo^efe^ ttfp/cuU0 timmr:(5 ifimtqm' sfole infu iKrtdiam ine nullu5 ciib^'tfpt fefeiami :<(ht -SUt feifpona inf ahae iajtiiavi ih'mom'u tri« reuer 'aftringf Imia puo luantiim eia fiierit opu04ilt vero aromatuj^^.bombicto* mt(ltcie(4 apttd Cbium cifiujcat muenit)ran tdqg^ Itgiti aloea^tanmm fno^ bydropbilato^ mm:quantu eoxit maieflaavoluerttejcig^rf « ItemreubaitHiratalta aromatU5iig;enefaUlbt quo0m mcta arte reliqai il inueniiTeuit a W uenniro0e)n(lili0(i ttetil { impoflibiU<» bua c)raudire:Tt nobte f pfttta ptii^it: (] ea pfe cutifum*:^ baccen* moitaliil vireamfmeattt deriMtariba9inruUi|^4pilaU(]dfq^feftaut locutirdttoeasambagea^piecturaanemofe eaffvidiiTeafferittvfl^pe videbaf fabula^Bi tur y^€x X Tftegia ^ncipeaac co? regna fcMdf lima: cuctei^alie /rb2ifliano:t?A)uinn^ Balaa ioii bfto nfo 9^u jcji o agam^ gf <>r-d tita nos incrojiamiitwecp'* «uit:celebzefjpteffi5e« .peraganffd«nniafac™.reflaAfrondcvri«it bacammaafaluamin in- p«uS«^r^ mm ummm incremftafquoe Sf^ ra pt(tep«.l3ef vtgefta fimt fit oi^r^-lH^ rata.^ale.mfb^„ep«dftS0Xcr' Criftofojo Colon, Octane daffidnijefm*. ad JnuictiiTima TftegeBjifpamay 3am iimia ib.Tpama tellu0adde-d« triwbie' # •^ Ictemurz nTcopi at. ' vrtdis* femad^rejcbirrpanfa. ;('■ S fiil (Srmmt ■■ ^^ i mm^-. ^ } ^■■^j TRANSLATION. LETTER OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, the great benefactor of the present age, con- cerning the newly discovered islands of India upon the Ganges, upon which enterprise he was despatched eight months since by the in- vincihle Sovereigns of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella; directed to Don Rafael Sanche^, Treasurer of their most Serene Highnesses. Translated from the Spanish into Latin by Leandro de Cosco, April 25, 149^, first year of the pontificate of Alexander VI. As I know you will take pleasure in hearing of the success of my undertaking, I have determined to send you an account of the occurrences of my voyage and discoveries. Thirty-three days after my departure from Cadiz I arrived in the sea of India, where I discovered many islands, inhabited by innumerable people. Of these I took posses- M 'iir sion m the name of our fortunate monarch, with public proclamation and colors flying, no one of- fering any resistance. I named the first of these islands San Salvador, thus bestowing upon it the '!"^:j''r':°'^ ^'''°'''' ""^^^ ^1^°^^ Protection 1 made the discovery. The Indians call it Gua- nahanyn^ I gave also a new name to the others calling the second Santa Maria de la Concepcion! ZnT ,!l '""' '"' ^""'■^ '^'"'^"«' *e fifth juana. In the same manner 1 named the rest Arriving at the one last mentioned, I sailed along the coast toward the West, discovering so greaf an extent of land that 1 could not imagine it to be m island, but the continent of Cathay 1 did not however, discover upon the coast any large cities' a I we saw being a few villages and farms, with the inhabitants of which we could not obta n any I continued my course, still expecting to meet with some town or city, but after havfng gone a fnTLtT"' '"'!."°' "'^''"^ ^"^ '••">■ ™d find- ing myself proceeding toward the North, which I was desirous to avoid on account of the cold and moreover, meeting with a contrary wind, I deterl mmed to return to the South, and"^ there ore put "v^4^ about and sailed back to a harbour which I had before observed. At this place I sent two men into the country to see if the king or any cities were to be found These returned in three days, having discovered a great number of towns, but all of them small, and without any government. In the meantime I had learned from certain Indians whom I had taken here that this country was an island. I returned along the coast to the east, a distance of three hundred and twenty-two miles, which brought me to the extremity of the island. Here I discov- ered to the East another island, fifty-four miles from Juana. I gave it the name of Espanola, and coasted along the island to the North as at Juana I had proceeded to the East, a distance of five hundred and sixty-four miles. All these islands are very fertile. That of Juana abounds in safe and capacious harbours, which surpass in excel- lence all I have ever seen elsewhere. It is watered by a great number of large and pleasant rivers, and contains many high mountains. These islands are of a beautiful appearance, and present a great diversity of views. They may be traversed in any part, and are adorned with a ifrtl great variety of exceedingly lofty trees, which to appearance never lose their foliage, for I saw them as verdant and flourishing as they exist in Spain in the month of May, some covered with flowers, others loaded with fruit, according to their differ- ent species and their season of bearing, the whole ofTering a spectacle of great beauty. The night- ingale and countless other birds were singing, although it was the month of November when*'! visited this delightful region. There are, in the island of Juana, six or eight sorts of palm trees, superior to those of our land in height and beauty! and this superiority is likewise observable in the other trees as well as in the herbs and fruits. Here are to be seen the most berutiful p-nr trees and the most extensive fields and pastures, , cjreat variety of birds, several sorts of honey, and manv kmds of metal, with the exception of iron. In the island named Espanola there are lofty and beauti- ful mountains, large cultivated tracts, woods fer- tile fields, and everything adapted to the purposes of agriculture, the pasturage of cattle, and the erection of houses. The excellence of the har- bours here, and the abundance of the streams which contribute to the salubrity of the climate ^44 exceed imagination. Tiiere is a considerable dif- ference between tiie trees, fruits, and fields of this island and those of Juano, but here are found divers sorts of precious drugs, gold, and metals. The inhabitants of both sexes, in Espanoia, and all the other islands which 1 saw or heard of, go naked as they were born, all except a few females who wear at the waist a green leaf, a portion of cotton, or bit of sife, which they manufacture for this pur- pose. As 1 before remarked, they possess no iron, and they neither use nor are acquainted with weapons, to the exercise of which indeed they are not at all adapted, not by reason of any corporal defi- ciency, as they are very well shaped, but on ac- count of their great timidity. Instead of arms they have canes dried in the sun, to the largest ends of which they fix a piece of wood sharpened at the end; of these, however, they have not the courage to make much use. I have in many in- stances sent two or three of my men to their towns to communicate with the inhabitants, when the Indians would tumultuously rush out, and seeing our people drawing near, run away with such haste that the father would abandon f If ft-. 6 ill i in-\ his child and the child his father. This timidity was not owing to any violence or injury we of- fered them, as I was in the practice of making presents of cloth and other things to all the natives whom I met, but arose from their natural mildness and want of courage. Notwithstanding this, as soon as they have thrown aside their fear, and consider themselves in safety, they are very in- genuous and honest, and display great liberality with whatever they possess. They never refuse to give any thing away which is demanded of them, and will even themselves entreat an acceptance of their property. They exhibit a great friendship towards every one, and will give whatever they have for a trifle or nothing at all. I forbade my men to purchase any thing of them with such worthless articles as bits of earthenware, fragments of platters, broken glass nails, and thongs of leather, although when they got possession of any such thing they valued it as highly as the most precious jewel in the world In this manner of bartering, a sailor has acquired for a leather strap or piece of rope, gold to the amount of three sueldos. Others have obtained as much for a matter of still lower value. For new Spanish coins tliey would give any thing asked of them, as an ounce and a half or two ounces of gold, or thirty or forty pounds of cot- ton. Thus they would trade away their cotton and gold like idiots, for broken hoops, platters and glass. I prohibited their traffic on account of its injustice, and made them many presents of useful things which I had carried with me, for the purpose of gaining their affection, in order that they may receive the faith of Jesus Christ, be well disposed towards us, and be inclined to submit to the King and Queen, our Princes, and all the Spaniards, and furthermore that they may furnish us with the commodities which abound among them and we are in want of. They are not idolators, but believe that all power and goodness is in heaven, and that I had pro- ceeded from that place with my ships and men ; under this notion they received me at my first arrival as soon as they had banished their fear. They are not stupid and indolent, but acute and sagacious. Those of them who navigate the seas among those islands give singular accounts of what they have observed upon their voyages, but have never seen people who wear clothes, nor I 8 ^1 any ships similar to ours. On my arriviil i took by force from the first island a few of the Indians, in order that we might become acquainted with one another's language, and to gain a knowledge of what their country contained. These were of singular use to us, as we came to understand each other in a short time by the help of words and signs. I have them still with me, and they con- tinue in the belief that we come from heaven. This information they published wherever we ar- rived, exclaiming in aloud voice, "Come! come! and see the celestial people." Upon this call, the natives would come thronging to us, after having banished the fear which seized them at first, men, women and children, old and young, crowding the roads and bringing us victuals and drink, with the utmost affection and reverence. In every one of these islands there are a great number of canoes, each one made of a solid log, of a narrow shape, somewhat resembling our fustas, but swifter in the water; they are navigated solely by oars. They are of different sizes, the most of them containing seats for eighteen rowers. Throughout these islands there is no diversity in the appearance of the people, their manners or language, all the inhabitants understanding one another; a very favorable circumstance, in my opinion, to the design which I have no d'^ubt is entertained by our king, namely, to conveuthem to the holy Christian faith, to which as far as I :