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English Maps of Jlrctic Dis- Ordinary ^.,,,-„^^ ^f the .rational InstUut mshnston, in May, 1852, by P^,,, p^! The reputation of the American Flag is the ' common property of the nation. Its victory or ■ts defeat ,s fel, by every one of us. In time of peace or war, its glory or shame (should shame l«s reof o r°r "' "^ ^•"■'"^^ "' ''"-•'^-^ 'he lustreof one of ,ts stars) is theglory or the shame of the Amencan people. In war it can protect and defend itself. In peace it is our du ; to watch ,t with a jealous care, and protect t nent, (a discovery that had baffled the efforts of J^ ,Tk ^"""'■^'^ the discovery was repu- d-ated by the commander of an English il ped.t,on, and excluded from English maps. The" people and the press of this country submitted to he mjury in silence, leaving it to time to do the Discoverer justice. But this forbearance has only mvited a repetition of the wrong. En<^ and has now repudiated the American discovery in the North in 1850. ^ I How this has been clone it is the object of these remarks to show. The long absence of the Expedition under the command of Captain Franklin, who was sent to discover the Northwest Passage to the Pacific in 1845, and the unsuccessful efforts made from . England to ascertain the fate of that Expedition, induced Lady Franklin to, appeal to America for aid in seeking for her husband and his compan- ions. Her appeal was responded to by Henry Grinnell. He purchased vessels, which, with the countenance and aid of the United States Government were sent to assist in the Search. This munificent act of Mr. Grinnell is with- out a precedent. It was an undertaking by a private citizen of one country to seek out and restore to their homes, if possible, the officers and crews of the absent ships of another. None of Sir John Franklin's own countrymen came for- ward to do as much. Not a man was found in England, from Prince to Peasant, who was able and willing to send at his own expense an expe- dition to search for the English ships and their crews, such as was projected and carried out by this great-hearted American. The American Searching Vessels were placed under the command of an officer of the United States Navy who had seen some ice service in the Expedition that discovered Wilkes's Land on the Antarctic Continent. Without dwelling upon the arctic voyage of s Lieutenant De Haven, or of his and his com- panions' sufferings and providential preservation from destruction during the most extraordinary ice-drift on record, one fact, highly creditable to the skill and perseverance of the officers, and the determination and indomitable spirit of the seamen of our Navy, may be noticed. It is this : The Rescue, the foremost vessel of the American Expedition entered Wellington channel in com- pany with the Assistance, the foremost vessel of all the English Expeditions, on the 24th of August, J 850; and when, at the close of the sea- son, it became apparent that no farther progress could be made, the American vessels, without the aid of steam, were at the farthest point that was made by anj vessel of the three English Expedi- tions then engaged in the Search, all of which had been assisted by steam on their outward voy- age, when in, and while crossing, Baffin's Bay. The English Expeditionsof Ross, Austin, and Penny, made harbors. The Americans were afloat the whole of a long arctic winter, at the mercy of the winds, the currents, and the ice. On the 18th of September De Haven was North of Cape Bowden, the most northern point seen by Parry, in 1819, and farther North within Lan- caster Sound than has been attained to this day by any vessel of all the English Exploring and Searching Expeditions. His discoveries began at Cape Bowden, on the 17th of September. By the end of the month he was at 75° '25' N. Here he saw hith- erto unknown land to the East and West, and far off to the North beyond the land on the maps. Of this new discovered land he gave names to Maury Channel, Grinnell Land, Mount Frank- lin, and other places around Dc Haven's Bay, which names none that came after him had a right to alter. He says — '• To the Channel which appeared to lead into the open sea, over which the cloud of • I'rost smoko' hung as a sign, I gave the name of ' Maury,' after the distinguished gentleman at the head of our National Observatory, whose theory with regard to an open Sea to the North is likely to be re- alized through this Channel. " To the large mass of Land visible between N. W. and N. N. E. 1 gave the name of ' Grinnell,' in honor of the head and heart of the man in whose philanthropic mind origina- ted the idea of this Expedition, and to whose munificence it owes its existence. " To a remarkable Peak bearing N. N. E. from us, distant about forty miles, was given the name of ' Mount Franklin.' "An Inlet or harbour immediately to the North of Cape ' Bowdcn ' was discovered by Mr. Griffin, in his Land ex- cursion from Point Innes on the 27th of August, and has received the name of 'Griffin Inlet.' "The small Island mentioned before was called * Mur- daugh's Island' after the actingj Master of the ' Advance.' "The eastern shore of Wellington Channel appeared to run parallel with the western, but it became (juite low, and, being covered with snow, nould not be distinguished with certainty, so that its continuity with the high land to the North was not ascertained." The exclusion of the discoveries of Captain Wilkes in the Antarctic Ocean from the charts of Captain Ross, with all the circumstances relating to this exclusion, were remembered, but it was not supposed that an attempt of a like character could be made to set aside the American dis- coveries in the Arctic Regions; for, that no vessel of, and no party from, the English Expeditions was, in 1850, at any position from which Grin- nell Land could be seen, was a fact unquestionably established by their own Reports of their pro- ceedings. Yet it has been attempted. In England, on their maps, it has been accomplished. There, on the authority of the Lords of the Admiralty De Haven's discoveries of 1850 have been set aside. The name of " Grinnell » has, there, been erased, to make room for that of Prince ^^ Albert." In May, 1851, eight months after the dis- covery by Lieutenant De Haven, the same land was seen by Captain Penny and his parties. As their observations do not agree with De Haven's, it is proper to inquire how far they were qualified to correct him or why' theirs should be taken in preference to his. In answer to questions of the Arctic Commit- tee, Capt. Penny said—" The observations for longitude were rendered useless in consequence of our time pieces not keeping equal rate." " The longitude was by a dead reckoning, and could not have been far out." " Being young travellers, we all over estimated our distances, and had to reduce them, some nearly eighty miles.-' 6 Being inquired of about a discrepancy in lati- tudes, Penny answered. " I can explain that. I was deceived myself at the time. It was a low shingly isthmus covered with snow, which the best surveyor must have takeii for ice. Mr. Mc- Dougall made his observation when it was cov- ered with snow, and he was deceived, as I was, from a distance." In his answers to other questions it appeared that he was in the water in the neighborhood of Baillie Hamilton Island from the 17th of June to the 20th of July— thirty-three days. In all that time he got no farther west than Baring Island, about twenty miles. He found a tide of at least four knots, but, though near the land all the time, could not tell whether the flood came from the eastward or westward. He took no soundings ; and touched the coast of the main, land at one point only — at Cape Beecher, on the northeast side of the channel. From this cape, at an elevation of five or six hundred feet, he took the exact bearings of Capes Sir John Franklin and Lady Franklin, each dis- tant from him sixty or seventy miles. He not only saw both Capes very distinctly at that great distance, but he was able to mark, at the same time, the ccast line, as it now appears on the maps, with its projections and indentations, its Capes and Bays, on both sides of the channel, which was sixty miles wide to the Southwest from Cape Beecher and twenty-five miles wide in the Northwest at Penny Strait. It must have been in this view of Captain Penny from Cape Beecher, that " three hundred and ten miles of coast were examined by the boat," which he says was done ; for it does not appear that at any other time he was where thirty miles of coast could be examined by the boat. We have here exhibited in their performances some of the qualifications of Capt. Penny and his associates for correcting the observations of an American officer, an experienced and accomplished seaman, thoroughly versed in all the branches of nautical science. Of the five maps consulted in the examination into the curious and progressive discovery of Albert Land, including Sir John Barrow's Monu- ment, the first is Captain Penny's "outline chart of coast explored by traveling parties from the Lady Franklin and Sophia, in search of H. B. S. Erebus and Terror." It was prepared at Cap- tain Penny's Winter Quarters, Assistance Bay, and delivered to Captain Austin before they left the ice, on the 12th of August, 1851, He then had no knowledge of De Haven's presence in the Worth in the fall of 1850, and doubtless believed that all he saw there was an original discovery. In his desire to make this as large as possible, he pressed his coast line as far North as he could, and extended it Westward to the utmost limits of credence; but, with this exception only, he could have had no motive for not representing every thing precisely as he found it. As to his iZ 8 longitudes and latitudes, it must not be forgotten that he says his " observations for longitude were rendered useless/' and in his latitude he admits he was deceived " from a distance." He gives on this track-chart the routes of the several par- ties, and the coast lines and islands, seen and supposed to have been seen by him and the offi- cers under his command ; but he gives no names to the land or the water. " Sir John Barrow's Monument," at that time, had not been discovered. The next in order is Penny's "Outline of Dis- coveries," printed in the Illustrated London News of September 20, 1851, within two weeks after his return to England. It is nearly a copy of the preceding, with the addition of names to the Capes, Bays, Islands, &c. Here " Grinnell Land" is first called " Albert Land," and here " Sir John Barrow's Monument" is first named. It is placed near 76° 45' North, and 93° 30' West. A third one is the "Authorized Chart," which, with Penny's track chart, was inserted in the appendix to the Report of the Arctic Com- mittee. This chai t bears the stamp of the Hy- drographic Office, and the date of September 23, 1851. It has " Albert Land" with the addi- tion "explored by Captain Stewart." The date of his exploration. May 1851, is omitted. It gives Sir John Barrow's Monument in 77° 5^ North, and 95° 30' West, and puts land between M^'DougalPs Bay and Victoria Channel, . which the preceding did not. Up to this time it may be said that neither Cap- tain Penny nor the Hydrographer of the Admi- ralty had more precise information of the posi- tion and extent of Be Haven's discovery, in 1850, than they obtained from the published let- ters from the American Expedition and the re- turned whalers, and hence were excusable in claiming all seen North of Cape Bowden as original English discoveries. When the next (the fourth) map was pub- lished there could be no pretence of a want of information ; as full accounts of De Haven's dis- covery in 1850, had then reached England. On this map appeared the first certain public demon- stration of a determination in England to rob him of the credit of the discovery. The man who volunteered, or who was selected, to perpetrate this discreditable act is one extensively known as a publisher of maps and charts, and whose repu- tation for ability and integrity in their construction had not hitherto, as far as is known here, been suspected. This map has the following title : '• Discoveries in the Arctic Sea, between Baffin Bay and Melville Island; showing the coasta explored on the ice by Captain Ommanney and the officers of the expeditions under the command of Captain H. Austin, H. N C B and Captain W. Penny ; also by the Honorable Hudson's i3ay Company's Expedition under the command of Rear Admiral Sir John Ross, C. B. in search of Sir John Frank- iin. 2 10 " Drawn from official documents by John Arrowsmhh, 10 Soho Square. '* London. Published October 21st, 1851, by John Ar- rowsmith, 10 Soho Square." This map, " drawn from official documents, by John Arrowsmith, 10 Soho Square," it is seen, bears the date of "October 21st, 1851," but there is on it the southern shore of Wollas- ton Land, which was first explored in May, 1851, by Dr. Rae. The letter of Dr. Rae giving an account of his exploration and enclosing a tracing of the coast, was dated at Kendall River, North- east of Bear Lake, June 10, 1851, and was com- municated by the Secretary of the Hudson Bay Company to the Secretary of the Admiralty on the 10th of November. It was not possible there- fore for Mr. Arrowsmith to publish this earlier than November, some time after certain intelli- gence of De Haven's discoveries had been re- ceived, and it probably was not published when the Arctic Committee adjourned on the 17th of that month, as no allusion to the pretended dis- covery by Captain Ommanney was made by the Committee or by any of the officers who were examined. On this map, " drawn from official documents," Sir John Barrow's Monument is placed in pre- cisely 77° N. 96° W. Over the coast of Grinnell Land Mr. Arrow- smitii has placed this inscription : " Albert Land. Seen {on the birth day of H. R. H. 11 Prince Albert,) horn H. M. S. Assistance, 26th August, 1850. — Capt. Ommanney's Journal. •* Independently seen and explored by Captain Penny and hie officers." Thus it appears, that, according to Mr. Arrow- smith's map, Captain Ommanney has asserted in his journal that he discovered "Albert Land" on the 26th of August, 1850. This assertion of Captain Ommanney, if true, would completely cut off De Haven's discovery of the 22d of September. But it is not true. Whether the statement was made on the authority of Cap- tain Ommanney, or was invented by Mr. Arrow- smith, must be settled by the gentlemen them- selves. In the inquiry under consideration it is of no importance to know which of the two is responsible for it. It is here of consequence only to ascertain what truth there is in it. The name of " Albert Land" was given to the land discovered by De Haven in 1850, and " in- dependently seen by Captain Penny and his offi- cers" in 185 1 . The name had nothing to do with Mr. Arrowsmith's birth-day discovery. " Albert Land" was on the maps published before Om- manney reached England, up to which time neither Austin, nor Penny, nor Stewart — not even Ommanney himself, as far as appears in the official reports and correspondence, had ever heard of a discovery of land in the North on the 26th of August, 1850. Mr. Arrowsmith's map is dated October 21, 1850, one day earlier than the letter of the 12 Secretary of the Admiralty to Admiral Bowles, informing him of the appointment of the Arctic Committee. This Committee met on the 24th of October. After a full investigation of the journals, reports, and proceedings of all the Searching Parties of the expeditions, and the examination of the officers of all grades, who gave answers to upwards of fifteen hundred questions, the Committee adjourned on the 17th of November, and made thoir report on the 20th. On the day of the final adjournment of the Committee, the last witness examined was Cap- tarn Stewart. Some questions were asked him respecting the contents of a letter he received from Captain Austin after his return from his exploring journey, about the end of June, 1851. Captain Stewart said he had received a letter, but did not recolle.-t the purport of it. Question No. 1502 was then put by the Chairman: " Can you state to the best of your recollec- tion what it was about ?" Captain Stewart's answer is—" I think the purport of it was congratulating me on my return and on having discovered that new land to the north.'^ This " new land to the North," for the dis- covery of which in May, 1851, Captain Stewart was congratulated by Captain Austin in the suc- ceedmg month of June, is the " Albert Land" of the English maps. There was no suggestion uj ..!.. - ..mmittce nur by any officer exammed by J 3 them, that " Albert Land" had been discovered by any other person than Penny and Stewart, or earher than May, I85I. Captain Omman- ney, in h.s examination before the Committee set up no pretence to the discovery of the "new ^nd to the North" on the 26th of August, 1850 What he communicated to « John Arrowsmith, 10 Soho square," was a private affair, of which we know nothing but what Mr. Arrowsmith has been pleased to make public. Let us now inquire where Captain Ommanney was, on the 26th of August, 1850 Commander Forsyth and Mr. Snow both say, that on tlje 25th of August, 1850, the day the Prmce Albert entered and left Wellington Chan- nel, the Assistance (Captain Ommanney's ves- sel) was working over to Cape Hotham aJITT/'T^' '" ^'' ''"'■■ '" "-^ Admiralty, d ted 12 April, 1851, says he was off Beechey sland on Sunday, the 25lh of August, when he earned from the American schooner, Rescue, that relics of Franklin had been found on Cape " The ' Assistance' was ihcn running lo the westward • and anx,ons to be possessed of every particnrTfol' owed her with the intention of gofn/ „„ wtd. bu i had not that opportunity till two P. M. when both vessels aTormir'V" '.'r '-^'-.'-hi'Jsofthe dl across Wellington Channel, the Assistance bemg about one m,le and a half to the westward of us." This shows wh^rp hp "'•"< ^i, -^"1 - -M^ie ne wao uu ihe 2blh. of August. Where he was on the 26th, is seen in the following extract from Lieutenant De Ha- f 14 ▼en's Report to the Secretary of the Navy, dated New- York, 4 October, 1861. "On the 26th [of August, 1850] with a light breeze, we passed Beechey Island, and run through a narrow lead to the North. Immediately above Point Innes the ice of Wellington Channel was fixed and unbroken from shore to shore, nnd had every indication of having so re- mained for at least three years. " Further progress to the North was out of the question. To the west, however, along the edge of the fixed ice, a lead presented itself, with a freshening wind from S. E. We ran into it, but at half way across the Channel our head way was arrested by the closmg ice. A few miles beyond this two of the English vessels (one a steamer) [Assistance and Interpid] were dangerously beset. I deemed it prudent to return to Point Innes, under the lee of which the vessels might hold on in security until a fa- vorable change should take place." Here we have the position of Captain Om- manney on the 26th of August, on the authority of Lieutenant De Haven. The appeal will now be to Captain Omman- ney himself. Let him say in his own words what his position was, and whether he saw " Al- bert Land," on the 26th of August, 1850. In his Report to Captain Austin of 10th September, 1850, he says — " From the top of Beechey Island [August 23] I had an extensive view of Wellington Channel and Cornwallis Island ; nothing but a close body of ice could be seen, an unbroken field of ice covering an extensive sea to the Northward, but no land visible beyond" " On the 25th a lead opened across the Strait towards Cape Hotham ; I therefore considered it ;dy duty to avail myself of this opportunity to carry out your instructions 15 and examine a spot where I felt confident a record would be left by the Expedition on their progress westward. The Intrepid was despatched under steam to execute this service, whilst we followed under canvass. '• During the day Captain Penny communicated with me, and having informed him of my intention, he relumed to search the bay side of Beechey Island. We kept along the solid field of ice extending from Cape Innis to Barlow Inlet, which bounded the horizon to the Northward, and where no land was visible. " When six miles cast of Barlow Inlet, the pack ice closed in on the main floe, and stopped my further progress, where the Interpid joined us. " In this position we continued beset in Wellington Chan- nel from the 25th ultimo to the 3d inst, strong south- easterly winds and thick weather prevailing." These extracts from Ommanney's Report fur- nish abundant proof that no discovery was made by him on the 26th of August, 1850. They show that on that day he was fast in the ice near Barlow Inlet on the western shore of Wellington Channel, and, that he saw no land to the North- ward when crossing the Channel on the 25th, ^ nor even from the top of Beechey Island, where ' he was on the 23d, at an elevation of seven or eight hundred feet. Captain Ommanney himself, then, exposes the utter groundlessness of the assertion of Mr. Arrowsmith, made on the authority of his own journal, that he discovered land to the North on Prince Albert's birth day, in 1850. It is possible that an entry, such as Mr 4r»'>t»citY.:fk ..^r^-- x. may now be found on his journal, but no one who reads his letter of the 10th of September can 16 ^ believe that such an entry was made there in August, 1850, or before his return to England 28 September, 1851. ' Mr. Arrowsmith's was followed by another map, emanating from the highest authority in England, and is the last in the series, so far, showing the origin and progress of the discovery of Albert Land and Sir John Barrow's Monu- ment, ft is entitled — "Discoveries in the Arctic Seas to 1851. " London. Published according to act of Par- " liament at the Hydrographical Office of the "Admiralty. April 8, 1852." This was prepared for publication long alter the Admiralty were in possession of De Haven's Report ; for his Report was included in the pa- pers entitled "Further Correspondence and "Proceedings connected with the Arctic Expe- " dition ; presented to both Houses of Parliament " by command of Her Majesty," and printed early in February ; from which it was copied by Lieutenant Osborn into his "Stray Leaves from' an Arctic Journal," published in London, Feb- ruary 15, 1852. Indeed, the map itself shows that the Report was before the Hydrographer when it was constructed. The Admiralty therefore knew what dis- coveries De Haven had made in September, 1850. They probably feared the fraudulent pretensions "1 ir*». xirivvvcmiui iiua oaptain Ommanney to the discovery of Albert Land, on the 26th of 1? August 1850, ,hc Prince's birtlwlay, would be dc ected, and that it could only bo made an £„« l.sh d,sco.e,y by relying entnely on « th" .^df pendent exploration" of it by Penny and hi,! fr .n^De W t 'r "'' ^^ ''^''''"S and discredit- arlie^- that If I""'"'' """"' '''S'^' "'^""•« carl>e. hat ,s, by doing precisely what had been done before ,„ regard to the discovery of the Antaret,c Continent by Captain Wilkes rhe coast line of the Northern Land is placed a few »„es farther to the North by SteJarU J 76 9,wh,le De Haven made Mount Franklin 76 o showing a difference of fourteen mile. As thereisbntone land there extend ngtom i St to West, and that the land first seen by De Haven he or Stewart must be wrong some fourteen miles ; or perhaps neither may have"' precisely correct, as it is possible from his dis anee, and not knowing the height of the land I>e Haven might not be exact ' Doit ^Wn "'7 "'' '"'""''"''•^ «' ^""'her point. M'Dougall carried the water of M'Dougall of GoL "f "\''°''' ^^'''' *° 'h^ """h-ard of Goodsir's southern coast line of the Queen's Channe making Cornwallis Island an ilnd rhis coUision of the Explorers was noticed and correced by the Hydrographer, who placed a ^n ouu.H s connected shore line for Victoria Channel was secured, and Bathurst Island and 18 (yoinwullis InI.-iii«1 wcic made uiw laiul ; though (liis latter lad ilofs not a|)|u |mtli to take. Tluiy had either to admit Do Haven's statement to Im; tnnj or to ri\]w.{ it as untrue ; for, to ehargc; him with eommittiiiir a hhmd<'r of a few milcis would he an admission of his Discovery, which, appanwillv, it was their (h^tiirmination from iIk; first to deny. Thouf^h Orinnell f.and has no place on tin; Admiralty map, to Mount I'Vanklin, which now appeared for \\u) first time; on an Ku.. ../"\J ((•.r>''''' ' .iV \\»'* '""■ '- <* Hill i mi /. DiiKilai ■■ Id. ■■: ,. ^ ■'■■ \ . IliiUlic lltiiiiilioii hi. Iliiiiillnli Slcnarl I. .1/1 .Sl ill C/ia/i/ii'/ 'lia//i fi r.s/ ! /.s/ii II il Y\ "L'"} .\lrniliiiii/(if 11,1 V .X.S. s-^...s |kl 1.'/"/ H' «.- in |< i." • I V' ^<)T! > '■ »i'!' ! ! I V « "!'/ » V /• i I %%'■%• I' I |>i.T\ w» iMiii.n') 111 ami .NvJci 1 ]« oi »\ I'jI.IjL>«< i uA v nA.>.>r|)lrml)Oi\l!)r)!J; iunl /'V Otj)!. I'ruiiy (iu(/lii.s/)niiu:,\ifi M(i\,\,huii find July, Hi.')!. roi I. DrlhivcM.lljriO. i\-iiii\\i\<.ir,r,i. I.owilii'r I. .Iiliiiimlty'fi Sir.liiliii Harrow K Klniiiifiiriil' ■■l.l/inll.V,: rmin'i y Sir.liihii /liirniiis Mi'liniiii'ii I .SV//' iOVutl ■"i-.. '-./ 1/ ^ > -V. w I N N i: I. I. \, ^ ':,>^ ''1 /• 11.' H.. Dtmilai 1 Oy-//<7 /'! ^ ...'' .,,1 /. I) !•: II A V K N ;, ri"" iltdli SIrmirl I. lltiillif I In III Hi on ' '^^ , H \ V Mflnldlli/lll liny y.>7. , I. owl! I IT I. Waslniuili'ii rt-J' X. M! I'liiiihrm rv.Ml'rnI liiiy JiuniM'""' t'.M.IIlllilHi ,;--^\vr' \Nliiiil,ni<^li lii. 1^' (• (.r.ih.iin* "^ I'm n Willi IS Island 7 J ■ Itiiruifl \ ■j-Mh-i.-^ V. /.Vcc/^i/.Q IsC .\\ 75 yiirilTilli I. M' I'ii nl;l III •Si I II .Si Iii.i:\'i;l,ii. iiil/i inn I III liny •'■) (^ (ii'HTiil liilrl SUPPLEMENT. Supplement to Grinnell Land. Head at the Ordinary Meeting of the JVational Institute , July, 1853. By Peter Force. In the " Remarks" on certain English Maps here- tofore presented, the unfair attempt made in England to impose upon the world by the exclusion of the American Discovery in 1850, from their Maps, and the substitution in place of it of their own explora- tions in 1851, was met, it was believed, at Qvery point, and fully exposed, by authorities from their own Reports and Official Papers. ^ Copies of the « Remarks" were sent to persons m England who, it was supposed would expose its errors if any were detected, or, if none were dis- covered, would admit that it told the plain truth, and acknowledge promptly and with good feeling, the wrong on their side. It appears, however, that though they detected no errors, none had the can- dor to admit that the truth had been fairly stated. The Admiralty, the Hydrographer, Captain Om- manney, Mr. Arrowsmith, Captain Penny, &c., were all silent. The cause of their silence is well understood. .y cou.f. proauce no evidence of a discovocy of 'Albert" land in 1850, nor name one who claimed 1 for Mmself such a discovery. This, in addition to an overwhelming consciousness of their inability to set aside the Discovery of Grinnell Land, made them silent. But while silent as to the American Dis- covery in 1850, they have endeavored lo build up an English discovery at an earlier date in that year. When the Remarks were submitted, '^ John Ar- rowsmith, 10 Soho Square," alone had claimed an English discovery on the 26th of August, 1850. This claim appeared exclusively on his map, on the alleged authority of Captain Ommanney's Journal — an authority that was proved to be entirely fabulous by Captain Ommanney's official Report. The maps were printed and scattered abroad in the hope, there can be no doubt, that the "Albert" land of the Admiralty, and of Arrowsmith and Om- manney, would be adopted without question, and become fixed on the maps in Europe, before the de- ception could be exposed there. In the meantime English books began to give an indirect support to the maps. The writers of these did not, in so many words, deny that De Haven dis- covered Grinnell Land; but they did the same thing, indirectly but effectually, wherever English books influence or control public opinion. They did it by a suppression of the truth. They in general make no allusion to De Haven's being in Welling- ton Channel at all; but they all suppress the fact that on the 22d of September, 1850, he was up the Channel, on its western side, as high as 75"^ 25'' 8 on to an Ly to set ]e them an Dis- Id up an year, ohn Ar- imed an t, 1850. I, on the )urnal — fabulous )road in ■Albert'' ;nd Om- on, and the de- give an of these ven dis- le same English hey did general Velling- the fact s up the 75" 25' North. The retention of '^Albert" land on the Eng- lish maps, depends upon the successful suppression of this fact. If they succeed in their efforts to sup- press it, "Albert" land will remain an undisturbed English discovery where the Admiralty have placed it, and Grinnell Land will be expunged and for- gotten. Instances of the suppression here charged, which is England's forlorn hope on this question, can easily be brought forward. Dr. Sutherland in his Journal of Captain Penny's Expedition, says — " It appeared that the American ships got beset in Barrow btrait on the very evening that they passed Assistance Bay, in which state they continued throughout the winter, drifting to the I.astward and Southward, until they were set at liberty by the swell of the Atlantic, in Latitude (j^° or m° m the beginning of June." ' Kennedy, in his short Narrative of the Second Voyage of the Prince Albert, has a very brief notice of De Haven's drift — ^ " On the 13th (August, 1851,) as we had expected, we fell m with the American Squadron, at tliat time all well and in high spirits, after their extraordinary and unparalleled drift of eight months m the heart of the pack, through Lancaster Sound and Baffin's Bay.' In Seemann's Narrative of the Voyage of the Herald, we find — " On the 10th of September, (1850,) the American ves- sels, with the entire Searching Squadron, were concentrated about eight miles South of Griffith's Island, the furthest westing gained by the former. While the English vessels now took up their winter quarters, the American commander though he was provisioned for three years, decided on pro- ceeding homewards. His vessels, however, becanio imbedded m the pack icc, opposite Wellington Channel, and were help- lertsly drifting during the ensuing ivintcr, through Lancaster Sound, and along Baffin a Bay, boyoiul Capo Walsingham, where, after much exposure, trial and danger, they were at last liberated on the 10th of June, 1851." Sutherland, and Kennedy, and Seemann all agree. They each make De Haven drift to the Eastward and Southward, through Lancaster Sound and Baflin's Bay. They all suppress his drift to the JVorthward. Their exact agreement that the American vessels did not drift to the North, but only to the East and South, cannot be a mere extraordinary coincidence- it is the evidence of a concert of action ^or the ac- complishment of an unworthy purpose ; for not one of the persons named can take refuge under a plea of ignorance of De Haven's Northern drift, or of his position on the 22d of September, 1850. These silently excluded De Haven from Welling- ton Channel, to cut him off from the Discovery of Grinnell Land. This may be considered their share in the undeclared v^rar on his reputation. It was merely undermining, leaving to others to make the more open assault by charging him with falsehood. Lt. Markham, in his " Franklin's Footsteps," and the London Quarterly Review for April, 1853, both follow more closely in the wake of the Admiralty, and permit De Haven to make his way up Welling- ton Channel so far North as to get a sight of Baillie Hamilton Island, but of nothing beyond it. Lieu- tenant Markham says — " The American vessels, at the approach of winter, at- tem-^ted to return home. On the 13th of September they advanced as far as Cape Hotham,'but were beset at the enr 'jancaster singham, wcro at 11 agree. ard and Ballin's Hhward. ssels did last and dence — ' the ac- not one jr a plea or of his Welling- :overy of eir share It was nake the ilsehood. sps," and ^53, both dmiralty, Welling- of Baillie t. Lieu- winter, at- jmber they at the cnr trance of Wellington Channel soon afterwards. On the IHth they were drifted up the Channel, north of Cape Bowden. They drifted slowly to the N. N. W. until the 22d, when they observed a small Island separated from CornwuUis hy a channel about three miles wide (Murdaugh laland). To a channel leading north-west was given the name of Maury Channel. The Island (called by Penny Baillie Hamilton) to the N. N. W. was named lirinnell Land." Markham could know nothing of what the Ameri- cans saw, but from the Report and Journals of Dc Haven and his ofllcers; and yet, solely on the au- thority of the Admiralty Chart, he says their state- ments are untrue. He says distinctly that Penny's Baillie Hamilton Island is De Haven's Grinnell Land. Of this gentleman, who says he was " one of the youngest" of Austin's Expedition, it may be said, that his modesty is of a piece with his years. The Reviewer, who can scarcely put in the same plea, of extreme youth, in his justification, takes the same ground — " The American Expedition made a most singular sweep. Lieut. De Haven parted company with the other searching vessels on the 13th of September, off Grifiith's Island. But the frost had already set in, and snow having fallen, the sea was covered with a tenacious coating through which it waa impossible for the vessels to force their way. As the Ice about them thickened they became entirely at the mercy of the winds and the currents. " To the astonishment of all on board, they were carried directly up Wellington Channel. IIcrQ drifting about as the wind varied, they came on the 22d of September, in sight of that Island which in our Charts is named Baillie Hamilton." De Haven said, (and so his officers say,) that when at 75° 25' Korth, he saw land from that posi- tion, extending from N. W. to N. N. E. This Lieu- tenant Markham and the Reviewer deny. They say i '» ,1 I I 8 the farthest North land he saw, was in latitude 75"" 44^, that is, Cape Washington, the South Eastern Point of Hamilton Island. Their only authority for this is the false entry on Hamilton island, in the Admiralty Chart of April 8, 1852. According to that Chart, De Haven came " in sight of that Island," when he reached Cape Bowden ; that is to say there was no land marked between that Cape and the Southern shore of Hamilton Island to prevent its being seen, and the distance being less than that from Cape Beecher to Cape J ady Franklin, Penny could have seen it very easily, in a case of emergency ; but even he, with the greatest exertions of his far-seeing fac- ulties, could not see the Southern shore of Hamil- ton Island, from the hill-top at his Point Decision. Nor could De Haven see it from his ship. De Haven never saw Hamilton Island. Besides these instances of intentional suppression of a well known and well established truth, to shove the American Flag aside, that their own might ap- pear to be in front, there is one of unfairness that is referred to with reluctance, but which cannot be per- mitted to pass without some notice. From his rep- utation for straight forward honesty and manliness of character, as understood in America, something better was looked for from the gentleman now al- luded to— the President of the Royal Geographical Society of London. It was believed that from a re- gard for his own fair fame, and for the fair fame of his colleagues as a body, as well as for the trust- worthiness of their labors, that if he referred to the American Expedition at all, he would speak the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. His position made this his duty. How did he per- form this duty : At a meeting of the London Royal Geographical Society, on the 8th of November last, which " was attended by many Arctic Authorirl-s," allusion was made to the American Arctic Expedition, by the President of the Society, Sir Roderick Murchison. In his Address, he said — ^ " In alluding to the efforts which have been made by indi- viduals in this humane cause, I need scarcely remind you of the Search after Franklin, which was executed through the munificence of a single citizen of the United States, Mr. Grinnell, who in consequence was elected by your acclama- tion, an honorary member of this Society— nor to the able manner in which Captain De Haven, of the American Navy, carried out the project, and was among the foremost in discovering new lands." Without stopping to inquire why, at so late a day, in the Geographical Society, it was considered expe- dient to class De Haven " among the foremost in discovering new lands," in connection with the elec- tion of Mr. Grinnell, "by acclamation," an honorary member of the Society, it may, with safety, be as- sumed, that it is intended to be understood as the acknowledgment, in full, by England to the United States. That Mr. Grinnell is to receive this vote " by acclamation," as an equivalent for the expul- sion of his name from the Land discovered by De Haven, in 1850— that De Haven, as a discoverer, is to be satisfied with being classed " among" those who first saw in 1851, what he had discovered in wi^iii ft^rtuM a^ i t t t I m t v i Mm mmmm 8 1850; and that by such compliments America will be coaxed, not only into a relinquishment of the Discovery of Grinnell Land, but also into an admis- sion of the prior discovery of "Albert" land. If these were the expectations of Sir Roderick, he should be undeceived. He should understana th-^t he estimates at much too high a rate the value of compliments, even when voted " by acclamation," by the distinguished Society over which he presided ; and that such a vote, if accompanied by a denial of De Haven's Discovery, or a refusal to admit it, would be worthless to Mr. Grinnell, and insulting to Lieutenant De Haven, and to his country. Having cleared away some of the rubbish of a year's accumulation, it is proposed to refer again to the Discovery of Grinnell Land. De Haven's account of it has been given heretofore. The state- ments of his officers will be given now, not as evi- dence to sustain him, for that is altogether unneces- sary, but for the purpose of presenting in contrast the averments of the witnesses of an actual Discov- ery, with the representations of persons who ap- peared as witnesses to support a discovery which nobody claims to have made, and which they knew was never made. Dr. Kane, in his Journal, is very fuH and very clear, and very particular, as to the Discovery — ^^ Septemher 21, 1850, Wo have drifted still more to tho Northward and Eastward. A reliable observation gave us Lat. 75° 20' 38". Apparently we arc not more than seven ca will of the ad mis - ick, he na ih'^t alue of ation," esided ; enial of Imit it, Iting to sh of a igain to Haven's e state- as evi- nneces- contrast Discov- r^ho ap- ' which r knew id very y— )ro to tlio gave us lan seven miles from the shore, which is still of the characteristic hmestone of the lower channel. Terraces of ahingle are rising one above another in regular succession. They follow the curve-like sweep of the indentations. Estimated by eye, the height of the uppermost is about forty feet above the water line ; but I was of course unable at that distance to compare the levels of the successive ledges with those ob- served between Capes Spencer and Innes on the opposite side. "About tea-time, we saw a set of hill-tops to the North by West, apparently of the same configuration with the hills around us. The coast of Cornwallis Island now receded to the Westward, and an intermediate space, either of water or of very low beach, separates it from the new land to the North and East of us. Whether this be a cape from a Northern Terra Incognita, or a new bend of the opposite shores of North Devon, I am not prepared to say. *'We took sextant bearings. From this date we may claim the discovery of that land, which we were able after- wards to define satisfactorily. * Grinnell Land', as it was afterwards named by our Commander, was thus discovered nearly eight months before it was delineated and named by Captain Penny in May, 1851. '' September '^.^d.—Thm day of rest (Sunday), which opened with clear cold serenity, gave us an opportunity of seeing the un visited shores of Wellington Channel. Our latitude by arti- ficial horizon was now 75" 25', or about sixty miles North of Cape Hotham. Cape Bowden on the eastern side had disap- peared, and on the West a dark projecting cape from which we took our sextant angles, was seen bearing to the West of South. To the Northward and Westward low land was seen having the appearance of an island, although it may have been connected with the shore by an unseen strip. Its Eastern termination was more elevated. " The bend of the Western shore, was now clearly to the Westward. It was rolling with the terraced shingle beaches before observed, and ended or apparently ended, abruptly. "After and beyond these to the North, without visible land intervening, were the mountain tops which terminated our view.^ These were two in number, one higher than the other and bearing . A third summit, more dis- tant than the others, was seen by me from the mast-head, but 10 the bases of all these as is often the case with distant moun- tains could not be traced to the horizon. " Without the aid of a known height, and in an atmos- phere so deceptive, I could not venture to give their distance in miles. Lieut. Do Haven estimated the middk peak the nearest, and most conspicuous, at about fifty miles. It bore North North East." Here Dr. Kane is direct and positive. He is not compelled to resort to *^ a division of opinions/' nor a " first idea," nor an " if." He is plain and outright. He says — " Grinnell Land, as it was afterwards named 1^^-' our Commander, was thus 'discovered nearly eight months ojfor. it was delineated and named by Captain Penny in May, Lieutenant Griflin, Commander of the Rescue, in his Narrative of De Haven's Voyage, is as clear and positive as De Haven and Kane, as to the Dis- covery : — " A succession of southerly gales occurring, we were driven, with all the ice in sight, up Wellington Channel, until we reached the latitude 75° 25'. From that position much new land was seen. A range of high mountains very justly re- ceived the name of Grinnell. A channel leading to the N. W. was named after the distinguished gentleman at the head of the National Observatory, Mr. Maury. Capes and Islets never before seen, unless by the missing navigators, were named. By gazing on that which was entirely new to man, the spirit of enterprise became animated — we felt dis- posed even then to load the sledge, and toil slowly in the direction of the mountain range. " Captain Penny, the followin,i spring, without knowledge of our having been ahead of him, gave English names to the above Land, calling Grinnell Land, Albert Land ; Maury'a Channel, Victoria Channel, &c. The mistake, as soon as it is explained, I suppose will be corrected on the English Charts." Lieutenant Griffin erred in his supposition. The " mistake" was sufficiently explained before Penny's, •11 nt moun- m atmos- ' distance peak the It bore [e is not 3^' nor a jutright. (1 T^'' our ths 1/ jfor;. in May, ;scue, in lear and he Dis- re driven, until we luch new justly re- g to the an at the Japes and ivigators, y new to 3 felt dis- ly in the nowledge les to the Maury'a on as it is Charts." 1. The ^enny's, or Arrowsmith's, or any other chart of the Arctic Discoveries in 1850, was published. The Lords of the Admiralty received officially an explanation of the " mistake/' more than two months prior to the date of the Admiralty chart, of April 8, 1852. Their "mistake" has not yet been corrected. They still adhere to the name of "Albert" land. Under what pretence of right do they do this ? The American Discovery is recorded in the Report of De Haven, the Journal of Kaiie, the Narrative of Griffin, and the logs of the ships. This is the American evidence. As to the pretended English discovery of the 26th of August, it is not mentioned in any official Report, nor is it alluded to anywhere before the publication of Arrowsmith's Map. No one besides Arrowsmith has claimed a discovery up Wellington Channel, in 1850. This claim was disposed of before it was made ; and no one has since presented a single fact, or produced a sin^Je voucher, in support of a dis- covery there, on Prince Albert's birth-day, in that year. Penny and Sutherland, it is true, have each alluded to a discovery as if one had been made on that day ; but both take particular care to avoid the res- ponsibility of asserting that one was made, or that they believe one was made, on the 2Gth of August, 1850. This is the English evidence, and on this evi- dence " Albert" land is retained on the English maps. j-^r. outuerland's Journal of Captain Penny's Ex- petlition in search of Sir John Franklin, was pub- in 12. lished in August, 1852. There had been full time, from the publication of Arrowsmith's Map, to en- lighten Penny and Sutherland on the subject of Arrowsmith and Ommanney's discovery. Much might have been done in nine months — perhaps much was done. A Travelling Report of Captain .nny's Journey to the North, in 1851, is given in the eighteenth chapter of Sutherland's Journal. From this Report Captain Penny appears to have been the first of the English Explorers who obtained a view of Grinnell Land. On Monday, May 12, 1851, at half past ten P. M., Penny first saw the north land, from Cape Graham. This cape is the Point Decision of the English Maps. Here, Penny says — "At this point I ascended a hill about four hundred feet high, from which I could see land stretching from the oppo- site side of the Channel Northward to a point bearing about N. E., and appeared to be continued North Westward, as if it should join the land on which I stood, which stretched away about N. W. "There was, however, a space to the Eastward, in which the land was lost sight of. Here, as well as between the point N. E. and N. W. there might be openings out of the newly discovered Sea. . "I came to the resolution of proceeding Northwardsy leaving instructions for Messrs. Marshall and Goodsir, to continue along the line of coast leading to Northwestward." He started on the Ice, to cross this " newly dis- covered sea," (De Haven Bay,) at five P. M., of the 1 4th. His course, he says was N. W. by N . At mid- night he encamped, havin-j made from twenty iive to thirty miles. From this encampment he discovered 13 ull time, >, to en- ibject of Much -perhaps Journey ghteenth 3 Report •St of the Grinnell n P. M., Graham, sh Maps. idred feet the oppo- fing about yard, as if stretched , in which itween the out of the jrthwards, roodsir, to jstward." Bwly dis- H.j of the Atmid- ty iive to iscovered Hamihon Island, bearing about N. W. and distant from him at least twenty miles. At half past one, P. M., on the 15th, he made for the Island, which he reached at seven P. M., of the same day. He was at Point Surprise, the Northeastern point of Hamilton Island, on the 16th. "This Point is a very low one, and there was immensely pressed up ice upon it." He says, from this point— "To the North and North East, the land could be seen very bold, at a distance of about twenty miles, and its deep Bays could be distinguished very clearly. "As the FIRST IDEA of there being land in this direction, occurred on the 26th of August, 1850, on board H. M. S. Assistance, and also on board the Sophia, our discovery is doubly entitled to be named after H. R. H. Prince Albert." Penny here claims the discovery for himself. Bj " our discovery" he means—" discovered by me, on the 12thofMay, 1851, at half-past tenP. M., and not by Captain Ommanney on the 26th of August, 1850." Why, then, was it doubly entitled to be named after H. R. H. Prince Albert } It was not because Cap- tain Ommanney or any one else saw land in that direc- tion on the 26th of August, 1850, but because the ^^ first idea " of there being land in that direction, occurred on that day on board the Assistance and the Sophia. But Penny does not admit any actual discovery of "Albert" land earlier than the 12th of May, 1851. He concedes to the Assistance and the Sophia no more than the "first idea," (whatever that may be worth,) on the 26th of Anp-ust ]«-'irt • nn/i tWia ».« concedes not to Captain Ommanney, but to the two 14 ships, which may apply lo any or lo all on hoard hoth, with the cxce|)tion of Captain Onunanncy, to whom, after his tlisdainujr, it could not be applied. This is all that Captain Penny has to say on the discovery of "Albert" land. He makes no allusion to De Haven's Discovery the preceding; year, nor to the fact that the American ships were up the Channel lo 75" 25' North, or were in the Channel at all, after the lOth of September, in 1850. He wished himself to be named as the discoverer, in 1851. Hut this was not permitted. It had been determined in a (juarter -too powerful for him to resist, that '' Albert" land should be discovered in August, 1850, so as to an- ticipate De Haven. He knew this was not true, and saw it threw him in the back ground ; yet he was obliged to submit to it. But he was careful to show there could be no truth in the August discovery, thereby leaving his own pretensions free from em- barrassment, it the American Discovery could be set aside, in the accomplishment of which he was very willing to assist. What did Dr. Sutherland do } He was laboring m the same cause, and like Captain Ommanney, he kept a Journal in which he noted on each day, what he heard, and what he saw, of what occurred on that day ; but, unlike Cajjlain Ommanney, he has published his Journal. The day selected for making Captain Ommanney's discovery for Mr. Arrowsmith's Map (the Prince's birth day) was a happy thought ; and but for the inter- 15 ird both, ) whom, ' on the liision to )r to th(5 Chiumol all, aflnr [ himself this was (juarter •i'^ land s to an- ^t true, . he was to show icovery, om em- J be set as very aboring ney, he y, what •red on he has anney's ^rince's e inter- vention oi a few (lilliciiltieH, which most men would have found insurmountable, was a very judicious selection. These dillicultics were— Ist. On that day Captain Ommanney was distant some nin(!ty geographical mihis from the land to be discovcM'cd. 2d. At that distance it could not have been seen under the most favorable circumstances with a clear sky. 3d. During the day "the sky was overcast with a dense misty haze." 'Ith. Not on(« on board any of the English vessels in Wellington Ciiannel, on the 2f)th of August, 1850, has said that \w, made any discovery there himself or heard that one had been made on that day, or on any other day in 18/50. Well aware of the existence and the force of these and other dilllculties, Dr. Sutherland saw how neces- sary it was to select, in the first place, another day to make the discovery. Ommanney crossed the Channel on the 25th of August, and after that day Sutherland could set up no pretence of even a possi- bility of his seeing land in the north. The nearest approach, then, to his making the discovery on the 26th of August, was to make it on the 25th. This was one day too soon, but there was no help for it. In his Journal, on the 25th of August, 1850, he says — TT^'ii^^a^^. a'^'^P''^ '"^ ^^'^ evening, Mr. Penny went onboard 11. M. fe. 'Assistance' Avhich by that time was closclv be- set; ncr render [the Intrepid] being beset six or ci«ht miles turthcr on toward ' JJarlow Inlet." 16 After mentioning the return of Captain Penny to the Lady Franklin, and the arrangements between the officers of the two vessels for continuing the search, he adds — " The officers of the * Assistance ' and of the * Intrepid* were divided in their opinions, with respect to the continua- tion of Land across the top of the Channel. Some of them said they had seen it, while others maintained with equal positiveness, that what had been seen was not land, but open water. Each had his abettors in our expedition, — Mr. Man- son with the former, and Mr. Stewart with the latter.- " However, no one, as far as I knew at the time, could say with any degree of certainty,^ that there was either the one or the other, and bring forward proofs of the truth of his assertion," • This, it should be remembered, Dr. Sutherland says is what occurred on the twenty-fifth of August, 1850; and out of this has been fabricated his dis- covery of Captain Onirnanney's discovery of Albert Land, on the Prince's birth day, the twenty-sixth of August, 1850. So much of it as relates to what the unnamed " some of them " said about seeing land in U . North, from the Assistance, on the 25th of August, is answered by Captain Ommanney, in his letter of September 10, 1850. Speaking of the same 25th of August, he says — " During the day Captain Penny communicated with mo, and having informed him of my intention, he returned to search the Bay side of Beechey Island. We kept along the solid field of Ice extending from Cape Innes to Barlow Inlet, which bounded the horizon to the Northward, and where no land was visible." There was neither land nor water seen to the Northward. It was all Ice. In addition to this un- 'enny to feen the search, Intrepid' continua- I of them th equal but open kir. Man- r^ could say r the one th of his herland August, his dis- ' Albert sixth of nnamed North, gust, is etter of 25th of with me, urned to Jong the ow Inlet, where no to the this un- 17 qualified and uncontradicted assertion of Captain Ommanne y, and the emphatic silence of Lieut. Mark- ham, there is the evidence of Sutherland's Meteorolo- gical Register, that no land twenty miles distant could be seen. In his Register for that day, (August 25, 1850,; the remark is, "A. M. cloudy, squally, over- cast ; P. M. misty, overcast, snow." With such an atmosphere, to see land or water at any considerable distance, was impossible. It is very probable " the officers of the Assistance and of the Intrepid were divided in their opinions respecting the continuation of land across the top of the Channel," as different opinions on that very point had, like Penny's ^^first idea," been entertained for more than thirty years— that is, ever since the dis- covery of the channel by Parry in 1819. But, as no land " across the top of the Channel," could have been seen by any of them, on the 25th of August, 1850, it is not probable that ^^ some of them said they had seen it." Besides these " divided opinions" and what " some of them said" on the 25th of August, Sutherland appears to know nothing. He actually knew nothing of any discovery of land at the top of the Channel on the next day, the 26th of August, 1850. In his printed Journal, the 26th of August occupies nearly seven pages, but not one word is found there about any other discovery than Franklin's winter quarters; the seeing of land to the North is not even mentioned, nor is it again alluded to until the 26th of May in the following year, after an interval of nine months. 18 Dr. Sutherland was attached to a party sent by Captain Penny, under the command of Captain Stewart, to explore the eastern shore of Wellington Channel. The party started to cross the Ice of the Channel on the 9th of May, 1851 ; they encamped about four miles south of Point Hogarth, at noon, on the 21th of May. Sutherland then says — " On the two following days we were crossing Prince Al- fred Bay, and after a few hours' march on the 26th, we en- camped within five miles of land, stretching to the westward in latitude 70° 25'. The coast does not present a straight line, the deflections occasionally vary in latitude from 5' to 7'. " The newly discovered Land was visited and taken pos- session of, but it is doubtful to whom the honor of naming it belongs, if it be the same Land seen by Captain Ommanney of 11. M. S. Assistance, and Mr. Manson, mate of the Sophia, on the 26th of August, 1850. " This matters little, so long as it bears the illustrious name of His Royal Highness Prince "Albert, with which Cap- tain Ommanney honored his discovery. *' If the expedition under the command of Mr. Penny can- not claim the privilege of naming it, it can that of exploring it, and, so far as we know, of first landing upon it." Dr. Sutherland, who might consider it great in- justice to charge him with intentional deception, can- not object to the somewhat milder charge that he in- tended to mislead. He was in Wellington Channel on the 26th of August, 1850, on the eastern side ; Ommanney was there on the same day on its west- ern side. He knew Ommanney made no discovery on that day. There could be no doubt in his mind on the subject. He knew, as far as Ommanney was concerned, there was no discovery on that day, of any land. A ad while he avoids a direct assertion 19 sent by Captain llington I of the camped loon^ on rince Al- i, we en- westward straight n6'to7'. aken pos- laming it nmanney e Sophia, Ihistrious bich Cap- ;nny can- exploring jreat m- on, can- It he in- Channel n side ; its west- iscovery lis mind ney was day, of assertion that Ommanney made a discovery, he insinuates it. " If it be the same land seen by Captain Omman- ney." "This matters little, so long as it bears the name of His Royal Highness, Prince Albert, with which Captain Ommanney honored his discovery." »- The "if" will not save Dr. Sutherland. The charge against him of intending to mislead stands good. He know Ommanney discovered no new land in J 850, and could not honor a discovery made by him, in that year, with the name of Prince Albert. But after all, Sutherland could not be induced, in the face of his Journal and Meteorological Register, to recognise and endorse the discovery made in Om- manney's name. He would not say " Captain Ommanney discovered Albert Land on the 26th of August, 1850," though he affects to do it, by a very awkward and transparent innuendo. Like Penny he insinuates, but leaves the responsibility of asserting such a discovery with Captain Ommanney and Mr. Arrowsmith. In their hands it was at the beginning a discredited and discreditable affair. And it so re- mains. Ail that Sutherland would venture to say, amounts to no more than this. On the 25th of August, 1850, the discovery was merely a division of opinion between the officers of the Assistance and the Intrepid, on the long controverted question, whether there was open water or a continuation of land in the North up Wellington Channel. On the 26th of May, 1851, every thing was changed. It wae nn lr»no-pr n rllflTprpprP nf onlnion hp.tWPftTl the officers of the Assistance and Intrepid. " The offi- li r* 20 cers" of these vessels now had nothing to do with the matter, nor had their " abettors," Mr. Manson and Mr. Stewart. Captain Ommanney and Mr. Manson, the first not named and the other only an abettor in 1850, were used in their stead, as seers of the "If' land. This is Dr. Sutherland's history of Captain Om- manney's discovery of "Albert'^ land. This completes what Penny and Sutherinnd have to say on the birthday discovery. Penny's unlocated " Sir John Barrow's Monument," now requires a brief additional notice. Previous to the appearance of Sutherland's vol- umes no certain position had been assigned to this Monument; and his book, so far from finding for it a fixed point on the earth's surface, leaves the site for it as much at large and uncertain as before. The time taken to prepare Penny's Travelling- Re- port ibr publication, was certainly sufficient for the selection of a suitable and permanent location for the Monument, were such a thing possible. But this was found to be impossible. None of the parties sent out by Penny had noticed the "snow-clad ± • C. 1 ■. . J> or even mountains often enveloped in the clouds, the rugged hills that were seen from Point Surprise. Simpson did not see them from Cape Simpkinson or Cape Beecher; nor Sutherland from Point Hogarth ; nor Goodsir or Marshall from Cape Austin. Penny was the sole discoverer: and he. in h\° o«^;«t., *,. make sure of one, discovered, according to what 21 purports to be his own account, two distinct Monu- ments, each, in form, unHke the floating Monument ot the Maps, with two remarkable peaks; but like that one, both are without a known and fixed abiding place. " But let Penny tell his own story, or rather, his two stories. On the 16th of May, 1851, when standing on Point Surprise, " a very low point '^ he says — ^ vJI'-^k'u^'.^'J^^^'"^^"^^^^^''^^*'*^*^ l«n^l couM be seen very bold at a distance of about twenty miles and iff .l!!f bays could be distinguished very clS ' ^''^ "At a considerable distance from the Coast line, in Prince pa^'^erhi'I"? " V'^^'V' '^^^'"^ h^"^' which in one pait rises high above the ordinary level of the land and appears to be the most Northern point that could be dL covered from the position which I occupied. TMI named Sir John Barrow's Monument." On reading this, the first question suggested by It, IS, what IS the bearing and the distance from Point Surprise, of Sir John Barrow's Monument; but neither bearing nor distance is given. The « range of rugged hills," ^< the most northern point that could be discovered" from Point Surprise, may have been any where between N. W. and N. E., and at an mdefi^iite distance inland or coastwise, according to its elevation. But this rugged-hill Monument, wherever it may be, was not satisfactory. It was too much like De Haven's Mount Franklin. Something more im- posing was wanted. Penny, accordingly, discovered one, just such as was required. On the 16th of July, (precisely two months after 1 the discovery of his rugged hills,) he was on the east side of Dundas Island, about ten miles N. W. from Cape Surprise — "At eight A. M. we started ; and as the weather was per- fectly clear, the Chart was taken to the highest hill-top, and spread out. " The compass being next thing to useless, the card of it was taken, and by its assistance, bearings were taken and positions assigned to every point of land and island^ with, I believe, considerable accuracy from the sun. They might be a little out; but as every precaution was observed to se- cure accuracy, it must have been little. "From Cape Beecher, on the North shore, the land could be seen trending away to the N. W. to a distance of sixty or seventy miles. It is very bold land. " The land on the west side of Queen Victoria Channel appeared to extend due north from thr north side of Bathurst Island, which by this time had been proved to be continuous with Cornwallis Island to the eastward. ^^At the remotest distance that could he seen in Prince Albert Land, we again observed the snow-clad mountainsy often enveloped in clouds, which had been named Sir John Barrow's Monument. "It was seen several times since Hamilton Island had been reached with the boat ; but at no time had we so clear a view of it as on this day. " Nothing but water was seen to the N. W. in Queen Yic- toria Channel, as far as the eye could reach." Snow-clad mountains often enveloped in clouds ! This was a monument worthy of Sir John Barrow. The wealth of England cannot erect such a monu- ment to the Duke of Wellington. Mount Franklin is a mole hill compared to it. Yet this snow-clad mountain discovery is not without its embarrassments. Like its rugged hill predecessor, no hint is given of its position. It is left anoat and adrift, and may bring up any where between N. W. and N. E. Besides, in May, when sa vas on the liles N. W. her was per- hill-top, and le card of it e taken and land, with, I They might jrved to se- e land could } of sixty or ria Channel of Bathurst e continuous I in Prince mountainsy id Sir John Island had we so clear Queen Yic- n clouds ! I Barrow. 1 a monu- Franklin •y IS not gged hill on. It is ny where ay, when the snow still maintained its utmost extent of breadth and depth, while the Monument was merely a range of hills, there was no mention of snow on their tops; but in the middle of July, the Monument consisted of "snow-clad mountains, often enveloped in clouds." The retention of both these discoveries in the printed Journal was exceedingly indiscreet. The rugged hills of May did very well, and would have been quite sufficient if the snow -clad mountains of July had been omitted; or, the latter would have answered admirably if the former had been thrown out. The unfortunate appearance of both may be attributed to the carelessness of the getters-up of the narrative. But Penny cannot complain, for he, too, was careless ; he not only omitted all mention of either in his Report, but he also neglected to mark either of them on his Chart. Yet his chart appears to have been in requisition on all occasions when the sun could be seen ; and doubtless, as "bearings were taken and positions as- signed to every point of land and island," every thing he saw, or believed or imagined he saw— every thing to which a name has been given, was carefully noted, and had a place assigned to it, and yet not a trace of either of his or Sir John Barrow's Monu- ments is found there. This omission, however, was caused by his care- lessly omitting to discover a Monument before a copy of his chart passed out of his hands into Captain Austin's. This was on the 11th of August, 1851, the day before he commenced his return voyage to I, I' ""!W*»!W?»- 24 England, and before the Monument was thought of, or De Haven's Mount Franklin had been heard of. The non-discovery by Penny was first discovered when De Haven's discovery was announced. Then an English discovery became indispensable ; and Sir John Barrow's Monuments were, all of them, dis- covered — that with the two remarkable peaks ; the next, the rugged hills ; and third, the snow-clad mountains. The first occupied several different positions on the maps, while the others are to be found no where. And these things — these Monu- ments — are sent forth with apparent seriousness as English geographical discoveries, when they are nothing but monuments of English skill in the art of discovery. There is, however, one chance yet for the release of the Admiralty from the perplexities caused by the erratic transitions of their ambulatory Monument. Captain Belcher went up Wellington Channel with his ship and a steamer, in August, 1852, through, as Inglefield reports, a very open sea. Belcher, if he crossed De Haven's Bay, will bring back with him an accurate delineation of the southern coast of Grinnell Land, with its capes, and its hills, and its mountains. From these the Board can easily select one, (it may be Cape Simpkinson,) and point to it in triumph, as Sir John Barrow' Monument, found at last, in place, fixed, and immoveable. De Haven's Mount Franklin had been pressed into their service by the Admiralty, to build up Sir 25 John Barrow's Monument, just as Grinnell Land was removed to make room for "Albert" land ; in return they made De Haven the discoverer of Ham- ilton Island. In other words, they deny that he saw what he did see, and make him see what he could not see ; and this with his Report before them, for a copy of which they were indebted to the courtesy of the American Minister— a courtesy, by the way, that was neither appreciated nor reciprocated. Their Lordships omitted to send a copy of the English Expedition Reports to the Navy Department of the United States. After they had given De Haven's Report a careful examination and compared it "with that which had been published there," their Lordships, it appears, " directed" the Hydrographer to reject the Ameri- can Discovery of Grinnell Land, and mark on the Southern part of Hamilton Island—" the Grinnell Land of the U. S. Squadron." This " direction" of their Lordships to the Hy- drographer was an act of deliberate and gratuitous official rudeness towards the United States ; while it also imputed to De Haven ignorance or falsehood, though a single fact does not exist to give the slight- est color for the gross and groundless imputation. The Admiralty Lords did not appear to know that these United States had some time since ceased to be English Colonies, and no longer formed a part of Briiish America. They could scarcely have treated Jamaica or even Canada more cavalierly. De Ha- ven's Discovery was set aside with as little ceremony 2C as Godfre) s Quadrant was converted into "Hadley'i Quadrant" more than a hundred years ago. To expose the absurdity and the folly of the Ad- miralty in this matter, it is only necessary to ascer- tain when, and how, and by whom, Hamilton Island was discovered. Penny discovered Hamilton Island on the 15th of May, 1851. In his letter to the Admiralty of Sep- tember 8th, of that year, he says, he reached Point Decision, (Cape Graham,) at half past ten P. M., on the 12th of May — " A hill of 400 feet in height was ascended, and in con- sequence of the land being seen continuous in a Northwester- ly direction, instructions were left to Mr. Goodsir to take the coast along to the Westward, while I myself proceeded in a N. VV. by N. direction from JPoint Decision. "At five P. M. on the 14th we encamped on the Ice, having travelled twenty-five miles from Point Decision. " The following day, after travelling twenty miles from this encampment, in a N. W. by N. direction, we landed at seven P. M. on an Island named Baillie Hamilton Island. In his Journal, which was also in the possession of the Admiralty, Penny, on the same 12th of May, gays— "At 7^ P. M. we started, and proceeded around Cape De Haven, and to the Point beyond it, [his Point Decision,] which we reached in about two hours. "At this Point I ascended a hill, about four hundred feet high, from whence I could see land stretching from the oppo- site side of the Channel northward to a point bearing about N. E., and appearing to be continued Northwestward, as if it should join the land on which I stood, which stretched away about N. W." The violence of a storm prevented his travelling on the 13th. On the 14th, at five P. M., he started 87 again, and, according to his Track Chan, took nearly a due North course towards the land he had seen in the North But he says — "Our course was N. W. and by N., and the distance twenty-five to thirty miles. At midnight we encamped and served out two pounds of meat to each of the dogs. "From our encampment a large Island was seen bearin"- about N. W., which was named after Captain W. A. B. Han?- ilton, Secretary of the Admiralty." He left this encampment on the Ice at half past one P. M., May 15, 1851, and reached Hamilton Island at half past seven P. M. the same day. The distance he gives is at least twenty miles. He adds— " The moment wc landed I set out to a bold head land, or I should say rather, the S. E. point of the Island, (75° 44' N.,) but I found no traces of the missing ships; and from this my mference was that Sir John Franklin had kept along the North Land, which I had seen from Point Decision." This is Penny's account of his discovery of Ham- ilton Island. He did not see it from the hill-top four hundred feet above his "newly discovered sea," at Point Decision. There the land in the North ap- peared to continue Northwestward, as if it should join the land on which he stood. He saw neither Island nor Channel between his point of observation and the land to the North. It appeared to him as one continuous land. There was something then that hid Maury Chan- nel from him. On referring to the Admiralty Chart no obstruction can be discovered. Point Philips is entirely out of the way, and the southern shore of Hamilton Island is fully open to view in its whole extent westward. Penny is the only authority the Admiralty had on SSli^^ H fe. J S8 ihe discovery of Hamilton Island ; and they appear to have placed full confidence in all he said, not- withstanding his line of travel on his Track Chart differs materially from that on his Map, and neither agrees with his Report or his Journal. In such a case it is fair to compare Penny with Penny— his Charts with each other and with his Report and his Journal, to see how far he may be relied on as a faithful and accurate historiographer. On such a comparison it may appear that the actual position of Hamilton Is- land is very uncertain, and that though the Admi- ralty have made its southern shore *' the Grinnell Land of the U. S. Squadron," it may be their Lord- ships do not know precisely where the land is which they have taken the liberty so to designate. According to Penny's Track Chart, of August 11, 1851, his courses from Point Decision to Cape Scoresby on Hamilton Island, were — North 2° West, 16 miles; North 34° West, 12 miles; and North 89° West, 1 1 miles; making the whole distance travelled thirty-nine miles. In his Map of September 20, 1851, he changes his place of landing on Hamilton Island, from Cape Scoresby to Cape (Captain R. Navy) Washington. This Map makes the route from Cape Decision to Hamilton Island, North 22° West, 14 miles, and North 67° West, 13 miles ; twenty-seven miles in all. From his Report and Journal it appears that he first saw Hamilton Island on the 15th of May, from his encampment on the Ice. His encampment was twenty-five or thirty miles N. W. by N. from Point 20 r appear lid, not- k Chart neither h a case ! Charts Journal, bful and arisen it ikon Is- } Admi- Grrinnell ir Lord- is which August o Cape 5° West, 3rth 89° ravelled changes m Cape bington. lision to les, and BS in all. that he ly, from ent was m Point Decision; and from his encampment to the Island the distance was at least twenty miles, in a N. W. or a N. W by N. direction. This makes the distance at least forty 'five or fifty miles. Penny's bearings and distances, as he gives them, would place his encampment at midnight of the 14th of May on Hamilton Island, and not twenty miles to the S. E. of it on the Ice; and by travelling twenty miles farther to the N. W., instead of landing on Hamilton Island, he would have passed entirely over that Island, crossed the Middle Channel with its six knot current, and at half past seven P. M., on the 15th, landed at Cape Crozier on Dundas Island ! All this, absurd and preposterous as it is, is given to the world without rebuke or animadversion, but as a grave matter of fact. It is wonderful that the Admiralty did not see these incongruities vhen they examined Penny's Report. Misled by their own map, which was merely an of- fice improvement of Pennj/'s, they were led into the blunder of making De Haven see, instead of Grin- nell Land, the southern shore of Hamilton Island, without any authority and against all authority. On leaving the Admiralty Chart and turning to the western coast line of Wellington Channel as laid down from the points and angles in De Haven's log, the confusion and difficulty at once disappear. The reason why Penny did not see Hamilton Island from his Point Decison, is made apparent. The Cape to the North of him (Cape Manning) shut out Maury Channel from his sight. He, from his elevated ■^4 30 position^ no doubt did see the hills on the island, but not suspecting a channel was there, he supposed the land he saw to the North and West was all continu- ous with that on which he stood. When he first saw Hamilton Island, he was according to his Journal, thirty miles north of De Haven's northernmost position. De Haven was nearly opposite Kane Inlet, a short distance to the Southward and Eastward of Cape Graham, (Penny's Point Decision,) on the 22d of September, 1850. Speaking of Cornwallis Island, he says — "This latter Island, trending by N. W. " from our position, terminated abruptly in an eleva- " ted Cape, to which I gave the name oi' Manning." He could not see to the westward of this Cape. A line from the Advance, passing Cape Manning, would strike the coast of Grinnell Land near Point Majendie, but pass to the Eastward of both Dundas and Hamil- ton Islands, neither of which could be seen from the ship. If the Admiralty will abandon the guess-work hy- drography of Penny and take the survey of De Ha- ven, they can then understand why it was that Ham- ilton Island could not be seen by De Haven from any position be was in ; and, if their " direction" to the Hydrographer to mark on that Island — " the Grin- nell Land of the U. S. Squadron," was really given in honest ignorance, it will make the absurdity of their " direction" manifest even to themselves. Another yOmt reinains fur examination at this time — it is as to the official interference in support of 31 the English pretensions to the discovery of "Albert** land, and their efforts to set aside the Discovery of Grinnell Land. On the 22d of October, 185 1 , a Committee was ap- pointed by the Admiralty to " inquire into and report "on the conduct of the officers [Austin and Penny] " entrusted with the command of the late Expeditions "in search of Sir John Franklin." So much ap- pears in the published instructions of the Admiralty. But the attention of the Committee was also directed to another matter, not found there, namely, whether it was possible for a vessel to be as far North in Wel- lington Channel in 1850, as De Haven says his were driven by the Ice in the month of September of that year. From the middle of September, 1850, when the English ships were frozen in, in Barrow Strait, north of Griffith Island, to the 1 1th of August, 1851, when they were released, nothing could be done, except by the travelling parties. These parties were sent out in April and May, 1851. For seven months, then, from September, 1850, they could know nothing of the Ice in Wellington Channel. It was impossible they should know anything of it. Yet very particu- lar inquiries were made by the Arctic Committee, as to the condition of the Ice in the Channel during the whole winter. These inquiries could have no reference to any operations of the English Expeditions, which were immoveable for eleven months, nor to " the conduct of the officers entrusted with the command of the 32 -I '1 Kxpediiions," neither of whom, nor any under their command, could answer the questions from facts with- in own their knowledge. The questions, however, were pressed upon the witnesses ; but the information they elicited ^vas not what was desired. Although the Ice when last seen in 1850, blocked up Wellington Channel from shore to shore, and when first seen in 1851, it then blocked up the Chan- nel from shore to shore, it had not during the seven intervening months remained in that condition, un- broken and solid from shore to shore, blocking De Haven out of the Channel. All the witnesses, with the exception of Captain Penny, agreed in opinion that there had been a disruption of the Ice in the Channel — a disruption such as De Haven describes. Thus, instead of contradicting, they confirmed De Haven's statement, at least so far as related to the possibility of his vessel's being carried up the Channel to 75° 25' North. Their opinions on this subject will be found in the following extracts from the Evidence given before the Arctic Committee. Captain Penny, October 27, 1851. " 6. Chairman^ {Rear Admiral Bowles.) — Do you believe the Channel cleared at all last year ? " Captain Penny. — I do not think it did. It was my opinion as well as the officers whom I requested to examine the Ice, that fifteen miles of old Ice remained in that Channel. " 7. Sir E. Parry. — I think you said in your evidence at Woolwich, that about ^/ BCCli. iiJlUl liiUliOlX, >-V Iiav^^TV-l •^-^aiiii^ i: iiix^iiv »i« r v/, there was nothing irregular, or objectionable, or in- 99 decorous, or offensive, in what M'Clintock had said of the American ships, that "they drifted up to 75° 25', from the published account." But this was not the kind of information the Committee want- ed. What was desired was such as had been given in Penny's evidence, that the Channel was never opened at all in 1850, and that there was no possi- bility of any vessel going up it that year. What was offensive was M'Clintock's expressing an opinion admitting the possibility that what De Haven had said, might be true. The Admiralty had not yet determined how far they could venture in discrediting De Haven, and any admission such as M^Clintock made, interfered with their plans. There can be no wonder, then, that the forgetfulness of Lieutenant IVPClintock, as to what was expected of him, excited the astonishment of the Committee and the anger of its Chairman. But it may be asked, how is it ascertained the British Admiralty interfered at all in the matter, or in any way participated in the denial ot De Haven's Discovery, or in the attempt to fasten the name of " Albert" upon Grinnell Land ? Before an answer is given to this question, it may be well to know what the Admiralty Board is, and what are some of the powers and duties of the Lords of which it is composed. Since 1828, when the duke of Clarence resigned, the office of Lord Hie"h Admiral has been in commis- sion, and the powers and duties of the office are with MIMCMHi i _'mi < _ "ZSm mSiiSmt \ 40 six commissioners, who are known as the "Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty." These constitute the Board of Admiralty. Of the six, there is a First Lord and five Junior Lords. Of the five Junior Lords, four are Sea Lords, and one a Civil Lord. All the Lords, and their Secretary, are eligible to seats in Parliament, and five of the seven occupied seats there in 1850. In the management of the affairs of the Navy, the five Junior Lords are at the head of the several departments of the service , the duties of the Sea Lords resemble somewhat those of the Chiefs of our Navy Bureaus; ilie duties of the Fifth, or Civil Lord, are like those of the Fourth Auditor of the Treasury here ; and the position of the Secretary and Assistant Secretary of the Admiralty, is similar to that of the Chief Clerk and Corresponding Clerk of the Navy Department in our service. The great difference is in the head of the Naval Establishments of America and England. Here, the Secretary of the Navy, has, under the President, the general control of all the affairs of the Navy ; but his powers are defined by law. Every officer of the Navy is appointed and promoted by the highest pow- ers in the land — the President and the Senate of the United States, and not by any inferior authority, as in England. In England the Lords of the Admiralty have the entire and absolute control of all the affairs of the Navy, and of every officer in the service. In their division of their authority the First Lord takes to himself as part of his share, " the political affaiis^ the 41 slave trade, the patronage, and the general con- cerns of the iNTavy." He has the appointment of Ad- mirals, Captains, Commanders, and Lieutenants to separate commands. The step from Captain to Ad- miral is by seniority, but the promotion to Captain, Commander, Lieutenant, and generally all promo- tions, except Master and Warrant Officers, rest with the First Lord. When a Committe • of Parliament, in search of information which it must be presumed was not to be found on the Statute Book, with evident hesitation and with great deference, inquired of Sir Francis Thornhill Baring, the First Lord — "With regard to the higher appointments of Sur- veyor of the Navy and Officers of that rank, are they in the gift of the Prime Minister or in that of the First Lord ?" His haughty answer was — "They are with me. With regard to the Navy, the whole of the patronage of the Navy rests with the First Lord, with the exception of the Vice Admiral and the Rear Admiral of England; those are with the Prime Minister." With the immense and irresponsible patronage of the First Lord, and the powers exercised by the Board over Fleets, Ships, Docks, Yards, and every thing else in every ramification of the service, what can they not do ? Who dare brave their will ? Who can resist the influence of their wishps? Thp nntmnaa-p ^.^a the powers of the Admiralty give to the Board a con- trol over the minds of all within its reach, as absolute, 6 42 'I and as unquestioned, and as irresistible, as the Inqui- sition ever exerted or claimed in the palmiest days ol its existence. To return to the question stated above, as to the interference of the Admiralty with De Haven's Dis- covery of Grinnell Land. It may be answered, in the first place, that the absolute control exerted by the Bo^rd over every thing having an Admiralty mark or an Admiralty affinity, is of itself, sufficient evi- dence that, as one of " the political affairs" over which they claimed jurisdiction, "Albert" land was placed on their Chart by their direction ; and, in the second place, that the positive evidence of such an interference is furnished by Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort, their Hydrographer. It is but fair to say here, that in his office of Hydrographer, Admiral Beaufort acted under the immediate direction of Captain Milne, the third Sea Lord, and therefore should not be held responsible for the removal of Grinnell Land to Hamilton Island. As early as the 18th of November, 1851, Messrs. E. and G. W. Blunt, of New York, called the attention of Sir Francis Beaufort t • the fact of De Haven's Discovery in 1850. Their letter was replied to by the Hydrographer, on the 5th of December, 1 85 1 . On the receipt of this reply it was enclosed to the Secretary of the Navy by the Messrs. Blunt, on the *24th of December, 1851. [A] Sir Francis Beaufort, in his letter of the 5th of December, [B] acknowledges the receipt from Messrs. Blunt, of " an engraved sketch of the region 48 round the Wellington Channel, and a tracing of the Grinnell vessels' track up that Channel nearly to 75i-° North latitude." He then adds— " In laying these before the Board, I pointed out how very desirable it is, that the U. States and the English Charts should agree in the nomenclature applied to them. To this principle their Lordships fully agreed, but added, that before they could decide on any specific point, it would be necessary to see Captain Do Haven's Report, in order to compare it with that which had been published here. "If you will therefore be so good as to send me a copy of that paper, their Lordships will at once give me directions how to act on the point in question, and you may rest assured that not an hour shall be lost in transmitting the result to you." The letters of Messrs. Blunt and Sir Francis Beaufort were referred by the Navy Department to Lieutenant Maury. On the 29th of December, the day Lieutenant Maury made his report, [C] he re- ceived in a Letter from Lieutenant De Haven, a copy of one to him, from Mr. J. Parker, dated Admiralty, November 24lh, 1851. [D] In this letter Mr. Parker says — "My Lords further direct me to express their hope, that you will gratify them by transmitting at your earliest con- venience a copy of the proceedings of the Advance and Res- cue, in order that the same may be placed on record at the Admiralty." No inquiry has been made as to what reply, if any, was returned to this modest request of Mr. Parker, made by the direction of their Lordships. But this is not the place to discuss the propriety of these un- official and irregular attempts of their Lordships to obt; VI am indirectly an official paper of th( an Government. It lUay be enough to say here, that ■M M t^, 44 these altcmpls were gross violations of international courtesy. They knew D< Hnvcn had no more right to "gratify them," than Cap.ain Austin would have had to "gratify" the American Government, in the same way, on the request of a Clerk in the Navy Department. There was a respectful and plain way to procure what they were so anxious to obtain. It was only lor their Lordships, not one of their clerks, to transmit a copy of the Report of their Expeditions to the Secretary of the Navy, and request a copy of the American Report in return. This would have been sufficient. It would not have been necessary to add " at your earliest convenience," nor hold out the exceedingly flattering inducement for haste, " in order that it may be pL ced on Record at the Admi- ralty." The American Government knows how to treat with respect any proper request from the public authorities of another nation. In Lieutenant Maury's Report to the Secretary of the iSavy, he says — "I beg leave to state that the desire manifested by the English llydrographer, that 'the United States and English €harts should agree in the nomenclature applied to them,' is fully appreciated and cordially reciprocated." And he adds — "The entire Chart will be published in a few days, unless you desire its delay in order that before either it, or the English Chart shall be published, the discrepancies as to the nomenclature may be reconciled." Lieutenant Maury is no diplomatist. He knows nothing of the wiles of diplomnry. He deals with facts. He took it for granted ttie desire expressed 45 by the Admiralty through the Hydrographer, that the American and English Charts " should agree in the nomenclature applied to tiiem," was made in good faith, and would be carried out in good faith ; and that as soon as they received a copy of De Ha- ven's report they would adopt ihe American nomen- clature lor De Haven's Discoveries, while that of the English, lor their discoveries, would be adopted in America. As the proposition came from the English Jdmiralty, through their Hydrographer, Lieutenant Maury suppc ed the question was, of course, open, to be decided by the evidence of priority of discovery, to be ascertained from the Reports of the Expeditions, prior io the publication of any Chart. In short, he believed that what the Hydrographer said of the wishes and intentions of the Admiralty was true. He could not suspect that, in such a representation from such a so irce, any thing unfair was intended. He as little suspected that before his letter was sealed, he would have occasion to record the fnrt mentioned in his postscript, that he had just recei^ ul an Admi- ralty Chart, which covered and occupied all De Ha- ven's ground, and appropriated the whole of it, no- menclature ind all, to Penny. Yet such was the fact. They had already seizod upon every thing. Notwithstanding this clear and pnlpable detection and proof of their insincerity, the Secretary of the Navy, who conridered the thing unworthy his no- tice, authorized De Haven, at his discretion, to send them a copy of hlb report. [E] When this Report, after theii ttempts to procure ■• .^'J«ea^»«— tmtm 46 "t il privately had failed, was regularly and officially before them, what did their Lordships do? The result of their exiunination of il, and consultations over it, is seen in their Chart of April 8, 1852. Did they manifest any disposition to agree with the United States upon the nomenclature to be ap- plied to the American and English Charts? No: though it was their own suggestion to do so, they manifested a determination to treat it with silent contempt — they even presumed to decide for Amer- ica as well as for England. Did they treat De Haven with the respect due to an American officer, a volunteer in the Search for their own missing ships, and their officers and crews ? No : they endeavored to take from him his discove- ries, and they assailed his good name as an officer and a gentleman. Did they admit he discovered Grinnell Land ? No : they deny that he made any such discovery, and retain on their Charts, to the exclusion of Grinnell Land, Ommanney's repudiated birthday discovery of " Albert" land. Did they admit that De Haven was in Wellington Channel at all on the 22d of September, 1850? Yes: they admitted this, having, failed in their ef- forts to block him out by a solid, unbroken barrier of ice fifteen miles broad. Did they admit he was up the Channel as far as 75° 25' North ? No, they do not admit this. They sav he was onlv far enono-h np the Channel, as it is delineated on their Chart, to see Baillie Hamilton 47 Ihland. Besides, Lieutenant iM^CIintock was harshly rebuked for saying the American vessels ^' drilled up to 75" 25', from the published account." Did they admit he made any discovery? Yes: they admit he discovered the south side of Maury Channel. Did they admit he discovered Cape Manning, south of Maury Channel? No: they retain the name of Point Philips, and thus deny his discovery of that Cape, but beyond and to the West of it they make him the discoverer of Penny's Baillie Hamilton island. Did they admit, then, that he discovered Hamil- ton Island? No: they deny that he saw that Island in 1850 ; for, on their map it bears the name Penny says he gave it, when he discovered it on the 15th of May, 1851. Do they both deny and admit that De Haven dis- covered Hamilton Island? Yes: their Lordships both admit and deny his discovery of Hamilton Is- land. They say he did not see it, by giving it as a discovery by Penny in 1851 ; and they say he did discover it in 1850, by marking upon it, though in very small letters and in parenthesis,— (/Ae Grinnell Land of the U, S. Squadron,) Then, after all, they admit that De Haven did discover Grinnell Land? No, they do not. They rejected what he said as to his discovery of Grinnell Land, altogether, as wholly untrue; but they dis- covered another Grinnell Land for him, on Hamil- ton Island. They charge him with falsehood for E25^»^ mm h^ "1 Is Is b 48 saying he discovered Grinnell Land ; and they charge him with ignorance, for giving Grinnell Land as extending from N. W. to N. N. E., when they say Grinnell Land is no more than a small Island, which De Haven did not see, lying to the West of North- west, What they say of De Haven in regard to the discovery of Grinnell Land, they must say of those who corroborate his statements, Griffin and Kane. In this inextricable labyrinth of contradictions, and admissions, and denials, by which their Lordships were confounded, they will be left for the present, in the full enjoyment of all the honor and all the glory they have earned in the manufacture of a pure Eng- lish discovery with the aid of their ingenious assis- tants, Erasmus Ommanney, Captain R. N., and John Arrowsmiih, 10 Soho Snuare. -America can boast of no such discoverers or dis- coveries, in the North nor in the South. America has neither the vanity nor the arrogance to presume to decide upon or to alter the nomenclature on the Charts of the discoveries of other nations. America is too proud to claim a discovery that may not be claimed with honor, and honesty, and truth. America neither struts nor flaunts in bor- rowed OR STOLEN PLUMES. APPENDIX. [A] New York, December 2i, 1861. TT ^i^ • ^® enclose a note from Admiral Sir F. Beaufort, Hydrographer to the British Admiralty, in answer to one we wrote to hira, claiming that the land named by the British "Albert Land ' should be Grinnell Land, on the ground of priority of discovery, which the journals of the vessels can settle. Will you please have the extract made that we may send It per steamer, as, unless it is soon determined, the English publishers will claim their name, and make what is now clear a matter of discussion. We are youre, respectfully, ti w A r E. & G. W. BLUNT. Hon. W. A. Graham. [B] Admiraltt, Ditmberb, 1861. Gentlemen: 1 have had the pleasure of receiving your letter of the 18th ultimo, containing an engraved sketch of the region round the Wellington Channel, and a tracing of the Grinnell vessels' tracks up that Channel nearly to 75*° North Latitude. In laying them before the Board, I pointed out how very desirable it is that the U. States and the iinglish Charts should agree in the nomenclature applied to *^Tj r° *^^ principle their Lordships fully agreed; but added, that before they could decide on any specific point it would be necessary to see Captain De Haven's Report m order to compare it with that which has been published here If you will, therefore, be so good as to send me a copy of that paper, their Lordships will at once give me directions how to act on the point in question, and you may rest as^ ■ ^a^MBWiWiT —- triBW 50 suved that not an hour shall be lost in transmitting the result- to you. You will much oblige me by forwarding the enclosed letter to Captain Ericsson. I am, gentlemen, your humble servant, F. BEAUFORT. Messrs. E. & G. W. Blunt. National Observatouy, Washington, December 29, '.8oI. Sir : I have received the letter fi'om the Messrs. Blunt, dated New York, December 24th, to the Secretary of the Navy, enclosing one from Sir Francis Beaufort, R. N., ad- dressed to thenij^elves, requesting in behalf of the Board of Admiralty to be furnished with a copy of the Report of Lt. De Haven, the Commander of the American Expedition in search of Sir Joliu Franklin and his companions, which have been referred to this office. In reply, I beg leave testate that the desire manifested by the English lIy ^v, ^uo The letters referred are herewith returned. Respectfully, &c., „ ,,, M. F. MAURY, Lt. U, S. N, ilon. Wm. a. Graham, Secretary of the Navy. VrlnfkT^Z^t'l^ n^' ^"''^.^^"^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^^i^^d from ^ranck laylor, bookseller, a printed copy of the Admiraltv Chart, entit ed "Arctic America : Discoveries of the S2 mg Expeditions under the command of Captain IL T.Tul tm, K. .N. 0. B., and Captain Penny. 1851." „ Admiralty, November 24, 1861 \dmh-:,lH.Tn ''";"^^^^^f by my Lords Commissioners of the (ith of t1 r^.^J^S^^' ^^'' '''''^^ ^f :^^^"- letter, of the Dy one ol the whale ships, transmitting information of the Canfr f '}■' ^TZ Expedition, undir the command of ^h!S T n f 1 "" 7^ ?^l- ^'"^^ ' ^^^ i» conveying to you am at tho . P''r^'"^' ^"^ jour considerate communication a the ?o w' V' '^'''''^ ^\^,^V^^^^^ their congratulations ^1 earofnf S?'"'t f ^^"' f pedition from its perilous voyage dln^LsVnd nf-*^' •" ^^'T^^"^' ?"^^ P^'ovidendal escape from pXwUy^fSS:! ^'^^ "'"^^^^ ^^^^•^^^^^' ^-- -^^ wilf Jr.^HL^'ff"'*^'/""''^'"' ^^ "^P^^^^ t^^«"' ^opethat you will giatify them by transmittrax at your earliest convenience a copy of the proceedings of the Advance and Rescue^ o de; that the same may be placed on record at the Adm'mlt y 1 am, sir, your most obedient servant, Lieut. Edward De Haven, late Com'd, U S, Arctic Expedition, New York. 52 [E] Kavt Dbpartubnt, Deeembee 31, 1861. Gbntlbmbn : Yours of the 24th instant, enclosing a note from Admiral Sir F. Beaufort, Hydrographer to the British Admiralty, haa been received. la reply, you are informed, that Lieutenant De Haven has been authorized to furnish the British Admiralty, at his dis-- cretion, with a copy of his report of the proceedings of the " Advance" and " Rescue," late comprising the American Arctic Expedition in search of Sir John Franklin and his companions. I ani) respectfully, your obedient servant, Will. A. Graham < Messrs. E. & G. W. Blunt, New York. ''A,^m'' )te ish las is-' he an bis 'r<.'.>A^mk'K£.