IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k A o \y^f^ ^ 11.25 US |2|8 |25 1 2.2 ^ - li U 11.6 V] o%, ^ V Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0 (716) 873-4503 ^ ;\^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historirai IVIicroreproductions / institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. 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Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouttes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: 1 2 3 L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grAce A la gAnArositA de: BibliothAque nationale du Canada Les images suivantes ont tt6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetA de rexemplaire filmA, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est ImprimAe sent filmAs en commenpant par I'd premier plat et en terminant soit par la ( sition of a wliole people. The accounts returned to us as remitted, or prepaid for passages to America, were, in 1848, upwards of 460AN»/. : in lft*9. M0.000/. : in 1850. VS7,0lXMr; in 1851,990,0001. ; in 18M. 1,404,0UM.; in I8d3, 1.439,000/. We need scarcely repeat that these accounts show only the sums remitted through the principal. banks and mercantile houses, and that we have no means of aKertaining the amount (probably very large) sent home through private channels."— GeMmaMiK C«mumt»im*rt tif Emutrmtimt 18M. While the soil of Great Britain and Ireland is so monstrously monopolised in large pieces by a few thousand families, and the laws so imi>ede its sale during the life of the owner, or its division at his death, as to render it almost impoesiUefor the actual tiller of the soil to become possessor of a single acre of land in his 0¥m native country ; while such is the overcrowded state of Uie population, and the excessive competition for employment, that there are in the United Kinsdom one million of jMiupers, and millions of almost paupers, whose daily life is out a succesiion of nrivations and misery, and a mere struggle for existence; while in a sc-called Christian coimtry many thousands of young men find times so hard that they are tempted by Uie offer of free board and lodging, and the pay of a few pence par day, to hire themselves out for a term of years as butchers, not of pigs and cattle, but of young men of other nations who have been driven to enlist by a similar cause ;<— it is a comfort to know that there are, in other quarters of the world, accessible at the expense of a very few pounds, immense cotmtries, rich in abundance of fertile soil, and so vast in extent as to be incapable of being monopolized for many generations yet to come. Several, at least hau a dozen, of these cotmtries contain many tracti of land, each larger than England, and each as yet without a single inhabitant, except a few savages and many hundred thousands of buffaloes or wild cattle, whose meat I have known to be in such overabundance in South America that it could not be sold in the coimtry, UgA would only fetch a halfpenny a pound in the towns. In their more settled districts, they are so thinly inhabited that fammers, railway contractors, builders, and other employers of labour, are seriously inconvenienced by the impossibility of obtaining at any cost the services of a sufficient number of domestic servants, labourers, and mechanics. The following information about North America (containing only two of those countries) for the use of intending Emigrants, and of persons wishing to know how they may lay out their spare money so as permanendy to better the condition of the poor of the United Kingdom, is derived from mv own personal experience and observation. It is offered to the public in this cheap form, in fact, as must be evident, at the bare expense of publication and sale agency, to supply the want of a cheap guide, which, I believe, is felt, there being nothing of the kind published at a less price than sixpence, and that out of date. I earnestly hope that it may be useful in contributing to raise the wages, and otherwise better the condition of the working classes in this country, at least in a few districts, — of some who get very low wages, or who have not steady work, or who, though receiving good reguUur wa^es, Kel much anxiety of mind about the prospects of their childreUf by directing their removal to a coimtry where they will be better paid, and where there is no need of such anxiety ; and of others by relieving them from that excessive competi- tion for employment which is one of the principal causes of existing poverty and misery, and which, I fear, is about to be aggravated by stoppage of trade and' increase of taxes in consequence of the bruul war which the leading so-called Christian nations are new carrying on with their utmost energies, and which is a sad burlesque on their religious professions and on the main precepts of their goajpel. In order to fit myself in some degree to give the following instructions, % have twice crossed the ocean as a steerage passenger, first in the packet ship Watching* ton,* from Liverpool to New York, carrying 934 passenffers in the winter of 1850-1 ; and the second time in the CanacUan screw steamer Cleopatra, from Liverpool to • The Ditry of ny roysg«' was printed by order of the Hoase of Commons (Paper tM, 1 851). "Quebec in the autuian of 1854, and hav« twioe travelled many thousands of miles thnnmhtmt i^ gft$t piTt i^ tite United States and Caaoda. I have ^en away 250,000 copies of previoul editions of this tract, but I am unwilling anv longer tu iinpoi^^'r onq^r^'t. It is composed of thirty-one independent States, and i^ne territ^rieft i,;^'» cover). If peopled as tSliickly as England it would -eontain more (than a million of niillimis of peopte'^hat is, more than the present popvlsiHon he ^Yhole earth. A great deal more than two-thirds of this vast country, lourteer. hunvliT'd Trillions df acres of land, belones to theOovemment, and is for sale ; so you nee it in nu emp^ boast of brother Jonathan l^at he has land enough to g**e ►ev('r>'TT *»tTi afarm. ro^uLATtoN-^According to the census of 1850, besides wdd Indian*, 23, 1 91,876 ; nndito supposed to have increased since by births, and by emigration from Eunipc !ind from China, so as to be nowequal to the population of the United Kingdom, nninel y, 27^ milKons, including over 400,060 Indians. There is, therefore, a population ■ of about niite persons on an average to each square mile, while in England there are S32. <")iTi»s. — Kew Yortc, having SOO.'OOO inhafafitants, is exceeded in population by two cities only in the world (London atid Paris), and Philadelphia by eight only, exrluKi9(» of those iif China and Japan, whose popnlation is unknown. Kailboadb. —- Ihere were laXt year, 1854, 17,817 mfles of railroad in use, and 12,526 being - constructed, or more than as much of either in all other quarters of the globe put tog»'(.her. CAHABA. ExTiix^v— I!|ie>|MNMrinoe of Chtmada, formerly a colony of Fxance, was ceded to Great Britain in 1763, when its population was but little over 65,000 inhabitants. It is com- |»08od ot' E. nndW. Canada, tiie latter being bestauited ionsettleraent by emigrants ^n liccdunt of its nuider olimate and mere fertile soiL Canada is bounded N. and E. by BTiiish pomessionfe, 8. and W. by tlte United States. Its greatest length from £. to V« . i^ about 1400 iniles, and ita breadth from N. to S. scarcely exceeds 100 miles. It Ih twice tbye size of the" United Kingdom. PopuLAjriON, in 1852, 1,842,205 inha- l^tuntSk EAiXROifyis in use Bee. IS, 1S54, 760 miles ; being constructed, 1«183 miks. THE EB6T PAKTS OF AXEEICA TO 60 TO. XJnifed Stcttm — Western Stiites of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wi8eonsin,Iowa, and Mi88(!>m*i, and western parts of New YotIc and Pennsylvania. In all these St«te> rs< VoadK and od'ter miblic woi^s are being carried on extensively. Canada. — North shore of I>ake C^ttoto, and the peninsvla between lakes Ontano, Erie, and Huron. WAi»ES, PeTsnns lisving constant empltvyntent at fair wages in ihls coun^, and having no children, wouM^be n»cre contented, I think, by stopping where they are. The uiBual wttes throttghout the CFnited States for servant girls mre from 4 to S doll'hrp (usunlly f w 6, and in the Western States 6 or 7) per month, and full board, with if i\)err3' to wteih. for ^«mselv«s. In East Canada the wages vary from 2 to <■' dollarts (see ]IiMi«^,p. B) ; m West Cmada 3 to'6 (usually 4, and aeldom 6). Good female cooks mny'Uter'no longtime, m iarge hot«s or-private houses, get as much Hs 12 dollars, or if good y aauywiok s, or proiessianal «ooks, 16 to SO, er 24 dollars per n^ionth. WtimcnivhocAn milk cows, snA t^um and bake, are vmeh voughc after, j The WMpM of farm labounrs in both the United Statet and Canadi), in ad 0 miles. ninety- , and is British, and i^ne tin more spvlflifeion ,loiirteer. e; BO you 1 to |^»e 1 Indian", lion from i[sngdom, ovulation there we opulation ight only, AILBOILDB. 526 bein^ globe put d to Great It is com- emigranta N.andE. th from £. 100 miles. ^206 inha- ,183 miles. lese State < (o.— North d Hoxon. ind having re. rom 4 to f- fttU board, rom 12 to <' 6). GKwti et as much 24 dollars ;eh Bought, idi^ in ad •ditioR to board* lodging, and washing^ vary from 6 to 18 dolUrs per month* tha ■jMur round ; the usual wages for a middling hand kMeing about d2 ilollars* and in the Staite of Illinois, which is settling and thriving iiast, and where Uboujc is verpr scarce, 15 dollars per month. Newly-arrived eaugrauts, men or woji^eiw b*iag unknown and unused to the ways of the country, and therefor') requiring to be taught their business, roust not expect the lowf st of the wages here mentioned for the first week, or perhaps month ; and if arriving in winter, will scarcely get anything in the Eastern cities, and should not listen to the interested advice of lodging-house keepers, who, for the sake of getting their custom for a few day* longer, will tell them that the wages oficred are too low. On the contrary, they should readily accept an offer at almost any wages, show what they are able to do, get used to the ways of the country ; tiion, but not till then, ask to have their wages raised, and if refused, go. Throughout the spring and summer they will find no difficiUty in getting other places. Labourers engaged during the summer, say for three months only, should get from 12 to 24 dollars per month, and board, «ccordtng to what they can do. Harvest labourers paid by the day reaeive from $1 to $1 75, and board (see Money, p. 8). Those paid by task-work will get from 50 to 75 cents per acre, according to weight of crop, for cutting wheat with the cradle scythe : an anyway good cradler will cut about 2^ acres per day. Boys 12 to 14 years of age will get from farmers $3 to $8 per mu^uh, and board. Q'tth of same age from 7^ efore hi Tises dail; l^e price why pass sooner a The folio Quel Rost New PhUj New Passen 10s. less ; Quebec. United 8 •ame spa •Taken ft\ ittle pay. ch atten> Uy adcUd week, is *3. For I country if usually torn and u or $4. A ving been peculators, [) per acre, blic lands: i at $1 per , 25 cents em States d becHUst thing, and whether in. s in West is almost he axe, ©i e southern ale at the «ture, it is W^isconsin . r into the. the above need prieo rt of West s, between idians, and i will be no md bough ge or small and parth . I woulf' Emd satisfy ally on the i bought ir arren sane . Y per acre the neigh bly prevail Ige himsel' or two, or country b} very costl ' new settler implementf,. Wh«tlMr MUke ShippiBf to V«w Tork or what oili«r ?«rt Vcttela tail freqnflntly for Ammica from Lirerpool, London. Glasgow, DubUn, Cork, Limerick, and occasionally from other porta — to Quebec, Boston, New YaA, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Charleston, and New Orleans. The advantages of sailing for Quebec or New Orleans are the cheapness of passage across the ocean, and the great facility, at a very cheap rate, for persona and baggage, of reaching far distant points, especially from New Orleans, without change of conveyance. The emigrant is less subject to ill-treatment on board ship to Quebec, and obtains redress more readily there than elsewhere. The time to lau for Quebec is from 1st Amnl to 1st August ; to New Orleans between<>the end of September and middle of March : but it is advisable to avoid going by way of New Orleans, even perhaps in the depth of winter, as it is a Tery unhealthy plaee. The advantages of sailing to Boston, New York, or Philadelphia, over Quebec, are, that the voyage is much shorter and safer for sailing vessels than up the intricate channel of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the ships are less crowded, the American laws requiring more space than British laws. Ihe passage to Boston is usually more expensive by about 10s. than to any other port, and the journey from Boston into the interior has also been about 10s. or 12s. 6d. more expensive ; but the treatment in ships bound to Boston is by far the best, and so, vnth exception of Quebec, has been their treatment on arrival by Government officers or by Societies. The advantages of ^oing to New York are, the quickest passage, except to Boston, a more abundant choice of the best ships, and the great variety of railway and other eommunications from thence into the interior. On the other hand, my opinion is, that passengers are more liable to be imposed upon as to both the quantity and the quality of the ship's provisions in vessels bound to New York, and are more subject to gross imposition and robbery, without any probability of redress, at New Tork than at any other port. Philadelphia and Baltimore are the most convenient ports from which to reach the western parts of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and the borders of the Ohio river. " Those bound to Boston, New York, or Philadelphia, should endeavour to land !n March, April, or May," as observed to me by Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, '* as near the first of May as possible. After that time farmers hare engaged their help for the season, the climate grows relaxing to European con- atitutions, and labour is with more difficulty obtained. Of course, those who hare means or reliable friends to help them to work, can land almost any time, but those who come later than the first of October must expect a hard winter." Work is very •Scarce in the Northern States and in Canada in winter ; also travelling into the Interior is then extremely expensive, as the lakes, rivers, and canals are frozm ; and^ there being no competition of steamboats, railway fares are higher, COST OP PASSAGE. The price of passage from Liverpool to the different America ports Tiiiet rery much, being generally highest in April and May, and lowest in midwinter and just %>efove harvest. If ships are scarce and emigrants numerous the price of passage Tises daily ; if, on the contrary, there are plenty of ships and emigrants are scarce, the price of passage falls as the day of sailing advances, which is a principal reason why passengers in the same ship pay different prices. In the spring especially the sooner a passage is engaged the better, as emigration is most orisk at that time. The following is the range of the lowest prices from Liverpool to ^. ,, , £ ». d, ^ $, 4, ^^SKiSft Quebec (usually imder £4) ........... . 3 to 5 46^ dayf , Boston (usually between £4 and £5) 4 „ 6 10 4l{ ^ New York do. 3 „ 5 10 37 „ Philadelphia do. 3 5 „ 4 10 44* „, New Orleans (usually nearer £3 than £4) 3 „ 4 62| „ Passengers to the United States under fourteen and over one year of age pay 10s. less ; to Quebec half price. Infanta 10s. each to the United Sutes, but free to Quebec. These differences arise from the difference between the laws of the United Statea and those of Great Britain and Canada ; the former requiring the •ame apace in ships but only half rations for every passoiger over twelve monthi •Taken from « list of 5S0 ships which sailed from Uverpool between Nov. 185S, and Nov. 1894» old, mi(f ^^Mffrf iH ImprfTta^km Udt'fjujinfi at tfM |Ml■*» *^ some bu^tr and cneese, sweet praserves and fresh bread, as adding ■ncli to comforts Other steamers took steerage passengers from Liverpool to J^Uadelphia, and from Glasgow to New York, fox £9 9s. and £8 Ss. ; but all of tlw ua steamers hure been diverted from their regular tirade to America, being MB^il^^ed in canr}'hifp troops to a worse place^ where th«y will make but a bloody f^putation, add nothing to the comfort of theur iiamilies, as they would be able to do m America^ and from whioh I fear most of them will never.Ktum. Lwiailcs, deaf, dumb, blind, lame, or aged persons, poor women with childrai:^ tmA wHhout husbands, or any persons likely to become a public charge, will scarcely \m taken at all to the United States unless giving security that they will not b^^^ diai|[eable for support within ftve years after arriv^. Canada ia more hoi^itable, i0lMy san aail for Quebeo« raEPAEATKrifS NSCE88ART FOR THE YOTAOB. At LiVKRPooL.— On your arrival at Liverpool or other port of departure, go straight to your lodging-house, if you have chosen one ; if not, go at once to tne o^ce where your passage is engaged, or where you wish to engage it, and find out when the ship will sail, where it is, when you shoidd go on board, and when the Berths (sleepmg places) will be marked, atid take care to be on board at that time, and to get the number of your berth marked on your passage ticket. At many of tbe offices there is a store where baggage will be taken care of free of charge. itiP^tfil ^gj — 'I'l^e usual charge for lodging, including use of kitchen fire and cooking uteneils^ and storing of luggage, is from 4a. to 9d. per night— 4d. being a very com- mon price. Children under fourteen years of age are usually charged less, ac- Oording to agreement ; infants nothing. Mind you make an agreement beforehand. Cil(uio6 01 ft l^ip.— Choose a ship that is well ventilated — that is to say, go in a ship which has one sleeping deck tot passengers rather than two; be careful thrt you can not only walk upright on this deck, but that it is at least seven feet from the deck above, as is the case in all this liners, and that the ship has not a great 4eal of housing on the outside deck to interfere with a proper current of air bdow. See that tlie ship has high bulwarks (wooden walls), at least six feet high, at the aide of the outside deck, so as to protect passengers from being drenched every time they come on deck by the spray, whenever Uie sea is a little rough. If you have a family choose a ship, if possible, whioh has separate water closets for male- and females, and if possible one of these below, or else at the hindmost end of tht- vessel on deck ; if below, then take with you some chloride of lime got from a chemist, and throw a little into the closet now and then, to stop bad smells. The Weak among my readers — and I would add the very poor but that they camftot afford to choose — should be careful, if possible, to select a ship in which they are not required to cook for themselves, but are engaged to be supplied daily with enough of cooked provisions. To the richer passengers who can bribe the coolcs witl- a half crown now and then, to pretty women who can coax them with their smiles, or to strong men who can elboW their way with their broad shoulders, such advice i<- not neceSlsary, as they can have access to the crowded cookhouse at any time, and maj number of times daily ; but the others have often to wait for hours in the wet, ar even all. day, to cook a single meal, and the caprice of the cook seldom allows thfm even then to get a meal properly cooked. They are piuthed off to make way fixe (^ecs till the time Allowed for cooking is over, or a storar rises to prevent it. The want of properly eooked food especially, and of propeor ventilation, are I believe tht principal causes'of diarrhoea, dysentery, typhus fever, and cholera on board ship. Howt fbr Amei <]ueationi Bieet, no cost you and chos of the sh ahip itsel reeomme being ehi than whi doing so. aure to g most like price to nve to s( and the i persons c a price f keep it, | will visit off a piec ««aonbo aa long ai rights, ar Smigrt themselvi the port ( other tici fare has t an agreen Of course impositio may be 1 me at Wi given by OtItL S q Tears of America, 3 quar 2|lbs. lib. w 5 lbs. 2 lbs. 1 lb. 81 2 oz. tc 2 oz. Si Accorc age gets one year scale or may be very pro in a co<] passengc tox saihn fmrty-eig depend tii8 ship the »Wi •. 4d. to re(|iiiRB len jMir^ •terluig veen ont inolud«il usually fouiUeii >r £8 iii. took nor ndt how- adding erpool to tut all of ca, beinj; a bloody >e Ablato ohildret^ I acaMely ill not hn otpitable, irture, go ice to Cne 1 find out when the I at that At many ihatge. )d cooking very com- , less, ac- ;forehand. ly, go in •% reful thPt I feet from lot a great air below, gh, at the had every 1. If you for male." end of tht- a chemist; that they vhich they daily with coolca witl- • smiles, ov h advice > • time, an I n the wet, cm allows make way prevent it. e I believe board ship. HowtO EllgaC9X9lir TbiMJIB ^ ^ Llv»rpoel, or «iy oCker port of «mlMriuilUB fbr America, Se iiamA whom you' emf^oy to show you to a ahi^yping office ; M»k no ^iietttoiM in the atrtet, pay na attentum to th« offinra of acrrice m any one yon jneet, not ev«n to nk T«iir wmy to any plaee or office, at each tneh que«itioi> mt^ coat yoa'€ve or ten ahillings or more ; but, having gon« on board a number of aMpa and chosen the one you like best, buy your ticket yourself at the head agency effi n of the ship, ti'.e a«rhaps their value several times over before they jp;et to their jotuney's end, a very small quantity of baggage being allowed free oi charge on railroads, and extra baggage being charged most extravagantly high to make up for the lowness of passenger farea; beaides, there is imposition in cartage and porterage at every stase. Most articles of clothing are as cheap in America as in England ; anything woollen, how- ever. Mid strong l^ots, may be taken with advantage (shoes may be laughed out of use, especially with plates and nails which heat the feet, and are not necessary in so dry a. climate and on such stoneless roads). Carpenters should bring their light tools, but heavy tools will not be worth the expense of carriage. Pins, tape, needles and thread should be brought, as they take up little room, and are extremely dear in America. Not many dresses or bonnets should be brought, as the difference of their style from those worn in America may cause them to be laughed out ot' usSi and the monev paid for them will have been wasted. All clothing and oUier lia|^{age not wanted on the voyage should be packed in separate boxesi with Ui^ owner • name deariy marked on them. ^, '.„,,. ,,„^. MOHET. 'i ity,( : :■'.-. ■ > The best shape in which emigrants can take small sums of money to America \h in English gold and silver, which will paas as readily in America as in !&igland, but cannot be changed in England without loss. It will be moat safely carried on Ae person. British bank notes are not current in America, and will not, I flnd, be veadily exchanged by bankers because of the risk of sending them by post. On account of the risk of lose on the voyage bv robbery or other accident, it is better for a passenger to pay any amount he may have over, aay £10 or £20, into a well- luiowft bank, taking a certificate of deposit, or a draft on an American bank, in Gxchang« onarriea £:o up ti America, on. reeeivx worthiest table wil XacUi \ f OTcreif Half-tOT«i (7rown ,,. Half-crow Florin .. A sovc more or 1 a hnlfpei equal to i quarte calculate Laftt fresh bre when col advice :- allowing there wil the loss C "Goo after it h m the ra nlongside which an have to you go bcramblii happens, .^hip, ma ure to pa board th« gets on fa night, ke cannot bi too busy Theb( eighteen of the si AH clotli till the .should b breaking fresh air ship. T and chlo between you exp< How! XVFBOTVi eaaily ei have rec< agreed ai should, i 11 wen the viously to kten flour, tgar, salt, ^em to be tttTt mote »t such as Mrould be nntil the f when at alsc took ich, of the >uld be as I, 6roughtby Q perhaps rery small a baggage passenger ge. Most lien, how- lied out of tsary in so heir light *ins, tape, extremely difference ed out of and other , with the America h England, sarried on I find, be post. On I is better to awell- i bank, in V exchange. Aisiafeid tmigraata thonld be proiridad with mMtnt to be paid tr\ them on arrival m Amtrka, through a banker or the agent of the ship, to enable clt^m to go up the country in search of employment. When an emigrant pay* gold in America, he should insist, until he gets acquainted with the different bank notes, on receiving his change in gold or sihrer, or he may find himself in possession of worthless bank notes, American banks being rery liable to fail. The following table will show the United States and Canadian values of English money :— XMlUh Coin. U. a TalM. CMMdfam TalM. DoiUrm CmiU. ShUUaga. Pmim V. torereign is worth 4 84 or 24 4 Hair>sOT«rt»ign {^rown Half-crown . . . Florin 2 I 48 .. 18 «0 „ •0 „ 46 „ S 9 8 1 SHiWiOaiM. Shilling ... Sixpence . , . Fourpence Tlireepenee . U. a Talu*. C«n pay, having it expressly understood that there is to be no Jktriher ekirgt for storing your luggago^ but get a printed card of prices, and make your payments ^ily, at least fw the first day or two, in dollars and cents. What is called a •hilling in New York is worth only sixpence sterling. A shilGng, sterling, is wortli Is. 3d. of Canada money. The lowest expense at emigrant lodging-houses in New York is $0 cents for three meals and bed, or from 12| cents to I8f cents for a single meal or bed. In a better kind of house the charge is $1 a day, or 25 cents a single meal or bed. Fruits and green vegetables should be eaten sparingly for some time after landing, and river water should not be drunk excepting boiled as tea, cofiee, &c., for Ibar of diarrhoea. Emigrants should leave the overcrowded cities on the sea coast as •oon as possible and go up the country, the further the better, and, leaving the main Ones of travel, where emigrants are in each other's way, scatter right and left, inquiring for work on any terms. The propensity of emigrants to remain about large cities, and especially those on the sea coast, is very much complained of by Americans, and with too much foundation. There they land at the rate of a thousand or more daily throughout the year ; many of these loiter days, weeks, and months, wasting their money and idling away their precious time, quietly waiting fbr Providence to turn up something for them, until their last penny is spent, their trunks are retained by tne lodging-house keepers to pay their bills, and they are turned out beggars on the streets. Meanwhile, a few hundred miles up the country thxoughout the spring and summer they are badly wanted, and might at such times, if c;ommon labourers, be earning 4s. 2d. sterling a day, boarding themselves, or if go6d' harvesters, even as much as 8s. 4d. sterlings besides their board. They should not stickle for high wages at first, when their abilities are not known, but care more to learn during the first month how to earn high wages afterwards. TRAVEzxnro m America. There ate Ibur prinoJipal routes into the iaterior from New York, as follows :— 1. Fvom foet of Cortlandtnitreet, by steamboat up the Hudson river, 145 miles^ t» Albany ; from A. by railroad, 296 miles, to Buffalo on Lake Brie ; from B. bv steam- boat, 305 milee, to Detreitt, Michigan ; from B. by railroad, 278 miles, to Chicago, lUtnois ; from C by canal, lOOmiles, to Lasalle on the river Illinois ; from L. by steam- boat, 807 milee, to St. Louis in the State of Missouri. By paying a few dollars more, passengem can travel by railroad all the way by this and all the other routes. 2. From foot of Duane-street, by New York and Brie Railroad, 460 miles, to Dunkirk on Lake Erie ; ftom D. by steamboat to Toledo ; from T. by railroad, 247 milesv to Chicago, and so en. From Chicago there are railroads in many direotione. f . From pier No. 1, North River, by steamboatt, 27 miles, to South Amboy ; from S. A. by raUfoad, 68 miles, to Philadelphia ; from P. by railroad, 363^ miles, to Pitts- biwgh, (vai the O^omer ; from F. by steavner, 486 mrles, or by railroad, 36C milee^to CJftneifnniti, and so on by ateaiiMr to Louisville and St. Louie, or by railroad to Chieagu. Vh«M ia sonratimee not water enough for steamboats, on the Ohio, between Pitli- bBV|^ and Cfnrtniwti. This dheuld be learned before leaving New York. %t JKMm New Yorh, as above, to Philadelphia ; from P. by stsamboat and xail^ fMd» abovt 100 mttee, to Baltinove \ from B. by raihroad, 880 milea, to Wheeling, on die titer < Ihitati. — miles, ftajg by ci The fa* Sll to Ch 100 lbs. o la propor will be $( iTo. 4, th( 37{r mites ville, 912 per 100 11 I'hltadelp cents, or Vox fares From Qu< '^Montvei ^Stugato Toronto, ^Kamiltfi Pasaeng IVom Q Initbel My ap] iftates, 10 Baltimore otherwise Intoxm indulgeni obstacle i and self-: are to be total abst earned n comforts Many America of steam disgrace by day o horses ax of the wi often, in treated ii pier-hea to w»it "^ ti^e the ought, a the tick< pwrties c uiual CO served ( •teamen between poor emi would b poorest! m Amoi pwt ft NMurd tiia OoveriL- sompany, osed, ind e shop tp railxoid, e thentt .r cartage, se traTel- elvea and what you her ekiryt pa3anent8 called a ;t is wortli is in New »r a singte ingle meal time after le, &c., for la coast as the main and left, ain about [led of by rate of a veeks, and ly waiting jent, their I they are 16 country uch times, ilves, or if >ey should care more uws:— 145 miles^ br steam* » Chicago, bysteam- lars Bu>re, tes. miles, to ilroad, 247 lireotiona. >oy; from , to Pitts- Crailesvto > Chieago. ecnPitHi- and lail- [eeling, on t3ie titer Ohio ; f^om W. Itf ttSeaiiitMiit 3^ mi!«i; Oir by rtSttkS — - miSBa, to ^. < outatS. This route between Balthnole and Cincinnatf wiR tery soon be iiTiiiiUiiiilT — miles, t>y crossing the riy^ at ^arkettburgh, 102 miles b^ftow Wheeling. PJhiw t^ajjg by canal costi ihuch lds#, but is so slow that there "fir no saving expense. The fares for 1955 on all these routes fbom>llew York, will be 910 to Cincinnati, $11 to Chicago ; 50 lbs. of baggage being allowed ftee, and 92 25 charged for eniry 100 lbs. of extra baggage to Cincmnati, 92 50 to Chicago, and tateB for ^ss distance* iti proportion. The fare by Route Ko. 2, to Dunkirk, Buff^o, or Niagara Pafis, tmi be 96 or 95 50, and the charges for extra baggage 91 per 100 Ibsi ; on Roikte i(o. 4, the fare from Baltimore will be to Cumberland, ISO miles, 92 50 ; Wheeling; d7S^ mites, 93 75; Columbus, 514 miles, 95 25 ; Cincinnati, 77tl miles, 95 25 ; Loi^s* yille, 912 miles, 96 ; — 100 lbs. baggage being tdlowed free, and 91 being chargeif per 100 lbs. extra to Wheeling; 91 75 to Cincinnati. The fare firom'New York tO I'hlliadelphia laKt year was 91 50 ; to Baltimore, 93 or 93 50 ; to Albany, 25 to 50 cents, or br railroad 91 ; to Boston, 92 50 ; to Montreal, Toronto, or Hamilton, |B. For fares from New Orleans, see letter of the British Consul in die Appendibt. :^om Quebec to the West :— CoaTcjanecw Miles. ^MoiMreal, ^Kingston, Toronto, ^£^nulton. Fare. (iterlinf ) Conreyaaee. MUei. steam«r....l80.... 3 369 11 ....547 19 ....500 19 n XtOndon^ ♦Windsor^ ♦Detroit, Chicago, ndlroad. ferry saiiroad. »• Fan. .666 23 9 .776.... 23 9 .776... 27 a 1054.... S&O Passengers change conveyances at the places marked (*). Baggage 100 lb8» fret. IVom Quebec to Boston, railroad, 26s. ; to New York, railroad and steamer, 19a IH) the U. S. and Canada, Children ^rnder 12 yean half price, and under 3 frae. My application for information about routes and fares in Canada and the United Siltates, for 1855, hare not been answered, excepting by the Superintendent of the Baltimore and Ohio, New York and Erie, and Hudson River Railroad as above» t otherwise it was my intention to publish full tables of each route. ^ Intoxicating drinks are very cheap in America, and there, as elsewhere, an over- indulgence in them is the ^eatest curse to the labouring man, and the main obstacle in th<» way of bettermg his condition, depriving him of his wits, character, and self-respect, and shutting him out from respectable employment. As no Hquora are to be got on the voyage, he will then have an opportunity of breaking himself into total abstinence from their use except in cases of sickness, thus economizing his hard* earned means, to be more satisfactory and less selfishly employed in adding to the comforts of his family, and providing for the education of his children. Many a reform is wanting in the mode of conveying emigrants from Europe ta America. For instance, shelter ought to be provided for deck passengers on board of steamers plying between Irish and English ports. It seems to me perfeedy disgraceful and' inhuman, that, whether in summer or winter, wet or dry weaHier, by day or night— and these steamers cross the channel invariably by night-^whttt horses are comfortably boxed up, there is no shelter whatever from the inclemency of the weather, (and what a winter we have had !) for men, women or children, who often, in consequence, contract serious illness or perish. Passengers are not^ treated in American coasting steamers. (2.) Shelter ought to be provided on tht ^er-head at Liverpool, for tlie many thousands of emigrants who have frec^nsntly to wait with their baggage for many hours in the rain for the steamer which has t» talw them alongside of their ship, in the river. (3.) The baggage of pas eo w g trt i ought, as is done with merchandize, to be shipped from the dock wall, or even from the ticket ofiice, and to be lowered alongside of their berths at the expense of tih* pwties connected with the ship, by whom it can be done at one twentieth of Um usual cost to an emigrant. (4.) A suiRoieney of eooked provisions ought to b* served out to the passengers daily, as is the case on board the Canadian serew steamers. (5.) Water-closets should be provided for female passengers e^Mr between decks or at the stem of the vessel. (6.) The Amcnoan import dutv on poor emigrants seeking to better their condition, ought to b* abolished. WhM would be thought of the justice ei levying an equal amount of poor^o-rtUe from tilt> goorest as ftx»m the riehast ekmes of society? BesMet, the ownec»of city ptoptrtf i Amarioa are hnaitnsely benefited by this iamigmtion. Ab lotno of my wmimn amy have hmn lately eautionad by thoM who with to ■chick emigration, apinst amijpating tUttUto Amarioa, on account of the Ustreu in its oTercrowcled M * »t§rm CUiu thia winter from orer epeculatiim and bankmpt- cles as eighteen years ago, and uniTertal short crops, and a partial stopraae of trade caused by the Bnropean war ; for the reassurance of such pers^ins, I haTe €>xir&cted £rom the Ntw York Daily Time; of January 20, 1855, some important iniormation which will be found in the Appendix. Other persons may have been cautioned against emigrating to America on ac* count of the poUtioal prijudice which hss been growing there of late against foreigners, and more especially against Irish Catholics, on account of a numerous faction who have nicknamed themseWes KnotO'noihing»t seemingly, because, like upholders of slavery, they know nothing of true republican principles, since thej profess in the same breath entire civil and religious liberty, and uncompromismg hostility to Buman Catholics. Should immigration to the United States receive any material check, these people would soon m brought to their senses, since railway and high- way contractors, builders, farmers, and other employers of labour, though the most ftrraiitly bigoted know-nothings, can hardly get on without a supply of labourers, mechanics, and domestic servants, whose industrv is the foundation of their fortunes, as >ell as of those of New York shipowners and owners of city property, &c. They will therefore be interested in inviting as much as possible, instead of check- ing immigration to their shores, putting up with its few drawbacks for the sake of its great benefit. The know-nothing movement may be kx^ed upon as a passing ^ust of popular bigotry, provoked by injudicious conduct- on the part of many i'oreigners, showing its strength in the ballot box, but not in deeds of violence, and not interfering wi& tiie prospects of the working classes, and honourably opposed by much of Uie most respectoble and popular press in America; for instance, the N9U> York Ttme», and 7rt6une, which, with the Herald^ have the largest circulation. In conclusion, I am anxious to repeat that, in my opinion, the apprehension of a more general war in Europe, and consequently of more stoppage of trade and em- ployment, and of increased taxation and distress in this counti^, which are already oeginning to be felt, render it more especially desirable that the poorer classes of this country should emigrate note, for the sake of all who are dear to them, and whom they would wish to shield from future suffering. Emigration lotteries might, I think, be instituted with ^pceeX advantage, as a more effectual means of raising wages, and otherwise bettering the condition of the working classes, than strikes, pr any probable parliamentery reform. \i APPENDIX. ' Vnm W, Chamber§t Editor of the Edinburgh Journal, to V. Fatter :— ** The enclosed <(3rd edition) appears to me a very useful detail of particulars." StOraet of L^ter from Horaee Greeley, Editor of the New York 2W6tm0, the moet fiqptifor American Weekly New^^per, to F. F., S^. 4, 1854 : — ** I can find no essential errors in your litUe tract (3rd edition). Let emigrants be oareful to buy no ticketo of irresponsible persons, no matter how cheaply offered, but procure their passage always under the advice of some of the disinterested •authorities to which you very properly refer them. If they cannot read, let them have their tickets and receipts carefully read over to them by some trusty friend, so JM to be sure not merely that they are honestly dealt by, but that they clearly sindorstand the engi^;ement, and do not expect what has not been promised them, Jfany emigrants mistake in their eagerness to get as far west as possible. I believe meat efficient labourers can do as well near tois city as elsewhere, provided they land here at the right season, say from the 20th March to the 10th May. At that aeason almost any cleanly, civil, industrious man, can find work as a gardener'a .i^snstant or farm labourer, in the State of Connecticut or New Jersey, or the river •eounties of our own State, all within five hours ride of this city. If reduced to a km shillings when he lands, let the emigrant swing his frock over his shoulder, 4Mid walk two or three days journey in any landward direction, and he will find ^jTork If he k single, or has but a small helpfrd fkmily, I think this is his fielMeable oouiae* If he has a swarm of young children let him push west, if paMlble— land, food, and ahelter being cheaper in the newly-settled dutrictf Entreat i crowds ai to their o wiU prob From " On a Importan porte on Cincinna Jimited Xa above thi From . .... part of t that is, Labourei n 25, e3 Labourei ment for und har^ boys of places at "Whi farms tei purposes there sir be bougl Congress ;4till a lai y6d in his TiUsge nre now o-cffMn of Und. A catxespondeat from Mfssoun writes, " One or two years' sflVflM «re soAcieut to procure nonejr to buy 80 or 160 ftcres of QQjemxo»nt land, or tp |\M-£hAse a towi^ lot and erect a liouse thereon ; or to get a horse and dray, a yp]u of oxen and wagon, buy land and aet up £sroung/* Another, that it is '* ^leyitaUe^ for the labourers to become landed ^oprietors ; others dibte on the poii^^ ajnd gire multiplied instances in their own neighbaurhood and experience. Among tl^piie are mentioned, by name, the governor of one State (Indiana), and many judges and meinbevs of Congress as having risen from the condition of labouring men. Others, again, quote their own lives and fortunes as instances of this progrea^ valuing their properties in some instances as high as $50,000 (ten thousand guineas). Here is the table of average farm wages for the last iive j^ears. It is to be noted^ tlxat, 1. Wages and cost of board are this year one-fifth higher than this average. 2. That the employer provides board and lodging, and generally washing and mending, in ad(Ution to these wages. 3. That ** summer months means six o^ eight active farm months. The variations in amount in the same locality depend o^ variations in demand and on the ftkill of the workman. The names of States axe jrcpiesented by their initial letters only, from want of space. LOCALITY. Jhate and County. Muine,8onieraet I Mass., f rauklin | Do., Hampshire Con.Jlew-haven Do., New -haven Do. , New-haveu . . Do.,FwTfie!d ..I .XH>.< Hartford., j rio.MidiUesex | Bu., I.k«h««ld .. '"^, Y., Madison | i)(j., Wayne .. N. Y., Ontario Do , Madison . . . . Dov Qmoudasa | 4)o., Oneida. . . . | '2io., Otecgo .««. Du., Quhiratoia ., Do., Columbia Bo.. Dotehew Do., Oswego « DtQu . Jiiitohna Ds., SaHivan ... o.. •1* WAOsa (Board found by amplojrer.) When hirad. $ 1-^ 15 16 90 la 10 14 1&1 1« 18 14 Id ift 16 10 1ft lA 1« 10 16 15 12 14 1(H 1« It 18 li ail 5 »*■ 5& 1 »h 1 .S5 1 fiO 1 95 1 50 1 35 1 00 1 29 1 M 1 00 1 50 1 85 1 50 1 00 1 00 1 «& 1 <»9 1 ftft 1 Of 1 00 1 25 25 25 SI % n 26 30 a2 &.i 39 20 11 16 20 25 15 20 20 26 30 16 24 28 30 20 15 25 20 22 24 20 25 .20 29 2« 24 Itt 1« ift l&i 4;j0 180 180 125 120 150 ItO 150 120 180 126 120 144 100 120 120 160 100 125 150 144 8& L50 150' no 18» 144 140 \m lfi« li 18. %i 75 1 50 1 25 2 00 2 GO 2 25 1 75 2 50 2 59 2 00 2 00 1 50 .2 00 1 50 1 50 2 00 2 00 1 50 1 00 1 5a i 75 2 00 1 25 1 t5 S 00 1 &0 I 75, LOCALITY. State and Cvunty. N. Y., Columbia Do., Onondaga \ Do., Iticlimond < Do., £rie& Ni- agara ...... Do., Oneida. ... Do.. Montgomery Do., HeEkinter Do., Li«lDgstQu N. J., Salem .. Do., Moninouifa Oo«, Olouceater . . P«nn., Crawford | Du., Susquehanna Do.,Bii€lu .... I Do., Bradford.... Do.^ Lancaster Do., 4a. Do.« F«rg«son.«... Do., Perry .... < Hd. foinee Gm. Du.„ Wksliu^^tott , Do., do. «. .« .^ Ya.,WasMnfton wAoaa (BMrt found b; empleyw.) Wb«n liirad. ¥ 15 11 160 %l 50 $ 25 12 1 00 • IS 1 2ft m 120 1* 1 25 14 U\ 1 50 20 108 18 1 00 20 15 1 50 24 144 12 1 00 10 87 15 100 12 1 00 20 ISO 12 7S 15 12# 14 1 50 1ft 148 1 00 120 1 25 2^ 140 19 185 12 1 06 14 130 1 00 100 1 50 120 12 1 25 16 120 14 i 15 75 120 14 1 16 144 14 lift 1« 1 75 28 IftO 1« 1 80 144 18 i 2ft 40 IftO 11 .12 a 00 1^ 124^ lA 75 14 ao li) 76 13 9C 38 1 50 108 U 1 00 11 2 00 i lift J 1 25 ; It 2 88 128 1ft 7J» : 104 K I 0^ 1ft 128 15 1 00 8ft 12C 8 90 I JO ft SO ft 00 1 50 2 00 1 75 «0 50 75 00 ft 50 1 tft 1 90 2 80 1 1 SO 75 ft 80 1 1 1 1 ftO •15 90 25 1 12 1 85 ft «0 1 80 ft 90 «0 OO LOCAI ftfa/g and Novthera ^Mlppi Texas. Be: Sjr. Claik !Io.,8t. Jo Olil«,0oh Ohio. Bell Bo.,JlUfati I>a.,Hl(^ers only, liviuc near New York eitjr. say " No." The eiffiityHMx «thaia all reply affirmatively, some with pride, some even with indiipnation. <2. Hmoe thiy m tmmekfmd mt Hum viak to emtf A. Two paw tfiii qaaetton ia ailenae ; 86 rfl|% ''■'Of coum," of whom one adds, " Otu' ioga have food to atiam." Q. Are they genaroHy ieeentig m*i eomfortatly ebtkedf A. EiKhtytwo say ** Yes ;** one says. With few exceptions; many agree in mentioning that thvy are mt » • • • I • • • Fop. to sq.m. 88,191,876 19 84 80 186 108 79 65 60 50 44 68 861 88 17 83 16 .J» 18 11 I 4 38 86 50 7 89 15 10 4 6 1 lto88 lto25 ltol6 Ito 4 • • •*• • • • • 8 Dittmeet ly Sail and Steam Boat on the moat direct routeefrom New York. Bllles. Alb a n y,.N. Y« . %»••%•• 143 Alton, lU ...: 1415 Baitlmore, Md. 810 Bttfliilo.N.T. ...... 504 Sui^Ungton,'Iowft.... 1650 Cftiiuigo; IIL . .... ... 1131 Cincinnati. 959 CleTeland.0 ; 704 ColuaibWB. O. 936 Di^tnitt, Bfich. ...... 850 D^kir1c,M.Y....a.. 469 Bfiles. Galena. lU 1891 Green Bay. VnM 1400 HamUton. Ca. aaa... 605 Indianapolis, Ind. .. 1140 Iowa City* Iowa .... 1700 JoUet,IlL 1170 Kenosha. Wis 1509 Kingston, Co 600 Lafayette, Ind. . . . . . • 1036 Lasalle. lU. ........ 1800 Louisrille. Ky. . . . . . . 1089 Mackinaw, Mich..... 1114 Madison, Wis. .. Milwaukee. Wis. Monroe, Mich... Montreal, Ca. . . . Narrowsburgh, N.Y NauTOO. IIL Niagara Falls. N.Y. Ogdensburgh, N. Y. i^Wkersbui^ Ya. . Peoria, 111.. PlOladelphia, Pa. • . Pittsbuigh^Pa..... Miles. .. 1400 .. 1445 .. 814 .. 875 .. 188 .. 1800 .. 584 .. 460 . 890 .. 1870 .. 90 .. 488