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Un dea symbolaa suivants apparaftra sur ia dernier*! image de cheque microfiche, seion la caa: la symbols — »* signifie "A SUIVRE", ie symbols ▼ signifie "FIN". IViaps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed ut different reduction ratioa. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper ieft hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, aa many frames aa required. Tha following diagrams illuatrata tha method: Lea cartas, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvant Atre fiimAa it dea taux de rAduction diffArints. Lorsque Ie document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seui cliche, ii est film* A partir de {'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en has, an prenant ie nombre d'images n6cessalre. Lea diagrammes suivants illuatrent la mithoda. I ''■ 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 l^/y^ /t^ ^^ /^<^ CONTRIBUTIONS TO METEOROLOGY FOR THE YEAR 1861, From obierratioiu taken at Iile Jesiu, Canada East. Br CHARLES SMALLWOOD, M. D., LL. D. (Prqfestor inher. Inches. 1.023 1.484 June 0.815 October 1.014 July 0.637|November. . 0.90': August 0.770:December , . 0.994 The lowest range (or the least difference) was in July, and this held good for a series of years. January for a long period shows the greatest range, but the month of February 1801 shows a greater range than January ; the mean range for a series of years has been found to be 1.032 inches, which is 0.060 of an inch less than the yearly range of 1861. January shows the highest mean of the year and June the lowest. The mean reailing of the barometer for the Winter Quarter was 29.883 inches, for the Spring Quarter 29.827 inches, for the Summer Quarter 29.769 inches, and for the Autumnal Quarter 29.813 inches. Thermometer. — The mean temperature of the air for the year varies but very slightly from the mean temperature of a series of years, but the mean temperature indicated l^SQ degrees less than the mean temperature of last year (1860), and 0°16 of a degree only more than the mean annual temperature of a long series of years; the mean temperature for the year 1861 being 41"'72 E. The highest reading was on the 9th of June at 3 p.m. and indic- ated 99°7 degrees ; the lowest reading was at 6 a.m. on the morn- ing of the 8th of February, and indicated — Z^^\ degrees (below zero), giving a yearly range or climatic diflference of 136**8 degrees. The warmest day of the year was the 10th of June, the mean temperature of the day was 81°1 degrees; at 11 a.m. the thermo- meter stood at 87°8 degrees, and at 3 p.m. 96°0 degrees, and at 4 p.m. gs^S degrees; at 10 p.m. it stood at 76°7 degrees and it fell to60°3 in the night, which was clear and calm, the terrestrial radiator indicated 57° degrees. The coldest day of the year was the 8th of February, the mean temperature indicated — 23°5 degrees (below zero) ; below is a record of the cold term of January and February. January 11, 1861. 6 a. m. — 23».l (below zero.) 8 " — 23°. " 9 " — 19M " Noon — 17°.0 " 2 p. m.— 10».6 " 4 " —J 4°. 8 " 6 p. ra. — lY'.O (below zero.) 8 " — 20».4 10 " —20'. 6 January 12, 1861. 6 a. m.— 34'.9 8 " —340.7 10 " — 24».6 Noon — 14' "4 2 p. m.— 6M 4 " _ 70 3 6 «' —14°. 9 8 ♦' —17°. 4 10 p. m— ir.9 Midnight— 20°. 4 January 13, 1861. 6 a. m.— 26°.6 8 " —20°. 8 10 » —12°. 6 Noon — 5°.l 2 p. m.— 1».6 4 " — 1°.0 6 " —11°. 2 8 " — 14».3 !0 " —16°. 9 Midnight— 19°. 2 January 14, 1861. 6 a. m.— 13°.8 5 « — 10*>.4 10 *' — 3°.l Noon + 2°.0 u u (( {( it u « (( ti C( (I u u it a (( (( (( (( u (( (( t( u t( above. The thermometer was 81 hours and 45 minutes below zero. The February cold term exceeded somewhat the above temperature, and was as follows : — February 8, 1861., 10 p. m.— 21°.3 (below zero.) Midnight— 34°. 6 " 6 a. m— 37".! 9 " — 32°.l Noon —22°. 2 2p. m.— U^^.l 4 " — 19°.0 6 " —20°. 9 8 " —19°. 8 10 «' —190.5 u i( u tl u u m TO. re, idnight- -20*». 4 (below zero .) 6 a. in.- -W .0 it 9 " - -20° .1 «i Noon + 1°1 it The thermometer was for 66 hours below zero. The following table shows the Mean Temperature for each month. January 10*'.43May 61". 86 February... 18°. 25 June 66°. 83 March.'.... Jl°.94July 67°. 66 April 38°. 991 August 66°. 84 September. 68°. 06 October 46°. 64 November... 33°. 60 December... 20°. 64 July was tbe warmest month, but was 6°92 degrees colder than the mean temperature of July for a series of years. The temperature of the Winter Quarter was 12°28 degrees, for the Spring Quarter 34°29 degrees, for the Summer Quarter 66°77 degrees, and for the Autumn Quarter 46° 10 degrees ; the tempera- ture for the same period of last year (1860) was Winter Quarter 12°59 degrees. Spring Quarter 45°56 degrees. Summer Quarter 67°63 degrees, and Autumn Quarter 46°49 degrees. A thermo- meter sunk 18 inches in the ground showed a temperature of, in May 49°9, in Juno 'S9°8, in July 60°0, in August 66°0, in f^p- tember 68''0, in October eS^O, and in November 47*4' Th« range of temperature or climatic difference exceeded by 19*2 degrees the range of 1860 ; below is a table of the climatic differ- ence for each month of 1861 : — September... 44°. 6 October 42°. 4 November.... 28^.6 December... 66**. 9 January 66°. 5 February 90°. 8 March 65°. 5 April 66°. 3 February shows an excessive range of temperature ; this was owing to the excessive cold term of that month; November shows the least climatic change, and this is rather unusual for November ; the range far November 1860 was 59*^4 degrees, the mean range for November for a series of years being 6l°l degrees ; the Ist frost of the Autumn occurred on the 6th of September ; a sud'len fall of temperature took place in March, at 2 p.m. on the 16th day the thermometer stood at 36°7 degrees, and in 24 hours it fell to — 6°0 degrees below zero, showing a difference of 41*7 degrees in that short period ; this sudden change was accom- panied by a rise in the barometer and a high wind from the west ; December showed a coW /erwi but of short duration ; the following table shows the temperature : — 6 Dec. 20tb, at 9 p.m. 0.0 Midnight — 10.0 (below zero) 2l8t, 6 a.m.— 10.1 11 " — 3.2 Noon — 0.6 0.20 0.0 this was the Ist cold terra of the winter 1861-2. Humidity of the Atmosphere. — The mean relative humidity for the year was O.YH, saturation being equal to 1.000. The following table shows the relative humidity for each month : January 752 February 765 March 768 April 780 May 770 June 736 July 76' August. 736|December . . . .796 September... .804 October 843 November... .787 June was the driest month of the year, but July has been the driest for a series of years. Complete saturation occurred only once during the year. Rain. — Fell on 106 days, amounting to 46.701 inches; it was raining 631 hours and 14 minutes, and was accompanied by thunde^ on 1 6 days ; the number of days on which rain fell exceeded by 13 the number of days of rain of 1860, and by 112 hours 14 minutes, but was 5 days less than the number of rainy days in 1859, but exceeded by 33 days the amount of days of rain com- pared with a series of years ; the amount of rain which fell in 1859 was 50.036 inches, and in 1860 was 48.132 inches, and the amount of rain in 1861 exceeded by 3.697 inches the average amount compared with a series of years ; a very heavy rain storm occurred on the 27th May, it began at 4.25 p.m. from h.m. Inches, the E.N.E. and at 4.45 the fall registered 1.700 4.50 {wind veered to W.) 2 . 066 4.53 2.333 4.55 2.433 5.00 2.483 and ceased at 5.10 and equalled 2.486 inches, which fell in 45 minutes. The Riviere des Prairies, a branch of the Ottawa, rose very high during May, and a like rise has not been witnessed since 1848. J I w Tho following table ihows the monthlj Amount and the duration of fall : I Amount. January.. February , March . . April . . . . May .... June . . . . Inohet. 0.100 0.761 1.766 2.921 8.642 4.868 Tlmo. h.m. 4.10 17.26 July... Auguflt. 62.35JSepteraber. 60.42:Octobor... 49.32;Novetnber. 56 . 1 8 Decemb,3r. Amount Time Tnahoi. 10.188 1.960 4.816 6.870 1.023 h ra. 79.49 12.31 66.60 69.30 32.62 1.306131.00 July shows a very largo amount of rain but Ih not the greatest amount on record here for July, but exceeds by 4.466 inches the amountof last July (1860), butis less by 2.026 inches ilie amount of rain which fell in July 1869, which was the most rniny July on record here ; this was accompanied by a very heavy storm and showed an amount of rain equal to 6.374 inches, and the river sin this neighbourhood rose at this time nearly 2 feet ; the rain storm lasted 45 hours and 40 minutes. Thunder and lightning- occurred on 16 days, the yearly mean for a series of years is H ; last year (1860) thunder only occurred on 11 days; there were 43 cloudless days only during the year 1861, the average for a series of years being 67. The prevailing clouds were Cumuli Stratus and a rather larger amount of Cirri iStratus, giving rise to haloes; and there were but 123 nights suit- able for astronomical purposes ; this is less by 20 than the number of nights in the year 1860, Snow fell on 46 days amounting to 99.63 inches; it was snowing 365 hours and 64 minutes, which is less by 1.77 inches the average amount for a series of years, but is 38.26 inches less than the amount of snow which fell in 1860, and is 40.67 inches less than the amount which fell in 1869. The last snow of the winter 1860-1 fell on the 17th of April, and the Ist snow of the autumn fell on the 24th October. Winter did not fairly set in until the 23rd of December. Evaporation. — The amount of evaporation from the surface of water during the 6 months which are recorded is 16.90 inches, which is nearly 1 inch less than the mean amount ; the amount of evaporation .^Iso from the surface of ice was soraewhut less than the average. The greatest intensity of the Sun's rays was 104*^3 degrees, which is less by CS degrees than the intensity for the year 1860, and is 12*^7 degrees less than the intensity for the year f '• < ^1 8 1869. The Jowat point of the terrutrial radiation, was — 89°4 degrees (bo low zero.) jDcfp, — The yearlj amount of dew was below the usaal mean or average ; an apparatus bas btien used for a short time for the purpose of ascertaining the hour at which dew begins to fall and vhen it endfl, and also the umount, and it is believed will lead to some interesting results in this department of research ; the appa- ratus is self-registering and leaves a permanent impression. Wind. — The most prevalent wind during the year was the N. B. by K and the least so E by N ; the next in frequency was the W. and W. 8. W. and a good deal of 8. E. winds prevailed ; below is a table of the amount of horizontal miles of wind for each month : MUm. MUef. UllM. January . . . 6380.10 May . . . ... 4989.20 September. 3447.48 February . . 5649.96 June . . . ... 6067.93 October. .. 3664.29 March .... 6437.69 July. . . .. 4499.68 November. 4142.30 April 8666.12 August. ... 2736.06 December.. 6816.96 giving a total for the year of 66296.78 miles linear, which ib 11083.26 miles more than the amount for the year 1860; the mean velocity for the year was 6.312 miles per hour, which shows an increased velocity of 1.270 miles per hour for 1861 over that of 1860 ; June was the calmest month last year and indicated only 2906 . 36 miles ; a tornado passed over Montreal on the 9th of July, but was little felt here; on the 10th of August a very heavy hail storm passed near this place over 8t. Laurent and Montreal, doing considerable damage to crops and buildings ; there were several storms of wind during the year preceded by rain and a low barometer. The Aurora Borealii, was visible at observation hour on 42 nights ; a bright display with considerable magnetic disturbance occurred on the night of the Ist of September, the same period that the splendid display which caused so much sensation over the world occurred last year. The Zodiacal Light was frequently seen ; it was generally bright and well defined. Solar and Lv lar Haloes have been more than usual./ frequent during the year. A remarkable solar halo occurred on the 12th of August, when the temperature had fallen considerably during the night. The thermometer at 6 A.M. stood at 46*07 degrees. The tei estrial radiator had indicated a temperature of 41 "OS I f 9 dcf^reen. llie wind ml 10 A.M., (mean local time) was from tlic N.E. by R., with a clear sky, from which time light cirrus clouds began (o form in the higher region of the atmosphere, i)a«8ing from W. to W.S.W., in a direction co.itrary to the lower cnrrent of wind (N.E. by E.) At lOh. 36m. a slight halo was seen round the sun, and at lOh. 45m. it presented a very rare and beautiful spectacle. The Run, bright and white, was in the centre of a halo or circle of 44 degrees In diameter, its lower or southern limb being about 37 degrees above the horizon ; this circle was a bright halo of light, white and bright at its outer edge, and which was shaded inwardly and towards the sun of a pale orange colour, and an occasional tint of blue and red ray nearly 2 de- grees in breadth. Both the low(;r limbs of this halo on the edge next the sun were more broad than elsewhere, giving the appear- ance of a crescent on each side. This halo or bright circle was filled in as it were with a dark ground, consisting of cirrus clouds, which passed quickly and constantly across from a west- erly direction. Another circle of a white colour and less bright, was also seen. The circumference of the wheel was in the centre of the bright halo, or more properly in the sun itself; the ring extended be- yond the zenith, and exceeded the l<'i