^ ^!i^< w \r 1^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A // ^ ^^^ ^ z ^ 1.0 1.1 I2i US lit lU ~... 1^ S IS u 2.0 m L2I IIIIM 11116 /a ^> w. /A ^>':^ ^-y '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. I4SS0 (716) 873-4503 '"""d^^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notaa tachniquas at bibiiographiquas T ti Tha inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha l>aat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia )py which may ba bibliographically uniqua. wnich may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction, or which may aignificantly changa tha uaual mathod of filming, ara chacicad balow. D D D 13 E2 Coloured covara/ Couvartura da coulaur ] I Covara damaged/ Couvarture endommagie Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurAe et/ou peiiiculAe Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes gAographiques en couleur □ Coloured ink {l.h. other then blue or blacic)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) rn Coloured pletes and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ ReliA avac d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serrie peut ceuser de I'ombre ou de le distortion le long de le marge inttrieure Blenk leaves edded during restorstion mey appear within the text. Whenever possible, these heve been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blenches ajoutias lors d'une resteuration apparaissent dans le texte, mels. lorsque ceie Ateit possible, ces peges n'ont pas 4t* filmtes. L'institut a microf ilmi la meilleur exemplaira qu'ii lui e At* poaaible de aa procurer. Lea details da cat exemplaira qui sent paut-Atre uniquee du point de vue bibliographiqua, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dana la mtthoda normale de filmage aont indiquAa ci-deaaous. T P I I Coloured pegea/ Pagea de couleur Pagea damaged/ Pegea endommagtes Pagea restored and/oi Pagea rasteurtes et/ou peiliculAes Peges discoloured, stained or foxec Pagea dteolortes, tacheties ou piquAes Pagea detached/ Pages ditachAes Showthroughy Tranaparance Quality of prir Quality in^gaia de I'impression Includes supplementary matarit Comprend du met^riei supplimentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible r~n Pagea damaged/ I I Pagea restored and/or laminated/ r~n Pegea discoloured, stained or foxed/ I I Pagea detached/ I I Showthrough/ I I Queiity of print varies/ I I Includes supplementary mataridl/ I — I Only edition available/ C b tl 8 O fl 8 O T si T v< h d ei b ri r( rr D Pagee wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible imege/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont AtA flimsies A nouveau de fagon A obtenir le meilleure image possible. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplAmentelres; This copy ii a photoreproduction. This item Is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiquA ci-deasous. 10X 14X 1IX 22X 26X 30X 12X 16X 20X 24X aix The copy filmed here hes been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: IimIc Walton Killam Memorial Library Daihouiie Univereity L'exennplaire film6 fut reproduit grAce A la gAnirositA de: Izaak Walton Killam Memorial Library Daihouiie University The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility rf the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Las images suivantes ont At* reproduites avec le plus grand soin. compte tenu de la condition at de la nettetA de Texemplaire film*, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol ^^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimAe sont filmAs en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmte «ii commenpant par la premiAre page qui con^porte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illuritration et en terminant par la derniAre page qui r;omporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants appara?tra sur la derniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols —^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are fitmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de rAduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, il est filmA A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ? ///'/. c.;\.;/>/ I . V \ m..^ THE Canadian Moi^tiily AN]J NATIONAL R]^:\Tr:\V. Vou 8.] sept1':mb1':r, 1875. [No. THK ICK PHKN'OMKN'A AND TllK TIDIES OK THK IlAV OF FL'XI)\', Considered in ccnnccti'.'n wilJ: t/ie construction of the Ihxie Verte Canal. BY HENRY V. HIND, M.A., WINDSOR, N.S. I. THE p.aif: vkrtf, canal. '^r^HE IjAIk Vf.rtk Canal is a conlcm- J^ plated work designctl to connect the waters of the Ciulf of St. Lawrence, at l>aie Verte, with those of the I'.ay of I'undy, at Cumberland Uasin. It will cross an isllinius between these Atlantic Ocean w:Ucrs, fifteen miles and onetiuarter in breadth at the nar- rowest part ; the lowest summit on the isth- mus being of a soft mar.^hy nature, and ele- vated only five feet above the level of a tidal wave which occurred in the Day of I'undy, on the 5th Oct., 1S69; and 9 feet above a tide observed on the 2t^\\\ Oct., iSjo."' 'I'he tidal waters of the (iulfofSt. Lawrence and the Bay of Lundy approach within 6^ miles under ordinary conditions, and at certain periods the water in Cumberland I'.asin is eighteen and a half feet above that in lliie Verte, but during ebb tides the water in L.aie \'erte is nineteen and a half feet higher than that in Cumberland I'.asin. i The boundary line between the Provinces of Nova Scotia and NewF.runswick is twice intersected by the route adoj/.ed for the j)ro- posed navigable chamiel of communication. The reports on the Faie Verte Canal by the Chief Ilngineer of Public Works (Mr. Page), and by the .\ssi:,tant Chief Lngineer, (Mr. G '•". I'.aillairge), embrace valuable and interesting, inturmation ropecling the ph\- sical geography of part of the Pay of Fundy, and parlicukirly of the i>thnuis se[>arating its waters from those of llaie \'erle in the (lulf of St. Lawrence; but these reports are in the main de\oled to the engineerinj, del.iil> and novelties inseparable 0>>m the undei tak- ing, which, the Chief Lngineer states, is at- tended with unuscal diflicullies. 'I'he opening of a ct-immunication betw ecu the waters of the P.ay of I'undy and Paie Verte has been discussed periodically since the year iSj:?,^'but in none of the re[iorts to ■•* Report of till' Cliiof l".nL;iiicci- of I'uMic Wuik- *■ /'('..v " .SyuMjv-,!-, cif Kc|ioii> on the r>.iic \'cilo CaiKil, iniMi-ht-il l>y the l>c|'.mii\L-nt of I'uMic Work.. I. Kol.. C. Mimiitlc, V. L. .^., iS.v ; i. l■^.Ulci^ H.ill, f. 1;., ISJ5 ; 3. 'l'li.>in?. 'Iclfor.!, C. K., iS:;t> ; .\. H.O. C'r;iulcv, (.apt., R. 1'.., iS.p, ; 5. luhii r.i-c, Cli. I'll., !•. \V., iS'.) ; 6. C. K. l'..ull.ui|;.'', A^M■.t,^nt C. 1.., P. W., lb;j ; 7. L'.u .il MBiiMaMiftrilHife I'/' IliMdli u^ //// c.i.y.U). 190 y;7/ c.f.y.!/'/.! V .!,'('.\ ////r whit h ! l;i\i- h.ii! ." I c -^^ It 'AC (^rtiiii -(n If'^ical ami pli\>ic.il jihuuiinmi I'lrii rttii rcil to, uliirh I .innot la' ii;iici\d in thr i!i> russidii (if a work irunK in^; mu li dilticultiis, and atUiidcd with ^ta Ii cnMiincu . oiill.'s, as the |>rnji(;-t(l I'.aic W'llc Canal. C>uesii<)n>, c(inni.< t-d with the iphv>iial gc(»L;ra]ihy of the (oun'iy tiaseiscd, ami mciic ji iitii ul irl)' its ji\tli().;rajih\- and j^co- lii''s- olitiucK' tluni^cKi's ronstanth- in an t\aininatii>n of the details of this great projei I. It is a^ niuih a genl();^iral and hydroyrai'liii al as an (.n^inct-rin.; prolileni. It rcal'v in\(ilvLS at the V(.r\ iiutsel of the tnqniry the jitulileins ii,(idriit to tlie action, inthu nee, ani.! hi^t()ry n\ the tide> in the Hay of }'"uiidy ; the foMnitiiMi of the isthnnis across which the c.mal i^ t" he built ; and, pcriiaps greater than aii. it invoUes the most :\reful exaniinatidn into the jiroha.Me future behaviour of the tide> witli re.>i)e« t to the irnpedinieniSjin the shape nf pier^. ".vhi( h are proposed to be thrown in the way of their resistless and never ceasinj energies. Many of the details included, in this notice of the liaie \'erte Canal luue been uritlen for a work, now in anad\aneed .state ofpie- paration, entitled " 'Die I)t)niinion of Canada," the publication of the fu.>t jiarl of which is clelaxed for tlie purpose of in- troducing the results of recent highly iiiipoitant surveys witliir. the limits and ne.ir the I'orders of the Dominion. l!ut as the ofTu ial noti( tj iiisiting contr.ictois to tender for jaelirninary works on the canal has al- read}' been issued by the Department of l'ul)lic Works, I have thought tha.t a brief sketch of the geological and hjdrographii.d features of the (juestion, chiefly draun fiotn thcnianuscript woik before ref.-rred to. might ernbotly suggestions worthy cf <~onsideration, or direct cnquir)' tov.ards ( ert ihi ph'/nome- na peculi:;r to the ll.'\- rif I'und)' and similar- ly situated water aieas, or tend to avert jiossible (Contingencies arising, from tidal ic e and unf rtiitrollable currents whi(h miglu ini jtede the piogress of the stujiendous work iictw about to be beiiun. dr,i 111 in some p.itis of t!;i- I'. i\- of I'undy !))■ the .so calh d '•.*^,!\by Stoini," m ( )c tober, i^C>'), and I still tl' dn a vi\'d re- ( olleitioii of the giatideur and pos\er of the .'idwiiuing se.i o\er lie- w id'- - s[ite.u,ling d)ked lands on the boid-l- of the !'.'), and of the impiilern v of the d\kes as the\' now exist, to restiain the bounds of the go U tidd wave the '' e) . re " of oui' forefuhers - wheri it exceeds its noin..d n aximum range. The '• .""^.ixby Storm" rtis- but four feel abo\(,' the higiie>t w.ifer oIi-.eived duri:;g Mr. b. ill. urgc'-'s survey, and I su[ipo^e al^ .ut the s.une elevation .diov e the dykes ofCum- berluid I'-asin ; but if we are to credit the ac ( Dunts of the storm on the 3rd of Novem- ber, 1759, to whi< h reference will be made subseipientlv, the tidal wave rose /(// t'eel higher th.m the to[)s of the dykes near Fort Cumberland on tin' b.iie \'erte isthmus. 'IV) those who are not "dwellers by the sea," and have not had oppcn; unities for forming^i menial picture of a great tid,\l wave seeing upon .1 dvked coast and bre. ik- ing dov.n the barriers, the bea.utiful de>cii{>- tion by Jean Ingelow, of th.e High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire, in 157 1, may give an impres-;, "For 1(1 ! aluii;.; the liver's Led, A .•ni;Jity I'.v.ae* le.io.d its ere.t. And upjie th'- I.indi^ ra;j,iiig sp'-d, it svvejit witli thuiidtiDUi noi-e-, loud ; Shaped like a ( urhug siiou-vvliile cluud, Ur !i!;e a (kan ai in ,i sln'mid. .And learing l.iiidi^ hnkv.ard pre-srd, Shonk all Ih! tieuihlui;.; binlH-- am. tine ; 'I'lien Ui.idly .U the l',v;^ie's lirc.i-t Kiutig u()pe hei V-elLeriii;; vv.ilb ag.iin. Tiien haiiki -, c ,uiie iluvvne u :t!i 1 uiu and 1 oat Then IjcMten lii.iiii ill u- imMid abiiul 'I lien all tla- nii'dity tl^od. vseie out. So fuie. so fi-l, tlie iiv^ae diMve, The lie.irt li.id haidly tiiu'- to be. it, befnie a sliallnw, sectliin.; \..!ve. Sobbed in ill'' ;.',r'.e- ■,(■-; at ('Ute fe'.'l : '1 he ieet Ii.ul h.niilv tunc to llee llefoie it bo , '•. .e.;aui ,1 the km e, And all the voald w.is in the se.i." '1 1 1 1. 1 VOllF O! 1111 );.\V (U H'.NIfN, I was ;in cye-witnes-, r)f the effects pro- < "I'.yLtie'" hoir ti'l.il -.'..ive, in -.tr.ut, tstii uy, or riviT. 'Ih'ie 1-. no "Ijhu." in th'.- chtun:,! o{ (.'iinil'i 1! ui'i I'.. '.in, ((V.ini; to it. j.',ir.U d'[itli, hat iheic i^ a lion, or *' t.y(.ai- " (jii tin; s.indy ll it-., .ind Cornnii-. ion. I -, iS^i ; S, M. - r-. K' ' fcr aii'! (I.mw ski, 1S72 ; 9. Mc- -I-. Kn f. r ;.nt('ry of Nowi Sm.'i.i. i\<^\\ tli.; 6V///.'--. fKiin's A/(r;!:ii:'\ {"jCo, \>-\'.\c .15. •'The stuiiii liriV.c down tlK'dyk<;i fin tlif lu\y C'f I'ni.ily tV(.ryv,h( ic, and th'; rnnr.-li lands now descried, wxrv. o\i.i flown or,'! dt-tcrion'ticl. At I'oit Frci.!' rick, on St. John Rivtr, a cotisidt 1 d'lc p.irt of tlio Foil wjs wa^li'.d av,,iy, aiiil at I'mt CiiinlicrLind, 700 cord> of fiicwood ua-. swept otT liy ttie tide in a body from the WL)od\.ird, althou.di situated at loa^it tm feet hi-her than the tops of the dyko."^ For the sake of brevity I shall 'piote t!,e conclusions of reiiaMe authorities on rertiin points, leavin.L: to the reader, if he is so di>- po-^ed, the study of the aruunients adsanceil bv tile author to whom reference is made. 3. sOMf. OF Till IHV-'n \I. H A'llRl.S Oh' . TKK i.=;niML>. In an cl diorate rejiort " r)n the Reclam- ation of Tide-lands, and its Relation to i\avi,L;:aion," by H .Tiry Mitchell, Chief in Phy.-iii al I [\dro^iaph\-, I'm'tvd States Coast Sur\ey (1S69), the t'Liilowirig {iropc>sition is established. ''' 'I'he nearl) liori/ontal si,:- face> of the mar>l:e> are at K\\k: phvic of mean hi\\ih :oih'ir .' Mr. l'.iillairi.;e states, in his report on the Raie Veite Cana.l, that the suitace C)f the marslies and bo.'S on the isth- mus foi more tlian se\a-n miles itiland is from one to thiee fiet /.';.('■ than the a\eraL;e ran^e of nuai; sjnin^^ tides ; and U appears from the tallies showing the ranL;e of the tides, that the su'faces of the marshes and boc;s .anuind Cumberland llasin are : l''rom one to three feet below the plane of avera''e lu'jh water ; " five to seven fei t below the ma\i- nuim rani^e of hiiih water ; " six to nine feet l)eU)w the highe.st water ob>erved during the survey ; " ten to thirteen feet bekiw the Sax by tidal wave, Mr. Mite hell ado[ited as his plane of niiean high water tlie mean of highest springs and tile lowest neajw. Taking the s.ime * Muid'KhV lli^tdiy of Nuwi Seoti.i, \'ol. H-.p' 376. .st.!.(l..fd fii.iii .Mr. i;,i:i: :• •■'. <.b. We JK'Ue ■X\ iti'/ Average m".\im',nu s; r:;.. , A'. erage r.ilnimum n-.ips Mr. r, • 3.v7' A\er";e m-an ran_'e of li:i.'li water, bv daily ob>erv '.ti(/n .. . I'itV'.rene-e ■ / J ••30-77 .. 00. 1 2 'I he differeiiCe being oidy tv. elve hin- dredths of a foot, the two means ma.y be (a.n- sidcred identi' al. It has been ob-erved b)' I)r. I)a\\.yin* that the inner or low nnrshcs, especially tliose near the upland and conse'[uently most remote from the se.iboard, are lower than those which furm as it were the bear 11 ; and this is burne out by th.c observations of Mr. Raillairge. but there is a point of in- tere.^t in the altitude of the surface and bot- tom of the lakes at the head of the tid \1 rivers in the isthnnis, such as the Missa- quash and the l,a Plant he, whic'i deserves attention. At the head of the I. a ri.mche the surface of Round T.ake. ' Jul}', was found to be 94. c6. or 4.'|.c' ' et above ordinary low- water spring-tid'.', or at tlie same elevation as the aver.ige maximvm range of high wa- ter, being 4.3 [ feet above the theoretical plane of the marshes. Long I.ake was found, at the same date, to be 2.39 above the sanie plane. 'I'he average bottom of this lake is 1.77 fet t below the pkine of the marshes. 'I'he level of the lakes at tr.e head of the Missa'pia^h River is about ijj feet above Round I.ake. .All of these lakej lie near the centre or middle of the isthmus. Mr. Stark, who was instructed by Mr. Reefer to conduct a survc)- for the Canal, states generally that '" from the summit to- waidis the I'.iy of I'"undy. and at the head of the Amherst Marshes, the country is inun- dated anrl dotted in all directions with small lakes, ihe water in which stands at a nearly uniftirm ele\ation of 92.00 abo\e the datum line'' (42 above low water spring-tides, or 2.23 feet abo\-e average mean range of high water), "or 22 feet above the Canal bottom and even with the surface of the marshes. In the great sttirm known as the Saxb)- tide, the water of the I'.iy of Fundy rose to an elevation of icooo feet above datum, and conseipiuitly Hooded both these lakes .uul * Ac;uli.\n C'tcoK .'V. ni lr.^!K•: summit preceed lev,! pi ten to t bed of buried.' vat ion c abo\e (. dejith o feet, wi ground or 10 fi hundred less 20 I or two f the Saxl if this in cordin>^ Report), have an IsthnniSj cotnmun occurred of the ni ably red strait at I ing deptl ing to M ha\'e be( '• moss," and-a!i;i from io| SdxI'V CU>/cT, Now, I moss 1 1 el and conj Sax!)}- .^] the sidel to IJaie Nor i| Stark's its dee] tween the com iiiit to and "t| marshy most p,l (Mr. I'.r dejith (,| on the feet ab(| ////■ c.;.v.!/>/ I-;-' y///' (• !X.i/'/.!y Mo.yj .':•/ y tinr>!ics to a (liptli of (.'i.;!!! Kct.'' ( M> ih-' buinmil ti) wliii h rcfritiiic i-- m uU- in the jirci'L\'»lii\^' i).ir.i.;riii!i Mr. Sink t'ouml .1 Icvtl jiliin, (((ii^ivUii.:, " to a depth of fiom tell to twciily fi-et, v\ iiio.-;, lyiiv.', U[iiMi the linl of a lake whiih its fonn iti,,ii |i,u! buiiod." Mr. Statk fo-and the lii.'he^t ele- vation of this mo>s at llio summit i iS feet ahove datum, '"and taking from tliis the depth of tlie nM>-i already descril)(.il, or .vi feet, will leave the elevation of the soh!cl ground only 28 feet al>ove the can.d bottom or 10 feet alio\e the in ir>h level." One hundred and ci^',hteen feet above datum, less :?o feet ofmo:iS, is 9S feet abo\e datum, or two feet less th ui the height attained by the Saxby tidal. Is is clear, therefore, that if this moss were drained and burned, ac- cording to Mr. Reefer's suggestion (:'/(/(• Report), another "Saxby Storm " would have an uninterrui>ted sweep across the Isthmus, and temporarily estal>lish water cummunication. A storm hke that which occurred in 1759 would make quick work of tlie niarslies and tloating bogs, antl {prob- ably reduce the isthmus to a permanent strait at high water, with continually ini le.is- ing depths in the channel. In fact, accord- ing to Mr. Stark's Re[iort, there appears to have been nothing but a baiil: of spongy '• moss," a quarter of a mile in width, a mile- and-a-ha!f in lenalh, aiul of a depth. \;irvi!ig from ID to 20 feet, " wliich prcrenfiJ tlic Six/'V tidal wave from ivn:irii>:^ A\'va Su'//a into an Island during iJic >n[;iit of Oitol'or, jS6q, and tJic storm of No'ooiibcr, Now, il the.se marshes or masses of sjnjng)' moss l)e drained l.)v the C'anal, consolidated and compre.ssed, what is to prevent anotliei' Sa.xb}' storm trom sending a tidal wa\e by the side f'f the Canal fiom the Hay of I"iuid\- lo I'.aie Wrte? Nor is the mo:>sy plain, referred to in Mr. Stark's Report a.s lia\in:; 20 feet of mo->s in its dec]>est i';nt, the oiily \o\\ sununit bu- t\\een the ])ays. Mr. Uaillairge found ui the contemi)Iated line of Canal the siun^ niit to be but five feet over the Saxb)' tide, and "the sinfah\- material reposing on the (la), but a-i the stunmit is onl}' five feet ab(;\e the Saxbv lid \\ the v,.ive, uie cia) mi) \vA ev< I t d the altitude of the solid sunm\it on .Mr. Reet'er's lin.', and w if.viiJi. st.indin,; the 1 ireful ch.irutcr of the b'Hings condm ted on the summit of the w.iler-.!ied, mi.yilKae not be a >till lower depre^>>iou th.m tho>e di^ o\ aacd ? ■' .Mr. .Alex. Monro, 1M..S., condnrtcd borii'.gs in the mo,,y pi lin at liie suniniit above deM ribcd, and found tlie thicknes^of the mo>s to vary fn^m 9 to 13 feel, but belo'.v this bed of mo.->s there w.is an accumul,itio;i of fdle'i tindier. ''The crust of the jilaiu for a depth of about 5 feet is composnj (,f roots and live mo^,; below this depth the materivd appea.rs to con-,ist of rotten mo^ and decayed vegelible ni. liter, renting upon the fallen timber of a buried fore-t, prob.ib!) accunuilated centuries ago, the whole rest- ing on clay OiwA rod sand-tone ro-k." The "buried forest" is prob.d)!y drift wood. 'I'he evidence o{ rooted stum[is would be required to entitle it to the mine of '• buried 'orest. 4. 'IHK >t'|-* KC! I) lOICI -IS. The su'jmerged f(jre-,ts at the he ul r)f the Cumberhnd I'.a^in, lia.ve been (.ie^cribeJ b)- Dr. I)aw.-on, with his usud clearness ar.d detail, in his Well known v.a^rk, " .Acadi, n Cieology." The valuable inform. it'on theie gi\-en and illustrated, is sup[)lemented in the nei)attmental rejiorts of the survey of the l-iaie X'eile C'anaJ, b)- plais and section-,, showing the [lOnition of the ^ubInerge(.I torests and their j)resenl depths, whirh leave noth- ing to lie desired respecting their origin ; it being inconle.-l ibl)' shov.n that they repte Sent lw(.) bell-, of inruiia' Ujiland foie-ts, im'.v submerged to tlie d'pth of about :; i and ^5: feet below the JjI me of the mair>lie.-.l Now the fust (iue.->tion with whi( '1 we 1. r.e to Lrraiii/'e i> this; I )o thes^/ submer.'C'! forests ind'.i ale a sub-.ideiK e, a-^ Dr. l)a\vswii suggests, to the extent of riboul .[c- feet, or are the)- th'; results of ./fV.'/c,.-'//.''.';/, through the inthu 111 e of the tides, and represent a l.iiid- slide :■' 'i'wo years ago I h id an o[iportunity of wa.t' hiiig llu' progiess of si'Ver.il pat( lies f)t grass covered luify soil, resting on a. sa.nily sub^tiatum, and receutlv det.H bed fiom the ; * .\i.tc- iv-pcttin;.; niil^i-iMniiii I f.iu 4-.. .A ihmmiI' i i " ll Diily rem lin > \ t il.i 11 I'l.ic' lAcr a ('111 i.lcr.ililr .lie I, an I tn -T 1 (lei'tli of .ili'.a! .}'' fc<;." ./,..■/'/./;/ O''.'.'^;;', //;■' jl- ici. nil ,\' >.!,'/. \,.', /,.; r / ILWI' liir.ili Iili'1, '.I'nut oiicliuiulrLd ;iiihes and bo^> of the 1' lie Wile isthmus, has fonibly suL^L^'O.ited to me the probability that these formations may be coiUemporaneous, aiul adds another i>roof to the 0[iim"on I have hjui; entertained, that the submerL;ed fore>ts and peat bo^^s found be- neath the sea, beloir^'inL.' to this period, are land slides, and represent a iilKuomenon which is of very wide spiead occurrence on the whole Atlantic coast, from the l!ay of Fundy to l'"lorida, bclouL^iiiL; to an importarit ''e(»l().rical chan''e uoiiw on under our eves. It is iXwv to M'. P. S. Ilamilti.in, formerl}- Commissioner of Mines in Nova Scotia, to ■ state that many vears since he ad\\)cated the view th;it the submer^^etl forests of Cumber- \ land 1! i->i:i re[iresLnteil land sli Ijs.* j The sluet of < ros-< section accompanying .Mr. }'..' !I lir-e's repi)rt, shows in all details the re'[ui-.ite conditions for a land slide, in | whi( h the mo\in.'; mass nii;j;ht preserve its intc'rilv throui'liMMt. There is the uenlle i slope seawards of the rock, ascertained by boriuL^s, the substratmn of (lay, o\ perhaps . tidal mud. reposin:; ujioii the rc)i'k. the peaty ' sc)il in \\hi( h the subnier.:ed trees are still rooted, like the pe.it}- subNliatum underly- i \\v^ the bOj;.s and marches ; and then we have \ the ever varyini,' chani'.e in absolute weii;!;! ' of the slidiuL; mas-, by beiii:', satuiatoil and drained twice a (\.\\ b\- tidal water, to de>tro_\- stable ('(luilibi ium, and iiiduce gentle motion down the inclined pi me. Aijain. the range of thelandwaid bound. ii_\- c^t the submerged stumps and fdlen tiee-> is ver\- neirlv the > same as the pie^em range of the bordeis of ' marshes or coast line at the mouth of the . CiMnb d f: rt r.;...rkM.!e and * " ( )n sulmii'i.'.i-' 1 ^l^^.•-^^ in ("umliril.iibl I'll ill," I'y r. ."S. I I.iniiltiiii. 'I i.\n-.', .iioii-- I'f til'- .\>i\,i ."sc.iti.m In^litulc "f N.itiii.'l SuviKO. \\'\. II. r.ut II. ].. 9t. fje.^tive pnalleli-m. Any one fm.ili.u- v.itli t!,e :!« h linds "' \u thv !'/vel exp.'^n-e fif the mirdi land-., whi' !i s'.dl maint.iin n wood'd surf'' e an^i \ •>.-■ nt nearly vei'i' d rlinV (if diift cl.iys and ^;ravel. with the u^•!al talus, showing the pre^cncf ■■t one time of wooded iipkuid over wh.il arc now wide arcs cif the riche-it m.u-.!n l!ut on some jiriiiions of the Mafcin and Heberi rivers, We can nr)W see the low upkind clothed with forest growth, swept during high titles to the Very ba-c of the cliff. .\s Mr. Hamilton su.;gesls, in the pa[(er before referred to, these mav be undermined, and in fivourablc positirms |)ortions of them may slide bodily down, 'i'he jar jiroduced by an earthc f >r the init:\l movement which o[)erates to a great extent in this climate in denuding sloping banks, , namely, the efTcct of the thaw in s[)ring. 'I'hc soil on the north side of slopes is often fro/en to the de[ith of three or more feet. During early spric.g the ground thaws to the depth of two feet, a heavy rain occurs and loosens the thawed mass, which slides over the still fr(.i/en substr.itum. There exists, moreover, a grave geolo-,ical objection to the theory which sui'i)Oses the>e stum])S to represent a forest su.fimerged by a subsidence o{ the area to an extent of ablaut forty feet, wliich apjiears to me to be fatal. Let us restore this submerged fore-t to its original p>osition by an im.aginary re- ele\-al!on of the land, \\\\\\ then becomes of Cannberland I'.asin? It mu-t rise with the fore>l, and if so, Cumberland Ikisin would become a narrow river channel, without v/e assume that the Minudie Maa^hes, styled the I'dysi.m b'ields, cover an old channel by whicl'i the w.iters of the Ilrberl and Mace \\\ fouiul their w\iy to the se.i. and even this suppositioii would n eces^a ril)' so circumscribe the area of .subsidence, that it must have jvir- t.tkeii of the n.iture of a downthrow fuilt, o( \\hi( h then is no evidence, and it must h '\e occuiied at such a remote period as to pe: t of the and Ji. iheu idi irirlch t for this UdUld I structioi rore>t. I net. Cll'^posi.'!. of Cuiii Jar to tl J reco'i sidence cm .\or niinaiy }>run-,wi( and me. think tl belong I whicii a I carrying present the foldi lacliian j present t AruLrica joined b) be foun( a:id syiK ii i\e aire line of tl >ve can ( berland this wide are cxtrc at ari) n rivers, es of I-'und on befoi by mean 'I'he t to thre-' writer tiiies ri- coiisid-r pl.t' e (h; in limit] formerl)- restti.d solid. Itir, the im .1 greater re'oi.liii taken ij,,' ' '! .i!u! ll.!ii.!l S\l!Ii.'\'>, .llui the ^llIi>lltU!l>i!i i)f llicwiilc spir.Klif.'v!) ^■l il iii.ii^liiN.whii li ii,,\\ (.tllltll tlu'ill TllV [r. li rl (if tlllll' lllVtiK nl |iir tills Uul!. (it lluiiull II, il Mit titlltliill UDllM ll.i\x IkMi sUt]i( il nl Inr tiir t^t il dr- striK tioii of all ti.t( c> of llu o> Ml!iiiiclj;(il I li(.'C(.l sr.Miely sl.ite tli.it uliilr li-jili.; di'>l'(«->Ml to .ittiiliutc tlic >uliiiicl.;<.(! I'nir^t^ of Cuiiilieiliiitl r.isii) to a l.iiul ^.lidc, simi- ' lar to the sliiLs iio\s aciULlly takitij.; phu r, ' I ror(i^^;in\c a L^iiiiTal and uidr spitai! suIj- sidoiKL- and fIc\alioii of tiic whole of I'.asl- ern North Ainciica, and have in \\\\ jtrcli- ' rniiKuy repori on the deohj-y of New lirun^wick, ^iveii nuin.ro'K i]lu->tiations | and niciMireiiienl^ ; hut 1 am disponed to ; think t!i,il the>e niovenienl.-> of the (:ru>t ' bclon- to an order of geological ehan^es ' which aie [jroL^ressin;; on a vast scale, and '' canyih- down tVoiii remote epocji.s to the j)re>ent hour, but with geolo.^|c:d slowness the foldin;^ of tlu; cru>l a■^ durin.; the Apiii- lachian period. If all t'lie known poiiitj f)f ' jiroeiu elevation and iie[ire>sii.'n in !•,. intern America be correctly plotted i>n a map. and i joined by continuous lines, I think il.ey will \ be found to indicate a series of anticlind , and -^ynt lin.d fold-, pnralhl to tho.>c vdiirli ' lM\-e already de'ermined the superrcial out- ; line of the rountiy. lJi;i I do not think th:il \vc can class the submer.ied fi^re-t.-. u{ V\\\\\- \ berland l!a>in as anunij, the evidences oS. this \vid.e-.s[iie.td nuueineut. 1 think the) are extremely local, recent, and may ck:( ur at ail) moment in some parts of the tidal rivers, e^tuario, bas's, and b.i>in-> of tlie Ikay ' Ol }-'und)-, and th:U we luue e\id.rnce i,oin^- , on bet(jre oure)es of a .simikir sulimer^^encc by means of slitles. Tlie depression of the marshes from one to three feet below the plane of mean hiL;h- watci is just as nnu h an e\iden( c of tlie tides ri.sin- 1o,m11\- hi-her th.in formerly, considering' the ch.!n.;i-^ which ha\e taken pl'H e durin- the last hundred and fifty years in limitinj^' the exjianse over which they foinierly spread theii' w,iter>, as it is (rf.t ter- rcstii.d loc:i! sul)sidel:( e, \'.\\\\\ due to Coii- solid.ition, although the dejae.ssioii below the 111', an level of hi.jh water is a little gre.iter than shown Ii)- the ob^ei witions recotdin^r the lldd tan.,e, for thcM- Wele la^t taken dm in- the niuht time. 5. I ' " \l I'O l;l \^l \\^ I III I! I Itll II 'Ihei. i , reall) no ob_, . . tiai to the \icw ill It the tid. •, 111 ;y be l.,c,il!y ri-iiu, hi..,hcr thin li.rnieil) in runibeilmd lli-'n. 'j he liUMll liel:;lit of the tld<-, in ^w lud'd b i\ ■, i, cou^taiill) ,1 li.muin'; with tiie iiH ici •■ or de- crease ot the section d arei opei.in.; in'.) the bi)-, allowin^;.; a gre.itei or lev. bo ly ofwatei to p:i>s in with coiTespondi;!__; v.uiable hio inentiim. Mr. Mit<;liell''' compired the m it->!ie-, on tlie two shores of the n.irrow isthmus be- tween Ca_ie Cod and r.u/.'iiil\ 1'. s>. and found tint the marshes on either side dif- fered but about one-tenth of a foot t'loni th" Jocd elevation of mean Iii.;h-water ; butlh; m.irshes on the C.'.ipe ( "od I', i) si' are t\v o and a half t'eel hi-lier iIkhi those on the Hu//ard's Ikiy side, ami this is the ditVeieii. ■• in the mean hei-ht of hijji-uater in either Ikiy. 'riie^e bay.s beiiu; within six mik > of one another, fvU^ing an open se.i. atV' rd nn ;'d. mir.ible ilIu->tr.ition, not onl) of the tiuth of the pioposition that the pi me of the mar>lu;s is th It of iiuan hi.,Icwater. but aI>o of tlie variable allilude of tlie tides i-^b;iys <-lo-e to^:;ether, and similar!) .situateti wii.h re., ud to the ocean. It also shows tint ;i cl.:iii;j(,' in the in. An iia rea-e in the me. in hei.'htin the tid.'sin thi-sei luded area would be re:idily jiroduced by the ero sion and (leepeuin,', of the (hannel bet^veen llfiss Poi!it and I'e-k's I'oinl, where the strait is alu/u; a mile and .i h:df bio;id, with a dejUh (;f upu.irds of se'.enly feel ; but if this local ilKie.i'^e in the height of the tides in Cumberlmd Ikisin h.i- tak.'ii pku e by the LMe.itir intlux of li:crt\'\c as tile weai of t lie sti.ii; piojiesscs. Th-' liiiiilin.;' of the area owi u !ii( h ihe lidal'w.iter comin.; tlir()U;_;h the deep sii.iit .it I'.o ,, i'oinl spreads itself mu-.t also i.iuse an elev.aion in the he'._4ht of th'' tiile, and this' hmitin.; prof csS has been goiii:^ on siiax- the sellleiiienl of the counti)-, b\' the dyl:in_; of the miish lands. mmmmm /(, / / . i Ni ir 'ill'. tiMM*!i (tf tli<; SIii'>"i " ulic Ki^ct tin' c\\\ tfli 1 1 . of H!ti)i.% .'IS fir ■^^ t'le n.ivi:^i'i"'i i*i (O'lf criu'd, )\r,<: f\lii!»i' A tlionjsilvcs in :i rtiii mI. 'M- rrMMrr, in strirt ni',r(.'''iiii'iit with tlu- luv tiinnri\t' 1. Nut m'>r'' til '.u lliiily yr.ir-i n;;M, nftdtdli / to Mr. 1 1 uiiiltoii,' vc^v.l, of fiMni fiUy to out liuii'lr\(l at)(l fifty V>\\< \v..rf nrri|sioMi'.''l, nl:iii' t (1 lily, t') '-lil u\< (!i>!i •'I'l"'! !'. /, ii rcci'ivc ;iinl (li-^cli it.'c ( ir.;(i.T.t a [il i' r wli ri- it is now I)ri of an f»ji'ii bo it fiirlln.T ii[» tlic bay than Yuill's I>liiu!, v.Iiich l^ uhoiit six rnilo below tii'.- brid '■•. The are. I of (l)ke(l niir--hos in N s ■ I. .\ 1 ri . • !,•;. f |. ..f I )'>■] .' t . i;i'l in ]\ -If .Ui h" ;r llll. lilt.' Ol NlO milMH.-> III .^W>,!. scotia and New I'lriinswic k is about i?o,ooo arre^, and to llie extent of the area thii-; feprc-.ented liave tlie Hniitin;.; effects of hunnn a:;enr^ a< yet sucrr led in confui- in.; the tidal waters. As the great tlirin:; niarslies ol>served l-\ .\ii. i;.Ji:a;r.4i is due, in j>arl, to natur.d sub-iresents Some singular and .strikinL,'phenomena,whii h may contribute to our knowled.^e of the m. inner in whii h dittlrent a.H'iits h;.ve assisted in excavaliiu; this exlrai 'idinaryb.iy, andarenow eiu;a.;ed in i'\tendin;.;ilsdoniains in some directions and redui in:; it in otl,i;s. Within an hour or so of tlocd tide the estuary is sten to be full of masses of tloat- ini; ire, mud-stained and some times, but not often, loaded with e.irth, stones, or pieces of mar>h. The tide, tlowiii;; at a rate of tour or five miles an hour, rushes i>ast with its bioad i( e l.uKiied current until the * 'l'r.in>.utiiin-. of tin- Nov.i S^nli.ui In-.titulc, a'l is repo-.v nnd '| , ebb b'- ;'■! , til'.' in: i' •• con.mi.nf e to mo-, they are as swiftly ;. hdi". ; tio;-.- b^ .I)' tov.,.rd> t!it time, m »vin;j; up the wide ri\er f'ster tlnn he can conveniently w.dk, a fc b in:,' of a^tonidim-.nt akin to awe, v,-lii< Ii :■, hei'liteivd r.ith'.T th 'ii diminished, if he should retarn to the sirne point of view hilf an hour later, and find the ice stro.tm rushin^' as impetuoi.uly as before in e\a( tly the oppo.dte direction. Durin.; the ebb tide minyof the larger blocks gr-und on the smd b:u>, so tint \v1k n the tide is out the extensive Hits are C(nered v.ith icedjlock> imv.mer.dtle. If the i:erio(.l between the ebb and the return of the tb)od is very cold, the strar>ded ii e- blocks free/e to tlie s■lnd•bar^ or nvid-flit-. and ar>' covered by the returnin;^' tide, but oidy until tlie wa.rm ti'l.il water succeeds in tliawiiu: the fro/en s.md or mud around the b\se of llie iced)lock, and it ii enabled, by means of its less sjiecitlc }.;M\ity. to bre.d: away with a frozen layer of mud or saml attached to it. It reaches the surfico of tlie water Nvith a bound, and is inst uitly swept away by th.e incom;a,f tide. The spectacle thus [iresented b\an extensive sambbaraf'.r a few hov.r.s of free/iny weather, i> most ex- traordinarv ; the whole surface of the tlood or ebb becomes suddenlv ali\e with blocks of ice, sprinL,M'ne, itp fium below, each carrying away its burden of sand or mud fro/en to its base. Later in the se.ison, towards the middle of March, this sinc.ular phenomenon cm be seen to the be^t advantage, and it i.^ curious to watch a bloek of, say, ten feet siiua.e by fi\e or six in thickne.-is, being cjadually c()\'ered by the tide until it l.iecomes lost to \iew for an lunu' or more, during which time the water m.iy have risen three or four feet above it. " \\'hen least expeoi- Cil '' up the submei_-;ed m.iss springs ; it h.is broken loo^efrom the fr^ven bottom, itseems to st.ay.aer and iiaiise for a few moments at the surface, and then joins the rest of the icy sire mion their monot(MK)Us journey, until it is ae.ain sli.mded on some other tlat or bar during the el'oing tide, but this is only a small part of the history of these icedilocks, d'ring !u It' k is .s , t'l' tkio( Inbaiati :k grow, S of i< e ;i • t,..es di tei\es .! \ the t ftaatly i ily fio/en -•n the }:[ /er to frei ithc I; - I nCe is th.i : af t!i dly ling some i rnd, a ich V. ill en ing liile. )ns, .itid ( estuary, r ind' d ag.ii n of its Itcil oil" di t there cai ached satif ring t'le jo rg, .md (ire uary. In Uion. are n will) ti.iil (jorlion fro out hve h'l rt of it 1) Ml >b, to the i ird tlil.il i.[ It wlnai till coir.'' po'.'.l •tritus, aiu] :)diK <.A <•){ urse of till ■ast Iiei !■•, 'i'he exte dth, the el ore ( !(/ el Fundv tij Befoie, 1, 'me of th ay b" well the ;.'io\\i dd w int. locks .o;n y con ' low to dii pilf f 'Jill a.v I />/.!. \ Mo\//. ' y of 1, .ir • ! ^ .:.! in •ii> :\\' \ \.:l 1 11 !S if hv \:v.'W 't<; irn \ii tly ])oing d :iii,; !K ij> tit!- - ii cfo'ir ll n ['Ui- l!..a , It'll, is sti.iiitKil ill >iii ll s'i;i!n\v u.ttir ,'tlu' IKxh! h,L-> liOt |M\\U to I.l" 1- it tl"'.!! inl)4tati'.iii to v.liiili it In fi'i'.ii. 'liif :l L;rosv,'. tlk'U' v.illi cvtiy li'l'.- ; ftt. -li f of itc aiii! tiJ.il iiuiil foihi all rouml it ■ I'.iK'S c!uii?\; fvuy t\vciit\-four lioii:.>. tiM\cs ;u( i>Nioiii fioiii riliiii.^ siiou>, \ tho tiiiK- llir spiiii^ iitU'> lK'L,'iti, it nitly iiii ic.islhI ii\ si/e- aiul is nutri; .^ ilj fro/cn di' u\M.;lit(.tl to till' N.md-li.T. n tin; spiiii' tiilr. III i\ Hot ll ivc the .•cr to free it from its ii y li'.tid, if ilic ithtrhi> been (.'Xticiiuly ( oM ; iIumou-,- nCc U tli.it it L;n<.> on inrica^ii,.; in si/e, I artu illy I'l-foni'-'s a niini.iiiirc bcr^;, nou- ' ling some tlious.iruls of ciiliii: feet of ice 1 rii'ul, and still retaining n luiovancy ich will tn.'.Me it aftera tli iw during high ing lidt.s to hrc.d-; as.ay with a l(jad v,( jrls, and carry it either out to sea or ii[i estiijry, and if it shouUl c-hance to be \nd' d nijain, it will jirohal-ly lea\e a jior- n of its liurdm, j^rovided it has not Ited oil during its vo)-age \. ith die tidi;. t there can lie no douht that some of the ached sind, mud, or sliingle is meltud (.>(( ring the journey of th- hi.K kor miniature rg, and drc>[is into the hed of the ri\er or uary. In reality, these ict -cakes, when in jtion, are jjer[)etually streuing the hol- n >vilh transported nriterial and bringing portion from oin- jil ici- tme ortl,' KMdiiig fi .iluro ot the lid- ■, it ay L': well to [loiul out anotliei pe' uli uit) the growing bloc ks of stranded ice during jld wiiitris. In tlie .\\u\i and its (.■■^tu'ry, locks sometimes iii' iea--e in si/eaiid weijiii ycon laiil a( t es>ion of mud and i( e .md low to su( h an extent that they rem.iin Undi-tr.ibid b) the hi.,lu t ' pi iuj', tu'e-i. md a; tun dimension, whii h ate f.iirly lepri « 'lit- d b)' a m I -s l\', .!.ly f.-et long, twenty lV"l bioad, and sixteen f et hi.,!i, thn. (op.'. ilig UpU.niU of 6,000 t ubi( fiet of alteii. itc film-^ of ice and tiilal nmd. This se.isotj (ju.- blot ks liave iVetpuiitly e\ceedid ihr^c dini' i»>;o!i-;. .\s spiing appro. n !■ ^, the tid d \vater.-> mell,the base fir more r.ipiilly than the *^tiii'> r.iys h.iNf power to di--il\c the lipp'i jiortion. The n. ls^ ^ladu.iljy assume-, t' e firm of .111 in\e!t(.d p\ • iiiiil .';.! fmall) tumbles over on its side aiul bie.iks into pieces. At the tinie I am now uiititi^, (:<^)th January, 1^75), the s.mdy tl.its of the A\'o!i ;iie (ii\ered with innumerable bh.^'ks of mud i<"e, dail)' iin teasing in dimeiisiou^ and weight, owin.; to the prolonged cold weather of the ]iast month. The tlood ti('e brings from the lo..er p.nt of the e-^ti' nv a mass of ice-cakes whieh (ompKtely co\eis the br<.)ad upper part of the estu.iry; stiandcd blocks, fro/en to the mud and s.md b.'.nks, bnr>t U[i after the tide ha-> ri--en a few feet over them, .and the forrt; of tlie ( (hk u■-^i'■!l lifts the c.'ke, swiftly diifling o\er it; and this is t. iking place over an area as fir as the e\e (an re, M h, up and down the e -tu ii), and ( ov- ering many square miles of surface. The newly fillen snow has sprinkled the stirLu eof the tloa ting bloiks wi'h a spotless cain ip'. of while, wlii( h contr.'^ts straiigel\- with t!i'.!r miHl--tii!Kd sid'/s. T!:e w;;'!!e scen.e, in deed, is on:' wellfiiiid to CMjivey ;in ii'ei of the pow ir w lii(.li h.is b'jeii in .truiueiil d in e.xiavadng man)' of die l.iioad e^tuuiei whii h foliii the (lUtlet of livels tlowillg into the upper lioiiidii of the l'.a\- of bundy, fir this anil)- of nuul, sHi'l, and shingle (.iiriei^ is ( easi l< -, .!\- at work. d'\- and ni/ht, for fiMi iiii'iitii- ill th. _\'Mi, ill (.\ei}' e>iiii!\ and <.in ewiy b;M,id s.ind-b a nl. .and mial fl.it in the l!a\. Tiie impre-sion jiiod'Ked on il;e mind b\- this spet tai le is ii'il ;i I'lea-ait (.n ■. In calm we.ither, or durin; liie pies.ile.ae of winds in one fpuirler, th'si eiie, so often le- jieated, be< ome ; paihtull) nioiiotoii' m-.. a-> fre'jU'.iidy one (.111 ie stream," and in .iii hru 01 sow ith e'iu:d e.iL'eriie.is drills seM.xaid-. with th'.; ebb, but owing lotheelenial How (,f the Ili_) (jf I'und) i'iii \0/-'' /'.^\.t, /',■' — — "» M ii n i M ii n i na— Ml f'/ / < r'..'[.i.e;i:i;:,; the I/'', v,-ii!i thi; m iK'xt d;'.y .slij.',!ill}- in' !•..' s.nnc t';i^-';(:i' rii-.li, niid so (^i U>: 0.^)> ninl sf.iiKtini!.:-. WLcks t'-; ctlirr. Nd is ll.c \/c;iry ini['rt.'ssiuii .softvnul \>} l!ic rcll'j( lion tiul the grcracr {.'r/itic'ii of the pis>i:i- Ikj ,i h '\c bcci'i cn;_'..K;i(! in ti.'\t.lllii^, ovji" jirei i-el- the saiiic ror.tc in dull unit"(.>riiiily lliioiJj'.hout the \viiiti.r's llil^;ht^, ni.d \', ill coiuiiiue to do so, until :i rh,!ii.;e in the dli'.'tion of tire wind drives th' n; out tf) se.i, but onlv to take uj) another " line ofniareli" in another direction. It will be observed fic.ni the fore'^oinii descrijilion, th.'t tlie action of ice in the tidal rivers of the I'ay of I'undy is of a totally different character from the /a- \::ts o/i7a>.\:! o'i ice in such rivers as the St. l.awreme, be- yond tlie rear h of the tide. ""I'liere, all the transjiortin^; effects arc directed down stream, ns is so jL;raijhically described by Sir \\'illia!n Logan, in his i)a[ier on '' theA\'inter Plieno- nicna of the St. Lawrence."' Ice in the ]!ay of Fundy rivers and e->tuarics, and even on its coasts, lias a tenfold greater excavating and transporting power than in rivers wheie no tide exists, in continually repealing the 0[)eralion, and niaki ig the same block of ice carry material to and fro, for nv^_ 'hs together, and \\\< stream as well as down, tience the rea^'ii \\h\- the estuaries of in- sigm'ficant streani> aie of such giga.ntic di- mensions on th.e upjior iiartofthe Lay of Fundy shores, and jierha-ps v/e nuiy hnd an explanation of the tiii;,!n of ni:iny great val- leys now occupied b}' small rivers, in which tidal cunents prevailed during a colder epoch, and during a period of suinnergence. It may serw also to e\['l;an the origin of drift containin- fia'jinent-. ori^inatinj; from stnita far ciov.n the st reran- \vhere such de- posits occur, aid whii h ar^- nnl found in s:t!i up stream. It is curious to watch the action of ice ac(annu1ating on the wh.irves and between wharves in sueh harliours as Windsor, and others on the coast, wheie the tide rises thirl)- feel or more. '1 ho ice grows with great rapidity on the sides exposed to the tide. 1 )uring prolonged seasons of vei)' cold weatlKi', it acquires a great thickiu.-vi, scMnelinie^ of ten to tuent)- feet. I'.etween the whaues the ice_ will meet, and actually fill up the inUivening basin or sliji, forming, a solid ma-s twent) feet thick, ^\'lu•n spiing comes with its 1 a 1 g.enial V, arm'.li, anl se' haibour Axe, the ma- ; o;. :'.■• r/ N'.harf or pi.r Midd.- r-ily r: spring tide, bec'-)me. d: ' av, ay. Not so, ho'.ve'.a..'. :' ■ : ' .'• n t'.'.-o wharve-1 foriiiin:; a .-!;• : ;■ : . ' •- \- m foi' Weeks aflel the fii;.. e i. ' •. ?./[ ' : ".-d A' 'ii; the outside; it is im/. r;,ly ht.Il on b'/Ji sides, but alsc) at tlie brjf.oin, tor the sv.-eej) of the tide can undeiri'ine it but slo'.'.I)-. I have asked the opinie,n of persons well ac- (piainled with this serious obstruction to navigation during the earl)- spring, and ha\e been told that the ice sonietimes remains a month longer between wh.arves than out- side of either. Th.e ".slip" forme(] by tlie I'ier.i at the La)- of Fund;, er.trancc to the liaie \'erte Canal, will be 2^0 teet broad and 1 100 feet long. Is it not worth while to consider how \o\vs, the ma-,; of tidal ice wliich would be formed in it (perhaps having an. avenige of thirty feet in t'liekness, 250 feet in breadth, and 1000 fect in length,) would rc'iuire to tlraw to the extent necessary to permit of its renio\a!. Ilow lor.g would it remain after na\-igati>:'ri w:..sopen? 1'he tide undermines the ext..:v'.>r ice on the out- side walls of the sliii. and it is constantly lit'ted a little at the tl'iod, ur'itil it becomes too feebly attached t ;> resi.^t th.e strain, and breaking, goes off t'/V !'u:sst. It resembles a glacier "calving." Sometimes, land slides occur in th.e estu- aries, and duriiig their past history ^•a>t numbers must ha\-e ta.ken place on a large scale. The tides soon assort the materials, carrying off mud and sand, and leaving a cordon of boulders or masses of rock. Ice cakes during winter gel jam'.aed betwcn these masses of rock, and growing with each tide they graduall)- lucre. ise and accuniulate to such an extent tlKit, when a high sjiring tide occurs, the whole mass starts, and il near the Hoi.d lloats up stteam for a mile or more ; the repetition of this may cany them further up stream, en awa)- to\\-.irds the sea. v.ith the ebb ; but it is clear that, as with small fr.igments, we hue the me, ins o^ trans- porting m.isses t>f rock against the stream, and fii- beyond their position when i'l si/:/, antl in a contiar\- diiection to tha.t of the sujipo.^ed pK'\ailing drift. As alie.ul)- stated, tiie upper [-lait iA' es'ua- 7 ,oS eye .It riM rie- m the ;vol run.^ liC' ^.lUK'S ca. ikev.1 wul: f y///-, c I . \ /'/ I'/ y///: ( tlK .l.'f^v///' )• iCi) to luis Icrs L'ie to \- to it Lldc out- lulv UK'S and sill- Is, J(\' en l.ue rin^- nilo :\irv 10 II vith .ins- am, lie viil: 1( lilo.'kcd (hiii!!.^ •i!ii1 :!t till- el slt iiw a |i Mi.'t in \\ brf. iiinci 1 to t IK- II fl.'vnl tide. Tlic c^tii u) of thcAw)!! at Wind- tide if it li ^ n^t tl.r j OWlT to r Ml 1- ll- for I i> ^o (iio;;t.'i inks nil 1 with c\e!v I1iV)l1 tide that 1 K'lU' ;hiir4 but a rou 'h and sl.ition.'.iv atli the nia^.-. ; it nlll^t >[ i; e. luaa->Me> <> ll.il- ami h..;ni the l" icefield i=; seen for h,;h\in hmu" htfoie lii.'.h a lu.-w ri.er rlijiinel, at the e 1 "Vei Ill- Ill '.'.ii)n '){ It 1-- not .v, diiriiu; the stand, and for liah" an he car difi'ieiiU to ii n. i :;i nc t lie orca-innal (» tani at'' r iMe the lie einnii"' of the eM). DurinLitlii^ ' of this ohenonienDn (hnin • tlie Ion:; hi-^t rval, let lis sup i-r 1' as is not unfrc- j ot an e-inar)-, and it will at;>i:il an e.i-,y lory e\- qiiently the casv in this (-lian.'e dile cdiniate, j.l.inalion of t!ie rh )f r that it rains. It may aiijie ir III. to say am i.'.n;.;in:; or river en uiiU'.s, 1 t!ie erosion of wide valle\s now oeeu that the innumerahle blocks hee/e tnj.ethe:-, ^ jiicd by insi^^nificant streams. During, th.' llUi(. i endently of rt\^cIafion,'^ for the ttiii- ' subsidem;e and elevation of con me an peratnre or the icc jn.-t bene ail tl lesuilaceis unuien-ie am nm^t lia\e been snbua.d t'l below tlie freezing point, exceiit after a I these tidal ice-phenomena during pi-t ages, prolonged thaw, and the rain trickles through ' and it is ai)parent th;!t both in crc^-^ion and the interstices between the blocks, and binds •■ transportation, tidal iec hi--; e\er(i-;eda va>t Iding the valleys .lubjot to its tl leiii together in c me sou d sheet. I I iave u.)wer m niou been credibly informed tli.U even in the , iiitluenrc. Upper portiiMi of the Avon, wliere the estuar)- ! ^, is three thousand feet broad in the channel, ' ^iniiiuijv ', whethersjirings or ' at Cornv.aliis River, a little less ; and at t ia- neaps, it is brolcen ii loe- tPV tl le mo'.'.th '■>f the Slu;ben.v,M sulisidence. 'I'lie tU.xnl carries it www in the 6^ t' feet. '1 lie die, tliev m 'v att.un tide ru.-^lies thnnU'li the usual manner, but where there are variaainns channel leading into the I'.i^'n of Min.\s at a sneed of fiom seven to ci'.;ht kiV)ts an l.n the breadth of the cl take phice lannel a jam may arrow part, and tlie ice be- ' hour on th south side Ul At ii s n iriDweit comes jiilcd. 'JTie bl<>ck^ coming di-.wn with \ [lart tlii- channel is al.>ctit four miles hnn^d the ebb accumulate at the jam, and as the ' Imt from 30 to 57 fathom^ deep. The tide: tide recedes lower and lowi way become; 10ms deep the who'e tide- ' divide after entering Minas I'.asin into two filled up, and the mass freeze.-. 1 jiarts, one {lowing into Coli^-iiuid bay, the ■tOL'cther. formiii'^ a solid icc jam of immense other m'o vei^ht and extent. W lie Wiiuh ly le ] have not tl seen this phenomenon I tide again divides, one ( lureiit thjwing w\) tl but 1 ' Avon esmirv, the oth.-r up the {!ornv/alli> am convinced that in ceit;!in s easons anr 1 at ' ]" iver e^tuir\- A ebb tide, blocks of i I e. ])art icui I)t r {ila(xs It sonietunes t,ik pi.ice. loa CO It! with sand, i'r.ive d, and shin.de, aa-i ling tlic pre.^ent unusuail) severe \\uit(.r 11} caiiied down the .A' into W'iuf 1?!V, the great icc sheet foriiKd by the fiei/ing ' and if the wind serve-, during the stand, they loL'CtliCr of the ice-blo( ks has remained ' may drift either into the range of the ( fix'.d for many da\s, in some of the t.>tu 'rit w.i Hi o! Shul )ena( .idle Hi tl IIK 0111- 1, as lead ma m to C r)inv,a 11; i>in ; and a. porli')n tl le case nn\- "^, are cii I ii'd mto one o f of the estuary of the Avon, containing an \ those cstuaiie.. 'I'he reverse of thi-, inter area of about twenty miu ire mile:., has been ' change of range take; place, aixl Shubeni completel}- blo(k<.d up hom ^ho:\- to shore, ' c ih- tne icr cxteiidin.' in out ru; ,:e(l shee t fi ioin A' .ivel' ice ( block \on 01 l.orinvaih- s m.13 iverr;. diift Coi into thi. iseijUi below the village of jiant .port, as f'r as the ' debii-, fro:n Tri.i' ac 'I'r.ipand Lower Carl eye crinld re.uh, up to the town cW" Windsor, niferous rocks become commin ■ntly JO- led. aim It liscsand fill, with the tide.aiid it is ea-y to ' matciiil; from different ro. k sy.-t.an-, may JV,/..'ly; I'll lUoti. .^.niliir.' 1 >il<.i lion-, ICl. . . . I thus find lIiLir \\,i\ tn i'".iti(in'. tlic ri.\i.r.-i' of th'j supi'Osod (lircf ticn of ire drift ; and ti this cxjilw! tion iii:iy ajiiily to f !! v, id', r areas j I! uiulir dit'icrciit. ronditiwiis of sim I'.ac!, ( li- niatt.', and coastal (■(iiifii^'nratioii, In oriU ; to arrive at an a{i[iio.\irn:!.t>' cstinntc of tlie quantity of tld d nitid d.dly tran .iiorlcd \\\< and do\'.-p the c^tl!:!riL•s, I selected jir.rtions 01 two average bUtrks of ice, one having been frozen to tlie liottuni and suli-e'[iietitly libe- rated, the other, tidal ice, whii' li did not show any signs of having ground al. I'lntli were seamed with ligiit chocolate coloured lines of luie nuid, and more resembled dirty rock-salt in ajipcarance tlian ice. l^lock No. I, or the block which had grounded, contained a jiroporiion of 7 ounces of tidal nuid in one cubic fc 't. I'llock No. ?, contained al)OUt 3 ouricesof tidal mud in the cubic toot. Tlie average of the two being tlve ounces of mud to the cubic foot of ice. Assinning th.i; ice-blocks, when aggregated at the flood tide in an estuary, to cover the surface approximj.tely mea-' : d late in January of this \ear, in the Avon, as follows : li I ti-i'. . '- ' ' .. :>), '.Ve V \\\\\'\: X.- - abiv, c ti:-: !.;■. fiv hi;iur< I., re t: i;.iy SI v.itl' a five {r-.--^ ai.'V. e ti'.e I. '.■.an andj in .'iv h.our< i,. re, fdls four f.et bd.::.- the \..:.\\ le^el (; ■■ of C \ St lid t > t 1-. vel of t!:e '• w o-]y th of til'.' s lircidth 3,000 feet, or .-rbout Jianiilo. I.t/nc^lli 50, 0'O feet, or about lO anles, 'I'hickne'^, .ivcr.i^^c. 4 feet. doing lov.cr dc'.'U the bny to Xoel, :■• 1 adootii,.; t'ae lew c.-itiniate of the Admiraliv clinit.-i, wc ii;iy in six hours witriess the tide ri-j twcnt)-hve I'-et above, and '■in!: in the foUov, ina six hoat-5 tv,-entv-four fee t below, the mean level C'f tlie sea. In Cumbeil.Hid Ikisin, where one terminus of the iJaie \'erte Canal is projiosed to be situated, the in. a.n range of lii:-;h water, that of the \\-x-\m of il-.c marshes, carries it nineteen feet above liie mean level of the sea, and its swing sin.ks it eighteen feet below. Theoreticall}', the rise abo\-e tlic m;'.n level of the sea and the fall below it shot;!'] be tlie same ; the difference observed in Mr. r.aillairgo's table- are, however, slight, arul j would no doubt be less if the mean level of i the sea, to which they are referred, v,-ere i accurately ascertiin.ed by observations con- ' tinned tor a longer period. It is abo to lie ! noticed t!-.at the tid;d'record extends o' ^y to i day tides, no C'bservalions having . been the t«)tal quantitv of tidal mud carried, b\- j taken to ascert.in tlie altitude of ni^. this ice-field am.ninted to 93,750 tons. ..V ' tides. As there is a difference beUveeii the strong south wind would blow the ma^-: with ' d :;• and night tides, the night tide.r being the ebbtide into Wind-or ll.iv, antl intotiie tid.'l current leading intia Cornwaliis Riser cstuai")', where much of it would be di'[jo- sited. 7. 'ItlK SWIXC, O!' Tin: 'I'lOlS OV 'WW. r.AV OF H'NDV. Standing on the bold mural clitTs facing Chigneclo Channel, leading to Cuniberkuul Uasin, where Sir \\'iili.nn Logan ma.de his the highest in tlie bay of Fundy, an addition 1 of a constant yet to be ascertained will j have to be made to all the figures showing tlic range of the tides. We may now see without difiuniltv' liow it is thai ice, voxels, and indeed any float- ing object, moving with the tide from four to eight mile> an tiour, may drift backwards and forwards for a space of twenty o'r tiiirty miles, or until the ebb meets the incoming celebrated section of the carbcmiferous rocks ! flood, and this for weeks and months to- of Nova Scotia, the obsei\er may look upon I sether, not onlv in estuaries and the tidal the broad ex[Kinse at his feet. an\' time '^■iruig Januar) , I'ebiuaiy, and March., aaid in some yeais to the micUUe of April, and watch the iv e floes diifting with the tide. If there W a prominent mark, such as Sometimes ore uis late in .Apiil namel_\-, a too venturoa S(la:ouer caught in the ice, he may ga/.c upon the m.uk drifting willi the Hood and ebb, foi wards and ba'-^ ti'^' iiiv-.ni K'vcl of the ; WvX t!;;.:.' i, a iiliiTioiiiciinii of singula in- ■a ;iiul coii(imK> to il.-. ciul to low watrr, , UTc-t (lcvc!o|iv^! !iy Mr. IV il!.iii;:,i'''s valualilc hc!!., afit-i .1 I'li' rintciN.il of i\>t, it iiuct> oli>ci\\uious, which sliow.-. itself not only in le iii('oMiin.i tl'> '. \vhi< 'i (.■aiiic> it up tl.o the diriLT.-iit \ cloril-cs of the < uiicuts (h,iiii>.r icliiu'i.! I'l.iiK' t'. tin p! " c winner it h,.il tlie ehh a':.! lloot!, hut e^peei.illy in theUis- ■tout on it- nu.inotonou> journe)'. 1 )(.>',sn tii!)iitioi.-> of the>e veloeitie^ throu.;h the dif- le ilKlinetl for s!\ hours, and uji the in- ferent hours and ii.ilf hours of the llood and incd {'l.me fe'T six houi.--, ;'nd soon witluiul eh .>asiiv_:. m hi- t.d)le. it is sho\'.!i tint while duiin.; tiu: li-e of the tide, the l]u\, dining sorin'^s, i,". extrenseh- iriej,r.l n, durin.; el>l)s, it is to ci.>n.-id'.r the elieet (.A le titles upon tl'.e different kiiuls of inaleii- Con\c\ed from [iluee to j'lace by the ice lock.- during their winter work. It i- clear ; three hours, and during the second and lat the sh.in^^le. ston-.>, and fr.ignients of' third hours of the ll-.odtlie waters ro-e 22 )cksorlH:iuKlers will geneni'lyren'iain where feet 10 inches. ^ Wenn)- form ^onie cop.cep- ley are drupj.ed for one season at least. The , tion of the titanic rc)r.:ril\' pi^ssess t!ie reate.Vi scouiing imlucnce. Mr. llaillair 'c's observations inrlnded the Ri-e iif 'I'll'' ^liuiii:; .-•.'.'■)!i'! and tl'.ii'l li'i'.u^ of l"lc)'j 1 in f(.c;. 20 fc't 9 \:'- l" - 22 " is V) "II '• 22 " lo '■ 20 " 6 '• Date. 1S70. Aueu-'. "-,1^'. curly r:ite of use of the tide, and the rate S'_i'tcia;n.r r;:!.. f fall, in feet, b\- which we are enabled to ^ " 301I1. )xm an oj.'iiiioii of rJie rapidity of the cu,r- | O.anl.jr 25th. jnt during tlo':)d and ebb tides. ' '. In all cases the duration of the fall or ebb , If olisorvations had been_ m ide duimg the \ceeded the duration of the rise or flood of, night, wh.en the tides are higher in the \\\\ )e tide. ' of I'undy tluin during the day-time, aaid lon- From Ml. liaillairge's tables it appears , tinned so as to embrace the veri,d e.juinox, lat the mean duration of rise was five liours ' there can be no doubt tint tlie records would nd thirly-tv.-o minutes, the mean duration show a greater rise during the .second and f fall si'x hoiu'i and thirly-five nnnules, ' third hours of tiie tlood, ;nid consequemly \0\ving a difference of one hour and three \ fieicer and more uncontrollable (urienls linule-.. j than those indi( ated b>- the ni-h of watei- ui In other wor.b; the ebl.> tide was one hour the table given. It is a ru.-ii down an^ m- id three min.ites lo!i,;er in fdlmg th.in the , clined iil:ine, urged b\ a lid i! w.ive. 'I lie )0d tid.e in ri-ii.j: th,riiu;ih tlie same vertical ebb obeying the law of gravity ^V-^^ end-, -o^ to spe.il;, iu-,t as much below the level of tiie se.i as the tlowd i-^ f need aboN'e it b\' the tidal w.ive. Standing on (he d}l;e-; of (himberkind llasin, the ob:.ei\er, at the clo e ol the ebb, mav be said to look upon the Imtlom ot the oce.in l.ii'l ba.re tw^-nly-f 'Ui f"eet below the n'lean level oft'ne se: iii'')')!i and sun's ;itti' u'lirin ■, a-iilrd \,y ll-.c ( OMh,,;- uiatiiJii of til': I mkI. (-•I'.val-;'! the wjt'/r.-, (;f tilt.' IIcjikI tide alj(nc it. i What crodin;^ ;Mid tr.in.'.poitin;.^ pov/cr tidal-ice must have had in all (■ouiitrics and clinvite-;, whcie confi. juration rif tlie laid thus eleva.tfd the tides, and winter tuld c.uiseil the furin ition of tid U-ice I It is ni')' ini'iirohalile tli it ni:ui\ of the fjord-. uiiK h di .fin.;ui,sh the co:!-,t line of' countrie'S l}in;.!; north of the 40th [i:ira!le! have beei'i iiionlded or enlarged l)y tidal-ice, indoi>''i.'.dentIy of glariad action ; and vast surfaces must have been exposed to the ; action, as already staled, durin:; periods of ' uradu.d .subiueri'enrc and enieriieiice in the , Northern and Soutl\erri temperate zones It is ti> the terrific rush of the tlu'id-tide O'ver its bed that the excessively turMd character of the tid;d wjter.^ in tlie U[)iierpart of the IVay of l'"undy is dwL. The " I'-ygre " grinds the shingle into minute parlii les, sorts the de- bris into mud and sand ; much of the nn; ! is carried suspended, even to the to[) of the flood, and the sane! is distributed in the form of bars \vhi( h are remodelled bv tiie ebb. ' I As a general priricii-le Mr. Mitcliell'' states that ''a greater projiortion of the scour of channels is executed by tlie ebb than by the tliiod, because the former isr.v;-' cnitrative, while tlie latter is iZ/j/tv-j/rv." He illustrates liis argument bv showing that the tide-wave travels more raindly in deep than in shallow water; so that in the middle of the bay the wjler is more elewUed cm the rise cind less eie\ated on the fall t'lan along tlie shore ; the rise is therel'ore attended b)' a current pre->.ing, shoreward, while the fall induces a running in tow;!rd a cential a\is. 'I'he conseijuenie is. that altliou,_,h the in- flcnviu'^ an(.l oulllowinj, volumes may be e(inal, in a suppti.-ed case, the ebb, con- coilratiJ^ is mure rapal, aiid tiierefore pbiys ■the greater \>\\\\. in exc awitiiiga cenU.d chan- nel w,iy to tlie Sea. 'I'he piojiosition is no clor.l 'st:iined in all cases where the ebb a .K)d have ncvuly the ^;)me dui.ition, a.ni p.irdcularl)' when the ebb is of .-diorter iluration than the llodd, as is not nnfiec|nenll}- the case on the (>pen .Atlaatie Coast. The tlo.ii I»te.-«sine shoiewaiils duriii:' the rise, i> of VJ ,t tloii of ii e, for lliipO' ni ' tl [real , (jf(niiv'''i''<:i V. I'.j t.,'.- aes -es shore v.'.'rds Hi :. ii»ei i'lIVl Cumbeil.nd ]: 1 curient, ] ' Vnilcd St.\tis Cca^t Suivcy, iStVi. and in many other la!id-locr.-;d v.'aler are..^. The sfouriii ; of t'le tlorid .''nd ebb tide's tliele III.')- t,'.l-.e Jfia' e in the folle--.-. ing ni.ir,- ner :- - The tbyidtide, entering th.e b^a.^in v,it!-i great rapidity, carries adong with it ii. nd sand, aral the we •; of the coa-t and b .. ,\:., wh'ali it lhr(j.vs off sIi''>rev.-ard->, and di-tri- b'lilcs the heavier ijarticles on the slo[i;::g beach on eitlier side. I)uring Iik- stand ih--: mui] and sand are dejiodted. The ebb, as- sisted b\- the waters of all the ri\ers H'jwir.g into the area under re\iew, carries bacV. a portion of tlie thie mud and sand towards the ceiUre of the channel, where the curreiit is strongest, and then conve}'S a {)art bai.k to the d'. eper portions of Cobecjuid iJay. 'I'he re-iidtant of tliese antagonistic opera- tions is seen in tlie accumulation of mud on tlie marslu.ss and of sand on the bars ; but • tlie (/AV(V/,7/ of mr.d and sand tlius deposited is, in the aggregate, less than that which is conve\ed by tlie ebbtide towards Cobe' paid l':iv. otherwise the ba.sin would long ere tiiis have been silted up. The ebb has to con- \ey the drainage of a large extent of cou'i- try, the accumulated waters of the Maccan, the llebert, the Xapan, and many other' streams of less diuKaisions ; hence, though the duration of the e' !> is longer tlian tliat of the flood, we m.i}- not infer that its cur- rent is less potent, for it lias a much larger body of water to discharge. Mr. Page states that tlie curient of the outgoinLT tide is strorr^a- than when it i-; rising ; and it is b)' observing the direction and shape of the bar:>an.d tbits that we are enabled to arrive at the com lu.sion lliat the ebb cxL-i'cises the , greatest scouiing effect in the b.^sin. The . direction of a current is shown bv the shai^e of a b.ir, either in mid-stream, or with one extremi!}- joined to the land, 'idie bars in , Cumberland r..i->in pioint seawards ;- -tliat I is, their broad base is landwards, their nar- row extremity seawards. The gre.it exp.in^e i of sand, foiining Minudie (^uicksantls, tu.riis its noith western point seawards ; hence, it I a[)pears lh.it the re.-ult.int k^X the two cur- rents, llood and ebb, is in taxtiur of the ebb. n th.e shai.' ^^ the coa-t wlure tlie m.u^hc^ li.ne been tleposited, we rec^,lgni^e the grand effect (.^\ the tlood-tide The sh.o; e line there foinied is a smooth and >u-.la;nevl 7//A- C.l\.l/>/.lX MO \ //// )'. oiUliiK', ril(ii\j; v.liich t!;r tl.)iHltiil<' iIumw.s tlij ire, and tonip.!-. it to lau; tin." sIkmc in it-^ tiui>il roiuul the T-.'-^in. Any ul)>tiuriiiin, n.'.'mal or .irliticijl, would have to Inar the 1 ■ of tlic (.wi^cIlss atlai kv (i|' innunicialilc c ' (ifiic K.i:idL'd with mud; ;ii.d in the gr '..1 dt'iH.isit, de-'i tilled by Mr. I'.aill i!r.;e, we tnay recognise the influuu e of the trans- pciitin:' piwer of ice. A litera.l Cordon is thas foiiued, wliieh {.roteois the l^ink^, just as :\ c^'idon is produced 1)\- the hreakin:' wave .4 the sea when a he:idland is worn dow:.. If we knew the mineral char.uter of tile boulders, shin-le, and gravel l\inL; ne;ir the mouth of the Missai^uash, the l,a I'lanche, and Cumberland Creek, we could tell whether they originated by the wear of a former headland, such as Cumberland Kidge, or St. Lawrence Ridge, or whether they are con.stantly brought by ice, from headlands lying seawards with the flood- tide, and thrown off towards the mariiin of the marshes, where they now act as a pro- tecting shield. It is ])robable, under all circumstances, that if tliese bouUlers were renioved the banks would be undermined. Hence the nature of this littoral corilun be- comes a subject of interesting eutiuir)' with regard to an anchorage ground at the anaith of the liaie Verte Canal. In man)- of tlie Day of Fundy harbi.uirM, vess liading or discharging rest on soft nuid when the tide is out. P»ut if boulder.-; are liable to be de- posited in the mud, this woudd be a ver\ dangerous expediciU. 9. IHK Fa IKCr OF Oi;.siRUC'Ii(.iN"S IN lllF FORM OF PlFKb IN 'IMF 'JI1)F-WAV. The jiresenl relatise jiosition c'* the marshes, bars, channel, ;ind coast line is the resultant of ages of action on the part of the flood and ebb tides, and it becomes an interesting subject of en'[uiiy to detirmine tlu; extent of the readjustment which would probabl}- be piodu( ed by changing the direction of the liert'e ciurents which s\vee[) throu'jh Cumberland I'.asin, bv tlie constiuc- tioii of j)iers at the entrance of the iiropo^xl Jiaie \'eite Canal. Selecting the best kxalily for the termi- nus of the canal, where all aie bad, Mi'. ]>aill;urgt'' sugge.-,ts a jjier, 1,501.) feet long, at Au Lac Point. According to Mr. Pa^'c, the slope of tlie bottom of the Jlasin at this point is as follows : — In ll;r hi-t 5.-.) fut ill'- s!,.; ,■ fr.,m tl.e siu f,ic<' lit" tlic III, II -!i i^ iS.;;- f ;, In tllC lK\t >KI f'ft !;.(>') ..' bi the next .ji « 1 fii, t... Kvcn) " 'lot.:! -.liiic in i.T'.v' feet 3577 " 'IT.e Construction of a pier 1,500 fe^l loii" on this slope, will be about eiiuivahau to a pier i,ooy feet loug ;iiid 17.SS feet deep in the tide-wjy. The settion.d area of the whole tide-way, or chaniul, from Au Lac I'oini to the dyk.'s of the Miiuidie m.ushes on the oi>posite side of Cumberland Hasin is, ac- cording to the Admli.dty clKirt, about as t'ol- k'ws, but actual nieasiuenient ihay con-.ider- ably modify the.-e e.-tim.ites : l'ie:i'lth of cii.uiiiL-1 3. So mile-;. l)i^t:mct' of niiiMlo of cli.uiucl from Au I,;ic I'oii:! 0.6:16 " DistanVc of luiiMlc tif eli.iimc! from Minu'lic UKirsli 1,19.1x0 f.Lt. Heiith of water in ch.miK-l at low water \2.vri " iJcj'th at IiiL;li water 5-ta>.-)^ " -■\li;jroximalc bcctiunal arc.', of channel at high water 27.701 .sq. y.ir.!,. Al'proxiniatt.' sectional aiea of pier i,S(V) <• The obstruction to tlie tide-w.iy wou'd i)e equivalent to redu< iiig its [.roent avail.dile section.d area acro.-s the b.isin. Its eU'ect would be folt iliietl}- in tiie i'iversii)ii (,f the curieul- and th.eir inrit;;ised \eii'cit\-. 'i'he s:ime (ju iiilit)- of wjtei' must come Uji to the pier, but the tide-w.iy bi ing dimin- ished, a portion of the IbxuL uhirh hugs the Au L,ic shore, v/ould go u[) the TiiUamaire river, and jirob;d)Iy oveillow the dykes and Hood the present mirslies throughout Cum- berland Ikisiu. The ciurent p.i-t the end of the pier would be vastl)' iiK reased, and ifwe regard the rising tlood as :i ri\er, with the jiier as a wa'ng tl.im, th.' eflecl upon the ele vatioii ;ind vel". i:y of the water woidd be in most resjJCi ts sin,;! n. Th(,' (]ii:Mitit)- of water pas-.iiig u[. the Muvan ;)nd liebeit rivers would be lessenrd, and some effect produced upon the sand b. us, and also upon the navig.iti> in of tin. .^e i iveis. Mr. I'age dcsciiliLs the existing cmients at Au Lac Point, Itom wlm h we ma)' infer the extent of the eddies which would be produoed by a pier 1500 teet long, and totui a (I inception of the natuie of the de[)o-.its whicli wdiiUl gather b) me.ins of the tran-,- ]>oiling p(^v,er of the ice-blocks in winter, as already desciibei.i. V iMi rrMHMWTIMM MM •[1,,. , IV. . t of tl ■• ..!■':• ^ r.'f'';i < i;, ;.ir. ' 1-! 'Ml, l,r it.vlt; cl-:. not, o.n:,il ot t'KVwI. a.M h , :isv,iritV.v.i;i-riv..r 7'. I ;, UT t. '. '.. . \.,. rirtlu.. f.o,n the n,.,cl, n^l at cM- t. . P;^r^ .^^ Cuu^.rUu^ i:.-.in. . T.c con- athrwc.t>i>!rf.rthc.ltioMthccl..> H..., I ^,,,,^i,,-, V, .:U1 invlv. ih. psin,; of iho ^,-s,orratlKTarru,nul.tionsot -; mhI, woiild | , ^.^^ ^ .,,,,.,, i f„,t all nn-id tnc h-m, pnd /nr.Mlurcd l^yll.c dcbri. mcUal oil tlu; , ' ;,^,.J .^ain.^ increase to tl.cir strcn^^di I" on bar bf 1 b botu... of the uc-blo. ks. I'ut llusc incc.- | ^.^^^ ^^.^'^^^ -^^.^^^^ ^^,^,,,^ f-,! ,,,e shp formed santrariicis briiu; yravr! and -^hMU'l-' bv^ulc. | _ ^,^^^ ^,;^,^ ^ .,^,;^1 ^^d unitona nus^ mud. whi.h, v,hc;, droi.i.cd m the ^'-'^l) ' 1 ^^ ^j. , ,^,u,d-ir v„ne v/eek^. Hh. they ^vould lie under ll:e i^oteau,;: shel er ^ j .^- ^^.^.,^|,,,,,|_ ,,„,ld ra;,idly promote no of tJu: piers. l;Kt they ^voM^Uradua 1> n- . >,, ^n.ar. or depo.it. on tac ou.^.- e vade d,e entranh.re hr^e, the I p;odu, ^-weep away tlie Muuuhe mar>;K., , ,,,,,..,nlv leads, and which cannot be_over_ and probably s.n.n (onveit the pur mlo .;n , ^^^^^^^^^ i„Y,,j,arin- for the construction ot 1 muh an important national wor. as the 1....C • ;-;/.M,. r,,,;c\a:,,>ly^bof Mr. K.vfo- Kq..:n : ^.^^^.^^ ^,^^^,^^ p.l-c II, I'.ai- VcUrC:\nal Kci. '^°^^-5$) LIBRARY